bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Politics of Color in the Arctic Landscape: Blackness at the Center of Frederic Edwin Church's Aurora Borealis and the Legacy of 19th-Century Limits of Representation
Authors: Belanger Noelle , Stenport Anna Westerstahl
Published: June 2017

American painter Frederic Edwin Church's monumental oil painting Aurora Borealis (1865) presents a stark contrast to the dominant Western tradition of representing the Arctic as monochrome and static. This article discusses how the impressive palette of Aurora Borealis and its black semi-circle in the center allow for a revisionist understanding of Church's contributions to a rich history of Arctic representation, including in an age of climate change and rapidly melting ice. The article connects Aurora Borealis to emerging lens technologies—especially photography and astronomy, and later the cinema and composite satellite imagery, to argue for circumpolar north as globally connected—then, and now. The article furthermore draws connections to the nineteenth-century trade in pigments, the interconnected routes of slavery, and cultural modes of urban modernity.
Oscar Bony's La Familia Obrera: The Labor and the Work
Authors: Vicario Niko
Published: June 2017

This article analyzes Oscar Bony's work La Familia Obrera (1968), in which a working class family sat on view in the gallery of the Instituto Di Tella in Buenos Aires. What might be read from the transformation of a working class family into a work of art? How was Bony's own artistic labor reconfigured in the process? How did Bony's display of a working class family engage with both the context of the Instituto Di Tella—an extension of Argentina's most prominent industrial company—and the demands for productivity made by the developmentalist dictatorship of Juan Carlos Onganía? In other words, how was this work entangled in the contradictions of modernization and, more specifically, the transnational corporations with which the Di Tella family's operations were collaborating? By May of 1968, the Instituto Di Tella had become notorious not purely for its often outrageous experiments with media and performance art but also for its funding sources, namely the Ford and Rockefeller foundations. Amidst the mobilization of the Left, many artists in Argentina that year would reject cultural institutions in favor of quasi-activist projects in the public realm, so as to imagine themselves as cultural workers. With La Familia Obrera, Bony, by contrast, produced an institutionally- reflexive gesture, negotiated from within. But much as artists and intellectuals began to understand the Di Tella as a Trojan Horse of transnational capital, so too was Bony's work not exactly what it appeared, manipulating its public through processes of surrogation.
Some Aspects of the Regime of Islands in the Law of the Sea
Authors: Anderson David
Published: June 2017

This paper examines the international law of the sea as it applies to islands and low-tide elevations, with particular reference to the many disputed islands, atolls, rocks and shoals in the South China Sea. After distinguishing the law on the acquisition of sovereignty from the law of the sea, the paper analyses the relevant terms of the un Convention on the Law of the Sea, as well as their negotiating history and some failed proposals concerning historic waters. The rules relating to islands, rocks, artificial islands, seamounts in the open sea and maritime boundaries are then reviewed in turn, together with the relevant case law.
State Practices in Southeast Asia: Possible Collaboration amongst Claimants in the South China Sea Dispute
Authors: Oegroseno Arif Havas
Published: June 2017

This article considers the prospects for cooperation between the claimants in the South China Sea dispute. A number of reasons are provided to explain why the likelihood of resolving the dispute over territorial sovereignty is slim. Nonetheless, such disagreements need not stand in the way of managing the South China Sea dispute. In this regard, inspiration is sought in other practices in Southeast Asia where joint activities are conducted in areas where not all maritime boundaries and sovereignty disputes have been settled. These practices are (1) the management of the Straits of Malacca and Singapore, and (2) the Coral Triangle Initiative. The author suggests that China and the asean member states should gain first-hand information about these practices with a view to establishing comparable joint activities in the South China Sea.
Die friesischen Wortformen des Etymons Welt (World) in Zeit und Raum: Erb- vs. Lehnlautungen
Authors: Århammar Nils
Published: June 2017

In this study we classify and analyse the complete Frisian lexical evidence for the notion of ‘world’, based on the West Germanic compound *wer-aldō. This paper is also intended as a contribution to a Frisian supplement to Buck’s Dictionary of Selected Indo-European Synonyms, for which plans were made in the early 1970s; compare the parallel studies on the words for ‘lark’ and ‘wheel’ by the same author. Due to the lack of medieval sources from particular regions, we here have to resort to linguistic reconstruction. This brings with it a considerable degree of uncertainty when judging the lexical evidence of some of the dialects. In the summary of the article the more or less certain Erblautungen wrald and warld and the unambiguous borrowings werelt and welt are discussed synoptically. Included is a conclusion about the intrinsic liability of abstract notions such as ‘world’ to be borrowed. Finally, we consider the possibility of founding a working group for The Frisian C. D. Buck.

Die vorliegende Studie inventarisiert und analysiert sprachhistorisch das gesamte friesische Wortmaterial des Begriffs ‘Weltʼ (‘Worldʼ), das auf dem westgerm. Kompositum *wer-aldō basiert. Es ist zugleich ein Beitrag zu dem Anfang der 70er Jahre propagierten friesischen Supplement zu C. D. Buckʼs Dictionary of Selected Indo-European Synonyms; vgl. die Parallelstudien über den ebenfalls univerbalen Vogelnamen ‘Lerche (Alauda)ʼ und ‘Radʼ (‘Wheelʼ) im Friesischen. Für das Saterländer, Harlinger, Wangerooger und Wurster Ostfriesisch sowie das gesamte Nordfriesisch sind wir mangels mittelalterlicher Überlieferung auf Rekonstruktion angewiesen, was für die Beurteilung der Wortformen dieser Dialekte einen nicht geringen Unsicherheitsfaktor darstellt. In der Zusammenfassung werden die exklusiv friesische Erblautung wrald und das zwieschlächtige (Erb- oder Lehnlautung?) warld sowie die eindeutigen Lehnlautungen werelt und welt abschließend behandelt. Zusätzlich wird der Versuch einer induktiven Schlussfolgerung hinsichtlich der potentiellen Prädisposition von abstrakten Wörtern wie Welt zu Entlehnung unternommen. In der Nachbetrachtung wird die Etablierung einer Arbeitsgemeinschaft The Frisian bzw. Der friesische C. D. Buck in Erwägung gezogen.

This article is in German.
Pyrrosia annamensis comb. nov. (Polypodiaceae) from Southeast Asia and lectotypification of Cyclophorus rhomboidalis
Authors: ZHOU XIN-MAO , CHEN CHENG-WEI , ZHANG LI-BING
Published: June 2017

A new combination, Pyrrosia annamensis (Christ) Li Bing Zhang, X.M.Zhou & C.W.Chen, for a Southeast Asian species formerly treated in Niphobolus is made. We also lectotypify Cyclophorus rhomboidalis Bonaparte.
Three new species of Barringtonia (Lecythidaceae) from Myanmar and Vietnam
Authors: THAMMARONG WORANART , CHANTARANOTHAI PRANOM , PORNPONGRUNGRUENG PIMWADEE
Published: June 2017

Three new species of Barringtonia (Lecythidaceae) are herein described, B. laxiflora Thammar., Pornp. & Chantar. and B. tomentosa Thammar., Pornp. & Chantar. from Vietnam, and B. parkinsonii Thammar., Pornp. & Chantar. from Myanmar. Distribution maps and illustrations are also presented.
On the taxonomy of the genus Thysanoptyx Hampson, 1894, with description of two new species from Indochina (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Arctiinae)
Authors: VOLYNKIN ANTON V. , DUBATOLOV VLADIMIR V.
Published: June 2017

The taxonomic structure of the genus Thysanoptyx Hampson, 1894 is discussed, and the genus is subdivided into five species-groups. Two new species, T. indosinica Volynkin & Dubatolov, sp. nov. from Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam, and T. mirifica Volynkin & Dubatolov, sp. nov. from Vietnam are described. Adults, male and female genitalia of the new species and their congeners are illustrated. The checklist of the genus Thysanoptyx is presented.
A century in synonymy: molecular and morphological evidence for the revalidation of Glyptosternon osсhanini (Herzenstein, 1889) (Actinopterygii: Sisoridae)
Authors: THONI RYAN J. , SIMONOV EVGENIY , ARTAEV OLEG , ASYLBAEVA SHAIGUL , AIBEK SERGEK UULU , LEVIN BORIS A.
Published: June 2017

Exostoma oschanini, presently treated as a junior synonym of Glyptosternon reticulatum, is revalidated within Glyptosternon based on a phylogenetic analysis of the CO1 gene and morphological characters. Glyptosternon oschanini is known to occur in tributaries of the Syr Darya River in Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan and may also occur in the Amu Darya River drainage. A morphological diagnosis and description are provided for G. oschanini. Exostoma gracile is a junior synonym of G. oschanini rather than of G. reticulatum.
Caledomus gen. nov., a new cillaeine genus (Coleoptera, Nitidulidae) from New Caledonia and taxonomic notes
Authors: KIREJTSHUK ALEXANDER G. , KOVALEV ALEXEY V.
Published: June 2017

Caledomus extraordinarius gen. et sp. nov. of the subfamily Cillaeinae is described from New Caledonia (Tinchialit). This new genus is a member of the Adocimus-complex of genera. The new name Brittonoma nom. nov. is proposed for the junior homonym Brittonema Kirejtshuk, 2011, non Thorne, 1967.
Ice Multiplication by Breakup in Ice–Ice Collisions. Part II: Numerical Simulations
Authors: Phillips Vaughan T. J. , Yano Jun-Ichi , Formenton Marco , Ilotoviz Eyal , Kanawade Vijay , Kudzotsa Innocent , Sun Jiming , Bansemer Aaron , Detwiler Andrew G. , Khain Alexander , Tessendorf Sarah A.
Published: June 2017

In Part I of this two-part paper, a formulation was developed to treat fragmentation in ice–ice collisions. In the present Part II, the formulation is implemented in two microphysically advanced cloud models simulating a convective line observed over the U.S. high plains. One model is 2D with a spectral bin microphysics scheme. The other has a hybrid bin–two-moment bulk microphysics scheme in 3D. The case consists of cumulonimbus cells with cold cloud bases (near 0°C) in a dry troposphere.

Only with breakup included in the simulation are aircraft observations of particles with maximum dimensions >0.2 mm in the storm adequately predicted by both models. In fact, breakup in ice–ice collisions is by far the most prolific process of ice initiation in the simulated clouds (95%–98% of all nonhomogeneous ice), apart from homogeneous freezing of droplets. Inclusion of breakup in the cloud-resolving model (CRM) simulations increased, by between about one and two orders of magnitude, the average concentration of ice between about 0° and −30°C. Most of the breakup is due to collisions of snow with graupel/hail. It is broadly consistent with the theoretical result in Part I about an explosive tendency for ice multiplication.

Breakup in collisions of snow (crystals >~1 mm and aggregates) with denser graupel/hail was the main pathway for collisional breakup and initiated about 60%–90% of all ice particles not from homogeneous freezing, in the simulations by both models. Breakup is predicted to reduce accumulated surface precipitation in the simulated storm by about 20%–40%.
Physical Factors Influencing Regional Precipitation Variability Attributed Using an Airmass Trajectory Method
Authors: de Leeuw Johannes , Methven John , Blackburn Michael
Published: June 2017

A novel Lagrangian framework is developed to attribute monthly precipitation variability to physical processes. Precipitation variability is partitioned into a combination of five factors: airmass origin location, origin surface temperature variation, ascent intensity, mass fraction of ascending air, and the number of “wet” analysis times per month [>1 mm (6 h)−1]. Precipitation in a target region is linked to “origin” locations of air masses where the water vapor mixing ratio was last set by boundary layer moistening and is a maximum along back trajectories. Applying the technique to the England and Wales region, the factors together account for 83%–89% of the observed summer precipitation variability. The dominant contributor is the number of wet analyses, which is shown to be associated with cyclone statistics. The wettest summer months are mainly associated with anomalous cyclone duration rather than the number of cyclones. In addition, surface temperature and saturation humidity at the origin locations are found to be below their climatological averages (1979–2013). Therefore, the direct thermodynamic effect of anomalous surface temperature on marine boundary layer humidity acts to reduce monthly precipitation anomalies. The decadal precipitation change between phases of the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation is approximately 20% of the interannual variability between summer months. Changes in cyclone statistics have an effect 6 times larger than the direct thermodynamic factor in both monthly and decadal precipitation variability.
The MERRA-2 Aerosol Reanalysis, 1980 Onward. Part II: Evaluation and Case Studies
Authors: Buchard V. , Randles C. A. , da Silva A. M. , Darmenov A. , Colarco P. R. , Govindaraju R. , Ferrare R. , Hair J. , Beyersdorf A. J. , Ziemba L. D. , Yu H.
Published: June 2017

The Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, version 2 (MERRA-2), is NASA’s latest reanalysis for the satellite era (1980 onward) using the Goddard Earth Observing System, version 5 (GEOS-5), Earth system model. MERRA-2 provides several improvements over its predecessor (MERRA-1), including aerosol assimilation for the entire period. MERRA-2 assimilates bias-corrected aerosol optical depth (AOD) from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer and the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer instruments. Additionally, MERRA-2 assimilates (non bias corrected) AOD from the Multiangle Imaging SpectroRadiometer over bright surfaces and AOD from Aerosol Robotic Network sunphotometer stations. This paper, the second of a pair, summarizes the efforts to assess the quality of the MERRA-2 aerosol products. First, MERRA-2 aerosols are evaluated using independent observations. It is shown that the MERRA-2 absorption aerosol optical depth (AAOD) and ultraviolet aerosol index (AI) compare well with Ozone Monitoring Instrument observations. Next, aerosol vertical structure and surface fine particulate matter (PM2.5) are evaluated using available satellite, aircraft, and ground-based observations. While MERRA-2 generally compares well to these observations, the assimilation cannot correct for all deficiencies in the model (e.g., missing emissions). Such deficiencies can explain many of the biases with observations. Finally, a focus is placed on several major aerosol events to illustrate successes and weaknesses of the AOD assimilation: the Mount Pinatubo eruption, a Saharan dust transport episode, the California Rim Fire, and an extreme pollution event over China. The article concludes with a summary that points to best practices for using the MERRA-2 aerosol reanalysis in future studies.
Phase Changes and Seasonal Warming in Early Instrumental Temperature Records
Authors: Hillebrand Eric , Proietti Tommaso
Published: June 2017

Phase analyses of the annual cycle of monthly temperature time series that date back to the eighteenth century show trending behavior that has been difficult to interpret. Negative trends in the estimated phase have been identified with precession of Earth’s axis of rotation, but the implied later onset of seasons is at odds with recent satellite measurements and with the phenological record. Positive trends in the phase and the occurrence of trends of both signs in temperature time series from geographically nearby locations have remained mysterious. This paper shows that there is a mathematical equivalence between trends in phases and seasonally differing warming trends, in particular more intense warming in winters than in summers. Using temperature time series from 16 Northern Hemispheric locations reaching back to the eighteenth century and a statistical model that can estimate the seasonal warming trends, the authors reject the hypothesis that the timing of the seasons in these locations is jointly driven by precession.
Disability in US medical education: Disparities, programmes and future directions
Authors: Santoro Jonathan D , Yedla Manisha , Lazzareschi Daniel V , Whitgob Emily E
Published: June 2017

As of 2010, 19% of the US population lives with a disability, and with the average lifespan of persons with disability increasing, this number is expected to rise. This has prompted the identification of a need for disability-based education by the US Institute of Medicine, the Surgeon General of the United States, the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) and several other academic policymaking institutions. Despite the identification of disability education as an area of need, many physicians and other medical professionals lack the training to effectively communicate and treat patients with disabilities. There also exists heterogeneity among medical schools in the level of incorporation of disability education and training into curricula, leaving physicians to learn about disability on an ‘exposure-based’ model. The AAMC has recommended that medical schools begin to prepare their students to care for persons with disabilities, but the formal disability education programmes that have developed have wide variability in delivery. Currently, medical school disability education models range from lectures, didactic teaching, bedside teaching, objective structured clinical examination and simulated patient-based teaching and assessment – with only a minority of programmes using a longitudinal model. The systemisation of disability-based education stands to prepare more culturally responsive physicians and address an area of need in a population that faces significant barriers in health care. This review serves to assess the current state of disability education in US medical schools, highlight published efforts in the field and identify future directions in medical education.
A Statewide Evaluation of the California Medical Supervision Program Using Cholinesterase Electronic Laboratory Reporting Data
Authors: Laribi Ouahiba , Malig Brian , Sutherland-Ashley Katherine , Broadwin Rachel , Wieland Walker , Salocks Charles
Published: June 2017

The California Medical Supervision program is designed to protect workers who regularly mix, load, or apply the highly toxic Category I and II organophosphates and carbamates from overexposure by monitoring cholinesterase (ChE) inhibition in plasma and red blood cells. Since January 2011, testing laboratories are required to report test results electronically to the California Department of Pesticide Regulation who shares it with the Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment for evaluation. The purpose of this study is to assess the utility of this reporting in evaluating the effectiveness of the Program for illness surveillance and prevention. From 2011 to 2013, we received more than 90 000 test results. Despite data gaps and data quality issues, we were able to perform spatial and temporal analyses and developed a screening tool to identify individuals potentially at risk of overexposure. The data analysis provided some evidence that the Program is effective in protecting agricultural workers handling the most toxic ChE-inhibiting pesticides even though it also identified some areas of potential concerns with individuals that appeared lacking corrective actions in the workplace in response to excessive ChE depressions and parts of the state with disproportionately at-risk individuals. However, changes to the electronic reporting are needed to more accurately identify tests related to the Program and therefore improve the utility of the data received. Moreover, data analysis also revealed that electronic reporting has its limitation in evaluating the Program.
Is Education a Fundamental Right? People’s Lay Theories About Intellectual Potential Drive Their Positions on Education
Authors: Savani Krishna , Rattan Aneeta , Dweck Carol S.
Published: June 2017

Does every child have a fundamental right to receive a high-quality education? We propose that people’s beliefs about whether “nearly everyone” or “only some people” have high intellectual potential drive their positions on education. Three studies found that the more people believed that nearly everyone has high potential, the more they viewed education as a fundamental human right. Furthermore, people who viewed education as a fundamental right, in turn (a) were more likely to support the institution of free public education, (b) were more concerned upon learning that students in the country were not performing well academically compared with students in peer nations, and (c) were more likely to support redistributing educational funds more equitably across wealthier and poorer school districts. The studies show that people’s beliefs about intellectual potential can influence their positions on education, which can affect the future quality of life for countless students.
De-Colonizing the Boundary-Object
Authors: Dar Sadhvi
Published: June 2017

What role does language play in disciplining subjects in the international development sector? Previous critiques of international development organizations have focused on the role of knowledge tools, such as reports, in reproducing dichotomies between developed and under-developed subjects. In this paper, I de-colonize NGO reporting through a reappraisal of the boundary-object concept. I utilize Ngugi’s (1986) problematization of language and translation to demonstrate how the boundary-object is experienced differentially across stakeholder groups and caste/class structures. Using findings garnered from a multi-sited ethnography of an international NGO in India, I examine the prominence of English language in NGO reports over indigenous languages. This paper therefore contributes to contemporary understandings of neo-colonial power relations as sustained by the English language within India.
Latent Class Analysis Approach for the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale IV Among Young People From Romania: The First Step for Validation
Authors: Rada Cornelia
Published: June 2017

The objectives of this study were the following: (a) to examine the psychometric quality of the Romanian version of the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale IV and (b) to assess the cohesion and flexibility of the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale IV according to gender, age, and marital status. A total of 1,359 young people, aged 18 to 30 years, selected from the main university centers in Romania participate in this study. The internal consistency was good for five out of the six scales (Cronbach’s alpha coefficient ranged from .61 to .80) but was poor for the Chaotic scale (α = .53). Very good internal consistency was observed for the Communication (.91) and Satisfaction scales (.94). Five of the six clusters identified by latent class analysis were similar to the family profiles described by Olson. The Flexibly Connected and Flexibly Very Connected families prevailed. Some statistically significant differences were found by gender and age group.
Putty-like bone fillers based on CaP ceramics or Biosilicate® combined with carboxymethylcellulose: Characterization, optimization, and evaluation
Authors: Gabbai-Armelin Paulo R , Renno Ana CM , Crovace Murilo C , Magri Angela MP , Zanotto Edgar D , Peitl Oscar , Leeuwenburgh Sander CG , Jansen John A , van den Beucken Jeroen JJP
Published: June 2017

Calcium phosphates and bioactive glass ceramics have been considered promising biomaterials for use in surgeries. However, their moldability should be further enhanced. We here thereby report the handling, physicochemical features, and morphological characteristics of formulations consisting of carboxymethylcellulose–glycerol and hydroxyapatite-tricalcium phosphate or Biosilicate® particles. We hypothesized that combining either material with carboxymethylcellulose–glycerol would improve handling properties, retaining their bioactivity. In addition to scanning electron microscopy, cohesion, mineralization, pH, and viscoelastic properties of the novel formulations, cell culture experiments were performed to evaluate the cytotoxicity and cell proliferation. Putty-like formulations were obtained with improved cohesion and moldability. Remarkably, mineralization in simulated body fluid of hydroxyapatite-tricalcium phosphate/carboxymethylcellulose–glycerol formulations was enhanced compared to pure hydroxyapatite-tricalcium phosphate. Cell experiments showed that all formulations were noncytotoxic and that HA-TCP60 and BGC50 extracts led to an increased cell proliferation. We conclude that combining carboxymethylcellulose–glycerol with either hydroxyapatite-tricalcium phosphate or Biosilicate® allows for the generation of moldable putties, improves handling properties, and retains the ceramic bioactivity.
Corticosteroid Injection for the Treatment of Morton’s Neuroma: A Prospective, Double-Blinded, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial
Authors: Lizano-Díez Xavier , Ginés-Cespedosa Alberto , Alentorn-Geli Eduard , Pérez-Prieto Daniel , González-Lucena Gemma , Gamba Carlo , de Zabala Santiago , Solano-López Alberto , Rigol-Ramón Pau
Published: June 2017

Background:

The effectiveness of corticosteroid injection for the treatment of Morton’s neuroma is unclear. In addition, most of the studies related to it are case-control or retrospective case series. The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness between corticosteroid injection associated with local anesthetic and local anesthetic alone (placebo control group) for the treatment of Morton’s neuroma.

Methods:

Forty-one patients with a diagnosis of Morton’s neuroma were randomized to receive 3 injections of either a corticosteroid plus a local anesthetic or a local anesthetic alone. The patients and the researcher who collected data were blinded to the treatment groups. The visual analog scale for pain and the American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Score (metatarsophalangeal/interphalangeal score) were obtained at baseline, after each injection, and at 3 and 6 months after the last injection.

Results:

There were no significant between-group differences in terms of pain and function improvement at 3 and 6 months after treatment completion in comparison with baseline values. At the end of the study, 17 (48.5%) patients requested surgical excision of the neuroma: 7 (44%) in the experimental group and 10 (53%) in the control group ( P = 1.0).

Conclusion:

The injection of a corticosteroid plus a local anesthetic was not superior to a local anesthetic alone in terms of pain and function improvement in patients with Morton’s neuroma.

Level of Evidence:

Level I, randomized controlled trial.
Cangrelor in Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Current Status and Perspectives
Authors: Alexopoulos Dimitrios , Pappas Christos , Sfantou Danai , Lekakis John
Published: June 2017

Cangrelor is an intravenously administered P2Y12 receptor antagonist with very fast, potent, and quickly reversible action. In the CHAMPION PHOENIX trial, cangrelor provided an improved anti-ischemic protection compared with clopidogrel, without increasing the risk of severe bleeding. Cangrelor is currently approved by drug regulating authorities for patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) without prior treatment with a P2Y12 receptor antagonist and not receiving a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor, while its use is endorsed with a class IIb recommendation by the European Society of Cardiology guidelines. Several subanalyses of CHAMPION PHOENIX trial have tried to elucidate the role of cangrelor in PCI, including its usefulness during a 2-hour landmark analysis, impact on intraprocedural stent thrombosis, and reduction in myocardial infarction (MI) rate. The influence of gender, geographic region, access site, and bivalirudin use on cangrelor’s effects has also been reported. In patients with ST elevation MI and in clinical scenarios of disturbed absorption of oral antiplatelet agents or in need of an intravenous agent, cangrelor may surpass oral agents’ drawbacks. Transitioning to an oral agent is mandatory following cangrelor infusion discontinuation, although ticagrelor may be administered earlier without any pharmacodynamic interaction. Nevertheless, the clinical role of cangrelor in conjunction with administration of prasugrel or ticagrelor remains unclear. Accruing real-life experience is expected to improve our understanding of cangrelor’s role in everyday clinical practice.
“She Doesn’t Have the Basic Understanding of a Language”: Using Spelling Research to Challenge Deficit Conceptualizations of Adolescent Bilinguals
Authors: Brooks Maneka Deanna
Published: June 2017

This article examines the alternative English spelling practices of a student who is considered to be a long-term English learner. It draws on a theoretical framework that integrates a social perspective on spelling with a rejection of idealized conceptions of bilingualism. The analyzed English spellings presented in this article were identified in eight texts that the focal student composed during her English language arts class. Notably, this examination was contextualized within the focal student’s linguistic and schooling history. The resulting findings document that the focal student was a simultaneous bilingual who had a troubled history with formal schooling—the place where many young people learn spelling conventions. The predominant practice that characterized her alternative spellings was her use of conventional English sound-to-letter relationships to create a written echo of the speech patterns of her home, school, and community. When her alternative spelling did not reflect these Englishes, they typically illustrated her familiarity with the normative spelling of particular words. Yet the practices that characterized her spelling meant that they strayed from accepted conventions (e.g., transposition/omission/insertion of letters). The focal student’s alternative spelling practices illustrated her familiarity with the English writing system and the depth of her knowledge of multiple Englishes.
Bildung and subject didactics: exploring a classical concept for building new insights
Authors: Schneuwly Bernard , Vollmer Helmut Johannes
Published: June 2017

In the beginning of the 19th century, Humboldt defined Bildung as both process and product of the developing person. In this contribution we discuss how this classical concept may be used for defining subject didactics. We use two complementary approaches to answer it: a historical analysis, and the construction of a theoretical model. 1) Presenting results of a historical research on the process of didactic transposition of grammar in the 19th century, we show that Bildung seems to function as one driving force among others. 2) In reflecting on the respective signification of “learning” on the one hand and “Bildung” on the other hand, it is possible to define three levels of outcomes which (school) subjects have on persons who learn, Bildung being a not necessarily intended, but potential one. Both approaches show that Bildung is indeed a concept that can be used for doing research in subject didactics and for conceiving them as a whole, with a common core and with many differences between individual subject didactics at the same time.
The fundamental human right to education for refugees: Some legal remarks
Authors: Willems Kurt , Vernimmen Jonas
Published: June 2017

The aim of this article is to describe the human rights obligations a State bears in educational matters with concerns to the current influx of refugees. The right to education is a fundamental human right guaranteed by many international treaties. As a result, the impression may arise that everyone, not only legal citizens but also all those lacking legal documents, can easily refer to any of these texts in order to enforce access to education and every right attached to education. The legal truth is however more complex. This article will first examine the various international legal texts: do refugees fall within the scope of application? Second, we will take a closer legal look at some issues often raised in practice when dealing with the influx of refugees: (i) can higher school fees be asked from pupils without legal documents? (ii) do refugees have a right to be taught in their own native language until they learn to speak the national language? and (iii) can they be placed in special (separate) schools or classes until they can follow the regular curriculum?
A New Appraisal-Based Framework Underlying Hope in Conflict Resolution
Authors: Cohen-Chen Smadar , Crisp Richard J. , Halperin Eran
Published: June 2017

Hope is a positive emotion that plays a pivotal role in intractable conflicts and conflict resolution processes by inducing conciliatory attitudes for peace. As a catalyser for conflict resolution, it is important to further understand hope in such contexts. In this article we present a novel framework for understanding hope in contexts of intergroup conflict. Utilizing appraisal theory of emotions and heavily relying on the implicit theories framework, we describe three targets upon which hope appraisals focus in intractable conflict—the conflict, the outgroup, and the ingroup. Next, we describe the importance of developing ways to experimentally induce hope, and utilize the appraisal-target framework to describe and classify existing and potential interventions for inducing hope in intractable conflict resolution.
The frequent and underrecognised co-occurrence of acute exacerbated COPD and depression warrants screening: a systematic review
Authors: Lecheler Leopold , Richter Maximilian , Franzen Daniel P. , Rampini Silvana K. , Cheetham Marcus , Jenewein Josef , Battegay Edouard , Nowak Albina
Published: June 2017

Patients with acute exacerbated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) and concurrent depression suffer significant psychological stress and decreased quality of life. The aim of this study was to collate data, guidelines and recommendations from publications on the screening and management of depressive mood disorders in patients hospitalised with AECOPD.

We systematically searched four databases for publications reporting screening or management of depression in patients hospitalised for AECOPD. The identification of articles was based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement.

Out of 1494 original articles screened, 35 met all inclusion criteria. These report a prevalence of depression in AECOPD ranging between 9.5% and 85.6%. Some studies report high postadmission mortality rates for depressive AECOPD patients, and higher readmission rates in depressiveversusnondepressive AECOPD patients. Importantly, none of the 35 publications included suggestions on the screening and management of depression in AECOPD.

Depression and AECOPD frequently co-occur, and this worsens outcomes. Yet we did not find recommendations on management, and few interventional studies. Patients hospitalised with AECOPD should be systematically screened for depression and treatment recommendations should be developed for these patients. Randomised studies on how to screen and treat depression in hospitalised AECOPD are necessary.
IFNγ‐producing CD4+ T lymphocytes: the double‐edged swords in tuberculosis
Authors: Kumar Pawan
Published: June 2017

IFNγ‐producing CD4+ T cells (IFNγ+CD4+ T cells) are the key orchestrators of protective immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Primarily, these cells act by enabling Mtb‐infected macrophages to enforce phagosome‐lysosome fusion, produce reactive nitrogen intermediates (RNIs), and activate autophagy pathways. However, TB is a heterogeneous disease and a host of clinical and experimental findings has also implicated IFNγ+CD4+ T cells in TB pathogenesis. High frequency of IFNγ+CD4+ T cells is the most invariable feature of the active disease. Active TB patients mount a heightened IFNγ+CD4+ T cell response to mycobacterial antigens and demonstrate an IFNγ‐inducible transcriptomic signature. IFNγ+CD4+ T cells have also been shown to mediate TB‐associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (TB–IRIS) observed in a subset of antiretroviral therapy (ART)‐treated HIV‐ and Mtb‐coinfected people. The pathological face of IFNγ+CD4+ T cells during mycobacterial infection is further uncovered by studies in the animal model of TB–IRIS and in Mtb‐infected PD‐1−/− mice. This manuscript encompasses the evidence supporting the dual role of IFNγ+CD4+ T cells during Mtb infection and sheds light on immune mechanisms involved in protection versus pathogenesis.
Timing of Aspirin and Other Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug Use Among Patients With Colorectal Cancer in Relation to Tumor Markers and Survival
Authors: Hua Xinwei , Phipps Amanda I. , Burnett-Hartman Andrea N. , Adams Scott V. , Hardikar Sheetal , Cohen Stacey A. , Kocarnik Jonathan M. , Ahnen Dennis J. , Lindor Noralane M. , Baron John A. , Newcomb Polly A.
Published: June 2017

Purpose

Regular use of aspirin is associated with improved survival for patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the timing of and the subtype of CRC that would benefit the most from using aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in relation to survival is unclear.

Patients and Methods

In all, 2,419 patients age 18 to 74 years with incident invasive CRC who were diagnosed from 1997 to 2008 were identified from population-based cancer registries in the United States, Canada, and Australia. Detailed epidemiologic questionnaires were administered at study enrollment and at 5-year follow-up. Survival outcomes were completed through linkage to national death registries. BRAF- and KRAS-mutation status, microsatellite instability, and CpG island methylator phenotype were also evaluated. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for overall survival (OS) and CRC-specific survival.

Results

After a median of 10.8 years of follow-up since diagnosis, 381 deaths (100 as a result of CRC) were observed. Compared with nonusers, postdiagnostic aspirin-only users had more favorable OS (HR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.59 to 0.95) and CRC-specific survival (HR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.25 to 0.71), especially among those who initiated aspirin use (OS: HR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.86; CRC-specific survival: HR, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.20 to 0.80). The association between any NSAID use after diagnosis and OS differed significantly by KRAS-mutation status ( Pinteraction = .01). Use of any NSAID after diagnosis was associated with improved OS only among participants with KRAS wild-type tumors (HR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.46 to 0.80) but not among those with KRAS-mutant tumors (HR, 1.24; 95% CI, 0.78 to 1.96).

Conclusion

Among long-term CRC survivors, regular use of NSAIDs after CRC diagnosis was significantly associated with improved survival in individuals with KRAS wild-type tumors.
Labor Analgesia Onset With Dural Puncture Epidural Versus Traditional Epidural Using a 26-Gauge Whitacre Needle and 0.125% Bupivacaine Bolus: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Wilson Sylvia H. , Wolf Bethany J. , Bingham Kayla , Scotland Quiana S. , Fox John M. , Woltz Erick M. , Hebbar Latha
Published: June 2017

BACKGROUND:

Lumbar epidurals (LEs) provide excellent analgesia. Combined spinal epidural and dural puncture epidural (DPE) are 2 techniques to expedite neuraxial analgesia onset. In DPE, dura is punctured but medication is not administered in the cerebrospinal fluid. Expedited analgesia onset has been demonstrated with DPE, using 0.25% bupivacaine; however, this concentration may impede an unassisted vaginal birth and is not currently used for induction and maintenance of labor analgesia. The primary goal of this study was to compare the percentage of patients who achieved adequate labor analgesia following DPE or LE with an epidural bolus of 0.125% bupivacaine. Adequate labor analgesia was defined as Visual Analog Scale (VAS) measurement ≤ 10 mm on a 100-mm scale during active contractions, measured 10 minutes after epidural bolus initiation.

METHODS:

Laboring patients were randomly assigned to receive LE or DPE. Immediately before epidural placement, subjects marked a VAS score during an active contraction and parturients with VAS < 50 mm were excluded. The epidural space was identified by a loss of resistance technique to saline (17G Tuohy needle [Arrow International, Inc, Redding, PA]). In the DPE group, dura was punctured with a 26G Whitacre needle (Arrow International, Inc). In all participants, a 19G epidural catheter (Arrow International, Inc) was inserted. An epidural bolus was then administered over 3 minutes (12 mL, 0.125% bupivacaine, 50 μg fentanyl) followed by infusion (0.1% bupivacaine, 2 μg/mL fentanyl). After initiation of epidural bolus (time zero), VAS measurements were collected at 2-minute intervals for up to 20 minutes. Median time to achieve adequate analgesia by treatment group was assessed by Kaplan-Meier analysis. Time to achieving adequate analgesia was evaluated using a Cox regression model. All analyses were conducted in SAS version 9.4. (SAS Institute, Cary, NC)

RESULTS:

Data were analyzed from 80 participants (40 per group). Adequate analgesia at 10 minutes did not differ by neuraxial technique (DPE = 55.3% vs LE = 44.7%; P= .256). However, parturients receiving DPE had shorter median times to adequate analgesia (median [95% confidence interval], 8 minutes [6–10] vs 10 minutes [8–14]) and a 67% increase in the relative risk of achieving adequate analgesia compared to LE (relative risk = 1.67; 95% confidence interval, 1.02–2.64; P= .042).

CONCLUSIONS:

Although the percentage of parturients achieving adequate labor analgesia at 10 minutes after epidural bolus did not differ by technique, DPE was associated with faster time to VAS ≤ 10 mm compared with LE.
In Search of Cowboy B: Bilabial Implosives in American English
Authors: Eddington David , Turner Michael
Published: June 2017

This article presents acoustic evidence for the existence of a bilabial implosive, [ƃ], in one variety of U.S. English. One articulatory observation is that vocal chord vibration of the English bilabial stop, /b/, can only be maintained for a maximum of about 82 ms. Increasing the vibration beyond this threshold is only possible by increasing the size of the vocal cavity, which in turn is often enabled by lowering the glottis, a gesture characteristic of implosive stops. The authors compare the voiced bilabial stops of five white males from the Western united States, three of whom impressionistically appear to have implosive stops and two who do not. For each stop, a normalized stop duration was calculated based on speech tempo, the actual stop duration, and the percentage of the stop that displayed vocal fold vibration. As far as normalized stop duration is concerned, there are no significant differences between the five speakers. However, the vocal fold vibration patterns for the two nonimplosive-sounding speakers and the three implosive-sounding speakers differ a great deal. In addition to evidence for biliabial implosives, there are large differences in the percentage of stop closure that displays vocal fold vibration. Both of these factors merit further study in terms of their social distribution in English, which is not known for implosion.
“I Won’t Be Silenced”
Authors: de Lima Sen. Leila
Published: June 2017

Prison walls cannot prevent Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte’s fiercest foe from speaking out. From her cell, Sen. Leila de Lima calls the 71-year-old ruler a “geriatric dictator wannabe” involved in “mass serialized murder” and says history will vindicate her.
Recent advances in understanding maternal perinatal mood disorders
Authors: Robakis Thalia , Jernick Eugenia , Williams Katherine
Published: June 2017

The study of perinatal mental health (mental health during pregnancy and postpartum) is a complex field of study that is of major importance both for the mental and physical health of new mothers and for the neurobehavioral development and long-term functioning of the children they bear. In this review, we cover the most recent additions to this rapidly evolving field. Notable advances include further illumination of the epidemiological patterns and clinical manifestations of perinatal mood disruption; new efficacy data on treatment and prevention; clarifications of the respective contributions of maternal mental illness and psychotropic medication to outcomes of pregnancy, birth, and child development; and updated expert guidelines for screening.
A very simple, re-executable neuroimaging publication
Authors: Ghosh Satrajit S. , Poline Jean-Baptiste , Keator David B. , Halchenko Yaroslav O. , Thomas Adam G. , Kessler Daniel A. , Kennedy David N.
Published: June 2017

Reproducible research is a key element of the scientific process. Re-executability of neuroimaging workflows that lead to the conclusions arrived at in the literature has not yet been sufficiently addressed and adopted by the neuroimaging community. In this paper, we document a set of procedures, which include supplemental additions to a manuscript, that unambiguously define the data, workflow, execution environment and results of a neuroimaging analysis, in order to generate a verifiable re-executable publication. Re-executability provides a starting point for examination of the generalizability and reproducibility of a given finding.
ICD-11 – Draft diagnostic guidelines for mental disorders: A report for WPA Membership
Authors: Sampogna Gaia
Published: June 2017

Planuje się, iż 11. edycja Międzynarodowej Klasyfikacji Chorób (ICD-11) zatwierdzona zostanie przez Światowe Zgromadzenie Zdrowia w maju 2018 r. Obecnie opracowywany jest rozdział dotyczący zaburzeń psychicznych. Projekt odpowiednich opisów klinicznych oraz wytycznych diagnostycznych dotyczących wszystkich zaburzeń został opracowany przez odpowiednie grupy robocze. Udostępniono uproszczoną wersję wytycznych diagnostycznych dotyczących niektórych zaburzeń (tj. schizofrenii i innych pierwotnych zaburzeń psychotycznych, zaburzeń nastroju, zaburzeń lękowych, zaburzeń związanych ze stresem, zaburzeń odżywiania i jedzenia) do wykorzystania w badaniach terenowych. Dla wszystkich pozostałych sekcji rozdziału dotyczących zaburzeń psychicznych można znaleźć na platformie ICD-11 beta krótką ogólną definicję, a czasami opis niektórych zaburzeń. W niniejszym artykule podsumowujemy treść różnych sekcji klasyfikacji na podstawie dostępnych dokumentów z zastrzeżeniem, że niektóre z elementów tych sekcji mogą nadal podlegać weryfikacji.
Alþingi og framkvæmdarvaldið
Authors: Arnþórsson Haukur
Published: June 2017

The interrelations and jurisdiction of the Althingi, the Icelandic Parliament, vis-a-vis the executive branch are often a matter of discussion. This paper reports on qualitative research on how Parliament Members and Ministers deal with the factors involved in the state’s authority to enact laws. The main conclusion is that Parliament can and do effectively exercise the right of rejection, at three levels; within the Prime Minister’s party, within the party/-ies that make up the coalition government, and with the opposition parties both before and in the parliamentary handling of any issue involved. Most of those interviewed considered themselves aware of the overwhelming authority invested in the Parliament as regards enactment of laws, and the research confirms this. Althingi could increase this with the full adoption of the Nordic model of negotiation democracy; this would also increase social quality in society. It could increase the performance of the system of governance as a whole in enactment of laws with changes in the allocation of projects (moved earlier in the process of handling an issue), which should not affect its authority in the matter. It can also strengthen its position as regards its agenda.