bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Captured voices in cancer: experiences from networking between individuals with experiential and professional knowledge
Authors: Carlsson Christina , Segesten Kerstin , Nilbert Mef , Nilsson Kerstin
Published: February 2007

Background

Patients needs and experiences attract increasing attention within health care. In order to generate knowledge about the voices that emerge from collaborative experiences between members of patient associations for cancer patients (PACP) and health care professionals (HCPs), we studied a permanent network aimed at improving cancer care through increased attention to the cancer patients' view and experiences.

Methods

Open-ended interviews were carried out with 16 individuals; 6 PACP members and 10 HCPs, and after transcription the texts were analysed by inductive content analysis.

Results

Fourvoices, which represent various experiences from networking, were identified;the hesitant voice,the enlightened voice,the liberated voice,and the representative voice. The hesitant voice reflects uncertainty experienced when the participants were exposed to different views and opinions within the network. The enlightened voice reflects new points of view and gain of knowledge. The liberated voice signifies trust, balance, and confidence related to individual experiences and responsibilities being viewed in a broader perspective. The representative voice is derived from the transformation of experiences and responsibilities through insight, understanding, and new perspectives.

Conclusion

Networking between representatives for PACPs and HCPs may help the participants manage uncertainty, strengthen the patient's perspective and provide new views on common issues. The different voices identified in this study demonstrate that both PACP members and HCPs distanced themselves from their individual experiences in order to be perceived as unselfish and knowledgeable within the network. Although the climate was characterized by trustfulness, the members' unique positions need to be defined in order to obtain an optimal balance between the groups and prevent members' patient experiences of losing their character by learning to much from the HCPs. Increased understanding of the hesitant, the enlightened, the liberated, and the representative voices, and awareness of experiential versus professional knowledge of cancer may facilitate and probably improve future networking efforts.
Antibody-mediated delivery of IL-10 inhibits the progression of established collagen-induced arthritis
Authors: Trachsel Eveline , Bootz Frank , Silacci Michela , Kaspar Manuela , Kosmehl Hartwig , Neri Dario
Published: February 2007

The antibody-mediated targeted delivery of cytokines to sites of disease is a promising avenue for cancer therapy, but it is largely unexplored for the treatment of chronic inflammatory conditions. Using both radioactive and fluorescent techniques, the human monoclonal antibodies L19 and G11 (specific to two markers of angiogenesis that are virtually undetectable in normal adult tissues) were found to selectively localize at arthritic sites in the murine collagen-induced model of rheumatoid arthritis following intravenous (i.v.) administration. The same animal model was used to study the therapeutic action of the L19 antibody fused to the cytokines IL-2, tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and IL-10. Whereas L19–IL-2 and L19–TNF treatment led to increased arthritic scores and paw swellings, the fusion protein L19–IL-10 displayed a therapeutic activity, which was superior to the activity of IL-10 fused to an antibody of irrelevant specificity in the mouse. The anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 has been investigated for the treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, but clinical development plans have been discontinued because of a lack of efficacy. Because the antigen recognised by L19 is strongly expressed at sites of arthritis in humans and identical in both mice and humans, it suggests that the fusion protein L19–IL-10 might help overcome some of the clinical limitations of IL-10 and provide a therapeutic benefit to patients with chronic inflammatory disorders, including arthritis.
Reality of Rapid Convergence
Authors: BAINBRIDGE WILLIAM SIMS , ROCO MIHAIL C.
Published: February 2007

Abstract:  A major series of conferences, workshops, and research projects has established the crucial importance of convergence across all fields of science and technology. Central to this unification at the present time are the NBIC fields: nanotechnology, biotechnology, information technology and new technologies based on cognitive science. This book provides an overview of this crucial phase change in human culture, beginning with four chapters offering an overview, followed by four chapters about nanobioconvergence, two about the ways in which information infrastructure can promote convergence, four chapters on cognitive technologies, and four addressing the social and ethical implications of this profound revolution.
Biomimetic Nanotechnology
Authors: TAKAI OSAMU
Published: February 2007

Abstract: 
Biomimetic materials processing (BMMP) is defined as the design and synthesis of new functional materials by refining knowledge and understanding of related biological products, structures, functions, and processes. By using BMMP, we can make a new nanotechnology, which is named “biomimetic nanotechnology.” This is based on lessons from nature, becomes important for industries from the viewpoint of its applications, and closely relates to “converging technologies.” The concept and applications of this biomimetic nanotechnology are described in this article.
The Case for Nanogeoscience
Authors: HOCHELLA MICHAEL F.
Published: February 2007

Abstract:  In the last 200 years, geoscience has been about the convergence of sciences and technologies, particularly from the fields of chemistry and physics, while adding techniques, observations, and reasoning that seem to be wholly “geologic” in origin and nature. However, more recently, geoscience has also become an actively participating domain of at least three of the four major “NBIC” (nano‐bio‐info‐cogno) enterprises, namely nanoscience and technology, modern molecular biology, and information technologies. This article will emphasize perhaps the least obvious of these connections, the “nano” aspects of the geosciences, and also adds a few aspects of the influence of modern molecular biology. There is no question that these new convergences are beginning to change the way geoscientists think about Earth, with critical applications in many areas of modern environmental science.
Three Levels of Neuroelectronic Interfacing
Authors: FROMHERZ PETER
Published: February 2007

Abstract:  We consider the direct electrical interfacing of semiconductor chips with individual nerve cells and brain tissue. At first, the structure of the cell‐chip contact is studied. Then we characterize the electrical coupling of ion channels—the electrical elements of nerve cells—with transistors and capacitors in silicon chips. On that basis it is possible to implement signal transmission between microelectronics and the microionics of nerve cells in both directions. Simple hybrid neuroelectronic systems are assembled with neuron pairs and with small neuronal networks. Finally, the interfacing with capacitors and transistors is extended to brain tissue cultured on silicon chips. The application of highly integrated silicon chips allows an imaging of neuronal activity with high spatiotemporal resolution. The goal of the work is an integration of neuronal network dynamics with digital electronics on a microscopic level with respect to experiments in brain research, medical prosthetics, and information technology.
Affective Computing and Autism
Authors: KALIOUBY RANA el , PICARD ROSALIND , BARON‐COHEN SIMON
Published: February 2007

Abstract: This article highlights the overlapping and converging goals and challenges of autism research and affective computing. We propose that a collaboration between autism research and affective computing could lead to several mutually beneficial outcomes—from developing new tools to assist people with autism in understanding and operating in the socioemotional world around them, to developing new computational models and theories that will enable technology to be modified to provide an overall better socioemotional experience to all people who use it. This article describes work toward this convergence at the MIT Media Lab, and anticipates new research that might arise from the interaction between research into autism, technology, and human socioemotional intelligence.
Regret and Behavior: Comment on Zeelenberg and Pieters
Authors: Roese Neal J. , Summerville Amy , Fessel Florian
Published: February 2007

Zeelenberg and Pieter's (2007) regret regulation theory 1.0 offers a synthesis that brings together concepts spanning numerous literatures. We have no substantive disagreement with their theory, but instead offer 3 observations to further aid regret researchers studying consumer decision making. First, the overall arch of any regret theory must be situated within an understanding of behavior regulation. Second, the distinction between regrets of action versus inaction is best understood in terms of motivational implications, particularly with regard to Higgin's (1998) distinction between promotion and prevention focus. Third, the opportunity principle offers a particularly clear means of summarizing the regulatory consequences of the regret experience. Regret is an emotion pivotal for decision making, and its cognitive underpinning has and continues to be elucidated in research focusing on counterfactual thinking.
Deliberative and Automatic Bases of Suspicion: Empirical Evidence of the Sinister Attribution Error
Authors: Main Kelley J. , Dahl Darren W. , Darke Peter R.
Published: February 2007

This research explores perceptions of interpersonal influence in the form of flattery that occurs in a consumer retail setting. Across 4 experiments, results demonstrate empirical evidence of a sinister attribution error (Kramer, 1994), as consumer reactions to flattery were more negative than warranted by the situation. Results across 3 experiments demonstrated that there are 2 types of information processing occurring when consumers make trust judgments in response to flattery. Depending on when flattery occurs, consumers engage in either automatic or deliberative processing of information provided by the sales context. The final experiment further suggests that the automatic processing occurred through categorization based on social cues.
Public and Private Regulation of Organ Transplantation: Liver Allocation and the Final Rule
Authors: Weimer David L.
Published: February 2007

The allocation of cadaveric organs for transplantation in the United States is governed by a process of private regulation. Through the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN), stakeholders and public representatives determine the substantive content of allocation rules. Between 1994 and 2000 the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services conducted a rule making to define more clearly the public and private roles in the determination of organ allocation policy. Several prominent liver transplant centers that were losing market share as a result of the proliferation of transplant centers used the rule making as a vehicle for challenging the local priority for organ allocation inherent in the OPTN rules. The process leading to the final rule provides a window on the politics of organ allocation. It also facilitates an assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of private rule making. Overall, private rule making appears to be relatively effective in tapping the technical expertise and tacit knowledge of stakeholders to allow for the adaptation of rules in the face of changing technology and information. However, the particular system of representation employed may give less influence to some stakeholders than they would have in public regulatory arenas, giving them an incentive to seek public rule making as a remedy for their persistent losses within the framework of private rule making.
The Influence of Cementing Technique and Blood on the Strength of the Bone-Cement Interface
Authors: Bannister G C , Miles A W
Published: February 2007

The shear strength of the femoral bone-cement interface using four current techniques of cement insertion in total hip replacement was compared in paired human and ox femora. Ox bone proved to have mechanical properties comparable to human material, gave reproducible results, and was more readily available. In clean bone, lowering cement viscosity resulted in better bone fixation. When a thin layer of blood was interposed on brushed, washed bone, the interface strength was halved. Lower viscosity cementing techniques in the presence of blood conferred no advantage over cement inserted as thick dough.
Stresses in Thick-Walled Plane Pipe Bends
Authors: Swanson S. A. V. , Ford Hugh
Published: February 2007

The increasing use of high pressures in engineering requires the employment of thick-walled pipes, and consequently of thick-walled pipe bends. The behaviour of conventional pipe bends under bending loads and internal pressure has been understood for some time, and more recent work has been concentrated on thin-walled, short-radius bends.

Experiments on two thick-walled pipe bends, having Λ values of 4·57 and 1·76 respectively are described; in-plane bending and internal pressure are considered, both separately and together.

Bending stresses and flexibilities are satisfactorily described by existing theories (Turner and Ford, Barthélemy); no existing theory is adequate for the pressure stresses, but modifications to Thuloup's theory make it applicable to thick-walled pipe bends.

Bending and pressure stress systems were found to be superposable. Maximum equivalent stresses calculated by the above theories were 20 per cent higher than those derived from the experiments, provided that the cross-section of the pipe bend was describable by a convergent Fourier series; random local flattenings can cause large stresses under internal pressure.
A Replica Technique for Measuring Static Strains
Authors: Hickson V. M.
Published: February 2007

A new technique for determining static strains in engineering specimens and structures is described. It is basically a direct-measurement method in that relative displacements of surface scratches are measured; the novel feature of the technique is the recording of scratch patterns by means of accurate replicas taken with the structure in the unloaded and loaded states, or after loading, and their comparison for the measurement of strains. Measurements of relative displacements on a replica pair may be taken to an accuracy of at least one micron by visual microscope techniques; this accuracy permits good determinations of low elastic strains over gauge lengths from 1/2 cm to 1 cm, and measurements of plastic strain over very much shorter gauge lengths.

Replication is a quick process, being complete in one minute or less and the replicas have permanence of the order of months. Measurement of the replicas may be carried out under laboratory conditions, remote in distance and time from the test, if that is necessary. The replicas are compensated for temperature within certain limits, permitting successive replicas to be taken over long intervals without correction for variations in the ambient temperature.

A description of equipment for application and measurement of replicas is given; some results defining the limitations of the technique are presented, and a discussion on systems of measurement and computation of elastic strains and plastic elongations is included. Examples of application to fields of elastic and plastic strain are quoted.
Effect of Compressibility on the Discharge Coefficient of Orifices and Convergent Nozzles
Authors: Bragg S. L.
Published: February 2007

It has been known for some time that when a gas flows through an orifice the coefficient of discharge increases as the ratio of the downstream pressure to the upstream pressure is reduced (Stanton (1)).† This increase continues even after the critical (sonic) pressure ratio is passed, since, unless the discharge coefficient of the orifice is already unity, the mean velocity in the plane of the orifice is still subsonic and can be influenced by the downstream pressure.

In a paper to this Institution, Jobson (2) suggested a method by which the variation of discharge coefficient with pressure ratio could be calculated. The method was based on the assumption that the velocity pattern at the walls, upstream of the orifice, was independent of flow rate: it yielded results that were in good agreement with experiments on sharp-edge orifices. The assumption breaks down, however, and leads to demonstrably false results, when the discharge coefficient is greater than about 0·65 and the pressure ratio well away from unity, since the upstream velocity pattern is then affected by compressibility.

In the present paper, a simple assumption about the flow pattern at the walls enables allowance to be made for this additional compressibility effect. The resulting curves of discharge coefficient against pressure ratio are then correct for a perfect nozzle, with a discharge coefficient of unity, as well as for a Borda mouth-piece, and so might be expected to be reasonable approximations in between these extremes.

Experimental results from a variety of sources have been compared with the theoretical predictions. The agreement is good at pressure ratios up to the critical but very few results at really low pressure ratios are available.

It should perhaps be emphasized that neither Jobson's nor the present method of analysis enables the discharge coefficient of a particular orifice to be calculated ab initio. Their object is to predict how the discharge coefficient of a particular nozzle, known under one set of flow conditions, will vary under others. It is therefore to be hoped that the curves presented will prove particularly useful for design purposes, and for performance correlations.
Method of Damping out Bending Vibrations of Beam-Like Structures by Dry (Or Coulomb) Friction
Authors: Williams D.
Published: February 2007

A method is described for damping out the bending vibrations in beam-like structures by the use of dry (or Coulomb) friction. It is particularly applicable where the degree of damping required is that represented by a ratio (damping)/(critical damping) not greater than 15 to 20 per cent. The theory is well confirmed by experiment and curves are provided that enable the basic features of a design to be settled in a matter of minutes. A wide field for the practical application of the method is contemplated.
Transient Vibration of Rectangular Plates
Authors: Forsyth E. M. , Warburton G. B.
Published: February 2007

In this paper the authors consider the response of rectangular plates to transient forces. It is shown that for an impulse applied to a cantilever plate, there is reasonable agreement between theoretical and experimental curves for the resulting transient vibration, when the response in a small number of modes is considered and approximate expressions are used for the natural frequencies and nodal patterns of these modes.
The Vibration of a Rigid Shaft on Short Sleeve Bearings
Authors: Holmes R.
Published: February 2007

The stable and unstable vibrational characteristics of rigid shafts symmetrically supported on short journal bearings are obtained directly from Reynolds equation and conveniently represented in terms of two important parameters.
Boundary Layer Flow in Water Turbine Blading and its Effect on Model Similitude
Authors: Soundranayagam S.
Published: February 2007

The boundary layer flow on the blades of a water turbine are investigated and it is shown that at model Reynolds numbers the boundary layer is largely laminar. The effect of this on scale-up formulae is pointed out. It is shown that the model blades are hydraulically smooth while the full size blades are hydraulically rough. The use of laminar profiles in water turbines is discussed and their susceptibility to cavitation pointed out. The possibility of laminar separation in model water turbines causing an increase in loss is discussed. The influence of Reynolds number on the cavitation performance of the blades and on aerodynamic cascade tests is briefly indicated.
Vibration of a Cylindrical Shell in an Acoustic Medium
Authors: Warburton G. B.
Published: February 2007

In this paper is considered the response to forced vibration of an infinitely long thin cylindrical shell, surrounded by a fluid extending to infinity and containing the fluid. When the fluid is air, there are resonant frequencies close to (1) the natural frequencies of the shell in a vacuum, and (2) the natural frequencies of the internal column of fluid. Numerical results show the variation of these resonant frequencies with the number of circumferential waves, the ratio of the axial wavelength to the mean radius of the shell and the ratio of the thickness to the mean radius. With water as the fluid, the resonant frequencies show considerable divergence from the natural frequencies of the shell in a vacuum. The application of the results to shells of finite length is discussed.
Localized Loads Applied to Spherical Shells
Authors: Leckie F. A.
Published: February 2007

Solutions, valid for all values of the colatitude angle, have been found for a spherical shell subjected to axisymmetric and lateral loads. These solutions can be used to solve the junction problem of a sphere intersected by a cylindrical pipe which carries direct and shear forces as well as bending and twisting moment. Singular solutions are also obtained when direct and tangential forces as well as bending and twisting moments are applied directly to the shell. When is sufficiently large the axisymmetric solutions reduce to the well-known Hetenyi form, and it is found that similar solutions, convenient for design purposes, also exist for lateral loadings.
Collapse of a Rigid-Plastic Circular Plate in Uniform Compression
Authors: Sherbourne A. N.
Published: February 2007

A theoretical solution is presented for the variation of collapse load with changes in geometry of a rigid-plastic circular plate under uniform compression, which furnishes an upper bound on the behaviour of such a plate. The solution is obtained by assuming an arbitrary form for the distribution of plastic hinges in the plate at finite deflection and minimizing the applied load with respect to the assumed mechanism to obtain the required load-deflection relationship.
Stability of Elastic Structures and Their Loading Devices
Authors: Thompson J. M. T.
Published: February 2007

In the paper is discussed the stability of elastic structures which are liable to become unstable under load. In particular the behaviour of the system, comprising an elastic structure and its loading device is considered, and theorems concerning this behaviour are presented. The theorems allow considerable information to be derived concerning the stability of a structure under «rigid», «semi-rigid» or «dead» loading, from an analysis of the load-deflection characteristics of the structure. In addition the behaviour of a structure under «dead» loading can be predicted from the results of a «rigid» experimental test.
Vibrating Systems with Equal Natural Frequencies
Authors: Gladwell G. M. L.
Published: February 2007

This paper is concerned with the free vibration of a system with n degrees of freedom. It is shown that such a system always has n mutually orthogonal principal modes, whether the natural frequencies are all different or not. A method is described by means of which the modes and frequencies can be obtained one by one.
Vibration and Balancing of Rotating Continuous Shafts
Authors: Parkinson A. G. , Bishop R. E. D.
Published: February 2007

A general theoretical treatment is presented of the vibration of rotating shafts supported on any number of bearings. The shafts may be of uniform or non-uniform cross-section and the bearings may be flexible. While it is assumed that the system is axially symmetric, the defects of lack of balance and of initial bend in the shaft are both admitted and the effects of self-weight may be readily allowed for. It is shown that, in principle, continuous shafts bring nothing new to the theory of shafts supported only at their two ends; in particular, they may be balanced in the same way. The relevance of this to the dynamics of turbo-alternators is pointed out and a logical basis for experiments in balancing these machines is described. Incidental to the treatment of rotating shafts are several new, general results in the transverse vibration of non-rotating continuous beams.
Static and Fatigue Testing Machine for Rotor Discs
Authors: Dudley B. R. , Pope J. A.
Published: February 2007

The need for a static and fatigue testing machine for aircraft rotor discs is shown and a suitable hydraulic loading machine is described. A description is also given of the design and development of a variable delivery pulsator for supplying pressure pulses to the hydraulic loading rig. The experimental technique is explained.

Some of the differences between the method of test and operating conditions are discussed and photographs of two types of failure are included.
Effect of Shear Force on the Fully Plastic Moment of An I-Beam
Authors: Neal B. G.
Published: February 2007

Lower bound solutions for the plastic collapse load of an end-loaded cantilever beam of I-section are developed, and compared with existing upper bound solutions. It is shown that the end shear load can only exceed the load corresponding to the yield stress in shear acting over the full web area for extremely short beams, and it is suggested that this load represents the practical limit of shear force. For longer beams a lower bound solution is given which agrees closely with an existing upper bound solution, and an empirical interaction relation between shear load and moment at the clamped end is put forward as a summary of the results. It is also shown that the concept of a local interaction relation which only considers conditions at the clamped end gives very misleading results.
Dimensionless Kinetic Energy: A New Parameter for Gas Flow in Ducts with Application to Nuclear-Power Reactors
Authors: Patterson J. , Durrands K. J.
Published: February 2007

The following analysis deals with steady, compressible, uni-directional gas flow in a duct with wall friction and axial heat addition. Adiabatic conditions are assumed at the outside wall, whilst the friction factor is taken as constant along the duct length.

Theoretical results have been satisfactorily confirmed, in the case of uniformly distributed heating, by a series of experiments carried out on a steady-flow rig.

A consideration of asymmetrical heat distributions leads to the concept of an equivalent concentrated heat source thereby establishing a relationship between heat input and overall pressure drop.
Effect of Shear and Normal Forces on the Fully Plastic Moment of An I-Beam
Authors: Neal B. G.
Published: February 2007

A cantilever of I-section subjected to both normal and shear forces at its free end is considered, the sense of the shear force being such as to cause bending about the major axis, and a lower bound for the collapse load for any ratio of normal to shear force is determined. The results are presented in the form of interaction relations between the shear and normal forces and the bending moment at the clamped end of the cantilever at collapse.
Significance of Non-propagating Cracks in the Interpretation of Notched Fatigue Data
Authors: Frost N. E.
Published: February 2007

It is known that in certain sharply notched fatigue specimens cracks may be present at the root of the notch in unbroken specimens which have been tested at or just below the conventional notched fatigue limit. The significance of such non-propagating cracks in the interpretation of notched fatigue data is discussed.
Natural Frequencies of a Free Gyroscope Supported in Gimbals on an Elastic Shaft
Authors: Maunder L.
Published: February 2007

This paper concerns the free vibrations of a gyroscope supported symmetrically in rigid gimbals on an elastic shaft. Three natural modes involving conical whirling of the rotor axis are shown to exist. The dependence of the three frequencies on rotor speed, moments of inertia and shaft stiffness is discussed in general and illustrated in some numerical cases. The principal results determine (1) the decrease in the frequency of nutation resulting from flexibility of the shaft, (2) the critical speeds of the rotor.
A Theoretical Analysis of the Torsional Oscillation of a System Incorporating a Hooke's Joint
Authors: Porter B.
Published: February 2007

This paper presents a theoretical analysis of the torsional oscillations which are induced in the shafting of a simple Hooke's joint system by the periodic variations of the velocity ratio of the joint. The governing equation of the system is linearized and Floquet's theory is then used to investigate the existence of critical speed ranges within which the solutions of the linearized governing equation become unstable and so indicate the incidence of violent oscillations.
Modified Correlation for the Rate of Heat Transfer to Water Flowing in a Tube
Authors: Sachs P.
Published: February 2007

Existing correlations for the heat transfer coefficient to water in forced convection appear to deviate from the mean lay of results by as much as ±20 per cent. A new correlation for fresh experimental data is therefore suggested, which introduces the shear force at the wall of the tube into an existing dimensionless expression.
Estimation of Load and Torque in the Hot Rolling Process
Authors: Green J. W. , Wallace J. F.
Published: February 2007

A shear plane theory of hot rolling is proposed, based on the well-known observation of localized deformation during the rolling process.

Equations of simple form in terms of yield stress and geometric functions enable roll load and torque to be readily evaluated with or without tensions.

Comparison with the experimental results of Wallquist suggests that the theory gives a more satisfactory indication of the influence of the R/h ratio on load and torque than does the Sims analysis.

Equations are presented in four forms:

the general case with tensions; the more common case without tensions; simplified equations which are valid for most practical conditions; and graphical functions for use with the Cook and McCrum yield stress data.
Determination of the Optimum Configuration for a Stirling Engine
Authors: Kirkley D. W.
Published: February 2007

Stirling engines can be classified into three different configurations which operate, in the ideal case, on a regenerative cycle having an efficiency equal to the Carnot cycle. Expressions are derived for the work done per cycle for each configuration. A basis for comparing different engines is suggested which takes into account the total swept volume of the machine and the maximum cycle pressure. This is a dimensionless quantity referred to as the power parameter. Several thousand different values of this quantity have been calculated for a range of all the variables with the aid of an electronic computer. This has enabled the optimum proportions for engines of each configuration to be determined. The results are presented in the form of a chart. It is found that according to the method of comparison used one configuration is superior to the others.
Heat Transfer in Channels Having Rough and Smooth Surfaces
Authors: Hall W. B.
Published: February 2007

The author proposes a method of comparing the heat transfer coefficients in two channels in which

(1) the cross-sectional shape is different;

(2) there are different proportions of rough and smooth surfaces;

(3) there are different proportions of heated and unheated surfaces.

In particular the method applies to experimental results for the system in which a roughened, heated cylinder is placed centrally in a smooth unheated pipe. The effective diameter concept is used to allow for changes in shape, and the heat-transfer boundary conditions are modified to make them similar to the fluid-flow boundary conditions before the comparison is made.
Bimetal Strips and Plates under Transverse Heat Flux
Authors: Morland G. W.
Published: February 2007

An extension of the theory of bending of bimetal strips is presented in which account is taken of the effects of a heat flux transverse to the strip, thus causing a temperature difference across it. The theory is further extended to cover four different conditions of restraint of the ends of the strip. It is shown that the use of such bimetal components may bring considerable benefits in the design of thermally stressed components.
Dynamics and Thermodynamics of Transient States in Engineering Liquid-Vapour Systems
Authors: Hillier M. J.
Published: February 2007

Using the first law of thermodynamics an energy equation is derived, applicable to the transient analysis of engineering two-phase fluid systems. Energy and continuity relations are applied to obtain equations describing changes in the condition of a two-phase fluid in a cylinder and in a boiler drum. Finally, with the addition of a suitable momentum equation, the one-dimensional time-dependent two-phase flow of a fluid in a pipe of varying area, with heat transfer and fluid friction, is described in terms of six independent partial differential equations.
Effect of Spline Friction on the Torque Capacity and Interface Temperatures Reached during a Multi-Disc Clutch Engagement
Authors: Newcomb T. P. , Merritt H. E.
Published: February 2007

An analysis is made of the effect of spline friction on the torque capacity and interface temperatures reached in a multi-disc clutch. A rapid method of determining the maximum temperature during an engagement is also given.
Coupled Bending Vibrations of Pretwisted Cantilever Beams
Authors: Slyper H. A.
Published: February 2007

The author describes a method of determining the vibrations of cantilever beams of non-uniform pretwist and cross-section. The known condition for orthogonality of normal modes for a beam in simple bending in one transverse plane is extended to that of coupled bending-bending modes of vibration in two transverse planes. This condition of orthogonality is then used in the Stodola process to determine the frequencies and modes of vibration for cantilever beams of uniform pretwist and cross-section.

In this method the modes of vibration may be coupled or uncoupled. The resonant frequencies of the beam are determined in ascending order of magnitude and the modal patterns deduced without requiring any preliminary knowledge of the vibrational characteristics of the beam. It is considered that this is a considerable advantage on the alternative methods of solution.

An analysis of experimental and theoretical results is made for three cantilever beams of uniform rectangular cross-section and angles of pretwist 0, 90·9 and 877° respectively. The frequencies and modal patterns of the first five modes of vibration were obtained experimentally and show good agreement with those calculated from the theory.

The computed results for the first five frequencies are then given for a series of cantilever type beams in coupled bending-bending vibrations. The cantilevers considered had angles of pretwist from zero to 180° and were of uniform rectangular cross-section having breadth to depth ratios ranging from unity to 16. The calculated frequencies have been compared with known experimental results and show good agreement. It has also been shown that some of the larger errors may be anticipated for certain critical frequencies.
Screw Extrusion of Plastics
Authors: Weeks D. J. , Allen W. J.
Published: February 2007

The main object of the work reported here was to find a rational design method for granule-fed single-screw extruders used for plastics processing.

The first half of the paper contains a brief review of the literature on extrusion theory. Also the existing theory of Newtonian melt flow is extended to the granule-fed extruder and predictions of the behaviour of granule-fed machines are made. In addition the extruder flow equation for non-Newtonian ‘power law’ fluids is solved.

In the second part of the paper are described experiments on polythene extrusion which demonstrate that qualitatively this non-Newtonian polymer behaves as predicted in the first part. An adequate correlation of flow results for the melt zones of the screws used is obtained, using an ‘apparent’ viscosity with a shear rate correction to allow for non-Newtonian behaviour.

Outputs can be predicted within about 25 per cent using the design method recommended as a result of the work, but power consumption predictions tend to be low, and further attention must be given to that aspect.
Strain Field Set up on a Plate Surface by a Running Brittle Crack
Authors: Cargill J. M.
Published: February 2007

During a programme of transition temperature tests on 6-ft wide plates, strain gauge records, showing the strain field in the plates during fracture, were obtained. This report gives a few typical records and an interpretation of what they mean in terms of the behaviour of the metal when fractured. A possible explanation of how the fracture is self-sustained is also included.
Some Experiments on the Balancing of Small Flexible Rotors: Part II-Experiments
Authors: Parkinson A. G. , Jackson K. L. , Bishop R. E. D.
Published: February 2007

A theoretical balancing technique was proposed by Bishop and Gladwell (***2) and an experimental investigation of its usefulness is reported. Experiments conducted on the laboratory scale were believed necessary before full-scale tests on large industrial rotors (such as alternator rotors) could be properly justified. The thin shafts which were used clearly showed the importance of initial bend (as opposed to mass unbalance) as a source of forced vibration. This required some additions to the original theory, and they formed the subject of Part I of this paper (published in the previous issue of this Journal, March 1963, p. 114). Part II contains an account of the actual experiments and of the test apparatus. It is concluded that the theory is fully borne out on the laboratory scale.
Some Notes on the Solution of Thermal Conduction Problems in Solids with Variable Thermal Properties
Authors: Chan K. S.
Published: February 2007

The use of a temperature function in the simplification of the thermal conduction problems with variable thermal properties is presented here. The employment of this temperature function reduces the number of parameters in the computation, thus facilitating the solution of the problem both in the numerical analysis and in the analogue methods.
Numerical Analysis of the Elastic-Plastic Behaviour of Axisymmetrically Loaded Shells of Revolution
Authors: Marcal P. V. , Turner C. E.
Published: February 2007

Equations have been derived which enable a numerical analysis of axisymmetrically loaded shells of revolution to be made. These equations apply equally to small or large deflection shell theory with linear or non-linear stress-strain laws. Numerical results are presented for the case of an elastic-plastic axially loaded corrugated expansion bellows.
Stresses in Plates with Polygonal Holes
Authors: Ross D. S.
Published: February 2007

A multiple crack of four arms in an infinite plate in uniform tension is simulated by means of a ‘square’ hole with curved sides. The conformal transformation uses two terms, the decimal coefficient of the second term being determined by a function generator. The stress distribution due to such a discontinuity is obtained theoretically by derived complex potentials, the results being compared with stress values found by photoelasticity.

Stress concentration factors are given for other discontinuities in the form of square and triangular holes, and cracks of three arms.

Good agreement is shown to exist between theoretical and experimental results.
Investigation of the Response of an Hydraulic Servomechanism with Inertial Load
Authors: Lambert T. H. , Davies R. M.
Published: February 2007

The linearized equations and transfer function for a hydraulic servomechanism are considered. It is shown that the simple first-order equation is inadequate to explain the behaviour of the device as observed experimentally. The solution of the third-order equation, obtainable by the inclusion of the effects of leakage and compressibility, provides a more accurate description of the behaviour.

The theory is extended by means of an analogue computer to include the effects of Coulomb damping and to investigate the behaviour of the system when driven by a harmonic input. It is shown that the stabilizing effects of the Coulomb friction can be simulated by an equivalent viscous friction by increasing the leakage coefficient in the equations. The results of a series of experimental tests are included for comparison.
Plastic-Elastic Strains Observed near Loaded Fillets in Stepped Bars
Authors: Fessler H. , Wilson R. W.
Published: February 2007

The photoelastic reflection technique has been used to study the strains in 10 different models, made of nickel-chromium-molybdenum steel. The shapes of the models were like very thick channel sections. Equal and opposite thrusts were applied to the inner edges of the (constant thickness) ‘flanges’.

Calculated peak stress-measured peak strain curves were very similar for all models, although the elastic stress concentration factors varied from 2·2 to 6·2. The ratio (measured peak strain)/(strain if material were elastic) was approximately 1 at twice yield stress, 1 1/2 at three times yield stress and 2 1/4 at four times yield stress.

The strain distribution across a section of the ‘web’ of the channel section is also presented for various loads.
Microslip between a Rolling Element and its Track Arising from Geometric Conformity and Applied Surface Tractions
Authors: Halling J.
Published: February 2007

The shape of the microslip areas between a rolling element and its track are obtained by an approximate analysis which utilizes a two-dimensional strain solution applied to elemental strips in the contact zone. The effects of surface tractions and geometric conformity between the rolling element and its track are considered. From this solution it is possible to derive the overall creep arising from such microslip. In particular the condition of zero overall creep is considered as being a useful design criteria for minimum wear in rolling situations. The particular case of wheels rolling along rails is developed as a special solution in which the geometric shapes for both wheel and rail are considered in relation to the applied tractions.
Velocity Profiles and Roughness Effects in Annular Pipes
Authors: Nicol A. A. , Medwell J. O.
Published: February 2007

Friction factors and velocity distributions have been measured for a fluid flowing past a rough surface, which formed the core of a rough-smooth annulus. Pressure drops along and velocity profiles across the annulus were measured for annular Reynolds numbers of up to 4 times 104. A transformation suggested by Hall (1)† was then used to isolate the effects of the rough inner surface from those of the smooth outer surface. When the velocity profiles for the rough part of the annulus were plotted in universal form, with all radial dimensions reduced to an effective diameter form, the results agreed well with data for circular pipes. When the friction factor-Reynolds number relationships were compared with those of Nikuradse (2) in his experiments with sand-roughened pipes, it was seen that a close resemblance in the roughness type existed.
Non-Linear Torsional Vibration of a Two-Degree-of-Freedom System Having Variable Inertia
Authors: Porter B.
Published: February 2007

A variant of Kryloff and Bogoliuboff's method is used to analyse the periodic vibrations of a non-linear two-degree-of-freedom system which is an idealization of the crankshaft of a two-cylinder in-line reciprocating engine. It is shown that there are two critical speed ranges associated with each normal mode of the system within which periodic harmonic or subharmonic vibrations of large amplitude can occur as a result of variable-inertia excitation. Extensions of the results to homogeneous in-line engines having any number of cylinders are indicated.
Tensile Impact Testing by a Magnetic Loading Technique
Authors: Harding J.
Published: February 2007

The techniques that have been employed in the construction of tension testing machines for use at impact rates of strain are summarized. The difficulties involved are briefly reviewed. The practicability of applying magnetic forces to the generation of dynamic loads is discussed and a new type of tensile impact machine, in which such forces are used, is then described. It is shown that with this machine, small specimens may be yielded in times as short as 5 μs and at strain rates of 1000 per second and above. Reliable stress–strain curves are presented for both ferrous and non-ferrous materials at various test temperatures and comparison is made with results obtained at conventional strain rates.
Limit Pressure for a Protruding Cylindrical Nozzle in a Spherical Pressure Vessel
Authors: Dinno K. S. , Gill S. S.
Published: February 2007

Using the one-moment limited interaction surface, an exact solution verified by obtaining coincident upper and lower bounds has been calculated for the limit pressure for a protruding cylindrical nozzle in a spherical pressure vessel.

Using a particular mechanism configuration involving the sphere and the external part of the branch which covers a wide range of the parameters r/R, R/T and t/T, a comprehensive study of the effect of the internal protrusion has been made. Results of the limit pressure for a wide range of parameters are presented.
Response of Single-Pass Heat Exchangers to Disturbances in Flow Rate
Authors: Finlay I. C. , Dalgleish N.
Published: February 2007

From distributed and lumped parameter models of a single-pass, shell and tube heat exchanger, transfer functions are derived relating the outlet-temperature responses to tube-side flow-rate disturbances. Predicted and measured data are compared over a range of mass flows and of amplitudes of the disturbing, tube-side flow signal.

Good agreement is shown between measured responses and responses predicted by sectionally lumped and distributed parameter models for amplitudes of up to ±30 per cent of the mean value.

The effects on the dynamic response of a distributed single-pass heat exchanger, of altering such characteristics as tube length, tube and shell-wall capacitance and mass flow rates, are illustrated graphically, and discussed.
Effect of Cold Work on the Thermal Conductivity of Copper
Authors: Williams A.
Published: February 2007

Measurements were made of the thermal conductivity of each of five samples of copper rod which had been strained to different degrees by cold drawing. The measured thermal conductivity of the most highly strained sample (drawn to 50 per cent reduction of area) was about 11 per cent lower than that of annealed material.

The flow of heat through a stationary metal-to-metal joint is inhibited by the reduced conductivities of the plastically deformed surface asperities forming the real contact points within the joint. The complex straining processes involved in the mating of asperities make it difficult to predict quantitatively the overall effect on a joint's conductance, but the reduced thermal conductivities may be partially responsible for the very low joint conductances previously attributed to changes in metal ‘hardness’.
Fundamentals of Heat Transmission through the External Walls of Buildings
Authors: Pratt A. W.
Published: February 2007

A theoretical examination is made of heat transmission through a wall exposed on one side to the weather and on the other facing an enclosure at a uniform and constant temperature. It is shown how the heat flux may be calculated exactly to take account of orientation, different degrees of exposure, and of air space ventilation in open cavity structures. The thermal capacity of the wall is considered by calculating solutions for transient and steady periodic variations in the ambient temperature at the weather surface.