bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ultrastructural and Biochemical Evaluation of Adrenal Medullary Hyperplasia and Pheochromocytoma in Aged Bulls
Authors: Yarrington J. T. , Capen C. C.
Published: January 2017

Pheochromocytomas and adrenal medullary hyperplasia were investigated ultrastructurally and by assaying catecholamines in tissue and urine. Three of seven bulls had concomitant thyroid C-cell neoplasms and normal parathyroid glands. Pheochromocytomas were either bilateral or unilateral, and were composed of large chromaffin cells predominantly in the storage phase of the secretory cycle. Two pheochromocytomas were composed of cells with ultrastructural characteristics of the epinephrine-secreting type and contained round secretory granules of low electron density. The norepinephrine-secreting type of chromaffin cell predominated in one pheochromocytoma and had storage granules with an electron-dense, eccentric core and a wide submembranous space. Two pheochromocytomas were composed of a mixture of epinephrine- and norepinephrine-secreting cells. Adrenal medullary hyperplasia in four bulls consisted of multinodular or diffuse areas of hyperchromatic chromaffin cells that were non-encapsulated, and compressed adjacent cortical tissue. Tissue and urinary concentrations of norepinephrine were increased in bulls with adrenal medullary hyperplasia or pheochromocytoma, but urinary vanillylmandelic acid and unconjugated epinephrine levels were not different from those of control bulls with a normal adrenal medulla.
Cerebral Venous Thrombosis in the Rhesus Monkey
Authors: Sheffield W. D. , Squire R. A. , Strandberg J. D.
Published: January 2017

Cerebral venous thrombosis was identified in four rhesus monkeys. Two initially showed neurologic signs and three had diarrhea or dysentery. All four had severe intestinal disease, including three cases of ulcerative colitis complicated by extracerebral thromboembolic disease. Central nervous system lesions, confined to the centrum semiovale, were multiple thrombi of internal cerebral veins, perivenular demyelination, and gemistocytic astrocytosis. The lesions resembled those found in people with cerebral venous thrombosis, and support the hypothesis that perivenular demyelination may occur as a sequela to venous occlusion. The lesions were identical to those found in “leukoencephalosis and perivascular myelosis,” an entity of unknown cause previously described in monkeys.
Hematology of Experimental Acute Sarcocystis bovicanis Infection in Calves. II. Serum Biochemistry and Hemostasis Studies
Authors: Prasse K. W. , Fayer R.
Published: January 2017

Of four Holstein-Friesian calves infected with 200,000 sporocysts of Sarcocystis bovicanis, three become ill and died on days 35, 55, and 59 of a 63-day experiment. No control calves became ill or died. Serum biochemicals and hematologic indicators of hemostasis from both groups were measured throughout the experiment. Creatine phosphokinase values for both groups increased markedly during acute infection. Lactic dehydrogenase and aspartate aminotransferase values were high in infected calves on days 25 to 35 and days 24 to 63, respectively, indicating injury of muscle, liver, or other tissues. Sorbitol dehydrogenase values were significantly higher for infected than for control calves on days 25 and 35, indicating liver injury. Serum bilirubin and blood urea nitrogen values were significantly increased in three anemic infected calves from day 25 or 26 to day 35, probably reflecting destruction of erythrocytes. The fourth infected calf was not anemic and had no hyperbilirubinemia and only minimal azotemia. Serum protein and albumin values decreased in infected calves on days 21 to 30 or 35, when, although hypoalbuminemia persisted, total protein concentration increased. Glucose, calcium, sodium, and chloride values decreased in infected calves slightly before onset of illness and remained low throughout the experiment. Potassium, magnesium, and phosphorus values did not differ between infected and control calves. Activated partial thromboplastin time and Russell's viper venom time were normal; prothrombin time was significantly higher from day 27 to day 49 in infected calves. This pattern was interpreted as evidence for acquired factor VII deficiency. Abnormal retraction of blood clots and enlarged platelets in blood smears, which indicate platelet dysfunction and increased platelet turnover, respectively, were seen on days 27 through 35 in anemic infected calves. Values for thrombin time (three calves) and fibrin degradation product concentration (one calf) increased just before death of the infected calves.
Caprine Encephalomyelomalacia
Authors: Cordy D. R. , East N. E. , Lowenstine L. J.
Published: January 2017

Six cases of encephalomyelomalacia in dairy goats 3½ to four months of age are described. Neurologic signs had an abrupt onset and passed rapidly from ataxia to paralysis. All goats were killed after six to ten days and had spinal cord and brain stem lesions—always more extensive and severe in the cord. The bilaterally symmetrical necrotic lesions were restricted to the ventral and intermediate gray substance in the cord and to certain brain stem nuclei. The spinal cord enlargements were affected especially.
Minimally Functional Rat Adrenal Medullary Pheochromocytomas
Authors: Ribelin W. E. , Roloff M. V. , Houser R. M.
Published: January 2017

In this study of 29-month-old male Fischer and Sprague-Dawley rats, the tumor pheochromocytoma occured in seven of 20 Fischer rats (35%) and ten of 22 Sprague-Dawley rats (45%). Mean blood pressures and mean urinary vanillylmandelic acid levels of rats with pheochromocytomas did not vary significantly from rats with no tumours. Pheochromocytoma in our rats generally was non-functional or of minimal clinical significance. The content of chromaffin granules in tumor cells varied from abundant to not detectable, thus it was apparent that the absence of detectable chromaffin granules does not eliminate the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma.
Feline Cystic Rete Ovarii
Authors: Gelberg H. B. , McEntee K. , Heath E. H.
Published: January 2017

Cysts of the rete ovarii system from 20 cats are described. The cellular morphology of these cysts varies because the normal rete ovarii in the cat consists of three anatomically distinct parts. Cysts arise in the ovarian medulla or at the tubal extremity of the ovary, expand into ovarian stroma rather than the mesovarium, and are lined by ciliated columnar to flattened epithelium. Their functional significance is unknown.
Pathology of Maternal Genital Tract, Placenta, and Fetus in Equine Viral Arteritis
Authors: Coignoul F. L. , Cheville N. F.
Published: January 2017

Six pregnant mares were given equine viral arteritis virus intravenously. Tissues from genital tracts, placentae, and fetuses were examined by light and electron microscopy to study the mechanism of abortion. Four mares which died with acute disease had diffuse vacuolation of endometrial epithelium and systemic necrotizing vasculitis. Two of these mares had dead fetuses and two had live fetuses; virus was isolated from tissues of one live fetus. Placentae of mares dying from acute disease did not have lesions attributable to infection; virus was isolated from two of these placentae. One of the two mares which recovered from clinical disease aborted a dead fetus eight days after inoculation. The mare had severe necrotizing myometritis and virus was isolated from maternal ovaries and from fetal tissues. The fetus did not have lesions attributable to arteritis virus. These results suggest that although fetal death may occur in utero during acute equine viral arteritis, abortion probably is due to lesions in the uterus of the mare.
Variability in Limb Malformations and Possible Significance in the Pathogenesis of an Inherited Congenital Neuromuscular Disease of Charolais Cattle (Syndrome of Arthrogryposis and Palatoschisis)
Authors: Russell R. G. , Doige C. E. , Oteruelo F. T. , Hare D. , Singh E.
Published: January 2017

Limb abnormalities in 30 calves with an inherited congenital neuromuscular disorder known as syndrome of arthrogryposis and palatoschisis were classified according to the range of severity of joint deformity in either flexion or extension, and restricted joint movement. Joint movement was variably affected; it was either normal, lax, restricted in the range of mobility, or occasionally, fixed. The characteristic findings were: bilateral hyperextension of the hind fetlock, flexion deformity of the forelimb that particularly involved the fetlock and the carpus, with restricted articular movement and complete rigidity in some cases. One-third of calves also had medial deviation of the forelimb due to angular deformity of articular surfaces in the carpus. All nine live calves were floppy due to marked generalized muscular hypotonia. Birth weight of deformed calves was reduced. In some calves muscle development was impaired as judged by muscle weight, and histological examination. In some calves the gross appearance, muscle weight and histological examination revealed no abnormal development and indicated that the effects on skeletal muscle were secondary. No lesions were found in the spinal cord of 23 of 24 calves examined histologically. The remaining calf had a localized cavitation in the dorsal white matter at T2–3. Based on the observations in calves in this study it is proposed that both primary and secondary factors contribute to the phenotypic expression of this congenital deformity. The primary lesion is considered to be a neurogenic abnormality of differentiation in the central nervous system. Cytogenetic analysis of 16 carrier cows and two deformed calves showed normal karyotypes. Serology for Akabane virus in 16 carrier cows was negative.
Lesions in Bovine Progressive Degenerative Myeloencephalopathy (“Weaver”) of Brown Swiss Cattle
Authors: Stuart L. D. , Leipold H. W.
Published: January 2017

Gross changes and other necropsy findings in 36 purebred Brown Swiss cattle affected with bovine progressive degenerative myeloencephalopathy were nonspecific. Primary microscopic lesions were confined to the central nervous system, specifically the white matter of the spinal cord, axons in some brainstem nuclei, and Purkinje cells of the cerebellar cortex. Spinal cord lesions involved only the white matter and consisted of axonal degeneration, loss of axons and myelin, and status spongiosus. Axonal degeneration was characterized by swelling and fragmentation of the axoplasm or formation of large, discontinuous swellings referred to as spheroids. Lesions were qualitatively similar at all levels, but quantitatively dissimilar in the same funiculi at different levels. Both ascending and descending fibers were involved but correlation to specific fasciculi was not evident. Lesions always were most severe in thoracic spinal cord segments. Little or no astroglial response, no inflammatory response, and no involvement of gray matter were observed in the spinal cord. Cerebellar lesions were limited to selective degeneration and loss of Purkinje cells and occasional swelling of Purkinje cell axons (torpedos) in the granular layer of the cerebellar cortex. Brainstem lesions were inconsistent and limited to occasional axonal swelling in brainstem nuclei. The pathogenesis of bovine progressive degenerative myeloencephalopathy is unknown and possible mechanisms were discussed. The disease exhibits a familial pattern in Brown Swiss cattle and may be hereditary. Extraneural lesions were considered secondary to central nervous system lesions.
Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopy of Attaching Effacing Escherichia coli in Weanling Rabbits
Authors: Peeters J. E. , Charlier G. J. , Raeymaekers R.
Published: January 2017

A strain of an enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, originally isolated from diarrheic weaned rabbits, produced diarrhea in five-week-old New Zealand white rabbits. Sequential examination of the intestines by scanning and transmission electron microscopy revealed that the strain attaches first to the Peyer's patch dome epithelium and later to the enterocytes of distal small intestine, cecum, and colon. Colonized cells became rounded and detached. The colibacilli were intimately associated with the apical cell membrane. Both absorptive and goblet cells were affected. The strain caused effacement of the microvillous border of colonized epithelial cells. Colibacilli were regularly seen in the partially evacuated cavities of goblet cells, but not in absorptive epithelial cells.
Pathogenesis of Canine Parvovirus Enteritis: The Importance of Viremia
Authors: Meunier P. C. , Cooper B. J. , Appel M. J. G. , Slauson D. O.
Published: January 2017

The clinical signs, hematologic changes, serum and fecal virus titers, specific antibody production and the occurrence of histologic lesions were studied in 22 nine-week-old seronegative beagle dogs inoculated by the oral and intravenous route with canine parvovirus. Approximately 30% of the dogs had clinical signs of pyrexia, depression, vomiting, and diarrhea irrespective of the route of inoculation. Events in the dogs inoculated intravenously preceded those in dogs inoculated orally by approximately two days. Only one dog died. Lymphopenia was the most consistent hematologic change. Viremia always preceded the initiation of fecal virus shedding. Viral titers in the serum and feces were significantly greater in symptomatic dogs compared to asymptomatic dogs. Termination of the plasma viremia coincided with the onset of the humoral immune response, but viremia persisted one day longer in symptomatic dogs. The severity of lymphoid tissue and intestinal infection, assessed by tissue immunofluorescence and histology, was also greater in symptomatic dogs. The severity of intestinal disease was highly correlated with the magnitude and duration of viremia.
Ocular Lesions of 6-Aminonicotinamide Toxicosis in Rabbits
Authors: Render J. A. , Carlton W. W.
Published: January 2017

6-Aminonicotinamide, an antimetabolite of nicotinamide, given by intraperitoneal injection produced diarrhea, ascending paresis/paralysis, death, and bilateral ocular alterations in both sexes of New Zealand white and Dutch belted rabbits. Ocular vascular lesions consisted of iridal congestion with iridal hemorrhage and associated acute iritis and aqueous flare in some rabbits. Cytoplasmic swelling, vacuolation, and loss of staining affinity that represented hydropic change were present in both layers of ciliary epithelium and the inner layer of iridal epithelium. Cells in the outer layer of the iridal processes and the ciliary ridge, were most severely affected. Vacuoles were also present in the retinal pigment epithelium and scattered throughout the outer plexiform layer of the retina with a few in the inner and outer nuclear layers. Ocular alterations were prevented by simultaneous administration of nicotinamide and their development appeared related to nicotinamide deficiency. No ocular alterations were caused by nicotinamide administration alone.
Pathogenesis of Brucella abortus Infection of the Mammary Gland and Supramammary Lymph Node of the Goat
Authors: Meador V. P. , Deyoe B. L. , Cheville N. F.
Published: January 2017

Goats, both in late pregnancy and soon after parturition, were inoculated intravenously with Brucella abortus, and mammary glands and supramammary lymph nodes were examined by light and electron microscopy at 2 to 55 days post-inoculation. After 7 days, lymphoplasmacytic, histiocytic interstitial mastitis with a lobular and periductal distribution were detected microscopically. Brucellae, identified in tissues with immunoperoxidase staining and antibody-coated colloidal gold stain, were first seen in macrophages and neutrophils throughout mammary parenchyma, but most commonly in mammary alveoli. In subsequent samples, infected phagocytes progressively increased in number, especially in ductal and alveolar lumina, and adjacent parenchyma. B. abortus was in phagosomes and phagolysosomes in macrophages and neutrophils; degenerate and necrotic phagocytes were often filled with brucellae. Extracellular brucellae were associated with ruptured necrotic infected phagocytes. Supramammary lymph nodes draining infected mammary glands were enlarged. Lymphofollicular hyperplasia, medullary plasmacytosis, and sinus histiocytosis were seen microscopically. Brucellae were seen exclusively in macrophages, which were most often located in subcapsular and cortical sinuses. This study suggests that phagocytic leukocytes 1) transport brucellae into mammary glands; 2) provide a site for intracellular replication in mammary secretions; and 3) transport brucellae from mammary glands to supramammary lymph nodes.
Investigation of Bovine Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue (GALT) Using Monoclonal Antibodies against Bovine Lymphocytes
Authors: Parsons K. R. , Howard C. J. , Jones B. V. , Sopp P.
Published: January 2017

Gut associated lymphoid tissue of the small and large intestine of calves and cows has been compared morphologically and quantitatively using monoclonal antibodies to bovine lymphocytes. B cells were significantly decreased in the ileum of the cow compared to the calf. Significantly increased numbers of T cells were present in cell suspensions of all lymphoid areas of the cow compared to the calf. T lymphocyte subsets were quantified into cryostat sections of lymphoid tissues expressing BoT4, and BoT8 antigens demonstrated increased numbers in follicular and dome areas of the discrete Peyer's patches of the small and large intestine of the cow. BoT4+, BoT8+, and the non-BoT4+/BoT8+ T cell subsets were increased in the mucosa of the jejunum, ileum, and cecum, while only BoT8+ lymphocytes were increased in the colonic mucosa of the cow as compared to the calf. Similarities in structure and lymphocyte composition of the discrete Peyer's patches of the small intestine, cecum and colon and isolated single follicles in the large intestine suggest similar functional properties.
Association of clinical headache features with stroke location: An MRI voxel-based symptom lesion mapping study
Authors: Seifert Christian L , Schönbach Etienne M , Zimmer Claus , Förschler Annette , Tölle Thomas R , Feurer Regina , Gempt Jens , Papadopoulou Athina , Magon Stefano , Sprenger Till , Poppert Holger
Published: January 2017

Background

We have recently shown that the presence of headache in ischemic stroke is associated with lesions of the insular cortex. The aim of this post-hoc subgroup analysis was to investigate the association of specific headache features with stroke location in patients with acute ischemic stroke.

Methods

In this observational study, patients (mean age: 61.5, 58% males) with ischemic stroke and acute headache (n = 49) were investigated. Infarcts were manually outlined on 3D diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans and transformed into standard stereotaxic space; lesions of the left hemisphere were mirrored in the x-axis to allow a voxel-wise group analysis of all patients. We analyzed the association of lesion location and the following phenotypical characteristics by voxel-based symptom lesion mapping: Headache intensity, different qualities of headache (pulsating, tension-type like and stabbing), and the presence of nausea, of cranial autonomic symptoms and of light or noise sensitivity.

Results

Headache intensity was associated with lesions of the posterior insula, the operculum and the cerebellum. “Pulsating” headache occurred with widespread cortical and subcortical strokes. The presence of “tension-like” and “stabbing” headache was not related to specific lesion patterns. Nausea was associated with lesions in the posterior circulation territory. Cranial-autonomic symptoms were related to lesions of the parietal lobe, the somatosensory cortex (SI) and the middle temporal cortex. The presence of noise sensitivity was associated with cerebellar lesions, whereas light sensitivity was not related to specific lesions in our sample.

Conclusion

Headache phenotype in ischemic stroke appears to be related to specific ischemic lesion patterns.
The Accuracy, Market Ethic, and Individual Morality Surrounding the Profit Maximization Assumption
Authors: Northrop Emily
Published: January 2017

This paper hinges on the distinction between “maximizing profit” and “making profit.” It recounts from Adam Smith the ethical basis for profit making, and observes in Augustin Cournot why the maximization assumption was introduced. Several introductory texts are examined to observe how profit maximization is presented. The veracity of the assumption is challenged by considering: owner/ managers who focus on utility rather than profit, corporate maximization of shareholder wealth, corporate managers who pursue personal benefits, and evidence of “corporate social responsibility.” Milton Friedman's 1970 New York Times Magazine essay, “The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase its Profits” is used to support that the ethical justification for the market system does not rest on maximizing profit, and that individuals often have moral latitude to pursue non-pecuniary business goals alongside seeking profit. Teaching that all firms maximize profit poorly educates students concerning how many firms actually behave and it reinforces a pecuniary value.
The Decreasing Excludability of Digital Music: Implications for Copyright Law
Authors: Arias J. J. , Ellis Cameron
Published: January 2017

Since the advent of the file-sharing program Napster in June of 1999, copyright infringement has plagued the recorded music industry. We review the evidence on piracy and its effect on record industry profits. We then model the behavior of file sharers and music producers under different remuneration and legal regimes using a stage game. We find that under certain conditions, the removal of copyright laws for recorded music is welfare improving. There is also a parameter space where public sector music distribution combined with a tax-payer funded subsidy of music production is welfare dominant.
Teaching Time-Inconsistency Consistently
Authors: Kuperberg Mark
Published: January 2017

This paper places Kydland and Prescott's classic analysis of time inconsistency in a fuller context by examining their result in five different economic environments. Pedagogically, the paper uses a consistent mathematical treatment of the subject throughout. To understand the motivations of the central bank, the paper begins with the environment that Kydland-Prescott successfully criticized wherein the public has static inflationary expectations and the central bank assumes that they do. The main sections of the paper go on to analyze time inconsistency in four alternative environments defined by the belief structure of the central bank with respect to the nature of the economy and the mechanism by which the public forms its inflationary expectations. It is shown that the inconsistency result holds when the central bank does not understand the natural rate hypothesis and does not believe that the public forms their inflationary expectations rationally. The inconsistency result, however, does not hold in the other cases.
Retirement Migration Streams: Trends and Implications for North Carolina Communities
Authors: Longino Charles F.
Published: January 2017

This article focuses on North Carolina, examining its emergence as a regional destination center for older migrants. It traces the indicators of this trend in the numbers, origins, and characteristics of its migrants. It also addresses the forces that produce diversity in the characteristics of North Carolina's older in-migrants, particularly the stream “traditions” from differing origin states coming to North Carolina and the changing pattern of in-migrant characteristics over 3 decades. Finally, the article discusses the impact of retirement migration on host communities. Retired migrants do not perpetuate themselves in the community. Lacking the ability to develop family alliances through marriage and business relationships, it is hypothesized that migrants float in a relatively rootless community, building their important social ties with other migrants in neighborhoods, churches, and voluntary associations, thus perpetuating their separateness.
Retirement Communities: Linkages to the Locality, State, and Nation
Authors: Streib Gordon F.
Published: January 2017

This article analyzes retirement communities from the standpoint of their linkages to their surrounding environments as well as to the state and the nation. A conceptual framework employing five types of linkages—regulators, constituencies, competitors, suppliers, and residuals—is adapted for the analysis. The political economy approach is used to direct attention to ways that the political and economic systems shape the environment in which the retirement communities operate. Uncertainty and risk are explored to examine the adaptability and viability of retirement communities.
Economic and Fiscal Implications of Nonmetropolitan Retirement Migration
Authors: Glasgow Nina , Reeder Richard J.
Published: January 2017

Nonmetropolitan retirement counties experienced extraordinary population growth during the 1970s and continued to grow during the 1980s at a rate exceeding national, metropolitan, and nonmetropolitan averages. Economically, retirement counties outdistanced other nonmetropolitan counties in employment and per capita income growth. In tandem with population and economic growth, retirement counties have lower than average local tax and revenue rates. Expenditures per capita for local public services are also low in retirement counties, compared to nonmetropolitan counties generally. Lower than average tax and revenue rates lower the cost of living, and thus retirement counties may remain competitive with other areas of the country in attracting future in-migrants. In the long run, however, relatively low fiscal efforts and expenditures could hamper local economic development. The findings of the study indicate that retirees have not been an excessive burden on local public service expenditures, as some have feared.
Economic Implications of Retirement Migration
Authors: Serow William J.
Published: January 2017

This article provides an overview of some of the principal economic consequences of elderly migration, especially for areas of destination. Although precise measurement of these are not possible at the national level, we can offer some informed speculation. First, these areas benefit economically from the presence of younger elderly migrants who move at or shortly after the time of retirement. Second, these areas are spared the public costs associated with demand for much of the care and support services needed at the end of life.
Grandparenthood and Mental Health: Implications for the Practitioner
Authors: Thomas Jeanne L.
Published: January 2017

Goals of this study were (a) to examine associations between grandparenthood and grandparents' levels of mental health and (b) to consider the implications of these patterns of association for practice. In structured interviews, grandparents ( N = 301) discussed their relationship with one of their grandchildren; measures of mental health (morale, life-satisfaction, and self-esteem) were also administered during interviews. Reactions to the relationship with the grandchild were among the significant predictors of scores on the mental health measures. It is concluded that understanding relationships with grandchildren can provide insight into middle-aged and older adults' general feelings of adjustment. Suggestions for incorporating reactions to grandparenthood into therapy are offered.
Improving Grandparent Success
Authors: Strom Robert , Strom Shirley , Collinsworth Pat
Published: January 2017

Grandparents deserve access to classes that help them adjust to their changing role and build satisfying family relationships. Previous research resulted in the nation's first educational curriculum for “Becoming a Better Grandparent.” This study was conducted to determine the benefits of the program. Self-selected grandparents, drawn from randomly paired sites within religions, reflected the national proportion of people over the age of 50 who classify themselves as Protestant, Catholic, or Jewish. A control group of 185 members was denied instruction but completed the Grandparent Strengths and Needs Inventory at three different times. Twelve weekly classes were provided for 210 grandparents in an experimental group. Each of these persons chose one son or daughter and one grandchild to help evaluate changes in grandparent attitudes and behavior. All three generations completed separate versions of the Grandparent Strengths and Needs Inventory before classes began, at the end of the intervention, and 3 months later. Posttest results of grandparents revealed significant improvement. The gains were corroborated by parents and grandchildren. Multivariate analyses identified the impact of 11 independent variables on grandparent performance. The control group showed no improvement during the project.
Perceived Control, Reinforcement, Satisfaction, and Depression in Community Elderly
Authors: Cohen-Mansfield Jiska
Published: January 2017

This article applies cognitive behavioral models of depression to a generally healthy elderly population. Interviews were conducted with 137 elderly people about their perceived levels of reinforcement, control, and satisfaction from five domains of life: food, personal hygiene, leisure activities, social activities, and employment. Global satisfaction and depression measures were also obtained. Perceived levels of reinforcement and of control were significant determinants of satisfaction; however, perceived level of reinforcement was more significant than was perceived control across the domains of life, and perceived level of reinforcement was solely significant in the prediction of general depression or satisfaction. Perceived control seemed to have played a larger relative role in accounting for satisfaction when these elderly people were middle-aged. The results suggest that improving the well-being of these people may be directed at increasing perceived levels of reinforcement in specific areas of life, especially those related to personal hygiene and social activities.
Effect of sodium azide on the metabolic activity of cultured fetal cells
Authors: Ishikawa Takaki , Zhu Bao-Li , Maeda Hitoshi
Published: January 2017

Sodium azide is a highly toxic substance. However, the mechanism of its toxicity has not been fully established. In the present study, we attempted to investigate the toxicity of sodium azide in various cultured fetal cells, using changes in cellular respiration as an indicator of metabolic inhibition to elucidate tissue-specificity. The human fetal cell lines used in this study included myocardial cells, nerve cells, fibroblasts, hepatocytes and renal tubular epithelial cells. The cells were seeded in wells at a density of 2 × 106 cells/2mL, sodium azide was added at a concentration of 0.01 ng/mL to 10 mg/mL, and the respiration of each type of cell was measured 1 h later using a dissolved oxygen meter. The concentration at which sodium azide inhibited metabolic activity was lower in the nerve and myocardial cells than in the fibroblasts, hepatocytes and renal tubular epithelial cells. These findings may serve to clarify the dynamic mechanisms of sodium azide toxicity in vivo.
Lead and cadmium exposure in children living around a coal-mining area in Yatağan, Turkey
Authors: Yapici Gulcin , Can Gunay , Kiziler Ali Riza , Aydemir Birsen , Timur İsmail Hakki , Kaypmaz Ayşe
Published: January 2017

The study was designed to determine asymptomatic lead poisoning prevalence and cadmium exposure of preschool children living in a coal-mining area in Yatağan, Mugla, Turkey. The research was conducted between May and June 2002. The study included 236 children (53.4% female and 46.6% male) who were identified among the healthy children between the ages of 6 months and 6 years, using a systematic sampling method, from the records of the local medical centre of Yatağan. Assessments of the levels of blood lead and cadmium were performed by an atomic absorption spectrophotometer, in the Department of Biophysics, Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty. The mean age of females and males were 49±18 and 43±19 months, respectively. The mean blood lead level was 33.8±15.6 μg/dL in females and 38.8±16.0 μg/dL in males. The mean blood lead level of the males was significantly higher than the females ( P<0.05). Correlation analysis showed a statistically significant negative correlation between blood lead level and age in both sex groups ( r=-0.367, P< 0.001). The blood lead level was found to be > 10 μg/dL in 95.7% and > 20 μg/dL in 87.6% of all children. The mean blood cadmium level of all children was 1.31±0.72 mg/dL. The blood cadmium level was found to be >0.5 μg/dL, which is considered to be toxic, in 85% of all children. The difference in blood cadmium levels between sexes was not significant. A statistically significant negative correlation was found between blood cadmium level and age of all children ( r=-0.382, P<0.001). Although it is not possible to understand from this study what proportion of the biological lead and cadmium burden results from mining waste and what proportion comes from other sources, such as paint and gasoline residue deposited in soil and air, these results do indicate that asymptomatic lead poisoning and cadmium exposure are significant problems in children living in the Yatağan area. In conclusion, environmental lead measurements (house dust, soil, drinking water and air) must be performed, the results must be compared with the normal limits, and precautions must be taken if necessary in the Yatağan area. Future public health research efforts should focus on reducing the excessive levels of lead and cadmium in the environment.
On the Metho Dology of Discourse Analysis and Content Analysis
Authors: Achard par Pierre
Published: January 2017

Sur la methodologie de l'analyse de discours et de l'analyse de contenu. A travers des e xemples d'analyse de t e xtes economiques par une methode formelle d'analyse sociolingu ist iq ue, l 'auteur revel e non seulement des relations entre les econo mistes et Ie pouvoir d'Etat, mais aussi que ces exemples eu x-me mes fo nt p a r t i e de ces relations. Analyse de disc ours, analyse de contenu, methodologie, sociolinguistique, economie, education, pouvoi r d'Etat.

Through examples of analysis of econom ic t ex t s by method of sociolinguistics, the author reveals not relations between economists and state power, but also these examples themselves are part of the relations. analysis, content analysis, methodology, soci ol i economy, educatio n, state power.
Evaluation of Sociology Serials by a Select Sample of Sociologists
Authors: Chall Leo P.
Published: January 2017

In this original survey, 123 major English-speaking sociologists, including many editors of sociology serials, ranked by importance of scientific contribution, 90 sociology serials published in English. An analysis of these data shows the structuring of this domain and an important difference between annuals and other serials. Also, the non-American English-speaking subpopulation behaves in a manner different from the American subpopulation. Sociology of sociology, scientific publishing, American sociology, English language sociology, scientific prestige.
Child Neurology Education for Pediatric Residents:
Authors: Albert Dara V. F. , Patel Anup D. , Behnam-Terneus Maria , Sautu Beatriz Cunill-De , Verbeck Nicole , McQueen Alisa , Fromme H. Barrett , Mahan John D.
Published: January 2017

The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the current state of child neurology education during pediatric residency provides adequate preparation for pediatric practice. A survey was sent to recent graduates from 3 pediatric residency programs to assess graduate experience, perceived level of competence, and desire for further education in child neurology. Responses from generalists versus subspecialists were compared. The response rate was 32%, half in general pediatric practice. Only 22% feel very confident in approaching patients with neurologic problems. This may represent the best-case scenario as graduates from these programs had required neurology experiences, whereas review of Accreditation Council of Graduate Medical Education–accredited residency curricula revealed that the majority of residencies do not. Pediatric neurologic problems are common, and pediatric residency graduates do encounter such problems in practice. The majority of pediatricians report some degree of confidence; however, some clear areas for improvement are apparent.
Longitudinal Outcomes in the 2014 Acute Flaccid Paralysis Cluster in Canada
Authors: Yea Carmen , Bitnun Ari , Robinson Joan , Mineyko Aleksandra , Barton Michelle , Mah Jean K. , Vajsar Jiri , Richardson Susan , Licht Christoph , Brophy Jason , Crone Megan , Desai Shalini , Hukin Juliette , Jones Kevin , Muir Katherine , Pernica Jeffrey M. , Pless Robert , Pohl Daniela , Rafay Mubeen F. , Selby Kathryn , Venkateswaran Sunita , Bernard Geneviève , Yeh E. Ann
Published: January 2017

We describe the presenting features and long-term outcome of an unusual cluster of pediatric acute flaccid paralysis cases that occurred in Canada during the 2014 enterovirus D68 outbreak. Children (n = 25; median age 7.8 years) presenting to Canadian centers between July 1 and October 31, 2014, and who met diagnostic criteria for acute flaccid paralysis were evaluated retrospectively. The predominant presenting features included prodromal respiratory illness (n = 22), cerebrospinal fluid lymphocytic pleocytosis (n = 18), pain in neck/back (n = 14) and extremities (n = 10), bowel/bladder dysfunction (n = 9), focal central gray matter lesions found in all regions of the spinal cord within the cohort (n = 16), brain stem lesions (n = 8), and bulbar symptoms (n = 5). Enterovirus D68 was detectable in nasopharyngeal specimens (n = 7) but not in cerebrospinal fluid. Acute therapies (corticosteroids, intravenous immunoglobulins, plasmapheresis) were well tolerated with few side effects. Fourteen of 16 patients who were followed beyond 12 months post onset had neurologic deficits but showed ongoing clinical improvement and motor recovery.
The Relationship of Exposure to Anesthesia on Outcomes in Children With Isolated Oral Clefts
Authors: Conrad Amy L. , Goodwin Jon W. , Choi James , Block Robert I. , Nopoulos Peg
Published: January 2017

This study evaluated the relationship between exposure to anesthesia and previously identified differences in cognitive functioning, growth, and volumetric brain measures among a sample of children, adolescents, and young adults with isolated oral clefts. Data from a cross-sectional study were combined with a retrospective chart review. Data were obtained for 87 participants with isolated cleft lip and/or palate (55% male), ranging from 7.5 to 27 years old (mean = 15.78, standard deviation = 4.58). Measures of interest included cognitive functioning, growth measures, and brain volumes. Number of surgeries and time under anesthesia were obtained through systematic medical record review. Potential sex and cleft type differences in exposure as well as relationships between anesthesia exposure and outcome measures were evaluated. Participants with isolated cleft lip and palate had more surgeries and were under anesthesia longer. For participants with isolated cleft lip only, more surgeries were correlated to lower verbal IQ and higher frontal lobe volume.
The Key Search Subtest of the Behavioural Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome in Children (BADS-C) Instrument Reveals Impaired Planning Without External Constraints in Children With Neurofibromatosis Type 1
Authors: Riva Daria , Vago Chiara , Erbetta Alessandra , Saletti Veronica , Esposito Silvia , Micheli Roberto , Bulgheroni Sara
Published: January 2017

Studies of executive function and its relationship with brain T2-weighted hyperintensities in children with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) have yielded inconsistent results. We examined 16 children with NF1 aged 8 to 15 years, of normal intelligence, and compared their findings to those of 16 siblings and 16 typically developing children using the Behavioural Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome in Children (BADS-C). NF1 patients had an adequate overall score at BADS-C, but showed significantly lower performance than typical peers in the Key Search subtest. This is a task that must be solved without any given rules, in which subjects must devise a strategy and an efficient search pattern transferable to other similar real situations. The Key Search scores were not correlated with number and signal characteristics of T2-weighted hyperintensities. Planning without external indications is impaired in children with NF1 because they have to rely entirely on self-organization and monitoring; this study provides information for remediation programs designed to improve functioning in daily life.
Synthetic Polymers as Materials for Artificial Vitreous Body: Review and Recent Advances
Authors: Chirila, Traian V. , Tahija Sjakon , Hong Ye , Vijayasekaran Sarojini , Constable Ian J.
Published: January 2017

In spite of a century of recorded attempts to replace the vitreous body of the eye with a foreign material, there is no permanent substitute currently available, and the success of some materials as temporary substitutes is still very limited. Among the large number of materials proposed or tested as vitreous substitutes, synthetic polymers have been episodically considered during the past four decades. This article will review these attempts, their outcomes, and recent progress in this field. There were only seven synthetic polymers and a few semisynthetic polymers (modified biopolymers) so far proposed or tested as vitreous substitutes. It appears that probably a synthetic hydrogel with very high water content would eventually be the material of choice for a permanent vitreous substitute, but the ideal material has not yet been found.
Pulsatile Blood Flow from Impeller Pump: A Dream Has Come True
Authors: Qian Kun-Xi
Published: January 2017

For decades many investigations have been made on producing a pulsatile blood flow with an impeller pump. It has been foiled because of excessive hemolysis. Other investigators foretold that a pulsatile centrifugal pump is impossible in the near future, without increasing the complexity of the system remarkably.

The author has presevered in this study and made progress steadily. An axial pulsatile impeller pump with constant-rotating speed was developed, in which the impeller reciprocates along its axis while rotates. Meanwhile, a pulsatile implantable impeller centrifugal pump is now in animal surviving experimental stage. The pulsatility of the blood flow is achieved by changing the rotating speed of the impeller periodically, via introducing a square wave form voltage into the motor coil. The hemodynamic and physiological superiorities to both nonpulsatile impeller pump and diaphragm pump were demonstrated. The hematological and biochemical data indicated low hemolysis and thrombogenesis, low renal and heptic dysfunction. Furthermore, a pulsatile implantable impeller total heart has completed its acute biventricular assist animal experiments. This is an almost unique total heart at the present, it is driven by a single motor, the left and right pumps eject the blood simultaneously, and the volume equilibrium of both pumps is achieved naturally.

The dream of producing a pulsatile blood flow with an impeller pump has come true. Doubtlessly, an impeller heart with simplicity, pulsatility, implantability, compatibility and reliability, will be a viable alternative to diaphragm heart, really.
Sterilization and Reprocessing of Materials and Medical Devices—Reusability
Authors: Jayabalan M.
Published: January 2017

Problems associated with reprocessing of disposable medical devices such as hemodialysers with resterilization for reuse and changes in material properties with resterilization of polymeric (PVC, polypropylene, polyester, polycarbonate) materials intended for development of disposable devices are reviewed. Reprocessing of hospital supplies, polystyrene microtiter plate and angiographic catheter for reuse is also discussed.
The Formulation of Drug for Ocular Administration
Authors: Aiache J. M. , Meski S. El , Beyssac E. , Serpin G.
Published: January 2017

The different barriers that slow the penetration of active ingredients administered by the ocular route are described, and some novel dosage forms designed for this route are discussed. Both precorneal and corneal factors considerably restrict ocular penetration. The low bioavailability of classical ophthalmic dosage forms can be improved by several approaches, particularly by increasing the time the active ingredients remain in contact with the eye tissues.

The new dosage forms are reviewed according to their type and their drug release mechanisms. The characteristics, advantages, and limitations of each are outlined. The potential of these dosage forms can be expected to enhance development. They offer prolonged effectiveness, reproducibility, fewer unwanted side effects, and improved tolerance.
Reduced Protein Adsorption on Novel Phospholipid Polymers
Authors: Ishihara Kazuhiko , Iwasaki Yasuhiko
Published: January 2017

We have synthesized phospholipid polymers containing 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) units as novel blood compatible polymers and have evaluated their interactions with blood components. It was found that in the absence of anticoagulants, blood clotting was delayed and blood cell adhesion and activation were effectively prevented on the MPC copolymer surface. A little amount of protein adsorbed on the MPC copolymer from human plasma was compared with conventional polymers, and the amount was reduced with increasing MPC unit fraction. To clarify the reason for the little protein adsorption on the MPC copolymer, the water structure in the hydrated polymer was examined with attention to the free water fraction. Hydration of the polymers occurred when they were immersed in water. The thermal analysis of these hydrated polymers revealed that the free water fractions in the poly(MPC-co- n-butyl methacrylate(BMA)) and poly(MPC-co- n-dodecyl methacrylate) were significantly larger than those in the poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate(HEMA)). The conformation of proteins adsorbed on poly(HEMA) changed considerably but that on poly(MPC-co-BMA) was almost the same as the native state. We concluded from these results that the proteins are hardly adsorbed and do not change their original conformation on the polymer surfaces which possess a high free water fraction such as phospholipid polymers.
Microtox System, a New Approach to the Safety Evaluation of Medical Devices
Authors: Rathinam K. , Mohanan P. V.
Published: January 2017

Medical devices of both intra- and extra-corporeal applications may contain leachable toxicants that warrant routine testing using internationally recognized/practiced protocols. An in vitro Microtox system comprising a selected bioluminescence strain of bacteria—Photobacterium phosphorium which emits light as an end product of its respiration, is used to screen out toxicants from biomaterials/devices. A Microtox system was standardized and validated in our laboratory conditions. Our experiences with extract of pyrogenic cardiotomy reservoir, blood filter and systemically toxic (in mice) Barium methacrylate (monomer), and CIBA epoxy polymer materials established a positive correlation with Microtox system. Hence, the Microtox system gives adequate evidence as an alternative in vitro method to evaluate the toxicity of biomaterials and medical devices.