bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Combating Covid-19
Authors: Miller Seumas , Smith Marcus
Published: November 2023

Governments were quick to respond to the Covid-19 pandemic using all means available to them, including metadata, apps, social media, and messaging services. Arguably, the collective moral responsibility to combat the pandemic again overrides individual autonomy rights, (albeit restrictions on autonomy, such as lockdowns, also have deleterious economic effects). The idea of a collective responsibility on the part of individuals to jointly suffer some costs, e.g., loss of privacy rights, in favour of a collective good (eliminating or containing the spread of Covid-19) lies at the heart of all such effective strategies. This idea provides the theoretical framework for this article. Accordingly, the article provides an analysis of the appropriate notion of collective responsibility.
Big Data as Tracking Technology and Problems of the Group and Its Members
Authors: Asgarinia Haleh
Published: November 2023

Digital data help data scientists and epidemiologists track and predict outbreaks of disease. Mobile phone GPS data, social media data, or other forms of information updates such as the progress of epidemics are used by epidemiologists to recognize disease spread among specific groups of people. Targeting groups as potential carriers of a disease, rather than addressing individuals as patients, risks causing harm to groups. While there are rules and obligations at the level of the individual, we have to reach a stage in the development of data analytics where groups are protected as entities. This chapter offers a deeper examination of harms to the groups.
Surveillance without ‘Baddies’
Authors: Lippert-Rasmussen Kasper , Vrist Rønn Kira
Published: November 2023

The Covid-19 pandemic raises new questions regarding the moral permissibility of surveillance—in this context there is no human aggressor and, thus, the antagonistic relationship between the surveillant and the surveilled, which is commonly assumed to obtain in much of the literature on surveillance ethics, does not exist. This raises the question of the extent to which existing frameworks for ethical surveillance apply to the surveillance activities aiming at controlling virus transmission. In this chapter, we will address the question of whether and in what form liability should play a role in surveillance ethics in the context of pandemics. Can persons who are not responsible for catching Covid-19 and do not intend to harm or wrong others by transmitting the virus, be liable to being surveilled on account of their posing a threat of virus transmission to others? If so, are they innocent or culpable threats?
Technofixing Surveillance
Authors: Macnish Kevin
Published: November 2023

Covid-19 has led to mass surveillance of populations at a global scale. However, surveillance does not engender trust and indeed frequently speaks to a pre-existing lack of trust in the person under surveillance. This chapter examines the relationship between consent and coercion in a liberal society, and the relevance of moral trust in authorities to that relationship. In particular, it draws on earlier work, coupled with recent concerns from Snowden to Cambridge Analytica, to argue that moral trust is important to provide the authority to conduct surveillance in any circumstance. In states of emergency, though, the chapter argues that pre-existing trust is essential. The squandering of that trust in times of non-emergency is therefore dangerous and diminishes the state’s ability to adequately protect its citizens. Trust could be developed through increasing transparency of government processes and decision-making, especially when ‘fighting’ an ‘enemy’ which lacks semantic understanding.
Faith, Flourishing, and Agnosticism
Authors: Byerly T. Ryan
Published: November 2023

Faith, Flourishing, and Agnosticism uses conceptual and empirical methods to argue that the many individuals who have ambiguous evidence for God can grow in virtue and attain greater flourishing by engaging in practices of faith toward God. The book begins by developing a way of thinking about God, called minimal theism, that guides the discussion. It next argues that there is a sizable population of individuals with ambiguous evidence for God so understood by providing support for arguments for agnosticism through an evaluation of theistic and atheistic arguments and higher-order evidence about God. It then discusses what kind of cognitive commitments toward God are required to engage in faith practices such as thanking or praising God, developing unique arguments that these can be supplied by beliefs or nondoxastic assumptions but not other states. Four pathways whereby individuals with ambiguous evidence for God can grow in virtue through such faith practices are then identified. First, they can grow in general virtuous tendencies to give other people the benefit of the doubt by giving God the benefit of the doubt. Second, they can indirectly grow in a broad range of virtues by experiencing better mental health as a consequence of accepting God’s love. Third, they can make skilled use of the worldview of minimal theism to cultivate transformative experiences of awe and connectedness, thereby supporting the specific virtue of spiritual excellence. Finally, by this same process, they can reap further downstream benefits in character growth independently of whether spiritual excellence is virtuous.
Virtue and Flourishing
Authors: Byerly T. Ryan
Published: November 2023

This chapter provides accounts of virtues and flourishing and argues that growth in virtue is likely to promote growth in flourishing. Virtues are conceptualized as traits of character that involve valuable ways of responding to what is valuable. For human beings, virtues may need to be suitable to human nature and productive of the ends of human beings. Given this account, it is argued that the traits discussed in Part Two of the text, including spiritual excellence, will qualify as virtues. A flourishing life is conceptualized as one that involves acting in accordance with virtue over a complete life. This may not require virtue; for example, continence may be sufficient, but growth in virtue tends to promote greater flourishing. The chapter concludes by considering the relationship between flourishing and well-being, where it is argued that growth in flourishing should be motivating even if flourishing is not equivalent to well-being.
Accepting God’s Love
Authors: Byerly T. Ryan
Published: November 2023

This chapter argues that individuals with ambiguous evidence for God are likely to experience better mental health if they accept God’s love for them and that this can indirectly promote their virtue development. The chapter begins by articulating an account of what is involved in adopting a richly accepting orientation toward God’s love. It then shows how research with theists has shown that those who have a more secure attachment to God, which involves being more accepting of God’s love, experience better mental health and higher levels of virtue. Next, original empirical research by the author focused on God attachment, acceptance of God’s love, and mental health among agnostics is reviewed. This research suggests that patterns observed with theists also hold for agnostics.
Conclusion
Authors: Byerly T. Ryan
Published: November 2023

The Conclusion summarizes the research results outlined in the book regarding the four pathways to flourishing and virtue growth: giving God the benefit of the doubt, accepting God’s love, experiencing transformative awe, and acting in accordance with spiritual excellence. In identifying pathways whereby future studies can expand on this work, it is suggested that future research could explore the specific empirical findings of the book by adding longitudinal and intervention studies. Future research should also attend to the role of religious or spiritual communities in supporting faith practices such as those discussed in the book. Such research should also attend to nontheistic and combined theistic and nontheistic contemplative practices that may promote spiritual excellence.
Civilian protective agency
Authors: Krause Jana , Masullo Juan , Rhoads Emily Paddon
Published: November 2023

This chapter introduces the concept of civilian protective agency. It begins with an overview of the origins of this diverse field of scholarship and practice, and then sketches the conceptual terrain. We define civilian protective agency, examine its constituent components (‘civilian’, ‘protection’, and ‘agency’), distinguish it from cognate terms, and situate the concept within the broader literature. We identify four broad inter-related yet distinct forms of civilian protective agency: evasion, resistance, rescue, and adaptation, and review the different factors and conditions that enable the emergence of civilian protective agency, as well as some of its consequences for the protection of civilians—what we refer to as the ‘protection dividend’. Finally, we provide an overview of the volume.
Civil resistance against jihadists
Authors: Svensson Isak , Smart Alanna
Published: November 2023

In June 2014, the Islamic State seized control of Mosul, upending its institutions and unleashing sweeping changes to the lives of its citizens until their defeat in 2017. This chapter examines a specific form of civilian protective agency: civil resistance. Despite the Islamic State’s notorious brutality, examples of civil resistance—public acts of protest, non-compliance, and everyday resistance—were remarkably common. Using survey data collected from 1,024 Mosul residents, this chapter demonstrates how and the extent to which people’s resistance was manifested in these three forms. It also discusses the reasons why people resisted. In contrast to a prevalent argument in previous research, this chapter finds that perceptions of governance are insufficient in explaining the motivation for resistance, as governance was generally favourably perceived, and many residents thought that several aspects of governance did improve under the reign of the Islamic State. Instead, what seems to be driving the propensity for civil resistance are issues relating to identification, or lack thereof, with the Islamic State. IS’s dependence on foreign fighters may have inhibited their ability to tap into legitimacy-building narratives, preventing them from fostering consent amongst those whom they ruled. This chapter helps to demonstrate the role of civilian protective agency and the different forms of defiance by civilians amid occupation by violent and totalitarian movements.
The durability of resistance
Authors: Zulver Julia Margaret
Published: November 2023

This chapter adds to a burgeoning conversation about the ways in which civilian protective agency is gendered by challenging essentializing perceptions of women’s mobilization, self-protection, and peacebuilding. Using empirical evidence from the Colombian conflict, it focuses on women as agentic actors whose experiences with violent conflict—in both their generalized and gendered iterations—catalysed them to mobilize for gender justice more broadly. Drawing on prospect theory, it argues that the barriers to high-risk collective action can be overcome when individuals operate in a domain of losses in which the potential material and non-material benefits of group membership outweigh the uncertain outcomes of not mobilizing (which does not guarantee safety). This domain of losses is gendered, both because of the context in which women mobilize (i.e. conflict zones featuring high levels of violence), and because of the transgression of gender norms that acting publicly in a machista society implies. The chapter then turns to the different trajectories of women’s organizations over time, arguing that a fluctuating domain of losses and varying confidence in future successes can cause some groups to persist in their resistance, while others lose mobilization inertia. The chapter draws on empirical evidence from two women’s organizations engaged in high-risk collective action in the Colombian conflict to illustrate the emergence and trajectories of gendered civilian agency along the continuum of violence.
Vigilantism as civilian protective agency
Authors: Yeger Moshe Ben Hamo , Masullo Juan
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines vigilantism as a potential form of civilian protective agency in the context of Mexico’s criminal war. Is vigilantism a response to the threat posed by drug cartels? Do vigilante groups operate where violence is the most intense? Is vigilantism a response to all types of criminal violence? To answer these questions, the chapter maps the spatial distribution of vigilantism in Mexico from 2013 to 2017 and examines its association with different patterns of criminal violence. Our results support the claim—made by vigilante groups themselves—that vigilantism is a protection-seeking response to criminal violence. Yet, they provide important nuance that deepens our understanding of the relationship between vigilantism and the dynamics of criminal violence. First, vigilante groups are especially likely to operate when and where more than one major drug cartel is present. Second, while vigilante groups seem to respond to criminal violence, they do so only when and where levels of violence are neither too high nor too low. Finally, while there is consistent and strong evidence that homicides are associated with the incidence of vigilantism, other forms of violence, such as kidnappings and extortion, are not (or are only weakly) associated with it. This suggests that not all types of violence matter equally. This chapter provides a more detailed and comprehensive overview of how the incidence of vigilante groups is linked to different expressions of the country’s criminal war.
Contingent civilians
Authors: Mampilly Zachariah , Solomon Daniel
Published: November 2023

This chapter explores theories of civilian action during mass violence that argue for the role of (1) civil society institutions, (2) governing authorities, and (3) external support in shaping civilian-led protective responses to mass atrocities. Through a combination of within- and cross-case comparisons of civilian responses to mass atrocities in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Sri Lanka, and South Sudan, we find that civilians exercise protective agency and undertake collective action even in contexts of severe group-selective violence. In some circumstances, the identity of the groups targeted increased their risks of violence; in others, these identities did not contribute to their risk of harm or aided civilians seeking avenues for collective action. The comparative analysis indicates inconsistent support for each of the three arguments concerning the effect of civilian action, pointing toward the importance of the political and social context in shaping the occurrence and outcomes of civilian protective agency to mitigate mass atrocities. The chapter concludes by addressing the conceptual and methodological challenges of studying civilian agency cross-nationally, which emerged in the context of our study’s unique collaboration between the Simon-Skjodt Center of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum and three partner organizations based in the countries under study: the Congo Research Group, the Adayaalam Centre for Policy Research, and the Sudd Institute.
Civilian protection monitoring in war and ceasefire contexts
Authors: Krause Jana
Published: November 2023

This chapter argues that civilian protection monitoring can effectively contribute to the immediate protection of civilians in contexts of open conflict but is less impactful during ‘no war –no peace’ periods when civilians remain exposed to a militarized environment and a wide range of human rights violations. The chapter draws on fieldwork on civilian protection monitoring in Myanmar’s Kachin and Karen (Kayin) States during the period of 2015 to 2018. From Myanmar’s transition in 2011 until the 2021 military coup, local and international peacebuilding organizations have supported civilian ceasefire monitoring with a protection component to strengthen nascent ceasefires between Ethnic Armed Organizations and the Union of Myanmar Government. In Kachin State, civilian monitors contributed to protecting civilians from the immediate consequences of renewed war after a ceasefire had failed. By contrast, under ceasefire conditions in Karen State, civilian monitors were unable to protect civilians from a range of non-lethal abuses perpetrated by armed actors and major businesses during a stalled peace process. The case of Karen State further demonstrates how ceasefire politics shaped and limited civilian protection monitoring. In Kachin State, civilian monitoring predominantly aided immediate humanitarian support for civilians. In Karen State, civilian monitoring encompassed a broader notion of protection from non-lethal forms of violence, which conflicted with the political and economic objectives of armed actors and was therefore contested. These findings underscore that civilian protective agency is a form of political agency that may generate resistance. This has important implications for international actors who seek to support civilian protective agency.
Introduction
Authors: Villar Flor Carlos
Published: November 2023

This book provides an account of each of Greene’s trips to the Iberian Peninsula between 1976 and 1989, giving details, wherever possible, of the preparations, routes, anecdotes, fellow-travellers, topics of conversation, and repercussions of each of them, together with an attempt to explain their personal impact on Greene. This reconstruction will show his personality in a relaxed environment, a context which clearly permits new insights to emerge. The analysis of Greene’s peregrinations through Spain and Portugal will also bring useful insights into the genesis and development of Monsignor Quixote, which as time passed became the personal favourite of his long bibliography. The themes and the setting of the novel can be better understood when set against the trips made in the first phase, between 1976 and 1981, and this study will help clarify some of the detailed background to the book’s inception, together with the subsequent television adaptation.
The Travels
Authors: Villar Flor Carlos
Published: November 2023

This is the longest chapter of the book, in turn subdivided under fifteen main headings that detail each of the trips that Greene undertook through the Iberian Peninsula from 1976 to 1989. Each subchapter gives a full account of the travel preparations as recorded in the documentary sources, the itineraries, the most outstanding events, the topics of conversation, and the repercussions of each trip within the biography and work of Greene. Special attention is given to the genesis and development of the novel Monsignor Quixote, conceived in the summer of 1977 and developed over the following years until its publication in 1982. The 1980 trip is also of special importance as it represents an attempt by Greene to establish contact with the leaders of the emerging Spanish socialism.
On the Track of Murrieta
Authors: Villar Flor Carlos
Published: November 2023

Among the stories resulting from Greene’s travels through Spain and Portugal that have remained unknown, the creation of the short-lived Graham Greene Foundation stands out. In gratitude for the mention of Marqués de Murrieta wines in Monsignor Quixote, Greene received two invitations to visit the Rioja winery. In the second of these, which occurred in August 1987, the owner of the winery, Vicente Cebrián, Count of Creixell, proposed to Greene the creation of a foundation that would bear his name. From this moment on, there unfolds a complex record of encounters and clashes between Cebrián and Durán, with Greene as a backdrop. The foundation was supposedly designed for cultural purposes, but Durán did not fail to see the commercial aspect of the project, and he would soon have qualms about whether it was right to collaborate with it and, furthermore, involve his friend Graham.
To Tell or Not to Tell
Authors: Villar Flor Carlos
Published: November 2023

After Greene’s death, Durán received offers from international publishers to write a book about his relationship with the late writer. He ultimately opted for the HarperCollins proposal and published a book entitled Graham Greene: Friend and Brother (1994), in which he discussed various aspects of his friendship and travels with Greene. To date, Friend and Brother has been the only reference used by Greene’s biographers to document his trips on the Peninsula, but an analysis of the textual process reveals that the book contains many gaps, deliberate or not, which, to some extent, compromise the reliability of its facts. This chapter provides a survey of the genesis of the memoir book and a textual analysis of the various phases of writing, emphasizing which aspects suffered modifications or omissions throughout the writing process and, finally, outlining some hypotheses about why Durán chose to omit or modify some relevant facts.
Introduction
Authors: Goodfellow Tom , Jackman David
Published: November 2023

As optimism about the ‘third wave’ of democratization has waned in the face of continued and renewed authoritarianism across the world, analyses of authoritarian dominance remain focused primarily on the national scale. After discussing some recent debates on authoritarianism and authoritarian durability, we argue that cities, and especially capital cities, play crucial roles in the production of dominance and the politics of maintaining it, as well as being sites of popular resistance and opposition building. We then go on to introduce the research project on which this book is based, and present our set of case studies, before setting out the organization of the book.
Generativity and repression
Authors: Goodfellow Tom , Jackman David
Published: November 2023

The varying ways in which political elites deploy their resources and strategies in cities to pursue dominance remains underexplored. In this chapter we suggest that strategies for urban dominance can be analysed in accordance with two overlapping modalities: interventions that are generative by design (their primary intention is to create some new form of support); and those that are repressive by design (their primary aim is to destroy or inhibit some form of opposition). We then present a typology of strategies that cut across these spheres of intervention and include co-optation, legitimizing discourses, legal manoeuvres, coercive distribution, and violent coercion. This framework is designed to inform empirical analysis of strategies of urban dominance, how these change over time and how they are deployed in varying combinations, facilitating a deeper understanding of how struggles for control shape urban outcomes.
Beautification, governance, and spectacle in post-war Colombo
Authors: Perera Iromi , Spencer Jonathan
Published: November 2023

This chapter charts the shifting role played by Colombo during and after Sri Lanka’s years of civil conflict. The central areas of the city are ethnically and religiously heterogeneous, and for many years served as a power base for the United National Party (UNP). Since economic liberalization in the late 1970s, Colombo has grown a belt of middle-class suburbs, which are mono-ethnic and Sinhala Buddhist dominated. After the war ended in 2009, Gotabaya Rajapaksa launched a campaign of beautification which resulted in the clearance of low-income areas and the relocation of the urban poor to new high-rise buildings away from the centre. This appeared to bolster his support substantially among the new Sinhala suburbanites in the 2019 election. It clearly delivered political dividends in the urban suburbs, as evidenced by Rajapaksa’s success in the 2019 election, though this has subsequently proved to be a weak foundation for securing long-term political dominance, and in mid-2022 Colombo emerged as a site for mass protest, leading to the resignation of the Rajapaksa brothers.
The Artificial Cataclysm
Authors: Velarde Gissel
Published: November 2023

The first chapter introduces the waves of the Surreal Technological Progress during the Artificial Era, and announces a possible Artificial Cataclysm in the next years. It presents the origins, development, and trends of Artificial Intelligence as a research field supported by academic research and patent statistics. It introduces definitions of human intelligence and artificial intelligence, together with reported Intelligence Quotation scores obtained by humans and machines. It also describes the limitations of Intelligence Quotation tests and presents observations from researchers studying social-cognitive abilities. Besides, it discusses considerations on creativity and its evaluation. Finally, the chapter presents the debate about whether technology will help people become more productive or whether it will be used to replace workers. For this purpose, the chapter revises a similar historical event and presents statistics on automation and unemployment.
The Laws of the Technological Jungle
Authors: Velarde Gissel
Published: November 2023

The third chapter ties up many loose ends concerning technology and gender. First, it analyses the role of women and men in technological jobs based on statistics from several countries. Then, it describes documented female obstacles in the technological jungle such as implicit bias, maternity, pay gap, and discrimination. Next, it investigates female occupational choices from a biological and cultural perspective. It briefly reviews the historical situation of female participation in education, politics, health, and technology since the Roman Empire, during the Middle Ages, and towards the Industrial Revolution until today. Furthermore, it tells experiences from contemporary females in technology, and revises research on Mileva Maric and Albert Einstein’s success. The chapter also includes observations from studies on females in technology conducted in India, Armenia, the United States, the United Kingdom, Japan, Sweden, and several Latin American countries, among others. Finally, it makes an analogy between technological environments and ape societies of bonobos and chimpanzees.
Aims and Scope
Authors: Kristjánsson Kristján , Fowers Blaine J.
Published: November 2023

This opening chapter charts the rising interest in phronesis within Philosophy, Psychology, general Social Science, Professional Ethics, and Moral/Character Education. Each field has its own reasons for this resurgence of interest—although partly interwoven. In order to identify those reasons, this chapter is directed at developments in the history of ideas in Enlightenment and post-Enlightenment times, which, temporarily, turned the focus away from phronesis. The relevance of wisdom in general and phronesis in particular for existential challenges in modernity, such as the recent pandemic, is explained. The specific motivations of the authors are then set out, along with the aims of the whole book and each chapter. At the close of this chapter, readers will have a clear sense of where the discourse on phronesis is heading and what the remaining theoretical, empirical, normative, and educational issues are that need to be settled in order to establish a serviceable phronesis model.
The History of Wisdom Research in Psychology and the New Common Model
Authors: Kristjánsson Kristján , Fowers Blaine J.
Published: November 2023

Wisdom research in Psychology has soared in recent years, culminating in a new ‘common wisdom model’. That model is discussed in light of the preceding history of psychological wisdom research. Although the new model aims at integrating common denominators of the wisdom construct from previously diverging theorists, various sceptical and heterodox voices remain amongst wisdom researchers, as witnessed by nine critical commentaries published alongside the new model. The two primary threads of disagreement with the new model and divergences among the authors seem to be (1) its neglect of emotionality and (2) the vagueness of its depiction of the morality inherent in wisdom. Although the common model is, in many ways, a culmination of previous theory and research on wisdom, it remains a single advance that requires further development. Remaining disagreements show that the new model is just a first step and that more conceptual work is needed.
Life of Jatra Actresses
Authors: Das Prabhatkumar
Published: November 2023

Although actresses participated in jatra in the 19th century, it was usually men who played the female characters, to the great adulation of audiences. In the 1950s, the inclusion of women in Calcutta’s professional jatra ushered in a new era of change. The first generation of actresses usually came from refugee families, who joined the jatra purely to sustain themselves. Initially, they had to contend with the hegemony of female impersonators. As times changed, the inclusion of actresses became the norm in every jatra troupe, leading to widespread changes in their social makeup. In the patriarchal framework of the jatra industry, actresses had to struggle against severely exploitative practices and social manipulations. This chapter is a culmination of decades-long research, and is a study of printed memoirs and interviews with past and present jatra personalities. Cutting through the salacious networks of gossip and rumours, this chapter attempts to present an objective picture of the complex struggles of jatra actresses’ lives.
Poverty to Sustenance
Authors: Das Poulomi
Published: November 2023

This chapter unpacks the notions of dignity and agency that women ‘folk’ performers of Sundarban interrogate, embrace, and flout to mitigate and often transcend their class- and gender-oppressed realities. Using the lens of gender studies and the tool of ethnographic narrative enquiry, this chapter explicates their tales of journeying from poverty to sustenance. Their tales could be interpreted as shameful or respectful according to the choice and socioeconomic position of the observer; but for them, these are lived experiences of resistance in the face of vulnerability and precarity. In spite of being subjected to discrimination and appropriation of all possible categories and sometimes being labelled as ‘loose’ and ‘available’ women, contrary to popular assumptions of social marginalization, these ‘deviant’ women exhibit pride and ownership of not only their skill of performing but also their bodies, both performing and sexual. Performing empowers them with a rare strain of resilience, but most importantly with economic stability and social recognition.
The Simplest Life
Authors: Brazma Alvis
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, the analogy between von Neumann’s theory of self-replication and Francis Crick’s central dogma is developed further. First, some of the simplest known forms of life, bacteria, and, in particular, how bacteria function, grow, divide, and thus replicate are described. It is assessed how many different ‘parts’ (proteins) the simplest bacteria need to be able to replicate and thus to exist (to live), and if even simpler life is possible. The chapter briefly touches upon the possibility of life based entirely on RNA, and if a single self-replicating information-carrying molecule exists. At the end of this chapter, the analogy between a living cell and von Neuman’s universal constructor is discussed.
Epilogue
Authors: Brazma Alvis
Published: November 2023

This final chapter speculates about what is in store for life now that information can be recorded and processed outside what we usually consider the ‘living world’.
The conditions under which UN peace operations assist the ICC
Authors: Buitelaar Tom
Published: November 2023

This chapter builds on the current scholarship on decision-making in peace operations, state support for international criminal justice, and inter-organizational relations to develop a set of theoretical expectations on the conditions under which UN peace operations assist the ICC. It takes the key decision-makers within the UN peace operation as its units of analysis and formulates expectations for how three sets of factors shape the process leading to a decision on whether and how to assist the ICC. These include underlying structural factors (the legal framework, international support, the mission’s capacity, and the existence of precedents), the intermediate risk context (particularly the risks to stability, relations with the host state government, and force protection), and agent-level factors (to what extent the leadership supports the anti-impunity norm and their attitudes towards risks). It also outlines how it expects other international and national actors to affect the decision-making process.
Conclusion
Authors: Buitelaar Tom
Published: November 2023

This chapter provides an answer to the research question, analysing the structural conditions, risk considerations, and agent-level factors that shape the decision by UN mission leaders on whether and how to assist the ICC. Subsequently, the chapter turns to the implications for the scholarly literature, discussing in particular what the book’s findings mean for the peacekeeping, international criminal justice, and inter-organizational relations literatures. In the penultimate section, the chapter discusses the structural and operational effects of UN–ICC cooperation, before closing with an analysis of how the constraints on assistance can be manipulated.
Key concepts in the study of questions
Authors: Trotzke Andreas
Published: November 2023

This chapter provides some theoretical background on the study of questions in linguistics. Questions have always been a prominent topic in the language sciences, but especially so in the subfields of pragmatics, semantics, and phonology. Chapter 2 first deals with the notion of questions in classical speech act theory and pragmatics and highlights the fact that questions form a distinct type of directive speech acts, featuring a dedicated set of felicity conditions. The chapter then introduces basic semantic notions that are discussed in the literature to model the meaning of questions. Finally, the interface between question meaning and phonology is sketched by referring to some basic patterns, and by pointing out to what extent those patterns are language-specific or might hold cross-linguistically.
Non-canonical questions as second moves in a dialogue
Authors: Trotzke Andreas
Published: November 2023

Chapter 8 of the book turns to non-canonical questions as second moves in a dialogue and introduces the important distinction between answers and responses. Intuitively, since non-canonical questions often carry presuppositions that can potentially convey information asked for in a dialogue sequence, those questions can potentially be used as responses to other questions. The chapter connects relevant data on those response patterns to the syntax of other response strategies (like anaphoric response particles) and develops an analysis that can account for the indirect ways in which non-canonical questions can be used as second moves in a dialogue via pragmatic inferences.
Emotional intensities in non-canonical questions
Authors: Trotzke Andreas
Published: November 2023

Chapter 9 presents a general characterization of the role of emotional intensities in non-canonical questions, and discusses how they connect to key concepts in degree semantics. The chapter pays particular attention to proposition-level intensification strategies, the hypothesis being that those are the most relevant scope environments that are at play in the domain of non-canonical questions. Specifically, the chapter introduces the notion of attitudinal scales based on prominent lexical cases, and it demonstrates to what extent the same semantics is relevant for characterizing the emotional potential of some of the readings of non-canonical questions that are discussed in this book.
Grasping the Nature of CAPs
Authors: Engler Sarah
Published: November 2023

This chapter provides a systematic classification of centrist anti-establishment parties (CAPs) and discusses their characteristics in more detail. More than 50 percent of all new parties that have successfully competed in Central and Eastern European elections since the early 2000s display high levels of anti-establishment rhetoric and promote ideological positions that are affiliated with neither the radical left nor the radical right and can therefore be considered CAPs. But what do CAPs stand for apart from criticizing the political establishment? The literature remains quite vague in this regard and mainly refers to their alleged ideological emptiness. This chapter empirically investigates CAPs’ political platforms and puts forward two conclusions. First, corruption, indeed, is an important issue in the political strategies of almost all CAPs as it allows them to criticize other parties without attacking the latter’s ideological positions. Second, CAPs often display more distinct ideological profiles than the literature would suggest.
Three Strategies of Survival
Authors: Engler Sarah
Published: November 2023

The case studies in this chapter examine three centrist anti-establishment parties (CAPs) that have survived by adopting a strategy of survival (Direction (Smer) in Slovakia, Law and Justice (PiS) in Poland, and New Era (JL) in Latvia) and one that died despite its transformation into a mainstream party (Gregor Virant’s List (DL) in Slovenia). PiS upheld a protest strategy and integrated it into a right-wing populist framework. Smer abandoned its anti-establishment appeals and started focusing on its social democratic profile. JL concentrated on its anti-corruption discourse and abandoned its outsider image. The case studies rely on qualitative evidence from elite interviews and the secondary literature and identify critical junctures in the parties’ strategic decisions, explore party officials’ rationales, and elaborate on the difficulties the parties faced when switching electoral strategies. The chapter confirms the patterns we detected in Chapter 4 but also highlights the challenges posed by party-internal divisions over strategic decisions.
Lessons Learned
Authors: Engler Sarah
Published: November 2023

This chapter embeds the main findings of the book into recent debates about the implications of rising anti-establishment politics and the declining emphasis put on the traditional ideological dimensions for European politics. Centrist anti-establishment parties (CAPs) embody all of these phenomena, with their focus on protest rather than on ideology. Their rise has opened up space for more radical ideologies as some CAPs have radicalized over time. In other cases, it has created a divide centered around corruption or it has simply replaced other mainstream parties. Yet, regardless of the path CAPs take, they are more likely to persist if embedded in existing ideological divides. We can therefore conclude that ideology matters even in the most volatile contexts. Finally, the conclusion draws parallels with more recent developments in Western Europe, where similar parties, such as the Italian Five Star Movement, have also entered politics.
Biology Meets Culture
Authors: Davis Cross Mai'a K.
Published: November 2023

The second chapter considers findings from the field of human evolution and brings culture—defined as our common human mentality and behavior—into the mix. Where biology meets culture, it becomes clear that evolution is more than just survival of the fittest. The co-evolution of human inventions and genes means that social relationships are firmly intertwined with natural selection, defined as the increase in certain genetic traits across a population as a result of the advantages those genes provide. Humans have evolved in such a way that we cannot actually survive, let alone thrive, without empathy and a web of social relationships.
The Federalist Idea and the European Movement
Authors: Davis Cross Mai'a K.
Published: November 2023

Chapter 5 examines the development of the European Union (EU), with a focus on how and why, in the late 1940s and early 1950s, European leaders were finally able to make long-held ideas about uniting Europe a reality. In the interwar period, fresh ideas surrounding the establishment of a federal union flourished and subsequently re-emerged with greater strength in the war-time resistance movement on a new tide of optimism. The very notion of voluntarily bringing sovereign nation states—many of which had been fighting gruesome battles for centuries—under a shared supranational governance system was wholly unprecedented, yet it had palpably galvanized the public. It would have transcendent impact. In line with ultrasociality, the new narrative of European federalism was that nationalism embodied selfishness and tribalism and thus had to be eradicated.
The Spaceflight Idea and the Spaceflight Movement
Authors: Davis Cross Mai'a K.
Published: November 2023

In the 1920s and 1930s, as actual spaceflight seemed increasingly within reach, the Spaceflight Movement was born. It was comprised of a diverse and international network of individuals interested in philosophy, technology, and rockets, galvanized by the shared goal of achieving the human capacity to travel to, and eventually settle on, other planets. Members of the Spaceflight Movement espoused the Spaceflight Idea: space was for all of humankind and was a fundamentally peaceful domain for scientific and technological advancement and exploration. The underlying narrative they embraced was that from the perspective of outer space, humans were no longer from any specific country; they were one people from planet Earth. This very much resonated with human ultrasociality. Public enthusiasm for the adventure of space and celebration of any milestone as a human accomplishment was very clear.
A Permanent Presence in Space . . . and Beyond
Authors: Davis Cross Mai'a K.
Published: November 2023

Despite the broader conflict of the Cold War, and then subsequently what is known as Space Race 2.0 today, space has still largely been an arena for common aspirations and peaceful human achievement. The major crises of the First and Second World Wars and the Cold War helped to spur on the Spaceflight Idea—people craved the power of possibility after such misery and suffering. The Spaceflight Movement and its leaders strongly and consistently supported the Spaceflight Idea. Of course, the concrete expression of the Spaceflight Idea was not achieved all at once (it was too aspirational for that), but it clearly opened up pathways for progressive change. After the Space Race era, the cooperative nature of space exploration became even easier to see, culminating in the establishment of the International Space Station.
The Non-use Idea and the Anti-nuclear Movement
Authors: Davis Cross Mai'a K.
Published: November 2023

Chapter 11 tracks how the non-use idea, with its ultrasocial resonance, emerged and gained widespread, societal support. It emphasizes that the development of the non-use idea was not only a reaction against something but also a drive for something broader: a recognition of a common humanity and shared belief that peace is possible. Just as with the case of the European movement and the federalist idea, the strength of the anti-nuclear movement and the non-use idea came in waves from the 1940s to the 1980s. But even as protests waxed and waned, the non-use idea remained steadfast and widespread. Millions of ordinary citizens, activists, and scientists across dozens of countries were inspired to pursue the greater good, and they repeatedly refused to take no for an answer. Crucially, the anti-nuclear movement was embedded within the larger, pre-existing peace movement and its underlying ultrasocial principles.
The Taboo and Its Rivals
Authors: Davis Cross Mai'a K.
Published: November 2023

While the international system today is one in which interstate war is largely considered a last resort and should only be embarked upon under legitimate circumstances (i.e., self-defense or a United Nations Security Council resolution), once war begins, this chapter argues that the non-use idea is still a strong barrier in its conduct. An ultrasocial approach suggests that it is likely that the non-use idea has become more entrenched than both the taboo (unthinking, gut response) and the tradition (path-dependence) because it is intricately tied to norms against war and in favor of peace. Societal belief in a new narrative that connected non-use of nuclear weapons to the achievement of peace in general and the human capacity to create a better future was crucial.
Conclusion to Part V
Authors: Davis Cross Mai'a K.
Published: November 2023

The human tendency to gravitate toward ultrasociality has made a strong mark on efforts to stop climate change through a worldwide, unrelenting movement that relies on both voluntary and required transformation. Even though there are distinctions and debates over the best approach to achieve net zero carbon emissions, the general goal of stopping climate change is shared. In that sense, the climate movement and the broader societal push to solve climate change has an overarching belief holding everyone together in pursuit of transformation and a better future. However, breakthroughs in international relations always require governments to undergo change and to work together, even when it is difficult. The outcome of this case may not be known until at least the 2030s.
Monetizing Energy Storage
Authors: Schmidt Oliver , Staffell Iain
Published: November 2023

Energy systems around the world have started going through rapid and profound transformations. Electric vehicles are breaking into the mainstream, and millions of wind and solar farms are replacing fossil fuel power plants, but both developments create fundamental challenges for the security of electricity supply. Energy storage could resolve these and drive deep decarbonization at lower cost. As a result, the storage industry is projected to grow to hundreds of times its current size in the coming decades. Businesses, policy-makers, and academics need to assess the economic case for energy storage and the future roles it will play. This is complicated by rapidly falling investment costs, the wide range of technologies, and the vast array of use cases for energy storage. The authors introduce a comprehensive toolkit required for assessing how the benefits of energy storage stack up against its costs. They give sharp insights on future prices, lifetime costs, technology competitiveness, profitability, and market size based on this toolkit. These are complemented by clear and transparent explanations of the underlying datasets and methods. Worked examples using an easy-to-access online tool further empower readers to conduct their own assessments with custom data. Various frequently asked questions provide real-world examples and bust some of the most prevalent myths on energy storage. This book is aimed at both decision-makers that require key insights into the energy storage business and practitioners that want to perform their own analyses on the current and future cost and value of energy storage.
Energy storage toolkit
Authors: Schmidt Oliver , Staffell Iain
Published: November 2023

Economic assessment of energy storage is complicated by multiple factors: rapidly changing investment costs, different scopes for those costs, the wide range of technologies and performance characteristics, the multitude of use-cases with conflicting requirements, and the wide range of markets around the world. To begin navigating this complexity and uncertainty, this chapter lays out the fundamental building blocks for assessing energy storage technologies: their relevant technical and economic parameters. It presents the product value chain to highlight the technological scope that cost parameters of storage systems can refer to, and explains the difference between total and specific investment cost. It also introduces the lifetime cost metrics that are discussed throughout this book. It thereby provides the fundamental grounding in both technology metrics and financial performance metrics to assess energy storage technologies.