bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LA PÉPINIÈRE D'ENTREPRISES DANS LE CONTEXTE D'UN PARC SCIENTIFIQUE: L'EXEMPLE DU CENTRE QUÉBÉCOIS D'INNOVATION EN BIO TECHNOLOGIE À LAVAL, QUÉBEC (CANADA)
Authors: DOLOREUX DAVID
Published: March 2008

L'émergence de pépinières visant à soutenir la formation d'entreprises à caractère innovateur demeure un phénomèna relativement récent. Dans les villes où il existe un parc scientifique, ou encore où l'on développe un projet de technopôle, la pépinière représente un outil d'aménagement et d'intervention de premier ordre en termes d'innovation et de transfert technologique.

Cependant, le problème est de reconnître dans quelle mesure la pépinière d'entreprises constitue un appareil d'appui et de services à l'expansion des futures entreprises, en regard des préoccupations locales de développement économique. L'étude du Centre Québécois d'innovation en Biotechnologie à Laval nous a permis de nourrir cette réflexion et d'apprécier le rôle qu'il joue en matière de développement economique au sein d'une opération technopolitaine.

The rise of business incubators to help in the creation of new innovative firms is a fairly new phenomenon. For cities that have developed science parks or technopoles, the incubator represents an important planning tool oriented towards the creation innovation and technology transfer.

But the question remains; in the context of local economic development strategies, how effective are business incubators for providing help and services that can stimulate future firms expansion. This study of the Centre Québécois d'innovation en Biotechnologie located in Laval, addresses this question and seeks to provide insight on the role of incubators on economic growth in the context of a science park.
Services for immigrant women: an evaluation of locations
Authors: TRUELOVE MARIE
Published: March 2008

The Toronto region receives one‐quarter of new immigrants to Canada and they become widely dispersed throughout the metropolitan area. Most immigrants arrive with language, social and cultural needs, creating demand for social services from existing agencies. ‘How can agencies choose locations that meet the needs of new immigrants?’ is the central focus. The results of a study in Metropolitan Toronto of 68 nonprofit agencies that provide a variety of settlement services for immigrant and refugee women are discussed. Immigrant and language groups and the agencies serving them are mapped; the locations of agencies are evaluated. While service agencies are responding to the arrival of new groups and the spatial dispersion of new immigrants, more services in the northern portions of the study area are required. The spatial dispersion of some language groups means that they have poorer access to services than groups that are concentrated in the traditional immigrant reception area.

La région de Toronto accueille le quart des immigrants au Canada, et ceux‐ci sont dispersés dans l'agglomération torontoise. La plupart d'entre eux ont des exigences linguistiques, sociales et culturelles qui augmentent la demande en services sociaux dispensés par les organismes en place. Ce document porte essentiellement sur la façon dont ces derniers determinent les lieux de prestation de services qui répondront le mieux aux besoins des immigrants. II est également question des résultats d'une étude menée dans la communauté urbaine de Toronto auprés de 68 organismes à but non lucratif offrant un éventail de services d'établissement pour les immigrantes et les réfugiées. Les immigrants et les groupes linguistiques, ainsi que les organismes qui les servent, y sont répertoriés géographiquement. La localisation de ces organismes fait aussi l'objet d'une évaluation. La plupart répondent déjà aux besoins des nouveaux venus et tiennent compte de leur dispersion mais, selon cette étude, il faudrait plus de services dans le nord de l'agglomération torontoise. En raison de cet éparpillement, certains groupes linguistiques ont plus difficilement accès à des services que d'autres qui se trouvent dans les zones d'ancrage habituelles.
A test for geographers: the geography of educational achievement in Toronto and Hamilton, 1997
Authors: HARRIS RICHARD , MERCIER MICHAEL
Published: March 2008

The recent introduction of standardised achievement tests in several provinces has created an opportunity for Canadian geographers to contribute to public and theoretical debates. Geographers are well‐equipped to comprehend and analyse the effects that neighbourhoods have upon pupil achievement. Independent of family background and school funding, such effects may be stronger in education than in other fields, such as voting behaviour and health research, but they have been ignored in recent public debates. They should be considered if informed judgements are to be made about whether specific teachers, schools, and boards are doing an adequate job. Analysis of the Ontario Grade 3 test results for 1997 in public schools in the City of Toronto and in Hamilton‐Wentworth indicate that social class had a greater effect on pupil achievement than language background. Differences in the determinants of achievement between these two urban centres may be attributable to local variations in occupational structure and residential patterns.

L'introduction récente en éducation des tests de compêtences standardisés, dans plusieurs provinces, offre aux géographes canadiens l'occasion de contribuer aux débats publics et théoriques. Les géographes sont bien placés pour comprendre et analyser les effets de quartier sur le rendement scolaire des élèves. Indépendamment du milieu socioculturel et du financement scolaire, ces effets ont peut être plus d'impact en éducation que dans les domaines tels que le comportement électoral et la recherche dans le milieu de la santé, cependant, ils demeurent à l'écart des débats publics. Ces éléments doivent être considérés si l'on prétend juger en connaissance de cause l'efficacité et le rendement des écoles, le corps enseignant et les conseils scolaires. L'analyse des résultats d'examens de l'Ontario en 1997, pour les élèves des écoles publiques de la troisième année des villes de Toronto et Hamilton‐Wentworth, démontre que la réussite scolaire est plus liée au niveau socio‐économique qu'à l'origine linguistique. La divergence des facteurs de réussites des deux centres urbains est peut‐être attribuable aux variations des structures d'occupation locales et résidentielles.
Interrogating borders: a transnational approach to refugee research in Vancouver
Authors: HYNDMAN JENNIFER , WALTON‐ROBERTS MARGARET
Published: March 2008

Immigration is predicated on the centrality of the nation‐state. The authors argue that analyzing settlement patterns and successful integration within a strictly national context is insufficient to understand the political, social, and economic relations which shape the lives of refugee immigrants in Canada. To support this claim, a less state‐centric theoretical framework of transnational migration is outlined. The paper examines methods emerging from transnational migration, focussing in particular on research with Burmese refugees who have settled in the Greater Vancouver Area. Based on 50 personal interviews conducted with refugee newcomers from Burma who are now settled in the Lower Mainland, the authors use the case study as a basis to raise methodological and theoretical questions about immigration research. We argue that the very politics of doing research with this group of refugees and other immigrant groups are shaped by the relations of power experienced before arriving in Canada.

Les auteures soutiennent que l'analyse des schémas d'établissement et d'intégration réussie dans un contexte strictement national s'avère insuffisante pour comprendre les relations politiques, sociales et économiques qui définissent l'existence des réfugiés immigrants au moment de l'arrivée. Dans le but d'appuyer cette proposition, nous définissons un schéma théorique moins axé sur l'état, c'est‐à‐dire le transnationalisme. La recherche examine ces facteurs en relation avec les expériences des ‘immigrants non‐traditionnels’ au Canada, en particulier les réfugiés Burmans installés dans la région de Vancouver. Basés sur 50 entrevues personnelles menées avec des réfugiés nouvellement arrivés du Burma et qui sont maintenant installés dans le ‘Lower Mainland’, les auteures utilisent l'étude de cas comme une base permettant de soulever des questions de méthodologie pour la recherche en immigration. Nous avançons que les implications politiques de la recherche avec ce groupe de réfugiés et d'autres groupes d'immigrants dépendent des relations de pouvoir vécues avant l'arrivée au Canada.
Influence of meteorological conditions on the intensity and form of the urban heat island effect in Regina
Authors: STEWART IAIN DOUGLAS
Published: March 2008

This study investigates the influence of meteorological conditions on the intensity and spatial configuration of the urban heat island effect in Regina, Saskatchewan. A sample of 31 nocturnal heat island intensities measured via automobile surveys averages 3°C, with a maximum intensity reaching 7.5°C. On nights with clear skies and light winds, heat island morphology in Regina is characterized by a clearly defined cliff, plateau, and peak. Regression analysis reveals that heat island intensities are highly sensitive to changes in wind conditions, and relatively insensitive to changes in humidity and atmospheric pressure. However, when antecedent weather conditions preceding each heat island event are included in the analysis, cloud cover supersedes wind speed as a more important control on heat island intensity. Daytime and post‐sunset cloud cover explain 20 percent more variance in the ensuing nocturnal heat island intensities than do daytime and post‐sunset wind speeds. This result challenges the widely‐held notion that wind speed is a more important heat island control than sky cover.

Cette étude se penche sur l'influence des conditions météorologiques sur l'intensité et la configuration spatiale de l'effet d'îlot thermique urbain à Régina, Saskatchewan. Un échantillon de 31 intensités d'îlots thermiques nocturnes prélevées par automobile atteint une moyenne de 3°C, avec une intensité maximale de 7,5°C. Par nuit claire et vent léger, la morphologie des îlots thermiques à Régina est nettement caractérisée par un courant ascentionnel, un palier et une crête. L'analyse de régression révèle que les intensités d'îlots thermiques sont très sensibles aux changements de vents coincidents, et relativement insensibles aux changements d'humidité et de pression atmosphérique. Cependant, quand les conditions atmosphériques précédant chaque effet d'îlot thermique sont prises en considération, la couverture nuageuse supplante la vitesse du vent comme contrôle majeur de l'intensité. Quand on compare couverture nuageuse et vitesse du vent pendant la journée et après le coucher du soleil, la valeur explicative de la première est de 20 pour cent supérieure à celle de la dernière en ce qui concerne la variation d'intensité dans les îlots thermiques nocturnes qui s'ensuivent. Ce résultat remet en question la ‘conviction’ que dans le contrôle des îlots thermiques, la vitesse du vent est plus importante que la couverture nuageuse.
Environnement et mondialisation: de la confusion à la convergence des discours
Authors: BLAIS RENÉ
Published: March 2008

Ce texte vise à lever la confusion entourant la rhétorique sur l'environnement et la mondialisation. Il veut rétablir les faits dans une chronologie ou périodicité tels qu'ils se sont produits. Il montre les itinéraires communs des deux concepts d'environnement et de mondialisation, et les temps forts de leur usage. En effet, les discours de l'environnement et de la mondialisation loin d'être indépendants l'un de l'autre, le plus souvent se chevauchent et se côtoient.

This text is about the environment and globalization. It is primarily concerned with rhetoric and discourse on the controversial subject of chronology related both to environment and globalization. Is globalization responsible for the new consciousness about the environment or is it a cause of the perception of the world as a whole? It is not primarly viewed as two opposites discourses, but as being mostly parallel and even seen as complementary rhetoric.
Un défi environnemental complexe du XXIe siecle au Canada: I'identification et la compréhension de la réponse des environnements face aux changements climatiques globaux
Authors: BOUCHARD MIREILLE
Published: March 2008

Les modifications des milieux en réponse au changement climatique global qui surviendra graduellement, mais inexorablement, constitue un défi environnemental majeur pour le Canada du XXle siecle. L'évaluation du climat futur s'avère complexe. Les modèles de circulation générale (MCG), qui tentent de prévoir les effets sur le climat d'une hausse des gaz a effet de serre, gagnent a etre complétés par des modèles régionaux de climat (MRC). Grace a un meilleur arrimage sur les réalités terrain, telles les données des stations météorologiques et les bilans de masse des glaciers, les prévisions se raffinent. A l'échelle du Canada, les MCG prévoient une hausse des températures, variable selon les régions. La quantité et la répartition de l'eau subiront des changements notables, particulièrement dans certains secteurs des Prairies ou se poseront des problèmes de sécheresse accrue. Les événements climatiques extrémes sont ignorés par les MCG. Pourtant, ils Pourraient étre plus fréquents et avoir des impacts négatifs considérables. li y aura transformation et migration des biomes, ce qui pourrait avoir des répercussions négatives sur l'industrie forestiére et sur le cycle du carbone par décomposition accrue de la biomasse forestière et assèchement massif des tourbieres. Les régions des hautes latitudes connaitront un réchauffement important qui provoquera une dégradation du pergélisol, le développement de thermokarsts et des problèmes d'instabilitè du sol. Une hausse du niveau marin est prévue: les cotes de l'lle‐du‐Prince‐Édouard, du Nouveau‐Brunswick et de la Nouvelle‐Écosse y sont plus vulnérables a cause des risques de submersion des terres. L'agriculture devra s'adapter non seulement a un allongement de la saison de croissance, mais aussi à des sécheresses plus accentuées en été. L'ampleur du changement climatique et ses impacts sur les milieux sont encore difficiles à prévoir, ce qui retarde par conséquent la mise en place de mesures pour s'y adapter. Or, certains secteurs économiques, comme l'industrie forestière, peuvent difficilement attendre les certitudes avant de réagir. Enfin, les questions sociales ne peuvent etre ignorées. Quelle sera la réaction de la population devant l'intervention de l'État pour amorcer et soutenir les mesures d'adaptation? Quel accueil sera réservé aux nouveaux réfugiés économiques/environnementaux des pays pauvres, pour lesquels les effets du changement climatique global seront encore plus marqués, particulièrement en matière de production alimentaire?
The changing face of Canada: the uneven geographies of population and social change
Authors: BOURNE LARRY S. , ROSE DAMARIS
Published: March 2008

This paper attempts to convey a sense of the increasing importance of the population question for the future of Canada and its social geographies. This future will be shaped as much by changes in population processes and living conditions as by economic and political factors. Specifically, four transformations are rippling through the country's social fabric and urban landscapes: slow growth and the demographic transition modifications to family forms and living arrangements; increasing ethnocultural diversity; and the shifting relationships among households, labour markets and the welfare state. There is increasing unevenness of population growth, juxtaposing localized growth and widespread decline, massive social changes, the concentration of immigration and new sources of diversity in metropolitan areas, and fundamental shifts in social attitudes concerning family, work and gender relations. Deepening contrasts in living environments and economic wellbeing flow from these trends, and the varied challenges they pose for private actors, governments and service‐providers. Questions relating to the country's future population geographies and social structures are complex, analytically difficult, and politically charged, but are too important to ignore.
Between Pinochet and Kropotkin: state terror, human rights and the geographers
Authors: HEWITT KENNETH
Published: March 2008

The lecture develops a civil perspective on states engaged in systematic but arbitrary armed violence against their home populations: what the Nürnberg Tribunal called ‘government by terror. Civilians, or most of them, appear uniquely vulnerable to such violence and the gross violations of human rights accompanying it. Moreover, this, rather than wars as usually understood, involved the largest uses of armed force in the twentieth century. It was the main cause of violent death of civilians. Two geographical concerns are addressed: the ‘geographic' nature of such violence, and its implications for the thought and practice of geographers. They are explored especially through the work of two geographers whose lives bracket the past ‘century of violence, Peter Kropotkin and Augusto Pinochet. Pinochet's dictatorship in Chile fully illustrates the scope of state terror. Geographies of coercion are seen in the system of political prisons and torture, the making of a society and landscapes of fear, and the unmaking of civil life. The atrocities also violated Chile's former commitment to human rights initiatives. Pinochet's geographical work, especially the geopolitics, is in accord with, or offers no counter to, the repressive, authoritarian regime he headed, Kropotkin's descriptions of imperial Russia show many parallels to the Chilean case, and the kind of repressive state power that he rejected to dedicate his life to its vulnerable and innocent victims. Almost alone among geographers he developed a coherent, influential vision of violence, social justice and interpersonal ethics, based on geographical investigations as well as an anarchist perspective. These two may also seem to represent conceptual and lived extremes ‐ respectively, an extreme deployment of state violence, and a total rejection of the state because of the facts and potential of violent repression. Unfortunately, enquiries into violence and the state, let alone terrorist states, are virtually absent from contemporary geographical scholarship. Its emergence as an essentially ‘civil field' has reinforced this ‐ when it should have had the opposite effect. In part this involves a failure to temper our long, and less‐than‐critical, service to the state in all areas, and a continuing governmental mind‐set. It is suggested that the absence of critical reflection on the contested relations of civil society and the state, especially as they involve state violence, undermines the intellectual value and ethical standards of our work.
The identification of employment centres in Canadian metropolitan areas: the example of Montreal, 1996
Authors: COFFEY WILLIAM J. , SHEARMUR RICHARD G.
Published: March 2008

The intrametropolitan distribution of economic activities and, specifically, the formation of suburban employment centres has become a major research and policy issue. In spite of an increasing number of detailed analyses of the geography of employment in individual metropolitan areas, no generally accepted and systematic methodology for identifying employment centres exists. Comparisons between metropolitan areas have been highly limited due to both a lack of consistent and comparable data and a plethora of methods. We first present an overview of various methods that have been used to identify employment centres. Using Montreal as a case study, we then evaluate the suitability of various methods in the light of available data on job location in Canadian metropolitan areas. The method that yields the best results is one based upon dual criteria applied at the census tract level: a total employment threshold and the ratio of employment to the resident workers. We use this method to identify the form of the Montreal space‐economy in 1996. The identification of a suitable, although imperfect, method represents a first step towards being able to more objectively and systematically examine a wide range of issues concerning metropolitan economic structure.
Towards a feminist geopolitics
Authors: HYNDMAN JENNIFER
Published: March 2008

The intersections and conversations between feminist geography and political geography have been surprisingly few. The notion of a feminist geopolitics remains undeveloped in geography. This paper aims to create a theoretical and practical space in which to articulate a feminist geopolitics. Feminist geopolitics is not an alternative theory of geopolitics, nor the ushering in of a new spatial order, but is an approach to global issues with feminist politics in mind. ‘Feminist’ in this context refers to analyses and political interventions that address the unequal and often violent relationships among people based on real or perceived differences. Building upon the literature from critical geopolitics, feminist international relations, and transnational feminist studies, I develop a framework for feminist political engagement. The paper interrogates concepts of human security and juxtaposes them with state security, arguing for a more accountable, embodied, and responsive notion of geopolitics. A feminist geopolitics is sought by examining politics at scales other than that of the nation‐state; by challenging the public/private divide at a global scale; and by analyzing the politics of mobility for perpetrators of crimes against humanity. As such, feminist geopolitics is a critical approach and a contingent set of political practices operating at scales finer and coarser than the nation‐state.
Hospital restructuring in smaller urban Ontario settings: unwritten rules and uncertain relations
Authors: HANLON NEIL T.
Published: March 2008

Important changes are underway in the management and provision of welfare service activities in advanced capitalist societies as governments scale back their responsibilities and commitments to social security and health care. In order to understand the processes by which the reform imperatives of the central state are implemented at the local level, it is necessary to account for particular organizational and place‐based contingencies which influence decision making and strategic response. This paper presents a framework for understanding the context of executive decision making in the human services sector and uses the framework to illustrate issues of locally designed hospital restructuring in smaller urban centres in the province of Ontario, Canada. Specific experiences of the Chief Executive Officers of two non‐metropolitan hospital settings are examined to explore the unwritten rules of hospital conduct and the relations of uncertainty that characterize efforts to restructure hospital services through formal arrangements with other independently governed hospitals and health care delivery organizations.
Artists in rural locales: market access, landscape appeal and economic exigency
Authors: BUNTING TRUDI E. , MITCHELL CLARE J.A.
Published: March 2008

The period 1971 to 1991 saw a significant increase in the proportion of Canadians employed in the ‘arts’. While still concentrated to a large extent in urban Canada, artists do seek out rural locations to pursue their craft. This paper identifies, interprets and classifies communities in rural Canada that specialize in the production of visual, performing and literary art. Location quotients are calculated from a custom‐tabulated run of 1991 census data on employment in the arts in all Canadian census subdivisions. We propose several factors that may account for high concentrations of artists in some rural places. Cluster analysis is used to develop a classification of Canadian rural arts communities. We identify 371 small arts centres in Canada, ranging from Cape Dorset in the Northwest Territories to Elora in southwestern Ontario. Market access, landscape appeal and economic exigency are among the location determinants isolated. Further analysis reveals that five types of arts communities exist in rural Canada. Future research on a localized scale is now necessary to uncover specific factors responsible for the prevalence of artists in the rural ecumene.
Ville compacte et qualité de vie: discussions autour de l'approche canadienne des indicateurs de durabilité
Authors: SÉNÉCAL CILLES , HAMEL PIERRE J.
Published: March 2008

L'expérience canadienne de modélisation par indicateurs de qualité de qualité de vie se renouvelle avec l'émergence de la problématique environnementale. La théorie de la ville compacte établit un lien étroit entre la qualité de vie, les densités résidentielles, la compacité du bâti et la durabilité urbaine. Plusieurs auteurs proposent la forme compacte comme un idéal. Les faibles densités résidentielles sont alors présentées comme un problème environnemental bien que les consommateurs continuent de préférer ce type d'habitat. Les comportements individuels semblent opposer le modèle de durabilité urbaine et la satisfaction résidentielle. Les considérations subjectives devraient être prises en compte à l'intérieur de ce modèle. Cet article discute de la forme urbaine et de la ville compacte à partir d'une lecture des documents programmatiques issus des agences gouvernementales et des centres de recherches.
Interpreting deindustrialised landscapes of Atlantic Canada: memory and industrial heritage in Sackville, New Brunswick
Authors: SUMMERBY‐MURRAY ROBERT
Published: March 2008

The redevelopment of former industrial sites now constitutes a significant component of the landscape of Atlantic Canada. This paper explores the heritage issues surrounding two industrial sites in Sackville, New Brunswick, and argues that the heritage discourse is constructed through the creation of memory and the processes of commodification and consumption. Using the examples of two foundries, the paper investigates the manner in which the image of industry has been presented and reinterpreted, both through the industrial heydays of the late‐19th and mid‐20th centuries and in the contemporary scene. The commemoration, commodification and consumption of selected aspects of the industrial past are significant means by which Sackville creates its place identity. The resulting landscapes remain problematic, however, with a tendency to be overly romanticised and sanitised or at odds with contemporary images of Sackville's place identity.

Le réaménagement d'anciennes friches industrielles constitue aujourd'hui une importante composante du paysage des provinces atlantiques du Canada. Le présent article explore les questions patrimoniales entourant deux sites de ce type à Sackville (Nouveau‐Brunswick) et formule l'hypothèse que le discours à saveur patrimoniale repose sur la création d'une mémoire et des processus de réification et de consommation. À partir de deux fonderies utilisées comme exemple, l'article examine comment l'image de l'industrie a été présentée et réinterprétée, tant à l'époque de gloire de l'industrialisation de la fin du XIXe siècle et du milieu du XXe siècle que sur la scène contemporaine. La commémoration, la réification et la consommation d'aspects choisis du passé industriel constituent d'importants moyens par lesquels Sackville crée son identité. Les paysages qui en résultent demeurent problématiques et ont tendance àêtre exagérément romantiques et aseptisés, voire même contradictoires par rapport aux images contemporaines de l'identité de Sackville.
Negotiating the production of space in Tl'azt‘en territory, Northern British Columbia
Authors: MORRIS PHILIP , FONDAHL GAIL
Published: March 2008

Societies produce the space in which they operate through social practices that visualize, administer, and use lands and resources. Because Native peoples have held relatively little political power, their ability to influence the production of space has received little attention. Yet the superimposition of Euro‐Canadian social practices onto Native spaces rarely erased native spatiality, but rather created a territory made up of shared and hybrid spaces which resulted from the interaction of Native and Euro‐Canadian societies. This paper suggests that the social processes involved in the production of space are perhaps most visible when two parties are negotiating the allocation and management of lands and resources. In the 1970s the Tl'azt'en engaged in negotiations over the construction of a railway through their territory. Through the negotiations Tl'azt'en social and economic goals were inscribed to a significant degree in the spatial organization of the territory. Like current treaty negotiations, the 1970s negotiations involved compromises by both parties, and resulted in the creation of new hybrid social spaces which reflected the goals and strategies of both groups.

Les sociétés produisent l'espace dans lequel elles opèrent à travers des pratiques sociales qui visualisent, administrent et utilisent les terres et les ressources. Parceque les peuple Natifs ont eu relativement peu de pouvoir politique, leur capacitéà influencer la production de l'espace a reçu peu d'attention. Cependant, l'imposition de pratiques sociales Euro‐Canadiennes sur les espaces Natfs a rarement effacé la spatialité indigené, mais a plutôt crée un territoire composé d'espaces partagés et hybrides, résultat de l'intéraction des sociétés indigènes et Euro‐Canadiennes. Cet exposé suggère que les procédés sociaux impliqués dans lá production de l'espace sont peut‐être plus visibles quand deux partis négocient l'allocation et la gestion des terres et des ressources. Dans les années 70, le peuple Tl'azt'en s'est engagé dans des négociations au sujet de la construction d'un chemin de fer à travers leur territoire. Dans ces négociations, les buts sociaux et économiques du Tl'azt'en furent inscrits à un degré significatif dans l'organisation spatiale du territoire. Comme les présentes négociations de traité, les négociations des années 1970 ont impliqué des compromis par les deux partis, et ont résultéà la création de nouveaux espaces sociaux hybrides qui reflétaient les buts et stratégies des deux groupes.
Residential segregation of visible minorities in Canada's gateway cities
Authors: BAUDER HARALD , SHARPE BOB
Published: March 2008

Although the influx of visible minority immigrants has created an atmosphere of diversity and multicultural‐ism in Canada's three major gateway cities, Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver, immigration has also produced metropolitan landscapes of fragmentation and ethnic separation. The objective of this study is to compare the residential patterns of visible minority populations in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver, using a rigorous and consistent method that examines the temporal and spatial nature of segregation and its links to local housing characteristics. The paper reviews the literature on models of urban separation, and ethnic and visible minority segregation in Canadian cities, and develops four propositions regarding expected residential patterns and concentrations of visible minorities. It tests these propositions using an analysis of 1986, 1991 and 1996 Census data, in which residential patterns in the three cities are examined and related to the distribution of different types of housing. Our findings confirm previous research results of fragmentation and dispersal, but we uncover decisive differences between cities.

Bien que l'afflux d'immigrants appartenant à des minorités visibles ait créé un climat de diversité et de multiculturalisme dans trois des principales portes d'entrée au Canada, à savoir Montréal, Toronto, Vancouver, il n'en reste pas mains que cet afflux a aussi produit des paysages métropolitains de fragmentation et séparation ethniques. L'objectifde cette étude est de comparer les modèles résidentiels des populations minoritaires visibles de Montréal, Toronto et Vancouver; pour ce, nous avons utilisé une méthodologie rigoureuse qui examine la nature de cette ségrégation, du point de vue temporel et spatial ainsi que ses liens avec les caractéristiques des habitats locaux. L'article fait une recension des écrits portant sur les modèles de séparation urbaine, ainsi que sur la ségrégation des minorités ethniques et visibles. II développe quatre propositions concernant les modèles résidentiels et les concentrations de minorités visibles anticipés. L'article vérifie ces propositions à partir de l'analyse des données du recensement des années 1986, 1991 et 1996, dans lesquelles les modèles résidentiels étaient étudiés et mis en rapport avec la distribution des différents types d'habitat. Nos conclusions confirment les résultats de recherches antérieures sur la fragmentation et la dispersion, mais dévoilent en même temps des différences cruciales entre les villes.
Augmentation of antidepressants with atypical antipsychotics for treatment‐resistant major depressive disorder
Authors: Shelton Richard C. , Papakostas George I.
Published: March 2008

Objective: Atypical antipsychotics (AAPs) have been hypothesized to be beneficial in treatment‐resistant depression (TRD). This paper will review a biochemical rationale and will summarize the data regarding the effectiveness of AAPs in TRD.

Method: Studies were identified using searches of Pubmed/Medline, EMBase and the Cochrane databases by cross‐referencing the term ‘depression’ with each of the six AAPs.

Results: After initial positive, short case reports and clinical trials, larger studies failed to show the effectiveness of AAPs combined with antidepressants for TRD. More recently, larger scale clinical trials have supported the effectiveness of at least some of these medications. While AAPs have gained in popularity for TRD, there are nagging concerns regarding risks such as metabolic syndrome and tardive dyskinesia.

Conclusion: The existing research provides some support for the beneficial effects of AAPs when combined with SSRI’s in TRD. These medications pose significant risks that must be considered in their use.
Neurochemical pathology in hippocampus in euthymic patients with bipolar I disorder
Authors: Scherk H. , Backens M. , Schneider‐Axmann T. , Kemmer C. , Usher J. , Reith W. , Falkai P. , Gruber O.
Published: March 2008

Objective:  Subcortical regions such as hippocampus, thalamus and ventral putamen are assumed to be involved in the pathophysiology of mood regulation. Disturbed hippocampal neuronal function indicated by reduced N‐acetyl‐aspartate (NAA) levels in bipolar patients was shown by several studies. Results in thalamus and putamen are inconsistent.

Method:  N‐acetyl‐aspartate, choline (Cho), creatine (Cr) and myo‐inositol (Ins) were measured in left hippocampus, left thalamus and left putamen using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in 13 euthymic patients with bipolar I disorder and 13 pairwise matched healthy control subjects. Metabolic ratios NAA/Cr, NAA/Cho, Cho/Cr and Ins/Cr were calculated.

Results:  Patients with bipolar I disorder demonstrated significantly reduced NAA/Cr in the left hippocampus compared with healthy control subjects. No alterations were found in thalamus or putamen.

Conclusion:  We hypothesize that this NAA/Cr reduction might reflect neuronal dysfunction in the left hippocampus in patients with bipolar disorder.
Maternal anxiety predicts favourable treatment outcomes in anxiety‐disordered adolescents
Authors: Legerstee J. S. , Huizink A. C. , Van Gastel W. , Liber J. M. , Treffers P. D. A. , Verhulst F. C. , Utens E. M. W. J.
Published: March 2008

Objective:  To determine the differential impact of maternal and paternal internalizing psychopathology on cognitive‐behavioural treatment (CBT) outcome of anxiety‐disordered children and adolescents.

Method:  Participants consisted of 127 children and 51 adolescents with a primary anxiety diagnosis. Children were randomly assigned to a standardized group CBT or individual CBT; adolescents received individual CBT. Parents received four training sessions. Participants were evaluated at pre‐ and post‐treatment with a clinical interview and with self‐ and parent‐reported questionnaires. Lifetime anxiety and mood disorders in parents were obtained with a clinical interview.

Results:  For children, no associations were found between maternal and paternal anxiety or mood disorders and treatment outcome. For adolescents, however, maternal lifetime anxiety disorders were positively associated with pre‐post‐treatment improvement in clinician severity ratings and with treatment success.

Conclusion:  Lifetime maternal anxiety disorders were significantly associated with favourable treatment outcomes in adolescents. Paternal disorders were not associated with treatment response.
Evaluation of clinical prognostic models for suicide attempts after a major depressive episode
Authors: Galfalvy H. C. , Oquendo M. A. , Mann J. J.
Published: March 2008

Objective:  In this study, we compare the performance of prognostic models of increasing complexity for prediction of future suicide attempt.

Method:  Using data from a 2‐year prospective study of 304 depressed subjects, a series of Cox proportional hazard regression models were developed to predict future suicide attempt. The models were evaluated in terms of discrimination (the ability to rank subjects in order of risk), calibration (accuracy of predicted probabilities of attempt), and sensitivity and specificity of risk group stratification based on cross‐validated predicted probabilities.

Results:  Although an additive model with past attempt, smoking status, and suicidal ideation achieved 75% (cross‐validated) sensitivity and specificity, models that performed best in terms of discrimination included interactions between predictor variables.

Conclusion:  As several models had similar predictive power, clinical considerations and ease of interpretation may have a significant role in the final stage of model selection for assessing future suicide attempt risk.
Fetal growth restriction and the development of major depression
Authors: Vasiliadis H.‐M. , Gilman S. E. , Buka S. L.
Published: March 2008

Objective: To test the association between fetal growth restriction and the lifetime risk of major depression and the number of recurrent episodes.

Method: Study subjects (n = 1101) were offspring of participants in the Providence, RI, site of the National Collaborative Perinatal Project. Cox regression was used to investigate the relation between measures of birth size and the lifetime risk of depression and the mean number of depressive episodes was compared across categories of birth size.

Results: There was no association between low birth weight, gestational age, ponderal index and small for gestational age and the lifetime risk of major depression, or the number of recurrent episodes.

Conclusion: Fetal growth restriction, as reflected by multiple measures of birth size, is not associated with the risk of a major depression or the subsequent recurrence of depressive episodes. Results of this study do not support a ‘fetal programming’ effect in depression.
MUC‐1 mucin in normal human salivary glands detected by HMFG‐1 and HMFG‐2 monoclonal antibodies
Authors: PONCE‐BRAVO SANTA , LEDESMA‐MONTES CONSTANTINO , MORALES‐SÁNCHEZ ISRAEL
Published: March 2008

The aim of this study was to determine the immunoexpression of normal salivary gland cells using two human milk fat globule membrane protein antibodies (HMFG‐1 and HMFG‐2). Paraffin‐embedded, 5 μm‐thick slides from parotid and submandibular gland tissues were cut and immunostained with monoclonal antibodies HMFG‐1 and HMFG‐2 against MUC1 protein. HMFG antigens were found in secretory epithelial cells and ductal cells lining the striated and intercalated ducts in the intraductal secretion material, and sometimes in the myoepithelial cells. Our results suggest that HMFG‐1 and HMFG‐2 proteins may play a role in normal salivary gland function, mainly in the manufacturing and secretion of saliva.
High frequency of gastroduodenal cytomegalovirus infection in liver transplant patients
Authors: HALME LEENA , LEMPINEN MARKO , AROLA JOHANNA , SARKIO SUSANNA , HÖCKERSTEDT KRISTER , LAUTENSCHLAGER IRMELI
Published: March 2008

The prevalence and significance of cytomegalovirus (CMV) detected in biopsy specimens from the gastroduodenal mucosa of liver transplant patients, patients with chronic or acute liver failure and immunocompetent patients with dyspeptic symptoms were evaluated. 80 liver transplant patients with upper gastrointestinal symptoms, 132 patients with chronic and 25 with acute liver failure, and 33 immunocompetent, dyspeptic patients underwent oesophagogastroduodenoscopies, with biopsies from the duodenum and stomach. CMV was demonstrated by immunohistochemistry in frozen sections, using a monoclonal antibody against CMV‐specific antigens (pp65 matrix protein), and in paraffin sections by a monoclonal antibody against delayed early protein (p52). 71% of the liver transplant patients, 45% of the patients with chronic liver disease, 20% with acute liver failure, and 45% of the immunocompetent, dyspeptic patients had CMV‐positive findings in the gastroduodenal mucosa (liver transplant patients vs other groups, p<0.01). Histopathological findings in CMV‐positive samples were focal inflammation, including increased inflammation of the lamina propria, infiltrating leukocytes intra‐epithelially, regenerative changes in the epithelial cells and inclusion bodies. In conclusion, CMV‐positive cells and inclusions are often found in the gastroduodenal mucosa of liver transplant patients, as well as in patients suffering from chronic liver disease or even in otherwise healthy patients with dyspeptic symptoms.
Pagetoid dyskeratosis of the nipple epidermis: an incidental finding mimicking Paget's disease of the nipple
Authors: GARIJO M. FRANCISCA , VAL DANIEL , VAL‐BERNAL J. FERNANDO
Published: March 2008

Pagetoid dyskeratosis (PD) is considered a selective keratinocytic response in which a small part of the normal population of pale keratinocytes is induced to proliferate. PD has been found incidentally in the squamous epithelium of the skin and mucosas in various locations, but not in the nipple. In cases in which PD cells are conspicuous, there is the danger of overdiagnosis. In a retrospective study, we describe the location and incidence of PD and other pale cells in the nipple epidermis, in 288 mastectomy specimens from women operated on for breast carcinoma, in situ or infiltrating, selected consecutively from our histopathologic files. In addition to the conventional histologic methods an immunohistochemical study was performed in selected cases. PD was found in 184 (63.9%) cases and was a prominent finding in 37 (12.8%) cases. Toker cells (TCs) were identified by standard light microscopy in 24 (8.3%) nipples. Paget carcinoma cells (PCCs) were found in 12 (4.2%) cases, and in 9 (3.1%) they were an incidental finding. The immunohistochemical profile of each type of pale cells was as follows: PD cells, EMA‐,LMWCK‐,CK7‐,HMWCK+, CEA−, HER2/neu protein−, HMB45−, HPV−; TCs, EMA+, LMWCK+, CK7+, HMWCK−, CEA−, HER2/neu protein−, HMB45−, HPV−; PCCs, EMA+, LMWCK+, CK7+, HMWCK−, CEA+, HER2/neu protein+, HMB45−, HPV−. In conclusion, friction may be the stimulus for the appearance of PD cells. PD cells must be distinguished from TCs, PCCs, clear cells of Bowen's disease, pagetoid melanoma cells, cells of clear cell papulosis, koilocytes, artifactual clear cells, and glycogen‐rich squamous cells. A combination of immunohistochemical markers is useful for this distinction; however, routine histologic study is usually adequate for recognizing PD. Pathologists should be familiar with the histologic features of PD in the nipple epidermis to avoid misdiagnosis.
Plasma cell granuloma of the thyroid. Case report
Authors: DENIZ KEMAL , PATIROGˇLU TAHIR E. , OKTEN TURHAN
Published: March 2008

We report two cases of thyroidal plasma cell granuloma. Both patients underwent surgical resection after presenting with painless neck swelling. Histopathologic examination of the specimens revealed plasmacytes infiltrating the thyroid parenchyma and immunohistochemical studies showed the polyclonal nature of the plasma cells. Plasma cell granuloma is a benign lesion and its appearance in the thyroid gland is extremely rare. Eleven prior cases with thyroid localization have been reported to date in the English literature. Nine of the plasma cell granuloma cases occurred in women, four in men (including the present cases). The clinicopathologic features and diagnostic difficulties of this rare entity are described, and its relation to inflammatory pseudotumor of other sites is discussed with a review of the literature.
Magnitude of bacteraemia is associated with increased mortality in non‐typhoid salmonellosis: a one‐year follow‐up study
Authors: GRADEL KIM O. , DETHLEFSEN CLAUS , SCHØNHEYDER HENRIK C. , NIELSEN HENRIK
Published: March 2008

We examined whether the number of positive bottles in a routinely used three‐bottle blood culture (BC) set predicted one‐year mortality in adult patients with non‐typhoid Salmonella (NTS). Data from 1994 through 2003 in North Jutland County, Denmark, were retrieved from health databases and medical records. We used the number of positive BC bottles as an index of magnitude of NTS bacteraemia: Index 0 (reference) patients had a negative BC coincident with an NTS‐positive faecal culture and index 1, 2, or 3 patients had increasing levels of NTS bacteraemia. For all patients and for patients with gastroenteritis we computed Kaplan‐Meier curves to summarize survival over time and Cox regression analysis to estimate mortality in crude analyses and in analyses adjusted for comorbidity and age. There were 115, 43, 21, and 41 patients with index 0, 1, 2, and 3, respectively. One‐year cumulative mortality was 4.4%, 14.0%, 28.6%, and 41.5% for indices 0 to 3. Adjusted one‐year mortality rate ratios (with 95% confidence intervals) were 1.7 (0.5–5.8), 5.2 (1.5–17.4), and 5.3 (1.9–14.9) for index 1, 2, and 3 patients, respectively. These estimates remained robust for patients with gastroenteritis. We conclude that higher magnitude of bacteraemia predicted one‐year mortality in NTS patients.
Comparison of microscopy, culture and in‐house PCR and NASBA assays for diagnosis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Russia
Authors: SHIPITSYNA ELENA , GUSCHIN ALEXANDER , MAXIMOVA ANNA , TSESLYUK MARIYA , SAVICHEVA ALEVTINA , SOKOLOVSKY EVGENIJ , SHIPULIN GERMAN , DOMEIKA MARIUS , UNEMO MAGNUS
Published: March 2008

This study aimed to assess the laboratory diagnosis of Neisseria
gonorrhoeae in St. Petersburg, Russia. In total, 334 consecutive symptomatic
patients were enrolled. Cervical and urethral specimens from women
(n=286) and urethral specimens from men (n=48) were
analyzed by microscopy, culture and two in‐house NAATs, i.e. polymerase chain
reaction (PCR) and nucleic acid sequence‐based amplification (NASBA), developed
in Russia. All N. gonorrhoeae‐positive samples were confirmed using
porA pseudogene and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. All methods
displayed 100% specificity, i.e. positive predictive values of 100%. Compared to
the PCR (most sensitive method in the present study), in women the sensitivity
of both microscopy and culture was 31.8%, and that of NASBA was 90.9%. In men,
microscopy, culture and NASBA displayed a sensitivity of 75%, 50% and 100%,
respectively. The negative predictive values of microscopy, culture, and NASBA
were 97.3%, 97.3%, and 99.6% in women, and 97.8%, 95.7%, and 100% in men,
respectively. According to the PCR, the prevalences of N. gonorrhoeae were 4.5% (women) and 8.3% (men). In conclusion, both the investigated Russian NAATs displayed a high sensitivity and specificity. However, in general the diagnosis of gonorrhoea in Russia is suboptimal and crucially requires validation, improvements and quality assurance.