bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ruling out Change: Institutional Impediments to Transfer of Technology in Ship Building and Design in the Far East
Authors: Leshi Bao
Published: June 2011

In the Chinese technological tradition, no sector, apart from that of agriculture, is as rich in original ideas as naval architecture. Over the past three millennia, hundreds of different types of craft have been developed for use on China's shallow lakes, on its fast flowing rivers and along its often stormy coastal waters. Each type was developed for specific use as a means of transportation, and would seem to represent the ultimate answer to the challenges posed by local conditions. Ultimate answer, that is, within the limitations of the traditional building materials with which these boats were constructed and fitted out. Nor was ingenuity confined to construction techniques.
Capitalism Mistaken? The Economic Decline of Surinam and the Plantation Loans, 1773–1850; A Rehabilitation
Authors: Emmer P. C.
Published: June 2011

Has Europe grown rich because it expanded overseas? According to recent scholarship the answer must be no. During the period between 1500 and 1750 Europe's economy did not provide its inhabitants with a per capita income that was significantly higher than that in other parts of the world. Europe – and only the Western part of it – started to become richer after the Industrial Revolution from 1750 onwards. This far most attempts at linking the expansion of Europe to the Industrial Revolution have failed.
Cherchez la Femme: Gender-Related Issues in Eighteenth-Century Elmina
Authors: Everts Natalie
Published: June 2011

In June 1760 Nicolaas Heinsius, Dutch factor in service of the West India Company (WIC) on the Gold Coast, and commander of fortress Batenstein at Butri, took the law into his own hands. He pawned three slaves owned by the black woman Paraba, because she had, in name of her abusua (matrilineal descent group) appropriated the inheritance of his deceased African concubine and, what is more, she had told Heinsius that she intended to take care of the raising of his Euro-African son. In a letter to his superiors, who resided at Elmina castle, he accounted for his action. Heinsius explained that he acted not for himself but in his little son's interests, the latter being, so he thought, according to indigenous law, the sole heir to his mother's legacy. The reaction he received from the president and the council at Elmina contained a sharp reprimand. The WIC-authorities designated his claim on the inheritance as unlawful and contrary to customary law, and ordered him to immediately return the slaves.
Craftsmen, Merchants, and Violence in Colombia: The Sucesos de Bucaramanga of 1879
Authors: Fischer Thomas
Published: June 2011

The development of Colombia's import/export economy was accompanied by numerous violent conflicts from the second half of the nineteenth century onward. Craftsmen were among those who fiercely opposed the model of ‘outward-looking development’ (desarrollo hacia afuera). With independence this group initially increased in number during the first half of the nineteenth century. Around 1870, their proportion of the gainfully employed male population may have come to about ten per cent. More than sixty per cent of all working women were involved in handicraft activities. Artesanos, as craftsmen were listed in Colombian population statistics, were one of the most wide-spread occupational classes until the turn of the century. In nearly all towns and cities there were tanners, shoemakers, weavers, dyers, tailors, blacksmiths, bricklayers, carpenters, joiners, and potters, as well as the newly introduced trades of lithographers and letterpress printers, to provide for the local consumers’ demands. However, artisans differed from region to region in terms of quantity (absolutely and as a percentage of the total population), composition of professions, proportion of women and children, as well as in their ethnicity. Moreover, a largely rural textile industry (based on family concerns) developed near Pasto as well as in Santander and Boyacá and became famous beyond these regions. In contrast to urban manufacture in Bogotá and Bucaramanga dominated by mestizoes, and that of Cali and the Atlantic coast dominated by mulattos, these weavers were mainly of Indian descent. In Tolima and in parts of Antioquia and Santander palm straw hats (‘Panama hats’) were produced - mainly by Indian women. This headgear was priced so reasonably that the hats were exported in large quantities to the West Indies and the USA.
Small Powers and Imperialism The Netherlands in China, 1886–1905
Authors: van der Putten Frans-Paul
Published: June 2011

Ever since its publication in 1966, Tussen Neutraliteit en Imperialisme (‘Between Neutrality and Imperialism’) has been the standard work on Dutch policy towards China between 1863 and 1901. In this study the author, F. van Dongen, stresses the adherence to neutrality towards the strong European neighbour states as the fundamental guideline for Dutch foreign policy, not only within Europe but also in the Far East. This policy stemmed from the fact that the European balance-of-power system had been extended to China in the late nineteenth century, through the participation of most European states in imperialist policies concerning that country. According to Van Dongen this adherence to neutrality slowed down imperialist tendencies, as the Netherlands were anxious to avoid entering in conflicts between the great powers, but at the same time the Dutch were forced to ‘play a modest part in the common Western policy towards China’. Whenever the great powers took a united stand the Netherlands must follow suit. So as a result of its European policy the Netherlands joined the imperialist powers in China, although usually careful not to take the initiative. The Netherlands were, therefore, classified by Van Dongen as a reluctant and generally passive element of imperialism in China: ‘the Dutch were at worst accessories after the fact’. Finally he concluded that whenever Dutch actions concerning China ‘savoured of imperialism, this was not the result of a deliberate policy to exercise control over the empire or to obtain Chinese territory, but an almost accidental by-product of the general aim of promoting the Netherlands’ economic interest'.
Brazilian Indians in the Dutch Republic: The Remonstrances of Antonio Paraupaba to the States General in 1654 and 1656
Authors: Hulsman Lodewijk
Published: June 2011

The conquest of Olinda in 1630 by forces of the Dutch West Indian Company (WIC) was the beginning of a period that has become known as Dutch Brazil. The enterprise flourished after the board of directors of the WIC, the gentlemen XIX, appointed Count Johann Moritz von Nassau in 1636 as Governor General. Recife, the present capital of the Brazilian state of Pernambuco, became the administrative centre of an area reaching from the state of Alagoas to the state of Maranhāo. The uprising of a large part of the Portuguese population in 1645, a year after the departure of Nassau, turned Recife into a beleaguered fortress that surrendered itself and all other WIC possessions in Brazil on 26 January 1654.
The Governor-General and the Sultan An Attempt to Restructure a Divided Amboina in 1638
Authors: Knaap Gerrit
Published: June 2011

On 3 May 1638, Anthonie van Diemen, Governor-General of the Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie (VOC), the Dutch East India Company, met Hamzah, Sultan of Ternate, in the roadstead of Kambelo. Kambelo was one of the principal settlements on the west coast of Hoamoal, the western peninsula of the island of Seram. As such it was part of the Ternatan dependencies in the Amboina Islands, present-day Maluku Tengah. Van Diemen had arrived in Amboina at the end of February with a capital fleet of seventeen ships, carrying about 1,700 men on board. After he had been apprised that Hamzah had not yet arrived, in March Van Diemen continued his journey to the Banda Islands to inspect and arrange the VOC affairs in that area. In April he returned to Amboina, where, after a short stop at Hila, he sailed to Kambelo because word had reached him that some fifteen ‘junks’ from Java and Sulawesi had arrived there. As these ships were considered to be interlopers, suspected of carrying away cloves, thus violating the VOC monopoly, Van Diemen planned to attack them. However, as soon as Hamzah arrived, accompanied by a fleet, ahongi,of tenkora-kora,indigenous galley-like war vessels, the proposed action was postponed. For the time being diplomacy won the upper hand over violence. There was hope that the meeting of ‘these two great personalities’ could resolve long-standing conflicts in the area.
A British Indian Circumambulation
Authors: Kolff D.H.A.
Published: June 2011

The motto I wrote at the top of this address and that I quoted just now is quite ordinary. But what else would a British civil servant, unmarried, note in his diary at a quiet post at the foot of the Himalayas? What fascinating details for that matter does one expect to find in the papers left behind about British Indian colonial relations in this century and the last? What indeed should a newly appointed professor tell you about them which is more than just curious or half exotic, and which, buried in the past as they have been for decades, would moreover only be appropriate at a Dutch university that refuses to withdraw into a hedgehog position called ‘Europe’?
Dutch Humanists' Knowledge of America
Authors: Lechner J.
Published: June 2011

Recent decades have witnessed a growing awareness of the need to study the impact of the New World on the Old, instead of the other way about. Yet surprisingly little is known about the whereabouts of books on America, or of atlasses and maps of this new world, in the libraries of European intellectuals from, say, 1500 until 1700 (the same holds true, incidentally, for texts about Asia). A possible explanation for this state of affairs might be that it is easier, although difficult enough, to compile a reliable bibliography of printed sources on America, as the splendidEuropean Americanaamply proves, than to ascertain what books figured in private libraries which are no longer intact. Furthermore, research into the private libraries of the past is still a somewhat modest sector of the province of intellectual history, in spite of the fact that Mario Schiff's brilliant study of the Marqués de Santillana's library dates from 1905 and that Henri-Jean Martin's seminal works have been published since 1958.
A Tale of Two Coromandel Towns: Madraspatam (Fort St. George) and Sāo Thomé de Meliapur
Authors: Winius George D.
Published: June 2011

I first came upon Henry Davison Love's Vestiges of Old Madras a decade ago in The Hague. The four volumes were published at London in 1913 and have been very lately reprinted by the Oriental Books Reprint Corporation of Delhi. The dull cloth bindings of the Indian edition, however, hardly conjure the thrill I experienced the first time I watched the original volumes heave into view on the book conveyor of the Royal Library. Probably no one had checked them out for over fifty years, and they sparkled pristinely, as though they had been delivered from a time warp. Golden letters embellished on ivory-coloured boards flashed richly out from maroon and black mouldings decorated with slender urns and caryatids. How much we miss today for not having editions like that!
Capitalism and Imperialism: Britain and the Netherlands
Authors: Kuitenbrouwer Maarten
Published: June 2011

In their impressive new study on British imperialism, Cain and Hopkins mention ‘the desultory negotiations sharing out the Dutch and Portuguese empires should they collapse’ between Britain and Germany at the turn of the century. In the corresponding note, however, they substantiate only the well known negotiations on the Portuguese empire and not those mysterious talks on the Dutch empire. It is one of only a few instances where Cain's and Hopkins’ 2,500 well-documented footnotes do not fully explain their 850 pages of thick description and analysis. Their suggestion of an Anglo-German understanding to divide the Dutch East Indies if necessary, however, does strike some raw nerves among Dutch contemporaries. In the official and unofficial minds of Dutch imperialism, there was a strong fear that die Netherlands could lose their large colonial empire to the great powers. In that case the Netherlands would be reduced to the ‘rank of Denmark’, to a ‘farm at the North Sea’. But this imperial fear was connected with the high hopes that the Netherlands could indeed become the ‘first among the nations of the second rank’, a real middle power, because of its vast colonial empire.
Nationalism and Sexuality in China
Authors: Dikōtter Frank
Published: June 2011

Following the influential volumes of Benedict Anderson (Imagined communities) and Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger (The invention of tradition), a number of recent publications have moved away from the more conventional focus on political nationalism to highlight the cultural expressions of national identities in East Asian history. From the manipulation of physical objects like flags, uniforms and monuments to symbolically represent the nation, to the discursive invention of identities in nationalist ideologies, cultural nationalism as an object of historical investigation has come into vogue. The emphasis on the interpretation of symbols like the Great Wall and the Yellow River no doubt contributes to our understanding of Chinese cultural history, but can it really account for the deeper changes wrought by the spread of nationalism? As I have pointed out elsewhere, the racialization of nationalist identities, with its myths of origins, ideologies of blood and narratives of descent, for instance, has been of great importance in China and remains significant to this day. Instead of explaining how ‘the Chinese’ have invented cultural symbols that represent the nation, it might be more fruitful to deconstruct the notion of ‘Chineseness’ itself as a nationalist invention that can be dated back to the first half of this century.
State Formation and the Role of Portfolio Investors in Cochin, 1663–1700
Authors: S'Jacob Hugo K.
Published: June 2011

J.C. van Leur was not very kind to his fellow historians in 1940 when he addressed the Historical Section of the Batavian Society of Arts and Sciences, reviewing the fourth volume of the Geschiedenis van Nederlandsch Indië by E.C. Godée Molsbergen. The gist of his talk, entitled ‘On the Eighteenth Century as a Category in Indonesian History’, was that colonial historical studies in the Netherlands and in the Netherlands East Indies were of a fairly parochial nature. For Van Leur, who was well acquainted with social and economic historical theory, it was not difficult to criticize the traditional approach of Godée's study of the eighteenth century. He pointed out that it made no sense to use the eighteenth century as a category in Asian history. The reverse in fact was true, he argued, as from the seventeenth to the nineteenth century, Asian civilizations were characterized by a steady continuity. Nowadays many historians would agree with Van Leur's point of view, except for his refutation of the eighteenth century as a category in Asian history. The eighteenth century is now generally regarded as a period of change in many parts of Asia.
Making a Labour Shortage in Post-Abolition British Guyana
Authors: Kale Madhavi
Published: June 2011

On 4 January 1836, less than two and a half years after Parliament abolished slavery in British colonies, John Gladstone, Liverpool merchant and father of William Ewart Gladstone, dictated a letter to his nephew at the Calcutta shipping agency Gillanders, Arbuthnot & Co. Gladstone explained that he had heard that the firm had recently sent ‘a considerable number of a certain class of Bengalees, to be employed as labourers, to the Mauritius’, and that he was interested in exploring the possibility of making similar arrangements for certain colonies in the West Indies, where he himself owned sugar plantations.
The Long Seventeenth Century in Latin America
Authors: Annino Antonio
Published: June 2011

During the last thirty years, the nature of historical chronology has changed drastically. Fernand Braudel was among the first to show that historical time is neither uniform nor linear, but rather multiple, irregular and socially determined. However, Braudel and his followers have merely carried to an extreme a conceptual revolution already initiated by Marc Bloch in the 1920s. In his studies on the Middle Ages, Bloch identified several time scales: the linear time of Christian history, the circular time of nature and liturgy, the times of the peasant, the townsman and the merchant, and so on. In short, historical time has been transformed in such a way as to prompt a new search for direction and order in historical studies. The new concept of different and irregular time scales forces us to continually redefine the duration of certain phenomena in order to understand them. Chronologies no longer have the same enduring character that provides a definite and reassuring order for the past, as positivism and historicism had claimed to do. In order to be useful at all, chronologies have to be diverse and indicate dates demarcating durations, if only because it is now a generally accepted fact that the time scales of collective mentalities are not the same as those of the economy, politics, or demography.
Report on the Third Cambridge-Delhi-Leiden-Yogyakarta Conference: ‘The Ancien Regime in India and Indonesia’, Yogyakarta, 21–25 September, 1986
Authors: Abdullah Taufik , Lapian Adri
Published: June 2011

If in the First Conference, which was held in New Delhi in January 1985, the main theme of the papers was focussed on social development in the first half of the twentieth century, while that of the Second Conference held in Leiden in September 1985 shifted to the nineteenth century, particularly on various aspects such as bureaucratic tradition, population changes, and cottage industries, the central theme of the Third Conference concentrated on historical dynamics in pre- and early colonial India and Indonesia. State formation, socio-political aspects of Islam, and early-colonial policies were the major topics discussed at the Conference.
I. British Assessments of the Dutch in Asia in the Age of Raffles
Authors: Marshall P. J.
Published: June 2011

The demarcation of phases of empire has a perennial fascination for historians of European expansion. One of the most elusive processes of change both to date and to define is what most scholars would recognise to be the shift from the colonial systems of ancien regime Europe to the empires of the nineteenth century. In outline, it seems that systems based on the close regulation of commercial capitalism through privileges devolved on more or less autonomous colonies and trading companies gave way to national empires under direct state authority and increasingly geared to the needs of industrial metropolitan economies. In the mid-eighteenth century the old order was generally intact; by the mid-nineteenth century it had largely been replaced. Greater precision about the timing and speed of change remains very difficult to attain, but within this wide parameter it seems reasonable to suppose that different empires moved at different speeds: the economically and politically sophisticated British are likely to have remodelled their system ahead of their competitors, probably forcing them towards modernity in the process.
II. Dutch Views and Uses of British Policy in India around 1800
Authors: van Niel Robert
Published: June 2011

On August 31, 1803, a group of seven men, comprising the Commission for East Indies Affairs (Commissie tot de Oost-Indische Zaken), submitted the final report of its deliberations to the Government of the State of the Batavian Republic (Staatsbewind der Bataafsche Republiek) in The Hague. This Commission had been called into existence in November 1802 to make recommendations on how best to administer and conduct trade with the nation's possessions in the East Indies in a fashion that would render the greatest advantage to the nation's finances and profit to its commerce. Only a couple of years earlier Holland's monopolistic United East Indies Company (VOC) had been terminated by the Republic, and its assets and liabilities assumed by the State. The liabilities were immediately identifiable, for they consisted of debts which had to be paid in hard cash. The assets, on the other hand, consisted of territories – most of which had fallen under English control – and factories that somehow had to be made profitable, but seemed, given the then-existing conditions in the world, to be almost out of reach. The Commission was supposed to make recommendations as to how the remaining, territories of the VOC should be managed and how the trade with the East Indies and Asia in general was to be made profitable. This was no small task, so it may appear somewhat wondrous that the Commission was able to complete its work in less than ten months. The dispatch with which the Commission's work was completed, however, is more understandable if it is realised that the financial collapse of the VOC had been openly recognised since 1786, and various proposals for either reform or total change of the Company's system had been presented and discussed. These alternative proposals were well known to the members of the Commission. Their work, therefore, involved striking a balance among these proposals rather than creating a system de novo.
VI. Expansion Without Design. The Snare of Javanese Politics
Authors: Remmelink W.
Published: June 2011

That territorial expansion was not necessarily good business had been succinctly stated by Governor-General Jacob Mossel eight years before Hartingh: ‘What the lord spends, the merchant has to pay.’ In fact, concern about the price of territorial expansion had been voiced almost from the beginning, especially in the Board of Directors in Holland, witness Coenraad van Beuningen's analysis of the dual nature of the Company in 1684, in which he decried the territorial role of the Company as detrimental to its true function as a trading company. Also the underlying cause for the eventuel decline of the Company has by contemporaries as well as later observers often been blamed on this almost congenital defect of mixing trade and government in one body.
VII. Indian Teachers and their Indonesian Pupils: On Intellectual Relations between India and Indonesia, 1600–1800
Authors: Steenbrink K.A.
Published: June 2011

One of the classical accounts on the coming and first establishment of Islam in Indonesia runs as follows: Already a long time before the birth of Islam a mighty stream of colonisation started from Hindustan towards Java and surrounding islands. This stream definitely dominated the culture of this area and its influence is felt until today. After part of the Hindus had accepted Islam, these Indian Muslims were active in the trade with the archipelago and part of them also settled in this area. These traders and emigrants brought Islam into the Indian Archipelago. It is true, that already before this period some other Muslim nations sought articles of trade from the East-Indies and even established small settlements there: surely there resulted no permanent religious influence from these settlements. Islam, such as received by the Indonesians, therefore already experienced a process of adaptation towards the world of Hinduism. This made it easier for this new religion to accommodate itself once again to a degenerated Hinduism. Islam in the East-Indies unmistakably shows the signs of this Indian origin.
IX. Between Empire Building and State Formation. Official Elites in Java and Mughal India
Authors: Houben V.J.H. , Kolff D.H.A.
Published: June 2011

The reason to compare the recent histories of India and Indonesia was that they were the scenes of the two most extensive and populous colonial empires of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The decision to push back the comparison to the pre-colonial era meant loosing track of the vital focus of the enterprise. Moreover, pre-colonial India presents a unity in only some respects whereas Indonesia as a territorial concept did not even exist then. The tendency of Indonesianists to focus, for convenience's sake, on the island of Java seems to become inescapable. This confronts those on the Indian wing of the comparison with the dilemma to what extent they are entitled to give up Indian unity and if they do, what part of India compares best with insular Java. Especially fit for comparison seem the regional states of South India: Vijayanagar, Madurai etc. Both the rice-based economies of the South Indian states and their size suggests this. Although Java became the core region of one of the colonial empires, whereas the South Indian states would stay at the periphery of the other, such a comparison could well be fruitful.
Culture Makes All the Difference
Authors: Prakash Om
Published: June 2011

David Landes addresses in his latest book, The Wealth and Poverty of Nations: Why Some are so Rich and Some so Poor (London 1998), an issue at the very heart of the global economic history of the latter half of the millennium now coming to a close. This issue is an analysis of the circumstances that have brought into existence a world characterised by a fast-growing disparity in economic performance and levels of living across its different segments. According to Angus Maddison, one hundred and fifty years ago the gap in mean per capita share of gross domestic product between the richest and poorest global regions, namely Western Europe and Africa, was probably three to one. Today this gap between a rich country such as Switzerland and a poor country such as Mozambique is a mind boggling four hundred to one. How this state of affairs has come about is the basic question asked by Landes.
Portuguese Diplomacy in Asia in the Sixteenth Century: A Preliminary Overview
Authors: Biedermann Zoltán
Published: June 2011

Scattered as it was over thousands of miles of African and Asian coastline, the Portuguese empire in the East had a peculiar shape when compared to the Spanish one in the New World. As one author of the early seventeenth century put it, ‘the king our lord does not have more than twenty leagues of land in all Asia, from Macao to the Cape of Good Hope’. Portugal was a small country with a population of one and a half million people, and it is no surprise that the Portuguese presence in Asia - a ‘network’ rather than an ‘empire’, as some authors claim - had to rely heavily on diplomacy. The wholesale ‘conquest’(conquista)of the East was perceived as a theoretical right of the Portuguese crown, but in practice most relations with Eastern polities rested on a complex set of negotiated links of ‘friendship’(amizade)or indirect submission(uassalagem).
‘Negotiations in Bismarckian Style’: The Debate on the Aceh War and its Legitimacy, 1873–1874
Authors: de Jong Janny
Published: June 2011

During a parliamentary debate in April 1874, the Dutch conservative politician Nierstrasz made this provocative statement on the war in Aceh. He was supported by the former conservative Minister of Foreign Affairs, Van Zuylen van Nijevelt, who dismissed the negotiations held with Aceh on the basis of a strict ultimatum condescendingly as ‘negotiations à la Bismarck’, and unworthy of a Dutch statesman. Nierstrasz maintained the Dutch were pursuing a ‘utilitarian’ policy in Aceh which they would abominate seeing implemented on themselves in Europe. The Aceh War was a disgrace to a Christian nation. Furthermore, the moral issue put forward by the Dutch authorities: that the state of Aceh was guilty of piracy and slavery, was no more than a pretext.
Reflections on Monopolies and Free Trade at the End of the Eighteenth Century: A Tobacco Trading Company between Puerto Rico and Amsterdam in 1784
Authors: Solana Ana Crespo
Published: June 2011

Even after the passing of the ‘Free Trade’ acts in Europe and America between 1765 and 1803, colonisation still meant trade for European mercantile and maritime powers which were beginning to think of themselves as liberal in the politico-economic sense. As before, the only suitable way of obtaining profits appeared to be economic exploitation, albeit within a politico-institutional structure. This ideal had inspired the inflexible system that had dominated the relations of both Spain and Portugal with their respective transatlantic colonies. Likewise, ever since their first incursions into the New World, northern Europeans had encouraged the creation of commercial companies dedicated to monopolising any of the goods that colonies might possibly have to offer. Dutch, English and French merchants developed farreaching private and state programmes designed to direct trade and colonisation and to encourage the populating of the new lands. During the seventeenth century, some of these companies achieved considerable success. They were able to settle, with or without permission from the Spanish monarchy, in territories formally under Spanish control, such as Puerto Rico, Santo Domingo, coastal Venezuela or Guiana, regarded as areas eminently suited to business projects.
Reactions to Change: European Society in Bengal under the East India Company Flag, 1756-1773
Authors: Kuiters Willem G.J.
Published: June 2011

Over the 1750s and 1760s, the East India Company became the principal ruler of Bengal. This rise to power was initially achieved by a limited use of military force combined with the clever manipulation of local politics and discontent in Bengal court circles provoked by the young and incautious Nawab Siraj-ud-daula. The Nawaby's army was defeated at Plassey after his most important generals conspired with the British against him. The British concluded a very advantageous treaty with his successor, Mir Jafar, who became increasingly dependent on their goodwill.
Harmful Silica Fibres and Slave Demography
Authors: Rutten Alphons M.G. , Emmer Pieter C.
Published: June 2011

The demography of the free and forced migrations to the New World was dramatically different. Between 1500 and 1800 about three million Europeans migrated to the New World resulting in a resident population of about 13.5 million ex-Europeans around 1800. During the same three centuries about nine million African slaves were brought to the New World resulting in a population of only six million ex-Africans.
The Late Colonial State in the AOF and the Nomadic Societies
Authors: Boilley Pierre
Published: June 2011

Using the expression ‘late-colonial State’ obviously induces not only a chronological differentiation, but also some kind of specific institution. Is it possible to show that colonialism changed courses at an identifiable moment in time? If one observes the realities of the colonial presence in French Occidental Africa (Afrique Occidentale Française: AOF), and more particularly in the nomadic zone, a superficial glance could make one think the opposite is true. Nomads of the AOF and the area of land they travel are hardly obvious examples of ‘the colonial development’. The conquest of the Saharan areas was carried out with difficulty, hindered by immeasurable distances, the logistic difficulties of mounting and supply, the ignorance of the routes and wells, and especially the resistance to the French colonial regime from the Moorish and Tuareg nomads. The French managed to impose a lasting peace only after the Tuareg revolts of 1916 and 1917, after the fall of Djanet in the early 1920s, and finally after the pacification at the beginning of the 1930s of the last pockets of Moorish ‘dissidence’, putting an end to the raids against colonial establishments along the Niger river and in Adrar des Ifoghas. French soldiers and administrators initially held a certain mistrust towards the turbulent nomads. This feeling, combined with the apparent economic uselessness of the huge desert spaces they inhabited, makes it possible to understand that the essential efforts of colonial France were concentrated on military aspects and on keeping law and order within the major strategic routes connecting the southern and northern African possessions through the Sahara; routes that in these areas represented creations of major infrastructure.
Industrialisation in Late Colonial Africa: A British Perspective
Authors: Butler Larry J.
Published: June 2011

Among the most entrenched criticisms of the record of European colonial rule in Africa is that it discouraged, or actively obstructed, the emergence of diversified colonial and post-colonial economies. Specifically, it is normally argued, the colonial state failed to create the climate in which industrialisation might have been possible. The two basic explanations advanced for this policy of neglect were a desire to ensure that the colonies continued to provide the metropolitan economies with a steady supply of desirable commodities, and a concern to protect the market share of metropolitan exporters. Critics of the colonial legacy, across the ideological spectrum, have often assumed that ‘development’ was a condition which could only be achieved through the process of industrialisation, and that specialisation in commodity production for export could not have been in the colonies' long-term interests. Moreover, in the late colonial period, industrialisation had come to be seen by many as a measure of a state's effective autonomy and economic ‘maturity’, as witnessed by the sustained attempts by many former African colonies to promote their own industrial sectors, often with substantial state involvement or assistance. While it cannot dispute the obvious fact that in most of late colonial Africa, industrialisation was negligible, this paper will offer a refinement of conventional assumptions about the colonial state's attitudes towards this controversial topic. Drawing on examples from British Africa, particularly that pioneer of decolonisation, West Africa, and focusing on the unusually fertile period in colonial policy formation from the late 1930s until the early 1950s, it will suggest that the British colonial state attempted, for the first time, to evolve a coherent and progressive policy on encouraging colonial industrial development.
On the Death of Two Historians
Authors: Wesseling H.L.
Published: June 2011

In Princeton, last June 16th, the English historian Lawrence Stone died. In Cambridge, a few days later on June 19th, his colleague Ronald Robinson died. Both are amongst the most influential historians of our times. Both introduced new ideas and insights, which revolutionised our perception of certain aspects of the past.
AN EXTENDED FRAMEWORK FOR PREFERENCE RELATIONS
Authors: Gustafsson Johan E.
Published: June 2011

In order to account for non-traditional preference relations the present paper develops a new, richer framework for preference relations. This new framework provides characterizations of non-traditional preference relations, such as incommensurateness and instability, that may hold when neither preference nor indifference do. The new framework models relations with swaps, which are conceived of as transfers from one alternative state to another. The traditional framework analyses dyadic preference relations in terms of a hypothetical choice between the two compared alternatives. The swap framework extends this approach by analysing dyadic preference relations in terms of two hypothetical choices: the choice between keeping the first of the compared alternatives or swapping it for the second; and the choice between keeping the second alternative or swapping it for the first.
POVERTY MEASUREMENT: PRIORITARIANISM, SUFFICIENCY AND THE ‘I'S OF POVERTY
Authors: Esposito Lucio , Lambert Peter J.
Published: June 2011

The seminal contribution of Sen (1976) led to a new way to conceptualize and measure absolute poverty, by arguing for the need to ‘take note of the inequality among the poor’ (Sen 1976: 227). Since then, the ‘Inequality’ of poverty has become the third ‘I’ of poverty, which together with the ‘Incidence’ and the ‘Intensity’ of it constitute the dimensions deemed relevant for poverty evaluation. In this paper, we first argue that the interest in the third ‘I’ of poverty actually originates from aprioritarian(Parfit 1995) rather than an egalitarian attitude. Further, we illustrate the inability of the three ‘I's to fully comprise the criteria for the assessment of poverty which are de facto adopted by existing poverty indices. Some of them resolve distributional conflicts by following leximin, hence assigning a pivotal role to the worst off. We question the desirability of leximin, and conclude that giving absolute priority to the worst off is plausible only in cases where the latter has been identified by an exogenous threshold demarcating a significant difference in human suffering. Finally, we explore to what extent prioritarianism and the sufficiency argument of Frankfurt (1987), Crisp (2003) and Casal (2007) can help conceptualize giving absolute priority to individuals or groups indentified by exogenous (poverty and ultra-poverty) thresholds.
Landlords and tenants in London, 1550–1700
Authors: BAER WILLIAM C.
Published: June 2011

Historians have largely ignored the tens of thousands of landlords, and hundreds of thousands of tenants in early modern London. Society was not organized to readily reveal their relation and magnitudes, so the issue must be approached from a variety of directions. Modern stereotypes of both were well formulated by that period, despite the intricacy in and frequent dual role of landlord and tenant played by the same persons. Property holdings were dispersed among a variety landlords, so tenants faced no stranglehold over dwellings, while landlords in the main used rental holdings to supplement their basic incomes.
Supplying the masses: retailing and town governance in Macclesfield, Stockport and Birkenhead, 1780–1860
Authors: MITCHELL IAN
Published: June 2011

Rapidly growing industrial towns in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries often had to find new ways of ensuring that their populations were supplied with the necessities of life. This was likely to involve a significant role for public markets. These might be controlled by the town's governing body or might be in private hands. Macclesfield, Stockport and Birkenhead all grew rapidly in this period, but each had very different forms of governance. The article explores the impact of town governance on the town markets, and on the evolution of retailing more generally in each place.
Wirkung von Cannabinoiden auf das Gehirn: Ein Überblick über MRI Befunde
Authors: Hermann Derik
Published: June 2011

Ziel: Übersicht über aktuelle Magnetresonanztomographie (MRI) Studien zur Wirkung von Cannabis auf das Gehirn. Methodik: Systematische Literaturrecherche mit Pubmed. Ergebnisse: Es wurden 37 Originalarbeiten gefunden, von denen 97 % zwischen 2004 und 2010 publiziert wurden. Je sechs Studien zur Volumetrie und Konnektivität beschreiben minimale Veränderungen der Hirnstrukturen, vor allem in Hippocampus und Amygdala, sowie die Integrität der weißen Substanz betreffend. Zwei neurometabolische Studien mit 1H-MR-Spektroskopie zeigen Veränderungen im dorsolateralen präfrontalen Cortex (DLPFC) und den Basalganglien. In vier placebo-kontrollierten funktionellen MRI Studien (fMRI) verminderte THC die Aktivierung in Hirnregionen, die zur Inhibition und zum Lernen benötigt werden, und CBD hemmte die Angst-assoziierte Aktivierung der Amygdala. Weitere 19 fMRI-Studien an chronischen Cannabiskonsumenten ergaben widersprüchliche Ergebnisse bzgl. Arbeitsgedächtnis, hippocampalem Gedächtnis, Gewinn/Verlust-Erwartung, Cannabis Cues, Emotionen, Inhibition, Motorik und Aufmerksamkeit. Schlussfolgerungen: Ein belastbarer Informationszuwachs wurde vor allem durch die getrennte, plazebo-kontrollierte Verabreichung von THC oder CBD in fMRI-Studien erreicht. Die widersprüchlichen Ergebnisse in fMRI Hirnaktivierungs-Mustern von Cannabiskonsumenten zeigen eine veränderte neuronale Plastizität, ohne dass eine Aussage getroffen werden kann, ob dies günstige oder ungünstige Auswirkungen hat. Für zukünftige Studien ist eine Bestimmung von CBD und THC z. B. durch Haaranalyse dringend anzuraten.
Fünf Minuten täglich: Kompass – eine stationäre Kurzintervention für junge Cannabis-/Partydrogen- patienten nach dem „Bonner Modell – Junge Sucht“
Authors: Dau Wolfgang , Schmidt Axel , Schmidt Alexander F. , Krug Tatjana , Läpple Stefanie E. , Banger Markus
Published: June 2011

Fragestellung: Zur stationären Behandlung von Cannabis-/Partydrogenkonsumenten wurde eine Kurzinterventionsmethode „Kompass“ mit einem Zeitaufwand von täglich fünf Minuten entwickelt und auf ihre Wirksamkeit insbesondere hinsichtlich der depressiven Symptomatik und den besonderen Bedürfnissen der Patientengruppe überprüft. Methodik: 104 Patienten im Alter von 23, davon 66 Cannabis- und 21 Partydrogenkonsumenten , die sich in der LVR-Klinik Bonn stationär in Behandlung befanden, wurden anhand standardisierter Fragebögen (BDI, Hautzinger, Bailer, Worrall & Keller, 1995 ; IIP-C, Horowitz, Strauß & Kordy, 2000 ; STAI, Laux, Glanzmann, Schaffner & Spielberger, 1981 ; SCL-90-R, Franke, 2005 ) und Interviews (EuropASI, Gsellhofer & Blanken, 1999 ) in einem quasi-experimentellem Design untersucht. Der Therapieerfolg (Symptomreduktion) wurde über die korrigierte Effektstärke erfasst. Ergebnisse: Die Kurzinterventionsmethode „Kompass“ ist ein in der stationären Behandlung wirksames Zusatztreatment. Im Vergleich zu einer „Treatment-as-usual“-Gruppe wurden mit dkorr = 0.70 für interpersonale Probleme, dkorr = 0.60 für Trait-Angst, dkorr = 0.56 für Depressivität und dkorr = 0.60 für psychische Belastung mittlere Effektstärken gefunden. Schlussfolgerung: Der „Kompass“ kann effektiv und effizient als Zusatzbehandlung in die stationäre Therapie für Cannabis-/Partydrogenkonsumentent integriert werden.
The Portuguese Version of the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II)
Authors: Campos Rui C. , Gonçalves Bruno
Published: June 2011

Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) is one of the most popular and widely investigated instruments for assessing the severity of depressive symptomatology. The authors developed a Portuguese version of the inventory. This paper presents two studies: one with a college student sample (n = 547) and another with a community sample (n = 200). Reliability, factor structure, and validity data were obtained. The Portuguese version presents a good internal consistency, a factor structure very similar to the one obtained by Beck, Steer, and Brown (1996 ) with the original version, and presents an adequate convergent validity with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies of Depression Scale. Confirmatory factor analysis provides support for the fit of a two-factor model.
The Psychosocial Treatment Expectations Questionnaire (PTEQ) for Alcohol Problems
Authors: de Carvalho Leite José Carlos , Seminotti Nédio , Fontoura Freitas Paulo , de Lourdes Drachler Maria
Published: June 2011

High dropout rates from treatment for alcohol-related problems are a problem for treatment delivery. Outcome expectations of treatment attendance are motivational aspects of treatment adherence. Since no method to put such expectations into operation has been found, we developed the Psychosocial Treatment Expectations Questionnaire (PTEQ) to assess the expectations of people receiving such psychosocial treatments. PTEQ development and early validation relied on data from 151 clients. A two-dimensional questionnaire assessing treatment purpose and atmosphere, and impact on daily life was developed, showing acceptable levels of reliability (α = 0.85 for the overall score, and 0.80 and 0.77 for the two scales, respectively). The PTEQ overall score significantly detected differences in expectations between those who remained in, and those who dropped out of treatment. On average, the dropouts had lower treatment expectations than those who remained in treatment. Validity for populations other than alcohol misusers and for treatments delivered exclusively through individual sessions, needs to be further examined.
Indirect Assessment of Implicit Disgust Sensitivity
Authors: Zinkernagel Axel , Hofmann Wilhelm , Dislich Friederike X. R. , Gschwendner Tobias , Schmitt Manfred
Published: June 2011

We propose a single-block, single-target, Implicit Association Test (SB-ST-IAT) for measuring implicit disgust sensitivity. Based on dual process theories, we tested the construct validity of this new measure using a sample of N = 75 participants. Incremental validity of the newly developed SB-ST-IAT was demonstrated using a disgust sensitivity questionnaire as a direct measure of disgust sensitivity, as well as two behavioral criteria. A controlled approach versus avoidance task with disgusting stimuli (worms) was employed as a measure of controlled behavior. Facial disgust expression and withdrawal of hands and upper body from the disgust stimuli were used as indicators of automatic behavior. Implications of our research for the validation of indirect measures are discussed.
“I Really Liked That Movie”
Authors: Hall Alice E. , Bracken Cheryl C.
Published: June 2011

The current study investigated the contributions of trait empathy and narrative transportation to audience members’ film enjoyment. Undergraduates (N = 199) evaluated two films they had seen recently and responded to items measuring different types of trait empathy, narrative transportation, film enjoyment, and perceived realism. Fantasy empathy, but not perspective taking, empathic concern, or personal distress, was found to be associated with narrative transportation. Transportation was found to be associated with enjoyment and perceived realism.
Bipolar climatology of GPS ionospheric scintillation at solar minimum
Authors: Alfonsi Lucilla , Spogli Luca , De Franceschi Giorgiana , Romano Vincenzo , Aquino Marcio , Dodson Alan , Mitchell Cathryn N.
Published: June 2011

High‐rate sampling data of Global Navigation Satellite Systems ionospheric scintillation acquired by a network of GPS Ionospheric Scintillation and TEC Monitor receivers located in the Svalbard Islands, in Norway and in Antarctica have been analyzed. The aim is to describe the “scintillation climatology” of the high‐latitude ionosphere over both the poles under quiet conditions of the near‐Earth environment. For climatology we mean to assess the general recurrent features of the ionospheric irregularities dynamics and temporal evolution on long data series, trying to catch eventual correspondences with scintillation occurrence. In spite of the fact that the sites are not geomagnetically conjugate, long series of data recorded by the same kind of receivers provide a rare opportunity to draw a picture of the ionospheric features characterizing the scintillation conditions over high latitudes. The method adopted is the Ground Based Scintillation Climatology, which produces maps of scintillation occurrence and of total electron content relative variation to investigate ionospheric scintillations scenario in terms of geomagnetic and geographic coordinates, interplanetary magnetic field conditions and seasonal variability. By means of such a novel and original description of the ionospheric irregularities, our work provides insights to speculate on the cause‐effect mechanisms producing scintillations, suggesting the roles of the high‐latitude ionospheric trough, of the auroral boundaries and of the polar cap ionosphere in hosting those irregularities causing scintillations over both the hemispheres at high latitude. The method can constitute a first step toward the development of new algorithms to forecast the scintillations during space weather events.