bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Asia-Pacific Body Mass Index Classification and New-Onset Chronic Kidney Disease in Non-Diabetic Japanese Adults: A Community-Based Longitudinal Study from 1998 to 2023
Authors: Okawa Yukari , Mitsuhashi Toshiharu , Tsuda Toshihide
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Obesity is a risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD) in Asians. The Asia-Pacific body mass index (BMI) classification sets lower obesity cutoffs than the conventional BMI classification for all races, generally reflecting the lower BMIs in Asians. This longitudinal study evaluated the association between BMI, as classified by the Asia-Pacific BMI system, and CKD development in non-diabetic Asian adults. Methods: A population-based longitudinal study (1998–2023) was conducted in non-diabetic Japanese adults (hemoglobin A1c < 6.5%) in Zentsuji City (Kagawa Prefecture, Japan). The generalized gamma model was used to assess the relationship between time-varying BMI categories and CKD development, stratified by sex. CKD was defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate of <60 mL/min/1.73 m2. BMI was calculated as weight (kg) divided by the square of height (m2) and categorized per the Asia-Pacific classification as overweight (23.0–24.9 kg/m2), obesity class I (25.0–29.9 kg/m2), and obesity class II (≥30.0 kg/m2). Results: CKD developed in 34.2% of 3098 men and 34.8% of 4391 women. The mean follow-up times were 7.41 years for men and 8.25 years for women. During follow-up, the BMI distributions for men were 5.0% underweight, 43.3% normal weight, 25.6% overweight, 24.1% obesity class I, and 2.0% obesity class II; those for women were 7.7%, 50.5%, 20.5%, 18.3%, and 2.9%, respectively. Compared with normal weight, obesity class I was associated with a 6% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2–10%) shorter time to CKD onset in men and 5% (95% CI: 2–7%) in women. In both sexes, obesity class II showed shorter survival times than normal weight by point estimates, although all 95% CIs crossed the null value. Conclusions: Obesity, as classified by the Asia-Pacific BMI system, shortened the time to CKD onset in non-diabetic Asians. The conventional BMI cutoff for obesity (≥30.0 kg/m2) may be too high to identify CKD risk in this population. The findings of this study may be useful for public health professionals in designing interventions to prevent CKD.
Differential Measurement of Involuntary Breathing Movements
Authors: Seman Jacob , Rodriguez Amaro Carlos , Tucker Lillian , Fleury Jordan M. , Erickson Keegan , White Gannon , Santos Talles Batista Rattis , Mellenthin Michelle M.
Published: February 2025

Free divers are known to experience a physiological response during extreme breath holding, causing involuntary breathing movements (IBMs). To investigate these movements, a low-cost multi-core ESP32-Pico microcontroller prototype was developed to measure IBMs during a static breath hold. This novel device, called the bioSense, uses a differential measurement between two accelerometers placed on the sternum and the xiphoid process to acquire breathing-related movements. Sensor placement allowed for data acquisition that was posture- and body-shape-agnostic. Sensor placement was also designed to be as non-intrusive as possible and precisely capture breathing movements at configurable sampling rates. Measurements from the device were sent over WiFi to be accessed on a password-protected webserver and backed up to a micro-secure digital (microSD) card. This device was used in a pilot study, where it captured the various phases of breathing experienced by recreational free divers alongside a force plate measurement system for comparison.
The Interpretation of Carbon Nanotubes’ Electrochemistry: Electrocatalysis and Mass Transport Regime in the Apparent Promotion of Electron Transfer
Authors: Dugeč Josipa , Škugor Rončević Ivana , Vladislavić Nives , Radić Josip , Buljac Maša , Buzuk Marijo
Published: February 2025

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are widely used in electrochemical sensors due to their significant impact on the electroanalytical signal. However, there remain significant doubts regarding the origin of the improved electroanalytical response observed in CNT-based sensors, particularly concerning the precise role of CNTs in these systems. In particular, the origin of the electrochemical response is controversial, as it may be due to either electrocatalytic or non-electrocatalytic processes. The latter implies that the electroanalytical response is mainly governed by the mass transport phenomena within the porous CNT layer. This article briefly reviews the several comprehensive models based on the role of porosity (diffusion in a ‘thin-layer’) on the electrochemical behavior as well as on the electrocatalytic properties of CNTs to resolve conflicts arising from misinterpretations of the electroanalytical response of CNT-based sensors. However, even though there are some explanations and conclusions on this topic, they seem to be valuable for specific electroactive species, the type of CNTs and/or electrode architecture, the electrode surface, etc. Accordingly, general theories and conclusions are not yet defined, so different approaches to this topic are still needed, since the main phenomenological effects responsible for the nature of the electrochemical response of the electrodes modified with CNTs need to be determined in a rational way.
Exploring the Role of Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transcriptional Factors Involved in Hematological Malignancy and Solid Tumors: A Systematic Review
Authors: Kanwal Rimsha , Esposito Jessica Elisabetta , Jawed Bilal , Zakir Syed Khuram , Pulcini Riccardo , Martinotti Riccardo , Botteghi Matteo , Gaudio Francesco , Martinotti Stefano , Toniato Elena
Published: February 2025

Background: The epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a biological process in which epithelial cells lose their polarity and adhesion characteristics, and adopt a mesenchymal phenotype. While the EMT naturally occurs during tissue fibrosis, wound healing, and embryonic development, it can be exploited by cancer cells and is strongly associated with cancer stem cell formation, tissue invasiveness, apoptosis, and therapy resistance. Transcription factors (TFs) such as SNAIL, ZEB, and TWIST play a pivotal role in driving the EMT. This systematic review aims to assess the impact of EMT-TFs on hematological malignancy and solid tumors. Methods: English-language literature published between 2010 and 2024 was systematically reviewed, utilizing databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar. Results: A total of 3250 studies were extracted. Of these, 92 publications meeting the inclusion criteria were analyzed to elucidate the role of EMT-TFs in cancer. The results demonstrated that the EMT-TFs play a critical role in both hematological and solid tumor development and progression. They promote invasive, migratory, and metastatic properties in these tumors, and contribute to therapeutic challenges by enhancing chemoresistance. A strong correlation between EMT-TFs and poor overall survival has been identified. Conclusions: Our research concluded that EMT-TFs may serve as important predictive and prognostic factors, as well as potential therapeutic targets to mitigate cancer progression.
Distinct NF-kB Regulation Favors a Synergic Action of Pevonedistat and Laduviglusib in B-Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Cells Ex Vivo
Authors: Arenas Víctor , Castaño Jose Luis , Domínguez Juan José , Yáñez Lucrecia , Pipaón Carlos
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) remains an incurable B-cell malignancy. B-CLL cells exhibit an extended lifespan in part due to the activation of survival pathways such as NF-kB. A crosstalk between NF-kB and GSK-3β pathways has been reported. NF-kB has also been identified as a primary target of the NEDD8-activating enzyme inhibitor MLN4924. Our objective was to investigate potential synergies of MLN4924 with other NF-kB-targeting agents for the treatment of CLL and elucidate the mechanisms of action underlying this pathway regulation. Methods: To assess the cytotoxic efficacy of the combined ex vivo treatment with CHIR-99021 and MLN4924, we employed 7-AAD staining and XTT viability assays on primary samples from CLL patients. Subsequently, we conducted various analyses to identify the molecular mechanisms underlying the cytotoxic effects of this combination. Results: We discovered a discrepancy between the mRNA and protein levels of IkBɑ and provided evidence of translational control over its expression. This observation may explain why, unlike other cell types, B-CLL cells did not activate NF-kB signaling following inhibition of GSK-3ß. Furthermore, we describe a synergistic effect between a specific GSK-3ß inhibitor, CHIR-99021/Laduviglusib, and the NEDD8-activating enzyme inhibitor MLN4924/Pevonedistat, at doses that only slightly affect healthy B cell viability ex vivo. We investigated the molecular basis of this co-induction of cell death by analyzing the alterations in apoptosis-related gene expression. We found that the combinational treatment enhances a reduction in BCL2 mRNA expression levels, providing an alternative approach for BCL-2 inhibition in CLL that could have therapeutic implications for the treatment of refractory CLL cases. Conclusions: our findings revealed a unique interaction between GSK-3ß and NF-kB pathways in CLL and their regulation of BCL2 expression.
Update of Aging Hallmarks in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
Authors: Torres-Machorro Ana Lilia , García-Vicente Ángeles , Espina-Ordoñez Marco , Luis-García Erika , Negreros Miguel , Herrera Iliana , Becerril Carina , Toscano Fernanda , Cisneros Jose , Maldonado Mariel
Published: February 2025

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) is an epithelial-driven interstitial lung disease of unknown etiology characterized by the excessive proliferation of fibroblast populations that synthesize large amounts of extracellular matrix. In this devastating disorder, all aging hallmarks appear prematurely or are altered. This review highlights key findings about IPF characteristics recently recognized as hallmarks of aging, including mechanical alterations, inflammaging, dysbiosis, alternative splicing, and disabled macroautophagy. It also revisits the classic hallmarks of aging, which encompass stem cell exhaustion, cellular senescence, and altered intercellular communication. Enhancing our understanding of the fundamental processes that underlie the altered hallmarks of aging in IPF may facilitate the development of innovative experimental strategies to improve therapeutic outcomes.
The Importance of Monitoring Antigen-Specific Memory B Cells, and How ImmunoSpot Assays Are Suitable for This Task
Authors: Kirchenbaum Greg A. , Pawelec Graham , Lehmann Paul V.
Published: February 2025

Determining an individual’s humoral immune reactivity to a pathogen, autoantigen, or environmental agent is traditionally accomplished through the assessment of specific antibody levels in blood. However, in many instances, titers of specific antibodies decline over time and thus do not faithfully reveal prior antigen exposure or establishment of immunological memory. To estimate an individual’s humoral immune competence, it is therefore necessary to assess functional B cell memory. Here, we describe novel B cell ELISPOT and FluoroSpot assays (collectively referred to as ImmunoSpot) that can be rapidly developed and validated to characterize the memory B cell (Bmem) repertoire specific for any desired antigen ex vivo and at single-cell resolution. Moreover, multiplexed variants of the B cell FluoroSpot assay enable high-throughput testing of antigen-specific B cells secreting distinct antibody classes and/or IgG subclasses, with minimal cell material requirements. B cell ImmunoSpot assays also enable measurement of affinity distributions within the antigen-specific Bmem compartment and permit cross-reactivity measurements that can provide insights into Bmem established against future pathogen variants. Collectively, the ImmunoSpot® system presented here is highly reproducible, and can be readily validated for regulated tests. The newly gained ability to monitor the antigen-specific Bmem compartment should catalyze a more comprehensive understanding of humoral immunity in health and disease.
The Expression of Neuroendocrine Markers in a Small Subset of Ameloblastoma with Implications of Clusterin
Authors: Hasegawa Hiromasa , Ochiai Takanaga , Roy Rita R. , Shimada Katsumitsu
Published: February 2025

Immunohistochemically, ameloblastomas often express CD56; however, novel neuroendocrine markers such as synaptophysin (SYP), insulinoma-associated protein 1 (INSM1), and chromogranin A (CgA) remain unexplored. We analyzed 36 ameloblastoma specimens for CD56, SYP, CgA, and clusterin (CLU) and examined limited samples for INSM1 expression by performing immunohistochemistry, transmission electron microscopy, and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Our findings indicate that the limited cells were positive for CD56, SYP, CgA, INSM1, and CLU expression in 72% (26/36), 14% (5/36), 0% (0/40), 80% (4/5), and 22% (8/36) of the cases, respectively. CD56 expression correlated with older age, but not with subtype, SYP, and CLU expression. However, SYP-positive cases were exclusively found in CD56- and CLU-positive cases, and SYP and CLU expression were significantly correlated. Selected cases had dense-core granules and NCAM1 and SYP mRNA expression. This study is the first to suggest neuroendocrine differentiation in ameloblastomas, as indicated by SYP and INSM1 immunoexpression and the presence of dense-core granules, which are consistent with the recent World Health Organization classification of Head and Neck Tumors guidelines. SYP-positive and CgA-negative phenotypes may characterize neuroendocrine differentiation in ameloblastoma. Although the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear, CLU expression may be associated with neuroendocrine differentiation.
Modeling Mobile Applications for Proximity-Based Promotion Delivery to Shopping Centers Using Petri Nets
Authors: Velazquez Julian , Machucho Ruben , Lopez Jose F. , Herrera Hiram , Hernandez-Almazan Jorge-Arturo
Published: February 2025

This article presents the design and implementation of an API that delivers real-time promotional notifications to mobile devices based on their proximity to shopping centers, calculated using the Haversine formula. Developed in Laravel, the API determines whether a mobile device is within a 600 m radius of any registered shopping center, such as Soriana, GranD, and HEB, and sends the relevant promotional information. The system uses Petri nets to model asynchronous behavior, enabling efficient concurrency management between the mobile application and the API. This structure ensures optimized message delivery, preventing communication collisions and delays. The mobile application, developed in Kotlin, integrates geolocation services to capture and update the user’s location in real time. The results indicate an improvement in response time and proximity detection accuracy, highlighting the effectiveness of the Petri net model for systems requiring concurrent interaction. The combination of Laravel, Kotlin, and formal modeling with Petri nets proves to be an effective and scalable solution for proximity-based mobile applications.
Aerosol Deposited Polycrystalline PbZr0.53Ti0.47O3 Thick Films with a Large Transverse Piezoelectric Coefficient
Authors: Teng Long , Yang Juan , Xiao Yongguang , Cheng Hongbo , Gong Shibo , Luo Gao , Yang Jinlin , Zhang Wenjia , Shen Zhenwei , Ouyang Jun
Published: February 2025

The aerosol deposition (AD) method utilizes high kinetic-energy submicron powders to impact and form a film on a substrate. It is a highly efficient deposition method, capable of producing films or coatings with a strong interfacial bonding and a dense nano-grain structure without thermal assistance. In this work, PbZr0.53Ti0.47O3 (PZT53/47) films (~1.2 μm thick) were deposited on Pt/Ti/Si(100) substrates via the AD method. After a conventional annealing process (700 °C for 1 h), these PZT53/47 films displayed a dense, crack-free, nano-grained morphology, corresponding to an optimal electrical performance. A large maximum polarization (Pmax = 70 μC/cm2) and a small coercive field (Ec = 104 kV/cm) were achieved under the maximum applicable electric field of 1.6 MV/cm. The PZT53/47 films also exhibited a large small-field dielectric constant of ~984, a high tunability of 72%, and a low leakage current of ~3.1 × 10−5 A/cm2 @ 40 V. Moreover, the transverse piezoelectric coefficient (e31.f) of these AD-processed films was as high as −4.6 C/m2, comparable to those of sputter-deposited PZT53/47 films. These high-quality PZT53/47 thick films have broad applications in piezoelectric micro-electromechanical systems.
First-Principles Study of Mechanical Properties of Pb(ZrxTi1−x)O3 in the Cubic and Tetragonal Phase
Authors: Ran Xudong , Zhou Shaolan , Zhou Shaowen , Lei Wei , Xiang Lin , Wu Yang , Hu Bingfei , Tao Jianquan , Chen Qiang
Published: February 2025

In this study, we employed the first-principles method based on density functional theory to calculate the elastic constants, bulk modulus, shear modulus, Young’s modulus, Poisson’s ratio, and density of states for both cubic and tetragonal phases of Pb(ZrxTi1−x)O3. The structural model of Pb(ZrxTi1−x)O3 was established using the virtual crystal approximation (VCA). Our results demonstrate that the VCA-calculated properties are in excellent agreement with other theoretical predictions and experimental data. As the Zr content increases, the lattice constants of both cubic and tetragonal Pb(ZrxTi1−x)O3 increase, while the c/a ratio initially decreases and subsequently increases. Both cubic and tetragonal Pb(ZrxTi1−x)O3 satisfy the Born stability criteria, indicating mechanical stability. For the cubic phase, the elastic constants, bulk modulus, and shear modulus decrease with increasing Zr content. In contrast, for the tetragonal phase, the elastic and shear moduli exhibit a non-monotonic trend, peaking at a Zr content of 0.5, where Pb(Zr0.5Ti0.5)O3 demonstrates superior mechanical properties. A comparative analysis reveals that as Zr content increases, the cubic phase exhibits enhanced structural resilience, greater electronic structure stability, and increased anisotropy. These characteristics make cubic Pb(ZrxTi1−x)O3 more suitable for advanced manufacturing techniques such as additive manufacturing, offering enhanced design flexibility for ferroelectric materials.
Synergy, Additive Effects, and Antagonism of Drugs with Plant Bioactive Compounds
Authors: Chaachouay Noureddine
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: The interaction of bioactive compounds derived from plants with drugs has become a significant area of investigation due to its potential to improve, reduce, or have no effect on therapeutic outcomes. Due to the dual effect of these interactions, elucidating the underlying mechanisms is essential for establishing a therapeutic strategy. This study emphasizes the significant findings, mechanisms, and clinical implications of drug–plant bioactive interactions. It calls for more studies to seek safe and effective incorporation into clinical practice. Methods: To identify relevant studies, we performed a systematic literature search based on various scientific databases from 11 August 2024 to 30 December 2024. The search will be based on relevant keywords such as synergy, antagonism, plant bioactive compounds, and drug interactions supplemented with secondary terms such as phytochemicals, herb-drug interactions, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics. Results: Plant bioactives, including polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenoids, display valuable biological activities that can interact with medications in three principal ways: synergy, additive effects, and antagonism. Synergy occurs when the combined effects of plant chemicals and pharmaceuticals outweigh the sum of their separate effects, increasing therapeutic effectiveness or allowing dosage decrease to reduce adverse effects. Additive effects occur when the combined impact equals the total individual effects, resulting in better outcomes without increasing risk. Antagonism occurs when a plant ingredient reduces or counteracts the effects of a medicine, thereby jeopardizing treatment. In addition, specific interactions may have no discernible effect. The chemical makeup of bioactive chemicals, medication pharmacokinetics, and individual patient characteristics such as genetics and metabolism all impact the intricacy of these interactions. Conclusions: Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs can be considerably modulated through their interactions with plant bioactive components, which may cause a significant decrease in efficacy or increase in toxicity of therapeutic agents. More studies are needed to clarify mechanisms of action, prove clinical relevance, and create guidelines for safe co-administration. This integrative approach can mitigate those risks and allow for therapeutic optimization by introducing pharmacogenomics and personalized medicine approaches.
The Art of Medical Diagnosis: Lessons on Interpretation of Signs from Italian High Renaissance Paintings
Authors: Śniadecki Marcin , Malitowska Anna , Musielak Oliwia , Meyer-Szary Jarosław , Guzik Paweł , Boyke Zuzanna , Danielkiewicz Martyna , Konarzewska Joanna , Aristei Cynthia
Published: February 2025

Medicine is struggling with the constantly rising incidence of breast cancer. The key to this fight is to be able to speed up diagnosis, as rapid diagnosis reduces the number of aggressive or advanced cases. For this process to be effective, it is necessary to have the right attitude toward diagnosis as a research practice. Our critical analysis of diagnosis, as a methodology of medical science, reflects on it as a research practice that is regulated in a socio-subjective way by a methodological culture. This position allows us to contrast critical methodological culture with the habitual–practical, or methodical, culture of practicing diagnosis. We point to the interpretative status of medical analyses performed by medical historians by referring to Italian Renaissance paintings and historical–artistic interpretations. In this field, analyzing disputes between researchers as a clash of methodologies in the ways interpretation transforms signs into meaning is a critical methodological reflection. Medicine is a diverse scientific discourse with a paradigmatic structure in which new ways of conducting diagnostic tests may appear. It is only possible to see this from the methodological level. In addition, passive respect for existing patterns of conduct hinders an exchange of views between researchers, which limits the possibility of correcting research procedures. The ultimate consequence of such passivity is an inability to improve diagnosis, which, in turn, harms the interests of patients. In this regard, it is worth remembering that the paramount objective of diagnosis is not the disease, but the patient.
A Multi-Objective Black-Winged Kite Algorithm for Multi-UAV Cooperative Path Planning
Authors: Liu Xiukang , Wang Fufu , Liu Yu , Li Long
Published: February 2025

In UAV path-planning research, it is often difficult to achieve optimal performance for conflicting objectives. Therefore, the more promising approach is to find a balanced solution that mitigates the effects of subjective weighting, utilizing a multi-objective optimization algorithm to address the complex planning issues that involve multiple machines. Here, we introduce an advanced mathematical model for cooperative path planning among multiple UAVs in urban logistics scenarios, employing the non-dominated sorting black-winged kite algorithm (NSBKA) to address this multi-objective optimization challenge. To evaluate the efficacy of NSBKA, it was benchmarked against other algorithms using the Zitzler, Deb, and Thiele (ZDT) test problems, Deb, Thiele, Laumanns, and Zitzler (DTLZ) test problems, and test functions from the conference on evolutionary computation 2009 (CEC2009) for three types of multi-objective problems. Comparative analyses and statistical results indicate that the proposed algorithm outperforms on all 22 test functions. To verify the capability of NSBKA in addressing the multi-UAV cooperative problem model, the algorithm is applied to solve the problem. Simulation experiments for three UAVs and five UAVs show that the proposed algorithm can obtain a more reasonable collaborative path solution set for UAVs. Moreover, path planning based on NSBKA is generally superior to other algorithms in terms of energy saving, safety, and computing efficiency during planning. This affirms the effectiveness of the meta-heuristic algorithm in dealing with multiple objective multi-UAV cooperation problems and further enhances the robustness and competitiveness of NSBKA.
Curriculum, Pedagogy, and Teaching/Learning Strategies in Data Science Education
Authors: Avila-Garzon Cecilia , Bacca-Acosta Jorge
Published: February 2025

Data science education is an interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary field, with curricula continually evolving to meet societal needs. This paper aims to report a bibliometric analysis focused on the pedagogical aspects and teaching/learning strategies employed in data science curriculum design, emphasizing contributions from key authors, publication sources, affiliations, content, and cited documents. The analysis draws on metadata from documents published over a 20-year period (2005–2024), encompassing a total of 1245 documents sourced from the Scopus scientific database. Additionally, a scoping review of 20 articles was conducted to identify key skills, topics, and courses in data science education. The findings reveal a growing interest in the field, with an increasingly multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary approach. Advances in artificial intelligence and related topics, such as linked data, the semantic web, ontologies, and machine learning, are shaping the development of data science curricula. The main challenges in data science education include the creation of up-to-date and competitive curricula, integrating data science training at early educational stages (K-12, secondary schools, pre-collegiate), leveraging data-driven technologies, and defining the profile of a data scientist. Furthermore, the availability of vast amounts of open, linked, and restricted data, along with advancements in data-driven technologies, is significantly influencing research in the field of data science education.
Factors Influencing Students’ Performance in University Mathematics Courses: A Structural Equation Modelling Approach
Authors: Mosia Moeketsi , Egara Felix O. , Nannim Fadip A. , Basitere Moses
Published: February 2025

This study examined the predictive relationships between Grade 12 National Senior Certificate (NSC) Mathematics results (representing students’ academic preparation at the secondary school level), university mathematics credits (indicating students’ progress in mathematics-related university courses), gender, and socioeconomic status (SES, measured by school quintile and family income) on student performance in specific university mathematics courses. The endogenous construct, student performance in university mathematics courses, was assessed using final grades from three courses representing progressive levels of mathematical complexity. Previous research had often evaluated these factors in isolation, leaving gaps in understanding how they collectively influenced academic success in South African higher education. Participants were selected using stratified random sampling to ensure representation across diverse socioeconomic backgrounds and genders. Data collection relied on institutional records for NSC Mathematics results, university mathematics credits, and course grades. SES information was gathered using surveys capturing school quintile and family income data. Structural equation modelling (SEM), specifically the covariance-Based SEM approach, was employed to analyse these variables’ direct and indirect effects on student performance. The analysis was conducted using the lavaan package in R, enabling the simultaneous assessment of multiple variables and offering a comprehensive understanding of their interrelationships. Results indicated that NSC Mathematics results and university mathematics credits were significant predictors of student success. Additionally, gender and SES were found to moderate these relationships, with performance disparities observed. The findings emphasised the need for a multi-dimensional approach to predicting and supporting student success in university mathematics. Recommendations included the implementation of targeted interventions, such as academic assistance programmes and policy initiatives, to ensure that all students have equitable access to resources and opportunities.
Evaluation of a 1200 V Polarization Super Junction GaN Field-Effect Transistor in Cascode Configuration
Authors: Sheikhan Alireza , Narayanan E. M. Sankara , Kawai Hiroji , Yagi Shuichi , Narui Hironobu
Published: February 2025

GaN HEMTs based on polarization super junction (PSJ) technology offer significant improvements in efficiency and power density over conventional silicon (Si) devices due to their excellent material characteristics, which enable fast switching edges and lower specific on-resistance. However, due to the presence of an uninterrupted channel between drain and source at zero gate bias, these devices have normally-on characteristics. In this paper, the performance of a 1200 V GaN FET utilizing PSJ technology in cascode configuration is reported. The device working principle, characteristics, and switching behavior are experimentally demonstrated. The results show that cascoded GaN FETs utilizing the PSJ concept are highly promising for power device applications.
An Enhanced Gradient Algorithm for Computing Generalized Nash Equilibrium Applied to Electricity Market Games
Authors: Lisboa Adriano C. , Santos Fellipe F. G. , Vieira Douglas A. G. , Saldanha Rodney R. , Pereira Felipe A. C.
Published: February 2025

This paper introduces an enhanced algorithm for computing generalized Nash equilibria for multiple player nonlinear games, which degenerates in a gradient algorithm for single player games (i.e., optimization problems) or potential games (i.e., equivalent to minimizing the respective potential function), based on the Rosen gradient algorithm. Analytical examples show that it has similar theoretical guarantees of finding a generalized Nash equilibrium when compared to the relaxation algorithm, while numerical examples show that it is faster. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm is as fast as, but more stable than, the Rosen gradient algorithm, especially when dealing with constraints and non-convex games. The algorithm is applied to an electricity market game representing the current electricity market model in Brazil.
Integrated Waste Management in the Circular Economy Era: Insights from Research and Practice
Authors: Achillas Charisios , Vlachokostas Christos
Published: February 2025

This Special Issue on integrated waste management explores innovative approaches and multifaceted strategies aimed at addressing the critical challenges facing modern waste management systems. The featured eight original research articles cover diverse topics, including sewage sludge valorization, municipal waste biodrying, recyclables collection optimization, biomass-to-energy policies, and the management of compostable packaging waste. Technological advancements, such as AI-driven waste sorting and route optimization algorithms, are highlighted alongside policy frameworks supporting circular economy principles. The studies also address barriers to implementation, including public awareness gaps, technological disparities, and financial constraints, while emphasizing the importance of stakeholder collaboration across governments, industries, and communities. Additionally, environmental risks associated with waste management practices, such as nanoparticle contamination and leachate emissions from ashes, are critically analyzed. This Special Issue provides a holistic perspective on waste management, combining technical innovations, environmental stewardship, and policy integration. The insights of the works published in this Special Issue aim to guide researchers, policy-makers, and practitioners toward building resilient, sustainable, and resource-efficient waste management systems in alignment with global sustainability goals.
An Evaluation of the Energy Potential of Agri-Food Waste: Green Residues from Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and Shea Nutshells (Vitellaria paradoxa)
Authors: Owczarek Maja , Siwek Hanna , Włodarczyk Małgorzata
Published: February 2025

Addressing the agricultural challenges of agri-food waste accumulation, this study assessed the energy potential of green residues from tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Kmicic) plants in different fertilizer configurations and Shea nutshell (Vitellaria paradoxa) waste. Two key parameters were compared: (I) Calorific Value (CV), representing thermal treatment, and (II) Biogas and Biomethane production potential, representing biochemical treatment. Potential was estimated using the Baserga method and the fermentable organic matter (FOM) method. Additionally, the effect of tomato fertilization on the elemental composition and energy potential of its waste was analyzed. Shea waste showed better properties for both thermal and biochemical utilization, with a CV of 16.29 MJ/kg. The Baserga and FOM methods of estimation showed that the highest Biogas yields from Shea waste were 504.18 and 671.39 LN/kg DM, respectively. Among fertilized tomato residues, volcanic tuff fertilizer additive resulted in an optimal C/N ratio (28.41) and a high Biogas production potential of 457.13 LN/kg DM (Baserga) and 542.85 LN/kg DM (FOM). These findings demonstrate the feasibility of employing tomato waste and Shea waste as promising feedstock for energy production.
DTL-GNN: Digital Twin Lightweight Method Based on Graph Neural Network
Authors: Li Chengjun , Yao Liguo , Lu Yao , Zhang Songsong , Zhang Taihua
Published: February 2025

In the digital twin system of mechatronics engineering, the scale and accuracy of models are continually improving. Nevertheless, this growth can hinder real-time interaction and decision-making accuracy within digital twins. The resulting delay impacts the entire system’s reliability by reducing its response speed and real-time decision-making. Consequently, there is an imperative demand for a lightweight approach to tackle the challenges arising from the escalating scale of digital twin virtual entity models. This paper presents a digital twin methodology that is lightweight. The procedure comprises three primary phases: graph data modeling, graph neural network analysis, and hierarchical simplification of virtual entities. Specifically, the graph neural network method proposed in this article is used to classify the graph data of virtual entities. Then, the model is hierarchically simplified based on the classification. Finally, experiments were conducted on factory and robotic arm datasets to evaluate the proposed method. The experimental results indicate that the DTL-GNN method can reduce system redundancy while preserving the essential features of virtual entities.
Evaluation of Litchi Honey Quality in Southern China
Authors: Zhang Cuiping , Zhou Shujing , Wu Chenxinzi , Xu Xinjian , Zhu Xiangjie
Published: February 2025

Honey is a sweet substance laboriously collected and crafted from nectar by bees, and since ancient times, it has been deeply cherished by humans for its unique flavor and nutritional value. Litchi honey stands out among various types of honey with its unique flavor and sweet taste, and it is particularly favored by consumers. In accordance with the testing methodologies specified in relevant Chinese national standards, we conducted an exhaustive analysis of the physicochemical properties of six litchi honey samples in Southern China. The results showed that the moisture content fell within a range of 17.18% to 22.7%, while the electrical conductivity remained below 0.28 mS/cm, and amylase activity surpassed 7.7 mL/(g·h). The fructose content varied from 36.5% to 39.6%, with glucose content ranging between 30.57% and 37.63%. The combined total of these two monosaccharides was found to be within the spectrum of 69.63% to 77.23%, and sucrose content was recorded between 0.59% and 1.15%. The F/G was between 1.05 and 1.28, the proportion of fructose in reducing sugars ranged from 51.28% to 56.22%, and the maltose content was between 1.09% and 1.51%. The HMF content was measured between 1.04 and 3.49 mg/kg. Moreover, the presence of C-4 plant sugars was absent in all tested honey samples. These results definitively demonstrate that the physicochemical attributes of all litchi honey samples align with the standards set forth by Chinese national regulations and international authorities such as CODEX. During our in-depth examination of volatile constituents, we identified 26 common compounds, with trans-linalool oxide, linalool, lilac aldehyde B, lilac aldehyde D, α-terpineol, and cedrol emerging as pivotal in crafting the unique flavor and aroma profile of litchi honey. Additionally, the detection of methyl cyclosiloxane in litchi honey has garnered our attention, necessitating a comprehensive investigation into the honey production process. In conclusion, this study not only establishes a robust scientific basis for the quality assurance and product development of litchi honey but also provides valuable reference information for consumers in their selection of honey products.
Analysis of the Generation of Harmful Aldehydes in Edible Oils During Sunlight Exposure and Deep-Frying Using High-Field Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Authors: Freis Anna Meike , Vemulapalli Sahithya Phani Babu
Published: February 2025

Edible oils are essential dietary components that provide crucial micronutrients. However, their quality can deteriorate during frying—a common cooking method—and with prolonged light exposure due to chemical reactions such as hydrolysis, oxidation, and polymerization. These processes lead to the formation of harmful compounds, particularly aldehydes. This study investigates how thermal and light exposure impact the chemical composition of five widely used edible oils: olive, rapeseed, sunflower, sesame, and peanut oils. For the thermal treatment, the oils were heated to 190 ± 5 °C in a commercial fryer, with samples taken at the start and after 10 min and 60 min of heating, while intermittently frying chicken nuggets to simulate typical frying conditions. For the light exposure treatment, the oil samples were exposed to direct sunlight for 3 and 8 h, with control samples being collected beforehand. The oil composition was analyzed using an advanced 800 MHz nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) instrument with a triple-resonance inverse cryoprobe, providing high sensitivity and resolution. The results revealed a significant increase in various aldehyde compounds in all oils under both thermal and light exposure conditions. Notably, this study identified the generation of genotoxic and cytotoxic α,β-unsaturated aldehydes, including 4-hydroperoxy-(E)-2-alkenals, 4-hydroxy-(E)-2-alkenals, and 4,5-epoxy-(E)-2-alkenals. Given the established association of aldehydes with health risks, including cancer, Alzheimer’s, and Parkinson’s diseases, these findings highlight the importance of monitoring oil degradation during cooking and the appropriate storage of oils to minimize light exposure to reduce potential health risks.
Impact of Severity of COVID-19 in TB Disease Patients: Experience from an Italian Infectious Disease Referral Hospital
Authors: Di Bari Virginia , Cerva Carlotta , Libertone Raffaella , Carli Serena Maria , Musso Maria , Goletti Delia , Aiello Alessandra , Mazzarelli Antonio , Cannas Angela , Matusali Giulia , Palmieri Fabrizio , Gualano Gina ,   on behalf of the TB-INMI Working Group
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health issue, further complicated by the COVID-19 pandemic. This study assesses the clinical outcomes of TB-COVID-19-coinfected patients compared to those with TB disease alone at an Italian infectious disease hospital during the pandemic’s first two years. Methods: Retrospective data analysis was conducted on TB patients hospitalized from March 2020 to June 2022. Data included demographics, comorbidities, clinical characteristics, and outcomes. Coinfection was defined as concurrent TB disease and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Statistical methods included Fisher’s exact test and Mann–Whitney statistics. Results: Of 267 TB patients, 25 (9.4%) had concurrent COVID-19 infection. The TB-COVID-19 group showed higher rates of diabetes and cough. Acute respiratory failure was more prevalent in coinfected patients (odds ratio, 5.99), and coinfection was associated with worse outcomes compared to TB alone (odds ratio, 0.15). Despite similar socio-demographic factors, the coexistence of TB and COVID-19 led to exacerbated respiratory failure and increased mortality. Conclusions: Coinfection with TB and COVID-19 significantly increases the risk of acute respiratory failure and poor outcomes. Clinicians should be aware of this risk, especially in patients with pulmonary involvement. Although specific protocols are unavailable, prompt diagnosis and management may enhance outcomes. Additional research is necessary to understand the long-term effects of TB-COVID-19 coinfection, particularly as COVID-19 becomes endemic.
Acute Exposure to Ozone Affects Circulating Estradiol Levels and Gonadotropin Gene Expression in Female Mice
Authors: Rousselle Dustin , Silveyra Patricia
Published: February 2025

Ozone, a critical air pollutant, has been shown to lead to systemic inflammation that can alter bodily functions, including hormone secretion, fertility, and the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis. This study aimed to quantify changes in hormone production and follicle development after acute exposure to ozone using an animal model to identify the potential mechanisms underlying the observed effects of air pollution exposures on fertility and hormone secretion. To accomplish this, regularly cycling 8-week-old female C57BL/6J mice were exposed to 2 ppm of ozone or filtered air (control) for 3 h on the day of proestrus. Blood, ovaries, brain tissues, and pituitary glands were collected at 4 h after exposure to evaluate hormone levels, ovarian follicle distribution, and gene expression. Ovaries were also harvested at 24 h post-exposure. We found that at 4 h after ozone exposure, mice had significantly higher (30%) circulating estradiol levels than mice exposed to filtered air. This effect was accompanied by a decrease in mRNA expression of gonadotropin genes (LH, FSH) and gonadotropin-releasing hormone in the pituitary gland. Analysis of ovarian tissue at 4 h and 24 h after exposure showed no significant changes in follicle composition or the expression of steroidogenesis genes. We conclude that acute ozone exposure affects sex hormone levels and disrupts the HPG axis. Future studies addressing chronic or long-term effects of air pollution exposure are needed to elucidate the mechanisms by which ambient ozone affects endocrine function.
The Role of Molecular Profiling in De-Escalation of Toxic Therapy in Breast Cancer
Authors: Khan Sonia Y. , Bah Tonjeh , Layeequr Rahman Rakhshanda
Published: February 2025

The prevalence and mortality associated with breast cancer have forced healthcare providers to leverage surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and immunotherapy to achieve a cure. Whereas mortality has significantly dropped over the decades, long-term toxicities and healthcare costs are prohibitive. Therefore, a better understanding of tumor biology through molecular profiling is being utilized for de-escalation of treatment where appropriate. As research evolves, there is growing evidence that less aggressive treatment regimens, when appropriately tailored, can be equally effective for certain patient populations. This approach not only enhances the quality of life for patients by reducing the financial, physical, and emotional burdens associated with more invasive therapies but also promotes a more personalized treatment strategy. By focusing on precision medicine and understanding the biological characteristics of tumors, healthcare providers and patients can make informed decisions that balance safety with efficacy. The field of molecular profiling is a promising avenue for precision-targeted de-escalation and escalation of therapy to minimize the risk–benefit ratio.
Exploiting the Molecular Properties of Fibrinogen to Control Bleeding Following Vascular Injury
Authors: Singh Tanjot , Hasan Muhammad , Gaule Thembaninkosi G. , Ajjan Ramzi A.
Published: February 2025

The plasma protein fibrinogen is critical for haemostasis and wound healing, serving as the structural foundation of the blood clot. Through a complex interaction between coagulation factors, the soluble plasma fibrinogen is converted to insoluble fibrin networks, which form the skeleton of the blood clot, an essential step to limit blood loss after vascular trauma. This review examines the molecular mechanisms by which fibrinogen modulates bleeding, focusing on its interactions with other proteins that maintain fibrin network stability and prevent premature breakdown. Moreover, we also cover the role of fibrinogen in ensuring clot stability through the physiological interaction with platelets. We address the therapeutic applications of fibrinogen across various clinical contexts, including trauma-induced coagulopathy, postpartum haemorrhage, and cardiac surgery. Importantly, a full understanding of protein function will allow the development of new therapeutics to limit blood loss following vascular trauma, which remains a key cause of mortality worldwide. While current management strategies help with blood loss following vascular injury, they are far from perfect and future research should prioritise refining fibrinogen replacement strategies and developing novel agents to stabilise the fibrin network. Exploiting fibrinogen’s molecular properties holds significant potential for improving outcomes in trauma care, surgical interventions and obstetric haemorrhage.
Enhancing CAR T-Cell Function with Domains of Innate Immunity Sensors
Authors: Mlakar Tjaša , Skrbinek Mojca , Fink Tina , Lainšček Duško
Published: February 2025

The innate immune system plays an important role in protecting the organism via recognizing the danger signals and pathogens through pattern recognition receptors. By sensing the danger signal and conveying the signaling towards the elimination of the threat, several families of these receptors, expressed on different myeloid and innate lymphoid cells, serve as the first defense line in the innate immunity. Toll-like receptors, C-type lectin receptors, and many other receptors therefore illustrate the importance of the protective role of the immune system. This was additionally confirmed by CAR T-cell-based cancer immunotherapy, where the patient’s own immune system is being used for successful tumor elimination. CAR T-cells have proven themselves to be a potent therapeutic option, yet in some cases their efficiency could be enhanced. Innate immune sensors that include strong activation and signaling domains, for instance, part of the Toll-like receptors, MyD88 (Myeloid Differentiation Primary Response gene), NKG2D (Natural killer group 2-member D), and many other domains, could be used as a CAR building module to increase the functionality and potency of the CAR T-cells.