bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Predation in the reindeer husbandry area in Finland during 1976-86
Authors: Nieminen Mauri , Leppäluoto Juhani
Published: February 2013

During the years 1976-86 predators killed a total of 11 295 reindeer in the Finnish reindeer husbandry area. Predators killed mostly calves and hinds. With the exception of the Kåsivarsi and Muotkatun-turi reindeer herding cooperatives, kills of predators were concentrated in the reindeer herding areas on the eastern border. During 1976-86 predators killed most reindeer in April - June, and the majority of preys were calves. Most reindeer were killed by wolves (26.9%), bears (24.7%), wolverines (22.6%) and eagles (15.9%). Wolves, bears, wolverines and lynxes killed mainly adult reindeer, eagles killed mainly calves. Wolves killed reindeer mainly during October - January, lynxes during January - April, wolverines during February - April, eagles during May - July and bears during May - October. During the last years the number of reindeer killed by lynxes has increased in Finland.

Petovahingot Suomen poronhoitoalueella vuosina 1976-86.

Abstract in Finnish / Yhteenveto: Viimeisen kymmenen vuoden aikana porojen måårå on lisååntynyt suuresti Suomessa. Vuosina 1976-86 pedot tappoivat Suomen poronhoitoalueella yhteenså 11 295 poroa. Pedot tappoivat pååasiassa vasoja ja vaatimia. Käsivarren ja Muotkatunturin paliskuntia lukuunottamatta petovahingot kohdistuivat lhinn poronhoitoalueen itrajalla oleviin paliskuntiin. Vuosina 1976-86 pedot tappoivat poroja eniten huhti-kesåkuun aikana. Eniten pedot tappoivat tuolloin vasoja. Eniten poroja tappoivat sudet (26.9%), karhut (24.7%), ahmat (22.6%) ja kotkat (15.9%). Sudet, karhut, ahmat ja ilvekset tappoivat pååasiassa aikuisia poroja, kotkat vasoja. Sudet tappoivat poroja låhinnå loka-tammikuussa, ilvekset tammi-huhtikuussa, ahmat helmi-heinåkuussa ja karhut touko-lokakuussa. Viime vuosina ilvesten tappamien porojen måårå on kas vanut Suomessa.

Rovdjursskador inom det finska renskotselsområdet under åren 1976-86.

Abstract in Swedish / Sammandrag: Under de senaste tio åren har antalet tamrenar ökat betydligt i Finland. Under åren 1976-86 dodade rovdjur totalt 11 295 renar i finska renskotselområdet. Kalvar och vajor utgjorde huvuddelen av dessa. Med undantag av Kåsivarsi och Muotkatunturi renbeteslag, var rovdjursrivningarna konsentrerade i renbeteslagen nårmast ostra grånsen. Under åren 1976-86 blev de fiesta renar rivna i april-juni. Av dessa var det flest kalvar. Varg tog flest renar (26,9%), bjorn 24,7%, jårv 22,6%, och orn 15,9%. Varg, bjorn, jårv och lo dodade mestadels vuxna renar, medan orn i huvudsak tog kalvar. Varg dodade ren våsentligen i månaderna oktober-januari, lo i januari-april, jårv i februari-april, orn i mai-juli och bjorn genom må-naderna mai-oktober. De senaste åren har antalet renar rivna av lodjur okat i Finland.
Radiocesium-konsentrasjonen i villrein på Dovrefjell, Norge
Authors: Skogland Terje
Published: February 2013

A short report, also including participants' discussion.
Tjernobyl och rennäringen - Lägesrapport från Sverige
Authors: Åhman G. , Åhman B. , Rydberg A.
Published: February 2013

Status report about Chernobyl and reindeer husbandry in Sweden including participants' discussion.

Abstract in Swedish / Sammanfattning: Den 1 juli hojdes grånsvårdet for Cs-137 i bl a renkott från 300 till 1 500 Bq/kg. Efter hojningen av grånsvårdet friklassades nåstan alla samebyar i Norrbottens lån under sarvslakten. Samtliga fjållsamebyar i Norrbottens lån utom den sydligaste år tills vidare helt friklassade. Tre samebyar i sodra delen av Jåmtlands lån var friklassade under sarvslakten. I ovrigt omfattas all renslakt i Våsterbottens och Jåmtlands lån av kontroll betråffande Cs-137. Under juli - aug i år var cesiumhalten lågre ån vid motsvarande tidpunkt i f jol (tabell 1 och figur 1). Under juli - aug slaktades drygt 1 000 renar i skogslandet i sodra delen av Våsterbottens lån (tabell 3). Fr.o.m. andra veckan i juli godkåndes de fiesta slaktkropparna. Halveringstiden for Cs-137 i renarna, som betade i skogslandet kring inlandsbanan i sodra delen av Våsterbottenslån, har beråknats till ca en vecka. Genom tidigarelåggning av sarvslakter i Våsterbottens lån (tabell 3) och norra delen av Jåmtlands lån (tabell 5) minskades kassationen med ett par tusen slaktkroppar. Under senare delen av september steg cesiumhalten till ungefår samma nivå som i f jol. En långsiktig prognos har utarbetats betråffande halten Cs-137 i renar på naturbete. Prognosen visar att omfattande åtgårder kommer att behova vidtagas under de nårmaste 15 - 25 åren om ren-kottet från samebyarna i sodra delen av Våsterbottens lån och norra delen av Jåmtlands lån skall kunna god-kånnas som livsmedel vid ett riktvårde på 1 500 Bq Cs-137/kg kott.
Effekten av tillskottsutfodring på renens cesiuminnehåll
Authors: Rydberg Axel
Published: February 2013

The effect of artificially fed reindeer and the content of radiocesium.
Cesiumhalten i olika styckninsdelar från ren
Authors: Rydberg Axel
Published: February 2013

Cesiumcontent in reindeer meat in Sweden.
Fruktbarhet hos simler: effekter av ernæring og vekst
Authors: Tyler N.J.C. , Skogland Forberedt innlegg v/ Terje
Published: February 2013

Tyler's article is published in English in Rangifer 7 (2), 1987: Fertility in female reindeer: the effect of nutrition and growth.

Sammendrag: Drektighetsprosenten i ungrein varierer sterkt fra individ til individ og fra flokk til flokk. En høy fruktbarhet i reinflokken er selve grunnlaget for en vellykket reindrift. Overraskende er det derfor at man vet lite om hvilke faktorer som bestemmer om rein skal bli drektig eller ikke. I denne artikkelen blir effekten av ernæring på reinsimlenes fruktbarhet diskutert. Undersøkelser indikerer at rein er som andre pattedyr, der fruktbarheten er relatert til kroppsvekten. Forholdet mellom reinens kroppsvekt og fruktbarhet varierer likevel sterkt. Mye tyder på at drektighetsprosenten i ungrein er avhengig av reintettheten. Dette indikerer at ernæringen er en viktig faktor når det gjelder fruktbarhet i ungrein. Vektspesifikk fruktbarhet kan derfor være en brukbar indikator for reinflokkens fortilgang. I prinsippet vil slike fruktbarhetsundersøkelser gi et tidlig varsel om reintallet er for høyt i forhold til beitegrunnlaget før en markert nedgang i slaktevekten observeres.

 Etter foredraget til Nic. Tyler hadde Terje Skogland et forberedt innlegg som er gjengitt på norsk. Deretter fulgte en lengre diskusjon som også er gjengitt.
Deltakerliste - List of participants
Authors: Skjenneberg (ed.) Sven
Published: February 2013

There were 39 participants at the conference.
Photos of the conference
Authors: Åhman Birgitta
Published: February 2013

Birgitta  Åhman is the photographer of the series of pictures from the conference.
Reindeer on South Georgia: The ecology of an introduced species
Authors: Klein David R.
Published: February 2013

N. Leader-Williams. "Reindeer on South Georgia: The ecology of an introduced species." Cambridge University Press (Studies in Polar Research). 1988. 319pp. ISBN 0 521 24271 1.
Effects of live Brucella abortus strain 19 vaccine on reindeer
Authors: Dieterich Robert A. , Morton Jamie K.
Published: February 2013

Twenty female and seven male reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) were vaccinated subcutaneously in the right shoulder with a 1-ml dose of approximately 1.2 x 108 colony forming units of Brucella abortus strain 19, the standard reduced dose for cattle. An additional three females and one male served as non-vaccinated sentinels. Brucella abortus strain 19 was isolated from two of three fetuses aborted by vaccinated females during the first of two fawning seasons. Serologic titers to brucellosis in the vaccinates peaked by 46 days post-vaccination. Shedding of B. abortus strain 19 by vaccinated animals was indicated by seroconversion of all four sentinels. Titers in the sentinels were low and sporadic. Brucella abortus strain 19 was isolated from the tissues and fetus of a pregnant female 51 days post-vaccination and from the carpal joint of another female 7 months post-vaccination. Based on these results and a previous challenge experiment, it was concluded that Brucella abortus strain 19 is not a suitable vaccine to use in a brucellosis control program in reindeer.
Malignant catarrhal fever in wild Swedish moose (Alces alces L)
Authors: Warame Ibrahim Yussuf , Steen Margareta
Published: February 2013

Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) was diagnosed in two moose (Alces alces L) from the county of Uppland, Sweden. The animals showed an abnormal behaviour e.g. nervous signs as circling movements, nodding of the head and lack of awareness. One of these two animals was shot. The other was found dead on the day after being observed. Gross and histologic findings revealed characteristic lesions of MCF. Serological investigation and viral isolation for BVD and IBR/IPV viruses were negative.
Serum Concentrations of Antibiotics During Severe Invasive Surgery Such as Esophagectomy for Esophageal Cancer
Authors: Owaki Tetsuhiro , Okumura Hiroshi , Uchikado Yasuto , Sasaki Ken , Matsumoto Masataka , Omoto Itaru , Setoyama Tetsuro , Kita Yoshiaki , Sakurai Toshihide , Matsushita Daisuke , Ishigami Sumiya , Ueno Shinichi , Natsugoe Shoji
Published: February 2013

This study was performed to confirm the antibiotic regimen during a severe invasive surgery, such as esophagectomy, with a long procedure and a large amount of normal volumes of infusion. Ten patients with esophageal cancer were enrolled in this study, and cefmetazole sodium concentrations in serum were measured during esophagectomy. The ranges of minimum inhibitory concentrations for 90% of isolates of cefmetazole sodium for microorganisms in our institutions for 8 years were investigated. The maximum concentration was 83.9 μg/mL just after the completion of infusion, and its half-life was 1.5 hours. Serum concentration of cefmetazole sodium was kept above 16 μg/mL for 4 hours during esophagectomy. It was kept above 32 μg/mL for 2.5 hours after injection. There are almost no differences in the pharmacokinetics of cefmetazole sodium between common use and during esophagectomy. In addition, additive infusion of antibiotics 4 hours after the first infusion was recommended during esophagectomy.
Colorectal Cancer With Multiple Metachronous Metastasis Achieving Complete Remission 14 Years After Surgical Resection: Report of a Case
Authors: Murono Koji , Kawai Kazushige , Kazama Shinsuke , Tsuno Nelson H. , Sunami Eiji , Kitayama Joji , Watanabe Toshiaki
Published: February 2013

A 63-year-old man underwent a colectomy for sigmoid colon cancer in 1997. The upper lobe of his left lung and his left adrenal gland were resected because of metachronous metastases, 7 and 10 years after the initial surgery, respectively. Recurrence of metastases to the middle lobe of the right lung and left adrenal gland were sequentially detected in 2007, and a multimodal therapy, consisting of the combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy, was conducted since 2007. The chemotherapy included drugs such as FOLFOX, FOLFIRI, bevacizumab, capecitabine, and cetuximab. In 2011, the complete response of all metastatic lesions could be achieved, and no recurrence was detected for more than 1 year. In spite of repeated recurrences, by the combination of surgical resection, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, the complete response could be achieved 14 years after the initial surgical resection, which can be attributed to the development of new treatment modalities and new agents for colorectal cancer.
Surgical Site Infection and Validity of Staged Surgical Procedure in Emergent/Urgent Surgery for Ulcerative Colitis
Authors: Uchino Motoi , Ikeuchi Hiroki , Matsuoka Hiroki , Takahashi Yoshiko , Tomita Naohiro , Takesue Yoshio
Published: February 2013

Although restorative proctocolectomy is recognized as a standard procedure for ulcerative colitis, infectious complications after surgery cannot be disregarded. The aim of this study was to define predictors of surgical site infection (SSI) in urgent/emergent surgery for ulcerative colitis. We performed prospective SSI surveillance for 90 consecutive patients. Possible risk factors were analyzed by logistic regression analyses. Incidences of incisional SSI (i-SSI) and organ/space SSI were 31.1% and 6.9%, respectively, and increased significantly with higher wound class (P < 0.01). Multivariate analysis showed wound class ≥3 as an independent risk factor for i-SSI. In univariate analysis, although the mucous fistula procedure was a risk factor for i-SSI (odds ratio, 3.45; P < 0.01), Hartmann procedure also represented a risk factor for o-SSI (odds ratio, 12.8; P < 0.01). Urgent restorative proctocolectomy for patients without high wound class and emergent total colectomy with mucous fistula for patients with high wound class appear to represent feasible options.
The Power of a Co‐witness: When More Power Leads to More Conformity
Authors: Carol Rolando N. , Carlucci Marianna E. , Eaton Asia A. , Wright Daniel B.
Published: February 2013

The effect of the power dynamic between co‐witnesses on memory conformity for images was investigated. Participant–confederate pairs were first presented with 50 images on a computer and then were randomly assigned to one of three social power role combinations analogous to those present in the workplace: manager and subordinate, subordinate and manager, or collaborators with equal power and status. After role assignment (but without ever engaging in the role‐related tasks), pairs were tested on whether each of 100 images (50 old and 50 new) had or had not been shown previously. Confederates always responded before participants. Subordinates were significantly less likely to conform than managers. Findings are discussed in light of the work‐related facet of social power and memory distortion. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cationic Gold‐ and Silver‐Catalyzed Cycloisomerizations of Propargylic Ureas: A Selective Entry to Oxazolidin‐2‐imines and Imidazolidin‐2‐ones
Authors: Pereshivko Olga P. , Peshkov Vsevolod A. , Jacobs Jeroen , Meervelt Luc Van , Van der Eycken Erik V.
Published: February 2013

A comparative study on transition metal‐catalyzed cycloisomerizations of propargylic ureas derived in situ from secondary propargylic amines and tosyl isocyanate was performed. The influence of catalytic system on the reaction outcome was thoroughly studied on two model examples resulting in the establishment of two selective protocols for both O‐ and N‐cyclizations. The application of cationic gold(I) catalysis generally resulted in a formation of oxazolidin‐2‐imines as major products while the application of silver(I) triflate selectively provided the corresponding imidazolidin‐2‐ones. An attempt to rationalize the observed chemoselectivity is described. The scope of both processes was demonstrated through the use of variously substituted secondary propargylic amines.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Direct Denitrogenative C‐3‐Arylation of 1H‐Indoles with Arylhydrazines using Air as the Oxidant
Authors: Chen Yongxin , Guo Shuaibo , Li Kangning , Qu Jinpeng , Yuan Hua , Hua Qiuru , Chen Baohua
Published: February 2013

A novel palladium‐catalyzed approach to direct C‐3‐arylation of 1H‐indoles with arylhydrazines using air as the oxidant via CN bond cleavage has been developed. Various substituents are tolerated in this system in moderate to good yields. This reaction could also be compatible with a larger scale. Thus, this strategy using arylhydrazines as arylating reagents provides a powerful method for constructing substituted 3‐aryl‐1H‐indoles.
Conformational Disorder Enhances Solubility and Photovoltaic Performance of a Thiophene–Quinoxaline Copolymer
Authors: Wang Ergang , Bergqvist Jonas , Vandewal Koen , Ma Zaifei , Hou Lintao , Lundin Angelica , Himmelberger Scott , Salleo Alberto , Müller Christian , Inganäs Olle , Zhang Fengling , Andersson Mats R.
Published: February 2013

The side‐chain architecture of alternating copolymers based on thiophene and quinoxaline (TQ) is found to strongly influence the solubility and photovoltaic performance. In particular, TQ polymers with different linear or branched alkyloxy‐phenyl side chains on the quinoxaline unit are compared. Attaching the linear alkyloxy side‐chain segment at the meta‐ instead of the para‐position of the phenyl ring reduces the planarity of the backbone as well as the ability to order. However, the delocalisation across the backbone is not affected, which permits the design of high‐performance TQ polymers that do not aggregate in solution. The use of branched meta‐(2‐ethylhexyl)oxy‐phenyl side‐chains results in a TQ polymer with an intermediate degree of order. The reduced tendency for aggregation of TQ polymers with linear meta‐alkyloxy‐phenyl persists in the solid state. As a result, it is possible to avoid the decrease in charge‐transfer state energy that is observed for bulk‐heterojunction blends of more ordered TQ polymers and fullerenes. The associated gain in open‐circuit voltage of disordered TQ:fullerene solar cells, accompanied by a higher short‐circuit current density, leads to a higher power conversion efficiency overall. Thus, in contrast to other donor polymers, for TQ polymers there is no need to compromise between solubility and photovoltaic performance.
Personality as a Predictor of General Health in Captive Golden Snub‐Nosed Monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana)
Authors: JIN JIAN , SU YANJIE , TAO YUJING , GUO SIYUAN , YU ZEYING
Published: February 2013

Increasing studies in human and animals have shown that personality is related to biological profile and affects health outcomes. Understanding the link between personality and health will contribute to preventing illness and promoting well‐being in non‐human primates. The present study examined whether personality predicted health outcomes in captive golden snub‐nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana). Personality was measured by rating on a list of traits and four factors (Aggressiveness, Sociability, Mellowness, and Excitability) were extracted. Morbidity was measured by occurrence, duration, and number of illnesses, as well as (mean and maximum) digestive dysfunction symptoms scores. Morbidity measurements were coded from illness history which was recorded during the 27 months since the personality assessment. The results showed that lower Aggressiveness predicted greater number of illness, longer illness duration, and more serious digestive dysfunction. In addition, Mellowness, Excitability, and age by Sociability interaction influenced digestive function significantly. Low mellow individuals, high excitable individuals, high sociable younger individuals and low sociable older individuals had poorer digestive function. The present study demonstrated that personality was associated with morbidity in captiveR. roxellanaeand stress might contribute to this association. Personality assessment provided useful information on individual vulnerability. Carefully looking for early signs of illness among vulnerable individuals is expected to reduce health risks, which would promote welfare in captive non‐human primates. Am. J. Primatol. 75:524‐533, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Functional Morphology of the Female Genital Organs in the Peruvian Red Uakari Monkey (Cacajao Calvus Ucayalii)
Authors: MAYOR PEDRO , BOWLER MARK , LÓPEZ‐PLANA CARLOS
Published: February 2013

Functional morphology may provide important information that could improve methodologies for the diagnosis of the reproductive phase of females, and develop assisted breeding techniques for wildlife. This study examined features of genital organs in 19 Peruvian red uakari monkey (Cacajao calvus ucayalii) females in different reproductive stages, collected from wild animals hunted for food by rural communities in the North‐eastern Peruvian Amazon, in order to provide knowledge on the reproductive physiology of this species. The observed mean ovulation rate was 1.4 follicles, and the observed maximal follicle diameter was 0.8 cm. After ovulation, the matured follicle luteinizes resulting in functional CL. In case of oocyte fertilization, the pregnancy CL grows to a maximum of 1.2 cm in diameter, and luteal volume per female decreases related to the advance of pregnancy. Pregnant females also present follicular activity until late pregnancy, but non‐ovulated follicles do not undergo atretic processes and apparently transform to accessory CL, resulting in a contribution of 30% of the total luteal volume. All pregnant females delivered a single fetus at term, resulting in a rate of reproductive wastage of 20% of oocytes or embryos. The endometrium and the endometrial glands in non‐pregnant females in the follicular phase show a significant increase related to the follicular growth, reaching a high proliferation in non‐pregnant females in the luteal phase. The red uakari monkey showed different vaginal epithelium features in accordance with the reproductive state of the female, suggesting that vaginal cytology could be a successful methodology with which to characterize the estrous cycle of this species. The present reproductive evaluation of the Peruvian red uakari monkey provides important information that could improve the development of assisted reproductive techniques in non‐human primates. Am. J. Primatol. 75:545‐554, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Removal of chromium(VI) Ions from aqueous solutions with protonated crosslinked chitosan
Authors: Huang Ruihua , Yang Bingchao , Liu Qian
Published: February 2013

This articles provided information on Cr(VI) adsorption onto protonated crosslinked chitosan particles (PCPs) as an adsorbent. Batch experiments were performed to investigate the effects of the adsorbent dosage, pH, contact time, initial Cr(VI) concentration, and coexisting ions on the adsorption capacity and the regeneration ability of the adsorbent. The equilibrium data fit well with the Freundlich and Redlich–Peterson isotherm models. The presence of other anions weakened Cr(VI) adsorption, especially high‐valence anion such as sulfate. PCP could be regenerated well by a 0.1N sodium hydroxide solution. Electrostatic attraction was the main driving force for Cr(VI) adsorption. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Novel atmospheric plasma enhanced chitosan nanofiber/gauze composite wound dressings
Authors: Nawalakhe Rupesh , Shi Quan , Vitchuli Narendiran , Noar Jesse , Caldwell Jane M. , Breidt Frederick , Bourham Mohamed A. , Zhang Xiangwu , McCord Marian G.
Published: February 2013

Electrospun chitosan nanofibers were deposited onto atmospheric plasma treated cotton gauze to create a novel composite bandage with higher adhesion, better handling properties, enhanced bioactivity, and moisture management. Plasma treatment of the gauze substrate was performed to improve the durability of the nanofiber/gauze interface. The chitosan nanofibers were electrospun at 3–7% concentration in trifluoroacetic acid. The composite bandages were analyzed using peel, gelbo flex, antimicrobial assay, moisture vapor transmission rate, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), absorbency, and air permeability tests. The peel test showed that plasma treatment of the substrate increased the adhesion between nanofiber layers and gauze substrate by up to four times. Atmospheric plasma pretreatment of the gauze fabric prior to electrospinning significantly reduced degradation of the nanofiber layer due to repetitive flexing. The chitosan nanofiber layer contributes significantly to the antimicrobial properties of the bandage. Air permeability and moisture vapor transport were reduced due to the presence of a nanofiber layer upon the substrate. XPS of the plasma treated cotton substrate showed formation of active sites on the surface, decrease in carbon content, and increase in oxygen content as compared to the untreated gauze. Deposition of chitosan nanofibers also increased the absorbency of gauze substrate. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Chemical Regulation of Carbon Quantum Dots from Synthesis to Photocatalytic Activity
Authors: Hu Shengliang , Tian Ruixue , Wu Lingling , Zhao Qing , Yang Jinlong , Liu Jun , Cao Shirui
Published: February 2013

Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) were synthesized by heating various carbon sources in HNO3 solution at reflux, and the effects of HNO3 concentration on the size of the CQDs were investigated. Furthermore, the oxygen‐containing surface groups of as‐prepared CQDs were selectively reduced by NaBH4, leading to new surface states. The experimental results show that the sizes of CQDs can be tuned by HNO3 concentration and then influence their photoluminescent behaviors; the photoluminescent properties are related to both the size and surface state of the CQDs, but the photocatalytic activities are determined by surface states alone. The different oxygen‐containing groups on the surface of the CQDs can induce different degrees of the band bending upward, which determine the separation and combination of the electron–hole pairs. The high upward band bending, which is induced by CO and COOH groups, facilitates separation of the electron–hole pairs and then enhances high photocatalytic activity. In contrast, the low upward band bending induced by COH groups hardly prevents the electron–hole pairs from surface recombination and then exhibits strong photoluminescence. Therefore, both the photocatalytic activities and optical properties of CQDs can be tuned by their surface states.
Optimization of bus routing strategies for evacuation
Authors: Zheng Hong
Published: February 2013

Efficient transportation of evacuees during an emergency has long been recognized as a challenging issue. This paper investigates emergency evacuation strategies that rely on public transit, where buses run continuously, rather than fixed route, based upon the spatial and temporal information of evacuee needs. We formulated an optimal bus operating strategy that minimizes the exposed casualty time rather than operational cost, as a deterministic mixed‐integer program, and investigated the solution algorithm. A Lagrangian‐relaxation‐based solution algorithm was developed for the proposed model. Numerical experiments with different problem sizes were conducted to evaluate the method. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of birth defects among children 3 years after conception through assisted reproductive technology in China
Authors: Yin Li , Hang Fu , Gu Long‐jie , Xu Bei , Ma Ding , Zhu Gui‐jin
Published: February 2013

BACKGROUND: Previous studies inconsistently suggest that assisted reproduction technology (ART) may increase the risk of birth defects in children. METHOD(S): Live birth infants, conceived by in vitro fertilization fresh embryo transfer (IVF), intracytoplasmic sperm injection fresh embryo transfer (ICSI), or frozen‐thawed embryo transfer (FET) in Reproductive Center of Tongji Hospital (Wuhan, China) between 1997 and 2008, were followed up at birth and after 3 years. Preterm pregnancy, multiple pregnancy, sex ratio (male/female), congenital malformation were compared. RESULT(S): A total of 4,236 children were born after ART (IVF 2,543, ICSI 908, FET 785). Compared with IVF, the rate of preterm pregnancy and sex ratio in ICSI were lower (p < 0.05); the rate of multiple pregnancy in ICSI and FET were all lower than IVF (p < 0.05). Congenital defects were comparable in all groups at birth. In total, 2,908 children participated in the second follow‐up from 34 months to 60 months with an average of 40 months, and the cases of birth defects had doubled (3 years: 5.16%, birth: 2.22%). The birth defect rate in boys conceived through ICSI was significantly higher than the IVF group after 3‐year follow‐up (ICSI boys: 8.62%, IVF boys: 5.21% [p < 0.05]), even though there was no significant difference at birth. CONCLUSION(S): Compared with IVF, FET may not increase risk of birth defects. Children conceived through ICSI, especially males, had higher rates of congenital malformations that were inapparent at birth. So longitudinal monitoring may provide insights into the risks of ART. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 97:744–749, 2013. 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Developing Praxis: Mobilising Critical Race Theory in Community Cultural Development
Authors: Sonn Christopher C. , Quayle Amy F.
Published: February 2013

Race remains a significant issue in the lives of many people in Australia. For example, Indigenous Australians lives continue to be marked by social and economic disadvantage and everyday experiences of exclusion. Within this context, the Community Arts Network Western Australia promote social change and the empowerment of Indigenous groups through community cultural development. With an emphasis on community strengths and resources, community arts practice is employed to create, promote, and improve opportunities for participation, network development and empowerment. In this article, we explore these projects from a community psychology orientation, which is committed to developing opportunities for inclusion and also exposing the workings of power in everyday settings. Although there have been many positive outcomes that have resulted from the different activities with communities, there have also been significant barriers to transformative practice, in particular, issues of racialisation and continuing colonisation. We discuss our efforts aimed at understanding racism, which have included engaging with critical race theory and whiteness studies within the context of Indigenous and non‐Indigenous partnerships for change. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Noble Metals on the Strength of Brønsted Acid Sites in Bifunctional Zeolites
Authors: Santi Dominic , Rabl Sandra , Calemma Vincenzo , Dyballa Michael , Hunger Michael , Weitkamp Jens
Published: February 2013

1H magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR and FTIR spectroscopy with deuterated acetonitrile and pyridine as probe molecules, respectively, were used to study the strength of Brønsted acid sites in Pt‐ and Ir‐modified zeolites Y and Beta in comparison with the materials in their H,Na forms. For both types of zeolites, the following sequence of the acid strengths was found: zeolites in their H,Na form>Pt‐modified zeolites>Ir‐modified zeolites. As the 1H MAS NMR signals of the bridging OH groups (Si(OH)Al) in the noble‐metal‐modified zeolites have the same spectroscopic properties as those observed in the materials in the H,Na forms, no direct influence of the noble metals on the nature of the hydroxyl protons or on the local structure of Si(OH)Al groups is expected. However, it is suggested that noble metals in these bifunctional zeolite catalysts are involved in charge transfer with neighboring framework atoms, which affects the mean framework electronegativity of the zeolites under study. This effect causes a variation of the acid strength of the Si(OH)Al groups similar to that observed for zeolites with different framework Al contents.
Robust Regulation of Alkalinity in Highly Uncertain Continuous Anaerobic Digestion Processes
Authors: Alcaraz‐González Víctor , Fregoso‐Sanchez Fabián Azael , Mendez‐Acosta Hugo Oscar , Gonzalez‐Alvarez Victor
Published: February 2013

In this paper, a multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) model‐based robust control scheme is proposed for the indirect control of both total alkalinity and the ratio (intermediate alkalinity)/(total alkalinity) by regulating volatile fatty acid concentrations and strong ions concentration, while guaranteeing the so‐called operational stability in anaerobic digestion (AD) processes. The proposed MIMO regulator is an adaptive controller derived from an AD model which incorporates the physicochemical equilibrium of the system as well as the use of a robust interval observer to estimate key process bounds that are used in the computation of the control efforts. Numerical simulations were carried out for a number of operating conditions under the most uncertain scenarios. Results showed that the proposed multivariable control law is able to recover the system stability around a pre‐determined set point in the face of parameter uncertainty and load disturbances.
Microkinetic Analysis of n‐Hexane Biodegradation by an Isolated Fungal Consortium from a Biofilter: Influence of Temperature and Toluene Presence
Authors: Iranmanesh Elham , Halladj Rouein , Zamir Seyed Morteza
Published: February 2013

The kinetic study of a pollutant biodegradation is considered as one of the main steps in the characterization of a biofilter performance. In this research, an unidentified fungal consortium, which had been previously isolated from a compost biofilter treating n‐hexane and toluene vapors, was used to study the biodegradation of n‐hexane in a batch system. In order to evaluate the ability of the isolated fungi, the effect of operating temperature and pollutant concentration on the biodegradation process were studied. The n‐hexane concentration in liquid phase was varied in the range of 5–25 mg L−1 and the temperature was altered between 25 and 45°C, using experiments designed with the help of central composite design. The maximum n‐hexane biodegradation (95.7%) was obtained in optimum condition at 36.5°C and 8.6 mg L−1. The kinetic investigations at 25 and 40°C presented that Haldane, Webb, and Yano models could predict the biodegradation well with R2 > 0.98. The kinetic parameters of Haldane model at 40°C were νmax = 3.57 (mgn‐hexane (gbiomass h)−1), KS = 9.57 (mg L−1), and KI = 20.48 (mg L−1). A sum kinetic model was used to study the interaction between the biodegradation of n‐hexane and toluene. Toluene had a greater inhibition on n‐hexane biodegradation (ITol, Hex = 9.47) much more than that for n‐hexane on toluene (IHex, Tol = 4.65).
Annual number of lung cancer deaths potentially avertable by screening in the United States
Authors: Ma Jiemin , Ward Elizabeth M. , Smith Robert , Jemal Ahmedin
Published: February 2013

BACKGROUND:

The National Lung Screening Trial (NLST), which was conducted between 2002 and 2009, demonstrated that screening with low‐dose computed tomography (LDCT) reduced lung cancer mortality by 20% among screening‐eligible populations compared with chest x‐ray. In this article, the authors provide an estimate of the annual number of lung cancer deaths that can be averted by screening, assuming the screening regimens adopted in the NLST are fully implemented in the United States.

METHODS:

The annual number of lung cancer deaths that can be averted by screening was estimated as a product of the screening effect, the US population size (obtained from the 2010 US Census data), the prevalence of screening eligibility (estimated using the 2010 National Health Interview Survey [NHIS] data), and the lung cancer mortality rates among screening‐eligible populations (estimated using the NHIS data from 2000‐2004 and the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey linked mortality files). Analyses were performed separately by sex, age, and smoking status, with Poisson regression analysis used for mortality rate estimation. Uncertainty of the estimates of the number of avertable lung cancer deaths was quantified by simulation.

RESULTS:

Approximately 8.6 million Americans (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 8.0 million‐9.2 million), including 5.2 million men (95% CI, 4.8 million‐5.7 million) and 3.4 million women (95% CI, 3.0 million ‐3.8 million), were eligible for lung cancer screening in 2010. If the screening regimen adopted in the NLST was fully implemented among these screening‐eligible US populations, a total of 12,250 (95% CI, 10,170‐15,671) lung cancer deaths (8990 deaths in men and 3260 deaths in women) would be averted each year.

CONCLUSIONS:

The data from the current study indicate that LDCT screening could potentially avert approximately 12,000 lung cancer deaths per year in the United States. Further studies are needed to estimate the number of avertable lung cancer deaths and the cost‐effectiveness of LDCT screening under different scenarios of risk, various screening frequencies, and various screening uptake rates. (See editorial on pages 000–000, this issue.) Cancer 2013. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
Phase Stability and Elastic Properties of Chromium Borides with Various Stoichiometries
Authors: Wang Bing , Wang De Yu , Cheng Zhenxiang , Wang Xiaolin , Wang Yuan Xu
Published: February 2013

Phase stability is important to the application of materials. By first‐principles calculations, we establish the phase stability of chromium borides with various stoichiometries. Moreover, the phases of CrB3 and CrB4 have been predicted by using a newly developed particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. Formation enthalpy–pressure diagrams reveal that the MoB‐type structure is more energetically favorable than the TiI‐type structure for CrB. For CrB2, the WB2‐type structure is preferred at zero pressure. The predicted new phase of CrB3 belongs to the hexagonal P‐6m2 space group and it transforms into an orthorhombic phase as the pressure exceeds 93 GPa. The predicted CrB4 (space group: Pnnm) phase is more energetically favorable than the previously proposed Immm structure. The mechanical and thermodynamic stabilities of predicted CrB3 and CrB4 are verified by the calculated elastic constants and formation enthalpies. The full phonon dispersion calculations confirm the dynamic stability of WB2‐type CrB2 and predicted CrB3. The large shear moduli, large Young’s moduli, low Poisson ratios, and low bulk and shear modulus ratios of CrB4PSC and CrB4PSD indicate that they are potential hard materials. Analyses of Debye temperature, electronic localization function, and electronic structure provide further understanding of the chemical and physical properties of these borides.
Polarity gene discs large homolog 1 regulates the generation of memory T cells
Authors: Gmyrek Grzegorz B. , Graham Daniel B. , Sandoval Gabriel J. , Blaufuss Gregory S. , Akilesh Holly M. , Fujikawa Keiko , Xavier Ramnik J. , Swat Wojciech
Published: February 2013

Mammalian ortholog of Drosophila cell polarity protein, Dlg1, plays a critical role in neural synapse formation, epithelial cell homeostasis, and urogenital development. More recently, it has been proposed that Dlg1 may also be involved in the regulation of T‐cell proliferation, migration, and Ag‐receptor signaling. However, a requirement for Dlg1 in development and function of T lineage cells remains to be established. In this study, we investigated a role for Dlg1 during T‐cell development and function using a combination of conditional Dlg1 KO and two different Cre expression systems where Dlg1 deficiency is restricted to the T‐cell lineage only, or all hematopoietic cells. Here, using three different TCR models, we show that Dlg1 is not required during development and selection of thymocytes bearing functionally rearranged TCR transgenes. Moreover, Dlg1 is dispensable in the activation and proliferative expansion of Ag‐specific TCR‐transgenic CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in vitro and in vivo. Surprisingly, however, we show that Dlg1 is required for normal generation of memory T cells during endogenous response to cognate Ag. Thus, Dlg1 is not required for the thymocyte selection or the activation of primary T cells, however it is involved in the generation of memory T cells.
Synthesis of 10‐Methylacridin‐9(10H)‐ones through Cu‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Oxidative C(sp2)–H Amination of 2‐(Methylamino)benzophenones
Authors: Huang Jinbo , Wan Congqing , Xu Ming‐Fang , Zhu Qiang
Published: February 2013

An efficient synthesis of a diverse set of 10‐methylacridin‐9(10H)‐ones from 2‐(methylamino)benzophenones has been developed. The reaction proceeds though Cu‐catalyzed intramolecular aromatic C–H amination by using O2 as the sole oxidant to provide the desired products in moderate to good yields. In addition, 2‐allylamino‐ and 2‐(benzylamino)benzophenones as well as unprotected substrates can also undergo the C–H amination reaction to deliver the corresponding cyclization products smoothly. Preliminary mechanistic studies suggest that C–H activation is involved in a rate‐limiting step.
Saltwater flotation for more efficient matrix separation of wetland macroinvertebrates does not affect total mercury or methylmercury concentrations
Authors: Dhal Suman , Mitchell Carl P.J.
Published: February 2013

The authors compared benthic wetland invertebrate matrix separation techniques (handpicking vs saltwater flotation) to test for effects on invertebrate mercury concentrations. Neither total mercury nor methylmercury concentrations differed significantly between techniques across 8 taxa. Matrix separation by the flotation technique took significantly less time and resulted in significantly greater abundance recovery in some taxa. The authors conclude that the saltwater-based flotation technique does not lead to mercury contamination or analytical interference issues. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:1233–1236. © 2013 SETAC
Accumulation and effects of 90-day oral exposure to Dechlorane Plus in quail (Coturnix coturnix)
Authors: Li Yan , Yu Lehuan , Zhu Zhicheng , Dai Jiayin , Mai Bixian , Wu Jiangping , Wang Jianshe
Published: February 2013

While a number of studies have addressed bioaccumulation of the flame retardant Dechlorane Plus (DP), little information is available regarding the adverse effects of DP on animals, especially on bird species. In the present study, male common quails (Coturnix coturnix) were consecutively exposed to commercial DP-25 by gavage for 90 d at 1-mg/kg/d, 10-mg/kg/d, and 100-mg/kg/d dosages. Concentrations of DP isomers in liver, muscle, and serum were determined after exposure. Liver enzyme activity involved in xenobiotic biotransformation processes and oxidative stress was measured, as well as glutathione and maleic dialdehyde content. The results showed that DP was more prone to accumulate in the liver than in muscle and serum in all exposed groups. In tested tissues, syn-DP dominated in the high-exposure groups (10 and 100 mg/kg/d), whereas anti-DP tended to accumulate in the low-exposure group (1 mg/kg/d). The concentration ratios of anti-DP to total DP (fanti values) in the tissues examined were close to commercial DP in the low-exposure group; however, the fanti values were significantly decreased in the high-exposure groups. Enzyme activity of 7-pentoxyresorufin-O-demethylase (PROD) decreased significantly in all exposed groups compared with the control group, whereas activity of erythromycin N-demethylase (ERND) and the antioxidant enzyme catalase significantly increased in high-exposure groups. The results implied that DP exposure levels influenced isomeric compositions in organs and that DP exposure altered hepatic alkoxyresorufin O-dealkylase (AROD) activity and contributed to the biological effects of DP. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:1649–1654. © 2013 SETAC
Polychlorinated biphenyls in adult black bass and yellow perch were not associated with their reproductive success in the upper Hudson River, New York, USA
Authors: Maceina Michael J. , Sammons Steven M.
Published: February 2013

Although production and use of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) ceased nearly 35 yr ago, questions still remain concerning the potential chronic effects these compounds may have on wild fish, including their reproductive success. In the upper Hudson River, New York, USA, fish were exposed to PCBs primarily from 2 manufacturing plants located approximately 320 km upstream of New York City, New York, from the 1940s to 1977. The authors collected yellow perch (Perca flavescens), smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu), and largemouth bass (M. salmoides) using electrofishing, measured PCBs in these adults, and estimated abundance and size of their offspring at age 1 yr (age-1 fish). Fish were collected annually from 2004 to 2009 from 1 control site upstream of the PCB discharge sites and from 2 sites downstream from where PCBs were released. These sites (pools) are separated by a series of dams, locks, and canals. Muscle tissue wet weight PCB and lipid-based PCB concentrations in adults in the 2 PCB exposure pools averaged approximately 1 to 3 µg/g and 100 to 500 µg/g, respectively. Age-1 abundances were not related to adult PCB concentrations but were inversely related to river flow. Size of age-1 fish was slightly greater at the PCB-exposure sites. Levels of PCBs in yellow perch, largemouth bass, and smallmouth bass in the upper Hudson River did not impair or reduce recruitment or reproductive success. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:1582–1591. © 2013 SETAC
Exogenous Shocks and Information Transmission in Global Copper Futures Markets
Authors: Yin Libo , Han Liyan
Published: February 2013

Bivariate EGARCH models are used to investigate mean and volatility spillovers across major global copper futures markets before and after the Global Financial Crisis. We show that the overall magnitude and significance of information spillovers strengthen after the crisis. The exogenous shocks not only exhibit considerable information spillovers on copper futures markets but also enhance information transmission among them, including bi‐directional mean and volatility spillovers and long‐run equilibrium. Moreover, our results shed light on the growing importance of the Shanghai Copper futures market in information transmission.
A summer monsoon pump to keep the Bay of Bengal salty
Authors: Vinayachandran P. N. , Shankar D. , Vernekar Siddharth , Sandeep K. K. , Amol P. , Neema C. P. , Chatterjee Abhisek
Published: February 2013

The Bay of Bengal receives a large influx of freshwater from precipitation and river discharge. Outflow of excess freshwater and inflow of saltier water is required to prevent the bay from freshening. Relatively fresh water flows out of the bay along its boundaries and inflow of saltier water occurs via the Summer Monsoon Current (SMC), which flows eastward from the Arabian Sea into the bay. This saltier water, however, slides under the lighter surface water of the bay. Maintaining the salt balance of the bay therefore demands upward mixing of this saltier, subsurface water. Here, we show that an efficient mechanism for this mixing is provided by upward pumping of saltier water in several bursts during the summer monsoon along the meandering path of the SMC. Advection by currents can then take this saltier water into the rest of the basin, allowing the bay to stay salty despite a large net freshwater input.
Synthesis and QSRR Study for a Series of Phosphoramidic Acid Derivatives
Authors: Petric Mihaela , Crisan Luminita , Crisan Manuela , Micle Andreea , Maranescu Bianca , Ilia Gheorghe
Published: February 2013

New phosphoramidic acid derivatives were synthesized by three different methods in the liquid–liquid and liquid–solid systems. The highest yields were obtained when the liquid–solid system was used. Moreover, for these compounds, the retention factor was predicted, using a robust model obtained for a set of phosphoramidic acid derivatives, which were previously synthesized in our laboratory. For these compounds, the retention factor (k″) was determined by means of the high performance liquid chromatography technique, using a Nucleosil C18 column as a stationary phase and methanol as a mobile phase. The stepwise multiple linear regression (MLR) and partial least square (PLS) methodology were used to investigate the correlation between the retention factor and a number of molecular descriptors for the mentioned compounds. In both procedures, a considerably large number of molecular descriptors have been used. The statistical qualities of MLR and PLS equations have been assessed on the basis of several parameters such as squares of the correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.985), standard error of estimate (SEE = 0.149), Fischer test (F = 257.528), and the cumulative sum of squares of the correlation coefficient R2Y(CUM) = 0.984, the cumulative fraction of the total variation of the Y values that can be predicted for all the extracted principal components by cross‐validation Q2(CUM) = 0.971, respectively, and by the Y‐randomization test. The MLR and PLS equations can be useful for the estimation and comparison of the retention factor, for new synthesized phosphoramidic acid derivatives, using the selected molecular descriptors. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 24:138–145, 2013; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/hc.21076