bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Investigation into the Dependency of Cutting Forces on the Volume Fraction and Fibre Orientation during Machining Composite Materials
Authors: Kahwash Fadi , Shyha Islam , Maheri Alireza
Published: January 2017

This paper presents an empirical force model quantifying the effect of fibre volume fraction and fibre orientation on the cutting forces during orthogonal cutting of unidirectional composites. Glass fibre plates and high speed steel cutting tools are used to perform orthogonal cutting on shaping machine whereas cutting forces are measured using platform force dynamometer. The analysis of forces shows almost linear dependency of cutting forces on the fibre content for both cutting and thrust forces. High dependency of cutting forces is also observed on fibre orientation with high percentage contribution ratio (up to 95.31%). Lowest forces corresponded to 30o and highest to 90o fibre orientation. Multivariate regression technique is used to construct the empirical model.
Die aandete: ‘n Resensie
Authors: Vercuil Nelba
Published: January 2017

No abstract available.
Suidwesstories uit toeka se tyd
Authors: Van der Merwe Belia A.J.
Published: January 2017

No abstract available.
Reproducibility of an organoleptic method for halitosis assessment
Authors: de Mesquita-Guimarães Késsia Suênia Fidelis , Santin Gabriela Cristina , Scatena Camila , Rodrigues Antônio Luiz , Serra Mônica Campos
Published: January 2017

Background: The organoleptic evaluation is considered the gold standard between evaluation methods of halitosis, but its main drawback is the difficulty of reproducibility. Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the reproducibility of an organoleptic evaluation method using three levels of scores (0 = no odor, 1 = moderate odor, and 2 = strong odor) to increase reliability between researchers and clinicians. Methods: The evaluation was blindly conducted by two examiners previously calibrated by the Smell Identification Test and compliance in clinical trials. Statistical calculations were done with STATA ® software version 9.0. Results: The degree of agreement between examiners was 82.5%, with estimated Kappa (κ=0.69), with substantial agreement. Conclusion: The scale used in this study by organoleptic method was effective and reproducible but must be repeated and compared to other methods for better consistency of results.
Comparative evaluation of different obturation techniques in primary molars: An in vivo study
Authors: Khubchandani Monika , Baliga M. Sudhindra , Rawlani Sudhir S. , Rawlani Shivlal M. , Khubchandani Khushboo M. , Thosar Nilima
Published: January 2017

Aim: The study was undertaken to compare the filling quality of a 30 gauge cannula (NaviTip™, Ultradent Inc., South Jordan, UT, USA) used on a pressure syringe with a lentulospiral in primary molars. Materials and Methods: Thirty mandibular first and second primary molars in 28 healthy children of both sexes in the age group of 4-8 years were included in the study. All pulpectomy procedures were performed by one investigator. Before obturation, the subjects were randomly selected for the two obturation techniques. Effectiveness of the two obturation techniques was assessed by three independent evaluators using postoperative radiographs taken immediately after each obturation. Filling quality was determined by analyzing presence or absence of voids, extent of fill and apical seal. Results: The results of the obturation quality of the tested techniques were collected and statistically analyzed using chi-square test. There was a significant difference for the presence of voids between the two groups. NaviTip group showed the best results for the number of voids (mesial χ2 = 3.567, P = 0.0497) (distal χ2 = 5.058, P = 0.0269). The lentulospiral group showed more number of optimal fillings. When results were compared in terms of apical seal, NaviTip showed better apical seal but statistically no difference (P >.05). Conclusion: Lentulospiral produced the best results in terms of length of obturation, while NaviTip syringe was efficient enough in controlling voids and produced the best results for apical seal.
Effect of a resin-based and a glass-ionomer sealant on the treatment of noncavitated occlusal caries lesions in teenagers
Authors: da Silveira Ana Daniela Silva , Fagundes Nathália Carolina Fernandes , Lascala Cesar Angelo , da Silva Nogueira Antônio José , Marques Marcia Martins , de Cerqueira Luz Maria Aparecida Alves
Published: January 2017

Objectives: The aim of the study was to use clinical outcomes and digital radiographs to compare the effects of two types of sealant materials on the treatment of noncavitated occlusal caries lesions regarding their progression or arrest in teenage permanent molars. Methods: The sample consisted of 28 teeth from 20 patients aged 11-15 years with random distribution to receive either a resin-based sealant (Fluroshield ®, Dentsply, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Gres group) or a glass-ionomer sealant (RIVA Protect ®, SDI, São Paulo, Brazil; Ggis group). Caries progression was monitored by clinical evaluation and radiographic examination. Clinical outcomes were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney and Fisher′s exact test, and radiographic data were analyzed by Student′s t-test for paired data (P ≤ 0.05). Results: There were no significant differences between the clinical outcomes of both groups regarding the sealant retention, thermal sensitivity, and development of new caries lesions adjacent to the sealed surface. There was an increase in the radiographic density coefficient (carious dentin density/sound dentin density) at the end of the study for the Gres group (P = 0.003), but the coefficient for the Ggis group was similar for both time points (P = 0.49). Conclusions: Radiographic features showed an increase in the mineralization of the caries lesions when the teeth were sealed with a resin-based sealant; however, both techniques may be considered an adequate clinical approach for controlling the progression of the lesions.
Distribution of hypodontia and hyperdontia in concomitant hypo-hyperdontia patients: Critical appraisal of the published data
Authors: Chen Yong , Mallineni Sreekanth Kumar
Published: January 2017

Aim: Distribution of hypodontia and hyperdontia in the reported concomitant hypo-hyperdontia (CHH) patients. Materials and Methods: An extensive search of the reported literature from January 1966 to December 2015 was conducted using the “EmBase,” “Google Scholar,” “Medline,” and “PubMed” databases. The search words used were “agenesis,” “concomitant,” “hypodontia,” “hyperdontia,” “hypo-hyperdontia” “concomitant hypo-hyperdontia” and “supernumerary teeth” in different combinations. The citation lists from the included references were subsequently examined, and a hand search was performed in an attempt to find additional data. Detailed analyses of the incidence of hyperdontia and tooth type of hypodontia were evaluated to determine the occurrence of hypodontia and hyperdontia in this condition. Descriptive statistics were carried out using a Chi-square test to determine the occurrence of hypodontia and hyperdontia in CHH, the value of P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Overall, 103 individuals were reported on CHH in published English literature. The average age of them was 11.29 years and frequently observed in males (P < 0.05). Overall 63% of teeth were missing in all the cases that were reported on CHH, whereas 37% of supernumerary teeth were documented (P < 0.05). Most of the cases involved are an anterior region of the both arches (57%). Second premolars are the most commonly missing teeth in both maxillary and mandibular arches, and maxillary mesiodens (50%) are frequent supernumeraries in CHH patients. Conclusion: Hypodontia is more common in CHH patients than hyperdontia. Second premolars are the commonly missing teeth while maxillary mesiodens are the frequently reported in CHH patients. Posterior CHH has not been reported.
The Variational Iteration Method for an Inverse Problem of Finding a Source Parameter
Authors: Ma Zongli , Li Shumin
Published: January 2017

An inverse problem of determining unknown source parameter in a parabolic equation is considered. The variational iteration method (VIM) is presented to solve inverse problems. The solution gives good approximations by VIM. A numerical example shows that the VIM works effectively for an inverse problem.
A Double-Passage Shape Correction Method for Predictions of Unsteady Flow and Aeroelasticity in Turbomachinery
Authors: Guo Tongqing , Zhou Di , Lu Zhiliang
Published: January 2017

In this paper, a double-passage shape correction (DPSC) method is presented for simulation of unsteady flows around vibrating blades and aeroelastic prediction. Based on the idea of phase-lagged boundary conditions, the shape correction method was proposed aimed at efficiently dealing with unsteady flow problems in turbomachinery. However, the original single-passage shape correction (SPSC) may show the disadvantage of slow convergence of unsteady solutions and even produce nonphysical oscillation. The reason is found to be related with the disturbances on the circumferential boundaries that can not be damped by numerical schemes. To overcome these difficulties, the DPSC method is adopted here, in which the Fourier coefficients are computed from flow variables at implicit boundaries instead of circumferential boundaries in the SPSC method. This treatment actually reduces the interaction between the calculation of Fourier coefficients and the update of flow variables. Therefore a faster convergence speed could be achieved and also the solution stability is improved. The present method is developed to be suitable for viscous and turbulent flows. And for real three-dimensional (3D) problems, the rotating effects are also considered. For validation, a 2D oscillating turbine cascade, a 3D oscillating flat plate cascade and a 3D practical transonic fan rotor are investigated. Comparisons with experimental data or other solutions and relevant discussions are presented in detail. Numerical results show that the solution accuracy of DPSC method is favorable and at least comparable to the SPSC method. However, fewer iteration cycles are needed to get a converged and stable unsteady solution, which greatly improves the computational efficiency.
Optimisation and Comparative Evaluation of Fermentative Hydrogen Production using Pure and Co-culture of Clostridium beijerinckii and Enterobacter aerogenes
Authors: Ngulube Ronald , Kanyembo Julius J.
Published: January 2017

Hydrogen, the only fuel to produce water as a by-product is seen as an ideal fuel for the future that can be produced from waste feedstock. The use of optimum bioreactor conditions and co-cultures with well-defined strains offer great potential to enhance hydrogen production due to diverse metabolic pathways. This study was aimed at determining the optimum pH and temperature on hydrogen production rate by Clostridium beijerinckii 6444 using glucose as substrate as well as investigating the influence of co-culture comprising of C. beijerinckii 6444 and Enterobacter aerogenes NCIMB 10102 on rate of hydrogen production and yield from glucose, molasses, crude glycerol and seed cake via dark fermentation. Batch fermentation in serum bottles was carried out in order to determine the total accumulative hydrogen gas, biomass concentration, and feedstock consumption in four days of fermentation. The co-culture was further scaled up to a 5 L fermenter. The optimum pH and temperature corresponding to 6.2 and 30 oC respectively were determined. The co-culture recorded the highest cumulative hydrogen volume (66.5 ± 4.2 ml) from crude glycerol though it did not significantly increase the yields. The decrease in hydrogen production was observed as a result of formation of volatile fatty acids (acetic acid 1.5-3.1 g/l, butyric acid 3.2-5.6 g/l) among others which have inhibitory effects. The highest dead cell count of 3.4 x 108 cells/ml indicated that pH was inhibitory. The scale-up showed an increase in the hydrogen production rate from 13.38 ml/l/hr to 24.13 ml/l/hr and yield of 1.37 mol H2/mol glycerol after 24 hrs. The study showed that the co-culture of C. beijerinckii and E. aerogenes can be used to enhance hydrogen production from crude glycerol as a cheap carbon source.
ESTRUTURA ESPACIAL ARBÓREA DE UM REMANESCENTE NATURAL DE FLORESTA OMBRÓFILA MISTA
Authors: Pelissari Allan Libanio , Figueiredo Filho Afonso , Sanquetta Carlos Roberto , Ebling Angelo Augusto , Roveda Marcelo , Cysneiros Vinicius Costa
Published: January 2017

O desconhecimento dos padrões ecológicos nas florestas naturais contribui para a busca por ferramentas inovadoras que investiguem suas relações e alterações espaciais. Para isso, atualmente, a geoestatística destaca-se como um conjunto de análises que possibilita a estimativa estatisticamente adequada de uma variável e o seu mapeamento. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho objetivou modelar, mapear e relacionar os padrões e dinâmicas espaciais do estoque em área basal dos estratos arbóreos: inferior, médio e superior, de um remanescente de Floresta Ombrófila Mista na região Sul do Brasil. As informações da composição florística foram obtidas por meio de um inventário contínuo executado em 400 unidades georreferenciadas de 25 m x 25 m e mensuradas em 2002, 2008 e 2014. Posteriormente, a geoestatística foi utilizada para modelar os padrões espaciais e a krigagem ordinária pontual foi aplicada para compor os mapas temáticos. Os resultados corroboraram com a hipótese de que a estrutura da floresta apresenta dependência espacial e distribuição heterogênea ao longo dos levantamentos, cujos comportamentos espaciais dos estratos arbóreos estiveram relacionados às dimensões diamétricas dos indivíduos e à diversidade de espécies.
QUANTIFICAÇÃO DA BIOMASSA E DOS TEORES DE CARBONO DE PTERIDÓFITAS ARBORESCENTES EM FLORESTA OMBRÓFILA MISTA
Authors: Ziemmer Juliana Klostermann , Behling Alexandre , Corte Ana Paula Dalla
Published: January 2017

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo quantificar a biomassa, o estoque e os teores de carbono em duas espécies de pteridófitas arborescentes: Dicksonia sellowiana e Cyathea corcovadensis, ambas de ocorrência natural na formação Floresta Ombrófila Mista (FOM). Este estudo foi desenvolvido na Estação Experimental da Universidade Federal do Paraná, localizada no município de Rio Negro, PR, a qual detém uma área de 7,5 ha com regeneração natural de xaxins. Foram instaladas 20 parcelas de 50 m² para execução de um inventário florestal e, com base nos dados do inventário, foram selecionados 20 indivíduos de cada espécie para mensuração da biomassa, com finalidade de construir equações. Foram testados seis modelos, os quais foram ajustados utilizando o método dos mínimos quadrados ordinários, em que a seleção das melhores equações foi feita tomando como base as estatísticas do coeficiente de determinação ajustado (R²aj), erro padrão da estimativa (Syx%) e análise gráfica da distribuição dos resíduos. A partir dos dados de altura e diâmetro da base foi estimada a biomassa seca dos componentes de cada indivíduo por meio das equações obtidas e, posteriormente, extrapolou-se os valores de biomassa para a unidade hectare. Ainda, foram determinados os teores de carbono para os componentes da biomassa (fuste, folhas e total) por meio de um analisador de carbono em sólidos (Leco C-144). O estoque de carbono foi obtido por meio da multiplicação do estoque da biomassa de cada componente pelo respectivo teor médio de carbono. Para o estoque total de carbono, foi utilizado o teor médio de carbono ponderado. Para Dicksonia sellowiana o estoque médio de biomassa do componente fuste foi de 29,43 t.ha-1, para folhas igual a 4,34 t.ha-1 e para a biomassa total equivalente a 32,24 t.ha-1. Cyathea corcovadensis obteve média de 2,75 t.ha-1 para fuste, 0,47 t.ha-1 para folhas e 3,53 t.ha-1 para a biomassa total. A média dos teores de carbono para o componente fuste foi de 40,53%; a folhagem obteve média de 38,64%. Considerando todos os componentes, o valor médio ponderado dos teores de carbono foi de 40,28%. O estoque médio total de carbono foi de 13,03 t.ha-1, o que evidencia a importância dessas espécies no sequestro e fixação de carbono e, consequentemente, à minimização do aquecimento global.
ACURACIDADE DE MÉTODOS DE CUBAGEM PARA ESTIMATIVA DO VOLUME DE Pinus taeda L.
Authors: Lima Gean Carlos Paia , Kohler Sintia Valerio , Silvestre Raul , Navroski Marcio Carlos , Bonazza Marcelo , Allegretti Gabriel , Scarioti Rafael
Published: January 2017

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar diferentes métodos para cubagem de povoamentos de Pinus taeda L. em três idades diferentes, a fim de verificar qual método é mais viável em inventários florestais. No total, foram amostradas 98 árvores, aplicando diferentes métodos de cubagem e comparando-as com o volume real (xilômetro). O experimento foi avaliado utilizando o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, onde cada árvore configurou uma repetição de dados e cada método de cubagem um tratamento. O teste de homogeneidade de Bartlett e análise de variância foram aplicados para todas as idades, seguidos do teste de Tukey a 5% de significância para comparar as médias dos volumes. Independentemente da idade, todos os métodos de cubagem superestimaram os volumes das árvores em relação ao volume verdadeiro. Para as idades de nove e treze anos, os volumes obtidos pelos métodos de cubagem de Huber, Pressler e Seccional Padrão apresentaram os menores desvios quando comparados com o volume real. Na idade 20 anos o método de Hohenadl (5 seções) apresentou a melhor precisão, seguido dos métodos de Huber, Seccional Padrão e Pressler. As árvores mais velhas (20 anos) apresentam, em geral, resíduos mais homogêneos que as árvores com idades mais jovens. O método de Huber apresentou melhores estimativas de volume nas três idades em estudo, diferindo estatisticamente do volume obtido com o xilômetro, apenas na idade de treze anos, onde nenhum outro método foi estatisticamente igual ao volume real. Os métodos de Smalian, 19 seções e da FAO foram os que apresentaram os piores resultados quando comparados com o volume real obtido com o xilômetro.
Unusual behaviour of a retroperitoneal sarcoma: A case report and review of the literature
Authors: Azzam Ahmed , Elkak Abd Elrafea
Published: January 2017

Retroperitoneal sarcomas are aggressive tumours with a poor prognosis. Staging and prognostic criteria do not always predict the behaviour of these tumours. We report a case of retroperitoneal sarcoma which did not quite follow the known prognostic criteria.
Perspectives from Geriatric In-patients with Heart Failure, and their Caregivers, on Gaps in Care Quality
Authors: Azad Nahid , Lemay Genevieve , Li J. , Benzaquen M. , Khoury L.
Published: January 2017

BackgroundEvidence indicates that care experiences for complex HF patients could be improved by simple organizational and process changes, rather than complex clinical mechanisms. This survey identifies care gaps and recommends simple changes.MethodsThe study utilized both quantitative and qualitative methods at The Ottawa Hospital, Geriatric Medical Unit (GMU) during a three-month period.ResultsNineteen patients (average age 85, 12 female) surveyed. Twelve participants lived alone. Fourteen lived in own home. Four patients had formal home-care services. Fifteen relied on family. Gaps were identified in in-patient practice, discharge plan, and discharge summary implementation feedback. Only five participants had seen a cardiologist or a specialist. Half of the patients did not know if they were on a special Heart Failure (HF) diet. Participants did not recall receiving information on life expectancy but were comfortable discussing EoL care and dying. HF-specific management recommendations were mentioned in only 37% of discharge summaries to primary care providers (PCP).ConclusionThe results provide the starting point for a quality assurance and process re-engineering program in GMU. Organization change is needed to develop and integrate a cardiogeriatric clinical framework to allow the cardiologist, geriatrician, and PCP to actively work as a team with the patient/caregiver to develop the optimal care plan pre- and post-discharge.
Effect of Ozone Dissolution Systems on Ozone Exposure and Bromate Formation
Authors: Wert Eric C. , Lew Julia , Rakness Kerwin L.
Published: January 2017

Pilot‐scale data were generated to improve operational guidance for fine bubble diffusion (FBD) and sidestream addition (SSA) systems with respect to unaccounted‐for ozone exposure—i.e., concentration times time (C × T), and bromate formation during ozone dissolution. In FBD systems, results showed significant ozone dissolution C × T (0.31–2.85 mg‐min/L) and bromate formation (0.8–9.1 µg/L) occurring in the bubble column, which is not included in regulatory compliance C × T calculations. Utilities may consider taking contactors out of service to minimize contact time and corresponding bromate formation in the dissolution zone. In SSA systems, ozone dosages (7.2–18.6 mg/L) were transferred to approximately 20% of the overall plant flow for ~5 s, which produced bromate (2.6–5.7 µg/L). As the contact time exceeded the design guidance in the sidestream flow (>30 s), bromate formation became far more significant (40–140 µg/L). When the sidestream flow is operated with short contact times (~5 s), bromate formation can be minimized.
Analyse des processus menant à des changements dans une entreprise du secteur aéronautique : vers un modèle d’évaluation des interventions ergonomiques
Authors: Albert Valérie , Vézina Nicole , Bilodeau Henriette , Coutarel Fabien
Published: January 2017

Bien que les changements organisationnels soient généralement considérés comme générateurs d’effets plus durables que les interventions individuelles, ils sont davantage difficiles à implanter. La littérature en changement organisationnel suggère que la participation d’acteurs-clés de différents niveaux hiérarchiques d’un milieu de travail peut contribuer à définir des changements qui seront mieux acceptés. L’ergonomie est une discipline pour laquelle la participation des divers acteurs en vue d’introduire des modifications dans une organisation du travail déficiente s’impose, depuis de nombreuses années, comme une nécessité méthodologique. Cependant, on constate un déficit de connaissances quant aux processus ou actions de l’ergonome qui mènent à l’implantation des changements.

L’objectif de cette étude de cas réalisée dans une entreprise aéronautique est de décrire finement les actions de l’ergonome, en vue d’émettre des recommandations quant aux indicateurs à inclure dans un modèle d’évaluation des processus de l’intervention ergonomique. Comme résultat, une analyse quantitative des processus a permis d’illustrer les modifications dans les stratégies de l’ergonome aux différentes étapes de l’intervention et en fonction de certains éléments-clés du contexte. Au plan qualitatif, cette étude montre à quel point les étapes préalables à l’implantation des changements sont cruciales afin de favoriser l’adhésion collective des acteurs-clés au plan d’action sur les changements à implanter.

Cette étude constitue une contribution à la problématique scientifique émergente de l’évaluation des interventions complexes, plus particulièrement celle de l’élaboration d’un modèle d’évaluation des interventions ergonomiques. Les résultats confirment, notamment, l’intérêt d’effectuer des analyses quantitatives et qualitatives des processus ainsi que l’importance de documenter les éléments-clés du contexte ayant influencé ces mêmes processus et leurs effets. Ce tant du point de vue de l’intervenant que de celui des acteurs-clés. Il est fort probable que ces constats puissent, également, s’appliquer à d’autres types d’interventions organisationnelles. Et si l’on souhaite poursuivre cet axe de recherche, l’évaluation d’une série d’interventions ergonomiques permettrait de bonifier ces résultats.
Skeletal pathology and variable anatomy in elephant feet assessed using computed tomography
Authors: Regnault Sophie , Dixon Jonathon J.I. , Warren-Smith Chris , Hutchinson John R. , Weller Renate
Published: January 2017

Foot problems are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in elephants, but are underreported due to difficulties in diagnosis, particularly of conditions affecting the bones and internal structures. Here we evaluate post-mortem computer tomographic (CT) scans of 52 feet from 21 elephants (seven AfricanLoxodonta africanaand 14 AsianElephas maximus), describing both pathology and variant anatomy (including the appearance of phalangeal and sesamoid bones) that could be mistaken for disease. We found all the elephants in our study to have pathology of some type in at least one foot. The most common pathological changes observed were bone remodelling, enthesopathy, osseous cyst-like lesions, and osteoarthritis, with soft tissue mineralisation, osteitis, infectious osteoarthriti, subluxation, fracture and enostoses observed less frequently. Most feet had multiple categories of pathological change (81% with two or more diagnoses, versus 10% with a single diagnosis, and 9% without significant pathology). Much of the pathological change was focused over the middle/lateral digits, which bear most weight and experience high peak pressures during walking. We found remodelling and osteoarthritis to be correlated with increasing age, more enthesopathy in Asian elephants, and more cyst-like lesions in females. We also observed multipartite, missing and misshapen phalanges as common and apparently incidental findings. The proximal (paired) sesamoids can appear fused or absent, and the predigits (radial/tibial sesamoids) can be variably ossified, though are significantly more ossified in Asian elephants. Our study reinforces the need for regular examination and radiography of elephant feet to monitor for pathology and as a tool for improving welfare.
Neck biomechanics indicate that giant Transylvanian azhdarchid pterosaurs were short-necked arch predators
Authors: Naish Darren , Witton Mark P.
Published: January 2017

Azhdarchid pterosaurs include the largest animals to ever take to the skies with some species exceeding 10 metres in wingspan and 220 kg in mass. Associated skeletons show that azhdarchids were long-necked, long-jawed predators that combined a wing planform suited for soaring with limb adaptations indicative of quadrupedal terrestrial foraging. The postcranial proportions of the group have been regarded as uniform overall, irrespective of their overall size, notwithstanding suggestions that minor variation may have been present. Here, we discuss a recently discovered giant azhdarchid neck vertebra referable toHatzegopteryxfrom the Maastrichtian Sebeş Formation of the Transylvanian Basin, Romania, which shows how some azhdarchids departed markedly from conventional views on their proportions. This vertebra, which we consider a cervical VII, is 240 mm long as preserved and almost as wide. Among azhdarchid cervicals, it is remarkable for the thickness of its cortex (4–6 mm along its ventral wall) and robust proportions. By comparing its dimensions to other giant azhdarchid cervicals and to the more completely known necks of smaller taxa, we argue thatHatzegopteryxhad a proportionally short, stocky neck highly resistant to torsion and compression. This specimen is one of several hinting at greater disparity within Azhdarchidae than previously considered, but is the first to demonstrate such proportional differences within giant taxa. On the assumption that other aspects ofHatzegopteryxfunctional anatomy were similar to those of other azhdarchids, and with reference to the absence of large terrestrial predators in the Maastrichtian of Transylvania, we suggest that this pterosaur played a dominant predatory role among the unusual palaeofauna of ancient Haţeg.
The wild tomato speciesSolanum chilenseshows variation in pathogen resistance between geographically distinct populations
Authors: Stam Remco , Scheikl Daniela , Tellier Aurélien
Published: January 2017

Wild tomatoes are a valuable source of disease resistance germplasm for tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) breeders. Many species are known to possess a certain degree of resistance against certain pathogens; however, evolution of resistance traits is yet poorly understood. For some species, likeSolanum chilense, both differences in habitat and within species genetic diversity are very large. Here we aim to investigate the occurrence of spatially heterogeneous coevolutionary pressures between populations ofS. chilense. We investigate the phenotypic differences in disease resistance withinS. chilenseagainst three common tomato pathogens (Alternaria solani,Phytophthora infestansand aFusarium sp.) and confirm high degrees of variability in resistance properties between selected populations. Using generalised linear mixed models, we show that disease resistance does not follow the known demographic patterns of the species. Models with up to five available climatic and geographic variables are required to best describe resistance differences, confirming the complexity of factors involved in local resistance variation. We confirm that withinS. chilense, resistance properties against various pathogens show a mosaic pattern and do not follow environmental patterns, indicating the strength of local pathogen pressures. Our study can form the basis for further investigations of the genetic traits involved.
Species-specific pharmacology of maximakinin, an amphibian homologue of bradykinin: putative prodrug activity at the human B2receptor and peptidase resistance in rats
Authors: Charest-Morin Xavier , Bachelard Hélène , Jean Melissa , Marceau Francois
Published: January 2017

Maximakinin (MK), an amphibian peptide possessing the C-terminal sequence of bradykinin (BK), is a BK B2receptor (B2R) agonist eliciting prolonged signaling. We reinvestigated this 19-mer for species-specific pharmacologic profile,in vivoconfirmation of resistance to inactivation by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), value as a module for the design of fusion proteins that bind to the B2R in mammalian species and potential activity as a histamine releaser. Competition of the binding of [3H]BK to recombinant human myc-B2Rs in cells that express these receptors revealed that MK possessed a tenuous fraction (<0.1%) of the affinity of BK, despite being only ∼20-fold less potent than BK in a contractility assay based on the human isolated umbilical vein. These findings are reconciled by the generation of C-terminal fragments, like Lys-Gly-Pro-BK and Gly-Pro-BK, when the latent MK is incubated with human venous tissue (LC-MS), supporting activationviahydrolysis upstream of the BK sequence. At the rat recombinant myc-B2R, MK had a lesser affinity than that of BK, but with a narrower margin (6.2-fold, radioligand binding competition). Accordingly, MK (10 nM) stimulated calcium transients in cells that expressed the rat receptors, but not the human B2R. Recombinant MRGPRX2, a receptor that mediates cationic peptide-induced mast cell secretion, minimally responded by increased [Ca+2]ito MK at 10 µM. Enhanced green fluorescent protein fused to MK (EGFP-MK) labeled cells that expressed rat, but not human B2Rs. Intravenous MK induced dose-dependent hypotensive, vasodilator and tachycardic responses in anesthetized rats and the effects were antagonized by pretreatment with icatibant but not modified by pyrilamine or enalaprilat. Strong species-specific responses to the toxin-derived peptide MK and its prodrug status in the isolated human vein were evidenced. Accordingly, MK in the EGFP-MK fusion protein is a pharmacophore module that confers affinity for the rat B2R, but not for the human form of the B2R. MK is unlikely to be an efficient mast cell activator, but its resistance to inactivation by ACE was confirmedin vivo.
De la Cumbre de Nairobi (2006) a Copenhague (2009): cobertura del cambio climático en medios digitales en español
Authors:   Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, España, Arcila Calderón Carlos , Freyle Granados Julymek ,   Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia, Mercado María Teresa ,   Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Valencia, España
Published: January 2017

Desde la perspectiva del framing, el presente trabajo analiza el tratamiento informativo del cambio climático (CC) durante las cumbres internacionales de Nairobi (COP12, 2006), Bali (COP13, 2007), Poznan (COP14, 2008) y Copenhague (COP15, 2009) en 30 medios digitales en español. Los resultados del análisis de contenido de 372 textos informativos muestran que las fuentes predominantes son los políticos y que su aparición en los textos tiende a mostrar un marco de conformidad. El estudio concluye que más de la mitad de las noticias proviene de servicios de agencias y se evidencia la ausencia de temas relacionados con el cambio climático en la agenda local.
Análisis bibliométrico sobre “Comunicación, Desarrollo y Cambio Social” en las diez primeras revistas de Comunicación de España
Authors:   Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, España, Marí-Sáez Víctor Manuel , Ceballos-Castro Gonzalo ,   Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, España
Published: January 2017

Desde inicios de siglo hay investigaciones que demuestran la tardía institucionalización de la Comunicación para el Desarrollo y el Cambio Social (CDCS) en España. Este artículo aborda el estudio bibliométrico del campo, analizando las diez principales revistas de Comunicación publicadas entre 2000 y 2012. Las preguntas de investigación que orientan este trabajo son: ¿qué incidencia tiene la CDCS? ¿Hay correspondencia entre el auge del campo y el número de artículos? ¿Qué revistas y autores han publicado? Los resultados apuntan a una presencia marginal en el periodo estudiado, y a un relativo aumento, coincidiendo con la institucionalización del campo en España.
Radiografía de las exclusivas en el periodismo político español: seguimiento y factores de competencia
Authors:   Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, España, Lamelas López Marcos , Pont-Sorribes Carles ,   Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, España, Alsius Salvador ,   Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, España
Published: January 2017

La exclusiva en el periodismo político español es una rareza, pese al importante peso que se le otorga a este contenido en el conjunto de la prensa y a la relevancia simbólica de los temas que le son propios. Este trabajo analiza los scoops que publicaron los cinco principales diarios españoles en sus secciones de Política durante el año 2012. El estudio contempla tanto la cantidad como las semejanzas y diferencias entre lo publicado en papel y en las versiones digitales de cada medio. La metodología utilizada se basa en un trabajo cuantitativo, bajo la variante de análisis del discurso.
Jugar en red social: ¿adicción digital versus comunicación e interacción en CityVille?
Authors:   Universidad de Oviedo, Asturias, España, Del Moral Pérez María Esther , Guzmán Duque Alba Patricia ,   Unidades Tecnológicas de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
Published: January 2017

Jugar en red implica riesgos de adicciones, por invertirse excesivo tiempo y dinero y virtualizarse las relaciones, aunque puede favorecer la comunicación ligada al entretenimiento online. Tras consultar a jugadores de CityVille (N=105), se constata la relación entre tiempo y gasto invertido, y niveles y logros alcanzados. Los hombres dedican más dinero y tiempo a jugar que las mujeres y priorizan la competición; ellas, la colaboración. Todos perciben desarrollar habilidades interpersonales, pero las mujeres subrayan las comunicativas. Los sujetos adictos dedican más de 5 horas diarias y gastan 23 dólares mensuales en este juego, y juegan entre 5-7 juegos online más.
Publicidad ilícita, productos saludables y autorregulación
Authors:   Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, España, Perelló Oliver Salvador , Muela Molina Clara , Hormigos Ruiz Jaime ,   Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, España
Published: January 2017

El trabajo estudia la publicidad ilícita de los productos que ofrecen supuestos beneficios para la salud a través del conjunto de las reclamaciones presentadas ante la asociación autorreguladora de la actividad publicitaria en España entre 2010 y 2015. Se caracteriza un total de 323 reclamaciones según el perfil del reclamante, el anunciante demandado, el medio de difusión y el tipo de resolución del jurado. Se examina el comportamiento de los anunciantes respecto del incumplimiento de la legislación publicitaria general y de la legislación específica que regula la publicidad de productos con supuesta finalidad sanitaria.
Homosexualidades de papel: escenas de prensa homoerótica en Brasil (1963-2015)
Authors:   Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Paraná, Brasil, Arias Neto José Miguel , Pessoa do Amaral Muriel Emídio ,   Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP/Bauru), São Paulo, Brasil
Published: January 2017

Recurriendo al método histórico, este artículo describe la prensa homoerótica brasileña. Apunta a establecer cómo esta categoría de prensa estableció un diálogo con las manifestaciones culturales, modos de representación de homosexualidades y signos homoeróticos. Para ello, la investigación analiza O Snob, la primera publicación brasileña homoerótica, de los años de 1960; el periódico Lampião da Esquina, que circuló de 1978 hasta 1982; la revista Junior, publicada entre 2007 y 2013, y la revista Nin, la única en circulación, que da cuenta de las diferentes formas de representación de homosexualidades y sexualidades.
Radar attenuation in Europa's ice shell: Obstacles and opportunities for constraining the shell thickness and its thermal structure
Authors: Kalousová Klára , Schroeder Dustin M. , Soderlund Krista M.
Published: January 2017

Young surface and possible recent endogenic activity make Europa one of the most exciting solar system bodies and a primary target for spacecraft exploration. Future Europa missions are expected to carry ice‐penetrating radar instruments designed to investigate its subsurface thermophysical structure. Several authors have addressed the radar sounders' performance at icy moons, often ignoring the complex structure of a realistic ice shell. Here we explore the variation in two‐way radar attenuation for a variety of potential thermal structures of Europa's shell (determined by reference viscosity, activation energy, tidal heating, surface temperature, and shell thickness) as well as for low and high loss temperature‐dependent attenuation model. We found that (i) for all investigated ice shell thicknesses (5–30 km), the radar sounder will penetrate between 15% and 100% of the total thickness, (ii) the maximum penetration depth varies laterally, with deepest penetration possible through cold downwellings, (iii) direct ocean detection might be possible for shells of up to 15 km thick if the signal travels through cold downwelling ice or the shell is conductive, (iv) even if the ice/ocean interface is not directly detected, penetration through most of the shell could constrain the deep shell structure through returns from deep non‐ocean interfaces or the loss of signal itself, and (v) for all plausible ice shells, the two‐way attenuation to the eutectic point is
 dB which shows a robust potential for longitudinal investigation of the ice shell's shallow thermophysical structure.
Dependence of the Martian radiation environment on atmospheric depth: Modeling and measurement
Authors: Guo Jingnan , Slaba Tony C. , Zeitlin Cary , Wimmer‐Schweingruber Robert F. , Badavi Francis F. , Böhm Eckart , Böttcher Stephan , Brinza David E. , Ehresmann Bent , Hassler Donald M. , Matthiä Daniel , Rafkin Scot
Published: January 2017

The energetic particle environment on the Martian surface is influenced by solar and heliospheric modulation and changes in the local atmospheric pressure (or column depth). The Radiation Assessment Detector (RAD) on board the Mars Science Laboratory rover Curiosity on the surface of Mars has been measuring this effect for over four Earth years (about two Martian years). The anticorrelation between the recorded surface Galactic Cosmic Ray‐induced dose rates and pressure changes has been investigated by Rafkin et al. (2014) and the long‐term solar modulation has also been empirically analyzed and modeled by Guo et al. (2015). This paper employs the newly updated HZETRN2015 code to model the Martian atmospheric shielding effect on the accumulated dose rates and the change of this effect under different solar modulation and atmospheric conditions. The modeled results are compared with the most up‐to‐date (from 14 August 2012 to 29 June 2016) observations of the RAD instrument on the surface of Mars. Both model and measurements agree reasonably well and show the atmospheric shielding effect under weak solar modulation conditions and the decline of this effect as solar modulation becomes stronger. This result is important for better risk estimations of future human explorations to Mars under different heliospheric and Martian atmospheric conditions.
Highly Reproducible and Regulated Conductance Quantization in a Polymer‐Based Atomic Switch
Authors: Krishnan Karthik , Muruganathan Manoharan , Tsuruoka Tohru , Mizuta Hiroshi , Aono Masakazu
Published: January 2017

A detailed understanding of the conductance quantization and resistive switching phenomena in redox‐based memories is crucial for realizing atomic‐scale memory devices and for finding the adequate design principles on which they can be based. Here, the emergence of quantized conductance states and their correlation with resistive switching characteristics in polymer‐based atomic switches are investigated using combinations of current–voltage measurements and first‐principles density functional theory (DFT) simulations. Various conductance states, including integer and half‐integer multiples of a single atomic point contact and fractional conductance variations, are observed in an Ag/polyethylene oxide/Pt device under sweeping of bias voltage. Moreover, highly controllable and reproducible quantized conductance behaviors by tuning the voltage sweep rate and the sweep voltage range, suggesting well‐controlled formation of the atomic point contact, are demonstrated. The device also exhibits longer retention times for higher conductance states. The DFT simulations reveal the transmission eigenstate of geometrically optimized atomic point contact structures and the impact of the atomic configurations and structural stability on the conductance state, which also explains their resistive switching behaviors. The well‐defined, multiple quantized conductance states observed in these polymer‐based atomic switches show promise for the development of new multilevel memory devices.
Transition Metal‐Catalyzed Reactions Involving Oximes
Authors: Li Jun , Hu Yitian , Zhang Daopeng , Liu Qing , Dong Yunhui , Liu Hui
Published: January 2017

Oximes are an easily prepared and transformed unit, which are widely used in organic synthesis. The oximes, including oxime ethers and esters, could realize various transformations, such as C–H bond activation, Heck‐type reactions, N–O bond cleavage/C–N bond formation, O–H bond cleavage and couplings. However, there is no a comprehensive review on this subject. Herein, we summarize the recent advances over the past 15 years in transition metal‐catalyzed reactions involving oximes, focusing on the reaction scope, limitations and mechanisms.

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Rhodium(III)‐Catalyzed Regioselective Decarboxylative Cyclization for the Synthesis of 4H‐Furo[3,2‐c]chromen‐4‐one Derivatives
Authors: Zha Dandan , Li Hongji , Li Shiqing , Wang Lei
Published: January 2017

This contribution describes a regioselective cyclization of hypervalent iodine reagents (HIR) with propiolic acids in the presence of a rhodium catalyst. The mild decarboxylation can tolerate a wide range of groups and generates 4H‐furo[3,2‐c]chromen‐4‐one derivatives in good isolated yields.

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PGY 3 Chief Residents in a 4‐Year Emergency Medicine Residency Training Program: A Unique Paradigm
Authors: Ehmann Michael R. , Regan Linda A.
Published: January 2017

Emergency medicine (EM) chief residents are traditionally drawn from the most‐senior class of residents. Our training program's chief residency structure is, to our knowledge, unique in that it is the only 4‐year EM training program to select PGY 3 residents as chief residents. This structure allows PGY 4 residents enrolled in a 4‐year curriculum to focus their final year of residency training on their professional development and on laying a foundation for a career in academic EM while unencumbered with the responsibilities of chief residency. Conventional thinking holds that the most senior individual is the most capable of serving in a leadership role as chief resident; our experience has shown, however, that selecting chief residents from the PGY 3 class of a 4‐year residency program is not only feasible and well received by our residents, our residency training program, and our department, but is invaluable to the development of all individuals in the PGY 4 class regardless of whether or not they served as a chief resident. We recommend that 4‐year EM residency training programs in development as well as 4‐year programs that currently use—or plan to incorporate—longitudinal academic development or track systems consider this model.
A Modified Delphi Study for Development of a Pediatric Curriculum for Emergency Medicine Residents
Authors: Mitzman Jennifer , King Andrew M. , Fastle Rebecca K. , Hopson Laura R. , Hoyle John D. , Levasseur Kelly A. , Mitchell Michael S. , O'Neill James C. , Pazderka Philip A. , Perry Marcia A. , Reynolds Maegan , Shah Payal G. , Skarbek‐Borowska Sara , Way David P. , Stanley Rachel M.
Published: January 2017

Objectives

Emergency medicine (EM) trainees are expected to learn to provide acute care for patients of all ages. The American Council for Graduate Medical Education provides some guidance on topics related to caring for pediatric patients; however, education about pediatric topics varies across residency programs. The goal of this project was to develop a consensus curriculum for teaching pediatric emergency care.

Methods

We recruited 13 physicians from six academic health centers to participate in a three‐round electronic modified Delphi project. Participants were selected on the basis of expertise with both EM resident education and pediatric emergency care. The first modified Delphi survey asked participants to generate the core knowledge, skills, and experiences needed to prepare EM residents to effectively treat children in an acute care setting. The qualitative data from the first round was reformulated into a second‐round questionnaire. During the second round, participants used rating scales to prioritize the curriculum content proposed during the first round. In round 3, participants were asked to make a determination about each curriculum topic using a three‐point scale labeled required, optional, or not needed.

Results

The first modified Delphi round yielded 400 knowledge topics, 206 clinical skills, and 44 specific types of experience residents need to prepare for acute pediatric patient care. These were narrowed to 153 topics, 84 skills, and 28 experiences through elimination of redundancy and two rounds of prioritization. The final lists contain topics classified by highly recommended, partially recommended, and not recommended. The partially recommended category is intended to help programs tailor their curriculum to the unique needs of their learners as well as account for variability between 3‐ and 4‐year programs and the amount of time programs allocate to pediatric education.

Conclusion

The modified Delphi process yielded the broad outline of a consensus core pediatric emergency care curriculum.