bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Residential Light Needs to the Visual Impairment in pre-schooler
Authors: Chen Haowei , Ru Wenxia
Published: August 2022

Residential light is the light human civilization spends from the morning to the night. It is the most basic light of people’s daily life that affects people’s physiological and psychological function greatly. Residential light is the most important light in people’s living environment. With the development of society’s diversification, people’s caring for the special groups is reflected adequately in many aspects but the residential lights needed for the children's visual impairment are lacking. This article uses interior environmental design theories to discuss the visual impairment in pre-schooler as the research object. With the features of the majority of visual impairment in pre-schooler, this article deeply analyses the needs of the visual impairment in pre-schooler. The summary of their needs can be providing some enlightenment to the designers, with a complete guide for the details of the residential light design and beneficial to the special pre-schoolers.
Preface: 4th International Conference on Mechanical Automation and Materials Engineering (MAME 2022)
Authors: Sailsbury Shirley , Gao Heping
Published: August 2022

The 2022 4th International Conference on Mechanical Automation and Materials Engineering (MAME 2022) was successfully held from 9th to 10th of July, 2022 in Hohhot, China. MAME provides a forum for scholars, researchers, postgraduate students and practitioners in the fields to share ideas, designs and experiments. Welcome participation from academia, industry and government.

The conference agenda will work as a competence platform, providing facilities for efficient communication to boost the mechanical science and materials engineering knowledge of young scientists and help them in their professional development. Young scientists will be given a unique chance not only to improve their presentation skills and public speaking abilities but to gain an experience of scientific publication.

The importance of the project lies in the need to create conditions for the recognition growth of young scientists in world scientific circles and increase in interest in their work, increase in the level of scientific publications of students, postgraduate students and young scientists, and increase in their quality. The exchange of experience in the field of professional interests with colleagues from foreign and scientific organizations will improve the qualifications of researchers and establish promising scientific contacts among young scientists.

Scientific Committee of MAME Conference

Hohhot, China
The Relationship between the Caster Angle and the Steering Stability and the Measurement Method
Authors: Liu Ziming
Published: August 2022

The size of the front wheel caster angle of the vehicle is closely related to the stability of high-speed steering. By establishing the vehicle two-degree-of-freedom model and the steering system force input dynamic equation, the relationship calculation formula between the front wheel caster angle and the steering stable limit speed is derived by using the Routh-Hurwitz stability criterion. Taking the specific data of a certain model as an example, the range of speed values that can maintain stability is analyzed. The accuracy of the model will be further verified by means of simulation. This paper also summarizes the relevant model analysis and calibration techniques for the measurement of the back inclination of the main sales of automobiles, and can obtain more accurate experimental data by improving the accuracy of the measurement. Thus providing a guiding basis for the design of the rear inclination angle of the main sales of the car.
Methods on Adjusting Vehicle’s Shape to Control Air Resistance
Authors: Wu Jiarong , Wen Yiding
Published: August 2022

Wind resistance is usually expressed by the following formula. Fx＝ CdAρv^2 /2. Where Cd is a constant. And A is the contact area between air and car. ρ is air density. v is the velocity. Because of the complex structure, mostly a very specific and accurate model cannot be obtained directly. Instead, engineers will use wind tunnel test to get a practical drag coefficient of a car. In the actual analysis, the influence of wind resistance cannot be ignored in the car dynamic system. Wind resistance is the main factor to counteract traction in the process of high-speed driving. Knowledge and literature about aerodynamics of vehicle is abundant in the world. However, this knowledge is not directly related to car design. Engineers empirically design vehicles in the perspective of aerodynamics based on what they have learnt. This paper will put forward some suggestions on vehicle structure according to the practical application of various aerodynamics. It will simultaneously emphasize how the knowledge in the literature is related to the car design in reality. Engineers can design vehicles combining with aerodynamic theory. In recent years, wedge-shaped vehicles have become the mainstream of design, which is the result of the pursuit of low wind resistance and higher stability. The streamlined body shape conforms to both aerodynamics and mainstream aesthetics. Improving speed and safety while saving energy is the most intuitive manifestation of aerodynamic application in vehicle field.
Analysis of the Factors influencing Vehicle Handling Stability through Modelling, Equations and Python
Authors: Shi Ruijie
Published: August 2022

Car handling stability means that the car can drive according to the given direction of the driver through the steering system and steering wheel when the driver does not feel too nervous or fatigue. Besides,when the car subject to external interference (uneven road, side wind, cargo or passenger partial load), it can resist interference and maintain a stable driving performance. This is very important to ensure driving safety and driving comfort. This paper mainly through the establishment of two degrees of freedom model, sets out a system of equations, solves the analysis of the change of each angle of inclination on the influence of manoeuvring stability, selected vehicle speed, used python to analyze the relationship between vehicle speed and angle of inclination, so as to analyze the relationship between the angle of inclination and the return torque and manoeuvring stability, and try to use ADAMS/CAR to form a whole vehicle dynamics model. Through the analysis of the data and results, it is achievable that the whole vehicle multi-body system could be optimized, so that the vehicle's handling stability can be significantly improved.
Methods in Research about Effect of Caster Angle on Vehicle Steering and Stability
Authors: Wang Zhehui
Published: August 2022

Caster angle is the angle between the king pin and the suspension system viewed from the side of a car. It is an important parameter in vehicle wheels positioning. Generally, positive caster angles improve the steering wheels’ returnability but increase the steering drag. The aligning torque increases as caster angle increases from zero to positive value, and goes to negative as caster angle has a negative value. There have been enough researches about the relationship between vehicle behaviour and wheel geometry parameters. Analytic methods are based on transforming a dynamical model to a mathematical model, and describing the vehicles’ motion with equations. With it some theories for optimization of caster angle were proposed. Using computer softwires ADAMS/CAR, more accurate models were built to simulate how vehicles act as parameters changes. This method could verify overall design of a vehicle’s structure. Experiment with physical models is a classical method, but it still useful today. These researches provide constructive ways in vehicle designing. This paper aims to summarize these existing research methods, show some researches with typical methods, and explain their advantages and shortages and explain their applicability.
Structure affects perovskite/silicon solar cells
Authors: Nie Yuxuan , Yu Xintong
Published: August 2022

Contemporarily, the power conversion efficiency of monolithic perovskite/silicon series solar cells has been significantly improved. Starting with the structure of solar cells, this paper discusses the reasons for the power growth of perovskite/silicon series solar cells. Subsequently, the main advantages of perovskite/silicon series solar cells are summarized. Afterwards, the bottlenecks and limitations encountered in the current state-of-art scenarios of solar cells are evaluated detailly, and future prospects for the further exploration are demonstrated. By comparing perovskite/silicon cells with different structures and designs, the idea is proposed of breaking through higher power, and through the discussion of bottlenecks. The direction of progress of perovskite/silicon solar cells for a long time in the future is clarified accordingly. These results shed light on development of the Perovskite / silicon series solar cell.
Prediction of Shock Wave Produced by Small Bumps in Pipe Based on Small Disturbance Equation
Authors: Luo Zheng , Wu Wenna
Published: August 2022

The study of shock wave structure generated by small bumps in pipe has great significance in engineering applications such as ramjet design and maintenance. In this paper, the transonic and supersonic inviscid steady flow in a two-dimensional pipe with a bump on one side of the wall or symmetrical bumps on both sides is solved based on a simplified form of modified small disturbance equation (MSD). Gauss-Seidel method is used for iteration. Then the shock wave structure in transonic and supersonic case is analyzed. The paper points out the typical characteristics of shock waves generated in pipe such as normal shock wave, oblique shock wave, λ-shaped shock wave and Mach disk. The calculation method is efficient and simple to implement, enabling rapid prediction of shock wave structure and providing reference for the analysis of flow in pipes.
The recent progress and state-of-art techniques for high-speed railway
Authors: Jiang Tianqi , Yin Tailijin
Published: August 2022

Contemporarily, high-speed railway serves as an extremely important role in human beings’ daily in normal life. It possesses the features of cheap, fast and safer for citizens to travel by high-speed train, which can carry more people compared with airplane. In this paper, the recent progress and the state-of-art techniques for high-speed railway will be demonstrated. Especially, the crucial aerodynamic problems are evaluated analytically, e.g., the wind across the train or the shape of the head train. These results shed light on guiding further exploration of high-speed railway.
Heat transfer performance analysis of a novel circular microchannel heat sink
Authors: Ma Saichen
Published: August 2022

Electronic component heat dissipation is a significant issue in the development of electronic equipment. A unique circular micro-channel heat sink is proposed in this study. Cylinders and cones are evenly arranged inside the micro-channel to change the flow state of the liquid. Using the fluid analysis Fluent to calculate and simulate the heat sink, the pressure distribution and flow velocity distribution in the heat sink are obtained. The temperature field of the heat sink during operation is obtained through the Steady-State Thermal simulation, and the heat transfer performance of the heat sink is determined. The results indicate that the microchannel structure proposed in this research has great heat transfer performance.
Visualization Detection Based on Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Ren Maojiang
Published: August 2022

The studies focusing on gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) is developing rapidly of late years. AuNPs are of great importance in biological and chemical researches and applications. Thanks to their special optical properties, AuNPs are widely applied in the visualization detection of biochemicals. By controlling the morphology and sizes, AuNPs can be suitable for the detections of various conditions and targets. In this review, synthetic methods aiming to obtain AuNPs with uniform morphology and sizes are summarized. The applications of AuNPs in the field of visualization detection on three different targets, including latent fingermarks and pathogens, are discussed. The results are promising and could be benefit to further investigations on the field of visualization detection.
Cancer treatment vaccine: DNA vaccines in treating prostate cancer and colorectal cancer
Authors: Li Jianjun , Lin Xiaofen , Liu Zhuohan
Published: August 2022

Therapeutic DNA cancer vaccines are now widely regarded as a potential technique for stimulating the immune system's response to cancer. Several clinical experiments involving plasmid DNA vaccines have already the induction of a wide and targeted immune response. Unfortunately, due to the tumor's immunosuppressive mechanisms, these vaccinations often showed very modest therapeutic results in clinical trials. This paper looks at how DNA vaccines for prostate cancer are progressing, as well as colorectal cancer clinical trials. This paper also examines the rationale for various treatment combinations and antigen selection strategies being developed to circumvent the limits of the cancer DNA vaccine. This paper focuses on the most promising discoveries as well as major concerns that must be addressed before therapeutic cancer DNA vaccines may be approved as part of standard cancer care for prostate cancer and colorectal cancer.
Research on the current situation of regenerative pulp surgery
Authors: Jin Yiyao , Zeng Ruijie
Published: August 2022

Regenerative dental pulp therapy uses the principle of biological tissue engineering to replace the damaged dental pulp tissue with living tissue and repair the complex of dental pulp and dentin, so as to restore the normal function of dental pulp dentin structure. For root canal therapy, it is a new type of alternative therapy. In front of it, the treatment is divided into two types: cellular pulp regeneration therapy and acellular pulp regeneration therapy. Cellular regeneration is based on exogenous stem cell transplantation and acellular regeneration is based on endogenous stem cell homing. This paper reviews the latest progress in the treatment of regenerative dental pulp at home and abroad.
Combination Therapy for COPD: Efficacy and Prospects of Multiple Therapy
Authors: Wei Lai , Wang Yujing , Zhao Yuyun
Published: August 2022

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the most popular respiratory diseases among the world.Due to the unclear pathogenesis of COPD,the current treatment direction is mostly to prevent and relieve the existing symptoms.The current direction oftreatment for COPD is to control the disease and delay its progression through medication,physical therapy,and surgery in severe cases. Inhaled glucocorticoids,long-acting β agonists (LABA) and long-acting muscarine anticholinergic (LAMA) are widely used in the treatment of COPD.This article discusses the specific symptoms of COPD,and discusses the feasibility and development level of combined therapy combined with the current situation of relevant drug therapy.
Research Progress of Vestibular Stimulation Regulating Hypothalamus on Obesity
Authors: Ding Jiali , Li Yuanli , Shan Chunlei
Published: August 2022

In recent years, the number of obese people in China has increased rapidly, which seriously affects the quality of civil health. In addition to the improvement of living habits, effective intervention measures are urgently needed to prevent and reduce obesity. Vestibular stimulation, as a non-invasive therapy, may improve the conditions of obesity by affecting the hypothalamus. This paper focuses on the causes of obesity and the possible mechanism of vestibular stimulation affecting obesity, aiming to provide new insights into the treatment of obesity.
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Lung Cancer
Authors: Chen Yuxiao , Jian Tingfeng , Shen Yuandong
Published: August 2022

With the fast increase in morbidity and mortality, lung cancer has become one of the greatest threats to physical health in some countries. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have a significant influence on the treatment landscape of lung cancer, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This review highlights the most important ICIs used in lung cancer at present, anti-CTLA-4 and PD-1/L1. The application status, efficacy, shortcomings and prospect of each drug, including Ipilimumab (CTLA-4), Nivolumab, Pembrolizumab, and Durvalumab (PD-1/L1), are listed to show the drug indication in the current market. By comparing different drugs, the direction of ICI drug development can be more precise, which can have an important influence on choosing drugs for lung cancer treatment.
Effects of Antipsychotic Drugs and Antimanic Drugs on Bipolar Disorder
Authors: Chiu Weichu , Geng Jie , Liao Qinglang
Published: August 2022

The main incidence of Bipolar is concentrated in teenagers, and the fatality rate is as high as 11% and even exceeds that of depression. There are currently 3 mainstream drug treatments, mood stabilizers, epilepsy drugs, and antipsychotics. Mood stabilizers, also known as antimanic drugs, are now the most mainstream treatment centered around lithium. Numerous studies show that mood stabilizers have a very obvious effect on bipolar. It can not only relieve the manic state but also work on the patients in a depressed state. Antipsychotic drugs, also known as strong tranquilizers, are mainly used in schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder, they are mainly used to stabilize manic states but do not work on depression. However, these methods have their limitations. The development of future treatments should take into account the biological and psychological mechanisms of the disease. This article briefly introduces the therapeutic effects of different drugs on BD from clinical data and mechanisms.
The Risk and The Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease and Its Challenges Within These Thirty Years
Authors: Wei Chenyu
Published: August 2022

At present, much more elderly suffer from Alzheimer's disease (AD), and this disease even occurs commonly in young people. Therefore, understanding the challenges of AD and finding ways to prevent and control this disease might be a significant event globally. Researchers found the factors of this disease include lifestyle, genes, environment and aging by conducting a series of experiments and observations. AD also brings many effects to people, psychological and physical. The data showed that the number of people with AD will increase in the future, so finding a way to control and cure this disease is a high priority for people.
Exploration of the Relationship between Multiple Anthropometric Data and Obesity and Prediction of Obesity using a Linear Regression Model
Authors: Han Xinyi , Zhang Ziheng , Zhuang Zhengkai
Published: August 2022

Obesity prevalence has risen sharply in the United States from 1987 to the present, and there is merely a sign that obesity rates are declining. Obesity is associated with numerous medical and psychological abnormalities and the economic expenditures of individuals. What factors affect obesity has been widely discussed, while still has no conclusion. This article provides a study using the linear regression model to analyze the relationship between some anthropometric data and obesity and predict obesity. A linear regression model including 252 observations and 15 variables is constructed for discovering the relationship and predicting obesity. Some improvements are also pointed out to increase the accuracy of the model. A primary linear regression model is built by R-studio. Moreover, LASSO is used to remove outliers to improve the model. The accuracy is verified to prove the practicality of the model. The study can facilitate the study of forecasting obesity by using anthropometric measurement data and provide a reference for other researchers who are interested in this topic. Moreover, the regression model enables the public to become familiar with their obesity status simply by measuring the circumference of their body parts, contributing to a lower risk of obesity-related diseases.
The Experience of COVID-19: Variants, Vaccines and Policies
Authors: Han Jiajuan
Published: August 2022

Since the new coronavirus epidemic broke out at the end of 2019, the virus has brought several problems, both in people’s lives and countries’ development. This article will recommend the overall situation from three aspects, SARS-CoV-2 and Variants, vaccines, and policies. Firstly, we should make efforts to reduce the chance of superspreading events occurring, therefore preventing the evolution of SARS-CoV-2. Then governments and big companies will need to be more ambitious in developing different kinds of vaccines. Finally, the best suit policies should enact to make limited resources maximum used. That information would give the reader some inspiration to cope with the epidemic, furthermore, they can also learn some lessons from other countries, and find a suitable way to control the spreading of the virus.
The casual relationship between AD and sleep disorders
Authors: Wang Xinyi , Wu Donglai
Published: August 2022

As people get older, organs inside our bodies are not as strong as before. Besides the illness from their body, many of the elders are worrying about another torture, Alzheimer’s disease (AD). For the old people who are suffering from AD, their brains cannot work as usual as before and most times, they cannot sleep as usual. Sleep disorder, which is a cause of Alzheimer's disease, is common among those patients who suffer from AD. This article analyzes the origins, whether other factors first triggered the loop, as well as the interaction between sleep disorders and AD forms a closed loop in which they interact and contribute to each other and list the pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments for AD and sleep disorders, respectively.
The Impacts of The Intestinal Microbiome on The Development of Depression and Its Mechanisms
Authors: Fang Mingyang , Yao Xinru
Published: August 2022

Depression is a chronic mental disease that seriously harms human health and has a variety of complications. A rising body of evidence indicated that communication between intestinal microorganisms and their hosts potentially play an important role in disease and health concerns. Intestinal flora exists in human digestive tract and is abundant, as well as a significant environmental component in the transformation of human physiology. Dysregulation of intestinal flora is related to depression, and its mechanism includes hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, inflammatory response, monoamine neurotransmitter imbalance, neurotrophic factor imbalance, cross-reaction mechanism and so on. This paper summarizes the mechanism and influence of intestinal microflora in depression in recent years, so as to provide some reference for revealing the mechanism of depression.
Huntington’s Disease: current therapies and future directions
Authors: Sun Qiren
Published: August 2022

Huntington’s disease is a neurodegenerative disease that have significantly negative impact to cognitive function. In the worldwide range, approximately 5-10 individuals are affected per 100,000 people. At molecular level, the expanded CAG repeats lead to misfolding and aggregation of the huntington protein, which can interfere with cellular metabolism, including transcription, mitochondrial function, and other important physiological processes. Though scientists already have a well-established theory for the pathology of Huntington’s Disease, no effected cure has been developed due to the heavy genetic base of the disease. Despite the genetic barrier to overcome, many therapies have been created to alleviate the symptoms. In this primer, four main therapies are discussed who reduce the mutant huntington protein amount at post-transcriptional level: Antisense Oligonucleotides, Ethyl-Eicosapentaenoic Acid, autophagy modification, and intrabody based immunotherapy. Within each module, it is described how these therapies can reduce the level of mHTT in molecular level and correct the symptom. Development history is also touched upon briefly and discussion about the current status of each approach is made. Clinical prospective and future direction is included at the end as well.
Application of different analysis methods to detect telomerase activity in cancer cells
Authors: Yu Runjia
Published: August 2022

Telomerase plays an important role in abnormal cell proliferation, metastasis, stem cell maintenance, and immortality in different types of cancer. As a result, the design of drugs targeting telomerase is of great significance for the treatment of cancer. In recent years, treatment strategies for telomerase have attracted extensive attention. However, finding an effective treatment is still more difficult. Understanding the structure, function and biological process of telomerase and their related proteins is of great help to drug development and clinical treatment. As a result, this research mainly introduces different biological detection methods of telomerase, including PCR, western blot, CCK-8 assay, sphere formation assay, immunocytochemistry and nanobiotic detection technology. By understanding the detection range, different aspects of detection, and advantages and disadvantages of several detection methods, the development of telomerase detection technology can be well understood. And it can better understand the activity and expression of telomerase, and hope to provide reference for future drug development targeting telomerase, telomerase and related proteins.
Clinical study of Repatha: it does not affect patients’ cognitive function and significantly reduce blood lipid and prevent coronary atherosclerosis
Authors: Li Yongzhe
Published: August 2022

Hyperlipidemia has always been one of the serious factors endangering human health.  It is a high-risk factor for coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, cerebral infarction and other diseases. Blood lipid management is very important for the control of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Repatha, as a new type of hypolipidemic drug, has shown good effects and no serious adverse reactions in clinical trials. Although at present, drugs that reduce LDL-C, especially statins, play an important role in the prevention of cardiovascular disease, however, a considerable proportion of patients still failed to reach the LDL-C target value specified in the relevant guidelines. Amgen recently released phase III clinical trial data that shows the good curative effect of repatha in combination with statins on patients with hyperlipidemia. Repatha (evolocumab), a PCSK9 inhibitor, is a necessary adjunctive treatment option for patients with inherited high cholesterol who cannot control their high LDL-C with other lipid-lowering agents alone. This review focused on hyperlipidemia and its clinical manifestations. Repatha’s basic information, clinical trial process, data and results were also included.
Precision Medicine in Chinese Medicine
Authors: Li Peiyi
Published: August 2022

This article attempts to demonstrate the scientificity and clinical practicability of the meridian and acupoint system in Chinese medicine by explaining the analogy of the meridian and acupoint system, in addition to some experimental results of the biomedical engineering of Western medicine. Precision medicine in Chinese medicine is accomplished through the coordinated operation of the neurohumoral regulation system, the cell transduction system and the meridian system. Appropriate stimulation of acupoints on the human body can trigger certain targets in the body and produce the desired response, such as anti-inflammatory reactions or pro-inflammatory reactions. It can also change the homeostasis of the human body's internal environment, including endocrine, physiological, pathological, psychological and cellular states by controlling body temperature regulation within a certain range. There are many functions of meridians. In fact, the meridian system can not only respond to acupuncture stimuli, but also transmit the effects of drugs to the target. Different acupoints on the surface of the human body have the same or different functions, and through the transduction of the meridian system, the local targets or all of the body will produce the same or different responses. Several experiments with acupuncture and other mechanical stimuli have confirmed the existence of this fact. But the experiment can only show a small part of the full function of acupuncture. The functions of various acupoints are equivalent to the functions of receptors, channels, ion pumps and other structures on the cell membrane. It is just that there are macro and micro differences in the form of expression. Intracellular and extracellular signal transduction, cascade reactions, and neurohumoral regulation are closely related to the meridian system.
COVID-19 Worldwide: Strategies to reduce risk for frontline healthcare workers
Authors: Zhou Zhongtian
Published: August 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic is putting a strain on global healthcare systems that has never been seen before, and current infrastructures must adapt and develop to deal with the challenges. Moreover, COVID-19 poses a significant threat to healthcare workers (HCWs), potentially leading to a reduction in health-care capacity and, as a result, a decline in population health. The necessity of disease transmission protection in HCWs is evident as health systems rely on the health of their workforces. This article mainly uses a literature research method to identify some feasible strategies to reduce the risk of frontline medical workers fighting the coronavirus.
The discovery and treatment of Sotorasib in cancer immune
Authors: Bu Xianze , Wang Yujia
Published: August 2022

Sotorasib is a targeted drug that cures Non-small lung cancer (NSCLC), approved by the FDA recently. It is the only drug from now that can inhibit the KRAS G12C mutation invented by Amgen. Compared to the standard treatment for lung cancer, Sotorasib is a more effective and safer drug for patients to use. According to the clinical trials data published online, we found that the patients were getting other previous treatments like chemotherapy to deal with their cancer. This is a mandatory requirement for patients to get Sotorasib. By collecting and analyzing the data from clinical research, we found out that patients who take Sotorasib rather than the standard treatment live longer. The cancer cells reduce their size significantly and stop growing for several months, which is a great success for science. Also, most of the patient who takes this drug does not show a very high and serious degree of adverse effects, proving that this drug is safe for the human body. But for, patients who continue taking this drug should regularly see a professional doctor check their liver’s function since this drug can cause serious cirrhosis. However, we also find out some of the significant disadvantages of this drug. For example, the unbearable financial budget the patient might have suffered by taking this expansive drug, the availability to take this drug in various countries, and its limitation to cure cancer. This article will briefly introduce the reader and comprehensively the development, structure and primary function, mechanism, preferred doses, and further latest repurposing marketing research about Sotorasib.
Classification, Diagnosis, And Treatments for Acromioclavicular Joint Injury
Authors: Kang Chunhao , Zhang Jialin
Published: August 2022

Acromioclavicular (AC) joint separation is a frequent shoulder injury with increasing office working hours and sports. This research examines the classification of grades, as well as the causes, diagnostic procedures, and therapies associated with each grade. Results show that young and energetic men, as well as people who regularly participate in contact sports, are high-risk groups for this injury. X-rays, bone scans, positive compression, and horizontal adduction tests are among the diagnostic and examination methods available. The six-degree classification system developed by Rockwood is the most widely used classification system for AC joint injury. A minor sprain of the AC ligament is a Type I injury. Type II injuries are characterized by a torn AC ligament and sprained CC ligaments, and they typically result in more pain and swelling than Type I injuries. Types III-VI are the most serious injuries, with a burst AC ligament, CC ligament, and joint capsule in every case. The location of the damage, as well as the treatment choices, differ by type. Non-surgical treatments are indicated for Types I-III injuries. Surgical procedures are advised for Types IV-VI injuries. It should be mentioned that the treatment plan should be tailored to the individual's needs, with the negative effects taken into account.
An Overview of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α on Pathophysiological Mechanisms, Relevant Therapeutic Status in Breast Cancer
Authors: Li Ang
Published: August 2022

TNFα is an essential pro-inflammatory cytokine that is prevalent in the tumor microenvironment and is involved in mediating or activating many significant signaling pathways which result in inflammation, apoptosis, and tumor cell proliferation, survival, and invasiveness. In breast cancer, TNFα is involved throughout all stages from occurrence, development, procession, and metastasis to recurrence. Researchers have pointed out that TNFα plays a major role in the estrogen biosynthesis pathway, especially in the process of adipose tissue switching to estrogen. In the breast tumor microenvironment, TNFα may participate in the mediation of estrone sulfatase expression and activity. In terms of therapeutics, methods to suppress TNFα signaling in breast cancer have been proposed. To neutralize the pro-tumor and inflammatory effects of TNFα, most research opts to use anti-TNFα antibodies. According to the research, the administration of TNFα antagonists can suppress the development of breast cancer cells and strengthen the chemotherapeutic response when used as adjuvant therapy with chemotherapy. Consequently, tumor drug resistance can be well controlled. However, some side effects like systemic toxicity, the typical skin lesion, and the increasing risk of developing new cancers are still major issues. More extensive clinical trials have to be carried out for deeper investigation. This paper gives an overview of the intrinsic features of TNFα as a cytokine and gets insight into the pathophysiological mechanisms mediated by TNFα in breast cancer. Furthermore, the current state of knowledge in terms of TNF-related therapeutic strategies was adequately summarized and discussed.
How the Gene NRG1, Erbb4, DAOA, and DISC1 Can Affect the Schizophrenia
Authors: Zang Jiayi
Published: August 2022

Schizophrenia is a mental disease that affects many people. Up to now, it is still difficult to cure. So, it is important to find the causes of this disease. Genes play an important role in the many cause of schizophrenia. Many researchers have found that the genes NRG1, Erbb4, DAOA, and DISC1 can cause schizophrenia by affecting some structures of the nervous system and directly or indirectly affecting the release of neurotransmitters. Of course, each gene may have a specific pathway leading to the disease. Different genes can also interact with other genes to affect diseases, such as gene NRG1 and Erbb4, gene DAOA and DISC1. This paper summarizes some recent experiments to find the relationship between genes and schizophrenia. Some of the causes of schizophrenia summarized in this paper are important for the development of drugs to treat the disease.
The Combination Therapy in Breast Cancer Treatment
Authors: Liu Qianbing , Mei Yuxin , Zhang Weiyi , Zhang Yunkai
Published: August 2022

Breast cancer (BC) is the cancer that most commonly diagnosed worldwide, which result in the cause of cancer-related deaths. The majority of BC diagnoses were HR+ and HER2- (71%) and HER2+BC accounts for 10-20% of all breast tumors. There is no magic drug for the treatment of breast cancer at present. Endocrine therapy is the preferable treatment for HR+/HER2- metastatic breast cancer. However, long-term use may produce certain drug resistance. Tucatinib, as a HER2 inhibitor, can be combined with chemotherapy to treat HER2+BC.Combination therapy can offers patients the opportunity to derive the maximum benefit from treatment, at the same time, it can minimize or eliminate relapse, drug resistance and toxic effects and thus the BC patients can have a good quality of life. This paper discussed the combination therapy of endocrine therapy or tucatinib with other drugs and compared their advantages and disadvantages in breast cancer therapy, providing better choice for clinical treatment of BC.
Analysis and Recommendations on Implementation of Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions in Different Countries under COVID-19
Authors: Yu Zhengying
Published: August 2022

As an emerging disease, effective drug interventions are not expected to be available for several months and medical resources to treat cases will be limited. Therefore, non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI) are an important part of the public health response to the epidemic. But different countries have different strategies, resulting in different situations of intervention implementation and different epidemic development. These interventions are implemented differently in different countries, and several factors limit their development. In this article, these will be summarized from policy, economy, society, and legal system aspects, hoping to provide advice for countries that do not do well in the intervention strategies of COVID-19 by analyzing the reasons.
Organophosphate-induced inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation
Authors: Bai Yueqi , Wang Luozheng
Published: August 2022

Organophosphate (OP) neurotoxicants exert their toxicity by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase. Overstimulation of cholinergic receptors can rapidly lead to neuronal damage, seizures, death, and long-term neurological damage in survivors. This review summarizes the mechanisms by which OP agents inhibit acetylcholinesterase action and lead to pathological acetylcholine overload in vivo, with attention to the effects of chronic and low-dose toxicity. Importantly, the massive accumulation of ROS during oxidative stress caused by OP agents are found to widely present in all toxic reactions. Moreover, OP agents can cause the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines from astrocytes, microglia, and increase the levels of prostaglandins and is prostaglandins, leading to neuroinflammation. A comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms of op-agents could help develop rational therapeutic approaches to treat toxicant exposure. However, current treatment for organophosphorus agent poisoning is relatively limited. Further research on the mechanisms of neurotoxicity is required to find ways to detoxify and treat organophosphorus agents.
PREVALENSI NYERI SENDI LANSIA DAN SELF-CARE MANAGEMENT DALAM MENGATASI NYERI DI DESA SEMARAPURA KAUH KECAMATAN KLUNGKUNG
Authors: Suryantini Ni Luh Eni
Published: August 2022

Background. Joint pain is a subjective experience of the majority of elderly people, which can affect the quality of life and cause functional activity disorders. The purpose of this study was to identify the prevalence of joint pain in older people and self-care management to treat the pain in Semarapura Kauh Village, Klungkung District. Method. This study employed the descriptive-analytic design with a cross sectional approach. The sample of this study was 185 respondents who were selected through a non-probability sampling technique with stratified consecutive sampling type. The data were collected using questionnaires and observation sheets which have been tested for its validity. Results. The results showed that the majority of respondents which were 113 respondents (61.1%) had moderate joint pain (scale 4-6). This was followed by 68 respondents (36.7%) had mild pain (scale 1-3) and 4 respondents (2.2%) had controlled severe pain (scale 7-9). In addition, a total of 166 respondents (89.7%) had good self-care management and 19 respondents (10.3%) had sufficient self-care management. Conclusion.  The majority of older people in Semarapura Kauh Village, Klungkung District experienced moderate joint pain (4-6) and did good self-care management to treat the pain.
Physical Violence Against Health Care Workers in Government Hospitals of Pakistan and Its Impact on Their Mental Health
Authors: Fatima Madiha , Rimsha Azher Syeda , Mohan Anmol , Ul Wara Um , Taha Arshad Shaikh Muhammad
Published: August 2022

In health-care settings, workplace violence is a severe and troubling problem. According to research, health-care staff are the most vulnerable to such abuse. The aim of this section is to discuss physical abuse against healthcare workers (HCWs), which is a serious issue that is seldom discussed. It is a very alarming situation, especially in lower income countries like Pakistan. There have been instances where doctors have been killed in the hospital while performing their duties and still not many preventive measures are taken to prevent these instances from happening. HCWs in a government set up are susceptible to such abuse which can take a huge toll on their mental health.
The Coronavirus Pandemic Has Highlighted a Severe Healthcare Staffing Shortage
Authors: Ratna Haran
Published: August 2022

The Problem The COVID-19 pandemic has successfully highlighted the shortcomings within the U.S. healthcare system. Purpose of Article To address healthcare staffing shortages. If no attempt to address healthcare staffing issues is made, then the U.S. healthcare system risks collapse when it faces its next pandemic. Key Points By 2025 the United States will face a shortage of 446,300 home health aides; 98,700 medical laboratory technologists and technicians, 95,000 nursing assistants, and 29,400 nurses.2 There will be a projected physician shortage between 46,900 and 121,900 physicians by 2032. Conclusion The federal government should strongly consider subsidizing the cost of healthcare education to alleviate the cost burden placed onto the students and incentivize a career in healthcare. The federal government should finance more residency training positions so that more medical applicants can be placed.
Occupational Lead Exposures among University Police Officers and Instructors at an Outdoor Shooting Range in Southcentral Kentucky
Authors: A. Iyiegbuniwe Emmanuel , Chukwuma Ufelle Alexander , A. Adams Anita
Published: August 2022

There is a potentially high risk of lead exposure among police officers and instructors at an outdoor firing range. In the United States, occupational lead exposure remains an important and significant public health problem. Lead causes both acute and chronic adverse health effects in multiple human organ systems. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has promulgated a Permissible Exposure Limit and Action Level of 50 µg/m3 and 30 µg/m3 for lead averaged over an 8-hour period, respectively (general industry standards). Excessive lead exposures have been previously reported in several studies that evaluated groups of firearm shooters and instructors at firing ranges. Many of those studies focused mainly on personal lead exposures at either indoor or covered outdoor firing ranges. The present study was conducted with a sample of 17 university police officers (14 shooters and 3 instructors) to assess their occupational lead exposures at an uncovered outdoor firing range in Bowling Green, Kentucky. The study occurred over a period of three days during the months of June and July. The results showed that personal exposures to lead ranged from a concentration of 5.5 to 146 µg/m3. In addition, personal exposures reported for some police officers significantly exceeded OSHA’s general industry lead standards, without consideration of the use of personal protective equipment. The use of copper-jacketed ammunition and personal protective equipment combined with adequate work practices are highly recommended for this group of police officers and instructors. The effective implementation of proactive control measures is necessary to reduce airborne lead levels and invariably minimize potential inhalation and absorption of lead by police officers at firing ranges.
Making Up for Lost Time: Advancing Global Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health Equity Through COVID and Beyond
Authors: E.K. Phillips Sara
Published: August 2022

Adolescence, defined by the WHO as 10-19 years of age, is a dynamic period of human development marked by physiologic changes and behavioral patterning that sets the foundation for adult life.1 As a group, adolescents presently comprise approximately 16% of the world’s population, an estimated 1.2 billion individuals.2 Health behaviors cultivated in adolescence can have far reaching consequences not limited to individual personal health, but extending to economic and social wellbeing as well.3 For example, adolescents who develop preventable comorbidities or adverse health behaviors may suffer poorer educational and/or employment opportunities in the future, affecting their larger communities and society as a whole. Given that adolescents are at a life stage beginning to explore their sexuality, the field of adolescent sexual and reproductive health (ASRH) is of particular significance. Despite the renewed commitment to ASRH through the 1994 International Conference of Population and Development (ICPD) and the subsequent Millennium Development Goals, notable gaps persist4-5 and are predicted to widen during the COVID-19 pandemic.6-7 With a lack of appropriate ASRH information and services, youth may be unable to make well-formed decisions, increasing the risk for long-term sexual and reproductive morbidity and mortality. Those consistently at highest risk of adverse outcomes are adolescent girls from marginalized communities in low to middle income countries (LMIC).1,5 Investing to promote the health of this population is of utmost importance.
Interorganizational Collaborations and Improving Surgical Access to Pediatric Cardiac Care in Pakistan: A Non-Governmental Organization’s Perspective
Authors: N. Akhtar Samaa
Published: August 2022

Infectious diseases, such as diarrhea and pneumonia, account for almost half the global burden of premature death in children in low-and-middle income countries (LMIC). The persistent global response has helped reduce this ratio substantially over time. This should redirect the call to action towards non-communicable diseases. Pediatric congenital heart disease (CHD) can be cited as one of the leading causes of avertible mortality in Pakistan. One of the main reasons is the inability of patient families to access timely surgical treatment. This can be attributed to (i) low prioritization of CHD management by the government (ii) low resources such as workforce, medical supplies and technology and (iii) inadequate financing options. Engaging international stakeholders towards CHD complex care in Pakistan presents challenges. To make surgery more accessible, domestic solutions provide more feasibility. This paper provides a commentary of an NGO’s perspective on integrating Interorganizational Collaborations (IOCs) into the existing CHD infrastructure in Pakistan as an innovative approach to tackling these challenges.