bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transmission and regulation of biochemical stimulus via a nanoshell directly adsorbed on the cell membrane to enhance chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cell
Authors: Han Uiyoung , Hwang Jun‐Ha , Lee Jong‐Min , Kim Hyeoni , Jung Han‐Sung , Hong Jeong‐Ho , Hong Jinkee
Published: September 2019

A nanoscale artificial extracellular matrix (nanoshell) formed by layer‐by‐layer adsorption can enhance and modulate the function of stem cells by transferring biochemical stimulus to the cell directly. Here, the nanoshell composed of fibronectin (FN) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) is demonstrated to promote chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). The multilayer structure of nanoshell is formed by repeating self‐assembly of FN and CS, and its thickness can be controlled through the number of layers. The expression of chondrogenic markers in MSCs coated with the FN/CS nanoshell was increased as the number of bilayers in the nanoshell increased until four, but when it exceeds five bilayers, the effect began to decrease. Finally, the MSCs coated with optimized four bilayers of FN/CS nanoshell have high chondrogenic differentiation efficiency and showed the potential to increase formation of cartilage tissue when it is transplanted into mouse kidney. So, the precise regulation of stem cell fate at single cell level can be possible through the cellular surface modification by self‐assembled polymeric film.
Predictive value of the THRIVE score for outcome in patients with acute basilar artery occlusion treated with thrombectomy
Authors: Chen Beilei , Yang Liu , Hang Jing , You Shoujiang , Li Jun , Li Xiaobo , Wang Liangzhu , Jiang Li , Li Wei , Yu Hailong
Published: September 2019

Background and purpose

A higher Totaled Health Risks in Vascular Events (THRIVE) score has been shown to predict poor functional outcome in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) and anterior circulation large vessel occlusions undergoing thrombectomy treatment. We attempted to evaluate the value of the THRIVE score in predicting the outcome of thrombectomy treatment in AIS patients with basilar artery occlusion (BAO).

Methods

A total of 68 AIS patients with BAO who underwent thrombectomy treatment from May 2014 to August 2018 were included in the present study. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to determine the predictive value of the THRIVE score for poor functional outcome (defined as modified Rankin Scale score ≥ 3), all‐cause mortality, and hemorrhage transformation (HT) at 3 months.

Results

A total of 42 (61.8%) participants experienced poor functional outcomes, 25 (36.8%) patients died from all causes, and 21 (30.9%) patients had HT during the 3‐month follow‐up. Multivariable logistic regression showed that a higher THRIVE score was significantly associated with poor functional outcome (odds ratio [OR] 5.86, 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.28–14.91, p < .001) as well as all‐cause mortality (OR 2.40, 95% CI, 1.32–4.34, p = .004) but not HT (p = .607). The C‐statistic of the THRIVE score was significantly larger than that of the NIHSS score for predicting poor functional outcome (AUC = 0.913; cutoff > 5; sensitivity, 88.5%; specificity, 83.3%, p = .007) and all‐cause mortality (AUC = 0.768; cutoff > 5; sensitivity, 92.0%; specificity, 65.1%, p = .018).

Conclusions

A high THRIVE score was independently associated with an increased risk of poor functional outcome and all‐cause mortality in AIS patients with BAO who underwent thrombectomy treatment. Moreover, the THRIVE score appeared to be a better predictor of clinical outcome than the NIHSS score.
Optimal frequency of scans for patients on cancer therapies: A population kinetics assessment
Authors: Stewart David J. , Macdonald David B. , Awan Arif A. , Thavorn Kednapa
Published: September 2019

Background

Optimal frequency of follow‐up scans for patients receiving systemic therapies is poorly defined. Progression‐free survival (PFS) generally follows first‐order kinetics. We used exponential decay nonlinear regression analysis to calculate half‐lives for 887 published PFS curves.

Method

We used the Excel formula x = EXP(‐tn*0.693/t1/2) to calculate proportion of residual patients remaining progression‐free at different times, where tn is the interval in weeks between scans (eg, 6 weeks), * indicates multiplication, 0.693 is the natural logarithm of 2, and t1/2 is the PFS half‐life in weeks.

Results

Proportion of residual patients predicted to remain progression‐free at each subsequent scan varied with scan intervals and regimen PFS half‐life. For example, with a 4‐month half‐life (17.3 weeks) and scans every 6 weeks, 21% of patients would progress by the first scan, 21% of the remaining patients would progress by the second scan at 12 weeks, etc With 2, 6‐ and 12‐month half‐lives (for example), the proportion of remaining patients progressing at each subsequent scan if repeated every 3 weeks would be 21%, 8% and 4%, respectively, while with scans every 12 weeks it would be 62%, 27% and 15%, respectively. Furthermore, optimal scan frequency can be calculated for populations comprised of distinct rapidly and slowly progressing subpopulations, as well as with convex curves arising from treatment breaks, where optimal scan frequency may differ during therapy administration vs during more rapid progression after therapy interruption.

Conclusions

A population kinetics approach permits a regimen‐ and tumor‐specific determination of optimal scan frequency for patients on systemic therapies.
Determinants of participation and detection rate of upper gastrointestinal cancer from population‐based screening program in China
Authors: Guo Lanwei , Zhang Shaokai , Liu Shuzheng , Zheng Liyang , Chen Qiong , Cao Xiaoqin , Sun Xibin , Qiao Youlin , Zhang Jiangong
Published: September 2019

Upper gastrointestinal cancer (UGC) screening has been widely implemented in many Asian countries. However, there is little evidence of participation and diagnostic yields in population‐based UGC screening in China. The participation rate and detection of upper gastrointestinal lesions in this program were reported and related factors were explored. The analysis was conducted in the context of the Cancer Screening Program in Urban China, which recruited 179 002 eligible participants aged 40‐74 years from three cities in Henan province from 2013 to 2017. A total of 43 423 participants were evaluated to be high risk for esophageal cancer or gastric cancer by an established risk score system and were subsequently recommended for endoscopy. Of 43 423 with high risk for UGC, 7996 subjects undertook endoscopy (participation rate of 18.4%). We found that male sex, high level of education, marriage, smoking, current alcohol drinking, lack of physical activity, history of upper gastrointestinal system disease, and family history of UGC were associated with increased participation of endoscopy screening. Overall, 15 UGC (0.19%), 275 squamous epithelial dysplasia (3.44%), and 33 intraepithelial neoplasm (0.41%) cases were detected. Several factors including age, sex, smoking, current alcohol drinking, lack of physical activity, and dietary intake of processed meat were identified to be associated with the presence of upper gastrointestinal lesions. Health promotion campaigns targeting the specific group of individuals identified in our study will be helpful for improvement of the adherence of UGC screening in population‐based cancer screening programs. Participant rate and yield of UGC screening will provide important references for evaluating the effectiveness and cost‐effectiveness of cancer screening in China.
Fibrous Aggregates of Short Peptides Containing Two Distinct Aromatic Amino Acid Residues
Authors: Lipinski Wojciech , Wasko Joanna , Walczak Malgorzata , Fraczyk Justyna , Kaminski Zbigniew J. , Galecki Krystian , Draczynski Zbigniew , Krucinska Izabella , Kaminska Marta , Kolesinska Beata
Published: September 2019

The aim of the study was the assessment of the ability of short peptides to form aggregates under physiological conditions. The dipeptides studied were derived from different aromatic amino acids (heteroaromatic peptides). Tripeptides were obtained from two distinct aromatic amino acids and cysteine or methionine residue in the C‐terminal, N‐terminal, or central position. The ability of the peptides to form fibrous aggregates under physiological conditions was evaluated using three independent methods: the Congo Red assay, the Thioflavin T assay, and microscopic examinations using normal and polarized light. Materials potentially useful for regenerative medicine were selected based on their cytotoxicity to the endothelial cell line EA.hy 926 and physicochemical properties of films formed by peptides. The required parameters of biocompatibility were fulfilled by H−PheCysTrp−OH, H−PheCysTyr−OH, H−PheTyrMet−OH, and H−TrpTyr−OH.
A rare type of vasa previa
Authors: Hara Takeya , Matsuzaki Shinya , Kakigano Aiko , Mimura Kazuya , Takiuchi Tsuyoshi , Kimura Tadashi
Published: September 2019

Vasa previa is associated with high fetal morbidity and mortality rates. Although early diagnosis is important, rare types (non‐type I and II) of vasa previa are diagnostically challenging. Our reconstructed images of the rare type of vasa previa are educational and could help clinicians to clinically diagnose this condition.
Dysphagia related to diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISHphagia)
Authors: Kaffel Dhia , Kchir Hela
Published: September 2019

The important clinical teaching of our case is that dysphagia most likely caused by an extradigestive pathology; hence, imaging studies of the neck is very important in the evaluation process.
Temperature and Time Consolidation Effect on the Bulk Flow Properties and Arching Tendency of a Detergent Powder
Authors: Salehi Hamid , Berry Robert , Farnish Richard , Bradley Mike
Published: September 2019

Time consolidation flow properties of a commercial detergent powder were measured at different elevated temperatures with the Brookfield powder flow tester (PFT). A substantial increase of powder cohesion was observed at higher temperature and after time consolidation. The Jenike method for silo design was applied to correlate the powder time consolidation flow properties at elevated temperature to the critical outlet slot to attain an arch‐free silo. The dependence of the critical diameter on temperature and time consolidation was successfully described by the model.
All Eyes on Visible‐Light Peroxyoxalate Chemiluminescence Read‐Out Systems
Authors: Delafresnaye Laura , Bloesser Fabian R. , Kockler Katrin B. , Schmitt Christian W. , Irshadeen Ishrath M. , Barner‐Kowollik Christopher
Published: September 2019

Chemiluminescence (CL) reactions have been widely employed and explored over the past 50 years because they offer unique light emission upon a defined chemical stimulus. In this Minireview, we focus on peroxyoxalate (PO) compounds because they feature very high quantum yields tuneable over the entire visible spectrum, allowing for visible‐light detection by the naked eye without the necessity for expensive analytical instruments. Although analytical methods have been extensively described, PO‐CL read‐out is a strongly emerging field with ample industrial potential. The state‐of‐the‐art PO‐CL detection read‐out systems for various key analytes is here explored. In particular, structural requirements, recent developments of PO‐CL read‐out probes and current limitations of selected examples are detailed. Furthermore, innovative approaches and synthetic routes to push the boundaries of PO‐CL reactions into biological systems are highlighted. Underpinned by recent contributions, we share perspectives on embedding PO‐CL molecules into polymeric materials, which they consider the next step in designing high performance solid‐phase read‐out systems.
Dual Responsive Regulation of Host–Guest Complexation in Aqueous Media to Control Partial Release of the Host
Authors: Guo Hui , Hourdet Dominique , Marcellan Alba , Stoffelbach François , Lyskawa Joel , de Smet Lieselot , Vebr Aurélien , Hoogenboom Richard , Woisel Patrice
Published: September 2019

The regulation of the concentration of a wide range of small molecules is ubiquitous in biological systems because it enables them to adapt to the continuous changes in the environmental conditions. Herein, we report an aqueous synthetic system that provides an orchestrated, temperature and pH controlled regulation of the complexation between the cyclobis(paraquat‐p‐phenylene) host (BBox) and a 1,5‐dialkyloxynaphthalene (DNP) guest attached to a well‐defined dual responsive copolymer composed of N‐isopropylacrylamide as thermoresponsive monomer and acrylic acid as pH‐responsive monomer. Controlled, partial release of the BBox, enabling control over its concentration, is based on the tunable partial collapse of the copolymer. This colored supramolecular assembly is one of the first synthetic systems providing control over the concentration of a small molecule, providing great potential as both T and pH chromic materials and as a basis to develop more complex systems with molecular communication.
Risk of Myocardial Infarction Among New Users of Calcium Supplements Alone or Combined With Vitamin D: A Population‐Based Case‐Control Study
Authors: Rodríguez‐Martín Sara , González‐Bermejo Diana , Rodríguez‐Miguel Antonio , Barreira Diana , García‐Lledó Alberto , Gil Miguel , de Abajo Francisco J.
Published: September 2019

A population‐based case‐control study was conducted to evaluate the risk of acute myocardial infarction among new users of calcium supplements either in monotherapy (CaM) or in combination with vitamin D (CaD). A total of 23,025 cases and 114,851 controls randomly sampled from the underlying cohort and matched with cases by age, sex, and index date were included. New users of CaM and CaD were categorized as current users, recent users, past users, and nonusers. We computed adjusted odds ratios (AORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) among current users as compared with nonusers through a conditional logistic regression. No increased risk was associated with CaM overall (59 cases (0.26%) and 273 controls (0.24%); AOR = 0.80; 95% CI 0.59–1.09), nor was it found in any of the conditions examined. Instead, the use of CaD was associated with a decreased risk (275 cases (1.19%) and 1,160 controls (1.45%); AOR = 0.78; 95% CI 0.67–0.90), dose and duration‐dependent, and particularly evident in patients with a high cardiovascular risk (AOR = 0.59; 95% CI 0.43–0.81).
Cyclic Polyester Formation with an [OSSO]‐Type Iron(III) Catalyst
Authors: Impemba Salvatore , Della Monica Francesco , Grassi Alfonso , Capacchione Carmine , Milione Stefano
Published: September 2019

The efficient formation of cyclic polyesters from the ring‐opening polymerization of lactide, ϵ‐caprolactone, and β‐butyrolactone catalyzed by a 1,4‐dithiabutanedyl‐2,2′‐bis(4,6‐dicumylphenol) [OSSO]‐FeCl complex activated with cyclohexene oxide was achieved. The catalyst was very active (initial turnover frequency up to 2718 h−1), robust, and worked with a monomer/Fe ratio up to 10 000. The formation of cyclic polymers was supported by using high‐resolution matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) MS, and the average ring size (≈5 kDa for cyclic polylactide) independent of the reaction conditions. A monometallic ring‐opening polymerization/cyclization mechanism was proposed from the results of a kinetic investigation.
Solvent Effects on Degradative Condensation Side Reactions of Fructose in Its Initial Conversion to 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural
Authors: Fu Xing , Hu Yexin , Zhang Yanru , Zhang Yucheng , Tang Dianyong , Zhu Liangfang , Hu Changwei
Published: September 2019

The degradative condensation of hexose, which originates from the C−C cleavage of hexose and condensation of degraded hexose fragment, is one of the possible reaction pathways for the formation of humins in hexose dehydration to 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). Herein, the impacts of several polar aprotic solvents on the degradative condensation of fructose to small‐molecule carboxylic acids and oligomers (possible precursors of humins) are reported. In particular, a close relationship between the tautomeric distribution of fructose in solvents and the mechanism of degradative condensation is demonstrated. Typically, α‐fructofuranose in 1,4‐dioxane and acyclic open‐chain fructose in THF favor the conversion of fructose to formic acid and oligomers; α‐fructopyranose in γ‐valerolactone or N‐methylpyrrolidone favors levulinic acid and oligomers, whereas β‐fructopyranose in 4‐methyl‐2‐pentanone favors acetic acid and corresponding oligomers. This close correlation highlights a general understanding of the solvent‐controlled formation of oligomers, which represents an important step toward the rational design of effective solvent systems for HMF production.
H2O2 Production at Low Overpotentials for Electroenzymatic Halogenation Reactions
Authors: Bormann Sebastian , van Schie Morten M. C. H. , De Almeida Tiago Pedroso , Zhang Wuyuan , Stöckl Markus , Ulber Roland , Hollmann Frank , Holtmann Dirk
Published: September 2019

Various enzymes utilize hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant. Such “peroxizymes” are potentially very attractive catalysts for a broad range of oxidation reactions. Most peroxizymes, however, are inactivated by an excess of H2O2. The electrochemical reduction of oxygen can be used as an in situ generation method for hydrogen peroxide to drive the peroxizymes at high operational stabilities. Using conventional electrode materials, however, also necessitates significant overpotentials, thereby reducing the energy efficiency of these systems. This study concerns a method to coat a gas‐diffusion electrode with oxidized carbon nanotubes (oCNTs), thereby greatly reducing the overpotential needed to perform an electroenzymatic halogenation reaction. In comparison to the unmodified electrode, with the oCNTs‐modified electrode the overpotential can be reduced by approximately 100 mV at comparable product formation rates.
Molecular biogeography and host relations of a parasitoid fly
Authors: Gray David A. , Kunerth Henry D. , Zuk Marlene , Cade William H. , Balenger Susan L.
Published: September 2019

Successful geographic range expansion by parasites and parasitoids may also require host range expansion. Thus, the evolutionary advantages of host specialization may trade off against the ability to exploit new host species encountered in new geographic regions. Here, we use molecular techniques and confirmed host records to examine biogeography, population divergence, and host flexibility of the parasitoid fly, Ormia ochracea (Bigot). Gravid females of this fly find their cricket hosts acoustically by eavesdropping on male cricket calling songs; these songs vary greatly among the known host species of crickets. Using both nuclear and mitochondrial genetic markers, we (a) describe the geographical distribution and subdivision of genetic variation in O. ochracea from across the continental United States, the Mexican states of Sonora and Oaxaca, and populations introduced to Hawaii; (b) demonstrate that the distribution of genetic variation among fly populations is consistent with a single widespread species with regional host specialization, rather than locally differentiated cryptic species; (c) identify the more‐probable source populations for the flies introduced to the Hawaiian islands; (d) examine genetic variation and substructure within Hawaii; (e) show that among‐population geographic, genetic, and host song distances are all correlated; and (f) discuss specialization and lability in host‐finding behavior in light of the diversity of cricket songs serving as host cues in different geographically separate populations.
Diurnal variation around an optimum and near‐critically high temperature does not alter the performance of an ectothermic aquatic grazer
Authors: Salo Tiina , Kropf Tabea , Burdon Francis J. , Seppälä Otto
Published: September 2019

The growing threat of global climate change has led to a profusion of studies examining the effects of warming on biota. Despite the potential importance of natural variability such as diurnal temperature fluctuations, most experimental studies on warming are conducted under stable temperatures. Here, we investigated whether the responses of an aquatic invertebrate grazer (Lymnaea stagnalis) to an increased average temperature differ when the thermal regime is either constant or fluctuates diurnally. Using thermal response curves for several life‐history and immune defense traits, we first identified the optimum and near‐critically high temperatures that Lymnaea potentially experience during summer heat waves. We then exposed individuals that originated from three different populations to these two temperatures under constant or fluctuating thermal conditions. After 7 days, we assessed growth, reproduction, and two immune parameters (phenoloxidase‐like activity and antibacterial activity of hemolymph) from each individual. Exposure to the near‐critically high temperature led to increased growth rates and decreased antibacterial activity of hemolymph compared to the optimum temperature, whilst temperature fluctuations had no effect on these traits. The results indicate that the temperature level per se, rather than the variability in temperature was the main driver altering trait responses in our study species. Forecasting responses in temperature‐related responses remains challenging, due to system‐specific properties that can include intraspecific variation. However, our study indicates that experiments examining the effects of warming using constant temperatures can give similar predictions as studies with fluctuating thermal dynamics, and may thus be useful indicators of responses in nature.
Improved Campephiline detection: An experiment conducted with the Magellanic Woodpecker
Authors: Wynia Amy L. , Rolland Virginie , Jiménez Jaime E.
Published: September 2019

Woodpeckers can be difficult to detect, as they are often cryptic, secretive, occurring in low densities, and wary of humans. Several methods exist to detect woodpeckers (e.g., playback surveys, passive point counts), yet no research has established which technique best detects these elusive picids. Thus, we designed an experiment to determine which of three methods best results in a detection of Magellanic Woodpeckers (Campephilus magellanicus), and if weather variables influence detection probability.

Mostly during austral summers 2015–2017, we (a) used a drumming device to simulate a double‐knock (i.e., territorial acoustical signal), (b) broadcasted a territorial call, and (c) passively listened (control) for Magellanic Woodpeckers. We conducted our experiment on Navarino Island, Chile, where the Magellanic Woodpecker is the sole picid.

The drumming device most effectively influenced the likelihood of a woodpecker detection. The odds of a woodpecker responding to a double‐knock were 2.14 times more likely than responding to either a call or control. Moreover, the odds of a woodpecker detection decreased by 42% as wind increased by one category and decreased by 40% for every additional month (i.e., October–March), which was expected because woodpeckers become less territorial as the breeding season progresses.

As Campephilus woodpeckers communicate via drums or double‐knocks, using a drumming device likely will be an effective technique to detect not only Magellanic Woodpeckers, but other woodpeckers within the Campephilus genus in Central and South America.
A long‐term perspective on entrepreneurial strategies and their impact on British road policy
Authors: Witting Antje , Dudley Geoffrey
Published: September 2019

The case study presented in this paper combines citation and discourse network analyses to explore entrepreneurial strategies and their long‐term impact on public policy. The analysis draws on and develops previously published research that documents entrepreneurial influences on British road policy since the 1980s. Drawing in particular upon evidence presented in the 2013 Action for Roads White Paper, we conclude that it is not enough to focus research on a policy entrepreneur's capacity to mobilize a majority for policy change through skillful leadership and the strategic use of expertise and social capital to gain the expected benefits. Studies must also take into account the fact that once influential individuals may still impact legislation in an advisory capacity by focusing resources on a particular arena. More importantly, this strategy can, in the long term, explain why British road policy tends to remain relatively stable.
Examination of the Test–Retest Reliability of a Forced‐Choice Personality Measure
Authors: Seybert Jacob , Becker Dovid
Published: September 2019

Forced‐choice (FC) measures are becoming increasingly common in the assessment of personality for high‐stakes testing purposes in both educational and organizational settings. Despite this, there has been relatively little research into the reliability of scores obtained from these measures, particularly when administered as a computerized adaptive test (CAT). This study examined the test–retest reliability of an FC personality CAT, comparing its reliability to the reliability of personality measures using a Likert‐type rating scale. Using a relatively large sample (N = 743), participants completed multiple personality measures across two time points. The test–retest reliability estimates for the personality dimensions had a mean of .63 with a mean reliability of .73 when formed into Big Five personality trait composites. The FC personality reliabilities were lower than those of the Likert‐type scales, though the findings are within the range of those found in meta‐analytic studies.
Correlation of vitamin D receptor gene (ApaI) polymorphism with periodontitis: A meta‐analysis of Chinese population
Authors: Guo Hai‐xia , Pan Jian , Pan Heng‐biao , Cui Si‐jia , Fang Chun‐ying
Published: September 2019

Many studies have tried to elucidate the connection between vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene (ApaI) polymorphism and periodontitis; however, so far there is no consensus. To further assess the impact of ApaI polymorphism on periodontitis risk, we have conducted a meta‐analysis of Chinese population. Relevant literatures were searched according to PubMed and Chinese database in January 2019. The strength of correlation was evaluated by combining odds ratio (ORs) and 95% confidence interval (CIs). Six case–control studies were identified with inclusion criteria, including 734 cases of periodontitis and 687 controls. Based on the overall analysis, the VDR ApaI polymorphism was not due to the risk of periodontitis in all models. Subgroup analysis showed that the risk of periodontitis in North China was significantly reduced. To sum up, the study shows that VDR‐ApaI polymorphism may be connected with a lower risk of periodontitis in northern China. It is suggested that inferential studies should be conducted in other ethnic groups.
Why is glycocholic acid sodium salt better than deoxycholic acid sodium salt for the preparation of mixed micelle injections?
Authors: Wang Tao , Shen Liao , Sun Lijun , Zhang Yadan , Li Haiyan , Wang Yongan , Quan Dongqin
Published: September 2019

Classical mixed micelle systems make excellent parenteral drug carriers for lipophilic or poorly soluble drugs, but many formulations details are not fully understood and need further study. Thus, we constructed mixed micelle systems with lecithin and either glycocholic acid sodium salt or deoxycholic acid sodium salt in order to investigate the differences between the bile salts. Vitamin K1, a lipid‐soluble drug, was encapsulated in the mixed micelles, and the influence of bile salts on the quality and stability of the mixed micelle systems was analyzed. Both bile salts displayed similar profiles, and the amounts of bile salts used in formulating clear solutions did not differ. Mixed micelle systems formed from glycocholic acid sodium were physically stable at low pH levels (5.5), whereas those formed from deoxycholic acid required higher pH (>8.5). High pH levels hurt active pharmaceutical ingredients that are prone to hydrolytic and oxidative degradation. Hence, when mixed micelle systems formed from deoxycholic acid sodium were sterilized, unexpected chemical unstability occurred. Therefore, we conclude that glycocholic acid sodium salt is more suitable than deoxycholic acid sodium salt for the preparation of mixed micelle injections.
Techno‐economic assessment of carbon capture, utilization and storage for coal‐fired power generation, and CO2‐enhanced oil recovery in the USA: an Ohio case study
Authors: Fukai Isis , Mishra Srikanta , Scharenberg Mackenzie , Jimenez Martin , Glier Justin , Peterson Rick
Published: September 2019

The economic feasibility of carbon dioxide (CO2) enhanced oil recovery (EOR) to offset CO2capture costs from a coal‐fired power plant are evaluated for 36 source‐sink scenarios in Ohio; one of the top ten states for fossil‐fuel use and CO2emissions in the United States. Six capture scenarios are examined for a representative 550 megawatt (MW) coal‐fired power plant, and three CO2‐EOR injection scenarios are evaluated for both East Canton oil field and Gore consolidated oil field. The potential costs and credits associated with CO2storage related tax incentives are also considered. Power plant capture performance and costs integrated with field‐scale CO2‐EOR techno‐economics suggest that there are potentially feasible scenarios for capture, transport, and CO2‐EOR storage of 25%, 50%, and 90% of CO2emissions, respectively, from a 550 MW power plant. Economically feasible outcomes exhibiting net present values of $2191, $1380, and $1940 million are estimated for the 25%, 50%, and 90% capture scenarios, respectively. On average, the 45Q tax credit for CO2storage affords a $3–$7 per barrel decrease in the minimum oil price required to break‐even on the project. In all source‐sink scenarios qualifying as feasible, the CO2capture costs incurred by the power plant are offset by revenue from CO2‐EOR and are not passed on to ratepayers during the 30‐year analysis time frame. The most economical outcome for supporting a commercial carbon capture, utilization, and storage project in Ohio is also identified, and the potential impact of CO2‐EOR operational strategy on source‐sink feasibility is discussed. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The impact of menstrual hygiene management on adolescent health: The effect of Go! pads on rate of urinary tract infection in adolescent females in Kibogora, Rwanda
Authors: Janoowalla Hannah , Keppler Hannah , Asanti Daniel , Xie Xianhong , Negassa Abdissa , Benfield Nerys , Rulisa Stephen , Nathan Lisa M.
Published: September 2019

Objective

To determine the rates of urinary tract infection (UTI) in adolescent users of menstrual pads versus non‐users in a rural area of Rwanda.

Methods

An interventional prospective cohort study was conducted at four secondary schools in the Western Province of Rwanda from May 12, 2017 to October 20, 2017. Inclusion criteria were female students aged 18–24 who were menstruating and volunteered to participate in the study. In total, 240 adolescent participants were assigned to two cohorts; 120 received menstrual pads for 6 months and the other 120 did not use pads. Baseline symptoms and urine cultures were obtained. Symptoms and methods of menstrual hygiene management were assessed and urine cultures were obtained every 2 months. The primary outcome was the presence of UTI diagnosed by positive urine culture. Secondary outcomes were symptoms of UTI, vulvovaginal symptoms, sexual activity, dyspareunia, and self‐reported sexually transmitted infection. Generalized estimating equations with nesting were used to assess associations of pad use with study outcomes.

Results

A total of 209 participants completed the study. There was no difference in rates of positive urine culture. A decreased odds of vulvovaginal symptoms was found in self‐reported ”always” versus “never” pad users (odds ratio [OR] 0.64, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.43–0.96; P=0.031).

Conclusions

Despite not finding any difference in rates of UTI, the present study showed a decreased rate of vulvovaginal symptoms in users of menstrual pads. Further research investigating rates of genital infections in this population is thus necessary.
Approach to structure, formalize and map MBSE meta‐models and semantic rules
Authors: Duprez Jean
Published: September 2019

For decades Airbus has largely used modeling and simulation techniques all along the development cycle. Models are nowadays key components of most advanced methods and tools, dealing with many different disciplines and addressing most of systems engineering processes and domain specific needs. As a result, models come from a large variety of modeling tools that use different diagrams, domain specific languages and features. This paper aims to present an approach used in Airbus to ensure the consistency of information that is formalized and shared through these models. It relies on the definition of a generic ontology and on the identification of how concepts are depicted in models and in each type of diagram used. Resulting correspondence rules are then used to ensure the overall semantic consistency of model elements and to support the propagation of modifications.
Improving the information transfer between engineering and installation; case study at AS Nymo
Authors: Thygesen Erik , Muller Gerrit , Kokkula Satyanarayana
Published: September 2019

Engineering, Procurement, Construction and Installation (EPCI) projects for the offshore oil and gas industry become more and more complex, with a reduced timeframe, and increased demand for cost savings in the industry. The result is reduced profit margins; therefore, the need for increased productivity is higher than ever. Some of the aspects important for productivity include material flow, information flow, sound planning, and organizational structure. This paper focuses on the information transfer between the engineering team and the installation phase of the fabrication at AS Nymo. Feedback from stakeholders, previous research and lessons learned from completed projects pinpoints that this handover has a potential for improvement. We analyzed historical data and involved key stakeholders in an iterative process to identify insignificant elements in the handover format. By removing this insignificant information, we found that it is possible to reduce the number of handover revisions by 60%. Additionally, we found that improving the handover could give a 67% reduction in time spent for the receiving stakeholders to find the specific information they seek. To verify our results, we suggest further testing for verification before validation through a full‐scale project execution testing for future research.
Implementing systems engineering and project management processes in a Canadian company – Overview and Results Achieved
Authors: Tremblay Nicolas , Laporte Claude Y. , Poliquin Denis , Menaceur Jamil
Published: September 2019

This article presents a project consisting of implementing project management and systems engineering processes at CSinTrans Inc. (CSiT), a Canadian company founded in 2011. CSiT provides multi‐modal transit information systems as well as information integration to the transit industry worldwide. The Basic profile of the ISO/IEC 29110 for systems engineering has been used as the main reference for the development of these processes.

The reasons that prompted CSiT to implement the ISO/IEC 29110 are mentioned. The approach and details on how the standard has been implemented are presented. The lessons learned are described. CSiT developed three process groups to match the attributes of projects such as size and nature. The selection of tools to support the processes is discussed.

Third‐party audits, conducted annually since 2016, that led CSiT to become the first systems engineering company successfully audited with ISO/IEC 29110, are presented as well as the benefits obtained.

ISO/IEC 29110 has helped raise the maturity of the organization by implementing proven practices and developing consistent work products from one project to another. ISO/IEC 29110 was a good starting point to align processes with specific practices of CMMI® Maturity Levels 2 and 3. ISO/IEC 29110 has also helped CSiT in developing light processes as well as remaining flexible and quick in its ability to respond to its customers.

To illustrate the implementation of the Basic profile of ISO/IEC 29110 in other engineering domains, this article briefly presents the implementation in the automotive, agriculture, aeronautic, nuclear and space domains in 6 enterprises of France in 2018.
Managing Complexity with Agility and Openness
Authors: Rosser Larri A.
Published: September 2019

This paper, based on a series of observational studies, workshops and panel sessions with systems engineering practitioners who apply agile and open concepts to complex systems, describes a pragmatic approach to identifying manifestations of complexity in engineered systems and applying agile and open concepts to managing that complexity. The author's intent is to apply the heuristics and recommendations in this paper to a number of projects in the form of structured pilots to advance empirical understanding of tactics for managing complexity in engineering.

Engineering projects and systems are becoming increasingly dynamic, intricate and collaborative in response to forces such as globalization, interconnectivity, the pace of technical change and integration of human and natural systems. Approaches emerging in response to these changes include complex systems science, agile frameworks and techniques, and open architecture methods and standards.

Systems Engineering practitioners are beginning to employ these approaches in combination to address the challenges of current and future needs. Domains such as Agile Space employ open architectures as enablers for agility. Teams employ agile methods to solve complex problems in security, networking and healthcare domains. As these pairwise applications become more common, the interaction between complexity, agility and openness become more frequent and intricate. This paper explores ways in which these interactions can enhance engineering practice.
OMG standard for integrating safety and reliability analysis into MBSE: Concepts and applications
Authors: Biggs Geoffrey , Post Kyle , Armonas Andrius , Yakymets Nataliya , Juknevicius Tomas , Berres Axel
Published: September 2019

Model‐Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) is gaining popularity in organizations creating complex systems where it is crucial to collaborate in a multi‐disciplinary environment. SysML, being one of the key MBSE components, has a good foundation for capturing requirements, architecture, constraints, views and viewpoints. However, SysML does not provide the necessary constructs to capture safety and reliability information in the system model. A group of industry experts at the OMG has been working since 2016 to define a new specification providing the necessary capabilities. This paper provides an update on the progress of this work. It discusses the proposed specification's use of generic concepts to allow information interchange amongst diverse analyses, its use of existing SysML constructs to provide automation of safety and reliability work in existing modelling tools, and describes several of the supported analysis methods.
The Digital Twin Throughout the SE Lifecycle
Authors: Hause Matthew
Published: September 2019

A digital twin is much as it sounds: a digital representation of a specific asset in the field, including current and past configuration states, considering serialized parts, software versions, options, and variants. Condition data is also represented including sensor readings, alerts, and operating environments. A digital twin has significant implications for service, operations, analysis, design, etc. especially when visualized as a Computer Aided Design (CAD)‐sourced graphic in 3D virtual or augmented reality. Using this immersive and real‐time information, engineers can inspect and verify the asset being serviced, designed or operated to get precise product information. However, the digital twin does not spring into life fully formed straight from the CAD model. It requires an informed system engineering approach to ensure that the integration between physical and digital is fit for purpose. Model‐Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) models can be used in conjunction with the digital twin to improve operational models, predict and analyze faults, perform best‐fit analysis and eliminate inappropriate system configurations, etc. This paper will look at various aspects of the digital twin and how it can be used in conjunction with MBSE.
A Subjective Toolbox for Sociotechnical Systems
Authors: Devaney Kevin
Published: September 2019

One of the recent developments in systems engineering has been the expansion of its focus to include sociotechnical systems. As systems become larger and more complex, the interactions between humans and systems become more important, as do the interactions between systems and the environment. There have been calls for systems engineering to adapt to these changes. New disciplines and new frameworks have been proposed in response. In this paper, it is argued that these new disciplines and frameworks will have a limited impact because they have a limited viewpoint: they only make use of objective perspectives. It is proposed that an Integral approach, based on Ken Wilber's Integral Theory, which makes use of both subjective and objective perspectives, can have a greater impact on the discipline of systems engineering in the development of sociotechnical systems. This proposal includes the introduction of a subjective toolbox, which enables more effective use of subjective perspectives, and results in a more human‐centric approach to systems engineering.
Solution Validation and Customer Needs Understanding in the Early Phases of Product Platform Development; a Case Study in Digital Manufacturing Machines
Authors: Kvanvik Simon , Budal Lidvar , Muller Gerrit
Published: September 2019

We have observed in our company that the high‐level specification of new products is difficult. The company works with legacy product platforms. Even with extensive knowledge about legacy products and applications, it can be difficult for engineers to understand if their proposed solutions for new products or features that will satisfy customers.

The goal of this study was to investigate why the company is having problems with specifying new products that eventually will constitute a new product platform. We show that relying on proxies and agile development is not sufficient to close the validation loop, how validation of solution concepts fails due to insufficient specifications of needs and that engineers must rely on indirect customer feedback, which they often receive late in the development process. We trace the problem to a suboptimal definition of customer segments, causing a lack of validated needs and leading to challenges in calculating business cases
Managing Systems Engineering Projects with Uncertain Requirements
Authors: Bordley Robert F. , Keisler Jeffrey M.
Published: September 2019

Prior to being alerted that a requirement has changed, project management typically recommends that an engineer treat that requirement as fixed. But proper risk management emphasizes that all uncertainties should be explicitly recognized prior to making any decisions. Hence the engineer should explicitly recognize the possibility that their requirements may change. As a result, systems engineering indexes each requirement by its stability, which reflects its probability of changing. Building on this insight, this paper presents a new technique for considering the uncertainty associated with any requirement in design decisions.
Emerging Education Challenges for Resilient Cyber Physical Systems
Authors: McDermott Thomas A.
Published: September 2019

Engineering resilient cyber physical systems (CPS) is viewed as a systems engineering (SE) challenge. The research and education programs in computer and software security and resilience were advanced through the 1990's with many formal approaches to system reliability, security, dependability, and safety. Since that time, the internet and the information security needs in information technology (IT) systems has had a large education focus. Meanwhile, the scale and complexity of today's critical computing systems used in engineering domains has increased immensely. There has not been a related increased focus on research, knowledge, and education specifically addressing dependable and secure computing in domains such as infrastructure, industrial control, defense, and emerging commercial autonomous systems and the Internet of Things (IoT). While security education in the U.S. has greatly expanded in the domain of IT systems and related computer science and engineering fields, there exists a lack of engineering education programs and opportunities for engineering graduates to gain knowledge and skills related to design of secure, safe, and dependable CPS, what we call resilient CPS. There is also a lack of investment in laboratory facilities that can simulate large scale CPS, which are costlier to develop than IT related facilities. Formal research or studies in CPS and resilient computing related curricula are also difficult to find, although the domain is well researched. This paper discusses the primary foundations and characteristics of resilient CPS as a step toward a general taxonomy, the emerging needs and gaps in engineering education related to these systems, and the knowledge areas and bodies of knowledge that are already established or need to be developed in the education system. The goal is to bring broad attention in the systems engineering community to these needs.
Evolution of the Helix Project: From Investigating the Effectiveness of Individual Systems Engineers to Systems Engineering Organizations
Authors: Hutchison Nicole , Tao Hoong Yan See , Burke Pamela , Luna Sergio , Zavala Araceli , Kothari Suchita , Soneji Shikha , Ramirez‐Marquez Jose
Published: September 2019

The U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) and the Defense Industrial Base (DIB) have faced challenges in systems engineering in recent years (GAO, 2008, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2018). The Helix project started in 2012 as a multi‐year longitudinal research study mainly to understand what makes systems engineers effective. The previous Helix work on individual systems engineers is a critical input to this project focus. In 2018, the Helix team shifted from an exclusively workforce focus (within the Systems Engineering Research Center (SERC) Human Capital Development Strategy area) to encompass how organizations can become more effective at systems engineering as a discipline and includes organizational characteristics that influence the effectiveness of the systems engineering workforce, as well as how they better enable their systems engineering workforce. This paper provides an update on the research including the updated methodology to investigate the organizational systems engineering effectiveness.
Innovation in the Spirit of Design Thinking
Authors: Buede Dennis M. , Liebe Robert M. , Beekman Jared
Published: September 2019

We define an innovation process that was designed for the provision of analytic services and software products. Our iterative process, which is based on design thinking, captures the need to both create value and accelerate value creation. The four steps in our iterative process include illuminate, ideate, create, and evaluate. We present a case study for which we used this process in the successful creation of a conversational non‐player character within a virtual training environment for the Army.