bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ion energy measurements from the interaction of atomic and
molecular clusters with intense femtosecond laser pulses
Authors: SPRINGATE E. , TISCH J.W.G , HAY N. , GUMBRELL E.T. , HUTCHINSON M.H.R. , MARANGOS J.P.
Published: July 2002

We have measured multi-keV protons and ∼100 keV
iodine ions from the interaction of intense, femtosecond
laser pulses with atomic Xe clusters and mixed-species
HI clusters. The explosion dynamics of the HI clusters
differs from the pure H and I cluster cases, with the iodine
energies being substantially reduced. Mixed-species clusters
provide a possible route for boosting the explosion energies
of low-Z ions, and extend the advantages of the
laser-cluster interaction to species that do not readily
form pure clusters.
Theory and simulations of the interactions of intense radiation
with atoms, molecules, and solids
Authors: ALVAREZ J.J. VICENTE , FERCONI M. , PANTELIDES S.T.
Published: July 2002

We report time-dependent simulations of the evolution
of atoms, molecules, and solids in the presence of intense
electromagnetic radiation using the density functional
theory. In the case of the ionic degrees of freedom we
find that selective breaking of strong bonds may be possible
at off-resonant infrared frequencies by a novel “concerted
kick” mechanism. In the case of the electron response
we find the following: free atoms and ions under intense
infrared light respond with high harmonics in the X-ray
regime; for a free molecule (Si2), we predict
an unusual third harmonic response to a UV pulse centered
at a frequency equal to the primary electronic excitation
of the molecule; for a semiconductor (Si), we find several
odd harmonics in response to a continuous wave of subgap
infrared radiation. Prospects for future calculations are
discussed.
Separation of isotopes by laser-assisted retardation of
condensation (SILARC)
Authors: EERKENS JEFF W.
Published: July 2002

Equations (10)–(12) and (14)–(16) of
this paper, as well as the paragraph following (16), contain
errors and should be corrected as follows (primes indicate
corrected equations). The corrections do not alter the
analyses and conclusions in the remainder of the paper.

Article appeared in Laser and Particle Beams
(1998), 16, 295–316
Computational modeling of classical and ablative Rayleigh–Taylor
instabilities
Authors: WOOD-VASEY W.M. , BUDIL K.S. , REMINGTON B.A. , GLENDINNING S.G. , RUBENCHIK A.M. , BERNING M. , KANE J.O. , LARSEN J.T.
Published: July 2002

Modeling plus simulations using the one-dimensional Lagrangian
radiation-hydrodynamics code HYADES are compared with data
from classical and ablative Rayleigh–Taylor experiments
conducted on the Nova laser. Comparisons between the experiments
and modeling for both the gross hydrodynamic motion and
the perturbation evolution are made and show good agreement.
A third order perturbation analysis is applied to demonstrate
the onset of nonlinearity. A simple, physically intuitive
saturation model is used to describe the growth further
into the nonlinear regime. Finally, we present the first
comparison of the Betti ablation front theory with indirect-drive
RT data and obtain good agreement.
Measurement of stopping power of 240 MeV argon ions in partially
ionized helium discharge plasma
Authors: OGAWA M. , NEUNER U. , KOBAYASHI H. , NAKAJIMA Y. , NISHIGORI K. , TAKAYAMA K. , IWASE O. , YOSHIDA M. , KOJIMA M. , HASEGAWA J. , OGURI Y. , HORIOKA K. , NAKAJIMA M. , MIYAMOTO S. , DUBENKOV V. , MURAKAMI T.
Published: July 2002

An energy loss of 240 MeV argon ions in a Z-pinch
helium plasma has been for the first time observed throughout
the entire pinching process. Standard Stark broadening
analysis gives an electron density ranging from 4 to 6
× 1017 cm−3 during the
pinch. To deduce stopping power from the energy loss, the
target thickness of the helium plasma has been evaluated
assuming the mean charge of helium based on thermal equilibrium.
The observed electron density and the mean charge of helium
give a target thickness of 30 ± 3 μg cm−2
from 1 μs to 1.8 μs after the discharge ignition.
The measured stopping power exceeds a tabulated value for
cold helium gas by a factor of 2 to 3 around the time of
the first pinch. The experimental stopping power is compared
with theoretical values calculated using an equation of
stopping power for a partially ionized plasma.
CO2Laser Cutting, 2nd Edition,
John Powell. 1998. Springer-Verlag. 248 pp. $79.95. ISBN 1-852-33047-3.
Authors: Kaplan Alexander F.H.
Published: July 2002

This book treats the most widespread application of
high-power laser materials processing, that is, CO2
laser cutting. Although called CO2 laser cutting,
most of the content of the book is also valid for cutting
with other lasers such as Nd:YAG or Cu Vapor lasers. The
technology is described in a very useful style by emphasizing
practical aspects and by replacing highly scientific phrases
by clear, illustrative explanations. Nevertheless, this
guide through the complex field of laser cutting is accompanied
by critical physical explanations throughout the whole
book. It should be emphasized that Dr. Powell is the technical
director of two job shops on laser cutting, but has also
been highly active in science for many years. This ideal
combination of practical experience with scientific know-how
is reflected throughout the whole book by highlighting
the practical aspects of laser cutting, often accompanied
by very critical scientific explanations. It should be
noted that the present second edition of the book differs
from the first edition, printed in 1993, only by several
pages that had to be updated according to the state of
the art.
Atom–Photon Interactions: Basic Processes and
Applications, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, Jacques Dupont-Rock,
& Gilbert Grynberg. 1992; paperback edition issued
in 1998. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (New York). 656 pp.
$44.95. ISBN 0-471-29336-9.
Authors: Kash Michael M.
Published: July 2002

When this remarkable book appeared in 1992, it became
an instant classic. Combined with its precursor volume by
the same authors, Photons and Atoms: An Introduction to
Quantum Electrodynamics, these works deftly illuminate
the central interactions between light and matter. I refer
the reader to the excellent review of Atom–Photon
Interactions: Basic Processes and Applications by T.A.
Brian Kennedy (American Journal of Physics 61(6),
1993, p. 572).
Numerical modeling of super-high-intensity monochromatic
radiation penetration into dense plasma
Authors: VOINOV BORIS A.
Published: July 2002

The penetration of the long-focused monochromatic
radiation pulse into plasma whose density is much higher
than critical has been modeled by simultaneous solution
wave equation for the field and the gasdynamics equations
for plasma in 2D axial symmetric case. The method and computation
results are presented showing the effect of quasiwaveguide
propagation of a pulse into plasma to a depth sufficiently
exceeding the wavelength.
Nonlinear optical properties of active medium at intracavity
phase conjugation of long pulse CO2 laser radiation
Authors: IONIN A. , KOTKOV A. , SELEZNEV L. , GALUSHKIN M. , MITIN K.
Published: July 2002

Phase conjugation process at intracavity degenerate
four wave mixing of a long pulse CO2 laser radiation
in its active medium has been studied experimentally. Dependencies
of energetic and temporal characteristics of the phase
conjugation signal upon specific energy stored into electric
discharge, Q-factor of laser resonator, laser mixture composition
and pressure, interaction angle, optical delay between
probe and co-propagating waves, intensity ratio for these
waves J3/J1,
a degree of linear polarization, and laser spectrum are
analyzed. Reflectivity of the phase conjugation signal
is shown to increase with specific input energy rise and
a decrease of the ratio J3/J1,
being up to 7.5%. An increase of nitrogen content and a
decrease of helium content in the laser mixture results
in reflectivity rise and peculiar laser pulse profile with
two maximums being due to amplitude and phase nonlinearities
of the active medium. Specific input energy rise and an
increase of Q-factor leads to a decrease of response time
for the phase conjugation signal. Nonlinear properties
of degenerate four wave mixing on amplitude gain and phase
thermal diffraction gratings in the active medium of a
long pulse CO2 laser are analyzed theoretically.
An interconnection of nonlinear parameters of the amplifying
media with the temporal behavior of phase conjugation reflectivity
is determined. A comparison of the theoretical calculations
and the experimental data has been done.
Ionization-induced leaking-mode channeling of intense short
laser pulses in gases
Authors: SERGEEV A.M. , LONTANO M. , KIM A.V. , GILDENBURG V.B. , CHERNOBROVTSEVA M.D. , POZDNYAKOVA V.I. , SHERESHEVSKII I.A.
Published: July 2002

We demonstrate that short laser pulse self-guiding
over distances of many Rayleigh lengths can be achieved
in the absence of any focusing nonlinearity as a result
of trapping of a leaking wave in a plasma channel produced
by field-induced ionization in the saturation regime. A
detailed computational study of the new self-guiding effect
in both cases of comparatively long laser pulses, when
the traditional approximation of the slowly varying complex
amplitude is valid, and of high intense ultrashort laser
pulses comprising only few field cycles have been performed.
Hydrodynamic models and schemes for fast ignition
Authors: HAIN S. , MULSER P. , CORNOLTI F. , OPOWER H.
Published: July 2002

In this paper, we want to discuss different hydrodynamic
schemes for fast ignition and some of their basic effects.
Relativistic hydrodynamics and a covariant generalized
Ohm's law are presented. Matter perforation (hole
boring) by an intense laser pulse is investigated by 2D
numerical simulations and a simple formula for the perforation
speed is derived. Furthermore, we study macroparticle acceleration
by an intense laser beam and the possibility to provide
an energetic and massive projectile for ballistic ignition.
The dynamics of ignition of a precompressed D–T mixture
is illustrated by numerical simulations in planar 2D geometry
using direct laser irradiation and macroparticle impact
as external drivers. Electron heat conduction is found
to be responsible for an efficient burn wave propagation
which prevents the hot gas bubble of burning fuel from
deflagrating into vacuum.
Problems of measurement of dense plasma heating in laser
shock-wave compression
Authors: BATANI D. , KOENIG M. , BENUZZI A. , KRASYUK I.K. , PASHININ P.P. , SEMENOV A.Yu. , LOMONOSOV I.V. , FORTOV V.E.
Published: July 2002

Experimental results of heating measurements of
matter carried out in a study of laser-driven shock waves
in aluminum (Batani et al. 1997) are discussed.
The measured temporal evolution of the “color”
temperature of the rear surface of the target is compared
with that computed by a numerical code. It has been established
that the target preheating can substantially affect optical
signal features recorded from the rear side of the target,
and consequently influence upon the accuracy of temperature
and pressure measurements of the material behind the shock
wave front.
Electron acceleration in laser wakefield experiment at Ecole
Polytechnique
Authors: DORCHIES F. , AMIRANOFF F. , BATON S. , BERNARD D. , CROS B. , DESCAMPS D. , JACQUET F. , MALKA V. , MARQUÈS J. R. , MATTHIEUSSENT G. , MINÉ Ph. , MODENA A. , MORA P. , MORILLO J. , NAJMUDIN Z. , SOLODOV A.
Published: July 2002

An experiment has been performed with the LULI
Multi-TeraWatt Laser. The acceleration of electrons injected
in a plasma wave generated by the laser wakefield mechanism
has been observed with a maximum energy gain of 1.5 MeV.
It has been shown that the electrons deflected during the
interaction, could scatter on the walls of the experimental
chamber, and fake a high-energy signal. A special effort
has been given in the electron detection to separate the
accelerated electrons signal from the background noise.The
experimental results agree with theoretical predictions
and numerical simulations when 3D effects on the electron
beam are taken into account.
Development of laser fusion investigations at All-Russian
Scientific Research Institute of Experimental Physics (VNIIEF)
Authors: KIRILLOV G.A. , GARANIN S.G. , KOCHEMASOV G.G. , MKHITARIAN L.S. , MURUGOV V.M. , SUKHAREV S.A. , ZHIDKOV N.V.
Published: July 2002

Since 1973, research into the problem of laser
thermonuclear fusion has been carried out at VNIIEF. For
this purpose, laser iodine facilities ISKRA-4 and ISKRA-5
with the peak radiation power up to 100 TW have been created.
In the present work, the main stages of these facilities
creation, approaches to the selection of the pumping sources,
working media, optical scheme, radiation focusing system,
the system of the pumping sources energy feed, laser radiation,
and plasma parameters diagnostics methods are shown. There
are also presented types of the targets, filled with DT-gas,
in which the high temperature plasma is formed and its
parameters are studied. Data on values of neutron yield,
of X rays in wide energy range, degree of implosion, and
data on mix of heavy and light layers of matter are presented
as well.
Investigation of a laser driven vacuum diode X-ray source
of photon energy ∼5 keV
Authors: KOROBKIN Yu.V. , ROMANOV I.V. , RUPASOV A.A. , FEDIN D.A. , SHIKANOV A.S. , MOORTI A. , RAGHURAMIAH M. , UPADHYAY J. , KUMBHARE S.R. , SAILAJA S. , ARORA V. , NAIK P.A. , GUPTA P.D.
Published: July 2002

An investigation of a monochromatic point X-ray
source of photon energy ∼5 keV was carried out. The
source was set up using a laser produced Al plasma as a
cathode and a point-tip Ti anode. Optimum parameters of
the diode were determined from experimental measurements
of X-ray intensity dependence on laser pulse energy, applied
accelerating voltage, and distance between target (cathode)
and anode, using Nd:glass laser pulses (FWHM 30 ns) of
2 mJ to 4 J energy. Electron temperature characterization
of the target plasma was also performed from the XUV emission
spectrum (5–80 Å). Parameters of X radiation
in Ti K-shells are (1) spectral brightness of
∼1020 photons/cm2-sec-sr-keV,
(2) spatial size ∼300 microns, and (3) X-ray pulse
duration less than 20 ns.
Electric currents and heat flow generated by solitons near
critical layer in the inertial confinement fusion
Authors: BLAZQUEZ J.F. MIRAMAR , ALQUEZAR J.B. ALOS
Published: July 2002

Solitons are generated by injecting energy provided
by high power laser devices into a quiescent ICF plasma.
The data obtained by laser fusion show a change
δne in electronic density
profile focused by ponderomotive force of laser radiation
near the critical layer where wp
= w0, wp
being the plasma frequency and w0 the
laser frequency. This change that has a structure of soliton
type, becomes as a solution of a nonlinear Schrödinger
equation (NLS), solved as an inverse problem by means of the
inverse scattering transform with one eigenvalue invariant
in time, and representative of wave eigenvector. Electrical
currents are given in function of the above mentioned change
in the density profile of electrons and an average velocity
of such electrons corresponding to a nonmaxwellian electronic
velocity distribution. The z component of heat
flow is a consequence of electrical currents generated,
the generalized electrical field to classical transport,
and the generalized expression of vectorial heat flow developed
by Haines.
Fast electron propagation and energy deposition in laser
shock compressed plasmas
Authors: BERNARDINELLO A. , BATANI D. , MASELLA V. , HALL T.A. , ELLWI S. , KOENIG M. , BENUZZI A. , KRISHNAN J. , PISANI F. , DJAOUI A. , NORREYS P. , NEELY D. , ROSE S. , KEY M.H. , FEWS P.
Published: July 2002

The first experimental study of the propagation of electrons
created by an intense laser in shock-compressed matter has
been performed with the VULCAN laser facility at the
Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, to investigate one of
the fundamental phases of the fast ignitor concept for
inertial confinement fusion. Plastic plane targets were
irradiated on one side with two pulsed laser beams, each
with I ≈ 1014 W/cm2,
t ≈ 2 ns, E ≈ 80 J per pulse, to
generate a planar shock wave; on the opposite side of the
target, a chirped pulse amplification (CPA) laser beam
(I ≈ 1016 W/cm2,
t ≈ 3 ps, E ≈ 10 J) was focused
to generate the fast electrons. The results show an increase
of hot electron penetration in compressed matter with respect
to an ordinary one. Experimental results have been analyzed
with computer simulations.
Shock impedance matching experiments in foam-solid targets
and implications for “foam buffered ICF”
Authors: NAZAROV W. , BATANI D. , MASINI A. , BENUZZI A. , KOENIG M. , FARAL B. , HALL T. , LÖWER Th.
Published: July 2002

We studied the influence of foams on laser produced
shocks. Experiments were performed at LULI using a Nd laser
converted to second harmonic, and at MPQ (Max Planck Institut
für Quantenoptik) using the iodine Asterix laser converted
to third harmonic. In both cases, sub-ns lasers with pulse
energies of several tens of joules were focused on large
focal spots (hundreds of microns) to reduce 2D effects.
The laser beams were optically smoothed with phase zone
plates (PZP) and directly focused on layered targets made
of a foam layer on the laser side and a stepped Al layer
on the other side. A visible streak camera was used to
detect shock breakthrough at the base and at the step of
the Al target, allowing shock velocity to be determined.
Using the well known SESAME Al equation of state, we determined
shock pressure. A stronger pressure increase was measured
when foam was present, compared to what was obtained by
focusing the laser beam directly on the Al target. This
was due to the impedance mismatch effect at the Al-foam
interface.
Compression and heating of indirectly driven spherical fusion
targets on the ISKRA-5 facility
Authors: BEL'KOV S.A. , ABZAEV F.M. , BESSARAB A.V. , BONDARENKO S.V. , VESELOV A.V. , GAIDACH V.A. , DOLGOLEVA G.V. , ZHIDKOV N.V. , IZGORODIN V.M. , KIRILLOV G.A. , KOCHEMASOV G.G. , LITVIN D.N. , MITROFANOV E.I. , MURUGOV V.M. , MKHITARIAN L.S. , PETROV S.I. , PINEGIN A.V. , PUNIN V.T. , SENIK A.V. , SUSLOV N.A.
Published: July 2002

The experiments to study the indirect drive targets'
dynamics in a highly symmetrical X-radiation field were
performed on the ISKRA-5 facility. This paper covered the
results of experiments with the targets in the form of
a Cu spherical hohlraum, the internal surface of which
is coated with Au, with six holes for laser radiation input.
In the center of the aforementioned hohlraum, a glass capsule
filled with D–T gas was placed. In several experiments,
the central capsule was coated with an ablator made of
plastic with a different thickness. This allowed us to
perform a series of experiments in which the different
compression degree of D–T fuel was achieved. The
analyses of experimental results revealed good agreement
between the latter and the spherically symmetrical hydrodynamic
calculations.
Fabrication and monitoring of advanced low-density media
for ICF targets
Authors: GROMOV A.I. , BORISENKO N.G. , GUS'KOV S.Y. , MERKUL'EV YU.A. , MITROFANOV A.V.
Published: July 2002

Recently much attention has been paid to multilayer
inertial confinement fusion (ICF) targets, among them the
targets with low-density layers. This allows one to get
a number of interesting results using the presently existing
and future facilities. This concerns the volume absorption
of the laser radiation in a porous matter of the density
higher than the critical plasma density, and the formation
of the radiation absorption region under condition of increasing
geometric opacity of the low-density matter. We consider
the low-density foams, 3D nets, free-standing “snow-like”
layers, and pseudo low-density layers. We use artificial
foam as a convenient model to allow easier comparison of
the experimental laser shot data and the simulation. The
requirements to such layers are also analyzed. The methods
of precision control of the low-density targets are discussed.
On mechanism of deuterium heating in laser experiments with
conical targets
Authors: CHARAKHCH'YAN A.A. , KRASYUK I.K. , PASHININ P.P. , SEMENOV A.Yu.
Published: July 2002

The results of numerical simulation of the neutron
generation process in the cone lead targets exposed to
laser irradiation are presented. The experimental time
dependence of the target shell is used as a boundary condition
for the hydrodynamic equations. Deuterium compression is
calculated on the assumption that some part of the shell
that continues to move inward onto the conical target is
decelerated by deuterium in the absence of the reactive
force. The behavior of deuterium is described by the 2D
equations of two temperature gas dynamics with the electron
and ion contributions to the heat conduction taken into
account. The behavior of lead is described by the 2D equations
of gas dynamics closed by the real wide range equation
of state (EOS). The neutron yield in the experiments under
discussion is caused by short duration steep rises of the
ion temperature generated by the collapse of the heading
shock wave and the first reflected one. The stage of adiabatic
compression of the high-temperature plasma was lacking
in the experiment due to the small mass of the shell.
Analysis and 2D numerical modeling of burn through of metallic
foil experiments using power KrF and Nd lasers
Authors: LEBO I.G. , MIKHAILOV Yu.A. , TISHKIN V.F. , ZVORYKIN V.D.
Published: July 2002

Two series of experiments on laser irradiation
of the different thickness Al-foils were made using laser
facilities “GARPUN” and “PICO”
(Lebedev Physical Institute, Moscow). “GARPUN”
is the KrF-laser with pulse energy Elas
≈ 100 J and pulse duration τ ≈ 100 ns. “PICO”
is a Nd-laser facility. The laser energy is
Elas1 ≈ 20 J and τ ≈
3–4 ns in a single beam. The burn through time
(tb) of different thickness
foils was studied. We have varied the foil thickness:
d = 20–500 μm for “GARPUN”
facility experiments, and d = 3–12 μm
for the case of “PICO” experiments. It was
discovered that the rates of the foil burn through are
much higher than those obtained in (Dahmani et al.,
1991a,b). The experimental data were analyzed with the
help of 2D numerical simulations, using the 2D Euler code
“NUTCY.” Good agreement was obtained between
numerical and experimental results. In the first case the
rate of foil “enlightment” is defined by transversal
displacement of matter (“drilling effect”).
With allowance for the effect of “hot spots formations”
it was possible to explain the burn through of thick foils
and low laser energy at the rear side of films in “PICO”
facility experiments (“microdrilling effect”).
The methods of the diminishing of the influence of microdrilling
effect (or “imprint” effect) on the nonuniformity
of ablation pressure are discussed.
2D Modeling of thermal smoothing of laser imprint in a double-pulse
plasma
Authors: LEBO I.G. , ISKAKOV A.B. , LIMPOUCH J. , MASHEK K. , ROHLENA K. , TISHKIN V.F.
Published: July 2002

Laser prepulse effect on thermal smoothing of non-uniformities
of target illumination is studied by means of 2D Lagrangian
hydrodynamics simulation, based on parameters of real experiment.
A substantial smoothing effect is demonstrated in case
of an optimum delay between the prepulse and main heating
laser pulse. The cause of enhancement of thermal smoothing
effect by laser prepulse is the formation of long hot layer
between the region of laser absorption and ablation surface.
Comparison with experimental results is presented.
Laser with phase conjugation for high intensity interactions
Authors: KULIKOV S.M. , DOLGOPOLOV Y.V. , DUDOV A.M. , KOCHEMASOV G.G. , KIRILLOV G.A. , PEVNY S.N. , SMIRNOV A.B. , SMYSHLYAEV S.P. , SUKHAREV S.A. , SHKAPA A.F.
Published: July 2002

We present the results of the experimental testing of the
laser facility LAMBDA, created and built at the Institute
of Experimental Physics of the Russian Federal Nuclear
Center for generation of quasi-steady-state laser fields
in microvolumes.

The facility includes: a single mode generator of reference
radiation (RR) producing about 10 mJ energy in a pulse
of controlled length from 3 to 30 ns; a target chamber
with an input objective focusing the RR beam to a micron-size
spot, and a 280-mm-diameter parabolic mirror with the focal
length also of 270 mm; a two-stage iodine amplifier with
the small signal gain coefficient 3·105
per one pass, to the input of which radiation from the
target chamber formed by the (microobjective + parabolic
mirror) system is applied; a phase conjugating device with
the system for the selection of the phase-conjugated component,
which allows us to realize the pulse compression in the
amplifier stages, and to provide the compensation of the
optical aberrations after the second pass amplification
and focusing of high-power radiation into the microvolume;
a complex for diagnostics of plasma and laser radiation
parameters.
REPORT FROM THE HEALTH COUNCIL OF THE NETHERLANDS
Authors: Perry Seymour
Published: July 2002

The Health Council of the Netherlands (Gezondheidsraad) is the scientific
advisory body on health and health care to the Dutch government. Its
recommendations cover fields that relate to the health of the population, such
as clinical medicine, public health, environmental protection, food and
nutrition, and occupational hygiene. Independent multidisciplinary committees
draw up the Council's advisory reports. The Council's 1997 Executive
Summaries booklet is now available. The reports are:
Herbivory on planted dipterocarp seedlings in secondary logged forests and primary forests of Sabah, Malaysia
Authors: HOWLETT BRUCE E. , DAVIDSON DIANE W.
Published: July 2002

Leaf defences, leaf nutritional quality and leaf expansion rates may vary with resource availabilities to
plants. Such variation could affect rates of leaf loss to herbivores, particularly along the steep resource gradients in
disturbed forests. Intraspecific and interspecific variation in leaf damage and leaf expansion rates were measured on
dipterocarp seedlings planted into secondary forests 1, 5 and 15 y after logging, and in adjacent primary forest of
Sabah, Malaysia. Herbivory rates or amounts of leaf damage were compared across habitats and species for expanding,
recently expanded, and mature leaves of Shorea leprosula and Dryobalanops lanceolata (Dipterocarpaceae). In all four
habitats, leaves of the faster growing S. leprosula sustained higher rates and amounts of leaf-area loss than did the
tougher leaves of slower growing D. lanceolata. Expanding leaves accumulated more leaf-area loss per week than did
mature leaves. In all habitats and in both species, more than 25% of expanding leaves disappeared entirely. Rates of
leaf-area loss per week differed among habitats for expanding leaves but not for mature leaves. In a relatively open,
1-y-old logged forest, faster leaf expansion reduced the time leaves spent in the most vulnerable stage; however, in S.
leprosula a greater rate of leaf area loss countered the shorter expansion time. Thus, leaves accumulated similar total
damages across habitats, and herbivory did not produce differences among habitats in seedling growth or mortality.
High levels of resources may increase both leaf palatability and leaf expansion rates, with counteracting effects on
herbivory.
Groves versus isolates: how spatial aggregation of Astrocaryum murumuru palms affects seed removal
Authors: Beck Harald , Terborgh John
Published: July 2002

Palm seeds of the genus Astrocaryum are known to attract a wide range of seed predators, including
insects, rodents and peccaries. We investigated the removal of seeds of Astrocaryum murumuru var. macrocalyx in
dense groves and under solitary palms, both within and outside of peccary exclosures. We set out arrays of 40 seeds
at each of 40 sites representing four treatments: in the open and in peccary exclosures, in groves and under solitary
palms. Seed removal from each site was monitored daily for 55 d. Infra-red-triggered cameras were installed to identify
the species that removed seeds. From the known and hypothesized behaviour of vertebrate seed predators under various
circumstances, we predicted that (1) overall seed loss should be higher under solitary trees, (2) peccaries should forage
preferentially in groves, (3) the variance in the rate of seed removal should be higher in groves, (4) a greater fraction
of the seeds removed from solitary palms should be scatterhoarded, and consequently, (5) greater numbers of seedlings
should recruit near solitary palms than in groves. The first four of these predictions were confirmed and the last was
rejected by the results. Peccaries preferred to forage in groves, and small rodents preferred to forage under solitary
palms. Whether in groves or under solitary palms, peccaries preferentially removed seeds from large arrays (21–40
seeds), and mostly ignored small arrays (≤ 20 seeds). Camera trapping demonstrated that the most frequent visitors
to seed arrays were Myoprocta pratti and Proechimys spp. There was no significant difference in the numbers of
seedlings around trees in groves versus solitary trees.
Delimiting the gap phase in the growth cycle of a Panamanian forest
Authors: Fraver Shawn , Brokaw Nicholas V. L. , Smith Alan P.
Published: July 2002

Despite the importance of treefall gaps in tropical forest dynamics, few studies have followed gap-phase processes for more than 2 y. We monitored, for five years, the growth and survival of many seedlings of Tetragastris panamensis (Engler) O. Kuntze, Protium panamense (Rose) I. M. Johnston, and Desmopsis panamensis (Rob.) Saff. (three common tree species of the Panamanian tropical moist forest) in artificially created treefall gaps and under intact-canopy control plots. On these same plots, we also monitored light levels using hemispherical photographs taken over an 8-y period. Seedling height growth was faster in gaps than under intact canopies during the first 42 mo of regrowth, then declined to rates similar to those under intact canopies. Light levels in gaps similarly rose and fell, returning to pre-gap levels by month 48. Only Tetragastris panamensis showed higher survival in gaps, contrary to the general assumption that seedling survival is enhanced by gap creation. Our results document important transition points that mark the conclusion of the gap phase, suggesting an estimate of 4y for the duration of the gap phase in this tropical forest.
Ground fires as agents of mortality in a Central Amazonian forest
Authors: Peres Carlos A.
Published: July 2002

Although undisturbed tropical evergreen forests are often thought to be fire-
resistant ecosystems due to lack of sufficiently dry fuel loads (Bond & van
Wilgen 1996, Kauffman et al. 1988, Uhl et al. 1988), this myth is rapidly collapsing with the proliferation of recent forest fires throughout south-east Asia
(Kinnard & O'Brien 1998, Leighton & Wirawan 1986), Central America (Anon.
1998a), and northern South America (Anon. 1998b) following unusually severe
seasonal droughts.
MORPHOLOGICAL TYPE, SPATIAL REFERENCE, AND LANGUAGE
TRANSFER
Authors: Jarvis Scott , Odlin Terence
Published: July 2002

This study clarifies issues related to the transferability of bound morphology and reports on
an empirical investigation of morphological transfer in the spatial expressions of
Finnish-speaking (n= 140) and Swedish-speaking (n= 70) adolescent
learners of English. The results indicate that both the bound, agglutinative morphology of the L1
Finnish spatial system and the free, prepositional morphology of the L1 Swedish spatial system
constrain the types of options that learners pursue in their L2 English spatial reference.
Additionally, however, the structural and semantic differences between the two L1 systems result
in different patterns of spatial reference in the L2. We characterize these differences in terms of
semantic transfer and simplification, and go on to show how transfer and simplification interact
in our data.
Maternal labelling of novel and familiar objects: implications for

children's development of lexical constraints
Authors: MASUR ELISE FRANK
Published: July 2002

Mothers' provision of names for novel and familiar toy animals
was

examined during play interactions with 20 infants observed at ages 0;10,

1;1, 1;5, and 1;9. Of particular interest were characteristics of mothers'

speech which might bear on children's development of lexical principles

or constraints. Analyses demonstrated that mothers facilitated their

children's determination of reference and differentially adjusted
their

naming practices to novel, comprehended, and familiar animals. They

virtually always named the whole object first. More important, the first

mention of novel, but not comprehended or familiar animals involved

both maternal naming and physical designation of the object 92% or

more of the time. Thus, although a novel word's referent may be

indeterminate logically, mothers specify it practically. These results

support the position that maternal labelling practices may assist children

in acquiring lexical principles and that lexical acquisition, perhaps even

the vocabulary spurt, can proceed during natural conversational interactions

before infants master lexical principles.
GNSS Guidance for All Phases of Flight: Practical Results
Authors: Leighton S. J. , McGregor A. E. , Lowe D. , Wolfe A. , Macaulay A. A.
Published: July 2002

This, and the following three papers, were first presented at GNSS 2000, the Third European
Symposium on Global Navigation Satellite Systems held in Edinburgh, Scotland from 1st to
4th May 2000.

GNSS, or more specifically, Satellite Based Augmentation System (SBAS), guidance
provides the prospect of a low-cost means for aircraft to become equipped to fly area
navigation (RNAV) operations. The implementation of such RNAV operations within UK
airspace offers potential benefits to both the airline operators and the Air Traffic Service
Providers (ATSPs).
Impacts of intensive urbanization on trees in Hong Kong
Authors: JIM CHI YUNG
Published: July 2002

Trees in cities face a severe limitation of plantable space and an exceptionally stressful growing environment. In Hong Kong, shortage of developable land has relegated trees to a lower priority and intensified urban impacts on them, relative to other cities. The vicissitudes of urban growth and trees since the founding of Hong Kong are reviewed, and eleven specific conflicts between urbanization and trees in Hong Kong are described. Redevelopment of existing buildings has raised site coverage by impervious surface and taken away ground-level planting space within and around affected lots. Infilling of relatively low-density areas mainly for government and institutional land-uses has increased development density and removed existing greenery and planting spaces. Road construction and improvement has widely damaged roadside trees and removed valuable and conspicuous greenery. Proliferation of underground utilities has fuelled the contest for usable space and precluded planting in many places. Widespread and frequent roadside trenching, associated with utilities and the laying of cable television and telecommunication networks has incurred massive root damage at roadsides. Poor soil quality commonly beset by chemical and physical constraints has caused chronic poor tree performance. Intrusion into urban parks and other green enclaves by buildings and roads has usurped the limited stock of green spaces. Encroachment into peri-urban woodlands has deprived the city of fringing mature greenery with conservation, landscape and amenity worth. Plantable space in reclaimed lands has been intensively used with inadequate allocation for trees. Protection and preservation of champion specimens has lacked statutory means and a coordinated policy. Reinforcement and demolition of stone walls has destroyed many large trees on unique mural habitats. Quality of arboricultural practice is poor, particularly in the private sector. Possible solutions to these limitations in Hong Kong are suggested, and have implications for other cities facing similar problems.
A community waterborne outbreak of gastro-enteritis attributed to Shigella sonnei
Authors: ALAMANOS Y. , MAIPA V. , LEVIDIOTOU S. , GESSOULI E.
Published: July 2002

An outbreak of gastro-enteritis occurred in a community of 2213 persons located near the city
of Ioannina, in North-western Greece. Two hundreds and eighty-eight inhabitants of the village
of Eleoussa, suffered from gastro-enteritis between 11 and 22 October. The peak of the
epidemic occurred during the first 3 days (11–13 October). The highest risk of developing
gastro-enteritis was observed in the age group 0–14 years (41·4%) and decreased significantly
with age (P < 0·01). Patients over 65 years were more frequently hospitalized than those in
other age groups (P < 0·05). Shigella sonnei was isolated from both, water samples and faeces
of patients. Control measures were implemented on the second day of the outbreak.
Environmental conditions suggest that contamination of the water system occurred by
groundwater.
Trial of a capripoxvirus-rinderpest recombinant vaccine in African

cattle
Authors: NGICHABE C. K. , WAMWAYI H. M. , BARRETT T. , NDUNGU E. K. , BLACK D. N. , BOSTOCK C. J.
Published: July 2002

Cattle were vaccinated with differing doses of an equal mixture

of capripox-rinderpest recombinant viruses expressing either the fusion

protein (F) or the haemagglutinin protein (H) of rinderpest virus.

Animals vaccinated with 2 × 104 p.f.u. or greater of

the combined viruses were completely protected against challenge, 1

month later, with both virulent rinderpest and lumpy skin disease

viruses. Vaccination with any of the doses did not induce any adverse

clinical response in the animals or transmission of the vaccine virus

between animals. All cattle challenged 6 or 12 months after vaccination

with 2 × 105 p.f.u. of the mixture of recombinant

viruses were protected from severe rinderpest disease. Ten out of 18

were completely protected while the remaining 8 developed mild clinical

signs of rinderpest. Cattle vaccinated with the recombinant vaccines

after prior infection with the parental capripox virus showed more

marked clinical signs of rinderpest after challenge with virulent

rinderpest, but 9 out of 10 recovered, compared with 80% mortality in

the unvaccinated controls.
Evaluation of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of genomic
restriction fragments in the discrimination of Yersinia
enterocolitica O[ratio ]3
Authors: ASPLUND K. , JOHANSSON T. , SIITONEN A.
Published: July 2002

One hundred and six Yersinia enterocolitica serogroup
O[ratio ]3, biotype 4 isolated from human and
porcine samples in 1984 and in the years 1993–5 were examined by
pulsed-field gel
electrophoresis (PFGE). The genomic profiles produced by the enzymes NotI
and XbaI were
studied. Sixteen (A–P) and 8 (1·8) different pulsotypes were
obtained, respectively. By
combining the pulsotypes produced by both NotI and XbaI
24 different types were
distinguished. The two major types, designated as A1 and B1, comprised
36% of all strains
tested. The proportions of pulsotypes A1 and B1 were, 35·9 and 25·6%,
respectively, among
strains isolated in 1984. The corresponding figures among the strains isolated
in 1993–5 were
35·8 and 41·8%. Nine pulsotypes were found only in 1984 and
nine only in 1993–5. The
proportions of the major pulsotypes, A1 and B1, in human isolates were
42·9 and 35·7% and
in porcine isolates 22·2 and 36·1% respectively. Six types
were found among both human and
porcine isolates, 8 only among human strains and 10 only among porcine
strains.
A community outbreak of invasive and non-invasive group A
beta-haemolytic streptococcal disease in a town in South Wales
Authors: EL-BOURI K. W. , LEWIS A. M. , OKEAHIALAM C. A. J. , WRIGHT D. , TANNA A. , JOYNSON D. H. M.
Published: July 2002

An increase in the incidence of invasive and non-invasive infections
caused by group A
β-haemolytic streptococci (GAS) was noted in and around the town of
Glynneath (population
approx. 4000) in West Glamorgan, South Wales between 1 January and 30 June
1995. A total
of 133 cases was ascertained with 127 (96%) occurring between 1 March and
30 June 1995.
Six patients had invasive disease (one died) and all presented at the peak
of the outbreak.
There were 127 non-invasive cases of whom 7 were hospitalized. The outbreak
was investigated
to determine its extent and whether it was caused by a single M-serotype
of GAS. Serotyping
showed that 13 different M-serotypes were involved with the M1 serotype
predominating. The
overall incidence of GAS invasive disease in West Glamorgan (population
365000) increased
sevenfold from a crude incidence of 0·5/105 per year
in 1994
to 3·5/105 per year in 1995, but
fell back to 0·75/105 per year in 1996. Eighty-two
(80%)
out of 102 individuals affected by
GAS replied to a health questionnaire; sore throat was the commonest symptom
reported
(97%). Thirty-nine of these index cases identified at least one other member
of their household
who had experienced similar symptoms. The interval between the onset of
illness in members
of a single household was 0·83 days with a mean of 22 days. The
mean duration of illness was
13·5 days and 61% of patients were treated with penicillin V for
a mean duration of 9·3 days.
Twenty-one per cent of GAS isolates were erythromycin-resistant and the
M4 and M6
serotypes were especially resistant to erythromycin (87·5 and 100%
resistance, respectively).
Penicillin V failed to eradicate GAS from the throats of 25% of assessable
patients. In this
community, an outbreak of non-invasive disease caused by GAS was linked
in time and place
with an outbreak of serious invasive disease.
Molecular epidemiological investigation of an outbreak of
Campylobacter jejuni identifies a dominant clonal line within
Scottish serotype HS55 populations
Authors: HARRINGTON C. S. , THOMSON-CARTER F. M. , CARTER P. E.
Published: July 2002

Three molecular typing methods, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), ribotyping, and
flagellin (flaA) gene typing, were used to discriminate within a group of 28 Campylobacter
jejuni, heat-stable serotype 55 (HS55) isolates derived from cases of campylobacter enteritis
occurring throughout Scotland, including 9 isolates associated with an outbreak. PFGE was
found to be most discriminatory, identifying 6 distinct profiles, followed by ribotyping (5
profiles), and then flagellin gene typing (4 profiles). The coincidence of all three genotypic
markers identified a dominant clonal line within the HS55 group, accounting for each of the
outbreak strains, and for 9 of the 19 sporadic strains. A second, closely related, clonal line
accounted for a further 5 of the sporadic strains, and also included the HS55 reference strain.
Identification and monitoring of such clonal lines should facilitate more effective future
epidemiological surveillance of C. jejuni.
Non-participation in a population-based seroprevalence study of vaccine-preventable diseases
Authors: DE MELKER H. E. , NAGELKERDE N. J. D. , CONYN-VAN SPAENDONCK M. A. E.
Published: July 2002

To estimate the immunity of the Dutch population against vaccine-preventable diseases, a
population-based serum bank was established. Since a multi-tiered approach to enrol eligible
individuals was used, both the overall non-response selection and the effect, on this selection,
of including additional participants and of excluding a subgroup of non-participants (i.e. those
without questionnaire data) could be studied. For some characteristics associated with non-participation, an association with seroprevalence of vaccine-preventable diseases is likely (e.g.
age, gender). For other characteristics (e.g. marital status, receipt of reminder, degree of
urbanization) the association with immune status is unclear but probably small. If the
distribution in the population, or information on all participants and non-participants, of the
characteristic is available, then the effect on the seroprevalence can be estimated. However,
investigators have to be aware that studying only a subgroup of non-participants might lead to
a biased insight into non-participation selection. Furthermore, merely including additional
participants might not always reduce this bias.
HIV incidence rates among drug users in northern Thailand, 1993–7
Authors: JITTIWUTIKARN J. , SAWANPANYALERT P. , RANGSIVEROJ N. , SATITVIPAWEE P.
Published: July 2002

Drug use is a major mode of HIV transmission in Thailand. This study determined HIV
incidence rates among drug users in a regional drug treatment centre in northern Thailand. A
retrospective cohort of repeatedly-hospitalized drug users between 1993 and 1997 was formed
and HIV incidence rates were calculated. The overall incidence was 11·44 per 100 person-years
of observation. Gender, age, religion, ethnicity, education, employment, income, reasons for
drug use, type of drugs, mode of use, spending on drugs, and referral for treatment are
associated with HIV incidence. However, there are no associations between HIV incidence and
history of treatment and mode of discharge from the centre. This implies that current
treatment modality has no impact on HIV infection risk and other therapeutic approaches
should be explored.
Geolinguistic diffusion and the U.S.–Canada border
Authors: Boberg Charles
Published: July 2002

The way in which language changes diffuse over
space—geolinguistic diffusion—is a central
problem of both historical linguistics and dialectology.
Trudgill (1974) proposed that distance, population, and
linguistic similarity are crucial factors in determining
diffusion patterns. His hierarchical gravity model has
made correct predictions about diffusion from London to
East Anglia, but has never been tested across a national
boundary. The aim of this article is to do so using data
from both sides of the U.S.–Canada border. Two cases
are examined: the non-diffusion of phonetic features from
Detroit to Windsor and the gradual infiltration into Canadian
English of American foreign (a) pronunciations. In both
cases, the model makes incorrect predictions. In the first
case, it is suggested that the model needs a term representing
a border effect, and that the diffusion of phonetic features
is constrained by structural, phonological factors; in
the second, a traditional wave theory of diffusion appears
to fit the data more closely than a hierarchical model.
The interaction of maternal and infant vulnerabilities on developing attachment relationships
Authors: POEHLMANN JULIE , FIESE BARBARA H.
Published: July 2002

The present study sought to document an example of how maternal and infant vulnerabilities
interact in contributing to the quality of early attachment relationships. Maternal depressive
symptoms, neonatal health characteristics, and infant–mother attachment were assessed for
42 preterm, low birth weight infants and 42 full-term infants at 12 months postterm. Results
indicated that preterm birth moderated the relation between maternal depressive symptoms and
quality of infant–mother attachment, even controlling for level of neonatal health
complications. Preterm infants with more symptomatic mothers were most likely to be classified
as insecurely attached to their mothers, whereas no direct relation between subclinical depressive
symptoms and attachment was found for full-term infants.
The management of falls in older people: from research to practice
Authors: Rowe Jed
Published: July 2002

Falls are common in late life. Evidence from New Zealand, the United States and
Great Britain suggest that about a third of people aged over 65 will fall each year,
a proportion that rises to about half for the community-dwelling population older
than 85 years. Falls are the leading cause of death from injury in older people. Although many falls do not cause serious injury, nor
precipitate referral to the health services for 30–50% of fallers,
those that do have major consequences. From a purely financial perspective, acute
care of those with falls is estimated to cost $10 billion per annum in the United
States.
Neurotic disorders
Authors: Lindesay James , Marudkar Mangesh
Published: July 2002

This article updates a previous review of this topic published in this series in 1996. The number of studies and review articles that have been published since then is encouraging, and suggests that there is a growing awareness of and interest in these disorders in old age.