bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
APPLICATION OF SOLID DISPERSION TECHNIQUE IN SOLUBILITY AND DISSOLUTION RATE ENHANCEMENT OF NATEGLINIDE
Authors: Boddu Prasanthi , Cherakapu Venkata Lakshmi , Ponukumati Uma Devi
Published: November 2017

Objective: Nateglinide (NTG) is a potent short-acting biopharmaceutical classification system class II antidiabetic medication. The primary objective of the present investigation was to prepare and evaluate solid dispersions of NTG to enhance the component solubility and immediate release (IR) profile. The secondary objective was to formulate sustained release (SR) matrix layer of NTG for prolonging its effect in the body and to decrease oscillations in plasma concentration level.Methods: NTG (270 mg) SR layer was formulated using release retardant polymers such as Carbopol, ethyl cellulose (EC), hydroxy EC, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), Kollidon, and locust bean gum at concentrations of 15% and 30%. IR layer of NTG (60 mg) was formulated using drug: Polymer inclusion complexes (1:1 and 1:2) of β-cyclodextrin (CD), HP β-CD, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) K-15, and PVP K-30 by physical mixing and kneading methods (KMs).Results: Among the all the carriers tested HP β-CD at 1:2 ratio prepared by KM (I3) gave highest enhancement of dissolution rate and dissolution efficiency with acceptable f1 (10.5) and f2 (51.0) values in comparison to marketed IR tablets (Starlix-60®). The SR formulation S12 was able to show a minimum amount of drug release (15%) within 1 hr comparatively, with a complete and sustained effect on drug release.Conclusion: Thus, HPMC K-100M at a concentration of 30% in the SR layer in combination with HP β-CD (1:2) solid dispersions in the IR layer may be used in the design of oral controlled drug delivery system for NTG.
COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF SUBSTITUTED FLAVONES
Authors: William Helen , N Narayanan
Published: November 2017

Objective: The flavonoids are a heterogeneous group of plant polyphenols that are endowed with several biological activities including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antiviral, antimutagenic, and anticarcinogenic properties. They are believed to interfere with the various free radical-producing systems and they also enhance the functions of endogenous antioxidants. The aim of this study was to compare the antioxidant activity of synthesized substituted flavones by various free radical scavenging assays.Methods: The flavones used in the study, 6,3’,4’ - trihydroxy flavones (THF) and 3-hydroxy-6,3’-dimethoxy flavones were synthesized using standard procedures and their antioxidant activity was compared by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay, hydroxyl radical scavenging assay, reducing power capacity, superoxide free radical scavenging assay, and 2,2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6- sulphonic acid assay.Results: In the DPPH assay, THF has an inhibitory concentration 50% value of 18.89 μg/ml which was much better than that of standard ascorbic acid which was 26.1 μg/ml. The THF had a much better antioxidant activity in most of the free radical scavenging assays.Conclusion: From the study, it can be seen that the flavones showed significant antioxidant activity that can be used for treatment of various diseases
HEPATOPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY FROM ETHANOL EXTRACT OF PUGUN TANO’S LEAVE (Curanga fel-terrae (Lour.) Merr.)
Authors: Harahap Urip , Bastian Marianne , Yuliasmi Sri , Husori Dadang Irfan , Patilaya Popi , Laila Lia
Published: November 2017

Objective: The aim of this study is to observe the activity of ethanol extract of Curanga fel-terrae leave in preventing the damaged of liver which is induced by high dose of paracetamol. Methods: This research was conducted by using Wistar rat divided into 6 groups. Group 1 was the normal group. Group 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 received CMC-Na 0.5% (negative control), C. fel-terrae ethanolic extract (CFEE) at the doses of 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg, catechin 2 mg/kg (positive control),respectively during 7 days continued and followed by given paracetamol dose of 2.5g/kg 8 hours after that. Hepatoprotective activity was carried out toward parameter of AST, ALT as well as histopathology of the liver. Results: The results showed that high-dose paracetamol dose of 2.5g/kg bw can cause liver damaged which can be seen by the increasing of the level of AST and ALT compared to the normal group (p<0.05). The usage of three doses of CFEEfor 7 days showed the prevention of the increasing of the level of AST and ALT compared to negative control group (p<0.05). Furthermore, the histopathology study revealed that the three doses of extract could protect the liver. Conclusion: The C. fel-terrae ethanolic extract (CFEE) at the doses of 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg bw which was given for 7 days can prevent the liver from the damage caused by high-dose of paracetamol. Keyword: Curanga fel-terrae (Lour.) Merr., paracetamol, liver, hepatoprotective
ACCUMULATIVE REPETITIVE STRAIN INJURY AMONG BUSINESS PROCESS OUTSOURCING EMPLOYEES: A SURVEY STUDY
Authors: Lamba Dheeraj , Upadhyay Ritambhara K
Published: November 2017

Objective: Computer overuse syndrome or repetitive strain injury is the most common problem among the people in all age groups. Several studies have found the adverse effect of using computers for a long duration. In the modern tech-savvy world, usage of computers is something unavoidable. The objective of this survey study is to find out the accumulative repetitive strain injury among the business process outsourcing employees.Methods: This study was conducted in different business process outsourcings in Noida, and a convenient sampling method was used to collect data through Neck Pain Disability Index (NPDI) and disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand (DASH) questionnaire. The study comprised of total 230 subjects.Results: The mean and standard deviation (SD) of NPDI score was found to be 32.12 and 11.26, respectively, whereas the mean and SD for DASH score was 24.34 and 7.44, respectively. The Chi-square value for NPDI and DASH was found to be 263.043 and 139.461. The study shows that upper extremity pain is a common problem in employees working in the IT sector. The employees showed high rates of computer use–associated with upper extremity musculoskeletal symptoms and symptom-related functional limitation.Conclusion: The findings of the study suggest a need to begin to evaluate interventions and to reduce the risks of developing computer overuse syndrome such as developing upper extremity symptoms, disability, and disorders among employees working in the IT sector who use computers for more than 40 hrs/week. Intervention to reduce symptoms should include effective training in work rest patterns, good-working postures coupled with availability of appropriate equipment.
ANTI-ACNE GEL OF ISOTRETINOIN: FORMULATION AND EVALUATION
Authors: Nikam Shreya
Published: November 2017

Objective: Isotretinoin is a very effective drug in the treatment of acne vulgaris by topically. The objective of present study was formulation development of anti-acne gel using Isotretinoine and span 80 for topical delivery to cure nodulosystic acne vulgaris. Furthermore, the comparative study of all the evaluation parameters done with marketed formulation of same drug.Methods: Formulation of anti-acne gel of isotretinoin using Carbopol 940 as a polymer and incorporating isotretinoin in form of topical semi-solid gel using magnetic stirrer, Cremophor RH 40, and butylated hydroxytoluene. Drug was uniformly dispersed in Cremophor RH 40 and the respected solvents. Ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, and glycerin were used as solvents in 15% quantity. Further, the formulation was evaluated for physicochemical evaluation of gel formulations. The prepared gel were optimized statistically and characterized for pH, spredability, drug content, viscosity, in vitro diffusion study, acute skin irritation test, and antimicrobial activity. Evaluation test was also compared with marketed formulation of isotretinoin, that is, Sortet gel. The antibacterial and anti-acne activity of different formulations was determined by modified agar well diffusion method on the culture of Propionibacterium acne also compared with marketed formulation.Results: The optimized batch (B10) showed highest spreadability (32.422 g/cm3) in all formulations and also have high percentage of drug contents (95.60%). The spreadability value was 17.998 g/cm3 showing good spreadability. The viscosity of optimized batch was observed less as compared to other formulations, ultimately showed releases also more. In the in vitro diffusion study, B10 batch release 85.69% of the drug as compared to Sotret gel. The antibacterial activity was studied on anaerobic microorganism P. acne, compared with marketed Sortet gel. Optimized batch showed maximum zone of inhibition to P. acne below marketed formulations and standard benzyl peroxide gel.Conclusion: The topical anti-acne gel of isotertinoin was successfully formulated and evaluated for different parameters. The results indicate that the active component, that is, isotertinoin is more effective when subjected in gel formulations and produces effective anti-acne activity in the management of nodulosystic acne vulgaris.
GEL NANOEMULSION OF RAMBUTAN (NEPHELIUM LAPPACEUM L.) FRUIT PEEL EXTRACTS: FORMULATION, PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, SUNSCREEN PROTECTING, AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY
Authors: Muhtadi Muhtadi , Suhendi Andi , Wikantyasning Erindyah Retno
Published: November 2017

Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the optimum formulation of gel nanoemulsion of the rambutan fruit peel extracts (RFPEs), sunscreen protecting factor, and antioxidant activity using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric thiocyanate (FTC) methods.Materials and Methods: Formulation was optimized based on the variety of concentrations of RFPE, namely, 0.25%; 0.38%; 0.51%; and 0.63%. Gel nanoemulsion was characterized based on a number of the physical and chemical properties, such as pH, viscosity, adhesion, spread property, stability, and particle size. Sunscreen protecting factor and antioxidant activity were conducted using spectrophotometer ultraviolet-visible.Results: The result showed that the particle size of gel nanoemulsion formulation 1 (FI), FII, FIII, and FIV were at 13.30±4.00 nm, 1.90±9.70 nm, 2.70±13.60 nm, and 14.50±2.50 nm, respectively. Based on transmission electron microscopy image, it showed that formula with the concentration of 0.25% of RFPE could form nanoemulsion particle aggregate with good dispersion. The varied concentrations of RFPE statistically indicated no significant differences among adhesive, spread property, and viscosity of all formulas. Formula 1 showed the highest sunscreen protecting factor with the value of sun-protecting factor at 6.450±0.002, followed by F4, F3, and F2 with the values in sequence at 9.370±0.002, 10.120±0.001, and 13.120±0.001, respectively. The antiradical activity of the gel nanoemulsion RFPE with inhibitory concentration 50% (IC50) value was at 9.32±0.05 μg/ mL. Meanwhile, the higher value of branded product and Vitamin E, which IC50 were 40.41±0.97 and 10.41±0.05 μg/mL, respectively. In contrast, gel nanoemulsion of RFPE had the lowest inhibition on FTC method. The highest inhibition potency was showed by Vitamin E (79.07±7.62%), followed by branded product (60.07±13.23%) as comparison.Conclusions: The gel nanoemulsion of RFPEs of FIII had a good physical stability and sunscreen protection activity. The antioxidant activity of gel nanoemulsion of RFPE by DPPH and FTC methods were IC50 value of 9.32±0.05 μg/mL and % inhibition of 51.09±0.99%.
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF ISORHAMNETIN LOADED POLY LACTIC-CO-GLYCOLIC ACID NANOPARTICLES
Authors: Settu Kandakumar , Vaiyapuri Manju
Published: November 2017

Objective: The aim of the present study was formulation and evaluation of isorhamnetin loaded poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) polymeric nanoparticles (NPs).Methods: The present study was designed to incorporate the isorhamnetin in PLGA formulation by double emulsion solvent evaporation method, which offers a dynamic and flexible technology for enhancing drug solubility due to their biphasic characteristic, variety in design, composition and assembly. Synthesized isorhamnetin-PLGA NPs were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and particle size analyzer. We tested the efficacy of isorhamnetin-PLGA NPs in HepG2 cell lines.Results: From the FTIR result, we concluded that -C-N-, -C=C-, N-H, C-N, N-O, O-H, and C-H are the functional groups present in isorhamnetin-PLGA NPs, SEM image shows spherical shape of particles. The particle size analysis result shows 255-342 nm range of particles. Isorhamnetin-PLGA NPs significantly enhanced (p<0.05) the antiproliferative effect when compared to the plain drug.Conclusion: This study concluded that the newly formulated NP drug delivery systems of isorhamnetin provided an insight into the therapeutic effectiveness of the designed formulation for the treatment of chemotherapy.
PSEUDOMONAS SPECIES CAUSING URINARY TRACT INFECTION AND ITS ANTIBIOGRAM AT A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL
Authors: Kl Shobha , L Ramachandra , Rao Amita Shobha , Km Anand , S Gowrish Rao
Published: November 2017

Objectives: Pseudomonas species cause urinary tract infection (UTI). This study was conducted to isolate Pseudomonas species causing significant bacteriuria and to analyze its antibiogram at a tertiary care hospital.Methods: About 107 urine samples received in the laboratory from August 2015 to July 2016 having significant bacteriuria with Pseudomonas species were tested for antimicrobial activity. Samples were from both inpatients and patients attending as outpatients to a tertiary care hospital with different age groups and gender. Midstream urine samples were inoculated using a standard calibrated loop into blood agar and MacConkey agar following semi quantitative technique using Kass concept. MALD (Biomerio, ElToile, France) was used for speciation, and Vitex automated system (Biomerio, ElToile, France) was used for antibacterial sensitivity testing.Results: About 107 urine samples contained Pseudomonas species by MALDI obtained from 69 male (64.48%) and 38 (35.51%) female patients. Inpatients were 90 (84.11%) and 17 (15.88%) outpatient department (OPD) patients. Isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was from 90 samples (84.11%) and Pseudomonas putida in 17 (15.88%). Significant bacteriuria was more in the age group of ˃60 years in both genders. Susceptibility to gentamicin was 52 (48.59%), ceftazidime 56 (52.33%), and imipenem was 58 (54.20%). Organism was multidrug resistant in 49 (45.79%) samples.Conclusion: P. aeruginosa remains the most common uropathogen among Pseudomonas species. Drug of choice for inpatients suffering from UTI by Pseudomonas species can be gentamicin and for patients attending OPD can be ceftazidime. Imipenem can be the reserve drug. Periodic antibiotic review is required for proper treatment of UTI.
ETHNOBOTANICAL, PHYTOCHEMICAL, AND PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF NEPENTHES SPECIES: A REVIEW
Authors: Sanusi Shuaibu Babaji , Abu Bakar Mohd Fadzelly , Mohamed Maryati , Sabran Siti Fatimah , Mainasara Muhammad Murtala
Published: November 2017

The genus Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) has been utilized in folk medicine for a long time in India and Southeast Asia countries. They are used in the treatment of leprosy, cholera, night blindness, gastrointestinal discomfort, dysentery, stomachache, and bed-wetting among others. This review highlights the ethnobotanical uses, phytochemicals, and pharmacological activities of both crude extracts and pure bioactive compounds of Nepenthes spp. The phytochemical compounds isolated from Nepenthes species include flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, alkaloids, and steroids among other phytochemicals. A wide range of pharmacological activities was exhibited by the crude extracts and pure bioactive components such as antibacterial, antifungal, antimalarial antioxidant, antidiabetic, antiosteoporotic, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxicity, and hypolipidemic activities. This review revealed that many active compounds are present in Nepenthes spp. However, many pharmacological screenings such as anticancer, antiviral, wound healing, antihelminthic, antidiarrheal properties, among others have not been carried out yet. Therefore, more biological investigations and phytochemical screenings are required to fully explore the genus Nepenthes which may lead to development of new therapeutic agents.
ADHERENCE TO INSULIN TREATMENT IN CHILDREN WITH TYPE I DIABETES MELLITUS AT A HOSPITAL IN MALAYSIA
Authors: Lai Ying Chong , Shah Noraida Mohamed
Published: November 2017

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate adherence to insulin treatment and identify factors that influence adherence in children with T1DM at a tertiary care hospital in Malaysia.Methods: Patients were identified from the pharmacy computer system based on the prescribed insulin therapy from 2010 to 2014. Medical records of screened patients were then retrieved from the medical record department. Adherence was assessed via the medication possession ratio (MPR) and glycated hemoglobin A1c value. Patients were classified as adherent or non-adherent if the MPR calculated for the prescribed insulin regimen was ≥80% or <80%, respectively. Patients with A1c values <7.5% based on medical records were also classified as adherent.Results: A total of 57 patients were included in this study, with a 57.9% male predominance and a mean age of 14.39 ± 3.41 years. Thirty-nine (68.4%) and three patients (5.3%) were classified as adherent to insulin treatment according to MPR and A1c values, respectively. Poor agreement between the MPR and A1c value in determining adherence was found based on kappa analysis (kappa = −0.108, p=0.009). There was no association between age, sex, race, presence of comorbidities, or duration of T1DM diagnosed and adherence based on the A1c value (p>0.05). These predictors were also found to be insignificant based on multiple logistic regression analysis (p>0.05).Conclusion: Adherence to insulin treatment based on the A1c measurement was generally poor among children with T1DM. Further prospective research should be performed in this area to identify reasons for the non-adherence to insulin treatment so that appropriate interventions can be instituted to improve adherence and ultimately prevent complications from the disease.
PREPARATION AND EVALUATION OF CHEMICALLY INACTIVATED SALMONELLA ENTERITIDIS VACCINE IN CHICKENS
Authors: El-safty Mounir M , Mahmoud Hala , Zaki Eman Sa , Abd-alla Howaida I
Published: November 2017

Objective: Salmonella enteritidis ghosts (SEGs) is a non-living empty bacterial cell envelopes which were generated using a different concentration of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) 6.4 mg/mL and evaluated as a vaccine candidate in specific pathogen-free (SPF) chicken. SEGs have been produced by chemical-mediated lysis and evaluated the potential efficacy of chemically induced SEG vaccine and its ability to induce protective immune responses against virulent S. enteritidis challenge in SPF chickens.Methods: SPF chickens were divided into three groups: Group A (non-vaccinated control), Group B (vaccinated with prepared vaccine), and Group C (vaccinated with commercial vaccine).Results: Vaccination of SPF chicken with SEGs induced higher immune responses before and after virulent challenge. SPF chicken vaccinated with SEGs showed increasing in serum enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) antibodies. During the vaccination period, Groups B and C showed higher serum antibody titer compared to Group A. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of NaOH was capable of inducing non-living SEGs, and it has successfully generated non-living SEGs by MIC of NaOH.Conclusion: It is a one-step process which means easy manufacturing and low production cost compared to protein E-mediated lysis method. Chemically induced SEG vaccine is a highly effective method for inducing protective immunity. This study strongly suggests that SEGs will be a permissive vaccine, as the method of inhibition of S. enteritidis was safe and cheaper than other methods, and it gave a good protection.
SYNTHESIS OF POTENT ANTAGONISTS FOR THE NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE CLEARANCE RECEPTOR
Authors: Ratemi Elaref
Published: November 2017

Objectives: The objective of this research was to design and prepare natriuretic peptide clearance receptor (NPR-C) clearance receptor antagonists with potential therapy for achondroplasia, an autosomal dominant disorder that interferes with the synthesis of the cartilage growth plate of long bones.Methods: Peptides were synthesized by the standard solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) protocol on Rink resin using the N-Fmoc/t-butyl protection methodology. Biological activity of NPR-C antagonists was assessed using ATDC5 cells.Results: SPPS rapidly generated many crude compounds with purities exceeding 80%. The synthesized ligands were further purified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and their identities were confirmed by MS and nuclear magnetic resonance. Ligands with nanomolar potencies were obtained.Conclusion: Structure-activity relationship studies resulted in a good selection of stable, low nanomolar, and linear NPR-C antagonists.
PREVALENCE OF NONALCOHOLIC - FATTY LIVER DISEASE IN METABOLIC SYNDROME - A HOSPITAL-BASED CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY
Authors: Kajaria Divya
Published: November 2017

Objective: 21st century is dedicated to noncommunicable diseases; it may be diabetes, hypertension, obesity, or constellation of all known as metabolic syndrome. The main objective of this paper is to assess the prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NFLDS) in metabolic syndrome and its impact on the severity of metabolic syndrome in term of dyslipidemia, mean systolic pressure and body mass index (BMI).Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 100 patients selected randomly during the period of January 2017-March 2017 from the outdoor patient department of Kayachikitsa of All India Institute of Ayurveda. Patient included on the basis of a screening pro forma based on the diagnostic criteria of metabolic syndrome on the basis of Third Adult Treatment Panel of the National Cholesterol Education Program criteria and 50 controls were included in the study. Pro forma also included general information regarding previous illness, socioeconomical status, BMI, evaluation of vital parameters, and lipid and thyroid profile, along with other routine laboratory parameters. Ultrasonography report is taken as the evidence for the diagnosis of fatty liver disease.Results: Frequency distributions and Chi-square statistics were used for categorical variables. Logistic regression analyses Students’ t-test, Chi-square test, linear regression, and multiple logistic regression models were used for statistical analysis. p<0.05 was considered significant. BMI, waist circumference, mean systolic pressure, diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood sugar, triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol were significantly higher, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, was significantly low in the study group compared to the control group. In the metabolic syndrome group, 67 patients (67%) had fatty liver Grade I, 34 had Grade II fatty liver (34%), 6 patients were having hepatomegaly with coarse echotexture (6%) and 4 patients were having cholelithiasis. NFLDS was significantly associated with metabolic syndrome group (p<0.0001). There was a significant linear association between fatty infiltration in liver and BMI, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL cholesterol in the metabolic syndrome group in the linear regression model. Multiple logistic regression analysis recognized the association between fatty liver disease and BMI with dyslipidemia (p<0.001) in the metabolic syndrome group.Conclusion: It is concluded from this study that there is a significant association between NFLDS and metabolic syndrome, and it highlights the importance of evaluating liver profile in patients with metabolic syndrome.
DIPEPTIDYL PEPTIDASE-4 INHIBITORS: POTENTIAL FOR TREATMENT OF METABOLIC SYNDROME AND DEVELOPED FORMULATION APPROACHES
Authors: Mishra Rakesh Kumar , Dhole Shashikant
Published: November 2017

This review article deals with the pre-clinical and clinical findings reviewed or investigated by the researchers on dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) inhibitors as a potential in the treatment of metabolic syndrome. Most of the researchers reported the activity of DPP4 inhibitors in the management of obesity, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and in cardiometabolic risk which are summarized in the article. This article also focuses on the formulation approaches in which the formulators have reported and used in the designing or development of DPP4 inhibitors as dosage form. The formulation approaches which are commonly employed on DPP4 inhibitors are immediate release, sustain release, and combination therapy.
BIOFABRICATION OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES USING LEAVES OF GLORIOSA SUPERBA AND ITS ANTICANCER PROPERTIES
Authors: Bethu Murali Satyanarayana , Rao J Venkateswara
Published: November 2017

Objective: We aimed to synthesize the cost effective, one pot and an eco-friendly technique for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using 1 mM of silver nitrate (AgNO3) solution through the aqueous leaf extracts of Gloriosa superba (GS) reducing and capping agent and its anticancer activity.Methods: Synthesis briefly 95 mL of 1 mM AgNO3 was taken into amber colored conical flask and added 5 mL of aqueous leaf extract of GS (pale brown) and incubated at room temperature in dark condition for about 24 hrs. Characterization of AgNPs derived from GS (GS-AgNPs) was performed with physiochemical techniques (ultraviolet, transmission electron microscope [TEM], X-ray diffraction [XRD], and thermal gravimetric analysis) and cytotoxicity by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazo-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay.Results: We synthesized cost effective, eco-friendly AgNPs were characterized by physiochemical techniques. The crystal nature of AgNP was studied by XRD. TEM studies reveal the morphology of GS-AgNPs, the size of the nanoparticle is 10-50 nm. The cytotoxicity of GS-AgNPs studied against the four human cancerous cell line DU145, SKOV3, PC3, and A549 but the GS-AgNPs are most sensitive toward the SKOV3 cell line. The minimum inhibitory concentration (IC) is 79.45±5.26, 61.80±4.27, 94.74±9.26, and 90.10±8.24 μg/mL, respectively. Morphological assessment of the SKOV3 cells was studied using AO/EB and Hoechst staining at IC50 concentration.Conclusion: The bio fabrication of the GS-AgNPs were simple, eco-friendly and one pot synthesis, it is used as an anticancer agent in future, pending further investigation.
A STUDY ON PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING, ANTIOXIDANT, ANTIMICROBIAL AND α-ΑMYLASE INHIBITORY ACTIVITIES OF CRUDE EXTRACTS OF THE STEM BARK OF PISONIA GRANDIS, R.BR
Authors: Mohan Vishu , Ramasamy Mohan Kumar , Vemuri Srikalyani , Kaliappan Ilango
Published: November 2017

Objective: The aim of the present study is to determine the phytochemical screening, antioxidant activity and α-amylase inhibitory activity of the crude hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanolic stem bark extract of Pisonia grandis.Methods: The evaluation of antioxidant and antimicrobial activity, total phenolic, and flavonoid content were assessed using 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl, Folin–Ciocalteu’s reagent, and aluminum chloride assay, respectively. The antidiabetic activity was assessed for porcine pancreatic α-amylase for the stem bark of P. grandis. Results: Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of phenolic, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, terpenoids, and steroids in all the three extracts. The antioxidant activity showed 148.2 μg/ml, total phenolic content (gallic acid equivalent), 0.0665±0.0002 mg/g, flavonoid content (quercetin equivalent), 0.6061±0.1817 mg/g, and inhibitory concentration 50% values were found to be 40.42 μg/ml and showed better in ethyl acetate extract. The antidiabetic activity exhibited mimic action with insulin due to the presence of pinnatol in the stem bark and leaves of P. grandis. Conclusion: P. grandis stem bark crude ethyl acetate extract showed strong antioxidant activity, high phenolic, and flavonoid content. The antimicrobial activity was studied in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains against ampicillin and rifampicin as reference drugs. Antidiabetic activity shows effective result by α-amylase inhibitory activity.
PHYTOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION OF CHENOPODIUM MURALE (FAMILY: CHENOPODIACEAE) CULTIVATED IN IRAQ, ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF SCOPOLETIN AND GALLIC ACID
Authors: Ahmed Omer H , Hamad Maha N , Jaafar Noor S
Published: November 2017

Objective: The aim of our study was to investigate chemical constituents of leaves of Chenopodium murale since no phytochemical investigation had been done previously in Iraq.Methods: Leaves of C. murale were macerated in absolute methanol for 2 days and fractionated by petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol. The ethyl acetate fraction was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) for its phenolic acid and coumarins contents. Coumarin derivative and phenolic acid were isolated from this fraction and identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, infrared, ultraviolet, HPLC, and HPTLC.Results: The different chromatographic and spectroscopic results revealed the presence of gallic acid and coumarin.Conclusion: The results of the current study showed the presence of scopoletin and gallic acid in the ethyl acetate fraction of C. murale.
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY ANALYSIS AND IN VITRO ANTIMICROBIAL SCREENING OF WEDELIA GLAUCA (ORTEGA) O. HOFFM. EX HICKEN
Authors: Krishnavignesh Krishnavignesh L , A Mahalakshmipriya , M Ramesh
Published: November 2017

Objective: Continued resistance toward the antibiotics urges us to explore newer antibiotics. Plants are being the safer source of antibiotics with lesser or no side effects. This study was designed to study the presence of phytochemical constituents and antibacterial activity of leaf and flower extracts of Wedelia glauca against urinary tract infection causing pathogens.Methods: The plant leaves were extracted with five different solvents based on the polarity. The extraction was done using soxhalation. Antimicrobial activity was determined by agar well diffusion method for both the sample and standard. The acetone plant extract was subjected to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis for screening phytoconstituents.Results: Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of diverse phytoconstituents in the plant. The different extracts exhibited a considerable antimicrobial potential. Among the solvents used acetone extract showed comparably better antimicrobial activity with 100% of inhibition rate with the maximum zone of inhibition of 1.6±0.77 mm against Staphylococcus sp. and Aspergillus sp. at the concentration of 5 mg. GC-MS analysis provided 8 major peaks which revealed the existence of a variety of bioactive compounds which may attribute to the efficacy of the plant.Conclusion: W. glauca leaf and flower extracts displayed a broad spectrum of antibacterial and antifungal activity and can be considered as a potential source of newer antibiotic compounds.
IN-VITRO CYTOTOXICITY AND ANTIOXIDANT EVALUATION OF 7-AMINO-2-STYRYLCHROMONE DERIVATIVES
Authors: Simon Lalitha
Published: November 2017

Objective: The objective of this study was to synthesize 7-amino-2-styrylchromone derivatives and evaluate their in vitro cytotoxic and antioxidant potential.Methods: 7-amino-2-styrylchromones were synthesized from 7-amino-2-methylchromone by condensing it with various substituted aromatic aldehydes. The cytotoxicity of the synthesized molecules was assessed against two cell lines, MCF-7 and HCT-116 by 3-(4,5-dimethyl thiazol-2-yl)-2,5- diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay. Cell cycle analysis of the most potent molecule ASC-7 was carried out. The antioxidant studies were conducted by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and nitric oxide methods.Result: (E)-7-amino-2-(3,4-methylenedioxystyryl)-4H-chromen-4-one (ASC-7) with inhibitory concentration 50% (IC50) 56.0 μM was found to be the most potent molecule against MCF-7. ASC-7 induced G0/G1 phase arrest of MCF-7. Furthermore, (E)-7-amino-2-(3,4-methylenedioxystyryl)- 4H-chromen-4-one(ASC-7) showed good DPPH scavenging activity (IC50 54.6 μM). However, none of the tested compounds exhibited nitric oxide scavenging property.Conclusion: This study reports the synthesis of 7-amino-2-styrylchromones. Some of the synthesized compounds showed moderate cytotoxicity against the tested cell lines MCF-7 and HCT-116. (E)-7-amino-2-(3,4-methylenedioxystyryl)-4H-chromen-4-one (ASC-7) was found to be the best cytotoxic and antioxidant agent.
FLUOROQUINOLONE RESISTANCE PATTERN AMONG THE PATHOGENS CAUSING URINARY TRACT INFECTION IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL IN KANCHIPURAM DISTRICT, TAMIL NADU, INDIA
Authors: Bamukumar Shanthi , I Kannan , Rg Sukumar
Published: November 2017

Objective: The aim is to study the fluoroquinolone resistance pattern among the pathogens causing urinary tract infection (UTI).Methods: This study was done during January to July 2016 in Tagore Medical College including both hospitalized and out patients. During this 7-month study, around 2695 urine samples were analyzed for the evidence of UTI. 718 samples were culture positive. 366 samples showed fluoroquinolones resistance (50.9%). They were screened for all fluoroquinolone drugs by doing antimicrobial susceptibility testing by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method as per the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute CLSI guidelines.Results: The resistance pattern of different isolates to norfloxacin is Klebsiella pneumoniae - 20%, Escherichia coli - 51.4%, Enterococci - 11.1%, Proteus mirabilis - 50%, and Staphylococcus saprophyticus - 37.5%; For nalidixic acid is K pneumoniae - 25%, E. coli - 6.8%, Pseudomonas aeruginosa - 71.4%, Enterococci - 11.1%, P. mirabilis - 25%, and S. saprophyticus - 25%; For ciprofloxacin is K. pneumoniae - 5%, E. coli - 5.4%, P. mirabilis - 25%, and S. saprophyticus - 25%; and For ofloxacin is K. pneumoniae - 10%, E. coli - 5.4%, Enterococci 11.1%, and S. saprophyticus 62.5%.Conclusion: Due to increasing resistance to fluoroquinolones in many hospitals and to make the developing resistance rates under control, empirical usage of it is either abandoned or should be restricted.
THE BENEFITS OF ACTIVE COMPOUNDS IN KALANCHOE PINNATA (LMK) PERS ETHYL ACETATE FRACTION ON LUPUS ARTHRITIS MICE
Authors: Indriyanti Niken , Soeroso Joewono , Khotib Junaidi
Published: November 2017

Ethyl acetate fraction of Kalanchoe pinnata (Lmk) Pers leaves (EF-KP) is a potential material to be developed for lupus treatment. The aim of this research was to measure the effects of the EF-KP on lupus arthritis mice.  The research was performed by testing of CD123+IFN-α+ dendritic cells and CD68+IL-6+ macrophages as the main biomarkers by using flow cytometry methods, and then the outcomes were directly observed in the joint’s tissue structure. The results of the research were analyzed by using statistics. The EF-KP reduces the relative percentages of CD123+IFN-α+ dendritic cells significantly (p<0.05) with the percentage of 32.95±8.25% (negative control); 23.28±9.31%* (EF-KP); 22.98±10.39%* (positive control). It also reduces the relative percentages of CD68+IL-6+ macrophages but not significantly (p>0.05). Finally, the outcome to the grade of joint damage was scored by using Pritzker method. The treated groups have one grade lower, and the joint spaces were narrower than the untreated group. The results show the ability of the active compounds in EF-KP, which are comparable to 0.042 mg/Kg quercetin, to inhibit the progress of lupus arthritis pathogenesis in mice. It reveals the effectiveness of the EF-KP in human with lupus arthritis. However, the further clinical research is necessary.
EVALUATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL AND SYNERGISTIC ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES OF PTEROCARPUS SANTALINUS
Authors: Donga Savan , Moteriya Pooja , Chanda Sumitra
Published: November 2017

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to evaluate antibacterial and synergistic antimicrobial properties of leaf, stem and bark of Pterocarpus santalinus. Methods: The extraction was done by decoction method. The antimicrobial activity was done by agar well diffusion assay and the synergistic antimicrobial activity was done by agar disc diffusion assay.  Results: The synergistic activity was studied with plant extracts plus antibiotics viz. Ampicillin , Polymyxin-B,  Clotrimazole and  Fluconazole.  Conclusions: Amongst the three parts, the best antimicrobial activity was shown by bark extract. All the three parts showed synergistic antimicrobial activity with antibiotics but their level varied.  The results suggest that all the three parts phytochemicals that enhance the antimicrobial efficacy of the antibiotics against some microorganisms and hence can be developed as a new therapeutic weapon against infectious diseases.
EFFECT OF AMMONIUM HEXAFLUOROSILICATE ON INHIBITING GROWTH OF VEILLONELLA PARVULA
Authors: Annisa Asby Nia , Andajani Tutwuri , Sarwono Agoeng Tjahajani
Published: November 2017

Objectives: This study analyzes the effects of ammonium hexafluorosilicate (AHF) on Veillonella parvula.Methods: In this in vitro study, solutions of NaF (25%, 50%, and 100%), AHF (25%, 50%, and 100%), and SDF (38%) were applied to solid mediumcultures of V. parvula and Streptococcus mutans. The disc diffusion method was used for testing bacterial sensitivity.Results: AHF was less effective than SDF but more effective than NaF for inhibiting growth of bacteria.Conclusions: AHF could be effective for inhibiting the growth of V. parvula without the side effects of SDF.
EFFECTIVENESS OF A MEDICATION BOOKLET AND COUNSELING ON TREATMENT ADHERENCE IN TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS PATIENTS
Authors: Presetiawati Iin , Andrajati Retnosari , Sauriasari Rani
Published: November 2017

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of counseling and the use of a medication booklet on the level of treatment compliancethrough reduced levels of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) and Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8) scores in patients with type 2 diabetesmellitus.Methods: This pre-experimental prospectively study was conducted at Dr. Adjidarmo General Hospital, KabupatenLebak, Banten Province, Indonesia.The study sample consisted of 30 type 2 diabetic patients who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria and who underwent a counseling interventionsession and received a medication booklet. Compliance was measured against the MMAS-8 scores and HbA1C levels before the intervention and after10 weeks of administration of counseling and receipt of the booklet).Results: The MMAS-8 scores before and after the intervention were 2.63±1.50 and 0.7±1.18, respectively. The HbA1C levels before and after theintervention were 11.31±2.95 and 8.12±2.79, respectively. The measurement results for MMAS-8 and HbA1C were analyzed using the Wilcoxon test.Conclusions: The analysis showed a significant difference (p<0.001) between the HbA1Cvalues and MMAS-8 scores before and after the intervention.Therefore, this study’s finding indicate that the provision of counseling and an informational booklet can improve type 2 diabetes mellitus patientcompliance with treatment.
THE EFFECT OF SECANG EXTRACT (CAESALPINIA SAPPAN LINN) ON THE WEIGHT AND HISTOLOGY APPEARANCE OF WHITE MALE RATS’ HEARTS INDUCED BY ISOPROTERENOL
Authors: Nugraheni Kristiana , Saputri Fadlina Chany
Published: November 2017

Objective: This study was conducted to determine the cardioprotective effect of secang extract on the heart cells of rats who suffered from myocardialinfarction induced by isoproterenol.Materials and Methods: Sprague Dawley rats were divided into six groups: Normal control, negative control, control extract (200 mg/kg), and threedifferent dose extract groups (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg body weight) that were given treatment for 30 days, and then, induced with isoproterenol.Observations were made for changes in the macroscopic appearance, cardiac weight, and histology of the cardiac organ.Results: The results showed a decrease in the incidence of myocardial infarction in rats given secang extract. The infarction area decreased withincreasing doses of extract. The weight of the heart in the control extract group was smaller than in the negative control group.Conclusions: Damage to heart cells, seen in the microscope, decreased with increasing doses.
DETERMINATION OF LEVELS OF GLUCOSAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE AND CHONDROITIN SULFATE IN MIXTURES IN TABLET AND CREAM FORMS USING HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY WITH FLUORESCENCE
Authors: Harmita Harmita , Jatmika Catur , Nugraha Mufid Idan
Published: November 2017

Objective: Glucosamine hydrochloride (HCl) and chondroitin sulfate are glycosaminoglycan compounds and major structural components of bonesin the form of proteoglycans. These compounds maintain bone structure by stimulating the synthesis of synovial fluid and inhibiting the degradationof joint cartilage, and they can be used for the treatment of osteoarthritis. The aim of this study was to identify a selective analytical method fordetermining glucosamine HCl and chondroitin sulfate levels in tablet and cream forms.Methods: After derivatization using ortho-phthalaldehyde and 2-mercaptoethanol, the samples were analyzed using high-performance liquidchromatography (HPLC) with a fluorescence detector at an excitation wavelength of 335 nm and an emission wavelength of 445 nm. Deacetylationusing sodium hydroxide was required to break the acetyl group bond. The mobile phase used tetrahydrofuran 0.25% in water-acetonitrile (87:13)with a flow rate of 1.5 ml/minute.Results: The average levels of glucosamine HCl and chondroitin sulfate were 92.76% and 96.11% in tablets and 101.15% and 100.33% in creams,which fulfilled the acceptance criteria.Conclusions: Our validation method for glucosamine HCl and chondroitin sulfate met the acceptance criteria of accuracy, precision, selectivity, andlinearity.
EVALUATING OF EFFERVESCENT TABLETS CONTAINING GRAPE SEED (VITIS VINIFERA L.) EXTRACT AS A NUTRACEUTICAL
Authors: Surini Silvia , Wardani Mutiah Rakhma Wisnu , Sagita Erny
Published: November 2017

Objective: Grape is one of the most well-known fruits. People usually consume only the fruit and the skin; however, the seed is the part of the fruitthat contains important antioxidant rich polyphenol. However, grape seed and its extract have an unpleasant taste. Therefore, this study aimed toformulate effervescent tablets containing grape seed extract (GSE) to overcome the unpleasant taste.Methods: Effervescent tablets of GSE were formulated using three formulas, each with a different percentage of the effervescent mix. The tablets wereprepared using wet granulation method at 40% relative humidity (RH) (the ratio of the partial pressure of water vapor to the equilibrium vapor pressure ofwater) and 25°C temperature. The effervescent granules and the tablets were evaluated for various characteristics in term of granules flowability, moisturecontent, as well as tablets appearance, size and weight uniformity, hardness, friability, effervescence time, pH, and total phenol content. In addition, all threeformulations of the effervescent tablets and solutions were evaluated for appearance, taste, and flavor using the hedonic test that involved 30 panelists.Results: The evaluation of the effervescent granules and tablets showed that they had good characteristics. The disintegration time of the threeformulations was within the acceptable range, between 3.67 minutes and 4.69 minutes. The pH of the effervescent solution was between 5.18 and5.80. Based on the hedonic test, all the effervescent solutions had favorable appearance, taste, and flavor.Conclusions: Clinical Streptococcus salivarius isolates from the dorsum of the tongue had greater potential for inhibiting Enterococcus faecalis growthcompared to the saliva isolates and control bacteria. Therefore, we can conclude that the effervescent tablets containing grape seed extract arepotential be used as a nutraceutical dosage form.
FAST-DISINTEGRATING TABLET FORMULATION OF GINGER (ZINGIBER OFFICINALE ROSC.) EXTRACT USING COPROCESSED EXCIPIENT OF PRE-GELATINIZED CASSAVA STARCH-ACACIA GUM
Authors: Pituanan Baginda Sati , Surini Silvia
Published: November 2017

Objective: Fast-disintegrating tablets (FDTs) are tablets that disintegrate and/or dissolve rapidly in the mouth, thereby helping patients who havedifficulty in swallowing tablets. Ginger extract contains gingerol and is generally known for its antiemetic property. This study aimed to obtain anduse coprocessed excipients of pre-gelatinized cassava starch (PCS) with acacia gum (AG) in FDT formulations of ginger extract.Materials and Methods: In this research, five types of PCS-AG coprocessed excipients (Co-PCS-AG) were prepared by mixed PCS and AG with thefollowing ratios mass of PCS and AG were 5:5, 6:4, 7:3, 8:2, and 9:1. The prepared Co-PCS-AG excipients were characterized in terms of morphology,particle size distribution, moisture content, pH, flow-ability properties, and swelling index. Based on the results, three types of Co-PCS-AG excipients,which were 7:3, 8:2, and 9:1, were selected for use in FDT formulation of ginger extract. The FDTs were then examined for tablet hardness, tabletfriability, wetting time, and disintegration time.Results: The results indicated that Co-PCS-AG 9:1 was ideal excipient to be used in FDT formulation, as it revealed good flow properties and swellingindex compare to the other ratios. The Co-PCS-AG excipients were formulated into tablets and evaluated. Analysis of the ginger extract FDTs revealedthat the FDT prepared using Co-PCS-AG 9:1 excipient had the best performance with tablet hardness, friability, wetting time, and disintegration timeof 0.7 kp, 2.12%, 93 seconds, and 134 seconds, respectively.Conclusions: Co-PCS-AG 9:1 excipient is a potential excipient with ideal binder, disintegrant, and filler properties for use in FDT formulation.
ANALYTICAL VALIDATION OF CLOPIDOGREL IN HUMAN PLASMA THROUGH ULTRAHIGHPERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY-TANDEM MASS SPECTROMETRY
Authors: Harahap Yahdiana , Maysyarah Innet
Published: November 2017

Objective: This study developed a sensitive, selective, and valid method for analyzing clopidogrel in human plasma using liquid chromatographytandemmass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).Methods: The chromatography separation was performed on the waters ACQUITY UPLC Class BEH C18 1.7 μm (2.1 × 100 mm) column, consisting of0.1% formic acid in water and 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile (30-70) as the mobile phase, and an isocratic elution with a flow rate of 0.2 mL/minutes.The mass detection was performed using a Waters Xevo TQD equipped with positive electrospray ionization in the multiple reaction monitoringmodes. The clopidogrel was detected at m/z 322.086>212.097 and irbesartan as an internal standard at m/z 429.233>207.131. The sample wasprepared with protein precipitation method using acetonitrile, vortex mixed for 10 minutes, and centrifuged at 13,000 rpm for 20 minutes.Results: This method showed a linear result at the concentration range of 0.2-10 ng/ml with r≥0.9997.Conclusions: The developed method provides sensitivity, linearity, precision, and accuracy and is suitable for analysis of clopidogrel in human plasmausing LC-MS/MS.