bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transition and the community college: a Career Keys model for	students with disabilities
Authors: Richard T. Roessler  , Patricia L. Brown
Published: December 2024

Transition models are needed that address multiple phases in the postsecondary education of students with disabilities. These models must first address the recruitment of high school students with disabilities for community colleges through career exploration experiences that help students clarify their educational and vocational interests and relate those interests to a two-year postsecondary program. Students with disabilities then need a comprehensive service program while attending community college to help them identify accommodation needs in classroom and workplace environments and develop the skills to request such accommodations from their instructors and employers. With this skill base, they are well prepared to initiate the next transition in their lives, that is, the movement from the community college to a four-year educational institution or to employment. Programs are needed to facilitate this transition, such as a placement planning seminar involving rehabilitation professionals and employers and an accommodation follow-up assessment with students in their new educational and employment settings. The ``Career Keys'' model describes how to deliver the services needed in each of these critical transition phases.
Self-advocacy among people with disabilities in the transition	from good will to civil rights: Is it sufficient?
Authors: Charles D. Palmer
Published: December 2024

The burdens associated with eliminating discrimination on the basis of disability have been bestowed upon those individuals in our society with the least experience in defending themselves from social and interpersonal bias. Offering people with disabilities training in civil rights, barrier identification, interpersonal communication, and problem solving skills to enhance and empower self-advocacy have been the primary means of government sponsored human service institutions to generate the desired social change. There is evidence that these actions are less than effective. Overt public commitment and outreach efforts are needed to effectively elicit change from those individuals who are directly responsible for discriminatory actions.
Clinical trends on tendinitis
Authors: Thomas L. Sevier  , Robert H. Helfst  , Sue A. Stover  , Julie K. Wilson
Published: December 2024

Tendinitis has dramatically risen over the last few years. Some instances of tendinitis are resistant to traditional management aimed at decreasing the inflammatory process leaving clinicians to wonder whether or not they are truly dealing with an inflammatory condition. An understanding is essential for the appropriate clinical management of tendon disorders. The focus of this article will be to review tendon injuries, their healing, and to present an illustrative case treated successfully with an innovative form of treatment.
Occupational roles and life satisfaction in psychiatric	outpatients with vocational disabilities
Authors: Sari Prusti  , Inga-Britt Br\"anholm
Published: December 2024

{\it Objectives:} To investigate: 1) internalization of occupational roles and 2) levels of satisfaction in psychiatric outpatients with vocational disability.

{\it Study design:} Twenty subjects, 8 men and 12 women, aged 20--55, participated in the study. The past, present and expected values of 10 occupational roles were identified. Levels of satisfaction with life as whole and on eight different domains were reported on a six-step scale ranging from very dissatisfied to very satisfied.

{\it Results:} The student and worker roles were not part of current life, in contrast to the past (5 years ago) and the expected future. The roles of family member and home maintainer were the most appreciated both in the past and at present. All of the participants expected to add both number and level of role involvement in the future. No-one were satisfied with life as whole. All but one were dissatisfied with their vocational and financial situations. Most were also dissatisfied with their leisure situation, family life, partnership relations, sexual life, and contacts with friends.

{\it Conclusions:} The low levels of satisfaction with life as whole and the different domains reflect the disadvantageous situation of the participants in the study. The low number of occupational roles and the low level of meaningful role involvement support the associations between occupational roles and life satisfaction. It is suggested that occupational role assessment would be an important focus in occupational therapy to help people to more adaptive daily routines and to improve their quality of life.
Experience in developing a Transitional Employment Program (TEP)	for the psychiatric patients in an acute general hospital in Hong Kong
Authors: Raymond Wong  , Maurice Wan
Published: December 2024

This paper describes the application of a transitional employment program (TEP) for psychiatric patients in Hong Kong. The TEP and its values in psychiatric rehabilitation are introduced. The differences between TEP and Supported Employment (SE) were also highlighted. A TEP for psychiatric patients in an acute general hospital is outlined. Interviews of employer and trainees showed that, apart from increasing income, qualitative changes in the trainees were observed such as increased self-confidence, improved assertive and social skills, and increased work tolerance. Ongoing objective measurement should be conducted to demonstrate its effectiveness. TEP could be considered as a feasible alternative of vocational rehabilitation for patients with mental illness.
Violence towards caregivers of persons with developmental	disabilities
Authors: Ewa Menckel  , Ned Carter  , Eija Viitasara
Published: December 2024

{\it Objective:} Violent and disruptive acts committed by persons with developmental disabilities are a potential work environment problem for caregivers. This study developed and tested an instrument for describing and analyzing violence among persons with developmental disabilities.

{\it Methods:} Personnel from four units of one facility recorded daily on a simple form all violent and disruptive acts occurring in a limited range of situations.

{\it Results:} Acts of violence were associated with a small minority of individuals, but grossly underreported and unrecognized in formal reporting systems. None of the nearly 3000 incidents recorded during the six-week study required sick leave. Violent and disruptive acts occurred most often when an individual was requested to do something he or she did not want to do, when the individual was denied the opportunity to do something they did want to do and when waiting or under-stimulated. Personnel used the data in discussing countermeasures that could be integrated with the care and treatment of the individual.

{\it Conclusion:} Hitting, kicking, pinching etc. of personnel are a work environment problem due to their high frequency and effects upon employee morale. The instrument and procedures can be used to reduce incidents of violence, which would improve the working environment of employees and assist persons with developmental disabilities as they move from institutional environments.
Innovative approach for the treatment of cumulative trauma	disorders
Authors: Suzanne Fowler  , Julie K. Wilson  , Thomas L. Sevier
Published: December 2024

Cumulative Trauma Disorders (CTDs) is the latest four-letter word for employees and employers. The purpose of this pilot study was to test the efficacy and cost effectiveness of ASTM, previously executed with Division I college athletes, in a work-related population. ASTM uses specially designed instruments to assist clinicians in rapid localization and effective treatment of soft tissue fibrosis/scar tissue. The protocol includes a flexibility and functional program that helps the worker adapt to the demands of the job. Physical and occupational therapists in both an outpatient clinic, and an industrial on-site setting, utilized ASTM. ASTM was considered successful, with symptoms resolved in over 70 percent of the patients. ASTM demonstrated impressive results in both settings and decreased medical and non-medical expenditures.
Outcome study: An industrial rehabilitation program
Authors: Christine Scully-Palmer
Published: December 2024

A review of work hardening outcome research reveals a wide range of return to work statistics between 50% are forcing therapy services to objectively quantify their successes to ensure a future in health care. Work Venture has been maintaining program outcome statistics since 1994. In this report, 1997 and 1998 return to work statistics are documented and compared to multiple programs.

Work Venture's average annual return to gainful employment percentages for 1997 are 61.2% at 6 months, and in 1998, 76.8% discharge.

Many factors are involved in successful return to work with workers compensation claims. Due to these factors it is difficult to compare one program's results with another. It is recommended that a uniform method of collecting and presenting data be developed to ensure valid comparison.
A criterion-referenced multidimensional job-related model	prediction capability to perform occupations among persons with chronic	pain
Authors: Ingrid S\"oderback  , Marie-Louise Schult  , Karen Jacobs
Published: December 2024

{\it Objective:} The purpose of this prospective study was an exploration of the construct of the criterion-referenced multidimensional job-related model (CMVA) aimed for predicting patients' with chronic pain capability to perform occupations.

{\it Methods:} The study samples were 1) participants ( $n=84$ ) who at present were not performing employed work (median sick-listing period 12 months) because of chronic pain and 2) participants ( $n =$ 104) who at present were performing employed work at least 20 hours of a workweek. The participants had experiences of 40 different occupations classified into five of the occupational categories of Jist's Enhanced Dictionary of Occupational Titles. Data were collected through ten assessment instruments and a structured interview, comprising 54 variables and 465 items. Data were analyzed using multiple regression with forward entering of variables.

{\it Results:} The CMVA model (Adjusted $R^2 0.777, F (4, 183) = 164.067; p<0.001$ ) was able to explain 78% CMVA contained the aspects; ``the work demands-variable, the person-variable of work life values, the environment-variable of social support and the two occupational performances-variables; self-perceived capability to perform work tasks/the simulated work tasks''.

{\it Conclusions:} The construct of CMVA was robust suggesting that among persons with chronic pain, the predictors focusing on their capability to perform occupations are of great importance.
The impact of seating and positioning on the development of	repetitive strain injuries of the upper extremity in wheelchair athletes
Authors: Sharon Stankovits
Published: December 2024

The population of people who use wheelchairs has been increasing due to technological advances. With this increase, there has also been an increase in participation in wheelchair sports. The incidence of upper extremity injury in wheelchair users has been reported to be between 31 and 73% risk for upper extremity injury due to increased upper extremity use with sport.

The purpose of this paper is to ascertain whether proper seating and positioning have an impact on the prevention of repetitive strain injuries (RSI) of the soft tissues, including peripheral nerve entrapments and muscle injury, of the upper extremity in wheelchair athletes. A review of current research on wheelchair propulsion and RSI revealed several hazards for wheelchair athletes to develop RSI's. These include duration of impairment, muscle imbalance, awkward positioning, inadequate rest breaks, repetition of muscle use in daily activities and in sport participation, the degree of force needed for propulsion, and fatigue. Current research does not provide conclusive information on optimal seating. Suggestions of preventative measures are given including suggestions with regard to positioning in the wheelchair.
Enhancing the quality of life of a client with severe	developmental disabilities through the application of assistive technology. A	case study
Authors: David Goldsheyder  , Margareta Nordin  , Dina Loebl
Published: December 2024

This paper describes a structural sequential process aimed to enhance the quality of life of a 29 year old man through the application of assistive technology (AT). The client had life-long severe multiple disabilities, showed increasing fragility and decreasing functional abilities that resulted, among other problems, in a problem with toileting. The process involved a thorough assessment and evaluation of the client, his physical, cognitive and perceptual skills involved in the performance of the task, requirements of the task, the technology, and the task environment. A clinical reasoning model for the provision of AT was applied during the process to identify the functional deficits of the client with respect to the problematic task. The approach enabled a multidisciplinary team of university-affiliated professionals including physical and occupational therapists, an ergonomist, a rehabilitation engineer and care providers in an institution for developmentally disabled people to determine the primary attributes of a technological intervention. The process resulted in the selection of an appropriate piece of AT followed by its modification and adaptation in order to address the specific needs of the client. The client's toilet use was improved in a manner that ultimately contributed to enhancing the quality of his life. Projections for further improvements of the quality of life of the client in this institution were also discussed.
Behavioral Fitness For Duty (FFD)
Authors: Marie-Claude Rigaud
Published: December 2024

Fitness for Duty (FFD) related to physiological or physical conditions of workers is a rather familiar concept to professionals practicing in the field of Occupational Health. Behavioral/Mental/Psychological FFD of workers, another important element of individual-to-work fitness, is now beginning to receive more attention. The paper defines psychological FFD, emphasizing the differences between ``fitness'' and ``readiness'' for duty. This is followed by a discussion of the indications and benefits of evaluating employees' psychological FFD and a description of the three-step evaluation process developed by the author.
Identifying meaning and perceived level of satisfaction within the	context of work
Authors: Brown Angie , Kitchell Molly , O'Neill Tiffany , Lockliear Jennifer , Vosler Alyson , Kubek Dayna , Dale Lucinda
Published: December 2024

{\it Objective:} The primary objectives of this study were to identify sources of meaning for individuals within the context of a work environment, and to compare varied sources of meaning for individuals with high and low work satisfaction levels.

{\it Method:} Participants were chosen based on satisfaction levels in employment, full-time employment status within an organization for at least one year, and diversity in the work setting. Data were gathered through a series of interviews and observations of the participants' workplaces. A comparative analysis of transcribed interviews was conducted by the researchers and with an expert occupational therapy faculty panel. From these analyses, the researchers developed work narratives for a mechanical engineer, a high school teacher, an employee of mechanical services, and a career service counselor.

{\it Results:} Emerging themes from the work narratives indicated that the various meanings employees found in work had an effect on their perceived levels of job satisfaction. Participants conveyed that organization identification, financial benefits, independent decision-making, reciprocal respect, opportunities for creativity, and maintaining significant relationships outside of work enhanced meaning and satisfaction.

{\it Conclusions:} The worker role is a significant source of an individual's identity, meaning, and satisfaction in life. Professionals in various fields can work with employers to develop meaningful work environments for increased job satisfaction, greater motivation for work, increased productivity, and decreased employee turnover.
The clubhouse model: An outcome study on attendance, work	attainment and status, and hospitalization recidivism
Authors: Masso Josephine Di , Avi-Itzhak Tamara , Obler Doris Richard
Published: December 2024

The purpose of this outcome study is to assess the effectiveness of one clubhouse program model, Connections Clubhouse. The study was conducted on 117 randomly selected members attending Connections Clubhouse from January 1998 to June 1999. The study examines the effect of attendance rates on members' employment attainment and status, and on rate of hospitalization recidivism. Rate of hospitalization recidivism was conceptualized as the difference between number of hospitalizations after enrollment and before enrollment in the program. It is hypothesized that adult psychiatric patients, with a high rate of attendance at Connections Clubhouse, will demonstrate (a) a high rate of employment attainment and more advanced employment status; and (b) a low rate of hospitalization recidivism as compared to those with a low attendance rate. As hypothesized, the proportion of members with a high rate of attendance with no employment of any kind was significantly lower than the proportion of members with a low rate of attendance. Though less pronounced, the proportion of members with a high rate of attendance holding a more advanced employment status was significantly higher than the proportion of members with a low rate of attendance. As expected, the recidivism rate of members with a high rate of attendance was significantly lower than for members with a low rate of attendance.
The impact of an industry-based rehabilitation programme
Authors: Sullman Mark J.M. , Biggs Herbert C.
Published: December 2024

An industry specific rehabilitation programme was developed to cater for the special requirements of the New Zealand logging industry. The aims of the rehabilitation programme were to: reduce the amount of time lost due to injury, reduce the number of lost time injuries, and overall, to reduce the direct costs associated with logging injuries. The programme was field-tested on a logging company. The rehabilitation programme was effective for reducing the average amount of time lost due to injury and also for reducing the cost of the injuries. Although there were a number of factors that may have had an impact upon these results, this research provides evidence that this rehabilitation programme was effective for reducing the severity and cost of injury to the New Zealand logging industry.
New directions in assessment for students with disabilities
Authors: Telzrow Cathy F. , McNamara Kathy
Published: December 2024

Three influences in American education during the past decade -- increased parental involvement, an emphasis on accountability and student outcomes, and the refinement of assessment technologies -- are reflected in the 1997 Amendments to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act [31]. Relevant assessment provisions contained in IDEA 97 are reviewed, including requirements for (a) parental participation in the review and planning of student evaluations and eligibility decisions; (b) the participation of students with disabilities in statewide assessments; (c) the use of assessments that have treatment utility; and (d) data-based evaluation of student progress. Assessment characteristics and methods that are consistent with IDEA 97 requirements are described. Examples include problem-solving assessment; functional behavioral assessment; and direct assessment approaches such as naturalistic observation, analogue assessment, and self-monitoring.
Program evaluation in rehabilitation
Authors: Schnelker Diane L. , Rumrill Phillip D.
Published: December 2024

Increased accountability and more encompassing accreditation standards have heightened interest in the role that evaluation research plays in improving the quality of life and independence for people with disabilities. The field of Program Evaluation is a valuable resource for conducting studies that meet the standards and information needs in the field of rehabilitation. This article describes the nature of evaluation research and illustrates its contribution to contemporary rehabilitation practice.
The stress of the university experience for students with Asperger	syndrome
Authors: Glennon Tara J.
Published: December 2024

College students, with or without disabilities, are faced with numerous stressful situations within the university environment. For an individual diagnosed with Asperger syndrome, success at this level requires non-traditional supports. With limited knowledge of this disorder, the university staff are faced with a distinct disadvantage in their efforts to outline an appropriate plan. While providing traditional academic assistance is now commonplace, federal laws mandate that universities widen the scope of support so as not to exclude any student from campus activities or programs.

In an effort to provide a framework for support, this article interfaces diagnostic information with the realities of college life. Areas of focus include the transition process, social rules, engagement in academic activities, and mastering a new life of independence. It is hoped that the presented suggestions might prove helpful as universities begin to establish service support teams and outline plans of support.
Occupational stress, relaxation therapies, exercise and	biofeedback
Authors: Stein Franklin
Published: December 2024

Occupational stress is a widespread occurrence in the United States. It is a contributing factor to absenteeism, disease, injury and lowered productivity. In general stress management programs in the work place that include relaxation therapies, exercise, and biofeedback have been shown to reduce the physiological symptoms such as hypertension, and increase job satisfaction and job performance. Strategies to implement a successful stress management program include incorporating the coping activities into one's daily schedule, monitoring one's symptoms and stressors, and being realistic in setting up a schedule that is relevant and attainable. A short form of meditation, daily exercise program and the use of heart rate or thermal biofeedback can be helpful to a worker experiencing occupational stress.
Perspectives on work (re)entry for persons with disabilities:	Implications for clinicians
Authors: Westmorland Muriel G. , Williams Renee , Strong Susan , Arnold Emmy
Published: December 2024

Despite the prevalence of government funding to support employment opportunities for persons with disabilities, real jobs for this population still appear to be elusive. McMaster University researchers examined how six stakeholder groups defined workplace (re)entry success for persons with disabilities. Focus groups and individual interviews were conducted with representation from employers, unions, persons with disabilities, co-workers, supervisors and human resource departments. Participants numbered 86 and the average age was 42. Participant comments provided the researchers with rich data related to the study objectives. Success was perceived as not only a match between the employee and the job but also a win-win for employer and employer, a uniquely defined set of circumstances based on the specific individual and their environment as well as respect for the individual's dignity and quality of life. This article discusses the study and its outcomes and highlights implications for clinicians.
The natural history and risk factors of musculoskeletal conditions	resulting in disability among US Army personnel
Authors: Lincoln Andrew E. , Smith Gordon S. , Amoroso Paul J. , Bell Nicole S.
Published: December 2024

We describe the natural history of 13 musculoskeletal conditions requiring hospitalization and identify demographic, behavioral, psychosocial, occupational, and clinical characteristics most strongly associated with disability discharge from the Army. Subjects included 15,268 active-duty personnel hospitalized for a common musculoskeletal condition between the years 1989--1996 who were retrospectively followed through 1997. Back conditions had the greatest 5-year cumulative risk of disability (21%, for intervertebral disc displacement, intervertebral disc degeneration, and nonspecific low back pain, respectively). Cox proportional hazards models identified the following risk factors for disability among males: lower pay grade, musculoskeletal diagnosis, shorter length of service, older age, occupational category, lower job satisfaction, recurrent musculoskeletal hospitalizations, more cigarette smoking, greater work stress, and heavier physical demands. Among females, fewer covariates reached statistical significance, although lower education level was significant in more than one model. Modifiable risk factors related to work (job satisfaction, work stress, physical demands, occupation) and health behaviors (smoking) suggest possible targets for intervention.
Work-related upper extremity injuries: Prevalence, cost and risk	factors in military and civilian populations
Authors: Fabrizio Andrew J.
Published: December 2024

Persons with musculoskeletal-related disorders represent a prevalent source of outpatient visits, lost work time and disability in the military; however, research concerning the extent of work-related upper extremity disorders (WRUEDs) within this population is lacking. This literature review examined studies in civilian and military settings to ascertain the prevalence, cost and risk factors associated with WRUEDs. The results indicated that the prevalence and cost of WRUEDs in the civilian workforce are significant, justifying the need to research the military population. The literature also outlined physical, individual and psychosocial factors associated with WRUEDs that will help identify potential risk factors within military occupations.
Tibial flexural wave propagation {\it in vivo}: Potential for bone	stress injury risk assessment
Authors: Flynn Timothy W. , Cavanagh Peter R. , Sommer H. Joseph , Derr Janice A.
Published: December 2024

{\it Objective.} To determine the reliability of tibial flexural wave propagation velocity (FWPV) and the effect of overlying soft-tissues on the result.

{\it Design.} The velocity of tibial flexural wave propagation was repeatedly measured in healthy subjects.

{\it Background.} The tibia is the most frequently stress-fractured bone of runners and in military training populations. Developing techniques to measure tibial bone strength and, thereby, fracture resistance may be useful in pre-participation examinations in order to identify at-risk individuals. One such method, tibial flexural wave propagation velocity (FWPV) has been reported to be a measure of tibial stiffness.

{\it Methods.} The tibial FWPV was measured 80 times per subject (10 trials X 2 setups/day X 4 days) in a sample of 25 young women. Two methods of calculating FWPV were used (Peak method time domain and Phase method frequency domain). Intraclass correlations (ICCs) were calculated.

{\it Results.} The results demonstrated that the peak method was more reliable then the phase method. The ICCs ranged from 0.81--0.96 for the peak method and from 0.59--0.89 for the phase method. The 95% confidence intervals demonstrated that the FWPV could discriminate between subjects with low, medium, or high velocity values with reasonable accuracy and confidence. The soft-tissue overlying the tibia was not significantly (p = 0.63) correlated with FWPV.

{\it Conclusion.} In summary, it is possible to discriminate between varying levels of tibial FWPV. Furthermore, if FWPV is related to bone stress fracture resistance, then this method may be useful in determining stress fracture risk prior to intensive physical activity.

{\it Relevance.} The tibia is the most frequently stress-fractured bone of runners and in military training populations. This study explores the feasibility of tibial FWPV as a potential method to assess tibial stress fracture resistance.
Energy cost during locomotion across snow: A comparison of four	types of snowshoes with snowshoe design considerations
Authors: Knapik Joseph J. , Hickey Charles , Ortega Samson , Pontbriand Rene de
Published: December 2024

Snowshoes are a common method of locomotion across snow but no investigations has previously examined the energy cost of different snowshoe models or looked for desirable snowshoe design characteristics. To this end, four Marines were studied while walking at 4 km/h in four different types of snowshoes. They traversed a field with an average grade of 2.4%, downhill and once uphill with each snowshoe. Expired respiratory gases (for energy cost measures) and heart rates were collected continuously during the walk. The Pride Assault and US Army Standard models had a lower energy cost than the Montana Light model and tended to have a lower cost than the British Assault model. Correlations between snowshoe mass/surface area ratios and energy cost were 0.81 and 0.72 on the uphill and downhill portions of the course, respectively. Examination of the physical attributes of the snowshoes suggested several design characteristics may be favorable from an energy cost perspective: 1) a hinge-and-binding system that allows the snowshoe to be dragged across the snow, 2) an upturned front that pushes snow away and allows a more horizontal (less vertical) displacement of the snowshoe during locomotion, 3) a narrow profile that avoids leg abduction, and 4) a lower mass to surface area ratio. Further research will be necessary to determine the importance of these factors because of the limited number of subjects and the single snow condition examined here.
Correlates of load carriage and obstacle course performance among	women
Authors: Pandorf Clay E. , Harman Everett A. , Frykman Peter N. , Patton John F. , Mello Robert P. , Nindl Bradley C.
Published: December 2024

To examine correlates of the speed at which female soldiers carrying loads could cover 3.2 km on foot and traverse an obstacle course, 12 volunteers (mean ± SD: 25.3 ± 6 years, 166 ± 7 cm, 61.3 ± 7 kg) were timed over 3.2 km while carrying loads of 14, 27, and 41 kg, and while traversing an obstacle course with the two lighter loads. Pearson correlations showed that absolute VO $_{2\max}$ and 3.2 km run time without a load were the best predictors of 3.2 km load carriage time for all loads. Also, larger subjects with greater muscle mass were able to carry the heaviest load faster than smaller, less muscular subjects, likely because the 41 kg load represented a smaller percentage of the former's bodyweight. Maximum number of sit-ups and push-ups, composite score of the Army Physical Fitness Test as well as body height were positively correlated with the speed at which some course segments were traversed.
Participatory ergonomics: Determining injury control "buy-in" of	US Army cadre
Authors: Rice Valerie J. Berg , Pekarek Deanna , Connolly Vicki , King Ileana , Mickelson Shelia
Published: December 2024

Overuse injuries account for the majority of lost duty time profiles for soldiers attending Advanced Individual Training (AIT) to become a Combat Medic at Ft. Sam Houston (63% An intervention program was initiated with two AIT Battalions (BN) in an effort to reduce overuse injuries. The purpose of this paper is to describe methods of tracking the participation of supervisors during the intervention program. Methods used to monitor participation included recording the number of coordinating meetings, keeping minutes of advisory committee meetings, and conducting perception surveys. Over an 18-month period, the number of coordinating meetings decreased. Surveys identified the opinions, values, and self-identified roles of supervisors (drill sergeants and cadre) in regard to injury prevention with their assigned student-soldiers before and after an intervention program. At the initiation of the injury control program, 103 individuals completed a 27 question, anonymous survey to assist planners with developing a strategy that would encourage participation of cadre and drill sergeants in preventing injuries. One year later, 191 individuals from the same battalion completed the same survey. Results revealed a slight, statistically insignificant, decrease in supervisors' perception of the presence of overuse injuries in their BN (31.4% level of acceptable injuries moved from the 16--30% 1--10% supervisors believed their physical training programs could impact overuse injuries (pre 20.4% The results reveal several methods to track the involvement of participants, to develop intervention strategies, and to monitor cultural shifts necessary to the injury control process.
An ergonomic comparison between mechanical and manual patient	transfer techniques
Authors: Silvia Chris E. , Bloswick Donald S. , Lillquist Dean , Wallace David , Perkins Michael S.
Published: December 2024

Multiple studies have concluded that manual patient transfer and repositioning techniques are a significant cause of low back injuries. The objective of this study was to compare the low back stresses resulting from the use of two different mechanical patient transfer assist devices with the use of traditional manual transfer techniques. The mechanical transfer systems used were the Barton Patient Transfer System and a Sling-Suspension Lift similar to a "Hoyer Lift". The back compressive forces derived using the Michigan 3D Static Strength Model (Version 4.0) and electromyography (EMG) of the muscles of the low back were compared. This study found that the mechanical assist devices placed less stress on the low back and were more desirable to use than the traditional manual techniques. The Barton System was found to be, in general, less hazardous and more preferred than the Sling Suspension Lift.
The best method for improving safety on the job for supported	employees
Authors: Holzberg Emily
Published: December 2024

This article addresses the best method for improving safety on-the-job for supported employees. A survey of common causes of accidents and the opinions of individuals involved in supported employment is presented. This is followed by an evaluation of types of safety skills training that is available. Most of the training programs discussed utilized a problem solving approach.
The effectiveness of a home-based ergonomics intervention on the	proper use of computers by middle school children
Authors: Williams Chad D. , Jacobs Karen
Published: December 2024

A study was conducted in the homes of middle school children (average age = 12.7 years, SD = 0.52 years) to determine if an educational intervention would increase both the children's and their parents' knowledge of ergonomically correct setup of a computer workstation and computer use. Six children and their parents (n = 6) participated in this study. The study consisted of two data collection sessions over a two-week period. Results suggest a significant (p < 0.05) increase in knowledge of computer use and workstation setup for both parents and children, however, no significant changes in posture were noted between sessions. It was concluded that education is an effective method to increase knowledge of ergonomics in both middle school children and their parents but more research is indicated to understand the linkage between ergonomic understanding and durable accomodations.
Efficacy of body mechanics education on posture while computing in	middle school children
Authors: Rowe Gretchen , Jacobs Karen
Published: December 2024

{\it Objective:} The purposes of this pilot study were to examine the working position of middle school children during their media/technology class, test student's knowledge of healthy computing habits, and evaluate the efficacy of two educational interventions compared to a control group.

{\it Method:} A multi-group pre-test/post-test design was used. 19 students (mean age 11.6) participated in the study during their media/technology class. Students' postures while computing were evaluated on-site. Additionally five students were video recorded while they used the classroom computers so that on-site observations could be compared to video recorded data. All participants were given a written pre-test prior to educational interventions. The 12-minute educational intervention session focused on healthy computing habits, the importance of stretching, and group performance of specific upper extremity stretches. Additional education regarding overall postural health including good body mechanics was provided to one intervention group.

{\it Results:} The results of this study indicate that a twelve-minute educational intervention significantly improved participants' knowledge of healthy computing habits as measured by written pre-tests and post-tests. Participants who received additional education on overall postural health and body mechanics demonstrated the largest rate of improvement in positioning while computing. No statistical difference between intervention groups was noted on post-test scores, which attempted to measure long-term learning of healthy computing habits.

{\it Conclusion:} Although more research in this area is warranted, it appears that education regarding correct positioning at computer workstations combined with instructing students on the importance of overall healthy posture may foster correct positioning while students use computers at school.
Developing a framework for identifying individual and	organizational risk factors for the prevention of violence in the health-care	sector
Authors: Viitasara Eija , Menckel Ewa
Published: December 2024

The problem of violence at work has received considerable attention in recent years. According to Swedish statistics, personnel in the health-care sector are the most affected. The purpose of this paper is to present a framework or model for studies of workplace violence, and to demonstrate its application to the analysis of violence in health-care settings. The model treats violence as a process comprising of several stages/sub-events, and shows how this process is influenced by underlying structural (rather permanent) and situational (generally temporary) risk factors. Understanding the diversity in the process provides a basis for analysis of connections between interacting factors at different stages. Risk management (hazard identification, risk analysis, and preventive counter-measures) should be integrated into the work situation and operations of an organization.
Occupational stress as it relates to higher education, individuals	and organizations
Authors: Michailidis Maria , Asimenos Andreas
Published: December 2024

This study examined through survey research methodology the degree to which, faculty, administrators and program coordinators, working in higher education, experience stress at work. The Occupational Stress Indicator was used, composed of four compound factors: sources of occupational stress, individual characteristics, coping strategies and the effects of stress. Preliminary findings showed that occupational stress has a negative impact on the degree of satisfaction with their achievement, value and growth, being strongest with faculty and coordinators, (dissatisfaction with career opportunities, personal growth, skill utilization). Another significant outcome was the dissatisfaction of faculty with the organizational design, structure and processes (communication, change implementation, motivation, supervision style, participation in decision-making). All possess individual characteristics of the Type A Scale; they all considered major sources of pressure in their jobs to be their relationships with others, home/work interface, their need to achieve personal and corporate success. Occupational stress has affected their state of health.
A return to the worker role after injury: Firefighters seriously	injured on the job and the decision to return to high-risk work
Authors: Scheelar Jeanine F.
Published: December 2024

This paper presents information on occupational choices and behaviors as described by the model of human occupation and the profession of occupational therapy. This project was designed to answer the research question, "Why do people choose to return to the same high-risk careers after sustaining a serious work-related injury?" Two firefighters from a New York metropolitan area were interviewed individually to explore their roles, especially the worker role, their injuries, and their decisions to return to the same high-risk type of work. The results indicate that a strong social support system from co-workers, and the motivation and enjoyment of the job were the common factors that influenced the two participants to return to their jobs.
A survey of occupational therapy in Australian work practice
Authors: Deen Michael , Gibson Libby , Strong Jenny
Published: December 2024

While the prevention and management of work-related injuries are major areas of practice for Australian occupational therapists, there has been little research on occupational therapy's contribution in these areas. This study examined the characteristics of current Australian occupational therapy practice in the work arena. A postal questionnaire was sent to 355 occupational therapists employed in work practice from six of the eight state or territory Occupational Therapy Associations. The questionnaire enquired about demographic details, service provision in the prevention, assessment and rehabilitation areas and further education needs in these areas. The responses of 125 (35%) were analysed and show the services commonly offered in prevention, assessment and rehabilitation. The most commonly offered services included job analyses, workplace assessment and suitable duties programs. The results also indicate high levels of service provision in the workplace. In presenting the findings of the survey, current trends in international and Australian occupational therapy work practice are discussed along with suggestions for directions in future education, practice and research.
Test-retest reliability on nine tasks of the Physical Work	Performance Evaluation
Authors: Tuckwell Nicola L. , Straker Leon , Barrett Tanya E.
Published: December 2024

The Physical Work Performance Evaluation (PWPE) is one of many functional capacity evaluations (FCEs) currently available to assist with determining injured workers' physical potential to return to work. Previous research has explored interrater reliability, construct and predictive validity of the PWPE. This research examined test-retest reliability on a sample of 24 clients with stable physical injuries who were participating in vocational rehabilitation. Nine of the 21 main tasks of the PWPE were evaluated: lifting floor to waist, bilateral carrying, pushing, sitting, standing, kneeling, stair climbing, repetitive squatting and walking. Kappa scores ranged from 0.19 (error) to 0.77 and percent agreement from 66.7% kneeling, lifting floor to waist, bilateral carrying and pushing tasks suggest substantial test-retest reliability with moderate reliability also suggested for the standing and repetitive squatting tasks. Self-limiting behavior and alterations in pain scores, position adjustments and movement deviations are seen to be the main contributors to affect scoring between the first and second tests.
Cross-disciplinary competency standards for work-related	assessments: Communicating the requirements for effective professional	practice
Authors: Travis Jamie
Published: December 2024

The purpose of this article is to introduce the cross-disciplinary competency standards for work-related assessments, why they are needed and how they have been developed in New South Wales (NSW). Cross-disciplinary competency standards communicate the benchmarks for effective performance of work-related assessments. They outline what is expected of rehabilitation professionals, including the ability to apply and transfer competence across different conditions and workplace contexts. Outcomes in occupational rehabilitation are affected by the efficacy of the work-related assessments performed, which is dependent upon competent, clinical decision-making by rehabilitation professionals. However, in Australia, work-related assessment practice is not governed by universally accepted competency standards or by any competency-based training/education and assessment system. To enhance professional practice, WorkCover NSW has developed cross-disciplinary competency standards for work-related a ssessments. The competencies provide (i) quality standards for professional workplace training and development, (ii) benchmarks for assessing the competence of rehabilitation professionals, (iii) a framework for evidence-based practice, (iv) benchmarks for measuring service quality and (v) "real world" learning outcomes and assessment criteria for professional education programs.
An analysis of VDT monitor placement and daily hours of use for	female bifocal users
Authors: Lyon, Jr. Joseph L. , Lillquist Dean R. , Alder Steven , Stephenson Dale , Bloswick Donald S.
Published: December 2024

A population of 72 bifocal wearers was studied to determine the relationship between VDT (video display terminal) placement for those who reported musculoskeletal pain and those who did not. The mean hours worked was 50.4 minutes (p=0.003) greater for those who reported head/neck pain versus those who did not and 48.6 minutes (p=0.004) greater for those who reported shoulder/arm pain that those who did not. There was no statistically significant difference between the means of monitor height, distance, or angle for those who reported pain symptoms versus those who did not. This study indicates that, self reported pain symptoms are correlated with hours of VDT work and that there appears to be a threshold at approximately five hours for pain symptoms among bifocal wearers. No such correlation can be made for monitor placement
The effectiveness of back pain and injury prevention programs in	the workplace
Authors: Gatty Carolyn M. , Turner Mynde , Buitendorp Dinice J. , Batman Heather
Published: December 2024

Musculoskeletal disorders in the workplace cause thousands of injuries and cost industry billions of dollars yearly. Work injury prevention programs have been developed and implemented as a means for cost containment. A variety of preventive strategies have been investigated in primary research. The purpose of this review article is to examine the effectiveness of back injury and pain prevention programs in the workplace. Nine studies published between 1995 and 2000 were reviewed and analyzed. Studies used primarily one of three types of preventive strategies: 1) back belts, 2) education and task modification, and 3) education and task modification with workstation redesign. The effectiveness of back belts to prevent back pain and injury remains inconclusive. Positive outcomes were associated with studies reporting high compliance that used job-specific and individualized/small group education and training approaches. Themes that arose following a critical review of primary research studies are discussed.
The impact of mental illness on employment: Consumers'	perspectives
Authors: Honey Anne
Published: December 2024

This paper is based on a qualitative study of employment for people with mental illness. Forty-one consumers of mental health services were interviewed to obtain their perspectives on employment. One of the major issues they discussed was the ways in which mental illness affected their employment experiences. These effects were complex and interrelated and varied between individuals depending on their unique characteristics and circumstances. Participants described effects relating to the need to maintain mental health, difficulties with work performance, and work confidence and work goals. Understanding consumers' perspectives on how mental illness affects employment is necessary for practitioners and researchers seeking to explain or improve consumers' employment outcomes.