bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘Assuming our place in the concert of nations’: Burundi as imagined in Pierre Nkurunziza's political speeches
Authors: Filipi Andrea , Wittig Katrin
Published: July 2022

Pierre Nkurunziza died in 2020, just a few months short of completing his tenure as the first post-civil war President of Burundi. Critics have cast him as yet another rebel-turned-politician who came to office on a promise of a democratic transformation but became progressively authoritarian, particularly during his third, disputed term in office. As a political figure, however, Nkurunziza remains poorly understood. What kind of a worldview motivated his politics? Drawing on critical discourse analysis, we identify three recurring themes in Nkurunziza's key political speeches: anti-colonialism; unity and self-sufficiency; and discourse around ‘politics of a new beginning’. These themes were stable across time, indicating Nkurunziza's consistent worldview, but became more pronounced and radical as he faced growing challenges to his legitimacy from within and without. Far from being confined to rhetoric, the themes also manifested in concrete policy decisions, underscoring the urgent need to take ideology seriously in understanding the political trajectories of African leaders.
Donor perspectives on strengthening capacity development for conservation
Authors: Santy Andrea , Loffeld Thirza A.C. , Paterson Stuart , Copsey Jamieson A. , Bakarr Mohamed I. , Rainer Helga , Rehse Eva , Bjorgvinsdottir Steina , Scholfield Katy , Kiragu Mwangi Mike A. , Christen Catherine A.
Published: July 2022

Global perspectives on the pathways for developing capacity for conservation remain limited. Hindering the robustness of solutions is a dearth of opportunities to foster discussion and dialogue among capacity development practitioners, academics, partners, beneficiaries and donors. Additionally, little is known about donor perspectives on capacity development, and about pathways to developing a more sustainable investment in capacity development for conservation. The 2019 Capacity Building for Conservation Conference in London, UK, provided a unique opportunity to convene more than 150 capacity development practitioners from the global conservation community. The Conference included structured opportunities to hear donor perspectives on strengthening capacity development. Session leaders took detailed notes to document donor perspectives and the discussions around them. A thematic analysis of this empirical evidence resulted in the identification of four key themes with corresponding recommendations, consisting of (1) collaborative design of capacity development initiatives, (2) monitoring and evaluation, (3) longer-term and flexible investments, and (4) building strong relationships between donors and grantees. Given the Convention on Biological Diversity is currently drafting the long-term strategic framework for capacity development post-2020, and global calls to protect significant portions of our land- and seascapes, our recommendations are timely and may inform a way forward.
Biological sex, by-products, and other continuous variables
Authors: Neuhoff John G.
Published: July 2022

Sex/gender is a continuous variable that researchers frequently treat as dichotomous. This practice can mask continuous underlying adaptive traits and yield spurious dichotomous “sex differences.” As such, many sex differences in self-protection may be evolutionary by-products of underlying adaptations rather than adaptations themselves. Binary analysis of continuous sex/gender is ill-considered science that can contribute to inequality and counterproductive public policy.
An expanded “staying alive” theory (SAT) underplays complexity in Homo sapiens
Authors: Fuentes Agustín
Published: July 2022

The target article takes myriad human female patterns and aligns them as a unit emerging from an expanded version of “staying alive” theory (SAT). Females and males do differ, however, to treat the complexity of human response to threats as an explicit, evolved sexually dimorphic package is not reflective of current knowledge regarding health, sex/gender, and behavior in Homo sapiens.
Female advantage in threat avoidance manifests in threat reaction but not threat detection
Authors: March David S. , Gaertner Lowell
Published: July 2022

Threat avoidance involves both detection of a threatening stimulus and reaction to it. We demonstrate with empirically validated stimuli (that are threatening, nonthreatening-negative, neutral, or positive) that threat detection is more pronounced among males, whereas threat reactivity is more pronounced among females. Why women are less efficient detectors of threat challenges Benenson et al.'s conceptual analysis.
Women need to stay alive and protect reproductive choice
Authors: McDonald Melissa M. , James Rachel M.
Published: July 2022

Defense of reproductive choice is an important motivation in women's self-protection psychology for which the “staying alive theory” cannot fully account. Evidence indicates that some elements of women's self-protection psychology function to protect reproductive choice rather than survival, or may be equally well explained by either motivation. Integrating perspectives will result in greater explanatory breadth and precision in theory testing.
Harm or protection? Two-sided consequences of females' susceptible responses to multiple threats
Authors: Lin Jingyuan , Cuijpers Pim , Li Hong , Lei Yi
Published: July 2022

The target article presented a plausible argument that females' susceptibility to threats might be self-protection for staying alive, but some evidence requires scrutiny. We need to consider (1) the biases of narrative reviews, (2) subjective life quality, and (3) the shadow side of extreme reactions to threats before concluding that females' threat-based response is a self-protection mechanism that promotes survival.
Reply to Jay on Subjective Consequentialism and Deontic Variance
Authors: Forschler Scott
Published: July 2022

Christopher Jay has recently argued that one version of subjective consequentialism is objectionable because it entails ‘arbitrary deontic variance’ in which the permissibility of some action can depend upon an arbitrary, non-moral choice of which possible results of the action to investigate or even reflect upon. This author argues that this deontic variance is actually entirely innocuous, and results from what may be the best subjective strategy for such investigation and reflection in cases involving uncertainty and cognitive limitations.
Remove or redistribute: re-examining the pollution haven hypothesis from ambient regions
Authors: Ma Rong , Shi Xiaojun
Published: July 2022

This paper re-examines the pollution haven hypothesis (PHH) by taking environmental regulation in ambient regions as a critical determinant concurrent with own regulation. Exploiting the Two Control Zones policy in China as a quasi-natural experiment, we find that both the curbing effect of the local environmental regulation and the spillover effect of ambient regions affect high-polluting foreign direct investment (FDI) location. Moreover, reallocated FDI results in redistributing instead of reducing pollutant emissions. Our evidence enriched by spatial spillover primarily supports the PHH in the context of China. It suggests a national-wide coordinated environmental policy with a unified goal performs better than separately implementing stringent regulations in highly polluted areas.
An evaluation of adherence to folic acid supplementation in pregnant women during early gestation for the prevention of neural tube defects
Authors: Linnell Anna , Murphy Niamh , Godwin Jon , Cremona Alexandra
Published: July 2022

Objective:

Neural tube defects (NTD) are potentially preventable by periconceptual folic acid supplementation. Women with obesity are at higher risk of NTD, therefore, are recommended a higher dose of 5 mg folic acid to mitigate this risk. The aim of this study was to evaluate maternal practice of folic acid supplementation amongst the antenatal population in relation to maternal obesity status.

Design:

Prospective observational study.

Setting:

Women ≤18 weeks’ gestation at their first antenatal appointment attending University Maternity Hospital Limerick (Ireland) were recruited. Maternal height and weight were measured. Obesity was defined at a threshold of ≥30·0 kg/m2 and ≥27·5 kg/m2 when adjusting for ethnicity. A two-part questionnaire captured maternal characteristics and assessed supplementation compliance, commencement and dosage. Fisher’s exact test for independence analysed differences in variables. A P value of <0·05 was considered significant.

Participants:

A total of 328 women participated over a duration of 6 weeks.

Results:

Mean gestational age was 12·4 ± 1·4 weeks and mean BMI 26·7 kg/m2 ± 5·2 kg/m2. 23·8 % (n 78) were classified as obese. 96·5 % (n 315) were taking folic acid and 95·7 % (n 314) supplemented daily. 30·2 % (n 99) commenced supplementation 12 weeks prior to conception. Overall, 57·9 % (n 190) of women met folic acid supplementation dose requirements. 89·1 % (n 55) of women with obesity did not. Women with obesity were less likely to meet the higher folic acid supplementation dose requirements (P =< 0·001).

Conclusion:

Folic acid supplementation practices within this cohort were suboptimal to prevent their risk of NTD. This study showed inadequate compliance of folic acid supplementation, and inadequate dosage for women with obesity. Increased patient education and awareness are needed within the antenatal period of pregnancy to bring folic acid supplementation practices in line with best practice guidelines.
The Alien Republic: Narratives of Deterritorialization in Imaginations of Turkmenistan from the Late Nineteenth to the Late Twentieth Century
Authors: Günther Clemens
Published: July 2022

Turkmenistan holds a special place in the Russian and Soviet imagination. At the turn of the last century, especially, Turkmenistan appeared as an imaginative object shaped by both nineteenth century tropes and images of the steppe and by the modernist's revaluation and displacement of these very tropes. This article traces this intellectual history from the late nineteenth century to the fall of the Soviet empire and elicits three main narratives through which the republic was rendered alien: Turkmenistan as a “republic from outer space,” as an “arctic desert,” and as a republic whose southern border is constantly threatened by various forces that can never be successfully defeated. Based on a wide body of literary works and films, mainly from the 1920s–30s and the late Soviet period, the paper points to intertextual references that betray both shifts and continuities within these narratives. The analysis shows how notions of political integration and climatic transformations were constantly countered by alternative imaginary boundaries, contributing to an “imaginative geography” of the republic that shaped the way Turkmenistan was perceived. The development of such an “imaginative geography” of Turkmenistan as an “alien republic” was thereby inextricably linked to its steppe and desert geography, marked by a threefold dialectic between concrete and imaginary geography, a rhetoric of appropriation and of alienation, and between present and mythical time.
Reinventing the Steppe: The Agromeliorative Complex in the Russian Periphery
Authors: Schönfelder Timm
Published: July 2022

For centuries, the steppe had served as a frontier and as a borderland to the Russian empire. In the 1930s, however, the semi-arid fields to the northeast of Stavropol became the object of intensified agricultural reclamation. Following the Central Asian example of dryland irrigation, the Soviet leadership dreamed of transforming the steppe biome into an oasis of high-modernist progress. Promises of plentiful yields fueled the planning of new hydro-infrastructures devised to counter the destructive forces of nature and to make the steppe bloom. Poverty, hunger, and natural disasters were to be threats of the past. As large swaths of land in the North Caucasus were re-imagined on the drawing boards of Soviet hydro-engineers, an agromeliorative complex evolved that favored large-scale solutions over locally adapted means. From 1965, this complex was represented by the Ministry of Melioration and Water Management (Minvodkhoz). It was supported by leading members of the nomenklatura like Nikita Khrushchev, Leonid Brezhnev, and Mikhail Gorbachev. However, their one-sided reclamation policies ignored ample warnings on soil erosion and agricultural degradation that were caused by excessive irrigation. As a result, yields declined whereas state investment continually increased. This paper shows how the vision to convert semi-arid lands into blossoming oases of progress created a path dependency with largely devastating consequences, as the hydro-engineers did not acknowledge the fragile ecosystem of the steppe. This reveals a deep and systemic sustainability crisis within Soviet agriculture that contributed to the economically fueled collapse of 1991.
Low Spirits and Immoderate Meditations in Venedikt Erofeev's Moskva-Petushki
Authors: Vaingurt Julia
Published: July 2022

My article analyzes Venedikt Erofeev's cultivation of weakness via alcoholic intoxication in Moskva-Petushki against the grain of its standard interpretations. The critical consensus holds that the protagonist (and by extension, the author, with whom he shares his name and autobiographical details) is a sober drunk and a holy fool. By contrast, I read the protagonist's failure to reach his destination and his untimely death in a less celebratory light. Intoxication functions as a means of spiritual seclusion, of finding oneself through the process of “falling out” of all social systems. Via this categorical renunciation of any affiliation, the protagonist aims to escape conscription into any acts of cruelty or destruction ranging from historical atrocities to the most quotidian application of force. The protagonist makes a superhuman effort to avoid any form of belonging out of the ethical imperative not to injure, but ends up inflicting harm upon himself and his loved ones anyway. My point here, then, is that the poema does not celebrate the protagonist's attempt to reach salvation via weakness and solitude, but ambivalently explores the aesthetic and ethical possibilities and limits of his choice as well as the feasibility and desirability of such radical freedom.
Political Participation and Engagement in East Germany Through ChileanNueva Canción
Authors: FREEDMAN JESSE
Published: July 2022

Chilean musical and political themes were an important element of East German life during the socialist presidency of Salvador Allende (1970–1973) and the violent military dictatorship (1973–1990) that overthrew him. The musical movementnueva canción(new song) was critical in mobilising solidarity with Chile around the world. In East Germany, the state-sponsoredSingebewegung(singing movement) and theLiedermacher*innen1(song makers) who were sometimes more openly critical both performed Chilean themes and covers. In addition to promoting solidarity, both groups drew on the musical identity of this group to arouse political participation towards different ends.
Chronische Depression
Authors: Leuzinger-Bohleber Marianne , Fischmann Tamara , Beutel Manfred E.
Published: July 2022

An einer chronischen Depression erkrankte Patientinnen und Patienten gelten oft als schwer behandelbar. Häufig hängt die chronische Depression mit schweren traumatischen Erfahrungen zusammen. Das in diesem Band vorgestellte Behandlungsmanual berücksichtigt diese Gegebenheit und legt den Fokus auf traumatisierte, chronisch depressive Patientinnen und Patienten.
Der Band beschreibt einleitend das Störungsbild und das diagnostische Vorgehen und erläutert die Grundannahmen des psychoanalytischen Verständnisses von Depression. Anschließend geht es um grundsätzlichere behandlungstechnische Aufgaben sowie um spezifische Herausforderungen in psychoanalytischen Langzeitbehandlungen mit chronisch depressiven, früh traumatisierten Patientinnen und Patienten, wie z.B. Suizidalität, Aggression und Schuld. Die ausgeführten therapeutischen Grundhaltungen und Behandlungsprinzipien werden jeweils anhand von konkreten Fallbeispielen veranschaulicht. Die Wirksamkeit des vorliegenden Manuals konnte in einer Studie zu Langzeittherapien bei chronischer Depression (sog. LAC-Depressionsstudie) gezeigt werden.
Aridity‐Dependent Land Surface Skin Temperature Biases in CMIP5/6
Authors: Wu Wen‐Ying , Yang Zong‐Liang
Published: July 2022

Land surface skin temperature, a critical indicator of climate change, connects the water and energy cycles between the land and the atmosphere. Here, we evaluate the simulations of land surface skin temperature from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) and CMIP6 models with satellite‐based datasets and reanalysis. We find systematic cold skin temperature biases over arid regions in CMIP5/CMIP6 simulations. Over arid and semi‐arid regions, latent heat biases drive skin temperature biases by evaporative cooling. Over humid regions, surface downward shortwave and albedo biases are relatively more critical. Spatial patterns of biases remain similar in the latest CMIP6 simulations, suggesting systematic biases in land‐atmosphere interactions. These biases need to be corrected or considered while using models for future projections.
Novel role of COX6c in the regulation of oxidative phosphorylation and diseases
Authors: Wang Changyu , Lv Jianjun , Xue Chengxu , Li Jiawen , Liu Yanqing , Xu Danni , Jiang Yuting , Jiang Shuai , Zhu Minghui , Yang Yang , Zhang Shaofei
Published: July 2022

Cytochrome c oxidase subunit VIc (COX6c) is one of the most important subunits of the terminal enzyme of the respiratory chain in mitochondria. Numerous studies have demonstrated that COX6c plays a critical role in the regulation of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and energy production. The release of COX6c from the mitochondria may be a hallmark of the intrinsic apoptosis pathway. Moreover, The changes in COX6c expression are widespread in a variety of diseases and can be chosen as a potential biomarker for diagnosis and treatment. In light of its exclusive effects, we present the elaborate roles that COX6c plays in various diseases. In this review, we first introduced basic knowledge regarding COX6c and its functions in the OXPHOS and apoptosis pathways. Subsequently, we described the regulation of COX6c expression and activity in both positive and negative ways. Furthermore, we summarized the elaborate roles that COX6c plays in various diseases, including cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, brain injury, skeletal muscle injury, and tumors. This review highlights recent advances and provides a comprehensive summary of COX6c in the regulation of OXPHOS in multiple diseases and may be helpful for drug design and the prediction, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of diseases.
Enhanced inflammation and suppressed adaptive immunity in COVID-19 with prolonged RNA shedding
Authors: Tang Xiaohua , Sun Rui , Ge Weigang , Mao Tingting , Qian Liujia , Huang Chongquan , Kang Zhouyang , Xiao Qi , Luo Meng , Zhang Qiushi , Li Sainan , Chen Hao , Liu Wei , Wang Bingjie , Li Shufei , Lin Xiaoling , Xu Xueqin , Li Huanzheng , Wu Lianpeng , Dai Jianyi , Gao Huanhuan , Li Lu , Lu Tian , Liang Xiao , Cai Xue , Ruan Guan , Xu Fei , Li Yan , Zhu Yi , Kong Ziqing , Huang Jianping , Guo Tiannan
Published: July 2022

Little is known regarding why a subset of COVID-19 patients exhibited prolonged positivity of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Here, we found that patients with long viral RNA course (LC) exhibited prolonged high-level IgG antibodies and higher regulatory T (Treg) cell counts compared to those with short viral RNA course (SC) in terms of viral load. Longitudinal proteomics and metabolomics analyses of the patient sera uncovered that prolonged viral RNA shedding was associated with inhibition of the liver X receptor/retinoid X receptor (LXR/RXR) pathway, substantial suppression of diverse metabolites, activation of the complement system, suppressed cell migration, and enhanced viral replication. Furthermore, a ten-molecule learning model was established which could potentially predict viral RNA shedding period. In summary, this study uncovered enhanced inflammation and suppressed adaptive immunity in COVID-19 patients with prolonged viral RNA shedding, and proposed a multi-omic classifier for viral RNA shedding prediction.
Genome-wide bidirectional CRISPR screens identify mucins as host factors modulating SARS-CoV-2 infection
Authors: Biering Scott B. , Sarnik Sylvia A. , Wang Eleanor , Zengel James R. , Leist Sarah R. , Schäfer Alexandra , Sathyan Varun , Hawkins Padraig , Okuda Kenichi , Tau Cyrus , Jangid Aditya R. , Duffy Connor V. , Wei Jin , Gilmore Rodney C. , Alfajaro Mia Madel , Strine Madison S. , Nguyenla Xammy , Van Dis Erik , Catamura Carmelle , Yamashiro Livia H. , Belk Julia A. , Begeman Adam , Stark Jessica C. , Shon D. Judy , Fox Douglas M. , Ezzatpour Shahrzad , Huang Emily , Olegario Nico , Rustagi Arjun , Volmer Allison S. , Livraghi-Butrico Alessandra , Wehri Eddie , Behringer Richard R. , Cheon Dong-Joo , Schaletzky Julia , Aguilar Hector C. , Puschnik Andreas S. , Button Brian , Pinsky Benjamin A. , Blish Catherine A. , Baric Ralph S. , O’Neal Wanda K. , Bertozzi Carolyn R. , Wilen Craig B. , Boucher Richard C. , Carette Jan E. , Stanley Sarah A. , Harris Eva , Konermann Silvana , Hsu Patrick D.
Published: July 2022

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes a range of symptoms in infected individuals, from mild respiratory illness to acute respiratory distress syndrome. A systematic understanding of host factors influencing viral infection is critical to elucidate SARS-CoV-2–host interactions and the progression of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Here, we conducted genome-wide CRISPR knockout and activation screens in human lung epithelial cells with endogenous expression of the SARS-CoV-2 entry factorsACE2andTMPRSS2. We uncovered proviral and antiviral factors across highly interconnected host pathways, including clathrin transport, inflammatory signaling, cell-cycle regulation, and transcriptional and epigenetic regulation. We further identified mucins, a family of high molecular weight glycoproteins, as a prominent viral restriction network that inhibits SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro and in murine models. These mucins also inhibit infection of diverse respiratory viruses. This functional landscape of SARS-CoV-2 host factors provides a physiologically relevant starting point for new host-directed therapeutics and highlights airway mucins as a host defense mechanism.
Symptoms and risk factors for long COVID in non-hospitalized adults
Authors: Subramanian Anuradhaa , Nirantharakumar Krishnarajah , Hughes Sarah , Myles Puja , Williams Tim , Gokhale Krishna M. , Taverner Tom , Chandan Joht Singh , Brown Kirsty , Simms-Williams Nikita , Shah Anoop D. , Singh Megha , Kidy Farah , Okoth Kelvin , Hotham Richard , Bashir Nasir , Cockburn Neil , Lee Siang Ing , Turner Grace M. , Gkoutos Georgios V. , Aiyegbusi Olalekan Lee , McMullan Christel , Denniston Alastair K. , Sapey Elizabeth , Lord Janet M. , Wraith David C. , Leggett Edward , Iles Clare , Marshall Tom , Price Malcolm J. , Marwaha Steven , Davies Elin Haf , Jackson Louise J. , Matthews Karen L. , Camaradou Jenny , Calvert Melanie , Haroon Shamil
Published: July 2022

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is associated with a range of persistent symptoms impacting everyday functioning, known as post-COVID-19 condition or long COVID. We undertook a retrospective matched cohort study using a UK-based primary care database, Clinical Practice Research Datalink Aurum, to determine symptoms that are associated with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection beyond 12 weeks in non-hospitalized adults and the risk factors associated with developing persistent symptoms. We selected 486,149 adults with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and 1,944,580 propensity score-matched adults with no recorded evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Outcomes included 115 individual symptoms, as well as long COVID, defined as a composite outcome of 33 symptoms by the World Health Organization clinical case definition. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) for the outcomes. A total of 62 symptoms were significantly associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection after 12 weeks. The largest aHRs were for anosmia (aHR 6.49, 95% CI 5.02–8.39), hair loss (3.99, 3.63–4.39), sneezing (2.77, 1.40–5.50), ejaculation difficulty (2.63, 1.61–4.28) and reduced libido (2.36, 1.61–3.47). Among the cohort of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, risk factors for long COVID included female sex, belonging to an ethnic minority, socioeconomic deprivation, smoking, obesity and a wide range of comorbidities. The risk of developing long COVID was also found to be increased along a gradient of decreasing age. SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with a plethora of symptoms that are associated with a range of sociodemographic and clinical risk factors.
In vitro renal calculi destruction by a high-frequency glow discharge plasma
Authors: Belov Sergej V. , Danileyko Yury K. , Pishchalnikov Roman Y. , Gudkov Sergey V. , Egorov Alexej V. , Lukanin Vladimir I. , Sidorov Vladimir A. , Tsvetkov Vladimir B. , Ali Stanislav K. , Kondrashev Sergey V. , Rotanov Evgeny G. , Shakhovskoy Andrei V. , Andreev Stepan N. , Bezrukov Evgeny A. , Glybochko Petr V.
Published: July 2022

Despite the progress made in the treatment of nephrolithiasis, the existing methods of renal calculi destruction are not ideal and have both advantages and disadvantages. Considering the process of high-frequency glow discharge formation on the surface of an electrode and in an electrolyte solution, we obtained the results on the destruction of renal calculi in vitro. It was shown that the destruction of kidney stones by glow discharge plasma was caused by several processes—the plasma induced effect of hydrated electrons and shock wave effect of the electrolyte stimulated by electrical breakdowns in the plasma. The plasma generation modes were configured by estimating the thickness of the vapor–gas layer in which the plasma burns. Thus, the average rate of contact destruction of renal calculi was measured depending on the plasma generator input power and time of plasma exposure. We conclude that the method of stone fragmentation by high-frequency electrolyte plasma is rather perspective and can be used in endoscopic urology for percutaneous and transurethral lithotripsy.
Ghost-imaging-enhanced noninvasive spectral characterization of stochastic x-ray free-electron-laser pulses
Authors: Li Kai , Laksman Joakim , Mazza Tommaso , Doumy Gilles , Koulentianos Dimitris , Picchiotti Alessandra , Serkez Svitozar , Rohringer Nina , Ilchen Markus , Meyer Michael , Young Linda
Published: July 2022

High-intensity ultrashort X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) pulses are revolutionizing the study of fundamental nonlinear x-ray matter interactions and coupled electronic and nuclear dynamics. To fully exploit the potential of this powerful tool for advanced x-ray spectroscopies, a noninvasive spectral characterization of incident stochastic XFEL pulses with high resolution is a key requirement. Here we present a methodology that combines high-acceptance angle-resolved photoelectron time-of-flight spectroscopy and ghost imaging to enhance the quality of spectral characterization of x-ray free-electron laser pulses. Implementation of this noninvasive high-resolution x-ray diagnostic can greatly benefit the ultrafast x-ray spectroscopy community by functioning as a transparent beamsplitter for applications such as transient absorption spectroscopy in averaging mode as well as covariance-based x-ray nonlinear spectroscopies in single-shot mode where the shot-to-shot fluctuations inherent to a self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) XFEL pulse are a powerful asset.
Nitroxyl radical-containing flexible porous coordination polymer for controllable size-aelective aerobic oxidation of alcohols
Authors: Wang Ping , Xue Ziqian , Ken-ichi Otake , Kitagawa Susumu
Published: July 2022

A flexible TEMPO-PCP, whose pore conformation can be controlled through the choice of solvent, was developed as a size-selective catalyst for aerobic oxidation reactions.
Deconstructive isomerization of azetidinols via C–C bond cleavage enabled by N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) catalysis
Authors: Wang Zhen , Chen Xue , Hu Yunayuan , Li Huiling , Yang Yun-Fang , Liu Yunkui , Jin Hongwei , Zhou Bingwei
Published: July 2022

An unprecedented NHC-catalyzed deconstructive isomerization of azetidinols has been developed, affording α-amino ketones in good yields with an excellent regioselectivity.
A NIR molecular rotor photosensitizer for efficient PDT and synchronous mitochondrial viscosity imaging
Authors: Yang Liu , Chen Qingxin , Wan Yingpeng , Gan Shenglong , Li Shengliang , Lee Chun-Sing , Jiang Yin , Zhang Huatang , Sun Hongyan
Published: July 2022

A dual functional photosensitizer can monitor the dynamic changes of the cellular microenvironment during PDT and further guide the PDT process.
Alignment and impact angular dependence to O2 sticking and dissociation on Pt(111) and close-packed steps
Authors: de Willigen Maatje J. E. , Kurahashi Mitsunori , Juurlink Ludo B. F.
Published: July 2022

Dissociation of rotationally-aligned O2 is quantified for Pt(111) facets and two step types. Steps increase sticking and dissociation, and remove alignment dependencies through initial scattering into a physisorbed state.
The surface reconstruction induced enhancement of the oxygen evolution reaction on α-SnWO4 (010) based on a density functional theory study
Authors: Wang Wentao , Wu Yonggang , Chen Deliang , Liu Hongling , Xu Mei , Liu Xuefei , Xin Lipeng
Published: July 2022

It is possible to stabilize the O–W, O–Sn, R–OOSn and ST3 terminations of the α-SnWO4(010) surface. The O–Sn termination exhibits a low overpotential value of 0.51 V, showing remarkable oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performance.
Cyclometalated iridium complexes based on monodentate aminophosphanes
Authors: Palmese Marco , Pérez-Torrente Jesús J. , Passarelli Vincenzo
Published: July 2022

Ir(i)-aminophosphane complexes readily undergo reversible intramolecular C–H oxidative addition affording cyclometalated iridium(iii) derivatives. Formic acid dehydrogenation is catalysed by Ir-aminophosphane complexes.
Polymorphs and solid solutions: materials with new luminescent properties obtained through mechanochemical transformation of dicyanoaurate(i) salts
Authors: Vainauskas Jogirdas , Topić Filip , Arhangelskis Mihails , Titi Hatem M. , Friščić Tomislav
Published: July 2022

Previously unreported, luminescent polymorphs and solid solutions of a simple gold(i) salt, accessed through heating and mechanochemistry.
Mineralization of poly(tetrafluoroethylene) and other fluoropolymers using molten sodium hydroxide
Authors: Yanagihara Naohisa , Katoh Takahiro
Published: July 2022

A simple, easy, and environmentally benign new technology consisting of a two-step process is proposed for the chemical recycling of fluoropolymers.
An integrated magneto-opto-fluidic biosensor for rapid on-chip assay of respiratory viruses of livestock
Authors: Zhang Qinming , Rawal Gaurav , Qian Jingjing , Ibrahim Hussam , Zhang Jianqiang , Dong Liang , Lu Meng
Published: July 2022

This work demonstrated an on-chip virus analysis technology that can characterize multiple viruses in clinical samples with automated sample processing and detection.
Tracking the fates of iron-labeled tumor cells in vivo using magnetic particle imaging
Authors: Makela Ashley V. , Schott Melissa A. , Sehl Olivia C. , Gevaert Julia J. , Foster Paula J. , Contag Christopher H.
Published: July 2022

Iron-labeled bioluminescent tumor cells can be tracked during metastasis and cell death using bioluminescent imaging and magnetic particle imaging.
RAFT solution copolymerization of styrene and 1,3-butadiene and its application as a tool for block copolymer preparation
Authors: Gunaydin Abdullah , Grysan Patrick , F. Schmidt Daniel , Dieden Reiner , Weydert Marc , S. Shaplov Alexander
Published: July 2022

For the first time, random copolymers of styrene (St) and 1,3-butadiene (Bd) (poly(Stn-r-Bdm), styrene butadiene rubber, SBR) were prepared via solution RAFT polymerization, that was further extended to produce poly[Xn-b-(Stm-r-Bdk)] block copolymers.
Green and sustainable visible light-mediated formation of amide bonds: an emerging niche in organic chemistry
Authors: Singh Jitender , Sharma Anuj
Published: July 2022

This review summarizes the visible light-mediated synthesis of amides.
Modulating the anodic electrochemiluminescence of graphitic carbon nitride by thiophene doping
Authors: Chen Lichan , Zhao Panpan , Tian Libing , Wang Yini , Zhou Shu-Feng
Published: July 2022

Modulating the anodic electrochemiluminescence of graphitic carbon nitride by molecular engineering with electron donor thiophene.
Design and computational insight into two novel CL-20 analogues, BNMTNIW and BNIMTNIW: high performance energetic materials
Authors: Lal Sohan , Gao Haixiang , Shreeve Jean'ne M.
Published: July 2022

Novel CL-20 analogues, BNMTNIW and BNIMTNIW, were investigated, and were found to exhibit high densities, high positive heats of formation and excellent propulsive and detonation performance with better stability than CL-20.
An amphiphilic polyoxometalate–CNT nanohybrid as a highly efficient enzyme-free electrocatalyst for H2O2 sensing
Authors: Gul Eman , Rahman Gul , Wu Yuefeng , Bokhari Tanveer Hussain , Rahman Ata ur , Zafar Amina , Rana Zohaib , Shah Attaullah , Hussain Shafqat , Maaz Khan , Karim Shafqat , Javaid Saqib , Sun Hongyu , Ahmad Mashkoor , Xiang Guolei , Nisar Amjad
Published: July 2022

A highly active electrochemical amphiphilic POM–CNT nanohybrid using non-covalent interactions for highly efficient detection of H2O2 is reported. The synergy between POMs and CNTs results in 10 times higher current response than pristine POM.
Hydrolytic dehydrogenation of ammonia borane in neat water using recyclable zeolite-supported cyclic alkyl amino carbene (CAAC)–Ru catalysts
Authors: Balla Áron , Nagyházi Márton , Turczel Gábor , Solt Hanna E. , Mihályi Magdolna R. , Hancsók Jenő , Valyon József , Nagy Tibor , Kéki Sándor , Anastas Paul T. , Tuba Róbert
Published: July 2022

Highly effective ammonia borane dehydrogenation was carried out using a heterogenized ruthenium-CAAC complex in water.
Chemical conversion of metal–organic frameworks into hemi-covalent organic frameworks
Authors: Wang Xinxin , Chang Ganggang , Liu Chenxi , Li Ruidong , Jin Yucheng , Ding Xu , Liu Xiaolin , Wang Hailong , Wang Tianyu , Jiang Jianzhuang
Published: July 2022

A hemi-covalent organic framework,P-Ni3(TAA)3, with the different conversion efficiency (P) of 34–72% for bis(diimine) nickel units has been obtained. The 40%-Ni3(TAA)3exhibits the improved chemical stability and significantly catalytic property.
Debonding of a soft adhesive fibril in contact with an elastomeric pillar
Authors: Duigou-Majumdar Aymeric , Cortet Pierre-Philippe , Poulard Christophe
Published: July 2022

We study the debonding of a soft adhesive layer from a micrometric pillar. We uncover power laws as a function of the pillar diameter for the maximum force and the critical elongation of the fibril of adhesive material formed during debonding.
Spotting micro‐movements in image sequence by introducing intelligent cubic‐LBP
Authors: Esmaeili Vida , Mohassel Feghhi Mahmood , Shahdi Seyed Omid
Published: July 2022

Invisible to naked human eyes, micro‐movements are barely noticeable. There are wide ranges of micro‐movement applications from spotting subtle changes in a volcano, vascular pulse, and blood vessel to micro‐expression detection. In the latter, some evil thoughts can be unveiled, resulting in identifying crooks and lawbreakers and it arises from involuntary subtle and short‐duration of facial muscles movements. Precise spotting of these tiny movements is possible only when multiple aspects of temporal images are scrutinized. Meanwhile, since motions often happen in one or two directions, it is rudimentary to extract complete feature sets in textural‐based approaches such as cubic Local Binary Pattern (cubic‐LBP). Approaches like cubic‐LBP also have imposed an unnecessary computation burden. Hence, in this research, a novel method named intelligent cubic‐LBP is proposed, which incorporates Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model. This model learns to select the useful plane(s) automatically. Apex is then detected by applying Partial Autocorrelation Coefficient (PACF) on the selected plane(s). The experimental results show significant improvement in micro‐movements identification. The accuracy of the apex frame detection has elevated to 10% and 17% in the Chinese Academy of Sciences Micro‐Expressions (CASME) and the CASME II databases, respectively.
Customized bus scheme design of large transport terminals with jointly optimization of departure time, vehicle allocation and routing
Authors: Wu Yuelin , Yuan Zhenzhou , Xiao Qingyu , Yang Dong
Published: July 2022

The customized bus (CB) service of large transport terminals can provide passengers with convenient transfers and door‐to‐door services, which has the potential to help ease the pressure of arriving passenger flow in large transport terminals. Considering the costs of operators and passengers, this paper establishes a multi‐commodity network flow optimization model to simultaneously obtain departure schedule, passenger‐to‐vehicle assignment and routing under the condition of multiple vehicle types. It provides more passengers with high‐quality CB service and obtains higher vehicle capacity utilization. Accordingly, the solution is proposed that combines a branch‐and‐cut algorithm with grid‐density‐based clustering. An illustrative example verifies the effectiveness and tests the impact of the departure time‐window. The case study of Chengdu city compares the results under different types of vehicle schemes and conducts the sensitivity analysis of penalty and minimum load ratio. The experiments conclude: (i) The proposed algorithm stably improves computation speed (76.38%) without affecting the optimal results; (ii) a loose time‐window can serve more people, but the excessively loose one no longer has impacts on the results. (iii) The multi‐type of vehicle scheme performs best compared to the single type of vehicle schemes.
Addressing robust travel mode identification with individual trip‐chain trajectory noise reduction
Authors: Zeng Jiaqi , Zhang Guozheng , Hu Youwei , Wang Dianhai
Published: July 2022

Identifying travel modes from Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) trajectories is helpful for traffic management. In mode identification, the motion features are extracted from trajectories to train the classifiers. However, features would be distorted by the positioning noise when migrating existing frameworks to poor‐quality tracks. This study aims to answer how to eliminate the impact of positioning error on mode identification. Specifically, six widely used Trajectory Noise Reduction (TNR) methods were tested. Representative motion features were calculated and sent to several classical classifiers to evaluate the effect of TNR. Then, the extent to which TNR restores motion features is analysed by information gain. To verify the robustness of these methods, multiple noise scenarios are designed to simulate possible positioning noise. The results show that the trajectory smoothing methods perform better than the outlier elimination methods regardless of the type and magnitude of noise. In particular, the Gaussian kernel smoothing can achieve the highest effect in almost all noise scenarios. For untested TNR methods that require a time window radius parameter, a 30‐s time window is a good candidate. Moreover, the visualisation verification cannot ensure the best TNR method for travel mode identification.
La néoglucogenèse intestinale : une fonction insulinomimétique
Authors: Mithieux Gilles
Published: July 2022

La néoglucogenèse intestinale (NGI) est une fonction régulatrice de l’homéostasie énergétique. Le glucose qu’elle produit est détecté par le système nerveux gastrointestinal et envoie un signal aux régions du cerveau régulant la prise alimentaire et le contrôle glycémique. L’activation de la NGI par les protéines et les fibres alimentaires et par la chirurgie de type by-pass gastrique permet d’expliquer les effets anti-obésité et anti-diabète des régimes enrichis en protéines et/ou en fibres et de la chirurgie bariatrique. L’activation génétique de la NGI chez la souris présente les mêmes effets bénéfiques, indépendamment de toute manipulation nutritionnelle. L’activation de la NGI pourrait ainsi être la base de nouvelles approches préventives ou correctives des maladies métaboliques chez l’homme.
Cent ans après la découverte de l’insuline : une nouvelle révolution pour les patients vivant avec un diabète de type 1 ?
Authors: Borot Sophie
Published: July 2022

L’année 2021 a vu célébrer le centenaire de la découverte de l’insuline comme traitement du diabète de type 1, sauvant la vie de personnes condamnées auparavant par la maladie. La substitution insulinique, tellement différente de la sécrétion physiologique, reste cependant un défi. Jusque dans les années 1990, les personnes vivant avec un diabète de type 1 étaient traitées par deux injections d’insuline intermédiaire, d’une durée d’action de 12 à 16 h, et des injections d’insuline rapide humaine, d’une durée d’action de 7 h environ, dont la cinétique entraînait des hypoglycémies fréquentes justifiant des repas pris à heures fixes, une quantité de glucides fixe et des collations obligatoires en évitant les sucres rapides. Le développement des analogues rapides (durée d’action de 4 h) puis lents (sans pic d’action) de l’insuline dans les années 1990 et 2000 et de l’éducation thérapeutique ont permis un allègement de ces contraintes. Ils ont permis aussi l’essor de l’insulinothérapie fonctionnelle, dissociant les repas, gérés par les insulines rapides, de l’insuline lente (c’est-à-dire l’insuline vitale), permettant des repas à horaires variables, à contenus variables et sans restriction d’aliments. Mais la grande révolution vient de ces cinq dernières années, avec l’apparition des capteurs de mesure du glucose en continu, libérant le patient des contrôles glycémiques capillaires, couplés par la suite à une pompe à insuline pilotée par une intelligence artificielle dans les systèmes très récents de boucle fermée hybride. Ces systèmes permettent une amélioration majeure du contrôle de la glycémie, en réduisant à la fois le temps passé en hypoglycémie et la charge mentale de la personne.
La découverte de l’insuline 1921–1922 : un saut dans la recherche biomédicale
Authors: Rostène William
Published: July 2022

Si les symptômes du diabète ont été décrits depuis l’Antiquité et caractérisés par la présence de sucre dans les urines et une soif intense, ce n’est qu’à la fin du xixe siècle que les travaux de plusieurs équipes aboutissent à rechercher la substance active de la sécrétion interne du pancréas dans des extraits susceptibles de diminuer le glucose dans le sang et les urines chez le chien diabétique. C’est à l’Université de Toronto, au Canada, il y a 100 ans, entre 1921 et 1922, que Frederick Banting, Charles Best et James Collip, travaillant dans le département de physiologie dirigé par John MacLeod, obtiennent des extraits pancréatiques suffisamment purifiés qui permettent de traiter de jeunes patients diabétiques. Cette découverte de l’insuline est très vite reconnue et saluée par l’attribution du Prix Nobel de Physiologie ou Médecine en 1923 à Frederick Banting et John MacLeod. Cette découverte a eu d’importantes retombées scientifiques, industrielles et cliniques, toujours d’actualité.
Le récepteur de l’insuline a 50 ans – Revue des progrès accomplis
Authors: De Meyts Pierre
Published: July 2022

L’isolement de l’insuline du pancréas et sa purification à un degré suffisant pour permettre son administration à des patients atteints de diabète de type 1 furent accomplis il y a 100 ans à l’Université de Toronto par Banting, Best, Collip et McLeod et représentent sans conteste une des plus grandes révolutions thérapeutiques en médecine, reconnue par l’attribution du Prix Nobel de Physiologie ou Médecine en 1923 à Banting et McLeod. Les retombées cliniques furent rapides ainsi que l’internationalisation de sa production commerciale. Les retombées en matière de recherche fondamentale furent beaucoup plus lentes, en particulier en ce qui concerne les mécanismes moléculaires d’action de l’insuline sur ses cellules cibles. Presque un demi-siècle s’écoula avant la détermination de la structure tri-dimensionnelle de l’insuline en 1969 et la caractérisation de son récepteur cellulaire en 1970–1971. Le fait que le récepteur de l’insuline soit une enzyme appelée tyrosine kinase ne fut démontré que dans les années 1982–1985, et la structure cristallographique du domaine kinase intracellulaire fut déterminée dix ans plus tard. Le clonage de l’ADNc du premier substrat intracellulaire de la kinase (IRS-1) en 1991 ouvrira la voie à l’élucidation des voies de signalisation intracellulaires. Il faudra 15 ans de plus avant l’obtention de la structure cristallographique du domaine extracellulaire du récepteur (en l’absence d’insuline) en 2006. Depuis, la détermination de la structure du complexe insuline-récepteur dans les états inactif et activé a fait d’énormes progrès, en particulier grâce aux améliorations récentes dans les pouvoirs de résolution de la cryo-microscopie électronique. Je passerai ici en revue les étapes du développement du concept de récepteur hormonal, et de nos connaissances sur la structure et le mécanisme moléculaire d’activation du récepteur de l’insuline.
La boîte à outils de l’évolution développementale ou comment les poissons cavernicoles mexicains ont perdu leurs yeux
Authors: Rétaux Sylvie
Published: July 2022

Le poisson Astyanax mexicanus se présente sous deux formes très différentes : un morphe de rivière « normal », et un morphe cavernicole, aveugle et dépigmenté, vivant dans l’obscurité totale et permanente de grottes mexicaines. Cette espèce est en passe de devenir un modèle de choix en biologie évolutive et comparée, tant pour l’étude de l’évolution des comportements, de la physiologie ou de la morphologie, que pour la génétique moléculaire ou la génétique des populations. Je présente ici l’avancée des connaissances dans le domaine de l’évolution développementale de l’œil du morphe cavernicole. En remontant dans le temps son développement « à l’envers » depuis l’œil de la larve jusqu’au champ rétinien en fin de gastrulation, l’embryon d’Astyanax cavernicole révèle des mécanismes et processus susceptibles de contribuer aux variations évolutives entre espèces et aux variations pathologiques de la morphogenèse de la région optique.