bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Protein Kinase B/Akt Phosphorylates and Inhibits the Cardiac Na
+/
H
+
Exchanger NHE1
Authors: Snabaitis Andrew K. , Cuello Friederike , Avkiran Metin
Published: October 2008

Sarcolemmal Na
+
/H
+
exchanger (NHE) activity is mediated by NHE isoform 1 (NHE1), which is subject to regulation by protein kinases. Our objectives were to determine whether NHE1 is phosphorylated by protein kinase B (PKB), identify any pertinent phosphorylation site(s), and delineate the functional consequences of such phosphorylation. Active PKBα phosphorylated in vitro a glutathione
S
-transferase (GST)-NHE1 fusion protein comprising amino acids 516 to 815 of the NHE1 carboxyl-terminal regulatory domain. PKBα-mediated phosphorylation of GST-NHE1 fusion proteins containing overlapping segments of this region localized the targeted residues to the carboxyl-terminal 190 amino acids (625 to 815) of NHE1. Mass spectrometry and phosphorylation analysis of mutated (Ser→Ala) GST-NHE1 fusion proteins revealed that PKBα-mediated phosphorylation of NHE1 occurred principally at Ser648. Far-Western assays demonstrated that PKBα-mediated Ser648 phosphorylation abrogated calcium-activated calmodulin (CaM) binding to the regulatory domain of NHE1. In adult rat ventricular myocytes, adenovirus-mediated expression of myristoylated PKBα (myr-PKBα) increased cellular PKB activity, as confirmed by increased glycogen synthase kinase 3β phosphorylation. Heterologously expressed myr-PKBα was present in the sarcolemma, colocalized with NHE1 at the intercalated disc regions, increased NHE1 phosphorylation, and reduced NHE1 activity following intracellular acidosis. Conversely, pharmacological inhibition of endogenous PKB increased NHE1 activity following intracellular acidosis. Our data suggest that NHE1 is a novel PKB substrate and that its PKB-mediated phosphorylation at Ser648 inhibits sarcolemmal NHE activity during intracellular acidosis, most likely by interfering with CaM binding and reducing affinity for intracellular H
+
.
Shp2 Negatively Regulates Growth in Cardiomyocytes by Controlling Focal Adhesion Kinase/Src and mTOR Pathways
Authors: Marin Talita M. , Clemente Carolina F.M.Z. , Santos Aline M. , Picardi Paty K. , Pascoal Vinícius D.B. , Lopes-Cendes Iscia , Saad Mário J.A. , Franchini Kleber G.
Published: October 2008

The aim of this study was to investigate whether Shp2 (Src homology region 2, phosphatase 2) controls focal adhesion kinase (FAK) activity and its trophic actions in cardiomyocytes. We show that low phosphorylation levels of FAK in nonstretched neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVMs) coincided with a relatively high basal association of FAK with Shp2 and Shp2 phosphatase activity. Cyclic stretch (15% above initial length) enhanced FAK phosphorylation at Tyr397 and reduced FAK/Shp2 association and phosphatase activity in anti-Shp2 precipitates. Recombinant Shp2 C-terminal protein tyrosine phosphatase domain (Shp2-PTP) interacted with nonphosphorylated recombinant FAK and dephosphorylated FAK immunoprecipitated from NRVMs. Depletion of Shp2 by specific small interfering RNA increased the phosphorylation of FAK Tyr397, Src Tyr418, AKT Ser473, TSC2 Thr1462, and S6 kinase Thr389 and induced hypertrophy of nonstretched NRVMs. Inhibition of FAK/Src activity by PP2 {4-amino-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-7-(
t
-butyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine} abolished the phosphorylation of AKT, TSC2, and S6 kinase, as well as the hypertrophy of NRVMs induced by Shp2 depletion. Inhibition of mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) with rapamycin blunted the hypertrophy in NRVMs depleted of Shp2. NRVMs treated with PP2 or depleted of FAK by specific small interfering RNA were defective in FAK, Src, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, AKT, TSC2, and S6 kinase phosphorylation, as well as in the hypertrophic response to prolonged stretch. The stretch-induced hypertrophy of NRVMs was also prevented by rapamycin. These findings demonstrate that basal Shp2 tyrosine phosphatase activity controls the size of cardiomyocytes by downregulating a pathway that involves FAK/Src and mTOR signaling pathways.
Branching Morphogenesis
Authors: Horowitz Arie , Simons Michael
Published: October 2008

Tubular structures are a fundamental anatomic theme recurring in a wide range of animal species. In mammals, tubulogenesis underscores the development of several systems and organs, including the vascular system, the lungs, and the kidneys. All tubular systems are hierarchical, branching into segments of gradually diminishing diameter. There are only 2 cell types that form the lumen of tubular systems: either endothelial cells in the vascular system or epithelial cells in all other organs. The most important feature in determining the morphology of the tubular systems is the frequency and geometry of branching. Hence, deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying the sprouting of new branches from preexisting ones is the key to understanding the formation of tubular systems. The morphological similarity between the various tubular systems is underscored by similarities between the signaling pathways which control their branching. A prominent feature common to these pathways is their duality—an agonist counterbalanced by an inhibitor. The formation of the tracheal system in
Drosophila melanogaster
is driven by fibroblast growth factor and inhibited by Sprouty/Notch. In vertebrates, the analogous pathways are fibroblast growth factor and transforming growth factor-β in epithelial tubular systems or vascular endothelial growth factor and Notch in the vascular system.
4Q372 1 and the Continuation of Joseph's Exile
Authors: Thiessen Matthew
Published: October 2008

It has been argued that the fragment 4Q372 1 contains polemic against the Samaritans and their temple cult at Gerizim. While allusions to Samaritans are found in the text, their presence signifies to the restored southern tribes that their restoration is not yet complete. Since the northern tribes, represented by the person of Joseph, remain in foreign lands, the promised deliverance of Deut 32 remains unfulfilled. In contrast to those in the south who might be tempted to conclude, with Ps 78, that God had rejected Joseph, 4Q372 1 suggests that the south's fate is inextricably intertwined with Joseph's fate.
4QMMT and Paradigms of Second Temple Jewish Nomism
Authors: Hogeterp Albert
Published: October 2008

The article reconsiders 4QMMT's perspective on Torah and justification in view of the recent debate about paradigms of covenantal nomism (E. P. Sanders) and of justification and variegated nomism (D. A. Carson, P. T. O'Brien, M. A. Seifrid). The hortatory part, in particular 4QMMT C 23–32, takes into account divine grace through forgiveness and search for the Torah as normative direction. Human works and divine justification are thereby not conflated in MMT's understanding of Torah. e notion of covenant theology reflected in 4QMMT comes closer to that of the Damascus Document than to the more polarized notion of covenant in the Community Rule.
The Throne Visions of Daniel 7, 1 Enoch 14, and the Qumran Book of Giants (4Q530): An Analysis of Their Literary Relationship
Authors: Stokes Ryan
Published: October 2008

In Dan 7:9–10, the apocalyptic seer narrates his vision of God's heavenly throne. According to most scholars, Daniel's vision account depends literarily on the supposedly more primitive visionary traditions found in 1 Enoch 14 and the Book of Giants of the Dead Sea Scrolls. Certain divergences in these traditions, however, reveal that it is in fact 1 Enoch 14 that depends on a vision account much like that found in Dan 7. The Book of Giants and Daniel, on the other hand, both seem to make use of a common tradition, each adapting it in a different way.
The Problem of Characterizing the 4QReworked Pentateuch Manuscripts: Bible, Rewritten Bible, or None of the Above?
Authors: Zahn Molly
Published: October 2008

This article engages the problem of whether the five manuscripts classified as 4QReworked Pentateuch (4Q158, 4Q364–367) should be considered extrabiblical compositions or simply expansive copies of the Pentateuch. Since similar methods of reworking scripture appear in both types of text, focusing on the ways scripture is reworked in the 4QRP manuscripts cannot solve the problem. Other criteria such as the literary voice, scope, and coverage of a work are more promising. The fragmentary state of the texts, however, precludes a definitive solution and requires that multiple possibilities be considered.
Modeling Soybean Rust Spore Escape from Infected Canopies: Model Description and Preliminary Results
Authors: Andrade David , Pan Zaitao , Dannevik William , Zidek Jeremy
Published: October 2008

Asian soybean rust, caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi, an airborne fungal pathogen, is an annual threat to U.S. soybean production. The disease is spread during the growing season by fungal spores that are transported from warm southern locations where they overwinter. Current models of long distance spore transport treat spore sources as constant emitters. However, evidence suggests that the spore escape rate depends on 1) the interaction between spores and turbulence within and above an infected canopy and 2) the filtering capacity of the canopy to trap upward-traveling spores. Accordingly, a theoretically motivated yet computationally simple forecast model for escape rate is proposed using a simple turbulence closure method and a parameterization of the canopy porosity. Preliminary escape-rate forecasts were made using the friction velocity, an estimate of initial spore concentrations inside an infected canopy, and the canopy’s leaf area distribution. Sensitivity tests were conducted to determine which biological and meteorological variables and parameters most impact modeled spore escape rates. The spore escape model was integrated with a large-scale spore transport model that was used to forecast spore deposition over U.S. soybean production regions. Preliminary results suggest that varying meteorological conditions significantly impact escape rates and the spread of the disease.
Sudden Nocturnal Warming Events in Mississippi
Authors: White Loren D.
Published: October 2008

Significant episodes of sudden nocturnal warming have been observed by the Mississippi Mesonet. The probable relation of these nocturnal warming events to surface layer regime transitions between a decoupled quiescent surface layer and a more turbulent, less thermodynamically stable surface layer is discussed within the context of four examples with different temporal signatures. In general, the changes in wind speed and inversion strength are consistent with expectations for such regime changes. However, details of individual events indicate a wider variety of event characteristics than has been documented previously. The cases examined are proposed as prototypes for four different types of warming event, based on the evolution of temperature and dewpoint as well as on whether clear forcing from a mesoscale or synoptic frontal passage can be identified. Using this classification system and a subjective evaluation of event magnitude, the frequency of nocturnal warming events is analyzed for four mesonet stations at varying distance inland over the period of record.
Spontaneous Imbalance and Hybrid Vortex–Gravity Structures
Authors: McIntyre Michael E.
Published: October 2008

After reviewing the background, this article discusses the recently discovered examples of hybrid propagating structures consisting of vortex dipoles and comoving gravity waves undergoing wave capture. It is shown how these examples fall outside the scope of the Lighthill theory of spontaneous imbalance and, concomitantly, outside the scope of shallow-water dynamics. Besides the fact that going from shallow-water to continuous stratification allows disparate vertical scales—small for inertia–gravity waves and large for vortical motion—the key points are 1) that by contrast with cases covered by the Lighthill theory, the wave source feels a substantial radiation reaction when Rossby numbers R ≳ 1, so that the source cannot be prescribed in advance; 2) that examples of this sort may supply exceptions to the general rule that spontaneous imbalance is exponentially small in R; and 3) that unsteady vortical motion in continuous stratification can stay close to balance thanks to three quite separate mechanisms. These are as follows: first, the near-suppression, by the Lighthill mechanism, of large-scale imbalance (inertia–gravity waves of large horizontal scale), where “large” means large relative to a Rossby deformation length LD characterizing the vortical motion; second, the flaccidity, and hence near-steadiness, of LD-wide jets that meander and form loops, Gulf-Stream-like, on streamwise scales ≫ LD; and third, the dissipation of small-scale imbalance by wave capture leading to wave breaking, which is generically probable in an environment of random shear and straining. Shallow-water models include the first two mechanisms but exclude the third.
A Coupled GCM Analysis of MJO Activity at the Onset of El Niño
Authors: Marshall A. G. , Alves O. , Hendon H. H.
Published: October 2008

The ocean dynamics of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) and its interaction with El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) are assessed using a flux-corrected coupled model experiment from the Australian Bureau of Meteorology. The model demonstrates the correct oceanic Kelvin wave response to the MJO-related westerly winds in the western Pacific. Although there may be a role for the MJO in influencing the strength of El Niño, its impact is difficult to separate from that of strong heat content preconditioning of ENSO. Hence, the MJO–ENSO relationship is assessed starting from a background state of low heat content anomalies in the western Pacific that are also characteristic of recent observed El Niño events. The model shows a strong relationship between ENSO and the MJO near the peak of El Niño. At this time, the sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly is largest in the central Pacific, and it is difficult to separate cause and effect. Near the onset of El Niño, however, when Pacific Ocean SST anomalies are near zero, an increase in MJO activity is associated with Kelvin wave activity and stronger subsequent ENSO warming. A significant increase in the number of MJO events, rather than the strength of individual MJO events, leads to stronger eastern Pacific warming; the MJO appears not to be responsible for the occurrence of El Niño itself, but, rather, is important for influencing its development thus. This research supports a role for downwelling oceanic Kelvin waves and subsequent deepening of the thermocline in contributing to eastern Pacific warming during the onset of El Niño.
Observational Evidence of Reemergence in the Extratropical Southern Hemisphere
Authors: Ciasto Laura M. , Thompson David W. J.
Published: October 2008

Observations of subsurface temperatures are used to examine the winter-to-winter “reemergence” of sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the extratropical South Pacific Ocean. Reemergence is the mechanism through which SST anomalies formed in the late winter are sequestered beneath the relatively shallow summer mixed layer and then reentrained into the deepening mixed layer during the following autumn/winter. Although several studies have extensively examined reemergence in the Northern Hemisphere (NH), this is the first study to use observations of subsurface temperatures to document reemergence in the extratropical Southern Hemisphere (SH). The SH subsurface data reveal a pronounced reemergence signal in the western extratropical South Pacific. In this region, surface thermal anomalies formed during late SH winter are observed to persist below the summertime mixed layer and reemerge at the surface during the following early winter months. As such, SST anomalies formed during late winter are strongly correlated with SST anomalies during the following early winter but are not significantly correlated with SST anomalies during the intervening summer months. The results based on subsurface data are robust to small changes in the period of analysis and are qualitatively similar to existing evidence of reemergence in the NH. Analyses of independent SST data reveal that reemergence is widespread in the western extratropical South Pacific basin but is less discernible in SST anomalies over the eastern part of the basin.
Turbulence and Wind Shear in Layers of Large Doppler Spectrum Width in Stratiform Precipitation
Authors: Melnikov Valery M. , Doviak Richard J.
Published: October 2008

Weather radar observations of stratiform precipitation often reveal regions having very large measured Doppler spectrum widths, exceeding 7, and sometimes 10, m s−1. These widths are larger than those typically found in thunderstorms; widths larger than 4 m s−1 are associated with moderate or severe turbulence in thunderstorms. In this work, stratiform precipitation has been found to have layers of widths larger than 4 m s−1 in more than 80% of cases studied, wherein the shear of the wind on scales that are large compared to the dimensions of the radar resolution volume is the dominant contributor to spectrum width. Analyzed data show that if width ≤7 m s−1, and if the layers are not wavy or patchy, these layers have weak turbulence. On the other hand, regions having widths >4 m s−1 in patches or in wavelike structures are likely to have moderate to severe turbulence with the potential to be a hazard to safe flight. To separate the contributions to spectrum width from wind shear and turbulence and to evaluate the errors in turbulence estimates, data have been collected with elevation increments much less than a beamwidth. Despite beamwidth limitations, the small elevation increments reveal impressive structures in the fields. For example, the “cat’s eye” structure associated with Kelvin–Helmholtz waves is clearly exhibited in the fields of spectrum width observed at low-elevation angles, but not in the reflectivity or velocity fields. Reflectivity fields in stratiform precipitation are featureless compared to spectrum width fields.
Unlearned Lessons From Letter From Birmingham Jail
Authors: Fairchild Gregory B. , Robinson Jeffrey A.
Published: October 2008

A major tenet of Martin Luther King, Jr.'s civil rights agenda involved dismantling legal segregation in the United States. King viewed social isolation of the races as a barrier to the American ideals of democracy, freedom, and equality. Despite many advances, racial isolation remains a feature of daily life in America, and the authors report the results of a study that illustrates how it supports and anneals segregation in the workplace. The authors draw from Letter From Birmingham Jail to gain insights into King's notions about segregation, our responsibility to diminish it, and whether the arguments put forth in it have relevance for contemporary business thought leaders.
An Exploratory Analysis of Corporate Social Responsibility and Disclosure
Authors: Dawkins Cedric E. , Fraas John W.
Published: October 2008

Previous studies indicate two possibly asymmetric findings about the relationship between corporate social performance (CSP) and annual report disclosure practices: (a) disclosure practices of companies with favorable CSP emanate from a sense of ethical duty, and (b) there are strategic reasons to link CSP with disclosure practices. To test the relationship between CSP and annual report disclosure, this study divided S&P 500 companies into two groups, defined for low CSP (resulting n = 148) and high CSP (resulting n = 69). For the low CSP group of companies, disclosure was positively related to CSP strengths. For the high CSP group of companies, disclosure was positively related to CSP weaknesses. The authors conclude that low CSP disclosure practices are related to CSP strengths to build or repair reputation, whereas high CSP disclosure practices are associated with CSP weaknesses to protect favorable CSP brand.
Completely Out of Control or the Desire to Be in Complete Control? How Low Self-Control and the Desire for Control Relate to Corporate Offending
Authors: Leeper Piquero Nicole , Schoepfer Andrea , Langton Lynn
Published: October 2008

Whereas Gottfredson and Hirschi’s general theory of crime asserts that individuals with low self-control are more likely to engage in all types of crime as well as analogous acts, some research has recently questioned the generality of the theory, particularly with regard to its explanation of corporate crime. In addition, recent research has shown that another individual characteristic—the desire for control, or the general wish to be in control over everyday life events—may help shed greater light on understanding corporate criminality. Based on data from a factorial survey administered to working adults enrolled in business classes, the relationship between these two concepts was examined, with attention paid to the ability of each to explain corporate crime. Results indicate that neither an attitudinal nor a behavioral measure of low self-control relates to corporate offending but that the desire for control does. Theoretical implications and future directions are discussed.
Social Capital, Social Control, and Changes in Victimization Rates
Authors: Hawdon James , Ryan John
Published: October 2008

A neighborhood-level model of crime that connects the central dimensions of social capital with specific forms of social control is developed. The proposed model is tested using a structural equation model that predicts changes in empirical Bayes log odds of neighborhood victimization rates between 2000 and 2001 in 41 neighborhoods in South Carolina. Results support the integrated model and illustrate the importance of including direct measures of social control in neighborhood models of crime. Although the dimensions of social capital are related to private, parochial, and public controls, the relationships among these concepts are not consistent. Instead, the relationships vary in strength and direction.
Being in Love with God: A Source of Analogies for Theological Understanding
Authors: Doran Robert M.
Published: October 2008

The article seeks a psychological analogy for the divine processions that is found within the order of grace itself. Hints from Lonergan's later writings are developed to yield an analogy that begins with the dynamic state of being in love with God. The analogy is compared with earlier variants of the psychological analogy, and suggestions are made as to how it can be developed. St Ignatius's times of election are appealed to in order to show how the earlier analogies are compatible with the one being suggested here.
What Theology Can Learn from a Philosophy Daring to Speak the Unspeakable
Authors: O'Regan Cyril
Published: October 2008

The central aim of this article is to recommend to the attention of theologians William Desmond's most recent and most explicitly religious text, God and the Between. Desmond is, arguably, Ireland's most distinctive as well as distinguished philosophical voice, and has produced a prodigious body of work in philosophy in recent years. Continental in overall orientation, at once phenomenological and metaphysical, the crown of Desmond's philosophical achievement is the trilogy on the `Between.' God and the Between is the final volume of the series. One can think of Desmond's trilogy as being from the outset `God haunted.' This volume brings the concern to the fore and argues that the world of experience opens out to a transcendence that cannot be contained by any totality no matter how richly articulated. The incredibly rich positive articulation is contextualized, however, by Desmond's reflection that the removal of `God' from modern philosophical discourse has nihilistic consequences. Desmond's philosophical elaboration, which goes beyond Kant and Heidegger as well as Hegel and Nietzsche, presents a God that is neither an inference nor a theme. And yet for all that, this God is not a surd or the exhaustion of our speech: He is signified, but never adequately, in language that understands itself as metaphor and hyperbole. This is a rich philosophy, totally conversant with the philosophical tradition, but also with specifically Christian appropriations of this tradition. Without ever compromising the integrity of philosophical discourse, Desmond shows that the boundaries between philosophy and religion are fluid, thereby indicating the aptness of a fluency in the discourses of theology and philosophy which have the common signified that cannot be rendered adequately. Desmond's work displays a philosophy not only with which theology can do business, but also theologians of all stripes, Rahnerians as well as Balthasarians.
The Intentionality of Christian Dialogue
Authors: Kelly Anthony J.
Published: October 2008

The term `dialogue' is increasingly and often unreflectively used in interreligious contexts. This article aims to explore the quality of consciousness or `intentionality' involved, first from a Christian point of view, and then in connection with the religious `other.' These reflections aim thereby to contribute an often missing element to the theology of dialogue, and so to elaborate it more effectively as an activity of faith, hope, and love. Accordingly, after presenting a brief phenomenology of dialogue, we move to the Christian context and then to its anthropological foundation in self-transcendence.
John Macquarrie's Post-Enlightenment Christology
Authors: Coll Niall
Published: October 2008

John Macquarrie's Christology is written in particular for those whose religious consciousness has been marked by the scepticism that has been such a characteristic of post-Enlightenment thought. He believes that the task of Christology is to make sense of Christ within the constraining framework of modern thought. Following Schleiermacher, he insists that Jesus differs in degree not kind from other human beings. Christ's personal pre-existence is to be set aside since it serves to undermine the full humanity of Christ, and his post-existence must be reduced in its scope and meaning. In line with the controversial thesis of J. D. G. Dunn, those passages in Paul normally associated with pre-existence are reinterpreted by Macquarrie as examples of `Adam Christology.' This article touches on the chorus of criticism that Dunn's theory has generated and wonders why Macquarrie has not paid more attention to it. It argues that the post-Enlightenment framework favoured by Macquarrie is too narrow for a complete Christology to emerge.
The Doctrine of Election in Evangelical Calvinism: T. F. Torrance as a Case Study
Authors: Habets Myk
Published: October 2008

Representing what may be termed `evangelical Calvinism,' Thomas Forsyth Torrance's doctrine of election is, with critical modifications, recommended as a model worthy of contemporary acceptance. Torrance follows Barth's christologically conditioned doctrine of election closely, but not slavishly, and presents a view of universal atonement and even universal pardon, but not universal salvation. Torrance contends that the word `predestination' emphasizes the sovereign freedom of grace and so the `pre-' in predestination refers neither to a temporal nor to a logical prius, but simply to God Himself, the Eternal. For God, election is not an event of the past but rather an action internal to God (a se). Because Christ is the ground of election, and Christ came in space—time, election took on a temporal component. Election derives from the Divine initiative of grace and Torrance is highly critical of Arminian theology at this point, accusing it of being semi-Pelagian; he is equally critical of Roman Catholicism which, according to Torrance, is also semi-Pelagian if not Pelagian outright.
The Rejection of Israel's First King
Authors: Nolan Caroline
Published: October 2008

The rejection of King Saul seems somewhat unjust. After exterminating the Amalekite enemies and capturing their King, Agag, Saul is demoted from being King of Israel. A study of the background to the battle, the battle itself, and the aftermath of it, in the textual unit 1 Sam 15:1—9, with particular reference to the literary-critical problem in 1 Sam 15:8—9, can provide the key to understanding why Saul was rejected.
Research on Organizational Configurations: Past Accomplishments and Future Challenges
Authors: Short Jeremy C. , Payne G. Tyge , Ketchen David J.
Published: October 2008

Organizational configurations are sets of firms that are similar in terms of important characteristics. This article is intended to help close three gaps in the literature on organizational configurations. First, the authors propose clear definitions that may facilitate progress in the literature. Second, they provide the first major review since 1993 of accomplishments and struggles within organizational configurations research. Third, they describe how the configurational approach to organizations can make greater contributions within its traditional domains of organization theory and strategic management and can be extended to inform areas such as human resource management, organizational behavior, ethics, entrepreneurship, and international business.
Reliability of Surgical Skills Scores in Otolaryngology Residents
Authors: Fernandez Soledad A. , Wiet Gregory J. , Butler Nancy N. , Welling Bradley , Jarjoura David
Published: October 2008

Assessments of temporal bone dissection performance among otolaryngology residents have not been adequately developed. At the Ohio State College of Medicine, an instrument (Welling Scale, Version 1 [WS1]) is used to evaluate residents' end-product performance after drilling a temporal bone. In this study, the authors evaluate the components that contribute to measurement error using this scale. Generalizability theory was used to reveal components of measurement error that allow for better understanding of test results. A major component of measurement error came from inconsistency in performance across the two cadaveric test bones each resident was assigned. In contrast, ratings of performance using the WS1 were highly consistent across raters and rating sessions within raters. The largest source of measurement error was caused by residents' inconsistent performance across bones. Rater disagreement introduced only small error into scores. The WS1 provides small measurement error, with two raters and two bones for each participant.
The Effect of Personal Relevance on Learning Stroke Symptoms/Response
Authors: McDonald Deborah , Monaco Alysia , Ruomei Guo  , Fiano Jenelle , Matney Laurie , Turner Gail , Jubinville Nancy , Chilicki Carmenrosa , Davino Tammy , Eaton Cheryl , Macgillis Rachel , Ouellette Peter , Lazar Joan , Rose Heidi , Taboada Susan
Published: October 2008

The aim of this study was to test the effect of increasing the personal relevance of stroke symptom information on learning stroke symptoms/emergency response. A randomized pretest—posttest double-blind study design was used. A total of 173 community-dwelling adults participated. Treatment participants read the personally relevant statement, “Learn about stroke to save someone you love,” completed the Stroke Action Test pretest, read the National Institute of Neurological Disorder and Stroke pamphlet titled Know Stroke. Know the Signs. Act in Time, and responded to the Stroke Action Test posttest. The control condition differed only in the omission of the personally relevant statement. The treatment group learned significantly more than the control group, F(1, 170) = 7.46, p < .007, η2 = .02. The mean items learned by the treatment group was 8.3 ( SD = 5.67) compared to the control group mean of 6.2 ( SD = 5.76). Prefacing stroke prevention information with the statement, “Learn about stroke to save someone you love,” could result in greater learning of stroke symptoms/response.
Differential Suture Loading in an Experimental Rotator Cuff Repair
Authors: Howe Christopher , Huber Philippe , Wolf Fredric M. , Matsen Frederick
Published: October 2008

Background

Repairs of large rotator cuff tears often fail to heal. A possible factor in these failures is excessive tension in the repair sutures, causing them to pull through the tendon.

Hypothesis

Arm positions encountered during early rehabilitation after cuff repair can dramatically increase the relative tension in the different sutures of the cuff repair.

Study Design

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods

In a cadaver model, a 4-suture supraspinatus repair was carried out with transosseous sutures. After the repair, the arm was placed in 12 different positions. The tension in each suture was monitored using individual load cells.

Results

When the arm was externally rotated relative to the plane of the scapula, the tension in the anterior suture was over 10 times that in the posterior suture (P <. 001). When the arm was internally rotated, the tension in the posterior suture was over 10 times that in the anterior suture (P <. 0005). When the arm was in neutral rotation, there was no significant difference in the suture tension.

Conclusions

This study is the first report of direct suture tension measurement after a model rotator cuff repair. In this model, 30° of either internal or external rotation of the arm in relation to the plane of the scapula created substantial imbalances in the tension between the most anterior and most posterior sutures of a supraspinatus repair, regardless of the position of abduction.

Clinical Relevance

Avoiding external rotation stretching during the healing of supraspinatus repairs may prevent tension overload in the critical anterior suture.
Multiligamentous Injuries of the Knee and Associated Vascular Injuries
Authors: McDonough E. Barry , Wojtys Edward M.
Published: October 2008

Background

Recently published studies have raised the question of whether arteriography is warranted in the evaluation of multiligamentous injuries of the knee.

Purpose

The objective is to report the frequency of associated vascular injuries in the multiligament-injured knee and examine the role arteriography plays in the treatment protocol.

Study Design

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was performed on 71 patients over a 12-year period who had a diagnosis of multiligamentous injury of the knee with a tibial-femoral dislocation documented based on physical examination and magnetic resonance imaging findings.

Results

Of 72 knee injuries involving multiple ligaments, 12 vascular injuries were identified. Four knees were found to have a vascular injury at initial presentation based on abnormal physical examination and confirmed with arteriography. Eight patients with a vascular injury had normal pulses. Routine arteriography discovered an intimal injury of the popliteal artery in 5 of these patients. Arteriography in the remaining 3 patients was interpreted as normal.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that physical examination alone is not sufficient in detecting the majority of vascular injuries after a suspected knee dislocation.
Drug and Alcohol Use Among Homeless Older Adults
Authors: Dietz Tracy L.
Published: October 2008

Using data from the National Survey of Homeless Assistance Providers and Clients (NSHAPC), predictors of current alcohol and drug misuse problems among homeless, previously homeless, and marginally housed older adults are identified. Childhood sexual assault, victimization, and neglect, being male, being younger, being homeless or previously homeless, being a minority, and having income below US$499 per month increased the odds of reporting a drug problem. Being male, being younger, being homeless, having mental illness increased the odds of reporting an alcohol problem. Reporting any type of substance use problem increased the odds of reporting the other.
The Pragmatic Tradition in Planning Thought
Authors: Healey Patsy
Published: October 2008

This article reviews the influence of U.S. pragmatist philosophy on the development of theories about the nature, purpose, and method of planning. It outlines the key contributions of the pragmatist and “neo-pragmatist” philosophers and identifies the influence of pragmatism on early concepts of planning as a rational process; on the perspectives of Friedmann, Lindblom, and Schon; on the development of Forester's “critical pragmatism”; and on other planning theory contributions in the 1980s and 1990s. The article concludes by identifying the importance of pragmatist ideas in emphasizing the dimensions of planning as a practically situated, social learning activity, which should draw on the full range of human capacities and promote the ability for critical, transformative systemic framing work in the public sphere.
COMMUNEcating in the Spaces In-Between
Authors: Nelson-Marsh Natalie , Broadfoot Kirsten J. , Munshi Debashish
Published: October 2008

This essay describes the authors' efforts to engage disciplinary calls for greater diversity through the construction of an international online community and conference, COMMUNEcation. They describe the commitments and goals of the community and conference, the construction of the COMMUNEcating space, and their encounters with disciplinary, geographically, and linguistically diverse scholars in their mutual exploration of global and organizing practices in their local contexts. The conference contributions and conversations prompted the authors to ask three salient questions around scholarly understandings of the Other and Othering practices of organizing and communicating across the globe—Where is the Other? Who is the Other? and What is the Other? The second half of the essay discusses these questions in detail and concludes with the authors' reflections on creating “spaces inbetween” through technology and an introduction to the multiauthored collaborative essay and conference product from the Scholars of the COMMUNEcation Network that follows.
Collaborative Relationships Between Vocational Rehabilitation and Other One-Stop Partners
Authors: Timmons Jaimie , Boeltzig Heike , Cohen Hall Allison , Hamner Doris , Fesko Sheila
Published: October 2008

The Workforce Investment Act (WIA) brought together federal job training and employment programs to create one comprehensive service system. Among WIA’s core tenets are streamlined services to be developed, designed, and implemented by a variety of mandated and nonmandated partners. The public Vocational Rehabilitation (VR) agency is a mandated partner, and the only one that focuses on disability. Although the intention of WIA was mutual benefit and interaction, the exact nature of the VR partnership with the One-Stop varies. Using a longitudinal research design and case study method, collaborative relationships between other partners in the One-Stop and VR in six U.S. locations was explored. The findings uncovered four models of collaboration: full-time colocation of a few VR staff members, colocation in the same building complex, itinerant staffing, and limited itinerant staffing. There were a number of barriers to collaboration and strategies used in and among the various models to facilitate involvement of VR.
Word Choices of Advanced Cancer Patients: Frequency of Nociceptive and Neuropathic Pain
Authors: Dobratz Marjorie C.
Published: October 2008

The purpose of this study was to determine if nociceptive and/or neuropathic pain in advanced cancer patients could be identified by word selections made on the McGill Melzack Pain Questionnaire. Theoretical definitions for nociceptive and neuropathic pain provided a framework for categorizing the word descriptors in the McGill Melzack Pain Questionnaire's sensory and miscellaneous dimensions. A description study design was used to group word frequencies by primary site and pain type. The participants were 76 advanced cancer patients who received home-based hospice services. A wide range of word choices for lung cancer patients supported both nociceptive and neuropathic pain. Individuals with colon and liver cancer selected words that described 2 types of nociceptive (visceral, somatic) pain, while those with prostate cancer noted somatic pain. A set frequency was not reached by individuals with breast, pancreatic, gastric, and other advanced cancers. This study provided evidence that advanced cancer patients select words that describe nociceptive and neuropathic pain types.
Assessing Advance Directives in the Homebound Elderly
Authors: Golden Adam G. , Corvea Martha H. , Dang Stuti , Llorente Maria , Silverman Michael A.
Published: October 2008

We studied the prevalence of specific barriers that prevent indigent homebound older adults from obtaining advance directives and tested the effectiveness of clinical reminders for lowering the number of clients without advance directives. Case managers interviewed 1569 clients to determine whether they had an advance directive. All 530 clients without advance directives were contacted 3 months later to determine if advance directives had been obtained. Clients who still did not have advance directives were asked to list 1 or more reasons they did not have advance directives. About 57.8% of the barriers identified may reflect reluctance on the part of clients to address their own mortality. Reminders by the case managers were ineffective at lowering the number of homebound older adults without advance directives. Further studies are needed to identify and design strategies for convincing this population of homebound elderly to establish advance directives.
Pilot Testing of a Question Prompt Sheet to Encourage Family Caregivers of Cancer Patients and Physicians to Discuss End-of-life Issues
Authors: Hebert R.S. , Schulz R. , Copeland V.C. , Arnold R.M.
Published: October 2008

Family members of patients with advanced illness have many questions. Unfortunately, several barriers prevent caregivers from discussing their questions with the physicians caring for the patient. Although question prompt sheets can be helpful in overcoming barriers to communication, few have been developed for family caregivers. The goal of this study, therefore, was to develop and test the acceptability and feasibility of a short question prompt sheet designed to encourage discussions about end-of-life concerns in an outpatient palliative care clinic. Our results demonstrated that caregivers wanted to discuss a variety of questions, primarily questions about medications, symptoms, support services, and what to expect. All caregivers thought that the question prompt sheets was easy to understand and felt comfortable completing it in clinic and the majority reported that the question prompt sheets made it easier for them to ask questions.
A Hybrid Methodology for Freeway Work-Zone Optimization With Time Constraints
Authors: Ning Yang  , Schonfeld Paul , Min Wook Kang
Published: October 2008

To reduce the negative impacts of highway maintenance on traffic, lane-closure schedules, work-zone configurations, and traffic-control strategies should be carefully planned. In this article, optimization techniques are applied to determine the appropriate work-zone plans which can minimize the total costs including agency costs, road-user delay costs and accident costs, subject to working time constraints. A heuristic optimization algorithm, named two-stage modified simulated annealing (2SA), is developed to search for an optimized solution with a hybrid objective function evaluation approach (H2SA). After the decision variables are preoptimized analytically in the first stage, refined optimization is performed based on microscopic simulation models in the second stage. The results of a numerical experiment demonstrate that the H2SA can yield satisfactory solutions, which are close to the best optimization solutions based on simulation (S2SA) but obtained with much less computation time.
New Faces and New Masks of Today's Consumer
Authors: Gabriel Yiannis , Lang Tim
Published: October 2008

In 1995, we proposed that consumption and contemporary consumerism could not be studied or understood separately from the world of work and production. We proposed that contemporary consumerism was built on the back of what we referred to as `the Fordist Deal'. This deal, pioneered by Henry Ford for his employees, was the promise of ever increasing standards of living in exchange for a quiescent labour force accepting alienating work. Since that deal was struck, consumerism came to signify a general pre-occupation with consumption standards and choice as well as a willingness to read meanings in material commodities and to equate happiness and success with material possessions. In this sense, Ford may be seen as the father both of mass production and mass consumption. Since the Fordist high noon of consumerism in the West, mass consumption is widely seen as having fragmented into a proliferation of highly individualized niche products. For its part, a considerable part of mass production has migrated to countries with lower wages and looser environmental and social controls, fueling their own variants of consumerism. In this article, we examine the gradual erosion of the Fordist Deal in the light of developments in the last 10 years or so, seeking to assess the future of consumerism at a global level. We also seek to identify and discuss some emerging conceptualizations of the consumer, some of the new faces and masks assumed by the archetypal character of our types. We analyse some of the tensions and contradictions lurking behind these conceptualizations and try to envisage some of the real choices facing consumers today and some of the processes of social change that hinge on the outcomes of these choices. The article identifies a fundamental paradox between the ubiquity of the consumer in contemporary discourses and the virtual impossibility of generalizing about consumers. We suggest, then, that the consumer may be viewed as one of those `essentially contested concepts' proposed by Gallie that defy domestication. The consumer, we argue, is unmanageable, both as a concept, since no-one can pin it down to one specific conceptualization at the expense of all others, and as an entity, since attempts to control and manage the consumer lead to the consumer mutating from one impersonation to another. It is precisely this paradox that we seek to capture in our article's title. The article concludes with a consideration of three basic challenges that are liable to lead to fundamental reorientation of consumption and production, as well as of our conceptualizations and theorizing about them. These challenges are the outcomes of environmental, demographic and social factors that, we argue, make the current situation unsustainable and will bring about its dissolution.
The Customer is Always Right?
Authors: Bishop Victoria , Hoel Helge
Published: October 2008

Drawing on in-depth qualitative data from the British Public Employment Service (ES), this article sets out to examine the concept of customer bullying, an aspect largely overlooked within the literature. Highlighting the subjective, socially constructed nature of bullying, this article found that certain customer behaviours that were consistent with definitions of workplace bullying were not labelled as such by the ES frontline staff, but instead were seen as `part of the job'.
Creating Something
Authors: Cutcher Leane
Published: October 2008

This article explores the way in which an Australian regional bank has been able to draw on nostalgia for a `golden era' of banking to expand its branch network. The bank's strategy centres on providing local friendly service delivered by civic-minded small-business people through a franchised community bank model. The article aims to contribute to our understanding of emotions in organizations by highlighting the ways in which nostalgia can be used positively to create connections between customer service and human resource strategies. These connections are made possible through a discourse of community that appeals to a desire for genuine social relationships, personal authenticity, moral certainty and a sense of belonging. That is, for a return to `something'.