bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Japan Trench
Authors: Huene Roland von , Culotta Raymond , Nasu Noriyuki , Aoki Yutaka
Published: February 2020

The Japan Trench off northern Honshu Island is associated with a backarc basin, a magmatic arc, a forearc basin, and a continental shelf that is submerged deeper than the usual shelf above 200 m water depth. The latest period of arc magmatism began to build the volcanic backbone of Honshu Island in late Oligocene to early Miocene time, and an intense Miocene period of volcanism produced green tuff, a thick complex of altered felsic to mafic volcanic rock interbedded with marine sediment. Other times of accelerated volcanism occurred in the Pliocene and Pleistocene (Cadet and Fujioka, 1980).

The Pacific side of Honshu Island is built on an older continental framework encompassing the Kitakami massif, a large body of Mesozoic and Paleozoic rock overlain by a transgressive Cretaceous sediment sequence. In the adjacent submerged area is a deep basin filled with Cretaceous to Recent sediment (see diagrammatic section). The seaward flank of the basin is truncated by subaerial erosion as is the adjacent 35-km-wide section of Cretaceous rock that comprises the seaward part of the margin. The unconformity marking the top of the Cretaceous complex is prominent in many multichannel records across this margin, and it marks an abrupt change from rocks with a low to rocks with a high acoustic velocity.

Paleogene sediment also fills part of the basin, but its seaward extent is limited. Neogene sediment with a basal Oligocene unit underlain in turn by the Cretaceous complex was penetrated at DSDP site 439 (see diagrammatic section), and geophysical
Effects of Using an iPad to Teach Early Literacy Skills to Elementary Students With Intellectual Disability
Authors: Goo Minkowan , Myers Diane , Maurer Adela L. , Serwetz Robert
Published: February 2020

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of using an iPad to teach early literacy skills to students with intellectual disability (ID). Three elementary students with mild to moderate levels of ID participated in the study. We used a multiple-probe design across students to examine a functional relationship between using an iPad providing visual supports and the acquisition of phonemic segmentation skills. Results indicated that using visual supports via an iPad was an effective method to teach phonemic segmentation fluency to these three students with ID. We also discussed implications and suggestions for future research.
Special Education Supports and Services for Rett Syndrome: Parent Perceptions and Satisfaction
Authors: Larriba-Quest Kelsey , Byiers Breanne J. , Beisang Arthur , Merbler Alyssa M. , Symons Frank J.
Published: February 2020

There are no published studies describing educational experiences for girls with Rett syndrome. Given the extensive educational needs associated with Rett syndrome, it is important to understand how families perceive their daughters' educational experiences to inform education service provision. The purpose of this study was to survey parents of school-aged children with Rett syndrome to describe the educational services that they receive and understand parents' perceptions of and satisfaction with the special educational and related services. The majority of parents were satisfied with their daughters' educational services. Communication was the most frequently endorsed priority skill area, and many parents expressed frustration with limited access to augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) devices and staff training in their use. These results suggest there is a need for high-quality speech therapy and an emphasis on AAC support.
Defining Inclusion: Faculty and Student Attitudes Regarding Postsecondary Education for Students With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
Authors: Gilson Carly B. , Gushanas Christina M. , Li Yi-Fan , Foster Kaitlin
Published: February 2020

Inclusion across education contexts is critical to acknowledge and inspire the full potential of people with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD). In the early stages of a postsecondary education program's development, peers and faculty are integral stakeholders to promoting an inclusive campus life. We conducted a campus-wide survey at a large public university to evaluate the perspectives of 1,867 faculty and students regarding their views of inclusion in student life and their attitudes toward prospective students with IDD. We incorporated a mixed-methods approach to summarize these views by using correlations, linear regression, and qualitative analysis of open-ended responses. We offer recommendations for research and practice aimed at increasing inclusive opportunities for students with IDD and their peers on college campuses.
Cryogen adaptive and integrated differential pressure sensor for level sensing based on an optical Fabry–Perot interferometer
Authors: Li Mengdi , Wang Shuang , Jiang Junfeng , Liu Kun , Yu Lihong , Liu Tiegen
Published: February 2020

In this paper, we introduce a cryogen-adaptive sensor based on a
micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) for level measurement of
cryogenic fluids. The sensor is fabricated by an optical fiber
inserted in a glass ferrule and an integrated Fabry–Perot (FP) chip
using the MEMS technique. We carried a liquid nitrogen level
measurement experiment to verify the performance of the sensor and a
low coherent interference system is used to transform the liquid level
to absolute phase. The measuring range is 24 cm and can be expanded
more widely. The experimental results show that the sensor has a good
monotonic linear response (coefficient determination

R

2

>

0.998

), and the measurement error is less
than

±
5

m
m

in liquid nitrogen. The excellent
cryogenic temperature performance from

−

260

∘

C

to

−

100

∘

C

also is demonstrated, which shows
the potential application in level measurement of various cryogenic
liquids.
Stochastic and probabilistic equations for three- and four-level lasers: tutorial
Authors: McKinstrie C. J.
Published: February 2020

In this tutorial, Langevin stochastic equations and Markov probability equations are used to model electron- and photon-number fluctuations in three- and four-level lasers. Equations are derived for the moments of the electron and photon numbers (means, variances and correlations). Both approaches produce the same moment equations. In the Langevin approach, the moments of the noise terms must be specified by other means, whereas in the Markov approach, they are determined self-consistently and satisfy the shot-noise rule: For each process that is modeled by the rate equations, the driving terms in the variance equations equal the moduli of the associated terms in the mean equations. The driving terms in the correlation equations have the same magnitudes as the variance terms, but can be positive or negative, depending on whether the changes in the electron and photon numbers are correlated or anti-correlated, respectively. Formulas are derived for the relative intensity noise and its spectrum. The consequences of these results for three- and four-level lasers are discussed.
C-band 56  Gbit/s on/off keying system over a 100  km dispersion-uncompensated link using only receiver-side digital signal processing: publisher’s note
Authors: Zhou Ji , Wang Haide , Liu Long , Yu Changyuan , Feng Yuanhua , Gao Shecheng , Liu Weiping , Li Zhaohui
Published: February 2020

This publisher’s note contains corrections to Opt. Lett.
45, 758 (2020)OPLEDP0146-959210.1364/OL.384168.
Demonstration of a 2 ps, 5 TW peak power, long-wave infrared laser based on chirped-pulse amplification with mixed-isotope CO2 amplifiers
Authors: Polyanskiy Mikhail N. , Pogorelsky Igor V. , Babzien Marcus , Palmer Mark A.
Published: February 2020

We report generation of 5 TW peak power in a 2 ps pulse at 9.2 µm via chirped-pulse amplification (CPA) in mixed-isotope high-pressure CO2 laser amplifiers. This represents the highest peak power in a single picosecond pulse format and the shortest pulse at terawatt peak power ever achieved in the long-wave infrared (LWIR) spectral range. Maximum demonstrated energy of the compressed pulse is 14 J and minimum period between shots is 20 s. The successful implementation of the chirped pulse amplification technique in a short-pulse gas laser opens a route to development of LWIR laser facilities with tens of terawatts of peak power, thus approaching the number of photons per optical cycle of current near-infrared laser systems based on solid-state active media.
Pengaruh Pemberian Dadih Terhadap Keseimbangan Mikroflora Usus dan Tinggi Vili Ileum
Authors: Jurnalis Yusri Dianne
Published: February 2020

Latar belakang. Saat ini dikembangkan paradigma baru bahwa probiotik dapat menjadi suplemen terapi diare. Di Sumatera Barat sendiri dikenal probiotik tradisional, yaitu dadih yang merupakan produk susu kerbau fermentasi.Tujuan. Menilai pengaruh pemberian dadih terhadap keseimbangan mikroflora dan tinggi vili ileum mencit diare yang diinduksi dengan Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC).Metode. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimental dengan rancangan randomized post test only control group. Sampel adalah 30 ekor mencit diinduksi dengan bakteri EPEC. Penelitian dilakukan pada Juni 2016 sampai Mei 2017.Hasil. Rerata total koloni bakteri asam laktat (BAL) meningkat pada kelompok perlakuan dibandingkan dengan kontrol positif dan kontrol negatif (p<0,05). Rerata total koloni bakteri patogen dan E.coli menurun pada kelompok perlakuan dibandingkan kelompok kontrol positif dan kontrol negatif (p=0,001). Tinggi vili ileum tidak menunjukkan perbedaan yang bermakna. Namun, pada kelompok perlakuan gambaran histopatologis menunjukkan destruksi epitel hanya 30% dan terjadinya reaksi imunologis terhadap infeksi EPEC dibuktikan dengan ditemukannya proliferasi limfoid dilapisan submukosa vili ileum.Kesimpulan. Terdapat pengaruh pemberian dadih terhadap keseimbangan mikroflora, tetapi tidak berpengaruh pada tinggi vili ileum.
Pengaruh Transfusi Sel Darah Merah Terhadap Perubahan Kadar Kalium pada Pasien Thalassemia Mayor
Authors: Larasati Sacharissa Ardelia , Riza Muhammad
Published: February 2020

Latar belakang. Pada sebagian besar penderita thalassemia mayor, diindikasikan transfusi darah seumur hidup karena adanya proses hemolitik yang terjadi terus menerus. Pemberian produk darah mengandung beberapa unsur yang berisiko dan berpotensi menimbulkan efek samping. Metabolisme sel darah merah selama penyimpanan dapat menyebabkan kebocoran pada membran sel darah merah sehingga terjadi peningkatan kadar kalium.Tujuan. Menganalisis pengaruh transfusi sel darah merah terhadap perubahan kadar kalium pada pasien thalassemia mayor.Metode. Penelitian dilakukan di ruang perawatan hematologi anak RSUD Dr. Moewardi Surakarta pada bulan April-Mei 2018. Subjek penelitian sebanyak 50 pasien diambil secara konsekutif sesuai dengan kriteria inklusi dan ekslusi. Pasien thalassemia mayor yang mendapatkan transfusi darah terakhir pada saat rawat inap, dilakukan pemeriksaan kadar elektrolit kalium sebelum dan setelah transfusi sel darah merah. Data diolah dengan SPSS 17.0. Analisis untuk menilai hubungan kedua variabel menggunakan uji wilcoxon rank test.Hasil. Didapatkan pengaruh transfusi sel darah merah terhadap perubahan kadar kalium pada pasien thalassemia mayor. Nilai rata-rata kadar kalium sebelum transfusi (pre) adalah 3,83±0,45 dan rata-rata kadar kalium setelah transfusi (post) adalah 3,93+0,47. Ada kecenderungan peningkatan kadar kalium sebesar 2,6% (p =0,064) dan tidak ada yang menimbulkan hiperkalemia (K >5 mmol/L). Kesimpulan. Terdapat pengaruh transfusi sel darah merah terhadap perubahan kadar kalium pada pasien thalassemia mayor, meskipun secara statistik tidak signifikan.
Legal-Linguistic Profiling in Institutional Contexts: The Case of EU Staff Representation Bodies
Authors: Robertson Colin D.
Published: February 2020

This paper applies a structured legal-linguistic profiling approach to EU “staff representation bodies” as a way to access domains that lie behind the public face of EU institutions and their texts concerning translation, language and terminology. The study commences with a legal-linguistic analysis of EU texts for references to “staff”, “staff representation” and “employment” in order to identify specific texts and bodies of relevance to the study. This approach leads to two broad categories: staff committees and trade unions. Information is sought from EU institutions about these bodies and their translation and language arrangements, and a list is made of websites available to the general public. These sites are then examined as part of the legal-linguistic profiling approach.
Mowy miesięcznicowe Jarosława Kaczyńskiego jako spektakl władzy
Authors: Władysław J. Paluchowski  , Krzysztof Podemski
Published: February 2020

Artykuł jest analizą 91 przemówień wygłaszanych w latach 2010–2018 przez Jarosława Kaczyńskiego podczas tzw. miesięcznic upamiętniających katastrofę polskiego samolotu w Smoleńsku 10 kwietnia 2010 R. Podstawą analizy jest transkrypcja tych mów na podstawie opublikowanego telewizyjnego zapis video. Analiza ilościowa i jakościowa została przeprowadzona za pomocą dwóch programów komputerowych (STADT i AntConc). Autorzy koncentrują się na cechach formalnych tych mów, na głównych wątkach w nich występujących oraz na funkcjach, jakie przemówienia te spełniały w procesie zdobywania i utrwalania władzy przez ugrupowanie polityczne kierowane przez głównego aktora tych publicznych spektakli.
Agnieszka Choduń, Aspekty językowe derywacyjnej koncepcji wykładni prawa
Authors: Marek Smolak
Published: February 2020

*
O negatywnej ocenie moralnej postępowania dłużnika i osoby trzeciej jako przesłance skargi pauliańskiej
Authors: Mularski Krzysztof
Published: February 2020

W opracowaniu postawiono tezę, wedle której niemoralny (a przynajmniej indyferentny moralnie) charakter postępowania dłużnika jest konieczną przesłanką skargi pauliańskiej. W konsekwencji pozwany (osoba trzecia) ma możliwość podniesienia zarzutu w pełni czy bądź całkowicie moralnego postępowania dłużnika. W przypadku zgodności postępowania dłużnika z normami moralnymi nie można byłoby uznać dokonania czynności prawnej za krzywdzącą (relewantną pauliańsko), nawet jeśli doprowadziła do pokrzywdzenia wierzyciela. Akceptacja możliwości podniesienia przez pozwanego takiego zarzutu wydaje się przy tym konieczna z perspektywy spójności aksjologicznej systemu prawnego. Przyjęcie proponowanego wyniku wykładni zapewniałoby również odpowiedni balans w przyjmowanych konsekwencjach zastosowania pozajęzykowych dyrektyw wykładni w odniesieniu do przepisów konstruujących instytucję skargi pauliańskiej. Gdyby uznać trafność powyższej argumentacji, art. 527 § 2 k.c. konstruowałby w istocie domniemanie niemoralnego postępowania dłużnika. Obalenie tego domniemania byłoby w praktyce trudne, lecz nie niemożliwe.
Naprotechnologia jako holistyczna medycyna przyjazna rodzinie
Authors: Szturomska-Jozwik Lena
Published: February 2020

Naprotechnologia to zintegrowany system leczenia niepłodności małżeńskiej. Oparty jest na szczegółowej analizie przemian zachodzących w organizmie kobiety; pacjenci otrzymują gruntowną wiedzę na temat płodności i analizy biomarkerów cyklu. W rezultacie stają się równorzędnymi partnerami w procesie oceny i leczenia swoich własnych cykli. Naprotechnologia to także precyzyjna i spójna wiedza na temat rodziny i małżeństwa, którego istotnym aspektem jest nierozerwalność, pomimo trudności leczenia czy też ewentualnego negatywnego jego skutku. W ramach naprotechnologii opracowano indeks podstawowych wymiarów jedności małżeńskiej SPICE. Akronim ten pochodzi od angielskich słów, określających te płaszczyzny: spiritual, physical, intellectual, creative, emotional, a praca nad każdym z nich jest podejmowana podczas współpracy z instruktorem. Punktem wyjścia w omawianiu relacji małżeńskiej na bazie indeksu SPICE jest pojęcie kontaktu seksualnego. Jego definicja jest bardzo szeroka, a określana nimi więź dotyczy osób w ich całej cielesno-duchowej strukturze, angażując je w budowanie wspólnoty. Jednocześnie kontakt seksualny pozwala umieścić płodność człowieka we właściwym miejscu, podnosząc zasadniczo jakość całego życia. Kontakt seksualny dokonuje się na wszystkich płaszczyznach wymienionych w indeksie SPICE, dlatego wszystkie te obszary łączy w sobie i zespala.
Praktyka eutanazji w belgii jako owoc przemian społeczno-obyczajowych
Authors: Derdziuk Marcin
Published: February 2020

Artykuł podejmuje analizę etycznych aspektów eutanazji w Belgii. Ustawa z 28 maja 2002 roku dopuszczająca eutanazje w Belgii uległa 28 lutego 2014 nowelizacji, umożliwiając dokonywanie eutanazji na osobach nieletnich bez ograniczeń wiekowych. Otwarcie się na zabijanie niewinnych może stać się początkiem samozagłady społeczeństwa. Bardzo niebezpieczną kwestią jest to, iż osoby nieletnie, które są pozbawione wielu praw z powodu niedojrzałości, mogą decydować o zniszczeniu największego daru, jakim jest życie.Szybko rosnąca ilość składanych wniosków o dokonanie eutanazji w przyszłości, w przypadku utraty świadomości połączonej z określoną kondycją zdrowotną, niesie w sobie pytanie o przyszłość i bezpieczeństwo. Dokonujący eutanazji lekarz jest zobowiązany do przestrzegania procedur, ale często procedury są łamane, a życie człowieka jest zagrożone.
Polityka rodzinna Polski a Evangelium vitae
Authors: Gębka Mikołaj
Published: February 2020

The encyclical Evangelium Vitae underlines the importance of family policy in the context of – among others – demographics. The demographic situation of Poland is particularly unfavourable (in the 21st century TFR fluctuated between 1,2 and 1,4). After 1989 no coherent, well-planned family policy was developed in Poland, and it was only in the last decade when some positive changes started to occur. Changes in the legislation regarding maternity leaves and childcare and the introduction of the new “Family 500+” benefit in 2016 can be listed among promising solutions. One can already note the positive effects of some of these changes, such as the increased number of births.
Udział księży katolickich i laikatu w profilaktyce presuicydalnej i postsuicydalnej jako wyraz zaangażowania w ochronę życia ludzkiego
Authors: Czabański Adam
Published: February 2020

Skala zjawiska samobójstw prowadzi do stale zadawanych pytań o skuteczność kroków profilaktycznych, które mają ratować zagrożone życie ludzkie. Religia, a dokładniej zaangażowanie religijne chroni ludzi przed popełnieniem samobójstwa. Wydaje się, że ta efektywność mogłaby być nawet większa, gdyby księża katoliccy i silnie zaangażowani w życie świeckich parafii byli zaangażowani w tę działalność. Badania księży katolickich w Polsce, które badały ich pomysły uczestniczenia w ratowaniu niedoszłego samobójcy, nie przynoszą optymistycznych rezultatów. Brak zainteresowania problemem samobójstwa grozi grzechem porzucenia, w tym przypadku porzuceniem niedoszłego samobójcy, który potrzebuje pomocy. Celem tego artykułu jest pokazanie możliwości podjęcia istotnych działań w sytuacjach przed i po syzydobójczych przez duchownych i świeckich w społeczności parafialnej. Ten cel został osiągnięty.
Walter Kasper i Joseph Ratzinger o komunii dla osób rozwiedzionych i w powtórnych związkach
Authors: Kupczak Jarosław
Published: February 2020

Tematem artykułu jest krytyczna prezentacja przemówienia kardynała Waltera Kaspera wygłoszonego podczas konsystorza kardynałów w lutym 2014, którego celem było przygotowanie Synodu Biskupów dotyczącego „Wyzwań duszpasterskich związanych z rodziną w kontekście ewangelizacji”. Z kilku ważnych wątków podjętych przez Kaspera, które wpłynęły w decydujący sposób na dyskusję synodalną, wybrany został jego postulat zmiany praktyki Kościoła w dziedzinie dopuszczania do komunii osób rozwiedzionych i znajdujących się w powtórnych związkach. Argumentacja Kaspera została skonfrontowana z poglądami Josepha Ratzingera w tej dziedzinie, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem ich ewolucji w latach 1972- 2005.
Kreatywne sumienie w Amoris laetitia?
Authors: Bortkiewicz Paweł
Published: February 2020

Niniejszy artykuł jest próbą odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy adhortacja apostolska Amoris laetitia papieża Franciszka jest przejawem kreatywnego sumienia. W związku z powyższym scharakteryzowano pojęcie i istotę tzw. „sumienia kreatywnego”, następnie - zgodnie z duchem nauczania biskupa Rzymu – nakreślono status małżeństwa chrześcijańskiego we współczesnym świecie i wreszcie skonfrontowano aktualne nauczanie z tradycyjną wizją sumienia. Z uwagi na brak autorskiego komentarza do uwag i kwestii podnoszonych przez czytelników dokumentu uprawnione staje się mówienie o tym, że dokument dopuszcza takie możliwości interpretacyjne, które wskazują na kreatywną rolę sumienia. Jest to rola uwidoczniona w tak zwanej „nowej teologii moralnej” po Soborze Watykańskim II. Trudno uznać zatem obecnie prezentowaną interpretację Amoris laetitia za wyraz „hermeneutyki ciągłości”, a także za nauczanie wyrastające z tradycji tomistycznej.
Przesłanie Humanae vitae z perspektywy pięćdziesiątej rocznicy ogłoszenia encykliki
Authors: Machinek Marian
Published: February 2020

Autor niniejszego artykułu stara się zgłębić przesłanie Humanae vitae w oparciu o trzy kluczowe punkty. Pierwszym z nich jest koncept osoby ludzkiej. W odróżnieniu od podejścia ewolucyjnego, w którym osoba ludzka jest postrzegana w aspekcie jej biologicznej faktyczności, jest ona tutaj widziana jako “unitotality” – nierozdzielna jedność ciała i ducha, przy czym ludzkie ciało pełni nie tylko pewne funkcje, ale niesie w sobie głębokie znaczenie. Drugim punktem jest natura aktu małżeńskiego. Ujawnia on wzajemny dar męża i żony obejmujący całość osoby. Poprzez całkowitość oddania dwa znaczenia zawarte w akcie małżeńskim, mianowicie znaczenie jednoczące miłości oraz znaczenia prokreacyjne, nie powinny być rozdzielane. Chodzi tutaj jednak nie o powiązanie między biologicznymi faktami, ale o powiązanie między znaczeniami. Zarzut błędu naturalistycznego nie jest tu uzasadniony. Wreszcie trzeci punkt dotyczy teologicznego wymiaru, według którego związek obydwu wyżej wymienionych znaczeń pochodzi od Boga Stwórcy i jako wpisany w ludzką naturę oraz naturę miłości, powinien być respektowany. Współczesna kontrowersja skupia się na pytaniu, czy związek między seksualnością, zjednoczeniem małżeńskim a prokreacją dotyczy każdego aktu małżeńskiego lub też czy może równie dobrze dotyczyć całości życia małżeńskiego, podczas gdy para małżeńska może uczynić niektóre akty małżeńskie świadomie niepłodnymi.
Prawda w Internecie. Czy katolickie portale internetowe manipulują informacjami?
Authors: Sobkowiak Sebastian
Published: February 2020

Artykuł traktuje o manipulacji w mediach. Intencją autora było zbadanie czy katolickie portale internetowe manipulują prawdą w publikowanych artykułach. W tym celu przybliżono naukę Kościoła na temat mediów, przedstawiono sposoby i techniki manipulacji oraz skonfrontowano z tymi tezami sposób przekazu wiadomości w katolickich mediach. Z przeprowadzonych badań wyniknęło, że wspomniane portale jedynie starają się o atrakcyjność treści, pozostają jednak w zgodzie z nauczaniem Magisterium i prawdą przedstawianych wydarzeń.
“The genealogy of the person is inscribed in the very biology of generation”. Towards the heart of the dispute on Humanae vitae
Authors: Bortkiewicz Paweł
Published: February 2020

Since the publication of the encyclical "Humanae vitae" by Paul VI in 1968, a heated discussion has been taking place around this document. It comes alive in a particularly intense way on the occasion of the subsequent anniversaries of the publication of the document. Subsequent decades showed a number of problems related not only to the ethics of marital life and sexual ethics, but also to the concept of conscience or recognition or rejection of the seriousness of the Church's Magisterium. Recent months have brought further opinions of antagonists and protagonists of this document.Among opponents or critics of the encyclical, there are views questioning the teaching that contraception is intrinsically evil. This, in consequence, means accepting the thesis that there are no intrinsically evil acts at all. What is more, it should be noted that every human action is determined in its moral nature only by the proportion between its good and bad effects.In confrontation with these views, the article presents an outline of the anthropological and theological truth underlying "Humanae vitae" which was analysed with insight by St. John Paul II. This allows for the extraction of several basic theses relating to the theological vision of marriage and parenthood: 1) to read the truth about marriage and parenthood, it is necessary to fully recognize the truth about the dignity of the human person, 2) the person realizes fully in the reality of the gift that creates interpersonal communion with the participation of the human body, 3) communion and endowment made with the help of the "sign" of the body are realized in interpersonal conjugal love, 4) the special (though not the only) act of conjugal love is a sexual act, 5) marital logic of being a mutual gift is specific and this is inseparability of the bond between the inter-marital gift (between spouses) and the non-marital gift (between parents and children). Ultimately, this leads to the thought of St. Pope John Paul II, ordering to combine the order of the marriage act with the creative act "the genealogy of the person is inscribed in the very biology of generation".
Interpretazioni di Gaudium et spes e recezione di Humanae vitae
Authors: Melina Livio
Published: February 2020

The conflict of interpretations on Pope Paul VI’s encyclical Humanae vitae in his relationship with the pastoral constitution Gaudium et spes of the Vatican Council II was rekindled with the triggering of the idea that Amoris laetitia represents a “paradigm shift” for the pastoral. The essay explores the contents of the theological debate around four themes: anthropology (which personalism?), the theology of marriage (what love?), morality (what conscience?), ecclesial practice (which pastoral care?).It results that there is the truth of the incarnation against a neo-gnostic drift in the interpretation of Humanae vitae, which unhinges love from the body, the person from nature, marriage from procreation and which ends up abandoning the doctrine of Church for the conveniences of an ambiguous primacy of pastoral care.
Corruption in Health Systems: The Conversation Has Started, Now Time to Continue it Comment on "We Need to Talk About Corruption in Health Systems"
Authors: Lu Hongsheng S. , Ho Bing X. , Miranda J. Jaime
Published: February 2020

Holistic and multi-disciplinary responses should be prioritized given the depth and breadth through which corruption in the healthcare sector can cover. Here, taking the Peruvian context as an example, we will reflect on the issue of corruption in health systems, including corruption with roots within and outside the health sector, and ongoing efforts to combat it. Our reflection of why corruption in health systems in settings with individual and systemic corruption should be an issue that is taken more seriously in Peru and beyond aligns with broader global health goals of improving health worldwide. Addressing corruption also serves as a pragmatic approach to health system strengthening and weakens a barrier to achieving universal health coverage and Sustainable Development Goals related to health and justice. Moreover, we will argue that by pushing towards a practice of normalizing the conversation about corruption in health has additional benefits, including expanding the problematization to a wider audience and therefore engaging with communities. For young researchers and global health professionals with interests in improving health systems in the early career stages, corruption in health systems is an issue that could move to the forefront of the list of global health challenges. This is a challenge that is uniquely multi-disciplinary, spanning the health, economy, and legal sectors, with wider societal implications.
HIV Modes of Transmission in Sudan in 2014
Authors: Nasirian Maryam , Kianersi Sina , Karamouzian Mohammad , Sidahmed Mohammed , Baneshi Mohammad Reza , Haghdoost Ali Akbar , Sharifi Hamid
Published: February 2020

Background: In Sudan, where studies on HIV dynamics are few, model projections provide an additional source of information for policy-makers to identify data collection priorities and develop prevention programs. In this study, we aimed to estimate the distribution of new HIV infections by mode of exposure and to identify populations who are disproportionately contributing to the total number of new infections in Sudan. Methods: We applied the modes of transmission (MoT) mathematical model in Sudan to estimate the distribution of new HIV infections among the 15-49 age group for 2014, based on the main routes of exposure to HIV. Data for the MoT model were collected through a systematic review of peer-reviewed articles, grey literature, interviews with key participants and focus groups. We used the MoT uncertainty module to represent uncertainty in model projections and created one general model for the whole nation and 5 sub-models for each region (Northern, Central, Eastern, Kurdufan, and Khartoum regions). We also examined how different service coverages could change HIV incidence rates and distributions in Sudan. Results: The model estimated that about 6000 new HIV infections occurred in Sudan in 2014 (95% CI: 4651-7432). Men who had sex with men (MSM) (30.52%), female sex workers (FSW) (16.37%), and FSW’s clients accounted (19.43%) for most of the new HIV cases. FSW accounted for the highest incidence rate in the Central, Kurdufan, and Khartoum regions; and FSW’s clients had the highest incidence rate in the Eastern and Northern regions. The annual incidence rate of HIV in the total adult population was estimated at 330 per 1 000 000 populations. The incidence rate was at its highest in the Eastern region (980 annual infections per 1 000 000 populations). Conclusion: Although the national HIV incidence rate estimate was relatively low compared to that observed in some sub-Saharan African countries with generalized epidemics, a more severe epidemic existed within certain regions and key populations. HIV burden was mostly concentrated among MSM, FSW, and FSW’s clients both nationally and regionally. Thus, the authorities should pay more attention to key populations and Eastern and Northern regions when developing prevention programs. The findings of this study can improve HIV prevention programs in Sudan.
Calls for Stricter Legislation and Fear in the European Immigrant Community: Reflections of the Public Charge Debate Ongoing in the United States Comment on "A Crisis of Humanitarianism: Refugees at the Gates of Europe"
Authors: Efird Jimmy
Published: February 2020

In the editorial, "A Crisis of Humanitarianism: Refugees at the Gates of Europe," Marianna Fotaki elegantly highlights the changing dynamics of governmental policy toward refugees, forced migrants into Europe and the move away from the principles of humanitarianism.1 The perceived threats to economy, security, and concerns of globalization and multiculturalism often are manifested as a "cry of wolf " about alleged health risks. This in effect has raised concerns of inadmissibility on health-related grounds and calls for stricter legislation for determining who is eligible for legal permanent residence, precipitated in part by the "public charge" debate occurring in the United States.2 As Marianna notes "anti-migration rhetoric is now a permanent fixture of European politics."
Concentration-Dependent Recruitment of Mammalian Odorant Receptors
Authors: Hu Xiaoyang Serene , Ikegami Kentaro , Vihani Aashutosh , Zhu Kevin W. , Zapata Marcelo , de March Claire A. , Do Matthew , Vaidya Natasha , Kucera Gary , Bock Cheryl , Jiang Yue , Yohda Masafumi , Matsunami Hiroaki
Published: February 2020

A fundamental challenge in studying principles of organization used by the olfactory system to encode odor concentration information has been identifying comprehensive sets of activated odorant receptors (ORs) across a broad concentration range inside freely behaving animals. In mammals, this has recently become feasible with high-throughput sequencing-based methods that identify populations of activated ORsin vivo. In this study, we characterized the mouse OR repertoires activated by the two odorants, acetophenone (ACT) and 2,5-dihydro-2,4,5-trimethylthiazoline (TMT), from 0.01% to 100% (v/v) as starting concentrations using phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6 capture followed by RNA-Seq. We found Olfr923 to be one of the most sensitive ORs that is enriched by ACT. Using a mouse line that genetically labels Olfr923-positive axons, we provided evidence that ACT activates the Olfr923 glomeruli in the olfactory bulb. Through molecular dynamics stimulations, we identified amino acid residues in the Olfr923 binding cavity that facilitate ACT binding. This study sheds light on the active process by which unique OR repertoires may collectively facilitate the discrimination of odorant concentrations.
Response Dissociation in Hierarchical Cortical Circuits: a Unique Feature of Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Kolodny Tamar , Schallmo Michael-Paul , Gerdts Jennifer , Bernier Raphael A. , Murray Scott O.
Published: February 2020

A prominent hypothesis regarding the pathophysiology of autism is that an increase in the balance between neural excitation and inhibition results in an increase in neural responses. However, previous reports of population-level response magnitude in individuals with autism have been inconsistent. Critically, network interactions have not been considered in previous neuroimaging studies of excitation and inhibition imbalance in autism. In particular, a defining characteristic of cortical organization is its hierarchical and interactive structure; sensory and cognitive systems are comprised of networks where later stages inherit and build upon the processing of earlier input stages, and also influence and shape earlier stages by top-down modulation. Here we used the well established connections of the human visual system to examine response magnitudes in a higher-order motion processing region [middle temporal area (MT+)] and its primary input region (V1). Simple visual stimuli were presented to adult individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD;n= 24, mean age 23 years, 8 females) and neurotypical controls (n= 24, mean age 22, 8 females) during fMRI scanning. We discovered a strong dissociation of fMRI response magnitude between region MT+ and V1 in individuals with ASD: individuals with high MT+ responses had attenuated V1 responses. The magnitude of MT+ amplification and of V1 attenuation was associated with autism severity, appeared to result from amplified suppressive feedback from MT+ to V1, and was not present in neurotypical controls. Our results reveal the potential role of altered hierarchical network interactions in the pathophysiology of ASD.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTAn imbalance between neural excitation and inhibition, resulting in increased neural responses, has been suggested as a pathophysiological pathway to autism, but direct evidence from humans is lacking. In the current study we consider the role of interactions between stages of sensory processing when testing increased neural responses in individuals with autism. We used the well known hierarchical structure of the visual motion pathway to demonstrate dissociation in the fMRI response magnitude between adjacent stages of processing in autism: responses are attenuated in a primary visual area but amplified in a subsequent higher-order area. This response dissociation appears to rely on enhanced suppressive feedback between regions and reveals a previously unknown cortical network alteration in autism.
Factors Associated With Family Experience in Pediatric Inpatient Care
Authors: Feng Jeremy Y. , Toomey Sara L. , Elliott Marc N. , Zaslavsky Alan M. , Onorato Sarah E. , Schuster Mark A.
Published: February 2020

BACKGROUND:

Hospitals are rapidly increasing efforts to improve the pediatric inpatient experience. However, hospitals often do not know what to target for improvement. To determine what matters most to families, we assessed which aspects of experience have the strongest relationships with parents’ willingness to recommend a hospital.

METHODS:

Cross-sectional study of 17 727 surveys completed from November 2012 to January 2014 by parents of children hospitalized at 69 hospitals in 34 states using the Child Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems Survey. Hierarchical logistic regressions predicted the “top box” for willingness to recommend from measures of specific care dimensions (nurse-parent communication, doctor-parent communication, communication about medicines, keeping parents informed about the child’s care, privacy with providers, preparing to leave the hospital, mistakes and concerns, child comfort, cleanliness, and quietness), adjusting for parent-child characteristics. Relative importance was assessed by using partially standardized adjusted odds ratios (aORs).

RESULTS:

Child comfort (aOR 1.50; 95% confidence interval 1.41–1.60) and nurse-parent communication (aOR 1.50; 95% confidence interval 1.42–1.58) showed the strongest relationships with willingness to recommend, followed by preparing to leave the hospital, doctor-parent communication, and keeping parents informed. Privacy and quietness were not significantly associated with willingness to recommend in multivariate analysis.

CONCLUSIONS:

Our study uncovered highly valued dimensions that are distinct to pediatric care. Hospitals that care for children should consider using dedicated pediatric instruments to measure and track their performance. Improvement efforts should focus on creating an age-appropriate environment, improving the effectiveness of provider interactions, and engaging parents to share their values and concerns.
Hardware – wheat pests as elements of the species consortium
Authors: Kolombar T. M.
Published: February 2020

Annually in the world, insect pests kill 10–15 % of the crop yield, which in the face of increasing humanity creates a global problem for food security. For the territory of Ukraine in some years, the loss of wheat yields reach 25 % and, in the face of this tendency, real risks to the security of the state are created. Considering that the agrarian trend of the state development has been increasing in recent years, the development of grain-adapted to the ecological and climatic conditions of Ukraine is a priority direction of the development of domestic agriculture. And the development of new environmentally friendly methods of controlling pests of wheat using parasitic organisms will become a fundamentally new and pressing issue in the development of organic production in the country. The general list of pest species that can cause serious wheat yield and forage reduction in Ukraine includes more than 230 names, but only 18 species are able toentail the biggest losses. Among them belong to the order Coleoptera. One insect species is usually a host of several species of mites, nematodes and up to ten species of gregarines and microsporidia. Unfortunately, the taxonomic composition of parasites of phytophagous pets of wheat in Ukraine has not been thoroughly investigated. We studied the interrelation between parasites of 4 phytophagous insects of wheat as well as of 14 insect species found in granaries. The study of the species composition of parasitic organisms of wheat and grain pests is based on the study of the elementary part of the consortium ecosystem, where they act as second order consortia. Phytophagous parasites of wheat and collar pests of cereals, as second-order consorts, have been fragmented worldwide. The purpose of this work is to determine the species composition of gregarine as a component of wheat consortium for their further use in the creation of integrated methods of protection of wheat and products of its processing. As a result, 28 species of gregarines were registered, which belong to seven families (Didymophyidae, Ophryocystidae, Hirmocystidae, Lipotrophidae, Stylocephalidae, Actinocephalidae and Gregarinidae). On the average, 1–2 species of gregarines parasitize in one pest species. 7–10 species of parasites were identified in some insects of the family Tenebrionidae (Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus, 1758 and Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val, 1863). Each presented parasite is characteristic of 1–2 species of pests, but there are species of gregarines that infect up to four species of model species, such as Gregarina cuneata Stein, 1848. The largest number of individuals who are infested with gregarines belong to such families as Tenebrionidae and Dermestidae (38,6 % and 36,0 % of the total number of species, respectively). On pests – phytophages parasitizes about 8 species of gregarine families Stylocephalidae, Gregarinidae, Actinocephalidae. For barns pests are recorded barnacles of all 7 families.
Soils of the pastures of Los Pedroches (Córdoba, Spain)
Authors: Recio Espejo J. M. , Nerger R.
Published: February 2020

Los Pedroches pasture settles on granitic-magmatic rocks evolving to young sandy soils, poor in nutrients and clays including Lithosols, Haplic and Cambic Arenosols and Cambisols. Exclusively in older and erosion-protected surfaces Chromic Luvisols (FAO, 1989) have been preserved.
The content of manganese in soddy brown soils of the Transcarpathian Mountain Valleys
Authors: Tkach E. P.
Published: February 2020

The soil covering of Transcarpathia, which is used for cultivation of crops, is rather heterogeneous as to genetic features of soils. This is mostly caused by the climatic conditions of corresponding natural zones. Brown mountain soils, soddy brown soils, meadow brown soils and mountain meadow soils have originated in mountainous areas on mountain ranges and slopes of different altitude, which are different in terms of mechanical makeup and are well drained. They are characterized by high content of inaccessible humus (in which fulvic acids predominate), acid reaction of soil solution and evident diversity in provision of mobile forms of nourishing chemicals. On the average, the reaction of soil solution is 4,60 pH of a salt solution, in the case of hydrolytic acidity – 4, 28 me/100g of soil, which characterizes them as semi-acidic. The aim of our thesis is to research the level of manganese, which is one of essential and toxic elements for plants, depending on its concentration in soil, in soddy brown soils of the mountainous zone of Thranscarpathia, and also its distribution in profile of soil horizons. To carry out this aim, samples of soil were chosen by random selection. Total manganese in the soil was determined by the method of mass spectrometery. The samples were extracted by hydrogen peroxide, chlorohydric and azotic acids (ext. p.). Dissolution of the samples was carried out using microwave sample preparation system. Active forms of manganese were extracted by generally accepted extragents: water-soluble extragent – deionized water; free forms of manganese – ammonium acetate buffer solution рН 4.8 according to M. K. Krupskyi and H. М. Alexandrova. Afterwards, the samples of soil were analysed using the method of mass spectrometery. According to the results of the research, the max. total of the manganese is observed in the mineral upper humus-accumulative horizon, but if you make a transition to the parent rock, it decreases. According to the quantitative research on determining free forms of manganese, it can be observed that soddy brown soils of the researched region are provided with the mobile forms of manganese both in the upper humus horizon and in lower transitional humus horizon. Moreover, the humus horizon of the observed region has a high content of mobile forms of manganese, which constitutes >20,1, and in the transitional horizon to the parent rock the provision index is high. A considerable increase in the water-soluble manganese in the upper humus horizon was also observed. Its concentration is considerably decreased with a transition to the lower humus horizon. The research data confirms that soddy brown soils of the observed region are contaminated with manganese compounds.
Seminar «The soils as resource in the Biosphere» 25, 26 and 27/November/2015 International University of Andalusia (Huelva,Spain)
Authors: Recio Espejo J. M. , Del Olmo F. Diaz
Published: February 2020

Course with an extension of thirty academic hours celebrated in La Rábida (Huelva, Spain), headquarter of International University of Andalucía (UNIA) with the economic supporting of Andalusia Environmental Autonomous Government, and organized by Córdoba University (Faculty of Science) and Seville University (Faculty of Geography), with the collaboration of «Nicolay Masyuk» seminar and Andalusia Quaternary Group (AEQUA-GAC). The main objective was a conceptual updating of pedology science with a new vision about the soil with an element of the ecosystem subjected to superficial dynamic and human actions. Contemplate it with fundamental elements of territory and the agricultural and natural landscape, relationship with biodiversity and geodiversity, the Natural Protected Areas and the erosion problems.
The monitoring of southern chernozem soil humus content with using multispectral satellite images Landsat: spatial and temporal aspects
Authors: Chornyy S. G. , Abramov D. A.
Published: February 2020

For rational use of soils it is necessary to possess exact information on soil properties. The traditional methods of monitoring of soils and (or) their separate properties based on local, one-time supervision don’t give an adequate assessment of a current state of a soil cover it should be noted. Transition to spatio-temporal methods with use of modern geoinformation and space technologies is necessary. Remote satellite methods of soil monitoring gain fast distribution, owing to the efficiency, a certain objectivism and relative low cost now, and also because of unique opportunities of one-time coverage by the images received from big height, enough territories, big on the area. For the development of remote monitoring chernozems southern used materials of multispectral scanning multispectral camera ETM + ( «Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus»), which is on board the satellite «Landsat-7» (data of 2006, 2010, 2012) and OLI («Operational Land Imager»), which is on board the satellite «Landsat-8»(data 2015). The information obtained from them is unified from the point of view of preservation of geometry, calibration, a covering, spectral characteristics, quality of the image and availability of data, despite various carriers of devices ETM+ and OLI. The composite image which has been received from three cloudless satellite images of spring of 2012 (three terms of shooting – 21.04, 30.04, 05.05) has allowed to make the correlation analysis of extent of influence of maintenance of organic matter in a layer of soil of 0–10 cm at a brightness with various spectral channels of the camera ETM+. Such analysis has shown that the closest connection exists between the content of soil organic matter and brightness of the second (green), the third (red) and the fourth (the neighbor infrared) spectral channels. From them three, the greatest value of correlation has dependence between the content of soil organic matter (humus) and brightness of the red spectral channel (r=-0,32). For the purpose of spatio-temporal interpretation of the equation of multiple regressions, 20 agro landscapes in different parts of the Right-bank steppe of Ukraine (The Mykolayiv district and Zhovtnevy district of the Mykolayiv oblast) have been selected. For each agro landscapes was defined content of soil organic matter in the soil using Landsat 7 satellite images taken in 2006 and in 2010 and Landsat images 8 for 2015. The made estimates of maintenance of soil organic matter have shown on processes of fast loss of humus in all layers of soil. Annual losses of soil organic matter in a layer of 0–10 cm from 2006 for 2015 have made 0,16 % in a year, in a layer of 0–50 cm of about 0,13 % in a year, and in a layer of 0–100 cm at 0,10 % in a year. The irrational structure of sown areas and distribution of wind and water erosion processes is the reason of this sad process.