bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coproduction du service d'eau et recomposition de l'espace intra-urbain dans la périphérie sud de Caracas
Authors: Moretto Luisa
Published: March 2011

Résumé Au Venezuela, au cours de la dernière décennie, des formes originales de collaboration entre les pouvoirs publics et les habitants des quartiers pauvres ont été développées pour améliorer l’accès à l’eau potable dans les occupations illégales de terrains. Ces nouvelles formes de coproduction du service d’eau remplacent progressivement les pratiques informelles d’accès et contribuent en même temps à une transformation dans les modes d’appropriation du barrio par ses habitants. En se fondant sur des études récentes de ces nouvelles formes de participation citoyenne dans la fourniture du service d’eau potable et sur deux études de cas dans la périphérie sud de Caracas, cet article montre comment le passage des pratiques informelles d’accès à l’eau potable à un système de coproduction du service participe à la recomposition de l’espace des quartiers (barrios) et contribue à mettre en évidence les dérives possibles de la démocratie participative au Venezuela.
L'urbain informel et les paradoxes de la ville algérienne : politiques urbaines et légitimité sociale
Authors: Belguidoum Saïd , Mouaziz Najet
Published: March 2011

Résumé L’urbain informel semble a priori couvrir une même réalité : des pratiques exercées en marge d’une réglementation et s’opposant à la production « moderne » de la ville. Souvent les études urbaines portant sur les villes algériennes constatent les distorsions existant entre les règles et les pratiques, opposant parfois de manière incantatoire la ville voulue et la ville vécue et dénonçant l’impuissance de l’État à contrôler un urbanisme, cause de fléaux sociaux. Cette production qui contrevient à la règle, pose frontalement la question de la légitimité sociale face à la légalité institutionnelle. Notre propos sort du cadre purement normatif et interroge ces pratiques sous l’angle de leur rapport avec la structure sociale et les dynamiques urbaines actuelles. L’informel urbain est saisi dans son évolution, ses manifestations, ses champs d’action et l’identité de ses acteurs.
Le paradigme pakistanais
Authors: Racine Jean-Luc
Published: March 2011

Le syndrome de la partition de 1947 et les multiples guerres qui ont opposé l’Inde au Pakistan continuent de déﬁnir le paradigme stratégique pakistanais, qui s’est encore renforcé avec le soutien apporté aux moudjahidines afghans dans les années 1980 et l’insurrection au Cachemire indien dans les années 1990. La stratégie d’instrumentalisation des mouvements islamistes armés au service de la politique régionale a toutefois un prix. Après le 11 Septembre, le général Musharraf modiﬁe la ligne ofﬁcielle, tant vis-à-vis des talibans que des jihadistes opérant au Cachemire. Même si sa pratique est pour le moins ambiguë, c’en est trop pour une partie des radicaux, qui se retournent contre le pouvoir d’État, qui doit alors faire face à des insurrections en pays pachtoune, et à la montée du terrorisme urbain, aggravé par les conflits entre sunnites et chiites, les tensions ethniques et les difﬁcultés économiques. Mais l’armée, État dans l’État, maintient le paradigme : l’Inde est présentée comme plus menaçante que les troubles internes, d’autant que les aléas de la politique « AfPak » du président Obama ouvrent au Pakistan de nouveaux horizons en Afghanistan.
Le Pakistan dans la tourmente : discours nationaliste et stratégie du déni
Authors: Reynolds Nathalène
Published: March 2011

Cet article se propose d’examiner la rhétorique nationaliste pakistanaise qui fut inaugurée au lendemain de la « guerre contre la terreur » à laquelle la République islamique du Pakistan fut appelée à se joindre. Islamabad (et Rawalpindi, siège des instances militaires) chercha à convaincre la population de la nécessité qui avait été la sienne d’opter pour la politique des deux fers au feu. Appuyant l’effort de guerre des forces de l’OTAN en Afghanistan, le Pakistan estima qu’il n’en devait pas moins continuer de se prémunir à l’encontre du danger que représentait, selon lui, l’hégémonie indienne. Il n’oubliait pas davantage ses ambitions régionales à la frontière afghane. Il optait pour une stratégie de déni : il s’indignait de ce que la communauté internationale remette en cause sa bonne foi alors qu’il combattait à ses côtés ; il continuait de soutenir les « bons » talibans, à savoir ceux qui l’autoriseraient à reconquérir son influence en Afghanistan dès le départ des troupes étrangères.
Une désastreuse victoire ?
Authors: Dorronsoro Gilles
Published: March 2011

La coalition menée par les États-Unis a de facto perdu la guerre contre les Taliban et sera à terme obligée de se retirer. Cela représente un succès pour l’armée pakistanaise qui soutient les Taliban pour éviter la reconstitution d’un axe Kaboul-New Dehli, tout en proﬁtant de l’aide américaine. Pourtant, le retrait occidental ouvre une période difﬁcile pour le Pakistan. Les Taliban ont en effet des relations tendues avec leur protecteur pakistanais et reprendront leur autonomie dès que leur leadership sera revenu en Afghanistan. Par ailleurs, la coalition mène de plus en plus d’opérations sur le territoire pakistanais, ce qui contribue à sa déstabilisation. Finalement, le Pakistan paye le prix d’une politique de manipulation des mouvements jihadistes et de l’obsession que constitue la question indienne pour l’armée pakistanaise.
Stratégies militaires et climats
Authors: Pagney Pierre
Published: March 2011

Les relations établies entre stratégies militaires et climats, pour être observées comme une évidence, n’en sont pas moins négligées dans la réflexion militaire, sauf à partir du moment où l’aviation, en combinaison avec les autres armes, nécessite leur prise en considération. L’Histoire révèle le lien étroit qui existe entre l’issue des combats, le temps et le climat. Ce lien s’organise en fonction des échelles de durée et d’espace. Il y a le temps court et l’espace restreint de la bataille où domine le type de temps, et le temps long et l’espace étendu de la guerre, où domine le concept de climat Ce qui se traduit par des situations météorologiques et climatiques où jouent la chance, la maîtrise, mais aussi les erreurs de commandement. Il s’agit, dans tous ces cas, de conditions météorologiques ou climatiques qui imposent, par leur agressivité, une dissymétrie dont profite l’un des adversaires. Lorsque les conditions atmosphériques sont normales, ce sont les moyens en hommes, en armes et en matériel, ainsi que la valeur des chefs, qui font la différence.
Les logiques d'une passion stratégique : les États-Unis et la défense antimissile
Authors: Baulon Jean-Philippe
Published: March 2011

Depuis plus d’un demi-siècle, les États-Unis consentent des efforts remarquables pour concevoir une défense antimissile de leur territoire ; cette persévérance a été parfois expliquée par le poids d’une culture stratégique américaine. Pourtant, les déploiements sont longtemps restés insignifiants et les systèmes défensifs n’ont jamais fait l’unanimité. Les antimissiles sont surtout devenus une « passion stratégique », un enjeu secondaire d’un point de vue opérationnel mais une question centrale d’un point de vue intellectuel. Durant la guerre froide, discuter l’opportunité d’une telle défense permettait ainsi aux acteurs du débat stratégique de dévoiler leurs certitudes les mieux ancrées sur les fondements de la sécurité. Mais la dernière décennie marque un tournant : l’approche des antimissiles a semblé moins dogmatique, alors même que les déploiements progressaient enfin de manière substantielle.
Nietzsche et Pascal. Le crépuscule nihiliste et la question du divin
Authors: Vioulac Jean
Published: March 2011

Résumé En dépit de son hostilité au christianisme, Nietzsche a toujours revendiqué une proximité avec Pascal. Pascal est en effet le seul avant lui qui sut constater l’avènement du nihilisme, mettre en évidence son lien avec une rationalité corrompue, et formuler l’impératif de le surmonter. C’est sur ce dernier point que Nietzsche s’en sépare, puisque Pascal à ses yeux ne sut surmonter le nihilisme métaphysique qu’au profit de son double, le nihilisme chrétien. Le projet de Nietzsche pourtant ne consiste pas à en finir avec la foi, mais au contraire à la libérer de sa configuration chrétienne. Il cristallise alors dans la figure de Dionysos son espérance d’un surmontement du nihilisme : Nietzsche ne s’oppose donc à Pascal que dans l’exacte mesure où il oppose Dionysos au Christ, et tout le poids de leur débat repose sur ce divin face à face.
La vérité guérit-elle ? La psychanalyse est-elle un exercice spirituel ?
Authors: Lemoine Laurent
Published: March 2011

Résumé Aujourd’hui, les psychanalystes font parfois face à une sorte de retour du religieux dans les cures qu’ils dirigent, selon des modalités variées et dans un paysage culturel qui mélange croyance, foi, spiritualités de tous ordres. On se demande alors si la psychanalyse ne saurait elle-même être considérée comme un exercice spirituel. Jean Allouch, lecteur de Michel Foucault, le propose non sans ambiguïtés. L’éthique psychanalytique n’oblige-t-elle pas, au contraire, à laïciser « Dieu » ou le spirituel sans négliger la richesse du patrimoine chrétien, notamment le courant mystique étudié par Lacan ? C’est la question de la vérité, plus que celle de la guérison, qui anime en définitive les deux recherches.
Cognition collective : partage de préoccupations entre les joueurs d'une équipe de basket-ball au cours d'un match
Authors: Bourbousson Jérôme , Poizat Germain , Saury Jacques , Sève Carole
Published: March 2011

Résumé Notre étude s’est attachée à analyser la construction de l’activité collective en s’intéressant au partage des préoccupations entre les partenaires d’une équipe lors d’un match de basket-ball. Elle a été menée en référence au cadre théorique et méthodologique du cours d’action (Theureau, 2006). Elle a caractérisé la nature des préoccupations individuelles des joueurs et les formes d’agencement de ces préoccupations au sein de l’équipe au cours du temps. Les résultats ont mis en évidence deux dynamiques d’apparition des moments de convergence des préoccupations en relation avec la nature de ce qui est partagé par les joueurs. Sont discutées la relation entre préoccupations partagées et performance collective, ainsi que la notion de compréhension partagée.
Safety and persistence of orally administered human Lactobacillus sp. strains in healthy adults
Authors: Hütt P. , Kõll P. , Stsepetova J. , Alvarez B. , Mändar R. , Krogh-Andersen K. , Marcotte H. , Hammarström L. , Mikelsaar M.
Published: March 2011

The aim of the study was to evaluate the safety and persistence of selected Lactobacillus strains in the gastrointestinal
tract (GIT) of healthy adult volunteers after oral consumption of high doses of lactobacilli to identify potential
candidates for probiotic and biotechnological applications. In the first phase of the study, nine individuals consumed
capsules containing Lactobacillus gasseri 177 and E16B7, Lactobacillus acidophilus 821-3, Lactobacillus paracasei
317 and Lactobacillus fermentum 338-1-1 (each daily dose 1×1010 cfu) for 5 consecutive days. Data on gut health,
blood parameters, and liver and kidney function were collected. The persistence of Lactobacillus strains was
assessed by culturing combined with arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (AP-PCR) and PCR-denaturing
gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) on days 0, 5, 8, 10 and 20 from faecal samples. All strains survived
gastrointestinal passage and were detected on the 5th day. L. acidophilus 821-3 was detected in four volunteers on
the 8th day (4.3 to 7.0 log10 cfu/g) and in two on the 10th day (8.3 and 3.9 log10 cfu/g, respectively). In the second
phase of the study, five additional volunteers consumed L. acidophilus 821-3 (daily 1×1010 cfu) for 5 consecutive
days. The strain was subsequently detected in faeces of all individuals using real-time PCR on the 10th day (range
4.6-6.7; median 6.0 log10 cell/g) in both phases of the study for at least 5 days after discontinuation of consumption.
The administration of high doses of different Lactobacillus strains did not result in any severe adverse effects in
GIT and/or abnormal values of blood indices. Thus, the strain L. acidophilus 821-3 is a promising candidate for
probiotic and biotechnological applications. Further studies will be performed to confirm the strain persistence
and safety in a larger number of individuals.
Lactobacillus brevis strain 1E1 administered to piglets through milk supplementation prior to weaning maintains intestinal integrity after the weaning event
Authors: Gebert S. , Davis E. , Rehberger T. , Maxwell C.
Published: March 2011

Early colonisation in the gastrointestinal tract by commensal microbes influences the progressive development and
maturity of digestive and immune system functionality in the neonate. Application of strategically selected direct-fed
microbials to neonatal pigs may provide an opportunity to dictate a portion of the intestinal microbial community
and exert a beneficial influence on these developmental processes. Experiments were conducted to determine the
effects of early administration of Lactobacillus brevis strain 1E1 to neonatal piglets (n=224) via a milk supplement
system on gastrointestinal microbial counts, villous architecture, and immune cell phenotypes during the lactation
phase and after weaning. Pigs administered the direct-fed microbial had lower Escherichia coli counts in the jejunum
and ileum (P<0.05), and lower coliform counts in the jejunum compared to unsupplemented pigs (P<0.05). The
villous height:crypt depth ratio was greater in the ileum at 9 days of age when pigs were provided L. brevis 1E1
compared to unsupplemented pigs (P<0.05), as well as in the duodenum of pigs supplemented with L. brevis 1E1 at
22 days of age (P<0.05). The number of leukocytes expressing CD2 (P<0.05), CD4 (P=0.07) and MHC-II (P=0.07)
was lower in the jejunum of pigs administered L. brevis 1E1 compared to unsupplemented pigs, however direct-fed
microbial treatment had no effect on the number of leukocytes expressing CD8, CD25 or SWC3. These data
demonstrate that early colonisation of the porcine gastrointestinal tract with L. brevis strain 1E1 during the lactation
phase influences the progression of intestinal structure, immune system development, and pathogen establishment,
indicating a relationship between early microbial colonisation and development of intestinal maturity and integrity.
Influence of post-harvest processing on ochratoxin A content in cocoa and on consumer exposure in Cameroon
Authors: Mounjouenpou P. , Gueule D. , Ntoupka M. , Durand N. , Fontana-Tachon A. , Guyot B. , Guiraud J.
Published: March 2011

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin that contaminates several foodstuffs, including cocoa. It has nephrotoxic,
teratogenic and carcinogenic properties in humans. The effect of post-harvest processing and storage on the OTA
contamination of cocoa was studied over three successive cocoa seasons (2005, 2006 and 2007) in Cameroon.
The type of fermentation (box or heap) did not significantly influence bean OTA content, which varied from
undetectable (<0.03 ng/g) to 0.25 ng/g, remaining below 2 ng/g (the defined standard for cocoa beans). However,
pod damage and late pod opening were aggravating factors for OTA contamination of cocoa. If pods were not intact
(intentionally or naturally damaged), OTA was found in samples with contents of up to 75.5 ng/g before processing and
32.2 ng/g after 4 months' storage. This contamination exceeded the levels tolerated for export. In addition, some of
the cocoa produced is processed locally and consumed as chocolate, cocoa powder, chocolate filled sweets, cocoa-based
drinks and cocoa butter. In Cameroon, the average daily consumption of cocoa by-products is estimated at
0.75 g/d for adults and 1 g/d for children. Consequently, for maximum OTA contamination of cocoa beans, the
maximum daily exposure to OTA would be 1.61 ng/kg bw/d in young children weighing around 20 kg, greatly
contributing to the exposure of young consumers.
Antioxidant and antimicrobial effect of some natural plant extracts added to lamb patties during storage
Authors: Ibrahim Hayam M. , Abou-Arab Azza A. , Abu Salem Ferial M.
Published: March 2011

Natural plants are considered an important target to investigate in order to provide a new source of natural antioxidants and/or antimicrobial agents. The optimum concentrations of some natural plant (jojoba, jatropha, ginseng and ginger) extracts were determined and added to lamb patties. Some chemical and microbial characteristics of the prepared patties during storage for 9 days at 4°C were evaluated. Both the addition of these extracts and storage time had a significant effect on the patties throughout the storage period. The effectiveness of the tested natural extracts can be listed in the following order of decreasing Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) values: ginseng > jatropha > jojoba > ginger. Aerobic plate count, mould and yeast counts decreased significantly with addition of the extracts during the storage period. Also, the addition of the extracts was significantly effective in reducing histamine, tyramine and putrescine formation during the storage period. Compared to control patties, the addition of these natural extracts was effective as antioxidant and antimicrobial agents for improving the properties of lamb patties.
A Geospatial Approach to Identify Water Quality Issues for National Wildlife Refuges in Oregon and Washington
Authors: Hinck Jo Ellen , Chojnacki Kimberly , Finger Susan , Linder Greg , Kilbride Kevin
Published: March 2011

Many National Wildlife Refuges (Refuges) have impaired water quality resulting from historic and current land uses, upstream sources, and aerial pollutant deposition. Competing duties limit the time available for Refuge staff to identify and evaluate potential water quality issues. As a result, water quality–related issues may not be resolved until a problem has already arisen. This study developed a geospatial approach for identifying and prioritizing water quality issues affecting natural resources (including migratory birds and federally listed species) within Refuge boundaries. We assessed the location and status of streams pursuant to the Clean Water Act in relation to individual Refuges in Oregon and Washington, United States. Although twelve Refuges in Oregon (60%) and eight Refuges in Washington (40%) were assessed under the Clean Water Act, only 12% and 3% of total Refuge stream lengths were assessed, respectively. Very few assessed Refuge streams were not designated as impaired (0% in Oregon, 1% in Washington). Despite the low proportions of stream lengths assessed, most Refuges in Oregon (70%) and Washington (65%) are located in watersheds with approved total maximum daily loads. We developed summaries of current water quality issues for individual Refuges and identified large gaps for Refuge-specific water quality data and habitat utilization by sensitive species. We conclude that monitoring is warranted on many Refuges to better characterize water quality under the Clean Water Act.
Novel Blocking Human IgG Directed against the Pentapeptide Repeat Motifs of Neisseria meningitidis Lip/H.8 and Laz Lipoproteins
Authors: Dutta Ray Tathagat , Lewis Lisa A. , Gulati Sunita , Rice Peter A. , Ram Sanjay
Published: March 2011

Ab-initiated, complement-dependent killing contributes to host defenses against invasive meningococcal disease. Sera from nonimmunized individuals vary widely in their bactericidal activity against group B meningococci. We show that IgG isolated from select individuals can block killing of group B meningococci by human sera that are otherwise bactericidal. This IgG also reduced the bactericidal efficacy of Abs directed against the group B meningococcal protein vaccine candidates factor H-binding protein currently undergoing clinical trials and Neisserial surface protein A. Immunoblots revealed that the blocking IgG was directed against a meningococcal Ag called H.8. Killing of meningococci in reactions containing bactericidal mAbs and human blocking Abs was restored when binding of blocking Ab to meningococci was inhibited using either synthetic peptides corresponding to H.8 or a nonblocking mAb against H.8. Furthermore, genetic deletion of H.8 from target organisms abrogated blocking. The Fc region of the blocking IgG was required for blocking because F(ab′)2 fragments were ineffective. Blocking required IgG glycosylation because deglycosylation with peptide:N-glycanase eliminated blocking. C4b deposition mediated by an anti-factor H-binding protein mAb was reduced by intact blocking IgG, but not by peptide:N-glycanase–treated blocking IgG, suggesting that blocking resulted from inhibition of classical pathway of complement. In conclusion, we have identified H.8 as a meningococcal target for novel blocking Abs in human serum. Such blocking Abs may reduce the efficacy of select antigroup B meningococcal protein vaccines. We also propose that outer membrane vesicle-containing meningococcal vaccines may be more efficacious if purged of subversive immunogens such as H.8.
Cutting Edge: Generation of Colitogenic Th17 CD4 T Cells Is Enhanced by IL-17+ γδ T Cells
Authors: Do Jeong-su , Visperas Anabelle , Dong Chen , Baldwin William M. , Min Booki
Published: March 2011

Th 17 cells have been implicated in the pathogenesis of colitis; however, a cellular mechanism by which colitogenic Th17 immunity arises in vivo remains unclear. In this study, we report that a subset of IL-17+ γδ T cells plays a crucial role in enhancing in vivo Th17 differentiation and T cell-mediated colitis. TCRβ−/− mice were highly susceptible to T cell-mediated colitis, whereas TCRβδ−/− mice were resistant to the disease. Importantly, cotransfer of IL-17+ but not of IL-17− γδ T cells with CD4 T cells was sufficient to enhance Th17 differentiation and induce full-blown colitis in TCRβδ−/− recipients. Collectively, our results provide a novel function of IL-17+ γδ T cell subsets in supporting in vivo Th17 differentiation and possibly in fostering the development of intestinal inflammation.
A Cytohistologic Correlation of Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma: Emphasizing the Rare Oncocytic Variant
Authors: Wade Timothy V. , LiVolsi Virginia A. , Montone Kathleen T. , Baloch Zubair W.
Published: March 2011

It is well-known that the morphological variability of mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) of the salivary glands may lead to interpretative difficulties on fine-needle aspiration (FNA) diagnosis. In this study we identify morphologic features that may be useful in the FNA diagnosis of MEC. The cohort included 23 cases of MEC; cytology and histology slides were reviewed and assessed for % cystic component, extracellular mucin, mucous and intermediate cells, oncocytes, cells with foamy/clear cytoplasm, keratinized cells and lymphocytes. On FNA 12/23 (52%) cases were diagnosed as consistent with or suggestive of MEC; 6/23 (26%) as salivary gland neoplasm and 5/23 (22%) as no tumor seen. The cystic component was ≥50% in 18/23 (78%) and <50% in 5 cases. The features prevalent in FNA and histology were: mucous cells (96% and 91%), extracellular mucin (91% both), intermediate cells (100 and 83%), lymphocytes (96 and 78%) and cells with foamy/clear cytoplasm (74% both). Oncocytes were seen in 43 and 22% and keratinized cells in 48 and 13% cases. Cases with oncocytes and lymphocytes were interpreted as favor Warthin's tumor on FNA. Presence of mucous cells, cells with foamy/clear cytoplasm, intermediate cells and lymphocytes in a mucinous background are diagnostic indicators of MEC; presence of oncocytes should not refrain from diagnosing MEC in FNA specimens.
The Selfish Grandma Gene: The Roles of the X-Chromosome and Paternity Uncertainty in the Evolution of Grandmothering Behavior and Longevity
Authors: Fox Molly , Johow Johannes , Knapp Leslie A.
Published: March 2011

When considering inclusive fitness, it is expected that individuals will provide more care towards those with whom they are more closely related. Thus, if a selfish X-linked genetic element influenced care giving, we would expect care giving to vary with X-relatedness. Recent studies have shown that X-chromosome inheritance patterns may influence selection of traits affecting behavior and life-history. Sexually antagonistic (SA) zygotic drive could encourage individuals to help those with whom they are more likely to share genetic material at the expense of other relatives. We reanalyze previously reported data in light of this new idea. We also evaluate the effects of paternity uncertainty on SA-zygotic drive. Our evidence suggests that human paternal discrepancy is relatively low. Using published models, we find the effects of paternal discrepancy do not override opportunity for selection based on X-relatedness. Based on these results, longevity and grandmothering behaviors, including favoritism, may be more heavily influenced by selection on the X-chromosome than by paternity uncertainty.
Current State of the Surgical Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Sandoval Elena , Castella Manuel , Pomar Jose-Luis
Published: March 2011

Surgery of atrial fibrillation (AF) was first described in 1991 by James Cox in what was named the Cox-Maze procedure, and over the years it has been considered the gold-standard treatment, with best results in maintaining sinus rhythm in the long term. Nevertheless, the complexity and aggressivity of the first techniques of cut-and-sew limited the application of this procedure, and few centers were dedicated to AF surgery. In the past years, however, new devices able to ablate atrial tissue with cryotherapy, radiofrequency, or ultrasounds have facilitated this operation. In the mid-term, other energy devices with laser or microwave have been abandoned due to a lack of consistency in getting transmural lesions in a consistent and reproducible manner. Additionally, better knowledge of the physiopathology of AF, with the importance of triggering zones around the pulmonary veins, has started new minimally invasive techniques to approach paroxysmal and persistent AF patients through thoracoscopy.
Amyloid‐Beta Interaction with Mitochondria
Authors: Pagani Lucia , Eckert Anne
Published: March 2011

Mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of amyloid‐beta(Aβ)‐induced neuronal toxicity in Alzheimer′s disease (AD). The recent emphasis on the intracellular biology of Aβ and its precursor protein (AβPP) has led researchers to consider the possibility that mitochondria‐associated and/or intramitochondrial Aβ may directly cause neurotoxicity. In this paper, we will outline current knowledge of the intracellular localization of both Aβ and AβPP addressing the question of how Aβ can access mitochondria. Moreover, we summarize evidence from AD postmortem brain as well as cellular and animal AD models showing that Aβ triggers mitochondrial dysfunction through a number of pathways such as impairment of oxidative phosphorylation, elevation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, alteration of mitochondrial dynamics, and interaction with mitochondrial proteins. In particular, we focus on Aβ interaction with different mitochondrial targets including the outer mitochondrial membrane, intermembrane space, inner mitochondrial membrane, and the matrix. Thus, this paper establishes a modified model of the Alzheimer cascade mitochondrial hypothesis.
Lights and Shadows of Cyclophosphamide in the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Patti Francesco , Lo Fermo Salvatore
Published: March 2011

Cyclophosphamide (cy) is an alkylating agent used to treat malignancies and immune-mediated inflammatory nonmalignant processes. It has been used as a treatment in cases of worsening multiple sclerosis (MS). Cy is currently used for patients whose disease is not controlled by beta-interferon or glatiramer acetate as well as those with rapidly worsening MS. The most commonly used regimens involve outpatient IV pulse therapy given with or without corticosteroids every 4 to 8 weeks. Side effects include nausea, headache, alopecia, pain, male and women infertility, bladder toxicity, and risk of malignancy. Previous studies suggest that cy is effective in patients in the earlier stages of disease, where inflammation predominates over degenerative processes. Given that early inflammatory events appear to correlate with later disability, a major question is whether strong anti-inflammatory drugs, such as cy, will have an impact on later degenerative changes if given early in the disease to halt inflammation.
El nacimiento de la prensa del motor en España. Las primeras revistas del automóvil
Authors: López de Aguileta Clemente Carmen
Published: March 2011

La presente investigación tiene como objetivo realizar una aproximación histórica al nacimiento de las revistas del automóvil en España. Para ello, nos remontamos hasta los primeros años del siglo XX, momento en que surgieron las primeras publicaciones especializadas en el tema. La aparición del nuevo medio de locomoción y su rápido desarrollo, junto al creciente interés del público en general por los automóviles, favorecieron la aparición de un nuevo tipo de publicaciones y su consolidación en el mercado, fundamentalmente durante la década de los años veinte y en los años previos a la Guerra Civil. Para llevar a cabo la investigación, se ha realizado un vaciado hemerográfico de publicaciones que guardaban relación con el deporte en general y con el automóvil en particular. Su análisis posterior nos ha permitido conocer detalles concretos y específicos de cada una de ellas
Tendencias actuales en la estructura y contenidos de los informativos de televisión
Authors: Pestano Rodríguez José
Published: March 2011

En la televisión convencional se exponen los contenidos mediante el empleo de una serie de códigos expresivos característicos de la comunicación audiovisual que han sido negociados durante mucho tiempo con las audiencias con el fin de conseguir una descodificación adecuada. Los informativos forman parte de este proceso de negociación y ritualización en el que  prima la linealidad temporal del discurso, presente tanto en el conjunto como en cada una de sus partes o piezas. Estas estructuras han ido cambiando hasta adoptar las formas que exponemos aquí, en las que se aprecian variaciones y similitudes entre las diferentes cadenas, al tiempo que intentamos esbozar los cambios más significativos que pueden tener estas estructuras ante la utilización de otras formas de televisión digital, como puede ser la televisión interactiva.
Algunos usos de las formulaciones en la entrevista en las noticias
Authors: Roca Cuberes Carles
Published: March 2011

Este artículo se centra en el estudio del discurso en el medio televisivo.  Para llevar a cabo tal estudio, éste se ha centrado en el análisis de la interacción que se produce en un programa televisivo concreto: las noticias.  Este tipo de programa suele incluir con relativa frecuencia entrevistas, que constituyen el objeto fundamental del análisis.  En este estudio se descubren aspectos pragmáticos, interaccionales y audiovisuales, específicos del ámbito del discurso mediático. Los mecanismos discursivos que se analizan son dos: por un lado las secuencias recurrentes pregunta-respuesta, y por otro el uso de un determinado tipo de ‘par adyacente’: las formulaciones.  Los resultados del análisis de un fragmento de una entrevista en las noticias muestran, por un lado, que la implementación de secuencias pregunta-respuesta sirven para conceder al entrevistador el control de la agenda temática de la entrevista; por otro lado, se verifica que las formulaciones permiten al entrevistador alcanzar ciertos objetivos: clarificar, transformar y proponer alternativas a las afirmaciones del entrevistado, o desafiarlas.  De esta manera, las formulaciones son útiles para lograr un estilo periodístico más penetrante, flexible, dinámico y vivo, que permite conectar mejor con la audiencia.  La metodología cualitativa utilizada en este estudio es el análisis de la conversación.
DYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF FILLED RUBBER. PART II: PHYSICAL BASIS OF CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MODEL
Authors: Ahmadi H. R. , Muhr A. H.
Published: March 2011

A relatively simple time-domain model is proposed with the scope to capture those aspects of the uniaxial stress–strain behavior of filled rubber that are most significant in engineering applications, and is discussed in the context of a literature review. Its performance is investigated in simple shear using analytical expressions. Attention has been given to assembling the model from separate physical contributions, each already established in the literature, so that not only is the number of parameters small but also they may be at least semi-quantitatively related to the formulation of the elastomer. The small number of parameters helps to keep tests for fitting them simple, while their connection to mechanisms also enables a degree of utility of the model even when extrapolated to situations beyond those covered by tests.
EFFECT OF COAGULATING SKIM NR PARTICLES AS NR–CLAY NANOCOMPOSITE: PROPERTIES AND STRUCTURE
Authors: NAMPITCH TARINEE , MAGARAPHAN RATHANAWAN
Published: March 2011

New materials of skim NR–clay nanocomposites were prepared by a coagulating method using several organoclays, i.e., dodecyl ammonium–montmorillonite, Cloisite 15A, Cloisite 20A, and Cloisite 25A, which were modified by dodecyl ammonium chloride, dimethyl dehydrogenated tallow quaternary ammonium chloride, dimethyl dehydrogenated tallow quaternary ammonium chloride, and dimethyl hydrogenated tallow 2 ethylhexyl quaternary ammonium methyl sulfate, respectively. X-ray diffraction revealed that the intercalated nanocomposites were formed depending on the type and content of organoclays, and the excellent dispersion of clay in rubber matrix could be confirmed by transmission electron microscopy micrographs. In addition, thermal stability of the coagulated skim rubber–organoclay nanocomposites was improved as shown by the thermogravimetric analysis. The mechanical properties and dynamic-mechanical thermal analysis revealed that hardness and storage modulus of nanocomposites were improved and the glass transition temperature of nanocomposites increased as compared with that of the pure skim NR. Thus, not only recovery of this significant fraction of the lost rubber material but also reinforced skim rubber particles were obtained by the use of a coagulating method using several organoclays.
Preventing Disasters: Public Health Vulnerability Reduction as a Sustainable Adaptation to Climate Change
Authors: Keim Mark E.
Published: March 2011

Global warming could increase the number and severity of extreme weather events. These events are often known to result in public health disasters, but we can lessen the effects of these disasters. By addressing the factors that cause changes in climate, we can mitigate the effects of climate change. By addressing the factors that make society vulnerable to the effects of climate, we can adapt to climate change. To adapt to climate change, a comprehensive approach to disaster risk reduction has been proposed. By reducing human vulnerability to disasters, we can lessen—and at times even prevent—their impact.

Human vulnerability is a complex phenomenon that comprises social, economic, health, and cultural factors. Because public health is uniquely placed at the community level, it has the opportunity to lessen human vulnerability to climate-related disasters. At the national and international level, a supportive policy environment can enable local adaptation to disaster events. The purpose of this article is to introduce the basic concept of disaster risk reduction so that it can be applied to preventing and mitigating the negative effects of climate change and to examine the role of community-focused public health as a means for lessening human vulnerability and, as a result, the overall risk of climate-related disasters.

(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2011;5:140–148)
Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry: Metal‐containing Diagnostic Compounds
Authors: Thompson Katherine H.
Published: March 2011

Metallopharmaceuticals designed for use in diagnostic compounds cover a broad spectrum of diagnostic modalities, starting with barium sulfate for enhanced X‐ray contrast, to the hugely successful gadolinium‐based magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents, to more recent advances in positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) requiring radiolabeled metal‐based diagnostic agents for image detection. In each case, the pharmacokinetics of tissue distribution and the thermodynamic stability of the metal‐ligand coordination complex are very important to the clinical utility of the particular compound. For radiolabeling, the speed and ease of radiolabel production are also key features of the metallodiagnostic agent's utility.
Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry: Sequestration or Removal in Metal Ion Overload Disorders
Authors: Thompson Katherine H.
Published: March 2011

All metal ions, whether essential or nonessential, are toxic when present in excess. Metabolic disorders in which metal ion overload is a key contributing factor include hemochromatosis, β‐thalassemia, Wilson's disease, Menkes syndrome, and Friedreich's ataxia. For some metal ions, overload conditions may come about as a result of excess oral, inhalation, or dermal exposure. In order to correct a metal ion overload condition, an appropriate ligand choice may speed up the elimination or safely sequester the excess metal ion, and may be the treatment of choice. A number of effective chelating agents are discussed, including desferrioxamine, deferiprone,D‐penicillamine, and copper– histidine chelate. Marginal overload conditions may lead to marginal deficiency of another metal ion, a result, paradoxically, from single metal ion supplementation. An example would be marginal iron overload, resulting from iron supplement use in excess of need, which leads to marginal manganese deficiency. Such effects are due to metal ion interaction effectsin vivo.
Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry: Using Toxicity to Advantage
Authors: Thompson Katherine H.
Published: March 2011

The field of metal‐based compounds intended for treatment of cancer has long been dominated by cisplatin, first approved for clinical use in treating testicular cancer, in 1978. By all accounts, cisplatin has been a resounding success. Other platinum‐based compounds have been introduced since then, with carboplatin and oxaliplatin serving to broaden the range of tumors that can be effectively treated. Overcoming tumor cell resistance is an ongoing problem, and the target of many newer platinum‐based anticancer therapeutic agents. More recently, substitution of platinum with other metal ions, such as ruthenium, gallium, lanthanides, and arsenic, has expanded the array of potential metal‐based anticancer agents, with the arsenic trioxide having particular success against acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL).

A key feature of metal‐based anticancer therapeutic agents is that they are toxic by design: without toxicity, the tumor cells could not be eliminated. Similar strategies are useful for diseases such as malaria, Chagas disease, and leishmaniasis, in which the target organisms are parasites. For parasitic diseases, as well as for resistant bacterial infections, or to stop tumor growth, the requirement for appropriate metallotherapeutic design is to minimize contact with healthy tissue, to target particular cells, and to avoid premature release of the metal ion.
Aminimide Polymers
Authors: Culbertson Bill M.
Published: March 2011

Monomers containing the trialkylamine acylimide moiety give polymer chemists the capability to prepare a large variety of unique, reactive polymers. Materials of this type have a large number of potential applications. The synthesis, chemical, and physical properties of several different types of ylids, commonly called aminimides, have been the subject of several reviews. Aminimide monomers and polymers have also received attention in reviews.
Compression and Transfer Molding
Authors: Hull John L.
Published: March 2011

Compression and transfer molding are the two main methods for molding parts from thermosetting plastics. The molding process, including different techniques, processing variables, and equipment are reviewed.
Dyeing
Authors: Kuehni Rolf G. , Henning Bunge H.
Published: March 2011

Dyeing describes the fashioning of a new and often permanent color, especially by impregnating with a dye. It is generally used in connection with textiles, paper, and leather. Printing may be considered a special dyeing process by which the dye is applied in locally defined areas in the form of a thickened solution and is then fixed. Topics covered in this article include theories, machinery, classification, fibers, plastics, techniques, test methods for plastics, and evaluation of dyes for textiles.
Hardness
Authors: Calleja F. J. Baltá , Flores A.
Published: March 2011

A description of the hardness technique and its application to polymer systems is presented. The method is based on the local deformation produced on a material surface by an indenter upon application of a given load. Conventional methods based on the optical measure of the residual impression left behind upon load release represent a rather simple technique for a rapid evaluation of the surface mechanical properties. In the past two decades, depth‐sensing indentation devices based on the monitoring of the load and displacement throughout an indentation have progressively substituted traditional testers. Smaller loads can be applied capable of producing penetration depths in the nanoscale. Indentation hardness has nowadays gained widespread application in polymer science. Besides its aforementioned technical advantages, one has to add its extreme sensitivity to detect nanostructural changes occurring in polymer materials. Behind this ability is the intimate correlation between the mechanisms of local deformation and the polymer basic nanostructural entities. The present contribution intends to provide the reader a general overview of the state of the art of indentation hardness in relation to nanostructure and morphology in glassy and semicrystalline polymers including blends.
Cyclic Imino Ethers, Polymerization
Authors: Kobayashi Shiro , Saegusa Takeo
Published: March 2011

Polymerized or copolymerized cyclic imino ether monomers are classified into monomers having the —NC—O— group in the ring (cyclic endo‐imino compounds) and cyclic monomers having an exo‐imino group. The polymerization of cyclic imino ethers is reviewed, as well as the chemistry of 2‐oxazolines and 5,6‐dihydro‐4
H
‐1,3‐oxazines.
Dielectric Heating
Authors: Wilson T. Lamont
Published: March 2011

Heat transfer to materials that are poor thermal conductors is difficult. Surface overheating or even burning may occur. Dielectric heating can circumvent these problems. This phenomenon occurs when an electrical insulator is placed in a high frequency electric field. Because the electric field penetrates throughout the material, the heat is generated within, and penetration from without is not necessary.

Dielectric heating is clean, controllable, quick, and needs little warm‐up time. The equipment cools down quickly. Except for inevitable heat losses, a dielectric heater delivers heat with cool electrodes. External heat may be desirable in some cases, such as in drying processes, to supplement the dielectric heat or remove volatiles.
Machining
Authors: Kobayashi Akira
Published: March 2011

Plastic parts are usually produced by molding processes, which make good use of the rheological characteristics of plastics, but additional machining operations are frequently required. Plastic parts used in precision machinery, electronics, and optics are produced by machining instead of molding processes because of the need for high accuracy, smooth surface, and lower cost. Figures, tables, and examples are included in order to discuss topics related to machining including cutting with a tool, chip formation, critical rake angle, ultraprecision diamond turning, drilling, cutting off, and more.
Metallizing
Authors: Krulik Gerald A. , Thornton John A. , Miller Walter J.
Published: March 2011

Plastics can be coated with metals for decorative or functional purposes, or both. This article is broken down into four sections that are the four main techniques of metallizing: electroless plating, metal‐spraying, sputtering, and vacuum metallizing. The most important commercial process is electroless plating, which includes plating on plastics for automotive and decorative uses and the related technologies for printed circuits. Flame or arc spraying is mainly used for functional purposes such as radio‐frequency‐interference shielding. Sputtering and vacuum metallizing are widely used, often in continuous coating of plastic films where they are the predominant technologies. Other techniques such as metallic‐filled paints and hot stamping are also used. The beginning of these processes goes back 80–130 years, but many of these processes have only achieved commercial importance for coating of plastic materials relatively recently.
Measurement of Basic Electromagnetic Quantities
Authors: Kibble Bryan P.
Published: March 2011

The article contains sections titled:

Introduction

Realizing the Base Units

The Farad, Realized by a Calculable Capacitor

The Ohm, Derived from the Farad

Realizing the Ohm via Measurements of the Fine‐Structure Constant

The Volt or Watt

The Watt Balance

Electrometers

Defining the Kilogram via Avogadro's Constant

Self‐Consistency of the
SI

Working Standards of Voltage and Resistance

A Standard for the Volt

A Standard for the Ohm

Conventional Values Adopted for K
J
R
K
to Represent the
SI
Volt and Ohm

Other Primary Standards of National Measurement Institutes

dc Voltage

dc Resistance

The ac Behavior of Standard Resistors

Capacitance

Inductance

The Frequency Dependence of Standard Inductors

Electric Fields and Dielectric Constants

Magnetic Quantities

Total Magnetic Flux

Magnetic Flux Density

ac Current and Voltage
Measurement of Mass and Density
Authors: Davis Richard S.
Published: March 2011

The principal analytical techniques for measuring mass and density are presented. These are put in the broader context of the meaning of these quantities and the units in which they are commonly measured. The importance of legal metrology to analytical weighing is emphasized. The basic features of servocontrolled analytical balances are presented, as well as precautions required to exploit these instruments to their full potential. These include the need to correct for air buoyancy, and to minimize extraneous effects of thermal gradients, air currents, and electrostatic and magnetic forces. Mass determinations far beyond the upper and lower ranges of analytical balances are also discussed briefly. Among the density techiques presented are hydrostatic weighing (two methods), various types of pycnometry including the vibrating‐tube densimeter, and methods based on neutral buoyancy.
Measurement and Instrumentation of Flow
Authors: Ruppel Francis R. , Hardy James E.
Published: March 2011

The measurement of flow has received much interest over the years by engineers, researchers, and scientists. Flowmeters, sensors, and instrumentation have been developed for measuring just about any kind of flow under any condition, including gases, vapors, liquids, solids, two‐phase flow, and even three‐phase flow. The selection of an appropriate flowmeter or sensor is both an art and a science. This article is a review of some of the more common flow measurement methods, their applications, advantages, and disadvantages. Additionally, some causes of measurement uncertainty as well as some calibration techniques are discussed. Most of the measurement methods covered are for closed‐pipe flow, with a brief discussion concerning open‐channel flow. The flow of solids and multiphase flow are not discussed.