bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inconsistent using FLOOD and Flooding Development of EPA SWMM for Assessing Flood Occurrences in Vulnerable Urban Watershed Considering Extreme Rainfall Events
Authors: Samia Alam  , Md. Asifur Rahman
Published: January 2024

Urban flood, commonly known as urban water congestion, is a type of water hazard that poses significant challenges for urban residents and water management experts. Chittagong, an essential economic hub in Bangladesh, renowned for its role as a port city, comprises a diverse range of land use, including residential, industrial, and commercial sectors. The Chaktai canal, an important element of Chittagong drainage system, is connected to the Karnaphuli river, playing a vital role in managing drainage by handling a substantial portion of the city water. Therefore, this research evaluated the operational efficiency of a specific drainage network under the influence of altered rainfall events using the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM). Using ArcGIS 10.4, the land use pattern of the area was researched, incorporating data from field surveys and secondary sources. SWMM 5.1 integrated watershed data, and further simulation was carried out to estimate runoff in various sub-catchments and drainage network limitations during heavy rain. During the intense monsoon period, the tool determined the average runoff depth, considering backwater effects and robust tidal surges, resulting in a depth of 3.3m compared to 2.6m in the dry season. This research evaluated the influence of impervious land use changes on urban drainage systems. While meteorological factors alone render drainage network sufficient in dry periods, the outfall shows vulnerability during the rainy season, with an allowance of only 0.7m, jeopardizing the catchment through flood. It contributed a schematic sub-catchment representation, emphasizing that flood events depend on volume runoff and peak flow in urban drainage system. SWMM model was used to illustrate the catchment surface runoff and interconnected node depths via conduits, as well as the current catchment scenario comprehensively.
Enhancing Multi-View 3D Reconstruction of Plant Roots using Super-Resolution and 3D Gaussian Splatting
Authors: Sun Shangpeng , Zhang Yuyang , Zhou Xuehai , Torkamaneh Davoud
Published: January 2024

Quantifying 3D phenotypic traits for plant shoots and roots is essential
to monitor and evaluate plant growth and development. Multi-view stereo
(MVS) is a low-cost and widely used photogrammetry method to build 3D
point clouds in many agricultural applications. However, it is
challenging to adopt MVS directly to obtain complete 3D structures of
fine roots for plants such as soybeans. To address this problem, we
propose a data processing pipeline incorporating super-resolution (SR)
and 3D Gaussian Splatting (GS) to enhance the resolution of 3D root
reconstruction, aiming to recover a highly detailed 3D root structure.
To this end, first, multi-view images of a soybean root are collected
using an RGB camera; second, SR is used to optimize the resolution of
the images; third, the processed images are fed to the algorithm
structure from motion to obtain a point cloud; and then, 3D GS is
applied to enhance the implicit 3D surface reconstruction; finally,
perceptual similarity and peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) are used to
evaluate the output quality. The method is expected to obtain a
high-fidelity 3D reconstruction of plant roots for soybeans and other
crops, assisting in the extraction of comprehensive phenotypic traits to
accelerate the selection of new varieties for plant breeding.
Irreechaa: Unveiling the Multidimensional Significance of a Cultural Phenomenon
Authors: Tolera Megersa
Published: January 2024

Irreechaa, the annual festival celebrated by the Oromo people, extends beyond being a mere celebration of Oromo culture. This multidimensional cultural phenomenon encompasses diverse aspects of religious, social, historical, and political significance within the Oromo people. Through its rich symbolism, communal gathering, and cultural expressions, Irreechaa serves as a powerful embodiment of Oromo identity, resilience, and collective memory. This commentary explores the multifaceted dimensions of Irreechaa, shedding light on its broader implications and its role in shaping Oromo cultural heritage under some ten points.
Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites and its Predisposing Factors among Patients Sent for Stool Examination at Ambo General Hospital, Oromiya Region, Ethiopia
Authors: TA* Dengela
Published: January 2024

Back ground: Intestinal parasitic infections are the most common infection in the world. In Ethiopia there is a high prevalence of intestinal parasites due to lack of personal hygiene and poor environmental conditions. Objective: The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of intestinal parasites and predisposing factors among patients who sent for stool examination at Ambo general hospital Ambo Town, West Shewa zone. Methodology: A cross- sectional parasitological study was conducted August 22, 2021- August 31, 2021 G.C to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites and its portion formula was used to determine a total sample size and convenient sampling technique was used. After ethical approval taken, patients data was collected by face-to face interviewing and recording method. Stool samples was examined by using direct saline and formal ether concentration techniques. Collected data was analyzed manually, checked and edited to determine the related risk factors of the intestinal parasites. Result and Conclusion: There was high prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection in the study in which 63.1% of them were found to be positive for at least single intestinal parasite. Total of seven intestinal parasites were identified. From the identified species G.lambilia was the most common 110(52.9%) followed by E.histolytica 42(20.2%), A.lambricoids 16(7.7%), Hook worm 12(5.8%), Tina species 10(4.8%), T.trichuria 10(4.8%) and S.mansoni 10(4.8%). Recommendations: Educate the patients and inform the concerned bodies about the risk factors and prevention. This finding from the study could be used as base line data and further investigation should be done to know the problem of intestinal parasitism more in the area by the others.
Research Related to Forensic Toxicology and Environmental Hazard
Authors: Rana Ayushi
Published: January 2024

Pharmacology that deals with the ideal characteristics features of poison their modes of response their modes of response when in touch with the organism and the clinical and biochemical uses of drugs the pharmacology and toxicology intersect with each in their responses to produce adverse effect. Forensic toxicologist focuses on the medico-legal aspects of chemical and toxic injury on the living beings which has the potential to threat natural environment the use of aldrin banned but still it is found in the environment which gets bio transformed to diealdrin (metabolite) of aldrin and causes aldrin toxicity
Melissopalynology in Some Regions of Kermanshah Province (West of Iran)
Authors: M Maroofi
Published: January 2024

In this study, morphology of 30 pollen grains, attractive for honeybees, from different regions of Kermanshah province were studied by Light Microscopy (LM) and some pollen grains were observed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The pollen grains collected from flowers, using pollen traps in front of hives and also inside the hives. Pollen flora books from different countries and related websites were used to identify the obtained pollens. The results showed that the flowers with abundant pollens, oblate- Spherical shape and medium pollen sized were attractive for bees. Also, the more attractive families were Asteraceae, Euphorbiaceae and Hyacinthaceae for honeybees. In addition, autumn season and cold region were deduced for pollination and activity of the target honeybees. Therefore, pollen analysis is useful for identifying favourite honeybees’ plants and can increase honey production and high quality.
Outcome of Induction of Labour in a Tertiary Hospital, North Western Nigeria
Authors: AT Burodo
Published: January 2024

Background: Induction of labour is a well-known procedure performed to artificially initiate uterine contraction in the interest of the mother, the fetus, or both in order to achieve vaginal delivery. Objectives: The aim of this study is to determine the incidence, indications and outcome of induction of labour in a tertiary health institution in North-West Nigeria. Materials and Method: This is a prospective cross sectional study carried out on the patients undergoing induction of labour in the main labour room of the UDUTH, Sokoto between January, 2016 and December, 2016 Results: During the period of study, there were 3112 deliveries out of which 111 had induction of labour. The incidence of labour induction is therefore 3.6%. The most common indications were postdated/post term pregnancies 51 (46.0%), followed by hypertensive disorders of pregnancy 43(38.7%), and pre-labour rupture of membranes 14(12.6%). Majority of the women 91.0% (101/111) had cervical ripening with Misoprostol, while induction of labour was achieved with Oxytocin infusion combined with artificial rupture of membrane in 71 (64.0%). The mean induction delivery interval was 11.5 (SD 11.6) hours. The study did not demonstrate any statistically significant difference between the methods of IOL and induction delivery interval (n=86, P= 0.531, F=0.638). Majority 78 (70.3%) had spontaneous vaginal delivery, 8 (7.2%) had assisted vaginal delivery, while 25 (22.5%) had emergency Caesarean section. The fifth minute mean Apgar score was 8.1±2.5. The fetal outcome was better among the women who had combination of artificial rupture of membranes (ARM) and oxytocin infusion compared to those who had misoprostol (p-value=005). There were 6 (5.4%) perinatal and one maternal death, thus giving a case fatality rate of 0.9%. The maternal complications observed were primary postpartum haemorrhage 10 (9%) and ante partum haemorrhage 6 (5.4%). Conclusion: The main indications for labour induction in this study were postdated pregnancy and hypertensive diseases. Labour induction was achieved mostly with intravaginal misoprostol and a combination of ARM and oxytocin infusion. Majority of cases resulted in spontaneous vaginal delivery and good fetal outcome
Machine Learning Applications in Drug Discovery and Development
Authors: D Sushma
Published: January 2024

Machine learning has emerged as a powerful tool in the field of drug discovery and development, revolutionizing the way pharmaceutical research is conducted. This abstract provides a concise overview of the key applications and impacts of machine learning in this domain. Drug discovery and development is a complex, time-consuming, and costly process that traditionally relies on trial-and-error experimentation. Machine learning, with its ability to analyze vast datasets and extract meaningful insights, has significantly accelerated and optimized various aspects of this process. One crucial application of machine learning in drug discovery is the prediction of potential drug candidates. Machine learning models can also aid in the identification of biomarkers for diseases, enabling more targeted drug development. In the clinical trial phase, machine learning algorithms assist in patient selection, monitoring, and optimization of trial protocols. Predictive models can identify patient subpopulations most likely to respond to a particular treatment, leading to more efficient trials and better patient outcomes. Additionally, machine learning has streamlined drug repurposing efforts by identifying existing drugs with potential new applications. This approach has the potential to save significant time and resources by leveraging existing safety and efficacy data. Furthermore, machine learning enhances the drug development pipeline by optimizing drug formulation and dosage, predicting adverse reactions, and assisting in regulatory compliance. While machine learning offers tremendous promise in drug discovery and development, it also presents challenges related to data quality, model interpretability, and regulatory approval. Addressing these challenges will be crucial for maximizing the potential of machine learning in the pharmaceutical industry.
Exploring the Educational Landscape: The Impact of Post-Covid Online Learning on Physics Education Undergraduates' Academic Engagement and Achievement
Authors: Susanti Seni , Putra Riki Purnama , Agustina Rena Denya , Quy Nguyen Phu , Siregar Hariman Surya , Silva Jose da
Published: January 2024

Covid-19 is a pandemic that can change the culture of the learning process, which Covid-19 pandemic brought transformation and new habits, and these new habits had to be adjusted based on the rules and regulations that apply in the country. Globally, Covid-19 made educators have to quickly adapt to new teaching methods, and students faced difficulties with internet access, digital literacy, and maintaining motivation in a remote environment. However, around 2021, in quartile 3 to be precise, in Indonesia changes have occurred again to adapt to new habits, namely the post-Covid-19 recovery period, where the education system has again transformed from online learning habits to offline learning. This study aims to find out how interest in studying and learning outcomes affect undergraduate students of physics education in the post-COVID-19 era. The research method is carried out quantitatively, which consists of filling out a questionnaire for interest in studying which consists of five aspects; (1) Exploration; (2) Curiosity; (3) Boredom; (4) Attention; and (5) Enjoyment. This study used two groups namely pre covid-19 and post covid-19 with a total of 67 samples used, then processing of learning outcomes data prerequisite tests such as normality and homogeneity tests were carried out then hypothesis testing using independent sample t-test and Cohen's D Effect Size to know the how big the difference between two groups, then a deep interview is conducted to know deeply. This research found results in which undergraduate physics education students in the post-COVID-19 era experienced low interest in studying and learning outcomes due to the shock culture and the influence of student organizations which they thought were more interesting than academic activities.
Reading in the Digital Age: An Empirical Examination of Digital Literacy's Significance for UIN Suska Riau Students Using SEM Path Analysis
Authors: Ritonga Pangoloan Soleman , Yasthophi Arif , Rambe Paijan , Nursiwan Wimbi Apriwanda , Amin Syahrul , Nurhidayat Nurhidayat , Elhawwa Tazkiyatunnafs
Published: January 2024

The digital literacy is likely playing a crucial role on the reading interest in this digital age. This study aimed to determine the influence of digital literacy on the reading interest of UIN Suska Riau students. The sample of this study comprised of 82 students of UIN Suska Riau and the data were collected using questionnaires. The collected data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) Path Analysis 3.0 and SPSS 21. The results showed that digital literacy had a significant influence on the reading interest of UIN Suska Riau students. This showed that the path coefficient value of the original sample estimate (beta) was positive at 0.471, and the direction of the relationship between both variables was in the quite strong category. The effect of digital literacy on the reading interest was also significant in the 2-way test (t table = 1.97) with a t-statistic value of 8.105, which was greater than the t table, and a p-value lower than alpha 5% (0.000 0.05). Overall, the results of this analysis proofed that the digital literacy positively related to the rading interest and it significantly influenced the reading interest.
Elements for a Normative Theory of Privatization
Authors: Claassen Rutger
Published: January 2024

Heath’s paper on privatization defends a broadly welfarist-economic approach in thinking about the legitimacy of privatizations. This approach is ‘instrumentalist’ (in contrast to deontological approaches). In this response, I accept the value of an instrumentalist approach to privatization, but argue against Heath’s welfarist version of it, and argue in favor an alternative. First, the ends we seek when thinking about socially vital goods (our theory of public interests) should go beyond Pareto-efficiency. Second, as to the means we employ to realize these ends, we need a view of markets which takes into account not just their competitiveness, but also the distribution of power. This means we need to differentiate market types. Third, we need to differentiate ownership types beyond the standard shareholder-owned company. Alternative ownership structures may be able to realize public interests more easily and hence make privatization less problematic. On these three issues, the picture Heath sketches leaves out too many of the variables that, in the end, may be decisive in whether or not a privatization is acceptable.
Literární reflexe pandemie Covid-19: přehledová analýza frankofonní a české prózy
Authors: Střelec Karel
Published: January 2024

This paper deals with a hitherto only marginally explored topic - a characterization of the basic tendencies, variants and forms of literary reflection on the pandemic of the covid-19 disease between 2020 and 2022, based on the material of two European literatures (Czech and French, respectively Francophone). After an introductory theoretical overview that recalls some of the more general patterns of cultural (re)mediation of trauma and traumatic memory, the study focuses on an overview analysis of genre, thematic and narrative lines. It describes the production of early collective short story volumes, as well as variants of autobiographical and diary prose, and novels that use the framework of pandemic experience to reflect seriously and subversively on the transpersonal, social or political themes of modern times. In the last section, the article includes a discussion of the relative absence of more aesthetically significant or critically and readerly appreciated " major" literary representations of the pandemic era.
Preklad expresívnej lexiky v audiovizuálnom diele The Last of Us: dabing verzus titulky
Authors: Bendík Lukáš
Published: January 2024

This study investigates the translation of swear words in The Last of Us TV series into Slovak, comparing subtitled and dubbed versions. By focusing on aspects such as authenticity, expressivity, and character characterization, the research analyses a total of 317 excerpts containing swear words. The analytical framework is grounded in Popovič's typology of shifts of expression, which are indicative of the translator's personality traits and choices. The study unveils that the dubbed version emerges as much more expressive, characterized by a significantly higher frequency of swear words and profanities compared to its subtitled counterpart. Results not only highlight the distinctive differences in translating profanities between the two versions but also emphasize how the decisions of the translator and/or dub director can drastically influence the translation. Such findings underscore the pivotal role of the translator in translation processes. The research, therefore, serves as a significant contribution to the domain of translation studies and paves the way for further research in this area.
TEACHERS' PERSPECTIVES ON DIFFERENTIATED INSTRUCTION IN TURKEY: A META-SYNTHESIS STUDY
Authors: UÇARKUŞ Esra
Published: January 2024

This meta-synthesis study aims to reveal the perspectives of teachers in Turkey towards differentiated instruction. In order to collect the data of the study, searches were made in Google Scholar TÜBİTAK ULAKBİM, YÖK National Thesis System, Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC) and Scopus databases with the keyword differentiated instruction. A total of 32 studies were accessed. Studies conducted with teachers in Turkey using qualitative and mixed research methods were included in the study. In addition, care was taken to ensure that the analyzes were conducted correctly and reliability was ensured. As a result of the determined criteria, 10 studies were selected. The data were analyzed with qualitative content analysis. In the findings regarding the first research question of the study, the themes of effective teaching appropriate to individual differences, cognitive, affective and behavioral effects, finding differentiated instruction effective, difficulties arising from education policies and stakeholders of education, and applicability according to conditions were reached. In the findings obtained regarding the second research question of the study, respectable, effective and development-oriented syntheses of professional development and the feasibility of differentiated instruction in Turkey were reached. In this meta-synthesis study, teachers stated that although they found differentiated instruction effective for both themselves and their students, there were problems that prevented it from being applicable. It has been observed that the lack of knowledge about differentiated instruction comes to the fore among the obstacles arising from education policies and education stakeholders. Based on the results obtained from this research, it is recommended that all stakeholders of education be informed about differentiated instruction.
SINIF ÖĞRETMENLERİNİN ÖĞRETİM YÖNTEM VE TEKNİKLERİNE İLİŞKİN YETERLİK ALGILARI VE GÖRÜŞLERİ
Authors: ÖZDEMİR Derya , VURAL Levent
Published: January 2024

Araştırmanın genel amacı; sınıf öğretmenlerinin öğretim yöntem ve tekniklerine ilişkin yeterlik algıları ve görüşlerini belirlemektir. Araştırmada karma yöntem yaklaşımı benimsenmiş ve karma yöntem araştırma desenlerinden “açıklayıcı desen” kullanılmıştır. Katılımcılar 2022-2023 eğitim-öğretim yılında İstanbul’un Bağcılar ilçesinde görev yapan kadrolu ve sözleşmeli sınıf öğretmenleridir. Araştırma öncesi Bağcılar İlçe Milli Eğitim Müdürlüğü’ne danışılmış ve araştırma için farklı sosyoekonomik çevreye sahip okullar belirlenmiştir. Belirlenen okullar küme örnekleme yöntemi ile sınıflandırılmış ve okullar arasından rastgele seçim yapılmıştır. Araştırmanın ölçeği bu okullarda görev yapan 160 sınıf öğretmenine uygulanmıştır. Öte yandan ölçüt örnekleme yöntemiyle de öğretim yöntem ve teknikleri konusunda hizmet içi eğitime katılmış veya öğretmen kariyer basamakları kapsamında bu konuda eğitim almış 15 öğretmen belirlenerek görüşmeler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmanın sonucunda sınıf öğretmenlerin öğretim yöntem ve tekniklerine ilişkin yeterlik algılarının cinsiyete, kıdeme, sınıf mevcuduna ve okul çevresinin sosyoekonomik düzeyine göre anlamlı bir farklılık göstermediği ve yeterlik algılarının yüksek düzeyde olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. En çok kullanılan yöntem ve tekniklerden bazıları; düz anlatım, soru cevap, drama ve deneydir. En az kullanılması gerektiği düşünülen yöntem teknikler ise düz anlatım yöntemi ve istasyon tekniğidir. Öğretmenler tek başına düz anlatım yöntemi kullanmanın etkisiz olduğunu mutlaka arkasından farklı bir yöntem veya teknikle desteklenmesi gerektiğini öne sürmüştür. Düz anlatım yönteminin uygulamadaki kolaylığı, sınıf mevcutlarının kalabalık olması ve sahip olunan fiziksel koşullar gibi sebeplerden dolayı öğretmenlerin düz anlatım yöntemini kullanmaktan vazgeçemedikleri söylenebilir.
ÖZEL GEREKSİNİMLİ BİREYLERİN OKUL ÖNCESİ EĞİTİM KURUMLARINDA TEMSİL EDİLMESİ
Authors: ŞİRİN Tringa , AHMETOĞLU Emine
Published: January 2024

Bu araştırmanın amacı, özel gereksinimli bireylerin, okul öncesi eğitim kurumlarında, sınıf içi görsel ve estetik öğelerde, müfredatta, kitaplarda, dramatik oyunlarda, kullanılan dilde ve sınıf dışı okul ortamında ne düzeyde temsil edildiklerini belirlemektir. Araştırmada, bir nicel araştırma yöntemi olan tarama yöntemi kapsamında araştırmacılar tarafından geliştirilen “Genel Bilgi Formu” ve Favazza ve Odom (1997) tarafından geliştirilen “Özel Gereksinim Temsil Envanteri (ÖGTE)” kullanılmıştır. Araştırmaya okul öncesi kurumlarını temsilen toplam 64 öğretmen katılmıştır. Araştırma bulguları incelendiğinde, özel gereksinimli bireylerin 6 kurumda hiç temsil edilmediği, 40 kurumda düşük düzeyde temsil edildiği, 15 kurumda orta düzeyde temsil edildiği ve sadece 3 kurumda yüksek düzeyde temsil edildiği belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca, özel gereksinimli bireylerin bahsedilen her bir alandaki ortalama temsil edilme düzeylerine ilişkin bulgular sunulmuştur. Temsil edilme düzeylerine ilişkin olumlu yanıtlara yönelik öğretmenlerin verdiği örneklere de yer verilmiştir.
Vascular permeability and coagulation during Rickettsia riekettsii infection in dogs
Authors: Davidson M. G. , Breitschwerdt E. B. , Walker D. H. , Levy M. G. , Carlson C. S. , Hardie E. M. , Grindem C. A. , Nasisse M. P.
Published: January 2024

The vascular permeability of the ocular fundus, alterations in the coagulation system, and plasma concentrations of thromboxane B2 (txb2) and 6-keto-prostaglandin F1α, (6-keto-pgf1α) were studied in dogs following intradermal inoculation with 5 × 105 tcid50 of Rickettsia rickettsii. Twenty-four to 48 hours after the onset of fever and rickettsemia, multifocal areas of retinal vasculitis were evident, which corresponded to areas of altered vascular permeability demonstrated by fluorescein angiography. The number and intensity of retinal vessels with sodium fluorescein leakage peaked during the second week after inoculation, and retinal vascular permeability remained altered during the third week of infection, well past the phase of clinical and clinicopathologic recovery.

Development of retinal vasculitic foci was associated with thrombocytopenia, increased concentrations of circulating fibrinogen, and slight prolongation of activated partial thromboplastin time. Increased concentrations of fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products were detected in 4 of 9 dogs. Despite the degree of vascular endothelial damage evident on fluorescein angiographic and histologic studies in these dogs, plasma txb2 and 6-keto-pgf1α concentrations were not increased.
Identification of interleukin-1 in equine osteoarthritic joint effusions
Authors: Morris Elisabeth A. , McDonald Brian S. , Webb Andrew C. , Rosenwasser Lanny J.
Published: January 2024

Interleukin-1 (il-1) is a protein secreted by stimulated cells of the monocyte-macrophage line, which has a number of important biologic activities. Interleukin-1 has been implicated in the induction and augmentation of the pathologic processes involved in arthritis and articular cartilage destruction. Horses develop osteoarthritis with a frequency and degree of severity similar to human beings. To further document the similarity of the osteoarthritic process in people and horses, the synovial fluid from 5 horses with clinical osteoarthritis was tested for il-1 bioactivity. Interleukin-1 activity was found in all tested synovial fluids. Upon column chromatography, the synovial fluid-derived factor had a molecular weight consistent with that of il-1 in other mammalian species. Ion exchange chromatography of osteoarthritic synovial fluid revealed the principal peaks of bioactivity to be in the fractions with isoelectric points of 7.2, 5.4, and 4.7, which are characteristic of il-1. A considerable degree of homology between human and equine il-1 was demonstrated by the cross hybridization of a human il-1β cDNA probe with rna derived from il-1-producing equine adherent monocytes. These results indicate that equine il-1 is in all of the osteoarthritic equine joints tested and that equine il-1 has many of the characteristics of il-1 isolated from other species.
Effects of dichlorvos on blood cholinesterase activities of cattle
Authors: Khan A. A. , Coppock R. W. , Schuler M. M. , Lillie L. E.
Published: January 2024

Inhibitory effects of dichlorvos (2,2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate, ddvp) inhibitory effects on erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and plasma cholinesterase (ChE) activities of steers were characterized after treatments in vitro and in vivo (cutaneous application). The rates of in vitro inhibition were markedly influenced by ddvp concentration and incubation time. The activities of inhibited enzymes failed to reactivate spontaneously and had little response to treatment with 2-pyridine aldoxime methiodide (2-pam). After gel-filtration chromatography, however, the inhibited enzymes had remarkable spontaneous reactivation and reactivation by 2-PAM treatment, indicating interference of excess unreacted ddvp in the reactivation process. Repeated cutaneous applications of a ddvp-containing livestock spray caused marked and characteristic decreases of AChE and ChE activities in blood of treated steers; however, the effects were transient because activities of both enzymes regenerated gradually. The nature of these in vivo trends suggests that spontaneous and de novo synthetic mechanisms could be responsible for complete recovery of both enzyme activities.
Ocular and serum disposition kinetics of cloxacillin after topical administration of benzathine cloxacillin and intravenous administration of sodium cloxacillin to calves
Authors: Daigneault Josée , George Lisle W. , Baggot J. Desmond
Published: January 2024

Disposition kinetics of cloxacillin were examined in calves after topical administration of benzathine cloxacillin and single iv administration of sodium cloxacillin, and the susceptibility of 17 field isolates of Moraxella bovis was measured. For the IV pharmacokinetic phase, sodium cloxacillin was administered at dosage of 10 mg/kg of body weight to male Holstein calves (n = 6, weighing 146 to 170 kg), and serum concentration of cloxacillin was measured thereafter for 10 hours.

For the ocular pharmacokinetic phase, 6 calves were given either of 4 benzathine cloxacillin topical formulations consisting of 50-, 125-, 250-, or 375-mg doses. Treatment was repeated every 10 days until all 4 benzathine cloxacillin dosages were tested in the same 6 calves. Blood and tears were collected for 72 hours after each benzathine cloxacillin formulation was administered, and the concentration of cloxacillin in each specimen was measured, using a bioassay.

The minimal inhibitory concentration of cloxacillin for 17 field isolates of M bovis was determined by use of an agar pour-plate dilution assay.

After single iv administration of sodium cloxacillin, its half-life, body clearance, and volume of distribution were 19.5 ± 12.8 minutes, 18.3 ± 2.2 ml/min·kg, and 496 ± 290 ml/kg, respectively. After topical administration of benzathine cloxacillin, cloxacillin concentration in lacrimal fluid peaked between 30 and 45 minutes and ranged between 963 μg/ml and 3,256 μg/ml for the 125- and 375-mg doses, respectively. There was no detectable cloxacillin activity in the lacrimal fluid of any calf by 36 hours after topical administration of benzathine cloxacillin, and cloxacillin was not detected in the serum at any time. The mean lacrimal fluid cloxacillin concentration for the 4 groups during the first 8 hours was not significantly different; however, by 12 hours, the cloxacillin concentration in tears from calves of the 250- and 375-mg groups was significantly (P < 0.05) greater than that in calves of the 50- and 125-mg groups.

Cloxacillin concentration ≥ 3.13 μg/ml was maintained for a significantly (P < 0.05) longer time after treatment, using the 375-mg dose, compared with the 50-mg dose of benzathine cloxacillin. The minimal inhibitory concentration of cloxacillin for 1 isolate was 6.25 μg/ml, but was ≤ 3.13 μg/ml for 16 other M bovis isolates.
Effect of orally administered epidermal growth factor on the jejunal mucosa of weaned pigs
Authors: Jaeger L. A. , Lamar C. H. , Cline T. R. , Cardona C. J.
Published: January 2024

The effect of ingested epidermal growth factor (egf) on the small intestinal mucosa of conventionally weaned pigs was determined. At 21 days of age, 39 pigs were randomly distributed into suckling and weaned treatment groups that were administered 124 μg of egf, 372 μg of egf, or the dosing compound daily. Fecal water content was determined daily. On postweaning days 0, 3, 6, and 9, representative pigs from each group were euthanatized, and jejunal mucosa samples were collected for determination of villus-to-crypt ratio, total protein content, disaccharidase activities, and microbiological populations. At postweaning day 3, the 372-μg dose of egf significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased jejunal lactase and sucrase activities in the weaned pigs. Increased lactase activity was not greater than that of the suckling pig controls, whereas sucrase activity was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher than that of the suckling pig controls. Significant changes were not observed in villus-to-crypt ratio, mucosal protein content, or disaccharidase activities on other collection days.
Differential reactivity of bovine lymphocytes to species of Brucella
Authors: Smith Roger , Kapatsa Joyce C. , Sherwood Sidney J. , Ficht Thomas A. , Templeton Joe W. , Adams L. Garry
Published: January 2024

The reactivity of bovine lymphocytes to 4 species of Brucella was tested in thymidine-uptake assays, using long-term cultured lymphocytes and freshly obtained blood mononuclear cells. Lymphocytes were taken from cows that had been challenge exposed with a virulent strain of B abortus at midgestation. The cows were classified retrospectively as being naturally resistant or susceptible to brucellosis. Lymphocytes taken from these cows had 3 patterns of reactivity with species of Brucella: pattern 1 was defined by reactivity with 4 species (B abortus, B canis, B suis, and B melitensis); pattern 2 was defined by reactivity with all these species, except B melitensis; pattern 3 was defined by reactivity with B abortus and B canis, but not with B suis or B melitensis. There was a statistically significant correlation between susceptibility to brucellosis and expression of lymphocyte cross-reactivity with B suis (P < 0.01) and with B melitensis (P < 0.01).
Influence of recombinant human interleukin-2 administration on lymphocyte and neutrophil function in clinically normal and dexamethasone-treated cattle
Authors: Roth James A. , Abruzzini Anthony F. , Frank Dagmar E.
Published: January 2024

Recombinant human interleukin-2 (rhil-2) was evaluated for its influence on total and differential wbc counts, lymphocyte blastogenic responsiveness to mitogens, and several measurements of neutrophil function in clinically normal and in dexamethasone-treated cattle. A single dose of rhil-2 (2.5 × 107 U) given sc had no influence on the total or differential wbc count; however, it did cause an inhibition of neutrophil random migration. The other measurements of neutrophil function (Staphylococcus aureus ingestion, cytochrome C reduction, iodination, and antibody-dependent and antibody-independent cell-mediated cytotoxicity) evaluated were not significantly altered. The rhil-2 treatment was associated with a significant (P < 0.01) decrease in uptake of [3H]thymidine in unstimulated lymphocytes and a tendency toward enhanced blastogenesis of lymphocytes stimulated with phytohemagglutinin. This enhancement was significant (P < 0.05) only when the results were expressed as a stimulation index. Lymphocyte responsiveness to concanavalin A and pokeweed mitogen was not significantly influenced by rhil-2 administration. Dexamethasone (0.04 mg/kg) administered every 24 hours for 3 consecutive days altered the wbc count and several measurements of lymphocyte and neutrophil function. The administration of a single dose of rhil-2 (2.5 × 107 U) 8 hours after the first dose of dexamethasone did not alter the influence of dexamethasone on any of the measurements. These results indicated that rhil-2 has some biologic activity in cattle, but when used as administered here, did not overcome the influence of dexamethasone on the in vitro measurements of lymphocyte and neutrophil function that were evaluated.
High-performance liquid chromatography determination of erythrocyte membrane phospholipid composition in several animal species
Authors: Engen Richard L. , Clark Cheryl L.
Published: January 2024

High-performance liquid chromatography (hplc) was used to determine the phospholipid (pl) composition of ovine, equine, bovine, porcine, and canine RBC membranes. Procedural modifications of established techniques provided for separation of 7 pl within a 15- to 20-minute sample run. Significant (P < 0.05) differences were detected in rbc membrane pl composition among the various species. The concern for physiologic properties associated with hemolysis and/or sedimentation rate must include evaluation of differences in the pl bilayer structure.
Evaluation of age-related effects on the antiviral activity of interferon and induction of 2-5A synthetase in testicular cell cultures derived from swine of various ages
Authors: Bosworth Brad T. , MacLachlan N. James
Published: January 2024

The antiviral activity of recombinant dna-derived bovine alpha1-1 interferon on an established swine testicular cell line and primary testicular cell cultures derived from swine of various ages (2 days, 3 weeks, and 5 weeks) was determined. Bovine interferon induced a dose-dependent increase in 2-5A synthetase in testicular cells, regardless of the source of the cells. Furthermore, interferon inhibited replication of vesicular stomatitis virus to an equivalent extent in all testicular cell cultures. The results indicate that 2-5A synthetase is a reliable marker of interferon activity in swine testicular cell cultures and that the induction of 2-5A synthetase and antiviral effects of recombinant bovine interferon in primary testicular cell cultures are not dependent on the age of the donor animal.
Isoproterenol-induced maximal heart rate in normothermic and hyperthermic horses
Authors: Goetz Thomas E. , Manohar Murli
Published: January 2024

The heart rate (hr) induced by maximal β-adrenergic activation, which was elicited by infusion of isoproterenol, was studied in 8 healthy horses before (control) and after hyperthermia was induced by iv administration of 2,4-dinitrophenol (dnp). Isoproterenol was administered iv at 1.0 μg·kg-1·min-1 for 3 minutes, and the hr was determined during the final 30 seconds of the infusion. As the rectal temperature increased (P < 0.001) from 38.2 ± 0.1 C (mean ± SEM; normothermic control) to 40.1 ± 0.1 C at 60 minutes after dnp administration, the isoproterenol-induced hr also increased from 198 ± 4 beats/min (control) to 214 ± 4 beats/min (P < 0.001). It appeared that the values of hr achieved with maximal β-adrenergic activation were augmented by the hypermetabolic, hyperthermic state induced by dnp.
Effects of thyroid hormones on serum and cutaneous fatty acid concentrations in dogs
Authors: Campbell K. L. , Davis C. A.
Published: January 2024

The effects of thyroid hormones on the serum and cutaneous fatty acid concentration profiles of dogs were evaluated. Thyroidectomized dogs had significant (P < 0.05) increases in serum oleic acid and linoleic acid concentrations, and decreases in concentration of dihomo-γ-linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, and other elongation products of fatty acid metabolism. These changes were reversed in response to thyroid hormone replacement. Similar changes were found in cutaneous fatty acid concentration profiles. Thus, in dogs, thyroid hormones may be involved in the regulation of fatty acid Δ-6-desaturase activity.
Influence of recombinant bovine interferon gamma and dexamethasone on pneumonia attributable to Haemophilus somnus in calves
Authors: Chiang Yu-Wei , Roth James A. , Andrews John J.
Published: January 2024

The influence of recombinant bovine interferon gamma (rBoIFN-gamma) treatment on resistance of clinically normal and dexamethasone-treated calves to Haemophilus somnus infection was evaluated. Four groups of 6 calves each were treated with saline solution (controls), dexamethasone (0.04 mg/kg of body weight/for 3 days), rBoIFN-gamma (2 μg/kg for 2 days), or dexamethasone and rBoIFN-gamma (aforementioned dosages). All treatments were started 24 hours before intrabronchial challenge exposure with 5 × 109 colony-forming units of H somnus. Rectal temperature and WBC count were monitored daily. Two of the dexamethasone-treated calves died of pneumonia 4 days after challenge exposure and were necropsied. All other calves were euthanatized and necropsied 7 days after challenge exposure. All calves had pneumonia of variable intensity. Dexamethasone-treated calves had increased volume of pneumonic lung (P < 0.05) and increased severity of pneumonia, compared with control calves. Recombinant bovine interferon gamma treatment resulted in reduction in pneumonic lung volume and severity of pneumonia in dexamethasone-treated calves (P < 0.05), although it did not influence severity of pneumonia in nondexamethasone-treated calves.
Effects of inflammation and aqueous tear film deficiency on conjunctival morphology and ocular mucus composition in cats
Authors: Johnson Ben W. , Whiteley Herbert E. , McLaughlin Susan A.
Published: January 2024

An experimental model of keratoconjunctivitis sicca (kcs) was produced by removing the lacrimal gland and the gland of the third eyelid from the left eye of 6 cats. The right eye of each cat was left intact and used as a control. After 2 weeks, cats were euthanatized and the central portion of the upper eyelid from both eyes of each cat was excised. Histologic sections were stained with either hematoxylin and eosin or with a battery of biotinylated lectins including concanavalin A (cona), soybean agglutinin (sba), wheat germ agglutinin (wga), succinylated wheat germ agglutinin (s-wga), Ulex europaeus agglutinin I (uea), Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (dba), Ricinus communis agglutinin (rca), peanut agglutinin (pna), and pna pretreated with neuraminidase.

Consistent differences in histologic features were not observed between conjunctivas with kcs and control conjunctivas. A variable degree of mononuclear cell infiltration of the substantia propria was observed in control conjunctivas and those with kcs. In both groups, conjunctival goblet cell density decreased and epithelial stratification increased as the degree of submucosal inflammatory cell infiltration increased.

Lectin binding sites for dba, wga, s-wga, uea, pna, and pna pretreated with neuraminidase were detected on conjunctival goblet cells of conjunctivas with kcs and control conjunctivas. The mucus/glycocalyx layer of conjunctival epithelial cells in both groups of conjunctivas bound lectins rca, wga, uea, and cona, but inconsistently bound s-wga. In both groups, dba principally bound to the mucus layer overlying normal epithelium, whereas pna pretreated with neuraminidase consistently bound to the mucus layer of stratified epithelial surfaces free of goblet cells. Binding of sba to goblet cells and the mucus/glycocalyx layer was variable.
Effects of marketing stress on fecal excretion of Salmonella spp in feeder calves
Authors: Corrier D. E. , Purdy C. W. , DeLoach J. R.
Published: January 2024

Fecal samples were collected from 200 feeder-calves on farms in Tennessee, after assembly at a Tennessee auction market, and after transport to a Texas feedyard. A final fecal sample was collected from each calf after 30 days of feedyard confinement. The fecal samples were cultured for the presence of Salmonella spp. Salmonella isolates were serotyped and antimicrobial drug-resistance patterns determined. The number of calves fecal culture-positive for Salmonella spp increased from 0 on the Tennessee farms and auction market to 3/200 (1.5%) at entry into the Texas feedyard, and 16/200 (8%) after 30 days of feedyard confinement. Salmonella serotypes isolated and the number of isolates of each serotype were S reading (8), S cerro (4), S newbrunswick (3), S anatum (2), and S typhimurium (copenhagen; 2). All Salmonella isolates were resistant to 5 or more of 13 antimicrobial drugs tested. Salmonella reading isolates were resistant to 10 or 11 of 13 antimicrobial drugs. The results indicated that the calves could have been infected with Salmonella spp prior to or during the course of the study, and that marketing stress as they moved from farm through feedyard may have induced fecal excretion of Salmonellae. In addition, the pattern of antimicrobial drug resistance in the Salmonella isolates was broad.
Electroencephalographic and histopathologic correlations in eight dogs with intracranial mass lesions
Authors: Steiss Janet E. , Cox Nancy R. , Knecht Charles D.
Published: January 2024

During 1986 and 1987, electroencephalographic examinations were done on 8 dogs with intracranial mass lesions confirmed by computerized tomography, biopsy, necropsy, or a combination of these techniques. Tumor types included 1 astrocytoma, 1 undifferentiated glioma, 2 mixed gliomas, 2 meningiomas, 1 choroid plexus papilloma, and 1 cholesterol granuloma. It was found that no eeg pattern was pathognomonic for tumor type or location. Slow-wave activity was observed in the eeg of most of the dogs; asymmetry in amplitude or frequency was observed in approximately half the cases.
Host determinants of pneumonia in slaughter weight swine
Authors: Gardner Ian A. , Hird David W.
Published: January 2024

A prospective cohort study was undertaken in a farrow-to-farrow swine herd to describe patterns of pneumonia, and to identify host risk factors associated with the extent of pneumonic lesions in 2 weight groups of slaughter swine.

The risk of coughing and pneumonic lesions increased with increasing age of pigs within the herd (P < 0.0001). The age-specific prevalence of pneumonic lesions was low (2.7%) in pigs < 16 weeks old at slaughter, but increased rapidly when pigs were were between 16 and 22 weeks old (8.6 to 67.9%). After 22 weeks, the prevalence remained relatively constant at about 80%.

Associations between possible risk factors and pneumonia were investigated by use of multiple-regression models. Age at weaning (< 24 days) and birth weight (< 1 kg) exerted small, but significant (P < 0.002), effects on the extent of pneumonic lesions in pigs slaughtered at 30 to 50 kg live weight. For pigs slaughtered at 90 to 110 kg, pneumonic lesions were more extensive (P = 0.007) in pigs sired by Yorkshire boars than pigs sired by non-Yorkshire sires (Duroc, Hampshire, Chester White, or American Spotted). Other host factor variables including weaning weight and clinical diseases (atrophic rhinitis, diarrhea, and arthritis) were not associated with pneumonia extent in either weight group. Higher pneumonia percentages were also associated with reduced growth rates in the grower/finisher phase. Pigs sired by Yorkshire boars grew significantly (P < 0.0001) more slowly from entry into shed 2 (mean, 38 kg) until about the time of exit (mean, 92 kg) than pigs sired by other breeds (747 g/d and 795 g/d, respectively).