bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Changing Places: Personnel Issues of a Joint Use Library in Transition
Authors: Bauer Patricia T
Published: January 2007

A field study of a joint use library in transition was undertaken to identify personnel issues that arose when a public library program moved from a middle school setting to a college campus in the same community. Qualitative research methods were employed to collect data that would provide insight into the impact of change in employment status (from school board employees to college employees) and identify implications for staff adopting new work roles, management practices, and training models. The research was a follow-up of the 1995 doctoral dissertation that reported findings of a six-month field study of the combined Azalea Public Branch Library/Azalea Middle School Media Center in St. Petersburg, Florida, "Factors Affecting the Operation of a Combined School/Public Library: A Qualitative Study."
Just Collaboration or Really Something Else? On Joint-Use Libraries and Normative Institutional Change with Two Examples from Sweden
Authors: Hansson Joacim
Published: January 2007

This article is an attempt to discuss the establishment of joint use libraries as something more than just administrative collaboration. It focuses on joint use solutions between public libraries and university college libraries. Normative institutionalism is used as a theoretical framework for the discussion, which draws from studies on and experiences of the establishment of two joint use libraries in Sweden: Sambiblioteket in H�rn�sand and Almedalsbiblioteket in Visby. Conclusions are drawn that show that the establishment of joint use libraries is a very complex process of change. Norms and values of the collaborating units are challenged, and the institutional identities of participating libraries as well as the professional identities of the librarians are subject to change. This is due to a shift in normative institutional identity, which makes it possible to claim that joint use libraries may actually be regarded as a new form of library with a unique identity. In claiming this, a need for further library and information science research on joint use libraries is called for.
Dual Use Libraries: Guidelines for Success
Authors: Haycock Ken
Published: January 2007

Combined school and public libraries have been studied extensively for more than thirty years. Common advantages and disadvantages, together with typical problems, have been identifi;ed. From the work of researchers in three countries, predictors of success can be articulated: the population served is less than 10,000; a formal planning process involving the stakeholders was undertaken; a written legal agreement for governance, administration, finances, and operations includes guidelines for evaluation and dissolution; a decision-making board or management committee develops policies and procedures and engages and evaluates the director; an integrated facility is conveniently and visibly located, accommodating a variety of groups and resources with a separate area for adults and designated parking; the library is connected with a larger network, regional system, or consortium; the principal has a strong desire for success and teachers support the concept; one highly motivated professional librarian is in charge; there is regular communication and planned cooperation between public library and school staffs; and there are no restrictions on access to resources or on the circulation of materials.
Organizing Electronic Information to Serve the Needs of Health Practitioners and Customers
Authors: Lacroix Eve-Marie , Backus Joyce E. B
Published: January 2007

From its beginnings as the Library of the Army Surgeon General to today's Internet-driven information environment, the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM) has served a variety of audiences. As NLM strives to provide the best possible service to health scientists and consumers, the form of that service has changed depending on resources available and the state of technology. Throughout its history, NLM has adopted innovative programs and technology at the earliest sensible moment that would serve its patron needs. Today, NLM is a leader in providing electronic biomedical information to health professionals, researchers, the public, and anyone else with access to the Internet. These services have evolved in response to available technology and the demands of the various audiences, from clinicians to consumers. To serve the needs of this variety of patrons, NLM connects health information resources in ways that enable each audience to find the information appropriate to its need. NLM continues to improve this organization as the demand and technology and resources allow.
Building the Beginnings of a Beautiful Partnership
Authors: Sullivan Kathy , Taylor Warren , Barrick Mary Grace , Stelk Roger
Published: January 2007

The authors describe the process leading to, and the outcome of, their partnership to build and operate a 76,000 square foot public/ community college joint use library. Located in Westminster, Colorado, the College Hill Library serves a population of approximately 70,000 Westminster residents and 6,000 Front Range Community College faculty and staff. The partnership began in 1994 to investigate the feasibility of building the facility, which opened in April 1998 and continues to be successful today. The authors provide information on the main points of the Intergovernmental Agreement to build and operate the facility and relate their experiences during the planning, construction, and initial year of operation of the library. They discuss issues relating to combining staff, automation systems, and collections as well as special challenges in publicizing the library to the community. An update on the current state of the partnership is provided by the current co-directors of the library.
Voluntary Conscription: Enlisting the Children of Lake Wobegone in the Battle Against Grade Inflation
Authors: King Mark
Published: January 2007

Anecdotal evidence and statistical evidence indicate that undergraduate grades have risen over the past several years. Examination of this upward movement has resulted in an increasingly polarized and unpleasant grade inflation debate occurring both within the academy and in the mainstream media. Despite the belligerent tone of this grade inflation debate, little progress has been made in realigning undergraduate grades to a more realistic standard. This essay seeks to begin that realignment process, not by vilifying students, instructors, or the media, but rather, by promoting a classroom level, student-centered activity that seeks to form a more accurate consensus on the nature of (and relative scarcity of) true excellence. By using students' innate sense of scarcity of excellence and encouraging them to evaluate the work of their peers, the instructor may create conditions under which he or she feels comfortable evaluating undergraduate student work realistically.
The Moral Conditions for Genocide in Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness
Authors: Lackey Michael
Published: January 2007

Scholars have consistently used a moral lens to interpret the novels of Joseph Conrad. Conrad rejects morality. However, Conrad does not reject morality because it is an essential concept that leads necessarily to social injustice. Rather, he rejects it because it is such an amorphous concept that political powers can so easily exploit in order to justify some of the most heinous crimes against humanity, specifically genocide. This essay, examines how a charismatic political figure appropriates morality in order to justify crimes against humanity, and more specifically how an intelligent imperialist like Kurtz can strategically construct a political system that makes a crime like genocide a moral imperative.
Metrical Complexity in Christina Rossetti's Verse
Authors: Fabb Nigel , Halle Morris
Published: January 2007

Bracketed Grid Theory interprets metricality as fundamentally a matter of counting syllables, with rhythm derived from counting. Syllables are grouped into pairs or triplets, which in turn are grouped, thus building a scansion from the line. The article compares the traditional approach to meter with its inventory of feet as building-blocks combined to make a scansion of a line which expresses the rhythms of its performance. It applies this theory to a strict iambic meter and a loose iambic meter, each used by Rossetti, and shows that though the number of syllables in the line varies in the latter it is nevertheless scanned by a counting system. The article shows that in the poem "Up-hill" Rossetti uses a strict meter to mimic the rhythmic effect of a loose meter. The essay formulates a theory of metrical mimicry because it distinguishes between underlying meter and performed rhythm.
Embracing A New Creed: Lexical Patterning and The Encoding Of Ideology
Authors: Mason Oliver, M.A , Platt Rhiannon
Published: January 2007

This article analyzes George Bush's State of the Union Address from January 2002 using methodology provided by recent research in corpus linguistics. It attempts to show how meaning is conveyed in a subtle way through use of lexical patterns, and how a text can be interpreted through comparison with a large corpus. As a result it is able to objectively identify implicit meaning by way of what is and is not explicitly said.
The Fortunate Physician: Learning from Our Patients
Authors: Griffin Fred L
Published: January 2007

John Berger's book A Fortunate Man describes the life of a country doctor, John Sassall, who, through thoughtful work with patients and dedicated self-inquiry, creates a set of circumstances that enable him to learn from his experiences with his patients. Not only does he learn how to be a more skillful clinician but through the physician-patient relationship he also learns more about himself. The author explores A Fortunate Man from the vantage points of contemporary psychoanalysis and narrative medicine. He will demonstrate that the narratives of Dr. Sassall's clinical encounters and the portrait of his professional and emotional maturation have much to teach the practicing physician about the jointly created physician-patient relationship.
Narrative Medicine and Negative Capability
Authors: Holt Terence E
Published: January 2007

Autobiographical narratives by doctors derive from several strains in recent popular culture that articulate tensions between the personal and the instrumental operating within medical culture as well. The new journalism of the sixties reinstated the first-person into a discourse that had idealized objectivity, but in doing so paradoxically refused personal engagement. Medical dramas on prime-time television personalize medicine, crystallizing the ambivalent, specular economy of the body that is the hallmark of the medical encounter. These seemingly opposed impulses are also written into the basic structures of medical education, a process of de-sensitization that has as one possible outcome a capacity, akin to Keats's "negative capability," to entertain simultaneously both genuine human emotions such as sympathy and the clinical detachment necessary to medical thinking. Rather than deny or pathologize this capacity, we need to understand it, foster it, and incorporate it explicitly into medical training.
A British War and Peace? Virginia Woolf Reads Tolstoy
Authors: Dalgarno Emily
Published: January 2007

Woolf's reading of Tolstoy in her roles as critic, translator, and novelist, is set in the context of discourse about the nation. The Modernist structure of Mrs. Dalloway suggests that as a novelist Woolf challenged Arnold's and Lubbock's readings of Tolstoy, which as a reviewer of Russian fiction she had at first shared. The most telling result of her reading may be traced in the composition of The Years. Like War and Peace it was to represent the family in the context of wartime representations of national history. The incomplete sentence, by means of which speakers of different national languages may create a single syntax, tropes translation as potential communication beyond the bounds of family, class, and nation.
Virginia Woolf Scholarship from 1991 to 2003: A Selected Bibliography
Authors: Dymond Justine
Published: January 2007

A selected bibliography of Virginia Woolf scholarship from 1991 to 2003.
"These Ghost Figures of Distorted Passion": Becoming Privy to Working-Class Desire in "The Watering Place" and "The Ladies Lavatory"
Authors: Levy Heather
Published: January 2007

Virginia Woolf's shorter fiction is a critically neglected field. Class is the determining factor that influences how women occupy private and public space and articulate desire in Woolf's 1906-41 shorter fiction. Drawing upon published and unpublished holograph and typescript drafts in The Monks House Papers as well as the Berg Collection, this new reading establishes the oscillating patterns of elision, idealization and contempt that mark stagings of working-class and lesbian bodies and desires in Woolf's prototypical shorter fiction including "The Watering Place" and "The Ladies Lavatory."
Orienting Virginia Woolf: Race, Aesthetics, and Politics in To the Lighthouse
Authors: Seshagiri Urmila
Published: January 2007

Wide-ranging aesthetic and political racialisms inform Virginia Woolf's narrative technique in To the Lighthouse (1927), producing radical departures from literary tradition. In dismantling patriarchy's social and novelistic conventions, To the Lighthouse extends the English formalist doctrines that lauded autotelic art-forms from East Asia, Africa, and South America. The novel's narrative fluidity and abstraction re-invent the racial philosophies of Roger Fry's formalist tract Vision and Design (1920), as well as the racially marked modernit� of the Omega Workshops' art-objects. The well-known feminist politics and formalist aesthetics that answer this novel's questions depend on the often-overlooked narrative position of racial identity.
Borges the Post-Orientalist: Images of Islam from the Edge of the West
Authors: Almond Ian
Published: January 2007

This article simply examines the representation of the Islamic Orient in the short stories of Jorge Luis Borges, and suggests two things: 1) that Borges's different representations of Islam in his textsâArab philosophers, Persian myths, Sufi motifs, quotations from the Koranâare best understood by a different set of Orientalist voices that Borges employs, from context to context, to best communicate his Oriental content and 2) that Borges's stories, understood in a chronological sequence, ultimately demonstrate an awareness of the artificial nature of his Orientâand a gradual disillusionment with the whole idea of representing Islam.
Does Mourning Require a Subject? Samuel Beckett's Texts for Nothing
Authors: Boulter Jonathan
Published: January 2007

This article explores the viability of the tropes of trauma and mourning in Samuel Beckett's Texts for Nothing. Beckett's work decomposes the initial premise of trauma and mourning: the idea of the subject within history. Texts for Nothing places the narrator in a timeless space, a space beyond history. Mourning presupposes a subject within history, a subject able to contain his or her trauma within a narrative, historical, frame. Because Texts for Nothing offers itself as a dismantling of narrative, these thirteen texts function as a critique of mourning and as a critique of the very idea of trauma.
Productions of Geographic Scale and Capitalist-Colonialist Enterprise in Leslie Marmon Silko's Almanac of the Dead
Authors: Brigham Ann
Published: January 2007

This essay focuses on conceptualizations of space in Leslie Marmon Silko's novel Almanac of the Dead. Specifically, it seeks to understand how constructions of geographic scale contribute to both the survival and overthrow of colonialist-capitalism. In its critique of colonialist-capitalist enterprise, the novel elucidates how scale operates as a mechanism for place-making, profit-making, and identity-making, processes linked to economic globalization and social reproduction. In addition, other stories manipulate and/or resist conceptions of scale. Through these stories, the novel re-envisions the idea of scale with a Native American conceptualization of space and narrative modeled on expansiveness rather than expansion.
Nikos Kazantzakis and Christ as Hero
Authors: Antonakes Michael
Published: January 2007

This essay addresses the challenges associated with the literary representation of Christ. It analyzes two works by Nikos Kazantzakis, The Last Temptation of Christ and The Greek Passion, and it argues that Kazantzakis does not claim direct access to the actual historical figure of Jesus. Rather, Kazantakis constructs his Christ in relation to a sequence of events which are associated with the life of Christ—such as acceptance, opposition, rejection, suffering, and vindication—and his own intellectual quest for a new epic hero who will forge a new society by radically re-thinking its foundational principles.
Early Modern Greek /b d g/: Evidence from Rebetika and Folk Songs
Authors: Arvaniti Amalia , Joseph Brian D
Published: January 2007

In Arvaniti and Joseph (2000) we studied the variability in the pronunciation of the Greek phones spelled μπ, ντ, γγ/γχ, which in speech are said to consist of a nasal consonant, e.g., m, and a "voiced" stop consonant, e.g., b. Our data showed that the presence of the nasal depended largely on age, with younger speakers producing many more nasalless instances of these phones than older speakers. Here we examine the pronunciation of μπ, ντ, γγ/γχ in original recordings of early twentieth-century Greek rebétika and folk songs to see if these show similar variation, as linguistic theory would predict, or not (as traditional studies of Greek dialectology suggest). Our new data show variation in the pronunciation of these phones in a period for which no variation had been reported before. This early twentieth-century variation confirms our earlier conclusion that variation at the end of the twentieth century betokens a change to a new nasalless pronunciation, away from a previously stable variation pattern.
Relativism in Language Ideology: Greece's Latest Language Issue
Authors: Moschonas Spiros A
Published: January 2007

Language relativism can be associated with two major conceptions: that "each language has or is a particular spirit" and that "each language has or is a—real or imagined—territory." Spirituality and territoriality combined give rise to the ideology of a language as a realm. This ideology of Modern Greek as a regime language has become dominant after the official establishment of a standard norm (demotic) and the resolution of the perennial "Greek Language Question." As it is evidenced by a host of "language issues" raised in the Greek newspapers since 1976, relativism has determined what counted as a "language issue" that was worth publishing, which language issues were eligible for public debates, and the extent to which language issues were allowed to penetrate "public opinion."
Rabelais Parrhesiastes : The Rhetoric of Insult and Rabelais's Cynical Mask
Authors: Szabari Antónia
Published: January 2007

The article argues that Rabelais's insults can best be understood in the context of the cynical use of parrhesia (both frank and licentious speech). The problem of verbal insult has its deepest literary implications for the notion of the"author," for the restaging of the ostracizing effect of censorship spoken from places of religious authority is a particularly successful model of authorial control. This is why Rabelais's language deserves to be re-examined in the context of polemical, insulting religious speech.
Excavating the Corporate City
Authors: Schnapp Jeffrey T. (Jeffrey Thompson)
Published: January 2007

In late 1933, five of the leading proponents of architectural rationalismÑthe engineer Gaetano Ciocca and the members of the architectural firm Banfi, Belgioioso, Peressutti, and RogersÑpresented a "totalitarian" city plan for the Northern Italian city of Pavia that sought to transform Pavia into a model fascist city, laid out according to the criteria of rationalism and functionalism. But, in so doing, they also sought to excavate PaviaÕs archaic Roman city plan. This essay explores how modern architectureÕs pursuit of a zero degree of representation and construction, its revolt against merely ornamental forms of historicism, its blank slates and utopic grids, closes the door on antiquity only to reopen it once again in the mode of an archeology of archaic structures. It is thus not by accident that in his 1923 Towards A New Architecture, Le Corbusier placed the lesson of Rome at the center of his plea for an architecture of engineers. The lesson of Pavia will take the argument one step further: namely, that there exists a distinctively avant-gardist antiquarianism that, instead of imitating the past, makes it new.
The Fascist Choreography: Riefenstahl-'s Tableaux
Authors: Peucker Brigitte
Published: January 2007

This essay discusses one aspect of Susan Sontag's "fascist choreography"--the alternation of movement and stasis in Riefenstahl's films. It positions aspects of their visual style within a matrix of related cultural and aesthetic practices--including the baroque tragic drama, sculpture and dance, and photography--and reads these against a psychosexual scenario associated with Nazism.
Gertrude Stein and the Radio
Authors: Wilson Sarah
Published: January 2007

This essay asserts that American radio acted as a powerful formal influence on Gertrude Stein's late writing. The radio provides a suggestive new means of connecting Stein's early aural experimentalism with her later, more popular, idiom. Through the 1930s and 1940s Stein wrestles with the idea of radio as a kind of public sphere--a forum in which self, other, and community can be constituted through talk and listening. Hearing the radio in Stein's late work is an important step toward recognizing the radio's distinct thematic and stylistic contributions to mid-century modernism.
"A Narrative of Prepare for Saints": Lyric, Narrative, and the Problem of Nationalism in Four Saints in Three Acts
Authors: Zamsky Robert
Published: January 2007

This article analyzes the relationship between language and music in the opera Four Saints in Three Acts, with libretto by Gertrude Stein and music by Virgil Thomson. Interweaving musicological and textual analysis, Frankfurt School and post-structuralist aesthetics, I situate the opera in relation to post-Wagnerian compositional practice and explore the ways in which Four Saints both invokes and resists Wagnerian nationalistic and aesthetic principles. I argue that the opera's most abiding tensions arise out of its concern with competing modes of temporality in lyric and narrative. Parodying ritual and the resulting cultic quality that historically characterized opera, Four Saints in Three Acts presents itself not as a unifying gesture of materials upon which a nation might be founded, but as the celebration of the impossibility of such claims of origin.
Dual Infection: The Challenge of HIV/AIDS and Tuberculosis in Ethiopia
Authors: Converse Paul Jerome
Published: January 2007

Background: Since the early 1990s, the HIV/AIDS epidemic has dramatically escalated in Ethiopia, such that few families, particularly in urban areas, have been unaffected. In describing the symptoms to others, particularly in the early days of the epidemic, reference frequently was made to samba, or lungs. This connection illustrates the tight interaction of HIV infection with tuberculosis (TB) in populations with an already high prevalence of TB, such as those in Ethiopia and others in the developing world, as well as in poor communities in industrialized countries.
Objectives: To discuss the biological interactions of HIV and TB in the human host, how the HIV epidemic has affected the rates of TB disease, and how the increase in tuberculosis cases also has a deleterious impact on TB control and general health services.
Results: While TB is increasing in nearly all occupational groups in Ethiopia, it is disproportionately affecting people in their 20s and 30s, the primary age group that is dying of AIDS. Some novel community-based approaches to TB control in rural areas, however, seem to be yielding positive results in terms of increasing drug compliance and treatment completion rates.
Recommendations: Innovative approaches to strengthen the national TB control program at the community level must be taken by the Ministry of Health in order to moderate the twin scourges of TB and HIV.
HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia: An Overview
Authors: Kloos Helmut , Mariam Damen Haile
Published: January 2007

Problem Statement: The rapidly growing literature on HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia has failed to examine the epidemic, its impacts, and the national prevention and control program in their socioeconomic, cultural, and political contexts.

Objectives: This paper reviews the epidemiology, driving forces, and impacts of the epidemic at the societal level and evaluates prospects for prevention and control.

Methods: The literature was reviewed through online searches of PubMed/
National Institute of Health, Medscape, and PAHA (Partners Against HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia) databases; unpublished sources were obtained from the Ministry of Health and other Ethiopian institutions, United Nations organizations, as well as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and nongovernment organizations.

Results: Since the rapid spread of HIV infection in the 1980s and 1990s—primarily by commercial sex workers, truck drivers, and soldiers along major transportation routes—children, adolescents, and the general population have increasingly become infected. While the epidemic has spread rapidly in the
slowly in rural areas, surveillance activities remain underdeveloped. Thus, the fragmentary data on the occurrence and impact of HIV/AIDS are speculative, and planning and implementation of prevention and control programs have been hindered. Available data show that knowledge levels about HIV/AIDS and use of condoms have increased in towns, and a few populations with declining risk behavior have been identified in Addis Ababa, although a high degree of denial, discrimination, and high-risk behavior persist.

Little is known about the situation in rural Ethiopia. Poverty, war, gender inequities, traditional practices, and political problems have all inhibited the effectiveness of prevention and patient care/support programs. The socio-ecnomic impacts of HIV/AIDS are severe and increasing, and a sharp decline in population growth is anticipated. The national HIV/AIDS prevention program is briefly reviewed, and prospects for decentralized, multisectoral, and community-based planning and implementation of prevention and patient support strategies are examined.

Conclusion: The HIV/AIDS epidemic has become a major threat to Ethiopian society. Limited administrative capacity and persisting economic, behavioral, and attitudinal problems at all levels of society need to be improved rapidly, and the Ministry of Health's Multisectoral HIV/AIDS Strategic Plan should be implemented on schedule to reverse the epidemic. Emerging behavioral changes associated with declining HIV rates in selected urban populations similar to those reported from Uganda and other countries with successful prevention programs give rise to guarded optimism, assuming that these changes can be achieved in the broader population.
The Iddir in Ethiopia: Historical Development, Social Function, and Potential Role in HIV/AIDS Prevention and Control
Authors: Pankhurst Alula , Mariam. Damen Haile
Published: January 2007

Problem Statement: Mortality from AIDS has been increasing at an alarming rate in Ethiopia, especially in urban centers, to the great detriment of households and communities. The epidemic causes stress or even collapse of social institutions performing valued community functions. One such institution threatened by the HIV/AIDS epidemic is the iddir, a form of indigenous social insurance whose main function is to help members during bereavement.
Results: The historical review suggests that iddirs were developed by migrants to Addis Ababa in the early part of the twentieth century and spread rapidly from the time of the Italian occupation, with increasing use of currency, formalization, diffusion, and transformation from mono- to polyethnic voluntary organizations. The review considers the relationships of iddirs with the state during three successive regimes, noting that despite considerable potential for partnership, iddirs have tended not to become involved with development activities such as education and healthcare services or community development, fearing state interference. The surveys showed that while none of the iddir leaders had heard of an iddir going bankrupt due to increased mortality and payment overload, all the study iddirs reported decreases in their deposits in recent years. Mortality increase in the younger population was the perceived reason for these financial constraints. Strategies used to cope with the increased mortality problem include increasing membership contributions and premiums and renting out equipment.
Development of Research Capability in Ethiopia: The Ethio-Netherlands HIV/AIDS Research Project (ENARP), 1994-2002
Authors: Sanders Eduard , Messele. Tsehaynesh , Wolday. Dawit , Dorigo-Zetsma J. W , Woldemichael. Tilahun , Geyid. Aberra , Coutinho Roel
Published: January 2007

In 1992, HIV/AIDS researchers in Amsterdam were invited to work in partnership with researchers in Ethiopia to build an HIV/AIDS research infrastructure in Addis Ababa. This project, which began in 1994, was envisioned to contribute meaningfully to fighting the HIV pandemic in the decades to come. Its immediate objective was to establish an HIV research laboratory to serve international partnerships pursuing HIV vaccine research in Ethiopia and to support national health authorities fighting the HIV epidemic in Ethiopia. The overall goal was to develop research capacity at the Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute (EHNRI) by improving facilities, training technical and academic personnel at the Ph.D., M.Sc., and M.P.H. levels, establishing cohort studies to study HIV infection progression, and helping the government to implement a national HIV surveillance program.

During the period 1994-2002, the projected HIV/AIDS research laboratory was built and several existing sections of EHNRI were renovated and upgraded. An active HIV-research program also was established. Staff grew to more than 60, including three Ethiopian and three expatriate researcher/managers. Two Ph.D. students graduated in immunology and virology (University of Amsterdam, 2000), and five are currently in training. Several technical persons were trained, and over 19 M.Sc./M.P.H. programs were supported at Addis Ababa University (AAU). The first Ethiopian Ph.D. graduate became the national program manager for ENARP. Two ENARP cohort studies and several HIV-prevalence studies have helped document the severity of the HIV epidemic in Ethiopia, assisting national authorities in formulating national and regional policies to prevent HIV transmission.

Initial funding for ENARP from the Netherlands government was for eight years, to end by 2003. It was expected that management responsibilities would then be transferred from expatriate to Ethiopian staff and all ENARP activities integrated into EHNRI.
Toppling the Hero: Polyphony in the Tragic City
Authors: DuBois Page
Published: January 2007

"Toppling the Hero" considers contemporary uses of the term "tragic," as well as the philosophical tradition concerning tragedy. Page duBois argues that the earliest theorist of tragedy, Aristotle, wrote belatedly, from a post-classical perspective on the democratic city and its political/religious rituals, and began a long tradition of misreading fifth-century tragedy, focusing on management of the individual through tragic catharsis in a new kind of state. DuBois considers subsequent readings of tragedy that place the tragic individual at its center, including those of Hegel, Freud, Lacan, and Judith Butler. Recent work by classicists on Greek tragedy reveals a genre that precedes and overwhelms familiar and comfortable postAristotelian models of genre, subjectivity, and psychology. DuBois argues that Greek tragedy ecstatically exceeds the tragic hero in its haunting by the slaves of ancient Greek society, in its access to mourning, and in its choral song that is of necessity collective, diverse, and heterogeneous.
Spectacular Failure: The Figure of the Lesbian in Mulholland Drive
Authors: Love Heather
Published: January 2007

This essay considers the lesbian as a modern tragic figure through a reading of David Lynch's 2001 film Mulholland Drive. While many have identified Lynch's representation of female same-sex desire in the film as a textbook example of male fantasy, the film offers a subtle treatment of intimate relations between cultural plots of lesbian fantasy and lesbian tragedy. In this sense, Mulholland Drive insists on the importance of clich�s and stereotypes in structuring reality at the same time that if offers several images of the reworking of such clich�s in dream and fantasy. The paper considers lesbian representation in the film in the context of a longer tradition of cultural stereotypes, arguing that the tragic of failed lesbian should not be dismissed a mere specter of ideology. Rather, engaging with twentieth-century theorists of tragedy, Love argues that this pathetic figure is better understood as actually tragic, marked as she is by the exclusionary regimes of the modern.
The Return of the Tragic in Postmodern Societies
Authors: Maffesoli Michel , Felski Rita , Megill Allan , Rose Marilyn Gaddis
Published: January 2007

In this translation from his recent book, L'Instant �ternel: Le retour du tragique dans les soci�t�s postmodernes, Michel Maffesol develops a diagnosis of the present that draws on the earlier arguments of The Shadow of Dionysus, The Time of the Tribes, and other works. According to Maffesoli, the project of modernity, defined as a future-oriented faith in individual development and political transformation, is reaching its end. Against those who lament this sign of the apathy of the young or mourn the loss of history in the society of the spectacle, he argues that we need to take seriously the current transvaluation of cultural values. An orientation to the future is giving way to an immersion in the present; individual existence is replaced by affiliation with the group (the postmodern tribe); there is a wide-spread fascination w ith religiosity, mysticism, myth, the supernatural (the "New Age") as well as with violence, excess, and the glamor of self-destruction, whether simulated or real. These cultural symptoms point to a wide-spread resurgence of the tragic in its Nietzschean sense; living for the moment, recognizing the precariousnesss and vulnerability of existence and the limits of human agency, and yet affirming life in the face of death with exuberance and passion. Maffesoli's provocative recasting of the idea of the tragic invites us to look not to high art but rather to much-maligned aspects of popular culture--rock concerts, senseless violence, the worship of celebrities-for the true reincarnation of the spirit of Dionysus.
"Tragedy," Reconsidered
Authors: Steiner George
Published: January 2007

George Steiner reconsiders the arguments of The Death of Tragedy more than forty years after its publication. Noting the radical indeterminacy of "tragedy" and "tragic," he seeks to delimit these terms not through fruitless attempts at formal definition but by elucidating a common core of suppositions. According to Steiner, this core consists of a sense of ontological homelessness, of "alienation or ostracism from the safeguard of licensed being." In reflecting on his earlier arguments, he now concedes that this sense of fundamental estrangement and primordial suffering is not superseded by modernity but continues to mark the thought of thinkers such as Marx, Freud, and L�vi-Strauss. Acknowledging the historical variety and fluctuation of tragic forms, he writes: "with few exceptions, 'tragedy' after Goethe perpetuates itself in prose fiction, in opera, in film, in reportage." At the same time, Steiner continues to insist on a fun damental difference between such modern expressions of the tragic and what he calls the "absolute tragedy" of the Greeks, which is marked by a radical pessimism alien to both Christianity and atheism.
Coherence and Changes in the Unknown World
Authors: Ferguson Frances
Published: January 2007

This essay undertakes to understand Foucault's interest in classification in The Order of Things as a contribution to debates about the availability of beliefs. If a standard defense of the possibility of religious belief involves claiming that religious belief does not need justification, it seems to make religious belief (and all sorts of beliefs about things that are not part of the world of experience) look as though it is a mere product of the wills of individuals. Foucault's analysis of historical shifts in the conceptual operations performed by classifications does not suggest, as some commentators have thought, that there is no distinction between facts and fictions. Instead, his view implies that the modern era recruited concepts for the world of experience, so that individual examples and the concepts that identified them in terms of their types were related more actively to one another than to unseen causes beyond the world of experience. Bentham's discussion of religion in The Influence of Natural Religion on the Temporal Happiness of Mankind of 1822 serves to indicate exactly how far the modern understanding of individuals in relation to groups or types in the social and experiential world came to compete with the possibility of belief in an unseen deity as a cause of the world of our experience. In Bentham's account, belief in a deity who dispenses posthumous rewards and punishments is not a mere supplement to human law with its present structure of rewards and punishments. Instead, Bentham argues that religion is in direct competition with secular law and its evaluations of human actions, that religion does not give meaning to life but rather deprives human action of significance.
Coherence, Consistency, Cogency, Congruity, Cohesiveness, &c.: Remain Calm! Donit Go Overboard!
Authors: Haack Susan
Published: January 2007

"Coherent," "consistent," "cogent," etc., have multiple meanings and multiple objects: what a logician means by speaking of the consistency of an axiomatic system, for example, is not what a literary critic means by speaking of the consistency of a fictional character or the congruity of this sub-plot with the overall theme of a novel; what an epistemologist means by speaking of the coherence of a set of beliefs is not what a sociologist or political theorist means by speaking of the cohesiveness of a society or church or trade union. The paper first disentangles some of these many meanings; then presents an assessment of coherentism in epistemology; and finally tackles some of the questions posed by the editor about the "value-ladenness" of the concept of coherence, its connections with communitarian ethics or perhaps with totalitarian politics, its place in literary and in academic writing, and its relevance to composition teaching
The Conundrum of Coherence
Authors: Herbert Christopher
Published: January 2007

The doctrine of coherence, of the radical interconnectedness of (all) things, was widely proclaimed in the nineteenth century as the cardinal principle of specifically modern, avant-garde and relativistic, intellectual enterprise, particularly in various areas of the natural and social sciences. Not merely a protocol of scientific rationality, the rule of coherence was also idealized as a principle of value. At the same time, a growing number of nineteenth-century thinkers became ever more acutely aware that the doctrine of coherence entailed potentially severe epistemological dilemmas. If all things are exhaustively interconnected and if, therefore, relations and not intrinsic properties of things form the sole objects of scientific inquiry, then all analysis, particularly analysis of causes and effects, is fated to expand uncontrollably and never to be able to attain even provisional conclusions. Brooks and Warren's Understanding Poetry (1938) bases its revolutionary approach to literary analysis on the same formulations of the coherence doctrine that were already commonplaces across a broad spectrum of fields in late-Victorian times, prompting questions as to how literary study was able for so many decades to remain impervious to the progressive intellectual trends that had long since transformed nearly every other area of research. The incurable self-contradictions of the coherence doctrine are mystified in Understanding Poetry, but they signal themselves in the assertion of an ethic of critical authoritarianism and in the promotion of a dubious creed of "total interpretation." In postmodern literary studies, one encounters both a strong reaction against the doctrine of coherence and, notably in work inspired by Michel Foucault, a resurgence of it. An instance of the latter is found in D. A. Miller's The Novel and the Police (1988), in which the idea of coherence is given totalizing form in the invocation of the fantastic apparition called "Discipline." As a corrective to such an argument, coherence needs to be recognized not as a given or as a fact of nature but as an existential and performative category-and even, as James Frazer laments in a preface to The Golden Bough, a potentially tragic one.
Productive Decadence: "The Queer Comradeship of Outlawed Thought": Vernon Lee, Max Nordau, and Oscar Wilde
Authors: Dellamora Richard
Published: January 2007

In view of the attack made by Max Nordau on vanguard art in the name of positive science, the conjunction of the Wilde trials with the publication of the English translation of Nordau's Degeneration (1892) in the spring of 1895 had important, negative implications for cultural modernity in England. These were immediately grasped by progressive magazine editors and by intellectuals such as George Bernard Shaw and the English feminist aesthetician, Vernon Lee. This essay tracks the responses to Nordau's book in Lee's review and Shaw's essay, "The Sanity of Art." Both develop a norm of critical reason based on human affectivity as a basis for challenging the doxa of contemporary psychiatry. Lee links a critical notion of rationality with cultural dissidence, which she refers to as "the queer comradeship of outlawed thought" (938), a comradeship that includes a norm of loving friendship, viz., "the marriage of true minds" (936). In making this connection, Lee argues on behalf of the cultural productivity of fin-de si�cle decadence.
Formalism and its Malcontents: Benjamin and de Man on the Function of Allegory
Authors: Hansen Jim
Published: January 2007

Responding to recent critical discussions concerning a new or resurgent formalism, the essay questions the very distinction between formalism and historicism by exploring the widely divergent ways that Walter Benjamin and Paul de Man negotiate the dialectical problem of immanent critique in their respective meditations on allegory.
Decadence from Belfast to Byzantium
Authors: Vance Norman
Published: January 2007

Decadence is usually implicated in temporality, perceived in narrative terms in relation to a particular history of decline and fall from prior achievement or normality. The prototype of all such histories tends to be found in the later history of Rome. This essay, looking beyond Rome itself, proposes an alternative model of decadence associated not so much with temporality as with space and spatial metaphor, with extremity, distance, precarious connection and relations between perceived centre and periphery. The Byzantine and Alexandrian antecedents of the Greek poet Constantinos Cavafy (1863-1933), much admired by E.M. Forster, remind us of the prolonged but attenuated survival of the classical tradition in the Roman Empire, recalling Hagia Sophia and Hypatia instead of Caligula or the crumbling Coliseum. Cavafy provides a bridge to and a different perspective on classically-influenced notions of opulent decadence. This perspective finds interesting expression in Irish writing from Yeats to the Belfast writer Derek Mahon, so the discussion concludes by wondering why this should be so, exploring possible connections between culture at the end of its tether and geographical and political extremity.
"An Addiction from Which We Never Get Free"
Authors: Chow Rey
Published: January 2007

Through brief discussions of aspects of the putative crisis in the humanities -- the definition of the humanities as such, the relation of colonialism to humanistic pursuits, and the dominance of information -- the author asks what knowledge itself amounts to in the early 21st-century. Following Foucault, she proposes that humanistic knowledge be rethought as a part of a larger historical problematic, one that will by necessity undergo a process of transformation in relation to other types of knowledge. Adopting insights from Bill Readings, she suggests that thought/thinking is the most critical thing to redeem in such a process.
In Need of a Name? A Response to Geoffrey Harpham
Authors: Culler Jonathan D
Published: January 2007

Geoffrey Harpham critiques humanists' complacency or defeatism about the crisis of the humanities but displays one of the most powerful resources of the humanities in his own conversion of the crisis into a defining strength of humanistic disciplines. Where his defense goes wrong is in linking the humanities to an ideology of the human. How can humanists celebrate and expound the most exciting developments in the humanities in recent years if the term humanities ties them to such an ideology? Would the humanities do better with a new name?
Threatening the University--The Liberal Arts and the Economization of Culture
Authors: Fludernik Monika
Published: January 2007

In response to Geoffrey Harpham's plea for a greater effort to explain the humanities to the public in order to secure funding for them, Fludernik argues that, useful as that proposal is, it emphasizes the distinctness of the humanities vis a vis the sciences too much. She herself insists that all disciplines, scientific and otherwise, share a common ground in servicing human curiosity about the word and humanity, and that therefore public relations efforts should emphasize the long-term uses of academic endeavor.
Slow and Brilliant: Reactions to Geoffrey Galt Harpham's Diagnosis of the Humanities Today
Authors: Gumbrecht Hans Ulrich
Published: January 2007

A mainly affirmative--but complexifying--reaction to Harpham's diagnosis of the present-day humanities. Implicitly questioning the value and viability of the concept "method / methodology" for the Humanities and Arts today and in general, the essay discusses [and partly challenges] the "methodological" status of humanistic key concepts and core practices such as "interpretation," "reading," "text," and "otherness" in Harpham's conception; it takes issue with some normative implications in what Harpham believes should be the value of being "human" and, depending on it, the specific professional competence of the Humanist; above all, this reponse argues for an elitist self-understanding of the Humanities and Arts as a practice of swift intellectual slowness and of risk-taking.