bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effects of brine concentration and scalding on survival of some pathogens in urfa cheese: a traditional white‐brined turkish cheese
Authors: Barbaros Ozer Hamdi , Uraz Güven , Beyzi‐Yilmaz Ebru , Ferit Atasoy Ahmet
Published: July 2004

The survival of Staphylococcus aureus (St. aureus), Bacillus cereus, Yersinia enterocolitica, Eschericia coli O157:H7, Shigella flexneri (Sh. flexneri) and Salmonella enteritidis (Sa. enteritidis) in urfa cheese (a traditional white‐brined Turkish cheese) which was stored in brine concentrations varying from 12.5 to 17.5% (wt/v) was tested. Two sets of cheeses were made, namely scalded and unscalded cheeses (scalding was done by heating at 95 °C for 3 min). The variations in the counts of pathogenic colonies were monitored throughout a 90‐day storage period at <10 °C. Results indicated that scalding caused statistically significant reductions in the colony counts of Y. enterocolitica, E. coli O157:H7, Sh. flexneri and Sa. enteritidis during the early periods of storage. In contrast, St. aureus and B. cereus were not generally affected by scalding and brine concentrations, although B. cereus in 17.5% (wt/v) brine was affected. In the unscalded cheeses, 12.5 and 15.0% (wt/v) brine concentrations seemed to be insufficient to eradicate the pathogenic organisms examined.
Prediction models for the thermal conductivity of aqueous starch
Authors: Hsu Chuan‐Liang , Heldman Dennis R.
Published: July 2004

The objectives of this research were to determine the thermal conductivity of aqueous starch and to develop a theoretical model to predict the thermal conductivity for both granular and gelatinized aqueous starches. Thermal conductivity of starch was experimentally investigated as a function of moisture content (55–70%) and temperature (5–45 °C) by using the probe method. Six structural heat conduction models were employed to predict the thermal conductivity. Results indicated that the experimental thermal conductivity increased with increasing moisture content and temperature for both granular and gelatinized starch. The effect of gelatinization on thermal conductivity was small but significant at 5 °C, but insignificant at 25 and 45 °C. Over the moisture and temperature ranges investigated, the thermal conductivity values predicted by the Kopelman (B) and Maxwell models were in close agreement with the experimental values for granular starch, whereas for gelatinized starch, the Maxwell model yielded the lowest standard error with the experimental values.
The effect of the concentration of batter made from Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) flour on the quality of a deep‐fried snack
Authors: Ravi Ramasamy , Susheelamma Nuggehalli Sampathkumarachar
Published: July 2004

Batters made from Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) flour and containing 36–44% solids were used to prepare a spherically shaped deep fat‐fried snack called boondi. The physical properties, such as colour and bulk density, chemical constituents such as moisture and fat content, and crispness were determined as was the sensory profile. Commercial samples of this popular snack were analyzed in a similar way. Boondi prepared with 40% solids in the batter had more desirable qualities such as uniformity, crispness and fried gram aroma. Those prepared from batters <40% solids were more porous, oily and less uniform in shape and gave rise to tear drop shaped boondi. At >40% concentration of solids boondi were more firm and less porous with a slight sandy note although the fat content was low. Principal component analysis revealed that among the six commercial samples three samples were found to be close to optimal quality while the other three were less satisfactory. Positive correlations were found for porosity, oily notes and fat content and negative correlations for firmness.
The effect of storage on the antioxidant activity of reconstituted orange juice which had been pasteurized by high pressure or heat
Authors: Polydera Angeliki C. , Stoforos Nikolaos G. , Taoukis Petros S.
Published: July 2004

The effect of storage on the antioxidant activity of pasteurized reconstituted orange juice was studied. Either heat or high pressure was used for pasteurization and total antioxidant activity and ascorbic acid loss were measured during storage at different temperatures (0, 5, 10, 15 °C). The total antioxidant activity of orange juice, calculated as the sum of the activities of different antioxidant compounds, decreased during storage. This was mainly because of loss of ascorbic acid. However, rates of degradation of ascorbic acid were lower for orange juice treated with high pressure and this led to a better retention of its antioxidant activity when compared with juice pasteurized in a conventional way.
Metamorphism and metamorphic K–Ar ages of the Mesozoic accretionary complex in Northland, New Zealand
Authors: Nishimura Yujiro , Black Philippa M. , Itaya Tetsumaru
Published: July 2004

Abstract  A southwest dipping Mesozoic accretionary complex, which consists of tectonically imbricated turbiditic mudstone and sandstone, hemipelagic siliceous mudstone, and bedded cherts and basaltic rocks of pelagic origin, is exposed in northern North Island, New Zealand. Interpillow limestone is sometimes contained in the basaltic rocks. The grade of subduction‐related metamorphism increases from northeast to southwest, indicating an inverted metamorphic gradient dip. Three metamorphic facies are recognized largely on the basis of mineral parageneses in sedimentary and basaltic rocks: zeolite, prehnite‐pumpellyite and pumpellyite‐actinolite. From the apparent interplanar spacing d002 data for carbonaceous material, which range from 3.642 to 3.564 Å, the highest grade of metamorphism is considered to have attained only the lowermost grade of the pumpellyite‐actinolite facies for which the highest temperature may be approximately 300°C. Metamorphic white mica K–Ar ages are reported for magnetic separates and <2 µm hydraulic elutriation separates from 27 pelitic and semipelitic samples. The age data obtained from elutriation separates are approximately 8 m.y. younger, on average, than those from magnetic separates. The age difference is attributed to the possible admixture of nonequilibrated detrital white mica in the magnetic separates, and the age of the elutriation separates is considered to be the age of metamorphism. If the concept, based on fossil evidence, of the subdivision of the Northland accretionary complex into north and south units is accepted, then the peak age of metamorphism in the north unit is likely to be 180–130 Ma; that is, earliest Middle Jurassic to early Early Cretaceous, whereas that in the south unit is 150–130 Ma; that is, late Late Jurassic to early Early Cretaceous. The age cluster for the north unit correlates with that of the Chrystalls Beach–Taieri Mouth section (uncertain terrane), while the age cluster for the south unit is older than that of the Younger Torlesse Subterrane in the Wellington area, and may be comparable with that of the Nelson and Marlborough areas (Caples and Waipapa terranes).
Thinking styles in relation to personality traits: An investigation of the Thinking Styles Inventory and NEO‐PI‐R
Authors: FJELL ANDERS M. , WALHOVD KRISTINE B.
Published: July 2004

This study is an investigation of the Sternberg‐Wagner Thinking Style Inventory (TSI), with regard to cross‐cultural replication and relation to the five‐factor personality model (FFM). TSI and NEO‐PI‐R were administered to 107 participants from USA and 114 participants from Norway. Inter‐correlations between NEO‐PI‐R dimensions and TSI‐scales and factors were not very strong, few exceeding 0.40, and the correlations were in predicted directions. Joint factor analyses of TSI and NEO‐PI‐R showed that TSI covers variance that NEO‐PI‐R does not explain. Thus, it is argued that the thinking styles give an independent contribution beyond FFM dimensions. However, TSI did not relate to FFM in the same manner in the two samples. Finally, the TSI‐scales and factors were replicable across samples by Procrustes rotation. The question whether thinking style may be regarded as a valid and reliable construct is discussed.
The reliability and validity of the Swedish version of the Body Shape Questionnaire
Authors: GHADERI ATA , SCOTT BERIT
Published: July 2004

Psychometric properties of the Swedish version of the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) were examined using data from three samples: (1) a sample from the general population (n= 1157), (2) a student sample (n= 124) and (3) a clinical sample (n= 90). Analyses showed that a single factor solution might be a reasonable solution as 32 of the 34 items loaded heavily on the first factor. The derived short 14‐item version of the BSQ also showed a coherent structure with all the items loading on one single factor. The BSQ showed high test‐retest reliability, very high internal consistency, ranging from 0.94 to 0.97, and high split‐half reliability (above 0.93). Furthermore, it showed high validity by correlating highly with the body dissatisfaction subscale of the Eating Disorders Inventory (r= 0.72 and higher), and high discriminant validity. Thus, the Swedish version of the BSQ showed good concurrent and discriminant validity as well as high reliability.
Forensic psychology in Iceland: A survey of members of the Icelandic Psychological Society
Authors: SIGURDSSON JON FRIDRIK , GUDJONSSON GISLI H.
Published: July 2004

Forensic psychology is a rapidly growing specialism within psychology. A survey was carried out among the 152 members of the Icelandic Psychological Society (Sálfræðingafélagi Íslands) about their involvement and role in court work. Out of 101 psychologists who responded to the survey, 39 reported having been involved in court work, of whom 34 had testified in court. The great majority of court work of the psychologists involved assessments relating to child‐care and custody proceedings, but there was evidence that Icelandic psychologists are increasingly becoming involved in criminal cases concerning criminal responsibility and the reliability of testimony. They are working much more independently of medical colleagues than before.
Graphic jokes and children's mind: An unusual way to approach children's representational activity
Authors: PUCHE‐NAVARRO REBECA
Published: July 2004

The purpose of this study was to examine the development of representational activity through the comprehension of graphic jokes in 2, 3 and 4‐year‐old children. In experiment 1 we worked with three kinds of jokes, specifically mentalistic jokes, jokes based on substitution and complex jokes. We found differentiated performances on each kind of joke, as had been expected based on the semiological analysis of the jokes prior to the experiment. The earliest comprehension, at 3 years old, occurred with mentalistic jokes where more than 70% of the total sample was successful. The substitution jokes reached 47% in the three‐year‐old subjects, and the latest kind of joke to be understood by this group were the complex jokes, with only 31% comprehension. In experiment 2 we wanted to specify the cognitive functioning that was taking place in the comprehension of mentalistic jokes. We found similar successful performances in two mentalistic jokes with both the 3 and 4 year‐olds in the study. Children's performances were analyzed from the point of view of processes of redescription which were involved in the understanding of the jokes. We conclude that humor tasks are appropriate instruments to examine development of children's representational abilities.
Living in Two Worlds: A Review of Home‐to‐Work Decisions
Authors: Rouwendal Jan , Nijkamp Peter
Published: July 2004

ABSTRACT  This paper discusses various aspects of the economic analysis of commuting behavior. It starts with a review of two difficulties associated with urban economics models: the empirically falsified prediction of the relation between commuting time and income, and the presence of substantial excess commuting. Notwithstanding these anomalies, research that focuses directly on the value of travel time provides evidence that there is substantial resistance against commuting among large groups of workers. However, commuting costs are just one among many other explanatory variables for actual commuting behavior, and commuting itself has become much less onerous over time. This suggests that commuting costs play a much more limited role than has been assumed in the past. On the other hand, empirical evidence suggests that space is more important than one would be inclined to think on the basis of the considerations just given. These empirical regularities suggest that other space‐related aspects of the functioning of urban labor and housing markets are more important than was previously thought.
The Impact of Metropolitan Structure on Commute Behavior in the Netherlands: A Multilevel Approach
Authors: Schwanen Tim , Dieleman Frans M. , Dijst Martin
Published: July 2004

ABSTRACT  This paper documents the investigation of the impact of metropolitan structure on the commute behavior of urban residents in the Netherlands. Not only has the impact of monocentrism versus polycentrism been analyzed, but the influence of metropolitan density and size has also been considered, together with the ratio of employment to population and the growth of the population and employment. Furthermore, data are used at a variety of levels of analysis ranging from the individual worker to the metropolitan region rather than being drawn from aggregate level statistics alone. Multilevel regression modeling is applied to take account of the interdependencies among these levels of aggregation. With regard to mode choice, the results indicate that the probability of driving an auto to work is lower in employment‐rich metropolitan regions, and rises as the number of jobs per resident has grown strongly. Furthermore, women in most polycentric regions are less likely to commute as an auto driver. All else being equal, commute distances and times for auto drivers are longer in most polycentric regions than in monocentric urban areas. In addition, commute time as an auto driver rises with metropolitan size, whereas commute distance depends on employment density and the growth of the number of jobs per resident. The investigation shows that metropolitan structure, although significantly influencing commute patterns, explains only a small part of the variation of individuals’ commute behavior.
Search Theory and Commuting Behavior
Authors: Rouwendal Jan
Published: July 2004

ABSTRACT  This paper argues that search theory is a useful addition to the way economists and geographers have approached the study of commuting behavior. This is illustrated by showing that introduction of a spatial element into the standard model of job search leads to the prediction of critical isochrones. Moreover, in the context of an urban economy with decentralized employment, the spatial search model predicts excess commuting. Search theory also suggests that regression toward the mean may play a confusing role in data describing the development of commutes over time, such as has been used in recent empirical work. Finally, the paper develops a simple spatial equilibrium search model in which employers set their wages optimally and searchers determine their reservation wages optimally in mutually consistent ways. The spatial element is crucial for the existence of such an equilibrium in which reservation wages of all searchers and wages set by all employers are identical.
Does Auditor Quality and Tenure Matter to Investors? Evidence from the Bond Market
Authors: MANSI SATTAR A. , MAXWELL WILLIAM F. , MILLER DARIUS P.
Published: July 2004

We examine the relation between auditor characteristics (quality and tenure) and the cost of debt financing. Consistent with the hypothesis that audit characteristics are important to the capital markets, we find that (1) auditor quality and tenure are negatively and significantly related to the cost of debt financing, (2) the relation between auditor characteristics and the cost of debt is most pronounced in firms with debt that is noninvestment grade, and (3) both the insurance and information role of audits are economically significant to the cost of debt. Overall, our results suggest that, through their dual roles of providing information and insurance, auditor quality and tenure matter to capital market participants.
Physical Violence in the Couple Relationship: A Contribution toward the Analysis of the Context
Authors: SERRA PIERA
Published: July 2004

This article proposes an analysis of the contextual elements of physical violence occurring within the couple relationship. According to this analysis, the batterer acquires power of a moral nature while the victim plays the role of the accused. After violence occurs, reconciliation with the batterer relieves the victim of her role as the suspect, the guilty one. In the course of the analysis, it is argued that the perception of physical violence in all its forms is characterized by dichotomies that are typical of our culture (subject/object, mind/body, ethics/knowledge, and so on). Attention is drawn also to the incongruity between the victim's requests for help and the kind of response she usually receives. It is intended, moreover, to cast new light on the tension‐violence‐contrition cycle described by Lenore Walker.
Theorizing About Power: Intersecting the Ideas of Foucault with the “Problem” of Power in Family Therapy
Authors: FLASKAS CARMEL , HUMPHREYS CATHERINE
Published: July 2004

How to theorize about power has been a controversial issue in systemic family therapy, which, in its understanding of power, has shown the legacy of Gregory Bateson's ideas in terms of its earlier censorship of the concept of power as well as in the way in which the more recent challenges continue to be framed in relation to Bateson's position. This essay examines the work of the French philosopher, Michel Foucault, and his ideas on power in relation to family therapy themes. The main aim in intersecting Foucault's ideas with the “problem” of power in family therapy is to shed a different light on the way in which family therapy has theorized about power. A strong point of connection is made between Foucault's commitment to a relational analysis of power and family therapy's commitment to recursive analysis. However, a number of major contrasts are also identified. These contrasts are used to underline the need for family therapy to abandon the restrictions of Bateson's ideas on power, and to tackle the task of developing and using a recursive understanding of power.
The California Family Health Project: VI. Multidomain Analyses
Authors: FISHER LAWRENCE , RANSOM DONALD C. , TERRY HOWARD E.
Published: July 2004

The preceding articles in this series have reported associations between each of four domains of family variables (World View, Emotion Management, Structure/Organization, Problem Solving) and the Health of adults in a community‐based sample of 225 families. In this article, we explore the relationships among all four family domains (73 variables) and between all four family domains and adult Health. The results of both principal components and multidimensional scaling analyses suggested the viability of the four‐family‐domain framework. As expected, the pattern of relationships among the variables in each family domain was maintained when Health was added to the analyses. Using multidimensional scaling analysis, we also found that the relationship between some family domains and Health changed when viewed in the context of the other family domains. These shifts suggested the importance of family context on the relationship of that family domain and Health. Family World View and Emotion Management maintained their relationships with Health; family Structure/Organization shifted relatively moderately; and Problem Solving shifted substantially. Family World View and family Emotion Management may be relatively more independent in their relation to family member health than family Structure/Organization and Problem Solving.
Ecosystemic Training: Conjoining Supervision and Organizational Development
Authors: ELIZUR YOEL
Published: July 2004

Training in systems therapy is itself a systems process that is influenced by the organizational context in which it occurs. Systems trainers need to apply their skills to the interface between them and the agency, otherwise they face the danger that their impact will be eroded by organizational difficulties in “internalizing” their approach. Furthermore, there is much to be gained by working in this domain, especially if the training stimulates and becomes intertwined with organizational development. This coevolutionary process then facilitates integration of the systems model by both the trainees and the agency. Three variables, important for working at this interface, are analyzed: the approach of the supervisor, the composition and dynamics of the training group, and the treatment philosophy and work patterns of the institution. The implementation of this approach is demonstrated through a 4‐year project of training and program development with Israel's Youth Protection Authority.
Relational Diagnosis: An Idea Whose Time Has Come?
Authors: KASLOW FLORENCE W.
Published: July 2004

Many marital and family therapists in the U.S., as well as the major organizations to which they belong, recognize that the DSMs and ICDs have become the accepted manuals for classification of individual mental and emotional dysfunctions. Because we/they have come to believe that many disorders emanate from interpersonal problems rather than from individual intrapsychic distress, a strong movement has mushroomed to develop a diagnostic system that describes relational disorders and to press for the inclusion of these in future versions of DSM and ICD. This commentary chronicles the evolution and accomplishments to date of those involved in this effort.
Couples Therapy Using the Technique of Construct Differentiation
Authors: WILLI JÜRG , FREI ROBERT , LIMACHER BERNHARD
Published: July 2004

A central problem in couples therapy is the clients' tendency to persist in endless and fruitless alternation between attacking the partner and justifying themselves. The technique of construct differentiation described in this article has proved helpful in coping with this situation. In three clearly structured steps, the therapist explores the personal constructs of each partner in the presence of the other. Instead of concentrating in the usual way on circularity of thoughts, feelings, and behavior, the partners are hindered from interacting and are confronted by the therapist's questions concerning their own inner process, independently of that of the partner. By becoming aware of their own ambivalent constructs and those of the partner, the eagerness to convert the partner to their own point of view can be reduced, and the construct system of each partner can be enriched by the other's constructs. Construct differentiation proves especially useful in the treatment of power struggles and narcissistic collusions.
Missing Links: The Use of Enthymemes and Their Applications for Family Therapists
Authors: BERTRAM DALE E.
Published: July 2004

The enthymeme is a rhetorical concept that has been defined in a number of ways throughout the ages. A review of these definitions creates space for a broad enthymematic concept based on the various descriptions, rather than on a limiting, “definitive” definition. A number of examples are offered — from the work of Milton Erickson on hypnosis and from nonhypnotic therapy sessions — that demonstrate the presence and usefulness of enthymemes in family therapy dialogue.
Family Transitions and Developmental Processes in Panic‐Disordered Patients
Authors: Oppenheimer Kim , Frey Joseph
Published: July 2004

Although there is increasing evidence for a familial role in panic disorder, little research exists on the family interaction patterns and relational stressors that may contribute to this disorder. Using DSM‐III‐R criteria, 52 families were classified into Panic Disorder, Major Depressive Disorder, and Nonclinical Control groups. A semi‐structured interview and self‐report measures were then used to examine family processes. MANOVA results were highly significant, suggesting that, compared to depressed and nonclinical control families, panic‐disordered families had unresolved life‐cycle issues, were enmeshed, used triangulation, and failed to resolve conflicts. These findings suggest that dysfunctional family processes may be involved in the expression and maintenance of panic disorder.
Observations on Loss and Family Development
Authors: JORDAN JOHN R. , KRAUS DAVID R. , WARE EUGENIA S.
Published: July 2004

This article examines the role of death and loss in family developmental processes. Aspects of family development are described, followed by an exploration of the impact of loss on family functioning and development. We present a typology of initial family response styles to the death of a member as well as some immediate and longer‐term patterns of adaptation after a loss. The article concludes with a case example and a discussion of multigenerational sequelae of unresolved bereavement in family systems.
Tales of the Absent Father: Applying the “Story” Metaphor in Family Therapy
Authors: SCHNITZER PHOEBE KAZDIN
Published: July 2004

Father‐absent families often function with a lively father‐presence conveyed by stories the family members share. The metaphor of “story” proposed by social constructionist and narrative approaches to therapy helps us to conceptualize the role these family stories play. The story metaphor draws attention to four issues: the rendition of what is said and unsaid about the father; the connections among past, present, and future ideas about father and family; the reciprocal influences of expression and experience, seen in the family's stories and interactions; and the impact on the family and the therapeutic process of dominant narratives about father‐absence. Exploration of these issues demonstrates how client and therapist stories about the absent father mediate the impact of father‐absence on the family.
Relatives' Awareness of Their Own Expressed Emotion as Measured by a Self‐Report Adjective Checklist
Authors: FRIEDMANN MICHAEL S. , GOLDSTEIN MICHAEL J.
Published: July 2004

Relatives' ratings of their affective attitudes toward a schizophrenic family member (N = 54) on a self‐report adjective checklist were compared with two methods for rating expressed emotion (EE) — the original Camberwell Family Interview (CFI‐EE) and a Five‐Minute Speech Sample method (FMSS‐EE). Eighty‐four relatives were included in the sample. Results indicate that, in general, the relatives in the present sample perceive in themselves attitudes toward the patient that parallel those assessed by outside raters. A higher rate of correspondence was found between adjective ratings and concurrent FMSS‐EE status than with prior CFI‐EE status. Relatives classified as high‐EE, critical by either method, were more readily discriminable in their adjective ratings from those rated low‐EE than were relatives rated high‐EE on the basis of emotional overinvolvement.
Discourses in the Mirrored Room: A Postmodern Analysis of Therapy
Authors: HARE‐MUSTIN RACHEL T.
Published: July 2004

A postmodern approach is used to examine the discourses that circulate in the therapy room. Dominant discourses support and reflect the prevailing ideologies in the society. Three ready examples concern gender relations: the male sex drive discourse, the permissive discourse, and the marriage‐between‐equals discourse. I point out how the therapy room is a mirrored room that can reflect back only the discourses brought to it by the family and therapist. There is a predetermined content in the conversation of therapy: that provided by the dominant discourses of the language community and culture. I suggest that therapists need to develop a reflexive awareness if muted discourses are to enter the mirrored room.
The Development of a Clinical Rating Scale the McMaster Model of Family Functioning
Authors: MILLER IVAN W. , KABACOFF ROBERT I. , EPSTEIN NATHAN B. , BISHOP DUANE S. , KEITNER GABOR I. , BALDWIN LAWRENCE M. , van der SPUY H.I.J.
Published: July 2004

This article describes the development and validation of the McMaster Clinical Rating Scale (MCRS). The MCRS is a 7‐item scale designed to be completed by a trained rater after completion of an in‐depth interview of the family. We present data from four new studies and review previously published articles concerning the reliability, validity, and clinical utility of the MCRS. Adequate interrater reliability and rater stability were obtained. The MCRS was found to correlate significantly with the self‐report Family Assessment Device and to discriminate between families in different phases of a depressive disorder.
Rewards and Dangers in Researching Domestic Violence
Authors: JACOBSON NEIL S.
Published: July 2004

The purpose of this article is to present a framework that reconciles the goals of advocates for victims of domestic violence with the goals of clinical researchers who study this phenomenon. I will be discussing the tension between those goals, and the way a research model can complement advocacy goals.
Adult Attachment Styles: Some Thoughts on Closeness‐Distance Struggles
Authors: PISTOLE CAROLE M.
Published: July 2004

Difficulty with distance regulation is a central source of controversy in couples' relationships. This article describes how attachment theory can contribute to the understanding and treatment of closeness‐distance struggles. Discussion focuses on (a) closeness‐seeking as a feature of the attachment system, (b) individual differences in adult attachment styles, and (c) the working model that governs how salient interpersonal information is processed and is responded to both emotionally and behaviorally. These elements of the attachment system not only contribute to understanding closeness‐distance disturbance but also provide access points for therapeutic intervention.
The Family Adaptability and Cohesion Scale III in a Norwegian Sample
Authors: DUNDAS INGRID
Published: July 2004

Olson's Family Adaptability and Cohesion Scales (FACES III) and Beavers' Self‐report Family Inventory (SFI) were administered to 177 young Norwegian adults. Three questions were raised: (1) do the two‐factor structure and curvilinear hypothesis of Olson's model of family functioning find support cross‐culturally; (2) does curvilinearity depend on whether families of origin or procreation are described; and (3) does the data analytic technique dictate the results. In 1985, in their manual, Olson and his associates proposed the use of Distance from Center (DFC) scores to test the curvilinear hypothesis, a procedure that presupposes orthogonality between the dimensions of Cohesion and Adaptability, which was not found in several other samples nor in the present study. Using DFC scores, the curvilinear hypothesis received moderate support only when families of origin were described. A polynomic regression analysis gave clear evidence, however, of a linear relationship between the FACES dimensions and SFI Health Scores for both families of origin and families of procreation. The findings suggest that respondents do not have an implicit bipolar model of cohesion and adaptability.
Self‐Report Measures of Family Functioning: Extensions of a Factorial Analysis
Authors: BLOOM BERNARD L. , NAAR SYLVIE
Published: July 2004

A factor analysis of four commonly used self‐report measures of family functioning (Bloom, 1985) yielded 15 5‐item factors. Five of these item sets have now been revised and strengthened. These modifications were undertaken because a review of the literature has revealed that the results of the factor analysis are being increasingly used in family studies. The rationale and description of the revisions of the factor item sets are presented. Psychometric analysis of the revised factors suggests that factor scores are highly reliable as well as stable over time. In addition to presenting comprehensive reliability data, this article provides information regarding factor score intercorrelations and structure, as well as a commentary on the factors themselves.
Therapy with Refugee Families: What Is a “Good” Conversation?
Authors: REICHELT SlSSEL , SVEAASS NORA
Published: July 2004

This article addresses the question of what is a “good” conversation by analyzing “poor” conversations. During a project on family therapy with refugee families, we often experienced what we labeled as “poor” conversations. We present examples of a variety of such conversations, which we then analyze with reference to therapeutic maps and central concerns of the therapists. We describe four patterns of therapist/client relationships that emerged from this analysis. The main focus of our discussion is to clarify when “poor” conversations may be an important part of the therapeutic process, and when and how they should be avoided. We believe that the issues we raise are central to therapeutic work in general and not just to therapy with refugee families.
The Divine Triangle: God in the Marital System of Religious Couples
Authors: BUTLER MARK H. , HARPER JAMES M.
Published: July 2004

Incoporating both Bowenian and structural approaches, this article offers a constructivist view for dealing with religious belief systems of couples. After exploring the evolving process by which couples mutually define an ongoing triadic relationship with their Deity, different triangular processes from an integrated structural and Bowenian perspective are presented. This view is evaluative in terms of the triangulation process rather than the belief systems themselves, and, as such, it can be useful in marital therapy regardless of the religious beliefs of the therapist. Implications for marital therapy are examined.
Alzheimer's Disease: The Impact of the Family on Spouses, Offspring, and Inlaws
Authors: FISHER LAWRENCE , LIEBERMAN MORTON A.
Published: July 2004

This article reports the findings from a study designed to identify qualities of the multigeneration family system that affected the relationship between the demands of Alzheimer's disease on the family and the health and well‐being of (a) spouses, (b) offspring, and (c) offspring's spouses or “inlaws.” Members of 97 families of patients with Alzheimer's disease, recruited from four University‐affiliated Alzheimer's Centers, completed detailed questionnaires and participated in a 45‐minute telephone interview to assess care‐strain, personal stress, appraisals of three major domains of family life (World View, Structure/Organization, and Emotion Management), and three health and well‐being indices (Anxiety/Depression, Somatic Symptoms, and Well‐Being). Multivariate multiple regression equations, run separately for each of the three groups of family respondents and each of the three family domains, indicated: (1) no significant associations between the severity of the elder's disease and family member health and well‐being; (2) female family members reported poorer health and well‐being than male family members; and (3) caregiver strain was negatively associated with family member health and well‐being. Further, appraised family qualities were associated with the health and well‐being of the three groups of respondents differently: directly for offspring, interactively with severity of patient disorder for inlaws, and not at all for spouses. The data suggested that some family qualities served a protective function, whereas others exacerbated the negative effects of caregiving by affecting personal health and well‐being. The findings are interpreted in terms of the different roles and expectations for caregiving placed on spouses, offspring, and inlaws. It is suggested that programs of intervention for patients with Alzheimer's and other chronic diseases should focus on the multigeneration family as the context for care, rather than only on the primary caregiver.
Sculpting Present and Future: A Systemic Intervention Model Applied to Psychosomatic Families
Authors: ONNIS LUIGI , GENNARO ANGELO DI , CESPA GIULIA , AGOSTINI BARBARA , CHOUHY ANA , DENTALE ROSA CELESTE , QUINZI PAOLO
Published: July 2004

We present a therapeutic intervention model for use with psychosomatic families. This method, the result of our extensive research on various psychosomatic disorders, uses family sculptures of the “present” and “future”: each family member is requested to represent the family as it now “is,” and how it “will be” in the future. We discuss the theoretical reasons for our choice of this method: (a) the opportunity to use a therapeutic language that is similar to the nonverbal language of the psychosomatic symptom, and (b) the usefulness of reinserting temporal dimensions into family systems that seem to have lost their evolutionary potential and to be in a sort of “time lock.” Two clinical cases are discussed (a child with chronic asthma and an anorexic adolescent); the use of sculptures in both cases revealed the underlying problems and made positive therapeutic interventions possible. Finally, we point out how the use of sculpture as a therapeutic technique enables therapists to deal with multiple systemic levels.
Video Home Training (the Orion Project): A Short‐Term Preventive and Treatment Intervention for Families with Young Children
Authors: WEINER ANITA , KUPPERMINTZ HAGGAI , GUTTMANN DAVID
Published: July 2004

Developed in Holland and based on short‐term, home‐centered, filmed video feedback of family interactions, an experimental Orion project was conducted in Israel to determine whether it could be provided through local welfare departments as a routine treatment alternative. This article summarizes an evaluation of 52 families (with problems in parent‐child interaction) and 64 control families that participated in the Orion Video Home‐Training Project. Only the Orion families showed significant gains in all the eight areas of positive parent‐child communication that are the focus of the program, which is based on reinforcing potential family strengths. These gains were generally sustained 6 months after program completion. There were several background variables, such as family status, income, health, education, and employment, that influenced the extent of family gains.
Beyond the Circumplex Model: I. A Moratorium on Curvilinearity
Authors: CLUFF RICHARD B. , HICKS MARY W. , MADSEN CHARLES H.
Published: July 2004

The developmental history of Olson's Circumplex Model of Marital and Family Systems, and companion measure, the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales (FACES), are reviewed with respect to structure, definition, and theory. Cohesion and adaptability are analyzed as multivariate constructs consisting of linear variables that interact in a confounding, systemic fashion. The theory of curvilinearity — the idea that the model's two key dimensions of cohesion and adaptability form a curvilinear rather than linear relationship with effective family functioning — is rejected.
Creating a Secure Family Base: Some Implications of Attachment Theory for Family Therapy
Authors: BYNG‐HALL JOHN
Published: July 2004

The aim of this article is to make attachment research findings available in a form that family therapists can use. In attachment theory, parents are conceptualized as providing a secure base from which a child can explore. Family therapists, however, need a systemic concept that goes beyond the parent/child dyad. The concept of a secure family base is proposed, in which a network of care is made available for all family members of whatever age so that all family members feel secure enough to explore, in the knowledge that support is available if needed. Factors that contribute to the security or insecurity of the family base are outlined. The overall aim of therapy is to establish a secure family base from which the family can explore new solutions to family problems both during and after therapy. The role of the therapist is to help to resolve conflicts that threaten relationships, and to explore relevant belief systems that may be contributing to a sense of insecurity. The conceptual framework presented allows for an integration of family therapy techniques and ideas into a coherent whole. A new school of family therapy is not proposed.
Dilution of Family Process in Social Services: Implications for Treatment of Neglectful Families
Authors: COLAPINTO JORGE A.
Published: July 2004

Families identified as neglectful pose a special challenge to family therapists and other practitioners, not only because they are usually involuntary clients but also because of the relative weakness of their internal process, which often becomes “diluted” into the system of providers. Current social services practices that exacerbate the dilution of family process are hard to eradicate because they are rooted in a culture that promotes the transfer of functions from families to social agencies; families, immersed in the same culture, often collude with the agencies in their own dilution. The treatment of neglect in families calls for the nurturance of the family's process and the disruption of the complementary pattern between family and regulatory agencies.
The Nomothetic‐Idiographic Debate in Family Therapy
Authors: FRAENKEL PETER
Published: July 2004

This essay introduces the terms “nomothetic” and “idiographic” to characterize the current debate about whether the field of family therapy should accumulate and apply knowledge about patterns of adjustment that hold across different families, or whether the field should consider each family as utterly unique, and should tailor interventions solely on the basis of these unique qualities. Embedded in this debate are the arguments for and against quantitative research, disagreements about the value of clinical prediction and interobserver reliability, as well as the issue of whether therapists can rightfully claim to possess “expert knowledge.” The essay begins with the personal‐professional anecdote that stimulated me to explore this debate in greater depth. It continues with a brief discussion of the historical context of this debate, particularly noting the parallels between the methodological issues in personality research and those facing family therapy. The nomothetic‐idiographic debate in family therapy theory, research, and practice is then described. The essay ends with the suggestion that family therapy view nomothetic and idiographic thinking as complementary, and that the field strive to develop an integrated, “idiothetic” approach to family therapy research and practice.
Psychoeducational Multiple Family Groups: Four‐Year Relapse Outcome in Schizophrenia
Authors: McFARLANE WILLIAM R. , LINK BRUCE , DUSHAY ROBERT , MARCHAL JOANNE , CRILLY JOHN
Published: July 2004

Earlier studies of family psychoeducation and clinical reports on multiple family groups (MFGs) have reported substantial reductions in relapse rates for patients with schizophrenia. These groups offer an expanded social network and thereby may confer a margin of protection against relapse. However, to date, there has not been an empirical trial of this modality. The advent of family psychoeducational and behavioral management strategies provided the basis for an experimental, three‐way comparison of psychoeducational MFGs to psychoeducation in a single‐family format and to MFGs without psychoeducation, using symptomatic relapse as the outcome criterion. After 4 years, the psychoeducational MFGs were significantly more effective in extending remission than the single‐family format, while the MFGs without psychoeducation approximated outcome in the psychoeducational MFGs. The respective relapse rates at 4 years were 50%, 78%, and 57%; MFGs averaged 12.5% and 14% per year. These results point toward an enhanced and independent, long‐term therapeutic effect for multiple family groups, when combined with antipsychotic medication and psychoeducation, with especially promising cost‐effectiveness.
Debriefing the Family: Is Research an Intervention?
Authors: BUSSELL DANIELLE A. , MATSEY KATHRYN COOKE , REISS DAVID , HETHERINGTON MAVIS
Published: July 2004

The primary focus of this article is to examine the general assumption that families are left largely unchanged by their participation in research, and to question whether family research can have unintended positive or negative effects on participants. The present article reports feedback from families participating in the Nonshared Environment and Adolescent Development project, a longitudinal study of family process and adolescent development. Families differed in their perceptions about whether the research experience was positive, detrimental, or inconsequential. This feedback underscores the researcher's ethical responsibility to detect and remove deleterious effects of participation. Suggestions are made for providing adequate debriefing to subjects and for using debriefing as a research tool to study the interaction between researcher and families.
An Empirically Derived Typology of Families: II. Relationships with Adolescent Health
Authors: RANSOM DONALD C. , FISHER LAWRENCE
Published: July 2004

In this report from the California Family Health Project, we describe the relationship between an empirically derived family typology based on parent data, and the self‐reported health and well‐being of 151 adolescent offspring. The typology is comprised of four family types: Balanced, Traditional, Disconnected, and Emotionally Strained. Three adolescent health indices were constructed from 13 self‐reported health variables using principal components and multidimensional scaling analyses: Physical Health, Emotional Health, and Alcohol Abstinence. ANOVA indicated that Physical Health was significantly different among adolescents in the four family types. The findings varied, however, depending upon whether the typology was based on mothers’ or fathers’ appraisals of the family. In the father‐based typology, adolescents from Traditional families scored highest while those from Emotionally Strained and Balanced families scored lowest. In the mother‐based typology, adolescents from Balanced, Traditional, and Emotionally Strained families scored equally high, while those from Disconnected families scored significantly lower than those from the other three family types. Differences on Abstinence were significant only in the father‐based typology. Adolescents from Traditional and Emotionally Strained families drank less than adolescents from Disconnected families. No significant differences among adolescents were found for Emotional Health, and adolescent gender did not interact significantly with family type to affect any of the three health indices. Traditional and Disconnected family types had offspring who clearly stood apart with higher and lower health scores, respectively. The results are discussed in terms of the current literature on social environment and health.
An Infertility Primer for Family Therapists:
Authors: MEYERS MIMI , DIAMOND RONNY , KEZUR DAVID , SCHARF CONSTANCE , WEINSHEL MARGOT , RAIT DOUGLAS S.
Published: July 2004

A seemingly “self‐evident truth” in most people's lives is that one day they will have children. This universal, biopsychosocial assumption goes unchallenged until a couple faces infertility. Although the effects of such a challenge are profound, infertility is often treated as a nonevent — both within our society as a whole, and within the field of family therapy in particular. To assist clinicians who work with this numerically increasing population, and the many others who have been affected by their encounter with infertility in the past, this article discusses the biological/medical, psychological, and social factors that shape the experience of infertility in our society.