bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antiphospholipid antibodies and risk of intrauterine late fetal death
Authors: Bocciolone Luca , Meroni Plerlulgl , Parazzini Fabio , Tincani Angela , Radici Enrico , Tarantini Michele , Rossi Edoardo , Bianchi Cosetta , Mezzanotte Carmela , D'angelo Armando
Published: November 2007

Study objective. Goal of the study was to analyze the relationship between anticardiolipin antibodies lupus anticoagulant and the risk of intrauterine late fetal death. Design. A case‐control study was conducted in a network of general and teaching hospitals in northern Italy. Cases studied were 99 women (median age 27 years), without clinical evidence of systemic lupus erythematosus or other immunological disorders who had an ‘unexplained’ intrauterine fetal death at or after the 20 weeks of gestation. The control subjects tiere 85 women (median age 28 years) who gave birth at term (> 37 weeks gestation) to healthy infants on randomly selected days at the same hospitals where cases had been identified.

Results. The presence of lupus anticoagulant was detected in four of the 99 cases (4%. 95% confidence interval 2% ‐15%) and none of the 85 controls. A total of 10 out of the 89 cases (11%. 95 confidence interval 6%‐23%). but none of the 79 controls for whom anticardiolipin antibodies value was available had elevated anticardiolipin antibodies; this difference was statistically significant (x2 = 9.38, p<0.01).
The selection criteria on an IVF program can remove the association between maternal age and implantation
Authors: Arthur Ian D. , Anthony Frederick W. , Masson Gordon M. , Thomas Eric J.
Published: November 2007

Background. 1190 consecutive in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment cycles from the Southampton University IBUPA Chalybeate unit, spanning a four year period, were studied retrospectively in order to assess the relationship between maternal age and implantation. Our aim was to evaluate the hypothesis that the number of transferred embryos can be determined by age alone.

Method. The cases were allocated to two age groups, Group 1 was composed of patients of less than or equal to 35 years of age and Group 2 of patients greater than 35 years of age.

Results. We found that the selection criteria used in our programme for abandoning treatment cycles led to significantly more older patients being excluded from oocyte collection (p< 0.001). The patients from both groups that progressed to oocyte collection and embryo transfer showed no significant difference in embryo implantation. The overall implantation rate (12.4%) and clinical pregnancy rate per embryo transfer (22.8%) were achieved by being able to transfer comparable numbers of embryos in both age groups and in spite of the younger age group having a significantly better quality of transferred embryos.

Conclusion. Although advancing maternal age predisposes to a reduced chance of success from IVF treatment, maternal age alone was not a useful predictor of embryo implantation or endometrial receptivity in completed IVF treatment cycles.
Peritoneal mesotheliomas in Danish women:
Authors: Nielsen Anne M. , Olsen Jørgen H. , Madsen Per M. , Francis Dorthe , Almind Merete
Published: November 2007

An unexpectedly large number of peritoneal mesotheliomas among women was reported to the Danish Cancer Registry during the years 1960 through 1985. In a case‐control study, we tested whether this was due to diagnostic misclassification or to direct exposure of the peritoneal membranes to talc during abdominal surgery. Tissue specimens were available from 96 reported peritoneal mesotheliomas; 35 cases (37%) were regarded as verified mesotheliomas, and 33 (34%) as possible mesotheliomas. Information on any intraabdominal surgery was obtained from the hospital records of these 68 cases and for 206 controls with a cancer of the uterined corpus or pancreas. No association was seen between peritoneal mesotheliomas and abdominal surgery performed more than 25 years prior to cancer diagnosis (odds ratio, 0.83; 95″ confidence interval, 0.35‐1.94).

Conclusion. Misclassification of other cancers was the reason for the observed excess of peritoneal mesotheliomas.
Early prenatal diagnosis of an ominous aneurysm of the vein of Galen by color Doppler ultrasound
Authors: Ballester Maria‐Jose , Raga Francisco , Serra‐Serra Vicente , Bonilla‐Musoles Fernando
Published: November 2007

A case of an aneurysm of the vein of Galen detected by color Doppler ultrasound (CDU) at 25 weeks of pregnancy is presented. The initial finding was a small defect of the posterior cerebral vein. Sonographic follow‐up demonstrated an enlargement of the cerebral lesion as well as severe hemodynamic consequences. Fetal demise finally occurred at 28 weeks. Necropsy findings confirmed the diagnosis. This is the first report describing the value of CDU in the early diagnosis of such aneurysms.
Is fetal heart rate variability a good predictor of fetal outcome?
Authors: Samueloff Arnon , Langer Oded , Berkus Michael , Field Nancy , Xenakis Elly , Ridgway Louis
Published: November 2007

Objective. The purpose of this study was to investigate, in a prospective manner, whether fetal heart rate (FHR) variability serves as a reliable single predictor of fetal outcome.

Methods. We undertook a prospective study of 2,200 consecutive deliveries. Preterms < 37 weeks, twins, stillbirths and fetal malformations were excluded from the study. FHR tracings were analyzed for variability in every delivery. Three windows were evaluated: 1) early in labor (30 min); 2) in the active phase of labor − 1 h prior to complete cervical dilatation (30 min); and 3) throughout the second stage of delivery, in segments of 30 min. Using the tracings taken at admission and prior to delivery, FHR variability was scored according to five previously used evaluative methods, and was correlated to the following three fetal outcome parameters: a) arterial cord blood pH < 7.2, > 7.2; b) 5‐min Apgar > 6, < 7; and c) immediate outcome (‘good’ defined as newborn going home after 2‐5 days, with no neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission).

Results. 1. The majority of cases with adverse fetal outcome exhibited good FHR variability (mean, 80%). 2. Low FHR variability is not common in newborns with adverse general outcome (mean, 11.5%). 3. The predictability of FHR variability (using the five most common scoring methods) for evaluating adverse fetal outcome revealed low sensitivity (mean, 20.3%) and low predictive value (mean, 11.6%).

Conclusion. FHR variability by itself cannot serve as the only indicator of fetal wellbeing. The presence of low variability should alert the physician; however, good FHR variability should not be interpreted as reassuring.
Endometriosis in monozygotic twins
Authors: Moen Mette H.
Published: November 2007

Objective. To study the reproductive and medical history of monozygotic twin sisters and mothers of patients with endometriosis.

Material and methods. Among 515 patients with endometriosis, eight had a monozygotic twin sister all of whom had had a gynecological laparoscopy or laparotomy. In addition, five of their mothers had had a laparotomy. Details about these 13 relatives were obtained either from medical records (ten cases) or by unmistakable reports from the proband (three cases).

Result. Six of the monozygotic twin sisters (75%) also had symptomatic endometriosis compared with 3.8% among other types of sisters (p < 0.0005). Three of the mothers (38%) had either endometriosis or adenomyosis.

Conclusion. This study gives support to the assumption that endometriosis has a genetic trait.
Indications for cesarean section in singleton pregnancies in two Danish counties with different cesarean section rates
Authors: Sperling Lene S. , Henriksen Tine Brink , Ulrichsen Helle , Hedegård Morten , Møller Henrik , Hansen Villy , Øvusen Bjarni , Secher Niels Jørgen
Published: November 2007

Objective. To compare the clinical indications for delivery by cesarean section (CS) in singleton pregnancies in two Danish counties with different CS rates, and to describe the relation between CS in the two counties and parity, mother's age, type of delivery department, gestational age at birth, and birthweight.

Design. A population‐based, follow‐up study based on antecedent data.

Setting. Two Danish counties, where women deliver in obstetric as well as surgical departments, with a CS rate of 8.3% and 15.2%, respectively.

Subjects. All pregnant women in the two counties who delivered in 1989.

Main outcome measures. Comparison of the rates of CS in the two counties carried out for five well‐defined clinical indications: Previous cesarean section, breech presentation, dystocia, fetal distress, and other.

Secondary measures. Neonatal and maternal outcomes.

Results. In the county with the higher frequency of CS, all indications for CS were used significantly more often, except from ‘fetal distress’ in primiparous women. In this county ‘breech presentation’ was the commonest indication among primiparous women, whereas ‘fetal distress’ was the most common in the county with the lower CS rate. For multiparous women the highest CS rates in both counties were found among women who had had a previous CS. The major difference between the two counties was the threefold greater risk of CS indicated by ‘dystocia’ among multiparous women in the county with the higher CS rate.

Conclusion. The regional differences in CS could not be explained by differences between the two populations or by an increased rate of a single indication, but could be due to differences in obstetric practice or expectations or demands from the pregnant women.
Low dose intranasal nafarelin for the treatment of endometriosis
Authors: Jacobson Jan , Harris Stuart R. , Bullingham Roy E. S.
Published: November 2007

Twenty‐five women with regular menstruation and laparoscopically confirmed endometriosis received 100 meg nafarelin intranasally twice daily for six months in an open study. American Fertility Society (AFS) laparoscopic scores pre‐ and post‐treatment, symptom severity, hormonal status, bone density and biochemical indices of bone turnover were studied. Five patients were still menstruating at three months and nafarelin was increased to 400 mcg daily. At the end of treatment, the median serum estradiol was 57 pmol/1 and all patients were amenorrhoeic. AFS scores for endometriosis improved significantly in 19/23 (82.6%) patients (p = 0.001). Adhesions were not affected. Symptom severity scores were markedly decreased (p< 0.0001) and remained so six months after the end of treatment. Biochemical indices of bone activation were increased but bone loss was insignificant. During treatment, 23/25 patients reported hot flushes. Nafarelin 200 meg daily significantly reduced signs and symptoms of endometriosis, although five patients needed a dosage increase before menses stopped. The study suggests that lower doses of nafarelin may be efficacious, although symptomatic changes should be treated with caution due to the open and non‐comparative nature of the study.
Plasma copper, zinc and magnesium levels in patients with premenstrual tension syndrome
Authors: Posaci Cemal , Erten Oktay , Üren Ali , Acar Berrin
Published: November 2007

We measured plasma Cu, Zn and Mg levels in 40 women suffering from premenstrual tension syndrome (PMTS) and in 20 control subjects by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Mean plasma Cu. Zn and Mg levels, the Zn/Cu ratio were 80.2±6.00 μg/dl, 112.6 ±8.35 μg/dl, 0.70±0.18mmol/1, and 1.40± 0.10 in the PMTS group; and 77.0±4.50 μg/dl. 117.4 ±9.50 μg/dl. 0.87±0.10 mmol/l, and 1.51 ±0.05 in the control group respectively. The mean Mg level and the Zn/Cu ratio were significantly lower in PMTS patients than in the control group. Plasma Mg and Zn levels were diminished significantly during the luteal phase compared to the follicular phase in PMTS group. Mg deficiency may play a role in the etiology of PMTS.
How Swedish obstetricians manage hypertensive disorders in pregnancy
Authors: Wide‐Swensson Dag , Montal Sven , Ingemarsson Ingemar
Published: November 2007

Objective. To study treatment of hypertension in pregnancy in Sweden and compare our results Kith a similar study published in 1981.

Methods. A multiple choice questionnaire was sent to 92 obstetricians throughout Sweden and 88% responded.

Results. Most Swedish obstetricians would treat a woman in the second trimester with blood pressure 140/95 mmHg without antihypertensive medication (83%) in the out‐patient clinic (81%). Thc corresponding figures according to a similar study published in 1981 were 33% and 71% of olwtetricians, respectively. Almost all obstetricians (95%)) would give antihypertensive treatmeni if the blood pressure was 170/110 nimHg or more. Betablockers and hydralazine were the most commonly used drugs. Sixteen per cent of obstetricians would use calcium antagonists, drugs not available in the previous study. Treatment with diuretics, methyldopa or diazepam in hypertension was rarely used. Eight per cent of obstetricians would give low‐dose aspirin to patients with mild hypertension and 20% to patients with severe hypertension. Fourteen per cent of obstetricians would stop all kind of antihypertensive medication and frequently observe patients with essential hypertension.

Conclusion. Antihypertensive therapy and management of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy show a great disparity among Swedish obstetricians. National strategies might improve the morbidity and mortality associated with hypertensive disorders in pregnancy.
Use of CA‐125 response to predict survival parameters of patients with advanced ovarian carcinoma
Authors: Ron Ilan‐Gil , Inbar Moshe , Gelernter Ilana , Lewysohn Orly , Ayalon Daniel , Dale Janet , Chaitchik Samario
Published: November 2007

The prognostic value of serum CA‐125 levels both before chemotherapy and after each cycle of one or two courses was assessed in 48 patients with advanced ovarian adenocarcinoma. All patients received a minimum of six courses of either cyclophosphamide and cisplatinum (CAP) or cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin and cisplatinum (CAP). Patients with serum CA‐125 values below the normal value of 35 U/ml after two courses had a significantly longer median survival (p <0.0001) and longer disease‐free survival (p = 0.007) than did those patients whose CA‐125 levels dropped to normal after the third or a later course of chemotherapy. A response in CA‐125 levels after the first two courses of chemotherapy may indicate which patients should continue with the current chemotherapy regimen and which patients should he ol'fered salvage therapy.
Vaginal weight cones. Theoretical framework, effect on pelvic floor muscle strength and female stress urinary incontinence
Authors: Bø Kari
Published: November 2007

Objective. The purpose of the present review article is to analyze the scientific background for the use of vaginal cones in measurement of pelvic floor muscle (PFM) strength and effect on female stress urinary incontinence (SUI).

Material and methods. Literature search is based on articles written in English language compiled from MEDLINE, EMBASE, BIOSIS, and SCISEARCH from 1985 up to 1993. Only one study and one abstract were found dealing with methodology of cones used as measuring devices for PFM strength. Six articles were found evaluating the effect of cones on PFM strength and/or SUI.

Results The analysis of the literature revealed that there is low correlation between PFM strength (measured by vaginal squeeze pressure and vaginal palpation) and ability to hold the cones in incontinent women. The theoretical basis for strength development using cones can be questioned. The studies evaluating effect on PFM strength and SUI have flaws in design, outcome variables and measurement of PFM strength. Including drop out rates, subjective improvement rates vary between 30–63% in uncontrolled studies.

Conclusion. It is concluded that cones may not be used as objective measuring devices for PFM strength. There is a need for prospective controlled randomized studies applying reliable and valid outcome variables to evaluate the effect of cones in treatment of SUI.
Experiences of the first pelvic examination in a random sample of Danish teenagers
Authors: Larsen Solveig Brixen , Kragstrup Jakob
Published: November 2007

Objective. To describe Danish teenagers' experiences and preferences concerning the first pelvic examination.

Methods. Cross‐sectional postal questionnaire study. A total of 1500 women, aged 17 years, were selected at random among all Danish women of that age. The response rate was 76%, and 551 had experienced their first examination.

Results. Thirty‐two percent gave a negative general evaluation of the examination, and 13% found the examination very painful. The negative evaluation was strongly associated with the experience of pain, embarrassment, perceived impossibility of interrupting the examination, not knowing what the doctor was doing, learning nothing during the examination, indications other than oral contraception, and feeling of insufficient knowledge when arriving for the first examination.

Conclusion. It is recommended that teenagers are given more information and realistic expectations prior to the first pelvic examination.
Influence of partner relationship on sexuality after subtotal hysterectomy
Authors: Helström Lotti , Sörbom Dag , Bäckström Torbjörn
Published: November 2007

Objective This study was designed to address the question of the importance of a partner relationship with regards to sexuality before and after hysterectomy.

Study Design. One hundred and four women were interviewed before and after hysterectomy. Sexual desire, activity, satisfaction and dysfunction were compared between women without, with a poor, and with a good partner relationship. The difference in predictive value of preoperative sexuality for postoperative sexuality for the groups was estimated with a multiple regression analysis method (LISREL).

Results. Improved sexuality, one year after hysterectomy, was experienced by 61% of women with a good partner relationship, by 17% of those with a poor relationship but no improvement was seen in women who had no regular partner relationship. When influence of preoperative frequency of sexual desire, activity, satisfaction and dysfunction on postoperative sexuality was studied, orgasmic capacity was a better predictor for women with poor or ambivalent relationship than for women with good partner relationships.

Conclusion. Women with no or ambivalent partner relationship are more at risk for deterioration of sexuality after hysterectomy.
A case of nonmetastatic trophoblastic disease followed by magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Fukami Kazuyuki , Kurachi Hirohisa , Murakami Takamichi , Tsuda Kyo , Maeda Tetsuo , Nakamura Hironobu , Miyake Akira
Published: November 2007

The consecutive findings of the magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in a patient with nonmetastatic trophoblastic disease are reported. On MR image, there are noted two kinds of MR findings which suggest the existence of trophoblastic disease; one was a typical hypervascular mass of heterogeneous signal intensity within myometrium, and the other was the increase in myoinetrial and parametrial flow void. The former finding appeared only for a short period while the disease was highly active. The latter finding well paralleled the serum human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) level, and the remarkable flow void, indicating dilatated blood vessels. disappeared with the complete remission of the disease. These findings suggest that MR imaging may be useful for diagnosing and following gestational trophoblastic disease.
Interleukin‐1, interleukin‐6 and tumor necrosis factor at delivery in preeclamptic disorders
Authors: Opsjøan Sissel‐Linda , Austgulen Rigmor , Waage Anders
Published: November 2007

Background. To examine if preeclamptic disorders lead to altered concentrations of tumor necrosis factor, interleukin‐1 and interleukin‐6 at delivery compared to normal pregnancy. Methods. Amniotic fluid, placenta, maternal and cord serum were collected at delivery by cesarean section or spontaneous labor. Samples were retrieved from 53 women with normal pregnancy, 54 with preeclamptic disorders and 15 who delivered a small for gestational neo‐nate of unknown cause. Cytokines were measured by bioassays. Statistics were performed with nonparametric tests.

Results. Interleukin‐I in amniotic fluid tended to be lower with preeclamptic disorders than in normal pregnamy irrespective of labor. There was an increase in amniotic fluid tumor necrosis factor, interleukin‐1 and interleukin‐6 with onset of labor in preeclamptic disorders just as in normal pregnancy. There was a similar increase in interleukin‐6 in cord and maternal serum in the same groups, even if concentration of interleukin‐6 in cord serum in labor of preeclamptic disorders was lower than in normal pregnancy.

Conclusions. No major differences were seen in concentrations of interleukin‐1, interleukin‐6 and tumor necrosis factor in amniotic fluid, placenta, maternal or cord serum at delivery with preeclamptic disorders compared to normal pregnancy.
Infection markers during labor at term
Authors: Keski‐Nisula Leea , Suonio Sakarl , Makkonen Maija , Katila Marja‐Leena , Puhakainen Eino , Kuronen Arja
Published: November 2007

Serum levels of C‐reactive protein (CRP), white blood cell count (WBC), amniotic fluid white blood cells (Gram staining) and leukocyte esterase (LE) activity were measured serially and prospectivelq in 30 pregnant women in labor at term. Results were retrospectively compared with amniotic fluid bacterial culture results. Leukocyte esterase activity was measured by the dipstick test (Nephurtest) and an in vitro photometric method. Amniotic fluid samples were collected through an intrauterine transvaginal pressure catheter. The serial CRP and WBC levels from admission to the delivery and CRP levels from delivery to the first post partum day increased statistically significantly. Levels of both markers correlated significantly with duration of labor. Both amniotic white blood cells and leukocyte esterase activity increased during labor. Bacterial colonization of amniotic fluid was not clearly associated with amniotic LE‐activity or leukocyte count as determinated by Gram stain. The tests evaluated cannot be regarded as reliable methods in distinguishing intra‐amniotic infection during labor and vaginal delivery at term.
Obstetric Pain Medication And Eventual Adult Amphetamine Addiction In Offspring
Authors: Jacobson Bertil , Nyberg Karin , Eklund Gunnar , Bygdeman Marc , Rydberg Ulf , Jacobson Bertil
Published: November 2007

Our purpose was to investigate whether obstetric analgesia, particularly by nitrous oxide, constitutes a risk that the infant might develop amphetamine addiction in later life. Of 200 current amphetamine addicts born between 1945 and 1966 in Stockholm, proportionately more were born at hospitals where pain medication had been administered in large doses (p > 0.05). A blind matched comparison was made between 73 addicts and 109 non–addicted siblings by logistic regression, in which nitrous oxide administration was tested in competition with 12 other natal variables as possible confounders. The risk for amphetamine drug addiction in offspring was found to increase with duration of intermittent administration of pure nitrous oxide, i.e. it was estimated to be 5.6 times greater (95% confidence intervals 1.6—‐16.9, p = 0.005) when nitrous oxide had been given for ≥/4.5 h vis‐á‐vis ≥/0.25 h. Calculated risks are probably underestimates. Results can be explained as an effect of imprinting. It is concluded that local or regional anesthesia are preferable to general anesthesia which allows substantial amounts of drugs to cross the placenta.
Subordinated Public Participation Loans for Financing Toll Highway Concessions in Spain
Authors: Vassallo José M. , Sánchez-Soliño Antonio
Published: November 2007

Budgetary constraints are prompting many governments to encourage private financing of transportation infrastructure through concession contracts. The length and complexity of such contracts often force governments to provide fiscal support to increase the attractiveness of concessions. This paper deals with a new public support mechanism for concession contracts, called a subordinated public participation loan (SPPL), which has been implemented in Spain during the past few years. SPPLs are subordinated loans that may be given by the government to the concessionaire if the latter requests them in the tender. SPPLs are structured such that the increase in interest accrued will reflect the traffic level: the greater the level of traffic, the larger the SPPL yield. SPPLs have a twofold goal. First, they increase the financial attractiveness and, hence, the feasibility of concessions contracts. Second, they establish a more fair risk-sharing approach between the public and the private sector. This paper analyzes the implications of SPPLs for highway concessions by contrasting theoretical analysis with empirical results obtained from the tender of five such highway concessions in Spain. Overall, the authors have found that the implementation of this mechanism can be considered a success. However, some measures that may contribute to improving SPPL performance are proposed.
Implementation and Evaluation of Self-Financing Highway Pricing Schemes
Authors: Oh Jung Eun , Labi Samuel , Sinha Kumares C.
Published: November 2007

With the current and projected shortfalls in revenue vis-à-vis increasing needs, many transportation agencies are increasingly seeking alternative funding sources to supplement income from the motor fuel tax. One promising alternative, the fee for vehicle miles traveled (VMT), entails payment by drivers on the basis of their actual share of facility usage. This paper uses economic theory and travel demand and highway expenditure data from the State of Indiana as a basis to establish efficient VMT fee rates under various expenditure and funding scenarios. The authors have found that a VMT fee of 2.9 cents per mile, plus federal aid, would cover current expenditures for state-administered highways in the absence of any other revenue source, and that a fee of 2.2 cents per mile would be sufficient if revenue from vehicle registration was maintained. To cover the expenditures supported only by state-generated funds, the fee would be 1.3 cents per mile with vehicle registration revenues and 2.0 cents per mile without. This paper also establishes equitable fee structures that ensure self-finance of each facility class, as well as an alternative uniform-rate fee structure that entails cross-subsidy across facility classes. For the latter, it was found that the urban highway system would subsidize the rural system, the rural Interstate system would subsidize the rural non-Interstate system, and the urban non-Interstate system would subsidize the urban Interstate system. Different VMT fee structures could be established on the basis of desired levels of equity across the facility or user classes and of the technical feasibility of the implementation of VMT fees.
I-394 MnPASS High-Occupancy Toll Lanes
Authors: Munnich Lee W. , Buckeye Kenneth R.
Published: November 2007

The I-394 MnPASS express lanes opened in May 2005 as Minnesota's first high-occupancy toll (HOT) lane project. The MnPASS lanes were opened by the Minnesota Department of Transportation (Mn/DOT) after a decade of study, outreach, and education that garnered political and community support for a demonstration project on value pricing in the state. Mn/DOT staff and their project partners faced new challenges when the Minnesota governor and legislature authorized the adaptation of the I-394 high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes to HOT lanes, and Mn/DOT leadership sought to implement the project as soon as possible. Without any existing toll roads in Minnesota, the team faced the challenge of delivering a project that was both publicly and politically supportable and technically sound. This paper discusses the expectations and issues addressed by the project team and community task force during the planning process, and the actual results achieved during the first year of operation of the I-394 MnPASS lanes.
I'll Tell you What I Think!
Authors: Ungemah David , Collier Tina
Published: November 2007

With the creation in 1992 of the Congestion Pricing Pilot Program, later renamed the Value Pricing Pilot Program, the U.S. Department of Transportation endorsed an expanded investigation into new tolling and pricing applications throughout the United States leveraging electronic toll-collection systems, demand-managing toll rates, and various infrastructure additions and conversions. As of 2005, 15 states had enrolled in the program, and each was attempting some form of tolling or pricing on their highway and road systems. Systematic study of the feasibility of such systems, as required by the program, revealed definitive public attitudes concerning new applications of tolling and pricing. Furthermore, the knowledge gained by earlier practitioners allowed those working on future projects to refine their approach and messages, thereby better managing public perception. This paper identifies the prevailing trends in public opinion concerning tolling and pricing. Using case studies from California, Texas, and Minnesota–where substantial pre- and post-implementation public opinion data are available–the paper identifies common barriers to public acceptance, the selling points of tolling and pricing, the potential supporters and opponents of pricing and tolling proposals, and strategies for educating the public on a proposed program.
Comparison of three methods for the management of fragmented medial coronoid process in the dog
Authors: Gordon-Evans W. J. , Conzemius M. G. , Evans R. B.
Published: November 2007

The objective of this review and analysis was to compare arthroscopy, medial arthrotomy and medical management for treating fragmented coronoid process in the dog. The data come from manuscripts published in peer-reviewed veterinary journals, and the study design is a systematic review followed by meta-analysis. The meta-analysis combines data from a set of studies so that surgical techniques and medial management can be compared in a single analysis. Several literature databases and veterinary texts were thoroughly searched to provide a list of over 400 candidate manuscripts. Inclusion criteria were used to filter the candidate manuscripts to a final set of fourmanuscripts that directly pertained to the clinical question. They were scored for their evidentiary value using a semi-objective measure. The results were that arthroscopy was superior to medial arthrotomy and medical management, but medial arthrotomy was not superior to medical management. Only one manuscript was a randomized controlled trial, hence the results must be tempered by the evidentiary value of the data.
Digital measurement of radiographic tibial plateau angle. A comparison to measurement on printed digital images
Authors: Roush J. K. , Renberg W. C. , Lister S. A.
Published: November 2007

Pre-operative digital radiographs from 50 dogs undergoing a tibial plateau leveling osteotomy were evaluated. Tibial plateau angles were measured directly on printed films and measured on digital images using two different commercial DICOM viewers. The radiographs were scored for osteoarthritis and positioning. Using pooled results, the mean TPA from the digital images employing Web1000 (26.47° ± 3.90) was significantly higher then the mean TPA using film radiographs (25.41° ± 3.51), or IQ-View Pro (25.48° ± 3.89). There was not a significant difference between mean TPA using radiographs or IQ-view. Digital TPA measurement using built-in angle calipers in the clinical setting is a valid technique compared to measurements from film radiographs, and produces reproducible results. However, before changing to digital measurements, the chosen software programme should be validated against measurements using film radiographs to determine the magnitude of differences.
A case of dorso-medial luxation of the radial carpal bone in a dog
Authors: Delbeke C. , Asimus E. , Meynaud-Collard P. , Mathon D. , Zahra A. , Autefage A. , Palierne S.
Published: November 2007

Luxation of the radial carpal bone is an uncommon injury in the dog and cat. Previous clinical cases have reported palmaro-medial luxation with injury to the short radial collateral ligament. In this study a case of dorsomedial luxation of the radial carpal bone in a 10-yearold female Gordon Setter is described. A closed reduction of the luxation was performed and a conservative treatment was carried out. Thirteen months after the reduction, the dog had a satisfactory limb function, despite the presence of degenerative joint disease of the carpus. A pathogenic hypothesis for this dorso-medial luxation of the radial carpal bone is proposed reproducing the luxation on canine cadavers.
Recovery of transition metal complex by reverse flow adsorption
Authors: Dunnewijk Jeroen , Bosch Hans , de Haan André B.
Published: November 2007

Reverse flow adsorption (RFA) is a technique with a definite potential to prevent the leaching of a homogenous catalyst. In this work, we model an RFA‐process for a continuous ideally stirred tank reactor with an adsorption bed upstream and another one downstream from the reactor. The model parameters concerning adsorption equilibrium and kinetics are taken from previous experimental studies on CoCl2 adsorption on polymer‐bound trifenylfosfine. We use this model to study the concentration profiles of CoCl2 in the adsorption beds during consecutive adsorption–desorption cycles. The model calculations show that the concentration profile eventually reaches a fixed position after a number of adsorption–desorption cycles, even though internal mass transfer was a limiting factor. Hence, the transition metal is kept within the system boundaries, which is an essential requirement for the application of RFA. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
Stability analysis of core‐annular flow and neutral stability wave number
Authors: Rodriguez Oscar M. H. , Bannwart Antonio C.
Published: November 2007

A general transition criterion is proposed in order to locate the core‐annular flow pattern in horizontal and vertical oil–water flows. It is based on a rigorous one‐dimensional two‐fluid model of liquid–liquid two‐phase flow and considers the existence of critical interfacial wave numbers related to a non‐negligible interfacial tension term to which the linear stability theory still applies. The viscous laminar–laminar flow problem is fully resolved and turbulence effects on the stability are analyzed through experimentally obtained shape factors. The proposed general transition criterion includes in its formulation the inviscid Kelvin‐Helmholtz's discriminator. If a theoretical maximum wavelength is considered as a necessary condition for stability, a stability criterion in terms of the Eötvös number is achieved. Effects of interfacial tension, viscosity ratio, density difference, and shape factors on the stability of core‐annular flow are analyzed in detail. The more complete modeling allowed for the analysis of the neutral‐stability wave number and the results strongly suggest that the interfacial tension term plays an indispensable role in the correct prediction of the stable region of core‐annular flow pattern. The incorporation of a theoretical minimum wavelength into the transition model produced significantly better results. The criterion predictions were compared with recent data from the literature and the agreement is encouraging. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
Preparation and mechanical properties of acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene copolymer/clay nanocomposites
Authors: Kim Hun‐Sik , Park Byung Hyun , Choi Jae Hoon , Yoon Jin‐San
Published: November 2007

Bis(3‐triethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfane (TSS) was reacted with the silanol groups of the commercially available clay, Closite®25A (C25A) to prepare TSS‐C25A, which was melt‐compounded with acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene copolymer (ABS). The tetra sulfide groups of TSS‐C25A may chemically react with the vinyl groups of ABS to enhance the interaction between the clay and ABS. The ABS/clay composites exhibited much higher tensile strength and elongation at break than the neat ABS. Especially the elongation at break of ABS/TSS‐C25A composite was 5 times higher than that of neat ABS. The X‐ray diffraction patterns of the clay showed that the d001 basal spacing was enlarged from 1.89 nm to 2.71–2.86 nm as a result of the compounding with ABS. According to the thermogravimetric analysis, the thermal decomposition of the composite took place at a slightly higher temperature than that of neat ABS. Intercalated/exfoliated coexisting structures were observed by transmission electron microscopy for the ABS/clay composites. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
A positive‐working photosensitive polyimide based on thermal cross‐linking and acidolytic cleavage
Authors: Jung Myung‐Sup , Hyeon‐Lee Jingyu , Choi Tae‐Lim
Published: November 2007

A novel positive‐working photosensitive polyimide (PSPI) based on a poly(hydroxyimide) (PHI), a crosslinking agent having vinyl ether groups, and a photoacid generator (PAG) was prepared. The PHI as a base resin of the three‐component PSPI was synthesized from 4,4′‐oxydiphthalic anhydride and 2,2′‐bis(3‐amino‐4‐hydroxyphenyl)hexafluoropropane through ring‐opening polymerization and subsequent thermal cyclization. 2,2′‐bis(4‐(2‐(vinyloxy)ethoxy)phenyl)propane (BPA‐DEVE) was used as a vinylether compound and diphenyliodonium 5‐hydroxynaphthalene‐1‐sulfonate was used as a PAG. The phenolic hydroxyl groups of the PHI and the vinyl ether groups of BPA‐DEVE are thermally crosslinked with acetal structures during prebake step, and the crosslinked PHI becomes completely insoluble in an aqueous basic solution. Upon exposure to UV light (365 nm) and subsequent postexposure bake (PEB), a strong acid generated from the PAG cleaves the crosslinked structures, and the exposed area is effectively solubilized in the alkaline developer. The dissolution behavior of the PSPI containing each 11.5 wt % of BPA‐DEVE and of the PAG was studied after UV exposure (365 nm) and PEB. It was found that the difference in dissolution rates between exposed and unexposed areas was enough to get high resolution. A fine positive pattern with a resolution of 5 μm in a 3.7‐μm‐thick film was obtained from the three‐component PSPI. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Bridging the educational research‐teaching practice gap
Authors: Anderson Trevor R.
Published: November 2007

There is a large body of educational research results available in the science education literature that could be usefully applied for the improvement of teaching practice in biochemistry and molecular biology. Unfortunately, for a great variety of reasons, such applications are relatively limited in our discipline. In this first paper in the series, “Bridging the Gap”, I describe some of the barriers that are hampering the bridging of this gap and suggest some possible strategies that colleagues might wish to try in order to promote the wider use of this excellent educational resource.
Effectiveness of problem‐based learning on academic performance in genetics
Authors: Araz Gülsüm , Sungur Semra
Published: November 2007

This study aimed at comparing the effectiveness of problem‐based learning (PBL)1 and traditional lecture‐based instruction on elementary school students' academic achievement and performance skills in a science unit on genetics while controlling for their reasoning ability. For the specified purpose, twoinstructional methods were randomly assigned to intact classes of two different teachers. Each teacher had both PBL classes and traditional classes. Although students in PBL classes (n = 126) worked on ill‐structured problems cooperatively with the guidance of the teacher, students in traditional classes (n = 91) received instruction based on teacher's explanations, discussions, and textbooks. Genetics Achievement Test was developed by researchers to measure the academic achievement and performance skills. Multivariate Analysis of Covariance results showed that the PBL students had higher academic achievement and performance skills scores (M = 11.44 and M = 2.67, respectively) when compared with those in traditional classes (M = 10.91 and M = 2.20, respectively). This indicated that the PBL students tend to better acquire scientific conceptions related to genetics and integrate and organize the knowledge. Moreover, it was found that the reasoning ability explained a significant portion of variance in the scores of academic achievement and performance skills.
Chiral HPLC analysis of milnacipran and its FMOC‐derivative on cellulose‐based stationary phases
Authors: Patti Angela , Pedotti Sonia , Sanfilippo Claudia
Published: November 2007

The HPLC enantioseparation of the last generation antidepressive drug milnacipran (±)‐1 was investigated on different cellulose‐based chiral stationary phases (CSPs). On carbamate‐type columns, Chiralcel OD and OD‐H (±)‐1 could be separated with α value about 1.20 but the resolution was quite low because of the tailing of the peaks. Direct determination of (±)‐1 with high selectivity and resolution was obtained on Chiralcel OJ in normal phase mode elution. Precolumn derivatization of milnacipran with Fmoc‐Cl gave compound (±)‐2 which was enantioseparated on all the investigated CSPs and allowed enhanced UV or fluorimetric detection. The Chiralpak IB, that could be considered the immobilized version of Chiralcel OD‐H, was found completely ineffective in the chiral recognition of (±)‐1 and moderately efficient in the separation of (±)‐2. Chirality, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New Type High Efficient Quasi‐Solid‐State Ionic Liquid Electrolyte for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: PAN Xu , DAI Song‐Yuan , WANG Kong‐Jia
Published: November 2007

For the fist time the preparation of a mostly solid‐state high efficient electro‐conductive material comprising 1‐methyl‐3‐propylimidazolium iodide (MPII), benzimidazole (BI), iodine and lithium iodide was reported. In this electrolyte, BI acts as not only additives but also gelators. With its significant electrochemical properties, an overall efficiency of 3.07% was achieved under AM 1.5 (100 mW/cm2).
Electrooxidation Mechanism of Methanol at Pt‐Ru Catalyst Modified GC Electrode in Electrolytes with Different pH Using Electrochemical and SERS Techniques
Authors: DING Yue‐Min , LIU Yao‐Long , RAO Gui‐Shi , WANG Guo‐Fu , ZHONG Qi‐Ling , REN Bin , TIAN Zhong‐Qun
Published: November 2007

The electrochemical and in‐situ surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) techniques were used to investigate the electrooxidation behavior of methanol in acidic, neutral and alkaline media at a Pt‐Ru nanoparticle modified glassy carbon (Pt‐Ru/GC) electrode. The results showed that methanol could be dissociated spontaneously at the Pt‐Ru/GC electrode to produce a strongly adsorbed intermediate, CO. It was found that CO could be oxidized more easily in the alkaline medium than in the acidic and neutral media. The peak potential of methanol oxidation was shifted from 0.663 and 0.708 V in the acidic and neutral media to −0.030 V in the alkaline medium, which is due to that the adsorption strength of CO on the Pt surface in the alkaline medium is weaker than that in the acidic and neutral media. The final product of the methanol oxidation is CO2. However, in the alkaline medium, CO2 produced would form CO32− and HCO3− resulting in the decrease in the alkaline concentration and then in the decrease in the performance of DMFC. Therefore, the performance of the alkaline DMFC is not stable.
Tau inhibits anterograde axonal transport and perturbs stability in growing axonal neurites in part by displacing kinesin cargo: Neurofilaments attenuate tau‐mediated neurite instability
Authors: Dubey Maya , Chaudhury Pulkit , Kabiru Hilda , Shea Thomas B.
Published: November 2007

Overexpression of tau compromises axonal transport and induces retraction of growing neurites. We tested the hypothesis that increased stability provided by neurofilaments (NFs) may prevent axonal retraction. NB2a/d1 cells were differentiated for 3 days, at which time phosphorylated NFs appear and for 14 days, which induces continued neurite elongation and further phospho‐NF accumulation. Cultures were transfected with a construct that expresses full‐length, 4‐repeat tau. Consistent with prior studies, overexpression of tau induced retraction of day three axonal neurites even following treatment with the microtubule‐stabilizing drug taxol. Axonal neurites of day 14 cells were more resistant to tau‐mediated retraction. To test whether or not this resistance was derived from their additional NF content, day 3 cultures were co‐transfected with constructs expressing tau and NF‐M (which increases overall axonal NFs). Overexpression of NF‐M attenuated tau‐mediated retraction of day 3 axonal neurites. By contrast, co‐transfection with constructs expressing tau and vimentin (which increases axonal neurites length) did not attenuate tau‐mediated neurite retraction. Co‐precipitation experiments indicate that tau is a cargo of kinesin, and that tau overexpression may displace other kinesin‐based cargo, including both critical cytoskeletal proteins and organelles. However, cultures simultaneously transfected with constructs expressing NF‐M and tau, the level of examined vesicles was maintained. These collectively indicate that NFs stabilize developing axonal neurites and can counteract the destabilizing force resulting from overexpression of tau, and underscore that the development and stabilization of axonal neurites is dependent upon a balance of cytoskeletal elements. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Oxidative damage of retinal pigment epithelial cells and age‐related macular degeneration
Authors: Qin Suofu
Published: November 2007

Damage to the retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells is an early and crucial event in the molecular pathways leading to clinically relevant age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) changes. Oxidative stress, the major environmental risk factor for atrophic AMD, causes RPE injury that results in a chronic inflammatory response, drusen formation, and RPE atrophy. RPE degeneration ultimately leads to a progressive irreversible degeneration of photoreceptors. In vitro studies show that oxidant‐treated RPE cells undergo apoptosis, a possible mechanism by which RPE cells are lost during the early phase of atrophic AMD. The main target of oxidative injury appears to be mitochondria, an organelle known to accumulate genomic damage during aging. Addition of GSH, the most abundant intracellular thiol antioxidant, protects RPE cells from oxidant‐induced apoptosis. Similar protection occurs with dietary enzyme inducers that increase GSH synthesis. In addition, enhancing survival signaling preserves RPE cells under oxidative stress. These results indicate that therapeutic or nutritional intervention to enhance the antioxidant capacity and survival signaling of RPE may provide an effective way to prevent or treat AMD. This review describes major molecular and cellular events leading to RPE death, and presents currently used and new experimental, forthcoming therapeutic strategies. Drug Dev Res 68:213–225, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.