bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A NEW DESCRIPTION OF MOTION OF THE FERMIONIC SO(2N+2) TOP IN THE CLASSICAL LIMIT UNDER THE QUASI-ANTICOMMUTATION RELATION APPROXIMATION
Authors: NISHIYAMA SEIYA , DA PROVIDÊNCIA JOÃO , PROVIDÊNCIA CONSTANÇA
Published: April 2012

-1 The boson images of fermion SO(2N+1) Lie operators have been given together with those of SO(2N+2) ones. The SO(2N+1) Lie operators are generators of rotation in the (2N+1)-dimensional Euclidean space (N: number of single-particle states of the fermions). The images of fermion annihilation–creation operators must satisfy the canonical anticommutation relations, when they operate on a spinor subspace. In the regular representation space we use a boson Hamiltonian with Lagrange multipliers to select out the spinor subspace. Based on these facts, a new description of a fermionic SO(2N+2) top is proposed. From the Heisenberg equations of motions for the boson operators, we get the SO(2N+1) self-consistent field (SCF) Hartree–Bogoliubov (HB) equation for the classical stationary motion of the fermion top. Decomposing an SO(2N+1) matrix into matrices describing paired and unpaired modes of fermions, we obtain a new form of the SO(2N+1) SCF equation with respect to the paired-mode amplitudes. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the new description based on the bosonization theory, the extended HB eigenvalue equation is applied to a superconducting toy-model which consists of a particle–hole plus BCS-type interaction. It is solved to reach an interesting and exciting solution which is not found in the traditional HB eigenvalue equation due to the unpaired-made effects. To complete the new description, the Lagrange multipliers must be determined in the classical limit. For this aim a quasi-anticommutation relation approximation is proposed. Only if a certain relation between an SO(2N+1) parameter z and the N is satisfied, unknown parameters K and l in the Lagrange multipliers can be determined without any inconsistency.
QUADRATIC ELECTRO-OPTIC EFFECTS INZnS/CdSe/ZnSCYLINDRICAL NANOSHELLS
Authors: BAHARI A. , MOGHADAM Z. SOLTANI
Published: April 2012

The third-order nonlinearity susceptibility is obtained as a function of wavelength for ZnS / CdSe / ZnS structure. Numerical calculations show that the nonlinear susceptibility of this structure depends on parameters such as structure size, relaxation time and pump photon energy. The intensity and position of third-order nonlinear susceptibility peaks depend on shell thicknesses; smaller thicknesses have peak susceptibility at shorter wavelength.
PROFINITE COMPLETION OF GRIGORCHUK'S GROUP IS NOT FINITELY PRESENTED
Authors: BENLI MUSTAFA GÖKHAN
Published: April 2012

In this paper we prove that the profinite completion [Formula: see text] of the Grigorchuk group [Formula: see text] is not finitely presented as a profinite group. We obtain this result by showing that [Formula: see text] is infinite dimensional. Also several results are proven about the finite quotients [Formula: see text] including minimal presentations and Schur Multipliers.
OPTIMUM HORIZONTAL SUPPORT FOR SUPPRESSION OF VIBRATION OF A STANDING PLATE WITH SIMPLY SUPPORTED SIDES
Authors: YU L. H. , WANG C. Y.
Published: April 2012

A rectangular standing plate under self-weight has simply supported vertical sides and strengthened by a horizontal internal line support. The difficult two-point boundary value problem is turned into two deterministic initial value problems. Four kinds of horizontal edge conditions are considered. It is found that the support raises the fundamental frequency unevenly. The optimum location to place the support for vibration suppression is determined.
A NUMERICAL STUDY OF DAMAGE DETECTION OF UNDERWATER PIPELINE USING VIBRATION-BASED METHOD
Authors: PENG XUE-LIN , HAO HONG
Published: April 2012

This paper presents a numerical investigation of the feasibility of condition monitoring of untrenched pipelines at seabed through ambient vibration measurements. A finite element (FE) model is developed to calculate the dynamic responses of pipelines to ambient wave forces. The model takes into consideration the interaction between the ocean waves, submarine pipeline, and seabed. The fluid around the pipeline is simulated using the acoustic fluid elements, while soil is simulated by springs and dashpots. The ambient hydrodynamic force in the marine environment is simulated based on the Joint North Sea Wave Observation Project (JONSWAP) spectrum. The transfer function from the wave surface elevation to the wave force is used to get the wave force spectrum. The dynamic responses of the pipe structure with different assumed damage conditions to the ambient wave forces are calculated. The calculated dynamic responses are assumed as measured ambient vibration data in condition monitoring to extract the pipeline vibration properties, which in turn are used in the FE model updating calculation to identify the pipeline conditions. Different noise levels are introduced into the calculated dynamic responses to simulate uncertainties that may arise from measurement and ambient hydrodynamic environment. The effect of noise levels on the extraction of pipeline vibration properties, and on the identification of the pipeline conditions is investigated.
SUBSPACE METHOD FOR ANALYZING LARGE-SCALE NONLINEAR STOCHASTIC DYNAMIC SYSTEMS WITH POLYNOMIAL TYPE OF NONLINEARITES
Authors: ER G. K. , IU V. P.
Published: April 2012

In this paper, the probabilistic solutions of the multi-degree-of-freedom (MDOF) or large-scale stochastic dynamic systems with polynomial type of nonlinearity and excited by Gaussian white noise excitations are obtained and investigated with the subspace method proposed recently by the authors. The space of the state variables of large-scale nonlinear stochastic dynamic (NSD) system excited by white noises is separated into two subspaces. Both sides of the Fokker–Planck–Kolmogorov (FPK) equation corresponding to the NSD system is then integrated over one of the subspaces. The FPK equation for the joint probability density function of the state variables in another subspace is formulated. Therefore, the FPK equation in low dimensions is obtained from the original FPK equation in high dimensions and it makes the problem of obtaining the probabilistic solutions of large-scale NSD systems solvable with the exponential polynomial closure (EPC) method. A simple flexural beam on nonlinear elastic springs is analyzed with the subspace method to show the effectiveness of the subspace-EPC method in this case.
FINITE ELEMENT IMPLEMENTATION OF A SUPER-ELASTIC CONSTITUTIVE MODEL FOR TRANSFORMATION RATCHETTING OF NiTi ALLOY
Authors: KAN Q. H. , KANG G. Z. , GUO S. J.
Published: April 2012

In the previous work, a new constitutive model describing the transformation ratchetting of super-elastic NiTi alloy was proposed. The finite element implementation of the proposed model is discussed in this work, because such implementation is necessary to launch a numerical analysis for the cyclic stress–strain responses of NiTi alloy devices including the transformation ratchetting. During the implementation, a new stress integration algorithm is adopted, and a new expression of the consistent tangent modulus is derived for the forward transformation and the reverse transformation. The finite element implementation is elaborated by the user subroutine of UMAT in ABAQUS based on backward Euler method. The accumulated error during cyclic transformation is controlled by a robust convergence criterion. Finally, the validity of such implementation is verified by several numerical examples.
GRANULE HYDRODYNAMICS METHOD: A DISCRETE ELEMENT METHOD ON FLUID MOTIONS
Authors: YAN MIN , YIN JIANYE , SUN BAOPING , MA XIAO
Published: April 2012

A granule hydrodynamics method is proposed in studying complex dynamic behavior of wind-blown movement system. Fluid in the wind-blown movement system is discretized into elastic fluid granules in a certain scale of time and space. It is considered that fluid motion is caused by fluid granules collision and fluid density difference (or pressure difference). Based on the essential properties of fluid, the constitutive relations of fluid granules are well established in the proposed granule hydrodynamics method, fluid state equation, and fluid sound velocity derivative state equation are adopted to study motion law of fluid or fluid–solid coupling, rather than the Navier–Stokes equation in traditional fluid mechanics. Results on classical shear flow in a cavity based on the proposed granule hydrodynamics method agree well with those based on finite difference method and smoothed particle hydrodynamics method, which verifies the validity and feasibility of the granule hydrodynamics method. Two more numerical examples of solid–fluid coupling of a multiple moving solid system are also provided, which proves the feasibility, convenience, and uniqueness of the proposed method.
The Role of Macrolides in Childhood Non-Cystic Fibrosis-Related Bronchiectasis
Authors: Masekela R. , Green R. J.
Published: April 2012

Non-cystic fibrosis-related bronchiectasis is a chronic inflammatory lung disease, which is regarded as an “orphan” lung disease, with little research devoted to the study of this condition. Bronchiectasis results in impaired quality of life and mortality if left untreated. The tools available in the armamentarium for the management of bronchiectasis entail antibiotic therapy traditionally used to treat exacerbations, stratagems to improve mucociliary clearance, and avoidance of toxins. Macrolides have been known for the last two decades to have not only anti-bacterial effects but immunomodulatory properties as well. In cystic fibrosis, the use of macrolides is well documented in subjects colonized withPseudomonas aeruginosa, to improve quality of life and lung function. There is currently emerging evidence to suggest the benefit of macrolides in subjects not colonized withPseudomonas aeruginosa. This beneficial effect has been less explored in the context of bronchiectasis from other causes. The purpose of this paper is to review the current literature on the use of macrolides in non-cystic fibrosis related bronchiectasis in paediatrics.
Synthesis of Core-Shell @@ Microspheres and Their Application as Recyclable Photocatalysts
Authors: Wang Zhenghua , Shen Ling , Zhu Shiyu
Published: April 2012

We report the fabrication of core-shell Fe3O4@SiO2@TiO2microspheres through a wet-chemical approach. The Fe3O4@SiO2@TiO2microspheres possess both ferromagnetic and photocatalytic properties. The TiO2nanoparticles on the surfaces of microspheres can degrade organic dyes under the illumination of UV light. Furthermore, the microspheres are easily separated from the solution after the photocatalytic process due to the ferromagnetic Fe3O4core. The photocatalysts can be recycled for further use with slightly lower photocatalytic efficiency.
Trichilemmal Cyst of the Eyelid: Masquerading as Recurrent Chalazion
Authors: Meena Manju , Mittal Ruchi , Saha Debarati
Published: April 2012

A 52-years-old female presented with a history of a painless, progressive swelling in the left lower eyelid of one-year duration. The lesion was excised twice as a chalazion and recurred. Excisional biopsy of the mass was performed and histopathological findings were consistent with those of trichilemmal cyst. We report a rare case of trichilemmal cyst of the eyelid which was masquerading as chalazion for which the patient had undergone multiple surgeries. Wide excision was done and diagnosis was confirmed on histopathology. There was no recurrence seen till 2 months of postoperative period. Trichilemmal cyst, although rare, should be considered as differential diagnosis of recurrent chalazion.
Neurofilament Phosphorylation during Development and Disease: Which Came First, the Phosphorylation or the Accumulation?
Authors: Dale Jeffrey M. , Garcia Michael L.
Published: April 2012

Posttranslational modification of proteins is a ubiquitous cellular mechanism for regulating protein function. Some of the most heavily modified neuronal proteins are cytoskeletal proteins of long myelinated axons referred to as neurofilaments (NFs). NFs are type IV intermediate filaments (IFs) that can be composed of four subunits, neurofilament heavy (NF-H), neurofilament medium (NF-M), neurofilament light (NF-L), andα-internexin. Within wild type axons, NFs are responsible for mediating radial growth, a process that determines axonal diameter. NFs are phosphorylated on highly conserved lysine-serine-proline (KSP) repeats located along the C-termini of both NF-M and NF-H within myelinated axonal regions. Phosphorylation is thought to regulate aspects of NF transport and function. However, a key pathological hallmark of several neurodegenerative diseases is ectopic accumulation and phosphorylation of NFs. The goal of this review is to provide an overview of the posttranslational modifications that occur in both normal and diseased axons. We review evidence that challenges the role of KSP phosphorylation as essential for radial growth and suggests an alternative role for NF phosphorylation in myelinated axons. Furthermore, we demonstrate that regulation of NF phosphorylation dynamics may be essential to avoiding NF accumulations.
Function Projective Synchronization of a Class of Chaotic Systems with Uncertain Parameters
Authors: Guan Junbiao
Published: April 2012

This paper investigates the function projective synchronization of a class of chaotic systems with uncertain parameters. Based on Lyapunov stability theory, the nonlinear adaptive control law and the parameter update law are derived to make the state of two chaotic systems function projective synchronized. Numerical simulations are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed adaptive scheme.
Approaches to Understanding and Addressing Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Scoping Review
Authors: Jenkins Emily , Goldner Elliot M.
Published: April 2012

Treatment-resistant depression is associated with significant disability and, due to its high prevalence, results in substantive economic and societal burden at a population level. The objective of this study is to synthesize extant literature on approaches currently being applied to understand and address this condition. It is hoped that the findings can be used to inform practitioners and guide future research. A scoping review of the scientific literature was conducted with findings categorized and charted by underlying research paradigm. Currently, the vast majority of research stems from a biological paradigm (81%). Research on treatment-resistant depression would benefit from a broadened field of study. Given that multiple etiological mechanisms likely contribute to treatment-resistant depression and current efforts at prevention and treatment have substantial room for improvement, an expanded research agenda could more effectively address this significant public health issue.
Persistent Sepsis-Induced Hypotension without Hyperlactatemia: A Distinct Clinical and Physiological Profile within the Spectrum of Septic Shock
Authors: Hernandez Glenn , Bruhn Alejandro , Castro Ricardo , Pedreros Cesar , Rovegno Maximiliano , Kattan Eduardo , Veas Enrique , Fuentealba Andrea , Regueira Tomas , Ruiz Carolina , Ince Can
Published: April 2012

Introduction. A subgroup of septic shock patients will never develop hyperlactatemia despite being subjected to a massive circulatory stress. Maintenance of normal lactate levels during septic shock is of great clinical and physiological interest. Our aim was to describe the clinical, hemodynamic, perfusion, and microcirculatory profiles associated to the absence of hyperlactatemia during septic shock resuscitation.Methods. We conducted an observational study in septic shock patients undergoing resuscitation. Serial clinical, hemodynamic, and perfusion parameters were registered. A single sublingual microcirculatory assessment was performed in a subgroup. Patients evolving with versus without hyperlactatemia were compared.Results. 124 septic shock patients were included. Patients without hyperlactatemia exhibited lower severity scores and mortality. They also presented higher platelet counts and required less intensive treatment. Microcirculation was assessed in 45 patients. Patients without hyperlactatemia presented higher PPV and MFI values. Lactate was correlated to several microcirculatory parameters. No difference in systemic flow parameters was observed.Conclusion. Persistent sepsis-induced hypotension without hyperlactatemia is associated with less organ dysfunctions and a very low mortality risk. Patients without hyperlactatemia exhibit less coagulation and microcirculatory derangements despite comparable macrohemodynamics. Our study supports the notion that persistent sepsis-induced hypotension without hyperlactatemia exhibits a distinctive clinical and physiological profile.
Synthesis and Characterization of Pb(Zr, Ti)O-Pb(Nb, Zn)O Thin Film Cantilevers for Energy Harvesting Applications
Authors: Fuentes-Fernandez E. M. A. , Debray-Mechtaly W. , Quevedo-Lopez M. A. , Gnade B. , Leon-Salguero E. , Shah P. , Alshareef H. N.
Published: April 2012

A complete analysis of the morphology, crystallographic orientation, and resulting electrical properties of Pb(Zr0.53,Ti0.47) Pb(Nb1/3, Zn2/3)O3 (PZT-PZN) thin films, as well as the electrical behavior when integrated in a cantilever for energy harvesting applications, is presented. The PZT-PZN films were deposited using sol-gel methods. We report that using 20% excess Pb, a nucleation layer of PbTiO3 (PT), and a fast ramp rate provides large grains, as well as denser films. The PZT-PZN is deposited on a stack of TiO2/PECVD SiO2/Si3N4/thermal SiO2/Poly-Si/Si. This stack is designed to allow wet-etching the poly-Si layer to release the cantilever structures. It was also found that the introduction of the poly-Si layer results in larger grains in the PZT-PZN film. PZT-PZN films with a dielectric constant of 3200 and maximum polarization of 30 μC/cm2 were obtained. The fabricated cantilever devices produced ~300–400 mV peak-to-peak depending on the cantilever design. Experimental results are compared with simulations.
Adipokines Linking Obesity with Colorectal Cancer Risk in Postmenopausal Women
Authors: Ho Gloria Y.F. , Wang Tao , Gunter Marc J. , Strickler Howard D. , Cushman Mary , Kaplan Robert C. , Wassertheil-Smoller Sylvia , Xue Xiaonan , Rajpathak Swapnil N. , Chlebowski Rowan T. , Vitolins Mara Z. , Scherer Philipp E. , Rohan Thomas E.
Published: April 2012

Mechanistic associations between obesity and colorectal cancer remain unclear. In this study, we investigated whether adipokines are risk factors for colorectal cancer and whether they may mediate its association with obesity. In a case–cohort study nested within the Women's Health Initiative cohort of postmenopausal women, baseline plasma samples from 457 colorectal cancer cases and 841 subcohort subjects were assayed for seven adipokines—adiponectin, leptin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), resistin, hepatocyte growth factor, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and TNF-α. Serum insulin and estradiol values measured previously were also available for data analysis. After adjusting for age, race, smoking, colonoscopy history, and estrogen level, a low level of anti-inflammatory adiponectin and high levels of proinflammatory leptin, PAI-1, and IL-6 were associated with increased colorectal cancer risk, though only leptin remained significant after further adjustment for insulin [HRs comparing extreme quartiles (HRQ4–Q1), 1.84; 95% CI, 1.17–2.90]. Mediation analyses showed that leptin and insulin partially explained the association between waist circumference and colorectal cancer and attenuated it by 25% and 37%, respectively, with insulin being a significant mediator (P = 0.041). Our findings support the conclusion that adipokines involved in inflammation are associated with colorectal cancer risk, but that their effects may be mediated mostly by insulin, with leptin exerting an independent effect. Hyperinsulinemia and hyperleptinemia may therefore partially explain the adiposity association with colorectal cancer in postmenopausal women. Cancer Res; 72(12); 3029–37. ©2012 AACR.
Paroxysmal Hypothermia in Two Patients with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Darlix A. , Mathey G. , Sauvée M. , Braun M. , Debouverie M.
Published: April 2012

Background: Hypothermia is a rare condition in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Only 17 patients have been reported so far. Case Report: We report 2 patients with a long history of MS who presented with severe acute hypothermia associated with thrombocytopenia and hepatic cytolysis. Both patients presented with an aggravation of their neurological status, psychomotor slowing and confusion. There was no clinical or biological sign of infection. Magnetic resonance imaging (1.5 T) revealed bilateral preoptic T2-weighted lesions for 1 patient. The neurological status of one patient was worse after the episode of hypothermia than before, which suggests that hypothermia could be a factor of poor prognosis concerning disease progression.
Cardiac Biomarkers and Noninvasive Predictors of Atherosclerosis in Chronic Peritoneal Dialysis Patients
Authors: Caliskan Yasar , Ozkok Abdullah , Akagun Tulin , Alpay Nadir , Guz Goksel , Polat Nihat , Tufan Fatih , Ecder Tevfik , Bozfakioglu Semra
Published: April 2012

Background: We investigated the relationship among serum cardiac biomarkers including N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-BNP), cardiac troponin T (cTnT), uric acid and high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and noninvasive predictors of atherosclerosis including carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), aortic stiffness (pulse wave velocity (PWV)) and transthoracic coronary flow reserve (CFR) in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. Methods: 37 PD patients were included in the study. We measured (1) carotid IMT, (2) PWV and augmentation index (AIx), and (3) CFR. Simultaneous measurements of serum NT-pro-BNP, cTnT, uric acid and hs-CRP were also performed. Associations among these variables were analyzed. Results: cTnT was significantly associated with carotid IMT (r = 0.747, p < 0.001), PWV (r = 0.431, p = 0.035) and CFR (r = –0.439, p = 0.007). In multivariate analysis, cTnT was a significant independent predictor of carotid IMT (β = 4.446, p < 0.001) and CFR (β = –2.272, p = 0.013). Patients with high cTnT levels (≥0.01 ng/ml) significantly hadhigher carotid IMT and PWV values. Only the aortic PWV significantly correlated with residual renal function (r = –0.574, p = 0.004). Conclusions: Serum cTnT appeared to be a useful clinical biomarker for evaluating noninvasive predictors of atherosclerosis in chronic PD patients. Arterial stiffness as determined by PWV is also correlated with residual renal function.
Grass Pollen Counts, Air Pollution Levels and Allergic Rhinitis Severity
Authors: Annesi-Maesano Isabella , Rouve Sarah , Desqueyroux Hélène , Jankovski Roger , Klossek Jean-Michel , Thibaudon Michel , Demoly Pascal , Didier Alain
Published: April 2012

Background: Little is known about the relation between allergic rhinitis severity and airborne pollen in combination with air pollutants. Objective: To model the risk of suffering from severe seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR) as a function of both pollen count and air pollution levels in a large nationwide sample of patients whose SAR was diagnosed by a physician and confirmed by skin prick test positivity or specific immunolglobulin E to common aeroallergens. Methods: The severity of SAR symptoms was estimated with the Symptomatic Global Score (SGS) among 36,397 patients suffering from an untreated and uncomplicated SAR between May and August 2004 in metropolitan France. Patients who had an SGS in the upper third quartile were classified as suffering from severe SAR. A multilevel model relating SAR severity, pollen and air pollution was used to take into account the hierarchical data structure. Results: 18.9% of the 17,567 urban patients retained for the analysis suffered from severe rhinitis. At the Lag0 (day of the visit), a rise of 60 grass pollen grains/m3 increased the risk of suffering from a severe SAR form by 8% in the multileveled model after adjusting for potential confounders and air pollution levels. Results were also confirmed in the subsample of individuals with documented sensitization to grass pollen. Conclusion: Grass pollen count aggravated SAR in terms of symptoms in our nationwide sample. These findings confirm the need for proper treatment and preventive measures in SAR patients sensitized to grass pollen.
Docosahexaenoic Acid Exerts Anti-Inflammatory Action on Human Eosinophils through Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-Independent Mechanisms
Authors: Tanigai Tomomi , Ueki Shigeharu , Kihara Junko , Kamada Rie , Yamauchi Yumiko , Sokal Andrei , Takeda Masahide , Ito Wataru , Kayaba Hiroyuki , Adachi Tetsuya , Ohta Ken , Chihara Junichi
Published: April 2012

Background: Despite the fact that previous studies have indicated the significant roles of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the immune system through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) and PPARγ, the biological functions and the mechanisms of action in eosinophils are poorly understood. Methods: We investigated the functional effects of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, n-3 PUFA) on human peripheral blood eosinophils, using in vitro systems to test the hypothesis that DHA negatively regulates eosinophil mechanisms through PPARα and PPARγ. Results: Eosinophil apoptosis that spontaneously occurs under normal culture conditions was accelerated in the presence of DHA. In addition, eotaxin-directed eosinophil chemotactic responses were inhibited by pretreatment with DHA, disturbing both the velocity and the directionality of the cell movement. Pharmacological manipulations with specific antagonists indicated that the effects of DHA were not mediated through PPARα and PPARγ, despite the presence of these nuclear receptors. DHA also induced Fas receptor expression and caspase-3 activation that appears to be associated with a proapoptotic effect of DHA. Further, DHA rapidly inhibited the expression of eotaxin receptor C-C chemokine receptor 3 and eotaxin-induced calcium influx and phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase. Interestingly, these inhibitory effects were not observed with linoleic acid (n-6 PUFA). Conclusions: The data might explain one of the mechanisms found in previous research showing the favorable effects of n-3 PUFA supplementation on allergic diseases, and provide novel therapeutic strategies to treat eosinophilic disorders.
Should Intranasal Corticosteroids Be Used for the Treatment of Ocular Symptoms of Allergic Rhinoconjunctivitis? A Review of Their Efficacy and Safety Profile
Authors: Lightman Sue , Scadding Glenis K.
Published: April 2012

Allergic rhinoconjunctivitis (ARC) presents as nasal symptoms, eye watering and additional signs of ocular allergy (e.g. itchy/burning eyes). Intranasal corticosteroids (INSs) are the most effective treatment for the nasal symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR; based on 4 meta-analyses) and are considered first-line therapy when nasal congestion forms a substantial component of the patient’s rhinitis symptoms. Clinical trial evidence shows that INSs also provide some relief from ocular symptoms of SAR and seasonal ARC in adults. INSs probably alleviate eye watering, the main ocular symptom of SAR, by relieving nasal congestion. Other ocular symptoms also improve with INSs. The mechanism for this effect is unknown, but might relate to naso-ocular reflex reduction. There are limited data on ocular safety with INSs. However, the literature supports the use of INSs over several months as there appears to be no considerable increase in the risk of ocular hypertension or glaucoma.
T Cell Epitopes of the Timothy Grass Pollen Allergen Phl p 5 of Mice and Men and the Detection of Allergen-Specific T Cells Using Class II Ultimers
Authors: Stoecklinger Angelika , Scheiblhofer Sandra , Roesler Elisabeth , Lang Andreas , Fastner Gerd , Sedlmayer Felix , Lang Roland , Danzer Martin , Thalhamer Josef , Weiss Richard
Published: April 2012

Background: Knowledge of allergen-specific T cell epitopes is a prerequisite not only for therapeutic approaches but also for elucidating immunological mechanisms of type I allergy. Ex vivo detection of allergen-specific T cells using class II tetramer technology has become an important tool for investigating immune responses in atopic and healthy individuals. Methods: Using 3H-thymidine incorporation assays, T cell epitopes specific for the major timothy grass pollen allergen Phl p 5.0101 were mapped in 11 allergic donors and two different mouse strains. Different protocols for expansion/restimulation of T cells from the blood of allergic donors and detection of allergen-specific T cells by Class II Ultimer staining were evaluated. Results: We identified several new Phl p 5.0101 class II T cell epitopes in allergic patients and confirmed previously published ones. Additionally, we discovered the major T cell epitopes in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. Using a novel Class II Ultimer, we detected epitope-specific T cells expanded from the blood of an allergic donor. Conclusions: Epitope mapping of Phl p 5.0101 revealed an immunodominant epitope in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice and an immunodominant region in humans (amino acids 259–282), which was recognized by 8 out of 11 allergic donors. Detection of Phl p 5-specific T cells was demonstrated using a Class II Ultimer specific for epitope 196–210. Successful detection of ultimer-positive T cells was strongly dependent on a resting phase after in vitro expansion.
Clinical Outcome in the Use of Cephalosporins in Pediatric Patients with a History of Penicillin Allergy
Authors: Ahmed Kamran A. , Fox Stephanie J. , Frigas Evangelo , Park Miguel A.
Published: April 2012

Background: The risk of cephalosporin administration in patients with a history of penicillin allergy is unclear. Few studies have looked at the risk of cephalosporin administration in children following penicillin skin testing for suspected penicillin allergy. The goal of this study was to determine whether children with penicillin allergy were at increased risk for adverse drug reactions when administered a cephalosporin. Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted in pediatric patients (≤18 years) with a history of penicillin allergy and a positive or negative penicillin skin test who were administered a cephalosporin after testing. Charts were reviewed for adverse drug reactions to the cephalosporin. Results: A total of 173 patients (91 males) were included in this study. The mean age of the patients was 4.1 ± 3.1 years. Twenty-one patients (12%) tested positive in a penicillin skin test and 152 patients (88%) tested negative. One patient with a negative penicillin skin test (0.7%) had an adverse drug reaction (eye swelling) to cephalexin. None of the patients with a positive penicillin skin test who received a course of cephalosporin had an adverse drug reaction. Conclusion: Among all patients with a history of penicillin allergy (penicillin skin test positive and negative), only 1 person had an adverse drug reaction. Further large prospective studies examining the safety of administering cephalosporins in pediatric patients with confirmed penicillin allergy are needed.
In vivo Evidence of Cross-Reactivity between Cow’s Milk and Soybean Proteins in a Mouse Model of Food Allergy
Authors: Smaldini Paola , Curciarello Renata , Candreva Angela , Rey María Amanda , Fossati Carlos Alberto , Petruccelli Silvana , Docena Guillermo Horacio
Published: April 2012

Background: Cow’s milk allergy (CMA) is an important problem worldwide and the development of an in vivo system to study new immunotherapeutic strategies is of interest. Intolerance to soybean formula has been described in CMA patients, but it is not fully understood. In this work, we used a food allergy model in BALB/c mice to study the cross-reactivity between cow’s milk protein (CMP) and soy proteins (SP). Methods: Mice were orally sensitized with cholera toxin and CMP, and then challenged with CMP or SP to induce allergy. Elicited symptoms, plasma histamine, humoral and cellular immune response were analyzed. Th1- and Th2-associated cytokines and transcription factors were assessed at mucosal sites and in splenocytes. Cutaneous tests were also performed. Results: We found that the immediate symptoms elicited in CMP-sensitized mice orally challenged with SP were consistent with a plasma histamine increase. The serum levels of CMP-specific IgE and IgG1 antibodies were increased. These antibodies also recognized soy proteins. Splenocytes and mesenteric lymph node cells incubated with CMP or SP secreted IL-5 and IL-13. mRNA expression of Th2-associated genes (IL-5, IL-13, and GATA-3) was upregulated in mucosal samples. In addition, sensitized animals exhibited positive cutaneous tests after the injection of CMP or SP. Conclusions: We demonstrate that CMP-sensitized mice, without previous exposure to soy proteins, elicited hypersensitivity signs immediately after the oral administration of SP, suggesting that the immunochemical cross-reactivity might be clinically relevant. This model may provide an approach to further characterize cross-allergenicity phenomena and develop new immunotherapeutic treatments for allergic patients.
Sleep-Wake Disturbances in Parkinson’s Disease: Current Evidence regarding Diagnostic and Therapeutic Decisions
Authors: Bruin Veralice Meireles Sales , Bittencourt Lia Rita Azeredo , Tufik Sergio
Published: April 2012

Sleep disorders have been frequently reported in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, there is insufficient evidence to guide precise recommendations on some diagnostic and treatment strategies. Here, we review clinical studies dealing with sleep abnormalities in PD and present clinical recommendations. Previous studies describing insomnia, excessive daytime sleepiness, narcolepsy-like episodes, circadian changes, sleep-disordered breathing, rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder, vivid dreams and restless legs syndrome are evaluated. Longitudinal studies associating sleep disorders with PD onset or clinical deterioration are rare: only one longitudinal study associated daytime sleepiness with PD onset. Evidence suggests that clinical investigations must include direct questioning about depressive symptoms, nocturnal cramps, pain, nocturia and nighttime off periods. A patient interview must be conducted regarding sleep symptoms, including nightmares, abnormal behavior during sleep, snoring, restless legs syndrome and daytime sleepiness. Initial evidence indicates that light therapy improves motor function and depression. Advice on sleep hygiene, the treatment of concomitant depression and the careful use of dopaminergic drugs and hypnosedative agents should be considered. To date, very few controlled studies are available to make a recommendation for the management of sleep-wake disturbances in PD.
The Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Masitinib Blunts Airway Inflammation and Improves Associated Lung Mechanics in a Feline Model of Chronic Allergic Asthma
Authors: Lee-Fowler Tekla M. , Guntur Vamsi , Dodam John , Cohn Leah A. , DeClue Amy E. , Reinero Carol R.
Published: April 2012

Background: Blockade of tyrosine kinase signaling by masitinib, a c-kit/PDGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, can modulate allergic airway inflammation, but effects on lung mechanics have not been well characterized. We hypothesized masitinib would decrease airway eosinophilia and consequently improve pulmonary mechanics in a feline allergic asthma model. Methods: Asthma was induced in 12 cats using Bermuda grass allergen (BGA). Cats received 50 mg/day oral masitinib or placebo. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was analyzed for eosinophils, total protein (TP) and BGA-specific IgE. Ventilator-acquired mechanics after methacholine (MCh) challenge determined MCh concentration needed to increase baseline airway resistance by 200% (EC200Raw), positive end expiratory occlusion pressure (PEEP) and end inspiratory breath hold pressure (Pplat). An inverse correlate of respiratory system compliance Pplat-PEEP was also calculated. Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon test, with one-tailed significance set at p < 0.1. Results: After 4 weeks, percent eosinophils in BALF was lower in masitinib-treated cats (7 ± 9%) versus controls (30 ± 27%, p = 0.023). BALF TP significantly differed (p = 0.047) between groups, decreasing with masitinib and increasing with placebo. BALF BGA-specific IgE was unaffected by masitinib. Both groups showed an improvement in EC200Raw (masitinib, p = 0.015; control, p = 0.078) but no significant change in PEEP after 4 weeks. Masitinib-treated cats demonstrated decreased Pplat (p = 0.033) and Pplat-PEEP (p = 0.075) at week 4, suggesting an improvement in respiratory compliance. Conclusions: Masitinib reduced BALF eosinophilia and TP, indicating improved airway inflammation and edema, and improved Pplat and Pplat-PEEP, suggesting benefit to respiratory compliance influenced by airway inflammation/edema. Masitinib deserves further study in humans with chronic allergic asthma.
Atlanto-Axial Instability in Achondroplastic Dwarfs: A Report of Two Cases and Literature Review
Authors: Mohindra Sandeep , Tripathi Manjul , Arora Suman
Published: April 2012

Background: Achondroplasia is the commonest form of human dwarfism. The authors report atlanto-axial instability, in consequence to os odontoideum in this subgroup of patients. Methods: Two achondroplastic dwarfs harboring atlanto-axial dislocation are described along with radiological findings. Results: Both children underwent successful internal rigid immobilization, using sublaminar atlanto-axial wiring. Conclusions: Craniovertebral junction instability should be evaluated among these children, whenever foramen magnum insufficiency is being considered.
Impaired Myogenic Tone in Isolated Cerebral and Coronary Resistance Arteries from the Goto-Kakizaki Rat Model of Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Kold-Petersen H. , Brøndum E. , Nilsson H. , Flyvbjerg A. , Aalkjaer C.
Published: April 2012

Aim: Type 2 diabetes is associated with stroke and cardiac dysfunction. We therefore investigated isolated middle cerebral arteries and coronary septal arteries from the diabetic Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rat model of nonobese type 2 diabetes. Methods: Myogenic tone and agonist-induced responses were investigated under isobaric conditions with simultaneous recording of [Ca2+]i. Rho-kinase and NO pathways were investigated using specific pharmacological tools. Results: Arteries from GK rats developed less tone at pressures from 20 to 100 mm Hg than arteries from control Wistar (CW) rats while [Ca2+]i was similar. Blocking the Rho-kinase pathway decreased the pressure-induced development of tone and after blockade no difference in myogenic tone between arteries from GK and CW rats was seen. Cerebral arteries had similar tone to a maximal concentration of U46619 (GK: 35.5 ± 2% vs. CW: 31.6 ± 5%), while coronary arteries from GK rats developed less tone than arteries from CW rats (12 ± 3 vs. 26.1 ± 3%). Endothelium-dependent vasodilation to A23187 (cerebral) and to acetylcholine (coronary) was not different between arteries from GK and CW rats. Conclusion: Our data suggest that in resistance arteries from the brain and the heart of GK rats the myogenic tone is decreased due to impaired calcium sensitivity likely due to a defective Rho-kinase pathway.
Effect of 710-nm Visible Light Irradiation on Neuroprotection and Immune Function after Stroke
Authors: Choi Dong-Hee , Lim Jeong Hoon , Lee Kyoung-Hee , Kim Moon Young , Kim Hahn Young , Shin Chan Young , Han Seol-Heui , Lee Jongmin
Published: April 2012

Objective: The phototherapeutic effects of low level infrared laser irradiation (808 nm) on brain neuronal cell protection after stroke have been presented recently. We previously reported that 710-nm wavelength visible light (VIS) increases total lymphocyte counts in vivo, especially CD4+ T lymphocytes. In this study, we investigated the effects of 710-nm VIS irradiation on neuronal protection and recovery correlating with cellular immunity in stroke rats. Methods: Rats were subjected to 90-min middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) followed by reperfusion and were divided into two groups: irradiation and no irradiation. The irradiation group had been exposed to 710-nm VIS for 3 weeks after MCAO establishment or sham operation. The helper T cell (CD4+) count in the whole blood and infarct volume were measured. Messenger RNA expression levels of IL-4 and IL-10 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells were measured, a histologic study including microglia activation and regulatory T (Treg) cell markers, neurological severity scoring and a parallel bar walking test were all performed. Results: CD4+ cell count was reduced after MCAO but was significantly increased by 710-nm VIS irradiation. The infarct sizes were decreased in the MCAO + irradiation group compared with the MCAO control group. IL-10 mRNA expression and the immunoreactivity of Treg cells were increased in the MCAO + irradiation group compared with the MCAO control group. Increased microglia activation after MCAO was reduced by 710-nm VIS irradiation. The irradiation group also showed improved neurological severity score levels and step fault scores after MCAO. Conclusions: Our data suggest that 710-nm VIS irradiation may activate cellular immunity, reduce brain infarction and ultimately induce functional recovery in a stroke animal model.
Factors Contributing to Spousal and Offspring Caregiver Burden in Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Shin Hyeeun , Lee Jun-Young , Youn Jinyoung , Kim Ji Sun , Cho Jin Whan
Published: April 2012

Background/Aims: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease with a chronic disease course. The increase in life expectancy of humans worldwide is expected to increase the prevalence and duration of PD; therefore, it is important to determine factors that contribute to the caregiver burden for both clinical and social reasons. Methods: We surveyed 91 main caregivers of patients, and compared factors contributing to caregiver burden between 50 spouses and 41 offspring of patients. We determined Burden Interview, Depression Scale, Health-Related Quality of Life, and Obligation Scale scores, as well as the degree of functional social support of caregivers. Results: Interestingly, the burden scores of the two groups were not significantly different. Correlation analysis revealed that depression, health-related quality of life, social support, subdivided parts of the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), Hoehn and Yahr Scale, score of Mini-Mental State Examination, and Barthel index were correlated with burden in both spouses and offspring. However, in multiple regression, depression score and part 1 of the UPDRS were more significant predictors of burden in the spousal group, whereas social support of community and part 3 of the UPDRS were more important correlated factors in the offspring group. Conclusions: The caregiver burden of spousal and offspring caregivers of PD patients was not significantly different. However, different factors contributed to caregiver burden according to the caregiver’s relationship with the patient.
Short-Chain Fatty Acids Induce Apoptosis in Colon Cancer Cells Associated with Changes to Intracellular Redox State and Glucose Metabolism
Authors: Matthews Geoffrey M. , Howarth Gordon S. , Butler Ross N.
Published: April 2012

Background: Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) are undergoing increased scrutiny as chemotherapeutics for colon cancer, although a comprehensive understanding of their mode of action is lacking. We investigated candidate SCFA for their capability to modulate apoptosis, cell cycle, intracellular redox state and glucose metabolism in the Caco-2 human colon cancer cell line. Methods: Caco-2 cells were incubated with butyrate, propionate or a combination of these SCFA (1:1) and assessed by flow cytometry, enzyme activity analysis or by isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Results: Butyrate and the SCFA combination induced apoptosis and G2-M arrest to a greater extent than propionate alone (p < 0.05). SCFA treatment led to time-dependent alterations to the oxidative pentose pathway, reductions in glutathione availability and increases in levels of reactive oxygen species (p < 0.05) compared with untreated controls. The rate of D-glucose metabolism was increased by all SCFA, although to the greatest extent by butyrate (p < 0.05). Conclusions: These results suggest that butyrate, or the combination of both SCFA, induced rapid and extensive apoptosis and G2-M arrest associated with changes to redox state and D-glucose metabolism. These results support the potential for butyrate and propionate to act as adjuncts to conventional chemotherapy regimens for colon cancer.
Use of Endotracheal Tube Electrodes in Treating Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia: Technical Note
Authors: Harries Anwen M. , Dong Charles C.J. , Honey Christopher R.
Published: April 2012

Background/Aims: This paper describes the use of endotracheal tube surface electrodes to help delineate the sensory and motor vagal rootlets which may be sacrificed during the surgical treatment of glossopharyngeal neuralgia. Methods: Three patients with glossopharyngeal neuralgia were studied. All patients had their procedure under general anesthesia and a nerve integrity monitor electromyography endotracheal tube (Medtronic Xomed, Jacksonville, Fla., USA) was inserted under direct vision by the anesthesiologist. A bipolar stimulating electrode identified which, if any, of the upper rootlets of the vagus nerve caused a motor contraction near the vocal cords (i.e. motor branch) and which did not cause contractions (i.e. sensory branch). Sectioning of the glossopharyngeal and any purely sensory rootlets of the vagus nerve was subsequently performed. Results: All patients had immediate and long-lasting relief of their glossopharyngeal neuralgia. In all 3 patients, use of the bipolar stimulating electrode on the lower vagal rootlets induced a recordable muscle action potential in the region of the vocal cords with low current (<0.2 mA). There were no complications consequent to placement of the nerve integrity monitor endotracheal tube. Conclusion: Due to the ease of use and reduced trauma, compared to needle electrodes, we would advocate endotracheal tube surface electrode monitoring in all patients undergoing surgical treatment of their glossopharyngeal neuralgia or any intracranial procedure where the integrity of the vagal nerve is in jeopardy.
Implications of Internet Availability of Genomic Information for Public Health Practice
Authors: Hesse B.W. , Arora N.K. , Khoury M.J.
Published: April 2012

Tensions in the field have emerged over how best to communicate to the public about genomic discoveries in an era of direct-to-consumer (DTC) DNA testing services available through the Internet. Concerns over what the psychological and behavioral response might be to a nuanced, multiplex risk message have spurred some to offer caution in communicating to the public about personalized risk until the necessary research has been completed on how to communicate effectively. The popularization of DTC testing services, along with a spreading Internet culture on transparency for personal data, may make ‘waiting to communicate’ a moot point. To steer communication efforts in the midst of increasing access to personal genomic information, a self-regulation framework is presented. The framework emphasizes the importance of presenting a coherent message in all communiqués about public health genomics. Coherence should be based on an evidence-based model of how the public processes information about health conditions and an emphasis on risk-to-action links. Recommendations from the President’s Council of Advisors for Science and Technology are reviewed as a way of identifying targets of opportunity for structured communications both within the healthcare system and in the broader external ecosystem of publicly available health information technologies.