bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
GLOBAL CITIZENS AND WORLD HERITAGE: SOCIAL INCLUSION OF ONLINE COMMUNITIES IN HERITAGE PLANNING
Authors: Bai N. , Nourian P. , Pereira Roders A.
Published: August 2021

Abstract. Social inclusion has grown as an important goal for heritage planning over the past decades. Whilst the document Recommendation on the Historic Urban Landscape called a decade ago for novel tools for civic engagement and knowledge documentation, social media already functions as a platform for online communities to actively get involved in heritage-related activities by sharing their ideas. Especially when radical events occur around heritage properties, either positive or negative, emotions and opinions would spread rapidly across the globe via the internet to reach online communities of interested or concerned citizens. This paper presents a theoretical framework defined to classify social inclusion of online communities in heritage planning processes through differentiating the everyday baseline scenarios from the event-triggered activated ones. A preliminary systematic literature review shows that research integrating and comparing both scenarios is still scarce, and that specific tools and algorithms to handle large datasets are needed to identify the structure of communication networks underpinning the spread of information on social media. This framework is the first step on future research to investigate the different focal attention points, mechanisms, and patterns of social inclusion of online communities in heritage planning, towards transforming it to a more socially inclusive practice.
DOCUMENTING ANCIENT THRESHING FLOORS AS PART OF OUR TANGIBLE/INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE FROM ARCHIVE AERIAL PHOTOS: A CASE STUDY IN CYPRUS
Authors: Fotiadou E. , Stylianidis E.
Published: August 2021

Abstract. Threshing floors are common cultural features of the Mediterranean agricultural landscape and have been used from antiquity until some decades ago to thresh grains. Therefore, they constitute an integral part of our tangible and intangible cultural heritage as they are constructions that are linked with complex relationships between crops, technology, folklore, local materials and traditions from our ancestors. However, today, threshing floors are obsolete and destroyed almost everywhere due to modern development and very little attention has been given by archaeologists to these important cultural features. The identification and recording of ancient activity areas such as threshing floors is an important part of archaeological research contributing to the reconstruction of past ways of life and to the preservation of inherited traditions from the past. Access to historical archives of aerial photographs provide a high-quality photographic record, offering considerable potential in detecting ancient threshing floors that do not exist anymore because they have been buried in the course of time or destroyed. This study was conducted to deploy a methodology that deals with the identification of ancient threshing floors and their remains in the island of Cyprus through photo interpretation, by utilizing archival aerial imagery in combination with supplement ethnoarchaeological information.
SUNKEN CAVE DWELLINGS – SEEN FROM TYPOLOGICAL & ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES
Authors: Gao J.
Published: August 2021

Abstract. With more and more farmers flowing into cities from rural area of Sanmenxia, Henan Province because of economic development and rapid pace of urbanisation in China, the sunken cave dwellings in that area are being either abandoned or replaced by brick-andmortar houses built on the ground. These underground houses, unique because of their invisibility, together with the inhabitants and their life closely related to these caves, are gradually diminishing from below the horizon. This research, based upon relevant studies, typological and anthropological theories, is designed to find the links between architectural vernacularism and the physical features of the place and cultural influences by closely examining 11 sunken cave dwellings. The study focuses on both unification and variations of the dwellers, some common techniques and practice in digging, strengthening and embellishing of these structures. Besides, oral history documentation conducted for this research provides clues to the understanding of the history of the area. The findings of the research are that the vernacular architecture in the area under study are the results of the combined influences of both unique physical features of the place, the economic development, and the values and creativity of the dwellers there.
CONSERVATION 4.0. POSSIBLE GUIDLINES FOR STANDARDISING THE DOCUMENTAL PROCESS FOR ARTISTIC HERITAGE
Authors: Gasparetto F. , Baratin L.
Published: August 2021

Abstract. The contribution addresses the definition of a new standardised method for the documentation of the restoration process. In the frame of a conservation laboratory open to the public, the research drew up the guidelines for a documental and representative methods discussing the definition of a contemporary conservation praxis facing with digital technologies.The research stems from a restoration of a Polyptych, Madonna con Bambino, Santi e Apostoli by Vittore Crivelli, damaged by earthquake of 2016 and temporarily showcased at Pinacoteca of San Domenico in Fano (PU). The public could visit the workplace set up and use the experimental informative system created from conservative data and results of intervention. To do this, the general process of documentation has progressed in strong synergy with restoration work. Thanks to the collaboration between experts, the project has established a set of priorities in order to capitalise the global results and better communicate each phase of intervention.The content of the study focuses on identifying guidelines that would form a possible framework for documentation useful for conservation of artistic heritage.The standard workflow presented in the paper may potentially influence the theory of conservation as well as the practice. Developing a new approach to heritage, the study aims at bringing digital strategies into the field of conservation in order to propose the new idea of Conservation 4.0.
IMPROVING MEASUREMENTS’ SPATIAL PRECISION BY MEANS OF 3D PRINTERS-BASED SYSTEMS. A CASE STUDY: COLORIMETRIC ASSESSMENT OF MODERNIST HYDRAULIC TILES
Authors: Gaudenzi Asinelli M. , Aparicio Estrems J. , Caballé Benavent J.
Published: August 2021

Abstract. The ability to repeat analyses on the same very small area of a surface is crucial to obtain reliable comparative data. For example, in a painting the boundary between two different, small painted areas can be very blurred; if an analyst needs to track over the time a specific and tiny pigment spot (e.g., to assess the reliability of a conservation treatment), manual positioning of the analyser can lead to a mismatch that might undermine any data comparison. The use of automatic positioning systems can improve the ability to hit the right spot, so to collect reliable data. This work focuses on the development of an open hardware XYZ system based on 3D printers’ architecture and equipped with an imaging system. It demonstrates that the combination of image processing methods with the G-code generated during the movements of the XY axes can allows to avoid misalignment of the object that needs to be analysed, and thus to improve measurements’ spatial precision. The XYZ positioning system and the positioning calibration method are now tested on Modernist hydraulic tiles from Barcelona (Catalunya, Spain), a decorative and functional element in danger because of the estate speculation that is affecting the architectonic identity of the Catalan capital.
COMMUNICATION TOOLS FOR INACCESSIBLE PLACES OF SIGNIFICANCE
Authors: Hallot P. , Lambert M. , Jouan P.
Published: August 2021

Abstract. This article deals with the communication of inaccessible heritage. Based on a classification of different mediation tools, we propose a framework for selecting the most appropriate tools to communicate about heritage sites under restoration and, therefore, inaccessible. Furthermore, from the data already collected, we show how it is possible to use the constraints of building sites as opportunities for mediation. Finally, we apply this scheme to the case of the collegiate church of Sainte Croix in Liège, for which we end up proposing three mediation tools: the creation of a virtual visit website, the realization of 3D printed scale models, and the design and printing of a cover sheet showing the interior of the building at 1/1 scale.
RECORDING AND COMPARING HISTORIC GARDEN ARCHITECTURE. VALUE OF SLAM-BASED RECORDING FOR RESEARCH ON CULTURAL LANDSCAPES IN CONNECTION WITH HERITAGE CONSERVATION
Authors: Hess M. , Ferreyra C.
Published: August 2021

Abstract. The 3D-SLAM-based recording of historic gardens and architecture with the scope of geometric and quantitative analysis of typologies of garden architecture in the context of a designated cultural landscape will be presented. This will be illustrated by case studies of three baroque gardens of buildings belonging to the Cistercian order.The ‘Centre for Heritage Conservation studies and Technologies’ (KDWT) at the University of Bamberg is cooperating with the Cisterscapes project to deliver metric surveys, architectural comparison of the historic gardens as typical feature of the agricultural granges. The survey and research were conducted in autumn 2020 and 2021 in two granges in Franconia (Bavaria, Germany) as well as on the monastery of Ebrach.For the recording, SLAM technology, was the preference and a GeoSLAM ZEB Horizon was used. It is a solution using the data sequence acquired during motion for estimating the relative poses in real time. The case studies served not only to generate an accurate output to be explored in the Cistercian Cultural Heritage Project, but also as test of the instrumentation to ascertain best practices of the instrument. 3D digital documentation will contribute to the holistic understanding of garden plus architecture ensembles. 3D data analysis will be approached from an art-historical and architectural viewpoint, conclusions shall be drawn from interdisciplinary cooperation. This comparative research will serve to find similarities or differences and establish prototypical elements of these typical elements of Cistercian Cultural Landscape. The 3D records can also be used as basis for future monitoring and development of a new garden care concept taking heritage conservation into account. Heritage, in its many forms, is not only a representation of the past, but a connection or reconnection with a past that is active and alive in the present. It shapes and reshapes people’s sense of place, sense of belonging and cultural identities at the local and national level.
A STUDY ON THREE-DIMENSIONAL PRINTING REPLICATION FOR USABILITY OF ARTIFACTS
Authors: Hong S. , Jo Y. H.
Published: August 2021

Abstract. In the field of cultural heritage, replication has been performed for preservation, exhibition, and education purposes. In particular, due to advancement in computer technology, replication which combines the three-dimensional (3D) scanning and printing has widely performed. These technologies have been able to ensure morphological similarity as well as to avoid damaging artifacts in a contactless manner. In this study, a design mock-up for producing replacements was made for the purpose of preserving original forms, usability, and mass production for ritual utensils used in ancestral memorial rites annually. 3D precision scanner was used to obtain external information of ritual utensils and shape information of pattern parts. The measurements on height, width, and thickness of the body, and two handles and three feet showed fine shape differences, respectively. Therefore, representative models were selected and reconstructed. In addition, the upper and lower parts of the body, handles, and feet were separately manufactured for mass production by using sand casting. A model manufactured during the reverse design like above was completed by considering average shrinkage (4%) for the casting of copper-tin alloys. A model was completed and 3D-printed with a material extrusion technique, and a design mock-up for replication was created. In this study, a 3D printing technology was applied to ritual utensils and presented a replication methodology applicable to used artifacts. For this purpose, a model suitable for the replication method was produced based on the data obtained by 3D scanning of ritual utensils. A design mock-up, which is 3D-printed with a material extrusion technique, has enhanced design completeness by performing continuous design and dimensional inspection.
INTEGRATED GEOMATIC TECHNIQUES FOR THE LOCALIZATION AND GEOREFERENCING OF ANCIENT HERMITAGES
Authors: Baiocchi V. , Onori M. , Scuti M.
Published: August 2021

Abstract. Historical maps represent an important source of geographical information. The changes occurred over time can be extrapolated from them, especially if their geometric accuracies match those achievable with modern survey techniques. An 1820 map belonging to the Gregorian Cadastre provides the position of seven hermitages belonging to the monastery of Fara in Sabina (Italy). Just three of them are nowadays visible, while the others may have been covered by thick vegetation or been destroyed during the Second World War. The paper proposes the integration of geomatic techniques for the localization of the lost hermitages. To do so, Structure from Motion (SfM) algorithms were applied to UAV imagery to produce an orthophoto of the area. In addition, a GNSS survey was carried out using a professional and a low-cost receiver to correctly georeference the photogrammetric products. An accuracy assessment was then performed to evaluate the performance of the u-blox board in real applications. The accuracies obtained with the low-cost receiver indicates a possible more widespread utilization of these new devices. Subsequently, the comparison between the orthophoto and the cadastral map have been detailed. A weak correspondence between the position of the hermitages in the two maps have been observed. On the other side, the comparison led to the localization of two lost hermitages, with the other two being still undiscovered. This study has opened the door to an enhancement process of the monastery and to the rediscovery of the religious values of the hermitages.
THE METHODOLOGY TO SYSTEMATISE, PRESENT AND USE HISTORICAL CARTOGRAPHY: POTENTIALS AND LIMITS TO ANALYSE AND ENHANCE WIDESPREAD HISTORICAL CENTRES IN NORTHERN ITALY
Authors: Jovanović D. , Oreni D.
Published: August 2021

Abstract. Researchers from diverse fields of study are developing methodologies for understanding historical cartography. Nonetheless, there is a lack of literature that explains the connection between the survey and the interactive use of historical cartography in preservation projects and urban planning. This study demonstrates the methods for the investigation of historical cartography to produce knowledge about the heritage of small widespread historical centres in northern Italy, which had a rich history, and for which many thematic maps were produced through time. The complexity of the area gives a fertile ground to collect, systematise and investigate historical sources. The methodology is developed to be flexible and adaptable to various widespread historical centres in the territory and it is divided into two parts: deconstructive and constructive approach. Whereas the former deals with the analysis of urban aspects on historical maps, the latter searches for the historical elements present nowadays. Combining those two methods in the Geographic Information Systems will produce a timeline and historical stratification of the transformation of cities. Once georeferenced and vectorised, historical maps are enriched with the information from written registers and other historical documents, as well as contemporary ones. The study aims to scrutinize and produce various categories of maps, to draw conclusions about the limits of the use of historical cartography and software used, and finally, to suggest how and where the future work could lead to the overall enhancement of heritage.
ALIGNING POSITIONING AND NAVIGATION OF SMART MOBILE DEVICES TO AR/VR ENVIRONMENTS
Authors: Kaimaris D. , Roustanis T. , Karolos I. A. , Klimantakis K. , Patias P.
Published: August 2021

Abstract. Augmented Reality/Virtual Reality (AR/VR) technology offers novel and excited experiences to visitors of cultural sites. Extended recent technological advances in smart communication devices made the connection of the real to the virtual worlds more affordable and effective. In spite of the rapid development and availability of the AR/VR applications to cultural heritage, there still exist gaps and challenges in accurate positioning and navigation of visitors’ smart devices in both out-doors archaeological spaces as well as in in-doors museum spaces. Recent technology smart devices embody GNSS positioning sensors, which in best cases, provide 1-meter positioning accuracies in open spaces, while are unable to work in-doors. Such accuracies and restrictions lead to gaps in fetching visitor’s position in AR environments and mis-positions with regard to the rest AR/VR objects as visualized in smart screens, while the problem gets worse when dealing with real-time videoing, when elapse times and refresh rates lead to additional mispositionings. In this paper, effort is made to present and evaluate the most recent and widely used tools for positioning and navigation of smart devices in in- and out-doors CH sites.
POSSIBILITIES OF SPATIAL CORRELATION OF 3D MODELS IN AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL AUGMENTED REALITY APPLICATION
Authors: Kaimaris D. , Roustanis T. , Klimantakis K. , Karolos I. A. , Patias P.
Published: August 2021

Abstract. The use of Augmented Reality (AR) technology is widespread in countless archaeological sites and a variety of applications. Archaeological excavations lead to archaeological finds, some of which are transported for preservation and then for exhibition in museums (jewelry, vases, etc.), while another part of them is documented in detail and remains in situ (eg building walls), roads, grave covers, etc.). However, after the registration of the archaeological finds, it is impossible to observe them. As part of our research project, we will develop for the first time AR methodology and procedures for the observation of covered archaeological finds on mobile devices (smart phones, tablets), which were registered after their documentation. AR technology in recent years has seen great growth in terms of implementation platforms and available software, as well as the tools developed to support it. These tools either make their appearance in the form of frameworks, extending the capabilities of an existing engine, or function as independent services. At the same time, progress has been made in the field of sensors of mobile devices, which makes the compatibility of hardware and software another issue to be researched. As part of the development of the above application for mobile devices, an evaluation is made of the most widespread AR Frameworks that support the Unity3d Game Engine and the compatibility / interoperability with the sensors of different categories of mobile devices. The frameworks were checked and evaluated for placement and tracking of the positions of the 3D covered objects. In this paper also, methodologies and techniques used in space detection and tracking are presented and evaluated.
TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNING AND SATELLITE DATA IN CULTURAL HERITAGE BUILDING DOCUMENTATION
Authors: Karagianni A.
Published: August 2021

Abstract. Technological advances in the field of information acquisition have led to the development of various techniques regarding building documentation. Among the proposed methods, acquisition of data without being in direct physical contact with the features under investigation could provide valuable information especially in the case of buildings or areas presenting a high cultural value. Satellite or ground-based remote sensing techniques could contribute to the protection, conservation and restoration of cultural heritage buildings, as well as in the interpretation and monitoring of their surrounding area. The increasing interest in the generation of 3D facade models for documentation of the built environment has made laser scanning a valuable tool for 3D data collection. Through the generation of dense 3D point clouds, digitization of building facades could be achieved, offering data that could be used for further processing. Satellite imagery could also contribute to this direction, extending the monitoring possibilities of the buildings’ surrounding area or even providing information regarding change detection in large-scale cultural landscapes. This paper presents the study of a mansion house built in the middle of the 18th century in northwestern Greece, using terrestrial laser scanning techniques for facade documentation, as well as satellite imagery for monitoring and interpretation purposes. The scanning process included multiple external scans of the main facade of the building which were registered using artificial targets in order to form a single colored 3D model. Further process resulted in a model that offers measurement possibilities valuable to future plans and designs for preservation and restoration. Digital processing of satellite imagery provided the extraction of additional enhanced data regarding the physiognomy of the surrounding area.
ISSUES AND SOLUTIONS STUDY IN THE DAILY MONITORING OF THE SILK ROADS WORLD HERITAGE SITES
Authors: Li E.
Published: August 2021

Abstract. After the successful inscription into the World Heritage List, the daily monitoring of the Silk Roads heritage sites is facing a dilemma with late start and high predicament. The uneven development of the types of properties, the lack of enthusiasm for grass-roots managers and staff, and the blind dependence on hi-technology and notable equipments are the major obstacles to the current day-to-day monitoring efforts. At current stage, increasing capital investment and project funding,actively applying the project and research programs, paying attention to the long-term personnel training, enhancing the management and inspection are the important means to strengthen monitoring. The superior authorities should pay attention to strengthen the support of the projects and establish the accountability machanism. While the heritage management administrations need to continue to fully emancipate the mind on the basis of recognising the importance, optimise the existing mechanism, and undertake the daily monitoring work on its own or entrusting a professional company, organisation or institution. Moreover, they should strive to achieve a comprehensive and healthy development while complementing the shortcomings.
VIRTUAL RESTORATION OF THE GREAT WALL BASED ON THE EVIDENCES SCALES, TAKE THE NINE-EYES WATCHTOWER AS AN EXAMPLE
Authors: Li Z. , Hou M. , Dong Y. , Wang J. , Ji Y. , Huo P.
Published: August 2021

Abstract. Aiming at solving the problem of how to obtain the different evidence and deduce the disappeared sections of the Great Wall site, this paper quoted the concept of evidence scale and proposed a virtual restoration framework. In this paper, taking the Nine-eyes watchtower as an example, we modified the evidence-scale from 10 to 3: the existed relic, the direct evidence and the indirect evidence. The framework consisted of three parts, namely, the classification of evidence scale, the evidence checks and the generation of three-dimensional (3D) virtual models. Base on the support of the restoration scheme and 3DMAX technology, the disappeared parts of Nine-eyes watchtower was finally restored to its original appearance. The result of virtual restoration could not only help the tourists to visit the original appearance of cultural heritage, but also experience the culture value and historical vicissitude. Therefore, it was of great scientific significance and cultural value to study how to carry out virtual restoration for the ancient relics.
THE EXPLORATION OF APPLYING OF SPATIAL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN GENERAL PLAN FOR REGIONAL CULTURAL HERITAGE CONSERVATION
Authors: Liu Y. , Zhuang Y.
Published: August 2021

Abstract. With the rapid urbanization and the sharp increasing of the amount of official identification cultural heritages, the Chinese government and public are paying more attention to the regional comprehensive preservation, exhibition and utilization of the cultural heritages in recent years. “General Plan for Regional Cultural Heritage Preservation” offers a new systematic conservating solution for the cluster of cultural heritages in an administrative region. For the past few years, lots of new spatial information technologies have been applied in the preservation of cultural heritages, which tremendously improved the level and effectiveness of cultural heritage recording, management, monitoring and exhibition. This article will focus on discussing the methods and applying prospect of the technologies of geographic information system, 3D laser scanning, photogrammetry modeling in general planning for regional cultural heritage preservation and utilization.In recent years, with the continuous development of cultural heritage preservation in China, an increasing number of provinces and cities began to organize General Plans for regional cultural heritage preservation (hereinafter called "General Plan"), through which local governments are able to control the risk and improve the preservation level of cultural heritage (IAH, 2004).This paper will introduce the working framework of the General Plan and the core problems to be solved, and then analyze the application mode and prospect of spatial information technology in the General Plan.
MURAL LINEAR FEATURE ENHANCEMENT ALGORITHM COMBINING SEMI-SUPERVISED IMAGE SEGMENTATION AND DIMENSIONALITY REDUCTION
Authors: Lyu S. , Mao J. , Hou M.
Published: August 2021

Abstract. Due to the influence of natural and human factors, the linear features in the murals are partially blurred, which brings great challenges to the digital preservation and virtual restoration of cultural heritage. Taking the advantages of non-invasive measurement as well as the rich image and spectral information of hyperspectral technology, we proposed a linear feature enhancement method by combining semi-supervised superpixel segmentation with block dimension reduction. The main research work includes: (1) The true color composite image was segmented to obtain the label data by using the local spatial information of the superpixel image and the global feature information extracted by fuzzy c-means (FCM) clustering.(2) According to the label data, the preprocessed hyperspectral data were divided into homogeneous regions, whose dimensionality was reduced by principal component analysis (PCA) and kernel principal component analysis (KPCA). (3) The principal component images with the largest gradient after dimensionality reduction were respectively selected and normalized. The optimal principal component images normalized by the block PCA and block KPCA dimensionality reduction algorithms are superimposed to produce the linear feature enhancement images of murals. The hyperspectral images of some murals in Qutan Temple, Qinghai Province, China were used to verify the method. The results show that the spatial information and the spectral information of different pattern areas in the hyperspectral image can be fully used by combining the superpixel FCM image segmentation algorithm with the dimensionality reduction algorithm. of. It can highlight the linear information in the hyperspectral images of fades murals.
RESEARCH ON EVALUATION OF THE SPALLING DISEASE OF NICHE FOR BUDDHA IN GROTTOES
Authors: Miao Y. , Hou M. , Wei P.
Published: August 2021

Abstract. The niche for Buddha is an important part of the cultural relics in the grottoes, but it has caused serious spalling disease due to human activities and natural disasters. This paper presents a new quantitative evaluation method for the spalling disease of niche for Buddha. First, the random forest-based method was used to identify the niche for Buddha . Then, the spatial clustering of the head of the niche for Buddha was performed by DBSCAN, and the reference surface was determined by the RANSAC algorithm. Based on this, the spallation depth of the grotto surface was extracted and the relevant index elements were established. The experiment of point cloud data in Cave 18 of Yungang Grottoes proves the rationality of this method, which is of great significance to the protection and virtual restoration of cultural relics in grottoes.
ARCHITECTURAL SURVEY TECHNIQUES FOR DEGRADATION DIAGNOSTICS. AN APPLICATION FOR THE CULTURAL HERITAGE
Authors: Morena S. , Bordese F. , Caliano E. , Freda S. , De Feo E. , Barba S.
Published: August 2021

Abstract. The great technological development in recent years in the field of architectural survey has made possible increasingly expeditious and less invasive investigations with the aim of acquiring a series of data related to the asset and fundamental for the protection of cultural heritage. In addition, the synergy between the various techniques represents an added value able, not only, to fill possible gaps and lacks arising from application limits of the instruments, but also to enhance the peculiarities of the same. This paper presents an integrated survey activity (range-based, image-based and IR thermography techniques) aimed at applying the combination and collaboration of multiple sensors for the analysis and study of historical buildings as well as for the generation of digital repository to support current and future investigations. In particular, the attention has been on the Chiesa dell’Annunziata located in the municipality of Sessa Aurunca in the province of Caserta (Italy). By carrying out a systematic process of survey, colorimetric-material analysis and thermographic investigations, the work has allowed to identify the main forms of degradation that characterize the structure and the causes that generate it. The work conducted through the combination of multiple technologies demonstrates, once again, the importance of synergy and integrations between several instrumentations useful for the documentation of the built heritage, characterized by complex analyses and investigations based on increasingly interdisciplinary approaches.
LASER SCANNING AND POINT CLOUD SEGMENTATION FOR CONTACTLESS GEO-MECHANICAL SURVEYING: CONSERVATIVE RESTORATION IN HYPOGEUM ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Mugnai F.
Published: August 2021

Abstract. The work presents a survey campaign specifically designed to formulate an effective restoration project in a Cultural Heritage context, the Military Shrine in Cima Grappa (Italy). Several outputs have been generated by exploring the most advanced laser scanning survey technique and some specific point cloud analysis algorithms. A detailed geometrical 3D reconstruction of human-made and natural tunnels coating materials, a geo-mechanical survey of the rock mass, a map of rock collapses and cinematic analysis of instability processes.Integrating Laser Scanning technique with the Scan-line survey allowed to perform advanced analysis and rock-mass characterisation in a predominant subterranean developed area. Most of the tunnels and underground spaces displayed rock collapses and diffuse active instability processes that certainly could have drastically slowed down surveys and analysis. The adopted techniques allowed both to proceed in acquiring data end in delivering sound outputs rapidly.
DIGITAL IMAGE CORRELATION IN ASSESSING STRUCTURED-LIGHT 3D SCANNER’S GANTRY STABILITY: PERFORMING DAVID’S (MICHELANGELO) HIGH-ACCURACY 3D SURVEY
Authors: Mugnai F. , Tucci G. , Da Re A.
Published: August 2021

Abstract. The paper presents results from applying Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technique to determine deformations and verify stability on a gantry during surveying operations on the Michelangelo’s David at the Galleria dell’Accademia di Firenze museum in Florence. An advanced hi-resolution Structured-light 3D scanner has been used to create a hi-detailed digital twin of the masterpiece. Considering the high scanner sensitivity, a contactless, remote and passive monitoring system of the gantry stability has been chosen to guarantee maximum freedom of movement around the David and avoid any interference during scanning operations. Due to the remarkable elevation of the statue, which reaches almost 7 meters on his pedestal, and considering the cramped operating area around the statue, an ad-hoc gantry has been designed and deployed. The sophisticated scanner’s technique and the extreme hi-resolution required for the survey needed firm gantry stability during scanning operations from one side. The complex geometries and the considerable extension of the statue surface impose extended flexibility and a nimble elevation platform from the other side. Thanks to the DIC technique the gantry stability has been constantly monitored with an accuracy of 0.03 ÷ 0,04 pixels, optimising scanning scheduling and, consequently, operations efficiency. A comparison of scans with post-processed deformation patterns allowed to optimise the scanning schedule, minimising downtime, and maintaining the needed platform stability threshold for effective scanning.
INTERACTIVE VIRTUAL OBJECTS (IVOs) FOR NEXT GENERATION OF VIRTUAL MUSEUMS: FROM STATIC TEXTURED PHOTOGRAMMETRIC AND HBIM MODELS TO XR OBJECTS FOR VR-AR ENABLED GAMING EXPERIENCES
Authors: Banfi F. , Mandelli A.
Published: August 2021

Abstract. Virtual museums should not live on the internet through traditional applications sharing collections through simple panoramas or static images and descriptions but reach novel innovative and interactive forms of Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR), providing a more creative, intimate, personal learning experience. For this reason, the authors propose a method based on advanced Information Technologies (IT) to fully return the tangible and intangible values of different type of works of art. The primary purpose of this study is to create a system of virtual environments through which the digital user, mainly the visitor of an unconventional museum, will be able to physically interact, through visual and tactile methods, with 3D digital models of sculptures, information, and art objects. Thanks to the integration of the latest 3D modelling and digital survey techniques with the Visual Programming Language (VPL) and eXteded Reality (XR) development platforms, authors propose new levels of interactivity between users and Interactive Virtual Objects (IVOs) capable of coming to life, sharing new forms of real-time human-computer interaction for VR-AR enabled gaming experiences and virtual museums, using multiple devices such VR headset, web-based AR platforms, mobile phones, tablets, and PC workstation.
TEACHING DIGITAL CULTURAL HERITAGE AND DIGITAL HUMANITIES THE CURRENT STATE AND PROSPECTS
Authors: Münster S. , Fritsche K. , Richards-Rissetto H. , Apollonio F. , Aehnlich B. , Schwartze V. , Smolarski R.
Published: August 2021

Abstract. Digital literacy and technology education has gained much relevance in humanities and heritage related disciplines during the recent decades. Against this background, the purpose of this article is to examine the current state of educational programs in digital cultural heritage and related disciplines primarily in Europe with supplemental information from the US. A further aim is to highlight core topics, challenges, and demands, and to show innovative formats and prospects.
SHAPE GRAMMAR LIBRARIES OF EUROPEAN CLASSICAL ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS FOR HISTORIC BIM
Authors: Murphy M. , Meegan E. , Keenaghan G. , Chenaux A. , Corns A. , Fai S. , Chow L. , Zheng Y. , Dore C. , Scandurra S. , Tierney A. , Diara F. , Rinaudo F. , Prizeman O.
Published: August 2021

Abstract. This paper proposes a design for libraries of European Classical architectural elements based on shape grammars. This design is based on a workflow which develops library objects from 3D CAD primitives using architectural rules to construct parametric representations of architectural elements. In the case of Classical architecture, the design and detail for the parametric objects are based on manuscripts ranging from Vitruvius to Palladio to the architectural pattern books of the eighteenth century. The generation of 3D objects for virtual reconstruction necessitates the application of computer algorithms and rules introduced by the user to generate objects, buildings and spaces from a grammar and vocabulary of shapes. Both the use of graphicly constructed and coded parametric libraries in formal and open-source platforms will be considered here.
EXPERIMENTS USING SMARTPHONE-BASED VIDEOGRAMMETRY FOR LOW-COST CULTURAL HERITAGE DOCUMENTATION
Authors: Murtiyoso A. , Grussenmeyer P.
Published: August 2021

Abstract. The rapid development of 3D scanning technology is a welcome progress in the field of tangible cultural heritage documentation. While active sensors such as handheld Time-of-Flight (ToF) cameras and lidar have recently generated much hype, developments in low-cost imaging sensors have also seen long strides in recent decades. This paper aims to see the potential of videogrammetry for the purposes of heritage documentation. This technique has existed for decades, but we argue that when combined with modern smartphone sensors and proper photogrammetric processing workflow it may present an interesting low-cost solution for 3D scanning. Furthermore, the paper wishes to address the requirement for a certain geometric quality in heritage documentation and how the proposed method may fulfil them. For this reason, comparisons between the videogrammetric result and traditional DSLR close range photogrammetry will be described to determine its suitability for heritage documentation. Results show that using modern low-cost smartphone imaging sensors, a good compromise between geometric quality and overall cost in the context of cultural heritage recording is possible to achieve.
HERITAGE DOCUMENTATION AND KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER: A REPORT ON THE CIPA TROPICAL SCHOOL IN CANDI SEWU (INDONESIA)
Authors: Murtiyoso A. , Suwardhi D. , Grussenmeyer P. , Fadilah W. A. , Fauzan K. N. , Trisyanti S. W. ,   Brahmantara, Macher H.
Published: August 2021

Abstract. Documentation of heritage objects has advanced significantly with the invention and development of many 3D sensors and processing algorithms. These technical advancements are of the utmost interest for cultural heritage stakeholders; knowledge transfer between key players is therefore essential and is indeed the main philosophy behind the CIPA Heritage Documentation as an organisation. In this paper we present a report on the CIPA Tropical School in the Candi Sewu temple complex in Indonesia. Organisational aspects will be described, as well as some technical results of the workshop. As public interest in the tropical school was quite high, we argue that this type of limited participant training event involving international partners and cross-disciplinary experts is a very powerful tool in knowledge dissemination. Furthermore, we encourage the organisation of such events in other places around the world.
ACCURATE 3D RECONSTRUCTION USING A VIDEOGRAMMETRIC DEVICE FOR HERITAGE SCENARIOS
Authors: Ortiz-Coder P. , Cabecera R.
Published: August 2021

Abstract. In recent years, handheld laser scanning systems have been developed for documenting architectural heritage, among other applications. In this article we present a new alternative for the 3D documentation of historical heritage based on videogrammetry. For this purpose, a prototype has been designed with two cameras, a high resolution camera and a VGA camera which, when connected to a tablet, allow the user to establish a guidance system to ensure that the trajectory is not lost and enables highly flexible and long-lasting movements over time. This paper unveils the operation of the filtering and image selection system to finally proceed to an evaluation of the prototype in three areas of an archaeological site, called “Casa del Mitreo” in the city of Mérida (Spain). The results are compared to the Faro Focus 3D X330 laser scanner, yielding very similar accuracies and a capture time about 17 times faster than the 3D laser scanner. The article therefore proposes a real alternative to 3D data acquisition systems in applications for the graphic documentation of architectural and archaeological heritage.
A PROPOSED MULTIMODAL CONVOLUTIONAL NEURAL NETWORKS (CNNS) SOLUBLE SALTS MAPPING SYSTEM OF THE SUBSURFACE: THE CASE OF THE WALL PAINTING AT THE ROYAL BOX AT HERODIUM, ISRAEL
Authors: Ovadia M. , Brook A.
Published: August 2021

Abstract. In 2008, excavations at Herodium revealed magnificent secco wall paintings and stucco decorations adorning the central chamber at the top of the royal theatre. The wall paintings, dated to the first century B.C.E., have been preserved up to a height of 6 meters. However, shortly after the discovery, salts weathering and structural faults caused severe damages to the decorations. The conservation process to restore the wall paintings lasted almost a decade. These efforts helped stabilize the state of wall painting, but in a very fragile manner, while the deterioration factors are still present, any slight change in the condition of the enclosure, could damage the paintings. This study is aimed at assisting the conservators in developing a tool that will offer a glance to the hidden threats at the subsurface, and by that help protect historic monuments from salt weathering. This paper will describe an innovative methodology with particular emphasis on novel multimodal convolutional neural networks (CNNs) technologies to process data of non-destructive testing (NDT) for detection and mapping soluble salts at the subsurface of ancient wall paintings. Prior to preforming the system protocol in situ, a laboratory simulation was carried out to study thermochemical behaviour of soluble salts, chlorides and sulphates, within different subsets. The preliminary results of the simulation will be presented in this paper.
A GRAMMAR BASED METHODOLOGY TO SUPPORT THE ADAPTIVE REUSE OF HISTORIC BUILDINGS: THE CASE STUDY OF THE SOBRADO BUILDING TYPE
Authors: Paulino D. M. S. , Napolitano R. K. , Ligler H. , Bak K. , Hogan S. L. , Moreno J. T. C.
Published: August 2021

Abstract. The historical center of São Luís is host to a diverse historic and urban ensemble, reminiscent of the 18th and 19th centuries. The architectural typology which can be found there illustrates the strong influence drawn from the Portuguese style known as Pombalino, developed during the reconstruction process of Lisbon after the 1755 earthquake. Due to the historical relevance of these buildings which encapsulate this period in time, it is important to preserve and maintain the buildings located in this region. Adaptive reuse projects have an important role to play in preserving architectural ensembles like this. The first part of the adaptive process is to document and understand the original configuration of the building with the aim of maintaining the elements with historical relevance. Therefore, this project proposes the use of a shape grammar approach to analyze floor plans, aiming to further contribute to adaptive reuse projects for ‘Sobrado’ buildings. The process focuses specifically on a case study building and aims to document and identify the specific placement of elements in the floor plan in an effort to provide a deeper understanding of future adaptive reuse.
SPATIAL 3D DOCUMENTATION OF HISTORICAL MINING REMNANTS IN FORESTED AREA IN THE ERZGEBIRGE/KRUŠNOHOŘÍ MINING REGION UNESCO SITE
Authors: Pavelka K. , Matoušková E. , Pavelka jr. K. , Pacina J.
Published: August 2021

Abstract. This contribution deals in the possibilities of 3D documentation of historical mining relicts hidden in the forest. On the Czech – German border, in the Ore Mountains, several historical mining relicts are located there. There are interesting underground spaces (historical mines), some of which have recently been made available for visits by tourists. But there are many relicts on the surface that are linked to mining and are not known or on the fringes of interest. These are mining pits, dumps, water works, remains of buildings and historic entrance roads. Many of them are in forest areas, were not documented or archaeologically explored, and have recently been devastated by amateur collectors equipped with metal detectors who unfortunately destroy unexplored localities to find interesting relicts. For the basic documentation and delimitation of these objects, aerial laser scanning (ALS) and personal laser mobile scanning (PLS) were used; some finds were documented by close-range photogrammetry.
MODERN POSSIBILITIES OF DOCUMENTATION AND REPLICATION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL FINDS
Authors: Pavelka K. , Pappi C. , Pavelka jr. K.
Published: August 2021

Abstract. This contribution deals with the documentation of archaeological finds using close-range photogrammetry. The method of close-range photogrammetry is presented in the form of modern technology SfM (Structure from Motion), which has become very popular in the last ten years and has infiltrated a number of fields other than geodesy. Archaeological excavations and documentation of finds were carried out as part of the Iraqi / Kurdistan expedition in 2018. Photogrammetry was used experimentally to create 3D models using a conventional digital camera. The results are satisfactory, and it was possible to create copies of the findings using rapid prototyping technology (3D printing). However, processing is not entirely simple and creating a quality model is time consuming.
ASSEMBLING AN IMAGE AND POINT CLOUD DATASET FOR HERITAGE BUILDING SEMANTIC SEGMENTATION
Authors: Pellis E. , Masiero A. , Tucci G. , Betti M. , Grussenmeyer P.
Published: August 2021

Abstract. Creating three-dimensional as-built models from point clouds is still a challenging task in the Cultural Heritage environment. Nowadays, performing such task typically requires the quite time-consuming manual intervention of an expert operator, in particular to deal with the complexities and peculiarities of heritage buildings. Motivated by these considerations, the development of automatic or semi-automatic tools to ease the completion of such task has recently became a very hot topic in the research community. Among the tools that can be considered to such aim, the use of deep learning methods for the semantic segmentation and classification of 2D and 3D data seems to be one of the most promising approaches. Indeed, these kinds of methods have already been successfully applied in several applications enabling scene understanding and comprehension, and, in particular, to ease the process of geometrical and informative model creation. Nevertheless, their use in the specific case of heritage buildings is still quite limited, and the already published results not completely satisfactory. The quite limited availability of dedicated benchmarks for the considered task in the heritage context can also be one of the factors for the not so satisfying results in the literature.Hence, this paper aims at partially reducing the issues related to the limited availability of benchmarks in the heritage context by presenting a new dataset for semantic segmentation of heritage buildings. The dataset is composed by both images and point clouds of the considered buildings, in order to enable the implementation, validation and comparison of both point-based and multiview-based semantic segmentation approaches. Ground truth segmentation is provided, for both the images and point clouds related to each building, according to the class definition used in the ARCHdataset, hence potentially enabling also the integration and comparison of the results obtained on such dataset.