bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
I.—A Picture-book of the life of St. Anthony the Abbot, executed for the monastery of Saint-Antoine de Viennois in 1426
Authors: Graham Rose
Published: July 2011

On 14th April 1426 a large manuscript illustrating the life and miracles of St. Anthony the Abbot in two hundred pictures was completed for the abbey of Saint-Antoine de Viennois in Dauphiné, the head house of the Order of Hospitallers of St. Anthony. The Order was suppressed in 1775, when it was absorbed into the Order of Knights Hospitallers of St. John of Jerusalem, and in 1781 this manuscript was sent to the head house in Malta; it is now in the public library at Valletta and was brought to light in 1907 by the present learned librarian Mr. Hannibal P. Scicluna. I owe my knowledge of the existence of this manuscript to Mr. S. C. Cockerell who saw it at Valletta for the first time in 1926, and it was on his initiative that it was sent to the British Museum on loan, with permission to exhibit it at a meeting of this Society. We are greatly indebted to Mr. Cockerell, Sir John Shuckburgh of the Colonial Office, to the Governor-General of Malta, the Minister of Public Instruction, and above all to Dr. Scicluna on whose recommendation the loan was made for study and photography. The whole manuscript will be reproduced for the Roxburghe Club, and the privilege of editing it has been given to me.
II.—An Examination of two Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts of the Winchester School: the Missal of Robert of Fumièges, and the Benedictional of St. Æthelwold
Authors: Tolhurst J. B. L.
Published: July 2011

The English Sacramentary now in the Public Library at Rouen, and known by this name, has been the subject of several inquiries into its origin, and various opinions have been put forward as to the place where, and the identity of the church for which, it was written.
III.—The Roof Bosses in the Transepts of Norwich Cathedral Church
Authors: Cave C. J. P.
Published: July 2011

No account of the hundred and fifty roof bosses in the transepts has yet been put on record in print, though they present some peculiar features. The stone vaulting in the transepts was erected under Bishop Nykke after a fire in 1509. The vaulting of the cloisters and of the nave, with their series of sculptured bosses, had already been completed, and as the Provost of Eton says, the bishop ‘was rather put to it to find a satisfactory scheme for the transept bosses. He must have decided to supplement the New Testament portion of Lyhart's work, by filling up gaps in the life of the Virgin and of Christ. But he was not fortunate in his designer, or in his clerk of works. The former had very little invention, and did not care how often he repeated his subject, whilst the latter took no pains whatever to get the bosses put up in a rational order. Nor does the execution of the carving reflect credit on any one. The whole work, in fact, gives the impression of haste and carelessness’. The repetitions are numerous; the Flight into Egypt occurs eight times ; the angel appearing to St. Joseph nine times; the Nativity three times, and there are many other repetitions. But though many of the bosses do indeed show signs of haste and carelessness there are some that are very charming little carvings.
V.—Kidwelly Castle, Carmarthenshire ; including a Survey of the Polychrome Pottery found there and elsewhere in Britain
Authors: Fox Cyril , Radford C. A. Ralegh
Published: July 2011

Excavations designed to throw light on the evolution of this castle, and to obtain a series of stratified potsherds were carried out in August, 1930, by one of us, and the results obtained were checked and extended by both of us in further excavations carried out in March, 1931. The work was necessarily limited in respect of the area examined, and in time (ten days in all), but it is hoped that the results are sufficiently suggestive for permanent record, and as indications of the lines on which further research at the castle might be undertaken. Before presenting the report of the excavations we should like to offer our thanks for the assistance we have received. To the President, owing to whose initiative the work was undertaken, we owe thanks both for facilities granted during the excavations, and for advice in the preparation of the report. The plans and photographs of Kidwelly are the work of the architectural and photographic staff of the Office of Works, to whom we are also indebted for other assistance. Prof. J. E. Lloyd has kindly supplied us with certain details about the history of the site. Mr. G. C. Dunning has contributed the valuable inventory of the English polychrome jugs, and has allowed us to use other information which is incorporated in our report. Mr. O'Neil was present during the later excavations, and assisted in the recording of the material during their progress.
VI.—The Abbot's House at Battle
Authors: Brakspear Harold
Published: July 2011

Hospitality was an important feature of all religious orders and for this purpose there was generally provided accommodation for distinguished visitors, ordinary travellers, and poor people, in all the larger houses. The distinguished guest was the direct responsibility of the superior, and in all the greater Benedictine monasteries he was provided with an independent house for his own lodging and for the entertainment of such guests.
VII.—A Grant of Arms of the year 1510
Authors: Clark-Maxwell W. G.
Published: July 2011

The grant of arms here reproduced was made in November 1510, by Thomas Wriothesley, Garter King of Arms, to John Mundy, described as gentleman, of Chakenden (Checkendon) in the county of Oxford. It is written on a sheet of parchment 17¾ in. by 9½ in., which has suffered somewhat from damp ; the margins are decorated, as will be seen in the illustration (pl. xliii), with a rather coarse but effective design of flowers, while the arms and crest occupy the customary position on the left hand. There are two seals, both now detached from the document, enclosed in the usual wooden cases, which are a good deal worm-eaten ; the larger seal 2½ in. diameter, is that of the Garter Office : a cross between four doves with wings expanded; on a chief a crown within a garter between a leopard and a fleur-de-lys, with the legend: . The smaller (left-hand) seal 2 in. diameter is that of Wriothesleys' own arms, quarterly I and IV, a cross and four falcons for Wriothesley, II, Fretty and a quarter with a lion passant in the quarter, for Dunstaville, III, a pale lozengy and a border bezanty, for Lushill, but the legend is indecipherable, both seals having suffered greatly from abrasion.
VIII.—Some Further Aspects of the Iconography of St. Thomas of Canterbury
Authors: Borenius Tancred
Published: July 2011

In addressing you, as I have the honour to do to-night, for the third time in four years, on the subject of the iconography of St. Thomas Becket, I am fully conscious of the risk I am running of becoming repetitious; but I venture to hope that, when you have heard what I have to say, you will agree that the new material which I am privileged to lay before you is of a nature which justifies my claiming your attention once more in this connexion.
IX.—The Bronze Spear-head in Great Britain and Ireland
Authors: Evans E. Estyn
Published: July 2011

Any study of British spear-heads of the Bronze Age must be inspired by, and largely based on, the very valuable pioneer work of Greenwell and Brewis, whose handsomely illustrated paper on ‘The Origin, Evolution and Classification of the Bronze Spear-head in Great Britain and Ireland’ was published in Archaeologia for 1909. Indeed, their general analysis of the subject is so masterly and their conclusions so impressive that the paper has perhaps been allowed to pass too long unchallenged. Relatively little was known, a quarter of a century ago, of the continental material, and the close connexions between Britain and the mainland in late prehistoric times were almost unsuspected. Comparative studies have revealed the widespread interchange of various products and ideas in the European Bronze Age ; and no one would now go so far as to claim, with Greenwell and Brewis, that ‘there can be no doubt whatever that the spear-head in its origin, progress, and final consummation, was an indigenous product of these islands, and was manufactured within their limits apart from any controlling influence from outside’.
X.—The Round Castles of Cornwall
Authors: Toy Sidney
Published: July 2011

Following on the Norman Conquest, large estates in Cornwall and Devon were bestowed by William on Robert of Mortain, his half-brother, and on Judhel, one of his followers. Robert of Mortain received the earldom of Cornwall and large portions of both counties, holding 248 manors in Cornwall alone. His principal seat in Cornwall was at Launceston, though he had other castles in the county, including Trematon. Judhel, afterwards called Judhel of Totnes, also received estates in both counties, and became eventually one of the richest landowners in Devon. His principal castle was at Totnes. Another family—the Cardinans—only traditionally connected with the companions of the Conqueror, are found in the twelfth century in possession of considerable lands about Restormel, and held a castle there.
XII.—An Excavation by H.M. Office of Works at Chysauster, Cornwall, 1931
Authors: Hencken H. O'Neill
Published: July 2011

In 1930 Col. C. R. R. Malone, J.P., of Trevaylor, generously placed in the custody of H.M. Office of Works the remains of an extensive Celtic village of the Romano-British period and possibly earlier. The site, commonly called Chysauster, lies upon a gentle south-western slope between the farms of Chysauster and Carnaquidden in the parish of Gulval about three miles north of Penzance and ten and a half miles from Land's End. It is in the granite area that forms the greater part of the Hundred of Pen with. The site is not fortified, but on the summit of the hill above it about 1,400 yards away is a hill-top fort called Castle-an-Dinas. This consists of three stone ramparts, and resembles very closely the neighbouring Chun Castle recently excavated by Mr. E. T. Leeds, F.S.A. Below the site is the valley of the Rosemorran stream which once yielded alluvial tin ore. The name Chysauster, though Cornish, is unfortunately of little value from the archaeological point of view, for its earliest form, which appears in a document of 1313, is Chysalvestre, Sylvester's house.
I.—Castle Rushen, Isle of Man
Authors: O'Neil B. H. St. J.
Published: July 2011

Castle Rushen is one of the most interesting castles in the British Isles, both because of its remarkable state of preservation and by reason of its position as one of the chief seats of authority in the island from the time of its erection down to and including the present day.
II.—Aeolipiles as Fire-blowers
Authors: Hildburgh W. L.
Published: July 2011

An aeolipile is a device whose essential feature is that vapour confined in it under pressure can issue from it only through a small aperture. Although the Oxford English Dictionary agrees with the French Academy in deriving ‘aeolipile’ from a combination of the name of the god of the winds, Aeolus, and the Latin pylae or the Greek Πύλαι, implying thus that originally it meant something like ‘doorway of Aeolus’ or ‘gates of the winds’, I am inclined to accept rather its derivation from ‘Aeolus’ and the Latin pila, a ball, and an original meaning ‘ball of Aeolus’ or ‘of the winds’. Vitruvius, writing during the reign of Augustus, says, in a passage concerned with the winds, ‘id autem verum esse ex aeolipilis aereis licet aspicere … fiunt enim aeolipilae aereae cavae. hae habent punctum angustissimum quo aquae infunduntur conlocanturque ad ignem, et antequam calescent non habent ullum spiritum, simul autem ut fervere coeperint, efficiunt ad ignem vehementem flatum’. This seems to show pretty clearly, by both the form of the word and the description of the object to which Vitruvius applies it, that the word was based on pila and not on pylae. Conceivably it was the spherical shape of early aeolipilic fire-blowers which suggested the trunnioned steam-filled ball provided with projecting L-shaped tubes from which the steam could issue and, by its reaction, cause the ball to revolve, which Hero of Alexandria describes in his Pneumatika, and which is still used to demonstrate to students a jet of steam's inherent reactive force. Hero's text does not, however, include any word relatable to the term Vitruvius applied to his fire-blowing spheres.
III.—The Defences of the Citadel of Damascus; a Great Mohammedan Fortress of the Time of the Crusades
Authors: King D. J. Cathcart
Published: July 2011

The great medieval citadel of Damascus has not apparently received any serious notice in English; the important monographs, in French and German, which have been devoted to it are concerned principally with general architecture on the one part, and with epigraphy on the other. It is not intended in this article to deal further with these particular topics—indeed, the author is not qualified to do so—but to describe the citadel as a fortress and a monument of Islamic military art.
IV.—The Ka'ba inA.D. 608
Authors: Creswell K. A. C.
Published: July 2011

The sanctuary at Mekka, in the time of Muhammad, merely consisted of a small roofless enclosure formed by four walls a little higher than a man, accordining to Ibn Hishām, or about 9 cubits (say 4·50 m.) according to Azraqī, built of rough stone laid dry. It was oblong in shape, the following being the measurements of its sides: NE. 32 cubits, NW. 22, SW. 31, SE. 20, proportions approximately 3:2. Within this enclosure was the sacred well of Zemzem.
V.—A Stone Industry from Morar, Inverness-shire; Its Obanian (Mesolithic) and Later Affinities
Authors: Lacaille A. D.
Published: July 2011

In 1937 Dr. W. A. Munro, H.M. Chief Inspector of Schools, Edinburgh, sent me a large number of stone artifacts which he and his family had collected in Morar, Inverness-shire, whence nothing of the kind had ever been reported. Recognizing from his specimens and description of the site that a peculiar interest attached to the relics, I determined to visit the place. Since this lies in what during thewar was a strictly prohibited area, my desire was not realized until August 1946.The examination and additional finds made then showed the need for extending inquiries, by surveying much ground and by reviewing evidences of coastal settlement obtained previously in the extreme west, before the assemblage from Morar could be assessed. The results of these researches are now laid before the Society.
VI.—Pictor in Carmine
Authors: James M. R.
Published: July 2011

The treatise called Pictor in Carmine is notable as containing the largest known collection of types and antitypes intended to be used by artists. I have often called attention to it, and for many years have been on the look-out for its occurrence in manuscripts, in the hope that I might ultimately be able to produce an edition of the whole text. Whether that may yet see the light I do not know; it is a work of considerable bulk, and perhaps hardly merits a great expenditure of time and print, but comparatively few pages will suffice to give a conspectus of the contents and character of the book.
VII.—The Cult of St. Oswald in Northern Italy
Authors: Baker E. P.
Published: July 2011

Five buildings in Venice are cited by Ruskin as illustra ‘the last degradation of the Renaissance. San Moisé is the most clumsy, Santa Maria Zobenigo the most impious, St.Eustachio the most ridiculous the Ospedaletto the most monstrous, and the head at Santa Maria Formosa the most foul.’ In respect, however, of St. Eustachio (or S. Stae as it is known in the Venetian dialect), the verdict is mitigated on a later page, where we are told that the church is remarkable for the dramatic effect of the group of sculpture on its façade. Would this effect, we wonder, have been further enlivened for Ruskin had he been aware that ‘our own Saxon Oswald’ (as he speaks of him elsewhere with a touch of affection) was represented by a large baroque statue in the niche on the left-hand side?
I.—Celtic Bronzes from Lorraine
Authors: Smith Reginald A.
Published: July 2011

Since the purchase of the Morel Collection in 1901 the British Museum has been able to point to the Somme-Bionne chariot-burial as a notable example of the earliest definitely Celtic art of Europe; but a still finer group is now in process of acquisition, and is shown to the Society before passing into the hands of the Trustees. These four remarkable bronze vessels were found buried together on ioth February 1928, during excavations for a cellar on the site of an old abbey at Bouzonville, Lorraine, now in the Département of Moselle. They had been heaped together pell-mell, one of them inverted, without any protection from the soil. Nothing else was found on the spot in spite of careful search, and the bronzes must therefore be regarded as a hoard or treasure, not as the grave-furniture of a Celtic chieftain. It may be a hurried deposit of loot from various sources, but there is nothing to suggest that the four vessels are anything but contemporary. Wine-vessels may be expected in the interment of a chieftain (Fürstengrab), but a single wine-jar (stamnos) normally accompanies the flagon in such cases (as Weisskirchen, Dürkheim, and Klein-Aspergle). That they were intended to contain wine is inferred from the presence of white pitch or resin (used for flavouring) in the stamnoi of Weisskirchen and Klein-Aspergle. Attention has been called to this recently by our Fellow Mr. J. M. de Navarro (Antiquity, Dec. 1928, p. 435), who quotes Virgil and Pliny in corroboration of the practice, and points out that the Celtic demand for wine, notorious in the ancient world,2 was mainly satisfied by the Rhône-Saône traffic from the Greek port of Marseilles in the sixth and fifth centuries before our era.
III.—The Iconography of St. Thomas of Canterbury
Authors: Borenius Tancred
Published: July 2011

The materials for a study of the iconography of St. Thomas Becket still exist in great abundance. On the canonization of the saint in 1173, his cult evidently spread all over Europe with lightning speed, and the consequences of this were very soon to be seen in all the arts. Much of the artistic production of different countries and centuries relating to the personality and life of St. Thomas has, of course, perished: and in England, after the de-canonization of ‘Bishop Becket’, decreed by Henry VIII, a veritable war was, in 1538, declared on the innumerable representations of the saint then existing in this country, the proclamation enacting expressly that ‘his images and pictures throughout the whole realm shall be put down and avoided out of all churches and chapels and other places’. Where the destruction was not complete, defacement of varying extent was resorted to, as is clear, for instance, from the many illuminations of manuscripts in which the rendering of St. Thomas Becket has been disfigured or partly obliterated. But even so, as already mentioned, there still exists plenty of documentation on which to base a study of the iconography of St. Thomas Becket; and I have now for some time been gathering material with that end in view. In doing so my endeavour has been to work as systematically as possible, though, as all students of iconography can aver, chance often gives valuable help in the pursuit of our quest. I had an experience of the working of chance only recently when a visit to Salamanca, entirely unconnected with my interest in St. Thomas Becket, suddenly brought me up against an extremely interesting Romanesque church of San Tomás Cantuariense, from which, however, all traces of the representation of the saint had vanished, except a very commonplace figure of a mitred bishop in carved and painted wood of quite recent date. Even though I have kept photographers busy over a wider area of Europe than I could anticipate when first embarking on this task, I dare not hope that I have as yet surveyed my material with anything approaching completeness; but the data I have brought together are, nevertheless, perhaps sufficient to allow certain deductions to be made and certain lines of evolution to be laid down.
V.—Roof Bosses in the Nave of Tewkesbury Abbey
Authors: Cave C. J. P.
Published: July 2011

The roof of the nave of Tewkesbury Abbey belongs to the first half of the fourteenth century; the bosses are carved in stone. Those down the central rib represent scenes from the life of Christ; those on the sides are angels, some with censers, some with musical instruments, and some, at the east end, with instrumentsof the Passion; there are also the four evangelistic symbols. For purposes of reference I have numbered the central line of bosses from the west end C 1, C 2, etc.; those at the side are numbered from the east end, on the north side N 1, N 2, etc., and similarly on the south side. I have numbered them thus as the central bosses obviously begin with the Nativity at the west end, while the side series have the most important figures at the east end.
VI.—Corfe Castle: its history, construction, and present condition
Authors: Toy Sidney
Published: July 2011

Corfe Castle is situated in the centre of the Isle of Purbeck, about ten miles SW. of Bournemouth, and midway between Wareham and Swanage. The Isle of Purbeck is bounded on the north by Poole Harbour and the river Frome, on the west by the stream called Luckford Lake, and on the south and east by the English Channel. It is bisected by a range of chalk hills which stretch across the isle from east to west and attain a height at one point of over 600 ft. In the middle of the range is a great gap forming the natural pass from the northern portion of the island to the coasts of the southern portion and called by the Anglo-Saxons Corvensgeat or Corfe-Gate. Commanding this pass, and set in the midst of it, is a precipitous hill which rises to a height of about 200 ft. and is almost surrounded at its foot by streams forming a natural moat. Upon this hill the castle of Corfe is built (figs. 1, 2, 3).
VIII.—The Epigraphy of Medieval English Seals
Authors: Kingsford H. S.
Published: July 2011

It has generally been accepted as an axiom that the date of a seal can be determined within close limits by the style of the lettering of its legend. The late G. Demay, in his Inventaire des sceaux de la Normandie, published in 1881, was the first to give serious attention to the subject, and he naturally drew his material almost entirely from French sources. In 1887 the late Sir William Hope, in his paper on the Seals of English Bishops, offered some suggestions as to the date of the different styles of lettering, basing his conclusions on the fact that a bishop's first seal must be of the same date as his appointment to his see. His classification was as follows:

(1) 1072-1174. Roman capitals.

(2) 1174-1215. Rude Lombardic.

(3) 1206-1345. Good Lombardic.

(4) 1345-c. 1425. Bold black letter.

(5) c. 1425-1500. Fine close black letter.

(6) After 1500. Roman capitals.
IX.—Some Further Letters of Fraternity
Authors: Clark-Maxwell
Published: July 2011

Since the publication in Archaeologia of the paper read by me before the Society on 12th February 1925,1 have come across a considerable number, nearly one hundred in all, of Letters of Fraternity, in addition to the one hundred and seventy-eight which I was able to include in the Appendix to my paper. I owe the knowledge of most of these to the kindness of the same correspondents whose help I acknowledged at the end of my article, notably to our Fellows Dr. Rose Graham and Dr. H. H. H. Craster, Mr. R. C. Fowler, whose recent loss we have to deplore, and Dr. A. G. Little, F.B.A. My thanks are also due to the Duke of Rutland, F.S.A., for kindly allowing me to examine the Cluniac letter of fraternity from Lenton Priory, now at Belvoir Castle; to T. Bruce Dilks, Esq., of Bridgwater, for bringing to my notice the nine fraternity letters preserved among the Borough archives there, and for lending me his transcripts of them; and to the Dean and Chapter of Durham, for permitting the reproduction of the Brigettine letter from Syon to Durham which is illustrated in pi. LXVI.
X.—Notes on the Armour of the Maximilian Period and the Italian Wars
Authors: Mann J. G.
Published: July 2011

The term ‘Maximilian’ as applied to armour of a fairly clearly defined style and date is one of those names, found in all branches of archaeology, which in spite of their admitted inaccuracy contrive to obtain a general currency as a terse and convenient label. It is at all events nearer the mark than the name ‘Gothic’, as used to describe the style immediately preceding it, for it marks a period which coincided with the latter half of the Emperor's reign and endured for some fifteen years after his death.
III.—St. Oswald and his Church at Zug
Authors: Baker E. P.
Published: July 2011

Archdeacon Coxe, who happened to visit the town of Zug in Switzerland on 5th August 1776, expressed his surprise to find a church there dedicated to ‘one of our old British kings’, St. Oswald of Northumbria. ‘I have been endeavouring to discover the connection between a British king under the heptarchy and a small canton of Switzerland, without reflecting how fruitless is the attempt to give any reason for long established custom. In the church of Rome saints are easily transplanted into any soil, and caprice, as well as superstition, may have inclined the inhabitants of Zug to adore a saint, whose name is barely known in his own country’. As the answer to this investigation has never yet been given, it is the purpose of this article to offer some brief remarks on the cult of St. Oswald in Switzerland and in particular at Zug.
VI.—The Hunting Baths at Lepcis Magna
Authors: Perkins J. B. Ward , Toynbee Jocelyn M. C. , Fraser Richard
Published: July 2011

The Hunting Baths at Lepcis Magna lie on the western fringes of the town, about 100 yards from the sea-shore and about half-way between the mouth of the Wadi er-Saf, which formed the western boundary of the city at its fullest extent, and the defensive wall which enclosed the more compact late-Imperial city. It was found and cleared in 1932–3, under the direction of the late Professor Giacomo Guidi. He was at the time already engaged on the excavation of a number of other major sites, both at Lepcis and Sabratha, and the only contemporary account of the excavation is that contained in the brief weekly reports compiled by the technical foreman in charge of the work. These reports are preserved in the archives of the Superintendency of Monuments and Excavations at Tripoli, and they consist of little more than a summary working-diary of the problems of clearance and consolidation, tasks which, in view of the condition of the vaults, were of necessity undertaken simultaneously. With the exception of these reports, the only record of these buildings as they were at the time of their discovery is contained in a small, but valuable, collection of photographs in the archives of the Superintendency, some of which were taken while the work of restoration was still in its initial stages (pls. xxxv,aandb; XXVI,b–d).
III.—Report on Excavations at Verulamium: Insula XVII, 1938
Authors: Richardson K. M.
Published: July 2011

Insula XVII lies within the Gorhambury estate, immediately opposite the theatre and on the east side of the modern drive, which here almost coincides with the underlying Watling Street. It was while excavation of the theatre was in progress in 1934 that part of this area was opened up, in the process of locating the foundations of the triumphal arch which had spanned the Roman street at this point. The frontage of an apparently imposing building, running parallel to Watling Street, was then uncovered, but, though the exposed walls were planned by Mr. A. W. G. Lowther, A.R.I.B.A., F.S.A., no further work was undertaken in this area at that time and the masonry was covered in again. As the area in question lies close to the civic centre of the Roman city, now buried beneath St. Michael's churchyard and vicarage garden, and as already the theatre and a Romano-Celtic temple had been found in Insula XVI immediately to the west, it seemed likely that this new building might likewise be monumental in character and would repay further investigation. It was also hoped that excavation here, within the compass of the early Roman city might throw more light both on the earliest and on the latest occupation of the site. The Earl of Verulam was therefore approached and I would like at this point to record the thanks of the Verulamium Excavation Committee for generous permission to undertake the work.
IV.—Excavations on the Iron Age Hill-fort of Oldbury, Near Ightham, Kent
Authors: Perkins J. B. Ward
Published: July 2011

In 1938 the Kent Archaeological Society carried out extensive excavations on the site of the important Iron Age hill-fort of Oldbury, above Ightham, Kent. An abridged report of the work has already appeared in Archaeologia Cantiana, li (1939), 137–81. But in view of the more than local importance of some of the results obtained it has seemed advisable to republish them on a considerably expanded basis. The actual work of excavation, recorded in detail in Archaeologia Cantiana, is here more briefly summarized; whereas the bearing of the results obtained upon more general problems is considered at rather greater length.
II. —Decorated Initials in English MSS. from A.D. 900 to 1100
Authors: Wormald F.
Published: July 2011

A recent beautiful publication by Mr. Mynors of the MSS. in the Cathedral Library at Durham has raised an important point in the history of English illuminated MSS. Up to now there has been a tendency to regard the Norman Conquest as constituting a complete break with the past accompanied by the introduction of a new style of illumination. There is, of course, no doubt that in many spheres of life the Norman occupation of England did do away with many characteristics of Anglo-Saxon England. But this is not the whole story. A change in one department of life does not mean a revolution in another. In the realm of literature, for instance, Professor Chambers has shown that the Conquest did not interrupt the writing and development of vernacular prose. Mr. Mynors's book produces ample evidence to confirm a suspicion long held by some, but not uttered, that much of the ornament used by illuminators of English MSS. during the first fifty years after the Conquest is directly descended from motives in use in England long before the Norman invasion. To Mr. Mynors's evidence from Durham, examples of illuminated MSS. from Canterbury may be added in order to show that the famous outline drawing style of the English MSS. of the tenth and eleventh centuries had healthy descendants in the early years of the twelfth century. The best place to see this continuity is in the illuminated initials of these MSS. In order to do so it is necessary to examine the development of initial ornament in England during the tenth and eleventh centuries.
III.—Stefan von Haschenperg, an Engineer to King Henry VIII, and his Work
Authors: O'Neil B. H. St. J.
Published: July 2011

For some years before 1538 the politics of western Europe had been dominated by the mutual jealousy of the Emperor Charles V and Francis I, king of France. Henry VIII's diplomacy had often tended to increase the tension between them, since it was clearly in England's interest to divide her potential enemies. The Pope on the other hand sought to reconcile them, and in June 1538 he succeeded so far as to negotiate a truce for ten years between the rivals.
IV.—Worcester House in the Strand
Authors: Madge Sidney J.
Published: July 2011

Worcester House in the Strand, the most famous of all the houses so named, was situated in what the Ordnance Surveyors of 1871 called ‘St. Clement Danes Parish, Detached Area No. 2’, where now stands the Savoy Theatre (pl. XVII c). The other mansions of that name associated with the Earldom of Worcester were in the City or neighbourhood of London—in Bishopsgate Street, Anchor Street (at the foot of Garlick Hill) in Vintry Ward, Clerkenwell, Tower Street, Stepney, and Southwark, Acton, Ewell Park, and Enfield.
IV.—Châtelperron: a New Survey of its Palaeolithic Industry
Authors: Lacaille A. D.
Published: July 2011

Some years ago the Wellcome Historical Medical Museum, London, acquired the prehistoric collections resulting from the late Dr. Joseph Bailleau's excavations and researches in the Allier, that département which forms part of the old province of Bourbonnais, Central France (fig. I). The most important series is the classic one from a multiple cave, La Grotte des Fées, in the commune of Châtelperron. Stone and bone artifacts from here have long been held to typify the first stage of French Upper Palaeolithic culture. Assuch, the character of the most outstanding part of this industrial output is now familiar from innumerable references based on the writings of the Abbé H. Breuil, who in 1911 drew a number of inferences from the artifacts. These views have been fully supported since by evidence from elsewhere. However, credit is due in the first place to Bailleau for having attracted attention to thearchaeology of Châtelperron. Lecturing in 1866 he first mentioned his researches, and some years later he published a more detailed account of the discoveries, but in the state of knowledge then prevailing the full significance of the objects could not be appreciated. Now, having examined virtually all the known partof the Bailleau collection, and having classified quantities of other material from Châtelperron, added in different ways since Breuil referred to some of the relics, the present writer thinks that new features and certain aspects may usefully be brought to notice. That he can supplement previous communications is due to the opportunity he has had to study the remarkable collection handed over bythe executors of Dr. Bailleau's estate and also to information given him on the Palaeolithic lots by the Abbé G.-H. Pépin, Curé of Neuvy-lès-Moulins (Allier) and M. R. Sadourny, Moulins (Allier).
V.—Excavations at Silchester 1938–9
Authors: Cotton M. Aylwin
Published: July 2011

The Roman town of Silchester, and the traditional site of Calleva Atrebatum, after a respite from excavation for some eighteen years, was again investigated during 1938-9. In 1937 the Duke of Wellington handed over to the Ministry of Works and Buildings for restoration and preservation the stretch of the north wall of the town from the amphitheatre gate to the north gate. After a preliminary clearing of undergrowth and timber, work was started on the masonry during 1938. As this involved trenching along the bank behind the wall, a procedure which inevitably destroys dating evidence, it was felt that before this was completed a series of trenches should be cut through this bank at right angles to the wall to determine what dating evidence and structure existed. Mr. P. K. Baillie-Reynolds, on behalf of the Ministry of Works and Buildings, asked me to supervise this work. Excavations were started in June 1938 and continued for seven weeks. During this time the work on the inner defences was completed, except for the ditches outside the wall which involved a further season's work in April 1939, lasting for five weeks.
II.—Late Saxon, Viking, and Early Medieval Finds from York
Authors: Waterman Dudley M.
Published: July 2011

The study of the Viking Age in this country has in the past remained largely the province of the historian, using the material afforded by the written sources and by the scientific investigation of place-names, and what systematic work has been done on the antiquities of the period, outside the fields of architecture and sculpture, illumination, and fine metalwork, is in considerable measure due to the labours of Scandinavian scholars. The contribution of archaeology to the problems of the period has until recently been quite inadequate and this state of affairs is all the more surprising in view of the important and controversial question of the origin of the English towns, the historical evidence for which, being both sketchy and ambiguous, has now been argued almost to the point of exhaustion. The publication in 1927 of the material remains of the Viking period from London in a manner appreciative of their equal value with the documentary and place-name evidence for the history of the site was exceptional, and in recent years the investigation by deliberate excavation of towns and settlement sites of the Viking Age, at Norwich, Oxford, Southampton, and Thetford, and far away in Shetland at Jarlshof, has gone some way towards compensating for earlier neglect. The systematic investigation of such sites, however, is only now beginning and so far no comparable work has been undertaken in the lands north of Humber, where from the time of Halfdan's settlement in 876 a thriving Viking province maintained with varying fortune its individuality until the Conquest and beyond. At York, the political centre of the Danelaw, the historical and place-name evidence indicates a thoroughly Scandinavian occupation, but the abundant archaeological material of the period, considering the importance of the site, has never received the attention in detail that it deserves. This material constitutes one of the largest groups of town finds of the Viking Age in the country and although for the most part recovered by chance in modern building operations and ill recorded in consequence has far too long been ignored.
III.—The Building of Theobalds, 1564–1585
Authors: Summerson John
Published: July 2011

Sir Willam Celcil bought the manor of Theobalds in 1564 and we are told that he did so in order to provide an estate for his younger son, Robert, who had been born probably in the previous year. There will have been other considerations and Cecil's choice of situation is interesting. Theobalds lies just off the main road from London to Ware, the road he would take on his journeys to and from his principal seat at Stamford. It lies, moreover, in a neighbourhood studded with royal houses–Enfield (3 m.), Hertford Castle (8 m.), Hatfield (9¼ m.), and Havering-at-Bower (10¾ m.). In addition, Cecil's old friend Sir Thomas Smith was established at Hill Hall, Theydon Mount (7½ m.), and his father-in-law, Anthony Cooke, at Gidea Hall (12 m.). Finally, at Gorhambury (15 m.), his brother-in-law Sir Nicholas Bacon had started building operations in March 1563. It may or may not have been chance that Sir Thomas Heneage obtained the reversion of Copthal 15(6 m.) and began building there in the same year that Cecil acquired Theobalds.
VI.—The Twelfth-Century Design Sources of the Worcester Cathedral Misericords
Authors: Trenchard Cox
Published: July 2011

Misericords are a humble form of sculpture which has not attracted much attention from the erudite, either in the middle ages or today. Except when the seats of the choir stalls were tipped up, so that the misericords should spare their occupants the fatigue of standing through long services, these carvings were hidden and it does not seem to have been considered necessary that their subjects should conform to a consistent scheme of iconography. Lack of imagination, or of skill, might lead to a whole set of misericords being carved from a single decorativepattern as at North Marston (Bucks.), but where figure subjects were used it is very rare to find a consistent theme. The outstanding exception occurs at Ripple (Worcs.), where the misericords represent a complete set of ‘Labours of the Months’ presumably copied from the calendar decorations of some fine psalter. On most choir stalls we find a random selection of subjects, few of which are directly religious. Scenes from medieval romances, or subjects from the Bestiary;illustrations of sermonexempla, genre subjects, and meaningless grotesques form the major part of these designs, while a few carvings apparently express aliterary or symbolical allusion which now evades interpretation. Too little attention has been paid to the problem of how these relatively uneducated craftsmen came to have such a wide range of subjects. Did they originate their own designs, or, if they did not, what models were given to them to copy? Unfortunately misericords are not often studied by those who have the wide knowledge of other fields of medieval art which is needed to identify some of the carvers' models, for the interchange of designs between artists working in different media was an accepted practice in the middle ages. It is the purpose of this paper to show that medieval woodcarvers did copy designs from other media and the identification of their models can sometimes yield evidence which is not available from other sources.
VII.—The Rothschild Lycurgus Cup
Authors: Harden D. B. , Toynbee Jocelyn M. C.
Published: July 2011

Lord Rothschild's family has possessed, since the middle of the nineteenth century, one of the most interesting and important extant Roman cut glasses–the famous glass cup with metal mounts, the glass portion of which bears in open-work relief-cutting an elaborate rendering of the scene of the death of Lycurgus, mythical king of the Edoni, at the hands of the Dionysiac rout (pis. LIXLXIV; figs. 1-2). It is not known exactly when the vase was acquired by the Rothschilds, but when it was first mentioned in print in 1845 it was in M. Dubois's hands in Paris and it is thought to have been purchased by the present owner's great-grandfather shortly afterwards (although Michaelis, writing in 1872, did not know its whereabouts). In 1862 it was lent to the South Kensington (now the Victoria and Albert) Museum for a special exhibition. When Kisa was writing his great book on ancient glass in the early years of the present century it was in its Rothschild home and, as Kisa says, was unfortunately not available to him for study. Few, if any, archaeologists can have seen it from that time onwards until the present Lord Rothschild brought it to light again in 1950 and consulted us about its history and affinities. By his kind suggestion we are now enabled to write the present account of the vase, its technique and its artistic import, based on much careful personal study of the piece, and on the excellent series of photographs (pls. LIX-LXIV) which were made for Lord Rothschild by Mr. Edward Leigh of Cambridge. It is indeed surprising that such a fine monument of antiquity has had to wait for more than a century since it was first mentioned in print before it has been possible to give it the full and detailed publication warranted by its importance both as a tour de force of ancient glass-working and as an example of artistic endeavour.
VIII.—New Light on St. Edward's Crown
Authors: Holmes Martin
Published: July 2011

One of the best-known documents in the possession of our Society is perhaps our MS. No. 108, with its detailed valuation of the Crown Jewels in 1649, and its uncompromising footnote ‘The foremenciond Crownes since ye Inventorye was Taken are accordinge to ordr of Parlamt totallie Broken and defaced’. We have seen it cited, in whole or in part, in various works on history in general and the Crown Jewels in particular, we have taken for granted certain conclusions from it, and we have perhaps been less ready to accept certain other conclusions drawn from it by other people. We think, in short, that we know it pretty well, and have seen all it has to show us; yet after all, this list of pieces of jewellery, with weights and valuations, may yield something more to us when we compare its information with thatsupplied by earlier inventories.
I.—The Wilton Diptych—A Re-examination
Authors: Harvey John H.
Published: July 2011

The Wilton Diptych (pls. I, 11) is in quality the most outstanding painting known from the English middle ages. Its unique interest has produced a massive literature, much of it concerned with stylistic problems and with purely theoretical interpretations. Little can be added to the meticulous description of Sir George Scharf, while only one major contribution has been made to the historical analysis of the painting's heraldic data, by the late Miss Maud Clarke. This heraldic analysis offered abundant evidence of approximate date, yet the subsequent literature has failed to take adequate account of the limits set, and a fundamental reassessment of the facts is overdue.
III.—The Trewhiddle Hoard
Authors: Wilson David M. , Blunt C. E.
Published: July 2011

The hoard, one of the most important finds of metal work and coins of the Christian Saxon period, was discovered in 1774 by tin-workers in a streamwork, 17 feet under the surface of the ground, at Trewhiddle, St. Austell, Cornwall. It was hidden in a heap of loose stones which Philip Rashleigh in his original publication ascribes to an old mine working. The collection of the hoard was haphazard and it seems likely that a certain number of coins, and possibly some other articles, were lost before Rashleigh could collect them together at Menabilly. It is possible, for instance, that the chalice was intact when found and, if this is so, many fragments have disappeared subsequently. When they were found it is recorded that certain objects were covered with copper from a vein in the neighbourhood.
V.—The Earlier Royal Funeral Effigies
Authors: Howgrave-Graham R. P.
Published: July 2011

The well-known paper on the Funeral Effigies of The Kings and Queens of England by Sir William St. John Hope (Archaeologia, lx, 1907) is a splendid documentary and factual source of information about the effigies themselves. Comparatively little, however, is known about their homes throughout the ages, though it is on record that after the funeral of Elizabeth of York in 1503 her ‘pikture’ was ‘had to a secret place by St. Edward's shrine’. Henry Keepe, writing in 1682, shows that they were then in the upper part of the Islip Chapel, and this is corroborated by J. T. Smith's amusing account of a conversation between Nollekens the sculptor and an abbey verger named Catling in 1786.
I.—The Egerton Genesis and the M. R. James Memorial MS.
Authors: Millar Eric G.
Published: July 2011

In 1860 the British Museum purchased at Christie's a remarkable volume of illustrations to the Book of Genesis, which is now numbered Egerton MS. 1894. It formed part of a miscellaneous collection known as the Vienna Museum, which was said in the sale-catalogue to have been begun by the Emperor Maximilian I and enlarged by his grandson the Emperor Rudolph II, and to have been sold in 1782 to a certain Chevalier von Schönfeld, who added his own collection to it and opened it to the public under the title of the Technological Museum of Vienna. When sold in 1860 it was the property of Messrs. Lowenstein brothers of Frankfort on the Main.
III.—Medieval finds at Al Mina in North Syria
Authors: Lane Arthur
Published: July 2011

Reports on the excavations at Al Mina during the two seasons 1936 and 1937 have already appeared in theAntiquaries Journal, and Sir Leonard Woolley has now invited me to give a more detailed account of the finds dating from the medieval period. The Board of Education granted me special leave from my duties at the Victoria and Albert Museum, and I was thus able to assist at the excavations during the whole of the 1937 campaign.
V.—Two Bronze Age Cairns in South Wales: Simondston and Pond Cairns, Coity Higher Parish, Bridgend
Authors: Fox Cyril
Published: July 2011

In the angle between the rivers Ogwr and Ewenny on the northern margin of the Vale of Glamorgan, east of the town of Bridgend, Brackla Hill (287 ft.) is the outstanding feature. Its pastoral slopes are linked to higher ground on the north by a saddle, on the east side of which there is a gentle fall to a tributary of the Ewenny, and on the west to a rivulet which flows into the Ogwr. Coity village lies at the point where the saddle merges into the upland.