bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Perfect Change in Plato’s Sophist
Authors: Irani Tushar
Published: August 2022

This paper examines how Plato’s rejection of the friends of the forms at 248 a–249 b in the Sophist is continuous with the arguments that he develops shortly after this part of the dialogue for the interrelatedness of the forms. I claim that the interrelatedness of the forms implies that they are changed, and that this explains Plato’s rejection of the friends of the forms. Much here turns on the kind of change that Plato wants to attribute to the forms. I distinguish my view of the sort of change that the forms experience from other kinds of change—such as ‘Cambridge change’—that scholars have believed Plato has in mind in rejecting the friends of the forms. On the view that I advance, a form experiences a change (which I call ‘perfect change’) in its association with another form that distinguishes it as the distinctive being that it is—that is, through its possession of its distinctive properties.
Plato on Perceiving through the whole Body
Authors: Thomas Kjeller Johansen
Published: August 2022

The Timaeus shows a strong interest in what we would call ‘embodied cognition’, developing a detailed account of the physiology of perception. One striking aspect is that Plato presents the whole body as involved in perception. The cardiovascular system allows the blood to transmit sensory affections to every part of the body, while the soul-filled marrow, which is particularly sensitive, extends via the bones throughout body. Timaeus reserves for the intellectual part (to phronimon) a distinctive role in perception providing rational content and reflexivity to our perceptual experiences. He seeks to integrate the intellect within the perceptual system, not just anatomically, but also by showing perception itself to be a form of intelligence (phronēsis). The whole ensouled body thus emerges as a single perceptual system, gathering, sharing, and reflecting on perceptual information as one. Timaeus’ theory belongs to Presocratic views about the involvement of the whole body in perception.
Experience and Preconception in Epicurus’ Refutation of Determinism
Authors: Kamtekar Rachana
Published: August 2022

Among Epicurus’ On Nature 25 arguments against determinism, the view that everything comes to be by accidental necessity (kata to automaton anangkēn), is a previously unnoticed semantic argument. Epicurus argues that since our preconception (prolēpsis) of causal responsibility (aitia), or of being causally responsible (aitios), originates in our experience (pathos) of acting through ourselves (di’ hēmōn autōn), the thesis of determinism is self-refuting. This is because the thesis of determinism requires use of the preconception of causal responsibility, which would not be available to the determinist if it were true that everything that happens, including our actions and experiences, is caused by necessity from our original constitution and environment. In the wake of this argument, Epicurus challenges the determinist to show that we should not consider our own agency to belong to the preconception of causal responsibility, and to explain the difference between our experiences of voluntary and compelled action.
‘Set All Things in a Perfect Order’
Authors: Poos L. R.
Published: August 2022

As Ralph Rishton lay on his deathbed in 1573, lawsuits in several courts were pending that would determine the lawfulness of his marriages and the disposition of his property. His deathbed scene—reconstructed from witness testimony in those legal cases—encapsulates many of the dilemmas that make his life a compelling case study in how people of his time, place, and social rank used law. This chapter introduces the themes that shape the remainder of the book. First, legal pluralism: the complex, interconnected nature of the many courts and legal systems through which sixteenth-century English people manoeuvred. Next, law’s stories: the narratives that formed the basis of legal actions, shaped by litigants, witnesses, lawyers, and courts, and how to recover and read them. Finally, participatory governance: the many ways that networks of Tudor-era gentry acted in order to make law operational, and the law consciousness that shaped their perceptions and actions. The chapter then reconstructs the court systems of Lancashire. The Duchy and Palatinate of Lancaster and the new Diocese of Chester during this period are understudied, despite the richness of their surviving records. They reveal one regionally distinctive aspect of the ways in which the English state extended its reach over the course of the 1500s.
Symeon Stylites the Younger and Late Antique Antioch
Authors: Parker Lucy
Published: August 2022

Symeon Stylites the Younger and Late Antique Antioch explores the authority of a holy man and its limitations in times of crisis, with a particular focus on the little-studied Antiochene stylite Symeon the Younger. Symeon the Younger (c.521–92) lived through a period of repeated disasters in the region of Antioch, including earthquakes, plagues, and Persian invasions. The book explores how Symeon and his supporters reacted to these crises, which posed a powerful challenge to the claims of holy men to be able to protect their supplicants. It argues that crisis laid bare theological and emotional tensions that had always existed around the role of a holy man as intercessor between God and his supplicants. It considers various texts associated with the stylite, including his sermon collection, his hagiographic Life, and the Life of his mother, Martha, setting these in the broader context of society and culture in the late Roman empire and of developments in hagiography over time. The sermon collection and the Life of Symeon show that the stylite was a divisive figure who played on social tensions and scapegoated the wealthy notables of Antioch for disaster. The Life of Martha reflects a reorientation of priorities for the cult, offering an original vision of holiness based on participation in liturgy and the sacraments. The tensions evinced in these texts are reflected in other hagiographies from the period, offering a new perspective on the state of the Roman empire in the sixth and seventh centuries.
Introduction
Authors: Parker Lucy
Published: August 2022

This chapter introduces Symeon Stylites the Younger, providing a summary of his life and the evidence associated with his cult. It sets his life in the context of debates about the sixth-century eastern Roman empire and the age of Justinian, which has sometimes been seen as the last golden age of Rome, and sometimes as a period of rising social tensions, economic disparities, and eschatological fears. It reflects upon the profound methodological challenges of writing history on the basis of hagiography, a notoriously problematic body of source material. It argues for the importance of considering developments in hagiography over time, and of reading hagiography ‘against the grain’ to uncover the tensions and debates that inspired its creation. It summarizes and introduces the chapters and arguments of the book as a whole.
The Sermons of Symeon Stylites the Younger
Authors: Parker Lucy
Published: August 2022

This chapter focuses on the sermon collection attributed to Symeon, which sheds light on how a holy man could construct his spiritual authority. The chapter considers the state of scholarship on late antique sermons and preaching, before discussing the evidence relating to the authorship of the sermon collection attribute to the stylite. It argues that there is good evidence to think that the collection was created at Symeon’s monastery at an early date and may well reflect the saint’s own preaching. Whereas Symeon’s hagiographer presents his healing miracles as the basis of his popularity, the sermons reveal the power of the stylite’s own rhetoric: starkly polarized in his thought, he eschews the compromises adopted by many clerical preachers, focusing on the opposition of demon and monk, rich and poor, and heaven and hell. He presents himself as a visionary prophet, bringing a stark message. Although the sermons are shorn of specific references to their social context, they do suggest that Symeon at times played a divisive role in society, playing on social tensions to increase his authority. He vehemently criticizes the rich, going so far as to associate them with one of the most vilified groups in Christian society: pagans.
Hagiography and the Crises of the Sixth and Seventh Centuries
Authors: Parker Lucy
Published: August 2022

Chapter 5 situates the Lives of Symeon and Martha in the context of broader hagiographical trends in the sixth and seventh centuries. Symeon’s hagiographer’s struggles to justify disasters are echoed in other near-contemporary saints’ Lives, including those of Nicholas of Sion, George of Choziba, and Theodore of Sykeon. The chapter argues that holy men had by this period become particularly prone to accusations of failure in times of crisis because of ideological developments across late antiquity: in particular, growing claims about the thaumaturgic powers of saints and the increasing association between holy men and the empire. The Life of Martha reflects a different, but possibly complementary, development in hagiography: the emergence of posthumous miracle collections which in general do not describe extravagant miracles performed for the benefit of large groups of people but instead include only small-scale miracles, usually involving healing, which help only one or two people. One exception to this trend, the Miracles of St Demetrios, shows that if the hagiographers of miracle collections chose to make ambitious claims about their saints’ powers, they also had to face challenging questions about theodicy and the position of the holy man as intercessor between God and his supplicants.
Conclusion
Authors: Parker Lucy
Published: August 2022

The conclusion summarizes the key arguments of the book and draws out their wider implications. The Lives of Symeon and Martha exemplify two divergent ways of reacting to the crisis in holiness engendered by natural and military disasters in this period: the former aggressive, confrontational, and polemical, the latter irenic and involving a reorientation of expectations and priorities, as well as a reinterpretation of the miracle that places the responsibility for its success onto the supplicant rather than the saint. Holy men always faced challenges if they failed to perform miracles for their supplicants; crisis exacerbated this problem, but their position was innately precarious. This helps to explain why holy men often acted as divisive figures in society, insisting upon strict standards of Christian behaviour and encouraging persecution of perceived outsiders. The disasters of the sixth and seventh centuries raised questions not only about the role of the holy man but about theodicy itself. The ideological and emotional effects of crisis may have been far greater than their practical economic effects. The book concludes with reflections on the challenge of writing history from hagiography, arguing that hagiography offers an exceptional window into contemporary debates and concerns at the heart of Christianity.
The Proem to the Commentary on the Iliad
Authors: van den Berg Baukje
Published: August 2022

This chapter explores Eustathios’ hermeneutic programme as set forth in the proem to the Commentary on the Iliad. This hermeneutic programme forms the essential background against which Eustathios’ literary and rhetorical analysis of the Iliad will be studied in the remainder of the book’s chapters. The chapter studies the rich imagery through which Eustathios presents Homer as an authoritative source of great wisdom and himself as the poet’s erudite exegete. It also analyses Eustathios’ statements on the aims, contents, and target audience of his work. The rhetorical dimension of Eustathios’ project and his views on the role of history, myth, and allegory in Homeric poetry receive special attention. The chapter is accompanied by Appendix I, which offers an annotated English translation of the proem.
The Gods and the Composition of the Iliad
Authors: van den Berg Baukje
Published: August 2022

This chapter is devoted to Eustathios’ literary, rhetorical, and allegorical interpretation of the Homeric gods, whose form and function in the Iliad and Odyssey have been topics of much debate from the poems’ earliest reception until today. Eustathios distinguishes between the anthropomorphic gods as characters in Homer’s mythical narrative on the one hand, and their allegorical meaning on the other. In his view, the gods, as poetic fictions, are powerful devices in the hands of the poet to motivate the Iliad’s course of event, steer the plot in its desired direction, or hint at alternative narrative paths. As allegories of the poet’s mental faculties, moreover, Homer uses them to foreground the rhetorical choices he made in composing his poem and, in this way, to showcase his own rhetorical virtuosity. In Eustathios’ reading, the gods also have a deeper allegorical meaning, as representations of, for instance, natural elements or psychological and emotional forces. This deeper meaning is vital to the philosophical-didactic potential of myth, while being intrinsically connected to its rhetorical plausibility at the same time. The chapter’s first section briefly discusses the allegorical methods of ancient exegetes, the scholia vetera, and other middle Byzantine allegorists to place Eustathios’ interpretation in its wider exegetical context.
Equity, Evaluation, and International Cooperation
Authors: Carolini Gabriella Y.
Published: August 2022

This book considers whether South–South Cooperation (SSC) is any different from other international partnerships in practice. This question often gets lost in conventional scholarship on SSC and international cooperation, which privileges macro-level narratives of how cooperation mechanisms fit within geopolitical concerns and shape the outcomes of foreign aid. This book instead offers an answer from the ground up. It highlights two main lessons from the close examination of the ecosystem of international cooperation projects in the urban water-and-sanitation sector in Maputo, Mozambique. First, the book shows that macro labels attributed to international cooperation reflect very little about how cooperation projects operate on the ground and the equity consequences of their work. Second, how projects are designed, implemented, and evaluated does matter to the quality of learning that emanates from partnerships. Beyond the geopolitical and technical proximities favored by the SSC discourse, this book argues that what matters in practice is whether hierarchy or heterarchy is institutionalized in the governance of cooperation projects; whether project partners are locally embedded in shared work spaces; and whether practitioners value flexibility and recognize the epistemic value of learning from all partners as peers. A strong evaluation culture within the international development industry, however, still subjugates such equity-based concerns and deep learning in projects to accountability, reinforcing orthodox power asymmetries in cooperation and sustaining epistemic and distributive injustice. This book instead provides a framework for how project evaluations, as a key narrative instrument of development, can instead promote distributive, procedural, and epistemic justice in international cooperation projects.
In Head and in Members
Authors: Guyer Benjamin M.
Published: August 2022

The chapter studies the longue durée of how reformation was discussed between 1414, when the Council of Constance began, and 1563, when the Council of Trent concluded. Consistent imagery, such as “reformation in head and in members,” defined conciliar goals during this 150-year period. Practically everyone, including early Protestants, described reformation as the work of church councils. Explicating ideas of the ecclesial body, the chapter next traces how apocalyptic fears of monstrosity were intimately related to the schisms that Latin Christendom then experienced. Nonetheless, with reformation clearly defined as the work of church councils, the third section notes that neither Henry VIII nor Edward VI applied the same imagery and vocabulary to the English church after the 1534 break with the papacy—and this renders it unlikely that either monarch considered their actions the royal equivalent of conciliar reformation. The chapter concludes by analyzing the liturgical developments that took place under Edward VI. Where religious change did occur in mid-Tudor England, it was more sporadic and haphazard than contemporaries understood the term “reformation” to signify.
Conceptual metaphor theory
Authors: Yu Ning
Published: August 2022

This chapter reviews conceptual metaphor theory with a focus on one aspect that is also especially characteristic of the present study—its systematicity in metaphor research. It traces conceptual metaphor theory’s developmental trajectory as a systematic approach to metaphor in language and cognition. The systematicity of conceptual metaphor theory stems from its distinction between conceptual metaphor and linguistic metaphor, its adoption of frame and subframe in the analysis, its conception of metaphor inheritance hierarchies, its differentiation between primary metaphor and complex metaphor, and its extended version that proposes a multilevel view of metaphor, with image schema, domain, frame, and mental space as different levels of metaphorical mappings ranging from the most schematic to the most specific.
A Voracious Dragon?
Authors: Jenkins Rhys
Published: August 2022

Economic growth in China has had a major impact on global commodity markets. The chapter documents the significance of China in terms of its share of global consumption and world imports of a number of commodities, as well as China’s dependence on such imports. This shows that there is considerable variation between different commodities, with China being particularly important for minerals and metals. Chinese demand has had an impact on commodity prices and was one factor that contributed to the commodity boom of 2002–11. Non-price aspects of Chinese involvement are also discussed including Chinese strategies to secure resources; Chinese policies to encourage processing at home; and the specific characteristics of the Chinese market in terms of social and environmental standards.
Social, Political, and Environmental Impacts in Latin America
Authors: Jenkins Rhys
Published: August 2022

Rather less has been written on the social, political, and environmental impacts of China on Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) than on the economic impacts. In terms of social impacts the chapter considers both the social effects in terms of employment and of the way in which Chinese companies in the extractive industries have affected local communities. In LAC discussion of the political implications have mainly focussed on whether or not China’s growing presence represents a threat to US interests in the region, but there is no evidence that China is exercising undue political influence in the region as the case studies of Brazil and Venezuela illustrate. There is little systematic evidence concerning the environmental impacts although the case of soybeans illustrates the potential negative consequences of growing demand from China.
Conclusion
Authors: Jenkins Rhys
Published: August 2022

The Conclusion focuses on the likely future relations between China and Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). This involves analysing key trends at the global level, within China and in SSA and LAC. At the global level these include the future of globalization in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic and increased tension between China and the West. Within China key aspects include the ‘new normal’ of slower economic growth, a more assertive foreign policy and the launch of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in 2013, and the domestic impacts of COVID-19. Developments in SSA and LAC have also been affected by the pandemic, the US-China trade war, and the extension of the BRI to the two regions. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the continuing tensions that derive from the asymmetric economic relations between China and the two regions and whether steps will be taken to resolve them.
Child Psychology in Twelve Questions
Authors: Harris Paul L.
Published: August 2022

Child psychology as a scientific enterprise is about a hundred years old—juvenile in comparison to other branches of science. Yet the reader who wants to learn what has been discovered faces an obstacle. There are plenty of textbooks offering an encyclopedic review. They are packed with recent research, aimed at the latest cohort of students, but such a welter of findings and mini controversies can obscure enduring questions as well as established answers. Firmer guidance is on offer in books aiming to help parents and teachers, but the more meditative and less practical questions about the nature of the child’s mind are rarely asked. This book takes up some of the enduring questions in developmental psychology. For example, how do children form an attachment to their caregivers? In their imagination, are they confused or clear-sighted about the difference between fantasy and reality? When and how do they make moral judgments? In each chapter, readers are given a sense of why these questions are important, the answers proposed, and the uncertainties that persist. Readers are shown important landmarks, both well known and neglected, and invited to linger.
Lineage and Kinship
Authors: Gibson Kate
Published: August 2022

This chapter tests illegitimate inclusion in concepts of lineage and the emotional and instrumental bonds of kinship. Using letters, diaries, wills, and accounts from families across the social scale, the chapter argues that illegitimate individuals’ experience differed most from their legitimate counterparts in terms of access to family property. However, this was counterbalanced by a widespread perception that illegitimate children were deserving of maintenance derived from the personal property of their parents. This separation of family and personal property allowed relatives to simultaneously exclude illegitimate relatives from inheritance, whilst including them in emotional and instrumental kinship obligations. Illegitimate individuals were included in markers of kinship across the social scale, and inclusion operated similarly for mixed-race and white children. Analysis of the illegitimate experience provides important evidence of the boundaries and rationale of kinship. Blood, for example, remained the most important claim to affection and obligation across the century. Proximity was helpful but not essential; individuals who were kept secret and geographically distant from relatives during their childhood were able to trigger the obligations of kinship once their existence was known as adults. There were also changes over the period. In the late seventeenth century families were more concerned about the damage of illegitimacy to collective reputation, and feared illegitimate claims to inheritance. Changes in property inheritance and the marriage laws over the eighteenth century, especially the growth of strict settlement, minimized illegitimate individuals’ ability to contest family inheritance, which allowed them to be incorporated into kinship bonds with relatively little conflict.
The Reasons Aggregation Theorem
Authors: Wedgwood Ralph
Published: August 2022

Often, when one faces a choice between alternative actions, there are reasons both for and against each alternative. On one way of understanding these words, what one “ought to do all things considered (ATC)” is determined by the totality of these reasons. So, these reasons can somehow be “combined” or “aggregated” to yield an ATC verdict on these alternatives. First, in this chapter, various assumptions about this sort of aggregation of reasons are articulated. Then it is shown that these assumptions allow for the proof of a “Reasons Aggregation Theorem”—parallel to John Harsanyi’s (1955) “Social Aggregation Theorem”. All reasons for action are grounded in reason-providing values; and, for every such reason-providing value, there is in principle a way of measuring how strongly this value counts against each alternative. The theorem tells us that the appropriate measure of how much reason ATC there is against each alternative is simply a weighted sum of the strengths with which these values count against that alternative; the agent ought not ATC to perform an action iff there is ATC more reason against it than against some available alternative.
The Standing to Forgive
Authors: Seim Maria
Published: August 2022

The philosophical literature on the standing to forgive is divided. The majority view holds that only victims have the standing to forgive (Murphy and Hampton 1988, Owens 2012, Zaragoza 2012, Walker 2013), while recent contributions challenge the majority view and argue that third parties also have the standing to forgive (MacLachlan 2008, Norlock 2009, Pettigrove 2009, Chaplin 2019). This chapter defends the victim’s unique standing to forgive by way of a specific account of the nature of forgiveness. The standard account of forgiveness says that forgiveness is the overcoming of resentment for the right reasons. The standard account can explain how forgiveness differs from similar responses, like excusing and condoning, but falls short of explaining how forgiveness can be a voluntary action. A satisfactory account of forgiveness should be able to explain how forgiveness can be separate from excusing and condoning, as well as how forgiveness can be voluntary. To account for all the desiderata, this chapter suggests an account of forgiveness that depends on the wrongdoer’s repentance and the victim’s decision to absorb the cost of the wrongdoing. On this account, forgiveness is necessarily the prerogative of the victim.
Offsetting Harm
Authors: Deigan Michael
Published: August 2022

It is typically wrong to act in a way that foreseeably makes some impending harm worse. Sometimes it is permissible to do so, however, if one also offsets the harm increasing action by doing something that decreases the badness of the same harm by at least as much. This chapter argues that the standard deontological constraint against doing harm is not compatible with the permissibility of harm increases that have been offset. Offsetting neither prevents one’s other actions from doing harm nor ensures that the harm those actions do is made permissible by any of the constraint’s familiar provisos. To make sense of offsetting, the old constraint against doing harm should be replaced with a new constraint against making unoffset harm increases. The chapter discusses how to formulate the new constraint so that it can handle both the offsetting cases that the old constraint gets wrong as well as the non-offsetting cases that the old constraint gets right. Adopting this constraint against unoffset harm increases may have important implications both for theoretical questions about the sources of deontological constraints and for practical questions, such as whether buying carbon offsets can make emitting carbon dioxide permissible.
Please Keep Your Charity out of My Agency
Authors: McGrath Sarah
Published: August 2022

This chapter addresses the question: when should one interpret another’s behavior through a causal lens, and dismiss it as a product of non-rationalizing forces? It argues against the view that we should do so whenever the resulting interpretation would be more charitable. Charity is not the appropriate principle, it is argued, because it can be paternalistic to interpret someone charitably. The same considerations that tell against acting paternalistically toward someone tell in favor of a strong default policy of taking what they say at face value, as an undistorted expression of their agency. The chapter argues that it is permissible to depart from this default only if there is a good reason to think that distorting factors are at work. This answer is taken to mirror the view in literature on the epistemology of testimony, according to which the correct epistemological norm instructs us that we can trust the testimony of others, absent positive evidence that they are not to be trusted. On this view we should take this default stance, even if the resulting interpretation is not the most charitable.
Greek Dialogue in Antiquity
Authors: Jażdżewska Katarzyna
Published: August 2022

The book re-examines evidence for Greek dialogue between the mid-fourth century BCE and the mid-first century CE—that is, roughly from Plato’s death to the death of Philo of Alexandria. Although the genre of dialogue in antiquity has attracted a growing interest in the past two decades, the time covered in the book has remained overlooked and unresearched, with scholars believing that for much of this period the dialogue went through a period of decline and was revived only in Roman times. The book carefully reassesses post-Platonic and Hellenistic evidence and studies the employment of the dialogue in the Academy and by authors of the pseudo-Platonica, by Aristotle and his followers, as well as in other intellectual environments, from the Minor Socratic schools of the Megarians and Cyrenaics, to the major Hellenistic traditions—the Cynics, Stoics, and Epicureans—and from Timon of Phlius and Eratosthenes of Cyrene to Philo of Alexandria and Tablet of Cebes. It also collects and examines papyri fragments of dialogues, which have never been discussed in this context. The book argues that dialogues and texts creatively interacting with dialogic conventions were composed throughout Hellenistic times, and proposes to reconceptualize the imperial period dialogue as evidence not of a resurgence, but of continuity in this literary tradition; it therefore challenges the narrative of the dialogue’s decline and subsequent revival, postulating, instead, the genre’s unbroken continuity from the Classical period to the Roman Empire.
Dialogue in the Academy
Authors: Jażdżewska Katarzyna
Published: August 2022

The chapter gathers and carefully assesses evidence on the use of the dialogue by Plato’s successors in the Academy. Plato established the dialogue as the philosophical genre, providing his successors with an approved model of philosophy. The first section discusses evidence for the employment of the dialogue format by Plato’s students and early successors, including Heraclides of Pontus, Speusippus, Eudoxus of Cnidus, and Xenocrates, and inspects testimonies and fragments of Crantor of Soli. The subsequent section discusses changes in the dialogue format in the New Academy of Arcesilaus and his successors, who introduced new forms of oral and written discourse, suitable for skeptical reasoning—a thesis proposed by a student, followed by a refutation by a philosopher-teacher, either with or without the former’s interventions.
PlatonicDubiaand theAppendix Platonica
Authors: Jażdżewska Katarzyna
Published: August 2022

This chapter examines pseudo-Platonic dialogues, which are a diverse group of texts whose authorship, dating, and philosophical environment remain debatable. It discusses selected dubious works belonging to so-called “Thrasyllan canon” (= dubia) and texts which were not accepted in the canon, sometimes referred to as the Appendix Platonica (= spuria), with sections devoted to Epinomis, Hipparchus, Minos, Theages, Cleitophon, Alcibiades II, Rival Lovers, Sisyphus, Eryxias, On Justice, On Virtue, Demodocus, Axiochus, and Halcyon. The examination of the dialogues focuses on their various modes of engagement with Plato and on formal, stylistic, and conceptual deviations from the genuine Platonic works, that is, on features which mark these works as outliers in the Platonic corpus (e.g. recurrent use of anonymous speakers, brevity).
Epilogue
Authors: Jażdżewska Katarzyna
Published: August 2022

The Epilogue identifies some emergent trends and lines of development in post-Platonic dialogues and points to recurrent literary strategies which affiliate these texts with broader trends of Hellenistic literature and its aesthetics. It discusses a diversity of dialogic formats, their use for philosophical and non-philosophic purposes, multiplicity of settings used, and recurrent employment of anonymous interlocutors. This section also draws attention to two traits of the post-Platonic dialogue which are characteristic of Hellenistic literature in general, namely the inclination of dialogue to interact and blend with other genres, and the employment of a broad range of mimetic practices in the form of the adaptation and transformation of Platonic scenes, themes, and motifs (here the concepts of variatio or oppositio in imitando prove useful, as they allow for appreciation of the dynamics of closeness to and distance from Platonic subtexts).
Human Rights and the Common Law of the Contract of Employment
Authors: Collins Philippa
Published: August 2022

This chapter turns to the possibility that contractual methods could be deployed to protect the human rights of individuals at work. Rather than relying on the adaptation of statutory mechanisms, could the common law principles of the contract of employment perform a new role? One possibility is that the terms of the contract of employment could be read in a manner that respects and enforces the human rights of employees. This approach, however, is found to be far from universal from a study of the cases. The chapter therefore examines the prospect that the terms implied into the contract of employment could develop in a rights-protective direction. There are two routes by which this may happen: the expansion of the existing implied obligation of mutual trust and confidence and the implication of a new term targeted specifically to the protection of fundamental rights. Based on the cautious judicial approach that is evident in the area of implied terms, it will be argued that both possibilities are unlikely to occur in the near future.
How Romantics and Victorians Organized Information
Authors: Hess Jillian M.
Published: August 2022

Every literary household in nineteenth-century Britain had a commonplace book, scrapbook, or album. Coleridge called his collection “Fly-Catchers”, while George Eliot referred to one of her commonplace books as a “Quarry,” and Michael Faraday kept quotations in his “Philosophical Miscellany.” Nevertheless, the nineteenth-century commonplace book, along with associated traditions like the scrapbook and album, remain under-studied. This book tells the story of how technological and social changes altered methods for gathering, storing, and organizing information in nineteenth-century Britain. As the commonplace book moved out of the school and into the home, it took on elements of the album. At the same time, the explosion of print allowed readers to cheaply cut-and-paste extractions rather than copying out quotations by hand. Built on the evidence of over 300 manuscripts, this study unearths the composition practices of well-known writers such as Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Sir Walter Scott, George Eliot, and Alfred Lord Tennyson, and their less well-known contemporaries. Divided into two parts, the first half of the book contends that methods for organizing knowledge developed in line with the period’s dominant epistemic frameworks, while the second half argues that commonplace books helped Romantics and Victorians organize people. Chapters focus on prominent organizational methods in nineteenth-century commonplacing, often attached to an associated epistemic virtue: diaristic forms and the imagination (Chapter Two); “real time” entries signaling objectivity (Chapter Three); antiquarian remnants, serving as empirical evidence for historical arguments (Chapter Four); communally produced commonplace books that attest to socially constructed knowledge (Chapter Five); and blank spaces in commonplace books of mourning (Chapter Six).
Quantum Stochastic Thermodynamics
Authors: Strasberg Philipp
Published: August 2022

Processes at the nanoscale happen far away from the thermodynamic limit, far from equilibrium and are dominated by fluctuations and, perhaps, even quantum effects. This book establishes a consistent thermodynamic framework for such processes by combining tools from non-equilibrium statistical mechanics and the theory of open quantum systems. The book is accessible for graduate students and of interest to all researchers striving for a deeper understanding of the laws of thermodynamics beyond their traditional realm of applicability. It puts most emphasis on the microscopic derivation and understanding of key principles and concepts as well as their interrelation. The topics covered in this book include (quantum) stochastic processes, (quantum) master equations, local detailed balance, classical stochastic thermodynamics, (quantum) fluctuation theorems, strong coupling and non non-Markovian effects, thermodynamic uncertainty relations, operational approaches, Maxwell's demon and time-reversal symmetry, among other topics. Furthermore, the book treats a few applications in detail to illustrate the general theory and its potential for practical applications. These are single-molecule pulling experiments, quantum transport and thermoelectric effects in quantum dots, the micromaser and related set-ups in quantum optics.
Real Analysis and Infinity
Authors: Sedaghat Hassan
Published: August 2022

Perfection is a fiction. In cooking we demand minute traces of herbs and spices to add flavour. All technologies are similar since only when we add impurities do the materials meet our needs. This is true for everything from making Stone Age tools to semiconductors, steel, glass optical fibres etc. In chemistry, impurities can speed up reactions (catalysis), in biology we call them enzymes. Without imperfections there would be neither evolution nor personal individuality. With understanding we have exploited imperfections to our advantage and enjoy technological benefits. When we fail to recognize our own faults, we revert to human failings of oppression, warfare, ill health and destruction of the planet. No previous science is required as the concepts are basically simple. Nevertheless, the book gives deep and useful insights into what is possible in technology. Recognizing and addressing human imperfections is far harder, but absolutely essential or we will destroy ourselves.
Kant's Will at the Crossroads
Authors: Timmermann Jens
Published: August 2022

What happens when human beings fail to do as reason bids? This book is an attempt to address this age-old question within Kant’s mature practical philosophy, i.e. the practical philosophy that emerged with the watershed discovery of autonomy in the mid-1780s. As always, Kant is good for a surprise. There is, it is argued, not one answer but two: he advocates Socratic intellectualism in the realm of prudence whilst defending an anti-intellectualist or volitional account of immoral action. This ‘hybrid’ theory of practical failure is more than a philosophical curiosity. There are ramifications for Kant’s theory of practical reason as a whole. In particular, the hybrid account emphasizes the divide between pure and empirical practical rationality to the extent that the latter, while containing practically relevant propositions, no longer counts as a branch of practical reason at all. Hypothetical and categorical imperatives exemplify two entirely distinct kinds of normativity. In fact, the dichotomy between pure and empirical determining grounds of the will goes hand in hand with many other dualisms and dichotomies that, whether we like them or not, continue to define Kant’s mature ethical thought.
Introduction
Authors: Timmermann Jens
Published: August 2022

This chapter provides a first glimpse of the proposed ‘hybrid’ Kantian model of practical failure. It represents a combination of Socratic intellectualism and a more Aristotelian account of akrasia in the two spheres of Kantian agency, prudence and morals. The second Critique’s famous ‘gallows example’ is used to exemplify the hybrid theory. Moreover, the two sources of what Kant calls ‘practical interest’—the moral law and the agent’s own happiness—are sharply distinguished.
Instrumental Imperatives
Authors: Timmermann Jens
Published: August 2022

The fourth chapter examines the nature of instrumental imperatives in Kant. Instrumental rationality arises when sensibility devolves practical authority to reason; it has no dignity in its own right. There is, accordingly, no single principle of practical reason called ‘the’ hypothetical imperative, just a plurality of individual instrumental principles whose authority depends on the end one intends to pursue. ‘True’ means–ends irrationality is impossible. The distinction between analytic and synthetic practical principles is discussed, as are the limitations of instrumental rationality. Strictly speaking, instrumental imperatives are practical propositions, but they do not count as an expression of practical reason; and, if so, instrumental rationality cannot be used, against the sceptic, as a stepping stone to full or moral agency. Moreover, it is shown that, appearances notwithstanding, instrumental reason has a role to play not only as the ‘servant of inclination’ but also as a servant of morality.
Trading goods, trading words
Authors: Coulmas Florian
Published: August 2022

Trade is one of the principal engines connecting the peoples of the world, if not the most momentous one. It involves the dissemination of goods along with knowledge, ideas, values and norms, overcoming various difficulties and obstacles in the process, of which the language barrier is not the least taxing. Merchants are keenly aware of the linguistic diversity of the world and have since old developed strategies for not letting it interfere with business, strategies they adjust to exigencies. This chapter examines three historical models of how commerce impacts language, trade on the Silk Roads, the creation of the Mediterranean Lingua Franca, and the linguistic effects of the Dutch East India Company’s globe-spanning transactions.
General Conclusions
Authors: Jenart Cedric
Published: August 2022

The final chapter draws together and reiterates the research findings of the book. The overarching insight framing the conclusion and arising from this monograph as a whole is ‘convergence from divergence’. Despite a wide variety of ways to outsource rulemaking powers and to legally frame such possibilities (divergence), there is a remarkable impetus towards similar techniques, limits, and safeguards (convergence). This chapter illustrates how seeming divergences ultimately converge by comparing for the countries researched the results in the light of the status of their constitutions, their institutional systems of democratic governance, and their approach to international law. Ultimately, the chapter recommends that lawmakers and courts in all of the countries researched treat autonomous public, private, and hybrid actors as a constitutional category. Moreover, nation-states should consider adopting a constitutional or statutory provision which actualizes the findings presented here in relation to both research hypotheses. Finally, the author suggests a good practice approach based on pairing each technique of outsourcing (delegation, referral, and reception) with the appropriate motive for outsourcing (independence, expertise, and stakeholder input).
Sailing the Ocean of Complexity
Authors: Succi Sauro
Published: August 2022

This books explores the enchanting role played by free energy in unveiling the complexity which inhabits the interface between physics and biology. In particular, it illustrates the guiding power of modern incarnations of free energy in steering the navigation of biological systems across an otherwise unsailable ocean of combinatorial complexity, with specific reference to two fundamental biological processesL DNA translocation and protein folding. The book develops unfolds through four major parts. Part I provides an account of the general organizing principles of complex systems, with specific focus on the physics-biology interface. Part II discusses the science of change, Thermodynamics, first in its historical developments, then its modern developments into the biological and also cosmological framework. Part III deals with the wondrous scenarios opened up by free-energy as it meets with the modern tools of statistical physics, ultradimensional landscapes, order parameters and rugged landscapes Finally, Part IV discusses the deep connections between Time and Complexity, in particular the idea that Time can possibly be experienced only by systems beyond a given threshold of complexity. We conclude with some considerations on the awareness of the finiteness of time and its impact on the complexity of the human condition.
Implicit Learning
Authors: Reber Arthur S.
Published: August 2022

This chapter presents a broad-based overview of the history of implicit learning and related functions. It focuses on the work of Arthur S. Reber, who carried out the first experiments in the middle 1960s (hence the subtitle of the volume) examining the process by which knowledge of a complexly structured domain, in this case an artificial grammar, comes to be acquired without awareness of either the process or the products of learning. In addition, it outlines how these studies slowly became highly cited ones and how they link up with a variety of other domains in the social sciences. Importantly, it delves into how the study of the cognitive unconscious fits within classic models of evolutionary biology and blends easily with the cellular basis of consciousness, a recently proposed theory by Reber that ties together implicit functions with the origins of minds, arguing that feelings, awareness, and sentience are an inherent feature of all life.
From the Cognitive to the Collective
Authors: Brauner Elisabeth
Published: August 2022

The idea of a collective unconscious has fascinated psychology, philosophy, and science fiction for a long time. However, closer examination reveals conceptual problems. How can we theoretically define and practically operationalize a process that simultaneously affects social entities yet remains inaccessible to the consciousness whether at the individual or at the collective level? Ideas originating in cognitive and social psychology, group research, and organizational theory help us develop a conceptualization of a collective consciousness, as well as a collective unconscious, that will allow empirical examinations of these phenomena. Using the construct of transactive memory systems from group research as well as various types of knowledge as defined by cognitive psychology, the chapter proposes that organizational functioning is an implicit activity of all combined organizational processes lacking cognitive awareness by individual actors. Collective practice, implicit organizational learning, and implicit metaknowledge are key to an understanding of a collective or organizational unconscious.
Perspectives on the Cognitive Unconscious
Authors: Damasio Antonio
Published: August 2022

Small and simple organisms such as bacteria, behave more or less intelligently from the standpoint of their survival. The actions they adopt have “different values” or “valences” depending on how successful they are relative to maintaining life. And yet, “valenced” actions do not need to be “conscious” actions. Nothing whatsoever suggests that the problems those organisms face, the actions they take, or their results, can be represented inside their organisms let alone experienced in some form of mental state. Valences do not need to be experienced to produce their results. Covert, nonconscious intelligences are part of an early stage in the evolution of living organisms and do not require nervous systems to operate. At a later stage, when nervous systems are present, valenced options for actions can be experienced as homeostatic feelings, thus introducing an evolutionary novelty: conscious life regulation, based on subjective knowledge concerning the life state.