bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pink organising: Notes on communication, self-organisation, noise and radical social movements
Authors: Swann Thomas , Ghelfi Andrea
Published: June 2019

This article explores the presence of noise in processes of communication and organisation in social movements. While the concept of noise has always had a role in discussions of communication, it is in light of the influence and use of social media that it comes to the fore as crucial in terms of how we understand communication. Rather than being a factor that interferes with effective communication, we will argue that noise is in fact inseparable from the experience of receiving information and organising through social media. Furthermore, the emergence of different ‘nuances’ of noise tells us something about different dynamics of self-organisation via social media. This article analyses the online forms of organisation of the 15M movement and the experiences of Dutch radical left activists to inform a better appreciation of the radical potential of a certain variant of noise: pink noise.
Effects on lubrication characteristics of water-lubricated rubber bearings with journal tilting and surface roughness
Authors: Du Yuanying , Li Ming
Published: June 2019

To study the effect of surface roughness on the lubrication characteristics of water-lubricated rubber bearings (WLRBs) when the stern shaft is tilted, the surface roughness of the bearings was measured by a surface roughness measuring instrument. Considering the tilting stern shaft and surface roughness, a mathematical model was constructed and water film thickness equation was deduced. By adopting the finite difference method, the film thickness and pressure distribution of WLRBs with tilt angle and roughness were analysed. The effects of tilt angle on film thickness and pressure under different surface roughness amplitudes and wavelengths were studied, and the results were then compared with those of smooth surface bearings without tilt angle. Finally, the minimum film thickness and maximum film pressure were analysed. The results showed that when the tilt of rotor and surface roughness of bearing were considered simultaneously, the film thickness exhibited a jagged distribution in the circumferential direction and decreased gradually in the axial direction. The film pressure had slightly irregular fluctuations and a sharp pressure peak. The tilt angle and roughness reduced the minimum film thickness, and the film thickness difference increased. The film pressure increased rapidly and local pressure exhibited slight, sudden changes. The surface roughness amplitude and wavelength had a considerable influence on the water film thickness, and the roughness amplitude had a clear effect on the film pressure. As the roughness amplitude increased, the minimum film thickness gradually declined and film pressure peak fluctuation grew. As the roughness wavelength increased, the film thickness fluctuated irregularly within a certain range of magnitude, and the minimum film thickness was almost constant.
Proposing a model for evaluating market efficiency of OTAs: Theoretical approach
Authors: Huang Hao , Liu Yide , Lu Dong
Published: June 2019

As one of the most popular exchange intermediary for travel products, the online travel agencies (OTAs) compete fiercely. Previous studies on the OTA market efficiency focus on the travel product prices and distribution channels competition, but contradictions and paradoxes can be found between the theoretical explanations and empirical results. This article proposed a theoretical model by identifying two determinants of the OTA market efficiency: the matching ability and market size. The study shows that (1) the matching ability improves the market efficiency by enlarging the market size and increasing the effective range of competition; (2) the comparative advantage in matching ability of one OTA will lead to the efficiency occupation of other OTAs; and that (3) new OTAs or long tail travel products may reduce market efficiency, but it provides the opportunity to reconstruct the traditional industrial chain. This study enriches the economic theory of OTA and provides commercial guides for practice.
Frequency and solution of an oscillator with a damping
Authors: Tao Zhao-Ling , Chen Guo-Hua , Xue Yan-Mei
Published: June 2019

The frequency is an intrinsic mathematical index for a nonlinear oscillator. The variational iteration method and He’s frequency formulation are used to handle the special oscillator [Formula: see text] for its approximate frequency and solutions. The Laplace transform and Ren–Hu’s average residual are adopted to simplify the solution process.
Plural policing as professional strife. Municipal officers and police officers in the Netherlands
Authors: Eikenaar Teun
Published: June 2019

In the past 30 years, the introduction of new providers of policing services has meant that the policing landscape in many countries has changed considerably. In the Netherlands, an important aspect of this ‘pluralization of policing’ is the introduction of municipal officers: new, public officials who are employed by Dutch municipalities. This article discusses how front-line professionals themselves view these changes and the division of labour between the regular police and municipal officers. By interpreting their views as strife and contestation over professional domains and by borrowing concepts from the sociology of professions, it adds a novel perspective to the current debate on plural policing. The article discerns four views, two of which highlight differences and two of which highlight similarities between these professions. In interpreting these views, the article states that officers define their professions mostly by referring to fundamental argumentations about professional core aspects and higher values. This implies the ‘professional projects’ of front-line workers might be as important as their orientation on outside (societal) needs and desires.
“Liking” as creating: On aesthetic category memes
Authors: Schonig Jordan
Published: June 2019

Social networks and media hosting sites have recently fostered a growing trend in meme culture: the circulation of images within strangely specific categories of pleasure such as the “oddly satisfying” and the “mildly interesting.” Difficult to define but collectively recognized, what I call aesthetic category memes are made up of images of ordinary things and processes that not only exemplify such categories of pleasure, but also provoke reflection on the peculiar nature of those categories. As a result, I argue, contributors to aesthetic category memes are unwittingly engaged in a philosophical project that tests the principles of aesthetic theory. Examining the growing archive of images and comments alongside key texts in aesthetic theory, I explore how aesthetic category memes reclaim the aesthetic faculties away from the presumed passivity of sharing, consuming, and “liking” online content, thereby revealing the philosophical foundations of what it means to share and “like” at all.
The moderating role of culture in social media-based spatial imagery, consumer xenocentrism, and word-of-mouth for global virtual teams
Authors: Arora Anshu Saxena , Arora Amit , Taras Vas
Published: June 2019

This study investigates how culture moderates the interrelationships among social spatial imagery (SSI), consumer xenocentrism (C-XEN), electronic word-of-mouth (eWoM), and overall project performance for global virtual teams (GVTs) in social media networked environments. In a sample of 1240 participants from developed economies (the United States and Italy) versus 1176 from emerging economies (China, India, Colombia, Brazil, and Malaysia), partial least squares structural equation modeling and multigroup analyses were conducted to examine the above social media-based interrelationships. The results indicate that low power distance (PD), individualist, and masculine cultures exert strong and positive relationships between C-XEN and negative eWoM; while high PD, collectivist, and less masculine (or feminine) cultures strengthen positive relationships between xenocentrism and positive eWoM. Further, negative eWoM aids project success for GVTs, while positive eWoM has no impact on project performance for developed and emerging economies. Theoretical and managerial implications for understanding cross-cultural aspects of SSI, C-XEN, eWoM, and GVT project performance in online social networks are discussed.
In service of the truth? An evaluation of the Danish Independent Police Complaints Authority
Authors: Holmberg Lars
Published: June 2019

The article discusses police oversight systems. In the Nordic countries, the primary focus of external oversight is on individual accountability, and the article reports on results from an evaluation of the Danish Independent Police Complaints Authority (IPCA), established in 2011. Results show that the vast majority of complaints are not upheld, and that most complainants are dissatisfied with their experience with the system. They find the case processing time too long, they think the Authority is prejudiced in favour of the police, and they do not understand the reasoning behind the decisions. The article argues that disappointment is related to the fact that the IPCA focuses almost exclusively on individual wrongdoing (rarely finding sufficient evidence to take action), whereas complainants seek recognition and wish to hold the police organization accountable. It is suggested that the complaints system should be redirected towards mediation between officers and citizens and include a focus on organizational accountability.
Airway clearance techniques for patients with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Physical therapy practice in Sweden
Authors: Westerdahl Elisabeth , Osadnik Christian , Emtner Margareta
Published: June 2019

There is considerable global variability in clinical practice regarding the prescription of airway clearance techniques (ACTs) for patients with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD). Little is known about the physical therapy practice, and no international guidelines are available. The aim of this survey was to identify current physical therapy practice regarding ACT prescription for patients with AECOPD in Sweden. A cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted via a Web-based questionnaire, sent to all ( n = 70) hospitals that offer physical therapy service for patients with AECOPD in Sweden. Responses were received from 117 physical therapists (76%) across all sites. ACTs were prescribed for more than half of all patients with an AECOPD by 75% of physical therapists. The most frequently used ACTs were positive expiratory pressure (PEP) devices (90%), directed huffing (88%) and cough (71%). Most physical therapists (89%) perceived sputum clearance to be an important aspect of the overall management of patients with AECOPD. The main factors influencing choice of ACT were the ‘degree of dyspnoea or work of breathing’ and ‘access to resources/equipment’. Physical therapists prescribe predominantly PEP-based ACTs for patients with AECOPD in Sweden. Several factors come into consideration that influences the choice of treatment technique.
First-Year, Nontraditional Student Retention at Four-Year Institutions: How Predictors of Attrition Vary Across Time
Authors: Kamer Jacob A. , Ishitani Terry T.
Published: June 2019

This study examined the longitudinal persistence behavior of first-time, nontraditionally aged students at four-year institutions by leveraging the 2004 to 2009 Beginning Postsecondary Student data set. A human capital theory framework was employed to assess how student background characteristics, enrollment characteristics, and financial factors influence first-time, nontraditional student retention across multiple years of enrollment. The findings indicated that the highest risk of departure occurred during the first year of enrollment for nontraditional students who were first generation, enrolled full time, and from a low-income background. During the second year, students from a middle-income background were most at risk. Female students were most likely to depart in the third year, and minority students had the greatest risk of departure during the fourth year.
Indigenous Television for the Majority: Analyzing NRK Sapmi’s Muitte Mu (Remember Me)
Authors: Sand Stine Agnete
Published: June 2019

This article asks, “How can indigenous media fulfill its obligations toward the indigenous population while also connecting with the majority?” In the entertainment television series Muitte mu, produced by the indigenous public service broadcaster NRK Sápmi in Norway, famous Norwegian artists learn to joik, a Sámi form of music. Muitte mu triggered a discussion concerning cultural appropriation and commercialization, as well as the traditionalist versus pragmatic and interethnic views of indigenous cultural expressions. One of NRK Sápmi’s goals is to share content about the Sámi, and, in a market-oriented media environment, the series uses Sámi iconography and celebrities to fulfill this goal. However, this approach does not necessarily resonate with its main obligation, which is to provide programming for the Sámi people. What is at stake in these debates are the credibility, relevance, and legitimacy of NRK Sápmi, all of which depend upon the recognition of the Sámi themselves.
fMRI Language Activation—If You See It Don’t Resect It…
Authors: Szaflarski Jerzy P.
Published: June 2019

[Box: see text]
Smoking behavior of “marriage squeezed” men and its impact on their quality of life: A survey study in China
Authors: Yang Xueyan , Jing Wen , Gao Chenzhuo , Attané Isabelle
Published: June 2019

From the 1980s, along with the wide application of the “one-child policy” and new technologies for prenatal sex determination, China’s population has experienced a growing male population. China will thus face an increasingly serious male “marriage squeeze,” possibly resulting in decreased psychological and sexual well-being of involuntary bachelors, which, in turn, may result in decreased quality of life (QoL). This study used data from the Social Survey on Gender Role and Family Life, which was conducted from August 2014 to January 2015 in Shaanxi Province ( N = 1,144; 516 never-married and 628 married rural men). Descriptive analyses, crosstab analyses, and independent sample t-tests were used to compare the scores of three dimensions of QoL (physical and psychological health, and social relationships) and the overall QoL of rural men. Using the linear regression analysis method, this study analyzed involuntary bachelors’ smoking behavior and its impact on their QoL. Results indicate that smoking not only fails to alleviate the psychological or sexual problems of involuntary bachelors, it has an independent and negative impact on the physical and psychological health of married and never-married men, which negatively affects their overall QoL. Subjective and objective exposure to marriage squeeze negatively impacts three dimensions of QoL and overall QoL of married and never-married men; however, this influence was moderated by sexual satisfaction. In addition, sexual satisfaction positively affected the three dimensions of QoL and overall QoL of married and never-married men. Since involuntary bachelors may be a high-risk group, further research is warranted.
High precision assembly and efficient dispensing approaches for millimeter objects
Authors: Li Ying , Zhang Dapeng , Xu De
Published: June 2019

In this article, high precision alignment and efficient dispensing approaches for millimeter objects are proposed. Firstly, a thin component and a cylindrical component are assembled together based on microscopic vision and laser range sensor. If the normal vector of upper surface of thin component is not perpendicular to the optical axis of side camera, the region around the lower edge line will be blurred easily in image. In order to measure the orientation of the thin component with high precision, a novel method based on laser range sensor is proposed. The two components are assembled after orientation and position alignment. In order to bond the two components, the glue is dispensed into all the 16 holes on the components. For keeping the two components firm after being dispensed, the volume of glue dispensed into the 16 holes should be controlled precisely. A laser range sensor is employed to measure the volume of fluid glue. The dispensing process should be finished in a limited time for the characteristics of fluid glue that will change with time. The fluid glue should be dispensed into the hole for some times to reach the expected volume. However, it is necessary to wait a little time in order to obtain stable level of glue after the glue is dispensed into the hole. Therefore, a dual dispensing strategy with higher efficiency is developed which fully utilizes the waiting time. Experimental results validate the effectiveness of the proposed system and methods.
Next-generation sequencing and biomarkers for gastric cancer: what is the future?
Authors: Kawazoe Akihito , Shitara Kohei
Published: June 2019

Recent years have witnessed an improved understanding of tumour biology and the molecular features of gastric cancer. Remarkable advances in next-generation sequencing technologies have defined the genomic landscape of gastric cancer. In fact, several molecular classifications have been proposed, and distinct molecular subtypes have been identified, which could serve as a roadmap for patient stratification and trials of targeted therapies. At present, clinical trials of new agents, such as receptor tyrosine kinases inhibitors, antibody–drug conjugates and IMAB362 (anti-Claudin 18.2), are ongoing. Furthermore, biomarkers of immune checkpoint inhibitors or combination therapy have been ardently investigated. These developments could facilitate precision medicine for gastric cancer in the near future.
Schisantherin A Exerts Sedative and Hypnotic Effects Through Regulating GABA and its Receptor in Mice and Rats
Authors: Wang Mengyang , Liu Jiale , Sun Wei , Li Ning , Yu Zepeng , Zhu Kuo , Gao Jiaqi , Wang Chunmei , Sun Jinghui , Chen Jianguang , Li He
Published: June 2019

Schisandra has been used to treat insomnia for hundreds of years in China. This study was aimed at proving the contribution of Schisantherin A (STA), the most abundant component in Schisandra, on sleeping, and uncover its mechanisms. Mouse autonomic activity and sleep tests were conducted for the behavioral examinations. The γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamic acid (Glu), and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) in the blood and/or brain tissues of mice and rats were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits, and GABAA Rα1 and GABAA Rγ2 expressions in the brain tissues of rats were detected by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot. STA decreased the autonomic activities and sleep latency, increased the number of sleeping periods, sleep time, and duration in mice, showing a sedative and hypnotic effect. STA significantly elevated GABA, reduced Glu in the blood and brain, and increased GAD in the brain. STA upregulated the expressions of GABAA Rα1 and GABAA Rγ2 mRNA in the brain of rats. Thus, STA is an active component for sedative and hypnotic effects in Schisandra and these effects may be through its regulation of the GABA/Glu ratio, GAD, and GABAA expression in mice and rats.
Plant Growth Inhibitory Activity of the Extracts of Acmella oleracea and its Growth Inhibitory Substances
Authors: Kato-Noguchi Hisashi , Suwitchayanon Prapaipit , Boonmee Sutjaritpan , Iwasaki Arihiro , Suenaga Kiyotake
Published: June 2019

Aqueous methanol extracts of Acmella oleracea inhibited the growth of roots and shoots of cress ( Lepidum sativum), lettuce ( Lactuca sativa), Italian ryegrass ( Lolium multiflorum), and barnyard grass ( Echinochloa crus-galli) with the extract concentration-dependent manner. The extracts were then purified and 2 growth inhibitory substances were isolated and identified by spectral data as ( E,E)-2,4-undecadien-8,10-diynoic acid isobutylamide (compound 1) and nona-(2 Z)-en-6,8-diynoic acid 2-phenylethylamide (compound 2). Compound 1 inhibited the growth of cress roots and shoots at concentrations greater than 0.3 mM and that of barnyard grass root at concentrations greater than 0.03 mM. Compound 2 inhibited the growth of cress shoots and barnyard grass roots at concentrations greater than 1 mM. The inhibition on the seedling growth indicates that both compounds had growth inhibitory activity and may contribute to the inhibitory effect of A. oleracea extracts. This is the first report of having growth inhibitory activity of compounds 1 and 2 on plants.
Feasibility of Minimal Inferior Meatal Antrostomy and Fiber-Optic Sinus Exam for Fungal Sinusitis
Authors: Choi Yeonjoo , Kim Bo-Hyung , Kang Sung-Ho , Yu Myeong Sang
Published: June 2019

Background/objective

The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of simultaneous middle and inferior meatal antrostomies (SMIAs) as a treatment modality in patients with maxillary fungal sinusitis and to compare the efficacy of SMIA with that of conventional middle meatal antrostomy (MMA).

Methods

A retrospective study was performed on consecutive patients with noninvasive fungal maxillary sinusitis. Twenty-one patients underwent endoscopic sinus surgery with SMIA group and the remaining 24 patients were treated with the conventional MMA group. Medical records were reviewed for history, clinical presentation, radiographic findings, surgical intervention, complications, and outcomes. Outcomes consisted of the visual analog scale (VAS) for the main symptoms and maxillary sinus endoscopic scores. The stenosis or obstruction of the antrostomy site and postoperative mucociliary function was also evaluated.

Results

VAS scores for facial pain and nasal discharge/postnasal drip were significantly improved in the SMIA group. The maxillary endoscopic score was also significantly reduced in the SMIA group. There were no significant differences between 2 groups with respect to the preoperative Lund–Mackay score, VAS score of nasal obstruction, nasal bleeding, postoperative mucociliary function, and MMA patency.

Conclusions

The SMIA technique is useful for identifying and removing fungal debris that cannot be reached through the MMA and could bring better surgical outcomes.
A Pilot Study of Olfactory Training in Older Hyposmic Adults
Authors: Lamira Jensine M. , Soler Zachary M. , Schlosser Rodney J.
Published: June 2019

Background

Olfactory loss is a common problem that significantly impacts quality of life. Olfactory training (OT) has been used most commonly for viral and traumatic olfactory dysfunction (OD) in younger subjects with hopes of neural regeneration, improved olfactory function, and subjective well-being. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of a novel form of OT using 12 odors in participants over 45 years of age with objective OD.

Methods

Twenty-nine participants underwent OT using 12 standardized odor pens for a duration of 6 months. Objective OT of Threshold, Discrimination, and Identification and patient-reported outcomes were assessed at baseline and after 6 months of OT.

Results

Of the 29 participants who entered the protocol, only 16 subjects completed all 6 months of OT. Significant improvements were seen in overall Threshold Discrimination Identification (TDI; mean 4.40 points, P = .007), Discrimination (mean 1.44 points, P = .019), and Identification (mean 2.02 points, P = .011). Forty-four percent of subjects who completed OT achieved a mean clinically important difference of at least 5.5 points on TDI.

Conclusion

There was no significant change in patient-reported outcome measures, and no baseline factors were associated with change in olfaction. In this study, OT with 12 odors improves objective olfaction in nearly half of the older adults with OD. Further investigation is necessary to determine the impact of improved olfaction on overall health outcomes.
Foodie Calls: When Women Date Men for a Free Meal (Rather Than a Relationship)
Authors: Collisson Brian , Howell Jennifer L. , Harig Trista
Published: June 2019

A foodie call occurs when a person, despite a lack of romantic attraction to a suitor, chooses to go on a date to receive a free meal. The present study examines predictors of a deceptive form of the foodie call in the context of male–female dates: when a woman purposefully misrepresents her romantic interest in a man to dine at his expense. In two studies, we surveyed women regarding their foodie call behavior, dark triad personality traits, traditional gender role beliefs, and online dating history. We found 23–33% of women surveyed had engaged in a foodie call. In Study 1, dark triad and traditional gender role beliefs significantly predicted previous foodie call behavior and its perceived acceptability. Study 2 employed fuller measures and suggested again that dark triad traits predicted foodie calls and their perceived acceptability.
In vivo imaging techniques for bone tissue engineering
Authors: Fragogeorgi Eirini A , Rouchota Maritina , Georgiou Maria , Velez Marisela , Bouziotis Penelope , Loudos George
Published: June 2019

Bone is a dynamic tissue that constantly undergoes modeling and remodeling. Bone tissue engineering relying on the development of novel implant scaffolds for the treatment of pre-clinical bone defects has been extensively evaluated by histological techniques. The study of bone remodeling, that takes place over several weeks, is limited by the requirement of a large number of animals and time-consuming and labor-intensive procedures. X-ray-based imaging methods that can non-invasively detect the newly formed bone tissue have therefore been extensively applied in pre-clinical research and in clinical practice. The use of other imaging techniques at a pre-clinical level that act as supportive tools is convenient. This review mainly focuses on nuclear imaging methods (single photon emission computed tomography and positron emission tomography), either alone or used in combination with computed tomography. It addresses their application to small animal models with bone defects, both untreated and filled with substitute materials, to boost the knowledge on bone regenerative processes.
Urachal abscess mimicking malignant tumor: can imaging tell them apart?
Authors: Ninitas Pedro , Anselmo Mónica Palma , Silva Artur Costa e , Ferreira Ana Isabel S , Santos José Fonseca
Published: June 2019

The urachus is an embryonic remnant that usually involutes before birth. Abnormal persistence of this structure can lead to infectious or neoplastic complications later in life. We report a case of an 84-year-old man that presented with a urachal complex mass which, after proper investigation, revealed to be a urachal abscess. Urachal abscesses are rare and usually occur in severe infections. Urachal abscesses can be indistinguishable from urachus carcinoma on imaging studies. This article reviews the clinical and imaging aspects of urachal abscess and carcinoma and possible differentiating elements in imaging. However, definitive diagnosis usually depends on a biopsy or fluid aspiration.
Acute total hip arthroplasty in acetabular fractures using modern porous metal cup
Authors: Malhotra Rajesh , Gautam Deepak
Published: June 2019

Purpose:

The aim of this study was to report the clinical and radiological outcome of using the modern porous metal cup in patients undergoing acute total hip arthroplasty (THA) for selected subset of acetabular fractures.

Patient and methods:

Eighteen patients with acetabular fracture underwent acute THA with modern porous metal cup from a single manufacturer. Fifteen males and three females with a mean age of 46.4 years (range 21–57 years) were ambispectively followed up for a minimum period of 48 months. All patients were evaluated clinically with Harris Hip Scores (HHS) and radiographically with serial X-rays.

Results:

No patient was lost to follow-up. The HHS was excellent in nine patients, good in six patients, fair in two patients, and poor in one patient. All the fractures were united and the cups were well integrated. There was no lucent line seen in any acetabular zones on the X-rays. One patient had infection, which resolved with debridement. There was one dislocation following fall, which was reduced by closed means and remained stable. One of the two patients with heterotopic ossification had restricted movement of hip but not restricting the activities of daily living. No failures of acetabular component were seen in the study.

Conclusion:

The current study showed that the modern porous metal cup provides sufficient primary stability and appear suitable for primary THA in acute acetabular fractures at mid-term follow-up: (i) In selected fractures, acute THA can be extended to young adult patients as well. (ii) Modern porous metal cup may provide sufficient stability with or without additional fixation required.
Lung Ultrasound for Initial Diagnosis and Subsequent Monitoring of Aspiration Pneumonia in Elderly in Home Medical Care Setting
Authors: Namiki Hirofumi , Kobayashi Tadashi
Published: June 2019

The number of aspiration pneumonia cases has increased in recent times. A definitive diagnosis of aspiration pneumonia is difficult in resource-limited settings where radiological equipment is unavailable. We report the initial diagnosis and subsequent monitoring of aspiration pneumonia in a home medical care setting. An 88-year-old Japanese male presented an acute onset of dyspnea, fever, and productive cough. At home, lung ultrasound displayed pleural effusion along with B-lines and subpleural consolidations. Upon admission, tests revealed increased total leucocyte counts with left-shifted neutrophils, elevated C-reactive protein levels, and positive sputum Gram stain. Chest X-ray imaging and computed tomography (CT) showed bibasilar infiltrates and wall thickening in the left S10 bronchi. The patient was diagnosed with aspiration pneumonia and treated with an antibiotic. After a 10-day hospitalization, lung ultrasound showed some remaining B-lines and disappearance of pleural effusion and subpleural consolidation. Chest X-ray image was normal, and CT revealed pleural abnormality and disappearance of bibasilar infiltrates, consistent with the ultrasound findings. Aspiration pneumonia develops with various clinical signs. However, diagnosis using chest X-ray imaging or CT in resource-limited settings is difficult. Ultrasound might allow physicians to make more accurate judgments, particularly while monitoring aspiration pneumonia following initial diagnosis in resource-limited settings.
Sources of Health Care Among Under-5 Malawian Children With Diarrhea Episodes: An Analysis of the 2017 Demographic and Health Survey
Authors: Nyasulu Peter Suwirakwenda , Ngamasana Emery , Kandala Ngianga-Bakwin
Published: June 2019

Diarrhea is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the world but mostly in Sub-Saharan Africa. These could be prevented if universal coverage of current available interventions were implemented. The study aimed to identify factors associated with the choice of health care source among caretakers seeking treatment for under-5 children with diarrhea illness. Using women’s questionnaire we extracted a subset of data of children aged 0 to 59 months from the 2017 Demographic & Health Survey. Questions regarding history of childhood diarrhea for the past 24 hours or last 2 weeks prior to the survey were key in data extraction. Caregivers were asked to report the place where they sought treatment. In this study, 4 types of health facilities were defined: public, private, pharmacies, and other unspecified sources. A multinomial logistic regression model was used to identify sources of health facility used and corresponding factors associated with the choice. Factors associated with choice of health care source included education (educated women were less likely to self-medicate their children [relative risk ration (RRR) = 0.46; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.22-0.94]), income (better income earning families were more likely to seek care from private facility such as pharmacy [RRR = 1.87; 95% CI = 1.14-3.09]), and rural living (those in rural areas were more likely to seek treatment from other unspecified sources [RRR = 7.33, 95% CI = 1.40-38.36]). Public health facilities (79.9%) were the main source of health care service; however, reducing under-5 mortality due to diarrhea illness would require significant efforts to address other inequalities in accessing and utilizing health care services.
An Evaluation of Pharmacist-Led Interventions for Inpatient HIV-Related Medication Errors
Authors: Wingler Mary Joyce B. , Stover Kayla R. , Barber Katie E. , Wagner Jamie L.
Published: June 2019

Background: Inpatient HIV-related medication errors occur in up to 86% of patients. Objective: To evaluate the number of antiretroviral therapy (ART)- and opportunistic infection (OI)-related medication errors following the implementation of pharmacist-directed interventions. Methods: This quasi-experiment assessed adult patients with HIV who received ART, OI prophylaxis, or both from December 1, 2014, to February 28, 2017 (pre-intervention) or December 1, 2017, to February 28, 2018 (post-intervention). Pre-intervention patients were assessed retrospectively; verbal and written education were provided (intervention); prospective audit and feedback was conducted for post-intervention patients. The primary outcome was rate of ART errors between groups. Secondary outcomes included rate of OI errors, time to resolution of ART and OI errors, types of errors, and rate of recommendation acceptance. Results: Sixty-seven patients were included in each group. ART errors occurred in 44.8% and 32.8% ( P = .156), respectively. OI prophylaxis errors occurred in 11.9% versus 9% ( P = .572), respectively. Medication omission decreased significantly in the post-intervention group (31.3% vs 11.9%; P = .006). Pharmacist-based interventions increased in the post-intervention group (6.3% vs 52.9%; P = .001). No statistical difference was found in time to error resolution (72 vs 48 hours; P = .123), but errors resolved during admission significantly increased (50% vs 86.8%; P < .001). No difference was found in rate of intervention acceptance (100% vs 97%). Conclusion and Relevance: ART and OI prophylaxis errors resolved a day faster in the pharmacist-led, post-intervention period, and there was a trend toward error reduction. Future interventions should target prescribing errors on admission using follow-up education and evaluation of medication reconciliation practices in HIV-infected patients.
Patient-centered benefit-risk analysis of transcatheter aortic valve replacement
Authors: Marsh Kevin , Hawken Natalia , Brookes Ella , Kuehn Carrie , Liden Barry
Published: June 2019

Background: Aortic stenosis (AS) treatments include surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) and transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). Choosing between SAVR and TAVR requires patients to trade-off  benefits and risks. The objective of this research was to determine which  TAVR and SAVR outcomes patients consider important, collect quantitative data about how patients weigh benefits and risks, and evaluate patients’ preferences for SAVR or TAVR.

Methods: Patients  were recruited from advocacy organization databases. Patients self-reported as being diagnosed with AS, and as either having received AS treatment or as experiencing AS-related physical activity limitations. An online adapted swing weighting (ASW) method – a pairwise comparison of attributes – was used to elicit attribute tradeoffs from 93 patients. Survey data were used to estimate patients’ weights for AS treatment attributes, which were incorporated into a quantitative benefit-risk analysis (BRA) to evaluate patients’ preferences for TAVR and SAVR.

Results: On average, patients put greater value on attributes that favored TAVR than SAVR. Patients’ valuation of the lower mortality rate, reduced procedural invasiveness, and quicker time to return to normal quality of life associated with TAVR, offset their valuation ofthe time over which SAVR has been proven to work. There was substantial heterogeneity in patients’ preferences. This was partly explained by age, with differences in preference observed between patients <60 years to those ≥60 years. A Monte Carlo Simulation found that 75.1% of patients prefer TAVR.

Conclusions: Most AS patients are willing to tolerate sizable increases in clinical risk in exchange for the benefits of TAVR, resulting in a large proportion of patients preferring TAVR to SAVR. Further work should be undertaken to characterize the heterogeneity in preferences for AS treatment attributes. Shared decision-making tools based on attributes important to patients can support patients’ selection of the procedure that best meets their needs.
IL-1 in osteoarthritis: time for a critical review of the literature
Authors: Vincent Tonia L.
Published: June 2019

The concept of interleukin-1 (IL-1) as a target in osteoarthritis (OA) has been an attractive one for many years. It is a highly potent inducer of cartilage degradation, causing the induction of mRNA and controlling the bioavailability of disease-relevant proteases such as ADAMTS5 and MMP13. It drives synovitis and can induce other disease-relevant genes such as nerve growth factor, a key pain sensitiser in OA. However, the quality of evidence for its involvement in disease is modest. Descriptive studies have demonstrated expression of IL-1α and β in OA cartilage and elevated levels in the synovial fluid of some patients. Agnostic transcriptomic and genomic analyses do not identify IL-1 as a key pathway.In vivomodels show a conflicting role for this molecule; early studies using therapeutic approaches in large animal models show a benefit, but most murine studies fail to demonstrate protection where the ligands (IL-1α/β), the cytokine activator (IL-1–converting enzyme), or the receptor (IL-1R) have been knocked out. Recently, a number of large double-blind randomised controlled clinical studies targeting IL-1 have failed. Enthusiasm for IL-1 as a target in OA is rapidly dwindling.
Innovative Techniques for the Formation of Metadisciplinary Learning Outcomes of Younger Schoolchildren
Authors: Пичугин С. , Pichugin S.
Published: June 2019

The article discusses the ways to implement in the pedagogical practice the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard of Primary General Education to form the basis for the younger schoolchildren of the ability to learn and the ability to organize their activities, which refers to metasubjective results of learning. It offers techniques that allow to level the difficulties and eliminate potential problems of primary school graduates in performing tasks based on working with information and associated with the development of logical and algorithmic thinking, the construction of reasoning, predictions and conclusions.
Current Problems of Control and Evaluation of Creative Works of Younger Schoolchildren
Authors: Романова В. , Romanova V.
Published: June 2019

The article discusses the features of the control over the implementation of creative works in primary school, discusses the problems of their evaluation. The potential of the Russian language lessons is revealed for the development of the skills of younger schoolchildren to build a coherent utterance, to develop their writing skills, as well as to develop skills of self-control and self-esteem in the process of learning to write presentations and mini-essays. It offers practical material of a creative nature, contributing to the improvement of the language culture of the younger schoolchildren.
Designing a Lesson in Primary School in Terms of Inclusion
Authors: Соловьев Я. , Solov'ev Ya. , Сысуева Л. , Sysueva L.
Published: June 2019

The article discusses the idea of integrating children with disabilities into traditional education classes. The main mechanisms for designing a lesson in an inclusive education are considered. Concrete methodological developments of inclusive lessons of mathematics, the Russian language, and the World-Around-Us lessons for pupils of first, second and third grades are given that meet the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard of Primary General Education for Students with Disabilities. Recommendations are given to teachers working with children who have a mental retardation.
Determination and Analysis of Violations of Written Speech in Spelling Tests and Written Reproduction of Younger Schoolchildren
Authors: Скребец Т. , Skrebec T. , Вагайцева Л. , Vagayceva L.
Published: June 2019

The article presents the results of a study of the written works of primary schoolchildren. During the analysis of experimental data, groups of specific errors made by younger schoolchildren when writing spelling tests and written reproduction are highlighted, and the dynamics of their appearance are described. The study allows us to formulate the conclusion that the number of error groups depends on the type of written work performed by schoolchildren. In turn, it is noted that lexical-grammatical and graphical errors are persistent, regardless of the type of work and year of study.
Social Entrepreneurship As a Social Innovation
Authors: Быкова О. , Bykova O. , Юдина А. , Yudina A.
Published: June 2019

The problem of social entrepreneurship, which the authors raise in their article, describes not only the shortcomings in this sector of the economy, but also the main obstacles in the development of social entrepreneurship in Russia. The authors consider foreign experience in adapting social entrepreneurship to the real economy, describe problems that Russian social entrepreneurs encounter in practice. A separate block describes the problems of society, which are considered as social innovation.
5-Fluorouracil toxicosis in cats and dogs
Authors: Bates Nicola
Published: June 2019

5-Fluorouracil is an antineoplastic drug with a narrow therapeutic window. Pets are commonly exposed to the cream used for pre-malignant and malignant skin lesions in humans. 5-Fluorouracil poisoning is characterised by severe gastrointestinal (vomiting; diarrhoea; and gastrointestinal ulceration and haemorrhage) and neurological effects (ataxia, tremors and convulsions), and from 4–7 days bone marrow depression. Progression of signs can be rapid and control of neurological effects can be refractory to treatment. There is no specific antidote suitable for companion animals with 5-fluorouracil toxicosis, and aggressive supportive management is required. Filgrastim (a human granulocyte colony stimulating factor) can be used in the management of severe bone marrow depression, but prognosis is generally poor in dogs and cats with pronounced signs from 5-fluorouracil poisoning.
Ocular surface disease in dogs part 2: diagnosis and treatment
Authors: Maggio Federica
Published: June 2019

Dry eye disease (DED) is a commonly diagnosed disorder in small animals. It has been historically described as a quantitative or qualitative deficiency in tear production; however, the pathogenesis of the disease is much more complex than previously recognised. Ocular inflammation is the hallmark of DED, reflected in early nonspecific conjunctivitis and later in dramatic changes of the ocular surface. Prompt recognition of the disease, accurate diagnostics and appropriate treatment are paramount in preserving the ocular surface integrity and the patient's comfort. Part 1 discussed the aetiopathogenesis of the condition and described the clinical signs. This second article looks at diagnostics and treatment of ocular surface disorders in dogs.
Canine encephalitis — inflammation of the brain
Authors: Andrews Ellen
Published: June 2019

Encephalitis is described as inflammation of the brain and can be defined as infectious and non-infectious. Susceptibility to the condition can depend on the genetic makeup of the dog and the location in which they live, as geographic-specific pathogens can play a large part in causing infectious encephalitis. The disorder is diagnosed as non-infectious immune-mediated encephalitis when there is no pathogen as the cause. This article explores the condition of the canine central nervous system, discussing the type, cause, clinical signs, diagnosis and treatment. It outlines the importance of nursing care for the neurologically impaired patient.
What's new for veterinary nurses to know about British Bulldogs?
Authors: O'Neill Dan
Published: June 2019

British Bulldog ownership has doubled but the breed faces high risk of skin disease and obesity, a new study has found. Dan O'Neill explains.
551. Lançando linhas imaginárias: metageografias da Ásia nas descrições geográficas e na cartografia portuguesa do século XVI
Authors: Roque de Oliveira Francisco
Published: June 2019

Uma das principais consequências do restabelecimento de contactos regulares entre a Europa e a Ásia a partir do início do século XVI consistiu na redefinição das grandes estruturas espaciais pensadas para organizar a distribuição dos espaços asiáticos. Trata-se de um exercício de projecção simbólica e ideológica que começou por ser estruturado através dos agentes e das redes do império português da Ásia, tendo tido uma duradoura influência sobre o modo como foi moldada a percepção espacial desta parte do Mundo Antigo. Para a nossa leitura seleccionámos algumas das mais significativas sínteses geográficas portuguesas do século XVI sobre a Ásia, confrontando-as, depois, com outras fontes textuais europeias e com um conjunto de mapas coevos, particularmente portugueses. Trata-se de examinar de uma questão central de geografia cognitiva, que interpela directamente as relações existentes entre a herança cultural subjacente às sucessivas representações geográficas e os contextos geopolíticos que as enquadraram.
565. Aporías de una ideología urbanística: arquitectura, territorio y capitalismo en el trabajo de Martin Wagner
Authors: Sevilla Buitrago Álvaro
Published: June 2019

La arquitectura y el urbanismo del Movimiento Moderno se presentaron inicialmente como artífices de una transformación socioespacial emancipadora, pero parte de su legado resultó tremendamente lesivo para las ciudades y sus habitantes más humildes. Este artículo explora esa paradoja mediante un análisis del trabajo de Martin Wagner —figura tradicionalmente destacada por su compromiso político— con especial atención a una etapa apenas conocida de su carrera: su actividad docente e investigadora en la Universidad de Harvard. Wagner desarrolló en EE.UU. intuiciones previas sobre una ‘rehabilitación’ general del modelo urbano y regional, siguiendo un principio intelectual explícito de asimilar en el proceso de diseño la lógica del capital y el desarrollo espacial desigual con el fin de asegurar la viabilidad de sus propuestas. Aunque su autor las presentó como un nuevo patrón de asentamiento ideado “para el pueblo y por el pueblo”, esta visión prefigura algunos de los episodios más sombríos del urbanismo de las décadas posteriores. En su particular crudeza el Wagner americano permite comprender mejor no sólo su contribución durante la República de Weimar, sino también el alcance del ‘déficit’ político, contradicciones y aporías de un sector dominante de la ideología arquitectónica y urbanística en el siglo XX.
566. La mediación como alternativa. Política de vivienda y regulación de la emergencia habitacional en Barcelona
Authors: Herrera Romero Tania
Published: June 2019

Los esfuerzos que despliega la ciudad de Barcelona para enfrentar la emergencia habitacional parecen condicionados por tres elementos que estructuran la política de vivienda: a) la difícil traducción política del carácter social y económico de la vivienda, b) el privilegio concedido por las políticas nacionales a los agentes inmobiliarios-financieros, lo que motiva la precarización de los inquilinos y c) el insuficiente parque público de viviendas, que se traduce en una demanda ciudadana que sobrepasa la capacidad de gestión municipal. Poniendo énfasis en la vivienda bajo régimen de alquiler, nuestro trabajo se propone comprender y explicar cómo regula el Ayuntamiento de Barcelona la política de vivienda y qué posibilidades existen para el despliegue de políticas urbanas alternativas.