bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recent Contributions to Economic History: The United States, 1789-1860
Authors: Goodrich Carter
Published: August 2016

For the period between the adoption of the Constitution and the outbreak of the Civil War recent contributions have been considerable in amount and particularly notable for a high degree of concentration on the relationship between government and the economy. In 1945 a reader of the literature in the field would have found little to warn him against the assumption that the statesmen and legislators of the ante-bellum republic were faithful adherents, particularly in the economic field, of the Jeffersonian doctrine that that government is best which governs the least. Current scholarship, however, has forced a revision of this traditional view; and it is now clear that American governments intervened actively on a wide range of economic questions and in varied and complex interrelations with the activities of individuals and corporations. This significant correction has resulted in large part from two related shifts in the direction of research that have given increased attention to the economic role of state, and even local, authorities as contrasted with that of the national government, and to the promotive as contrasted with the regulatory functions of government.
The West India Sugar Crisis and British Slave Emancipation, 1830–1833
Authors: Sheridan Richard B.
Published: August 2016

The West India sugar crisis of 1830–1832 dealt a shattering blow to an economy that was already in the grip of secular decline. Contributing to die decline were certain changes of a structural nature. In its heyday in the mid-eighteenth century, the British Caribbean economy was an important part of an international economy organized on the basis of imperial complementarity; it consisted of a base—the sugar colonies themselves—which was supported by three legs—the North American trade, the African trade and the British Isles trade. The base expanded geographically, largely as a consequence of military conquest, until fourteen Caribbean sugar colonies or groups of colonies were possessed by Great Britain in 1815. Moreover, the slave-plantation regime spread from colony to colony under a system of near-monoculture in the production of cane sugar.
The Opportunity to Multiply: Demographic Aspects of Modern Colonialism
Authors: Dovring Folke
Published: August 2016

The era of modern colonialism has also been the period of rapid and accelerating population increase throughout most of the world. The beginning of this trend was in Europe, and along with the expansion of European-originating influences, shock waves of demographic change seized larger and larger parts of mankind. The culmination of this trend may not yet be in sight; the lack of economic balance which it has brought to many countries belongs to the legacy of the colonial era and constitutes one of the principal socio-economic problems of the present and the immediate future. Its probable continuation cannot be ignored here; forecasts of population growth made by the United Nations or found in other recent literature will therefore be discussed along with the historical data on population change. The latter as well as the former must perforce be presented in rather broad terms, as magnitudes rather than as precise data.
Problems of Japanese Economic History
Authors: Crawcour Sydney
Published: August 2016

The economic history of the underdeveloped areas of the world, insofar as it has been written at all, has been written mainly by Western scholars. In the field of economic history, at any rate, Japan is far from underdeveloped. She has more economic historians per thousand academics than any other country in the world. Roughly a quarter of all faculty members of departments of economics are economic historians. Others are to be found in departments of history, in social science research institutes, and in faculties of agriculture, law, and even engineering. Even the local amateur antiquarian is far more interested in the economic activities of his forebears than is his European or American counterpart.
The Demand for Aircraft and the Aircraft Industry, 1907–1958
Authors: Simonson G. R.
Published: August 2016

The invention of the airplane by Wilbur and Orville Wright in 1903 marked the beginning of an industry which has grown to be the largest single manufacturing employer in the United States. Once the airplane was invented, there was wide-spread expectation that producing aircraft would be a very profitable business.
Report on the Conference on Asian Economic History
Authors: Morris Morris David
Published: August 2016

A meeting of scholars to consider problems of teaching and research in Asian economic history was held in Highland Park, Illinois, October 30–31, 1959. It was organized under the auspices of The Research Center in Economic Development and Cultural Change of the University of Chicago, and funds were provided by the Division of Social Sciences of The Rockefeller Foundation. Professor Bert F. Hoselitz chaired the sessions.
Economic History and Economic Growth
Authors: Supple Barry E.
Published: August 2016

Professor Goodrich had indicated that my function is to discuss the relevance of the concept of economic growth to the tasks of the economic historian. But I hope I may be forgiven if I touch incidentally on other sensitive and overworked areas—notably the relationship between theory and quantity on the one hand and history on the other. If the study of economic growth still meant what it did in Adam Smith's day there might be no need to be so cavalier—there might even be no need to hold this session. But a good number of intellectual bridges have fallen into the water since 1776 and it is surely necessary to examine this new construction with an eye not only to its permanence but to its utility.
Notes on the Use of Regional Science Methods in Economic History
Authors: Isard Walter
Published: August 2016

My notes this morning are a continuation of Professor Broude's paper which has been circulated. I take the position that study of regional, interregional, and spatial interaction can provide insights for understanding not only national but all economic development. Put even more strongly, a well-balanced economic history must explicitly consider spatial processes and the evolving web of interregional relationships.
The Effects of Industrialization–Its Opportunities and Consequences–Upon French-Canadian Society
Authors: Taylor Norman W.
Published: August 2016

Societies usually do not define explicitly the criteria of the legitimacy of the penetration of the price-system into different areas, and I suppose that, as social scientists, we should be grateful for this omission, since this is the kind of thing that forms the basis of our livelihood.
The New York Committee on Business Records
Authors: Cochran Thomas C.
Published: August 2016

During the past winter the New York Committee on Business Records has dealt in a practical way with one group of the difficulties discussed by Arthur Cole in his article, “Business Manuscripts: A Pressing Problem.” This committee has sought to solve the problem by convincing executives that business records are of value not only to themselves but also to scholars, by advising businessmen how they may best arrange their records, and by learning under what conditions scholars may have access to business archives.
Business History and Economic History
Authors: Cole Arthur H.
Published: August 2016

The ensuing remarks are addressed to two topics which seem to me important: (a) what conflicts, if any, are there between business history and economic history; and (b) how can research in the two areas be mutually helpful.
Abstract: Alternative Investment Strategies for the Issuers of Equity-Linked Life Insurance Policies with an Asset Value Guarantee
Authors: Brennan Michael J. , Schwartz Eduardo S.
Published: August 2016

An equity-linked life insurance policy with an asset value guarantee (ELPAVG) is an insurance policy whose benefit payable on death or at maturity consists of the greater of some guaranteed amount and the value of a reference portfolio which is defined by the deemed investment of a predetermined component of the policy premium in a portfolio of common stocks or mutual fund–the reference fund. In an earlier paper we demonstrated that the benefit payable under an ELPAVG could be decomposed into the known guaranteed amount and an immediately exercisable call option to purchase the reference portfolio for an exercise price equal to the guaranteed amount. The principles of the option pricing model were then employed to derive the equilibrium premium for both a single premium ELPAVG contract and a periodic premium contract. It was further noted that the hedging arguments, which are the core of most of the recent theory of option pricing, could be employed to derive an investment strategy for the insurance company which would eliminate the risks associated with the sale of ELPAVGs: this is an important result, for ELPAVGs may pose a significant threat to the solvency of insurance companies since the risks of loss under different contracts are not independent, but are commonly related to the overall performance of the reference fund. Actuaries have responded to this threat by attempting to determine a level of reserves sufficient to reduce the probability of ruin to an acceptable level. On the other hand, adoption of the riskless investment strategy in theory eliminates the need to hold any reserves except against mortality risk.
Wide anterior neck dissection for management of recurrent thyroglossal duct cysts in adults
Authors: O'Neil L M , Gunaratne D A , Cheng A T , Riffat F
Published: August 2016

Objective:

Thyroglossal duct cyst recurrence following resection is attributed to anatomical variability and residual thyroglossal ducts. In adults, thyroglossal duct cyst recurrence is extremely rare and a surgical solution is yet to be well explored. This paper describes our approach to the management of recurrent thyroglossal duct cysts and sinuses in adults using a wide anterior neck dissection.

Method:

A retrospective review was performed to identify adults who underwent a wide anterior neck dissection for recurrent thyroglossal duct cyst management between 1 January 2009 and 1 January 2015.

Results:

Six males and one female were included in the series (mean age, 26.4 ± 10.9 years). Recurrence occurred at a mean of 18 ± 9.8 months following primary surgical management (3 patients underwent cystectomy and 4 had a Sistrunk procedure). All patients subsequently underwent wide anterior neck dissection; there was no further recurrence over the 12-month average follow-up period.

Conclusion:

This paper describes a wide anterior neck dissection technique for the management of recurrent thyroglossal duct cysts or sinuses in adults; this approach addresses the variable anatomy of the thyroglossal duct and is associated with minimal morbidity.
Elevated serum thyroglobulin levels at the time of ablative radioactive iodine therapy indicate a worse prognosis in thyroid cancer: an Australian retrospective cohort study
Authors: Matthews T J , Chua E , Gargya A , Clark J , Gao K , Elliott M
Published: August 2016

Background:

Serum thyroglobulin is used as a surrogate marker for well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma recurrence. This study investigates whether thyroglobulin measured at the time of ablative radioactive iodine therapy predicts disease-free survival.

Methods:

A retrospective review was conducted of patients with well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma presenting from 1989 to 2010 at the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, New South Wales, Australia. Disease-free survival of patients with a significantly elevated stimulated thyroglobulin level (27.5 µg/l or higher) at the time of ablative radioactive iodine therapy was compared to that of patients without a significantly elevated thyroglobulin level using univariate analysis.

Results:

Patients with a thyroglobulin level of 27.5 µg/l or higher had an increased relative risk of disease recurrence of 4.50 (95 per cent confidence interval = 1.35–15.04). If lateral neck dissection was required at the time of surgery, patients also had an increased relative risk of macroscopic disease recurrence of 4.94 (95 per cent confidence interval = 1.47–16.55).

Conclusion:

An elevated thyroglobulin level of 27.5 µg/l or higher at the time of ablative radioactive iodine therapy is a prognostic indicator for macroscopic disease recurrence in well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma.
Role of neck dissection in metastatic squamous cell carcinoma to the parotid gland
Authors: Park S W , Eade T , Pang L , Wignall A , Veivers D
Published: August 2016

Objective:

To investigate the rate of occult neck disease in patients with metastatic squamous cell carcinoma to the parotid gland following parotidectomy and neck dissection.

Methods:

A consecutive series of patients treated between 2000 and 2014 for metastatic squamous cell carcinoma to the parotid were analysed. Patients were included if they had no clinical or radiological evidence of neck disease. Pathology of parotidectomy and neck dissection specimens was reviewed. Other variables analysed included patient immune status, surgery type, complications, use of positron emission tomography scanning and treatment with radiotherapy.

Results:

Sixty-five patients had no clinical or radiological evidence of neck disease initially. Forty-six patients (70.8 per cent) underwent neck dissection. Occult neck disease was only found in 8 of the 46 patients (17.3 per cent). Occult neck disease was found more often in those with immunocompromise (5.7 vs 38.5 per cent, p = 0.003). Patients who were immunocompromised had a significantly worse disease-specific survival rate at five years (0 vs 92 per cent, p = 0.0001).

Conclusion:

Occult neck disease was seen in 17.3 per cent of patients and immunosuppression was a significant predictor for this.
The impact of education and health heterogeneity on Generational Support Ratios: a cross-national comparison between Mexico and Korea
Authors: ARENAS ERIKA , KYE BONGOH , TERUEL GRACIELA , RUBALCAVA LUIS
Published: August 2016

Policy makers are concerned about the socio-economic consequences of population ageing. Policies often rely on estimations of support ratios based solely on the population age structure. We estimate Generational Support Ratios (GSRs) considering health heterogeneity of the population age 60+ and education heterogeneity of their offspring. We explore the effect of a public policy that changes the education of a targeted sub-group of women when they are young on their health once they become older, taking into account changes in demographic processes (i.e.marriage, fertility, offspring's education). We used the model presented by Kyeet al.for the Korean context and examine the Mexican context. Our paper has three objectives. First, by applying this framework to the Mexican context we aim to find that improvements in women's education may mitigate the negative consequences of population ageing directly and indirectly through subsequent demographic behaviours that altogether affect GSRs. Second, by making a cross-national comparison between Korea and Mexico, we aim to quantify how policies of educational expansion have different impacts in contexts in which the population age 60+ have universal access to health care compared to contexts in which access to health care is selective. Third, by comparing cross-nationally we aim to show how differences in family processes across countries alter the pathways through which improvements in education affect GSRs.
Double De-Motivation And Negative Social Affect Among Teachers In Indonesia
Authors: Marai Leo
Published: August 2016

Globalisation is creating extant salary differentials across the South Pacific region, and this study explores their impact on emotional well being within the Indonesian education system. One hundred and eighty-eight local and expatriate teachers of English were classified into underpaid (n = 66 local instructors), overpaid (n = 60 expatriate instructors), and equitably paid (n = 62 local and expatriate instructors) groups, and completed a job satisfaction scale, the Beck Depression Inventory, the Beck Anxiety Inventory, and the Beck Hopelessness Scale. Consistent with Social Equity Theory (SET), both underpaid and overpaid groups had significantly less job satisfaction than the equitably paid group. Moreover, compared to their equitably paid counterparts, the underpaid and overpaid groups experienced more symptoms of depression, anxiety, and hopelessness. These findings extend SET to both quality of working life and occupational mental health.
Social ecology of substance use by tertiary students: Preliminary findings
Authors: O'Reilly Bridie , Carr Stuart , Bolitho Floyd , Roberts Charles , Jessen Janice
Published: August 2016

This study investigated the social ecology of substance use among 162 tertiary students studying at Northern Territory University in April 2000. The sample was predominantly female (69.6%), Australian born (70%), non-Indigenous (77.2%), not active in the labour market (58.8%) and intending to complete an undergraduate degree (62.7%). Substance use was prevalent, and 77.6% of students were current drinkers, 59.4% currently smoked tobacco and 28.5% used other drugs. Polydrug use was evident, with 24.8% of students using more than one substance on the same occasion in the previous month. Substance use tended to be associated with relaxing, socialising and wanting to feel good. Most students were not concerned about their alcohol use and their perceptions of normal drinking behaviour highlight the challenges in addressing substance misuse patterns in this population.
Substance use and psychosis in the Territory
Authors: Nagel Tricia
Published: August 2016

There is increasing worldwide recognition of the social and economic burden of psychotic illness. Substance use disorders frequently complicate the treatment of psychosis and are associated with increased readmission rates, decreased compliance, and increased violence and suicide risk. The Northern Territory of Australia has a scattered remote population – 25% of whom are Indigenous people. There are increasing rates of drug use across the Territory, and hospital admission rates have been gradually increasing. Psychotic disorders are the most frequent cause of hospital admissions, and substance abuse complicates the majority of these admissions. It is imperative that comprehensive treatment programs are established, integrating services, and utilising culturally appropriate cost-effective strategies.
The Epidemiology of Māori Suicide in Aotearoa/New Zealand
Authors: Coupe Nicole M.
Published: August 2016

Suicide is a Māori Public Health Issue. Suicide rates in Aotearoa/New Zealand are amongst the highest in OECD countries in the 15-24 year age group and second only to Hungary in other age groups (WHO, 1996; Disley & Coggan, 1996). Suicide is the leading cause of death for young people under the age of 25 years in Aotearoa/New Zealand and a major public health problem (Coggan, 1997). Approximatel, 540 New Zealanders kill themselves each year (Rose, Hatcher, & Koelmeyer, 1999). The total Māori suicide rate (per 100 000) increased to 17.5 in 1997, compared to non-Māori (13.1), and the Māori youth suicide rate (33.9) far exceeded the equivalent non-Māori rate (24.3), reflecting the disparity between Māori and non-Māori (Ministry of Health, 1997). This paper aims to present epidemiological data on Māori suicide and then use the existing literature to discuss possible reasons for the high Māori rate.
A Preliminary Validation of the Telic and Paratelic Dominance Scales with Japanese Respondents
Authors: Kerr John H. , Gerkovich Mary M. , Cook Mary R.
Published: August 2016

The purpose of the present study was to extend international comparative research on the Telic and Paratelic Dominance Scales (TDS & PDS) to include data from 560 Japanese individuals. Statistical analyses to check the factor structure, reliability and relationship between Japanese scores on the two scales were carried out. In addition, test-retest reliability was also examined. The results indicated stronger support for the factor structure of the PDS than the TDS. Coefficient alpha statistics produced weaker alpha values for the TDS than the PDS and the relationship between Japanese scale scores were significant and in the expected direction. Test-retest reliability was found to be strong for both scales. Based on the present results, future work on the development of an international scale of telic-paratelic dominance should focus on the PDS, rather than the TDS.
Internet technology and poverty relief
Authors: Fox Jodette M. , Carr Stuart C.
Published: August 2016

Unlike their television counterparts, website fund-raising advertisements designed by international aid agencies do not have to be compressed into short grabs and bites. This means that website technology might be used to convey relatively abstract, situational attributions for poverty, which are known to increase charitable donations. Seventy undergraduates from Australia's Northern Territory University viewed a simulated aid agency website containing varying degrees of textual and visual information about these situational causes of poverty; completed the situational attributions-focused Causes of Third World Poverty Questionnaire (CTWPQ); and reported their intentions to donate money to the simulated aid organisation's poverty relief projects. Consistent with attribution theory, both situational attributions made about poverty and charitable donation intentions were optimised when the website contained an optimal amount of (textual and visual) information on the situational causes of poverty. These preliminary findings suggest how Internet technology can be applied to raise dollar donations, as well as increasing tolerance within diverse regions like the South Pacific.
Social Context Theory: A systems model of social change based on social needs and social issues
Authors: Earle Leon , Earle Tony
Published: August 2016

The theme of this edition is community development in the North Australian region. The articles included discuss ways of advancing positive community involvement, and report on a range of issues that impact on community development. Social Context theory is presented as a tool of analysis for examining social changes and associated needs among individuals in societies over time. The concept of community development has particular relevance to the fields of psychology, social psychology, and community services, because individuals look to the availability of community involvement options, and the potential they offer, for accessing social activities and social support networks. Social Context theory is therefore central to community development.
When the desert floods: Military relief work, attributing clean-up responsibility, and future helping intentions following the Katherine flood
Authors: Tann Tracey
Published: August 2016

Attribution theory has seldom been applied to assess the impact of community disaster relief work on military personnel, despite a clear prediction from Actor-Observer theory that direct experience of the community's environment will increase helpers' motivation to help in future crises. In the wake of the Northern Territory's Katherine River Flood in January 1998, 31 Royal Australian Army relief workers and 21 army personnel not posted to relief work attributed responsibility for cleaning-up homes, shops and businesses in the recently flood-affected South Pacific communities of Katherine, Townsville, and the Cook Islands. Direct experience of disaster relief work was not associated with any systematic differences in dispositional or situational attributions, although the latter were generally linked to intention to help in future crises. Occasional rumours of negative critical incidents with the local community, although rare considering the magnitude of the relief effort, may have partly coloured the experience of seeing the tragedy first-hand, which would suggest a need to research the Negative Information Bias and the psychology of rumour in future disaster recovery projects.
Language shift Amongst The Sindhis of Malaysia
Authors: David Maya Khemlani
Published: August 2016

This research focuses on three generations of Sindhi settlers in Malaysia with a view to determining their dominant language. A range of methodologies and constructs were used to disclose information which a domain based questionnaire approach in itself was not able to capture. The phenomena of codemixing and codeswitching not only of two but also of three languages emerged. Language choices varied not only across generations but also across gender within a generation. The functions for which the ethnic language was maintained also varied across generations.
Explorations in the derivation of word co-occurrence statistics
Authors: Levy Joseph P. , Bullinaria John A. , Patel Malti
Published: August 2016

Recent work has demonstrated that counts of which other words co-occur with a word of interest can reflect interesting properties of that word. We have studied aspects of this kind of methodology by systematically examining the effects of different combinations of parameters used in the preparation of co-occurrence statistics. Several psychologically relevant evaluation measures are used. We have found that successful performance on the evaluation tasks depends on the correct selection of parameters such as window size and distance metric.
Selection in Egalitarian Australia: Weighted Average or Motivational Gravity?
Authors: Smith Brendan J. , Carr Stuart C.
Published: August 2016

All else being equal, the Weighted Averaging Model of person perception (Anderson, 1981) predicts that the number of achievements listed on a job application will not influence the impression formed, whereas the concept of Motivational Gravity suggests (Carr, 1994) that there will be an inverted ’U’ function in work cultures that are egalitarian. In egalitarian Australia, a sample of 312 undergraduates rated their overall impression of an imaginary job candidate who had listed from 5 to 20 randomly generated, but job related and positive personality traits, or achievements, in a job application. Impressions first rose and then fell significantly, especially for female candidates and among raters who were anti-achievement. These findings support the Motivational Gravity model, as well as indicating a possible selection bias in Australian and other centripetal work cultures in the South Pacific region.
The Use of Ordinal Test Theory in Cross-cultural Research in Behavioural Science
Authors: Keats John A.
Published: August 2016

This paper introduces the problems of cross-cultural research and shows how ordinal test theory can contribute to the solution of some of these problems. The concept of tied-ranks scores is introduced and the use of these scores for dichotomous and polytomous items is explained, as is the use of this theory for the examination of conjoint ordering. Conjoint ordering can then be used to determine the existence of an underlying variable, and to establish whether or not the same underlying variable can be defined for each of the cultures to be compared. Given the satisfaction of these conditions, cross-cultural comparisons can be made. Other considerations germane to the problem of cross-cultural comparisons are also considered.
Self-disclosure in same-sex friendship dyads from Australia, Japan, and the United States
Authors: Munro Don , Riney Christine
Published: August 2016

A total of 202 unmarried males and females from the United States, Japan and Australia were recruited through personal contacts and completed two copies of the Jourard (1958) Self Disclosure Questionnaire, one for a same-sex friend of the same nationality as themselves and one for an equally close friend in one of the other two countries. Psychometric and factor analyses indicated that the scale was acceptably internally consistent but possibly measures more than one dimension of self-disclosure. Sex differences in favour of higher disclosure by females was taken as indicative of cross-cultural validity. There were highly significant differences between countries in scores for both own-country and other-country friends, and a general bias towards disclosing more to own-country friends. However, Japanese respondents disclosed more to other-country friends, particularly Americans. While Australians showed little bias, there was a strong tendency to disclose less to them, particularly by Americans. These results are interpreted in terms of cultural values and communication norms. Further psychometric and substantive investigations of self-disclosure across cultures are suggested.
Formal Student Counselling in a Third World University: An Analysis of the Service, its Roles and Clients
Authors: Boorer David R.
Published: August 2016

The student counselling service of the University of Papua New Guinea is examined in terms of its roles, staff, and clients. Counsellors were interviewed and the problems of the 1989 cohort of student clients were categorised. The catalyst for seeking professional help was student concern over academic performance rather than the “underlying problems” causing academic difficulty. The most commonly cited problems related to immediate family and close relatives. The counsellors reported that conflicting role demands imposed by the university administration were likely to impede their counselling work and the potential value of the service. Ways of overcoming this conflict are considered.
Perceptual accuracy and stereotyping in evaluations of persons from different provincial regions within Papua New Guinea
Authors: O'Driscoll Michael , Core Frank
Published: August 2016

Students at the University of Papua New Guinea were shown photographs of persons representing all provincial regions in Papua New Guinea. They were asked to rate each target person on ten evaluative dimensions and to identify the provincial origin of the person in the photograph. The percentage of correct identifications was relatively low, suggesting that respondents were generally unable to assess provincial origins solely on the basis of visual information. Evaluative ratings illustrated a positivity or favourability bias in judgments of the target persons, but, contrary to earlier findings of Shea and Jones (1976), there was little evidence of stereotyping. The results are discussed in the context of social perception and the concept of self-fulfilling prophecy.
Stress and personal space: Some observations in a Melanesian urban community
Authors: Keltner Alfred , Sale Vincent , Ba'abi Norman , Nusa Peter
Published: August 2016

With a sample of 60 urban Melanesian households the relationship between expressed satisfaction and stress and the quantity and quality of personal space was examined. The negative and significant correlations obtained suggest trends similar to those found in Western urban samples. The results were discussed in relation to rapid urbanization and the role of the state in cultural change in Melanesia.
Suspension and Exclusion Rates for Aboriginal Students in Western Australia
Authors: Gardiner John , Evans David , Howell Kenneth
Published: August 2016

This brief report highlights an apparently inflated suspension and exclusion rate for Aboriginal students in Western Australian government schools. The elevated rates for both suspension and exclusion, but especially for the more serious step of exclusion, should be reason for concern for all educators.
The Role of Participatory Action Research in Aboriginal Education
Authors: Eckermann A-K , Roberts D. , Kaplan G.
Published: August 2016

In the past researchers have been carrying out such political acts in the firm belief that if we study something long enough, with sufficient disciplines and controls, then we will find “reality” and “truth”, then we will carry out studies which have scientific merit, which will contribute to the growing body of knowledge about how societies work. But research is generally carried out by fairly powerful people on those less powerful. In the process the powerless frequently become even more powerless because, as Guba and Lincoln (1989:125) argue:

Science, by asking only certain questions maintains (or reinforces) the status quo; it asks those questions that have been formulated by its own theories, and never takes account of the emic [outsider] formulations of its "subjects". We would argue that conventional science is as a result a force for disenfranchisement and disempowerment, for maintaining the status quo.
Student Teacher Perspectives: Teacher Attitudes Towards Aboriginal Children
Authors: Eibeck Amanda
Published: August 2016

Given the opportunity to write my views about education to this journal, I have chosen a topic that is close to me and which I have experienced first hand. I have chosen the teaching profession so that I can help my people gain the opportunity to reach their full potential. However, I feel that most non-Aboriginal teachers are not fully aware of the problems that confront Aboriginal people and Torres Strait Islander people in schooling.
Aboriginal Studies Program At Nulungu Catholic College
Authors: Familari Toni
Published: August 2016

Nulungu is the name of a water hole (near Broome) where two legendary hero men of Aboriginal culture rested for a while eating and drinking. From Nulungu they went through the North straightening out the Law. Young people come to the College and they too rest a while to share their learning at the water that each gives to and takes from. They return to their people to share what they know.
Basal Readers In The Language Program
Authors: McDougall Jill
Published: August 2016

Most educationalists now acknowledge the pedagogical power of the Whole Language or Language Experience approach to the teaching of reading and other language skills. This approach is particularly valuable in remote Aboriginal schools where teaching resources can be made culturally relevant by centering learning around local and community driven experiences. Once a theme has been selected (usually around a personal or mediated experience such an excursion or other activity or a Big Book), the children are immersed in the oral and written language that arises from this experience. Activities may include creating a negotiated text, modelled writing, co-operative cloze and formulating a personal response to the experience. A thematic approach seeks to provide sufficient repetition of language structures and vocabulary for children to increase their fluency as readers and to generally expand their skills as language users.
Images of Child Care in Kenya
Authors: Jeremy June
Published: August 2016

It was nearly two years ago that I heard about Alois Letipila, an early childhood Masai teacher-trainer who had suffered severe spinal injuries in a car crash in February 1989. As Co-ordinator of the New South Wales “Contact” project for isolated families (funded by DCS & H) I am also responsible for the Contact Children's Mobile sponsored by the Bernard Van Leer Foundation, which also funds Letipila's early childhood education program. Our suggestion to bring Letipila to the spinal unit of the Royal North Shore Hospital in Sydney was generously taken up and financed by the Foundation.
“Fear and Loathing” in Communities
Authors: Emby Clive
Published: August 2016

Much has been written regarding Aboriginal culture and the difficulties ‘Whites’ have faced trying to introduce ‘Western education systems, (and the difficulties Aborigines have had dealing with Whites). One facet that seems to have gained little attention is that of the White staff themselves as individuals and the influence that they have in either a successful or failing educational institution. This is quite separate from the issue of whether or not the person has good teaching or administration skills. There are other issues which are often far more relevant in their daily life. Ideally, communities should not have to rely upon White staff, but presently and for the foreseeable future, it is a necessity.
Aboriginal Perspectives in Children's Services
Authors: Mackay Maxine
Published: August 2016

Within the multi-cultural society of Australia, Aboriginal people have a special place because of the part they have played in the history of Australia, and because they are the indigenous people of this country.
Using Oral Language to Learn Acquiring an Understanding of Reading, Writing, Spelling and Punctuation
Authors: Dwyer John
Published: August 2016

Many children come to school with a limited understanding of, and experience with, books and reading. Many do not have a clear idea of what ‘words’ are, nor of ‘letters‘ and ‘sounds’ in words. Some of the Aboriginal children with whom we were working faced these difficulties. In addition, most of them pronounced certain sounds in nonstandard ways.
A Writing Program: Rawa Community School
Authors: McDougall Jill
Published: August 2016

Rawa School is an Aboriginal community school at Punmu in the Great Sandy Desert of Western Australia. The community has a population of around 150 people whose first language is Manyjiljarra. The children have limited access to English as there is no television or radio and the community is over 800 kilometres from the nearest service town of Port Hedland.
A School Reading Support Program
Authors: Dummatt Kel
Published: August 2016

Indulkana Anangu school, on the Pitjantjatjara/Yankunytjatjara Lands S.A. has about 70 students. The classes are CPC (pre-school), Reception, Junior Primary, Middle Primary, Upper Primary and Secondary girls and boys. At a staff meeting early this year, I proposed a focus on reading, across the school, for one term, with a review at the end. This idea was accepted by the staff.
Teacher Socialisation and Teacher Attitudes Towards Indigenous Children
Authors: Andrews Cheryl
Published: August 2016

In this paper I offer an explanation for teacher-held beliefs that contribute to perceptions of school failure by indigenous children and discuss the ends served by these perceptions. Although the validity of using retention rates as an indicator of actual educational outcomes is questioned (Luke, A. et al, 1993:144), there are few other indicators presently available. The figures on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander student participation rates-indicate that few children of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander descent complete secondary school. The following figures, based on data collected in the 1991 Australian Census, show the number of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander school children of a particular sex and age expressed as a proportion of the population of children of the same sex and age, in Queensland.
The Development of Homeland Centre Education in Maningrida
Authors: Pugh Derek
Published: August 2016

This paper outlines the history of education in Maningrida homeland centres. It is an extract from a larger report titled The Maningrida Homeland Centre Education Program (Pugh, 1993).
The Yolngu Teacher
Authors: Rogers K.
Published: August 2016

Kevin Rogers is of the Wandarung tribe. He is in his third year of teacher education at the Aboriginal Teacher Education Centre at Batchelor. He is also a member of the National Aboriginal Education Committee. This talk was delivered to teachers at the National Workshop for Teachers of Aboriginal Children, Perth, 29th August - 2 September, 1977.
KAKADU — A Unit of Work for Developing Readers and Writers in Year 10: An Aboriginal Classroom
Authors: Willis Julianne , Anlezark Jane
Published: August 2016

This program is based on a unit of work created and taught by Elsabe Bott and Anne Brooks. It was constructed for a Year 10 class of Aboriginal students. The class consists of twenty-five 15-year-olds (approximate age) from the following range of communities: Boroloola; Mornington Island; Elcho Island; Katherine; Ngkurr; Pigeon Hole; Bulman; Tenant Creek; Alice Springs; Tiwi Islands; Alexandra Downs Station and Elliot. This combination of communities changes each year.
Innovative Links Action Research at St Paul's School Nightcliff
Authors: Pinson Sharon
Published: August 2016

St Paul's Catholic School was established in 1967 and provides primary education for children around Darwin from Transition to Year 7. The present enrolment is 270 pupils coming from the immediate areas such as Nightcliff, Coconut Grave, Rapid Creek, Millner, Alawa, Jingili, Moil, the northern suburbs, and even from as far as Palmerston and the rural areas beyond. There is a very diverse population of students from various cultural backgrounds attending S t Paul's. Approximately 20% of the children currently enrolled are Aboriginal, and there is a considerable representation of Greek, Italian, Filipino and Chinese family backgrounds.
What Is Literacy for? A Critical Perspective
Authors: Bintz William P.
Published: August 2016

Last year I was a Visiting Lecturer in the Aboriginal Studies Program at Armidale C.A.E. Before lectures began, I was invited by the College to a dinner honoring recently graduated Aboriginal students. At that dinner a number of graduates were introduced and invited to comment about their experiences in tertiary education. As each graduate spoke, it became apparent that many had shared similar experiences. For instance, many confided that they were initially very apprehensive about enrolling in formal schooling. Their apprehension was due to a sense of self-doubt as to whether they were willing to make the necessary sacrifices, as well as to a shared premonition that, as one student commented, “for most Aboriginal people, going through formal schooling is like taking a journey into the unknown.”
Teacher Training and Aboriginal Studies
Authors: Dunn Myra
Published: August 2016

One of the most important issues in planning and implementing Aboriginal Studies at Higher School Certificate level is that of teacher quality. We need to consider the kinds of people who will be teaching Aboriginal Studies since this will have a direct bearing on the kind of program we end up with. There are a number of different perspectives which need to be considered.
Why Are So Many Aboriginal Children Not Achieving At School ?
Authors: Guider Jeff
Published: August 2016

In 1988 the Aboriginal Education Policy Task Force called for broad equity between Aboriginal people and other Australians in access, participation, and outcomes at all stages of education. Aboriginals are not achieving a comparative level of success at school compared to non-Aboriginals. Symptomatic of problems in our schools are, the over representation of Aboriginals in lower classes, the high drop-out rate of Aboriginal children and their low participation rates in the senior years of high school. Some 17% of Aboriginal youth continue their schooling to year 12 compared to 49% of all students (Department of Employment, Education and Training, 1988, p.7). The failure of Aboriginal children to achieve at school has been widely interpreted as an individual failure on the part of Aboriginal children. Poor attainment has been attributed to lower I.Q. and ability, inadequate home environments, and poor parenting and not to the inadequacies of the education provided, to prejudices Aboriginal children face or to the active resistance by Aboriginal people to the cultural destruction implicit in many educational programs (McConnochie, 1982, p.20). An examination of the determinants of school success shows that Aboriginal children’s cultural values, beliefs and practices and Australian schools are often in conflict. To improve the outcomes for Aboriginal children schools are required to assess whether or not they are catering for the inherent needs and talents of individual Aboriginal children.
Purposeful Writing The Wadeye Workshop and Its Basis
Authors: Black Paul
Published: August 2016

Just as the test of the pudding is in the eating, the test of a piece of writing is how well it accomplishes the purpose for which it was written. If a story is written to entertain, then it is well written just to the extent it does this. On the other hand, we wouldn’t expect a dictionary to be entertaining: it’s purpose is to let us look up information about words. There are a wide variety of purposes writing can serve, and these give rise to different genres of writing.
Aboriginal Tertiary Education in Australia: A More Successful Model?
Authors: Lane Maria , Lane Joe
Published: August 2016

By the end of 1990, at least three hundred Aboriginal and Islander people had graduated in South Australian tertiary institutions, from associate diploma level and above. In 1990, the annual graduation rate surpassed forty, the great majority at three-year level or above, including at least one Honours, one doctorate and graduates in architecture and law. The eight-fold increase in graduate numbers over the total up to 1980 reflects the active presence on campuses of Aboriginal/Islander-oriented support services and, even more so, of preparation programs: some three-quarters of all graduates had participated in some form of supplementary preparation.
An Enriched Mathematical Program for Young Aboriginal Children
Authors: Currie Jan , Kissane Barry , Pears Harriett
Published: August 2016

This paper provides some early results on a project designed to improve Aboriginal children's performance in mathematics, starting from their earliest introduction to number work. It explores the use of an enriched mathematics environment that minimally conflicts with traditional Aboriginal learning styles. The study is concerned with evaluating the effectiveness of a program intervention in remote Aboriginal schools, based on the results of pre- and post-interviews given to children at eight different schools in Western Australia at the beginning and end of 1989 and 1990. Comparison data with those for children at other schools are provided in this paper. The data derive from interviews with young children, and provide evidence on their performance in several key areas of early mathematics. Schools were categorized into three groups: White middle class; town Aboriginal and working class; and remote Aboriginal. The White middle class schools had the highest performance, followed by the town Aboriginal and White working class schools and the remote Aboriginal schools. There was a rather consistent gain in mean scores for most schools of around four points over the course of the first year so that existing differences between schools at the beginning of the year were still evident at the end of the year. At this stage it is difficult to conclude whether the intervention program has improved mathematics achievement for this group of remote Aboriginal children. There is at least no evidence of ‘progressive retardation’, which describes the current situation where Aboriginal children fall farther behind as they progress through school.
A Pilot Survey of Calculators and Computers Used in Aboriginal Community Schools of the Northern Territory
Authors: Stanton Ron
Published: August 2016

Batchelor College is a tertiary education institution servicing the needs of Aboriginal communities mainly in the Northern Territory and “top end” of Australia. Within the School of Education there is the Teacher Education programme which has been operating in various forms since 1976, and has successfully piloted and implemented a community based operation known as Remote Area Teacher Education (RATE) (see Kemmis 1988). The program at mid- year 1990 underwent re-accreditation, and in his paper Reconstituting the Curriculum Framework for the Batchelor College Teacher Education Program, Ian Stewart (Head of School) argued for the development of four integrated strands over four sequential stages (Stewart 1989). These strands are: Community Studies; Curriculum Studies; Language Studies; and Professional Studies.
The Literacy Game at Palm Island
Authors: Bechervaise Neil
Published: August 2016

The commercially available Pictionary provides the basis for the game described in this paper and the outcomes of its introduction to a class of grade three aboriginal students on Palm Island in North Queensland are explore. Suggestions are made for the preparation and extension of the game into classes and topic areas specific to a broad variety of learning situations at both primary and secondary level.