bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relation of body temperature and restraint to altitude tolerance in the rat
Authors: Bartlett R. G. , Altland P. D.
Published: December 2017

A comparison of the altitude tolerance of restrained and nonrestrained adult male (225–300 gm) and adult female (150–225 gm) Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to an altitude of 33,500 ft. at various rates of ascent with various prealtitude exposure treatments was made. Animals restrained immediately before altitude exposure with rapid ascent (2000 ft/min) to altitude die significantly sooner than do nonrestrained control animals. Slow stepwise ascent to altitude (2 ½ –4 hr. to reach terminal altitude) increased the altitude tolerance of both the restrained and nonrestrained animals but much more for the restrained animals. When body temperatures were dropped to 25℃ before altitude exposure there were no deaths (up to 6 hr.) in either the restrained or nonrestrained animals. A lesser body temperature fall provided less protection. It appears that restraint may affect altitude tolerance in the rat by hastening the body temperature fall ordinarily associated with altitude exposure and by increasing the oxygen requirements as a result of the struggling to escape restraint. Since the former increases altitude tolerance and the latter reduces it, restraint may significantly increase or significantly decrease altitude tolerance, depending on the experimental procedure.

Submitted on March 4, 1959
Influence of ureteral obstruction (hydronephrosis) on renal function in man
Authors: Edvall Carl Anker
Published: December 2017

Ten cases of pelvic dilatation due to obstruction of urinary flow are presented. They were investigated by means of selective clearances for the separate kidneys. GFR (clearance of inulin), ERPF (clearance of PAH) and maximal tubular excretory capacity (TmPAH) were determined, together with the extraction ratio of PAH (EPAH). In four additional cases the changes in the functional pattern of each kidney were studied after the removal of the existing obstruction to urine outflow. The results indicate that partial obstruction to the urinary flow results in lowered CIn/CPAH ratios and generally elevated CPAH/TmPAH ratios, indicating ‘relative renal hyperemia.’ The TmPAH and EPAH did not seem to be primarily affected by the obstruction. The lowered CIn/PAH ratios seemed to be due to diminished GFR or increased ERPF or both. Upon removal of the obstruction the decreased renal activities rapidly recovered simultaneously with a disappearance of the compensatory hyperfunction of the other kidney. The determination of selective clearances offers a possible method for establishing whether or not calculi or strictures obstruct urinary outflow.

Submitted on October 6, 1958
Fat, water and tissue solids of the whole body less its bone mineral
Authors: Allen T. H. , Welch B. E. , Trujillo T. T. , Roberts J. E.
Published: December 2017

Except for bone mineral, the body is shown to belong to the same water:fat:protein system as its soft tissues. Hence, an equation verified with a variety of freshly isolated tissues can be used to estimate the body fat and the so-called total tissue solids. On the average, there are 0.784 kg of water/kg of body weight less bone mineral and fat. However, this water content probably fluctuates between extremes of 0.816 and 0.752, in accordance with the time elapsing since imbibing much water. This causes the density of the tissues in the fat-free, bone mineral-free body to range from 1.050 to 1.071. Combined simultaneous measurements of water, density and bone mineral, therefore, are required for the estimation of fat and tissue solids. Bone mineral occurs in the proportion of about one part to three parts of tissue solids, irrespective of ranges in quantities of fat and water among 30 healthy persons.

Submitted on June 15, 1959
Psychogalvanic response as a pain reaction component
Authors: McKenna A. E.
Published: December 2017

Psychogalvanic responses (PGR) were measured in human subjects as response to cutaneous stimulation by thermal radiation. There were 37 subjects of both sexes, aged 18–40 years and there were 2054 presentations. An apparatus for recording PGR on an EEG tracing is described. Based on physical intensity of stimulus there is a complete overlap of pain-nonpain categories—from 35Ð to 55ÐC end temperature in irradiated skin. Plotting magnitude of PGR against physical intensity of stimulus for pain and nonpain categories reveals that intensity of reaction in pain is not determined by physical intensity of stimulus. When magnitude of reaction is compared as between pain and nonpain responses on the basis of the same stimulus intensities, it is found to be greater for pain to a highly significant extent; on the same basis, duration of response is longer for pain, but not at a high level of significance. The PGR is shown to be an accurate discriminator of the subjective pain sensation threshold. When electrocortical are compared to electrodermal reactions, both are found to be triggered in a consistent manner by the common stimulus, which consistency is reduced when the subject judges the stimulus painful. Effects of habituation are examined and shown not to be causal to results. Implications of the findings for the pain experience in the true life situation are discussed.

Submitted on October 20, 1958
Acetylcholine: its significance in controlling ciliary activity of human respiratory epithelium in vitro
Authors: Corssen Gunter , Allen C. R.
Published: December 2017

Explants of human respiratory ciliated epithelium cultured in a plasma clot tend to round up and to form rotating globes which can be employed in perfusion chambers for the study of the effect of various chemicals on ciliary activity. Perfusion of acetylcholine chloride solutions at 0.1–1.0% concentration invariably increased rotatory movement of the cell cluster. Bathing the epithelial explant in 0.05–0.1% eserine salicylate solutions, prior to the perfusion with acetylcholine chloride, markedly enhanced the acetylcholine effect on ciliary activity. Perfusion of atropine sulfate solutions at concentrations of 0.1% and stronger resulted in a short-lasting stimulatory effect, followed by progressive reduction of rotatory motion. The depressant action of atropine sulfate was counteracted by acetylcholine chloride at 0.5% concentration. The behavior of the various substances investigated appears to be consistent with the assumption that acetylcholine plays the key role in initiating and maintaining the contractile mechanism of ciliary motion.

Submitted on April 6, 1959
Measurement of inferior vena caval blood flow in man
Authors: Grossman J. , Horowitz H. B. , Weston R. E.
Published: December 2017

Employing a method dependent upon the difference in concentration of PAH in renal venous and peripheral blood, the blood flow through the lower inferior vena cava has been measured in 14 unanesthetized, resting human subjects. These included five noncardiac and nine cardiac patients of whom four were in relatively severe failure. The error of measurement may be as high as 10–15%. In normal subjects, this flow was 28–36% of the cardiac output. It was not significantly different in mild cardiac patients, but was both absolutely and relatively decreased in more severely ill patients, presumably as blood is diverted to supply the increased needs of the respiratory muscles of dyspneic patients. In two subjects who experienced pyrogen reactions, the temperature rise was accompanied by concurrent significant increases in renal and lower caval blood flow.

Submitted on June 15, 1959
Change in intravascular temperature during heavy exercise
Authors: Sproule Brian J. , Archer Richard K.
Published: December 2017

Intravascular temperatures were measured in the brachial arteries, brachial veins and femoral veins of five healthy volunteers during periods of heavy treadmill exercise. A mean temperature rise of 0.67°C was recorded from the femoral vein and of 0.49°C from the brachial artery and vein. These changes were insufficient to account for a previously demonstrated rightward shift of the oxygen dissociation curve during exercise.

Submitted on May 19, 1959
Alveolar-capillary temperature
Authors: Rubenstein Edward , Pardee Robert C. , Eldridge Frederic
Published: December 2017

Human experiments were done to test the thermal homeostasis of the alveolar-capillary structures. Under ordinary room conditions, the temperature of tidal air was raised to 36.7 ° C while the air was still in the small bronchi. The hyperventilation of such air did not measurably influence right atrial or ‘ wedged ’ pulmonary arterial temperature. The breathing of air chilled to 5°C had no discernible effect on the temperature of brachial or carotid artery blood. The experimental data and mathematical calculations based on physical constants indicate that human alveolar temperature is virtually constant even under the most extreme thermal conditions.

Submitted on June 18, 1959
Influence of certain urinary solutes on acidic dissociation constant of ammonium at 37°C
Authors: Bank Norman , Schwartz William B.
Published: December 2017

The acidic dissociation constant (pKa ' ) of ammonium was studied at 37 °C over a physiologic range of ionic strength. It was demonstrated that certain ions commonly found in high concentration in urine had no discernible effect on the pka' other than that resulting from their contribution to ionic strength. Urea in a concentration of 0.5 moles/l. had no significant effect on pka '. The data are taken to indicate that in urines of usual composition, ammonium pka ' should closely follow the predictions of Debye-Hückel theory.

Submitted on June 19, 1959
Obesity, age and gastric hunger contractions
Authors: Koch C. R. , Stunkard A. J.
Published: December 2017

Gastric motility of a group of obese and nonobese women was measured in an effort to determine whether any correlation existed between patterns of gastric motility, obesity and age. Nineteen obese and 18 nonobese women were studied during a standardized 4-hour test, by means of an intragastric balloon. No difference was observed in the patterns of gastric motility in obese and nonobese groups, and there was no correlation between the degree of obesity (% overweight) and the total amount of gastric activity. There was an apparent diminution in gastric motility with increasing age (correlation coefficient 0.347, P < .05). There was thus no evidence to indicate that altered gastric motility was responsible for or expressive of difficulties in the regulation of food intake of obese persons.

Submitted on July 29, 1959
Physiological actions of diethylstilbestrol in lambs fed varying levels of protein and energy
Authors: Preston R. L. , Burroughs W.
Published: December 2017

Stilbestrol administration to lambs being fed rations with different protein and energy levels resulted in increased gains, feed efficiency and a variable influence upon fat deposition, depending upon the energy-protein ratio of the ration. The anterior pituitary, secondary sex glands, liver, kidneys and serum glucose levels were increased, and serum amino nitrogen decreased by stilbestrol feeding. The relation of these observations to a possible mode-of-action of stilbestrol in ruminants is discussed.

Submitted on January 19, 1959
Caloric expenditure of normal and obese subjects during standard work test
Authors: McKee Wallace P. , Bolinger Robert E.
Published: December 2017

The energy expenditure of 25 normal and 19 obese persons was determined during the basal state and during a standard work test using weight pulling by the counterbalanced untrained right arm. The energy expenditure of obese persons of both sexes was greater during both the basal period and the work period than that of the normal subjects. Comparison of the regression curves showed that the increasing energy expenditure for obese persons was due entirely to increase in the basal expenditure and that the actual energy expended for work was the same as that of the normals. When energy expenditure was compared with surface area males of greater surface area expend less energy for work while females of greater surface area expend more. Males consistently showed less energy expended during work than did females.

Submitted on June 15, 1959
Correlation of heat output and blood flow in the finger, especially in cold-induced vasodilation
Authors: Edwards Merrill , Burton Alan C.
Published: December 2017

A combined finger-plethysmograph and gradient calorimeter has been devised, especially to study cold-induced vasodilation in the finger. By using an electrical heater and a flow-heater it was shown that the thermal lag depends on thermal capacities, conductivities and temperature distribution, so that heat loss and flow are correlated only in the steady state. The actual drop of blood temperature from inflow to outflow was calculated. Results were: a) skin temperature was a better estimate of outflow than bath temperature, b) with general vasodilation, the inflow temperature was close to deep body temperature, but c) with vasoconstriction, digital arterial temperature might be as low as 14°C, and the calculated minimum blood flow (Greenfield) 70% too low. Plethysmography was possible during the hunting reaction in spite of a 30% decrease in venous distensibility. When the subject was cold, blood flow and heat loss, both in constriction and dilation phases, were reduced two or three times, probably due to the increased viscosity of blood.

Submitted on August 3, 1959
Ionic charges of glass surfaces and other materials, and their possible role in the coagulation of blood
Authors: Hubbard Donald , Lucas George L.
Published: December 2017

Some observations on the physicochemical role played by glass surfaces in accelerating the ‘normal’ coagulation rate of blood have been made, in light of the nonmigratable negative ionic charge which appears on leached glass surfaces and the orientation of the positively charged calcium ions of the blood at the fluid-glass interface. Numerous other materials, including artificial arteries, heart valves, bandages and ‘live’ skin, have been in-investigated with respect to the ionic nature of their surfaces and their effect on blood coagulation. An effort was made to establish the ionic charge of the endothelial layer of the circulatory system; however, the procedure used in this investigation does not lend itself to in vivo or even convincingly to in vitro determinations. The ionic nature of the materials was determined from the uneven distribution of Ag(NH3)2+ and Br– ions in full-strength aqueous ammonia, caused by the nonmigratable ionic charge characteristic of the surfaces. Such data appear to be qualitatively acceptable provided the material does not form any compound with either Ag(NH3)2+ or Br– ions which is more insoluble than AgBr, or does not have an isoelectric point between pH 7 and pH 13.3.

Submitted on August 20, 1959
Dead-space ventilation as a determinant in the ventilation-perfusion concept
Authors: Ross Benjamin B. , Farhi Leon E.
Published: December 2017

Gas exchange in an alveolus is affected by the redistribution of dead-space gas during inspiration. Theoretical analysis of the total ventilation of an alveolus permits the description of several new concepts. a) The gas inspired by an alveolus may be identified on a PCO2-PO2 diagram as any point within an area formed by the alveolar ventilation-perfusion curve and a straight line drawn through the environmental and mixed venous points. b) The composition of gas in an alveolus may lie anywhere within this area and an additional area above the conventional curve. c) The actual ratio of exchange in an alveolus is identified by the blood R line passing through the alveolar point. The ratio of exchange between alveolus and environment is not necessarily the same as the blood R. d) The total ventilation-perfusion ratio compatible with a given alveolar gas composition is a variable quantity. e) The rebreathing of dead-space gas has a buffering action in limiting the range of gas compositions possible in alveoli.

Submitted on November 30, 1959
Regional variations in uptake of radioactive CO in the normal lung
Authors: Dollery C. T. , Dyson N. A. , Sinclair J. D.
Published: December 2017

Carbon monoxide labeling with O15 was produced by passing O15, made in the Medical Research Council's cyclotron, over charcoal at 1000° C. After a single breath of the radioactive gas the rate of fall of activity during apnea was measured by external counting in different regions of the lungs of normal subjects in the sitting position. The carbon monoxide ‘clearance rate’ calculated from these data is proportional to the diffusion per unit volume in the zone under study. There was a gradient of diffusion per unit volume, the highest value being found in the basal regions of the lung and much lower values toward the apex. On exercise the clearance rate in the upper zone increased to a value similar to that in the lower zone at rest; the clearance rate in the lower zone was unchanged. Measurements of the O15clearance rate showed a similar gradient but on exercise both upper and lower zone values increased so that the gradient was maintained. The results are interpreted as showing that in the resting state all the basal capillaries are open but that the proportion of patent capillaries diminishes toward the apex. On exercise there is an increase in flow at both apex and base and in consequence the remaining apical capillaries open.

Submitted on December 21, 1959
Pulmonary mechanics and hemodynamics during changes in ventilation and blood volume
Authors: Attinger Ernst O.
Published: December 2017

Pulmonary hemodynamics and ventilatory mechanics were investigated in anesthetized, closed-chest dogs. Inflation of the lung reversed the fall in compliance associated with spontaneous respiration, but decreased cardiac output. Deepening anesthesia reduced cardiac output, pulmonary artery pressure, minute ventilation and airflow resistance. Pulmonary hemodynamics were not changed by the elevated vascular pressures during diffusion respiration. Carbon dioxide increased pulmonary artery pressure in relation to the ventilatory response. An inspiratory airway resistance lowered functional residual capacity, pulmonary compliance and intrathoracic pressures. The effects of an expiratory resistance were essentially opposite. Both transfusion and hemorrhage produced a fall in compliance despite opposite effects upon the circulation.

Submitted on January 14, 1960
Cardiac and skeletal muscle electrolytes in acute respiratory alkalemia and acidemia
Authors: Spurr G. B. , Lambert Hayden
Published: December 2017

Left ventricular and skeletal muscle Na, K, Cl and H2O have been measured in dogs subjected to 2 hours of respiratory alkalemia or acidemia. No detectable differences were observed in skeletal muscle as a result of either alkalemia or acidemia, when experimental animals were compared with control dogs. Cardiac muscle, on the other hand, exhibited significant increases in both total content and intracellular concentration of K, without significant alteration in Na, following 2 hours of alkalemia. In acidemic dogs, the K content of left ventricular muscle also increased significantly without change in Na. However, average intracellular K was not altered because of an associated inward movement of H2xsO from the extracellular to the intracellular compartment.

Submitted on December 28, 1959
Electromyographic study of local and generalized muscular impairment
Authors: Eason Robert G.
Published: December 2017

A study was made of a) the effects of magnitude and duration of sustained isometric muscular contractions voluntarily maintained until ‘exhaustion’ on the surface electromyogram of active and inactive muscle and b) of the residual effects of an original contraction on the EMG obtained during a succeeding contraction. It was found that the EMG progressively increases with time in both active and passive muscle during sustained contraction, the rate being proportional to magnitude of contraction, and that the initial, average and final EMG levels relate positively to contraction magnitude, while the total EMG output and duration of contraction varies inversely and exponentially with contraction magnitude. The surface EMG appears to be related to impairment through an intermediary variable, voluntary effort.

Submitted on June 8, 1959
Deglutitive responses in the gastroesophageal sphincter of healthy human beings
Authors: Kelley Maurice L. , Wilbur Dwight L. , Schlegel Jerry F. , Code Charles F.
Published: December 2017

Resting pressure and deglutitive changes of pressure in the gastroesophageal sphincter of 12 healthy subjects were recorded as a tiny balloon-covered pressure transducer and open-tipped tubes connected to transducers were withdrawn through the sphincter by 0.5-cm stages. The pressures—both resting and deglutitive—detected by the balloon unit were of greater magnitude than those recorded by the open-tipped tubes. A reduction in pressure indicating relaxation was the outstanding deglutitive pressure change recorded in the subhiatal portion of the sphincter. In the segment of the sphincter at the hiatus, the subsequent contraction was as prominent as the relaxation. As the units traversed the suprahiatal portion of the sphincteric zone, the reduction of pressure (relaxation) became progressively less and the rise of pressure (contraction) with deglutition became greater. Contraction alone occurred at the points farthest orad. Measurements of time intervals from the start of swallowing in the pharynx indicated a caudad peristaltic progression of both relaxation and contraction through the gastroesophageal sphincteric zone.

Submitted on December 21, 1959
Estradiol transport by human red cells
Authors: Bischoff Fritz , Bryson George
Published: December 2017

Experiments were designed to establish whether the estrogens penetrate the membrane of the red cells or are transported by it. By hemolyzing red cells and reconditioning the ghosts, it was shown that the enzyme, estronase, follows the hemoglobin and therefore indicates that estrone and estradiol penetrate the membrane. Distribution of estradiol between intact red cells or reconditioned ghosts and ghost-free hemolysates of red cells or crystallized hemoglobin solution was proportional to the hemoglobin content when a correction for water solubility was made. Since the ghosts had frac13 the attraction of the intact cell, penetration is required to account for the distribution in the intact cell. Red cell ghost concentrates when prepared under certain conditions were found to have considerable affinity for estradiol, but on the basis of their low concentration per cell could account for only a fraction of the red cell affinity instrumental for estrogen orientation, even if their behavior did not reflect a change in properties during preparation. Ghosts prepared under the mildest conditions failed to demonstrate this affinity for estradiol.

Submitted on September 14, 1959
Influence of increased alveolar CO2 tension on pulmonary diffusing capacity for CO in man
Authors: Rankin J. , McNeill R. S. , Forster R. E.
Published: December 2017

Since the pulmonary diffusing capacity for CO theoretically varies with changes in the size of the pulmonary capillary bed, it should be a useful tool for the investigation of the effects of CO2 on the pulmonary capillaries. Dl was measured during hypercapnia in nine normal resting subjects by the CO-helium breath-holding technique. a) When 10% CO2 was simply added to the inspired mixture used in the measurement of Dl, CO disappeared more rapidly from the lung. Dl was increased on the average only 5% after 10 seconds of breath holding. Pulmonary capillary blood volume (Vc) calculated by the method of Roughton and Forster was measured in two subjects and was increased approximately 46.5%. b) After the subject breathed a gas mixture containing 7.5% CO2 for 10 minutes, Dl was increased an average of 24% in all subjects and Vc was increased 112% in one subject studied. In five subjects repeated measurements of Dl, together with measurements of ventilation, systemic blood pressure, pulse rate and pulmonary blood flow in three of them, were made before, during and after a period of hypercapnia. After starting to breath the CO2-enriched gas mixture, Dl rose abruptly, reaching near maximal values in 2–5 minutes, while the other measurements of respiratory and circulatory phenomena continued to rise for 6–10 minutes, suggesting that the presumed increase in the pulmonary capillary bed was not dependent on the systemic respiratory and circulatory changes.

Submitted on September 2, 1959
Respiratory responses of underwater swimmers to oxygen
Authors: Greenbaum Leon J.
Published: December 2017

The respiratory effects of oxygen at atmospheric pressure in laboratory personnel and trained underwater swimmers were studied with the subjects resting in the supine position. The breathing of oxygen for 10 minutes by both groups was associated with a significant depression of respiratory rate and inspiratory minute volume and no significant alteration in end-tidal carbon dioxide tension. The oxygen consumption of the swimmers was significantly greater than that of the laboratory personnel. The swimmers had lower oxygen ventilation equivalents suggesting that they respired more efficiently than the laboratory personnel.

Submitted on January 26, 1960
Spatial vectorcardiogram in dogs with chronic localized myocardial lesions
Authors: Horan L. G. , Burch G. E. , Cronvich J. A.
Published: December 2017

Small discrete ventricular myocardial lesions were produced in 20 of 21 dogs by injecting 0.4 cc of formaldehyde into selected sites of the left ventricle. Serial electrocardiograms and spatial vectorcardiograms were obtained up to 14 weeks after placement of the lesions. Generally, changes in the spatial vectorcardiograms and electrocardiograms were transient; characteristic changes of loss of myocardium persisted in only seven dogs. Six of these had sVCG or EKG changes characteristic of loss of muscle of the posterior wall of the left ventricle. Isolated destruction of the basal two-thirds of the anterior papillary muscle ultimately produced electrocardiographic and spatial vectorcardiographic patterns of loss of muscle in the posterior wall of the left ventricle. Although there were minor changes in magnitude and configuration of the QRS sĚ-loop in all dogs following injury to the myocardium, the major changes usually developed more slowly (several hours to days). The slight QRS changes were more evident in the vectorcardiogram than in the electrocardiogram because the process is recorded in greater detail in the former.

Submitted on January 25, 1960
Hypoglycemic effect of tolbutamide mediated by argentaffine cells
Authors: Godlowski Z. Z. , Calandra J. C.
Published: December 2017

The hypoglycemic effect of tolbutamide (Orinase) was completely eliminated in dogs in which both the submaxillary glands and the complete gastrointestinal tract were removed. It is postulated that argentaffine cells are mediating the hypoglycemic action of tolbutamide

Submitted on December 24, 1959
Perfusion of canine liver in vivo
Authors: Shoemaker William C. , Panico Frederick G. , Walker William F. , Elwyn David H.
Published: December 2017

A method is described for perfusing the canine liver in vivo and in situ with heparinized whole blood, together with preliminary data on concentration changes of several selected constituents of the perfusing blood or plasma. The porta hepatis is denervated in order to minimize neural influences on the hepatic vascular resistance. Prior to perfusion catheters are placed in the vessels without obstructing the blood flow and ligatures or nooses are loosely placed around the catheterized vessels. During this time the blood pressure and systemic condition of the animal is carefully maintained with transfusions and other fluids. When the ligatures are simultaneously drawn up and tied, the catheters become, in effect, cannulas, and the hepatic circulation is instantaneously and completely divorced from the remaining systemic circulation; at no time is there interruption of normal pressure and flow of oxygenated blood to the liver. Thus, hepatic swelling or congestion, which is thought to limit the perfusion, is minimized by denervation, minimal manipulation of the liver itself, maintenance of the animal's condition prior to the onset of perfusion, instantaneous changeover to the perfusing system and the use of heparinized, whole blood. After completion of the perfusion the normal vascular relationships may be re-established and, on occasion, long-term survival may be expected.

Submitted on October 1, 1959
Swimming of albino mice
Authors: Wilber Charles G. , Hunn Joseph B.
Published: December 2017

Several methods for testing the incapacitating effect of drugs in laboratory animals are under investigation. The swimming test shows some promise. Small rodents such as guinea pigs swim for predictable times in water of specified temperature. Rats swim for an inordinately long period (up to 80 hr. in a bath about 36°C) and are not particularly useful for drug testing. The present report deals with swimming in mice. These animals were forced to swim to exhaustion in water baths of different temperatures at various simulated altitudes up to 30,000 feet. Swimming time was influenced more by bath temperature than by simulated altitude. Crowding the animals decreased swimming time. If temperature is kept constant and drug and dose are varied, mice should prove useful test animals for evaluating the incapacitating effects of various chemical agents.

Submitted on December 1, 1959
Effect of pressure-suit inflation on pulmonary-diffusing capacity
Authors: Ross Joseph C. , Lord Thomas H. , Ley Glen D.
Published: December 2017

Pressure-suit inflation over the lower body produces acute pulmonary hypertension. An increase in pulmonary capillary blood volume, Vc, with this procedure should theoretically increase pulmonary-diffusing capacity, Dl. Lewis and co-workers ( J. Appl. Physiol. 12:57, 1958) found no increase in Dl with suit inflation. The subject was reinvestigated with measurement of the increase in central venous pressure, CVP, produced and with a study of effect of alveolar volume, Va, and the Valsalva maneuver on the results. Dl was determined in five seated and seven supine subjects at small and large Va, both before and during suit inflation and also with a Valsalva under each condition. Suit inflation significantly increased Dl (13%) with an increase in 21 of the 22 comparisons. Mean Dl was 16% lower when Va was decreased 34%. The Valsalva maneuver significantly decreased both control and suit inflation Dl. Results show that with controlled Va and no Valsalva and when CVP was definitely increased by the procedure, Dl significantly increased with suit inflation, probably indicating that the pulmonary capillary bed was passively dilated.

Submitted on March 11, 1960
Changes in diffusing capacity of isolated cat lungs with blood pressure and flow
Authors: Rosenberg Edith , Forster Robert E.
Published: December 2017

Nine isolated cat lungs were perfused with the animals' own blood at 37°C and ventilated by negative pressure. The diffusing capacity for CO, Dl, was measured at constant lung volume and various blood pressures and flows by a modified 10-second, breath-holding technique. In each of seven preparations in which mean intravascular pressure was raised, either by raising left atrial pressure while keeping blood flow constant, or by increasing blood flow while keeping left atrial outflow level Dl increased about 33%/10 mm Hg increase in mean intravascular pressure. In one lung, in which left atrial pressure was increased by 10 mm Hg while pulmonary artery pressure was kept constant by lowering the blood flow, Dl increased by 50%. In four preparations, in which left atrial pressure was lowered while blood flow was increased so that mean intravascular pressure remained approximately constant, there was no demonstrable increase in Dl. We conclude that the pressure across the walls of the pulmonary blood vessels is a primary factor in controlling the size of the pulmonary capillary bed as measured by Dl. No independent effect of flow was observed.

Submitted on September 9, 1959
Restraint adaptation and altitude tolerance in the rat
Authors: Bartlett R. G. , Phillips N. E.
Published: December 2017

Sixty-four adult male, albino Wistar rats were divided equally into two groups. Members of one group were subjected to the stress of light restraint for 1 week to produce adaptation to this stress. The other group was not restrained and served as controls. For the altitude tolerance studies both groups were further divided into restrained and nonrestrained animals which were simultaneously exposed to an altitude of 33,500 feet. Both the restrained and nonrestrained restraint-adapted animals showed significantly longer survival times than the corresponding nonadapted rats. Restraint adaptation, however, did not prevent the earlier deaths of the restrained as compared to the nonrestrained animals. The possible physiologic mechanisms involved are discussed.

Submitted on March 18, 1960
Cardiovascular changes during acceleration stress in dogs
Authors: Hershgold Edward J. , Steiner Sheldon H.
Published: December 2017

Dogs were accelerated on the Wright-Patterson AFB human centrifuge in positive and transverse vectors. Cardiac output, blood pressure and heart rate were measured, and stroke volume and peripheral resistance calculated. In positive (headward) acceleration, the cardiac output and stroke volume were reduced; the peripheral resistance was increased. In the transverse vectors, the cardiac output was stable or increased; stroke volume was stable, and peripheral resistance was reduced. The results suggest that the circulatory disturbances associated with positive acceleration may limit tolerance to acceleration and that these may be avoided in transverse acceleration.

Note:

(With the Technical Assistance of Peter Grenell)

Submitted on December 3, 1959
Effect of insulin on D-xylose disappearance in diabetic patients
Authors: Field James B. , Johnson Phyllis
Published: December 2017

The effect of intravenous insulin on the rate of disappearance of d-xylose has been studied in two nondiabetics and five diabetic patients. Although insulin accelerated the disappearance rate of d-xylose in nondiabetics, it had no effect on blood levels of d-xylose in insulin-treated diabetic patients. This inability of insulin to increase the rate of disappearance of d-xylose was not related to hyperglycemia since no effect was observed in a diabetic patient at a time when her blood sugar concentration was normal. Diabetes per se was not responsible for this lack of effect since insulin did increase the rate of d-xylose disappearance in a diabetic patient who had never received insulin therapy. Since insulin caused a slower decline in the blood sugar of the insulin-treated diabetics than in the nondiabetics it is suggested that the rate at which insulin acts determines whether or not there will be an effect on d-xylose. In the insulin-treated diabetic, the presence of insulin antibodies could retard insulin action and account for the absence of an effect on d-xylose.

Submitted on May 16, 1960
Comparison of thermal sensitivity of the forehead, lip, conjunctiva and cornea
Authors: Kenshalo D. R.
Published: December 2017

The cornea is innervated by bare nerve endings of greater density than skin. If these act as thermal receptors, the cornea should be more sensitive to thermal stimulation than skin because of its dense innervation, surface proximity of the nerve terminals and absence of vascular system. Comparisons were made of the thermal sensitivities of the upper lip, forehead, conjunctiva and cornea. Although no thermal sensations were obtained from the cornea by applications of temperatures ranging from 20° to 55°C, all observers reported sensation changes at certain points on the temperature continuum. These were described in terms of irritation, whereas similar temperatures applied to the other sites felt cool, warm or hot. Comparison of the cool, warm and hot thresholds of the lip, forehead and conjunctiva showed them to be generally similar (P > 0.05). Stimulus temperatures at which corneal sensations changed were significantly different (P < 0.002) from the thresholds obtained at the other test sites. It is concluded that the cornea differs both quantitatively and qualitatively in its response to thermal stimulation from the other regions tested.

Note:

(With the Assistance of B. P. Childers and R. Webb)

Submitted on June 10, 1960
Effect of drinking intoxicating amounts of alcoholic beverage on uropepsin excretion
Authors: Greenberg Leon A. , Lester David
Published: December 2017

In human subjects who drank intoxicating amounts of a strong alcoholic beverage (dry martini) the amount of uropepsin excreted before, during and after drinking was measured. Hangover symptomatology was also evaluated. Each subject was tested with alcoholic beverage alone, beverage followed by aspirin and beverage followed by antacid. The alcoholic beverage alone resulted in a marked increase in uropepsin excretion shortly after drinking, with hypersecretion persisting through the hangover period. Treatment with antacid obviated this increased excretion of uropepsin, and also significantly ameliorated some of the symptoms of hangover. It was tentatively concluded from these observations that the irritating action of the alcohol on the gastric mucosa caused the increased secretion of uropepsin and some of the hangover symptomatology.

Submitted on July 30, 1959
Influence of cerebral activity in wakefulness on regulation of breathing
Authors: Fink B. Raymond
Published: December 2017

Thirteen healthy men, unaware of the objectives of this study, underwent passive or active overventilation lowering the end-expiration carbon dioxide tension to 25 mm. Hg or below. At the end of the period of hyperventilation, rhythmic respiration continued uninterrupted at approximately the control frequency. The volume of ventilation was above control during the first minute of recovery and then stabilized at about two-thirds of the control volume; it continued at this level for over 10 minutes during which time the end-expiration PCO2 gradually rose toward the control level. No instance of periodic breathing occurred. The absence of overventilatory apnea in the waking condition contrasts with its easy elicitation during general anesthesia. It is concluded that cerebral activity associated with wakefulness is a component of the normal respiratory drive, and that carbon dioxide acts by augmenting the effects of this component.

Submitted on June 27, 1960
Water exchange in animal and human tumors
Authors: Bloch Jack H. , Millar Florence K. , Harris Alvin R. , Berlin Nathaniel I. , White Julius
Published: December 2017

The equilibration of tritiated water in the blood with the water of nine tumors of wide histologic variety and anatomic location in four different host species, rat, mouse, hamster and man, was studied following intravenous injection of labeled water. Evidence is presented that the rate of water exchange for eight of these tumors is essentially the same; that tumor water in comparison with liver, muscle and skin equilibrates slowly with blood water; that the major limiting factor in this exchange is blood supply; and that the rate of water exchange in the tumor is increased by ether anesthesia.

Submitted on August 9, 1960
Effect of varying indicator injection sites on values for cardiac output
Authors: Gunnells J. Caulie , Gorten Ralph
Published: December 2017

Simultaneous injections of Evans blue dye (T-1824) and iodinated (I131) human serum albumin (IHSA) into the antecubital or femoral veins of four normal subjects gave the same values for cardiac output when arterial samples were analyzed. Two indicator dilution curves were constructed from arterial samples collected after the simultaneous injection of dye into the superior vena cava and IHSA into the antecubital or femoral vein. A third dilution curve was recorded by a crystal placed against the chest in a position where it was activated by IHSA in both right and left chambers of the heart. Observations were made in the resting state and after the circulation was increased by atropine or isoproterenol. In the analysis of arterial samples, injection of an indicator into the superior vena cava gave lower values for cardiac output than injection into the antecubital or femoral veins. When the isotope was injected (in a volume of 1.5–2 ml) into an antecubital vein, the values for cardiac output calculated by external counting were similar to values obtained by arterial sampling of dye injected into the superior vena cava. The values for cardiac output by external counting after femoral injection of the indicator were consistently higher than the values obtained with the centrally injected dye.

Submitted on July 6, 1960
Effects of irradiation of chest on pulmonary function in man
Authors: Emirgil C. , Heinemann H. O.
Published: December 2017

Fifteen patients, free from cardiac and pulmonary disease, but receiving radiotherapy for carcinoma of the breast or carcinoma of the lung, were studied to determine the effect of irradiation on pulmonary function. Lung volumes, the distribution of inspired air, the levels of gases in the arterial blood, the diffusing capacity of the lung, and the mechanics of breathing were measured before and at varying intervals after the completion of radiotherapy. The results showed: early and progressive reduction of inspiratory capacity (IC) and residual volume (RV), decreasing the total lung capacity (TLC) without changing the RV/TLC ratio; unchanged distribution of inspired air; mild hypoxemia at rest; reduced diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide; and an early and progressive decrease in pulmonary compliance. These observations indicate that irradiation of the chest is complicated by a decrease in lung volumes, an impairment of the diffusing capacity, and an increase in the work of breathing.

Submitted on September 6, 1960
Adrenal catecholamines in E. coli endotoxin shock
Authors: Nykiel Florian , Glaviano Vincent V.
Published: December 2017

In dogs with left adrenal cannulation, administration of 1 mg/kg of purified E. coli endotoxin resulted in a decrease in mean blood pressure and adrenal blood flow. These changes were accompanied by significant increases in levels of epinephrine in adrenal venous blood. Release of epinephrine by the adrenals in endotoxin shock was due to a neurogenic mechanism, since sectioning of the splanchnic nerves prevented secretion of epinephrine. The rise in epinephrine output from an intact adrenal was noted to occur only in the presence of a significant decrease in arterial blood pressure; therefore endotoxin causes adrenal stimulation from reflexes initiated by the hypothalamus or peripheral baroreceptors.

Submitted on September 20, 1960
Tensile strength of bone along and across the grain
Authors: Dempster Wilfrid T. , Coleman Robert F.
Published: December 2017

Standardized test specimens of cortical bone from museum specimens of tibia and mandible (dry and water soaked) were subjected to direct tension or to bending till failure. Cortical bone from the same bone was tested both along and crosswise to the predominant direction of the Haversian systems. The cross-grain ultimate tensile strength of bone is much less than the parallel-to-grain strength (–1/12 of the parallel-to-grain strength). The ultimate tensile strength of bone as tested cross grain is less than its compressive strength as tested cross grain. Data from wet and dry tests are presented, with photomicrographs of fracture regions. This provides clues regarding the weaker structural features of bone and type of failure observed. Weaker structural elements are the cement lines surrounding osteones and the planes between the lamellae of Haversian systems; differences in fibrous tearing at certain fracture edges suggest that bone is weaker parallel to rather than transverse with the predominant orientation of the collagenous fibers.

Submitted on August 15, 1960
Chronic thoracic duct-esophageal shunt preparation in protein studies
Authors: Kolmen S. N.
Published: December 2017

A procedure for chronic lymphaticoesophageal shunt is presented. Daily samples of blood and lymph from 10 dogs were analyzed for total protein and fibrinogen concentrations. The data obtained for a 5-day period are presented to indicate the utility of this preparation in the study of those proteins which enter the systemic circulation via the lymphatics.

Submitted on October 6, 1960
Respiratory impedance and volume flow at high frequency in dogs
Authors: Hull Wayland Elroy , Long Ernest Croft
Published: December 2017

Sinusoidal forcing at frequencies up to 11 cycle/sec was applied to the anesthetized, apneic dog in a body respirator. Using an oscilloscope and the Lissajous patterns displayed by the simultaneous recording of driving pressure and volume flow, the frequency (resonant; mean, 5.4 cycle/sec) at which there was zero phase shift was determined. By analogy with an inductance-resistance-capacitance network, inertance (mean, .041 cm H2O/liter/sec2) was derived from static compliance (mean, .022 liter/cm H2O) and resonant frequency. Impedance at each frequency and damping ratio (mean, 1.57) was calculated. Tissue resistance was found to be 19% of the total resistance (mean, 4.3 cm H2O/liter/sec). A nomogram was constructed to facilitate the determination of inertance and the coding of data as electrical analogues.

Submitted on September 16, 1960
Function of leg muscles acting on foot as modified by body movements
Authors: Houtz S. J. , Fischer Frederick J.
Published: December 2017

Leg muscles acting on the foot as a supporting base were recorded electromyographically from normal young adults during selected postural movements. Surface electrodes picked up action potentials simultaneously from the tibialis anterior and posterior, extensor digitorum longus, peroneus longus and brevis, gastrocnemius, soleus, and flexor digitorum longus. Motion pictures and photographs of the various procedures were taken to assist in analysis of changes in body position during activity. These activities included postural changes, shifting body weight, and resisting external forces applied to the upper trunk. Movements initiated in the trunk, which automatically changed position of the leg on the foot, may or may not modify the magnitude of action potentials evoked in those muscles which contract during relaxed standing. To resist gravitational or external forces, the multijointed upper segments realign to assist the foot in maintaining its position as a supporting base. The majority of activities performed by the head, trunk, upper extremities, and pelvis produced changes in position of the leg on the foot which are automatic and seldom brought into the field of conscious control.

Submitted on January 9, 1961
Effect of pressure suit inflation on pulmonary capillary blood volume
Authors: Ross Joseph C. , Maddock Gene E. , Ley Glen D.
Published: December 2017

Compression of the lower part of the body by an aviator's G suit produces acute pulmonary vascular engorgement and increases pulmonary vascular pressure. In previous studies, pulmonary diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (Dl) was increased by this procedure, presumably due to increase in the pulmonary capillary blood volume (Vc), and apparently indicating that the pulmonary capillary bed can be passively dilated by increased intravascular pressure. In the present study, the effect of G-suit inflation on Dl was again studied in 12 normal subjects, but also with determinations of Dl at different alveolar O2 tensions so that Vc and the true pulmonary membrane diffusing capacity (Dm) could be calculated. Studies were made in each subject with the suit on, uninflated and then inflated. With suit inflation, Dl was increased in all 12 subjects (27%), Vc was increased in 11 subjects (33%), and Dm was increased in 10 subjects (21%). These studies show that the pulmonary capillary bed can be passively dilated by increased intravascular pressure, but it is not possible to distinguish between the two possible mechanisms, dilatation of open capillaries or opening of previously closed ones.

Submitted on December 22, 1960