bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the realization of the Gelfand character of a finite group as a twisted trace
Authors: Soto-Andrade Jorge , Yáñez-Valdés Maria-Francisca
Published: October 2021

We show that the Gelfand character

χ
G

\chi_{G}

of a finite group 𝐺 (i.e. the sum of all irreducible complex characters of 𝐺) may be realized as a “twisted trace”

g
↦

Tr
⁡

(

ρ
g

∘
T

)

g\mapsto\operatorname{Tr}(\rho_{g}\circ T)

for a suitable involutive linear automorphism 𝑇 of

L
2

⁢

(
G
)

L^{2}(G)

, where

(

L
2

⁢

(
G
)

,
ρ
)

(L^{2}(G),\rho)

is the right regular representation of 𝐺.
Moreover, we prove that, under certain hypotheses, we have

T
⁢

(
f
)

=

f
∘
L

T(f)=f\circ L

(

f
∈

L
2

⁢

(
G
)

f\in L^{2}(G)

), where 𝐿 is an involutive anti-automorphism of 𝐺.
The natural representation 𝜏 of 𝐺 associated to the natural 𝐿-conjugacy action of 𝐺 in the fixed point set

Fix
G

⁡

(
L
)

\operatorname{Fix}_{G}(L)

of 𝐿 turns out to be a Gelfand model for 𝐺 in some cases.
We show that

(

L
2

⁢

(

Fix
G

⁡

(
L
)

)

,
τ
)

(L^{2}(\operatorname{Fix}_{G}(L)),\tau)

fails to be a Gelfand model if 𝐺 admits non-trivial central involutions.
Sleep disorder and behavior problems in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Ilter Bahadur Evin , Özalkak Şervan , Özdemir Asena Ayça , Çetinkaya Semra , Özmert Elif Nursel
Published: October 2021

Objectives

To examine sleep and behavior problems in children with type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) compared to nondiabetic controls in a bridging country between east and west and to evaluate the interaction of sleep on behavior problems, maternal sleep, and maternal depressive symptoms.

Methods

The study included children with T1DM (4–12 years old) and age/sex-matched healthy controls. Parents completed the Children Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ), Children Behavior Checklist/4–18 (CBCL/4–18), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and a study-specific sociodemographic questionnaire. Clinical parameters regarding T1DM were collated from medical records.

Results

Participants included 75 children with T1DM and 49 controls. Based on CSHQ results 65.3% of all participants in both groups had sleep problems. Children with T1DM slept less and had higher daytime sleepiness problems than controls (p=0.024, p=0.008, respectively). No association was found between CSHQ or sleep duration and mode of diabetes treatment (pump, multiple daily injections) or glycemic control. CSHQ correlated with maternal PSQI (r=0.336 p=0.004) and BDI (r=0.341 p=0.004) in children with T1DM, but there was no association amongst controls. Children with T1DM had higher internalizing problems compared to controls. CSHQ and BDI correlated with internalizing, externalizing, and the total scores of the CBCL/4–18 in children with T1DM (R2=0.260 p<0.001; R2=0.207 p<0.001, R2=0.381 p<0.001 respectively). In controls, only BDI was associated with internalizing, externalizing, and the total scores of the CBCL/4–18.

Conclusions

Children with T1DM should be evaluated for sleep pattern and quality at follow-up, to identify those at risk for behavior problems and improve maternal life quality. Large longitudinal studies are necessary to assess the effect of new diabetes treatment modalities on sleep.
Second trimester fetal thymus size in association to preterm birth
Authors: Porschen Christian , Schmitz Ralf , Schmidt Rene , Oelmeier Kathrin , Hammer Kerstin , Falkenberg Maria , Braun Janina , Köster Helen Ann , Steinhard Johannes , Möllers Mareike
Published: October 2021

Objectives

The aim of this study was to compare the second trimester thymus-thorax-ratio (TTR) between fetuses born preterm (study group) and those born after 37 weeks of gestation were completed (control group).

Methods

This study was conducted as a retrospective evaluation of the ultrasound images of 492 fetuses in the three vessel view. The TTR was defined as the quotient of a.p. thymus diameter and a.p. thoracic diameter.

Results

Fetuses that were preterm showed larger TTR (p<0.001) the second trimester than those born after 37 weeks of gestation were completed. The sensitivity of a binary classifier based on TTR for predicting preterm birth (PTB) was 0.792 and the specificity 0.552.

Conclusions

In our study, fetuses affected by PTB showed enlarged thymus size. These findings led us to hypothesize, that inflammation and immunomodulatory processes are altered early in pregnancies affected by PTB. However, TTR alone is not able to predict PTB.
Pump-controlled RGB single-mode polymer lasers based on a hybrid 2D–3D μ-cavity for temperature sensing
Authors: Ge Kun , Guo Dan , Niu Ben , Xu Zhiyang , Ruan Jun , Zhai Tianrui
Published: October 2021

Single mode lasers, particularly red-green-blue (RGB) colors, have attracted wide attention due to their potential applications in the photonic field. Here, we realize the RGB single mode lasing in a hybrid two-dimension and three-dimension (2D–3D) hybrid microcavity (μ-cavity) with a low threshold. The hybrid 2D–3D μ-cavity consists of a polymer fiber and a microsphere. Typical RGB polymer film consisting gain materials are cladded on a fiber. To achieve single mode lasing, the polymer fiber therein serves as an excellent gain cavity to provide multiple lasing modes while the microsphere acts as a loss channel to suppress most of the lasing modes. Mode switching can be realized by adjusting the pump position. It can be attributed to the change of coupled efficiency between gain μ-cavity and loss μ-cavity. Our work will provide a platform for the rational design of nanophotonic devices and on-chip communication.
Ocena spożycia podstawowych składników odżywczych przez osoby starsze z powiatu częstochowskiego
Authors: Mikuta Beata , Miłkowska Izabela , Sobczyk Natalia , Szczechowicz Anita
Published: October 2021

Celem pracy była ocena spożycia podstawowych składników odżywczych oraz wybranych witamin z grupy B przez osoby starsze z powiatu częstochowskiego, na podstawie badań pilotażowych. Badaniem pilotażowym objęto 20 osób powyżej 65. roku życia. Do oceny sposobu żywienia zastosowano jednorazowo metodę 24-godzinnego wywiadu żywieniowego oraz analizę ilościową. Dieta kobiet i mężczyzn była uboga w białko (83 i 84 % realizacji normy) i węglowodany (87 i 89 % realizacji normy). Kobiety spożywały prawidłowe ilości kwasów tłuszczowych n-3 (96 % realizacji normy) i cholesterolu (102 % realizacji normy), mężczyźni spożywali odpowiednie ilości energii, kwasów tłuszczowych jednonienasyconych (95 i 93 % realizacji normy). Obie grupy spożywały zbyt dużo kwasów tłuszczowych nasyconych (realizacja normy: kobiety – 128 %, mężczyźni – 201 %), a mężczyźni dodatkowo deklarowali duże spożycie kwasów tłuszczowych ogółem i cholesterolu (116 i 201 % realizacji normy). Stwierdzono prawidłowe spożycie tiaminy (B1) przez kobiety i mężczyzn, odpowiednio na poziomie 92 i 98 % realizacji normy. W przypadku pozostałych witamin – ryboflawiny (B2), niacyny (B3) i pirydoksyny (B6) odnotowano ich nadmierne spożycie. Wykazane błędy żywieniowe o charakterze ilościowym wskazują na nieprawidłowości w odżywianiu się badanej grupy seniorów, dlatego posłużą do zaplanowania i zrealizowania badań na reprezentatywnej grupie osób starszych, aby można było w pełni ocenić stan odżywienia tej populacji. Konieczna jest także edukacja żywieniowa seniorów oraz ich opiekunów.
Powlekanie żywności – materiały, metody i zastosowanie w przemyśle spożywczym
Authors: Mikus Magdalena , Galus Sabina
Published: October 2021

Powlekanie żywności stosowane jest w celu przedłużenia okresu przydatności do spożycia wielu nietrwałych, łatwo psujących się surowców i produktów spożywczych. Powłoki jadalne mogą zapobiegać zmianom barwy, tekstury, rozwojowi niepożądanych mikroorganizmów oraz utracie witamin bądź składników mineralnych. Powinny minimalizować niekorzystny wpływ działania promieniowania słonecznego oraz wilgoci. Tym samym powłoki i filmy jadalne mogą przyczyniać się do podwyższania jakości i bezpieczeństwa żywności. Rozwój opakowań jadalnych może stanowić korzystną, a z czasem konieczną alternatywę dla opakowań syntetycznych, m.in. ze względów ekonomicznych oraz zdrowotnych. Coraz częstsze stosowanie biodegradowalnych powłok jadalnych w wielu branżach przemysłu spożywczego ma na celu ograniczenie zarówno liczby opakowań jednostkowych, jak i zwiększającej się ilości odpadów zanieczyszczających środowisko. W powlekaniu żywności nadal poszukiwane są rozwiązania pozwalające na uzyskanie powłok o zakładanych właściwościach użytkowych. Wprowadzanie substancji przeciwdrobnoustrojowych lub nanomateriałów może wpływać na zwiększanie zakresu stosowania powłok jadalnych oraz decydować o akceptacji takich produktów przez konsumentów. Obecnie prowadzone są intensywne badania naukowe w kierunku opracowania efektywnych metod wytwarzania powłok i folii jadalnych oraz modyfikacji ich właściwości funkcjonalnych. W niniejszej pracy przedstawiono charakterystykę materiałów dotychczas stosowanych, jak również nowych – o właściwościach powłokotwórczych. Scharakteryzowano metody ich wytwarzania i zastosowanie w przemyśle spożywczym.
Coccidiostats in treating coccidiosis
Authors: Rybicki Maciej
Published: October 2021

Coccidiostats are a group of veterinary antibiotics, the residues of which in, e.g. meat or other edible tissues, are potentially dangerous to human health and life. Thus, it is important to effectively prevent intoxications. For that purpose it is essential to gather data on those antibiotics. Coccidiostats are used mainly in treating and preventing coccidiosis – a disease of the intestinal track of animals, especially of the poultry, caused by parasitic protozoans of the Eimeria genus. Two major groups are used – polyether ionophores and chemical coccidiostats, which differ in origin and mechanisms of action. Their application is governed by the Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council, in which the application of the following 11 coccidiostats was authorized: salinomycin, narasin, monensin, maduramicin, semduramicin, lasalocid, robenidine, nicarbazin, halofuginone, diclazuril and decoquinate. Each of the mentioned coccidiostat present in the products of animal origin can lead to intoxication resulting from production errors and poor manufacturing practices. The effects of those compounds in food include symptoms such as: polyneuropathy, rhabdomyolysis, hypercalcaemia, respiratory failure and even death of patients. The coccidiostats are irreplaceable in treating coccidiosis, which can always be associated with the possibility of their occurrence in food. The present-day methods used to identify these medicines make it possible to monitor the products as regards the occurrence thereof and to reduce the risk of exceeding safe dose limits as set out in the relevant legal acts.
Nowe trendy w branży browarniczej. Piwa funkcjonalne – surowcowe i technologiczne aspekty ich otrzymywania
Authors: Stachowiak Barbara , Bukowski Krzysztof
Published: October 2021

Piwo jest popularnym i najbardziej preferowanym napojem alkoholowym wśród konsumentów na świecie. W Polsce jego roczne spożycie w przeliczeniu na 1 mieszkańca wynosi blisko 100 litrów, dzięki czemu nasz kraj znajduje się w gronie światowych liderów w tym zakresie. Na przestrzeni ostatnich dwudziestu lat postrzeganie piwa uległo znacznemu przeorientowaniu. Rewolucja piwna i związane z nią zmiany w branży browarniczej przyczyniły się do uzyskania przez ten trunek prestiżowej pozycji. Bardzo dynamicznie rozwija się rynek innowacyjnych piw rzemieślniczych, które stanowią ciekawą, a zarazem smakowo i jakościowo zróżnicowaną alternatywę dla marek masowych. Wśród nich dominują „piwne specjalności”. Mianem tym określa się zwykle wszystkie piwa fermentacji górnej oraz dolnej, innej niż tradycyjne lagery i pilsy. Pojawił się trend tzw. premiumizacji, wciąż wzrastają oczekiwania konsumentów wobec jakości piwa dotyczące jego składu, właściwości sensorycznych oraz potencjału prozdrowotnego. Na rynku coraz częściej pojawiają się propozycje piw zawierających dodatki bioaktywne lub składniki mineralne czy pozbawionych glutenu. W niniejszej pracy scharakteryzowano aktualną sytuację na rynku piwa w Polsce, w tym jego strukturę w ujęciu ogólnym oraz dotyczącą piw specjalnych i funkcjonalnych. Szczegółowo omówiono surowcowe i technologiczne aspekty otrzymywania piw funkcjonalnych: bezalkoholowych i niskoalkoholowych, bezglutenowych, izotonicznych, probiotycznych, o zwiększonej zawartości ksantohumolu, a także piwa gruit zawierające dodatki ziołowe. Z analizy danych literaturowych wynika, że segment piw funkcjonalnych wyraźnie się wyodrębnia, a zainteresowanie piwami specjalnego przeznaczenia żywieniowego wzrasta. Piwa niskoalkoholowe i bezalkoholowe są i prawdopodobnie będą najszybciej rosnącą kategorią na rynku.
Wpływ barwników chlorofilowych na przebieg utleniania fotosensybilizowanego oleju rzepakowego
Authors: Mińkowski Karol , Bartosiak Monika , Ciemiński Dariusz
Published: October 2021

Obecność barwników chlorofilowych w olejach ma negatywny wpływ na ich smak, zapach, barwę, przejrzystość, stabilność termiczną i okres trwałości. Związki te są silnymi fotosensybilizatorami procesów utleniania nienasyconych wiązań lipidów, co niekorzystnie wpływa na stabilność oksydacyjną oleju w trakcie przechowywania. Celem pracy była ocena aktywności fotooksydacyjnej barwników chlorofilowych w oleju rzepakowym pod wpływem promieniowania UV-A. Materiałem do badań był rafinowany olej rzepakowy oraz jego triacyloglicerole (TAG). Jako fotosensybilizatory stosowano chlorofil a oraz feofitynę a. Kontrolę procesu fotooksydacji prowadzono poprzez oznaczanie zawartości tlenu singletowego, związków lotnych oraz barwników chlorofilowych. Wykazano, że barwniki chlorofilowe są fotosensybilizatorami fotoutleniania oleju rzepakowego oraz TAG podczas ich ekspozycji na promieniowanie UV-A. Chlorofil a i feofityna a biorą udział w procesie generowania tlenu singletowego. Efektywność fotosensybilizująca chlorofilu a jest wyższa niż feofityny a. Barwniki chlorofilowe mają zróżnicowany wpływ na zawartość i profil substancji lotnych powstających podczas fotoutleniania oleju oraz TAG. Rodzaj fotosensybilizatora ma istotny wpływ na zawartość substancji lotnych ogółem oraz heksanalu w TAG. Maksymalna zawartości substancji lotnych występuje przy dawce fotosensybilizatora na poziomie 0,5 mg/kg. Barwniki chlorofilowe ulegają degradacji w wyniku utleniania tlenem singletowym podczas fotooksydacji oleju rzepakowego i TAG. Feofityna a trudniej ulega degradacji niż chlorofil a. Substancje towarzyszące odgrywają ważną rolę ochronną przed fotoutlenianiem oleju rzepakowego. Ich usunięcie przyczynia się do większego pobrania tlenu singletowego, przyrostu zawartości substancji lotnych ogółem, zmian ich profilu oraz zwiększonej degradacji barwników chlorofilowych. Barwniki chlorofilowe wywierają niekorzystny wpływ na stabilność oksydacyjną oleju rzepakowego podczas jego ekspozycji na promieniowanie UV-A i powinny być z niego usunięte.
Applying additivity rule to determine physico-chemical properties of edible oil blends based on known parameters of component oils
Authors: Dymińska Lucyna , Albegar Abduladhim Moamer , Zając Adam , Czuj Tadeusz , Sąsiadek Wojciech , Lorenc Jadwiga , Hanuza Jerzy
Published: October 2021

In the paper, a procedure was suggested for making plant oil blends of desirable physico-chemical and performance parameters. There was applied a rule of additivity of parameters of component oils in the blend to get oil products with modified nutritional characteristics. The other objective of the research study was to test the usefulness of the procedure when projecting thermal properties of the blends for deep frying. To make oil blends, plant oils were used that were produced by Oleofarm Ltd. The oil blends were analysed using chromatographic and spectroscopic methods. Their chemical parameters constituted an input dataset to make blends of expected performance properties. It was shown experimentally that it was possible to theoretically project physico-chemical and thermal parameters of the final oil blend. When knowing the chemical parameters of individual blend-forming oils, it is possible to employ them to determine the parameters of the final blend. There were suggested oil compositions for the preparation of advantageous blends to be used for deep frying and salad dressings. Thus there was confirmed the purposefulness of blending the oils in order to make a product the qualities of which could be geared to the specific utility purposes.
S-GRAS score for prognostic classification of adrenocortical carcinoma: an international, multicenter ENSAT study
Authors: Elhassan Y S , Altieri B , Berhane S , Cosentini D , Calabrese A , Haissaguerre M , Kastelan D , Fragoso M C B V , Bertherat J , Al Ghuzlan A , Haak H , Boudina M , Canu L , Loli P , Sherlock M , Kimpel O , Laganà M , Sitch A J , Kroiss M , Arlt W , Terzolo M , Berruti A , Deeks J J , Libé R , Fassnacht M , Ronchi C L , _ _
Published: October 2021

Objective

Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) has an aggressive but variable clinical course. Prognostic stratification based on the European Network for the Study of Adrenal Tumours stage and Ki67 index is limited. We aimed to demonstrate the prognostic role of a points-based score (S-GRAS) in a large cohort of patients with ACC.

Design

This is a multicentre, retrospective study on ACC patients who underwent adrenalectomy.

Methods

The S-GRAS score was calculated as a sum of the following points: tumour stage (1–2 = 0; 3 = 1; 4 = 2), grade (Ki67 index 0–9% = 0; 10–19% = 1; ≥20% = 2 points), resection status (R0 = 0; RX = 1; R1 = 2; R2 = 3), age (<50 years = 0; ≥50 years = 1), symptoms (no = 0; yes = 1), and categorised, generating four groups (0–1, 2–3, 4–5, and 6–9). Endpoints were progression-free survival (PFS) and disease-specific survival (DSS). The discriminative performance of S-GRAS and its components was tested by Harrell’s Concordance index (C-index) and Royston–Sauerbrei’s R2D statistic.

Results

We included 942 ACC patients. The S-GRAS score showed superior prognostic performance for both PFS and DSS, with best discrimination obtained using the individual scores (0–9) (C-index = 0.73, R2D = 0.30, and C-index = 0.79, R2D = 0.45, respectively, all P < 0.01vs each component). The superiority of S-GRAS score remained when comparing patients treated or not with adjuvant mitotane (n = 481 vs 314). In particular, the risk of recurrence was significantly reduced as a result of adjuvant mitotane only in patients with S-GRAS 4–5.

Conclusion

The prognostic performance of S-GRAS is superior to tumour stage and Ki67 in operated ACC patients, independently from adjuvant mitotane. S-GRAS score provides a new important guide for personalised management of ACC (i.e. radiological surveillance and adjuvant treatment).
Surfactant Nebulization to Prevent Intubation in Preterm Infants: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Gaertner Vincent D. , Thomann Janine , Bassler Dirk , Rüegger Christoph M.
Published: October 2021

CONTEXT

Surfactant nebulization (SN) may offer a safe alternative for surfactant administration in respiratory distress syndrome of preterm infants.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the efficacy of SN for the prevention of early intubation.

DATA SOURCES

Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library, clinicaltrials.gov, published abstracts, and references of relevant articles were searched through March 23, 2021.

STUDY SELECTION

Randomized clinical trials of preterm infants <37 weeks’ gestation comparing SN with noninvasive respiratory support or intratracheal surfactant application.

DATA EXTRACTION

Two reviewers extracted data and assessed risk of bias from included studies separately and blinded. Data were pooled by using a fixed-effects model. Subgroups (gestational age, type of nebulizer, surfactant type, and dosage) were evaluated. Primary outcome was intubation rate at 72 hours after birth.

RESULTS

Nine studies recruiting 1095 infants met inclusion criteria. SN compared with standard care significantly reduced intubation rate at 72 hours after birth (226 of 565 infants [40.0%] vs 231 of 434 infants [53.2%]; risk ratio [RR]: 0.73, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.63–0.84; number needed to treat: 8; 95% CI: 5–14]). Prespecified subgroup analysis identified important heterogeneity: SN was most effective in infants ≥28 weeks' gestation (RR: 0.70, 95% CI: 0.60–0.82), with a pneumatically driven nebulizer (RR: 0.52, 95% CI: 0.40–0.68) and in infants receiving ≥200 mg/kg and animal-derived surfactant (RR: 0.63, 95% CI: 0.52–0.75). No differences in neonatal morbidities or mortality were identified.

LIMITATIONS

Quality of evidence was low owing to risk of bias and imprecision.

CONCLUSIONS

SN reduced the intubation rate in preterm infants with a higher efficacy for specific subgroups. There was no difference in relevant neonatal morbidities or mortality.
Urban trading of medicinal plants in San Salvador de Jujuy (Argentina): How does species composition vary between different biocultural supply sites?
Authors: Acosta Marina , Lambaré Daniela Alejandra , Ladio Ana H.
Published: October 2021

Studies related to the intrinsic biocultural variation of medicinal plant use in urban contexts are necessary for public health purposes. In this work we ask: What types of supply site offer medicinal plants in the pluricultural city of San Salvador de Jujuy? What are the most important medicinal plants commercialized in the city? How do species composition and their cultural importance vary between biocultural suppliers? The research followed an ethnobotanical approach and techniques, particularly participant observation, semi-structured and structured interviews with salespersons, and prior informed consent. We also identified plant material, considering the 10 plants most cited by the participants as having most commercial importance. Three types of medicinal plant supply site were identified: pharmacies, herbal stores and traditional informal sales stalls (informal vendors). Eighty-two medicinal species and two algal species were the most sold in this city. Total species richness differed between different types of biocultural supply site, herbal stores selling the highest richness (54 species), followed by informal vendors (43 species) and finally, pharmacies (36 species). The similarity index for the three sites revealed that herbal stores and informal vendors shared the highest number of species (46%). Through a GLM (generalized lineal model) we found that the supply sites most likely to sell native plants were the informal vendors. Despite the influence of global patterns of use, the supply sites varied in their intrinsic characteristics and offered different resources. Traditional informal vendors are fundamental to the Jujuy population for the supply of unique native species. This phenomenon has marked consequences for public health, highlighting the essential biocultural role played by this supply point in maintaining the traditional Andean health system.
Ethnonutrition
Authors: Jacob Michelle Cristine Medeiros , Teixeira Carla Djaine , Bautista Danielle Amorim , Ramos Vanessa Almeida Nogueira
Published: October 2021

Ethnonutrition, also known as nutritional anthropology and cultural nutrition, is a discipline that studies the diets of different peoples and cultures using a socio-ecological approach. Research in ethnonutrition analyzes the effect of cultural variables in nutritional outcomes under the following topics: (i) sociocultural processes, (ii) social epidemiology, (iii) idea systems, (iv) gene-culture coevolution, (v) food biodiversity. By addressing the cultural bias to which diets are embedded, ethnonutrition science sheds light on how nutrition can (i) promote diets that can contribute to the well-being of people of different cultures, (ii) while protecting all forms of life, and (iii) ensuring the sustainability of the planet.
VARIATION OF THE EXTERIOR IN THE BULGARIAN SCREW-HORNED LONGHAIRED GOAT FROM TWO DISTRIBUTION AREAS
Authors: Vuchkov A.
Published: October 2021

The Bulgarian Screw-horned longhaired goat is a local breed, distributed in the mountainous regions of Bulgaria. The largest compact herds with preserved breed type of the animals are differentiated into two main habitats.
I. The region of Southwestern Bulgaria - mainly in the southern and western border mountains of the Blagoevgrad region (the slopes of Southern Pirin, Slavyanka, Ograzhden, Malashevska mountains).
II. The region of Western Stara Planina (settlements along the northern slopes) - mainly the Vratsa and Teteven regions. Exactly from these two areas (Teteven region and settlements in the border regions of Blagoevgrad region) in the 1968 year Professor Altman selects animals for conservation work with this breed in the GDR (1). Initial monitoring of the population shows some variation in the exterior signs of specimens in the two native distribution areas. This requires a detailed study and comparative analysis of the exterior in specimens from the respective areas. For the purposes of the study, complete measurements and descriptions of the exterior were performed in 50 goats and 20 bucks, respectively, from each areal. The Bulgarian Screw-horned longhaired goat from the area of Northwestern Stara Planina was larger and more massive than the animals from the area of Southwestern Bulgaria. The heigh at withers for the goats from the Vratsa region was 74.42 cm and 66.06 cm in goats from the Sandanski region. This sign in the bucks also shows a difference of almost 10 cm - 83.75 and 72.45, respectively for male animals from the two regions. The differences were proven with a high degree of probability. The goats from the area of ​​Northwestern Stara Planina has a longer and broader head, the ears were proven to be longer, than in the animals from Southwestern Bulgaria. The horns of both male and female specimens from the Vratsa region were extremely rough and massive. The differences were proven with a high degree of probability.
Deformation and fracture characteristics of zirconium plate produced via ultrasonic additive manufacturing
Authors: Massey Caleb P. , Bibhanshu Nitish , Gussev Maxim N. , Havrilak Cody J. , Nelson Andrew T.
Published: October 2021

The microstructural evolution, deformation modes, and fracture mechanisms of zirconium plate produced using ultrasonic additive manufacturing (UAM) are presented. In addition to conventional tensile testing techniques, digital image correlation captured highly variable strain accumulation in specimens loaded perpendicular or parallel to the build height (Z). When tested in parallel to Z, delamination at prior foil/foil interfaces creates strain localization noticeable in strain rate maps, whereas specimens loaded perpendicular to Z illustrate conventional strain hardening until necking accelerates delamination. Although bond strengths are statistically and spatially variable, in situ electron backscattering diffraction tests illustrate the ability for grains near interfaces to accommodate strain with twinning and slip modes consistent with conventionally produced zirconium alloys. Finally, mixtures of ductile and delamination-induced fracture highlight the interface-driven failure modes of UAM zirconium plate in the as-built condition.

Graphic abstract
Ethnography in Western Popular Music Research Revisited
Authors: Verbuč David
Published: October 2021

In this article, I focus on ethnomusicological and popular music studies’ examinations of Western popular music cultures, and provide a critique of some of their methods. Further, my main aim is not to propose a new method, but to suggest a re-emphasis of some of the fundamental ethnographic approaches in studying Western popular music cultures. These include participatory observation, grounded ethnography, materialism, thick description, and cultural relativism. To substantiate these arguments, I examine my own ethnographic research of American DIY (“do-it-yourself”) venues and scenes as an example of a participatory research of living and touring with DIY participants and studying their everyday lives. I recount my fieldwork methods and experiences and demonstrate how the focus on non-musical and private aspects of American DIY music cultures can produce a better understanding of their musical and public sides. Finally, I also argue how the proposed methodological re-evaluation can help to decolonize music studies.
Entidades y ejes de acción en la economía popular y solidaria
Authors: Gómez Javier Herrán , Salgado Guerrero Bernardo , Torres Toukoumidis Angel
Published: October 2021

Esta investigación realiza una descripción exhaustiva sobre la presencia de la economía popular y solidaria en Cayambe, Ecuador. Para ello, este estudio de caso enfocado cualitativamente presenta las entidades y los ejes de acción como variables sobre las cuales se profundizará a través de la recaudación de documentación de instituciones locales y regionales, además de la implicación de la observación participante por más de 25 años en dicho contexto. Los resultados demuestran que si bien las cooperativas de ahorro y crédito, entidades asociativas y entidades solidarias se encuentran asentadas en el desarrollo de la economía popular y solidaria ocurre lo contrario con las cajas comunales y las unidades económicas populares. En cuanto a la segunda variable, los ejes de acción se organizan en técnico-práctico y político-social, en la que se promueve respectivamente el desarrollo tecnológico de la comunidad acompañado del empoderamiento. En conclusión, este estudio busca impulsar el seguimiento de casos donde se permitan evidenciar la aproximación de la economía popular y solidaria con las comunidades y su prospectivo asentamiento en la colectividad.
Los factores determinantes del emprendimiento en estudiantes de administración de empresas.
Authors: Li Bonilla Federico , Dios Vicente Adrián , Rodeiro Pazos David
Published: October 2021

Dadas las incertidumbres en el mercado de trabajo, el emprendimiento se presenta como una alternativa relevante para absorber los excedentes de mano de obra existentes, contribuyendo además a un mayor bienestar social. En particular, los estudiantes universitarios juegan un papel importante para el desarrollo del emprendimiento dada su formación formal. Por ello, en el presente artículo se trata de observar la percepción sobre el emprendimiento entre estudiantes de administración de empresas en Costa Rica, incluyendo también una diferenciación por género. Para realizar el estudio se emplearon encuestas entre estudiantes universitarios de la Universidad Estatal a Distancia de Costa Rica. Los resultados muestran que son los factores personales los que en mayor medida impulsan el interés sobre el emprendimiento, si bien existen factores macroeconómicos que limitan su desarrollo. Del mismo modo, las diferencias de género en las respuestas son relevantes. En base a los resultados obtenidos se realizan una serie de recomendaciones de política económica.
Lessons learned from operating a pre-commercialisation field-testing platform for innovative non-sewered sanitation in Durban, South Africa
Authors: RC Sindall  , R Cottingham  , P Arumugam  , SJ Mercer  , C Sutherland  , N Alcock  , CA Buckley  , G Gounden
Published: October 2021

The Engineering Field Testing Platform (EFTP) was designed to provide an opportunity for technology developers (TDs) to test non-sewered sanitation prototypes in the eThekwini Municipal Area (Durban), South Africa. Between 2017 and 2020, 15 sanitation systems were tested in informal settlements, peri-urban households, and other ‘real world’ settings. This paper illustrates the lessons learned from establishing and managing this testing platform. Costs and timelines for testing are dependent on several factors, including the aims of testing, the development stage of the prototype, whether testing takes place in a community or household setting and if a testing site is shared between prototypes. Timelines were routinely underestimated, particularly for community engagement and commissioning of prototypes to reach steady-state operation. Personnel accounted for more than half of the EFTP’s costs. The presence of the municipality as a platform partner was vital to the success of testing, both for gaining political support and for enabling access to testing sites. It is noted that working in communities, with test sites in public spaces, requires technical and social sensitivity to context. It was important to ensure testing supported future municipal decision-making on service provision, as well as longer-term development within communities. The high number of stakeholders, locally and internationally, raised management challenges common to any large project. However, the EFTP added value to TDs, the eThekwini Municipality, and communities requiring improved sanitation services; this was amplified through the platform approach.
Determining Impact Forces on a Ferromagnetic Particle
in the Process of Magnetothermal Surface Reinforcement
of Products from Thermoplastic Polymers
Authors: Voronin N. V. , Rodionov Yu. V. , Nikitin D. V. , Filatov I. S.
Published: October 2021

The author considers the forces acting on a ferromagnetic particle from the side of the magnetic and thermal fields, as well as the forces opposing its penetration from the side of the surface layer of the polymer. The calculation of the forces acting
on a ferromagnetic particle in the process of its introduction into the surface layer of the polymer is carried out using the example of nickel and polypropylene. The balance
of forces required for the introduction of a ferromagnetic particle into the molten surface of a thermoplastic polymer and stable fixation in it is calculated.
The universality of the approach used is shown for calculating the parameters of surface modification of thermoplastic products with different properties by ferromagnetic particles of different dispersion and characteristics.
Cost-effectiveness and cost-utility evaluation of the individual vs. group transdiagnostic psychological treatment for emotional disorders in Primary Care(PsicAP-Costs) v2
Authors: Aguilera-Martin Angel , Gálvez-Lara Mario , Cuadrado Fátima , Moreno Eliana , García-Torres Francisco , F. Venceslá José , Corpas Jorge , J. Jurado-González Francisco , Muñoz-Navarro Roger , González-Blanch César , Ruiz-Rodríguez Paloma , Barrio-Martínez Sara , Prieto-Vila Maider , Carpallo-González María , Cano-Vindel Antonio , Antonio Moriana Juan
Published: October 2021

The aim of this study is to compare, in cost-effectiveness and cost-utility terms, a brief transdiagnostic cognitive-behavioural therapy in two different modes, individual and group, with the treatment usually administered in primary care (TAU). Participants between 18 and 65 years old and with, according to the pretreatment evaluation, mild to moderate emotional disorders will be randomly allocated to the three clusters. They will be assessed again immediately after treatment and 6 and 12 months later. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04847310
How to Assign AMBER Parameters to Desmond-generated System with viparr4 v1
Authors: Mast Thilo , Lupyan Dmitry
Published: October 2021

This tutorial partially copies steps from How to Assign CHARMM Parameters to Desmond-generated System with viparr4 but differs in the parametrization steps. You can use the Schrödinger software suite to prepare systems for molecular dynamics simulations, however, only the OPLS _2005 and OPLS4 force fields can be automatically assigned. This tutorial will show you how to use Desmond with third-party force fields like AMBER, using the Viparr utility from D.E. Shaw Research. You will prepare a protein-ligand complex, generate custom AMBER parameters for the ligand, and use the Viparr utility to convert the generated AMBER parameters into a viparr-formatted template, that can be used for simulations. You can find the input files for this tutorial here:
The Effect of Habitat Conditions on the Activity of Enzymes and Content of Metabolites of the Ascorbate-Glutathione Cycle in Plantago media Leaves
Authors:   Institute of Biology of Komi Scientific Centre of the Ural Branch of RAS, Silina Ekaterina V. , Golovko Tamara K.
Published: October 2021

The ascorbate-glutathione cycle (AGC) is a metabolic pathway that detoxifies H2O2, which is a reactive oxygen species produced as a waste product in metabolism. The cycle involves the antioxidant metabolites – ascorbate, glutathione, and NADPH, as well as enzymes linking them. We studied the effect of habitat conditions on the activity of enzymes and contents of metabolites of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle in Plantago media leaves. The experimental plants grew on the floodplain meadow: on the sparsely vegetated coastal edge (Site 1) and in the grass stand in the central part of the meadow (Site 2). The hoary plantain plants growing in Site 1 received twice more light than the plants in Site 2. The ascorbate and glutathione concentrations in leaves of the well-lit plants were 2–3 times higher than in shaded plants. The maximal levels of these metabolites were observed at midday, when light intensity and air temperature were increased, and relative humidity was decreased. The activity of AGC enzymes was changing similarly to the metabolite contents. As a result, the leaves of hoary plantain plants from the sites with different light levels did not significantly differ in their hydrogen peroxide concentrations. Our data suggest that the environmental conditions and, above all, the light intensity fine-tune the operation of AGC in plant leaves
Effect of Zinc Deficiency and Excess on the Antioxidant Enzymes Activity in Barley Seedling Leaves
Authors:   Institute of Biology Karelian Researches Centre RAS, Kaznina Natalya M. , Batova Yulia V. , Repkina Natalia S.
Published: October 2021

Zinc (Zn) is an essential microelement in plant nutrition but its high concentrations can be toxic to plants. Either Zn deficiency or its excess negatively affects plant metabolism, in particular due to alterations in cellular redox balance and development of oxidative stress. However, little is known about the effect of Zn deficiency and excess on the activity of antioxidant enzymes and expression of genes encoding them. The aim of this investigation was to study the effect of Zn deficiency and its excess on the intensity of oxidative processes, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (PO) activity, and genes (HvCu/ZnSOD1 and HvPRX07) expression in barley leaves (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Nur). Plants were grown for 7 days at optimal zinc concentration (2 μM), its deficiency (0 μM) and excess (1000 μM). Both stress factors caused similar shoot growth inhibition. However, they both differently influenced the intensity of lipid peroxidation (LPO), total enzyme activity and gene expression. Zn deficiency led to an increase in mRNA content of HvPRX07 gene, while the activities of PO and SOD were lower compared to those at optimal Zn level. The LPO intensity did not increase. Zn excess caused a significant increase in HvCu/ZnSOD1 gene expression, and the activity of both enzymes. LPO intensity also increased. This may suggest that under zinc deficiency the inhibition of plant growth is not directly related to the changes of cell redox balance, whereas Zn excess results in an oxidative stress that can cause inhibition of shoot growth
Redox Reactions in Hydrocharis morsus-ranae L. under Industrial Impacts
Authors:   Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin, Shiryaev Gregory I. , Borisova Galina G. , Shchukina Daria A. , Chukina Nadezhda V. , Sobenin Artem V. , Maleva Maria G.
Published: October 2021

Aquatic ecosystems are very sensitive to industrial impacts, and, therefore, it is increasingly important to study the mechanisms underlying the tolerance of aquatic organisms to water pollution. Heavy metals (HMs) are among the most common and toxic pollutants of aquatic ecosystems. They have a particularly strong effect on macrophytes, which are in close contact with the aquatic environment and can accumulate metals in considerable quantities. Hydrocharis morsus-ranae L. is a floating macrophyte (pleistophyte) with a high capacity for accumulation of HMs. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of industrial pollution on the redox reactions in H. morsus-ranae and to identify the role of low molecular weight antioxidants in adaptation of this macrophyte to unfavorable conditions. A comparative analysis of the physiological and biochemical characteristics of H. morsus-ranae from two (reference and impacted) water bodies was carried out. The study revealed an increased level of lipid peroxidation products in the leaves of H. morsus-ranae under industrial impact, which indicates oxidative stress. Nevertheless, this floating plant demonstrated fairly high resistance to adverse conditions, due to the synthesis of non-enzymatic antioxidants such as proline and soluble protein thiols. Revealing the response of macrophytes to pollution of water bodies will help predict the state of aquatic ecosystems with an increase in anthropogenic pressure
Impact of Microorganism Priming on Oxidative Processes and the Antioxidant Defense System of Grapes Infected with Downy Mildew
Authors:   North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture Viticulture, Wine-making, Lutskiy Evgeny O. , Mishko Alisa E. , Sundyreva Maria A.
Published: October 2021

Priming plants with natural agents, including microorganisms, is a promising alternative to chemical methods of protection in growing plants and, particularly, in viticulture. However, the molecular mechanisms of the priming phenomenon are still not fully elucidated. The antioxidant system and reactive oxygen species are known to effectively modulate plant responses to various external influences. This study aimed to identify the relationship between the priming of grapes by microorganisms and the functioning of the antioxidant system in a protective response to downy mildew infection. The experiment was carried out on leaf discs of Muscat blanc susceptible to downy mildew infected with Plasmopara viticola and treated with microorganisms incompatible with the pathogen, as well as with the corresponding symbiotic microorganisms. During the compatible interaction between P. viticola and grapes, oxidative processes were suppressed with viniferin formation. Leaf treatments with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Bacillus subtilis effectively curbed the development of downy mildew on grape leaves. Priming with these microorganisms did not lead to a significant change in the biochemical parameters of grapes. Nevertheless, subsequent downy mildew infection initiated the formation of viniferin and maintained H2O2 content at a high level. Thus, priming with microorganisms eliminates the physiological effects of compatible interactions between downy mildew and grapes associated with blocking oxidative processes. To suppress pathogen development, host defenses and antagonistic effects of microbial priming agents are required
Modeling of Photosynthesis Process and Assessing Of Phytoplankton Dynamics Based On Droop Model
Authors: Abakumov A.I. , Pak S.Ya.
Published: October 2021

Droop's well-known model simulates phytoplankton biomass dynamics based on nutrient limitation. The defining parameter is the nutrient concentration in phytoplankton cells (cell quota). This model is modified to description of the photosynthesis processes. The effects of photosynthetically active radiation must be taken into account. At the same time, the nutritional factor remains the main one. Water temperature is considered as a controlling factor. The influence of light during photosynthesis plays a decisive role. The decisive factor is the presence of photosynthetic substances. We conventionally combine them under the name "chlorophyll". Sufficient variability in the proportion of chlorophyll in phytoplankton (chlorophyll quota) directly affects biomass production. The equation for the dynamics of chlorophyll quota is added to the Droop model. The parameters of the model depend on the concentration of nutrients, illumination and water temperature. The properties of the solutions in the model are investigated, the conditions for the existence and stability of equilibrium solutions are clarified. Complex dynamic regimes are revealed in the case of unstable equilibria. It was found that the most sensitive parameter for biomass dynamics is the minimum value of the cell quota. The dynamics of indicators for the daily cycle and the annual cycle of seasonal changes are calculated. The influence of nutrition, illumination and temperature on biomass production has been clarified. During the day, the chlorophyll quota fluctuates insignificantly due to a short period of time. The changes are noticeable at longer times for example during the season.
“Refugees” as a Misnomer: The Parochial Politics and Official Discourse of the Visegrad Four
Authors: Gruszczak Artur
Published: October 2021

Attitudes towards migrants and refugees are created and reflected at the level of public policies, as well as in local communities which cultivate traditional approaches and a specific worldview. The refugee crisis in Europe in the mid-2010s showed how public opinion translated into voting behaviour and became a source of strength for nationalist anti-immigrant movements and parties across the continent. East-Central Europe was no exception, regardless of the absence of a long-term, massive inflow of refugees. Nevertheless, the migration crisis created a new political narrative which exploited deeply rooted resentments, complexes, and fears. This article aims to analyse the official policy responses to the refugee crisis in the four East-Central European countries: Poland, Hungary, Slovakia, and the Czech Republic, which together constitute the so-called Visegrad Four. It puts the emphasis on the discriminatory practice of misnaming the refugees, which became deeply anchored in the political discourse of these countries. Based on a qualitative content analysis supplemented by the findings of public opinion polls, the argument developed in the article is that reluctant and defensive attitudes towards the refugees have been determined by the revival of parochialism as a radical reaction to the challenges of global trends and supra-local processes. The theoretical framing of the refugee problem is built on politicization, in connection with the concept of parochialism, seen from political and social perspectives, and the meaning of the use of the misnomer as a policy instrument. The article concludes that the migration crisis petrified traditional cleavages at the supra-local level, reinforcing simultaneously the sense of parochial altruism and hostility towards “the other.”