bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of 5‐Thio‐D‐xylopyranose
Authors: Charmantray Franck , Dellis Philippe , Hélaine Virgil , Samreth Soth , Hecquet Laurence
Published: October 2006

5‐thio‐D‐xylopyranose, a synthon used for the preparation of drugs with antithrombotic activity, was synthesised by an enzymatic isomerisation from the corresponding ketose, 5‐thio‐D‐xylulofuranose, with glucose isomerase. This compound was obtained by two different chemoenzymatic routes, the key step being the stereospecific formation of a C–C bond, catalysed by transketolase or fructose‐1,6‐bisphosphate aldolase. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
The influence of fire and permafrost on sub‐arctic stream chemistry during storms
Authors: Petrone K. C. , Hinzman L. D. , Shibata H. , Jones J. B. , Boone R. D.
Published: October 2006

Permafrost and fire are important regulators of hydrochemistry and landscape structure in the discontinuous permafrost region of interior Alaska. We examined the influence of permafrost and a prescribed burn on concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) and other solutes ($NO_{3}^{-}$, Ca2+, K+, Mg2+, Na+) in streams of an experimentally burned watershed and two reference watersheds with varying extents of permafrost in the Caribou–Poker Creeks Research Watershed in interior Alaska. The low‐permafrost watershed has limited permafrost (3%), the high‐permafrost watershed has extensive permafrost (53%), and the burn watershed has intermediate permafrost coverage (18%). A three end‐member mixing model revealed fundamental hydrologic and chemical differences between watersheds due to the presence of permafrost. Stormflow in the low‐permafrost watershed was dominated by precipitation and overland flow, whereas the high‐permafrost watershed was dominated by flow through the active layer. In all watersheds, organic and groundwater flow paths controlled stream chemistry: DOC and DON increased with discharge (organic source) and base cations and $SO_{4}^{2-}$ (from weathering processes) decreased. Thawing of the active layer increased soil water storage in the high‐permafrost watershed from July to September, and attenuated the hydrologic response and solute flux to the stream. The FROSTFIRE prescribed burn, initiated on 8 July 1999, elevated nitrate concentrations for a short period after the first post‐fire storm on 25 July, but there was no increase after a second storm in September. During the July storm, nitrate export lagged behind the storm discharge peak, indicating a flushing of soluble nitrate that likely originated from burned soils. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Conceptualization of runoff processes using a geographical information system and tracers in a nested mesoscale catchment
Authors: Tetzlaff D. , Soulsby C. , Waldron S. , Malcolm I. A. , Bacon P. J. , Dunn S. M. , Lilly A. , Youngson A. F.
Published: October 2006

Tracer investigations were combined with a geographical information system (GIS) analysis of the 31 km2 Girnock catchment (Cairngorm Mountains, Scotland) in order to understand hydrological functioning by identifying dominant runoff sources and estimating mean residence times. The catchment has a complex geology, soil cover and topography. Gran alkalinity was used to demonstrate that catchment geology has a dominant influence on baseflow chemistry, but flow paths originating in acidic horizons in the upper soil profiles controlled stormflow alkalinity. Chemically based hydrograph separations at the catchment scale indicated that ∼30% of annual runoff was derived from groundwater sources. Similar contributions (23–36%) were estimated for virtually all major sub‐basins. δ18O of precipitation (mean: − 9·4‰; range: − 16·1 to − 5·0‰) and stream waters (mean: − 9·1‰; range: − 11·6 to − 7·4‰) were used to assess mean catchment and sub‐basin residence times, which were in the order ∼4–6 months. GIS analysis showed that these tracer‐based diagnostic features of catchment functioning were consistent with the landscape organization of the catchment. Soil and HOST (Hydrology of Soil Type) maps indicated that the catchment and individual sub‐basins were dominated by hydrologically responsive soils, such as peats (Histosol), peaty gleys (Histic Gleysols) and rankers (Umbric Leptosols and Histosols). Soil cover (in combination with a topographic index) predicted extensive areas of saturation that probably expand during hydrological events, thus providing a high degree of hydrological connectivity between catchment hillslopes and stream channel network. This was validated by aerial photographic interpretation and groundtruthing. These characteristics of hydrological functioning (i.e. dominance of responsive hydrological pathways and short residence times) dictate that the catchment is sensitive to land use change impacts on the quality and quantity of streamflows. It is suggested that such conceptualization of hydrological functioning using tracer‐validated GIS analysis can play an important role in the sustainable management of river basins. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial and temporal dynamics of soil moisture after rainfall events along a slope in Regosols of southwest China
Authors: Liu Gangcai , Zhang Jianhui
Published: October 2006

High frequency seasonal drought in purple soils (Regosols in FAO taxonomy) of the hilly upland areas of Sichuan basin, China, is one of the key restrictive factors for crop production. In order to manage irrigation and fertilizer application in these soils effectively, the soil water content in a sloped plot with 60 cm soil depth was measured by neutron probe devices to investigate the soil moisture regime during the 1998 rainy season after various amounts of rainfall events. The results showed that variation of soil moisture along the slope positions was highest in the top soil layer during the period of sporadic rainfall that did not induce any runoff. The coefficients of variation of soil moisture at various slope positions (upper, middle, and lower) are 17·36%, 8·95%, 10·25%, 8·58%, 8·05% and 9·21% at the 10 cm, 20 cm, 30 cm, 40 cm, 50 cm and 60 cm soil depths respectively. When surface runoff occurred, the soil moisture dynamics at various positions on the plot were then very different. Soil water content decreased more rapidly on the upper slope than on the middle and lower slope positions. When both surface runoff and throughflow occurred, the soil moisture dynamics in the various layers showed a stable period (soil water content is near constant as time elapses) that lasted about 1 week. Also, the pattern of moisture dynamics is ‘decreasing–stabilization–decreasing’. Thus, irrigation and fertilization management according to the spatial and temporal features of soil moisture dynamics on sloped land can increase the water and fertilizer utilization efficacy by reducing their losses during the stable period. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tumours of the respiratory tract in rats and hamsters following chronic inhalation of engine exhaust emissions
Authors: Brightwell J. , Fouiliet X. , Cassano‐Zoppi A. ‐L. , Bernstein D. , Crawley F. , Duchosal F. , Gatz R. , Perczel S. , Pfeifer H.
Published: October 2006

The potential carcinogenic effect of inhaled automobile exhaust emissions was examined in rodents. Both rats and hamsters were exposed to the emissions from (1) a gasoline engine, (2) a gasoline engine fitted with a three‐way catalytic converter, (3) a diesel engine and (4) a diesel engine with particle filtration. Exposures were for 16 hours per day, 5 days per week, for 2 years. All hamsters were sacrificed at the end of the 2 year exposure period, whereas the rats surviving after 2 years of exposure were maintained for a further 6 month observation period without additional exposure to emissions. Some of the hamsters in each treatment group were pretreated with diethylnitrosamine to induce respiratory tract tumours.

No statistically significant changes were seen in the incidence of respiratory tract tumours in emission‐exposed hamsters compared to controls. This lack of a treatment‐related effect was seen in both the nitrosamine pretreated and the non‐pretreated hamsters.

There was no increase in the incidence of lung tumours in rats exposed to filtered diesel exhaust or to the exhaust from the gasoline or gasoline‐catalyst engines.

There was a statistically significant increase in the incidence of lung tumours in rats exposed to diesel engine emissions compared to controls. A clear dose response was evident in both males and females, although the incidence of lung tumours was markedly higher in females (96% in rats surviving beyond 2 years) than in males (44% in rats surviving beyond 2 years). An increased incidence of lung tumours was observed only in rats exposed to mean concentrations of diesel soot particles of either 2200 or 6600 μ/m3. No increase was observed at 700 μ/m3. In comparison, the projected mean concentration of diesel soot particles in major US cities with 20% of light‐duty vehicles diesel‐powered has been estimated to be 0.5 μ/m3.
The diagnostic usefulness of isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH) in the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)
Authors: Davy C. W. , Fulleylove M. , Edmunds J. G. , Eichler D. A. , Rushton B. , Tudor R. J. , Walker J. M.
Published: October 2006

Marmosets were given either a hepatotoxin, carbon tetrachloride, orally or an i.m. injection of a mytoxin, chlorpromazine. Although muscle damage alone caused small increases in the plasma levels of lactate dehydrogenase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH), only the isoenzyme analysis of ICDH can differentiate definitely between liver and muscle damage. Only very severe muscle damage can increase the plasma concentration of this enzyme but, in this case, the elevation of plasma creatinine kinase levels helps differentiation. It is recommended that the elevation of ICDH is the most specific indicator of hepatic damage in the marmoset.
Nasal tumours in rats after severe injury to the nasal mucosa and prolonged exposure to 10 ppm formaldehyde
Authors: Woutersen R. A. , Van Garderen‐Hoetmer A. , Bruijntjes J. P. , Zwart A. , Feron V. J.
Published: October 2006

To study the significance of damage to the nasal mucosa for the induction of nasal tumours by formaldehyde in rats, a long‐term inhalation study was conducted in which male rats with severely damaged or undamaged nose were exposed 6 h/day for 5 days/week to 0, 0.1, 1.0 or 10 ppm formaldehyde vapour for 28 months, or for 3 months followed by a 25‐month observation period. The damage to the nasal mucosa was induced by bilateral intranasal electrocoagulation. The total number of rats used was 720, 480 with damaged and 240 with intact nose.

Compound‐related degenerative, inflammatory and hyperplastic changes of the nasal respiratory and olfactory mucosa were invariably observed when rats with intact nose were exposed to 10 ppm but not when exposed to 1.0 or 0.1 ppm formaldehyde. Nasal electrocoagulation increased the incidences of formaldehydeinduced rhinitis, hyper‐ and metaplasia of the respiratory epithelium, and degeneration and hyper‐ and metaplasia of the olfactory epithelium. In addition, exposure to 10 ppm formaldehyde for 28 months produced nasal squamous cell carcinomas in rats with damaged nose (15/58) but not in rats with intact nose. Three months of exposure to 10 ppm formaldehyde or exposure to 0.1 or 1.0 ppm formaldehyde for 28 months had no such effect. It was concluded that severe damage to the nasal mucosa may contribute to the induction of nasal tumours by formaldehyde.
Practice‐based learning innovation: The venous thromboembolism quality improvement resource room
Authors: Stein Jason , McKean Sylvia C. W. , Maynard Greg , Budnitz Tina , Amin Alpesh
Published: October 2006

BACKGROUND

Hospitalists are seen as the logical choice to lead and teach systems‐based initiatives to improve the quality of inpatient care. The educational strategy of the Society of Hospital Medicine (SHM) includes development of resources to support hospitalist leadership and teaching of inpatient care delivery and improvement.

PURPOSE

To develop a resource to present quality improvement (QI) principles and systems‐level approaches for practice‐based learning and to support empiric, iterative efforts to improve inpatient medical, cost, and service outcomes.

DESCRIPTION

The SHM defined the role of the hospitalist in QI, performed an assessment of the educational needs of hospitalists, and executed a web‐based educational strategy to address those needs. The organization identified the most common cause of preventable inpatient deaths, hospital‐acquired venous thromboembolism (VTE), and prioritized the need to improve prophylaxis.

RESULTS

This new resource at the SHM web site presents principles for conducting QI in the hospital while focusing on an important clinical topic. To facilitate learning that is practice‐based, the VTE Quality Improvement Resource Room features an interactive “Ask the Expert” discussion community and a novel “Improvement Workbook,” a downloadable project outline and tutorial that hospitalists can use to guide and document steps in an effort aimed at reducing hospital‐acquired VTE. Focus group feedback will refine the Quality Improvement Resource Room template and content so subsequent offerings can offer a measurably better learning experience and target other significant inpatient problems. Additional research is needed to evaluate learning and the clinical impact of this resource.
Outpatient physicians' satisfaction with discharge summaries and perceived need for an electronic discharge summary
Authors: O'Leary Kevin J. , Liebovitz David M. , Feinglass Joseph , Liss David T. , Baker David W.
Published: October 2006

BACKGROUND

Deficits in information transfer between inpatient and outpatient physicians are common and potentially dangerous.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate satisfaction with current discharge summaries, perceptions of preventable adverse events related to suboptimal information transfer, and the perceived need for the electronic discharge summary we plan to design.

DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS:

Survey of Department of Medicine physicians with an outpatient practice.

MEASUREMENTS

Satisfaction with timeliness and quality of discharge summaries was assessed using a 5‐point Likert scale. Respondents estimated the number of patients with preventable adverse events related to suboptimal information transfer at discharge.

RESULTS

Of the 416 eligible respondents, 226 completed the survey (54%). Only 19% of the participants were satisfied or very satisfied with timeliness, and only 32% were satisfied or very satisfied with the quality of discharge summaries. Overall, 41% believed that at least 1 of their patients hospitalized in the previous 6 months had experienced a preventable adverse event related to poor transfer of information at discharge.

CONCLUSIONS

Physicians were not satisfied with the timeliness or quality of discharge summaries. Physicians indicated that suboptimal transfer of information at hospital discharge contributed to preventable adverse events. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2006;1:317–320. © 2006 Society of Hospital Medicine.
A case of bronchopulmonary carcinoid tumor: The role of octreotide scanning in localization of an ectopic source of ACTH
Authors: Bhatia P. D. , Fung K. , Edmonds M. , Driedger A. A. , Malthaner R. A.
Published: October 2006

BACKGROUND

Bronchopulmonary carcinoids are neuroendocrine tumors. They can present with Cushing's syndrome secondary to ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secretion. Curative resection is possible only after adequate localization of the ectopic source.

OBJECTIVE

To describe a case that illustrates the role of octreotide scanning in the management of a bronchopulmonary carcinoid.

RESULTS

The use of preoperative and postoperative octreotide scanning aided in performing a limited resection, thereby preserving the lung parenchyma.

CONCLUSIONS

We propose that octreotide scanning can be a very important and informative test in the management of carcinoid tumors. In situations when conventional imaging is not conclusive, octreotide scanning may be of help in determining the source of ectopic ACTH syndrome. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2006;1:312–316. © 2006 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Labelled compounds of interest as antitumour agents I: N‐methylformamide and N, N‐dimethylformamide
Authors: Threadgill Michael D , Gate E Nicholas
Published: October 2006

Efficient preparations of N‐methylformamide (an active antitumour agent) have been developed in which the compound is labelled with 14C in the formyl group, with 14C in the methyl group and with deuterium in the methyl group. N, N‐Dimethyl‐14C‐formamide has also been synthesised.
[18F] fluorine labeled aliphatic amino acids
Authors: van der Ley M.
Published: October 2006

The synthesis of 4‐[18F] fluoroproline is described, but attempts to prepare 3‐[18F] fluoroalanine failed. In the synthetic pathway to this compound different routes are investigated to make a labeled precursor, viz [18F] fluoromethyliodide, which, however, were unsuccessful.
Labeled aryl fluorides from the nucleophilic displacement of activated nitro groups by 18F‐F−
Authors: Attiná Marina , Cacace Fulvio , Wolf Alfred P.
Published: October 2006

Nucleophilic displacement of activated nitro groups by 18F‐fluoride ion is an efficient route to fluorine‐18 labeled aromatics, which can be obtained in the no‐carrier‐added state if required.

The basic features of the fluorodenitration process are comparatively evaluated, and the influence of the experimental variables on its course are discussed. Examples concerning the preparation of typical 18F‐labeled aromatic molecules are reported.
Syntheses nouvelles de la mevalonolactone marquee AU 14C, 13C, ‐ (RS) mevalonolactone (14C2‐4,5) et (RS) mevalonolactone (14C‐5)
Authors: Rousseau Bernard , Beaucourt Jean‐Pierre , Pichat Louis
Published: October 2006

Three new routes to (RS) mevalonolactone suitable for the double labeling with isotopic carbon at positions 4 and 5 or labeling at C‐5 are outlined.

1–(2,4.10‐trioxaadamantyl) propanone : 2 was prepared from 2‐(2.4, 10‐trioxaadamantul) acetylchloride 1 and bis‐(trimethylsilul) malonate. Addition of [14C2]‐ethinyllithium on 2 provided an 80 % yield of acetylenic alcohol : 3. The latter was submitted to the regioselective gem terminal bishydroboration with 9‐BBN followed by oxidation with hydrogen peroxide and base leading to the 1,3‐diol : 5, the hudrolysis of which, without isolation gave [4,5 14C2] mevalonolactone : 48 % overall yield based on Ba 14CO3 specific activity 98.5 mCi/mM. A second route following the same pattern started from commercial 1,1 dimethoxy 3‐butanone : 6. Addition of [14C2] ethinyllithium with 6 gave the alcohol 7 which was treated with 9‐BBN followed by oxidation with hydrogen peroxide and base leading to the 1,3‐diol 8 which after chromatography was oxidized with bromine water in hydrochloric acid provided [4,5 14C2] mevalonolactone. This route was followed to provide 10 gm batches of [4,5‐13C2] mevalonolactone. The third scheme involved the condensation of ethyl lithio [1‐14C] acetate with ketone : 2 followed by reduction with LiAlH4 of the resulting β‐ hydroxy‐ester 9 into 1, 3 diol : 10 which by hydrochloric hydrolysis gave rise to [5‐14C] mevalonolactone : 50 % overall yield based on ethul acetate : specific activity : 50 mCi/mMole.
Preparation of all‐trans‐11‐3H‐retinol from its acetate
Authors: Kaegi H. H. , Bupp J. E.
Published: October 2006

Starting with tritiated all‐trans‐retinyl acetate the preparation of tritiated retinol is described.
Self‐radiolysis of clathrates containing tritium‐labelled molecules
Authors: Ciranni G. , Guarino A. , Pizzella R. , Possagno E.
Published: October 2006

Clathrates containing high specific activity methyl stearate‐9, 10‐H3 were stored for approximately 70 days.

The following ≪ host ≫ molecules were employed: desoxycholic acid, cycloveratryl, tri‐o‐thymotide and β‐cyclodextrin. The gaseous self‐radiolysis products decrease significantly up to ⋍90% (HT from chloeic clathrate). The total percentual decreases of the decomposition are: 16.95% (choleic clathrate); 27.10 (tri‐o‐thymotide clathrate); 19.35 (cycloveratryl clathrate); 12.10 (β‐cyclodextrin clathrate).
Vérification de la pureté radiochimique d'un isomère optique marqué
Authors: Verly Walter G. , Gerday Charles
Published: October 2006

A method for evaluating the radiochemical purity of the labelled isomer of an amino acid is described. It permits to measure the quantity of the enantiomer present as an impurity. The method is applied to the case of tritiated L‐phenylalanine.

The inactive racemic form, added as a carrier, is condensed with L‐glutamic acid; the diastereoisomers of the resulting dipeptide are resolved chromatographically on Dowex 50 and the radioactivity of each peak is measured.

This process requires only a very little sample and it enables the detection of very minute contaminants.
Preparation of 35S‐labelled xanthates and 35S‐labelled carbon disulphide by exchange reactions
Authors: Cífka J. , Vinš V.
Published: October 2006

The order of the exchange reaction between potassium ethyl xanthate and elemental sulphur was determined. A mixture of ethanol and toluene was used as the solvent for the routine preparation of 35S‐labelled ethyl, n‐butyl, n‐hexyl and n‐octyl xanthates at a temperature of 20°C. The dependence of the exchange rate on the presence of water was observed. The decomposition of 35S‐labelled ethyl xanthate in dilute hydrochloric acid was used for the preparation of labelled carbon disulphide.
Synthesis of carbon‐14 labeled isocyanates. Determination of the carbon‐14 distribution in the isocyanate groups of 2, 4‐tolylene diisocyanate
Authors: Kopka E. F. , Rapp N. Sue , Ingham J. D.
Published: October 2006

A practical phosgenation procedure has been devised for the preparation of isocyanates labeled with 14C. Three such isocyanates: 2‐tolyl isocyanate, 4‐tolyl isocyanate, and 2, 4‐tolylene diisocyanate (TDI) were prepared. The 14C distribution in the latter was determined by scintillation counting of some of its derivatives, one of which was 3‐amino‐4, 2′, 6′‐trimethylcarbanilide, from which the fraction of 14C in the 4‐isocyanate group of TDI was obtained.
Preparation of labelled compounds by tritioboration procedures I. cyclohexene‐1‐3H
Authors: Buczkowski Z. , Nystrom R. F.
Published: October 2006

Cyclohexene‐1‐3H has been synthesized with a yield of 88% by tritioboration of 1‐(N‐piperidino)‐cyclohexene followed by heating with n‐valeric acid. Other unsaturated compounds can be labelled at one olefinic carbon atom with tritium by this method.
Darstellung von Coniferyl‐ und Sinapinalkohol, markiert in den Methoxylgruppen durch 14C
Authors: Haider K. , Lim S.
Published: October 2006

For experiments about the microbial cleavage of phenolic methylethers and lignin like polymerides, phenolic compounds which arise during microbial lignin decomposition and also lignin alcohols such as coniferyl‐ and sinapylalcohol were labelled in the methoxyl‐groups by 14C. For this reason suitable preliminary compounds were reacted with 14CH3I and vanillic acid and syringic acid were prepared and reduced to vanillin and syringaaldehyde. By reacting these aldehydes with malonic acid, ferulic acid and sinapic acid were obtoined and reduced to coniferyl‐ and sinapylalcohol. The yield was around 15 or respectively 10% related to the used amount of methyliodide; the specific activity of the coniferylalcohol was around 0,2 mC/mmole and 0,1 mC/mmole for the sinapylalcohol and for the other compounds, 0,5 mC/mmole.
Fluid‐attenuated inversion‐recovery SSFP imaging
Authors: Bangerter Neal K. , Hargreaves Brian A. , Gold Garry E. , Stucker Daniel T. , Nishimura Dwight G.
Published: October 2006

Purpose

To describe and evaluate a fast, fluid‐suppressed 2D multislice steady‐state free precession (SSFP) neuroimaging sequence.

Materials and Methods

We developed a fast fluid‐attenuated inversion‐recovery SSFP sequence for use in neuroimaging. The inversion time (TI) was optimized to yield good cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) suppression while conserving white matter (WM)/lesion contrast across a broad range of flip angles. Multiple SSFP acquisitions were combined using the sum‐of‐squares (SOS) method to maximize SNR efficiency while minimizing SSFP banding artifacts. We compared our fluid‐attenuated inversion‐recovery (FLAIR) SSFP sequence with FLAIR fast spin‐echo (FSE) in both normal subjects and a volunteer with multiple sclerosis. SNR measurements were performed to ascertain the SNR efficiency of each sequence.

Results

Our FLAIR SSFP sequence demonstrated excellent CSF suppression and good gray matter (GM)/WM contrast. Coverage of the entire brain (5‐mm slices, 24‐cm FOV, 256 × 192 matrix) was achieved with FLAIR SSFP in less than half the scan time of a corresponding FLAIR FSE sequence with similar SNR, yielding improvements of more than 50% in SNR efficiency. Axial scans of a volunteer with multiple sclerosis show clearly visible plaques and very good visualization of brain parenchyma.

Conclusion

We have demonstrated the feasibility of a very fast fluid‐suppressed neuroimaging technique using SSFP. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Simple separation of isomeric sialylated N‐glycopeptides by a zwitterionic type of hydrophilic interaction chromatography
Authors: Takegawa Yasuhiro , Deguchi Kisaburo , Ito Hiroki , Keira Takuro , Nakagawa Hiroaki , Nishimura Shin‐Ichiro
Published: October 2006

Asparagine‐linked oligosaccharides (N‐glycans) usually show structural heterogeneity, especially in proteins with sialylated N‐glycans and, therefore, their structural analysis is still very difficult. A zwitterionic type of hydrophilic interaction chromatography column with sulfobetaine functional groups (called a ZIC‐HILIC column) was applied to the separation of tryptic peptides of alpha‐1‐acid glycoprotein. It was demonstrated that the ZIC‐HILIC separation column has a selectivity for sialylated N‐glycopeptides and a high capability for separation based on the structural recognition of sialylated N‐glycan isomers as well as for the previously reported neutral N‐glycans and N‐glycopeptides. The retention characteristics of neutral and sialylated N‐glycans derivatized with 2‐aminopyridine (PA N‐glycans) demonstrate that the retentions of the N‐glycans are based primarily on hydrophilic interaction with the water‐rich liquid layer generated on the surface of the ZIC‐HILIC column. In addition, the electrostatic repulsion interaction shielded with counter ions effectively tunes the separation and recognition of sialylated N‐glycan isomers.
Monolithic poly(glycidyl methacrylate‐co‐divinylbenzene) capillary columns functionalized to strong anion exchangers for nucleotide and oligonucleotide separation
Authors: Wieder Wolfgang , Bisjak Clemens P. , Huck Christian W. , Bakry Rania , Bonn Guenther K.
Published: October 2006

In the present work, poly(glycidyl methacrylate‐co‐divinylbenzene) monoliths were synthesized and further derivatized to obtain strong anion exchange supports. Capillary monoliths (65×0.2 mm id) were prepared in situ by copolymerization of glycidyl methacrylate and divinylbenzene, employing 1‐decanol and tetrahydrofuran as porogens. The free epoxy groups were derivatized in a two step synthesis to obtain quaternary ammonium functionalities. On testing the pressure stability of the synthesized monolith, a highly linear dependence between flow rate and pressure drop was obtained, indicating the high stability of the material even at high flow rates. The morphology of the copolymer was investigated by scanning electron microscopy. Mercury intrusion porosimetry showed a narrow pore size distribution, having a maximum at 439 nm. On recording a van Deemter plot the number of theoretical plates per meter was found to be 59 324. The produced strong anion exchange monoliths turned out to be highly suitable for the separation of nucleotides and oligonucleotides.
Simple determination of betamethasone and chloramphenicol in a pharmaceutical preparation using a short monolithic column coupled to a sequential injection system
Authors: Šatínský Dalibor , Chocholouš Petr , Salabová Markéta , Solich Petr
Published: October 2006

This contribution describes the use of a new separation method based on a reversed‐phase sequential injection chromatography (SIC) technique for simultaneous determination of chloramphenicol and betamethasone in pharmaceutical eye drops. A short monolithic column coupled with a sequential injection analysis (SIA) system enabled separation of two compounds in one step. A Chromolith Flash RP‐18e, 25×4.6 mm column with a 5 mm precolumn (Merck, Germany) and a FIAlab 3000 system (USA) with a 6‐port selection valve and 5 mL syringe were used for sequential injection chromatographic separations in this study. The mobile phase used was acetonitrile‐water (30 : 80, v/v), flow rate 0.48 mL/min; UV detection was at two wavelengths, i. e., 241 and 278 nm (absorption maxima of betamethasone and chloramphenicol, respectively). The basic validation parameters showed good results: linearity of determination for both compounds including internal standard (propylparaben) >0.999; repeatability of determination (RSD) in the range 0.8–1.7% at two different concentration levels, and detection limits in the range 0.5–1.0 mg/mL. The chromatographic resolution between compound peaks was greater than 2.1 and the analysis time was less than 8 min under optimal conditions. The developed sequential injection chromatography method was compared with the HPLC method and was found to be applicable for routine analysis of active compounds in pharmaceutical preparations.
Some global regular solutions to Navier–Stokes equations
Authors: Zaja̧czkowski W. M.
Published: October 2006

First the existence of global regular two‐dimensional solutions to Navier–Stokes equations in a bounded cylinder and for boundary slip conditions is proved. Next stability of sum of two dimensional and axially symmetric solutions is proved. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficacy and food safety considerations of poultry competitive exclusion products
Authors: Wagner Robert Doug
Published: October 2006

Competitive exclusion (CE) products are anaerobic cultures of bacteria that are applied to poultry hatchlings to establish a protective enteric microbiota that excludes intestinal colonization by human food‐borne pathogens. For safety of the poultry flock and human consumers, the identities of bacteria in CE products need to be known. A CE product is a culture of intestinal contents from adult chickens. It may be microbiologically defined by analysis of bacteria isolated from the culture, but many bacteria are hard to reliably isolate, identify, and characterize with conventional techniques. Sequence analysis of 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes may be more reliable than conventional techniques to identify CE bacteria. Bacteria in CE products may contain antimicrobial drug resistance and virulence mechanisms that could be transferred to the enteric bacteria of the food animal and to the human consumer. Detection methods for specific antimicrobial drug resistance and virulence genes and the integrase genes of conjugative transposons, mostly utilizing PCR technology, are being developed that can be applied to assess these risks in CE bacteria. With improvements in efficacy, bacterial identification, and detection and control of the possible risks of gene transfer, CE product technology can be made a more effective food safety tool.
Human rectal mucosal gene expression after consumption of digestible and non‐digestible carbohydrates
Authors: Schauber Jürgen , Weiler Frank , Gostner Andrea , Melcher Ralph , Kudlich Theodor , Lührs Hardi , Scheppach Wolfgang
Published: October 2006

The effect of regular consumption of the low‐digestible and prebiotic isomalt versus the digestible sucrose on gene expression in rectal mucosa was examined in a randomized double‐blind crossover trial. Nineteen healthy volunteers received 30 g isomalt per day or 30 g sucrose as part of a controlled diet over two 4‐week test periods with a 4‐week washout period in between. At the end of each test phase rectal biopsies were obtained. After RNA extraction mucosal gene expression was assayed using GeneChip microarrays. In addition, expression of cathelicidin hCap18/LL37, cellular detoxification enzymes GSTπ, UGT1A1 and CYP3A4, cyclooxygenase 2 and barrier factors MUC2 and ZO‐1 were determined by real‐time RT‐PCR. Microbiological analyses of fecal samples revealed a shift of the gut flora towards an increase of bifidobacteria following consumption of the diet containing isomalt. Isomalt consumption did not affect rectal mucosal gene expression in microarray analyses as compared to sucrose. In addition, the expression of cathelicidin LL37, GSTπ, UGT1A1, CYP3A4, COX‐2, MUC2 and ZO‐1 was not changed in rectal biopsies. We conclude that gene expression of the human rectal mucosa can reliably be measured in biopsy material taken at endoscopy. Dietary intervention with the low digestible isomalt compared with the digestible sucrose did not affect gene expression in the lining rectal mucosa.
Effect of urethral compliance on the steady state p‐Q relationships assessed with a mechanical analog of the male lower urinary tract
Authors: Mijailovich Srboljub M. , Sullivan Maryrose P. , Yalla Subbarao V. , Venegas Jose G.
Published: October 2006

Aims

Using a lumped parameter theoretical model of bladder outlet function, we previously explored the relationship between the tube law of the urethra and the pressure‐flow characteristics during micturition [Mijailovich et al., 2004]. To validate this theoretical model, we constructed a mechanical analog of the male lower urinary tract that incorporated elements simulating all relevant parameters of the theoretical model. In addition, we determined the effect of alterations in compliance of the flow‐controlling zone on these relationships.

Methods

In the mechanical analog, the bladder neck and urethra were represented by a thin‐walled conduit made of latex rubber and the prostate with a fluid filled cuff of variable compliance encircling the conduit. We measured in the same system steady‐state pressure‐flow (p‐Q) and pressure‐area (p‐A) relationships of the flow‐controlling zone. The effects of bladder outlet obstruction and prostatic compliance on these relationships were simulated by varying cuff pressure and capacitative coupling of the cuff, respectively.

Results

We demonstrated two previously described flow regimes—critical for low Q, and subcritical for higher Q. In the critical flow regime, the cross‐sectional area of the collapsible conduit downstream of the cuff became narrow up to a site where the area suddenly expanded (elastic jump). Pressure losses across the cuff region decreased with increasing Q as the elastic jump approached the cuff, and the jump vanished when Q became subcritical. By altering prostatic cuff compliance and cuff pressure, we showed that an increase in opening pressures was associated with a steeper p‐Q relationship.

Conclusions

Using this mechanical analog, the measurements of p‐A and p‐Q relationships under various experimental conduit conditions validated our previous theoretical model of the male lower urinary tract. Both the experimental measurements and our previous theoretical model predictions indicate that an increase in opening pressure is associated with an increase in the slope of the p‐Q relationship which becomes steeper with decreased cuff compliance. These data are in accordance with urodynamic findings in patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) and suggest that a reduction in prostatic compliance exacerbates the severity of obstruction. Neurourol. Urodynam. 26:234–246, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Changes in medication associated with epilepsy‐related hospitalisation: a case‐crossover study
Authors: Handoko Kim B. , Zwart‐van Rijkom Jeannette E. F. , Hermens Walter A. J. J. , Souverein Patrick C. , Egberts Toine C. G.
Published: October 2006

Aim

To assess the association between changes in medication and epilepsy‐related hospitalisation.

Methods

Data were obtained from the PHARMO Record Linkage System (Jan 1998 to Dec 2002). We conducted a case‐crossover study among patients with a first epilepsy‐related hospital admission who had continuously used at least one antiepileptic drug (AED) during a 28‐week period before admission. For each patient, changes in medication in a 28‐day window before hospitalisation were compared with changes in four earlier 28‐day windows. Evaluated changes were: changes in AEDs (pattern and dosage), changes in interacting co‐medication and changes in non‐interacting co‐medication (i.e. introduction of non‐interacting drugs). The strength of the association between changes in medication and epilepsy‐related hospitalisation was estimated using conditional logistic regression analysis and expressed as odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI).

Results

Out of 1185 patients with a first epilepsy‐related hospitalisation, 217 patients met the inclusion criteria. Of the changes in antiepileptic therapy, discontinuation showed a trend towards an increased risk of hospitalisation (OR: 2.57; 95%CI: 0.81–8.17). Drug interactions influencing antiepileptic therapy rarely occurred. Introduction of three or more non‐interacting drugs was significantly associated with epilepsy‐related hospitalisation (OR: 4.80; 95%CI: 2.12–10.87). Of individual drugs, addition of antimicrobial agents was significantly associated with epilepsy‐related hospitalisation (OR: 1.99; 95%CI: 1.06–3.75).

Conclusions

Changes in AED therapy were not significantly associated with epilepsy‐related hospitalisation and few drug interactions influencing antiepileptic therapy occurred. However, patients starting three or more new non‐AEDs had a nearly five times increased risk of epilepsy‐related hospital admission. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
All‐cause mortality associated with atypical and typical antipsychotics in demented outpatients
Authors: Trifirò Gianluca , Verhamme Katia M. C. , Ziere Gijsbertus , Caputi Achille P. , Ch Stricker Bruno H. , Sturkenboom Miriam C. J. M.
Published: October 2006

Purpose

To estimate the association between use of typical and atypical antipsychotics and all‐cause mortality in a population of demented outpatients.

Methods

The study cohort comprised all demented patients older than 65 years and registered in the Integrated Primary Care Information (IPCI) database, during 1996–2004. First, mortality rates were calculated during use of atypical and typical antipsychotics. Second, we assessed the association between use of atypical and typical antipsychotics and all‐cause mortality through a nested case‐control study in the cohort of demented patients. Each case was matched to all eligible controls at the date of death by age and duration of dementia. Odds ratios were estimated through conditional logistic regression analyses.

Results

The crude mortality rate was 30.1 (95%CI: 18.2–47.1) and 25.2 (21.0–29.8) per 100 person‐years (PY) during use of atypical and typical antipsychotics, respectively. No significant difference in risk of death was observed between current users of atypical and typical antipsychotics (OR = 1.3; 95%CI: 0.7–2.4). Both types of antipsychotics were associated with a significantly increased risk of death as compared to non‐users (OR = 2.2, 1.2–3.9 for atypical antipsychotics; OR=1.7, 1.3–2.2 for typical antipsychotics).

Conclusions

Conventional antipsychotic drug should be included in the FDA's Public Health advisory, which currently warns only of the increased risk of death with the use of atypical antipsychotics in elderly demented persons. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of the complex thermal behavior of poly(L‐lactic acid) film. I. Samples crystallized from the glassy state
Authors: Ling Xiaoyun , Spruiell Joseph E.
Published: October 2006

The melting behavior of poly(L‐lactic acid) film crystallized from the glassy state, either isothermally or nonisothermally, was studied by wide angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD), small angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and temperature‐modulated differential scanning calorimetry (TMDSC). Up to three crystallization and two melting peaks were observed. It was concluded that these effects could largely be accounted for on the basis of a “melt‐recrystallization” mechanism. When molecular weight is low, two melting endotherms are readily observed. But, without TMDSC, the double melting phenomena of high molecular weight PLLA is often masked by an exotherm just prior to the final melting, as metastable crystals undergo melt‐recrystallization during heating in the DSC. The appearance of a double cold‐crystallization peak during the DSC heating scan of amorphous PLLA film is the net effect of cold crystallization and melt‐recrystallization of metastable crystals formed during the initial cold crystallization. Samples cold‐crystallized at 80 and 90 °C did not exhibit a long period, although substantial crystallinity developed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 3200–3214, 2006
Programs in R for computing truncated t distributions
Authors: Nadarajah Saralees , Kotz Samuel
Published: October 2006

Truncated distributions arise naturally in many industrial settings. Owing to the popularity of the normal distribution, programs have been developed for computing quantities of interest of its truncated version such as the truncated mean, truncated variance and the cumulative probability. In this note, we follow up the work for the Student's t distribution because of its recent popularity as a rival to the normal distribution. We provide programs for computing the mean, variance, cumulative probability and two other quantities of interest for any truncated t distribution: whether it is left truncated, right truncated or doubly truncated. The programs are written in R: a freely downloadable statistical software. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Field Reliability Prediction in Consumer Electronics Using Warranty Data
Authors: Ion Roxana A. , Petkova Valia T. , Peeters Bas H. J. , Sander Peter C.
Published: October 2006

In innovative fast product development processes, such as consumer electronics, it is necessary to check as quickly as possible, using field data, whether the product reliability is at the right level. In consumer electronics, some major companies use the Warranty Call Rate (WCR) for this purpose. This paper discusses extensively the theoretical and practical drawbacks of the WCR. Subsequently, it is demonstrated, using a Weibull failure distribution, that only a few months after product launch, say three months, the warranty data offer the opportunity to estimate the parameters of the failure distribution. Of course, this requires that the warranty data are available in the quality department. Unfortunately, for some companies the field feedback information process from the repair centres to the quality department causes a delay of several months. These companies have to speed up their field feedback information process before they can fully take advantage of the proposed estimation procedure. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reliability Analysis of a Novel Pulse Code Modulation Flow Control Valve with Self‐compensating Ability
Authors: Peng Zhang , Jinji Gao
Published: October 2006

In this paper a self‐compensating pulse code modulation compound flow control valve and its self‐compensating algorithm are introduced. After adopting a self‐compensating method, the compound valve can maintain good control quality when one or more turn on/off valves (TOVs) fail by adjusting the activities of unfailed TOVs. A stochastic fault model for the compound valve is established and a Monte Carlo approach is used to calculate its life distribution. The results indicate that there is about 20–50% increase of mean controllable life. This might be of great importance when immediate emergency shutdown is not allowable or too costly, such as in the case of aircraft control and in the control of continuous processes. The extra life can leave a large enough time margin to plan a more graceful shutdown and maintenance. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Three‐Dimensional Quantitative Structure‐Activity Relationships. 2. Conformational Mimicry and Topographical Similarity of Flexible Molecules
Authors: Labanowski Jan , Motoc Ioan , Naylor Cristopher B. , Mayer Dorica , Dammkoehler Richard A.
Published: October 2006

A molecular mechanics program (Maximin) is described with emphasis on its distinctive features. With Maximin, energy can be minimized while maintaining specified geometric relationships within and/or among given sets of atoms. Additionally, two alternative methods for conformational comparisons are supported: a set of flexible molecules can be mapped onto a rigid reference structure, or treating all molecules as flexible entities, one can minimize the conformational variance of the set. The latter method is described here for the first time. Calculations of methotrexate‐dihydrofolate reductase interaction energy, and the analysis of a series of structurally diverse inhibitors of angiotensin converting enzyme are reported. Algorithmic description of the original features of Maximin is also provided.
Electronic Structure and Serotonin Receptor Binding Affinity of 7‐Substituted Tryptamines QSAR of 7‐Substituted Tryptamines
Authors: Gornez‐Jeria Juan S. , Morales‐Lagos Dernian , Cassels Bruce K. , Saavedra‐Aguilar Juan C.
Published: October 2006

A QSAR study was carried out seeking a relationship between the receptor binding affinities and the molecular‐electronic structures of a group of 7‐substituted tryptamines. The results suggest that these molecules interact with the rat stomach fundus serotonergic receptor by charge transfer from the aromatic nucleus and that there are pockets in the receptor which place limits on the sizes of acceptable N‐ and α‐carbon substituents. Also, the charge density available at carbon atom 7 and the size of the C‐7 substituent as estimated by a calculated steric factor seem to make important contributions to an optimal interaction between the IAA and the receptor molecules.
Model approximation using magnitude and phase criteria: implications for model reduction and system identification
Authors: Sandberg Henrik , Lanzon Alexander , Anderson Brian D. O.
Published: October 2006

In this paper, we use convex optimization for model reduction and identification of transfer functions. Two different approximation criteria are studied. When the first criterion is used, magnitude functions are matched, and when the second criterion is used, phase functions are matched. The weighted error bounds have direct interpretation in a Bode diagram, and are suitable to engineers working with frequency‐domain data. We also show that transfer functions that have similar magnitude or phase functions have a small relative H‐infinity error, under certain stability and minimum phase assumptions. The error bounds come from bounds associated with the Hilbert transform operator restricted in its application to rational transfer functions. Furthermore, it is shown how the approximation procedures can be implemented with linear matrix inequalities, and four examples are included to illustrate the results. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determinants of managerial effectiveness
Authors: Foxley Cecelia H.
Published: October 2006

Characteristics of the manager, job functions, and the organizational environment all help determine managerial success in student services.
Organization development, systems analysis, and planned change
Authors: Kurpius Dewayne J.
Published: October 2006

The goals of organization development in higher education are to improve the quality of work life for faculty and staff and to improve the effectiveness of the institution in facilitating student development and learning.
MBO in student personnel: Can it work?
Authors: Berman William F.
Published: October 2006

Some student personnel administrators feel that MBO is a panacea for all their ills; others do not believe it is appropriate for an educational setting.