bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The role of delamination in failure of fibre-reinforced composites
Authors: Wisnom M. R.
Published: March 2012

The mechanisms by which delamination contributes to the failure of fibre-reinforced composites are reviewed. Through-thickness failure owing to interlaminar stresses is considered first, and the effect of delamination in impact and compression after impact. The way in which in-plane failure can occur by delamination and matrix cracks joining up to produce a fracture surface without the need to break fibres is considered next. Examples of quasi-isotropic laminates loaded at different off-axis angles, and with different numbers and thicknesses of ply blocks show large differences in unnotched tensile strength controlled by delamination from the free edge. Similar mechanisms determine the strength of notched specimens and give rise to the hole size effect, whereby tensile strength increases with decreasing hole diameter owing to increased delamination and splitting. Open hole tension and over-height compact tension tests with constant in-plane dimensions show a transition in failure mode with increasing ply block thickness from fibre-dominated fracture to complete delamination. In all these cases, the critical factor controlling strength is the relative propensity to delaminate.
A 2′-deoxycytidine long-linker click adduct forming two conformers in the asymmetric unit
Authors: Seela Frank , Xiong Hai , Budow Simone , Eickmeier Henning , Reuter Hans
Published: March 2012

The title compound {systematic name: 4-amino-1-(2-deoxy-β-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)-5-[6-(1-benzyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)hex-1-ynyl]pyrimidin-2(1H)-one}, C24H28N6O4, shows two conformations in the crystalline state,viz.(I-1) and (I-2). The pyrimidine groups and side chains of the two conformers are almost superimposable, while the greatest differences between them are observed for the sugar groups. The N-glycosylic bonds of both conformers adopt similaranticonformations, with χ = −168.02 (12)° for conformer (I-1) and χ = −159.08 (12)° for conformer (I-2). The sugar residue of (I-1) shows anN-type (C3′-endo) conformation, withP= 33.1 (2)° and τm= 29.5 (1)°, while the conformation of the 2′-deoxyribofuranosyl group of (I-2) isS-type (C3′-exo), withP = 204.5 (2)° and τm= 33.8 (1)°. Both conformers participate in hydrogen-bond formation and exhibit identical patterns resulting in three-dimensional networks. Intermolecular hydrogen bonds are formed with neighbouring molecules of different and identical conformations (N—H...N, N—H... O, O—H...N and O—H...O).
On the structural relations of malachite. I. The rosasite and ludwigite structure families
Authors: Girgsdies Frank , Behrens Malte
Published: March 2012

The crystal structures of malachite Cu2(OH)2CO3 and rosasite (Cu,Zn)2(OH)2CO3, though not isotypic, are closely related. A previously proposed approach explaining this relation via a common hypothetical parent structure is elaborated upon on the basis of group–subgroup considerations, leading to the conclusion that the aristotype of malachite and rosasite should crystallize in the space group Pbam (No. 55). An ICSD database search for actual representatives of this aristotype leads to the interesting observation that the structure type of ludwigite (Mg,Fe)2FeO2BO3, which is adopted by several natural and synthetic oxide orthoborates M
3O2BO3, is closely related to the proposed malachite–rosasite aristotype and thus to the malachite–rosasite family of hydroxide carbonates M
2(OH)2CO3 in general. Relations within both structure families and their analogies are summarized in a joint simplified Bärnighausen tree.
Two novel Zn-MOFs: structures and characterization
Authors: Zheng Ran , Han Lei , Pan Qinhe , Christensen Kirsten E. , Ren Tiezhen
Published: March 2012

Two novel three-dimensional Zn-MOFs (zinc metal-organic frameworks), Zn5(μ3-OH)(BTC)3(Phen)4·5H2O (denoted as HUT-11) and Zn4(μ4-O)(BTC)2(Phen)2·4H2O (denoted as HUT-12), have been synthesized by metal–ligand-directed assembly under hydrothermal conditions. Here, BTC and Phen are denoted as 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate and phenanthroline. HUT-11 contains two kinds of secondary building units (SBUs), Zn3(μ3-OH)(COO)5 clusters and Zn2(COO)4 clusters. This material exhibits a new three-dimensional (3,4,5)-connected topology with the Schläfli symbol (4·6·8)2(4·82)(4·64·85)(42·62·82). Two perpendicular planes cross at five coordinated Zn1—Zn3—Zn5 nodes, giving a new three-dimensional network. HUT-12 is composed of Zn4(μ4-O)(COO)6 clusters as the secondary building units and displays a two-dimensional (3,6)-connected TiS2 related net topology with the Schläfli symbol (42·6)(44·62·88·10). Both MOFs show blue light emission and a high thermal stability above 673 K.
Symmetry analysis of the structural and magnetic phase transitions in 122 iron arsenides
Authors: Howard Christopher J. , Carpenter Michael A.
Published: March 2012

It is evident from the literature that the 122 iron arsenides, XFe2As2 with X = Ca, Sr, Ba or Eu, undergo one or more phase transitions from a higher-temperature paramagnetic tetragonal structure in grey group I4/mmm1′ to an antiferromagnetic structure with magnetic space group CAmca. Symmetry analysis is used to enumerate the possibilities for the transition (or transitions) between the higher- and lower-symmetry structures, and the results are used as a basis for comment on published experimental results.
Rationalizing the molecular origins of Ru- and Fe-based dyes for dye-sensitized solar cells
Authors: Low Kian Sing , Cole Jacqueline M. , Zhou Xiaolan , Yufa Nataliya
Published: March 2012

As part of an effort to design more efficient dyes for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs), structure–property relationships are established in the world's best-performing chemical series of dyes: 2,2′-bipyridyl-4,4′-carboxylatoruthenium(II) complexes. Statistical analysis, based on crystallographic data from the Cambridge Structural Database, is used to determine common structural features and the effects of structural change to its salient molecular constituents. Also included is the report of two new crystal structures for tris(2,2′-bipyridyl)dichlororuthenium(II)hexahydrate and tris(2,2′-bipyridyl)iron(II)dithiocyanate; these add to this statistical enquiry. Results show that the metal (M) core exhibits a distorted octahedral environment with M—N π-backbonding effects affording the propensity of the metal ion towards oxidation. The same characteristics are observed in iron-based analogues. The role of carboxylic groups in this series of dyes is assessed by comparing complexes which contain or are devoid of COOH groups. Space-group variation and large molecular conformational differences occur when COOH groups are present, while such structural features are very similar in their absence. The nature of the anion is also shown to influence the structure of COOH-containing complexes. These structural findings are corroborated by solution-based UV–vis absorption spectroscopy and DSC device performance tests. The presence of COOH groups in this series of compounds is shown to be mandatory for dye-uptake in TiO2 in the DSC fabrication process. Throughout this study, results are compared with those of the world's most famous DSC dye, N3 (N719 in its fully protonated form): cis-bis(isothiocyanato)bis(2,2′-bipyridyl-4,4′-dicarboxylato)ruthenium(II). Overall, the molecular origins of charge-transfer in these complexes are ascertained. The findings have important implications to the materials discovery of more efficient dyes for DSC technology.
Cyclic fatigue analysis of twisted file rotary NiTi instruments used in reciprocating motion
Authors: Gambarini G. , Gergi R. , Naaman A. , Osta N. , Al Sudani D.
Published: March 2012

Gambarini G, Gergi R, Naaman A, Osta N, Al Sudani D. Cyclic fatigue analysis of twisted file rotary NiTi instruments used in reciprocating motion. International Endodontic Journal, 45, 802–806, 2012.

Aim  To evaluate the cyclic fatigue fracture resistance of engine‐driven twisted file (TF) instruments under reciprocating movement.

Methodology  A sample of 30 size 25, 0.08 taper NiTi TF instruments was tested in a simulated canal with 60˚ angle of curvature and a 3 mm radius. During mechanical testing, different movement kinematics were used at a constant speed, which resulted in three experimental groups (each group n = 10). The instruments from the first group (G1) were rotated until fracture occurred. The instruments in the second (G2) and third group (G3) were driven under reciprocating movement with different angles of reciprocation. The time of fracture for each instrument was measured, and statistical analysis was performed using one‐way analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s Honestly Significant Different test.

Results  Reciprocating movement resulted in a significantly longer cyclic fatigue life (P < 0.0001) when compared with continuous rotation. No difference was found between reciprocation 150° clockwise/30° counterclockwise (CW/CCW) and 30° CW/150° CCW.

Conclusions  The reciprocating movement was associated with an extended cyclic fatigue life of the TF size 0.25, 0.08 taper instruments in comparison with conventional rotation.
Noninvasive cross‐sectional imaging of incomplete crown fractures (cracks) using swept‐source optical coherence tomography
Authors: Nakajima Y. , Shimada Y. , Miyashin M. , Takagi Y. , Tagami J. , Sumi Y.
Published: March 2012

Nakajima Y, Shimada Y, Miyashin M, Takagi Y, Tagami J, Sumi Y. Noninvasive cross‐sectional imaging of incomplete crown fractures (cracks) using swept‐source optical coherence tomography. International Endodontic Journal, 45, 933–941, 2012.

Aim  To investigate the ability of swept‐source optical coherence tomography (SS‐OCT) to detect incomplete crown fractures (cracks) in extracted teeth.

Methodology  Cracks were created by subjecting 30 porcine premolars to impaction by a steel rod plunging from the occlusal tip. SS‐OCT images and stereomicroscopic photographs of the surface were acquired for each specimen before and after impaction. For evaluation, the focused light beam of SS‐OCT was projected from three directions on the same plane: buccal or lingual, 45° to the mesial, and 45° to the distal. Histological sections were prepared after impaction, and length and width of cracks and lamellae were evaluated using the corresponding SS‐OCT image. The values were analysed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient.

Results  Through SS‐OCT, cracks and lamellae were clearly detected as intensified scattering signals at the same position on the corresponding microphotographs and histological sections. Amongst the three scanning angles, the greatest lengths and widths were considered the corresponding values of SS‐OCT and were used for analysis. Significant correlations regarding line length and width were observed between SS‐OCT and histological sections (length: r = 0.65, P < 0.001; width: r = 0.60, P < 0.001).

Conclusions  SS‐OCT can clearly discriminate cracks, which appear as highlighted lines due to the scattering of light. The results obtained from the three scanning directions were correlated well with those of the histological sections.
Neurotrophic effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells for erectile dysfunction in diabetic rats
Authors: Sun C. , Lin H. , Yu W. , Li X. , Chen Y. , Qiu X. , Wang R. , Dai Y.
Published: March 2012

It has been demonstrated that intracavernous injection of bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM‐MSCs) had beneficial effects on improving erectile function in type‐1 diabetic rats. This study was designed to investigate the neurotrophic effect of BM‐MSCs for type‐1 diabetic rats. Streptozocin‐induced type‐1 diabetic rats were randomly divided into three groups: diabetic group, BM‐MSCs‐treated group and BM‐MSCs‐conditioned medium‐treated group. At the 3d, 1 and 2w time points after BM‐MSCs injection, three randomly selected rats in MSCs group were sacrificed and penile samples were harvested to detect BM‐MSCs in penile tissue. Four weeks after intracavernous injection of BM‐MSCs or BM‐MSCs‐conditioned medium, intracavernous pressure (ICP) was assessed to evaluate the erectile function. Immunohistochemistry was used to track labelled BM‐MSCs in penile tissue and to detect neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and neurofilament (NF) positive fibres in penile dorsal nerve. Enzyme lined immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure the concentrations of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in BM‐MSCs‐conditioned medium. BM‐ MSCs secreted detectable levels of VEGF, BDNF and NGF. Intracavernous injection of BM‐MSCs improved erectile function in diabetic rats. The functional improvement was accompanied by promoted nNOS and NF positive nerve fibres within penile dorsal nerve in type‐1 diabetic rats. Histological data revealed a time‐dependent decrease in the number of BM‐MSCs in the corpus cavernosum following injection. Furthermore, the beneficial effect of BM‐MSCs was partially repeated by BM‐MSCs‐conditioned medium. Intracavernous injection of BM‐MSCs is effective in improving nerve regeneration in diabetic rats. Paracrine effects of BM‐MSCs are probably involved in the improvement.
Perinatal ethinyl oestradiol alters mammary gland development in male and female Wistar rats
Authors: Mandrup K. R. , Hass U. , Christiansen S. , Boberg J.
Published: March 2012

Increased attention is being paid to human mammary gland development because of concerns for environmental influences on puberty onset and breast cancer development. Studies in rodents have showed a variety of changes in the mammary glands after perinatal exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals, indicating progressed development of mammary glands when exposed to oestrogens early in life. However, laboratories use different parameters to evaluate the development of mammary glands, making studies difficult to compare. Moreover, studies of whole mounts in Wistar rats are lacking. In the present study, Wistar rats were exposed to 0, 5, 15 or 50 μg/kg of ethinyl oestradiol per day during gestation and lactation. A wide range of morphological parameters were evaluated in whole mounts of mammary glands from male and female offspring PD21–22. This study showed that in both male and female pre‐pubertal Wistar rats, mammary gland development was accelerated after perinatal oestrogen exposure with increase in size, density and number of terminal end buds (TEBs). In female rats, the most sensitive parameters were the distance to the fifth gland, the relative growth towards the lymph node and the overall density. The sensitive endpoints in male rats were TEB numbers, both in the whole gland and in the zone C, the overall‐ and the highest density. The overall density was sensitive in both male and female rats and was considered a good representative of both branching and budding of the gland. The number of TEBs in zone C was representative of the number of TEBs in the whole gland. Further studies in older Wistar rats and with weak oestrogenic compounds could be performed to validate mammary gland examination as an endpoint in reproductive toxicity studies and to examine how early life environmental exposures may alter mammary gland development, disrupt lactation and alter susceptibility to breast cancer.
“I can’t just follow any particular textbook”: immigrants in cardiac rehabilitation
Authors: Nielsen Lisa Seto , Angus Jan E. , Lapum Jennifer , Dale Craig , Kramer‐Kile Marnie , Abramson Beth , Marzolini Susan , Oh Paul , Price Jennifer , Clark Alex
Published: March 2012

Aim.  The study purpose was to examine how and under what circumstances immigrants combine diabetes self‐care with cardiac rehabilitation recommendations.

Background.  Cardiac rehabilitation can improve and lengthen life in people with coronary heart disease as it promotes healthy physical and psychosocial behaviours and outcomes. This study is the first to examine the convergence of two common issues on participation: (1) the problems posed when cardiac rehabilitation patients must also contend with type II diabetes and (2) the experiences of immigrants in cardiac rehabilitation.

Design.  A critical ethnographic approach was employed.

Methods.  Two in depth interviews were conducted with 18 immigrants (eight men, ten women) enrolled in cardiac rehabilitation. Data were collected from 2008–2010.

Findings.  Threaded throughout immigrant participants’ descriptions were biographical accounts of crossing geographical borders, establishing a sense of belonging in their adopted country and trying to feel ‘at home’ in cardiac rehabilitation. Participants described creative hybridization of transnationally informed knowledges and particularized practices to manage diabetes self‐care and to reduce cardiac risk. Participants judiciously considered, assessed and blended knowledges from cardiac rehabilitation, experience with their own bodies and general ‘wisdoms’ passed on within their own and other immigrant communities.

Conclusion.  These findings suggest that migration constitutes an important social positioning that contextualizes individual efforts to activate diabetes self‐care and cardiac rehabilitation. Support to immigrants may improve when nurses recognize the significance of such experiences. Efforts are needed in practice and research to recognize and explore immigrants’ creative efforts to engage in cardiac rehabilitation.
The Inaugural Digestive Disorders Federation Meeting: a collaborative and multidisciplinary approach to medical and nutrition education?
Authors: Holdoway A. , Sanders D. S.
Published: March 2012

How to cite this article: Holdoway A. & Sanders D.S. (2012) The Inaugural Digestive Disorders Federation Meeting: a collaborative and multidisciplinary approach to medical and nutrition education? J Hum Nutr Diet. 25, 101–102.
Beech roots are simultaneously colonized by multiple genets of the ectomycorrhizal fungusLaccaria amethystinaclustered in two genetic groups
Authors: HORTAL S. , TROCHA L. K. , MURAT C. , CHYBICKI I. J. , BUÉE M. , TROJANKIEWICZ M. , BURCZYK J. , MARTIN F.
Published: March 2012

In this study, we characterize and compare the genetic structure of aboveground and belowground populations of the ectomycorrhizal fungusLaccaria amethystinain an unmanaged mixed beech forest. Fruiting bodies and mycorrhizas ofL. amethystinawere mapped and collected in four plots in the Świętokrzyskie Mountains (Poland). A total of 563 fruiting bodies and 394 mycorrhizas were successfully genotyped using the rDNA IGS1 (intergenic spacer) and seven simple sequence repeat markers. We identified two different genetic clusters ofL. amethystinain all of the plots, suggesting that a process of sympatric isolation may be occurring at a local scale. The proportion of individuals belonging to each cluster was similar among plots aboveground while it significantly differed belowground. Predominance of a given cluster could be explained by distinct host preferences or by priority effects and competition among genets. Both aboveground and belowground populations consisted of many intermingling small genets. Consequently, host trees were simultaneously colonized by manyL. amethystinagenets that may show different ecophysiological abilities. Our data showed that several genets may last for at least 1 year belowground and sustain into the next season. Ectomycorrhizal species reproducing by means of spores can form highly diverse and persistent belowground genets that may provide the host tree with higher resilience in a changing environment and enhance ecosystem performance.
The suppressive function of the rice DELLA protein SLR1 is dependent on its transcriptional activation activity
Authors: Hirano Ko , Kouketu Eriko , Katoh Hiroe , Aya Koichiro , Ueguchi‐Tanaka Miyako , Matsuoka Makoto
Published: March 2012

When the gibberellin (GA) receptor GIBBERELLIN INSENSITIVE DWARF 1 (GID1) binds to GA, GID1 interacts with DELLA proteins, repressors of GA signaling. This interaction inhibits the suppressive function of DELLA protein and thereby activates the GA response. However, how DELLA proteins exert their suppressive function and how GID1s inhibit suppressive function of DELLA proteins is unclear. By yeast one‐hybrid experiments and transient expression of the N‐terminal region of rice DELLA protein (SLR1) in rice callus, we established that the N‐terminal DELLA/TVHYNP motif of SLR1 possesses transactivation activity. When SLR1 proteins with various deletions were over‐expressed in rice, the severity of dwarfism correlated with the transactivation activity observed in yeast, indicating that SLR1 suppresses plant growth through transactivation activity. This activity was suppressed by the GA‐dependent GID1–SLR1 interaction, which may explain why GA responses are induced in the presence of GA. The C‐terminal GRAS domain of SLR1 also exhibits a suppressive function on plant growth, possibly by directly or indirectly interacting with the promoter region of target genes. Our results indicate that the N‐terminal region of SLR1 has two roles in GA signaling: interaction with GID1 and transactivation activity.
A novel approach to endovascular treatment of severe hepatic vein stenoses following liver transplant in children
Authors: Gibson Craig , John Philip , Amaral Joao
Published: March 2012

Gibson C, John P, Amaral J. A novel approach to endovascular treatment of severe hepatic vein stenoses following liver transplant in children.  Pediatr Transplantation 2012. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Abstract:  Hepatic vein stenoses are a rare but serious complication of liver transplants in children. Restoration of flow by radiological methods often provides a viable treatment option. This technique relies on the interventional radiologist’s ability to advance a guide wire across the obstruction, thus allowing for balloon dilatation and other necessary interventions. Failure to cross the stenosis reduces graft survival and increases patient morbidity. We report two cases with tight hepatic vein stenosis where the guide wire could not be advanced in a conventional approach across the upper end of the stenosis. Utilizing prominent intrahepatic collateral vessels, the stenoses were able to be crossed, facilitating successful PTA with good clinical outcome.
A new phytoplasma associated with witches’‐broom on Japanese maple in China
Authors: Li Z.‐N. , Zhang L. , Zhao L. , Wu Y.‐F.
Published: March 2012

In September 2011, five Japanese maple (Acer palmatum Thunb.) trees with symptoms of witches’‐broom were observed growing near each other at a maple grove in Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China. Pleomorphic phytoplasma‐like bodies were observed in the phloem sieve tube elements of symptomatic plants under transmission electron microscope (TEM). The presence of phytoplasma was further confirmed by a nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which amplified a 1.2‐kb fragment using universal primer pair R16mF2/R16mR1 followed by further amplification using primer pair R16F2n/R16R2. Phylogenetic analysis and gel‐based restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis demonstrated that the Japanese maple witches’‐broom was associated with phytoplasma belonging to subgroup 16SrI‐D. This is the first report of a phytoplasma disease of Japanese maple.
Growth Enhancement, Amino Acid Synthesis and Reduction in Susceptibility Towards Phytophthora megakarya by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Inoculation in Cocoa Plants
Authors: Tchameni Séverin Nguemezi , Nwaga Dieudonné , Wakam Louise Nana , Mangaptche Ngonkeu Eddy Leonard , Fokom Raymond , Kuaté Jean , Etoa Francois‐Xavier
Published: March 2012

The effects of some selected arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, Gigaspora margarita and Glomus mossae on the growth and the role of soluble amino acids of two contrasting cocoa cultivars (ICS84 tolerant and SNK10 sensitive) against black pod disease caused by Phytophthora megakarya were investigated. Root colonization by AM fungi is between 50 and 70% 18 weeks after planting. Tested AM fungi significantly increased all the plant growth parameters (height, number of leaves, shoot and root matter) and P uptake as compared to non‐inoculated plants in pot experiments. AM fungi inoculated cocoa reduced the disease severity. Compared to the control, the soluble amino acid levels increased with inoculation of the AM fungi strains in the necrotic stems of disease on inoculated cocoa plants. Significant relationships between amino acids and disease severity observed for two cocoa cultivars imply that the induction of specific amino acids synthesized by leaves, such as arginine, cysteine and glutamic acid, may represent potential candidate molecules for adaptation of such cultivars to P. megakarya disease. Inoculating seedlings with AMF in nurseries could enhance the development of cocoa plants protected against P. megakarya.
Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Wheat Response to Powdery Mildew Infection in WheatPm30Near‐Isogenic Lines
Authors: Wang Bo , Xie Chaojie , Xin Mingming , Song Na , Ni Zhongfu , Sun Qixin
Published: March 2012

Wheat powdery mildew, caused byBlumeria graminisf.sp.tritici (Bgt), is an important disease worldwide, causing significant yield losses annually. However, little is known about the proteomic response to powdery mildew infection in wheat. To analyse the leaf proteome changes of wheat in susceptible and resistant cultivars in response toBgt, we compared the leaf proteins of susceptible cultivar Jingdong 8 (JD8) and its powdery mildew resistance near‐isogenic line (NIL) with a single Pm resistance genePm30(JD8‐Pm30) at 0, 24 and 48 hours postinoculation (hpi) using a combination of two‐dimensional electrophoresis (2‐DE) and MALDI‐TOF MS. In total, 449 and 452 protein spots were reproducibly detected in leaves of JD8 and JD8‐Pm30, respectively, among which 53 (11.8%) and 44 (9.7%) were found to be polymorphic among 0, 24 and 48 hpi with the fold change of more than 1.5 and significant difference (P < 0.05). Both quantitative and qualitative differences were observed between extracts of different inoculation time, which can be clustered into seven possible patterns. Remarkably, most of the spot changes were unique in each genotype, and only one (spot 195) was shared in two genotypes, indicating that their response toBgtinfection at translational level is different for the near‐isogenic lines. Moreover, 26 of the 97 differentially expressed proteins were identified, which included such functional categories as transcription and translation, energy and metabolism, signal transduction, disease and defence, as well as unclassified proteins. Results are discussed in terms of the functional implications of the proteins identified, with special emphasis on their putative roles in defence.
Evidence of the restricted gene flow within a small spatial scale in the Japanese common intertidal goby Chaenogobius annularis
Authors: Hirase Shotaro , Kanno Manami , Ikeda Minoru , Kijima Akihiro
Published: March 2012

Elucidating the scale of gene flow among populations is an important challenge for understanding the ecological dynamics and local adaptation of marine organisms. We assessed whether gene flow is restricted even at a small spatial scale in the Japanese common intertidal goby Chaenogobius annularis, using highly polymorphic DNA markers, involving the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region and 15 microsatellite DNA (msDNA), because past ecological studies have suggested low dispersal ability for rocky intertidal fishes. We found significant heterogeneities between four neighboring local populations by both mtDNA and msDNA analyses. In addition, no genetic heterogeneity was detected by either method across generations within a population; it was considered that such genetic differentiation is retained across generations and that the gene flow of this species is restricted to within a radius of a few kilometers. This is the first report showing a clear genetic subdivision in rocky intertidal fish.
A prospective, multicentre survey on antifungal therapy in neutropenic paediatric haematology patients
Authors: Cesaro Simone , Pagano Livio , Caira Morena , Carraro Francesca , Luciani Matteo , Russo Delia , Colombini Antonella , Morello William , Viale Pierluigi , Rossi Giuseppe , Tridello Gloria , Pegoraro Anna , Nosari Annamaria , Aversa Franco ,   on behalf of Hema‐e‐chart Group
Published: March 2012

Invasive fungal infections are a frequent complication after intensive chemotherapy. The aims of this prospective study were to describe the use of antifungal therapy and to report which strategy was routinely adopted to guide the introduction of antifungal therapy. A total of 321 febrile episodes in 160 paediatric patients affected by acute leukaemia or non‐Hodgkin‐lymphoma were investigated. Antifungal therapy was used in 100 of 321 febrile episodes (31%), and classified as empiric in 73 episodes, diagnostic‐driven in 25 episodes and targeted in 2 episodes. Switching to a second‐line antifungal therapy was needed in 28 of 100 episodes (28%) and was classified as empiric in 10 episodes (36%), diagnostic‐driven in 17 episodes (61%) and targeted in 1 episode (4%). In 9 of 28 episodes (32%), switching to a third‐line antifungal therapy was performed and was classified as empiric in 2 episodes (22%), diagnostic‐driven in 6 episodes (67%) and targeted in 1 episode (11%). Invasive fungal infections was reported in 23 of 100 episodes: confirmed in 4 episodes, probable in 8 episodes, and possible in 11 episodes. Attributable mortality was 2.8%. Antifungal therapy was still used mostly empirically, whereas as fever persisted, its modification was guided by a diagnostic‐driven approach.
Frequency and expression of ALS and HWP1 genotypes in Candida albicans strains isolated from Mexican patients suffering from vaginal candidosis
Authors: Monroy‐Pérez Eric , Sáinz‐Espuñes Teresita , Paniagua‐Contreras Gloria , Negrete‐Abascal Erasmo , Rodríguez‐Moctezuma José Raymundo , Vaca Sergio
Published: March 2012

To detect the frequency and expression of eight ALS (agglutinin‐like sequence) genes and the HWP1 genotype in a group of Candida albicans strains isolated from Mexican women suffering from vaginal candidosis. A group of 264 women (age 15–57 years) with vaginal infections were evaluated. C. albicans was identified by PCR amplification of the rRNA internal transcribed spacer regions ITS1 and ITS2. The ALS and HWP1 genes were identified by conventional PCR, and their expression levels were determined by real‐time PCR after growing C. albicans strains in reconstituted human vaginal epithelium (RHVE). C. albicans was identified in 50 women (18.9%). The genotypic frequencies were ALS1 100%, ALS2 60%, ALS3 36%, ALS4 54%, ALS5 70%, ALS6 56%, ALS7 64%, ALS9 66% and HWP1 92%. The most frequently expressed genes in the strains harbouring all of the genes were ALS4 (100%), ALS1 (87.5%), ALS2 (87.5%), ALS3 (87.5%), ALS5 (87.5%), ALS7 (87.5%) and HWP1 (75.0%). Nineteen per cent of the vaginal infections were caused by C. albicans, and a high proportion of the strains carried genes encoding proteins involved in adhesion to epithelia. The ALS and HWP1 genes were expressed in RHVE, suggesting that the Als and Hwp1 proteins play an important role in the pathogenesis of the infection.
Effect of statins on chronic inflammation and nutrition status in renal dialysis patients: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: DENG JIN , WU QIAOYUAN , LIAO YUNHUA , HUO DONGMEI , YANG ZHENHUA
Published: March 2012

Aim:  3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG‐CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins) may have an adjunctive effect on chronic inflammation and nutrition status in renal dialysis patients. Therefore, we performed a systematic review of randomized controlled trials to assess the effect of statins on chronic inflammation and nutrition status in dialysis patients.

Methods:  The randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of statins versus placebo or no treatment for renal dialysis patients were searched from PubMed, EMbase and Cochran Central Register of Controlled Trials. We screened relevant studies according to predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, evaluated the quality of the included studies, and performed meta‐analyses by using the Cochrane Collaboration's Revman 5.1 software.

Results:  We identified nine trials including 3098 patients. Meta‐analysis showed statins can significantly decrease the serum C‐reactive protein (CRP) (SMD, −0.54; 95% confidence interval (CI), −1.04 to −0.05; P = 0.03) and high sensitivity CRP (hs‐CRP) level (SMD, −0.72; 95% CI, −1.14 to −0.31; P = 0.0007) of dialysis patients compared with that of the control group. However, statins did not differ significantly from the control group in increasing the serum Alb level (SMD, −0.13; 95% CI, −0.42 to 0.15; P = 0.37).

Conclusions:  Statins can improve the chronic inflammation status reflected by the decreasing of serum CRP and hs‐CRP levels, whereas there is no conclusive evidence that it can improve the nutrition status. However, this result needs to be further confirmed in more high‐quality randomized clinical trials.
Association between corneal biomechanical properties and optic nerve head morphology in newly diagnosed glaucoma patients
Authors: Prata Tiago S , Lima Verônica C , Guedes Lia M , Biteli Luis G , Teixeira Sergio H , de Moraes Carlos G , Ritch Robert , Paranhos Jr Augusto
Published: March 2012

Abstract

Background:  To investigate the association between corneal biomechanics and optic nerve head morphology in newly diagnosed primary open‐angle glaucoma patients.

Design:  Hospital based prospective study.

Participants:  Forty‐two untreated newly diagnosed primary open‐angle glaucoma patients.

Methods:  Patients underwent corneal hysteresis measurement using the Ocular Response Analyzer and confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy for optic nerve head topography evaluation. One eye was selected randomly for analysis. Data collected included age, race, gender, intraocular pressure and central corneal thickness.

Main Outcome Measures:  Multiple regression analysis (controlling for baseline intraocular pressure and disc area) was used to investigate factors associated with the following optic nerve head topographic parameters: linear cup‐to‐disc ratio and mean cup depth.

Results:  Mean age of participants was 66.7 ± 11.8 years. Corneal hysteresis was the only factor significantly associated with both mean cup depth (correlation coefficient [r] = −0.34, P = 0.03) and cup‐to‐disc ratio (r = −0.41, P = 0.01). Central corneal thickness was significantly associated with mean cup depth (r = −0.35, P = 0.02), but not with cup‐to‐disc ratio (r = −0.25, P = 0.13). Although a trend towards a positive association between age and cup‐to‐disc ratio was identified (r = 0.26, P = 0.08), age was not significantly associated with mean cup depth (r = 0.06, P = 0.72). When comparing fellow eyes of patients with bilateral glaucoma, the eye with higher corneal hysteresis had smaller cup‐to‐disc ratio in 75% of the cases.

Conclusions:  In untreated newly diagnosed primary open‐angle glaucoma patients, those with thinner corneas and mainly lower corneal hysteresis values had a larger cup‐to‐disc ratio and deeper cup, independently of intraocular pressure values and disc size.
Enhanced age‐related cataract in copper‐zinc superoxide dismutase null mice
Authors: Olofsson Eva M , Marklund Stefan L , Behndig Anders
Published: March 2012

Abstract

Background:  As the lens is constantly exposed to light and oxygen that generate harmful reactive oxygen species, the importance of the intracellular antioxidant enzyme copper‐zinc superoxide dismutase for the protection against age‐related cataract development was explored.

Methods:  The development of lens opacities and the lens oxidative status were studied in different age groups of mice lacking copper‐zinc superoxide dismutase and in wild‐type mice. The lens opacities were quantified from lens photographs using digital image analysis. Thereafter, the lenses were homogenized and analysed regarding their contents of reduced glutathione and protein carbonyls suggestive of protein oxidation.

Results:  The 18‐week‐old mice of both genotypes had clear lenses. At 1 year of age, the copper‐zinc superoxide dismutase null mice had developed cortical lens opacities, whereas the wild‐type mice did not show equivalent changes until 2 years of age. The lens contents of glutathione decreased only in the 2‐year‐old wild‐type mice, whereas the carbonyls increased over time without any differences between the two genotypes.

Conclusions:  This study indicates that the lack of copper‐zinc superoxide dismutase may accelerate age‐related lens opacity development and that intracellular superoxide‐derived oxidative stress may be damaging to the lens during ageing. Participation of the anti‐oxidant enzyme copper‐zinc superoxide dismutase in the protection against age‐related cataract was thus suggested.
Treatment of corneal defects with delayed re‐epithelization with a medical device/drug delivery system for epidermal growth factor
Authors: Holland Simon , Morck Douglas , Schultz Clyde
Published: March 2012

Abstract

Background: Human recombinant epidermal growth factor has been shown to be effective in corneal healing when applied topically. The purpose of this preliminary study was to observe whether re‐epithelization occurred in patients with non‐healing corneal defects treated with a bandage contact lenses impregnated with epidermal growth factor.

Design: Prospective non‐comparative interventional case series study. Epidermal growth factor‐impregnated bandage contact lenses (created through passive transfer of epidermal growth factor into hydrogel contact lenses of high water content) were used to passively release epidermal growth factor to the corneal surface of the damaged eye.

Participants: Nine clinical patients who presented for tertiary care at the University of British Columbia Eye Care Centre at Vancouver General Hospital.

Methods: All patients had clinically significant delayed corneal re‐epithelization that had not healed despite standard treatments including conventional bandage contact lenses and topical medications. Causes of delayed re‐epithelization varied from corneal injuries (e.g. alkali burns, recurrent corneal erosions) to recent corneal surgery (photorefractive keratectomy, phototherapeutic keratectomy, penetrating keratoplasty).

Main Outcome Measures: Closure of wounds.

Results: Re‐epithelialization was seen in the corneas of seven of the nine patients within 8 days after insertion of the epidermal growth factor‐treated bandage contact lens into the damaged eye. The drug delivery system appeared to be most effective in non‐inflamed corneas.

Conclusions: Preliminary results indicate that bandage contact lenses impregnated with epidermal growth factor may be helpful in promoting re‐epithelization in corneas with delayed healing. Efficacy appears to be reduced for vascularized and significantly inflamed corneas.
Distinct cortical networks support the planning and online control of reaching‐to‐grasp in humans
Authors: Glover Scott , Wall Matthew B. , Smith Andrew T.
Published: March 2012

A number of brain imaging studies have identified regions involved in the planning and control of complex actions. Here we attempt to contrast activity related to planning and online control in the human brain during simple reaching and grasping movements. In four conditions, participants did one of the following: passively observed a grasp target; planned a grasping movement without executing; planned and then executed a grasp; or immediately executed a grasp. Neural activity was measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging and activity in the various conditions compared. Two large, independent networks of brain activity were identified: (i) a planning network including the premotor cortex, basal ganglia, anterior cingulate, posterior medial parietal area, superior parietal occipital cortex and middle intraparietal sulcus; and (ii) a control network including sensorimotor cortex, the cerebellum, the supramarginal gyrus and the superior parietal lobule. These findings provide evidence that the planning and control of even simple reaching and grasping actions use different brain regions, including different parts of the frontal and parietal lobes.
Parvalbumin‐producing cortical interneurons receive inhibitory inputs on proximal portions and cortical excitatory inputs on distal dendrites
Authors: Kameda Hiroshi , Hioki Hiroyuki , Tanaka Yasuyo H. , Tanaka Takuma , Sohn Jaerin , Sonomura Takahiro , Furuta Takahiro , Fujiyama Fumino , Kaneko Takeshi
Published: March 2012

To examine inputs to parvalbumin (PV)‐producing interneurons, we generated transgenic mice expressing somatodendritic membrane‐targeted green fluorescent protein specifically in the interneurons, and completely visualized their dendrites and somata. Using immunolabeling for vesicular glutamate transporter (VGluT)1, VGluT2, and vesicular GABA transporter, we found that VGluT1‐positive terminals made contacts 4‐ and 3.1‐fold more frequently with PV‐producing interneurons than VGluT2‐positive and GABAergic terminals, respectively, in the primary somatosensory cortex. Even in layer 4, where VGluT2‐positive terminals were most densely distributed, VGluT1‐positive inputs to PV‐producing interneurons were 2.4‐fold more frequent than VGluT2‐positive inputs. Furthermore, although GABAergic inputs to PV‐producing interneurons were as numerous as VGluT2‐positive inputs in most cortical layers, GABAergic inputs clearly preferred the proximal dendrites and somata of the interneurons, indicating that the sites of GABAergic inputs were more optimized than those of VGluT2‐positive inputs. Simulation analysis with a PV‐producing interneuron model compatible with the present morphological data revealed a plausible reason for this observation, by showing that GABAergic and glutamatergic postsynaptic potentials evoked by inputs to distal dendrites were attenuated to 60 and 87%, respectively, of those evoked by somatic inputs. As VGluT1‐positive and VGluT2‐positive axon terminals were presumed to be cortical and thalamic glutamatergic inputs, respectively, cortical excitatory inputs to PV‐producing interneurons outnumbered the thalamic excitatory and intrinsic inhibitory inputs more than two‐fold in any cortical layer. Although thalamic inputs are known to evoke about two‐fold larger unitary excitatory postsynaptic potentials than cortical ones, the present results suggest that cortical inputs control PV‐producing interneurons at least as strongly as thalamic inputs.
Results of Schirmer tear test in clinically normal llamas (Lama glama)
Authors: Trbolova Alexandra , Gionfriddo Juliet R. , Ghaffari Masoud Selk
Published: March 2012

Purpose To determine the normal reference range for Schirmer tear test (STT) values in clinically normal llamas (Lama glama)

Animals Nine captive llamas (Lama glama) (seven females and two males) were used in this study.

Procedure Complete ophthalmic examinations were performed without chemical restraint. STT I values were evaluated in both eyes of all llamas using a commercial STT strip of a single lot number (Schirmer‐Tränentest®, Germany). STT II value was also measured in both eyes of seven female llamas.

Results No statistically significant differences among ages or between right and left eyes were found for any of the results. The mean ± SD STT I of 18 eyes of nine llamas was 17.3 ± 1.1 mm/min (Range 15–19 mm/min). The mean ± SD STT II of 14 eyes of seven llamas was 15.4 ± 1.7 mm/min (Range 12.5–17.5 mm/min). A paired samplest‐test demonstrated that there was a significant difference between the STT I and II values (P = 0.001).

Conclusion This study provides novel data for normal reference ranges of STT I and II values in healthy llamas. Results of this study may assist veterinarians in the diagnosis of ocular surface disease and syndromes affecting the tear film in these species.
Robotic paediatric urology
Authors: Orvieto Marcelo A. , Large Michael , Gundeti Mohan S.
Published: March 2012

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?

Robot assisted laparoscopic surgery (RALS) is slowly gaining acceptance in the field of paediatric urology. Accumulating data on safety and efficacy when performing paediatric robotic urologic procedures has led paediatric urologists to gradually embrace increasingly more complex reconstructive surgeries. Indeed, the unique and delicate movements generated by the robotic system make this technology ideal for children who often require reconstructive procedures.

We critically review the current role of RALS in paediatric urology and to analyse the published data, with a special emphasis on the most common applications. We also propose a structured plan to expedite training and the surgical ‘learning curve’.

OBJECTIVES

To critically review the current role of robot‐assisted laparoscopic surgery (RALS) in paediatric urology and to analyse the published data, with a special emphasis on the most common applications.

One of the greatest benefits of RALS has been the ability to truly spread the application of minimally invasive surgery to paediatric surgical patients. The unique attributes of the robotic interface make this technology ideal for children with congenital anomalies, who often require reconstructive procedures.

We also propose a structured plan to expedite training and the surgical ‘learning curve’.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Currently, almost all urological surgical procedures in children have been performed with the assistance of the robotic interface.

The most commonly performed procedures include pyeloplasty, nephrectomy/hemi‐nephrectomy and surgery for vesico‐ureteric reflux.

Initial series of bladder augmentation and appendicovesicostomy are available.

RESULTS

Initial results with RALS are encouraging and have shown safety similar to open procedures, and outcomes at least equivalent to standard laparoscopy.

Accumulating data have consistently shown that postoperative analgesia requirements and overall hospital stay are decreased.

However, operative durations are significantly longer than their open counterparts, but this is decreasing as experience accumulates.

CONCLUSIONS

RALS is already part of paediatric urological surgery.

Larger single‐institution case series and comparative studies with the open approach and multi‐institutional meta‐analyses will help to identify the benefits of RALS in paediatric urology.