Predicting Thermal Runaway Event in an Li-Ion Cell on UAV Fight Profiles
Authors: Mehta Mohit Rakesh , Kulkarni Chetan S , Lawson John 
Published: July 2022

As the energy storage devices continue to "pack" more energy in a small space, any damage, battery component failure, manufacturing defect, or electrically abusing the battery can lead to catastrophic thermal runaway events. A catastrophic thermal event in a cell leads to high temperature, in some instances spewing of battery materials due to gas development from side reactions initiated due to high internal temperatures. Also, a thermal runaway event can propagate from a single "failed" cell to the pack in a battery pack, leading to a more significant event. Mitigating a thermal runaway event is important in the commercial and automotive sectors. However, preventing such events in an electric aircraft (or air taxis) is paramount due to the lack of alternatives in the event of a failure.

Battery prognostics algorithms allow the prediction of state-of-charge (SOC) and end-of-life (EOL) of a Li-ion battery in a UAV (unmanned air vehicle) [1]. For this presentation, we will extend this two-level battery predictive algorithm to predict SOC, EOL, and estimated maximum temperature during a simulated flight. The model is extended by integrating a lumped physics-driven thermal model for high current densities [2]. The parameters used to control SOC and EOL are maximum storable charge, time constant for Li-ion diffusivity in the carbon particles, and internal cell resistance. Cycling leads to an increase in the heat generated by an aged Li-ion cell with a LiyCoO2 (LCO) cathode and a LixC6 (MCMB) anode. The aging of a cell leads to increase in SEI layer thickness, the diffusion time for the lithium ions inside the electrodes, and the local reaction rates, in addition to the thermodynamic abuse caused by fixed cycling voltages controlled by a Battery Management System. As the battery ages, the cell resistance increases, while the onset temperature of the thermal runaway decreases (depends on the cell chemistry and cell abuse history). Any large deviation of the cell temperature from the estimated (expected) value can identify a faulty cell. Since SEI decomposition has the lowest onset temperature in the series of reactions leading to thermal runaway, the model considers the self-heating rate of the SEI decomposition as onset temperature (similar to Ref. [3]). The parameters in the Arrhenius equation for the SEI heating rate depend on the number of cycles, the cell's operating temperature, and the cell's abuse history [4,5].

Coupling the electrochemical, thermal, and aging model allow the prognostic algorithm to estimate a typical cell voltage and temperature as a function of age (cycling and calendar), whose departure from measured values from the BMS is used to identify a safety event. In addition, we will present the results from two simulated flight scenarios for a UAV: typical and extreme, since the power requirements vary significantly during take-off, landing, and changing altitudes, while the power requirements remain low during the cruise. For this presentation, the power requirement for a battery pack in a UAV is scaled to a single cell. This cell is cycled through a simulated profile, and the data is collected and used to predict a safety event.

References:

[1] M. Daigle, C.S. Kulkarni, End-of-discharge and End-of-life Prediction in Lithium-ion Batteries with Electrochemistry-based Aging Models, in: AIAA Infotech @ Aerospace, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, San Diego, California, USA, 2016. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2016-2132.

[2] J. Mao, W. Tiedemann, J. Newman, Simulation of temperature rise in Li-ion cells at very high currents, Journal of Power Sources. 271 (2014) 444–454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.08.033.

[3] A. Kriston, A. Podias, I. Adanouj, A. Pfrang, Analysis of the Effect of Thermal Runaway Initiation Conditions on the Severity of Thermal Runaway—Numerical Simulation and Machine Learning Study, Journal of the Electrochemical Society. 167 (2020) 090555. https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ab9b0b.

[4] V. Ruiz, A. Kriston, I. Adanouj, M. Destro, D. Fontana, A. Pfrang, Degradation Studies on Lithium Iron Phosphate - Graphite Cells. The Effect of Dissimilar Charging – Discharging Temperatures, Electrochimica Acta. 240 (2017) 495–505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2017.03.126.

[5] M. Börner, A. Friesen, M. Grützke, Y.P. Stenzel, G. Brunklaus, J. Haetge, S. Nowak, F.M. Schappacher, M. Winter, Correlation of aging and thermal stability of commercial 18650-type lithium ion batteries, Journal of Power Sources. 342 (2017) 382–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.12.041.