bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Michel Foucault, Social Policy and 'Limit-Experience'
Authors:   , Culpitt Ian
Published: November 2021

This thesis considers whether the discipline of social policy can validly use the patterns and intentions implicit in Foucault's critique of modernity to develop a new qualitative approach to social theory. He examined the conditions under which various regimes of social and political practice came into being; how they are maintained and the particular manner of their transformation. There are two specific emphases that establish the pattern of my overall inquiry. The first involves a reflection on the troubled and ineffectual place of normative social theory within contemporary social policy discourse. The second is a reconsideration of Foucault's oeuvre in relation to new social theory building within social policy. Both of these concerns offer an opportunity to reflect on the place of social theory within a discursive world that 'appears' cosmopolitan and diverse. Foucault famously declared that the point of philosophical activity involved the endeavour to know how and to what extent it might be possible to think differently - to examine the functioning of our ideas as 'limit-experiences'. He coined this phrase 'limit-experience' to outline his critique of the 'forms of rationalizations' that comprise the present practice of politics within modernity. He thought the decisive question was how apparently 'universal, necessary, and obligatory discourses about political and social knowledge shapes that which ought more properly to be regarded as 'singular, contingent, and the product of arbitrary constraints'. The former injunctive and 'magisterial' arguments that supported initial patterns of welfare state rhetoric are no longer persuasive. There has been a 'sea-change' in contemporary social ideas - from a welfare state to a welfare society - one that is breath-taking in its hegemonic compass. That world is increasingly depicted as a postmodern social world where there is little apparent respect for, let alone reliance on, the grand metaphors and social themes of classic social policy. This reconsideration of Foucault's ideas from a social policy perspective will not necessarily yield a new compelling normative rhetoric but it will provide an opportunity to think differently about the taken-for-granted nature of so much social policy theorizing. His portrayal of how we might 'think differently' about the multitude of practices involved in the rationalizations and subjectifications of 'limit-experiences' provides an opportunity to reflect on the patterning and practices that construct the current discourses of welfare and social policy. We do need to think differently or at least to see if it is possible to do so. Imagining difference, strategizing for it, and welcoming it, mark us out as constantly restless - a personal style that Foucault embraced with some gusto!
Evaluating Safe Patient Handling Systems: Is There a Better Way?
Authors:   , Borner Heidi Elizabeth
Published: November 2021

The literature presented here shows that injuries suffered by staff and patients due to patient handling are preventable but patient handling injuries to health care workers and patients remain a costly problem to health care  organizations in many countries. "No Lifting" patient handling policies have been adopted yet health care organizations currently sit amongst the top three worst performing industries in terms of disabling injuries to their employees. A factor that contributes to this situation is the lack of tools for evaluating patient handling systems including workplace culture and climate. This observational study analyzes the responses of 38 nurses from two similar units that use different patient handling systems to test the reliability and validity of the Safe Patient Handling Survey (TM) SPH Survey(TM), a perception survey and improvement tool for employees and employers. The survey contains 55 questions divided into 6 clusters, staff and patient injury and violence questions, and picture questions depicting unsafe techniques. The data were analyzed to see how the SPH Survey(TM) scores correlate with incidents, and its ability to detect differences between the two units. The results of the Pearson and Cronbach(TM) alpha tests show strong reliability, validity and consistency of the SPH Survey(TM). ANOVA comparison of means and Spearman(TM) rho tests shows that higher (better) scores on the SPH Survey(TM) clusters correlate with lower numbers of patient injuries, lower reports of verbal and physical violence episodes, and lower staff injuries. Differences were detected between the units with Unit 2 scoring higher than Unit 1 in all SPH Survey(TM) clusters and scoring lower in staff and patient injuries and violence incidents. Although the analysis was limited by the small sample size, the study has created a sound basis for further investigation. Health care organizations, unions, government bodies, insurers, educational institutions, and researchers must continue to reduce patient handling risk for both health care workers and for patients. The SPH Survey(TM) is shown to be an easy way to reliably evaluate patient handling systems and workplace culture, target improvement initiatives, and continually monitor the level of patient handling risk in the workplace. Low-risk patient handling gives health care providers the means to focus on delivering high quality patient care, without endangering their own health and well-being.
Effective Aid Coordination: A Case Study of Lao People's Democratic Republic
Authors:   , Silaphet Soudalie
Published: November 2021

The purpose of this research is to find what is "effective aid coordination" particularly drawing from the case study of Lao People's Democratic Republic and lessons from Vietnam and Timor Leste. The study proposes that a solution to the problem of poor delivery of ODA is that the development industry must improve its ODA spending systems and incorporate aid budgets into the national budget and development plans. It is vital to encourage national  governments to lead their own development agenda and support development according to local priorities. The results suggest that it is not just a matter of coordinating aid effectively, but the aid industry needs the right capacity and people to be involved. Capacity building is much needed within the recipient national offices as well as many of the international donor agencies. This would allow the local government to take the lead and prioritise the commitments signed in the Paris Declaration, the Vientiane Declaration and the Millennium Development Goals. It is recommended by many practitioners that the number of agencies working in decision making processes in the aid effectiveness agenda in Laos should be limited to reduce transaction costs and promote clear communication within the development community. However different environments such as Timor Leste, suggests that civil society should be involved more and that donor agencies should not take the lead in aid delivery.
In Search of a Treaty Partner: Who, or What, is 'the Crown'?
Authors:   , Hayward Janine Alyth Deaker
Published: November 2021

In New Zealand, 'the Crown' is frequently referred to in contemporary discourse relating to the Treaty of Waitangi. This thesis investigates the identity of 'the Crown' as a treaty partner with Maori. There are major problems in identifying the Crown, and these problems have serious implications for the 'Maori' treaty partner. First, there is a problem of consistency in the identity of the Crown. Analysis shows that a range of institutions and individuals involved in the negotiation of treaty issues in contemporary New Zealand society is identified as 'the Crown'. The application of theoretical analysis of the role of symbols in politics shows that the Crown symbol is frequently used and widely applied in treaty debate. This is, it is argued, because use of 'the Crown' brings legitimacy and authority to the actions and policies of those entities it identifies. The flexibility and popularity of 'the Crown' symbol creates a problem for Maori, however, because 'the Crown' is not consistently naming the same thing. There is a second major and interrelating problem: the evolution of the Crown. In 1840, 'the Crown' title was used in relation to the Queen, and later was used to describe settler government. Most recently 'the Crown' has come to incorporate local and regional as well as central government. This evolution in the identity of the Crown has frustrated attempts by Maori to identify and negotiate with their treaty partner. In particular, case studies of local government and resource management law reforms in New Zealand demonstrate that Maori themselves have attempted to resist the evolution of the Crown and assert their own interpretation of the appropriate identity for their treaty partner. Having demonstrated the problems of 'the Crown' as well as the frequency of its use, there is the question of the broader constitutional relationship between Māori and the Crown to consider. A discussion of the role of the Crown in Canada illustrates some of the points made earlier in the thesis and demonstrates the unique position of the Crown in New Zealand. In addition, it is argued with regard to constitutional reforms facing New Zealand in the 1990s, that the future development of New Zealand's rapidly evolving constitution must consider the particular relationship between Maori and the Crown.
How can cultural policy strengthen the arts and cultural sector?
Authors:   , Richer Susan
Published: November 2021

During the COVID-19 worldwide health pandemic, with gigs cancelled, seasons postponed, travel ceased and unemployment increasing, calls for new approaches to cultural policy have emerged despite there being no shared understanding of what cultural policy is, does and could be. Governments in Australia and New Zealand have responded to the sector’s increased precarity with large-scale rescue funding packages, which are focussed on immediate relief and short-term survival. Even pre-COVID, it seems there was little interest in longer term cultural policy thinking.

This research explores the legitimacy of cultural policy as source of sector sustainability through a review of contemporary cultural policy literature and insights from key players in the cultural policy space - arts and cultural bureaucrats, whose perspectives are usually muted. Norwegian sociologist Per Mangset (2020) suggests that western democracies may actually be facing the end of cultural policy, which has not adapted or responded significantly to major societal, economic and cultural changes of the last 50 years. While not conceding that cultural policy is a redundant practice, this research responds to Mangset’s provocation by identifying three key policy approaches through a survey of contemporary policy literature. The three approaches; policy as action, policy as sustainability and policy as democracy intersect to create a grey area in which new democratic approaches to policy development might be further explored.

This contribution to the contemporary cultural policy heritage narrative of the trans-Tasman region clarifies definitions and approaches utilised by policy makers in Australian and New Zealand government settings. It finds that cultural policy has been looping in a neo-liberal, post-democratic pattern of short-term cycles resulting in a cultural policy stasis and elitist decision making, which largely excludes the public. Recommendations for further research include exploration of new democratic approaches to cultural policy that could transform policy making to encompass multiple systems and perspectives that can strengthen the arts and cultural sector.
Spelling-Analysis and Ralph Crane: a Preparatory Study of His Life, Spelling, and Scribal Habits
Authors:   , Howard-Hill Trevor Howard
Published: November 2021

Ralph Crane first came to learned attention in recent years when Sir Walter Greg in 1925 suggested that the transcripts of Fletcher and Massinger's 'Sir John van Olden Barnavelt' and Middleton's 'The Witch' were the same handwriting. Shortly afterwards, Profession F. P. Wilson published an article showing that both these plays were the work of the scribe Ralph Crane, who professed to have had some employment with the King's Company, and who was also the scribe of Fletcher's 'Demetrius and Enanthe', the Lansdown and Malone MSS. of Middleton's 'A Game at Chesse', and several poetical manuscripts. Professor Wilson recounted the sketchy details of Crane's life and examined some featuers of his transcript dwelling, naturally enough, mainly on the features of the dramatic MSS. Much of his work need not be repeated here, especially that on the textual features of the dramatic MSS. and the discussion of the copy from which they might be derived. On certain general points there are necessary reservations to be made in the light of more recent scholarship; fuller discussion of several questionable conclusions will be made in the final chapter.
Implicit and Explicit Memory in Depression/ Dysphoria: an Analysis of the Contribution of Perceptual and Conceptual Processes
Authors:   , Jenkins William
Published: November 2021

Earlier studies have shown impaired explicit test and normal implicit test performance in participants classified as depressed. A number of different models have been put forward to explain this 'typical' test dissociation including the memory systems, processing, and activation - elaboration models. Blaxton (1989, 1992) has pointed out that to date most test designs have confounded the memory systems and processing models. The aim of this series of experiments was to systematically compare the effects of depression on the processing and memory systems models and in so doing provide a more precise explanation for the effects of depression on human memory. Across Experiments 1 - 4 the performance of participants with depression or dysphoria were examined on implicit and explicit memory tests which were designed to tap either predominantly perceptual or conceptual processes. In Experiment 1 the conceptual tests of category association (implicit) and semantic cued recall (explicit) were compared with the perceptual tests of word fragment completion (implicit) and graphemic cued recall (explicit). In Experiment 2 the perceptual tests of perceptual identification (implicit) and the 'mixed' test of anagram solution (implicit) were compared with the conceptual free recall test (explicit). Both experiments used dysphoric university students and found no effects of dysphoria in comparison to normal controls matched for age, sex and education levels. Experiment 3 compared the conceptual category association (implicit) and free recall (explicit) tests with the perceptual word fragment completion test (implicit) using participants diagnosed with major depression disorder. This revealed significant impairments in both the conceptual tests while the perceptual test was intact. Experiment 4 compared the implicit word association test with the explicit word association test using dysphoric university students. Experiment 4 found that dysphoric participants were impaired in performing the explicit test while the implicit test remained intact. These findings suggest that dysphoria has no effect on implicit tests, but can effect conceptual explicit test measures. Clinical depression effects both conceptual implicit and conceptual explicit test measures. While these results support aspects of both the memory systems and processing models these findings may be best accommodated by a model which combines these models. The revised memory systems model is discussed as one means of achieving this.
The Peniston & Kulkosky Treatment for Chemical Dependence: a Replication, and Assessment of the Importance of the Electroencephalograph (EEG) Biofeedback Component of the Protocol
Authors:   , Lowe Frances Jean
Published: November 2021

This thesis is primarily a replication of Peniston and Kulkoskys' (1989; 1990) treatment (PKT) study which reported successful outcomes for alcoholics using an alpha/theta electroencephalograph (EEG) biofeedback protocol. The PKT protocol consists of 6 temperature biofeedback sessions of training increased hand temperature, followed by 30 sessions of training, via EEG biofeedback, increases in alpha/theta band amplitude. The latter sessions included visualizations of personality and physiology changes, and visualisations of scenes where alcohol is refused. Another aim of this study was to determine whether the EEG biofeedback element of the protocol was superior in outcomes to the subject simply listening to monotonous sounds. In addition to three months of therapeutic community treatment, one experimental group of 15 subjects received the PKT protocol, the other received a modified version excluding EEG biofeedback, and a control group of 14 subjects had no additional treatment. Post-treatment follow up revealed significant improvements for all three groups in key psychometric instruments. These were the Multiaxial Personality Inventory (MCMI-II), Situational Confidence Questionnaire (SCQ), Life Purpose Questionnaire (LPQ), and, at follow up, Addiction Severity Index (ASI). The control group changed in fewer MCMI-II scales, and had a higher treatment drop out rate. At follow up the groups' abstinence rates, using Peniston and Kulkoskys' measure, were also similar. However, when more sensitive relapse measures were applied, the PKT groups' relapse results were about twice those of the control group. This was significant for male subjects' mean number of days using substances, whereas female subjects' abstinence rates were high in all three groups. This therapeutic modality enhances therapeutic community treatment outcomes in a small sample of subjects, a result not common in the literature. It merits further investigation and implementation in a New Zealand setting.
The Kadazans and Sabah Politics
Authors:   , Luping Herman James
Published: November 2021

The Kadazans - the indigenous non-Muslim tribal people of what was North Borneo under Chartered Company rule and is now Sabah, a state of Malaysia - have for the most part throughout their history been governed by others than themselves. Before European contact Muslim overlords from Brunei or the Sulu archipelago exercised a tenuous sovereignty; the London-based Chartered Company was concerned to extract wealth for shareholders and to keep the indigenes quiescent; and since the formation of Malaysia, with the covert or overt support of the federal government in Kuala Lumpur, for the greater part of the time Muslim rule has prevailed. This thesis is a detailed examination of the last quarter-of-a-century's political life in Sabah, with particular reference to the role of the Kadazan community therein. The growth of Kadazan consciousness or "nationalism" is traced, and the evolution of their political parties and fortunes. Political and socio-economic developments within the state are linked always to the federal framework within which they take place and must be understood. The author has been and is a participant-observer in the history with which he deals having been both newspaper editor and Radio Sabah commentator; back-bench M.P. in opposition and front-bench Cabinet Minister in Government; grass roots activist in villages and legal advisor to the present Government of Sabah headed by a Kadazan, Datuk Joseph Pairin Kitingan.
Ultraproducts and Higher Order Models
Authors:   , Malcolm Wilfred Gordon
Published: November 2021

The programme of work for this thesis began with the somewhat genenal intention of parallelling in the context of higher order models the ultraproduct construction and its consequences as developed in the literature for first order models. Something of this was, of course, already available in the ultrapower construction of W.A.J. Luxemburg used in Non Standand Analysis. It may have been considered that such a genenal intention was not likely to yield anything of significance oven and above what was already available from viewing the higher order situation as a 'many sorted' first order one and interpreting the first order theory accordingly. In the event, however, I believe this has proved not to be so. In particular the substructure concepts developed in Chapter II of this thesis together with the various embedding theorems and their applications are not immediately available fnom the first order theory and seem to be of sufficient worth to warrant developing the higher order theory in its own terms. This, anyway, is the basic justification for the approach and content of the thesis.
Reinforcer Quality and Self-Control
Authors:   , Peters Heather L
Published: November 2021

Self-control has been extensively studied using procedures in which subjects chose between two reinforcer alternatives. Traditionally, one of those alternatives delivers a small reinforcer after a short delay (SI), the other, a larger reinforcer after a long delay (LD). Choosing the SI is defined as impulsivity as it requires forfeit of the larger reinforcer; and choosing the LD is termed self-control. Four experiments were conducted to examine behaviour using non-human animal analogues of self-control situations. The subjects used for all four experiments were Norway-hooded rats. Experiment 1 used an SI - LD self-control paradigm to examine the effect of manipulating reinforcer quality on response distribution. Findings were that behaviour became more impulsive as the delay ratio became more extreme and this tendency was more systematic when different quality reinforcers were used for the SI and LD alternatives. Experiments 2 and 3 introduced a novel self-control paradigm designed as an analogue of choice situations in which individuals choose between two competing immediately available reinforcers each associated with a different delayed reinforcer. The procedure used was a concurrent-chains schedule that delivered primary reinforcement in the initial and the terminal links. The initial reinforcers were of equal amount and unequal quality; the terminal reinforcers were of unequal amount and equal quality. An impulsive choice was defined as choosing the alternative that delivered the most-valuable reinforcer in the initial link and the least-valued reinforcer in the terminal link. A self-controlled choice was defined as choosing the alternative that delivered the least-valuable reinforcer in the initial link and the most-valuable reinforcer in the terminal link. The results indicated that behaviour was more self-controlled when the terminal reinforcer quality was ethanol solution and increasing the delay between the initial and terminal links increased subjects' responding on the impulsive choice. Behaviour allocation in Experiment 3 was well described by the Contextual Choice Model (Grace, 1994) when the temporal context scaling parameter (k) was allowed to vary. Subjects that were relatively more impulsive had lower derived k values. The final experiment presented the subjects from Experiment 3 with concurrent variable interval (VI) VI schedules in which one alternative delivered plain-sucrose solution and the other ethanol-sucrose solution. Preference measures obtained from Experiment 4 were negatively correlated with the values obtained for the scaling parameter in Experiment 3, indicating that subjects which were more impulsive in the MN - ML paradigm had a stronger preference for ethanol. In summary, findings indicate that reinforcer quality may change the discriminability of reinforcer alternatives; and the influence of reinforcer quality on response allocation is well described by quantitative models based on the Matching Law.
Painaha: Gender and Leadership in 'Are'Are Society, the South Sea Evangelical Church and Parliamentary Leadership-Solomon Islands
Authors:   , Pollard Alice Aruhe'eta
Published: November 2021

This thesis stems from my own experience as an advocate for peace as well as a victim during the recent civil conflict that shocked Solomon Islands from 1998 to 2003. I had the opportunity to live and work under a leadership in crisis situation where law and order was absent, the economy collapsed and people and leaders were confused. Amidst the confusion, women took an active role in confronting the situation at its peak, a week after the 5th June 2000 coup, visiting the militants' camps around Honiara, helping victims of the conflict and voicing their concerns to leaders. This thesis is about gender and leadership. Many Solomon Islanders including myself are searching for solutions to ensure that history does not repeat itself and produce further discord. In doing so, finding new leadership models that would engage both genders and different leadership institutions working in partnership with each other at all levels is necessary. This thesis examines the presence and absence of women in three separate leadership spheres: the 'Are'Are society, the South Sea Evangelical Church and Parliamentary leadership. The three objectives are, to examine to what extent women exercise leadership in the three leadership spheres, to study the factors that contribute to women's limited access to formal leadership and to examine whether it is possible for women to make a difference if they are involved in the different leadership positions. The questions asked are: whether the roles women perform in both the private and public spheres and the formal and informal structures are leadership roles? Should their roles warrant them leadership positions within these three leadership spheres? Should their roles accord them the title "leader"? Are women satisfied with their current roles and position within the three leadership spheres? The research framework was based on my personal position as a knowledgeable insider. The methodologies used include focus group interviews, participant observation and face to face interviews with 41 leaders who hold or have held leadership positions in these three leadership spheres within Solomon Islands. Secondary information sources were also valuable. In this thesis, I argue that the issue of gender and leadership is critical for rethinking and redesigning the future direction of Solomon Islands as a nation state. It will be the key ingredient in reconstructing and rebuilding the new Solomon Islands. The rebuilding process will mean reclaiming women's leadership roles in the three spheres, providing training for women and men leaders, providing political awareness in the wider community and addressing corruption and malpractice in the political electoral process. Developing a strong, well-disciplined pool of women and men leaders within the three leadership spheres, in particular the formal and Parliamentary leadership is what Solomon Islands needs.
The Polarisation Behaviour of Silver in Potassium Hydroxide Solution at Elevated Temperatures
Authors:   , Pound Bruce George
Published: November 2021

The Polarisation behaviour of silver in 1 mol kg-1 KOH solution over the temperature range 295-478 K was studied using cyclic voltammetry, potentiostatic, galvanostatic and a.c. impedance techniques. Thermodynamic data for the silver/water system at temperatures up to 573 K is presented in the form of potential-pH diagrams which assist in the interpretation of results at elevated temperatures. The cyclic voltammograms and galvanostatic charging curves indicate the principal changes to be the appearance of additional peaks and arrests, respectively, as the temperature is increased, followed by their disappearance at higher temperatures. The data obtained from cyclic voltammetry and also potentiostatic polarisation are analysed in terms of previously-derived relations for limiting rate control, in particular that due to diffusion. The impedance data are examined using equivalent circuit models from which it is shown that surface roughness of the electrodes has a significant effect on the reaction kinetics over the temperature range studied. It is proposed that substantial changes in the electrochemistry of silver at 478 K are associated with extensive surface roughness that a change in the kinetics of growth of the Ag2O multilayer takes place at elevated temperatures with the rate of nucleation of Ag2O growth centres becoming more important in relation to the rate of solid-state diffusion.
Evaluating Biological Change in New Zealand Marine Reserves
Authors:   , Pande Anjali
Published: November 2021

This study illustrates the importance of baseline surveys, why they are necessary and how best to conduct them. A proposed marine reserve site (the south coast of Wellington) was monitored for three years to establish a comprehensive baseline study. The results were used to recommend appropriate methodology for sampling in this area and also to establish which species are the best to use as indicator species to detect any possible change occurring in this area due to future reservation status. The 11 km stretch of coast surveyed, which included future reserve and control sites, was tested for heterogeneity, to prevent any future differences in sites being attributed to reservation status as opposed to natural variation. It was determined that an environmental gradient exists along the south coast, from east to west, most likely due to increasing wave exposure and increasingly strong tides and currents towards the west.  An established marine reserve (Kapiti Marine Reserve) was also monitored over the same period of time to establish what differences existed in size and abundance of key species between reserve and control sites. The data collected in this investigation were also compared to data collected immediately prior to reserve establishment to determine what changes had occurred over time. Results showed that sites inside the marine reserve supported a greater species abundance, and in some cases, larger size classes. There was some evidence for a general shift in the community structure particularly in algal plants. However, these results may have been confounded by the effect of one site that appeared to have a very high natural species diversity and abundance (even before reservation  status). It was concluded that the one-off survey conducted before establishment of this reserve was inadequate to use as a baseline against which to detect changes. No changes were found between the present study and the preliminary survey, although specific data analysis indicated a reserve effect. Continued sampling methodology for Kapiti Marine Reserve area was suggested. Raw data, on two key species (blue cod and rock lobster) from six marine reserves in New Zealand were investigated in an attempt to perform a statistical "meta-analysis" of the effects of marine reserves in New Zealand. A meta-analysis is different from a narrative review as it uses statistical methods to compare results across studies. This methodology has not been applied to studies of marine reserves before. The meta analysis conducted in the present investigation showed that generally marine reserves in New Zealand are having a positive effect, in terms of increasing size and abundance of individual species, as compared to control areas. There is some evidence for a latitudinal trend influencing the "effect size" (a statistical term indicating the magnitude of the treatment tested - in this case, reservation) of the reserves.
Chromosomes, Nuclear Genes and the Phylogenetic Placement Within the Reptilia of Sphenodon (Tuatara)
Authors:   , Norris Thomas Bruce
Published: November 2021

Chromosomes were examined from five populations of Sphenodon (tuatara)  using giemsa, Ag-NOR, C-, G- and RE- banding. There were no differences between species, populations or sexes, although one animal had a structural heteromorphism. Chromosome morphology homology to Testudines (turtles), Aves (birds) and to a lesser extent Crocodylia (crocodiles) allowed reconstruction ofa Reptilian proto-karyotype, dated to 300 million years ago. DNA sequence was isolated from the WT1, AMH, DMRT1, FoxG1 and 28S. No variation was present in Sphenodon 28S, FoxG1 or AMH sequence. 28S could be dated to a common ancestor with Testudines, similar to the archaic karyotype. FoxG1 and AMH reflect an Oligocene divergence, WT1 divides north-eastern North Island and Cook Strait, and can be dated to the Pleistocene or the Pliocene, and DMRT1appears a recent post- pliocene divergence. FISH localised DIG-labelled probes of AMH to chromosome 11 and WT1 to chromosome 13 or 14. Human telomeric probes localised to Sphenodon telomeric regions demonstrating the highly conserved nature of telomeric sequences. Comparative genomic hybridisation with chicken chromosomes did not produce any regions of homology, implying significant chromosomal and DNA changes since the Orders shared a common ancestor, although macrochromosome morphology has remained similar. Sphenodon chromosomal and nuclear DNA analyses demonstrate evolutionary decoupling, supporting recent mtDNA work.
The Opening of the Great Bush, 1869-1881: a Social History of the Bush Settlements of Taranaki, Hawke's Bay and Wellington
Authors:   , Arnold Rollo D
Published: November 2021

In undertaking this study I had the two-fold object of investigating an area of our history which appears to me to have been too long neglected, and, in presenting my results, of grappling with the problems of writing colonial social history. So far we have only had limited studies of selected aspects of the bush settlement era of North Island history. I believe we cannot properly understand this great colonising effort unless we endeavour both to view it whole and to place it in the larger context of colonial history. I have therefore taken the whole southern half of the North Island as my area of study, and have endeavoured to show how the assault on the Great Bush relates to the aftermath of the Maori Wars, the larger social history of the colony as a whole, and the agrarian history of the Old World from which so many of the bush settlers came. I had hoped originally to carry the story through at least three decades, but it became apparent that my broad canvas required some kind of narrowing, and I reluctantly decided to limit myself to the period 1869-1881, which seemed to have a sufficient political and economic unity to stand on its own. I have, however, done a good deal of research on through the 1880s and 1890s, and this, I trust, has enabled me to see the significance of the 1870s with a sense of perspective.
The Theory of Multi-Earthquake Location by Least Squares and Applications to Groups of North Island, New Zealand Mantle Earthquakes
Authors:   , Smith Euan George Campbell
Published: November 2021

Aspects of the standard least squares method of locating earthquakes and its extensions are discussed. It is shown that there is a need to carefully separate and distinguish between the statistical and deterministic properties of the least squares solution and the algorithm used to obtain it. Standard linear statistical analysis gives reasonable confidence regions for the hypocentre provided that the errors in the model travel time to pairs of stations are not correlated. The travel time residuals which result from the overdetermined system are unreliable estimates of the model errors, as are the pooled residuals from groups of events whether or not the data are homogeneous. The concepts of Absolute and Relative hypocentre determination are clarified and the Homogeneous Station method is developed and demonstrated to be a good relative location method. The application of the method to a group of North Island, New Zealand subcrustal earthquakes chosen for homogeneity revealed that the earthquakes occurred in a thin, fairly that dipping zone that could be as thin as 9 km and is not thicker than 18 km. The result is a significant refinement of previous estimates for New Zealand. The method of Joint Hypocentre Determination first described by Douglas (1967) is examined. The advantage of the method is that the error in the travel time model is estimated as well as allowing for and estimating the effect of an interaction of this error with the hypocentre parameters of the earthquakes. The application of this method to groups of, North Island, New Zealand earthquakes allows very significant improvements to the travel time model to be made and confirms the result that there is a velocity contrast for both P and S of between six and ten percent between paths in and entirely out of the downgoing Pacific plate. Estimates of the velocities in the plate are 8.6 [plus or minus] .1 km/sec. for P and 4.74 [plus or minus] km/sec. for S. In addition, station terms are calculated which describe the average departure from the new model of travel times to the stations contributing data to the study. These terms may be interpreted as arising from crustal structure local to the station which is different from that of the average crustal model used. The conclusion is reached that apart from providing better absolute hypocentre estimates, the method of Joint Hypocentre Determination can be made to yield worthwhile information about structure on the scale considered here.
An Integrated Knowledge Management Model for Community Enterprises: A Case Study of a Rural Community Enterprise in Thailand
Authors:   , Jonjoubsong Lanthom
Published: November 2021

This research seeks to explore the  characteristics, organisational culture and current knowledge management (KM) practice in a community enterprise (CE). Prae Pun - a hand weaving CE in the northeast rural area of Thailand - has typical CE characteristics - self-employed and collaborative management, and a home-based production system utilising local resources and knowledge. This research used a qualitative method. Data were collected through narrative inquiry, participant observation and document analysis. The 18 respondents were Prae Pun members, committee members, an advisory committee member and office staff members. The data were analysed through theme analysis. The findings of this research reveal that, although community members would not be aware of doing so, Prae Pun managed its knowledge through informal educational activities - learning by doing and observation - and work processes concerned with collaboration and informality. The current KM practice of Prae Pun entails three processes: basic skill development, competence building and new knowledge creation through creation, capture, sharing, transferring, verification, utilisation and codification. Significantly for this study, KM of Prae Pun focuses on organisational knowledge creation and indigenous knowledge systems. The current KM of Prae Pun also has four other components. Its knowledge resources come from members, other villagers, other hand weaving groups, support organisations and markets. Most of the knowledge is tacit and indigenous. The operation and management systems determine the knowledge processes and provide supportive and incentive systems. The organisational culture and resources, including funding, social capital and appropriate technologies, also provide supportive and incentive systems. The resources are also the tools that facilitate the knowledge processes. The knowledge assets encompass actual assets - products, cloth designs,  techniques, and operation and management systems - and competencies including members' skills and abilities, social capital, and shared values, which are not registered as intellectual properties but are in the forms of organisational memories. The traditional KM practice of Prae Pun can be possibly strengthened by integrating modern KM concepts, including knowledge resources from academic and government agencies, appropriate technologies to facilitate knowledge codification and knowledge transfer, extrinsic reward and incentive systems, and facilitators or consultants to enhance members' communities of practice (CoPs). The findings of this study and the KM model contribute to both CE development and further research on KM in a CE context and indigenous KM.
Music Performance Anxiety in Adolescent Student Singers
Authors:   , Corby Megan
Published: November 2021

This project seeks to sidestep the debilitating effects of music performance anxiety by cross-referencing knowledge from the areas of adolescent psychology with literature on MPA in singers in general in order to target adolescent singers early in their training. As well as considering the causes, symptoms and treatment of music performance anxiety, the project examines the role of the natural anxieties of adolescence in triggering music performance anxiety and seeks to chart a way through. Its intended readership is the classical singing teacher.
Risk Factors for Intimate Partner Violence Victimisation
Authors:   , McLaren Fleur
Published: November 2021

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a significant issue in New Zealand. Reported rates of IPV for New Zealand over a lifetime are estimated at 26% for women 18% for men. Over a 12 month period reported rates of IPV was reported at three percent for women and one point eight percent for men (Morris and Reilly, 2003). This thesis set out to answer the following research questions:1. What factors are strong predictors for intimate partner violence victimisation? 2. Is victim ethnicity factored out when variables such as SES, income and/or employment status are taken into account? This thesis analysed complex survey data from New Zealand National Survey of Crime and Victimisation Survey 2001 (NZNSCV). Logistic regression analysis was use to investigate the risk factors for victimisation reported over a lifetime and reported in the previous 12 month period (2000). Explanatory variables were selected from existing research that identified key variables for analysis. In answer to the research questions: 1. The strong predictors for IPV over a lifetime were Maori, people aged 25-39 years, females, solo parents, over-crowded households, those on socialwelfare benefits, and those divorced orseparated. For 12 month prevalence of IPV strong predictors were those aged 15-24 years, Maori, lower NZSEI groups, solo parents with children, those in defacto relationships and those who do not own or rent a house. 2. Ethnicity is strongly significant in explaining victimisation even when other variables are factored into the model. In particular Maori reported to be twice as likely to be victims of IPV over a lifetime and three-and-a-half times more likely over the past 12 month period (Morris and Riley). This difference in reporting was not as large when other factors where factored in, however Maori remained at a significantly higher rate of reporting IPV than other ethnic groups, even when other variables are factored in. This thesis adds to the body of evidence on risk factors and strengthens the New Zealand data available, as well as highlighting factors for prevention and areas that policy should be aimed at.
Judgement and Morality: Georg Kaiser's Zweimal Amphitryon and its Sources
Authors:   , Webb Patricia Mary
Published: November 2021

The purpose of this study is to analyse Georg Kaiser's Zweimal Amphitryon in the light of the various influences at work in his treatment of his subject, in order to seek an answer to the numerous questions raised by the play, and in the process to acquire a better understanding of both the author and the ideas he wished to present to the public. The play is analysed against the background of earlier works on the myth of Zeus's descent to earth and his seduction of Amphitryon's wife Alkmene; and other possible sources are considered in the light of Kaiser's numerous departures from those works. An investigation into one of the most radical changes he made, in the transformation of the character of Amphitryon, brings to light a little known poem written in the early 1800's and obviously having Napoleon as its subject, which leads to a detailed consideration of Amphitryon's resemblance to Adolf Hitler. The clear parallels between Kaiser's play and the New Testament story of the conception of Jesus are also analysed and show this to be the third major strand in the composition of the play An important element in the play, Amphitryon's trial before the citizens of Thebes and its sequel in Zeus's replacement of the sentence imposed by one for an offence not recognized by the Thebans, is discussed, its genesis in the earlier plays and its relationship to Kaiser's own trial for embezzlement considered, and its effect in pointing up the inherent unsoundness of our perception of reality noted. Kaiser's attitude to the actions leading to his trial is also relevant to a consideration of Zeus's role in the play. The study shows that Kaiser has combined three main themes, the condemnation of war, his Expressionist vision of the regeneration of man and his view of the unique position of the artist in society. In addition he raises a number of important issues that throw light on his own personality, for instance, issues of morality and the nature of justice, of the concept of guilt and responsibility and of human worth and of love.
The Total Synthesis of Aigialomycin D and Analogues
Authors:   , Baird Lynton James
Published: November 2021

In 2002 a new family of 14-membered resorcylic macrolides, the aigialomycins, were isolated from the mangrove fungus Aigialus parvus BCC 5311. Subsequent biological testing of these new natural products found aigialomycin D (Am D) to be the most biologically active member of the family, exhibiting moderate activity against malaria (Plasmodium falciparum K1, IC50 19.7 Mu) and modest cytotoxicity towards certain cancer cells (KB cells: IC50 9.0 Mu and BC-1 cells: 53.8 Mu). More recently, Am D has been shown to inhibit the kinases CDK1/5 and GSK at low Mu concentrations. At the onset of this research project, with only one total synthesis of Am D reported in the literature, there remained a need for an efficient synthesis of Am D that would be amenable to the synthesis of a range of analogues. This thesis reports two synthetic approaches to Am D that differ primarily in the chemistry utilised to install the (E)-olefins at C1'-C2' and C7'-C8': a Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons (HWE) strategy and a Ramberg-Backlund (RB) strategy. The Ramberg-Backlund strategy ultimately proved to be successful, providing Am D in 16 steps with 9% overall yield. A retrosynthetic analysis of Am D disconnects the molecule into three major fragments: an aromatic fragment, a C2'-C7' carbohydrate-derived fragment and a C8'-C11' alcohol fragment. The synthesis of the three fragments for each strategy is described and the attempts made to couple the fragments together, first with HWE methodology and then successfully with ring-closing metathesis (RCM) and RB reactions, are discussed. The synthesis of several Am D analogues and their preliminary biological testing is also described.
Interaction Design and Agile Development: a Real World Perspective
Authors:   , Ferreira Jennifer
Published: November 2021

Although both agile development methods and interaction design aim to build quality software that meets the user's needs, each approaches development from a different perspective. Agile development methods describe activities addressing the coding (and in some cases the process management) part of software development, whereas interaction design methods describe activities for developing that aspect of the software that will be perceived by the user. Agile development and interaction design each have little to say about the other, despite the reality that both approaches are combined in practice. There has been little investigation into how the two processes work together, and the issues that arise. To aim for a better understanding of practice, we conducted grounded theory research about real-world software teams who combine interaction design and agile development. The results provided insights into interaction design being done up front (before implementation begins), the structure of the development iterations, the effect of incorporating interaction design techniques into the agile development iterations, as well as the role of the interaction designer on agile teams. The analysis also highlighted areas that may benefit from further research.