bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
L'influence du vieillissement sur les pratiques touristiques en France
Authors: Pochet Pascal , Schéou Bernard
Published: December 2011

Vieillissement de la population et changements de modes de vie à l'âge de la retraite, le secteur du tourisme est et sera fortement concerné par ces évolutions démographiques et sociales. Clientèle essentielle pour le secteur du tourisme, la catégorie des retraités et pré-retraités connaît de profonds changements, dont l'accroissement numérique ne constitue qu'un élément : élargissement de l'horizon de vie et amélioration de l'état de santé et des revenus, générations de plus en plus intégrées au monde de la consommation et des loisirs, mais générations qui seront aussi préoccupées par le financement des retraites et par les problèmes de mobilité aux grands âges. Comment ont évolué les pratiques touristiques des « seniors » ces dernière années et comment risquent-elles de changer encore dans les années à venir ? Nous présentons les évolutions récentes du tourisme des retraités à partir de données statistiques récentes et essayons d'anticiper les évolutions futures. Sur bien des points les pratiques touristiques des personnes âgées se sont rapprochées de celles des plus jeunes. L'arrivée à la retraite des générations nées après-guerre va entraîner de nouvelles inflexions dans les pratiques touristiques, avec notamment une autonomie plus grande et plus de diversité dans les formes de voyages.
Relationships between Tourism and Diasporas Influences and Patterns
Authors: Butler Richard
Published: December 2011

Les relations entre tourisme et diasporas : influences et modèles.

Pour des raisons tant environnementales, que sociales, économiques ou politiques, l'émigration constitue de longue date un trait majeur de la vie sociale. La formation de diasporas en est une expression importante. Au cours des dernières décennies, un nombre croissant d'émigrés reviennent temporairement dans leur lieu d'origine pour des vacances ou d'autres visites. Une forme originale de tourisme s'est donc fortement développée. L'article examine la nature d'un tel tourisme, ses liens avec le tourisme d'affinités (visites aux familles et amis) et ses caractéristiques spécifiques en regard de ce dernier. Une analyse de la circulation migratoire de deux échantillons d'émigrants libanais permet de préciser les motivations et comportements, dans le contexte du tourisme, des emigrants retournant dans leur État d'origine.
Les « Vacances des Français » en 1999
Authors: Houillon Vincent
Published: December 2011

Utilisant comme source principale le dispositif "Enquêtes Permanentes sur les conditions de Vie" (EPCV) mis en place par l'lnsee en 1996, ce dossier présente les grandes caractéristiques des vacances des Français. Dans un premier temps sont analysées l'évolution ainsi que les variations sociales et géographiques des taux de départ en été et en hiver. Un autre volet met en évidence la concentration géographique des destinations de vacances en France et à l'étranger.
Vote et gradient d'urbanité : les nouveaux territoires des élections présidentielles de 2002
Authors: Ravenel Loïc , Buléon Pascal , Fourquet Jérôme
Published: December 2011

Vote and Urban Gradient : the New Territories of 2002 Presidential Election.

By a recomposition of the results of the 2002 presidential election according to the distance to the principal French urban areas, this article insists on the importance of the "urban gradient" as an explanatory element of the vote. The analysis of the results of the main candidates shows that the vote is strongly influenced by the distance to the main cities. This factor remains important once the effects of the social component has been neutralized by the Johnston model. If the explanations through the rural/urban opposition are well known, the periurban areas seem a new zone with a strong electoral stake where the inhabitants-voters, pushed by numerous motivations, voted strongly for the extreme right. Assumptions concerning this protesting vote are thus proposed.
Du local au national, la consolidation démocratique au Brésil
Authors: Waniez Philippe , Brustlein Violette , Romero Jacob Cesar , Rodrigues Hees Dora
Published: December 2011

Au cours des dernières années du 20ème siècle, la plupart des pays d'Amérique latine ont renoué avec la démocratie. La tenue d'élections régulières et pluralistes est le signe le plus visible de ce renouveau. Le Brésil apparaît sur bien des points comme un idealtype de la redémocratisation latino-américaine, non seulement avec l'instauration du suffrage universel direct pour tous les niveaux de responsabilité politique, du conseil municipal à la présidence de la République, mais aussi pour sa capacité à mettre en œuvre la procédure de destitution d'un président corrompu, et pour sa pratique, récente il est vrai, de l'alternance politique... On s'interroge ici sur les articulations du système électoral avec le territoire, dans un pays très étendu et contrasté à l'extrême sur les plans économique et social. L'analyse géographique et cartographique des résultats électoraux permet de mieux comprendre comment s'établit la charnière entre les élections locales et les élections nationales.
La présence d'étrangers entraîne-t-elle le vote pour l'extrême droite ?
Authors: Ravenel Loïc
Published: December 2011

Cet exercice de travaux dirigés examine la relation statistique entre le vote pour l'extrême droite et la présence d'étrangers. Au-delà de l'aspect politique, il s'agit de comprendre comment une même relation statistique peut, en fonction de l'échelle de référence, changer de sens et de signification.
Diagnostic Pitfalls in Tibial Adamantinoma: Two Cases with a Clinicopathological Review
Authors: Tharmabala Mehala , Kandapur Vijayananda , Senger Jenna-Lynn , Kanthan Rani
Published: December 2011

Adamantinoma is a rare primary bone tumor that commonly arises in the jaw and has also been described in the appendicular skeleton such as the tibia. We report 2 cases of tibial adamantinomas that were originally misdiagnosed; one as fibrous dysplasia of the tibia and the other as a cutaneous eccrine carcinoma in a groin mass, which was metastatic adamantinoma to the inguinal lymph nodes. Such metastatic adamantinoma to the groin lymph nodes is extremely rare. The clinical and pathological data with a review of the available literature on inguinal lymph node metastases from primary tibial adamantinoma are reported. Increased clinical awareness and accurate recognition of such uncommon patterns of inguinal nodal metastases are imperative for appropriate planning of therapeutic strategies and risk management in these patients.
Unnoticed and unloved: The indigenous storyteller and public theology in a postcolonial age
Authors: Wimberly Edward P.
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this paper was to present a commentary on my longstanding practice, as an African-American pastoral theologian, of utilising the ethnographic qualitative research approach centring on Black masculinity and violence. My goal was to comment on what I experienced, learned, practiced and published about violence as an African-American man who happens to be a pastor, pastoral counsellor, licensed marriage and family therapist, and teacher of pastoral care and counselling for over 40 years. My method of data collection for my research and writing has been ethnographic listening to the stories of African-Americans within families and small groups, and in churches, workshops and classrooms. There is a major limitation to this approach because ethnographic research is socially and culturally located and confined to the United States of America and to the African community. Yet, my published reflections as a pastoral theologian on violence over the years were presented to stimulate conversation and discussions in the cross-cultural contexts of students, faculty and interested publics within seminaries universities and churches, particularly in South Africa, Zimbabwe and Ethiopia where I have lectured and taught.Violence in this paper was understood as being adversarial, behavioural, physical, verbal and nonverbal, exploitive and combative reactions to very powerful economic and socio-cultural values which exist globally. These values recruit and reduce all human beings from all social strata into commodity-orientated and commercialised economic definitions of human worth. Human identity and dignity are defined exclusively by the possession of wealth, social status, privileged position, power and prestige. Those who lack such so-called honourable designations and characteristics are deemed worthless, invisible and unlovable. To be poor in this orientation means to be completely worthless and valueless. Therefore, the paper proposed an indigenous narrative storytelling model which could be used to orientate people publicly to the appropriate source of human worth and dignity.
Explaining “Memories” of Space Alien Abduction and past Lives: An Experimental Psychopathology Approach
Authors: McNally Richard J.
Published: December 2011

In this article, I describe how my colleagues, students, and I have used the methods of experimental psychopathology to explain why seemingly sincere, nonpsychotic people claim to have memories of being abducted by space aliens or memories from past lives. Our group has used experimental methods from cognitive psychology and psychophysiology, supplementing them with clinical interviews and psychometric tests, to elucidate the psychology of these two groups. Our data point to quasi-spiritual motivations for why some people embrace the identity of alien abductee or past lifer.
Anxiety Symptoms Influence the Effect of Post-Trauma Interventions after Analogue Trauma
Authors: Hagenaars Muriel A.
Published: December 2011

The present study aimed to replicate the beneficial effect of imagery rescripting (IRS) over imagery reexperiencing (IRE) in a trauma analogue experiment. The impact of anxiety on the manipulations was also examined. Anxious (n = 33) and non-anxious (n = 40) participants were randomly assigned to IRE or IRS, taking place 30 minutes after watching an aversive film. Intrusive memories were recorded in the subsequent week. Results showed that IRE resulted in more intrusive thoughts and intrusive images than IRS. Frequency of intrusive thoughts or images did not differ for anxious and non-anxious participants. However, anxiety influenced the effect of the manipulation: IRE resulted in higher levels of intrusive images than IRS in anxious but not in non-anxious participants. Such anxiety × condition interaction was not present for intrusive thoughts. The results suggest that anxious individuals may be particularly sensitive to interventions in the memory consolidation phase.
Interpretation of FRESCO cloud retrievals in case of absorbing aerosol events
Authors: Wang P. , Tuinder O. N. E. , Tilstra L. G. , Stammes P.
Published: December 2011

Abstract. Cloud and aerosol information is needed in trace gas retrievals from satellite measurements. The Fast REtrieval Scheme for Clouds from the Oxygen A band (FRESCO) cloud algorithm employs reflectance spectra of the O2 A band around 760 nm to derive cloud pressure and effective cloud fraction. In general, clouds contribute more to the O2 A band reflectance than aerosols. Therefore, the FRESCO algorithm does not correct for aerosol effects in the retrievals and attributes the retrieved cloud information entirely to the presence of clouds, and not to aerosols. For events with high aerosol loading, aerosols may have a dominant effect, especially for almost cloud-free scenes. We have analysed FRESCO cloud data and Absorbing Aerosol Index (AAI) data from the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME-2) instrument on the Metop-A satellite for events with typical absorbing aerosol types, such as volcanic ash, desert dust and smoke. We find that the FRESCO effective cloud fractions are correlated with the AAI data for these absorbing aerosol events and that the FRESCO cloud pressures contain information on aerosol layer pressure. For cloud-free scenes, the derived FRESCO cloud pressures are close to those of the aerosol layer for optically thick aerosols. For cloudy scenes, if the strongly absorbing aerosols are located above the clouds, then the retrieved FRESCO cloud pressures may represent the height of the aerosol layer rather than the height of the clouds. Combining FRESCO cloud data and AAI, an estimate for the aerosol layer pressure can be given, which can be beneficial for aviation safety and operations in case of e.g. volcanic ash plumes.
A conceptual framework to quantify the influence of convective boundary layer development on carbon dioxide mixing ratios
Authors: Pino D. , Vilà-Guerau de Arellano J. , Peters W. , Schroter J. , van Heerwaarden C. C. , Krol M.
Published: December 2011

Abstract. Interpretation of observed diurnal carbon dioxide (CO2) mixing ratios near the surface requires knowledge of the local dynamics of the planetary boundary layer. In this paper, we quantify the relationship between the boundary layer dynamics and the CO2 budget in convective conditions through a newly derived set of analytical equations. From these equations, we are able to quantify how uncertainties in boundary layer dynamical variables or in the morning CO2 distribution in the mixed-layer or in the free atmosphere influence the bulk CO2 mixing ratio. We find that the largest uncertainty incurred on the mid-day CO2 mixing ratio comes from the prescribed early morning CO2 mixing ratios in the stable boundary layer, and in the free atmosphere. Errors in these values influence CO2 mixing ratios inversely proportional to the boundary layer depth (h), just like uncertainties in the assumed initial boundary layer depth and surface CO2 flux. The influence of uncertainties in the boundary layer depth itself are one order of magnitude smaller. If we "invert" the problem and calculate CO2 surface exchange from observed or simulated CO2 mixing ratios, the sensitivities to errors in boundary layer dynamics also invert: they become linearly proportional to the boundary layer depth. We demonstrate these relations for a typical well characterized situation at the Cabauw tower in the Netherlands, and conclude that knowledge of the temperature and carbon dioxide vertical profiles in the early morning are of vital importance to correctly interpret observed CO2 mixing ratios during midday.
Past environmental and climatic changes during the last 7200 cal yr BP in Adamawa plateau (Northern-Cameroun) based on fossil diatoms and sedimentary carbon isotopic records from Lake Mbalang
Authors: Nguetsop V. F. , Bentaleb I. , Favier C. , Martin C. , Bietrix S. , Giresse P. , Servant-Vildary S. , Servant M.
Published: December 2011

Abstract. Past limnological conditions of Lake Mbalang (7°19′ N, 13°44′ E, altitude: 1130 m) and vegetation type were reconstructed from diatoms and sedimentary stable carbon isotope records (δ13C) since 7200 cal yr BP. The data showed that before 3600 cal yr BP, the water column was dominantly stable except around 5000–5300 cal yr BP where diatoms evidenced a mixed upper water layer and δ13C data suggest more forested vegetation in the landscape. These stable conditions can be explained by a strong monsoon flux and relatively northern position of the ITCZ that entailed high or low rainfall well distributed over the year, allowing the development of mountainous forest taxa. The decreasing trend of the monsoon flux towards the mid-Holocene was affected by several abrupt centennial to millennial-scale weakening at 6700, 5800–6000, 5000–5300, 4500 and 3600 cal yr BP. However, their impact on the vegetation is not visible, probably because rainfall distribution was favourable to forest maintenance or extension. After 3600 cal yr BP, the water column became very mixed as a result of more intense NE trade winds (Harmattan) that led at ~3000 cal yr BP to the establishment of savannah in the vegetation landscape. At that time, rainfall was probably reduced following the southward shift of the ITCZ, and the distribution of yearly rainfall was not favourable anymore to forest development. A strong seasonality with a marked dry season was established, conditions that maintained the savannah vegetation until today. Diatom data suggest the lake did not dry up during the last 7200cal yr BP; however, a low lake level observed at 2400–2100 cal yr BP is contemporaneous to a climatic event evidenced in several areas of tropical Africa and could correspond to the southernmost position of the ITCZ. Other low lake levels are observed at 1800 and 1400 cal yr BP, after which the lake rose to its present level.
Impacts of projected maximum temperature extremes for C21 by an ensemble of regional climate models on cereal cropping systems in the Iberian Peninsula
Authors: Ruiz-Ramos M. , Sánchez E. , Gallardo C. , Mínguez M. I.
Published: December 2011

Abstract. Crops growing in the Iberian Peninsula may be subjected to damagingly high temperatures during the sensitive development periods of flowering and grain filling. Such episodes are considered important hazards and farmers may take insurance to offset their impact. Increases in value and frequency of maximum temperature have been observed in the Iberian Peninsula during the 20th century, and studies on climate change indicate the possibility of further increase by the end of the 21st century. Here, impacts of current and future high temperatures on cereal cropping systems of the Iberian Peninsula are evaluated, focusing on vulnerable development periods of winter and summer crops. Climate change scenarios obtained from an ensemble of ten Regional Climate Models (multimodel ensemble) combined with crop simulation models were used for this purpose and related uncertainty was estimated. Results reveal that higher extremes of maximum temperature represent a threat to summer-grown but not to winter-grown crops in the Iberian Peninsula. The study highlights the different vulnerability of crops in the two growing seasons and the need to account for changes in extreme temperatures in developing adaptations in cereal cropping systems. Finally, this work contributes to clarifying the causes of high-uncertainty impact projections from previous studies.
Bergson and Derrida: A Question of Writing Time as Philosophy’s Other
Authors: Alipaz Daniel
Published: December 2011

Following the 1988 publication of Bergsonism by Gilles Deleuze, many contemporary critics such as Leonard Lawlor and Paul Douglass have re-contextualized Bergson within poststructuralism. In so doing, Bergsonian theory enables us to readdress questions associated with concepts of temporality and their relation to language. In considering this re-appropriation, Suzanne Guerlac in Thinking in Time: an introduction to Henri Bergson (2006), asks why Bergson has never been considered in relation to Derrida, given that the two philosophers share fundamental concerns about time and writing. Following Derrida’s critique of Husserl in La Voix et le phénomène (1967), it is perhaps the case that many critics categorize Bergson as a phenomenologist. However, I aim to develop the argument that Guerlac instigates and show that Derrida’s critique of Husserl in fact establishes a close proximity with Bergson’s view that Western metaphysics suppresses time as durée. I will show how both Bergson and Derrida operate with the understanding of a particular rupture in the full presence of the present, an expansion of consciousness as a ‘now’ to include a constant deferral to memory. While this overlap establishes an affinity, I conclude by showing that it simultaneously marks a point of diffraction with regard to how both seek to methodologically embody such a concept of time.
Lettre à Néméla
Authors: Memmi Albert
Published: December 2011

Une lettre à Néméla.
Letter to Néméla
Authors: Memmi Albert
Published: December 2011

A letter about Memmi's philosophy of life. Translated with the author's permission by Scott Davidson
Jean-Jacques Lecercle, Badiou and Deleuze Read Literature
Authors: Clancy Rockwell
Published: December 2011

A review of Jean-Jacques Lecercle, Badiou and Deleuze Read Literature (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2011), 224 pp.
A new species and new records of Endophragmiella from China
Authors: Ren Shou-Cai , Ma Jian , Zhang Xiu-Guo
Published: December 2011

Four Endophragmiella species are described and illustrated: E. nanlingensis occurring on dead branches of Melicope triphylla is proposed as new, and E. pulchra, E. rostrata, and E. resinae found on dead branches of unidentified plants are recorded
for the first time from China. The specimens are deposited in Herbarium of Shandong Agricultural University, Plant Pathology (HSAUP) and Mycological Herbarium, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (HMAS).
Two new Minimelanolocus species from southern China
Authors: Ma Jian , Zhang Yi-Dong , Ma Li-Guo , Zhang Xiu-Guo
Published: December 2011

Minimelanolocus linderae sp. nov. and M. mori sp. nov. were discovered from dead branches in southern China. They are described, illustrated, and compared with closely related taxa. The specimens are deposited in Herbarium of Shandong Agricultural University, Plant Pathology
(HSAUP) and Mycological Herbarium, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (HMAS).
Type studies on two species of Phylloporus (Boletaceae, Boletales) described from southwestern China
Authors: Zeng Nian-Kai , Tang Li-Ping , Yang Zhu L.
Published: December 2011

Type specimens of two Phylloporus species originally described from southwestern China were studied. The concept of P. luxiensis is refined with additional recently collected materials, while P. scabrosus is revealed to be a member of the genus Lentinus.
Three new hyphomycetes from southern China
Authors: Ma Jian , Ma Li-Guo , Zhang Yi-Dong , Zhang Xiu-Guo
Published: December 2011

Three new hyphomycetes were collected from dead branches from tropical and subtropical forests in southern China: Ellisembia schimae from Schima superba, Linkosia hibisci from Hibiscus mutabilis, and Stanjehughesia micheliae from Michelia skinneriana.
The new species are described, illustrated, and compared with similar species.
A new species of Junghuhnia (Basidiomycota, Meruliaceae) from tropical China
Authors: Yuan Hai-Sheng
Published: December 2011

A new polypore, Junghuhnia minor sp. nov., is described and illustrated from the tropical forest of Yunnan Province, southwestern China. The new species is characterized by very thin annual resupinate basidiocarps, a cream to pale buff pore surface with small and slightly lacerated
pores, small (2.7–3 x 1.9–2.2 μm) ellipsoid basidiospores, and skeletocystidia.
Taxonomic studies of Endophragmiella from southern China
Authors: Ma Li-Guo , Ma Jian , Zhang Yi-Dong , Zhang Xiu-Guo
Published: December 2011

Two new species, Endophragmiella clausenae from dead branches of Clausena lansium and E. pentaphylacis from dead branches of Pentaphylax euryoides, are described and illustrated. Endophragmiella corticola is a new record for China. These three species
were collected from tropical and subtropical forests in southern China.
A new species of Lepiota ( Agaricaceae) from southwestern China
Authors: Liang Jun F. , Yang Zhu L.
Published: December 2011

A new species, Lepiota pallidiochracea, is described. It is characterized by the ochraceous-red squamules on pileus, large ellipsoid to oblong spores, polymorphic cheilocystidia, and a trichodermium of elongate pileus covering, which is apically attenuate.
Two new Ceratocystis species associated with mango disease in Brazil
Authors: Van Wyk Marelize , Wingfield Brenda D. , Al-Adawi Ali O. , Rossetto Carlos J. , Ito Margarida Fumiko , Wingfield Michael J.
Published: December 2011

Mangifera indica, a disease known as mango blight, murcha or seca da mangueira in Brazil, is caused by the canker wilt pathogen Ceratocystis fimbriata sensu lato. It is also closely associated with infestation by the non-native wood-boring beetle Hypocryphalus mangiferae
(Coleoptera: Scolytinae). The aim of this study was to characterize Ceratocystis isolates obtained from diseased mango trees in Brazil. Identification was based on sequence data from ITS1+5.8S+ITS2 rDNA, part of the Beta-tubulin 1 gene, and part of the Transcription Elongation
Factor 1-alpha gene. The Brazilian isolates grouped in two well defined and unique clades within C. fimbriata s. l. These were also distinct from C. manginecans, which causes a similar disease associated with H. mangiferae in Oman and Pakistan. Based on sequence comparisons
and morphological characteristics, isolates representing the two phylogenetic clades are described as C. mangicola sp. nov. and C. mangivora sp. nov.
Moelleriella pumatensis, a new entomogenous species from Vietnam
Authors: Mongkolsamrit Suchada , Nguyen Tai Toan , Lan Tran Ngoc , Luangsa-Ard Jennifer J.
Published: December 2011

Moelleriella pumatensis, a fungal pathogen infecting scale insect nymphs (Hemiptera), is described and illustrated as a new species from Pu Mat National Park in Vietnam. This species is unique in producing a golden yellow spore mass surrounding the stroma. In surveys throughout
the year in Vietnam, only the anamorphic state has been found in the natural forest. Morphological characters and phylogenetic analysis of translation elongation factor 1-α (tef1) reveals this species as an anamorph of Moelleriella.
Amanita vernicoccora sp. nov. —the vernal fruiting 'coccora' from California
Authors: Bojantchev Dimitar , Pennycook Shaun R. , Davis R. Michael
Published: December 2011

We describe Amanita vernicoccora, a vernal fruiting species known as the "spring coccora" in California. Sequence analyses of four DNA regions and phenotypic traits demonstrate that A. vernicoccora, long considered a pale-colored form of the autumnal fruiting A. calyptroderma
(the 'fall coccora'), is a unique species. Morphological and genetic data support both species in section Caesareae. We also address some nomenclatural and taxonomic intricacies surrounding application of the proper name for the fall-fruiting coccora.
A new Phylloporus from two relict Fagus grandifolia var. mexicana populations in a montane cloud forest
Authors: Montoya Leticia , Bandala Victor M.
Published: December 2011

A new species, Phylloporus fagicola, has been discovered growing in association with two relict populations of Fagus grandifolia var. mexicana in the subtropical region of central Veracruz (eastern Mexico). The species belongs to a taxonomic group characterized
by broadly ellipsoid oblong to ovoid basidiospores, distinct from the subfusoid boletoid type. The new taxon is described, illustrated, and compared with closely similar species.
Homogeneity and Stability Studies During the Preparation of a Laboratory Reference Material of Soy Leaves for the Determination of Metals
Authors: dos Santos Ana M P , Lima Daniel C , de Jesus Robson M , Ferreira Sergio L C
Published: December 2011

The homogeneity and stability of metals were tested in a candidate laboratory reference material of soy leaves. Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry was used to quantify calcium, magnesium, manganese, iron, zinc, copper, and vanadium. A 6 kg amount of the material, which was dried, ground, and classified as mesh 60, was distributed among 100 bottles. The between-bottle homogeneity test was established by analyzing two subsamples from nine bottles. For the within-bottle test, five determinations of each element of a single bottle were performed. The stability test was performed at temperatures of –10, +27, and +40°C, and after storage times of 4, 12, 24, and 52 weeks. The obtained results indicated that the material was homogeneous and stable under the conditions studied.
Quality Control of Modified Xiaoyao San Through the Determination of 22 Active Components by Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Qin Feng , Huang Jun , Qiu Xinjian , Hu Sihang , Huang Xi
Published: December 2011

A simple, sensitive, and reliable ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) method has been developed for simultaneous determination of 22 major constituents in modified xiaoyao san (MXS), a multiherbal formula. The chromatographic separation was performed on an ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 column (150 × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm, particle size), with an aqueous 0.5% acetic acid and acetonitrile mobile phase gradient. The method was validated for linearity (r2 >0.9937), intraday and interday precision (RSD <8.51%), recovery (91.18–107.73%), LOD (0.02–4.17 ng/mL), and LOQ (0.05–12.50 ng/mL). The established method was successfully applied to quantify the 22 marker compounds in MXS, which provided a useful basis of overall evaluation of the quality of MXS.
Polyacrylic Acid-Modified Alumina for Solid-Phase Extraction and Preconcentration of Trace Iron and Chromium from Plant Samples
Authors: Sabermahani Fatemeh , Taher Mohammad Ali
Published: December 2011

A new method is presented for simultaneous preconcentration of trace Fe(III) and Cr(III) by using polyacrylic acid-alumina as a sorbent. The separation/preconcentration conditions of analytes were investigated, including effect of pH, flow rate, elution conditions, sample volume, and interfering ions. At pH 4, the maximum sorption capacities of Fe3+ and Cr3+ were 8.0 and 13.0 mg/g, respectively, by the column method. The linearity was maintained in the concentration range of 0.175–6.0 × 103 ng/mL for iron and 0.175–8.0 × 103 ng/mL for chromium in the original solution. The RSD values under optimum conditions were ±1.73 and ±1.28% for 2.0 μg/mL Fe and Cr, respectively. The preconcentration factor was 400 for both of the elements, and detection limits were 0.025 and 0.023 ng/mL for Fe and Cr in the original solutions. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of trace amounts of Fe and Cr in plant samples.
BIOTECON Diagnostics foodproof®E. coli O157 Detection Kit, 5′ Nuclease for E. coli O157 in Combination with foodproof ShortPrep II Kit
Authors: Junge Benjamin , Grönewald Cordt , Berghof-Jäger Kornelia
Published: December 2011

The method describes the detection of Escherichia coli O157 in food. The method is based on real-time PCR using hydrolysis probes (5′ Nuclease). This advanced PCR method was designed to reduce the time necessary to achieve results from PCR reactions and enable the user to monitor the amplification of the PCR product simultaneously in real time. After DNA isolation using the BIOTECON foodproof® ShortPrep II Kit designed for the rapid preparation of E. coli O157 DNA for direct use in PCR, the real-time detection of E. coli O157 DNA is carried out using the foodproof E. coli O157 Detection Kit. The kit provides primers and hydrolysis probes for sequence-specific detection, convenient premixed reagents, and controls for reliable interpretation of results. For repeatability studies three different foods (egg salad, large bockwurst/frankfurter, and apple juice) were analyzed, chosen from the 15 food groups recommended by the AOAC Research Institute for E. coli O157 detection. From each food, 20 samples were inoculated with a low level (1–10 CFU/25 g) and 20 samples with a high level (10–50 CFU/25 g) of E. coli O157. Additionally, five nonspiked samples were prepared from each food. Depending on the matrix, the food samples were examined with the test kits and compared with the cultural methods according to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Bacteriological Analytical Manual or the U.S. Department of Agriculture/Food Safety and Inspection Service Microbiology Laboratory Guidebook.
Simple Analysis of Naphthalene, Fluorene, and Anthracene in Whole Blood by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry After Headspace-Solid Phase Microextraction
Authors: Akdoğan Hatice Ardag
Published: December 2011

A simple and sensitive method for the simultaneous analysis of naphthalene, fluorene, and anthracene in whole blood was developed using headspace-solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and GC/MS. A 0.5 g whole blood sample, 5 μL naphthalene, fluorene, and anthracene (50 μg/mL) as spiked standards, and 0.5 mL sodium hydroxide were placed into a 12 mL vial and sealed rapidly. The vial was immediately heated to 70°C in an aluminium block heater, the needle of the SPME device was inserted through the septum of the vial, and the extraction fiber was exposed to the headspace for 15 min. Afterwards, the compounds extracted by the fiber were desorbed simultaneously by exposing the fiber in the gas chromatograph injection port. No interferences were found, and the time for analysis was about 30 min for one sample. This method was applied to a suicide case in which the victim ingested naphthalene, fluorene, and anthracene.
LC/MS Method Using Cloud Point Extraction for the Determination of Permitted and Illegal Food Colors in Liquid, Semiliquid, and Solid Food Matrixes: Single-Laboratory Validation
Authors: Ates Ebru , Mittendorf Klaus , Senyuva Hamide
Published: December 2011

A cloud point extraction method is reported using LC/MS for the determination of regulated water-soluble food colors (Allura Red, Sunset Yellow, erythrosine, and tartrazine) and banned fat-soluble synthetic azo dyes (Sudan I, II, III, and IV; Red B; 7B; Black B; Red G; Metanil Yellow; and Rhodamine B). The extraction of all 14 colors was carried out with cloud point extraction using the nonionic surfactant Triton X 114. Optimized conditions for cloud point extraction were 3% Triton X 114 (w/v), 0.1 M ammonium acetate, and heating at 50°C for 30 min. This approach proved effective in giving quantitative recoveries from a diverse range of food matrixes, and optimized LC gave baseline chromatographic separation for all colors including Sudan IV and Red B. Single-laboratory validation was performed with spiking into liquid matrixes (wine and homemade wine), semiliquid matrixes (sauce and homemade paprika paste), and solid matrixes (spice and homemade chili powder) using the respective blank matrixes for matrix-matched calibration. The LOQ values for water-soluble colors were in the range of 15–150 mg/kg, and for the fat-soluble colors, 0.1–1.5 mg/kg. The mean recovery values were in the range of 69.6–116.0% (except Allura Red and Sunset Yellow in wine, for which recoveries were lower). The mean RSDs for colors were in the range of 4.0–14.8%. A small survey was conducted of samples of confectionery products, dried fruits, wines, bitter sodas, juices, sauces, pastes, and spices, which demonstrated the applicability of the method to a diverse selection of real food samples. Allura Red was detected in strawberry jelly and Sunset Yellow in artificial saffron.
Reveal®E. coli 2.0 Method for Detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Raw Beef
Authors: Hoerner Rebecca , Feldpausch Jill , Gray R Lucas , Curry Stephanie , Lewis Paul , Tolan Jerry , Goldy Tim , Klein Frank , Neiditch Barry , Hosking Edan , Norton Paul , Rice Jennifer , Mozola Mark N
Published: December 2011

Reveal®E. coli 2.0 is a new lateral-flow immunodiagnostic test for detection of E. coli O157:H7 and O157:NM in raw beef trim and ground beef. Compared with the original Reveal E. coli O157:H7 assay, the new test utilizes a unique antibody combination resulting in improved test specificity. The device architecture and test procedure have also been modified, and a single enrichment protocol was developed which allows the test to be performed at any point during an enrichment period of 12 to 20 h. Results of inclusivity and exclusivity testing showed that the test is specific for E. coli serotypes O157:H7 and O157:NM, with the exception of two strains of O157:H38 and one strain of O157:H43 which produced positive reactions. In internal and independent laboratory trials comparing the Reveal 2.0 method to the U.S. Department of Agriculture–Food Safety and Inspection Service reference culture procedure for detection of E. coli O157:H7 in 65 and 375 g raw beef trim and ground beef samples, there were no statistically significant differences in method performance with the exception of a single internal trial with 375 g ground beef samples in which the Reveal method produced significantly more positive results. There were no unconfirmed positive results by the Reveal assay, for specificity of 100%. Results of ruggedness testing showed that the Reveal test produces accurate results even with substantial deviation in sample volume or device incubation time or temperature. However, addition of the promoter reagent to the test sample prior to introducing the test device is essential to proper test performance.
Spectrofluorimetric Determination of Some Water-Soluble Vitamins
Authors: Mohamed Abdel-Maaboud I , Mohamed Horria A , Abdel-Latif Niveen M , Mohamed Marwa R
Published: December 2011

Two simple and sensitive spectrofluorimetric methods were developed for determination of three water-soluble vitamins (B1, B2, and B6) in mixtures in the presence of cyanocobalamin. The first one was for thiamine determination, which depends on the oxidation of thiamine HCl to thiochrome by iodine in an alkaline medium. The method was applied accurately to determine thiamine in binary, ternary, and quaternary mixtures with pyridoxine HCl, riboflavin, and cyanocobalamin without interference. In the second method, riboflavin and pyridoxine HCl were determined fluorimetrically in acetate buffer, pH 6. The three water-soluble vitamins (B1, B2, and B6) were determined spectrofluorimetrically in binary, ternary, and quaternary mixtures in the presence of cyanocobalamin. All variables were studied in order to optimize the reaction conditions. Linear relationship was obeyed for all studied vitamins by the proposed methods at their corresponding λexc or λem. The linear calibration curves were obtained from 10 to 500 ng/mL; the correlation ranged from 0.9991 to 0.9999. The suggested procedures were applied to the analysis of the investigated vitamins in their laboratory-prepared mixtures and pharmaceutical dosage forms from different manufacturers. The RSD range was 0.46–1.02%, which indicates good precision. No interference was observed from common pharmaceutical additives. Good recoveries (97.6 ± 0.7–101.2 ± 0.8%) were obtained. Statistical comparison of the results with reported methods shows excellent agreement and indicates no significant difference in accuracy and precision.
Suitability of an Orbitrap Mass Spectrometer for the Screening of Pesticide Residues in Extracts of Fruits and Vegetables
Authors: Alder Lutz , Steinborn Angelika , Bergelt Sebastian
Published: December 2011

For about 500 pesticides, the sensitivity of a benchtop high-resolution mass spectrometer using the Orbitrap for mass separation was compared to that of a widely used (low-resolution) tandem mass spectrometer. Both instruments were coupled to LC and used electrospray ionization. The selectivity of the Orbitrap in the full-scan acquisition mode without fragmentation was evaluated at a resolution of 100 000 full width at half maximum for all pesticides detectable with sufficient sensitivity. For this purpose, quasimolecular ions were extracted within 5 ppm windows from total ion chromatograms of two types of extracts of cucumber, lemon, wheat flour, raisin, and tea. In each of the obtained reconstructed ion chromatograms (individual chromatograms for 500 pesticides, each pesticide in 10 different extracts) the sum of signals not arising from the analyte was used to get a measure on selectivity. In addition, the target analyte list was checked for ions of similar mass. The influence of matrix on the ability to detect low concentrations of fortified pesticides was also studied, with the help of spiked extracts. This part of the survey tested whether analyte peaks were lost because of insufficient mass resolution or an early closing C-Trap (used to control the ion current into the Orbitrap). Finally, the stability of the ion ratio [M+H]+/[M+Na]+ was tested, which may be helpful to confirm the identity of an analyte.
Alterity: Learning polyvalent selves, resisting disabling notions of the self
Authors: Walker Wayland
Published: December 2011

Within dominant U.S. popular and psychiatric culture, adults who experience more than one distinct consciousness—that is, those who experience alterity, or the presence of “alters” or other personalities—are often pathologized as suffering from dissociative identity disorder (formerly multiple personality disorder).
Revisiting debates on learning disabilities in adult education
Authors: Belzer Alisa , Ross‐Gordon Jovita
Published: December 2011

Since the 1980s, educators in adult basic education and special education have speculated that a substantial if unknown percentage of adults have specific learning disabilities and have sought to identify and address effectively the needs of these learners.
Functionalization of Nanostructured Hematite Thin‐Film Electrodes with the Light‐Harvesting Membrane Protein C‐Phycocyanin Yields an Enhanced Photocurrent
Authors: Bora Debajeet K. , Rozhkova Elena A. , Schrantz Krisztina , Wyss Pradeep P. , Braun Artur , Graule Thomas , Constable Edwin C.
Published: December 2011

The integration of light‐harvesting proteins and other photosynthetic molecular machinery with semiconductor surfaces plays an important role in improving their performance as solar‐cell materials. Phycocyanin is one such protein that can be employed for this purpose. Phycocyanins have light‐harvesting properties and belong to the phycobilisome protein family. They are present in cyanobacteria, which capture light energy and funnel it to reaction centers during photosynthesis. Here, a way of increasing the photocurrent of hematite by covalent cross‐coupling with phycocyanin is reported. For this, a hematite–phycocyanin integrated system is assembled by consecutive adsorption and cross‐coupling of protein molecules, separated by an agarose layer and a linker molecule, on the top of a mesoporous hematite film. The hematite–phycocyanin assembly shows a two‐fold increased photocurrent in comparison with pristine hematite film. The increase in the photocurrent is attributed to the enhanced light absorption of the hematite film after integration with the protein, as is evident from the UV–vis spectra and from the photocurrent‐action spectrum. The assembly shows long‐term stability and thus constitutes a promising hybrid photoanode for photo‐electrochemical applications.
Smart and structural thermosets from the cationic copolymerization of a vegetable oil
Authors: Meiorin Cintia , Aranguren Mirta I. , Mosiewicki Mirna A.
Published: December 2011

Copolymers based on tung oil (TO) and presenting a very wide range of properties were obtained. Depending on the chemical composition, materials fitted for structural or functional applications were prepared. The use of divinylbenzene (DVB) as a comonomer in the cationic polymerization of the triglyceride allowed us to obtain polymers with a high thermal stability in an ample temperature range and with a room‐temperature modulus close to 1 GPa for percentages of TO up to 40 wt % styrene (St) as a partial replacement of DVB in a copolymer containing 50 wt % TO resulted in a material with shape‐memory behavior with switch temperatures in the range 25–40°C. The mechanical properties and shape‐memory behavior of copolymers with different chemical compositions were analyzed. It was observed that an increase in the DVB content increased the glass‐transition temperature and modulus, which was associated with an increase in the crosslinking density and the contribution of the rigid aromatic structure of the comonomer. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Effect of acrylic monomer content on the properties of waterborne poly(urethane‐urea)/acrylic hybrid materials
Authors: Son Su‐Jin , Kim Ki‐Beom , Lee Young‐Hee , Lee Dong‐Jin , Kim Han‐Do
Published: December 2011

Stable waterborne poly(urethane‐urea) (WBPU; soft segment content: 57%; dimethylol propionic acid: 19 mol %/5.8 wt %)–polyacrylate(methyl methacrylate/n‐butyl acrylate) (weight ratio: 4/1) hybrid latex (emulsions) with different acrylic contents [0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 wt % based on poly(urethane‐urea)] and without external surfactant were successfully prepared by in situ polymerization during a prepolymer mixing process. However, the as‐polymerized hybrid latex containing 50 wt % of acrylic monomer content was found to be unstable, indicating that about 50 wt % of acrylic monomer content was beyond the limit value of self‐emulsifying ability of WBPU anionomer prepared in this study. The breadth of particle size distribution of hybrid latex increased markedly from 20–75 to 55–275 nm with increasing acrylic monomer content from 0 to 40 wt %. The pristine WBPU and hybrid latex samples containing 10, 20, and 30 wt % of acrylic monomer showed unimodal distributions, whereas the hybrid sample having 40 wt % acrylic monomer content displayed a bimodal distribution with the broadest breadth. As acrylic monomer content increased, the yield point of stress–strain curve, hardness, glass transition, and water resistance of hybrid film samples increased, whereas their abrasion resistance, elongation at break, and elasticity decreased. The tensile strength of hybrid film samples (10–30 wt % of acrylic monomer content) was almost the same as that of pristine WBPU film sample, indicating the intimate molecular mixing between poly(urethane‐urea) and polyacrylate molecules in hybrids. However, the hybrid sample having 40 wt % acrylic monomer showed significantly diminished performance, which might be due to the deviation from intimate molecular mixing. From these results, the optimum acrylic monomer content was found to be about 30 wt %, which realized reasonably advantages of both poly(urethane‐urea) and acrylic polymer. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Rheokinetic of a gelled resol resin curing by dynamic‐temperature rheometry based on rectangular torsion strain
Authors: Domínguez J. C. , Oliet M. , Alonso M. V. , Rojo E. , Rodríguez F.
Published: December 2011

The rheological behavior of a phenolic resol resin during its curing process was studied through a rheological dynamic‐temperature analysis. Two heating ramps from 0 to 120°C (1°C/min) and from 0 to 150°C (5°C/min) were performed. The resin's complex viscosity data were obtained by applying a rectangular torsion strain. The overall change of complex viscosity with temperature was due to a combination of thermal softening, described by the Andrade equation, and the resin crosslinking process. The four‐ and six‐parameter Arrhenius rheokinetic model was applied to the profiles obtained for the resin's complex viscosity, and the viscous flow and activation energies of curing kinetics were established. Two calculation methods are proposed to obtain the flow and curing parameters of the material. The six‐parameter Arrhenius model was more suitable for predicting changes in the resin's complex viscosity, obtaining an activation energy of ∼ 38.0 kJ/mol for the resol resin curing process. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
The pathophysiologic role of the protein kinase Cδ pathway in the intervertebral discs of rabbits and mice: In vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo studies
Authors: Ellman Michael B. , Kim Jae‐Sung , An Howard S. , Kroin Jeffrey S. , Li Xin , Chen Di , Yan Dongyao , Buechter Doug D. , Nakayama Keiichi , Liu Bo , Morgan Stephanie , Im Hee‐Jeong
Published: December 2011

Objective

Protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ) activation has been shown to be a principal rate‐limiting step in matrix‐degrading enzyme production in human articular chondrocytes. The aim of this study was to assess the role of the PKC pathways, specifically PKCδ, in intervertebral disc tissue homeostasis.

Methods

Using in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo techniques, we evaluated the pathophysiologic role of the PKCδ pathway by examining 1) proteoglycan deposition, 2) matrix‐degrading enzyme production and activity, 3) downstream signaling pathways regulated by PKCδ, and 4) the effect on in vivo models of disc degeneration in genetically engineered PKCδ‐knockout mice.

Results

Studies of pathway‐specific inhibitors revealed a vital role of the PKCδ/MAPK (ERK, p38, JNK) axis and NF‐κB in disc homeostasis. Accordingly, in an in vivo model of disc injury, PKCδ‐knockout mice were markedly resistant to disc degeneration.

Conclusion

Suppression of the PKCδ pathway may be beneficial in the prevention and/or treatment of disc degeneration. The results of this study provide evidence for a potential therapeutic role of pathway‐specific inhibitors of the PKCδ cascade in the future.