bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Calculation of Heat and Mass Transfer Coefficients in a Packed Tower Operating With a Desiccant-Air Contact System
Authors: Gandhidasan P. , Kettleborough C. F. , Ullah M. Rifat
Published: January 2010

Packed towers can be used for solar regeneration of aqueous solutions and dehumidification of air using aqueous solutions. These processes involve simultaneous heat and mass transfer with heat effects. In order to design a packed tower for aqueous solution-air contacting operations, heat and mass transfer coefficients for each phase are required. For the present study, aqueous calcium chloride solution is used; ceramic Raschig rings and Berl saddles are used as the packing material. In this paper air phase transfer coefficients are correlated with flow rates of air and liquid and the temperature of air, whereas liquid phase coefficients are correlated with rates of air and liquid flow, and the temperature and concentration of the liquid.
Heat Exchange Between a Tube and Water-Saturated Soil
Authors: van der Star C. A. , van Meurs G. A. M. , Hoogendoorn C. J.
Published: January 2010

The heat transfer between a cylinder and the surrounding water-saturated soil is studied numerically. Parameters which influence this heat transfer are thermal properties of the soil, dimension and thermal conductivity of the tube material, and a regional groundwater flow. The results are compared to analytical approximations. When two tubes are present, their mutual distance is also such a parameter.
Simulation of a Solar Pond Using Upward Flow Through the Storage Zone
Authors: Lowrey D. Preston , Johnson R. R.
Published: January 2010

This paper proposes a design modification that would reduce heat losses to the ground from the Storage Zone (SZ) of a solar pond, while increasing the rate of heat extraction. This modification would use a thermally stratified, opaque SZ, and would induce a slow, upward flow by decanting warmed water near the top of the SZ and then returning this water to the bottom of the SZ after removing some heat. This innovation would help sensible heating applications, especially heating water up from ambient temperature, but would not help latent heating applications such as electric power cycles. A computer simulation of this design predicts heat extraction rates 13-62 percent higher than in conventional ponds. Gains are greatest if the return flow at the bottom of the SZ is near the ambient temperature, if the peak temperature of the heat extracted is high, or if water clarity in the upper pond layers is poor.
Mountaintop Mining Consequences
Authors: Palmer M. A. , Bernhardt E. S. , Schlesinger W. H. , Eshleman K. N. , Foufoula-Georgiou E. , Hendryx M. S. , Lemly A. D. , Likens G. E. , Loucks O. L. , Power M. E. , White P. S. , Wilcock P. R.
Published: January 2010

Damage to ecosystems and threats to human health and the lack of effective mitigation require new approaches to mining regulation.
Energy-Conversion Properties of Vapor-Liquid-Solid–Grown Silicon Wire-Array Photocathodes
Authors: Boettcher Shannon W. , Spurgeon Joshua M. , Putnam Morgan C. , Warren Emily L. , Turner-Evans Daniel B. , Kelzenberg Michael D. , Maiolo James R. , Atwater Harry A. , Lewis Nathan S.
Published: January 2010

Silicon Microwires as Photocathodes

Solar hydrogen generation will require the development of photocathodes with high surface area, durability, and efficiency. Silicon microwire arrays, which allow for greater light penetration, could achieve this goal if the carrier mobilities are sufficiently high so that surface reactions occur before charges recombine.

Boettcher
et al.

(p.
185
) report the electronic properties on positively doped silicon microwire arrays that were grown with copper catalysts and used in a methyl viologen redox system. Although equivalent efficiencies for normal solar fluxes were only 2 to 3%, the high internal efficiencies and low use of the available optical flux suggest that further improvements are possible.
A Transient Niche Regulates the Specification of
Drosophila
Intestinal Stem Cells
Authors: Mathur Divya , Bost Alyssa , Driver Ian , Ohlstein Benjamin
Published: January 2010

Niche Metamorphosis

The gut epithelium is continually renewed by cells generated from intestinal stem cells. In the fruit fly
Drosophila
, cells of the adult gut are derived from cells set aside before metamorphosis.

Mathur
et al.

(p.
210
) now show that an early asymmetric cell division in larval stages establishes a niche that encloses a proliferating group of undifferentiated stem cells. At metamorphosis, the niche breaks down and the stem cells are freed. Most of them differentiate into adult gut progenitors, but a minority takes on the task of establishing a new, adult, stem cell niche with more liberal operating rules.
Reefs as Cradles of Evolution and Sources of Biodiversity in the Phanerozoic
Authors: Kiessling Wolfgang , Simpson Carl , Foote Michael
Published: January 2010

Cradle of Diversity

Is the biological diversity of reefs a result of attracting species that originated elsewhere, or are they particularly important as cradles of evolution?

Kiessling
et al.

(p.
196
; see the cover) examine a large database of fossil benthic marine organisms dating back to the Cambrian to test these questions. It seems that reefs, even in comparison to other shallow marine environments, were indeed important during the origination of new species, including ones that migrate elsewhere.
Humoral Immune Responses against theMycobacteriumtuberculosis38-Kilodalton, MTB48, and CFP-10/ESAT-6 Antigens in Tuberculosis
Authors: Wu Xueqiong , Yang Yourong , Zhang Junxian , Li Bangying , Liang Yan , Zhang Chuiying , Dong Mei , Cheng Hongbing , He Jufang
Published: January 2010

The diagnosis of smear-negative and culture-negative patients with active tuberculosis (TB) is challenging. The detection ofMycobacteriumtuberculosis-specific antibodies in human sera has been an important diagnostic aid. However, detection of antibody responses to a single antigen usually has a low sensitivity for diagnosis of TB. In this study, humoral immune responses against recombinantM. tuberculosis38-kDa, MTB48, and CFP-10/ESAT-6 (culture filtrate protein 10/6-kDa early secreted antigen target ofM. tuberculosis) antigens in 250 Chinese TB patients and 260 healthy subjects were evaluated by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The levels of antibodies against those antigens in TB patients, even in bacterium-negative ones, were significantly higher than those in healthy subjects (P< 0.001). The serodiagnostic sensitivities to detect antibodies against individual antigens, i.e., recombinantM. tuberculosis38-kDa, MTB48, and CFP-10/ESAT-6 antigens, in TB patients were 73.6%, 73.2%, and 60.4%, respectively, with specificities of 85.4%, 77.7%, and 73.8%, respectively. Importantly, the sensitivity to positively detect humoral responses to one of the antigens increased further. Our data suggest that the humoral immune responses toM. tuberculosisantigens in TB patients are heterogeneous. The 38-kDa, MTB48, and CFP-10/ESAT-6 antigens can be used as the cocktail antigens in the serodiagnosis of active TB, especially for smear- or culture-negative TB cases.
In Vitro
Synthesis of Sindbis Virus Genomic and Subgenomic RNAs: Influence of nsP4 Mutations and Nucleoside Triphosphate Concentrations
Authors: Li Mei-Ling , Wang Hongtao , Stollar Victor
Published: January 2010

Two positive-strand mRNAs are made in Sindbis virus-infected cells, the genomic (G) RNA and the subgenomic (SG) RNA. In mosquito cells infected with wild-type (wt) Sindbis virus, the latter is made in excess over the former; however, in cells infected with SVpzf or SVcpc more G RNA is made than SG RNA. Use was made of
in vitro
systems to investigate the effects of the SVpzf and SVcpc mutations on the synthesis of SG and G RNAs. Our findings indicate that under standard reaction conditions, the SG/G RNA ratio
in vitro
reflects the ratio of SG to G RNA made in infected mosquito cells. We observed further that the RNA patterns seen
in vitro
are affected not only by the SVpzf and SVcpc mutations but also by the nucleoside triphosphate concentrations in the reaction mixtures and that introduction of these mutations into nsP4 and the promoter/template change the relative amounts of SG and G RNAs that are made, likely through the choice of promoter. We conclude that with respect to the SVpzf and SVcpc mutations, it is mainly the nucleotide changes in the SG promoter, not the amino acid changes in nsP4, that determine the SG/G RNA ratio that results. Further, it was observed that the SVpzf mutations enhance the
in vitro
synthesis of SG RNA at the lowest concentrations of UTP/CTP and that the single SVcpc mutation enhances the synthesis of G RNA at the lowest concentrations of CTP tested. We also identified three Arg residues in nsP4, R545, R546, and R547, that are needed for the synthesis of G RNA but not SG RNA.
The DR1 and DR6 First Exons of Human Herpesvirus 6A Are Not Required for Virus Replication in Culture and Are Deleted in Virus Stocks That Replicate Well in T-Cell Lines
Authors: Borenstein Ronen , Zeigerman Haim , Frenkel Niza
Published: January 2010

Human herpesvirus 6A (HHV-6A) and HHV-6B are lymphotropic viruses which replicate in cultured activated cord blood mononuclear cells (CBMCs) and in T-cell lines. Viral genomes are composed of 143-kb unique (U) sequences flanked by ∼8- to 10-kb left and right direct repeats, DR
L
and DR
R
. We have recently cloned HHV-6A (U1102) into bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) vectors, employing DNA replicative intermediates. Surprisingly, HHV-6A BACs and their parental DNAs were found to contain short ∼2.7-kb DRs. To test whether DR shortening occurred during passaging in CBMCs or in the SupT1 T-cell line, we compared packaged DNAs from various passages. Restriction enzymes, PCR, and sequencing analyses have shown the following. (i) Early (1992) viral preparations from CBMCs contained ∼8-kb DRs. (ii) Viruses currently propagated in SupT1 cells contained ∼2.7-kb DRs. (iii) The deletion spans positions 60 to 5545 in DR
L
, including genes encoded by DR1 through the first exon of DR6. The pac-2-pac-1 packaging signals, the DR7 open reading frame (ORF), and the DR6 second exon were not deleted. (iv) The DR
R
sequence was similarly shortened by 5.4 kb. (v) The DR1 through DR6 first exon sequences were deleted from the entire HHV-6A BACs, revealing that they were not translocated into other genome locations. (vi) When virus initially cultured in CBMCs was passaged in SupT1 cells no DR shortening occurred. (vii) Viral stocks possessing short DRs replicated efficiently, revealing the plasticity of herpesvirus genomes. We conclude that the DR deletion occurred once, producing virus with advantageous growth “conquering” the population. The DR1 gene and the first DR6 exon are not required for propagation in culture.
Functional Analysis of RNA Structures Present at the 3′ Extremity of the Murine Norovirus Genome: the Variable Polypyrimidine Tract Plays a Role in Viral Virulence
Authors: Bailey Dalan , Karakasiliotis Ioannis , Vashist Surender , Chung Liliane Man Wah , Reese Jivan , McFadden Nora , Benson Alicia , Yarovinsky Felix , Simmonds Peter , Goodfellow Ian
Published: January 2010

Interactions of host cell factors with RNA sequences and structures in the genomes of positive-strand RNA viruses play various roles in the life cycles of these viruses. Our understanding of the functional RNA elements present in norovirus genomes to date has been limited largely to
in vitro
analysis. However, we recently used reverse genetics to identify evolutionarily conserved RNA structures and sequences required for norovirus replication. We have now undertaken a more detailed analysis of RNA structures present at the 3′ extremity of the murine norovirus (MNV) genome. Biochemical data indicate the presence of three stable stem-loops, including two in the untranslated region, and a single-stranded polypyrimidine tract [p(Y)] of variable length between MNV isolates, within the terminal stem-loop structure. The well-characterized host cell pyrimidine binding proteins PTB and PCBP bound the 3′-untranslated region via an interaction with this variable sequence. Viruses lacking the p(Y) tract were viable both in cell culture and upon mouse infection, demonstrating that this interaction was not essential for virus replication. However, competition analysis with wild-type MNV in cell culture indicated that the loss of the p(Y) tract was associated with a fitness cost. Furthermore, a p(Y)-deleted mutant showed a reduction in virulence in the STAT1
−/−
mouse model, highlighting the role of RNA structures in norovirus pathogenesis. This work highlights how, like with other positive-strand RNA viruses, RNA structures present at the termini of the norovirus genome play important roles in virus replication and virulence.
A Single Amino Acid Substitution in the Capsid of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Can Increase Acid Lability and Confer Resistance to Acid-Dependent Uncoating Inhibition
Authors: Martín-Acebes Miguel A. , Rincón Verónica , Armas-Portela Rosario , Mateu Mauricio G. , Sobrino Francisco
Published: January 2010

The acid-dependent disassembly of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is required for viral RNA release from endosomes to initiate replication. Although the FMDV capsid disassembles at acid pH, mutants escaping inhibition by NH
4
Cl of endosomal acidification were found to constitute about 10% of the viruses recovered from BHK-21 cells infected with FMDV C-S8c1. For three of these mutants, the degree of NH
4
Cl resistance correlated with the sensitivity of the virion to acid-induced inactivation of its infectivity. Capsid sequencing revealed the presence in each of these mutants of a different amino acid substitution (VP3 A123T, VP3 A118V, and VP2 D106G) that affected a highly conserved residue among FMDVs located close to the capsid interpentameric interfaces. These residues may be involved in the modulation of the acid-induced dissociation of the FMDV capsid. The substitution VP3 A118V present in mutant c2 was sufficient to confer full resistance to NH
4
Cl and concanamycin A (a V-ATPase inhibitor that blocks endosomal acidification) as well as to increase the acid sensitivity of the virion to an extent similar to that exhibited by mutant c2 relative to the sensitivity of the parental virus C-S8c1. In addition, the increased propensity to dissociation into pentameric subunits of virions bearing substitution VP3 A118V indicates that this replacement also facilitates the dissociation of the FMDV capsid.
Estimating reserve lipids in greater scaup (Aythya marila) and lesser scaup (A. affinis)
Authors: Chappell William A. , Titman Rodger D.
Published: January 2010

Greater scaup (Aythya marila) and lesser scaup (A. affinis) were collected during their spring and fall migrations at Lake St. Louis, Quebec, in 1979 and 1980. Body measurements and weights of fat deposits were obtained for 35 greater scaup and 39 lesser scaup. Carcasses were homogenized and analyzed for lipid and water content. Percent body water and skin weight were the best predictors of ether-extractable body lipids. Body weight and body weight/body length were good predictors of ether-extractable lipids but may provide less reliable estimates if used for scaup at other stages of their annual cycle. Only abdominal fat weight could be used to derive a single predictive equation estimating ether-extractable lipids for both species. Regression lines with body weight or body weight/body length as the independent variables had the same slope for both species but these differed in elevation.
Territoriality in sympatric populations of red-tailed and Swainson's hawks
Authors: Rothfels Mary , Lein M. Ross
Published: January 2010

Intra- and inter-specific territoriality of breeding red-tailed (Buteo jamaicensis) and Swainson's hawks (B. swainsoni) was investigated near Calgary, Alberta, in 1979 and 1980 by examining the patterns of dispersion of nests and by direct observation of territorial interactions. Nearest-neighbor tests demonstrated regular patterns of nest dispersion. The statistically significant results for red-tailed hawks in both years and for Swainson ' s hawks in 1979 indicated the presence of intraspecific territoriality. The joint dispersion pattern of all nests of both species was significantly regular in 1979, suggesting that interspecific territoriality was present as well. These findings were supported by direct observations of both intra- and inter-specific territorial defences.
Seasonal variation in hemolymph juvenile hormone of adult monarchs (Danaus p. plexippus: Lepidoptera)
Authors: Lessman Charles A. , Herman William S.
Published: January 2010

The Galleria wax test was used to quantify juvenile hormone (JH) activity in the hemolymph of adult monarch butterflies captured in the field at monthly intervals. In animals of both sexes captured in June and July, high levels of hemolymph JH activity were found. By contrast, both sexes had generally lower JH titers from August through January. These results are in general agreement with the state of the JH-sensitive reproductive tract components during these months. Nevertheless, there were notable exceptions, including males in February and September and females in October. During these months relatively high levels of JH were obtained for some hemolymph samples, while in general, reproductive tract development during these periods was variable. This result suggested that temperature, photoperiod, nutrition, flight, JH sensitivity, or some other variable may be important in the triggering of JH-induced reproductive tract growth during these periods. Verification procedures for the assay itself and for the biological material included construction of dose responses for JHI, JHII, JHIII, and Ayerst JH (AJH) (i.e. 16 isomers of JHI), tests for hemolymph JH activity inhibition, effect of allatectomy on JH titer, and comparison of the JH activity of field- and laboratory-collected hemolymph.
Nesting success, density, philopatry, and nest-site selection of the Whimbrel (Numenius phaeopus) in different habitats
Authors: Skeel Margaret A.
Published: January 2010

A population of Whimbrels (Numeniusphaeopus) that nested in three distinct habitats near Churchill, Manitoba, was studied from 1973 to 1976. Nest success in the hummock–bog habitat was 86% and was significantly higher than the 54% success in each of the sedge–meadow and heath–tundra habitats. The hummock–bog habitat differed from the other two in several other respects. In the hummock–bog habitat, density of nesting pairs was highest and averaged 0.11 pairs/ha. Distribution of nests tended toward uniform. Density in sedge–meadow and heath–tundra habitats averaged 0.04 and 0.05 pairs/ha, respectively. Philopatry of banded adults to the hummock–bog habitat was considerably higher than to the other two, indicating more stability there. Several attributes of nest placement were important, and the hummock–bog habitat, structurally the most complex, offered more potentially favorable sites. The higher nesting success in the hummock–bog habitat was attributed primarily to the more complex structure of this habitat (crypticity is enhanced) and the higher nesting density (predation is reduced through joint defense).
Embryonic auditory stimulation and posthatch distress calling in the domestic chicken
Authors: White Nicholas R. , Macdonald Glenn E.
Published: January 2010

Domestic chickens (Gallus gallus) were exposed to band-restricted white noise at one of two frequency levels and intermittency rates prior to hatching. After hatching, they were tested either with the same stimulus that they had experienced as embryos or with the stimulus of alternate frequency range and intermittency rate. Chicks emitted fewer distress calls when tested with a familiar stimulus than with a novel stimulus. The design of the experiment allowed the conclusion that prenatal auditory stimulation may induce filial behavior; it does not function only to enhance the behavioral expression of existing response tendencies.
The acceptance of Lontra Gray for the New World river otters
Authors: Kellnhauser John T.
Published: January 2010

Van Zyll de Jong (C. G. Van Zyll de Jong. 1972. Life Sci. Contrib. R. Ont. Mus. No. 80) resurrected Lontra Gray for the New World river otters. Acceptance of its use has met with varying success. However, some authors reject Lontra by reference to Sokolov (I. I. Sokolov. 1973. Byull. Mosk. Ova. Ispyt. Prir. Otd. Biol. 78(6): 45–52). Such use of Sokolov is shown to be unjustifiable.
A multivariate study of morphometric variation in species of the ciliate genus Colpoda (Ciliophora: Colpodida)
Authors: Lynn Denis H. , Malcolm Jay R.
Published: January 2010

Univariate and multivariate statistical methods were used to study morphometric variation of 19 clones from eight species of the ciliate genus Colpoda. No single character could provide complete discrimination of all species. However, results of canonical variates analysis demonstrated that some morphological characters, which are considered important by taxonomists, do provide for maximum discrimination among the species. These characters include left and right keel kinety number, incurrent and excurrent canal kinety number, and vestibular kinety number. The clones in the somatic length range of 44–70 μm are apparently more difficult to distinguish by morphometric criteria.
Bionomics of Lepidoglyphus destructor (Schrank) (Acarina: Glycyphagidae), a pest of stored cereals
Authors: Barker Philip S.
Published: January 2010

The life history and reproductive rates of Lepidoglyphus destructor (Schrank) were examined at 14, 20, 25 and 30 °C and 75% relative humidity. There was no development at 30 °C. A few hypopi were produced at 14 °C, but none at 20 and 25 °C. The highest net reproductive rates of 53 and 55 females produced per female per generation were found at 14 and 25 °C.
Occurrence of the Acanthocephalan Echinorhynchus leidyi (Van Cleave, 1924) in Mysis relicta
Authors: Prychitko S. B. , Nero R. W.
Published: January 2010

Mysis relicta has been identified as an intermediate host of the acanthocephalan Echinorhynchus leidyi (Van Cleave, 1924) Golvan, 1969 in four of eight lakes examined in northwestern Ontario. Parasite prevalence in Mysis relicta ranged from less than 1 to 3.6%. Lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) are a common definitive host.
Interactions entre deux parasitoïdes Diadromus collaris et D. pulchellus (Ichneumonides): survie des parasitoïdes mâles dans des chrysalides d'Acrolepiopsis assectella soumis ou non à une compétition intra- et interspécifique
Authors: Kalmes Robert , Hedderwick Marie-Pierre , Rojas-Rousse Danielle , Chessel Daniel
Published: January 2010

Two species of solitary parasitoïd wasps, Diadromus collaris and D. pulchellus, are able to parasitize simultaneously the same host (Acrolepiopsis assectella). Only one parasitoïd individual can develop per host. The potential of each hymenopteron to produce an adult F1 was studied. Competition therefore occurs between young overabundant larvae. The theoretical and observed numbers of D. pulchellus adults were significantly higher than those of D. collaris. However, the differences observed between the number of D. pulchellus and D. collaris adults did not suggest that one species was more competitive under thermoperiodic conditions which were favorable to D. pulchellus.
Swimming velocities, breathing patterns, and estimated costs of locomotion in migrating gray whales, Eschrichtius robustus
Authors: Sumich James L.
Published: January 2010

This study was conducted to determine the swimming velocities and breathing patterns of south-migrating gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) and to estimate their minimum costs of transport during migration. Swimming velocities and breathing patterns were monitored with theodolite techniques from a coastal vantage point on Point Loma, San Diego County, CA. Estimates of energy expenditures were based on observed breathing rates and on extrapolations of tidal lung volume and oxygen uptake measurements made on unrestrained and on captive gray whales. The results of 74 whales monitored over 354 whale∙km yielded mean velocities of 2.0 m∙s−1 and mean breathing rates of 0.72 breaths∙min−1. The regression of breathing rates on swimming velocities (V) by the method of least squares is best described by the equation, breathing rate = 0.5 + 0.024 V3.0. The calculated minimum cost of transport for a 12-m, 15-t whale was 0.046 W∙s∙N−1∙m−1 at the observed mean swimming velocity of 2 m∙s−1 during the southward migration. The coefficient of total drag was estimated to be 0.06. Rates of lipid depletion approximate 6% of body weight per month if no supplementary food intake occurs for the 4- to 6-month period each year that gray whales are presumed to fast.
The effects of H+ upon the gills of freshwater fish
Authors: McDonald D. G.
Published: January 2010

The structure and function of the gills of freshwater fish are briefly summarized and the responses to low pH are reviewed, with particular reference to the salmonid fishes. Major influences are seen upon ion and acid–base regulatory mechanisms at the gills and upon mucous secretion and gill structure. Ionic imbalances which can be responsible for death at low pH are caused by disturbances to both the active transport and the diffusional losses of Na+ and Cl−. The disturbances, while not identical for the two ions, are similar to the extent that the undirectional fluxes of both are dependent upon the severity and duration of the acid exposure and upon the external calcium concentration. Calcium also has an important influence on the net flux of H+ across the gills. A model is proposed for the interaction of Ca2+ and H+ on gill function. The physiological importance of mucous secretion at low pH is discussed and the issue of whether acid-intolerant species can be successfully adapted for life at low pH is examined.
Revision of the Nearctic species of Baryconus (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae, Scelioninae)
Authors: Ritchie Alasdair J. , Masner Lubomir
Published: January 2010

The genus Baryconus Foerster (= Hoploteleia Ashmead) (Scelionidae, Scelioninae) in North America is revised. A generic diagnosis and a key to species are given; the nomenclature and biology of Baryconus are discussed. Eight species are recognized in North America, six of them new to science: Baryconus albohirtus (United States), B. americanus (Canada, United States), B. bidentatus (United States), B. clypeatus (United States, Mexico), B. minutus (United States), and B. unidentatus (United States). The two previously known species, viz. B. floridanus Ashmead and B. noveboracensis (Brues) are redescribed, females being described for the first time. Biological and distributional notes on each species are included.
The ecology of the lynx (Lynx canadensis) on Cape Breton Island
Authors: Parker G. R. , Maxwell J. W. , Morton L. D. , Smith G. E. J.
Published: January 2010

Recruitment of lynx (Lynx canadensis) on Cape Breton Island declined from 1977–1978 through 1979–1980 concurrent with a decrease in snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus) densities. Suppressed recruitment resulted from a decline in pregnancy rates, especially in the yearling cohort, and increased mortality of kits during the first 6 months of life. Snowshoe hare was the main component in the diet of lynx during both winter and summer. Lynx rarely travelled together except for females with kits. Hunting success (percent successful chases) increased wth group size. Overall hunting success increased through the winter. Winter kill rates averaged one hare per lynx per 24 h. Home ranges of adults were larger in summer (25–32 km2) than in winter (12–18 km2). Daily cruising distances (kilometres per 24 h) were greater in summer (~9 km) than in winter (~8 km). Although lynx used all habitats within their home ranges, they selected for the advanced successional habitat (~20 years after cutting) both winter and summer. Mature conifer habitat was used more in summer than in winter. The short-term impact of extensive forest harvesting within the limited range of lynx on the highlands of Cape Breton Island is uncertain; in the long-term it should prove beneficial by increasing the availability of preferred advanced successional habitat. Harvesting of lynx should be closely controlled, especially during periods of reduced densities of snowshoe hares and suppressed recruitment of lynx.
Changes in tissue ion contents and ultrastructure of food-deprived immature American eels, Anguilla rostrata (LeSueur)
Authors: Moon Thomas W.
Published: January 2010

The fasting-induced ultrastructural and ionic changes which occur in American eel (Anguilla rostrata) tissues were studied following 6 (fasted) and 12 (starved) months of food deprivation. Muscle and liver Na+ and Ca2+ ion contents generally rose at the expense of plasma ion concentrations; K+ levels changed little. The fiber area (size) of red (RM) and white (WM) muscles declined with the length of the fast. However, the relative proportion of RM myofibrils actually increased suggesting that red fiber performance was maintained during the fasting period. WM performance probably drops significantly as a result of a decreased fiber size and the relative volume of myofibrils present. Liver morphometric changes became apparent only after 12 months of food deprivation, although a significant increase was noted in the volume of the cell occupied by endoplasmic reticulum at 6 months. These studies indicate that tissue ultrastructural changes occurred with food deprivation in eels and that these were consistent with previously observed alterations in tissue protein and enzyme activities. It is proposed that these modifications are associated with the mobilization of tissue metabolic reserves, and not necessarily a dramatic metabolic reorganization of American eel tissues during food deprivation.
Transmission and development of Capillospirura pseudoargumentosa (Appy and Dadswell, 1978) (Nematoda: Cystidicolidae)
Authors: Appy R. G. , Dadswell M. J.
Published: January 2010

The cystidicolid nematode, Capillospirura pseudoargumentosa (Appy and Dadswell, 1978) (Habronematoidea) moulted twice and developed to the infective third stage in Gammarus tigrinus and G. fasciatus (Amphipoda) but not in isopods, decapods, mysids or other amphipods. At 10–14 °C development to the third stage in G. tigrinus took between 28 and 40 days and at 21–25 °C, it took between 10 and 15 days. Infective larvae fed to shortnose sturgeon, Acipenser brevirostrum, moulted from the third to the fourth stage within 15 days. Moulting third- and fourth-stage larvae were found in naturally infected sturgeon collected in the Saint John River estuary, New Brunswick. The developmental morphology of C. pseudoargumentosa is compared with that of other cystidicolid nematodes.
The histology of salivary glands in the colubrid snake Sibynomorphus mikanii (Schlegel, 1837)
Authors: Contrera M. G. D. , Lopes R. A. , Costa J. R. V. , Petenusci S. O. , Lima-Verde J. S.
Published: January 2010

A study of the morphology of the salivary glands of the colubrid snake Sibynomorphus mikanii showed the following: (i) the acini of supralabial, infralabial, and premaxillary glands are formed by mucous cells, the tubules of lateral and median posterior sublingual glands are formed by mucoserous cells, and the Duvemoy's gland by seromucous cells; and (ii) mucous cells produce neutral and acid mucosubstances, mucoserous cells secrete neutral and acid mucosubstances and protein, and seromucous cells have neutral mucosubstance and protein secretions. The nuclear volume of acinar and tubule cells were evaluated morphometrically.
Sexual morph production by apterous and alate viviparous Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Homoptera: Aphididae)
Authors: MacKay P. A. , Reeleder D. J. , Lamb R. J.
Published: January 2010

Production of sexuales by wingless and winged individuals of the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) was monitored at two constant temperatures and a series of photoperiods using three different clones. Temperatures were either 15 or 20 °C and photoperiods ranged from 15 h light: 9 h dark to 10 h light: 14 h dark. Wingless grandparents from each clone were placed in the constant conditions and allowed to produce a parental generation of wingless and winged aphids. These were maintained under the same conditions until adulthood. Their offspring consisted of viviparae, oviparae, and males in varying proportions. The three clones differed in relation to the photoperiods at which particular proportions of the morphs were produced but all exhibited the same sequence of change in proportion with declining photoperiod. At successively shorter photoperiods the proportion of males among total offspring of wingless parents increased to a maximum of 73% but declined again to near zero at the shortest photoperiods. The proportion of oviparae among the female offspring of wingless parents also increased initially from zero to a maximum of 100% and then declined again to not less than 43%. Winged parents produced oviparae almost exclusively at all photoperiods short enough to induce production of sexuales.
Changes in small mammal communities after logging in north-central Ontario
Authors: Martell Arthur M.
Published: January 2010

Changes in small mammal communities following logging were monitored in clear-cut and strip-cut upland black spruce (Picea mariana) stands and in selectively cut mixed wood stands in north-central Ontario. Clear-cutting and subsequent scarification essentially eliminated the vegetative cover. Much of the ground cover recovered within 5 years and shrubs within 12 years, but mosses and lichens took much longer. The small mammal community in both clear-cut and strip-cut stands changed over the first three years after logging from one dominated by southern red-backed voles (Clethrionomys gapperi) to one dominated by deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) and then remained relatively stable for up to 13 years after harvest. That shift was not apparent in selectively cut mixed wood stands where the composition of the small mammal community was similar between uncut stands and stands 4–23 years after harvest. There was relatively little change in total numbers of small mammals after logging. In general, the diversity and evenness of small mammals increased or remained stable in the first 1–3 years following harvest, decreased on older (3–16 years) cuts, and then increased to values similar to those in uncut stands on the oldest (19–23 years) cuts.
A world review of five similar species groups in the genus Typhlodromus Scheuten. Part I. The regularis and theodoliticus groups (Acarina: Phytoseiidae)
Authors: Chant D. A. , Yoshida-Shaul E.
Published: January 2010

This is Part I of a series of three papers wherein five species groups sharing an identical chaetotaxy of the dorsal setae in the genus Typhlodromus Scheuten are described. A key to the adult females of the five species groups is provided. Two species groups, regularis and theodoliticus, are described and discussed in detail as the first of the series. Generic concepts of various authors in relation to the species belonging to the two groups are outlined and a key to and descriptions of adult females of each species in the two groups is presented. Amblyseius pritchardi Chant and Baker, which was erroneously placed in the genus Amblyseius Berlese, is transferred to the genus Typhlodromus.
A world review of five similar species groups in the genus Typhlodromus Scheuten. Part II. The conspicuus and cornus groups (Acarina: Phytoseiidae)
Authors: Chant D. A. , Yoshida-Shaul E.
Published: January 2010

This paper on the conspicuus and cornus species groups constitutes Part II of a series on five species groups in the genus Typhlodromus Scheuten which share identical setal patterns on the dorsum. There are four species in the conspicuus group and five species in the cornus group. Two subspecies, T. tropicus tropicus and T. tropicus aristidesi, are proposed in the conspicuus group and two new species, T. camelliae and T. edwardi, are introduced to the cornus group. The generic concepts of various authors related to the species in the two groups are outlined and keys to and descriptions of each of the nine species in the two groups are also presented.
Factors affecting the return of young blue grouse to breeding range
Authors: Zwickel Fred C.
Published: January 2010

From 1969 to 1976, 1958 juvenile blue grouse, Dendragapus obscurus fuliginosus, were marked with patagial wing tags and(or) leg bands in east-central Vancouver Island. Return and(or) recovery records from these birds in their 2nd year of life or greater indicate no significant differences among annual cohorts, between sexes, by time of hatch, by body weight at hatch, or by age of maternal parent (yearling or adult). However, a difference in the returns of smaller and larger chicks at time of hatch approached significance (smaller, least). There was a constant and significant increase in rate of return of chicks first marked at from 1 to 10 weeks of age.
Some physiologic distinctions between freshwater and diadromous forms of the Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.
Authors: Barbour S. E. , Garside E. T.
Published: January 2010

Parr of the diadromous and freshwater forms of the Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., were cultured through the smolt stage in photoperiod and temperature cycles that were delayed 3 months relative to those in nature. Such environmental manipulations caused a delay of approximately 3 months in smoltification of diadromous parr, as measured by changes in water and lipid content and salinity tolerance. These changes did not occur in parr of freshwater salmon exposed to the same modified photoperiod and temperature cycle. The implications of this are discussed.
Seasonal variations of cold tolerance in intertidal mollusks and relation to environmental conditions in the St. Lawrence Estuary
Authors: Bourget Edwin
Published: January 2010

Seasonal variations of cold tolerance of Mytilus edulis, Mya arenaria, Macoma balthica, and Acmaea testudinalis were examined. The lower median lethal temperature (MLT) of all species was low throughout the year, with reduced seasonal variation. High MLT values, between −10 and −15 °C, were observed for Acmaea testudinalis and Mya arenaria, while low values, between −12.5 and −20 °C, were observed for Macoma and Mytilus. Seasonal variations of MLT are partly explained by the seasonal variations of water salinity. Small (juveniles) Mytilus, Mya, and Macoma showed less cold tolerance than large (adult) Mytilus, Mya, and Macoma (MLT between −8.0 and −12.5 °C). The possibility of genetic adaptation due to the selection of cold tolerant individuals is discussed. Cold tolerance determinations of animals subjected to cyclic emersions of various durations to a "sublethal" temperature of −8 °C every 12.4 h (one tidal period) showed a cumulative and significant effect of repeated mild cold stress. The ecological significance of the results is discussed in relation to the conditions prevailing along the shores of the St. Lawrence Estuary.
The allometric relationship between nucleus and cytoplasm in the salivary glands of Bradysia hygida
Authors: Santos Heid Sueli Leme dos , Cruz André Ricciardi
Published: January 2010

The volumetric relationship between nucleus and cytoplasm of the Bradysia hygida salivary gland cells was studied during development using an allometric relation. This relationship during the fourth larval stage is defined by a simple allometric relation. Cell growth, differentiation, and maturation during the fourth larval stage takes place in two distinct steps separated by an interphase occurring between the 6th and 8th day after the third moult. This interphase marks a critical time of development and coincides with the occurrence of DNA puffs on the polytene chromosomes of the glandular cells. Although the allometric coefficient does not change over two distinct developmental steps (k = 1), our observations support the hypothesis that the interphase observed in the allometric relations is subject to the appearance of DNA puffs and is related to functional changes in the gland.
Intraclutch hatch synchronization in the lesser snow goose
Authors: Davies J. Chris , Cooke F.
Published: January 2010

We tested the synchronization ability of embryos in lesser snow goose clutches by observing the fate of eggs added to a clutch after incubation had begun. Data were collected experimentally by adding freshly laid eggs to nests of known incubation stage and by monitoring naturally occurring intraspecific nest parasitism events. The data suggest that eggs added to lesser snow goose nests can synchronize with the rest of the clutch and three explanations are presented.
Movement and oviposition of Ephestia cautella (Walker) and Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) of different ages in response to seasonal light changes
Authors: Madrid F. J. , Sinha R. N.
Published: January 2010

Movement and oviposition of two species of stored product insect pests, Ephestia cautella (Walker) and Plodia interpunctella (Hübner), were studied under natural day–night cycles for 4-day periods through four seasons and under continuous darkness (DD) and continuous light (LL) for one 4-day period. Both sexes of the two moth species showed initial movement peaks in the early evening in all four seasons. Oviposition peaks corresponded with the movement peaks. The main difference between the two species was that E. cautella, but not P. interpunctella, showed a second movement peak before dawn. In winter, however, E. cautella did not show a second movement or oviposition peak. Under LL and DD conditions, both species, regardless of sex, showed erratic movement and oviposition patterns without any discernible peaks. The response of P. interpunctella kept at LL, however, was significantly different (P < 0.01) from that obtained under DD conditions. Movement of both species regardless of sex increased with age and their patterns became more irregular.
Biliverdin accumulation in the caudal intestinal segment of juvenile adult lampreys, Petromyzon marinus L.
Authors: Langille Robert M. , Youson John H.
Published: January 2010

The possibility of bile pigment excretion by the caudal intestinal region in lampreys was investigated using spectrophotometry, routine electron microscopy, and an exogenous protein tracer. The green pigment present in the caudal intestines of immediately postmetamorphic and juvenile adult lampreys was found to be biliverdin. Cytoplasmic inclusions, which resembled biliary inclusion bodies and which were not formed as a result of exocytosis of materials at the apical surface, were found in the caudal intestine in absorptive, caveolated, and mucous cells concomitant with the appearance of the biliverdin. Evidence therefore indicates that these inclusions probably contain large quantities of the bile pigment biliverdin and other substances with which it may be complexed. It is suggested that the caudal segment of the adult lamprey intestine serves as a site for the elimination of bile pigment in the form of biliverdin. This method of elimination of bile pigment may be an essential function of the intestine owing to the absence of a bile duct in this animal.
A technique for obtaining sequential ribbons of semithin sections suitable for three-dimensional reconstruction
Authors: Childress Steven A. , McIver Susan B.
Published: January 2010

The purpose of this paper is to describe a simple, dependable, and efficient technique that provides sequential ribbons of uniform semithin (0.5-μm) sections for three-dimensional reconstruction of relatively large specimens at the light microscope level. This technique was developed using whole heads of adult Aedes aegypti (L.) mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) for reconstruction of the central nervous system. Adult A. aegypti mosquito heads are fixed in Karnovsky's, postfixed in OsO4, and embedded in Spurr's low viscosity epoxy medium. Each block is trimmed to form a "mesa" and Tackiwax® is applied to its leading edges. Sections are cut at 0.5 μm with a diamond knife. Ribbons of sections are collected directly on pieces of coverslip and the embedding medium is partially removed using an NaOH–EtOH solution. The sections are stained with silver nitrate. The pieces of coverslip are then mounted on glass slides to facilitate examination and photography of sections. In this work each mosquito head yielded sequences of approximately 1300 sections which were obtained without loss of sections and with less than 0.5% damaged material. If required, the number of sections could be greater. Due to the nature of this technique it may be applied to a wide range of biological specimens and facilitates correlation of structures at both the light microscope and transmission electron microscope level.
Regulation in pregnant mink (Mustela vison) of plasma progesterone and prolactin concentrations and regulation of onset of the spring moult by daylight ratio and melatonin injections
Authors: Martinet L. , Allain D. , Meunier M.
Published: January 2010

In pregnant or pseudopregnant mink maintained under natural daylight conditions and mated early in March, plasma prolactin and progesterone levels began to increase after the vernal equinox. The onset of spring moult was observed a few days later. When the females were transferred to a 15 h light (L): 9 h dark (D) photoperiod just after mating, prolactin and progesterone increase was advanced by several days; when the mink were transferred to an 11 h L: 13 h D schedule, these increases, as well as the onset of spring moult, were delayed or inhibited. A daily afternoon injection of melatonin mimicked the effects of short photoperiod. A positive relation was observed between plasma prolactin on the one hand and progesterone secretion or onset of moulting on the other. These results suggest that short photoperiod or melatonin effects might act by inhibiting prolactin secretion.
Short-term effects of food availability on air-breathing frequency in the fish Corydoras aeneus (Callichthyidae)
Authors: Kramer Donald L. , Braun E. Anne
Published: January 2010

To examine the hypothesis that breathing patterns in fish capable of bimodal respiration can be modified by ecological factors that alter the relative costs of air and water breathing, we determined the air-breathing frequency and activity of a group of Corydoras aeneus before and after presentation of small amounts of food. In nature a reduction in air breathing while feeding on small, patchy resources should reduce loss of food to competitors and lower the risk of failing to relocalize the food source. Activity always increased after food presentation, but the change in air breathing depended on dissolved oxygen tension. Air breathing decreased after food presentation at 116 and 72 torr (1 torr = 133.322 Pa), stayed the same at 44 torr, and increased at 24 torr. This suggests that although oxygen demand increases during feeding, air breathing is decreased when the ambient conditions permit a compensatory increase in the uptake of dissolved oxygen.
The life history of Pteronarcys dorsata (Say) (Plecoptera: Pteronarcyidae) in southwestern Virginia
Authors: Lechleitner Richard A. , Kondratieff Boris C.
Published: January 2010

The life history of the giant stonefly Pteronarcys dorsata was investigated in a warm water fourth order river in southwestern Virginia. The life cycle of P. dorsata was univoltine with emergence occurring mid-March to 1st week of April. Adults lived up to 42 days in the laboratory. Mean fecundity was 242 eggs with up to four separate egg batches produced. Eggs hatched in 23 to 38 days. Early nymphal instars were collected in the river in mid-June. Nymphs reached maximum size by late November or December. During the warm months nymphs were found in mats of Podostemum ceratophyllum (river weed) and through the winter months under large unembedded rocks or leaf packs. The diet consisted of diatoms and detritus. Higher water temperatures of longer duration in the Little River probably allowed this species to complete its life cycle in 1 year rather than the 2 to 4 years previously reported.