bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
AGGREGATION ERROR EFFECTS ON THE DISCRETE‐SPACE p‐MEDIAN MODEL: THE CASE OF EDMONTON, CANADA
Authors: Hodgson M. John , Shmulevitz Felix , Körkel Manfred
Published: March 2008

The spatial analysis literature recognizes three sources of aggregation error, termed Source A, Source B, and Source C, which affect models relying on distance measurements between populations and facilities. We consider these effects with respect to aggregating from census enumeration areas to census tracts, on a popular location model. We identify a further source of aggregation error, which we dub Source D error, arising from the representation of facility sites by discrete points. Source D effects are of the same magnitude as Source A and B combined, much greater than Source C effects. Source D error is further significant, because, unlike Source A and B error, it can be eliminated only by disaggregating.

La littérature sur Vanalyse spatiale reconnaît trois sources d'erreur d'agrégation appelées erreurs de source A, B, et C. Ces erreurs influencent les modèles qui reposent sur des mesures de distance entre des populations et des installations. On considère les effets d'agrégation des secteurs de dénombrement en secteurs de recensement sur un modèle de localisation courant. On identifie une quatrième source d'erreur d'agrégation appelée erreur de source D. Cette erreur découle de la représentation des sites des installations par des points discrets. Ses effets sont du même ordre de grandeur que ceux des sources A et B combinées et beaucoup plus grands que les effets de source G. L'erreur de source D est d'autant plus significative à cause du fait que, contrairement aux erreurs de source A et B, elle ne peut être éliminée que par la désagrégation.
CORN HYBRID SELECTION AND CLIMATIC VARIABILITY: GAMBLING WITH NATURE?
Authors: Smit Barry , Blain Robert , Keddie Philip
Published: March 2008

Farmer adaptation to climatic variability is explored via an analysis of corn hybrid selection in southern Ontario. Corn hybrid varieties are available for a wide range of conditions, including accumulated heat, measured as Corn Heat Units (chus). Hybrids with higher chu ratings generally have higher yields, so long as there is sufficient heat for them to mature. Farmers choose their hybrid varieties prior to the growing season, in the face of uncertainty about the chus that will accumulate at their location. Farmers in the sample counties showed a consistent tendency to adjust their hybrid selection on the basis of the previous year's growing conditions. After the high chu year of 1991, farmers chose significantly more longer‐maturing and potentially higher‐yielding, but riskier varieties. After the lower chu years of 1992 and 1993, farmers' hybrid selections became markedly more conservative.

L'étude de I'adaptation des fermiers aux changements climatiques se fait par une analyse de /'hybridation du maïs au sud de l'Ontario. Les variétés de maïs hybrides conviennent à différentes conditions climatiques in‐cluant la chaleur accumulée, mesurée en Unitées de Chaleur de Maïs (ucms). Les hybrides ayant une valeur ucm plus élevée donnent généralement un rendement plus élevéà condition qu'ils bénéficient d'assez de chaleur pour mûrir. Les fermiers des comtés sélectionnés ont démontré une tendance persistante à baser leurs sélections d'hybrides en fonction des conditions de crois‐sance de I'année précédente. Depuis 1991, année ayant connu un taux élevé d'UCM, les fermiers ont opté pour un type d'hybride à croissance prolongée, au potentiel de rendement plus élevé mats également plus risqué. Les années 1992 et 1993 ayant connu un niveau ucm moins élevé, les fermiers ont alors sélectionné des hybrides plus traditionnels.
POTENTIAL IMPACTS OF GLOBAL SEA‐LEVEL RISE ON CANADIAN COASTS
Authors: SHAW JOHN , TAYLOR ROBERT B. , SOLOMON STEVEN , CHRISTIAN HAROLD A. , FORBES DONALD L.
Published: March 2008

The sea‐level rise that may result from global climate change is placed within the context of past and present sea‐level changes on Canadian coasts. To assess future impact, a dimensionless index of sensitivity is determined. Coasts with low, moderate, and high sensitivity constitute 67%, 30%, and 3% of the total coastline, respectively. The most sensitive regions are: (1) several parts of the Maritime Provinces; (2) two areas of the British Columbia coast; and (3) a large part of the Beaufort Sea coast. Impacts in four regions ‐ Bay of Fundy, Beaufort Sea, Fraser Delta, and Eastern Shore of Nova Scotia ‐ are discussed in detail. It is argued that the societal response to changes in sea level should favour retreat and accommodation strategies.

Il est possible que les changements climatiques globaux provoqueront une élévation du niveau de la mer. Nous examinons ce scénario dans le contexte des changements passés et présents du niveau de la mer sur les côtes canadiennes. Pour évaluer l'impact de l'élévation prévue un indice non dimensionnel de vulnérabilité est déterminé. Les côtes à la vulnérabilité basse, modérée et élevée constituent, respectivement, 67%, 30%, et 3% de tout le littoral. Les régions les plus vulnérables sont: (1) plusieurs régions dans les provinces maritimes; (2) deux zones sur la côte de la Colombie britannique; et (3) la plupart de la côte de la mer de Beaufort. Nous discutons en détail les impacts dans quatre régions, soit la baie Fundy, la mer Beaufort, la delta du Fraser et la rivage dit ‘Eastern Shore’ de la Nouvelle‐Écosse. Nous estimons que la réponse sociale aux changements du niveau de la mer devrait favoriser des stratégies de retraite et d'accommodement.
CONCENTRATION AND DISPERSION OF IMMIGRANTS IN SWEDEN, 1973–1992
Authors: BORGEGÅRD LARS‐ERIK , HÅKANSSON JOHAN , MÜLLER DIETER K.
Published: March 2008

Immigrants play a substantial role in the overall population redistribution in Sweden today. Due to the tendencies of immigrants to concentrate in the major metropolitan areas, a policy of dispersal has been implemented. The purpose of this article is to analyze the redistribution of immigrants within Sweden, using different‐sized groups of people, who entered under different immigration policy regimes and with different reasons to immigrate. Our results indicate that the rate of deconcentration depends not only on the size of the groups and the time spent in the country, but also on the settlement policy practised at the time of arrival.

Les immigrants jouent à présent un rôle important dans la redistribution globale de la population en Suède. À cause de leurs tendances à se concentrer dans les principales régions urbaines, une politique visant à les disperser a été mise en oeuvre. Dans cet article on fait l'analyse de la redistribution des immigrants à l'intérieur de la Suède en examinant des groupes de taille variable, qui ont immigré dans différentes circonstances politiques et pour des raisons différentes. Nos résultats indiquent que la vitesse de déconcentration dépend de la taille du groupe et du temps passé dans le pays, ainsi que de la politique de localisation qui était en vigueur lorsque les immigrants sont arrivés.
MAPPING WORLDS WITH IRREGULAR SHAPES
Authors: STOOKE PHILIP J.
Published: March 2008

Near‐spherical worlds may be mapped using conventional techniques, but many solar system objects with diameters less than 500 km have very irregular shapes and pose special problems for cartographers. I describe the history and current status of exploration and mapping of these bodies with emphasis on cartographic problems, their solutions, and unusual cases requiring novel approaches to mapping. These include binary and multi‐lobed objects, and faceted shapes for which near‐global maps may be simultaneously equivalent and conformal.

On peut faire des cartes de corps célestes qui ont une forme presque sphérique en utilisant des techniques conventionnelles, mais la plupart des petits corps célestes (diamètre de moins de 500 km) sont loin d'être sphériques et présentent des problèmes particuliers pour les cartographes. Je discute de l'histoire et de l'état actuel de l'exploration et de la cartographie de ces corps célestes ‐ et j'examine de près les problèmes cartographiques, leurs solutions, et des cas particuliers qui doivent être examinés d'un nouveau point de vue. Ceux‐ci incluent les objets avec deux lobes ou plus ainsi que les formes à facettes, dont les cartes peuvent être équivalentes et conformes en même temps.
THE RESOURCE CYCLE IN FORESTRY AND FISHING
Authors: CLAPP R.A.
Published: March 2008

While renewable resources appear to be the ideal basis for sustainable development, such development assumes that extraction can be restricted to the rate of natural increase in an intact ecosystem. The long record of failure to sustain the yield of biological resources suggests that such restriction is possible only in theory. While fish and timber are renewable, in practice they have not been sustainable. Although both may remain abundant, or at least stable, on a national basis, aggregate data disguise a sequence of regional cycles of boom and collapse, in which the market shares of regions in decline are taken by other regions which have not yet reached the point of crisis. Sustainability in regional resource extraction is achieved only in the chastening aftermath of resource collapse, and usually at levels significantly below those theoretically attainable from the productivity of the original ecosystem. This paper reviews the multiple, and mutually reinforcing, causes of the cycle of overexploitation and collapse, termed the resource cycle. It closes by considering the limitations that the resource cycle imposes on public policy, and their implications for the recovery of depleted resources.

Bien que les ressources renouvelables apparaissent idéales pour le soutien du développement durable, un tel développement implique que l'extraction puisse être restreinte au niveau du taux de croissance naturel d'un écosystème intact. La longue liste d'échecs visant à soutenir la production de ressources biologiques semble indiquer qu'une telle restriction n'est possible qu'en théorie. Malgré le fait que le poisson et le bois constituent des ressources renouvelables, en pratique, elles ne sont pas encore durables. Bien que les deux demeurent abondantes, ou du moins stables, à l'échelle nationale, les données agrégées camouflent une séquence de cycles régionaux de croissance et d'effondrement. Ainsi, les parts de marché des régions en déclin sont soutenues par d'autres régions n'ayant pas encore atteint l'état de crise. Le développement durable de l'extraction des ressources régionales s'effectue donc seulement en réponse à l'effondrement de ressources, et généralement à des niveaux nettement plus bas que ceux théoriquement accessibles selon la productivité de l'écosystème d'origine. Cet article examine les causes multiples et mutuellement renforcées du cycle de surexploitation et d'effondrement, que l'on nomme le cycle des ressources. L'article conclue en considérant les limites qu'impose le cycle des ressources sur les politiques gouvernementales ainsi que sur leurs implications pour le recouvrement de ressources épuisées.
GEOGRAPHY OF GENDER ECONOMIC STATUS IN URBAN SUB‐SAHARAN AFRICA: GHANA, 1960–1984
Authors: YEBOAH IAN E.A.
Published: March 2008

The economic status of men and women in urban Sub‐Saharan Africa has been a central research theme by anthropologists, sociologists, and political scientists over the last two decades. Most of this research, although of high quality, has not paid attention to direct comparisons of the economic status of the two genders in urban places in the region. Added to this, only the active or market‐oriented population in towns of the region have been studied. Most research on urban gender economic status has been on limited areal scales, and has been couched within the formal‐informal‐sector framework, resulting in a piecemeal understanding of the total urban economy in the region. This paper provides a geographical and historical framework for interpreting and assessing research on gender economic status in Sub‐Saharan Africa, using the Ghanaian urban system as a case study.

Au cours des deux dernières décennies, dans les domaines de l'anthropologie, de la sociologie et des sciences politiques, un grand nombre de recherches ont porté sur le statut économique des hommes et des femmes dans l'Afrique urbaine subsaharienne. Bien que ces recherches soient d'une très haute qualité, la majorité d'entre elles ne font aucune comparaison directe entre les différences entre le statut économique des hommes et celui des femmes dans les milieux urbains. De plus, ces études ne portent que sur les populations actives ou sur les personnes qui participent à l'économie de marché dans les villes de la région qu'on étudie. La plupart des recherches sur le statut économique des deux sexes dans les milieux urbains se rapportent à des espaces délimités et à des moments particuliers (sans considérer les changements qui surviennent pendant une période de temps plus étendue). De plus, ces études sont formulées dans un cadre sectoriel formel‐informel, ce qui a abouti à une compréhension fragmentée de l'ensemble de l'économie urbaine de la région. Cet article se base sur l'étude de cas d'un système urbain ghanéen pour fournir un cadre géographique et historique qui servira de base d'interprétation et d'évaluation des recherches portant sur le statut économique des deux sexes en Afrique subsaharienne.
MYTHS AND MEANINGS OF IMMIGRATION AND THE METROPOLIS
Authors: LEY DAVID
Published: March 2008

A number of trends in recent immigration to Canada are discussed: the scale of contemporary movement; the transformation of national origins over the past generation; the diversity of entry classes and the lack of any singular immigrant condition; the remarkable contraction of immigrant destinations to a few large cities; the contribution of immigration to population growth and housing demand in these metropolitan areas; and the distinctive geography of the various entry classes, with higher‐status arrivals disproportionately located in Vancouver. The remainder of the paper considers and rejects two common myths in the discussion of immigration: first, the myth of an immigrant underclass, and second, the myth of an immigrant overclass. Using research from Vancouver associated with the Metropolis Project, the first myth is challenged from an analysis of Census data that emphasizes the social context of immigrant life and upward mobility; the second myth is shaken by a qualitative methodology that reveals the unexpectedly fragile experience of a number of business immigrants.

Certaines tendances relatives à l'immigration récente au Canada sont examinées: l'envergure des déplacements actuels, les changements dans l'origine nationale des immigrants au cours de la dernière génération, la diversité des catégories d'immigrants admis et, par conséquent, l'absence d'une seule condition pour tous, le fait que les immigrants choisissent essentiellement de s'établir dans quelques grandes villes, la croissance de la population et la demande en logement attribuables aux immigrants dans ces régions métropolitaines, et les choix géographiques distincts des immigrants selon leur catégorie à l'admission, comme c'est le cas de Vancouver, qui accueille un nombre disproportionné d'arrivants de statut élevé. Dans le reste de l'article, les résultats d'études effectuées dans le cadre du Projet Métropole permettent d'examiner puis de réfuter deux mythes communément associés à l'immigration au Canada: l'existence d'un sous‐prolétariat et celle d'une classe dominante d'immigrants urbains. D'abord, l'existence d'un sous‐prolétariat est rejetée suite à l'analyse de données tirées du recensement concernant le contexte social entourant les immigrants et la mobilité sociale ascendante de la plupart des nouveaux arrivants. Ensuite, une méthode qualitative met en lumière une découverte surprenante: la fragilité de l'expérience de la prétendue classe dominante – les immigrants qui travaillent dans le monde des affaires.
STATUTE LABOUR ON ONTARIO TOWNSHIP ROADS, 1849–1948: RESPONDING TO A CHANGING SPACE ECONOMY
Authors: SUMMERBY‐MURRAY ROBERT
Published: March 2008

Statute labour has been neglected in the existing literature on roads in 19th‐ and early 20th‐century Canada, despite its being the fundamental mechanism of township road construction and maintenance. This paper clarifies the operation and role of statute labour, discussing its advantages and disadvantages. Analysis of the historical geography of the declining use of statute labour in later‐19th‐ and early‐20th‐century Ontario argues that factors of local politics and the increasing strength of regional political institutions such as the Good Roads Association and the provincial government bureaucracy must be placed alongside more obvious technological explanations. Just as statute labour became increasingly inadequate in meeting the local road transport needs of a changing space economy by the turn of the century, individual action and local municipal politics found themselves increasingly constrained by the strengthening of the administrative and financial power of higher levels of government – part of the process by which rural Ontario became integrated into a regional and provincial economy.

Parmi les études sur les systèmes routiers au Canada aux 19ème et 20ème siècles il n'existe que très peu de discussions sur la corvée – malgré le fait que la corvée était le mécanisme principal de la construction et de l'entretien des routes municipales. Cet article clarifie le fonctionnement et le rôle de la corvée, par une discussion sur ses avantages et ses désavantages. Nous examinons, du point de vue de la géographie historique, le déclin de la corvée qui est survenu au tournant du 20ème siècle en Ontario, à cause de certains éléments politiques dans les municipalités et à cause de la force croissante d'institutions politiques régionales telles que « The Good Roads Association » et la bureaucratie du gouvernement provincial. Ces facteurs ont eu sur les systèmes routiers un effet aussi important que les changements technologiques. La corvée est devenue de plus en plus insuffisante pour maintenir les routes municipales de l'économie dynamique au début du 20ème siècle, et en même temps, les individus et les conseils municipaux locaux ont perdu beaucoup de leur pouvoir face au pouvoir administratif et financier des échelons supérieurs gouvernementaux. Néanmoins, c'est par ce processus que l'Ontario rurale s'est intégrée aux économies régionales et provinciales.
SOCIALISM AND THE FISHERY: A CASE STUDY OF THE CUBAN SHRIMP FISHERY
Authors: JOYCE IAN T.
Published: March 2008

Analysis of the problems involved in the use of common property in fisheries has frequently been subsumed under the rubric ‘tragedy of the commons’. In the English‐language literature dealing with this topic, little consideration has been given to the exploitation of fish stocks in countries with command economies. In such countries, the state not only acts as a central authority regulating the use of the commons, but is also the owner of the means of production. The socialist state thus possesses powers which should, theoretically, enable it to avoid the biological overfishing and even extinction of stocks that have been frequent occurrences in the fisheries of many countries with capitalist economies. An evaluation of the exploitation of shrimp stocks on the Cuban insular shelf since the revolution of 1959 reveals a mixed record of successes and failures. Stocks have been subject to overfishing, but the state has been able to employ its powers to address at least some of the associated problems. However, the current economic situation in the country makes it more difficult to deal with the impacts on shrimp stocks of habitat degradation resulting from pollution in near‐coastal waters, water diversion, and development in the coastal zone.

L'analyse des problèmes dûs à la propriété commune dans le domaine des pêches est souvent incorporée à la rubrique « tragédie des communs ». Les publications en anglais sur le sujet se sont peu intéressées à l'exploitation des reserves de poissons, dans les pays àéconomie centralisée. Dans ces pays, l'Etat agit non seulement en tant qu'autorité centrale qui règle l'usage des ressources communes, mais il est en outre propriétaire des moyens de production. En théorie, l'état socialiste possède donc des pouvoirs qui devraient lui permettre d'éviter la surpêche biologique, voire l'extinction des stocks, fréquemment observée dans de nombreux pays capitalistes. Une évaluation de l'exploitation des réserves de crevettes du plateau insulaire cubain, depuis la révolution de 1959, révèle un passé partagé de succès et d'échecs. Bien que les stocks aient été l'objet d'une pêche excessive, l'Etat a pu utiliser ses pouvoirs pour remédier à un partie des problèmes liés à cette surpêche. Néanmoins, la situation économique actuelle du pays rend plus difficile un quelconque traitement de l'impact sur les stocks de crevettes de la dégradation de leur habitat – dégradation due à la pollution des eaux côtières, au détournement des voies d'eau et au développement du littoral.
LES AUTOROUTES DE L'INFORMATION ENTRE TERRITOIRE ET RÉSEAUX
Authors: LEFEBVRE ALAIN
Published: March 2008

L'expression « autoroutes de l'information » est une métaphore trompeuse dans la mesure où ce terme, emprunté au langage topographique traditionnel, recouvre en réalité un dispositif topologique complexe fait de multiples faisceaux reliés entre eux par différents systèmes d'interconnection et de commutation: la notion de «distance électronique» renvoie plus à la question du temps d'accès pour l'utilisateur qu'à la métrique euclidienne classique, et l'une des caractéristiques principales des «inforoutes» réside précisément dans l'extrême discrétion – pour ne pas dire l'absence ‐ d'emprise territoriale apparente. C'est pour cette raison que l'inscription territoriale des autoroutes de l'information nous incite à revisiter certains concepts traditionnels de l'analyse spatiale. Le parcours cavalier parcouru ici invite le lecteur à réexaminer les notions classiques de réseau et de territoire à la lumière des dimensions techniques et imaginaires de la communication électronique. La démarche débouche sur une invitation à penser désormais ensemble les «territoires réels» et les «territoires virtuels».

The expression ‘information highways' is a misleading metaphor in cases where this term, borrowed from traditional topographical language, refers, in reality, to a complex topological contrivance composed of multiple threads bound together by different interconnection and commutation systems. The notion of ‘electronic distance’ is related more to the question of access time for the user than to classical Euclidian space, and one of the principal characteristics of ‘highways' is precisely the fact that territorial hold is extremely discrete, if not absent. This is why territorial inscription of information highways incites us to revise certain traditional concepts of spatial analysis. The path suggested here invites the reader to take another look at classic notions of network and territory, enlightened by the technical and imaginary dimensions of electronic communications. This approach leads to an invitation to think, in the future, of ‘physical territory’ and ‘virtual territory’ as an ensemble.
CONTRIBUTION DES TECHNOLOGIES D'INFORMATION ET DE COMMUNICATION AU DÉVELOPPEMENT
Authors: BERTRAND NATHALIE
Published: March 2008

L'évaluation réalisée pour l'Union Européenne de 25 applications de technologies d'information et de communication, a permis de tirer des leçons sur la contribution des TIC au développement rural. Les résultats de cette évaluation mettent en évidence l'importance du contexte économique, social et culturel dans lequel se situe l'introduction de la technologie, ainsi que celle d'autres facteurs dans la réussite ou l'échec d'une application. Ils montrent également que la centralité de la technologie est variable selon les projets. Enfin, ils identifient les différents modes de développement qui sont impulsés.

Lessons have been learned from an evaluation of 25 telematic applications, undertaken for the European Union, on the contribution of TIC to rural development. Evaluation results show the importance of the economic, social, and cultural context and the presence of other factors for the success (or failure) of an application. These results also show that the importance of the technology varies from one project to the next. Finally, these applications lead to different development types.
LES SITES WEB DE QUATRE MUNICIPALITÉS FRANÇAISES AU CRIBLE DE LA GÉOGRAPHIE DES REPRÉSENTATIONS
Authors: VIDAL PHILIPPE
Published: March 2008

L'objectif de cette étude est d'éclairer la question des représentations municipales sur le Web à partir de l'observation de quatre sites Internet des communes d'lssy‐les‐Moulineaux, Marly‐le‐Roi, Metz et Parthenay. Cet échantillon ne se veut pas représentatif de l'ensemble des sites municipaux français dont l'immense majorité ne recouvre qu'une prosaïque vocation promotionnelle (pour caricaturer: venez visiter notre ville, ses spécialités, son musée, ses hôtels, ses restaurants, son église…). Nous avons donc sélectionné quatre sites qui remplissent de fait — grâce notamment à l'investissement personnel de leur maire au projet —à la fois la fonction de vitrine de ce qui «se fait de mieux» en France en matière d'implantation des Technologies d'Information et de Communication dans une commune, et de laboratoire, compte tenu du fait que les quatre expérimentations sont reconnues d'utilités publiques par le ministère de l'Industrie et auréolées du label «autoroute de l'information». L'objectif de cette étude n'est pas de faire une évaluation du projet‐laboratoire et de ses impacts socio‐spatiaux sur le territoire local, mais s'applique davantage à analyser le projet‐vitrine à partir des observations de leur site Web. Elle tente de démontrer comment un projet de développement local novateur passe nécessairement par une mise en visibilité forte sur un média qui est à la fois support et contenu, (média et médium selon une expression macluhanienne) dans un monde, celui de la communication politique, où le discours est partie intégrante de l'action.

The objective of this study is to shed light on the question of municipal representation on the Web, based on observations of the Internet of four French ‘communes’: Issy‐les‐Moulineaux, Marly‐le‐Roi, Metz and Parthenay. This sample is not representative of all French municipality sites, of which the large majority exist only for promotional uses (‘come and visit our city, its specialties, its museum, its hotels, its restaurants, its church…’). We have chosen four sites which serve ‐ thanks to the personal investments of the cities' mayors in the projects ‐ as showcases of the best examples of the establishment of information and communication technologies in ‘communes’ and as a laboratory. This last, because the Ministry of Industry has recognized that the four experiments are useful to the public and so has given them the name ‘information highway’. The purpose of this study is not to evaluate the laboratory aspect of the projects and their social and spatial impacts on their local territories but to analyze the showcase aspects of the projects, based on observations of the communes' websites. It attempts to demonstrate how new local development projects automatically acquire high visibility in a medium that is both support and content (medium and message, to use McLuhan's expression) in a world of political communication where speech is an integral part of action.
THE CHANGING COMMERCIAL STRUCTURE OF NON‐METROPOLITAN URBAN CENTRES AND VACANCY RATES
Authors: YEATES MAURICE , MONTGOMERY DAN
Published: March 2008

Utilizing data from 100 percent store‐by‐store surveys of five local communities undertaken by student interns during July in 1995 and 1997, the commercial structures of five non‐metropolitan centres in Ontario – Sturgeon Falls, Port Hope, Collingwood, Cobourg, and Sault Ste. Marie — are established and compared. The surveys include information related to store type, space, specific location, and employment. Trends in vacancy rates for the major components of the commercial structure (downtowns, shopping centres/plazas, arterial strips, and freestanding locations) in each community are established and discussed in the context of changes in: (1) demand, that is, market size as reflected by population and gross income; and, (2) supply, that is, competition generated internally from new commercial elements established locally, or externally from the more attractive commercial facilities in larger metropolitan centres. While vacancy rates indicate a degree of over‐storing they vary considerably. In general, the downtowns in these communities are not dead, and it is shopping centres/plazas that are suffering the most from internal and external competitive supply‐side pressures.

On a établi et comparé la structure commerciale de cinq centres non métropolitains de l'Ontario – Sturgeon Falls, Port Hope, Collingwood, Cobourg et Sault‐Sainte‐Marie – et ce à partir de donnees tirees de sondages effectués auprès de tous les magasins des cinq villes par des étudiants en juillet 1995 et 1997. L'information ainsi recueillie portait sur le genre de magasin, l'espace, l'emplacement et la main‐d'oeuvre. On a indentifié les tendances dans les taux d'inoccupation des composantes majeures de la structure commerciale (centres‐villes, centres commerciaux, voies à grande circulation, emplacements autonomes), dans le contexte de modifications dans: (1) la demande, soit la taille du marché selon sa population et le revenu brut, et (2) l'offre, soit la concurrence produite à l'interne par de nouveaux éléments établis localement, ou encore a l'externe par les installations commerciales plus attrayantes des grands centres métropolitains. Si les taux d'inoccupation reflètent un certain excédent dans le nombre de magasins, ils varient considérablement. En général, les centres‐villes de ces communautés ne sont pas inertes, et ce sont les centres commerciaux qui souffrent le plus des pressions concurrentielles internes et externes provenant de l'offre.
Progress in Canadian Geomorphology and Hydrology 1996–2000
Authors: SAUNDERSON HOUSTON C. , SMITH DAN J. , WOO MINC‐KO
Published: March 2008

Since 1996, a broad range of publications has been produced by Canadian geomorphologists and hydrolo‐gists. These publications have been distributed in journals with national and international circulations. Although there remains a major focus on the study of observable processes in fluvial, aeolian, coastal and slope environments there is also a strong, historical component to explanations oflandforms, landform assemblages and sedimentary sequences. Some of these histories have incorporated the effects of high‐magnitude (catastrophic) events, some of which may have no modern analogues. Perspectives on the interactions among microclimatic variables, including changes induced by human actions, continue to evolve. Forest clearance and its effects on evaporation rates, water‐table levels and timing ofsnowmelt, the human use of wetlands and release of methane and carbon dioxide, will continue to demand the attention of scholars interested in explaining future climatic scenarios.

Depuis 1996, un large éventail de publications a été produit par les géomorphologues et hydrologues du Canada. Ces travaux ont été diffusés dans des revues nationales et internationales. Bien qu'il y ait encore une attention privilégiée portée à l'étude des processus observables dans des environnements fluviaux, éoliens, côtiers et de pente, il existe aussi une importante composante historique dans l'explication des formes du paysage et de leurs assemblages ainsi que des séquences sédimentaires. Certaines de ces reconstitutions historiques ont incorporé les effets d'événements de haute magnitude (catastrophique), dont certains n'ont peut‐être pas d'analogues modernes. Les points de vue sur les interactions entre les variables microclimatiques, et notamment les changements d'origine anthropique, continuent d'évoluer. Le recul des forêts et ses effets sur les taux d'évaporation, le niveau des nappes phreatiques et le calendrier de la fonte des neiges, l'utilisation humaine des zones humides et l'émission de méthane et de gaz carbonique, continueront d'exiger l'attention des spécialistes qui se penchent sur l'explication des scénarios climatiques futurs.
Canadian Landform Examples
Authors: BROOKS G. R. , NIELSEN E.
Published: March 2008

The flat topography of the Red River Valley reflects the morphology of underlying bedrock covered with late Quaternary glacial and glaciolacustrine sediments. The meandering Red River occupies a shallow stream‐cut valley that became incised into the Red River Valley plain following the final recession of glacial Lake Agassiz. Extreme flows carried by the river overtop the sides of the stream‐cut valley and spread laterally up to several tens of kilometres across the plain. An array of flood protection infrastructure has been constructed in the landscape to mitigate the flood hazard.
Canada in a global economy
Authors: NORCLIFFE GLEN
Published: March 2008

This paper questions the neoliberal understanding of globalization as a coherent and progressive force representing the apotheosis of late capitalism. Here, globalization is seen as a contested and sometimes even chaotic process, which needs to be interpreted in the context of the local geographies and histories in which it is embedded. Viewed as a socio‐economic process, globalization is characterized by a recurring interplay between local and global interests, implying that Canada's relations with the global economy have been socially constructed in diverse ways, at different times, in different places. Five distinct relations are examined here, each one being linked to a well known historical figure, as follows: the ecological depletion of resources (John Cabot); technological dependence (Alexander Graham Bell); continental integration (C.D. Howe); cultural deterritorialization (Walt Disney); and the new geometries of power (Conrad Black). Each of these five relations has found distinctive local expression.
Canada and the political geographies of rights
Authors: BLOMLEY NICHOLAS , PRATT GERALDINE
Published: March 2008

For some observers, liberal rights are politically disempowering, while for others they can provide a basis for mobilization, resistance and the formation of counter‐publics. Yet neither of these claims says much about the geography of rights, which provides the focus for our discussion. Rights are geographical in several senses: rights are often about access to space or place; in liberal societies, geographies of private and public shape access to rights; space naturalizes social relations; the politics of scale open up new debates about and strategies for attaining rights within and beyond Canada; and places are both defined and called upon in struggles over rights. In an exploration of two Canadian case studies ‐ gentrification in Vancouver and the status of Filipina domestic workers ‐ we examine the ways in which the geography of rights proves consequential to dominant and oppositional rights claiming. We briefly lay out the meaning and significance of rights, before a discussion of their political significance in the Canadian context.
Racializing the Canadian landscape: whiteness, uneven geographies and social justice1
Authors: PEAKE LINDA , RAY BRIAN
Published: March 2008

Canada is a land troubled by questions of race and space, whether we are speaking of First Nations land claims, Quebec nationalism, or the 'absented presence of others. (Walcott 1997, 37)
Postmodern patriotism: Canadian reflections
Authors: HARRIS COLE
Published: March 2008

Canada is an evolving human geography that has nurtured difference and made a unitary state impossible. In this short essay I allude to the historical‐geographical construction of Canada and the type of confederation it encouraged. I show how deeply different identities are ingrained in the fabric of this country. As the state cannot provide equally for all these identities, I consider the special claims of Native peoples and French speakers, particularly in relation to those of multiculturalism, and argue that the country has a particular responsibility to those societies that were here before the Canadian state, and found it superimposed upon them. Overall, I try to show that Canadian patriotism, based less on an overriding meta‐narrative (which the country had never found) than on an appreciation of difference and the responsibilities of citizenship, provides a welcome alternative to either an exclusionary ethnic nationalism or a borderless electronic postmodernity.
Ottawa's Byward Market: a festive bone of contention?
Authors: TUNBRIDGE JOHN E.
Published: March 2008

This paper considers recent developments in the revitalization of the Byward Market, with reference to applicable concepts of the ‘tourist‐historic city' and the ‘convivial city. The central objective is to assess its convergence, in specific detail, with the festival marketplace model. Convergence on most dimensions is demonstrated, but shown to be limited by alternative management philosophies and the fractured complexity of a ‘real world' setting. The Market's growing real‐world centrality is shown to give rise to a range of stakeholder contest beyond a festival marketplace, as specifically defined. It is suggested that this will prove more generally true of evolved traditional markets.
Similarity of the flora of the Erie Islands: implications for conservation biology
Authors: KLINKENBERG BRIAN
Published: March 2008

Using a compiled list of the vascular flora for 21 islands in the western basin of Lake Erie, Preston's resemblance measure and Connor and Simberlof's Null Hypothesis I were applied to native and alien species subsets in order to examine how these findings fit within the equilibrium theory. Based on Preston's measure, it was found that the similarity of species between island pairs was more likely to fit with MacArthur and Wilson's equilibrium theory when native species were considered than when alien species were considered. Native species have restricted distributions ‐ especially those found on the smaller islands ‐ and appear to be less randomly distributed about the islands. This study also found that a large component of the alien flora is widespread in its distribution, and appears to be randomly distributed among most of the islands.
Adjusting to change: privilege and place in post‐Soviet central Moscow
Authors: BATER JAMES H.
Published: March 2008

In the new Russia where one lives plays an important part in influencing life chances, and consequently in shaping opinions regarding the changes since the collapse of the Soviet system in 1991. This study of the social geography of central Moscow is based on surveys of sample populations undertaken in 1993 and 1997. Post‐Soviet central Moscow has undergone substantial change in population, social class structure and economic function during the transition from socialism to a market economy. Tens of thousands of central city residents have been relocated in the wake of re‐development in the central city and there is evidence of growing social stratification as the inherent high value of central city space is reflected in the post‐Soviet market place. Quality of life indicators suggest that there remains a wide gap between expectations raised by the advent of democracy and the market economy and the reality of daily life and labour for central city residents.
The compactness of federal electoral districts in Canada in the 1980s and 1990s: an exploratory analysis
Authors: BÉLANGER PAUL , EAGLES MUNROE
Published: March 2008

Considerations of the compactness and aesthetics of electoral districts have loomed large in the litigation surrounding the last round of US redistricting. For a variety of reasons, we expect that there will be increasing pressure on Canadian electoral cartographers to provide opportunities for protected minorities to be represented in the country's federal legislature. As a result, we expect that future electoral maps may well embody a tradeoff between compactness and other representational and cartographic desiderata. We look for evidence of this in an exploratory analysis of the last two federal electoral maps (adopted in 1987 and 1996) and in so doing we offer the first country‐wide assessment of the compactness of Canadian federal electoral districts (FEDs). The results demonstrate the importance of natural boundaries in the achievement of district compactness. Strong evidence of a decline in the compactness of FEDs between the two maps is not forthcoming, however. Thus there is relatively little sign that Canadian electoral districts will be open to the kind of aesthetically‐based legal challenges that American Congressional Districts faced in the 1990s. However, the analyses we report establish an important baseline against which the next electoral map, to be produced following the 2001 census, can be compared.
Contexts of interpretation: assessing immigrant reception in Richmond, Canada
Authors: ROSE JOHN
Published: March 2008

This article examines the responses of established residents to contemporary physical and social changes in Richmond, British Columbia, a Vancouver suburb that has received a considerable number of ethnic‐Chinese immigrants over the past decade. In the metropolitan Vancouver context, recent considerations of immigrant reception at the neighbourhood level have focused on the critical reactions of ‘white’, European‐origin residents in upper‐middle class areas to local immigrant settlement and housing stock transformations. These studies have given rise to conflicting interpretations of the relationship between immigration and neighbourhood landscape change, the motivations behind resident protest and, in particular, the definition of their responses as racist. Drawing from extended interviews with fifty‐four long‐term Richmond residents, I attempt to provide a broader account of immigrant reception as a supplement to works that have revolved around housing issues and ‘white’ resistance. I also critique the way that the term racism has been used to describe resident reactions to immigration‐related changes, calling for researchers to be more reflexive and explicit in their application of the concept.
The big box, the flagship, and beyond: impacts and trends in the Greater Toronto Area
Authors: JONES KENNETH G. , DOUCET MICHAEL J.
Published: March 2008

The recent introduction of big box retailers into Canadian cities has altered dramatically the competitive retail landscape. This rapid restructuring of the urban retail economy have occurred since the introduction of the big box/power centre phenomenon in the early 1990s. The analysis integrates the extensive databases that reside at the Centre for the Study of Commercial Activity with insights gained from the popular press. These two sources of information were used to interpret the spatial and structural impacts of big box retailing on the traditional urban retail structure in the Greater Toronto Area. The growth of the big boxes illustrates the form of retail development that results from more permissive retail land use policies. A period where the development policies and processes of the past that controlled shopping centre development has been replaced by a more laissez‐faire approach.
Angiogenesis and expression of angiogenic agents in uterine and ovarian carcinosarcomas
Authors: NÄYHÄ VEERA , STENBÄCK FREJ
Published: March 2008

Carcinosarcomas of the female genital tract are a heterogeneous group of aggressive malignant neoplasms characterized by poor prognosis that contain elements expressing both carcinomatous and sarcomatous characteristics. In this study specimens from 25 patients were treated with labeled antibodies to vascular endothelium (FVIII), and to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) for analysis of angiogenesis, and to vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 (VEGFR‐3) for analysis of lymphangiogenesis, in 11,099 vessels. Automated quantitative image analysis was used and the results were compared with clinical data. Microvessel density increased from a median value of 18.32 vessels/mm2 in non‐neoplastic stroma to 131.25
vessels/mm2 in neoplasms. In areas around tumor islets
expressing predominantly epithelial carcinomatous characteristics, microvessel
density was increased three‐fold compared with the islets themselves. Vessels
were arranged in a garland‐type pattern, or in bursts, and they exhibited
directional angiogenesis. Clinical indicators of poor survival were high tumor
stage (p=0.002) and age above 65 (p=0.0769).
A high number of small vessels (16–300 μm2 in
cross‐sectional area) predicted poor survival (p=0.0149), and
more so in tumors exhibiting predominantly sarcomatous characteristics
(p=0.0087). Tumor tissue area above the median exhibiting VEGF
expression was also a sign of poor survival (p=0.0267), as was
an area of positive staining for VEGFR‐3 exceeding the median
(p=0.00487). In this study, active angiogenesis (increased number of vessels, variable in shape and exhibiting decreased antibody staining intensity) was a distinct feature of carcinosarcomas, its extent and distribution depending upon neoplasm morphology. Increased vessel numbers and increased VEGF and VEGFR‐3 expression indicated poor survival.
The prevalence of ESBL‐producing E. coli and	Klebsiella strains in the Copenhagen area of Denmark
Authors: KJERULF ANNE , HANSEN DENNIS S. , SANDVANG DORTHE , HANSEN FRANK , FRIMODT‐MØLLER NIELS
Published: March 2008

The main purpose of the study was to investigate the frequency of ESBL‐producing E. coli and Klebsiella strains in the Greater Copenhagen area.
Four collections of strains were investigated: A) 380 consecutive E. coli
and Klebsiella isolates primarily from urine, B) 200 gentamicin‐resistant
E. coli and Klebsiella isolates primarily from urine, C) 210
consecutive E. coli isolates from blood cultures, and D) 68
cefuroxime‐resistant E. coli and Klebsiella isolates primarily
from urine. Only one strain per patient was included. Strains with a zone
diameter for cefpodoxime ≤23 mm were tested by a phenotypic confirmatory
test for ESBL production and all screening test‐positive strains were examined
with PCR and nucleotide sequencing in order to detect the following ESBL genes:
ctx‐m, shv, tem and oxa. Strains resistant to
cefoxitin were further examined with cefotetan±boronic acid in order
to detect AmpC. An ESBL gene was detected in 3/3 confirmatory
test‐positive isolates from collection A, in 14/17 from collection B,
and in 41/48 from collection D. The distribution of isolates with the
ESBL and/or AmpC enzymes was as follows: CTX‐M (n=41), SHV
(n=14), AmpC (n=9), CTX‐M and AmpC (n=2), SHV
and AmpC (n=1). In conclusion, the frequency of ESBL‐producing E.
coli and Klebsiella isolates was low in the Copenhagen area of
Denmark (0.8 %). The most common ESBL genes found in our study were ctx‐m
and shv genes.
Systematic characterisation and seed oil analysis in candidate plus trees of biodiesel plant, Pongamia pinnata
Authors: Kesari V. , Krishnamachari A. , Rangan L.
Published: March 2008

Candidate plus trees (CPTs) of Pongamia pinnata, a potential biodiesel plant occurring across 10 locations in North Guwahati, were identified based on morphological markers (vegetative and reproductive) using combined analysis over locations. Identified CPTs were then multiplied using seed propagation technique in a nursery bed. The performance of the candidate trees with respect to seed and pod traits, the two most important characters with regard to oil, were evaluated using CROPSTAT software for inferring potential genotypes that can be included in programmes aimed at genetic improvement of the species. Total oil content from the seeds of plus trees was also analysed using solvent extraction procedure at their boiling points. Hexane extraction yielded maximum oil content from seeds (33%) compared with petroleum ether (30%). When the seed to solvent ratio varied, no significant difference was noticed on the total oil yield for an individual tree, although the recovery of solvent and the time taken for oil extraction were significantly reduced at higher ratios of solvent used.