bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Visibility of Political Websites during Electoral Campaigns
Authors: Serra J. Paulo
Published: February 2014

This paper discusses how political parties and candidates try to enhance the public visibility of their websites during electoral campaigns, through a process that the author proposes calling the “meta-campaign.” This process significantly depends on the actions of journalists and the way in which they cover electoral campaigns. The discussion is based on an exploratory and qualitative study of the Portuguese campaign for the 2009 European Parliament election. The main reason the authors chose this election was that European themes, being less familiar to Portuguese citizens than national ones, would highlight the need for information about the salient issues as well as the tools for attaining this information, with the websites of political parties and candidates clearly being one of the latter.
Hybrid Tolerance Rough Set
Authors: Jothi G. , Inbarani H. Hannah , Azar Ahmad Taher
Published: February 2014

Breast cancer is the most common malignant tumor found among young and middle aged women. Feature Selection is a process of selecting most enlightening features from the data set which preserves the original significance of the features following reduction. The traditional rough set method cannot be directly applied to deafening data. This is usually addressed by employing a discretization method, which can result in information loss. This paper proposes an approach based on the tolerance rough set model, which has the flair to deal with real-valued data whilst simultaneously retaining dataset semantics. In this paper, a novel supervised feature selection in mammogram images, using Tolerance Rough Set - PSO based Quick Reduct (STRSPSO-QR) and Tolerance Rough Set - PSO based Relative Reduct (STRSPSO-RR), is proposed. The results obtained using the proposed methods show an increase in the diagnostic accuracy.
Fuzzy Clustering with Multi-Resolution Bilateral Filtering for Medical Image Segmentation
Authors: Xiao Kai , Li Jianli , Xiao Shuangjiu , Guan Haibing , Fang Fang , Hassanien Aboul Ella
Published: February 2014

Although fuzzy c-means (FCM) algorithm and some of its variants have been extensively widely used in unsupervised medical image segmentation applications in recent years, they more or less suffer from either noise sensitivity or loss of details, which always is a key point to medical image processing. This paper presents a novel FCM variation method that is suitable for medical image segmentation. The proposed method, typically by incorporating multi-resolution bilateral filter which is combined with wavelet thresholding, provides the following advantages: (1) it is less sensitive to both high- and low-frequency noise and removes spurious blobs and noisy spots, (2) it yields more homogeneous clustering regions, and (3) it preserves detail, thus significantly improving clustering performance. By the use of synthetic and multiple-feature magnetic resonance (MR) image data, the experimental results and quantitative analyses suggest that, compared to other fuzzy clustering algorithms, the proposed method further enhances the robustness to noisy images and capacity of detail preservation.
Michigan vs. Pittsburgh Style GA Optimisation of Fuzzy Rule Bases for Gene Expression Analysis
Authors: Schaefer Gerald , Nakashima Tomoharu
Published: February 2014

Microarray studies and gene expression analysis have received a lot of attention and provide many promising avenues towards the understanding of fundamental questions in biology and medicine. In this paper, the authors perform gene expression analysis and apply two hybrid GA-fuzzy approaches to classify gene expression data. Both are based on fuzzy if-then rule bases but they differ in the way these rule bases are optimised. The authors employ both a Michigan style approach, where single rules are handled as individuals in the population of the genetic algorithm, and a Pittsburgh type algorithm, which treats whole rule sets as individuals. Experimental results show that both approaches achieve good classification accuracy but that the Michigan style algorithm clearly outperforms the Pittsburgh classifier.
Analysis of the Internet Impact on the Real Estate Industry
Authors: Cherif Emna
Published: February 2014

Real estate is an information intensive industry where realtors/agents represent information intermediaries between buyers and sellers. This paper analyzes the evolution that the Internet brings to the real estate transactions at different levels. The authors discuss the stages of both traditional and internet based residential real estate transaction. The authors perform UML language modelling and analysis of the transactions in the real estate industry for both traditional and using Internet. The authors also compare their models to the frameworks in the service science area. Then the authors discuss how transactions costs may be reduced and provide competitive advantage for new services.
Application of TOPSIS for Solving Optimal Brand Communication Effect on the Portal
Authors: Lee Yueh-Hua , Wu Feng-Yi , Chuang Chung-Chu
Published: February 2014

Based on the cognitive psychology of selective attention and priming effect, and visual display effect, this research aims to explore how banner advertisements in the portal sites affect brand communication after end user enter the web. This study uses online SSI Web questionnaire and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method. The prime age group selection considers the brand communication effect simultaneously from involvement, advertising attitude, purchase intention and attractiveness of advertisement content. Finally, TOPSIS are presented as an empirical example in brand communication effect on the web portal. The result indicates that the advertising through portal site has optimal brand communication effect on age between 20 to 29 years. The results can help business to make efficient decision. Managerial issues and future work of this paper are discussed.
Cholesterol Crystals Induce Complement-Dependent Inflammasome Activation and Cytokine Release
Authors: Samstad Eivind O. , Niyonzima Nathalie , Nymo Stig , Aune Marie H. , Ryan Liv , Bakke Siril S. , Lappegård Knut T. , Brekke Ole-Lars , Lambris John D. , Damås Jan K. , Latz Eicke , Mollnes Tom E. , Espevik Terje
Published: February 2014

Inflammation is associated with development of atherosclerosis, and cholesterol crystals (CC) have long been recognized as a hallmark of atherosclerotic lesions. CC appear early in the atheroma development and trigger inflammation by NLRP3 inflammasome activation. In this study we hypothesized whether CC employ the complement system to activate inflammasome/caspase-1, leading to release of mature IL-1β, and whether complement activation regulates CC-induced cytokine production. In this study we describe that CC activated both the classical and alternative complement pathways, and C1q was found to be crucial for the activation. CC employed C5a in the release of a number of cytokines in whole blood, including IL-1β and TNF. CC induced minimal amounts of cytokines in C5-deficient whole blood, until reconstituted with C5. Furthermore, C5a and TNF in combination acted as a potent primer for CC-induced IL-1β release by increasing IL-1β transcripts. CC-induced complement activation resulted in upregulation of complement receptor 3 (CD11b/CD18), leading to phagocytosis of CC. Also, CC mounted a complement-dependent production of reactive oxygen species and active caspase-1. We conclude that CC employ the complement system to induce cytokines and activate the inflammasome/caspase-1 by regulating several cellular responses in human monocytes. In light of this, complement inhibition might be an interesting therapeutic approach for treatment of atherosclerosis.
Measuring and weighing psychostasia in Q 6:37–38: Intertexts from the Old Testament
Authors: Howes Llewellyn
Published: February 2014

This article is the first of three on the relationship between the Sayings Gospel Q and the ancient concept of ‘psychostasia,’ which is the ancient notion that a divine or supernatural figure weighed people’s souls when judging them. The ultimate goal of all three articles is to enhance our understanding of Q 6:37–38, as well as of the Q document as a whole. In the current article, attention is focused on intertexts from the Old Testament, and the occurrences therein of the word ‘measure’ and the concept of ‘psychostasia’. The implications of these results for our interpretation of Q 6:37–38 are briefly noted. A second (future) article will focus on intertexts in apocryphal and pseudepigraphical writings from Second Temple Judaism dealing with ‘psychostasia’. A third study will ultimately spell out in more comprehensive detail the implications of the foregoing intertextual investigations on both our understanding of Q 6:37–38 and our understanding of the Sayings Gospel Q as a whole.
Patient-centredness: meaning and propriety in the Botswana, African and non-Western contexts
Authors: Setlhare Vincent , Couper Ian , Wright Anne
Published: February 2014

No abstract available
On an Exponential Functional Inequality and its Distributional Version
Authors: Chung Jaeyoung
Published: February 2014

Let G be a group and 𝕂 = ℂ or ℝ. In this article, as a generalization of the result of Albert and Baker, we investigate the behavior of bounded and unbounded functions f : G → 𝕂 satisfying the inequality

Where ϕ: Gn-1 → [0,∞]. Also as a a distributional version of the above inequality we consider the stability of the functional equation

where u is a Schwartz distribution or Gelfand hyperfunction, o and ⊗ are the pullback and tensor product of distributions, respectively, and S(x1, ..., xn) = x1 + · · · + xn.
Carney Complex
Authors: Agarwal Surendra Kumar , Pande Shantanu , Chandra Bipin
Published: February 2014

The complex of myxomas, spotty skin pigmentation, and endocrine over activity or Carney complex (CNC) (MIM no. 160980) is an autosomal dominant disorder that was described in 1985 by Carney. The diagnosis of CNC is made if two of the main manifestations of the syndrome are present, these need to be confirmed by histology, biochemical testing, or imaging. Alternatively, the diagnosis is made when one of the criteria is present and the patient is a carrier of a known inactivating mutation of the PRKAR1A gene. Most cases of CNC are caused by inactivating mutations in the gene encoding one of the subunits of the protein kinase A (PKA) tetrameric enzyme, namely regulatory subunit type1 alpha (PRKAR1A), located at 17q22-24. Endocrine, dermatologic, and cardiac anomalies are the main manifestations of CNC. Skin abnormalities are present in almost 77% of the CNC patients. Variety of endocrine gland tumors are observed in CNC patients, namely growth hormone secreting pituitary adenoma (acromegaly), thyroid adenomas or carcinomas, testicular tumors (large cell calcifying sertoli cell tumors), and ovarian cyst. Cardiac myxoma is the most common primary tumor affecting the heart, accounting for nearly half of cardiac neoplasms. Approximately, 30-60% of CNC patients will develop cardiac myxoma, usually at much younger ages than the sporadic tumors. A high degree of suspicion, complete evaluation, genetic counseling is important aspect of management of Carney's disease. Once confirmed, surgical removal remains the mainstay of treatment.

How to cite this article

Majumdar G, Agarwal SK, Pande S, Chandra B. Carney Complex. World J Endoc Surg 2014;6(1):1-6.
The Surgical Landmark for Facial Foramen
Authors: Tungkeeratichai Jumroon , Bhongmakapat Thongchai , Saitongdee Porncharn , Orathai Pisamai
Published: February 2014

Objective

To study the localization and relative of the supratrochlear, supraorbital, infraorbital and mental foramen in Thai cadavers to external landmarks for helps the surgeon to easily and practically identify these foramen.

Materials and methods

The localization of the supratrochlear, supraorbital, infraorbital and mental foramen in adult Thai cadavers were studied in 110 cadevers (220 sides) from 2008 until 2012. The analyses were also performed to compare differences between sexes and sides.

Results

Mean length of supraorbital foramen from nasal midline on the right side was 2.76 cm, left side 2.75 cm, above supraorbital rim right side 0.23 cm, left side 0.23 cm. Mean length of supratrochlear foramen from nasal midline on the right side was 1.77 cm, left side 1.76 cm. Mean length of infraorbital foramen from maxillary midline on the right side was 3.06 cm, left side 3.07 cm, from infraorbital rim on the right side was 0.94 cm, left side 0.92 cm. Mean length of mental foramen measurement straight to symphysis menti on the right side was 3.19 cm, left side 3.18 cm. Measurement along curvature of the mandible on the right side was 3.49 cm, left side 3.49 cm.

Conclusion

The knowledge gained from this study is quite important, since it helps the surgeon to easily and practically identify supraorbital notch/foramen, supratrochlea foramen, infraorbital foramen and mental foramen. This will help avoid injury of the neurovascular bundles passing though these sets of foramen.

How to cite this article

Tungkeeratichai J, Bhongmakapat T, Saitongdee P, Orathai P. The Surgical Landmark for Facial Foramen. Int J Otorhinolaryngol Clin 2013;5(3):121-124.
Is the Silicone Implant actually in the Subperiosteal Pocket in Augmented Rhinoplasty?
Authors: Tungkeeratichai Jumroon , Bhongmakapat Thongchai , Saitongdee Porncharn , Orathai Pisamai , Urathamakul Sarinya , Chintrakarn Chalermchai , Kunachak Somyot
Published: February 2014

Purpose

To identify the right plane in augmented rhinoplasty to help facilitate the facial plastic surgeons in creating more natural look in oriental noses.

Materials and methods

One hundred and ten adult Thai cadavers comprising 61 males and 49 females from Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University were included in this study. Augmentation rhinoplasty with the closed technique was performed by using silicone prosthesis; then, surgical incision was done at midline from nasion to nasal tip to identify the correlation between silicone and periosteum in the area of rhinion and nasion.

Results

This study included 61 male and 49 female cadavers. At the rhinion, silicones were placed in subperiosteal plane of 65 cadavers (59.1%) and above periosteum of 45 cadavers (40.9%). In nasion area, silicones were successfully inserted below periosteum of 109 cadavers (99.1%). However, silicone was placed in the supraperiosteum of only one cadaver (0.9%).

Conclusion

Silicone can be inserted into subperiosteal layer in the area of nasion easier than in the area of rhinion. Augmented rhinoplasty by using silicone insertion in subperiosteal plane, at lease in the nasion area, makes it more natural look, stable and can prevent misalignment.

How to cite this article

Tungkeeratichai J, Urathamakul S, Chintrakarn C, Bhongmakapat T, Saitongdee P, Orathai P, Kunachak S. Is the Silicone Implant actually in the Subperiosteal Pocket in Augmented Rhinoplasty? Int J Otorhinolaryngol Clin 2013;5(3):130-132.
Cephalometric and Audiological Assessment of Eustachian Tube in Down Syndrome and Chronic Otitis Media
Authors: Khanna Sunali , Rangasayee R
Published: February 2014

Objective

Cephalometric assessment of Eustachian tube (ET) parameters and audiological evaluation in Down syndrome (DS) and Chronic Otitis Media (COM) and comparison with controls. The ET length, Total Cranial Base (TCB), Posterior Upper Facial Height (PUFH), Maxillary Depth (MD), s-ba (sella-basion) to Palatal Line (PL) and s-ba to ET length were considered.

Materials and methods

The study comprised of 75 subjects of both sexes in the age range of 7 to 20 years. Digital lateral cephalometry was performed for DS, COM and controls (n = 25). Pure tone audiometry (PTA) and immittance audiometry (IA) was performed to assess audiological status.

Results

ET length, PUFH, TCB and MD was found to be significantly reduced in DS and COM. s-ba to PL and s-ba to ET was significantly reduced in DS and COM. The s-ba to PL and s-ba to ET length angle in moderate and severe CHL (Conductive Hearing Loss) was decreased significantly. The s-ba to ET length was significantly decreased in patients with B and C tympanogram.

Conclusion

Aberration in the dimension of the region of the ET can be considered as a predisposing factor for otitis media and conductive hearing loss in DS.

How to cite this article

Khanna S, Rangasayee R. Cephalometric and Audiological Assessment of Eustachian Tube in Down Syndrome and Chronic Otitis Media. Int J Otorhinolaryngol Clin 2013;5(3):133-138.
Imbalance and Falls in Elderly: Review of Literature
Authors: Chauhan Yogendra Singh
Published: February 2014

The purpose of review is to emphasize on the causes and assessment of elderly with imbalance and fall. Rising elderly population in future leading to increase in falls episode and associated injury will bring neurologists, otolaryngologists, cardiologists, psychiatrists, orthopedicians and occupational therapists under one umbrella for the management of elderly with balance disorder. This will increase in interspeciality mutualism and understanding ultimately leading to achieve goal to help our elderly to have better life.

How to cite this article

Chauhan YS. Imbalance and Falls in Elderly: Review of Literature. Int J Otorhinolaryngol Clin 2013;5(3):139-141.
Ice particles in the upper anvil regions of midlatitude continental thunderstorms: the case for frozen-drop aggregates
Authors: Stith J. L. , Avallone L. M. , Bansemer A. , Basarab B. , Dorsi S. W. , Fuchs B. , Lawson R. P. , Rogers D. C. , Rutledge S. , Toohey D. W.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. This study examines the occurrence and morphology of frozen-drop aggregates in thunderstorm anvils from the United States Midwest and describes the environmental conditions where they are found. In situ airborne data collected in anvils using several particle imaging and sizing probes and bulk total water instrumentation during the 2012 Deep Convective Clouds and Chemistry experiment are examined for the presence of frozen-drop aggregates. Chains of frozen drops have been only rarely reported before and are hypothesized to aggregate due to electrical forces in the clouds. They were identified in nine of the anvil cases examined to date, suggesting that they are common features in these Midwestern anvils. High concentrations of individual frozen droplets occurred on the tops and edges of one particular set of anvils, while regions closer to the center and bottom of these anvils exhibited fewer frozen drops and more frozen-drop aggregates. Bulk ice water content measurements across these anvils could only be explained by contributions from both small particles (frozen droplets) and large particles (large aggregates of frozen droplets). Dual Doppler radar analysis confirmed the presence of deep and strong (> 15 m s−1) updrafts in the parent cloud of one of the anvils. These features contrast with previous anvil measurements in tropical/maritime anvils that evidently do not exhibit the same frequency of frozen-drop aggregates.
Long-term aerosol-mediated changes in cloud radiative forcing of deep clouds at the top and bottom of the atmosphere over the Southern Great Plains
Authors: Yan Hongru , Li Zhanqing , Huang Jianping , Cribb Maureen , Liu Jianjun
Published: February 2014

Abstract. Aerosols can alter the macro- and micro-physical properties of deep convective clouds (DCC) and their radiative forcing (CRF). This study presents what is arguably the first long-term estimate of the aerosol-mediated changes in CRF (AMCRF) for deep cloud systems derived from decade-long continuous ground-based and satellite observations, model simulations and reanalysis data. Measurements were made at the US Department of Energy's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program's Southern Great Plains (SGP) site. Satellite retrievals are from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES). Increases in aerosol loading were accompanied by the thickening of DCC cores and the expansion and thinning of anvils, due presumably to the aerosol invigoration effect (AIV) and the aerosol microphysical effect (AME). Meteorological variables dictating these cloud processes were investigated. Consistent with previous findings, the AIV is most significant when the atmosphere is moist and unstable with weak wind shear. Such aerosol-mediated systematic changes in DCC core thickness and anvil size alter CRF at the top of atmosphere (TOA) and at the surface. Using extensive observations, ~300 DCC systems were identified over a 10 yr period at the SGP site (2000–2011) and analyzed. Daily mean AMCRF at the TOA and at the surface are 29.3 W m−2 and 22.2 W m−2, respectively. This net warming effect due to changes in DCC microphysics offsets the cooling resulting from the first aerosol indirect effect.
Constraining the N2O5 UV absorption cross-section from spectroscopic trace gas measurements in the tropical mid-stratosphere
Authors: Kritten L. , Butz A. , Chipperfield M. P. , Dorf M. , Dhomse S. , Hossaini R. , Oelhaf H. , Prados-Roman C. , Wetzel G. , Pfeilsticker K.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. The absorption cross-section of N2O5, σN2O5(λ, T), which is known from laboratory measurements with the uncertainty of a factor of 2 (Table 4-2 in JPL-2011, Sander et al., 2011), was investigated by balloon-borne observations of the relevant trace gases in the tropical mid-stratosphere. The method relies on the observation of the diurnal variation of NO2 supported by detailed photochemical modelling of NOy (NOx(= NO + NO2) + NO3 + 2N2O5 + ClONO2 + HO2NO2 +BrONO2 + HNO3) photochemistry. Simulations are initialised with O3 measured by direct sun observations, the NOy partitioning from MIPAS-B (Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding-Balloon) observations in similar air masses at nighttime, and all other relevant species from simulations of the SLIMCAT chemical transport model (CTM). Best agreement between the simulated and observed diurnal increase of NO2 is found if the σN2O5(λ, T) is scaled by a factor of 1.6 ± 0.8 in the UV-C (200–260 nm) and by a factor of 0.9 ± 0.26 in the UV-B/A (260–350 nm), compared to current recommendations. In consequence, at 30 km altitude, the N2O5 lifetime against photolysis becomes a factor of 0.77 shorter at solar zenith angle (SZA) of 30° than using the recommended σN2O5 (λ, T), and stays more or less constant at SZAs of 60°. Our scaled N2O5 photolysis frequency slightly reduces the lifetime (0.2–0.6%) of ozone in the tropical mid- and upper stratosphere, but not to an extent to be important for global ozone.
Variations in the occurrence of SuperDARN F region echoes
Authors: Ghezelbash M. , Fiori R. A. D. , Koustov A V.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. The occurrence of F region ionospheric echoes observed by a number of SuperDARN HF radars is analyzed statistically in order to infer solar cycle, seasonal, and diurnal trends. The major focus is on Saskatoon radar data for 1994–2012. The distribution of the echo occurrence rate is presented in terms of month of observation and magnetic local time. Clear repetitive patterns are identified during periods of solar maximum and solar minimum. For years near solar maximum, echoes are most frequent near midnight during winter. For years near solar minimum, echoes occur more frequently near noon during winter, near dusk and dawn during equinoxes and near midnight during summer. Similar features are identified for the Hankasalmi and Prince George radars in the northern hemisphere and the Bruny Island TIGER radar in the southern hemisphere. Echo occurrence for the entire SuperDARN network demonstrates patterns similar to patterns in the echo occurrence for the Saskatoon radar and for other radars considered individually. In terms of the solar cycle, the occurrence rate of nightside echoes is shown to increase by a factor of at least 3 toward solar maximum while occurrence of the near-noon echoes does not significantly change with the exception of a clear depression during the declining phase of the solar cycle.
Changes in calcification of coccoliths under stable atmospheric CO2
Authors: Berger C. , Meier K. J. S. , Kinkel H. , Baumann K.-H.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. The response of coccolithophore calcification to ocean acidification has been studied in culture experiments as well as in present and past oceans. The response, however, is different between species and strains, and for the relatively small carbonate chemistry changes observed in natural environments, a uniform response of the entire coccolithophore community has not been documented so far. Moreover, previous palaeo-studies basically focus on changes in coccolith weight due to increasing CO2 and the resulting changes in the carbonate system, and only few studies focus on the influence of other environmental factors. In order to untangle changes in coccolithophore calcification due to environmental factors such as temperature and/or productivity from changes caused by increasing pCO2 and decreasing carbonate ion concentration, we here present a study on coccolith calcification from the Holocene North Atlantic Ocean. The pre-industrial Holocene, with its predominantly stable atmospheric CO2, provides the conditions for such a comprehensive analysis. For an analysis on changes in major components of Holocene coccolithophores under natural conditions, the family Noelaerhabdaceae was selected, which constitutes the main part of the assemblage in the North Atlantic. Records of average coccolith weights from three Holocene sediment cores along a north–south transect in the North Atlantic were analysed. During the Holocene, mean weight (and therefore calcification) of Noelaerhabdaceae (Emiliania huxleyi and Gephyrocapsa) coccoliths decreased at the Azores (Geofar KF 16) from around 7 to 6 pg, but increased at the Rockall Plateau (ODP site 980) from around 6 to 8 pg, and at the Vøring Plateau (MD08-3192) from 7 to 10 pg. The amplitude of average weight variability is within the range of glacial–interglacial changes that were interpreted to be an effect of decreasing carbonate ion concentration. By comparison with SEM assemblage counts, we show that weight changes are not only partly due to variations in the coccolithophore assemblage but also an effect of a change in calcification and/or morphotype variability within single species. Our results indicate that there is no single key factor responsible for the observed changes in coccolith weight. A major increase in coccolith weight occurs during a slight decrease in carbonate ion concentration in the late Holocene at the Rockall Plateau and Vøring Plateau. Here, more favourable productivity conditions apparently lead to an increase in coccolith weight, either due to the capability of coccolithophore species, especially E. huxleyi, to adapt to decreasing carbonate ion concentration or due to a shift towards heavier calcifying morphotypes.
C, N and P stoichiometric mismatch between resources and consumers influence the dynamics of a marine microbial food web model and its response to atmospheric N and P inputs
Authors: Pondaven P. , Pivière P. , Ridame C. , Guien C.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. Results from the DUNE experiments reported in this issue have shown that nutrient input from dust deposition in large mesocosms deployed in the western Mediterranean induced a response of the microbial food web, with an increase of primary production rates (PP), bacterial respiration rates (BR), as well as autotrophic and heterotrophic biomasses. Additionally, it was found that nutrient inputs strengthened the net heterotrophy of the system, with NPP : BR ratios < 1. In this study we used a simple microbial food web model, inspired from previous modelling studies, to explore how C, N and P stoichiometric mismatch between producers and consumers along the food chain can influence the dynamics and the trophic status of the ecosystem. Attention was paid to the mechanisms involved in the balance between net autotrophy vs. net heterotrophy. Although the model was kept simple, predicted changes in biomass and PP were qualitatively consistent with observations from DUNE experiments. Additionally, the model shed light on how ecological stoichiometric mismatch between producers and consumers can control food web dynamics and drive the system toward net heterotrophy. In the model, net heterotrophy was notably driven by the parameterisation of the production and excretion of extra DOC from phytoplankton under nutrient-limited conditions. This mechanism yielded to high C : P and C : N ratios of the DOM pool, and subsequent postabsorptive respiration of C by bacteria. The model also predicted that nutrient inputs from dust strengthened the net heterotrophy of the system; a pattern also observed during two of the three DUNE experiments (P and Q). However, the model was not able to account for the low NPP : BR ratios (down to 0.1) recorded during the DUNE experiments. Possible mechanisms involved in this discrepancy were discussed.
The role of the North Atlantic overturning and deep ocean for multi-decadal global-mean-temperature variability
Authors: Schleussner C. F. , Runge J. , Lehmann J. , Levermann A.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. Earth's climate exhibits internal modes of variability on various timescales. Here we investigate multi-decadal variability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC), Northern Hemisphere sea-ice extent and global mean temperature (GMT) in an ensemble of CMIP5 models under control conditions. We report an inter-annual GMT variability of about ±0.1° C originating solely from natural variability in the model ensemble. By decomposing the GMT variance into contributions of the AMOC and Northern Hemisphere sea-ice extent using a graph-theoretical statistical approach, we find the AMOC to contribute 8% to GMT variability in the ensemble mean. Our results highlight the importance of AMOC sea-ice feedbacks that explain 5% of the GMT variance, while the contribution solely related to the AMOC is found to be about 3%. As a consequence of multi-decadal AMOC variability, we report substantial variations in North Atlantic deep-ocean heat content with trends of up to 0.7 × 1022 J decade−1 that are of the order of observed changes over the last decade and consistent with the reduced GMT warming trend over this period. Although these temperature anomalies are largely density-compensated by salinity changes, we find a robust negative correlation between the AMOC and North Atlantic deep-ocean density with density lagging the AMOC by 5 to 11 yr in most models. While this would in principle allow for a self-sustained oscillatory behavior of the coupled AMOC–deep-ocean system, our results are inconclusive about the role of this feedback in the model ensemble.
The Met Office Unified Model Global Atmosphere 4.0 and JULES Global Land 4.0 configurations
Authors: Walters D. N. , Williams K. D. , Boutle I. A. , Bushell A. C. , Edwards J. M. , Field P. R. , Lock A. P. , Morcrette C. J. , Stratton R. A. , Wilkinson J. M. , Willett M. R. , Bellouin N. , Bodas-Salcedo A. , Brooks M. E. , Copsey D. , Earnshaw P. D. , Hardiman S. C. , Harris C. M. , Levine R. C. , MacLachlan C. , Manners J. C. , Martin G. M. , Milton S. F. , Palmer M. D. , Roberts M. J. , Rodríguez J. M. , Tennant W. J. , Vidale P. L.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. We describe Global Atmosphere 4.0 (GA4.0) and Global Land 4.0 (GL4.0): configurations of the Met Office Unified Model and JULES (Joint UK Land Environment Simulator) community land surface model developed for use in global and regional climate research and weather prediction activities. GA4.0 and GL4.0 are based on the previous GA3.0 and GL3.0 configurations, with the inclusion of developments made by the Met Office and its collaborators during its annual development cycle. This paper provides a comprehensive technical and scientific description of GA4.0 and GL4.0 as well as details of how these differ from their predecessors. We also present the results of some initial evaluations of their performance. Overall, performance is comparable with that of GA3.0/GL3.0; the updated configurations include improvements to the science of several parametrisation schemes, however, and will form a baseline for further ongoing development.
Hillslope experiment demonstrates role of convergence during two-step saturation
Authors: Gevaert A. I. , Teuling A. J. , Uijlenhoet R. , Troch P. A.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. A continuous and intense rainfall experiment on an artificial hillslope at the Landscape Evolution Observatory in Biosphere 2 resulted in saturation excess overland flow and gully erosion in the convergent hillslope area. An array of 496 soil moisture sensors revealed a two-step saturation process. First, the downward movement of the wetting front brought soils to a relatively constant but still unsaturated moisture content. Second, soils were brought to saturated conditions from below in response to rising water tables. Convergent areas responded faster than upslope areas, due to contributions from lateral subsurface flow. This led to the formation of a groundwater ridge in the convergent area, triggering saturation excess runoff generation. This unique experiment demonstrates, at very high spatial and temporal resolution, the role of convergence on subsurface storage and flow dynamics. The results bring into question the representation of saturation excess overland flow in conceptual rainfall-runoff models and land-surface models, since flow is gravity-driven in many of these models and upper layers cannot become saturated from below.
Rn and CO2 geochemistry of soil gas across the active fault zones in the capital area of China
Authors: Han X. , Li Y. , Du J. , Zhou X. , Xie C. , Zhang W.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. The present work is proposed to investigate the spatiotemporal variations of soil gas Rn and CO2 across the active faults in the capital area of China, for the understanding of fault activities and the assessment of seismic hazard. A total of 342 soil gas sampling sites were measured twice in 2011 and 2012 along seven profiles across four faults. The results of soil gas surveys show that in each profile, due to the variation of gas emission rate, the concentrations of Rn and CO2 changed in the vicinity of faults. Spatial distributions of Rn and CO2 in the study areas were different from each other, which was attributed to soil types affecting the existence of Rn and CO2. Compared with 2011 soil gas survey, the increases of Rn and CO2 concentrations in 2012 were related to the enhancement of seismic activities in the capital area of China. Our results indicate that special attention for seismic monitoring should be paid to Xinbaoan-Shacheng Fault and the north east segment of Tangshan Fault in the future.
Review of some significant claimed irregularities in Scandinavian postglacial uplift on timescales of tens to thousands of years – earthquakes in Denmark?
Authors: Gregersen S. , Voss P. H.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. The postglacial uplift and surrounding subsidence in Scandinavia is well described as close to regular, and the phenomenon is similar on timescales of tens, hundreds and thousands of years studied via geodesy, seismology and geology. Searches for irregularities in the form of earthquakes claimed in the scientific literature have disclosed many earthquakes right after the Ice Age, 9000 yr ago, and some later cases for further evaluation. In a previous report, the present authors have mentioned doubts about the validity of some of the most significant claimed irregularities. In the present paper, a review is made of these significant claimed irregularities in the south-western flank of the Scandinavian postglacial uplift and subsidence via literature studies of geodetic and geological claims of earthquakes as well as discussions in the field. Geodetic observations exist for all of Scandinavia that describe the phenomenon on a scale of 10s–100s of years. Earthquake observations in seismology are of relevance in the same timescales. Geological studies of dated shore lines describe the postglacial vertical earth-surface motion in a quite different timescale of 100s–1000s of years. There is a need for integration of these observations geographically. This is happening in the various timescales in the DynaQlim project. The review finds the claims unlikely to be earthquakes concerning the following: (1) geodynamical motion in the Copenhagen area, (2) a palaeo-earthquake in Læsø and (3) the recently proposed water level discrepancy in the southern part of Denmark. The assessment is less certain, but falls to improbable when concerning (4) proposed palaeo-earthquakes by Hallandsåsen in south-western Sweden.
Environmental Policy and Public Opinion: a Note on Instrument Choice
Authors: Calel Raphael
Published: February 2014

The Kyoto Protocol will run out in 2012, and the parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) are preparing to negotiate a new agreement at the 2009 Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen. The question of how we can most effectively reduce our consumption of natural resources is more relevant and more hotly debated than ever before. There is a consensus among the parties regarding the excessive consumption of natural resources (e.g. greenhouse gas emissions are equivalent to consumption of clean air). Surprisingly, most agree about the aggregate consumption levels that are needed to prevent or mitigate the most severe consequences of climate change. On the global level, a major topic of discussion has been the distribution of the cost of reducing natural resource consumption. Parties involved in the discussion weigh each country’s historical contribution to the problem on the one hand, and the consequences each country will suffer on the other. Although this is an important question that must be resolved before a comprehensive solution is agreed upon, countries around the world have realised that they cannot wait for such an agreement before springing into action. The question that must be answered right away, then, is: how can countries or regions most effectively achieve reductions in their natural resource consumption?
Reflexión sobre la política como continuidad de la guerra por otros medios
Authors: Román Jaime Wheelock
Published: February 2014

En la Nicaragua de hoy, la política es la continuidad de la guerra por otros medios. Los acuerdos de cese al fuego dejaron intactas las posiciones excluyentes y confrontativas de los bandos en pugna y fueron trasladados al terreno de la política y desde allí hacia las instituciones del Estado. Son afirmaciones en el marco de una reflexión que llama a buscar soluciones a las diferencias políticas, a través del diálogo, la negociación y el consenso. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/cultura.v19i61.1293 Cultura de Paz Vol.19 No.61 2013; 13-17
De los Ortegas buenos: Un códice en la piel de la memoria
Authors: Lovo Anastasio
Published: February 2014

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/cultura.v19i61.1298 Cultura de Paz Vol.19 No.61 2013; 42-43
Conferencia Magistral: Universalizar legados femeninos, construir racionalidad civilizatoria: pasos hacia una cultura de paz
Authors: Portolés Carmen Magallón
Published: February 2014

La doctora Carmen Magallón fundamenta este tema sobre cuatro ideas fundamentales: el concepto de paz positiva que incluye la ausencia de guerra, pero también la presencia de derechos humanos, democracia y desarrollo; coherencia entre fines y medios; distinción entre conflicto y violencia; y escuchar las voces excluidas. Desarrolla en profundidad esta última, relevando los legados femeninos, su organicidad a favor de la paz y los conceptos de vulnerabilidad, pensamiento maternal y sostenibilidad de la vida. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/cultura.v19i61.1300 Cultura de Paz Vol.19 No.61 2013; S1-S16
Real-Life Decision Making in College Students II: Do Individual Differences Show Reliable Effects?
Authors: Galotti Kathleen M. , Tandler Jane M. , Wiener Hillary J. D.
Published: February 2014

First-year undergraduates participated in a short-term longitudinal study of real-life decision making over their first 14 months of college. They were surveyed about 7 different decisions: choosing courses for upcoming terms (on 3 different occasions), choosing an academic major (twice), planning for the upcoming summer, and planning for sophomore-year housing. They also completed a survey of self-reported decision-making styles and the Need for Cognition survey (Cacioppo and Petty, 1982) to assess their focus on rationality and enjoyment of analytic thinking. Results showed few statistically significant correlations between stylistic measures and behavioral measures of decision making, in either the amount of information considered or the way in which the information integration tracked predictions of linear models of decision making applied to each participant’s data. However, there were consistent correlations, across the 7 decisions, between stylistic measures and affective reactions to, or retrospective descriptions of, episodes of decision making. We suggest that decision-making styles instruments may better reflect the construction of narratives of self as a decision maker more than they do actual behavior during decision making.
Small Steps Lead to Operational Efficiencies
Authors: Bigelow John R.
Published: February 2014

With increasing concern about limited water supplies, energy consumption, water quality, and climate change, water utilities are under greater pressure to enhance efficiency and operational effectiveness. Drinking water systems can implement efficiency measures and still deliver an unchanged or improved level of service to consumers.
Rooster Town: Winnipeg’s Lost Métis Suburb, 1900–1960
Authors: Burley David G.
Published: February 2014

In the spring of 1959 the City of Winnipeg ordered the removal of fourteen families, mostly Métis, from land needed for the construction of a new high school in south Winnipeg. For at least a decade, the presence of Rooster Town, as the squatters’ shantytown was known, had drawn complaints from residents of the new middle-class suburbs who objected to the proximity of families of mixed ancestry who seemed indolent, immoral, and irresponsible and whose children brought contagious diseases into the elementary school. Suburban anxieties gave expression to a much deeper municipal colonialism that since the incorporation of Winnipeg had denied Aboriginal people a place in the city. Various agencies of municipal governance and the processes of urban development dispossessed indigenous peoples and pushed them farther onto the edges of the city until no space remained for them. The removal of Rooster Town erased the last visible evidence of a continuing Métis community that had survived in the area since the nineteenth century and that at its peak in the 1930s had numbered several hundred residents.
Effect of oxygen plasma treatment on CdSe/CdZnS quantum-dot light-emitting diodes
Authors: Cho Nam-Kwang , Yu Jae-woong , Kim Young Heon , Kang Seong Jun
Published: February 2014

Red-light-emitting diodes (LEDs) were fabricated using CdSe/CdZnS quantum dots (QDs). During the device fabrication process, the oxygen plasma treatment of the indium–tin oxide (ITO) surface was performed to improve the interfacial contact between the ITO anode and the hole injection layer. The device showed red emission at 622 nm, which was consistent with the dimensions of the QDs (band gap: 1.99 eV). The luminance was 108.77 cd/m2 and the current density was 230.2 mA/cm2 at an operating voltage of 7 V, when the oxygen plasma treatment was performed on the ITO surface. The luminance showed 207% improvement compared with that of LEDs fabricated without oxygen plasma treatment. These results suggested that the oxygen plasma treatment of the ITO surface improved the contact between ITO and PEDOT:PSS, and that the light emitting intensity was markedly improved.
Negative differential conductivity and carrier heating in gate-all-around Si nanowire FETs and its impact on CMOS logic circuits
Authors: Nayak Kaushik , Bajaj Mohit , Konar Aniruddha , Oldiges Philip J. , Iwai Hiroshi , Murali K. V. R. M. , Ramgopal Rao V.
Published: February 2014

In this paper, we present a fully-coupled and self-consistent continuum based three-dimensional numerical analysis to understand hot carrier and device self-heating effects for device-circuit co-optimization in Si gate-all-around nanowire FETs. We employ three-moment based energy transport formulations and two-dimensional quantum confinement effects to demonstrate negative differential conductivity in Si nanowire FETs and assess its impact on a CMOS inverter and three-stage ring oscillator. We show that strong two-dimensional quantum confinement yields volume inversion conditions in Si nanowire FETs and surround gate geometry enables better short-channel effect control. We find that hot carrier and self-heating effects can degrade ON-state current in Si nanowire FETs and severely limit the logic circuit performance due to the introduction of higher signal propagation delays.
Effectiveness of Rituximab for the Otolaryngologic Manifestations of Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis (Wegener's)
Authors: Lally Lindsay , Lebovics Robert S. , Huang Wei‐Ti , Spiera Robert F.
Published: February 2014

Objective

Ear, nose, and throat (ENT) involvement is the most prevalent manifestation of granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's) (GPA) and correlates with permanent damage and decreased quality of life. Although prior studies have evaluated the efficacy of rituximab (RTX) for granulomatous features of GPA, none have evaluated its efficacy solely for ENT manifestations. We compared the effectiveness of RTX to other therapies for the ENT manifestations of GPA in a large, well‐characterized cohort.

Methods

We performed a retrospective analysis of 975 visits from 99 GPA patients seen at a tertiary care ENT practice between 2003 and 2013. At each visit, subjects had a complete ENT examination, with ENT activity assessed by a single expert otolaryngologist. ENT disease activity during the observational period in subjects receiving RTX was compared to subjects receiving all other therapy.

Results

In total, 48 subjects had never received RTX and 51 received RTX at least once. There was no active ENT disease during 92.4% of the observational period (days) for subjects receiving RTX, compared with 53.7% of the observational period for subjects not receiving RTX (odds ratio 11.0 [95% confidence interval 5.5–22.0], P < 0.0001). Subjects receiving RTX, compared with those receiving methotrexate, azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, or trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole, were significantly more likely to have no active ENT disease (P < 0.0001 for each comparison).

Conclusion

RTX is an effective treatment for ENT manifestations of GPA. Subjects treated with RTX were significantly less likely to have active ENT disease compared with those not receiving RTX. Patients being treated with RTX were 11 times less likely to have active ENT disease than patients being treated with other therapies.