bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A path planning approach of 3D manipulators using zenithal gnomic projection and polar piecewise interpolation
Authors: Dupac Mihai
Published: February 2018

In this paper, the mathematical modeling and trajectory planning of a 3D rotating manipulator composed of a rotating‐prismatic joint and multiple rigid links is considered. Possible trajectories of the end effector of the manipulator—following a sequence of 3D target points under the action of 2 external driving torques and an axial force—are modeled using zenithal gnomic projections and polar piecewise interpolants expressed as polynomial Hermite‐type functions. Because of the geometry of the manipulator, the time‐dependent generalized coordinates are associated with the spherical coordinates named the radial distance related to the manipulator length, and the polar and azimuthal angles describing the left and right and, respectively, up and down motion of the manipulator. The polar trajectories (left and right motion) of the end effector are generated using a inverse geometric transformation applied to the polar piecewise interpolants that approximate the gnomic projective trajectory of the 3D via‐points. The gnomic via‐points—located on a projective plane situated on the northern hemisphere—are seen from the manipulator base location, which represents the center of rotation of the extensible manipulator. The related azimuthal trajectory (up and down motion) is generated by polar piecewise interpolants on the azimuthal angles. Smoothness of the polygonal trajectory is obtained through the use of piecewise interpolants with continuous derivatives, while the kinematics and dynamics implementation of the model is well suited to computer implementation (easy calculation of kinematics variables) and simulation. To verify the approach and validate the model, a numerical example—implemented in Matlab—is presented, and the results are discussed.
The educational needs of patients with undifferentiated spondyloarthritis: Validation of the ENAT questionnaire and needs assessment
Authors: Bremander A. , Haglund E. , Bergman S. , Ndosi M.
Published: February 2018

Objectives

The aim of the present study was to validate the Swedish version of the educational needs assessment tool (SwENAT) in undifferentiated spondyloarthritis (USpA) and use it to study the educational needs of patients with USpA.

Methods

This was a cross‐sectional study, recruiting a random sample of patients with USpA from a hospital register in Sweden. Educational needs data were collected, together with disease activity and function indices (Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index [BASDAI] and Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index [BASFI]). Rasch analysis was utilized to evaluate the construct validity, internal consistency and unidimensionality of the SwENAT before studying differences in educational needs between patient subgroups (gender, age and disease severity).

Results

Complete responses were obtained from 77 patients (48 women), with a mean age (standard deviation [SD]) of 50 (12) years, a disease duration of 16 (11) years, a BASDAI score of 4.9 (1.9) and a BASFI score of 3.1 (2.3). The SwENAT satisfied the requirements of the Rasch model (χ2 = 11.488; p = 0.119), including strict unidimensionality. Overall, the mean (SD) SwENAT score was 86 (32). Women reported higher needs than men in the domains of pain (mean [SD] 13.1 [6.8] versus 10.1 [6.0]; p = 0.05); movement (mean [SD] 13.0 [5.5] versus 9.9 [5.7]; p = 0.02) and self‐help (mean [SD] 17.0 [5.8] versus 14.1 [5.0]; p = 0.03). Higher disease activity (BASDAI >4) was associated with higher educational needs (mean [SD] 92.6 [31.9] versus 73.7 [29.4]; p = 0.02).

Conclusions

These data suggest that the SwENAT is valid in USpA. Women and patients with higher disease activity are more likely to have high levels of educational needs, so special attention and strategies to target patient education are warranted.
Asymptotic Analysis and Optimal Error estimates for Benjamin‐Bona‐Mahony‐Burgers' Type Equations
Authors: Kundu Sudeep , Pani Amiya K. , Khebchareon Morrakot
Published: February 2018

In this article, stabilization result for the Benjamin‐Bona‐Mahony‐Burgers' (BBM‐B) equation, that is, convergence of unsteady solution to steady state solution is established under the assumption that a linearized steady state eigenvalue problem has a minimal positive eigenvalue. Based on appropriate conditions on the forcing function, exponential decay estimates in , and ‐norms are derived, which are valid uniformly with respect to the coefficient of dispersion as it tends to zero. It is, further, observed that the decay rate for the BBM‐B equation is smaller than that of the decay rate for the Burgers equation. Then, a semidiscrete Galerkin method for spatial direction keeping time variable continuous is considered and stabilization results are discussed for the semidiscrete problem. Moreover, optimal error estimates in ‐norms preserving exponential decay property are established using the steady state error estimates. For a complete discrete scheme, a backward Euler method is applied for the time discretization and stabilization results are again proved for the fully discrete problem. Subsequently, numerical experiments are conducted, which verify our theoretical results. The article is finally concluded with a brief discussion on an extension to a multidimensional nonlinear Sobolev equation with Burgers' type nonlinearity.
Ectopic nephrogenic rests in children: A series of 13 cases in a single institution
Authors: Ma Yangyang , Zheng Jicui , Feng Jiayan , Zhu Haitao , Xiao Xianmin , Chen Lian
Published: February 2018

Purpose

Ectopic nephrogenic rests (ENR) are extremely rare, and their diagnosis and treatment have not yet been standardized. Our study aimed to analyze the clinical and pathological features of ENR in children and explore the optimal methods for diagnosis and treatment.

Methods

A retrospective, single‐center, case series study of 13 children with ENR was performed. Clinical manifestations, work‐up, pathological features, and treatment methods were analyzed, and the postoperative status was evaluated at follow‐up.

Results

The study cohort included seven males and six females aged 1/4–19 months, who were divided into two subgroups: group 1 (pure ENR, cases 1–3) and group 2 (ENR associated with teratoma, cases 4–13). The patients commonly presented with a painless mass or an incidental finding in surgery. The ENR were detected in the lumbosacral and sacrococcygeal region (five cases), retroperitoneal area (five cases), testis (one case), gubernaculum testis (one case), and stomach (one case). Radiological findings showed a mixed‐density mass or a mixed‐signal‐intensity lesion in group 2. All the patients underwent surgical resection, and all except two were event‐free in a follow‐up period of 2–154 months. Case 8 showed recurrence, and extended surgery was performed. Case 7 developed metastases and received chemotherapy.

Conclusions

ENR are rare among children and have no specific clinical manifestations, lab tests, and radiological features. Different treatment strategies may be adopted based on the diagnosis. Complete resection can generally be achieved, and the prognosis is excellent in most cases. However, relapse or metastasis may occur in a small subset of patients. Close follow‐up is mandatory to detect recurrence and metastasis early.
Children with sickle cell disease migrating to the United States from sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Thornburg Courtney D. , Ware Russell E.
Published: February 2018

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an inherited red blood cell disorder that occurs worldwide and results in significant morbidity and mortality. In addition to affected children who are born in the US, an increasing number of children with SCD are migrating to the US with their families or through international adoption. Children arriving as immigrants or refugees have unique medical and psychosocial challenges that require a multidisciplinary team approach which takes into account the family's primary language, culture, and health beliefs. This review focuses on the special challenges for children with SCD who emigrate from sub‐Saharan Africa to the US.
Development and mechanical characterization of composites based on unsaturated polyester reinforced with maleated high oleic sunflower oil‐treated cellulose fiber
Authors: Ali Hafiz Qasim , Raza Mohsin Ali , Westwood Aidan , Ghauri Faizan Ali , Asgar Hassnain
Published: February 2018

This work studies the effect of surface functionalization of chopped cellulose fibers (CFs) on the mechanical properties of unsaturated polyester (UPE) matrix‐based composites. Surface functionalization of CFs was carried out by treating them with maleated high oleic sunflower oil (MHOSO) solutions at concentrations of 2.5, 5, and 10 vol.%. Untreated and MHOSO‐treated CFs were dispersed in UPE at 1, 2, and 3 wt% by mechanical mixing. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed successful functionalization of CF with MHOSO. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that MHOSO‐treatment improved dispersion of the fibers in UPE. Tensile and compressive testing of the composites showed that MHOSO ‐treated CF improved the strength of the composites compared with untreated CF. This was attributed to better dispersion of the former cf. the latter. Increasing the extent of functionalization of CF with MHOSO resulted in increased strain to failure of the composites due to the MHOSO acting as a plasticizer. MHOSO ‐treated CF increased the hydrophobicity of the composites compared with untreated CF, thereby offering protection against moisture‐induced degradation. POLYM. COMPOS., 40:901–908, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers
Current controversies in prenatal diagnosis 2: Cell‐free DNA prenatal screening should be used to identify all chromosome abnormalities
Authors: Chitty Lyn S. , Hudgins Louanne , Norton Mary E.
Published: February 2018

Noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) using cell‐free DNA (cfDNA) from maternal serum has been clinically available since 2011. This technology has revolutionized our ability to screen for the common aneuploidies trisomy 21 (Down syndrome), trisomy 18, and trisomy 13. More recently, clinical laboratories have offered screening for other chromosome abnormalities including sex chromosome abnormalities and copy number variants (CNV) without little published data on the sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value. In this debate, the pros and cons of performing prenatal screening via cfDNA for all chromosome abnormalities is discussed. At the time of the debate in 2017, the general consensus was that the literature does not yet support using this technology to screen for all chromosome abnormalities and that education is key for both providers and the patients so that the decision‐making process is as informed as possible.
Morphology of early intrauterine deaths with full trisomy 15
Authors: Philipp Tom , Terry Jefferson , Feichtinger Michael , Grillenberger Sandra , Hartmann Beda , Jirecek Stefan
Published: February 2018

Objective

The morphologic features of embryos with full trisomy 15 are described.

Method

A total of 1195 pregnancy losses were examined embryoscopically and cytogenetically.

Results

Of 1173 successfully karyotyped specimens, full trisomy 15 was diagnosed cytogenetically in 59 cases (5%). All 59 trisomy 15 embryos were diagnosed cytogenetically in the group of 962 embryonic miscarriages (6%). Trisomy 15 was not registered in 171 anembryonic or yolk sac miscarriages, and no case of full trisomy 15 was observed in 62 fetal miscarriages.

Fifty‐eight embryos with full trisomy 15 showed structural defects on embryoscopic examination. The most common defects were craniofacial anomalies (n = 73), retarded development of the limbs (n = 39), and abnormally short umbilical cords closely attaching the embryo to the chorionic plate (n = 27). Seven embryos were classified as growth disorganized.

Limb reduction defects with a prevalence of 5.6/10 000 births, all affecting upper limb development (10 terminal transverse limb reduction defects and 3 embryos with split hand), were registered in 13 (22%) trisomy 15 embryos.

Conclusion

Limb reduction defects and craniofacial abnormalities are a typical feature of trisomy 15. Gene dosage imbalances related to trisomy 15 might be the main molecular mechanism underlying the developmental defects observed in the present study and require further investigation.
Establishing the multidisciplinary Imperial Physical Activity and Diabetes clinic
Authors: Hill Neil E , Rilstone Sian , Jairam Carol , Chew Stephen , Amiras Dimitri , Oliver Nick S
Published: February 2018

Increasing numbers of people with diabetes are adopting exercise programmes. Fear of hypoglycaemia, and hypoglycaemia itself, are major issues for many people with diabetes undertaking physical activity. The risk of hypoglycaemia is exacerbated by endurance exercise. In addition, soft tissue injuries are more common in people with diabetes.

We have established a multidisciplinary physical activity and diabetes clinic with the aim of empowering, educating and enabling people with diabetes to enjoy sport and exercise without fear of hypoglycaemia or frustration at glycaemic variability or soft tissue injuries. The multidisciplinary team (MDT) includes a diabetologist, sports and exercise physician, radiologist, dietitian, diabetes specialist nurse, and psychologist.

Between October 2015 and September 2017, we undertook 19 clinics and saw 66 patients (48 new and 18 follow‐up). Of the 48 new referrals (median age 35; range 20–72) 47 had type 1 diabetes and 27 (56%) used an insulin pump. Attendees had a median 18 years of diabetes (range 1–50). Diabetes distress was variable (median PAID score 18; range 0–64). Twenty‐five patients attended for glycaemic management, 15 for musculoskeletal issues and eight for both. Sixteen (33%) required physiotherapy and nine (19%) were referred for joint imaging.

It is possible to establish a new service to support physical activity in diabetes. To meet demand and enhance the MDT, physiotherapy will be added. A means of assessing the effects of diabetes on physical activity and outcome measures that matter to people with diabetes must be developed. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons.
How Can Omic Science be Improved?
Authors: Simons Kai
Published: February 2018

One of the promises of multiomic analysis was to transform the clinical diagnostics to deliver much more exact phenotyping of disease states. However, despite enormous investments, the transformation of clinical routine has not taken place. There are many reasons for this lack of success but one is the failure to deliver quantitative and reproducible data. This failure is not only impeding progress in clinical phenotyping but also in the application of omic science in systems biology. The focus in this Viewpoint will be on lipidomics but the lessons learned are generally applicable.
A peptide‐display protein scaffold to facilitate single molecule force studies of aggregation‐prone peptides
Authors: Doherty Ciaran P. A. , Young Lydia M. , Karamanos Theodoros K. , Smith Hugh I. , Jackson Matthew P. , Radford Sheena E. , Brockwell David J.
Published: February 2018

Protein aggregation is linked with the onset of several neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's disease (PD), which is associated with the aggregation of α‐synuclein (αSyn). The structural mechanistic details of protein aggregation, including the nature of the earliest protein–protein interactions, remain elusive. In this study, we have used single molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS) to probe the first dimerization events of the central aggregation‐prone region of αSyn (residues 71–82) that may initiate aggregation. This region has been shown to be necessary for the aggregation of full length αSyn and is capable of forming amyloid fibrils in isolation. We demonstrate that the interaction of αSyn71‐82 peptides can be studied using SMFS when inserted into a loop of protein L, a mechanically strong and soluble scaffold protein that acts as a display system for SMFS studies. The corresponding fragment of the homolog protein γ‐synuclein (γSyn), which has a lower aggregation propensity, has also been studied here. The results from SMFS, together with native mass spectrometry and aggregation assays, demonstrate that the dimerization propensity of γSyn71‐82 is lower than that of αSyn71‐82, but that a mixed αSyn71‐82: γSyn71‐82 dimer forms with a similar propensity to the αSyn71‐82 homodimer, slowing amyloid formation. This work demonstrates the utility of a novel display method for SMFS studies of aggregation‐prone peptides, which would otherwise be difficult to study.
Population dynamics of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), in northern China: the effects of migration, cropping patterns and climate
Authors: Zhu Liuhong , Li Zhenyu , Zhang Shufa , Xu Baoyun , Zhang Youjun , Zalucki Myron P , Wu Qingjun , Yin Xianhui
Published: February 2018

BACKGROUND

The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), is the most widely distributed pest of Brassica vegetables. Control of P. xylostella has relied on insecticides and it has developed resistance to most insecticides. Although research has clarified the resistance status of P. xylostella and the mechanisms of its resistance in northern China, little work has been conducted on long‐term population dynamics in the key vegetable‐growing areas of the region.

RESULTS

We reviewed and summarized the history of P. xylostella field management practices in northern China (Haidian, Changping, Xuanhua and Zhangbei). Moths were caught in pheromone traps throughout the cropping season and P. xylostella phenology and the general trends in abundance were analysed using DYMEX modelling software. The initial input in the spring determined population size in all years. The seasonal phenology and variation in abundance in most years and sites were simulated, suggesting that the suitable climate creates the conditions for population outbreaks, and growers' actual management level (spraying and crop hygiene) influenced population abundance.

CONCLUSION

Based on climate and using the timing of the initial peak in pheromone trap captures as a biofix, the timing of emergence of the next generation can be forecast, and more effective scouting and regional management strategies against this pest can be developed. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Pregnancy and herbal medicines: An unnecessary risk for women's health—A narrative review
Authors: Bruno Luciana O. , Simoes Ricardo Santos , de Jesus Simoes Manuel , Girão Manoel João Batista Castello , Grundmann Oliver
Published: February 2018

The indiscriminate use of herbal medicines to prevent or to heal diseases or even the use for questionable purposes such as weight loss has received both interest and scrutiny from the scientific community and general public alike. An increasing number of women put their own and the unborn child's health at risk due to a lack of knowledge about the phytochemical properties and adequate use of herbal medicine (phytomedicines or herbal supplements) and lack of communication with their healthcare provider. The purpose of this narrative review was to summarize the use of herbal medicines during pregnancy and their potential toxic effects to highlight the importance of caution when prescribing herbal medicines or supplements for women, because, in addition to suffering interactions and a great amount of information obtained in preclinical predictive studies, assessment of nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, genotoxicity, and teratogenicity of traditional medicinal herbs still remains scarce in the clinical setting.
A validated liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method for the analysis of efavirenz in 0.2 mg hair samples from human immunodeficiency virus infected patients
Authors: Johnston Jenna , Orrell Catherine , Smith Peter , Joubert Anton , Wiesner Lubbe
Published: February 2018

Rationale

Drug levels in hair provide a longer window of detection, compared to plasma drug levels, and therefore hair analysis has the advantage of assessing adherence over a longer period of time. No methods for the analysis of antiretroviral drugs in hair currently exist in South Africa, and worldwide there is only one validated method for the determination of efavirenz in hair that has been published.

Methods

Efavirenz was extracted from 0.2 mg of hair through a simultaneous pulverization and extraction step. Separation was achieved on an Agilent Poroshell C18 column using an isocratic elution with a total run time of 3 min. A triple quadrupole mass spectrometer set to electrospray ionization in positive multiple reaction monitoring mode was used for detection. The method was validated over the concentration range 0.625–40 ng/mg.

Results

Using ten times less hair than in a previously published method, the lower limit of quantitation was validated at 0.625 ng/mg. The interday and intraday assay precision, expressed as the percentage coefficient of variation (CV), for spiked calibration standards and quality control samples was lower than 7% and accuracy ranged from 97 to 110%. For quality controls prepared from authentic hair the CV was less than 12%. The extraction efficiency for authentic quality control samples was determined to be 83% after repeated extractions of the same samples.

Conclusions

This paper reports the first quantitative method for the determination of efavirenz in hair to be developed in South Africa. The validated method allowed for the successful monitoring of efavirenz in hair collected from HIV‐infected patients as part of a clinical study.
Concise Review: Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: Stem Cell Niche and Response to Pharmacologic Treatment
Authors: Arrigoni Elena , Del Re Marzia , Galimberti Sara , Restante Giuliana , Rofi Eleonora , Crucitta Stefania , Baratè Claudia , Petrini Mario , Danesi Romano , Di Paolo Antonello
Published: February 2018

Nowadays, more than 90% of patients affected by chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) survive with a good quality of life, thanks to the clinical efficacy of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Nevertheless, point mutations of the ABL1 pocket occurring during treatment may reduce binding of TKIs, being responsible of about 20% of cases of resistance among CML patients. In addition, the presence of leukemic stem cells (LSCs) represents the most important event in leukemia progression related to TKI resistance. LSCs express stem cell markers, including active efflux pumps and genetic and epigenetic alterations together with deregulated cell signaling pathways involved in self-renewal, such as Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, and Hedgehog. Moreover, the interaction with the bone marrow microenvironment, also known as hematopoietic niche, may influence the phenotype of surrounding cells, which evade mechanisms controlling cell proliferation and are less sensitive or frankly resistant to TKIs. This Review focuses on the role of LSCs and stem cell niche in relation to response to pharmacological treatments. A literature search from PubMed database was performed until April 30, 2017, and it has been analyzed according to keywords such as chronic myeloid leukemia, stem cell, leukemic stem cells, hematopoietic niche, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and drug resistance.
Design and Synthesis of Novel Indole and Carbazole Based Organic Dyes for Dye Sensitized Solar Cells: Theoretical Studies by DFT/TDDFT
Authors: Patel Srilaxmi M. , Pal Kuntal , Kumar P. Naresh , Deepa Melepurath , Sharada Duddu S.
Published: February 2018

We herein report the design and synthesis of three new indole and carbazole based dyes (D1, D2 and D3) with a donor‐(π‐spacer)‐acceptor (D‐π‐A) configuration with N‐methylindole and carbazole as donors, barbituric acid and N‐acyloxindole as acceptors/anchoring groups. DFT calculations of three dyes D1, D2 and D3 by using the B3LYP/6‐31+G(d) basis set provided the optimized ground‐state molecular geometries. Theoretical light harvesting efficiencies (LHE), of all the dyes were studied by time dependent density functional theory (TD‐DFT) method in order to shed the light on how the π‐conjugation order influence the performance of the dyes. Along with the TD‐DFT calculations photophysical and electrochemical properties of the dyes were investigated by UV spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry (CV), which indicates that D3 could show the best performance among the three dyes.
Solvent‐Free Conversion of Alcohols to Alkyl Iodides and One‐Pot Elaborations Thereof
Authors: Traboni Serena , Bedini Emiliano , Iadonisi Alfonso
Published: February 2018

Combination of iodine and triphenylphosphine in the presence of a slight stoichiometric excess of 2,6‐lutidine provided effective iodination of alcohols under solvent–free conditions. Several substrates with different polarity, not necessarily soluble in the reaction system, were iodinated in short times without the need for microwave irradiation, ultrasonication or ionic liquids. The scope of this method with complex molecules was especially demonstrated in the fast and selective iodination of primary hydroxyl groups on both protected and unprotected carbohydrates, proving compatible with a variety of functional groups. In addition, a large number of one – pot elaborations of alkyl iodides thus obtained was successfully performed through the application of unprecedented fully solvent – free sequences. In particular, direct installation of either nitrogen or sulfur functionalities and generation of useful saccharide building – blocks were achieved in remarkably short times avoiding the use of polar high boiling solvents.
Revealing the Fracture Mechanism of Twinning‐Induced Plasticity Steels
Authors: Luo Z. C. , Huang M. X.
Published: February 2018

In the present study, the fracture mechanisms of smooth and notched specimens of a high manganese twinning‐induced plasticity (TWIP) steel are investigated quantitatively and compared to that of commercial 304 stainless (304SS) steel and interstitial free (IF) steel. The results show that the dominant fracture mechanism of TWIP steel can either be the formation of void sheets or the propagation of quasi‐cleavage cracks, while the fracture mechanism of 304SS and IF steel are void coalescence. The authors suggest that the special fracture mechanism of TWIP steel is responsible to its limited post elongation, high notch sensitivity, and low fracture toughness.
Stahlbau 4.0 – Fünf Trends für eine Industrie im Wandel
Authors: Erfurth Lorenz
Published: February 2018

Die Digitalisierung der Baubranche ist längst im Gange. Neue Technologien und Prozesse bringen viele Chancen mit sich. Auch der Stahlbau muss sich veränderten Anforderungen und Herausforderungen stellen. Mit seiner langen digitalen Vorgeschichte hat er großes Potential, den Wandel mit zu gestalten und sich neu zu erfinden. Aus der Vielzahl der Möglichkeiten werden fünf wichtige Trends herausgegriffen, welche die Digitalisierung der Branche formen und die Konkurrenzfähigkeit des deutschen Stahlbaus beeinflussen werden: das klare Bekenntnis zu offenen Datenformaten, eine durchgehende Automatisierung der Fertigung, Montage und Baustellenlogistik, dezentrales Arbeiten, Cloud Computing sowie die neue Rolle des Stahlbauers als BIM (Building Information Modeling)‐Manager.
Initial bow imperfections e0 for the verification of Flexural Buckling According to Eurocode 3 Part 1‐1 – additional considerations
Authors: Lindner Joachim , Kuhlmann Ulrike , Jörg Fabian
Published: February 2018

According to Eurocode 3 Part 1‐1, the resistance of compression members may be calculated in two different ways: through the design buckling resistance based on the reduction factor χ or through the cross section resistance based on internal forces according to a second order analysis, also taking into account equivalent initial bow imperfections e0. The second way is especially advantageous in the case of axial forces and bending. Values for equivalent initial bow imperfections e0 are given in codes like Eurocode 3 [4] or DIN 18800 [3]. The presently used values from Table 5.1 of Eurocode 3 will have to be changed in future, as was demonstrated recently by intensive investigations, especially for cases of axial compression and bending moments My or Mz respectively. Additional investigations concerning high‐strength steel S700, welded sections and circular hollow sections are presented. The proposed changes included in the newest draft of prEN1993‐1‐1 are explained through the evaluation of several ultimate load calculations. It is also shown that for the case that the initial bow imperfection e0 is calculated dependent on the non‐dimensional slenderness λ̅, restrictions regarding interaction and the ratio of Mpl/Mel are also necessary.
Experiments on the rotational capacity of beams made of high‐strength steel
Authors: Schillo Nicole , Feldmann Markus
Published: February 2018

The rotational capacity of beams made of high‐strength steel grades S700 and S960 was investigated within the scope of the RUOSTE research project, which was partly funded by the RFCS. Beams made of high‐strength steel are supposed to have a lower rotational capacity, and are thus excluded from plastic/plastic design according to [1], [2]. Although the strain hardening of high‐strength steel material is generally lower than that of mild steels, for some structures with discrete plastic hinges, the rotational capacity might be still sufficient to reach the respective cross‐section classification. In the research presented here, eight tests on beams in bending were carried out to assess the limit of cross‐section class 1 for high‐strength steel.
Simulation of the dynamic response of steel moment frames following sudden column loss. Experimental calibration of the numerical model and application
Authors: Marginean Ioan , Dinu Florea , Dubina Dan
Published: February 2018

Significant research effort has been devoted in recent years to the evaluation of the capacity of steel frame structures to resist progressive collapse after sudden column loss. Due to the complex load‐structure interaction and material behaviour, it can be very difficult to evaluate the ultimate capacity of structural components using current analytical methods. Therefore considerable research effort has been directed to experimental testing and sophisticated numerical simulations. Although sudden column loss is a dynamic process, most experimental studies on full‐scale or scaled down specimens were performed under quasi‐static loads. This paper presents the results of a study devoted to the evaluation of steel frame response following the loss of a column. Advanced numerical models are calibrated using experimental test results and dynamic increase factors are studied. Several full‐scale structures are investigated for a sudden column loss scenario.
Systematic testing of actor systems
Authors: Albert Elvira , Arenas Puri , Gómez‐Zamalloa Miguel
Published: February 2018

Testing concurrent systems requires exploring all possible nondeterministic interleavings that the concurrent execution may have, as any of the interleavings may reveal the erroneous behavior. In testing of actor systems, we can distinguish 2 sources of nondeterminism: (1) actor selection, the order in which actors are explored, and (2) task selection, the order in which the tasks within each actor are explored. This article provides new strategies and heuristics for pruning redundant state‐exploration when testing actor systems by reducing the amount of unnecessary nondeterminism of both types. Furthermore, we extend these techniques to handle synchronization primitives that allow awaiting for the completion of an asynchronous task. We report on an implementation and experimental evaluation of the proposed techniques in SYCO, a testing tool for actor‐based concurrency.
Contrastivism and Negative Reason Existentials
Authors: Gilbertson Eric ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: February 2018

Snedegar (2013a) offers a contrastivist solution to the puzzle about negative reason existentials (initially presented in Schroeder 2007), which he argues is preferable to Schroeder’s own pragmatic solution. The proposed solution however raises a difficulty for contrastivism, as it suggests an alternative according to which the relevant contrast classes are determined not by the semantics of reason ascriptions but rather by pragmatic effects of (intonational) contrastive stress. Nevertheless, I suggest there is a contrastivist-friendly solution to the puzzle. In what follows, I explain the problemfor Snedegar’s account, and I offer an alternative solution to the problemof negative reason existentials. I argue that the solution is well-motivated by a feature of Snedegar’s own account, and that it is also compatible with Schroeder’s pragmatic account.
The first complete dropsonde observation of a tropical cyclone over the South China Sea by the Hong Kong Observatory
Authors: Chan P.W. , Wu N.G. , Zhang C.Z. , Deng W.J. , Hon K.K.
Published: February 2018

For the first time, Hong Kong Observatory conducted a full scale dropsonde observation of the circulation of a tropical cyclone, namely, Tropical Storm Aere, on 7 October 2016, over the northern part of the South China Sea. This paper documents the observations and their use in the prediction of the track and strength of the tropical cyclone in a numerical weather prediction model. In addition to the model analysis fields, the dropsonde observations are found to provide further information about the structure of Aere. The quality of the dropsonde data was found to be satisfactory in comparison with the radiosonde data nearby. The dropsonde data were found to have a positive impact on the prediction of the track of the tropical cyclone, improving track location accuracy by about 13%. The prediction of the strength of Aere was found to have a higher dependence on the assimilation of the wind field than the assimilation of the humidity field.
Salinity from space
Authors: Srokosz M. , Banks C.
Published: February 2018

Although ocean salinity is a key parameter for determining the ocean circulation on local and global scales, measuring salinity from space has only been possible since the launch of the European Space Agency's Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission in November 2009. This is in contrast to the other key oceanographic parameter, temperature, which has been measured from space using satellite sensors since the 1970s. Traditionally, oceanographers have used ship‐based measurements to observe ocean temperature and salinity. Here the rationale for measuring salinity from space is explained, and the technical advances that have made this possible are described. Some examples are given of how the recently available sea surface salinity measurements from space have provided new insights into oceanographic phenomena.
A Two‐Phase Approach to Developing SNAP: an iPhone Application to Support Appointment Scheduling and Management for Women with a BRCA Mutation
Authors: Scherr Courtney Lynam , Feuston Jessica L. , Nixon Dawn M. , Cohen Stephanie A.
Published: February 2018

Professional organizations provide surveillance guidelines for BRCA1 and BRCA2 (BRCA) carriers with intact breasts and/or ovaries to facilitate early cancer detection. However, literature indicates adherence to surveillance guidelines is inconsistent at best. Using the Messaging Model for Health Communication Campaigns framework, we undertook a two‐phase formative research approach to develop an intervention to promote adherence to surveillance guidelines. Discussion groups identified preferred intervention format and function in phase I. Findings indicated carriers desired a phone application (app) to assist with surveillance management and appointment tracking. Thus, an iPhone app for carriers to track appointments based on published surveillance guidelines was developed. In phase II, we obtained feedback from BRCA carriers via a survey during a prototype demonstration at a regional conference. Participants in phase II wanted reminder capabilities and the ability to add and modify information fields. This feedback informed intervention modifications, resulting in the Scheduling Necessary Advised Procedures (SNAP) iPhone app currently being pilot tested by BRCA carriers throughout the USA.
Dental deafferentation and brain damage: A review and a hypothesis
Authors: Jou Yi‐Tai
Published: February 2018

In the last few decades, neurobiological and human brain imaging research have greatly advanced our understanding of brain mechanisms that support perception and memory, as well as their function in daily activities. Knowledge of the neurobiological mechanisms behind the deafferentation of stomatognathic systems has also expanded greatly in recent decades. In particular, current studies reveal that the peripheral deafferentations of stomatognathic systems may be projected globally into the central nervous system (CNS) and become an associated critical factor in triggering and aggravating neurodegenerative diseases.

This review explores basic neurobiological mechanisms associated with the deafferentation of stomatognathic systems. Further included is a discussion on tooth loss and other dental deafferentation (DD) mechanisms, with a focus on dental and masticatory apparatuses associated with brain functions and which may underlie the changes observed in the aging brain. A new hypothesis is presented where DD and changes in the functionality of teeth and the masticatory apparatus may cause brain damage as a result of altered cerebral circulation and dysfunctional homeostasis. Furthermore, multiple recurrent reorganizations of the brain may be a triggering or contributing risk factor in the onset and progression of neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). A growing understanding of the association between DD and brain aging may lead to solutions in treating and preventing cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases.
Are Pictures Peculiar Objects of Perception?
Authors: FERRETTI GABRIELE
Published: February 2018

Are face-to-face perception and picture perception different perceptual phenomena? The question is controversial. On the one hand, philosophers have offered several solid arguments showing that, despite some resemblances, they are quite different perceptual phenomena and that pictures are special objects of perception. On the other hand, neuroscientists routinely use pictures in experimental settings as substitutes for normal objects, and this practice is successful in explaining how the human visual system works. But this seems to imply that face-to-face perception and picture perception are very similar, if not actually the same. How can we decide between these two opposite intuitions? Here I offer a regimentation of the notion of picture perception that can reconcile these two apparently conflicting ideas about pictures. It follows that philosophers and neuroscientists can maintain their respective stances without any theoretical conflict.
The Measure of Pleasure: A Note on theProtagoras
Authors: DAVIES RICHARD
Published: February 2018

To explain the presence of the doctrine of hedonism in Plato'sProtagoras(351b–8a), the hypothesis is advanced that the author may have been responding to a suggestion made by Eudoxus of Cnidus that pleasures can be measured in terms of size, number, and intensity. The peculiar ways that Socrates represents these dimensions may indicate that Plato did not fully grasp Eudoxus's suggestion or, conversely, that he saw at once that it was a dead end.
Comparison of ketorolac dosing in an emergency department setting
Authors: Shanechi Mercedeh , Eke Onyinyechi , Gottlieb Michael
Published: February 2018

Clinical question

Does the analgesic effect of intravenous ketorolac differ if given in doses of 10, 15, or 30 mg to patients presenting to the emergency department with acute pain?

Article chosen

Motov S, Yasavolian M, Likourezos A, et al. Comparison of intravenous ketorolac at three single-dose regimens for treating acute pain in the emergency department: a randomized controlled trial.Ann Emerg Med2017;70(2):177-84.
Pulsed LD side-pumped MgO: LN electro-optic cavity-dumped 1123 nm Nd: YAG laser with short pulse width and high peak power
Authors: Bai Yang , Bai Bing , Li Diao , Sun Yanxiao , Li Jianlin , Hou Lei , Hu Mingxuan , Bai Jintao
Published: February 2018

We report a cavity-dumped 1123 nm laser with narrow pulse width and high peak power by an MgO: LN crystal electro-optic (EO) modulator. Based on the structural optimization design of a folded biconcave cavity using the 808 nm pulsed laser diode (LD) side-pumped ceramic Nd: YAG rod, output pulses with maximum pulse energy and peak power up to 39.6 mJ and 9.73 MW were obtained, corresponding to 100 Hz repetition rate and 4.07 ns pulse width. The instabilities of pulse width and pulse energy were $\pm$1.55% and $\pm$2.06%, respectively. At the highest repetition rate of 1 kHz, the pulse energy, pulse width, and peak power were 11.3 mJ, 5.05 ns, and 2.24 MW, respectively. The instabilities of pulse width and pulse energy were $\pm$2.65% and $\pm$3.47%, respectively.
Quasi-experimental Studies in the Fields of Infection Control and Antibiotic Resistance, Ten Years Later: A Systematic Review
Authors: Alsaggaf Rotana , O’Hara Lyndsay M. , Stafford Kristen A. , Leekha Surbhi , Harris Anthony D. ,   for the CDC Prevention Epicenters Program
Published: February 2018

OBJECTIVE

A systematic review of quasi-experimental studies in the field of infectious diseases was published in 2005. The aim of this study was to assess improvements in the design and reporting of quasi-experiments 10 years after the initial review. We also aimed to report the statistical methods used to analyze quasi-experimental data.

DESIGN

Systematic review of articles published from January 1, 2013, to December 31, 2014, in 4 major infectious disease journals.

METHODS

Quasi-experimental studies focused on infection control and antibiotic resistance were identified and classified based on 4 criteria: (1) type of quasi-experimental design used, (2) justification of the use of the design, (3) use of correct nomenclature to describe the design, and (4) statistical methods used.

RESULTS

Of 2,600 articles, 173 (7%) featured a quasi-experimental design, compared to 73 of 2,320 articles (3%) in the previous review (P<.01). Moreover, 21 articles (12%) utilized a study design with a control group; 6 (3.5%) justified the use of a quasi-experimental design; and 68 (39%) identified their design using the correct nomenclature. In addition, 2-group statistical tests were used in 75 studies (43%); 58 studies (34%) used standard regression analysis; 18 (10%) used segmented regression analysis; 7 (4%) used standard time-series analysis; 5 (3%) used segmented time-series analysis; and 10 (6%) did not utilize statistical methods for comparisons.

CONCLUSIONS

While some progress occurred over the decade, it is crucial to continue improving the design and reporting of quasi-experimental studies in the fields of infection control and antibiotic resistance to better evaluate the effectiveness of important interventions.

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2018;39:170–176
Dynamics of drop impact on solid surfaces: evolution of impact force and self-similar spreading
Authors: Gordillo Leonardo , Sun Ting-Pi , Cheng Xiang
Published: February 2018

We investigate the dynamics of drop impacts on dry solid surfaces. By synchronising high-speed photography with fast force sensing, we simultaneously measure the temporal evolution of the shape and impact force of impacting drops over a wide range of Reynolds numbers ($\mathit{Re}$). At high $\mathit{Re}$, when inertia dominates the impact processes, we show that the early time evolution of impact force follows a square-root scaling, quantitatively agreeing with a recent self-similar theory. This observation provides direct experimental evidence on the existence of upward propagating self-similar pressure fields during the initial impact of liquid drops at high $\mathit{Re}$. When viscous forces gradually set in with decreasing $\mathit{Re}$, we analyse the early time scaling of the impact force of viscous drops using a perturbation method. The analysis quantitatively matches our experiments and successfully predicts the trends of the maximum impact force and the associated peak time with decreasing $\mathit{Re}$. Furthermore, we discuss the influence of viscoelasticity on the temporal signature of impact forces. Last but not least, we also investigate the spreading of liquid drops at high $\mathit{Re}$ following the initial impact. Particularly, we find an exact parameter-free self-similar solution for the inertia-driven drop spreading, which quantitatively predicts the height of spreading drops at high $\mathit{Re}$. The limit of the self-similar approach for drop spreading is also discussed. As such, our study provides a quantitative understanding of the temporal evolution of impact forces across the inertial, viscous and viscoelastic regimes and sheds new light on the self-similar dynamics of drop-impact processes.
Hydrodynamics of flexible fins propelled in tandem, diagonal, triangular and diamond configurations
Authors: Park Sung Goon , Sung Hyung Jin
Published: February 2018

A fish may gain hydrodynamic benefits from being a member of a school. Inspired by fish schools, a two-dimensional simulation was performed for flexible fins propelled in tandem, diagonal, triangular and diamond configurations. The flow-mediated interactions between the flexible fins were analysed by using an immersed boundary method. A transverse heaving motion was prescribed on the leading edge of each fin, and other posterior parts passively adapted to the surrounding fluid as a result of the fluid–flexible-body interaction. The flexible fins were allowed to actively adjust their relative positions in the horizontal direction. The four basic stable configurations are spontaneously formed and self-sustained purely by the vortex–vortex and vortex–body interactions. The hydrodynamic benefits depend greatly on the local positions of the members. For the same heaving motion prescribed on the leading edge, the input power of the following fin in the stable tandem and diagonal configurations is lower by 14 % and 6 %, respectively, than that of the leading fin. The following fin in the diagonal formation can keep pace with the leading fin even for reduced heaving amplitudes because of the help of the leader via their shared fluid environment, where its required input power is reduced by 21 %. The heaving amplitudes of the trailing fins are reduced to optimize the propulsive efficiency, and the average efficiencies in the triangular and diamond configurations increase by up to 14 % and 19 %, respectively, over that of the isolated swimmer. The propulsive efficiencies are enhanced by 22 % for the fins in the second row and by 36 % for the fin in the third row by decreasing the heaving amplitude in the diamond formation.