bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Study on the Galvanealing Process for High Strength Low Alloying Auto Steel
Authors: Fang Fang , Wang Li Xin , Wang Li Hui , Sun Fang Yi
Published: November 2014

An industry trial high strength low alloying auto steel was undergone simulated continuous galvanealing processed. The research results show that, good surface and mechanical properties of matrix for the following galvanealing process were achieved by controlling the steel making, final and coiling temperature of hot rolling in minor fluctuation. When the experimental steels were galvanealed at 520°C and 20s in simulation, more plastic ζ phase, less brittle δ phase in the coating guaranteed good powdering resistance performance.
Research Development on Water Quality Criteria
Authors: Qin Lu Mei , Zeng Hong Hu , Liang Yan Peng
Published: November 2014

Water quality criteria (WQC) is based on the results of scientific experiments and inferences, which prescribe a limit threshold value to pollutants and other harmful factors in water. The system of water quality criteria study is basically a blank circumstance. It’s urgent to establish water quality criteria to adapt with the characters of China water environment to supply theoretic bases for revising water quality standards and managing environment. In this paper, an overview of the water quality criteria, as well as domestic and foreign research progress in theoretical methodology are systematically discussed, furthermore, considering current status of water quality criteria, comprehensive research were pointed out to be done in the future.
The Seed Bank Response of Five Pioneer Plants to Flooding – A Implication for Riverbank Vegetation Restoration
Authors: Wang Ji , Chen Fang Qing , Xiang Lin , Geng Meng Ya
Published: November 2014

Abstract. The seed bank response of five pioneer plants, including Cynodon dactylon, Setaria viridis, Amorpha fruticosa, Alternanthera Philoxeroides and Xanthium sibiricum, to flooding were tested through simulating the flooding experiments. The flooding treatments included 30d, 60d, 90d and the control. All of the treated seeds were germinated under an appropriate germinate condition. The results showed that seed germination rate and germination index of Amorpha fruticosa and Xanthium sibiricum increased with the increasing flooding time meanwhile that of Setaria viridis and Alternanthera Philoxeroides decreased, and Cynodon dactylon germination decreased firstly and then increased with the increasing flooding time. The results suggested that flooding influenced significantly seed germination, and implicated that Amorpha fruticosa, Cynodon dactylon and Amorpha fruticosa were appropriate species for the construction of artificial seed bank to restore riverbank vegetation in the Three Gorges reservoir area.
Trend Analysis on Precipitation Time Series Data in Munda Catchment, Pakistan
Authors: Ahmad Ijaz , Tang De Shan , Wang Mei , Hashim Sarfraz
Published: November 2014

This paper investigates the trends in precipitation time series of 10 stations for the time period of 51 years (1961-2011) in the Munda catchment, Pakistan. The Mann-Kendall (MK) and Spearman’s rho (SR) tests were employed for detection of the trend on the seasonal and annual basis at 5% significance level. For the removal of the serial correlation Trend Free Pre-Whitening approach was applied. The results show, a mixture of positive (increasing) and negative (decreasing) trends. A shift in precipitation time series is observed on seasonal scale from summer to autumn season. The Charbagh station exhibits the most number of significant cases on the seasonal basis while, no significant trends are found at Thalozom, Kalam and Dir stations. On the annual basis, only Charbagh station shows a significant positive trend, while on other stations, no significant trends are found annually. The performance of MK and SR tests was consistent in detecting the trend at different stations.
Numerical Study on the Running Safety of High-Speed Train under the Cross Wind
Authors: Chen Xiang Dong , Xu Yu Gong
Published: November 2014

With the increasing speed, the crosswind effect is the more and more obvious. The three dimensional aerodynamic model of the high-speed train was set up to study the aerodynamic characteristics of the train under the cross wind. Based on the vehicle system dynamics, the couple model for dynamics of wind-train-rail systems was set up to study the train safety under the wind load. The derailment coefficient and reduction rate of wheel load were analyzed under the different train speed, different wind velocity. The results of this research can provide a theoretical basis for the high-speed train safety.
Road Performance of Warm-Mix Modified Bitumen Mixture with EC120
Authors: Xiao Jie , Mo Zhi Fan , Lu Hong Xin , Tang Xian Yuan
Published: November 2014

A series of laboratory tests on warm-mix AC-13 dense gradation asphalt mixture with 3% EC120 were carried out by the method of identical volume. A comparative analysis of common hot asphalt mixture was performed. The results indicate that the reduction of compaction temperature of warm-mix modified bitumen mixture is 27.1°C with addition of 3% EC120. The road performances of warm-mix asphalt mixture determined by the method of identical volume satisfied the specification. Compared to the common hot asphalt mixture, the warm-mix modified asphalt mixture has excellent high temperature stability, slightly low moisture susceptibility and better low-temperature crack resistance.
An Analysis on the Model of Wind Power Generation Cost per Kilowatt-Hour in China
Authors: Shen Jing , Yan Li Juan , Li Yuan
Published: November 2014

In this paper, a model of wind power generation cost per Kilowatt-hour is proposed. Firstly, we analyzed the factors which influence the wind power generation cost, and then highlighted the interest cost and tax cost which had been neglected in previous research works. Finally, we gave the calculation formula of the wind power generation cost per Kilowatt-hour. A case had also been studied to to verify the effectiveness of the model. We find that the wind power generation costs per kilowatt-hour is still much higher than regular energy generation costs if we ignore the government allowance. Although there's limited room for further declines in the cost of wind power generation, we still gave some some valuable advice in the end.
Optimal Construction Program of Wind Power Farm on the Beach
Authors: Zou Hua
Published: November 2014

With the rapid development of economic, energy shortages have become increasingly prominent. Developing the new clean energy, wind energy, has become an inevitable trend. In this paper, different fan foundation schemes are proposed and compared, and it shows that the total investment of the single pile foundation is higher than that of high pile caps foundation and the scheme of high pile caps foundation with 3.0 MW can be used as the optimal solution to guide the project investment.
Research on the Impact of Shadow on the Performance of Building Photovoltaic System
Authors: Guo Liang , Liang Yun , Zhang Xu , Yang Xiao Tian
Published: November 2014

With the rapid development of world economy, the energy crisis has become one of the urgent problems to be solved. Photovoltaic technology is a green new energy industry, no pollution is widely used all over the world. Typically, for photovoltaic component installation, only considering the utilization of components support cost and area, and the arrangement of components have not given enough attention. Photovoltaic module in use process will inevitably encounter the shadow, the shadow changes to make appropriate adjustments to the PV module arrangement can enhance the power generation capacity. Effect of the shadow on the photovoltaic system performance can be effectively used for photovoltaic component to bring help, is of positive significance. This study analyzed the villa model typical, and the rectangular shadow is modeling, in order to analyze the influence on the photovoltaic component. Through the conclusion of this study can determine the horizontal and vertical components of photovoltaic components which caused little damage, and provide a reference for future research of shadow and photovoltaic system performance.
Simulation Design and Benefit Analysis of Grid-Connected Photovoltaic System
Authors: Wang Chao , Liu Ye , Zhang Xu , Yang Xiao Tian
Published: November 2014

With the development of science and technology, the demand for energy conservation and environmental protection is rising. Grid-connected photovoltaic system industry is developing rapidly in this situation. Taken the typical villa in ChangChun as an example, based on the geographical feature of Jilin province, we design a set of complete grid-connected photovoltaic system power generation system. It contains the configuration of equipment, capacity design, series-parallel design of modules and the design of grid electrical system. In addition, through aiding design by the professional software for photovoltaic system (PVsyst), we calculate the power generation, and we analyze the economic and environmental benefits of this system in 25 years. It will be beneficial to deploy photovoltaic system in the field of building energy efficiency.
Numerical Study on Supersonic Combustor with an Allotype Cavity
Authors: Wu Jin Xiang , Sun Jian , Gou Xiang , Liu Lian Sheng
Published: November 2014

The three-dimensional coupled explicit Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations and the two equation shear-stress transport k-w (SST k-w) model has been employed to numerically simulate the cold flow field in a special-shaped cavity-based supersonic combustor. In a cross-section shaped rectangular, hypersonic inlet with airflow at Mach 2.0 chamber, shock structures and flow characteristics of a herringbone-shaped boss and a herringbone-shaped cavity models were discussed, respectively. The results indicate: Firstly, according to the similarities of bevel-cutting shock characteristics between the boss case and the cavity case, the boss structure can serve as an ideal alternative model for shear-layer. Secondly, the eddies within cavity are composed of herringbone-spanwise vortexes, columnar vortices in the front and main-spanwise vortexes in the rear, featuring tilting, twisting and stretching. Thirdly, the simulated bottom-flow of cavity is in good agreement with experimental result, while the reverse flow-entrainment resulting from herringbone geometry and pressure gradient. However, the herringbone-shaped cavity has a better performance in fuel-mixing.
The Effects of Arrangement of Longitudinal Vortex Generators on the Flow and Heat Transfer in the Rectangular Channel
Authors: Cai Nan , Tian Li Ting , Min Chun Hua , Qi Cheng Yin
Published: November 2014

In this paper, the heat transfer performance and flow resistance characteristics of the asymmetric arrangement of the rectangular winglet longitudinal vortex generators in the rectangular channels are numerically studied. Results show that at Re=500~2000, comparing with the symmetric arrangement of the longitudinal vortex generator, the Nusselt number of the asymmetric arrangement of the longitudinal vortex generator only decreased by 4% ~ 6%,while,the friction factor f decreases by 11% ~ 22%,the effect of flow drag reduction is very obvious. The asymmetric arrangements of the longitudinal vortex generators show the better overall thermal performance with the increase of j/f by 5% ~ 20%.
Study on the Feasibility and Environmental Benefits of South Hot Spring Wastewater Source Heat Pump Technology
Authors: Xing Hong Wei , Lai Li , Chen Jin Hua , Qin Kun Rong , Xu Wu Dong
Published: November 2014

South Hot Spring wastewater source heat pump technology was introduced, and the basic status and application situation of South Hot Spring wastewater were analyzed. The environmental pollution index of wastewater was detected. Besides, the energy efficiency ratio of wastewater source heat pump system in South Hot Spring was predicted. What's more, the payback period and environmental benefits of the system in theory were also calculated. It shows that the system's payback period is 7 years, while 351 tons of standard coal and 2.25 million kWh of electricity were saved.
The Experimental Analysis on the Regularity of Heating Load in Buildings Using Heat Meters with On-Off Time and Area Method in Shijiazhuang Area
Authors: Wang Chao , Sun Chun Hua , Qi Cheng Ying , Jin Feng Yun , Shao Bo
Published: November 2014

Based on the heating load experiment adopting on-off time and area measuring method of typical heat users located in different places of different buildings in Shijiazhuang, the heating loads of the heat users which are summarized as two typical heat using modes are studied in this paper and the heating loads in the whole winter heating season of the building is estimated. The results shows that with the user’s heat adopting ratio in these two modes increases, the corresponding heating load is lower, the heating load distribution curve gets smoothly in the whole heating period and the peak value of the system heating loads reduces. This regularity of heating load distribution is beneficial for enhancing the stability of heating system and the thermal efficiency of the heat source.
The Inverse Kinematics and Simulation of a Novel 3-DOF Parallel Mechanism
Authors: Dai Xiao Lin , Chen Yi , Zhang Lei
Published: November 2014

A novel 3-DOF parallel mechanism is presented and the inverse kinematics is derived by using geometric constraint between each rods. The co-simulation based on ADAMS is proceeded to verify the correctness of the inverse kinematics. This algorithm is the basis for the application of such parallel mechanism.
Experimental Study and Mechanism Analysis of Effervescent Atomization
Authors: Du Cong , Liu Lian Sheng , Fan Jian Guang
Published: November 2014

The flowand spraycharacteristic of effervescent atomization nozzle has been studied experimentallyandthe inner flow fieldwasanalyzedwithnumerical method. Experiments show that the injection pressure and air/liquid ratio (ALR) are the major factors impacting the atomization stability, and the flow coefficientof the nozzleranged in 0.1-0.15. The VOF simulation of the inner flow field of the nozzle reveals the generaltransformationprocess of the bubble, and the region near the exit orifice plays the dominant roleduringtheatomizationprocesswhere miniature bubbles are generated, expanded in size and accelerated and interacting with the local flow field.
Evaluation of the Effect of Fuel Properties on the Fuel Spray and Jet Characteristics in a HGV DI Diesel Engine Operated by Used Cooking Oils
Authors: Dizayi Buland , Li Hu , Tomlin Alison S. , Cunliffe Adrian
Published: November 2014

Fuel injection systems in modern diesel engines are designed and built to comply with very stringent environmental standards. They should also meet the highest level of fuel economy. Drivability, rapid response and easy and accurate control are a common demand. Changing the fuel characteristics could affect the performance of the fuel injection system. This study focuses on the evaluation of fuel spray characteristics of straight used cooking oil (SUCO) and its blends with petroleum diesel (PD) as a surrogate for pure PD. Used cooking oil blends have quite different physical properties from those of pure PD. Data for the lower heating value (LHV), density and viscosity were obtained from laboratory analysis. These data were merged with the physical and thermodynamic conditions of the diesel engine of interest to evaluate the dynamic behaviour of the fuel jet in 360° of crank rotation namely, the compression stroke, and the power stroke including the injection process. Engine operational conditions were calculated using a diesel dual thermodynamic cycle taking into account fuel injection adjustment at three different speeds, namely, idle speed, maximum torque speed and rated power speed. The results showed that fuel jet characteristics vary with SUCO content in the fuel blend. Two ranges of SUCO content in the blends were distinguished, 0 – 80% SUCO content and 80 – 100% SUCO content. Both showed a constant rate of change of jet characters per 10% increase in SUCO content in the fuel blend. Lower rates of change of fuel characters were observed at 0-80% SUCO content. The higher the temperature, the lower the rate of change of fuel jet characteristics.
Enhancing the Safety of Coal Mining by Injecting CO2 into Coalbeds
Authors: Mo Fei , Peng Xiao Long , Du Zhi Min
Published: November 2014

Coal mining begins after coalbed methane (CBM) production which reduces CH4 concentration in coalbeds. However once CH4 concentration reaches the explosion limit, the threat of explosion accident in the coal mine will be greatly increased. Based on safety production principle, this paper analyses the feasibility of CO2 injection through CBM wells to control CH4 concentration and enhance CBM recovery at the same time during CBM production. Safe concentration of CH4 is determined according to its explosion limit and safety factor. Combined with numerical simulation, a CH4 concentration control method by CO2 injection is proposed: firstly the CO2 injection standard is calculated to ensure CH4 safe concentration, and then the optimum CO2 injection rate (14000m3/d) is determined by comparisons between different injection rates. Finally CO2 emission reduction and recycle methods are proposed to achieve effective environmental protection and high economic efficiency.
Geophysical Model of Coal Prospecting in Uplift Area
Authors: Li Gang , Zhang Lin , Fu Yan , Zhou Yong Bo
Published: November 2014

The forecast and verification of concealed coal field in China mainly focus on the concealed uplift area (or exposure area of bedrock) and the slope of the known coal field and its surrounding area of sinking area. However, the coal inside the concealed uplift area where it is believed to be no coal is rarely studied. Based on regional geological setting and comprehensive study, the low gravity and low magnetic area is considered as target area for relict concealed coal field. Then high-resolution seismic reflection method is used to ascertain the thickness of Cenozoic rock strata and the depth of coal bed in the target area directly. Through the drilling verification, the result is quite good. In conclusion, gravity, magnetic together with seismic method is an effective way for prospecting concealed coal field in the uplift area.
Injection Method of SJT-B Collosol in the Low Permeability Reservoir
Authors: Wang Ke Liang , Li Jin Yu , Zhang Lei Lei , Li Xue , Fu Guo Qiang , Li Wei Liang
Published: November 2014

Profile control and flooding technique is an effective way to enhance the oil recovery of low permeability reservoir.Analyzing the relation between oil and water interface and determining injection volume under different concentration is the key to success in profile controlling and flooding in low permeability reservoir .The research is about SJT-B collosol of physicochemical property under normal pressure and temperature.We also carry on the study on measuring SJT-B collosol interfacial tension for a long time under different concentration.Besides, we conduct the plugging degree experiment by injecting SJT-B collosol with the concentration of 0.8% in different permeability core.The lower the core permeability, the higher the plugging degree. By optimizing the injection pattern we conduct the three-tube parallel profile control and flooding experiment in the low permeability heterogeneous core.It indicates that SJT-B collosol mainly access to high permeability layer and have an effective plugging effect .The absorbed liquid rate of medium permeability layer is increased apparently ,while low permeability layer is increased slightly.The SJT-B collosol of injection method has efficient effect on enhancing the oil recovery of low permeability reservoir in late water flooding.
The Screening of Oil Resistant Foaming Agents and Oil Displacement Effect Evaluation of Foam Flooding
Authors: Wang Ke Liang , Li Xue , Sun Shu Jie , Li Jin Yu , Yuan Yuan , Zhou Bing Ling
Published: November 2014

The poor oil resistance of traditional foam system leads to gas channeling and low oil recovery in the process of foam flooding field trial. Aiming at this phenomenon, a new oil resistant and low tension foam system is proposed. Firstly, dodecyl hydroxypropyl phosphate betaine and fluorocarbon 101005 were selected as oil resistant foaming agents from several high performance foaming agents. Then, mixed the two agents with low tension betaine in certain proportions to form oil resistant and low tension foam system and compared oil displacement effect with single foam system, traditional foam system and single low tension system. Experimental results show that, foam performance of oil resistant and low tension foam system is the best in the presence of oil, and the foam flooding recovery reaches to 16.10%, which is much higher than that of single foam system, traditional foam system and single low tension system.
Influence of Flow Field on Simultaneous Removal of Nitrogen and Carbon by Membrane Aerated Biofilm Reactor
Authors: Zhang Nan , Wu Yun , Zhang Hong Wei , Jia Hui
Published: November 2014

The characteristics of removing COD and nitrogen simultaneously in membrane aerated biofilm reactor (MABR) was investigated in different packing densities and circulation flow rates. The results show that better removal rates of COD and ammonia nitrogen are found under the packing density of 30%, which removal rates are 76% and 65% respectively. Observations through the electron microscopic and CCD camera reveal that the biofilm have a layered structure and the stable biofilm thickness is 1.652 mm. When the circulation flow rate is 7.62 L·min-1, the highest removal rate of total nitrogen is 70%, meanwhile, the efficient mass transfer of the biofilm is ensured.
Study of Dynamic Adsorption of Trace Kr and Xe by the 129Xe and 84Kr Tracing Method
Authors: Wang Ya Long
Published: November 2014

The dynamic adsorption of atmospheric trace Kr and Xe, which discharged from the dynamic adsorption experimental equipment at room temperature, on selected adsorbents VACF and GCAC were studied. The stable isotope 84Kr and 129Xe were designated as tracing indicator and determined by ICP-MS. The results suggest that: (1) under the experimental conditions, which included that the column length was 1m, the flow was 2m3/h, and the maximum uniform loading density of VACF column and GCAC column was respectively 0.0165 g/cm3 and 0.459 g/cm3, the DAC which indicated the adsorption capacity of Kr and Xe adsorbed on VACF at room temperature was about 3.08×104cm3/g, the DAC which indicated the adsorption capacity of Kr and Xe adsorbed on GCAC at room temperature was about 5.55×103cm3/g; (2) the air flow capacity couldn’t be promoted by simply increasing the column length of VACF or GCAC. For VACF adsorbent, although its DAC was superior to the GCAC’s, but when the length of VACF column was increased to 2m, the air flow resistance was ascended obviously, and the air flow capacity was descended substantially. However, because the cost-effectiveness of GCAC adsorbent was higher, the flow resistance of GCAC column was smaller and the controlling range of air flow was larger than VACF, all of these results show that the comprehensive performance of GCAC is better than VACF at present.
Studies on the Environmental Impact of the HVAC Equipments Based on the LCA Theory
Authors: Ren Yue , Zhao Yue
Published: November 2014

We chose an endpoint damage model and combined it with ecological index method to obtain the life cycle assessment model of HVAC equipment. The environmental load was calculated which included the production of room air conditioners and water chillers. The environmental impact of the HVAC industry in China was analyzed quantitatively at a macroeconomic level. And the energy saving strategy was analyzed.
Study on the Safety Precautionary Measures of Welding in Ship Repairing and Building
Authors: Xu Kun Lun
Published: November 2014

The hazardous factors of welding process are analyzed based on the characteristics of ship repairing and building, the precautionary measures for the welding accidents are proposed. By enhancing the management on personnel, facilities and working environment, it will be efficient to control the happening of welding accidents, reduce the hazard of welding task and promote the safety management level of the ship repairing and building.
Establishment and Application Research of Evaluation System for Low-Carbon Industrial Park - Case Study on Caofeidian Industrial Park in Hebei Province of China
Authors: Huang Chao , Sun You Shan , Li Ming Huan
Published: November 2014

A complete evaluation system of low-carbon industrial park is introduced, which is developed by using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to weight analysis and by accepting experts’ advices. This evaluation system sets a low carbon industrial park evaluation index (A) as the target level and determines the factors in criterion level, state level, and indicator level, as well as system score distribution. Total score of it is 100 and the passing score is 60. With Caofeidian Industrial Park in Hebei Province for an example, this paper introduced the utilization of this evaluation system. With a total practical score of 58, this industrial park failed to pass the evaluation. By analyzing the scores of all indicators, the lack of management of greenhouse gas emissions and waste is pointed out as the main obstacles.
The Research of Landslide Monitoring Data Integration Framework Based on Three-Dimensional WebGIS
Authors: Zhang Jun Qiang , Wu Chong Long , Fan Jun Qing
Published: November 2014

In this paper, three-dimensional integration framework of landslide monitoring data was proposed in the idea of mineral point-source information system and the WebGIS technology based on ActiveX. Seamless integration of data related to landslide monitoring,such as basic geographic data, geological survey data and sensor data was realized. In this process, program algorithm automatically handled method and visual interpretation in three-dimensional environment were used to improve the accuracy of landslide monitoring data. Furthermore，the suitability of landslide monitoring database was improved by separating landslide monitoring data from prediction mathematical model. All this provides the excellent basis for the stability evaluation and forecast of landslide. The monitoringproject of HuangTuPo landslide in Three Gorges Reservoir of China was taken as example to verify feasibility of the method.
Effects of Biomass and Crude Oil Co-Combustion on NO and SO2 Emissions
Authors: Yang Guang , Wang Zi Fang , Si Meng , Lian Jing Hong , Liu Lian Sheng , Wu Jin Xiang , Wang En Yu , Gou Xiang
Published: November 2014

In this paper, a tube electric furnace is used to process the co-combustion of biomass and crude oil in air atmosphere, the influence of the biomass mass fraction and the temperature on NO and SO2 emissions are analysed. Research shows that with the increasing addition ratio of biomass to crude oil, the amount of NO in per unit heat reduces. This tendency is more apparent at high temperatures. Compared with crude oil, the NO emission of 20% biomass mass fraction at 1100°C is reduced by 25.8% while 19.02% at 700°C. SO2 emission in per unit heat decreases with the increasing biomass mass fraction. This tendency is more apparent at low temperatures. Compared with crude oil The generation of SO2 of 20% biomass mass fraction can reduce 91.5% at 700°C while 36.7% at 1100°C.
A Study on Estimating Gasoline Engine Radiated Noise Based on Surface Vibration Measurement
Authors: Cui Guo Xu , Gu Can Song , Gao Hui
Published: November 2014

A study on the method of estimating gasoline engine radiated noise by measuring surface vibration is carried out. Firstly, the theoretical basis and test method is studied. Then an experiment is carried out on a four-cylinder gasoline engine. By measuring the engine surface vibration velocity, the sound power level of these engine parts and of the engine body is calculated. The result shows that the estimation of engine radiated noise is accurate. It shows the sound power level of gasoline engine can be predicted by surface vibration.
Simulation Research about Impacts of Flue Gas on Surrounding Buildings
Authors: Wang Zi Fang , Xia Bing , Xue Ting , Liu Lian Sheng , Wu Jin Xiang , Wang En Yu , Gou Xiang
Published: November 2014

The revamping project of turning coal-burning boiler into gas-fired boiler for urban heat supply in Tianjin causes high vapor content in flue gas, which has great influences on the day lighting of surrounding buildings. In this paper, CFD software is introduced to simulate the distributions of NOx, SO2 and vapor in space after leaving the chimney and their impacts on surrounding buildings with the effect of the atmosphere. Result shows that flue gas discharged from the chimney with the height of 30 m has significant impacts on the surrounding buildings.
Analysis of Water Sustainable Utilization in Changsha City Based on Water Footprint Theory
Authors: Wu Lin
Published: November 2014

Water footprint theory and method was used to estimate the water footprint of Changsha City in 2009-2012. Based on the estimate of the regional water footprint structure, efficiency indicators of regional water footprint, indicators of water resources sustainable utilization, the water resources utilization status and sustainability was analyzed in Changsha. The results showed that the water footprint and water self-sufficiency rate of Changsha City remained relatively stable in 2009-2012. There not the presence of external dependence of water resources. However, due to the acute annual changes in water resources, Changsha City is still in the imbalance risk of water supply and demand.
Simulation of HCCI Combustion Characteristics for Low RON Gasoline Surrogate Fuels
Authors: Zhang Ling Zhe , Sun Ya Kun , Li Su , Zheng Qing Ping
Published: November 2014

A reduced chemical kinetic model (103species and 468 reactions) for new low-RON(research octane number) gasoline surrogate fuels has been proposed. Simulations explored for ignition delay time have been compared with experimental data in shock tubes at pressure of 10atm-55 atm and temperatue of 600-1400 K (fuel/air equivalence ratio=0.5,1.0,2.0 and EGR rate=0, 20%). The simulation data presented 15% enlargement compared with experiments showed applicability of the new kinetic mode in this work. A combustion simulation model has been build for HCCI(homogeneous charge compression ignition) engine with Chemkin-pro. The effects of different air inlet temperature, inlet pressure, engine speed and the fuel air equivalence ratio on the combustion characteristics of the fuel were researched. The results indicated the combustion in an HCCI engine worked sufficiently with lean mixtures and low speed. Meanwhile the material strength could be influenced when the inlet conditions changed. This helps to promote the low-RON gasoline surrogate fuel application in the HCCI engine.
Study of the Relationship among Economic Growth, Export and Energy Consumption in China
Authors: Yang Xiao Wei
Published: November 2014

This paper uses co-integration theories and Granger causality test method to analyze the inter-linkages among China's economic growth, export and energy consumption within a unified analytical framework. The results show that there exists a long-term equilibrium relationship between economic growth, exports and energy consumption, and economic growth and exports both promote energy consumption in the long term. Furthermore, there exist bi-directional Granger causality between economic growth and energy consumption, export and energy consumption respectively.
Multi-Criteria Optimization in Forest Exploitation
Authors: Lebedev Yuriy Vladimirovitch , Anufriev Valery Pavlovitch , Belov Vladimir Vladimirovitch
Published: November 2014

In the article the multi-criteria approach at optimization of environmental management is considered as a part of the scientific basis of sustainable development of territories. The results of research of theory and practice of forest exploitation optimization in the Central Ural are presented. The basic principles of purpose formulation, of general analysis, of justification of optimization criteria and selection of methods of solving the tasks of environmental management (forest exploitation) optimization are revealed. On the basis of these scientific researches the principles of disclosure of uncertainty of optimum decisions in one-criteria tasks of forest exploitation are formulated; the mechanism of optimization by criterion of minimax risk that allows avoiding big losses of the environmental potential of forests is shown. The principles of definition of an optimum variant of forest exploitation according to reasonable concessions to extreme values of criteria of using the resource potential, preservation of environmental functions and a social role of forests are revealed.
Nutrient Limiting Factors in Red-Yellow Soil from Different Parent Rocks at Oil-Tea Forest Land in the South-Central Region of China
Authors: Cui Zhi Yi , Deng Xiao Mei , Xi Ru Chun , Li Rui Ping , Hu Jia Xin
Published: November 2014

Nutrient limiting factors in main soils from oil tree forest land of the south-central region in Hunan Province were assessed by employing the systematic approach developed by Agro Services International and selecting Sorghum as indicate plant in order to evaluate their nutrient status and limiting factors. The results of soil testing showed that the four oil tree forest land soils were low in organic matter, N, P, K was severely deficient, but the available S and Fe were sufficient, the deficiency of Ca, Mg, B, Zn and Mo were rather common. In the tested oil tree Camellia forest land soils, the larger capacity of adsorption and fixation belonged to K, Zn, Mn in Quaternary red soil and to B in Sandstone soil, while the capacity of adsorption and fixation of K, B in Phyllite soil land and P, Mn, Zn in Granite soil was weak. The results of pot experiment showed that its nutrient deficient degree was in the order of N>P>K>B>Mo>Mn in Granite soil; that was in the order of K>P>N> Zn in Sandstone soil; that was in the order of P>N>K>Cu>Zn>Mn>Mo>S in Phyllite soil; that was in the order of N>P>K>Zn>Mo>Cu>B in Quaternary red soil. So P, N and K were the main nutrient limiting factors of oil tree forest land soils in Hunan province, and then followed by Zn, B and Mo. Next field experiments should be focused on the balanced fertilization of N, P, K, and B, Zn, Mo. Moreover, much attention should be paid to make up Ca and Mg.
The Nutrients Spatial Variability of Black Soil Based on GIS
Authors: Zhao Yue Ling , Han Hai Yan , Cao Li Ying , Chen Gui Fen
Published: November 2014

The precision agriculture (PA) is the end product of the modern high tech's information technology and the agricultural production technology union. The soil nutrients are not only an important component of soil research, but also a critical determinant of its productivity. Some soil nutrients spatial distribution pictures were established based on important factors that affect crops production. The soil nutrient situation was understood by the paper in Jilin province black soil. The results can realized some information opening and sharing and helped some farmer and manager to understand some soil nutrient spatial distribution. They can speed up the development of Jilin province’s precision agriculture.
The SOC Estimation for Power Battery Using KF Method which Parameters are Updated by Least Square Method
Authors: Pang Ying Zhou , Zhang Xing Yong , Tian Jian Tao
Published: November 2014

In this article we first introduced some methods for estimating battery’s SOC and their advantages and shortcomings respectively. With experimental data, we proved that parameters of battery model are time variant. So fixed parameter Kalman Filter (FPKF) will not be suitable, then we came up with a new algorithm named adaptive Kalman Filter (APKF),which associated two algorithms—Kalman Filter and Least Square method. Kalman Filer estimates SOC of battery, while Least Square method updates parameters used in Kalman Filter. Then we used battery’s discharging data to test whether this new algorithm took effect. The results produced by Ah-counting method was viewed as a reference because of constant current discharging situation. According to the estimating results, the results produced by APKF have much smaller deviation than that produced by fixed parameters Kalman Filter (FPKF).
The Application of Fluid Analogy Method for Estimating Transit Route ODs Using IC Card On-Off Passenger Data
Authors: Hu Xing Hua , Zhang Yu
Published: November 2014

Transit route ODs are important reference data for transit network planning and operation management. However, it has the difficulties in data collection, and is of high expense and survey error by means of manual investigation method. It is easy to collect the passenger boarding-alighting counts. The method of fluid analogy method (FAM) is presented for transit passenger OD estimation. It uses the concept of pipe flow, transit route and passengers are regarded as the pipe and fluid, generate bus route OD matrix based upon passenger boarding and alighting counts. The accuracy of route OD estimates generated from boarding-alighting data is tested against actual transit integrated circuit cards (IC cards) OD based on Beijing transit route. It is shown that error index for OD at AM peak hours, PM peak hours and all day is 0.79, 0.80 and 0.83, the result shows that it has a good performance. While the correlation coefficient for actual traveled stops and estimated at AM peak hours, PM peak hours and all day is 0.98, 0.98 and 0.99, which further validate the accuracy and reliability of FAM method in estimating transit route ODs. Compared with traditional equalization algorithms and other analytical model, the method is simple, efficient and able to get a unique solution OD. It has a high practical value in real-time scheduling of intelligent public transport.
Development of UV LED Hydrogel Formulation Based on Polyacrylamide Hydrogel
Authors: Ayub Nur Farizah , Hashim Shahrir , Adrus Nadia
Published: November 2014

Recent trends show that the UV LED light source can greatly reduce environmental effect without compromising performance as compared to conventional UV mercury-based lamp (UV Hg) system. In this study, the possibility of using UV LED technology for photopolymerization of polyacrylamide (PAAm) hydrogels is presented. This has strongly drives the needs for suitable water-soluble photoinitiator formulation. Specifically, the photoinitiator must possess characteristic wavelength within UV LED range as UV LED emits monochromatic light sources only (365 nm or 385 nm). Here, the commercially available photoinitiator Oligo [2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-[4-(1-methylvinyl) phenyl] propanone] (Chivacure 300) was chosen. However, Chivacure 300 has limited solubility in water. Hence, addition of tetrahydrofuran (THF) at various ratios was required. The results demonstrated that 9.5:0.5 ratio of water/THF was the minimum ratio needed for the solubility of Chivacure 300. After the synthesis of PAAm hydrogels, almost complete conversion of hydrogels was achieved (> 80 %). The highest conversion was achieved with formulation of Chivacure 300 in 9.5:0.5 ratio of water/THF. At this ratio, the hydrogels obtained were transparent. With increasing ratio of THF in water, the appearance of hydrogels gradually changed to cloudy. Indeed, UV LED technology can be used to polymerize PAAm hydrogels with comparably high conversion to conventional UV Hg system.
Corrosion Inhibition Study of Upgraded Bio-Oil Derived Empty Fruit Bunch Using Alumina
Authors: Nasri Noor Shawal , Ahmed Murtala Musa , Amruddin Mariam , Hamza Usman Dadum , Mohammed Jibril , Mohd Zain Husna
Published: November 2014

Bio-oil derived from the pyrolysis of a sustainable palm biomass has great potential as a suitable replacement to the conventional source of fuels and chemicals. However, the bio-oil produced is highly acidic and corrosive due to presence of acids that can leads to operational difficulties. As such, purification of the bio-oil for the targeted application as chemicals or fuel source needs to be conducted. This study is aimed at conducting further study on the isolation of insoluble fractions (heavy oil) of bio-oil and at the same time assesses the corrosiveness of the insoluble fractions and compare with that of raw bio-oil. This was done in order see whether the corrosive properties of the raw bio-oil are associated with these fractions or not. It was later upgraded using various ratio of zero valence aluminium metal as corrosion inhibitor. The raw bio-oil and the upgraded heavy oil fractions samples were characterized using various techniques. The results indicate significant improvement on the various properties tested on the side of upgraded heavy oil fractions than the raw bio-oil. Thus, realization of bio-oil quality for its subsequent application as fuel can significantly reduce operational difficulties in engines and other processing equipment.
High Production of Carbon Nanotube Bundles with Fe2O3/Al2O3 Catalyst
Authors: Shukrullah Shazia , Mohamed Norani Muti , Shaharun Maizatul Shima
Published: November 2014

In this study, Fe2O3/Al2O3 catalyst was prepared by using co-precipitation method. This catalyst weight was varied from 0.1 to 0.5 g and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) bundles were synthesized with ethylene as a carbon precursor at reaction temperature of 800°C by using floating catalytic chemical vapor deposition reactor. The grown MWCNTs bundles were characterized by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Raman spectroscopy. The obtained data revealed that as prepared CNTs actually existed in bundles and these should be attributed to the Fe2O3/Al2O3 catalyst, as transition metal Mo was not used in the catalyst. It was noted that an increase in weight of the catalyst significantly affects the quality, quantity, crystallinity, diameter and the growth of nanotubes bundles. Nanotubes yield increased with an increase in Fe2O3/Al2O3 weight. The carbon yield obtained with different weights of Fe2O3/Al2O3 was ranging from 68-93%. However, the surface defects in the grown tubes were also increased with an increase in the catalyst weight. High purity and high yield with the low surface defects was found for 0.3 g catalyst. It was found that less value of ID/IG ratio (0.78) was obtained in case of 0.3 g catalyst which indicated the structural perfection and low defect levels. The average outer diameter of the grown CNTs bundles were ranged from 240 to 550 nm. The formation of CNTs bundles were found defective with few black spots and impure above and below the use of 0.3 g catalyst.
The Deflection of the Shape Memory Alloy Composite Beams Using Finite Element Method
Authors: Rasid Z.A. , Zahari R.
Published: November 2014

In this study, shape memory alloy (SMA) wires were embedded within a matrix to become a composite beam. Active shape control property of the SMA that controls the deflection of the composite beam was studied using finite element method (FEM). The values of recovery stresses of the SMA were determined using the Brinson’s model. A non-linear finite element formulation that is based on the von Karman strain and the Timoshenko’s beam theory was developed for this purpose. The Newton-Raphson method was then used to solve the formulation to obtain the transverse deflection of the beam. It was found that the effect of moment recovery on the beam deflection is significant where it is possible that the deflection of the beam due to external loading can be greatly suppressed.
Pineapple Leaf Fibers Coated with Polyacrylamide Hydrogel
Authors: Ghazali Siti Khairunisah , Adrus Nadia , Jamaluddin Jamarosliza
Published: November 2014

Pineapple leaf fibers (PALF) have several advantages such as low cost, eco-friendly, and high specific strength. However, the brittleness of PALF limits its application. To overcome this limitation of PALF, it is essential to synergize the advantages of PALF with elastic properties of hydrogel. In this study, PALF was coated with polyacrylamide (PAAm) hydrogel under direct UV light exposure (UVA>300nm). Prior to this coating, PALF was alkali treated to introduce more OH group on PALF fiber. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of untreated/treated PALF coated PAAm hydrogel on the flexibility of the fiber using tensile measurements. From the results, treated PALF coated PAAm hydrogel showed better results in tensile properties compared to untreated PALF due to the alkali treatment which improved the interfacial adhesion between PAAm hydrogel and fiber surface. In general, this study is precursor for further development in natural fiber coating technology.
Finite Element Model of Trimming CFRP Aerospace Composites
Authors: Izamshah Raja , Akmal M. , Md Ali Mohd Amran , Hadzley Mohd , Kasim Mohd Shahir , Azam Mohd Asyadi , Sulaiman Mohd Amri
Published: November 2014

Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics (CFRP) exhibit superior characteristics such as high specific strength, high specific modulus, fatigue strength and endurance. During the manufacture of components from CFRP, it is usually necessary to carry out a post-machining step. Generally, after curing process, the parts will be trimmed in order to meet the required tolerances. Due to the heterogeneous composition and anisotropy of composite materials, machining procedures can damage the material in ways that directly affect its mechanical properties. Currently a costly try and error approach is employed to determine the optimal process conditions. Thus, this study focused on numerical modelling of machining CFRP composites using cross-nick router. A set of machining tests were performed in order to validate the accuracy of the model. Good agreement between simulation and experimental results show the validity of the model in handling real-field problems. The proposed numerical modeling technique can be used as an input in the process planning and decision making levels.
Study on Dissolution of Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE)
Authors: Wong Syie Luing , Ngadi Norzita , Abdullah T.A.T.
Published: November 2014

The world is currently facing the problem brought by plastic waste, as well as energy crisis. It is known that catalytic cracking of low density polyethylene (LDPE) waste can produce liquid fuels with similar properties to fossil fuels, hence serve as a solution to the problems mentioned. However, the problem of pipelines clogging by molten plastic feed during the cracking process has to be solved before the process can be up-scaled to continuous process. It was proposed that LDPE waste can be dissolved in suitable solvent before being catalytically cracked under suitable conditions. This study was done to investigate the behavior of virgin LDPE (in powder form) dissolved in several chosen solvents, namely benzene, toluene, chlorobenzene, isooctane, xylene and trichloroethylene, and compare the result with previous work. From the study, it was observed that LDPE samples could dissolve in benzene and toluene to a high extent. On the other hand, isooctane acted as a weak solvent towards LDPE powder. The difference of LDPE solubility in solvents was attributed to the surface area per unit mass of LDPE samples. Despite the superior property of benzene as solvent for LDPE, the safety factor study showed that toluene, xylene and trichloroethylene were more suitable to be used in LDPE dissolution. However, care should be taken to minimize possible effects of the solvents towards the body while using the solvents mentioned.