bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bulgaria (1889–1894): First Intention to War
Authors:   Lomonosov Moscow State University, Dubovik Olga
Published: May 2024

The purpose of this study is to analyze the transformation of the views of Prime Minister Stefan Stambolov on methods for solving the Bulgarian national question regarding the Macedonian provinces of the Ottoman Empire. Th e author examines the change in the Bulgarian military doctrine associated with the development of new markets and territories, with the primary task of resolving the issue of Macedonia and Western Th race, as well as an assessment of the possibility of a military solution to the Bulgarian national question. In this regard, it was necessary to modernize the Bulgarian army. The research is based on materials from the Bulgarian official newspaper Svoboda, the Russian magazine Slavyanskie Izvestia, the published personal archive of Stefan Stambolov, supplemented by memoirs of contemporary witnesses of the events. The chronological framework of the study spans the years from 1889–1891. A concluding connection can be established between the transformation of Bulgarian politics, Serbian-Bulgarian contradictions, and the reluctance of the Stambolov government to resolve the national issue through a confederation with Serbia and Greece. Understanding the Russian interest in unifying the Balkan states, which was perceived as a threat to the independence of Bulgaria, led to the transformation of Stambolov’s views on the need to modernize the army with the support of Austria-Hungary. A rapprochement with the latter and the implied threat of a military alliance triggered an extremely negative assessment and gave rise to a general sentiment of fear in Russian society.
Russian volunteers in Bulgaria during the Balkan Wars of 1912–1913: the main categories, features of behavior and perception by contemporaries
Authors:   Institute of Slavic Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, Gusev Nikita
Published: May 2024

In 1912, Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece and Montenegro opposed the Ottoman Empire. This stirred up Russian society, which felt overwhelming sympathy for the southern Slavs. This was demonstrated, among others, by sending Russian volunteers to the Balkans and Bulgaria, in particular. This article analyzes the staff composition of Russian volunteers. Among them were career officers, most of whom were then awarded state awards. Pilots, whose relations with colleagues were difficult, were detached from the other groups and one of them was captured. Most of all, of course, there were civilians of various professions, including out-spoken adventurers and high school students. Russian (GARF, RGVIA) and Bulgarian (CDA) archives, memoirs of contemporaries and press publications are used in an attempt to outline the features of the Russian volunteer movement in Bulgaria during the Balkan Wars, provide information about the behaviour of Russian volunteers, their bravery, as well as rare cases of their unscrupulous behaviour.
Encounter between compatriots: Soviet Russia and Russia abroad in Yugoslavia in 1944
Authors:   Institute for Recent History of Serbia, Belgrade, Živanović Milana
Published: May 2024

Based on memoirs, diaries, notes, as well as other literature in Serbian and Russian, the article examines the encounter between representatives of the Russian diaspora and their compatriots – Soviet officers and soldiers in Yugoslavia – in the autumn of 1944 upon the arrival of the Red Army in this country. Firstly, the paper examines how the Russian emigrants have perceived the Soviet soldiers, and secondly, it studies how the Red Army fighters, as well as the NKVD and SMERSH, treated their compatriots, who had left their common homeland as a result of the 1917 revolutionary events and the Russian Civil War. On the one hand, the NKVD and SMERSH interrogated, arrested, and sent Russian emigrants to the USSR, where some of them were shot. On the other hand, Russian diaspora representatives provided help to the Soviet soldiers and fought together against the Germans, since upon the arrival of the Red Army in the Yugoslav territories, a certain number of anti-fascist Russian émigrés joined its ranks. The paper is based on memoirs written by Russian emigrants of different profiles and with varying views: professors, clergymen and Yugoslav and Red Army fighters. Despite all the disadvantages of memoirs as a historical source, the analysis of which must take into account the context, their time of origin, ideological and political views, as well as possible motives of the authors, it allows to obtain a general picture of how Soviet military personnel was perceived by their compatriots, who at the time of the encounter had been living in another state for more than 20 years.
Ringing mountain ranges: Teleseismic signature of the interaction of high-frequency wavefields with near-source topography at the Degelen nuclear test site
Authors: Pienkowska Marta , Nippress Stuart , Bowers David , Nissen-Meyer Tarje
Published: May 2024

Over the last decade there has been an international effort to find methods to recover and digitize recordings from historical earthquakes and explosions that occurred during the 1950’s through to the 1980’s. Making these recordings accessible in digital format offers opportunities to study what signatures are encoded in the data, and to apply state-of-the-art techniques and methods to historical data. In this study we employ unsupervised machine learning to cluster historical teleseismic waveforms from nuclear explosions conducted at the former USSR Degelen test site, in Kazakhstan, recorded at seismic arrays in the UK (EKA), Canada (YKA), Australia (WRA) and India (GBA). In particular, we use two unsupervised algorithms to cluster waveforms using shape-based clustering: kernel k-means and k-Shape. The algorithms clearly split waveforms into distinct clusters that are spatially related, even when waveform differences are subtle, and we show with local and teleseismic numerical simulations that the clusters are related to the topography. The topography at the Degelen test site has characteristic wavelengths of 2-4 km and local simulations highlight that the seismic wavefield is trapped in reverberating mountain peaks. The location of the explosion is crucial in determining which section of the mountain range reverberates, influencing the outgoing wavefield. Teleseismic waveform simulations confirm that it is this superposition of energy leaving the reverberating peaks that results in the observed teleseismic waveform differences we observe.
Methods in Causal Inference Part 4: Confounding in Experiments
Authors: Bulbulia Joseph
Published: May 2024

Confounding bias arises when a treatment and outcome share a common cause. In randomised controlled experiments (trials), treatment assignment is random, ostensibly eliminating confounding bias. Here, we use causal directed acyclic graphs (causal DAGs) to unveil eight structural sources of bias that nevertheless persist in these trials. This analysis highlights the crucial role of causal inference methods in the design and analysis of experiments, ensuring the validity of conclusions drawn from experimental data.
Expanding the Remit of Psychology across Time and Space
Authors: Atari Mohammad , Henrich Joseph , Schulz Jonathan Friedemann
Published: May 2024

Psychology is a young science. Its definition and scope have shifted over the discipline’s short history. Here, we call for psychology to become a historical and geographical science. We list four underlying reasons as to why such a transformation, a chronospatial revolution, has yet to take off: problems in data, scope, synergy, and theory. We discuss the need for psychology to adopt a more holistic lens—one that incorporates the rich mosaic of shared history, the dynamism of cultural shifts, and the variations ingrained by ecology and cross-regional differences. Such an integrated approach not only enriches our microscopic understanding of Homo sapiens but also draws a more telescopic map of human psychology that encapsulates the human journey.
Methods in Causal Inference Part 3: Measurement Error and External Validity Threats
Authors: Bulbulia Joseph
Published: May 2024

The human sciences should seek generalisations wherever possible. For ethical and scientific reasons, it is desirable to sample more broadly than ‘Western, Educated, Industrialised, Rich, and Democratic’ (WEIRD) societies. However, restricting the target population is sometimes necessary; for example, young children should not be recruited for studies on elderly care. Under which conditions is unrestricted sampling desirable or undesirable? Here, we use causal diagrams to clarify the structural features of measurement error bias and target population restriction bias (or ‘selection restriction’), focusing on issues in comparative cultural research. We define any study exhibiting such biases, or confounding biases, as weird (wrongly estimated inferences due to inappropriate restriction and distortion). We explain why statistical tests such as configural, metric, and scalar invariance cannot address the structural biases of weird studies. Overall, we examine how the workflows for causal inference provide the necessary preflight checklists for ambitious, effective, and safe comparative cultural research.
Application Prospects of Gamified Measurement in Evaluating Occupational Delay of Gratification among University Students
Authors: Zhou Yixiang , Mao Zihan , Zeng Yanjia , Li Weiya , Ding Yu
Published: May 2024

This paper reviews the prospects of using gamified measurement in evaluating occupational delay of gratification (ODG) among university students. ODG refers to the self-regulation ability where individuals forego immediate satisfaction to achieve higher career goals or greater rewards, which is crucial for career development. Traditional self-assessment questionnaires face issues of introspection inaccuracy and lack of real-world context, particularly pronounced among university students due to their limited work experience. Game-Based Psychological Assessment (GBPA) offers significant advantages by dynamically and realistically evaluating individuals' abilities and behavioral responses through game tasks. This paper explores the current research status of GBPA and its potential in ODG assessment, proposing research ideas such as developing a gamified measurement platform, designing assessment tasks and indicators, incorporating behavioral data analysis, integrating psychological assessment with game feedback, and validating effectiveness through empirical research. These explorations aim to provide a scientific and comprehensive assessment tool for evaluating ODG among university students, promoting their career development.
The Dynamics of Emotion-Related Impulsivity: An Analysis of Momentary Self-Efficacy and Daily Emotion-Driven Urges and Actions via Ecological Momentary Assessment
Authors: Clift Jeremy Brian , Veilleux Jennifer
Published: May 2024

Emotion-related impulsivity—the engagement in impulsive reactions specifically in response to emotions—is considered a transdiagnostic factor underlying psychopathology. The reflexive responding to emotion (RRE) model of emotion-related impulsivity (Carver et al., 2008) suggests that sensitivities to reward and threat in combination with control over emotion are the factors that result in internalizing and externalizing psychopathology. In the current study, we adapt the trait-based RRE model to momentary states by evaluating how within-person fluctuations in affect combine with perceptions of momentary emotional control to predict impulsive, rash action and inaction in daily life. Participants (college students and adults recruited from the community: N = 197) completed eight days of ecological momentary assessment (EMA), where we assessed current affect, perceptions of momentary emotional control (via distress intolerance and willpower), and urges for rash action and inaction (5,353 momentary prompts completed). We also assessed subsequent engagement in rash action and inaction. Using multilevel modeling, we found that when people feel greater positive affect and lower negative affect, they also report greater subjective willpower and lower distress intolerance, replicating past EMA findings. Furthermore, we found that momentary perceptions of momentary emotional control moderated the relationship between 1.) affect and urges for rash action and 2.) affect and engagement in rash action at follow-up. Findings support a dynamic model of the RRE model, confirming that perceptions of momentary emotional control are relevant for both rash action and inaction, particularly when occurring alongside shifts in affect.
Resetting the Hippocampal Buffer: A Neurocognitive Account of Psychedelic Therapy for Anxiety-Related Psychopathology
Authors: McGovern Hugh , Wellman Nick , Hutchinson Brendan , Oestreich Lena , Cooper Samuel Emerson , Fonzo Gregory , Doss Manoj
Published: May 2024

Psychedelics (hallucinogenic 5-HT2A agonists such as psilocybin) are gaining recognition for their potential to treat a range of conditions, including anxiety-related psychopathology. Despite early promising results, the mechanisms by which psychedelic therapy alleviates anxiety are not well understood. Here, we review neural and cognitive mechanisms underlying anxiety-related psychopathology and the impact of psychedelics on these mechanisms. This review culminates in a novel neurocognitive model of how psychedelics promote long-term anxiolysis. We conceptualize anxiety-related psychopathology as a case in which anxiety-related contextual information provided by the hippocampus entrains the amygdala and salience network to bias processing toward anxiety-related information that “refills” the hippocampus and perpetuates this cycle, due to 5-HT2A expression on excitatory and inhibitory neurons in the cortex and hippocampus, respectively. Psychedelics acutely free cortical networks from hippocampal-dependent contextual constraints in part through 5-HT2A expression on excitatory and inhibitory neurons in the cortex and hippocampus, respectively, while the intrinsic plasticity of the hippocampus and/or psychedelic-mediated plasticity allows for a “resetting of the hippocampal buffer.” As the acute effects wane, increased cortical plasticity may enable the hippocampus to adaptively integrate novel information into a contextual frame that is less biased or constrained by prior aversive conditioning, thus promoting an overall reduction in anxious thoughts and appraisals. We end by discussing potential challenges of psychedelic therapy for anxiety, including that psychedelics can acutely increase anxiety, and suggest directions for future research to determine the optimal treatment paths informed by cognitive neuroscience.
Building ethical awareness to strengthen co-production for transformation
Authors: Partelow Stefan , Luederitz Christopher , Huang Ying-Syuan , von Wehrden Henrik , Woopen Christiane
Published: May 2024

Awareness of different ethical theories can support transformation-oriented researchers in navigating value-based decisions in co-production. We synthesize and explicitly link the literatures on co-production and ethical theories in philosophy to initiate this awareness. Four key decision points in co-production projects are outlined that require value-based actions: (1) What to focus on? (2) Who to include? (3) How to co-create? and (4) How to continue? To discuss how project actions can be examined from different ethical perspectives, we synthesize the claims of four ethical theories and discuss them in the context of co-production project choices. The four ethical theories are: deontological ethics, utilitarianism, contractualism and virtue ethics. Overall, we argue for a move towards embracing pluralistic ethical perspectives when navigating decisions in co-production projects.
تأثير تسعير المنتوج الصناعي على أساس الطلب في التسويق الريادي (( بحث تحليلي لأراء عينة من المديرين في الشركة العامة لصناعة البطاريات ))
Authors: علي حسن عباس  , أ.م.د سرمد حمزة الشمري
Published: May 2024

يهدف الباحث من خلال البحث الى تحديد الدور الذي يلعبه تسعير المنتوج الصناعي كمتغير مستقل  المتمثل بأبعاده  ( التسعير على اساس الطلب) في تطبيق ممارسات التسويق الريادي كمتغير تابع المتمثل بأبعاده (قبول المخاطر, الابتكار), حيث ان التحديات التسويقية والادراية التي تعيشها المنظمات الصناعية  في العراق باتت كثيرة بالاضافة الى التطور التكنلوجي المتسارع الذي يشهده العالم وتنوع رغبات وتفضيلات الزبائن, الامر الذي ادى الى ضرورة الخروج من النمط التسويقي التقليدي والبحث عن ماهو جديد في المجال التسويقي الذي ممكن ان يحقق العديد من المزايا للشركات واهمها تحقيق الارباح وكسب اكبر حصة سوقية ممكنة, كما ان تبني اسلوب التسعير على اساس الطلب بالشكل الصحيح يتيح للمنظمة استغلال الفرص السوقية وعدم هدر الموارد ذلك لأن دراسة الطلب بشكل دقيق توفر للمنظمة تلافي خطأ الانتاج بكميات كبيرة بشكل لا يتناسب مع حجم الطلب المستقبلي.  ان اهمية البحث تكتسب من خلال حقيقة واضحة وهي ان واقع الصناعة في العراق يعيش فترة صعبة وخصوصاً من الجانب التسويقي, فمثل البحث من خلال المجتمع المبحوث والعينة المبحوثة المتمثل بالشركة العامة لصناعة البطاريات بغية تقديم الاسناد لأدارة التسويق وانعاش الواقع الصناعي في العراق, اختار الباحث العينة القصدية, حيث تم توزيع (71) استمارة استبيان على رؤساء الاقسام ومعاونيهم ومدراء الشعب ومعاونيهم وكذلك على المدير المفوض ونائبه, بالاضافة الى المقابلات الشخصية.
وتم اعتماد البرنامج الاحصائي للعلوم الاجتماعية الذي يرمز له (Spss   v. 26) لقياس واختبار الفرضيات وكذلك تم استخدام برنامج ( Microsoft Excel )..
وتم التوصل الى مجموعة من الاستنتاجات والتوصيات , أهمها الاستنتاجات هو  ان التسويق الريادي يعد من المواضيع الحديثة والمهمة لما يمتلكه من مقومات تدعم الشركة وتحقق لها مكانة في السوق، يتطلب تبنيه قيام هذه الشركة من القيام باعمالها بشكل يجعلها تركز على الزبون, اما التوصيات ف أهمها  الاهتمام بشكل اكبر بكل أنواع المخاطر التي تتعرض لها الشركة المبحوثة عن طريق عمل المتابعة المستمرة واجراء الخطوات المتمثلة ب تقييم الخطر ، تحليل الخطر ، كيف يمكن التحكم بالخطر وذلك للاستفادة من المخاطر والحد منها.
دور القيادة الخادمة في تعزيز الالتزام التنظيمي دراسة استطلاعية لا راء عينة من موظفي مركز وزارة التعليم العالي والبحث العلمي
Authors: احمد بدين محمد  , أ. م. د. كريم جابر ضاحي
Published: May 2024

يهدف هذا البحث الى تحديد طبيعة دور القيادة الخادمة  وتأثيره في تعزيز الالتزام التنظيمي  في مركز وزارة التعليم العالي والبحث العلمي ، وان مشكلة البحث هو تعزيز الالتزام التنظيمي للعاملين في عينة البحث اذ تشكل ، وتبرز اهمية البحث من ضرورة دراسة القيادة الخادمة لتأثيرها بتحفيز العاملين نحو الالتزام التنظيمي مما ينعكس في تحسين الاداء ، وان اهداف البحث تتسم باختبار وتحديد مستوى تأثير القيادة الخادمة في الالتزام التنظيمي ، وتم تطبيق البحث في ديوان وزارة التعليم العالي والبحث العلمي كمجال للتطبيق وكان مجموع المجتمع المتمثل بالعاملين والبالغ (1000 )  وكانت العينة العشوائية قد بلغت (280) من العاملين ، وتم تبني الاستبانة اداة رئيسة للبحث للمتغيرات والابعاد الفرعية ، والتي تم اعدادها بالاستناد الى عدد من المقاييس الجاهزة بعد اخضاعها الاختبارات الصدق والثبات ، وتم استخدام برنامج (SPSS Var.23, SMART Plus) لغرض تحليل واختبار الفرضيات والحصول على النتائج وقد توصل الباحثان الى عدد من الاستنتاجات اهمها كلما كان تبني نمط القيادة الخادمة بمستوى عالي من القيادات ادى الى زيادة التأثير في العاملين نحو الالتزام التنظيمي ، وان اغلب القيادات لا يتبنى نمط القيادة الخادمة اما لحداثتهم او لقناعتهم بعدم تبني هذا النمط
أثر الانفاق الحكومي الاستهلاكي في وضع الميزان التجاري في العراق للمدة (2005- 2020) باستخدام نموذج VECM
Authors: علي عامر جاسم  , أ.م.د.عصام عبد الخضر سعود
Published: May 2024

يعتمد الاقتصاد العراقي على التجارة الخارجية لتلبية الطلب المحلي على السلع بسبب تزايد الانفاق العام الاستهلاكي المرتبط بالإيرادات النفطية الريعية وعجز الجهاز الانتاجي لمسايرة هذا الطلب . ولكون مرونة الانفاق الحكومي الاستهلاكي مرتفعة اتجاه ازدياد مستوى الايرادات العامة ومنخفضة اتجاه التراجع في مستوى الايرادات العامة ، ينعكس ذلك في شكل عجز على الميزان التجاري ، وهذا العجز يكون سببه اختلال الانفاق الحكومي لاستحواذ الانفاق الحكومي الاستهلاكي على النسبة الاكبر مقابل الانفاق الاستثماري والميزان التجاري لهيمنة الصادرات من النفط الخام التي تستخدم لتمويل الانفاق العام في مقابل تنوع جانب الاستيرادات . وتهدف الدراسة الى قياس وتحليل أثر الإنفاق الحكومي الاستهلاكي في الميزان التجاري باعتماد الاسلوب التحليلي والكمي باستخدام نموذج تصحيح متجه الخطأ (VECM) . وتوصلت الدراسة الى وجود علاقة طويلة الأمد بين متغيرات الدراسة .
سياسات التنويع الاقتصادي في دول الخليج العربي
Authors: أ.م.د.ناجي ساري فارس
Published: May 2024

إن من أهم أثار التنوع الاقتصادي في منطقة الخليج العربي التخلص من ( احادية الاقتصاد ) والذي يعتمد على القطاع النفطي . ولهذا فإن تطبيق التنويع الاقتصادي ، فلابد من توفير قواعد التنوع ومنها الفوائض المتوفرة لدى القطاعات الاقتصادية المختلفة وكذلك توفر الموارد المادية والبشرية والتكنلوجية من أجل تحقيق هذا التنوع ، وكذلك تشجيع الاستثمارات الخارجية والاعتماد على الخبرات الاقتصادية الخليجية . إن تنويع الاقتصاد في دول الخليج العربي ، لابد من استغلال النفط الخام وتصفية مشتقاته ، والعمل على تطوير القطاعات الاقتصادية الاخرى حتى تكون مساندة للقطاع النفطي في رفد موازنة الدولة .
تقدير معلمات أنموذج GARCH لتوزيع Polya مع تطبيق عملي
Authors: حسن صباح حافظ  , ا.م.د. علي ياسين غني
Published: May 2024

يهدف البحث الى دراسة السلاسل الزمنية ذات التقلبات العالية (Volatility) والتي تكون فيها مشكلة الانحدار الذاتي المشروط بعدم تجانس التباين في حالة التوزيعات المتقطعة أي عندما تكون مشاهداتها قيماً صحيحة (Integer value) ، وقد تم دراسة أنموذج INGARCH  عندما تتبع السلسلة توزيع Polya ، حيث تم دراسة الأنموذج نظرياً وعملياً ، ومن ثم تقدير معلمات الأنموذج بأستخدام طريقة الامكان الاعظم (MLE) ، وفي الجانب التطبيقي تم استخدام البيانات الخاصة بعدد صفقات مصرف سومر التجاري في سوق العراق للاوراق المالية، حيث تم اختباروجود تأثير ARCH بأستخدام اختباري (Ljung – Box Test  ) و (ARCH Test) وتبين من الاختبارين ان البيانات تعاني من مشكلة عدم تجانس التباين (ARCH) ، واخيراً تم استنتاج ان الأنموذج الذي يفسر التقلبات في عدد الصفقات الخاصة بمصرف سومر التجاري هو أنموذج INGARCH(2,0) وذلك بالاعتماد على نتائج المعيارين AIC  و BIC .
كلف التقييم وتأثيرها في تسعير الخدمات المصرفية / بحث تطبيقي في مصرف الرافدين
Authors: هديل هشام ادهام  , أ.م.د. رحيم شراد عامر
Published: May 2024

ان التطورات التكنولوجية الحديثة التي تشهدها بيئة الاعمال وازدياد حدة المنافسة دفعت المصارف الى تبني اساليب حديثة تسهم في تحسين مستوى جودة الخدمة المصرفية من خلال تقديم افضل الخدمات المصرفية بمستوى جودة عالية تحقق رضا الزبائن ذلك يعزز الموقف التنافسي من خلال اهتمام المصارف بتدقيق العمليات المصرفية والبيانات وزيادة الوقت من قبل الموظفين لعمليات المطابقة اليومية والعمل على صيانة الاجهزة الداخلية لتقليل الاخطاء اليومية وتعمل على وضع سياسات و استراتيجيات مختلفة لتسعير خدماتها لتعظيم ارباح المصرف ، وتجسدت مشكلة الدراسة عدم وجود نظام فعال لقياس تكاليف التقييم في المنظمات المصرفية على الرغم من اهمية التكاليف المرتبطة بالجودة لكن قياس وتحديد تكاليف التقييم لا يتسم بالدقة وعدم تحديد سعر ملائم للخدمات المصرفية  ، وتهدف الدراسة الى تحديد كلف التقييم وبيان تأثير كلف جودة الخدمات المصرفية في تسعير الخدمات ، اما عينة البحث تم اختيار مصرف الرافدين (الادارة العامة) للمدة الزمنية (2017-2021)واتجهت الباحثة الى اتباع المنهج الوصفي والمنهج التحليلي لدراسة الاطار النظري والعملي لكلف التقييم وتسعير الخدمات في المصرف ومن اهم الاستنتاجات التي توصلت اليها الباحثة اقل الكلف في كلف التقييم هي كلف المطابقة اي قلة وقت الموظفين للمطابقة المعاملات اليومية ولم يتم التسعير حسب التكلفة ، اما اهم التوصيات تسعير الخدمات وفق تكاليفها وزيادة الاهتمام بكلف المطابقة اي زيادة الوقت المخصص من قبل الموظفين .
تاثير التكامل السلوكي للإدارة في تحقيق النجاح التنظيمي دراسة استطلاعية في عينة من الشركات السياحية العراقية
Authors: م.د.يعقوب صفر علي
Published: May 2024

يهدف البحث الى التحقق من مدى امتلاك الشركات  فرص تحقيق النجاح التنظيمي من خلال تمكنها من التعامل مع التغيرات البيئة بطريقة مستجيبة أو استباقية ، وتتبلور مشكلة البحث في ضعف اليات ومؤشرات تحديد معايير واضحة ودقيقة للشركات السياحية التي توصف بانها ناجحة تنظيمية واقتصار اغلب الدراسات على دراسة تاثير الخصائص الشخصية لفريق الإدارة على تحقيق النجاح التنظيمي ، وتمثلت عينة البحث بــ (204) مشاهدة من الفرق الإدارية العالمية في الشركات السياحية في مدينة بغداد اذ تم استطلاع اراؤها وفق استمارة استبيان اعدت لهذا الغرض وتم تحليل الآراء المستحصلة وفي برامج التحليل الاحصائي (SPSS) و (AMOS) ومن ابرز النتائج  ضعف تعاطي موظفي الشركات مع برامج الحجز الالكتروني وغيرها من الاليات الرقمية واقتصار العمل على طيف محدود من الاليات والتقنيات في حين أصبحت شركات السياحة عالميا احد اكثر المنظمات استيعابا لمخرجات العمليات التقنية الحديثة والمتطورة ، وتتلخص ابرز التوصيات في ضرورة ان تعمد الإدارات في الشركات السياحية الى ترسيخ ثقافة تنظيمية داخلية تبنى أساسا على حالة من التعاون وسيادة روح العمل المؤسس على نكران الذات والعمل المشترك بكافة التفاصيل فاستقلالية الأقسام في الشركات السياحية لاتعني ان العمل يتم وفق حالة من القطيعة بين العاملين فيها .
On Discrete Frechet Distribution : Estimation and Application
Authors: نبأ صالح هادي  , أ.د جواد كاظم خضير
Published: May 2024

A discrete two-parameter   distribution corresponding to the continuous  distribution is introduced and derived by using the approach of discretization of continuous distribution functions . The Survival and Hazard functions of the proposed distribution were also found and examined . Two methods were discussed to estimate the parameters , Maximum Likelihood and the Bayesian method , and then compare the performance using the simulation method . In addition, the compatibility of the proposed distribution was investigated through real data , and then the estimates of the survival and Hazard functions were reached . The superiority of the Bayesian method in data modelling was shown .
Impact of Corporate Governance in the Application of the Financial Standard for Sustainability Accounting FNO 101
Authors: م.د. منى جبار محمد
Published: May 2024

The study aims to investigate the impact of corporate governance in the application of the financial standard for sustainability accounting FNO 101 . To achieve this aim , the study follows the descriptive analytical approach using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) in analyzing data and testing hypotheses . A questionnaire was determined and distributed for 30 practitioners of which 28 were valid for analysis . The most important conclusions were that governance mechanisms contribute to improving financial performance , which improves the quality of financial reporting to enhance confidence in financial statements through the application of governance indicators according to (GRI) standards . In addition, the application of the financial standard for sustainability accounting FNO 101 contributes to improving the financial performance of commercial banks listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange . One of the most important recommendations was the need for the economic entity to adhere to the application of governance rules and the application of the financial standard for sustainability accounting FNO 101 and to deepen and develop concepts , by holding specialized training courses for their employees , and to increase the level of disclosure and transparency in financial reports , and to make them available to all stakeholders to give shareholders and investors security for their money invested in this entity work to disseminate the concept and culture of governance and the financial standard for sustainability accounting FNO 101 in a wider way to all relevant parties, and to issue bulletins and instructions that reflect their concepts and applications .
The Measurement of Buzz Marketing: Bloggers as a Model
Authors: م.د. ياسر عادل محمود الخفاجي
Published: May 2024

Buzz marketing is one of the modern marketing methods that have begun to arouse the interest of researchers to know its effects , whether on the organization or customers . This study aims to reach a better understanding of buzz marketing ; Therefore , three techniques by which this technique can work have been presented. Then the study suggests a measure to identify the level of buzz marketing in business . The techniques and the questionnaire were presented to a scientific committee composed of experts in the field of marketing management to test the validity . The scale was practically tested by a sample of (208) bloggers who became known and have good popularity in social media . After collecting the answers of the sample members and analyzing them in statistical programs -SPSS V.23 & AMOS V.23- to conduct tests to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the scale , this study presented a 10-item scale that could be used in future studies dealing with buzz marketing .
THE EFFECT OF CYBERLOAFING BEHAVIOR AND ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT ON JOB PERFORMANCE (Applied Research on Al- Mustansiriya University employees and academics)
Authors: Zahraa sabah Mohamed  , T. Zainab yousif Dawood
Published: May 2024

The aim of this research is to learn more about cyberloafing and organizational commitment and how it affects employee performance.
 The community in this study consists of employees, Masters, experts and specialized bodies from Al-Mustansiriya University from all departments.
This research is a descriptive correlation research method.
To collect data, a questionnaire consisting of 50 questions was used, which was collected for (270) administrative and academic employees who use the Internet and computers, and the Likert 5 coding option was also used.
It is essential to allow the employee to rest and participate in competitive activities.
Employers who abandon Internet services such as web browsing and social networking will see an increase in the work processes and efforts of their employees.
It is concluded from this that The effects of CYG on organizations can range from partial distraction for employees, to a serious waste of company resources.
Our study suggests that if an employer wants to reduce employees' CYG behaviour, it is helpful to pursue strategies that counter their ability to deceive others.
Focusing on responsibility and punishment deters them from this behaviour.
Management can tell employees that all their online activities are being monitored, but beware that such monitoring may violate employees' privacy, creating an undesirable work environment.
The CYG phenomenon is not evil. Surfing the Internet at work can have a positive impact on employees' emotions, as it allows them to relieve work stress.
It can also support productivity in some cases, by providing rest periods for employees that enable them to regain their focus and activity.
While employees allow themselves to engage in some online activities during work hours, work may also extend beyond their desks into their personal lives.
The Role of Carbon Accounting in Mitigating Greenhouse Gas Emissions: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: أ.م.د.عماد محمد كندوري
Published: May 2024

This systematic literature review delves into the effectiveness of carbon accounting as a means of reducing greenhouse gas emissions . Synthesizing recent research findings , it scrutinizes the mechanisms by which carbon accounting practices contribute to efforts in emission reduction . By examining a diverse array of studies , this review offers insights into the efficacy of carbon accounting strategies in different sectors while identifying crucial challenges and opportunities for future implementation .
التحليل التمييزي
Authors: م.م. مريم عبد الحسين اصغر  , م.م. سوسن قاسم هادي
Published: May 2024

التحليل التمييزي يعد من احد الاجراءات المهمة في التحليل الاحصائي لمتعدد المتغيرات والذي يهتم بكيفية التمييز او الفصل بين مجموعتين او اكثر وذلك بالاستناد على اسس معينة من المقاييس التي تكون متشابهة في بعض الصفات، حيث تنتمي كل مفردة او مشاهدة الى المجموعة الصحيحة عن طريق استعمال الدالة التمييزية وهي عبارة عن تركيب خطي للمتغيرات ويعتمد عليها لغرض التنبؤ والتصنيف للمشاهدة الجديدة لاحدى المجاميع والتي تزودنا بتقدير متكامل لكفاءة قواعد التصنيف ويجب ان تعطي اقل احتمال خطأ التصنيف لكي يتم الحصول على افضل النتائج.
Association between anti-Topoisomerase I antibody and organ damage in systemic sclerosis at the National Hospital of Dermatology and Venereology
Authors:   National Hospital of Dermatology and Venereology, 15A Phuong Mai Street, Phuong Mai Ward, Dong Da District, Hanoi, Vietnam, Do Thi Thu Hien ,   University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam National University - Hanoi,144 Xuan Thuy Street, Dich Vong Hau Ward, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, Vietnam, Nguyen Thi Hoa ,   University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam National University - Hanoi,144 Xuan Thuy Street, Dich Vong Hau Ward, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, Vietnam, Nguyen Thi Kim Tien ,   University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam National University - Hanoi,144 Xuan Thuy Street, Dich Vong Hau Ward, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, Vietnam,   E Hospital, 89 Tran Cung Street, Nghia Tan Ward, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, Vietnam
Published: May 2024

Objectives: To evaluate the association between anti-Topoisomerase (Topo) I antibody and damage of some organs in systemic sclerosis (SSc). Materials and methods: Cross-sectional descriptive study of 100 patients diagnosed with SSc and were tested for anti-Topo I antibodies by ELISA technique at the National Hospital of Dermatology and Venereology. Results: The average score of general effects, thickened skin lesions, peripheral vascular damages, and lung damages according to the Medsger scale of the group of SSc patients with positive anti-Topo I was higher than SSc patients with negative anti-Topo I (0.93±1.07 vs 0.24±0.44; 1.6±0.7 vs 1.16±0.37; 1.88±0.61 vs 1.36±0.49, and 1.23±0.67 vs 0.84±0.94, respectively). The proportion of patients with joint contractures in the positive anti-Topo I group was higher than in the anti-Topo I negative group (32 vs 12%). The proportion of patients with severe and very severe organ damage in the anti-Topo I positive group was higher than in the anti-Topo negative group. There was no association between the presence of anti-Topo I and heart or digestive damage. Conclusions: Anti-Topo I antibodies were associated with the level of general effects, peripheral vascular damage, skin thickening, and pulmonary fibrosis. The presence of anti-Topo I antibodies would be a poor prognostic factor for patients with SSc.
Approaches to managing the list of patients waiting for kidney transplantation
Authors:   Viet Duc University Hospital, 40 Trang Thi Street, Hang Bong Ward, Hoan Kiem District, Hanoi, Vietnam, Hoang Giang , Trinh Hong Son ,   Viet Duc University Hospital, 40 Trang Thi Street, Hang Bong Ward, Hoan Kiem District, Hanoi, Vietnam, Pham Viet Cuong ,   Hanoi University of Public Health, 1A Duc Thang Street, Duc Thang Ward, Bac Tu Liem District, Hanoi, Vietnam
Published: May 2024

Objective: Describe an overview of the management of the list of patients waiting for a kidney transplant in the world and propose a model for the management of the list of patients waiting for a kidney transplant in Vietnam. Methods: Literature review and analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats in managing the list of patients waiting for a kidney transplant. Results: The model of managing the list of patients waiting for a kidney transplant in America, Europe, Japan, and China has many similarities. The management of the list of patients waiting for a kidney transplant is unified nationwide. Patients can only receive a kidney transplant when their name is on the national transplant waiting list. Only one organization is allowed to distribute kidney transplants based on the compatibility between donor and recipient. Vietnam has performed 7,380 kidney transplants, however, up to now, Vietnam still hasn't had a national list of patients waiting for kidney transplants. The models of managing patients waiting for kidney transplants of America and Japan have many advantages, as well as China’s management experience, which is suitable for Vietnam’s oriented development. Conclusions: Managing the list of patients waiting for a kidney transplant according to the models of America, Japan and learning from China’s experience is considered a suitable direction for the model of the national list of patients waiting for kidney transplants in Vietnam.
Effects of some types of organic fertilisers on growth, yield and quality of Cucumis sativus L. grown in Vinh Phuc province under greenhouse conditions
Authors:   Faculty of Biology and Agricultural Engineering, Hanoi Pedagogical University 2,Nguyen Van Linh Street, Xuan Hoa Ward, Phuc Yen City, Vinh Phuc Province, Vietnam, Phan Thi Thu Hien , Nguyen Thi Ngoc Dinh ,   Faculty of Agronomy, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Trau Quy Town, Gia Lam District, Hanoi, Vietnam, Le Thi Tuyet Cham ,   Faculty of Agronomy, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Trau Quy Town, Gia Lam District, Hanoi, Vietnam
Published: May 2024

The study was conducted to evaluate the effects of organic fertilisers on the growth, yield, and quality of the Khassib RZ F1 cucumber variety in Vinh Phuc. The one-factor experiment was arranged in a completely randomised block design with 3 replications, including 4 treatments (fertilise for 1 hectare) including: (1) Control: Use 100% inorganic fertiliser (150 kg N + 90 kg P2O5 + 150 kg K2O); (2) CT1: 25% inorganic fertiliser + 22.5 tons of composted chicken manure; (3) CT2: 25% inorganic fertiliser + 18 tons of vermicompost; (4) CT3: 25% inorganic fertiliser + 3750 kg of Que Lam 01 microbial organic fertiliser. The results showed that using earthworm organic fertiliser (CT2) had the highest actual yield. The fruiting rate in CT2 reached the highest at 68.55%, CT3 using Que Lam 01 microbial organic fertiliser had the lowest fruiting rate of 59.71%. CT2 achieved the highest number of fruits plant-1, 4.82 fruits plant-1. The actual yield was highest in CT2 (15.96 kg plot-1), and lowest in the control treatment (11.39 kg plot-1). The nitrate accumulated in cucumbers in all treatments was below the threshold. The vermicompost fertiliser treatment (CT2) also gave good quality indicators of cucumbers such as thick intestine and very crispy taste. From these results, CT2 treatment with 25% inorganic fertiliser and 18 tons of vermicompost is suitable for the growth, development, yield, and quality of the Khassib RZ F1 cucumber variety in Vinh Phuc province.
Effect of cutting propagation time, fertilizer applied and pruning technique on productivity of tea-oil-plant (Camellia oleifera Abel)
Authors:   Institute of Regional Research and Development, Ministry of Science and Technology, 70 Tran Hung Dao Street, Tran Hung Dao Ward, Hoan Kiem District, Hanoi, Vietnam, Le Tat Khang , Pham Van Ngan ,   Institute of Regional Research and Development, Ministry of Science and Technology, 70 Tran Hung Dao Street, Tran Hung Dao Ward, Hoan Kiem District, Hanoi, Vietnam, Nguyen Van Lam ,   Institute of Regional Research and Development, Ministry of Science and Technology, 70 Tran Hung Dao Street, Tran Hung Dao Ward, Hoan Kiem District, Hanoi, Vietnam, Nguyen Phuong Tung ,   Institute of Regional Research and Development, Ministry of Science and Technology, 70 Tran Hung Dao Street, Tran Hung Dao Ward, Hoan Kiem District, Hanoi, Vietnam, Dinh Thi Ngoc ,   Institute of Regional Research and Development, Ministry of Science and Technology, 70 Tran Hung Dao Street, Tran Hung Dao Ward, Hoan Kiem District, Hanoi, Vietnam, Le Thanh Phuong ,   Institute of Regional Research and Development, Ministry of Science and Technology, 70 Tran Hung Dao Street, Tran Hung Dao Ward, Hoan Kiem District, Hanoi, Vietnam, Nong Quang Thien ,   Institute of Regional Research and Development, Ministry of Science and Technology, 70 Tran Hung Dao Street, Tran Hung Dao Ward, Hoan Kiem District, Hanoi, Vietnam
Published: May 2024

This research aims to study the effects of cutting propagation, fertilizer applied NPK(16-16-8) and pruning technique on the productivity of Camellia oleifera Abel, in order to improve the production process of Camellia oleifera Abel cutting propagation. The research was conducted from 2022 to 2023, in a 3-year-old Camellia oleifera Abel nursery area in Song Cau town, Dong Hy district, Thai Nguyen province. The experiments were arranged in a randomised complete block with 3 repetitions. The results showed that the best cutting propagation time of Camellia oleifera Abel is from July 30th to August 15th, giving cutting propagation yields of 112.22 and 123.44 cuttings/plant, respectively. The method of applying 1.6 and 1.8 kg of NPK fertilizer (16-16-8)/plant gives the highest cutting propagation yield, reaching 120.56 cutting propagation/plant and 123.78 cutting propagation/plant, respectively. Although branch pruning has reduced the number of cutting branches/plants, it has created a higher number of cuttings/branches and higher cutting yield than without pruning. Among them, formula 3 (pruning branches and cutting tips) gives the highest cutting propagation, reaching 142.44 cuttings/plant.
Evaluation of the fermentative activity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae HG1.3 and condition for threeleaf cayratiawine preservation
Authors:   Faculty of Biological, Chemical and Food Technology, Can Tho University of Technology, 256 Nguyen Van Cu Street, An Hoa Ward, Ninh Kieu District, Can Tho City, Vietnam, Doan Thi Kieu Tien , Nguyen Ho Anh Trung ,   Faculty of Biological, Chemical and Food Technology, Can Tho University of Technology, 256 Nguyen Van Cu Street, An Hoa Ward, Ninh Kieu District, Can Tho City, Vietnam, Huynh Nguyen Thuy Quynh ,   Faculty of Biological, Chemical and Food Technology, Can Tho University of Technology, 256 Nguyen Van Cu Street, An Hoa Ward, Ninh Kieu District, Can Tho City, Vietnam, Huynh Thi Ngoc Mi ,   Faculty of Biological, Chemical and Food Technology, Can Tho University of Technology, 256 Nguyen Van Cu Street, An Hoa Ward, Ninh Kieu District, Can Tho City, Vietnam, Nguyen Ngoc Thanh ,   Institute of Food and Biotechnology, Can Tho University, 3/2 Street, Xuan Khanh Ward, Ninh Kieu District, Can Tho City, Vietnam,   Institute of Food and Biotechnology, Can Tho University, 3/2 Street, Xuan Khanh Ward, Ninh Kieu District, Can Tho City, Vietnam
Published: May 2024

Threeleaf cayratia(Cayratia trifolia L.) is a wild climbing vine species that has potential raw material for wine production. Berries are green and turn purple when ripe, widely distributed in the Mekong delta provinces of Vietnam. This study aimed to investigate the threeleaf cayratiawine fermentation activity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae HG1.3 at the volumes of 1, 2, and 4 litres, along with examining the colour stability of the wine under different storage temperatures and packaging methods. The results showed that the fermentation volumes of 2 and 4 litres contained 12.37 and 12.45% (v/v) of ethanol contents, respectively. At the storage conditions of cool temperature (2-4°C)in the dark bottle, threeleaf cayratiawine has a stable colour and good sensory evaluation for colour and taste clarity after 4 weeks, with the optical transmittance value at 550 nm is 0.419%. In addition, threeleaf cayratiawine was clarified by the addition of 0.5% pectinase for 6 days after the fermentation period, then filtered and supplemented with 0.2% citric acid. The final product meets the Vietnamese standards (TCVN 3217-79 and TCVN 7045:2002).
Study on the effect of explant size on direct shoot regeneration capability of seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii(Rhodophyta, Solieriaceae) in Vietnam
Authors:   Department of Marine Biotechnology, Research Institute for Marine Fisheries, 224 Le Lai Street, May Chai Ward, Ngo Quyen District, Hai Phong City, Vietnam, Le Thanh Tung , Pham Thi Mat ,   Department of Marine Biotechnology, Research Institute for Marine Fisheries, 224 Le Lai Street, May Chai Ward, Ngo Quyen District, Hai Phong City, Vietnam
Published: May 2024

Direct regeneration is a biological technique used to create a large quantity of seaweed seedlings from mother plants. In this experiment, Kappaphycus alvarezii, ranging in size 0.25-2.0 cm, was cultivated in a Provasoli's Enriched Seawater (PES) medium supplemented with 5 mg/l of Indole-3-acetic acid combined with 1 mg/l of N6-benzyladenine. After 60 days of the experiment, the size of the explant significantly affected the direct regenerative capability of Kappaphycus alvarezii. The 0.25 cm-sized explants showed the lowest survival and regeneration rates 13.33±3.34%, with an average shoot count of 3.08±0.14 shoots/explant and an average shoot length of 1.16±0.56 mm. The 0.75 cmsized explants exhibited high regenerative efficiency, with the best shoot formation time (12 days of cultivation), a shoot formation rate of 83.33±3.34%, an average shoot count of 3.77±0.18 shoots/explant, an average shoot length of 6.37±0.55 mm, and the highest growth rate of 1.13±0.02% per day. The 1.5 and 2 cm-sized explants produced the highest shoot count (8.05±0.32 and 11.54±0.25 shoots/explant, respectively), corresponding to an average shoot length of 1.45±0.27 and 1.21±0.12 mm, and growth rates of 0.72±0.08 and 0.70±0.04% per day, respectively. The results indicated that the 0.75 cm-sized explants are considered the best choice for the clonal propagation of K. alvarezii seaweed. The regenerated seaweed was then transferred to a nursery tank and showed a good adaptation with a survival rate of 100% and a growth rate of 1.79±0.32%/day.
METHODOLOGY FOR DETERMINING LEAKS AND ENERGY SAVING IN UNDERGROUND GAS STORAGE
Authors: Lena Shatakishvili  , Ketevan Berikashvili
Published: May 2024

The main task of any functioning gas transportation system is to supply reliable gas to all customers. Create a new underground storage and expansion and optimization of existing underground gas reservoirs is one of the priority directions for the development of the gas industry. The aim of the work is to determine the methodology of leakage and losses of underground gas reservoirs. There is a presented an analysis of the hysteresis loop of the underground gas reservoir compaction-removal cycle and the corresponding leakage.
Assertive China After the Rise of Xi Jinping
Authors:   Unidad de Investigación sobre Seguridad y Cooperación Internacional, Sánchez Cánovas Manuel
Published: May 2024

In terms of China's internationalisation and economic policy, the Chinese economic miracle, which supports visions of China as a global hegemon, would correspond to a coherent long-term grand strategy. First, we analyse the key drivers along China's partial liberalisation processes. Second, the focus will shift to recent political developments in the West, as a late reaction to a more assertive China and its 'wolf diplomacy', taking into account the weakness of the free world in the face of the China threat, given the apparent strengths identified in the examination of China's strategy. Finally, a brief section will be devoted to general conclusions integrating the results of the two perspectives.
The Management of Women and Children Associated with Foreign Terrorist Fighters upon Their Returns: A Focus Group Discussion on Possibilities for Repatriation with Practitioners and Government Officials in Indonesia
Authors:   School of Strategic and Global Studies, University of Indonesia, Fitriyanie, Ardhiana , Sukabdi Zora A ,   School of Strategic and Global Studies, University of Indonesia
Published: May 2024

This article focuses on the management of women and children associated with FTFs upon their return to Indonesia, particularly from camps in Syria. This research highlights the urgency of preparing a mechanism for the returnees and the proposed alternative solutions, as the camps in Syria are expected to be closed in the near future. In addition, the use of risk assessment tools to identify the level of risk of each individual will determine how the repatriation process, time and individuals to be repatriated within a given period. The results of this research also point to the following as possible solutions (a) the establishment of rehabilitation and deradicalization centers within and outside the country, (b) the preparation of risk assessment and needs mechanisms, (c) the creation of an integrated child adoption system (SAAT) programme, and (d) the establishment of an early warning and early detection system mechanism at the community level.