bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How Gloomy Is the Retirement Outlook for Millennials?
Authors: Johnson Richard W. , Smith Karen E.
Published: February 2024

Social, economic, demographic, and public policy shifts have made retirement security a pressing concern. Male labor force participation pre-age 55 has slumped, men’s median earnings have stagnated, marriage and homeownership rates are falling, debt levels remain high, and out-of-pocket spending on medical and long-term services and supports are rising. Other trends are more encouraging, such as women’s higher earnings, the rise in labor force participation at older ages, and improvements in educational attainment. The chapter uses a dynamic microsimulation model to project how various forces might play out over the next 30 years to shape the retirement security of US residents born in the 1980s. Projections show that median age-70 income will be higher for Millennials than for previous generations, but this cohort faces a higher risk of seeing falling living standards in retirement.
Older Workers, Retirement, and Macroeconomic Shocks
Authors: McEntarfer Erika
Published: February 2024

Older workers are a growing share of the US labor force, yet we know relatively little about how their participation is impacted by macroeconomic conditions. This chapter uses administrative data to identify how recessions impact transitions between career employment, partial-retirement, and retirement. It shows that transitions to either full or partial retirement increase during economic contractions. Retired workers are also less likely to return to the labor market in recessions, magnifying the impact on labor force participation of older workers. Flows into retirement were especially high at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, with an excess flow into retirement of 5 percent of older workers. The chapter finds that flows into retirement are generally more cyclically sensitive than returns to the labor market, suggesting many excess retirements are permanent.
Athenian Festival Culture and Allied Integration
Authors: Lazar Leah
Published: February 2024

Chapter 3 argues that the political and fiscal negotiations analysed in the first two chapters relied on allied mobility to Athens, particularly in the context of Athenian festivals. Imperial diplomacy was only a part of a wide array of allied (likely elite) interactions—religious, cultural, honorific, social—in festival contexts, which seem to have been increasingly encouraged by the Athenians as the century progressed. Consequently, the chapter argues that analysis of how and why allies engaged in negotiated relationships with Athens must consider how individual representatives experienced their mobility and participation in Athenian festivals. The final part of the chapter considers how these allied individuals may have been agents of cultural change in their home communities, importing and adapting Athenian cultural forms in allied contexts.
Anticolonial Form
Authors: Reza Alexandra
Published: February 2024

Anticolonial Form: Literary Journals at the End of Empire addresses the relationship between culture and politics in two journals published in Europe by African writers: Présence Africaine, launched in Paris in 1947, and Mensagem, published between 1948 and 1964 in Lisbon. Grounded in extensive archival work, the book argues for a comparative and transnational approach to postcolonial literary studies, for the significance of the literary journal as a key form in the development of African writing in French, Portuguese, and English, and for a historically and geographically contingent understanding of the relationships between literature, culture, and politics.
Women Missionaries in Medical Care and Institution Building in India
Authors: Baru Rama V.
Published: February 2024

This chapter explores the lives and experiences of British and American women missionaries who came to India during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries through a detailed reading of the biographies and diaries maintained by them. Through locations of such missionary women in healthcare institutions in colonial and postcolonial India, it brings out the intricate linkages between race, caste, class, patriarchy, religion, social work, and capitalism. Trained as doctors and nurses, these women missionaries could not find jobs in their own countries due to the prevalent patriarchal mindset. They came to India and set up dispensaries, hospitals, and even medical colleges and primarily focused on maternal and child health services. However, even within this gendered structuring of healthcare in nineteenth-century India, there was a racial divide in the work hierarchy. While British and American women doctors managed the hospitals, Indian women occupied the middle and lower rungs in the hierarchy of health work. Moreover, most of the Indian women came from lower castes. The chapter shows how the situation underwent a change during the early twentieth century when there were efforts to professionally train Indian nurses and later doctors. With the growth of public hospitals after independence, the avenues for employment with better salaries increased. This affected mission hospitals, which found it difficult to attract doctors and nurses due to their lower salaries. The commercialization of health services in the decades after independence led to the further marginalization of women doctors and nurses.
Mapping Marginal Terrains
Authors: Mazumdar Indrani
Published: February 2024

Migration processes and related gender relations have perhaps never been in such a state of constant flux as they are today. This chapter grapples with some of the changing features of women’s migration from Odisha and attempts to place them in their historical context. It looks at how gender questions have been framed in public discourses on women’s migration in the state over the past two decades. Based on recent empirical findings from qualitative fieldwork across two distinctive corridors of women’s labour migration—from Kendrapara to an apparel factory in Kerala, and from Ganjam to live-in domestic work in Mumbai—the chapter shows how the separation between ‘aspirational migration’ and ‘distress migration’ could be artificial, as material conditions of agrarian distress and a relatively new subjectivity of youthful female aspiration were found in both cases. The chapter points out how a combination of work and residence provided by employers was a characteristic feature of such single women’s labour migration. It underscores that such migratory employment, however, generally comes to an end when these single women get married, setting a gender limit upon the completion of any class transition from communities of peasant or agricultural labourers to industrial or service workers. Furthermore, despite bringing additional income or resources, there is hardly any difference in the social status of such single and independent migrants, as they inevitably end up as non-earning and dependent wives in the patriarchal setup at home.
Propertius 3.10
Authors: Robinson Matthew
Published: February 2024

Like a typical festschrift, Propertius 3.10—a work for Cynthia on the occasion of her birthday—offers not just a celebration of the honorand but also an opportunity for the author to reflect on the honorand’s influence on their work. However, just as the poem looks not only to the beginning of Propertius’ relationship with Cynthia, but also by various means to its end, it will be argued that it also reflects intra- and inter-textually on those who have competing claims on Propertius’ inspiration, rivals from both Greece and Rome, past and present, poets and would-be patrons. At the heart of the poem, Propertius urges Cynthia to pray that her beauty—and thus her influence on Propertius—remains eternal: this chapter also explores how through anagrams, acrostics, and allusive play with Callimachus, Catullus, and Tibullus, Propertius evokes themes of marriage, childlessness, and the passing of time, all of which threaten to expose the futility of Cynthia’s prayer and the fragility of her relationship with Propertius, both as lover and as muse.
Welfare Goes Global
Authors: Rose Richard
Published: February 2024

This innovative book shows that the health, education, and employment of billions of people have been improving on every continent in the past three decades. The globalization of welfare has had the biggest impact in developing countries, where more than five-sixths of the world’s population live. In Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East there has been great progress in eradicating infant mortality and illiteracy, people are living longer, and more youths have a chance to get a secondary education. These achievements are the product of a welfare mix combining resources of the household, the market, and the state. Given low starting points, only a minority of developing countries have already caught up with the high standards of welfare in Europe, the United States and Canada, and the Asia Pacific region. Slow but steady rates of progress show that people in a majority of developing countries can expect to catch up with the high, fixed standards of welfare in the next three decades. This will happen sooner in China and later in India, because China has been unusually successful in using its resources to promote welfare, while India has been below the global average. These conclusions are based on the book’s systematic analysis of the Global Welfare Database, which combines official and unofficial data covering 95 per cent of the world’s population. The success of highly developed countries raises questions about how much is enough welfare. At what age will youths learn more by leaving classrooms and becoming employees? Is length of life or quality of life more important for older people? Should unpaid work caring for children and older family members have the same value as working and paying taxes in the official economy?
Compatibilism as Non-Ideal Theory
Authors: Wallace Robert H.
Published: February 2024

This paper articulates and responds to a challenge to contemporary compatibilist views of free will. Despite the popularity and appeal of compatibilist theories, many are left with lingering doubts about compatibilism. This paper explains this doubt in terms of the absurdity challenge: because a compatibilist accepts that they do not have causal access to all the actual sufficient causal sources of their own agency, the compatibilist can find their own agency absurd. By taking a cue from political philosophy, this paper argues that a non-ideal construction of the problem of free will allows compatibilists to overcome this existential-metaphysical challenge, and by doing so, perhaps adopt a metaphysically progressive picture of human agency.
Transparency and Reflection
Authors: Boyle Matthew
Published: February 2024

The topic of self-knowledge has been central to philosophy since antiquity, but if self-knowledge deserves to be, not just a goal that each person should privately pursue, but a topic that philosophers should investigate in general terms, on what basis does it claim this attention? This book urges a reconsideration of the classical idea that the topic of self-knowledge earns its philosophical significance in virtue of its connection with the distinctive nature of human minds. The author argues that the capacity for self-knowledge is a byproduct of the “first-person perspective” that all human beings possess, as rational animals, on their own lives, and seeks to defend this perspective against popular forms of skepticism about its soundness. The author develops these ideas in a way that seeks to bring out a link between debates about how people know their owns mind and the dark but intriguing idea that Jean-Paul Sartre expressed in his remark that, for a human being, “to exist is always to assume its being” in a way that implies “an understanding of human reality by itself.” An implication of this Sartrean thought about self-awareness, the author argues, is that the primary form of self-awareness must be transparent: its focus must be, not oneself, but aspects of the non-mental world presented in a way that is informed by an implicit self-awareness. Nevertheless—as the author goes on to argue—rational subjects are necessarily capable of transforming this implicit self-awareness, through reflection, into an explicit understanding of themselves and their own mental states.
Death Is Peace
Authors: Dutt Sandeep , Hayat Faisal , Ritika
Published: February 2024

The chapter narrates story of Muhammad Yaqub waiting for the angel of death to bring peace, who remembers a 12 miles journey on foot, accompanied by two armed soldiers yet faced abductions of 19 young girls. He is also disappointed with the higher officials who never allotted him the benefits he deserved. Read about how he mentions about Bhai Ka Jumba, Firozpur that seems to be a tranquil place with 108 families following Islam, interestingly, the number is sacred to Hindus. However, the unholy intentions of the man tainted the holiness of the same. The story, Death is Peace, is about the unfairness and barbarity of those times and its people.
Abandoned Virtue
Authors: Dutt Sandeep , Hayat Faisal , Ritika
Published: February 2024

The chapter portrays the story of Fatimah Noreen. Born in Sialkot but living in Delhi for her father who worked as a Messenger with the Government, got transferred there. She strolls down the memory lane to visit her childhood which always brought a smile on her face except it was short lived as she touches a horrifying memory of partition. She recalls how a murder during Ramadan led to a killing spree which forced the migration of hundreds of families like them and mentions an attack on the Red Fort. The story, Abandoned Virtues, questions all the brutality that rained down on everyone and ruined so many lives.
“The Consideration and Study That They Require”
Authors: Brown Gwynne Kuhner
Published: February 2024

Although William L. Dawson’s (1899–1990) choral arrangements of spirituals are widely respected and uniquely influential, music scholars have dedicated little attention to their cultural significance or artistic value. This chapter considers the causes of this neglect, offers an overview of the early history of spiritual arrangements for Black collegiate choirs, and analyzes three representative works by Dawson. The analyses illuminate Dawson’s artistry and creativity, his sensitivity to the songs’ texts, his deliberate referencing of European choral tradition, and his ability to craft arrangements that are effective in concert performance while respecting the folk songs’ original form and their enslaved Black creators’ intentions. Among the most significant of these intentions was that the songs should give life to those who sang them; Dawson’s compositional and pedagogical choices demonstrate that he created his extraordinary arrangements with the wellbeing of his Black students at Tuskegee Institute very much at the forefront.
Christian responses to migration along the US-Mexican border
Authors: Heyer Kristin E.
Published: February 2024

Christian responses to migration along the US-Mexican border have been marked by humanitarian aid, political advocacy, prophetic witness—and, in some cases, fear, resistance, and apathy. This entry elaborates the concrete realities facing migrants at the US-Mexico border in light of fortification and immigration policies and restrictionist rhetoric in recent decades. In response, it outlines resources from Christian ethics and the work of humanitarian aid and advocacy groups, arguing that a Christian response at the border is one that unmasks distorting narratives and engages in prophetic critique and pastoral outreach alike, even as Christians remain complicit in the more harmful dynamics traced, as well, in need of ongoing conversion. For Christian cooptation by white nationalism has contributed to inhospitality and injustice in some cases, as well.
Cinema on the Move
Authors: Griffiths Alison
Published: February 2024

What is an expedition film and what kind of knowledge does it valorize, suppress, or gloss over? What habits of seeing and thought does it privilege, and how do the surviving images, as well as thousands of field photographs, multi-volume diaries, letters, popular articles, and the reception of the film, disassemble and reassemble the experience of travel? Using the edited film of the 1926 American Museum of Natural History-sponsored Morden-Clark Asiatic expedition as a case study and drawing upon tropes of travel writing dating back to the Middle Ages, this chapter explores how expedition footage might be considered the equivalent of visual small talk. Such a mode of seeing, while lacking in anthropological depth, is surprisingly perceptive.
A System of Thorough Cooperation
Authors: Marzola Luci
Published: February 2024

From the late 1910s, Los Angeles was home to several small technology service firms that catered specifically to the needs of the motion picture studios. The development of this sector was instrumental in transforming Hollywood from a manufacturing outpost into an integrated economic/industrial zone. Contrary to narratives perpetuated by the producers themselves, the studios were not entirely self-sufficient facilities; rather, they were dependent on a network of technology businesses on the East Coast and, with increasing frequency, throughout Southern California. The movement of technological service firms into Los Angeles contributed to the development of the Hollywood studio system. In particular, independent processing laboratories tailored their business to the creative and technical workers toiling in the studios. By doing so, the labs and other firms created a unique and persistent technology community designed to meet the needs of creative production.
Reviewing Maple Viewing (Momijigari, 1899)
Authors: Miyao Daisuke
Published: February 2024

Maple Viewing (1899) is considered the earliest surviving Japanese film. Photographed by the cinematographer Shibata Tsunekichi, the film records Kabuki actors Ichikawa Danjurō IX and Onoe Kikugorō V performing in a play of the same name. There is no doubt that Maple Viewing is an early “surviving” work. Yet can we call Maple Viewing “Japanese” simply because it was photographed in Japan by a Japanese cinematographer? If we imagine that it was produced for non-Japanese viewers in the context of an Orientalist imagination, what would its classification as “Japanese” amount to? Moreover, we can also question its status as a “film” in turn-of-the-century discourse. What was Maple Viewing understood to be when it was first exhibited? Focusing on the work of Shibata, this chapter examines early Japanese filmmaking in terms of the influence of Japanese art and culture on European fine art, as well as Japanese reactions to “Japonisme.”
Paramount Pictures, National Advertising Agencies, and the Conspicuous Distribution of First-Run Feature Films in the United States
Authors: Moore Paul S.
Published: February 2024

Paramount Pictures was created in 1914 as a “marketing combine” of distributors for three early feature-film companies. Central to Paramount’s initial set-up was a plan to advertise on a national scale, taking advantage of pooled publicity. For the rest of the silent era, Paramount stood out among Hollywood studios for its extensive use of standardized advertising, designed and managed by publicity experts, the H. E. Lesan Agency and Hanff-Metzger, Inc. In the nascent studio system for Hollywood movies, national advertising transformed the deep pockets of Paramount studios into symbolic dominance over exhibitors. This tactic pre-dated the company’s establishment of vertically integrated ownership of first-run theaters. Where other studios occasionally promoted new feature films or popular stars, Paramount took a systematic approach to display conspicuously its trademark as a modern staple of an emerging consumer society.
Dandyism, Circulation, and Emergent Cinema in Iran
Authors: Askari Kaveh
Published: February 2024

The only surviving silent feature made in Iran, Mr. Haji the Movie Actor (released in 1934, as sound film production was ramping up in the country), contains abundant references to films that stretch across silent cinema history: from Georges Méliès and early chase films, through Richard Talmadge and Maciste, to Dziga Vertov and Soviet modernist acting styles. It also forms part of a long tradition within Iran of satirical treatment of the modern dandy figure. This chapter reads the film’s irreverent play with cinema history alongside traditions of global dandyism. The dandy functions as a particularly resonant figure for the asynchronous and ambivalent engagement with circulating objects of modern style.
Popular Science Monthly and the Uses of Moving Pictures
Authors: Waller Gregory A.
Published: February 2024

Although Popular Science Monthly focused on applied scientific research, including advances in photographic and communication technologies, this magazine paid surprisingly little attention to motion pictures after the end of the nineteenth century, beyond occasionally bemoaning the effect of “picture shows.” Yet once this periodical was transformed in 1915 into a heavily illustrated magazine aimed at a mass market, coverage of motion pictures became a regular feature. The new Popular Science Monthly highlighted non-commercial uses of the medium and inventive modifications of the motion picture apparatus, while celebrating the bravado of stunt performers and camera operators as well as the logistical challenges of creating thrilling spectacle through special effects and set construction. A close look at Popular Science Monthly from 1897 through 1916 offers a revealing historical vantage point on American cinema’s particular version of mediated modernity and on the discourse of useful cinema in the early twentieth century.
Franchising as a Strategy of National Feature Distribution in the 1910s
Authors: Long Derek
Published: February 2024

This chapter examines a hybrid form of national feature-film distribution used in the United States from the mid-1910s until at least the early 1920s: the franchise system. This system constituted a transitional model of film distribution that combined the features of the state rights system typically used for multi-reel features and the centralized release program used for short films. By combining the income and circulation benefits of state rights with the coordination, pricing, and branding advantages of program booking, franchising enabled feature distributors to build a national distribution network quickly and without significant capital investment. Through case studies of the Triangle Film Corporation and the First National Exhibitors’ Circuit, this chapter details the advantages and disadvantages of the franchise system before it became a marginal practice used by Poverty Row distributors.
Christianity, Islam, and the Antiapartheid Movement
Authors: Denis Philippe
Published: February 2024

This chapter explores the Christian and Muslim responses to apartheid in South Africa between 1948 and 1994. Religion was an important component of the ideological battle waged, nationally and internationally, to justify apartheid or to delegitimize it. Both movements had Christian roots. A significant number of antiapartheid activists were also motivated by their Muslim faith. When dealing with political matters, faith community leaders and activists used language that has changed over time, from a timid and ambiguous denunciation of apartheid to a complete rejection of it on religious grounds. It was for good reasons that the African National Congress established a Department of Religious Affairs in 1987 in Lusaka. Faith-based activists also castigated members of their own communities, whom they accused of silence in the face of gross injustices, like the apartheid regime itself. The church, as they said, was a “site of struggle.” In post-apartheid South Africa, the silence of large parts of the faith communities tends to be erased from the collective memory.
Law Clerks
Authors: Sanders Anne
Published: February 2024

This chapter considers the role law clerks play. Law clerks have a legal education and support judges in the adjudicative process, and are often employed to make courts more productive and to help judges concentrate on hard cases. Different forms of clerking can be found in most judicial systems of the world. Law clerks can be young graduates hired for educational purposes, seconded judges assisting higher court judges for a few years, or settling on a long-term clerk career. They may be organized in pools assisting different judges or be assigned to individual judges. Tasks range from doing research and writing memos at first instance, assisting in gatekeeping at higher courts, to being present at oral hearings and deliberations, and to draft complete judgments. The central question is the degree of influence law clerks have. Outside the United States, research on law clerks is still relatively rare and comparative research is still in its early stages. Comparative research on law clerks can provide unique insights into legal careers, courts as organizations, as well as judicial decision-making.
Leadership in Courts
Authors: Litleré Bentsen Henrik , Kåre Skiple Jon
Published: February 2024

This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of judicial behaviour literature on the leadership of courts. The literature suggests that court leaders exhibit a keen awareness of institutional and strategic considerations, employing calculated decision-making strategies that may prioritize stability over favourable policy outcomes. While court leaders do pursue personal policy goals, their approach is marked by strategic calculations, often leading them to forgo personal goals in favour of securing a more stable majority coalition. Court leaders often display a notable awareness of public opinion and prioritize the preservation of institutional legitimacy over advancing specific policy agendas, particularly when the court’s public confidence is on the decline. This recognition underscores their understanding of the importance of maintaining public trust in the judiciary. However, it is important to note that the research on court leadership remains predominantly centred around North American jurisdictions, and that there exist substantial limitations in quantifying the diverse impacts of leadership. Nonetheless, these extant findings and scholarly works offer an encouraging trajectory for future comparative research.
Threats to Judicial Independence
Authors: Schwartz Alex
Published: February 2024

There are many ways in which governments or legislatures may attempt to curb the power or independence of the judiciary. Such efforts, often called ‘court curbing’, have important implications for the study of judicial behaviour; the research in this field suggests not only that judicial decisions can provoke court curbing but also that the threat of court curbing will motivate judges to constrain their own decisions strategically. Court curbing is also a matter of great practical concern; threats to independent judicial power may prefigure attacks on other values or institutions that people care about and, in extreme cases, herald a turn to authoritarian government. This chapter considers theory and evidence concerning several factors that might encourage court curbing (i.e. ideological polarization, political ‘self-defence’, ‘position taking’, and populism) as well as other factors that might discourage court curbing (i.e. constitutional impediments, veto players and political fragmentation, political competition, and public support for the judiciary). The chapter concludes by highlighting some promising pathways for future research in this area.
Attitudinal Judging
Authors: Solberg Rorie , Waltenburg Eric N.
Published: February 2024

It is conventional wisdom that preferences affect the decisional behaviour of judges sitting on US courts, and for some time now, the ‘attitudinal model’ has been transported beyond the US context. Given the attitudinal model’s scope of use, the discipline would be well served by taking an inventory of the literature on the effects of ideology and partisanship as measures of attitudinal predispositions on judicial behaviour. How have these concepts been operationalized, and what are the strengths and weaknesses of the various measurement strategies? What do we know, and what remains unsettled? Perhaps most importantly, where should we go next? This chapter presents a ‘best evidence synthesis’ of the literature on partisanship, ideology, and judicial behaviour paying particular attention to analyses examining the effect of partisanship or ideology on judicial behaviour in courts other than those located in the United States. It shows that attitudinal voting is widespread among the world’s judges, but the magnitude of the effect of preferences is not uniform. A variety of forces bear upon the degree to which judicial preferences shape judicial outputs.
Accelerating the Race to Net-Zero Through Open Innovation
Authors: Zobel Ann-Kristin , Comello Stephen , Falcke Lukas
Published: February 2024

If the world is to avoid the worst consequences of climate change, the global economy must achieve net-zero carbon emissions by 2050. In response, the number of corporate carbon reduction pledges has been skyrocketing. However, firms face an abundance of challenges in their efforts: (1) to pledge, measure, disclose, (2) to reduce, and (3) to remove their carbon emissions. This chapter begins to explore how firms can harness the benefits of open innovation to advance their quest to net-zero. It proposes a preliminary framework that stipulates how firms can open up and collaborate with partners: (1) to set clear net-zero goals and overcome measurement issues, (2) to test, scale, and deploy carbon reduction technologies, and (3) to build carbon removal markets with quality control. This framework is intended to inspire further research and corporate analysis on how to accelerate and overcome the hurdles in the race to net-zero.
Opening Up Open Innovation
Authors: Vanhaverbeke Wim , Gilsing Victor
Published: February 2024

Two main arguments are developed in this chapter. First, the chapter tackles the asymmetry in roles of outside-in and inside-out open innovation (OI) in the literature. Outside-in OI is assumed to play predominantly a strategic role. In contrast, inside-out OI has been predominantly perceived to have a financial return: It is a mechanism to allow underutilized ideas to go outside the organization for others to deploy them in their businesses. This chapter focuses on the monetary role of outside-in OI and the strategic role of inside-out OI, leading to a more balanced appreciation of both modes of open innovation. Second, it explores the possibilities of using open innovation strategically once beyond the context of new product or service development. As a result of this exercise, the concept of “outside-out” open innovation is introduced, which allows companies to apply open innovation in a wider set of contexts, with more diverse partners and where the governance of the collaboration resonates with the current innovation ecosystem literature.
The Future of Open Innovation
Authors: Radziwon Agnieszka , Chesbrough Henry , Vanhaverbeke Wim , West Joel
Published: February 2024

For the past two decades, Open Innovation has been a promising and useful concept for guiding academics, practitioners, and policymakers. The applied nature of Open Innovation and its very diverse, inclusive, and open community made it stand out from other theories, concepts, and paradigms. Even though Open Innovation has been studied in different modes, contexts, and on different levels of analysis, it is not a theory of everything. This chapter builds on the richness of excellent contributions to the Oxford Handbook of Open Innovation to provide an overview of the newly emerging contexts (what), new methodologies and data (how), and the rationale for the importance of these upcoming studies (why) to complement and further extend the Open Innovation as a field of knowledge.
The Inner and Outer Worship
Authors: Lidke Jeffrey S. , Akshunna L. S.
Published: February 2024

The interwoven rhythms of domestic and temple practice in Nepal operate under an indigenous logic of unity-within-multiplicity (bhedhābheda-vāda), grounded in the theological perception that one supreme goddess has manifested herself as an embodied cosmos (kula), replete with a multiplicity of tantric gods and goddesses who in turn are embedded in the lands, shrines, and homes of Nepāla-Maṇḍala. Just as that goddess projects creation internally onto the screen of her own being, thus playfully exhibiting that “inside” and “outside” are mutually interwoven, necessary, relative, and complementary facets of divine consciousness, so Nepālī tāntrikas intertwine internally focused meditative and visual practices (antar-yāga) together with externally oriented liturgical exercises (bahir-yāga) in both their domestic and temple contexts. Whether inwardly focused or outwardly focused, and whether in the privacy of their home shrine-rooms or in public display in a temple courtyard or other communal ritual context, these tantric practitioners—be they lay adepts or temple priests—share a common caste-transcendent identity as adherents of Nepālī Sarvāmnāya Tantra, the Tantra of the Total Revelation, being the composite revelatory system of the six transmissions (ṣaḍāmnāya) associated with the six faces of their Lord Paśupati.
Anna Julia Cooper and Philosophy
Authors: Falkenstern Rachel
Published: February 2024

Anna Julia Cooper (1858/9–1964) was an intellectual powerhouse, dedicated educator, and tireless activist, best known for her Black feminism. Her written output on topics ranging from feminist theory to literary criticism to the intertwined politics of the Haitian and French Revolutions spanned her entire adult life, most famously, in her 1892 collection A Voice from the South: By a Black Woman of the South. This chapter focuses on philosophical concepts found in Cooper’s work, especially as they are treated in contemporary philosophy and related fields. It puts recent English-language academic philosophy about Cooper into conversation with Cooper's research in adjacent fields such as women’s studies and African American studies. The topics treated are: education, classicism, activism; moral critiques of social-political power, progress, and oppression; ethics and epistemology, pragmatism and American philosophy; and a few words on existentialism and aesthetics as concluding remarks.
Unbundling Threats
Authors: Pekkanen Saadia M.
Published: February 2024

Great power competition between the United States and China in the space domain is indicated by a bipolarity of alliances. At present, two contending sets of formal and informal alliances are extending into space. This chapter analyzes how the alliances are organized and led, focusing primarily on the case of space stations, including in cislunar space. A central goal is to map the diverging alignments and to build an understanding of the role that material and perceptual threats play in bringing them about. First, the chapter unbundles the threats states face at the nexus of space activities. Second, it examines how the United States is responding to the swirl of threats and forging alliances that are actively balanced by those of its peer competitor, China. Finally, it assesses the significance and strength of the alignments, cautioning that congruence from follower states cannot be taken for granted by either side.
Military Space Strategies and African Realism
Authors: Oyewole Samuel
Published: February 2024

This chapter examines the development of space strategies for military-security purposes in Africa, its rationales in the framework of African realism, and the implications for national and international security. In addition to civil and commercial space programs, some African nations have developed military space strategies, as indicated by their interests, commitments, capabilities, and operations. Drawing from the experiences of Egypt, South Africa, and Nigeria, the military dimension of African space strategies is considered to be driven by a mixture of national and regional interests that are premised on security realities and ideational values. This development has encouraged cooperation amid competition, as Africanist values of progress, peace, brotherhood, and regionalism crisscross realism’s ideas of power, security, and status in military space strategies in the region. Accordingly, effective and transparent management of this frontier of military strategy is important to the peace, security, and prosperity of the region.
A Moving Feast
Authors: Lambrides Ariana B. J. , Ditchfield Kane , Ulm Sean , Veth Peter
Published: February 2024

Engagement with coastal and marine landscapes was crucial in the sociocultural transformation of people as they moved into Australia during the Pleistocene. While the earliest evidence for Aboriginal interaction with coastlines and islands was drowned by postglacial sea-level rise, ongoing research programs are documenting a rich narrative of coastal occupational resilience, in concert with fluctuating sea levels. Direct evidence for Aboriginal use of coastal environments now extend to 50,000 years ago. By the middle Holocene, archaeological evidence for coastal and island occupation appears to proliferate around the continent, which is likely associated with the emergence of maritime specialist economies. As the largest island continent settled by modern people with maritime capabilities and coastal adaptations, we anticipate that future work will continue to contribute to dialogues about the emergence of island societies globally.
The Influence and Efflorescence of Ancient Micronesia
Authors: Fitzpatrick Scott M. , Napolitano Matthew F.
Published: February 2024

Micronesia is a region of the northwest tropical Pacific that, true to its name, comprises thousands of smaller islands stretching across a vast seascape. Despite their diminutive nature, the islands of Micronesia are unique in many ways and hold important clues about the settlement of Remote Oceania and subsequent cultural and historical phenomena that developed over the course of three millennia. This chapter highlights six major topics to introduce readers to the region’s archaeological record and its significance to island and coastal studies on a global scale. These include (1) the early colonization of western Micronesia when compared with other parts of Remote Oceania ca. 3,300 years ago; (2) the pervasiveness of monumental architecture, megaliths, and/or large-scale earth-moving activities; (3) sustained use of long-distance sailing, particularly in the atolls, and the sharing of traditional voyaging techniques that have helped revitalization movements elsewhere; (4) a dearth of research compared to other parts of the Pacific resulting from logistical difficulties and different colonial powers changing hands; (5) intensive conflicts taking place during World War II; and (6) Micronesia’s high susceptibility to the effects of climate change.
The Importance of Aquatic Foods and Environments for the Early Hominin Brain
Authors: Stewart Kathlyn M. , Cunnane Stephen C.
Published: February 2024

Diet was critical to the growing early Homo brain, which required brain-selective nutrients such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), iodine, and iron for growth. Fish and shellfish were optimal sources of these nutrients. The fruit and vegetal diet of the earliest hominins, however, contained few of these nutrients. Early Homo and the australopithecines emerged along with changing environments including spreading grasslands and extreme temperatures. Their requirements for drinking water and shade meant archaeological sites were frequently located near wooded streams and rivers, lakes, and springs, ensuring hominin familiarity with edible wetland vegetation and freshwater-dwelling animals. Archaeological excavations and isotopic evidence indicate that early Homo procured spawning fish, probably crabs and shellfish, and scavenged meat. Fish was an invaluable food in the hot, dry seasons—predictable, easily caught, fatty, and, significantly, containing brain-specific nutrients. Fish—and likely nutritious crabs, shellfish, and scavenged meat—therefore fueled the ongoing encephalization of early Homo (including early H. erectus) and provided hominins with seasonally reliable food sources, complemented by carbohydrate-rich plant foods and scavenged mammal meat. Later in hominin development, consumption of marine food resources similarly provided DHA and other brain-specific nutrients.
Alevism and the Politics of Religious Freedom
Authors: Walton Jeremy F. , İlengiz Çiçek
Published: February 2024

This chapter describes the recent emergence of a multifaceted Alevi movement in Turkey and among Turkish and Kurdish immigrant communities in Europe. It provides an overview of the recent history of Alevi communities, political representatives, and organizations. Broadly, Alevi civil society organizations can be divided into two camps according to their attitude toward the Turkish state and, particularly, the Directorate of Religious Affairs (the Diyanet): accommodationist and abolitionist. Accommodationists seek integration within and representation by the state and the Diyanet; abolitionists foreground institutional separation and advocate for the Diyanet’s dismantlement. Whether on the left, center, or right, Alevi organizations have framed their grievances as part of global efforts to secure “religious freedom.” This chapter analyzes contemporary Alevism through the lens of religious freedom, adumbrates the forms of knowledge that religious freedom privileges and precludes for Alevis, and surveys the institutional and discursive plurality that defines the Alevi movement.
Turkey, Islam, and Turks in Europe
Authors: Sunier Thijl
Published: February 2024

This chapter discusses the notion of postmigration transnationalism and the complexities and dynamics of the ties between Turks in Europe with a migration background and Turkish society. The ties of the early labor migrants with their country of origin were emanating from family relations and local and regional ties, which created effective bonds with Turkey. Although postmigration European Turks, that is citizens of Turkish origin in Europe who cannot be depicted anymore as migrants, continue to maintain transnational links and are part of networks across borders, the relationship with and orientation toward the country from which their parents and grandparents migrated, is markedly different and certainly changed with the emergence of digital media. Despite this fact, European governments continue to hold the view that integration of people with a migration background into European societies, and the maintenance of transnational links and networks with the country of origin are mutually exclusive. Governments and politicians in Europe consider the integration into host societies a unilateral development wherein transnational ties should gradually wane and eventually disappear. This chapter presents a historical account of the Turkish transnational landscape development in Europe over the recent decades. It is argued that the Turkish organizational landscape and contemporary Turkish Islam must be approached as a complex multipolar and multidirectional field in which modern mass media and socioeconomic developments are crucial co-shaping factors.
The Secular and Religious
Authors: Soyubol Kutluğhan
Published: February 2024

A binaristic approach to the phenomenon of the secular and religious has long been considered axiomatic in conceptualizing Turkish republican history. This chapter problematizes this binaristic scaffold through a genealogical-historical engagement with Turkish neo-spiritualism, which emerged as a novel intellectual discourse for reevaluating spiritual or transcendental matters with a new (scientifically credible) language in early republican Turkey. The chapter traces neo-spiritualist conceptualizations of spirit/soul (ruh) and memory (hafıza), utilizing them as unexpected entry points into a complex net of generative relations and entanglements that Turkish secularism has enacted by and through its simultaneous engagements with modern science and preexisting religious traditions. Shedding light on the suppressed yet enduring impact of Muslim cultural memory within the republican (secular) sociocultural sphere, the chapter ruminates on the potential of these neo-spiritualist concepts to explicate what the secular and religious entail in modern Turkey (and beyond) in more imaginative, inquisitive, and deconstructive ways.
Genealogies of Illiberalism
Authors: Varga Mihai , Buzogány Aron
Published: February 2024

Two lineages are at the intellectual core of illiberalism. The revolutionary-conservative New Right claims to defend an “ethno-pluralist” (European, Indo-European, or Eurasian) identity from the multiculturalist threat of a “Great Replacement” through immigration. By contrast, the national-conservative lineage is more concerned with threats to the moral order and the loss of moral bearing due to liberal relativism. Even though both illiberal lineages blame liberalism for undermining (traditional) identity and normative order, they engender different political projects regarding policies, institution-building, and transnational cooperation. Both lineages seek to appropriate conservatism as their ideological choice while ignoring established conservative traditions. This leads to significant differences regarding their relation to modernity, their positioning vis-à-vis fascism, their geopolitical orientations or envisioned socio-economic policies. The chapter underscores the need to view illiberalism as a temporary formation and that illiberalism is not monolithic and stable but a complex formation with nuanced relationships between intellectual circles and political networks, which are not devoid of tensions and differences.
Illiberalism in Liberal Democracies
Authors: Kauth Jasper Theodor
Published: February 2024

How can we account for the persistence of illiberalism in liberal democracies? This chapter first offers a taxonomy of illiberalism to bring clarity to the empirical and theoretical aspects of the concept. Illiberal political practices in liberal democracies can be ordered along three dimensions relating to their relevant actors, targets, and sources: illiberal practices by private and state actors; disruptive illiberalism targeting democratic institutions (democratic backsliding) or liberal values (ideological illiberalism); and illiberalism originating from within the liberal democratic order or imported from outside its boundaries. Such an analytical schema allows researchers to investigate the logics causing illiberalisms as well as their consequences. The chapter then shows that illiberal practices by state actors emerge not only from anti-liberal political ideologies but also from conflicts over societal membership within political liberalism itself. Specific policy areas—illiberal pockets like migration, welfare, and security—are particularly prone to illiberal incursions.