bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Feasibility and safety of tailored dosing schedule for eculizumab based on therapeutic drug monitoring: Lessons from a prospective multicentric study
Authors: Passot Christophe , Sberro‐Soussan Rebecca , Bertrand Dominique , Caillard Sophie , Schvartz Betoul , Domenger Camille , Contin‐Bordes Cécile , Paintaud Gilles , Halimi Jean‐Michel , Ternant David , Gatault Philippe
Published: October 2020

Aims

Eculizumab is an anti‐C5 monoclonal antibody approved for rare diseases including atypical haemolytic–uraemic syndrome. The maintenance phase dosing regimen is identical for all adult patients: 1200 mg every 2 weeks. Recent studies reported an overexposure in many patients when considering a target trough concentration range of 50–100 mg/L. The aim of the present work was to validate the feasibility of therapeutic drug monitoring of eculizumab in atypical haemolytic–uraemic syndrome patients.

Methods

We performed a 2‐step prospective multicentre study. In the first phase, we developed a pharmacokinetic population model using data from 40 patients and identified patients for whom a 1‐week lengthening of interval between infusions would lead to a trough concentration above 100 mg/L. In the second phase, selected patients were allocated a 1‐week extension and eculizumab trough concentrations were monitored.

Results

The model confirmed the previously reported influence of bodyweight on elimination clearance and predicted that 36 (90%) patients would be eligible for interval extension. In the second phase of the study, a 1‐week lengthening of interval between infusions was performed in 15 patients whose trough concentration at the next visit was predicted with a Bayesian model to be above 100 mg/L. After interval extension, 10 patients (67%) presented measured trough concentrations over 100 mg/L. No biological or clinical recurrence of disease was observed, even in the 5 patients with concentrations below 100 mg/L in whom the initial dosing regimen was resumed.

Conclusion

Safe eculizumab interval adjustment is feasible with a PK monitoring.
Is there scope for better individualisation of anthracycline cancer chemotherapy?
Authors: Sallustio Benedetta C. , Boddy Alan V.
Published: October 2020

Anthracyclines are used to treat solid and haematological cancers, particularly breast cancers, lymphomas and childhood cancers. Myelosuppression and cardiotoxicity are the primary toxicities that limit treatment duration and/or intensity. Cardiotoxicity, particularly heart failure, is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in cancer survivors. Cumulative anthracycline dose is a significant predictor of cardiotoxicity risk, suggesting a role for anthracycline pharmacokinetic variability. Population pharmacokinetic modelling in children has shown that doxorubicin clearance in the very young is significantly lower than in older children, potentially contributing to their higher risk of cardiotoxicity. A model of doxorubicin clearance based on body surface area and age offers a patient‐centred dose‐adjustment strategy that may replace the current disparate initial‐dose selection tools, providing a rational way to compensate for pharmacokinetic variability in children aged <7 years. Population pharmacokinetic models in adults have not adequately addressed older ages, obesity, hepatic and renal dysfunction, and potential drug–drug interactions to enable clinical application. Although candidate gene and genome‐wide association studies have investigated relationships between genetic variability and anthracycline pharmacokinetics or clinical outcomes, there have been few clinically significant reproducible associations. Precision‐dosing of anthracyclines is currently hindered by lack of clinically useful pharmacokinetic targets and models that predict cumulative anthracycline exposures. Combined with known risk factors for cardiotoxicity, the use of advanced echocardiography and biomarkers, future validated pharmacokinetic targets and predictive models could facilitate anthracycline precision dosing that truly maximises efficacy and provides individualised early intervention with cardioprotective therapies in patients at risk of cardiotoxicity.
Psychological suzhi and academic achievement in Chinese adolescents: A 2‐year longitudinal study
Authors: Nie Qian , Teng Zhaojun , Yang Chunyan , Lu Xingyue , Liu Chuanxing , Zhang Dajun , Guo Cheng
Published: October 2020

Background

In the Chinese educational system, there has been an ongoing debate between using examination‐ or quality‐oriented education. The Chinese concept of psychological suzhi was proposed based on quality‐oriented education, and a positive link between psychological suzhi and academic achievement was found by cross‐sectional studies; however, studies examining their longitudinal relationship are still lacking.

Aims

To examine the longitudinal trajectories of Chinese adolescents’ academic achievement and the longitudinal effects of psychological suzhi on academic achievement trajectories.

Sample

Participants were 3,587 adolescents (Mage = 14.85 years, 51.1% male) in grades 7 and 10, from 10 secondary schools in southwest China.

Method

A 2‐year (four‐wave) longitudinal study was conducted, and growth mixture models were used to analyse the data.

Results and conclusions

Four distinct developmental trajectories of academic achievement were identified (i.e., high‐positive growth, middle‐negative growth, low‐stable, and lowest‐stable) that were significantly predicted by different levels of psychological suzhi, particularly the dimension of cognitive quality. Cognitive quality was strongly associated with the initial academic achievement values in the high‐positive growth group and linked to achievement rate (decreasing) in the middle‐negative growth group. However, individuality quality and adaptability quality had a buffering effect on the rate of achievement decreasing in the middle‐negative growth group. This study not only highlighted the promotive role of high cognitive quality on high levels of achievement (static) but also indicated the protective role of non‐cognitive factors (i.e., individuality and adaptability) against a decreasing rate of academic achievement (dynamic).
International students and labour market outcomes of US‐born workers*
Authors: Demirci Murat
Published: October 2020

Do international students graduating from US colleges and universities affect labour market outcomes of similarly educated native‐born workers? I address this question by exploiting a change in US visa policy that results in increases in the labour supply of master’s‐level international students to the US labour market in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) fields. Estimates show that increases in their labour supply via temporary work permits in a certain field reduce employment of recently graduated native‐born holders of a master’s degree but increase earnings of experienced native‐born holders of a master’s degree in the same field. These findings support the hypothesis of substitution between skills of similarly educated immigrants and native‐born individuals in the same age group and complementarity between skills of those in different age groups.
Merkel cell carcinoma: A review
Authors: Walsh Noreen M. , Cerroni Lorenzo
Published: October 2020

Merkel cell carcinoma has been a focus of active scientific investigation in recent years and new information on the topic has emerged. Although uncommon, this primary cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma, usually involving the head/neck of elderly individuals, has a poor prognosis. Within the past two decades, an increase in the incidence of the tumor and the discovery of its link to the Merkel cell polyomavirus have focused medical attention on the lesion. The resulting studies have improved our understanding of the biology of the neoplasm and contributed to clinical care. Specifically, two pathogenic subsets of the tumor have come to light, the majority due to Merkel cell polyomavirus and the minority caused by ultraviolet radiation‐induced genetic damage. This dichotomy carries prognostic implications favoring the former subset. In addition, having capitalized on the known susceptibility of the tumor to immune influences, investigators have recently discovered its responsiveness to immune checkpoint inhibition. This revelation has constituted a therapeutic milestone at the clinical level. Herein we provide an overview of the topic, outline updates in the field and place an emphasis on dermatopathologic aspects of Merkel cell carcinoma.
Clinical and morphological spectrum of cutaneous metastases on cytology: A study of 225 cases
Authors: Kapatia Gargi , Sahu Saumya , Rohilla Manish , Gupta Parikshaa , Gupta Nalini , Srinivasan Radhika , Rajwanshi Arvind , Dey Pranab
Published: October 2020

Introduction

Any type of cutaneous metastasis indicates dismal outcome of the disease. Skin is an unusual location for metastatic deposits from any tumour and has an incidence of about 0.8%‐5%. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) helps in the rapid diagnosis of metastasis with minimum pain.

Aim

To study the cytomorphological spectrum of cutaneous metastasis on FNAC.

Material and methods

A total of 225 patients with diagnosis of cutaneous metastasis on cytology were analysed. May‐Grünwald Giemsa and haematoxylin‐eosin‐stained smears were studied and examined for the cytomorphological spectrum of cutaneous metastasis. Cell block was prepared in a few cases. In a subset of cases, immunohistochemistry was done to pinpoint the primary.

Results

Amongst the 225 patients studied, the mean age was 53.9 years. There was female preponderance with 125 females and 100 males. The commonest site was abdominal wall (n = 89) followed by chest wall (n = 60). The most common type of metastasising tumour was adenocarcinoma.

Conclusion

Clinicians and pathologists must be aware of the clinico‐morphological spectrum of cutaneous metastasis for instant diagnosis followed by prompt management.
Comment on “Potential short‐term earthquake forecasting by farm animal monitoring” by Wikelski, Mueller, Scocco, Catorci, Desinov, Belyaev, Keim, Pohlmeier, Fechteler, and Mai
Authors: Zöller Gert , Hainzl Sebastian , Tilmann Frederik , Woith Heiko , Dahm Torsten
Published: October 2020

Based on an analysis of continuous monitoring of farm animal behavior in the region of the 2016 M6.6 Norcia earthquake in Italy, Wikelski et al., 2020; (Ethology, 126(9), 2020, 931) conclude that animal activity can be anticipated with subsequent seismic activity and that this finding might help to design a “short‐term earthquake forecasting method.” We show that this result is based on an incomplete analysis and misleading interpretations. Applying state‐of‐the‐art methods of statistics, we demonstrate that the proposed anticipatory patterns cannot be distinguished from random patterns, and consequently, the observed anomalies in animal activity do not have any forecasting power.
Ultrasonographic examination of the tuber calcanei area: Technique and normal ultrasonographic images
Authors: Emond A.‐L. , Coudry V. , Seignour M. , Denoix J.‐M.
Published: October 2020

Ultrasonographic examination is an essential diagnostic tool that complements radiographic examination in the diagnostic work‐up of injury to the tuber calcanei area. Using a plantar approach, the superficial digital flexor tendon, gastrocnemius tendon, the bone surfaces of the two lobes of the tuber calcanei and the gastrocnemius bursa and the calcaneal bursa of the superficial digital flexor tendon (if distended) can be accurately assessed. Using a collateral approach, the tenocalcaneal ligaments of the superficial digital flexor tendon and the branches of the calcaneal tendon of the caudal femoral muscles can be imaged. This paper describes the normal anatomy of the tuber calcanei area and presents the complete ultrasonographic procedure and normal ultrasonographic images of this region.
Effects of supplements containing turmeric and devil’s claw on equine gastric ulcer scores and gastric juice pH
Authors: St. Blanc M. , Banse H. , Retif M. , Arana‐Valencia N. , Keowen M. L. , Garza F. , Liu C.‐C. , Gray L. F. , Andrews F. M.
Published: October 2020

Supplements containing turmeric (Curcuma longa) and devil’s claw (Harpagophytum species) are commonly fed to horses to decrease inflammation and pain, but because these supplements contain spices and plant irritants, warning labels such as 'these supplements might cause gastric irritation' are required. The purpose of this study was to determine whether supplements containing turmeric and devil’s claw cause or worsen gastric ulcers in stall‐confined horses, as suggested in required cautions that appear on the labels of these animal products. Twelve clinically healthy Thoroughbred horses with naturally occurring equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS) scores >0 were included in a noncrossover study design. Horses were stratified by EGUS score and assigned to either the treatment (supplements containing turmeric and devil’s claw) or control (same supplements without active ingredients) group and fed the supplements for 28 days. Gastroscopy was performed on Days 0, 14 and 28. The EGUS score, nonglandular ulcer number (NGN) and severity (NGS) scores, and glandular number (GN) and severity (GS) scores were recorded during each gastroscopy by a masked investigator (F.M.A.). In addition, bodyweight, gastric juice pH, packed cell volume (PCV), total protein (TP) and blood biochemical results were measured on Day 0 and Day 28. Mean EGUS and NGS scores were significantly lower in both treatment and control groups by Days 14 and 28, when compared to Day 0. NGN score was not different among groups. Bodyweight, gastric juice pH and blood parameters did not change during the study. In conclusion, supplements containing turmeric and devil’s claw did not cause or worsen gastric ulcers or alter health parameters after 28 days of feeding.
Water stress and insect herbivory interactively reduce crop yield while the insect pollination benefit is conserved
Authors: Raderschall Chloé A. , Vico Giulia , Lundin Ola , Taylor Astrid R. , Bommarco Riccardo
Published: October 2020

Climate change is predicted to hamper crop production due to precipitation deficits and warmer temperatures inducing both water stress and increasing herbivory due to more abundant insect pests. Consequently, crop yields will be impacted simultaneously by abiotic and biotic stressors. Extensive yield losses due to such climate change stressors might, however, be mitigated by ecosystem services such as insect pollination. We examined the single and combined effects of water stress, insect herbivory and insect pollination on faba bean yield components and above‐ and belowground plant biomass under realistic field conditions. We used rainout shelters to simulate a scenario in line with climate change projections, with adequate water supply at sowing followed by a long period without precipitation. This induced a gradually increasing water stress, culminating around crop flowering and yield formation. We found that gradually increasing water stress combined with insect herbivory by aphids interactively shaped yield in faba beans. Individually, aphid herbivory reduced yield by 79% and water stress reduced yield by 52%. However, the combined effect of water stress and aphid herbivory reduced yield less (84%) than the sum of the individual stressor effects. In contrast, insect pollination increased yield by 68% independently of water availability and insect herbivory. Our results suggest that yield losses can be greatly reduced when both water stress and insect herbivory are reduced simultaneously. In contrast, reducing only one stressor has negligible benefits on yield as long as the crop is suffering from the other stressor. We call for further exploration of interactions among ecosystem services and biotic and abiotic stressors that simulate realistic conditions under climate change.
Population variation in the thermal response to climate change reveals differing sensitivity in a benthic shark
Authors: Gervais Connor R. , Huveneers Charlie , Rummer Jodie L. , Brown Culum
Published: October 2020

Many species with broad distributions are exposed to different thermal regimes which often select for varied phenotypes. This intraspecific variation is often overlooked but may be critical in dictating the vulnerability of different populations to environmental change. We reared Port Jackson shark (Heterodontus portusjacksoni) eggs from two thermally discrete populations (i.e. Jervis Bay and Adelaide) under each location's present‐day mean temperatures, predicted end‐of‐century temperatures and under reciprocal‐cross conditions to establish intraspecific thermal sensitivity. Rearing temperatures strongly influenced ṀO2Max and critical thermal limits, regardless of population, indicative of acclimation processes. However, there were significant population‐level effects, such that Jervis Bay sharks, regardless of rearing temperature, did not exhibit differences in ṀO2Rest, but under elevated temperatures exhibited reduced maximum swimming activity with step‐wise increases in temperature. In contrast, Adelaide sharks reared under elevated temperatures doubled their ṀO2Rest, relative to their present‐day temperature counterparts; however, maximum swimming activity was not influenced. With respect to reciprocal‐cross comparisons, few differences were detected between Jervis Bay and Adelaide sharks reared under ambient Jervis Bay temperatures. Similarly, juveniles (from both populations) reared under Adelaide conditions had similar thermal limits and swimming activity (maximum volitional velocity and distance) to each other, indicative of conserved acclimation capacity. However, under Adelaide temperatures, the ṀO2Rest of Jervis Bay sharks was greater than that of Adelaide sharks. This indicates that the energetics of cooler water population (Adelaide) is likely more thermally sensitive than that of the warmer population (Jervis Bay). While unique to elasmobranchs, these data provide further support that by treating species as static, homogeneous populations, we ignore the impacts of thermal history and intraspecific variation on thermal sensitivity. With climate change, intraspecific variation will manifest as populations move, demographics change or extirpations occur, starting with the most sensitive populations.
The psychopath in the corner office: A multigenre
Authors: Suskind Dorothy C.
Published: October 2020

Workplace bullies can be found in all organizations. Using a Narrative Inquiry and Arts‐Based Research methodological framework, this article shares the findings of a multiyear study in which 185 womens, in 27 states, and 15 countries share their stories of workplace abuse. Narrative Inquiry reflects the multilayered complexity of people’s lived lives by inviting research texts that utilize diverse genres and mediums to tell the story of the findings. Art‐Based Research invites the researcher to mine for meaning on a level not fully accessible through traditional narratives and then share out insights in genres that generate deep cognitive dissonance while evoking empathy and urging response. The stories, poems, book review, observational field notes, dialogues, lists, charts, and visual genres were crafted by the researcher as representations of the saturated themes that emerged from the data and are supported by other empirical research. This is a multigenre that tells the stories of successful psychopaths and the resilient women who survived them.
Cybersecurity risks disclosure and implied audit risks: Evidence from audit fees
Authors: Calderon Thomas G. , Gao Lei
Published: October 2020

This study examines the association between companies' cybersecurity risk disclosures and audit fees. Based on a sample from 2005 to 2018, we find that companies' audit fees are not only influenced by the content (number of words), but also by the language (readability and litigious language) disclosed in their cybersecurity risk disclosures. We extend prior studies and find that audit firms assess audit risks not just by evaluating actual cyber breach incidents, but also the cybersecurity risks disclosures more generally. The implication is that the auditor incorporates into their risk assessments, and accordingly their fee structures, the nature and content of cybersecurity risk disclosures. In general, more readable disclosures can reduce audit fees and perhaps other monitoring costs incurred by SEC registrants.
Dermatologic uses of bloodroot: a review and reappraisal
Authors: Fravor Lauren , Khachemoune Amor
Published: October 2020

Bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis) is a plant, native to North America, containing bioactive compounds that interrupt biological processes. It has been around for centuries and is known for its medicinal properties. Today, naturopathic remedies are becoming more and more popular, especially for skin ailments. There are an alarming number of online vendors marketing their bloodroot‐containing products as cures for skin cancer without any scientific evidence supporting such claims. Clinical data concerning the efficacy of bloodroot primarily come from case studies with unfavorable outcomes involving patients who self‐treated with bloodroot‐containing black salves. However, recent preclinical studies have concluded that sanguinarine, the active component of bloodroot, shows positive evidence of being an efficacious treatment for skin cancers at micromolar doses. This article reviews the mechanism of action of bloodroot as a skin cancer treatment, its misuse in clinical dermatology, and the FDA’s stance on products containing bloodroot that are marketed and sold to laypersons. Members of the public should be made aware of the dangers of self‐treating with bloodroot‐containing products through effective communication and education by clinicians.
Defining the target value of the coefficient of variation by continuous glucose monitoring in Chinese people with diabetes
Authors: Mo Yifei , Ma Xiaojing , Lu Jingyi , Shen Yun , Wang Yufei , Zhang Lei , Lu Wei , Zhu Wei , Bao Yuqian , Zhou Jian
Published: October 2020

Aims/Introduction

To define the target value for the percentage coefficient of variation for glucose (%CV) as a measure of glycemic variability (GV) in Chinese diabetes patients.

Materials and Methods

This retrospective study included 3,007 diabetes patients who underwent continuous glucose monitoring for 3 days. Type 2 diabetes was divided into groups according to the received treatment: group 1, non‐insulinotropic agent (n = 138); group 2, insulinotropic agent (n = 761); group 3, basal insulin therapy (n = 100); group 4, premixed insulin (n = 784); and group 5, intensive insulin therapy (n = 612). Type 1 diabetes patients were included as group 6 (n = 612). %CV and percentage of time per day within, below (3.9mmol/L; TBR3.9) and above (10.0 mmol/L) the target glucose range (3.9–10.0 mmol/L) were computed. TBR3.9 ≥4% was defined as excessive hypoglycemia.

Results

Type 2 diabetes with a premixed or intensive insulin regimen had an increased %CV compared with those receiving oral therapy or basal insulin. The upper limit of %CV in group 1 was 33%, which was adopted as the threshold to define excessive GV. For each treatment group, the percentage of people with TBR3.9 ≥4% was significantly greater in the subgroup with %CV >33% than ≤33% (P < 0.001). In participants who achieved TBR3.9 <4%, the time per day spent within the target glucose range of 3.9–10.0 mmol/L > 70% and time per day above 10.0 mmol/L <25%, the 95th percentile of %CV was 32.70%. Further receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that the cut‐off values of %CV for predicting TBR3.9 ≥4% varied by the type of diabetes and glycated hemoglobin categories.

Conclusions

A %CV of 33% was set as the threshold for excess glucose variability in Chinese diabetes patients. Meanwhile, glycated hemoglobin and the type of diabetes should be considered for the goal‐setting of %CV.
Combination therapy of trichloroacetic acid, human autologous fibroblast injection and fibroblast seeded microfibrous collagen scaffold as a novel treatment for osteomyelitis diabetic foot ulcer
Authors: Nilforoushzadeh Mohammad Ali , Heidari‐Kharaji Maryam , Zare Mehrak , Zare Sona , Baiat Tork Batool , Jaffary Fariba
Published: October 2020

A severe complication associated with diabetes is diabetic foot ulcer (DFU). Most patients with DFU require amputation. Although treatment of non‐healing diabetic ulcers is challenging, the use of novel therapies can be effective. In this report, we present the case of a woman with type 2 diabetes with DFU‐related osteomyelitis, who was treated with a combination therapy of trichloroacetic acid, calcium alginate and foam dressings, human autologous fibroblast injection, and a fibroblast cell‐seeded collagen scaffold. The results showed the positive effects of combination therapy on DFU. In the initial treatment, the wound area was measured to be 14 × 7 cm2, with a depth of 4 cm. After 6 months, the wound was measured to be 1.5 cm2, showing a 90% reduction of the wound area. Overall, this combination therapy was highly effective in the treatment of DFU‐related osteomyelitis, and could markedly prevent amputation among DFU patients.
Detection of scale drop disease virus from non‐destructive samples and ectoparasites of Asian sea bass, Lates calcarifer
Authors: Charoenwai Onanong , Senapin Saengchan , Dong Ha Thanh , Sonthi Molruedee
Published: October 2020

Non‐destructive sampling methods offer practical advantages to detection and monitoring of viral pathogens in economically important farmed fish and broodstock. Here, we investigated whether blood, mucus and fin can be used as non‐lethal sample sources for detection of scale drop disease virus (SDDV) in farmed Asian sea bass, Lates calcarifer. Detection of SDDV was performed in parallel from three non‐destructive and seven destructive sample types, collected from both clinically sick fish and subclinical fish obtained from an affected farm. The results showed that SDDV was detectable in all 10 sample types with the percentage ranging from 20% to 100%. Blood was the best non‐destructive sample source exhibited by the fact that it yielded 100% SDDV‐positive tests from both sick (n = 12, 95% CI: 69.9–99.2) and clinically healthy fish (n = 4, 95% CI: 39.6%–97.4%) and is considered a “sterile” sample. This study also revealed concurrent infection of SDDV and two ectoparasites Lernanthropus sp. and Diplectanum sp., in all affected fish (n = 8, 95% CI: 46.7–99.3) during the disease outbreak. These ectoparasites also tested positive for SDDV by PCR, indicating that they were potential sample sources for PCR‐based detection of SDDV and possibly other viruses infecting Asian sea bass.
Palmer's test usefulness in the correct positioning of the Veress needle and the reduction of complications during laparoscopic access maneuvers
Authors: Brenner‐Anidjar Rony D , Rojo‐Novo Sara , Frías‐Sánchez Zoraida , Montaño‐Serrano María , Pantoja‐Rosso Francisco J , Terracina Dan , Pantoja‐Garrido Manuel
Published: October 2020

Aim

Abdominal cavity access accounts for 50% of complications during laparoscopic surgery. Different safety maneuvers have been used to try to diminish these. Our study aims to establish the usefulness of Palmer's test in the correct positioning of the Veress needle and the reduction of complications during laparoscopic access maneuvers, when used in addition to the determination of intraabdominal pressure.

Methods

Prospective observational analytic multi‐centered cohort study with 370 patients undergoing gynecologic laparoscopy between July 2014 and November 2019, comparing the additional use of Palmer's test in 185 patients (Palmer‐Test‐Yes, PTY), with intraabdominal pressure determination alone in 185 patients (Palmer‐Test‐No, PTN).

Results

Intergroup homogeneity was described for the basic characteristics of both population samples, except for mean age and percentage of previous laparotomy. A total of 19 complications were recorded, 10 in PTY and 9 in PTN, with no significant differences (P = 0.814). No differences were found in the analysis of these complications, except for the rate of conversion to laparotomy, which occurred four times in the PTY group and none in PTN (P = 0.044). Furthermore, no differences were found once fixed for the history of previous laparotomy (P = 514.), nor for the percentage of successful access after the first attempt between both groups (P = 0.753).

Conclusion

Palmer's test, when used in addition to intraabdominal pressure determination, has not shown to be effective in preventing failed access to abdominal cavity or reducing complications associated with access maneuvers with the Veress needle. Hence, its systematic use is not justified, since it could generate a sense of false security.
Beyond direct contact: The theoretical and societal relevance of indirect contact for improving intergroup relations
Authors: White Fiona A. , Borinca Islam , Vezzali Loris , Reynolds Katherine J. , Blomster Lyshol Johanna K. , Verrelli Stefano , Falomir‐Pichastor Juan M.
Published: October 2020

Today, physical and psychological barriers can reduce opportunities for the type of direct face‐to‐face intergroup contact first identified by Gordon Allport. Consequently, social psychological researchers have identified, developed and tested a burgeoning array of different forms of indirect contact, including, extended contact, Electronic‐ or E‐contact, imagined contact, vicarious contact and parasocial contact. In addition to providing a critical review of each of these forms, we argue that indirect contact is more than just a simple “replacement” for direct contact, but instead has the potential to improve intergroup relations for both minority and majority members in its own right. Relatedly, we acknowledge that indirect contact occurs within specific normative contexts embodied in legislation, institutions, and media and political contents. In fact, we recognize that indirect contact requires an integrative understanding of the role of intergroup norms and affective processes in order to effectively achieve public policy objectives to optimize effects on prejudice reduction.
Time is on the side of change in dentistry
Authors: Cothron Annaliese , McLeod Caroline
Published: October 2020

The 2020 environment challenges health professionals and stakeholders to reconsider oral health‐care design and business operations to drive meaningful change toward improving the oral health of all. The Three Domain Framework reinforces connections between social and structural determinants of health while promoting new opportunities to demonstrate value‐based solutions that connect care providers, individuals, and communities.
Profile of fatty acid lipid fractions of omega‐3 fatty acid‐enriched table eggs
Authors: Corrales‐Retana Leonor , Ciucci Francesca , Conte Giuseppe , Casarosa Laura , Mele Marcello , Serra Andrea
Published: October 2020

The omega‐3 fatty acid (FA) enrichment of yolk is a key means one of the main objectives to improve the nutraceutical properties of eggs. We evaluated the effect of the dietary inclusion of extruded linseed fed to laying hens on the fatty acid composition of the polar and non‐polar lipid classes of the eggs. Two groups of 36 Lohmann White Leghorn layers (65 weeks old) were each fed one of two different diets for a period of 12 weeks. The two diets consisted of a conventional cereal‐based diet concentrate (C) and a diet concentrate containing 5% linseed (L). The inclusion of linseed in the diet increased the content of α‐linolenic (C18:3n‐3), eicosapentaenoic (C20:5n‐3) and docosahexaenoic (C22:6n‐3) acids in neutral lipids, while a concomitant decrease in arachidonic acid (C20:4n‐6) was observed. As regards the polar fraction, the fatty acid composition was slightly affected by the dietary treatments except for C18:0 (+1.14 fold), C18:2n‐6 (+1.23 fold), C18:3n‐3 (+2.8 fold) and C22:6n‐3 (+1.41 fold). Principal component analysis demonstrated that very long‐chain FAs were more representative of polar lipids, except for C20:5n‐3, while neutral lipids were characterized by dietary n‐3 FA (C18:3n‐3).
Georgia Rural Hospital Tax Credit: Perspectives of Rural Health Executives
Authors: Opoku Samuel T. , Apenteng Bettye A. , Owens Charles , Kimsey Linda , Peden Angie , Ekpo Imaobong , Mase William A. , Akowuah Emmanuel
Published: October 2020

Purpose

In 2016, Georgia implemented a rural hospital tax credit program through a legislative mandate that allows individuals and corporations to donate to qualifying rural hospitals in exchange for state income tax credit. The study examines the importance, success, and challenges of the program, and opportunities for improvement, from the perspective of Georgia rural hospital executives.

Methods

The study was a qualitative study using data from key informant telephone interviews with 21 hospital executives and administrators of eligible rural hospitals.

Findings

Hospital executives described the program as a valuable lifeline for struggling rural hospitals and an instrument for community engagement. They provided recommendations for legislative and programmatic modifications to ensure stability, transparency, and accountability.

Conclusion

Results highlight the popularity of the program among rural hospital leaders, but they also identify potential areas for improvement. The findings of the study can inform policy‐making efforts targeted at improving the nation's rural health infrastructure.
Comparative analysis identifies amino acids critical for citrus tristeza virus (T36CA) encoded proteins involved in suppression of RNA silencing and differential systemic infection in two plant species
Authors: Chen Angel Y. S. , Peng James H. C. , Polek MaryLou , Tian Tongyan , Ludman Márta , Fátyol Károly , Ng James C. K.
Published: October 2020

Complementary (c)DNA clones corresponding to the full‐length genome of T36CA (a Californian isolate of Citrus tristeza virus with the T36 genotype), which shares 99.1% identity with that of T36FL (a T36 isolate from Florida), were made into a vector system to express the green fluorescent protein (GFP). Agroinfiltration of two prototype T36CA‐based vectors (pT36CA) to Nicotiana benthamiana plants resulted in local but not systemic GFP expression/viral infection. This contrasted with agroinfiltration of the T36FL‐based vector (pT36FL), which resulted in both local and systemic GFP expression/viral infection. A prototype T36CA systemically infected RNA silencing‐defective N. benthamiana lines, demonstrating that a genetic basis for its defective systemic infection was RNA silencing. We evaluated the in planta bioactivity of chimeric pT36CA‐pT36FL constructs and the results suggested that nucleotide variants in several open reading frames of the prototype T36CA could be responsible for its defective systemic infection. A single amino acid substitution in each of two silencing suppressors, p20 (S107G) and p25 (G36D), of prototype T36CA facilitated its systemic infectivity in N. benthamiana (albeit with reduced titre relative to that of T36FL) but not in Citrus macrophylla plants. Enhanced virus accumulation and, remarkably, robust systemic infection of T36CA in N. benthamiana and C. macrophylla plants, respectively, required two additional amino acid substitutions engineered in p65 (N118S and S158L), a putative closterovirus movement protein. The availability of pT36CA provides a unique opportunity for comparative analysis to identify viral coding and noncoding nucleotides or sequences involved in functions that are vital for in planta infection.
Carbohydrate depletion in roots impedes phosphorus nutrition in young forest trees
Authors: Clausing Simon , Pena Rodica , Song Bin , Müller Karolin , Mayer‐Gruner Paula , Marhan Sven , Grafe Martin , Schulz Stefanie , Krüger Jaane , Lang Friederike , Schloter Michael , Kandeler Ellen , Polle Andrea
Published: October 2020

Nutrient imbalances cause the deterioration of tree health in European forests, but the underlying physiological mechanisms are unknown. Here, we investigated the consequences of decreasing root carbohydrate reserves for phosphorus (P) mobilisation and uptake by forest trees.

In P‐rich and P‐poor beech (Fagus sylvatica) forests, naturally grown, young trees were girdled and used to determine root, ectomycorrhizal and microbial activities related to P mobilisation in the organic layer and mineral topsoil in comparison with those in nongirdled trees.

After girdling, root carbohydrate reserves decreased. Root phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activities linking carbon and P metabolism increased. Root and ectomycorrhizal phosphatase activities and the abundances of bacterial genes catalysing major steps in P turnover increased, but soil enzymes involved in P mobilisation were unaffected. The physiological responses to girdling were stronger in P‐poor than in P‐rich forests. P uptake was decreased after girdling. The soluble and total P concentrations in roots were stable, but fine root biomass declined after girdling.

Our results support that carbohydrate depletion results in reduced P uptake, enhanced internal P remobilisation and root biomass trade‐off to compensate for the P shortage. As reductions in root biomass render trees more susceptible to drought, our results link tree deterioration with disturbances in the P supply as a consequence of decreased belowground carbohydrate allocation.
Acute conduction recurrence of mitral isthmus: Incidence, clinical characteristics, and implications
Authors: Lu Xiaofeng , Peng Shi , Xu Juan , Wang Rui , Pang Lingpin , Zhou Genqing , Wei Yong , Cai Lidong , Wu Xiaoyu , Guo Shuai , Huang Dayang , Li Wenhua , Huang Shi'an , Liu Shaowen , Chen Songwen
Published: October 2020

Background

Data on the incidence, clinical characteristics, and implications of acute conduction recurrence during mitral isthmus (MI) ablation are scarce.

Methods

MI ablation was performed in patients with atrial fibrillation. After confirming bidirectional conduction block, the acute conduction recurrence of MI was systematically evaluated. Clinical and electrophysiological characteristics were analyzed.

Results

A total of 66 consecutive patients in whom bidirectional conduction block of MI was achieved were prospectively enrolled in a single center. Acute conduction recurrence of MI developed in 12 (18.2%) patients within 14.2 ± 11.5 minutes after the confirmation of bidirectional conduction block. There were two recurrent conduction breakthrough sites of MI along the course of the great cardiac vein (4.5 ± 3.5 min) in two patients and 11 along the course of the ligament of Marshall (LOM) (16.0 ± 11.6 min, P = .035) in 11 patients. LOM accounted for most (84.6%, 11/13) acute MI conduction recurrence. MI length, total ablation time, and procedure time for MI were greater in patients with acute conduction recurrence than in those without acute conduction recurrence. During follow‐up, arrhythmia recurrences were less observed in patients with acute conduction when compared to patients without acute conduction recurrence (0% vs 26.4%, P = .055).

Conclusion

Acute conduction recurrence, predominantly due to recurrent LOM conduction, was a common phenomenon during MI ablation, and its evaluation should therefore be the focus to improve MI ablation efficacy and durability.
Anesthesia in the modern world of apps and technology: Implications and impact on wellness
Authors: Lo Calvin , Yu Julie , Görges Matthias , Matava Clyde
Published: October 2020

Recent decades have seen an unprecedented leap in digital innovation, with far‐reaching implications in healthcare. Anesthesiologists have historically championed the adoption of new technologies. However, the rapid evolution of these technologies has outpaced attempts at studying their potential impact on healthcare providers' well‐being. This document introduces several categories of workplace technologies commonly encountered by the anesthesiologist. We examine examples of novel technology and the impact of these digital interventions on the anesthesiologist's well‐being. We also review popular personalized technology aimed at improving wellness and the impact on well‐being examined. Finally, technology acceptance models are introduced to improve technology adoption, which, when appropriately applied, may minimize the negative impacts of technology on anesthesiologists' well‐being. Incorporating quantitative, serial assessments of well‐being as part of technology implementation are proposed as a future direction for examining the wellness impact of technology on anesthesiologists.
The dual interplay of RAV5 in activating nitrate reductases and repressing catalase activity to improve disease resistance in cassava
Authors: Yan Yu , Wang Peng , Wei Yunxie , Bai Yujing , Lu Yi , Zeng Hongqiu , Liu Guoyin , Reiter Russel J. , He Chaozu , Shi Haitao
Published: October 2020

Cassava bacterial blight (CBB) caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis (Xam) seriously affects cassava yield. Nitrate reductase (NR) plays an important role in plant nitrogen metabolism in plants. However, the in vivo role of NR and the corresponding signalling pathway remain unclear in cassava. In this study, we isolated MeNR1/2 and revealed their novel upstream transcription factor MeRAV5. We also identified MeCatalase1 (MeCAT1) as the interacting protein of MeRAV5. In addition, we investigated the role of MeCatalase1 and MeRAV5‐MeNR1/2 module in cassava defence response. MeNRs positively regulates cassava disease resistance against CBB through modulation of nitric oxide (NO) and extensive transcriptional reprogramming especially in mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling. Notably, MeRAV5 positively regulates cassava disease resistance through the coordination of NO and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) level. On the one hand, MeRAV5 directly activates the transcripts of MeNRs and NO level by binding to CAACA motif in the promoters of MeNRs. On the other hand, MeRAV5 interacts with MeCAT1 to inhibit its activity, so as to negatively regulate endogenous H2O2 level. This study highlights the precise coordination of NR activity and CAT activity by MeRAV5 through directly activating MeNRs and interacting with MeCAT1 in plant immunity.
Pediatric lung transplant: Correlation of pretransplant condition with post‐transplant outcomes
Authors: Freiberger Dawn , Gould Delaney Anne , Forbes Peter , Manley Donna , Visner Gary A.
Published: October 2020

Background

It is generally accepted that patients who have greater functional capacity are better candidates for lung transplantation. Accurate assessment of physical condition is important in identifying appropriate candidates for transplant. The focus of this study was to determine which measures of pretransplant physical condition correlate with positive post‐transplant outcomes in children undergoing lung transplant.

Methods

A retrospective chart review was done on 44 patients, ages 5 to 21 years. The pretransplant data collected included functional status, 6MWT, ambulatory status, and mechanical support. Post‐transplant outcome data included time on the ventilator, days in the ICU, length of hospitalization, and 12‐month survival.

Results

Results were analyzed using Fisher exact and Kruskal‐Wallis tests. Patients with limited ambulation had more days in the ICU compared to the most ambulatory group (P = .043). Patients independent or needing some help with ADL had less time on the ventilator compared to patients needing total help. (P = .014). Patients with 6MWT result greater than 500’ had fewer ICU days (P = .044) and marginally better 12‐month survival (P = .057). The 12‐month survival of children needing invasive ventilatory support pretransplant was not significantly worse than those who did not; however, they required significantly more time on the ventilator (P = .004), days in ICU (P = .013), and longer hospitalization.

Discussion

This study demonstrated that pretransplant physical condition affects post‐transplant outcomes in children. Measures associated with positive post‐transplant outcomes were identified and could be beneficial in determining which patients are optimal candidates for lung transplant.
Pathogenic and genetic variability of Ralstonia solanacearum strains from the Philippines
Authors: Villa Joselito E. , Horita Mitsuo , Hyakumachi Mitsuro , Tsuchiya Kenichi
Published: October 2020

In the Philippines, bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is one of the most important diseases affecting vegetables and banana. In this study, 89 strains of R. solanacearum isolated from various hosts were screened for their biovar, phylotype, pathogenicity, and genetic diversity. Foreign strains were included for comparison with these Philippine strains. Results of the biochemical and multiplex‐PCR tests divided the Philippine strains into five biovars (1, 2, 3, 4, and N2) and three phylotypes (I, II, and IV). Three potato strains belonged to biovar N2/phylotype IV. Pathogenicity tests divided the strains into five pathogenicity types based on their virulence in tomato, potato, eggplant, sweet pepper, and tobacco. Strains classified as biovar N2 were weakly pathogenic to potato (pathogenicity type III) and almost all strains isolated from banana were not pathogenic to the test plants except potato (pathogenicity type V). The results of AFLP analysis divided the strains into four clusters. Cluster 1 was composed of strains isolated from solanaceous crops, ginger (Zingiber officinale), and Morus sp. from the Philippines and other Asian countries. Cluster 2 grouped the potato strains (biovar N2) from the Philippines and Japan and blood disease bacterium strains from Indonesia. Cluster 3 contained the local and foreign strains isolated from potato (biovar 2) and banana (biovar 1). Cluster 4 consisted only of the tomato strain from the USA.
Electrophysiological dynamics of visuocortical processing in hoarding disorder
Authors: Liu Na , Zakrzewski Jessica J. , Mathews Carol A. , Keil Andreas
Published: October 2020

Individuals with hoarding disorder (HD) typically perform worse than peers on neuropsychological tasks involving visual perception. Functional neuroimaging shows diffusely increased activity in the visual cortex, consistent with inefficient visual processing in HD. The temporal locus of these inefficiencies in HD is unknown. This study examined the temporal unfolding of visual event‐related brain potentials (ERPs) to help better define the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying visual dysfunction in HD. Thirty‐three individuals with HD and 35 healthy controls (HC) were assessed using a 64‐channel EEG during a modified flanker task. Permutation‐controlled analyses were conducted to detect group differences in visual evoked ERPs on a millisecond‐to‐millisecond basis. Bayesian ANCOVAs and linear regressions that included hoarding and age were conducted to identify the best‐fit model for the identified VEPs, compared to a null model that included depression and anxiety severity. Three temporal regions (175 ms, 270 ms, and 440 ms), showed differences in amplitude between HD and HC and were consistent with ERP components N1, P1/N2, and a late negative slow wave (LNSW), respectively. After controlling for depression and anxiety, HD demonstrated an enhanced ERP amplitude at N1 and an attenuated amplitude in LNSW compared to HC but did not show differences at P1/N2. For the N1 and LNSW, there was also a primary effect of the interaction between hoarding and age. This study indicates that altered visuocortical reactivity in HD first occurs at the level of visuocortical processing after 170 ms, indicating alterations of middle and later, but not early, processing in occipitotemporal visual cortex.