bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Long Term Study of Cataract Surgery and Complications in Patients with Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome in Garhwal Himalayan Region
Authors: Pandey Achyut N. , Singh Parul , Tyagi Manoj
Published: May 2020

The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency and intraoperative difficulties associated with pseudoexfoliation (PXF) syndrome at a tertiary eye care center in Garhwal Himalayan region. Methods: This study included patients scheduled for cataract surgery who were diagnosed with PXF syndrome. All patients had gone through a complete ophthalmologic evaluation, including slit-lamp examination, tonometry, gonioscopy, and ophthalmoscopy prior to the surgery. Cataract surgeries were done by a single surgeon who reported the intra-operative difficulties. Results: In total, 424 phakic eyes of 934 patients were evaluated, 126 of whom (22.1%) were diagnosed with PXF syndrome. Most eyes (n = 81, 35.8%) with PXF syndrome were ≥81 years old. Eighty-six eyes (38.1%) had bilateral involvement, whereas 70 (30.9%) had right or left eye involvement. Further, PXF material was distributed on the iris, pupil, and lens in 70 eyes (30.9%) and on the pupillary margin in 36 eyes (15.9%). The mean pupillary dilation was 5.1 (±1.4) mm in patients with PXF syndrome compared with 7.2 (±1.6) mm in those without it (P = 0.03). Grade VI cataract was observed in 93 eyes (41.2%) and hypermature cataract was the most commonly observed cataract stage. Twenty-one eyes (9.3%) had increased intraocular pressure. Intraoperative difficulties were encountered in 62 eyes (27.4%) with poor pupillary dilation being the most common problem (32 eyes, 14.2%), followed by zonular dehiscence (18 eyes, 8%). Conclusion: This hospital-based study showed that PXF syndrome is common in rural population of Garhwal region and that the intraoperative complication rate in these patients is high. Surgeons should be aware of the potential complications of cataract procedures in patients with PEX. Caution should be taken at every stage of the surgery to prevent these complications, and surgeons should be knowledgeable and skilful in complication management should they arise.
SRT1720‐induced activation of SIRT1 alleviates vascular smooth muscle cell senescence through PKA‐dependent phosphorylation of AMPKα at Ser485
Authors: Sung Jin Young , Kim Seul Gi , Cho Du Hyong , Kim Jae‐Ryong , Choi Hyoung Chul
Published: May 2020

Aging is a major risk factor for hypertension and atherosclerosis, and vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) senescence can promote aging‐related vascular diseases. Sirtuin‐1 (SIRT1) and AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) were previously reported to modulate vascular senescence; however, its effects have not been well characterized. To determine the nature of the interaction between SIRT1 and AMPK in VSMC senescence, we investigated the effects of SRT1720 on its downstream targets of SIRT1 and the phosphorylation of AMPKα at Ser485. During Adriamycin‐induced VSMC senescence, SRT1720 increased the activity of SIRT1 and AMPKα phosphorylation at Ser485 via the cAMP–protein kinase A (PKA) pathway. Telomere length and telomerase reverse transcriptase expression were increased by SIRT1 activation with SRT1720. Taken together, these data show that activation of the SIRT1/cAMP–PKA/p‐AMPKα (Ser485) pathway may be an effective antisenescence mechanism for VSMCs.
Biocatalytic Metal–Organic Frameworks: Prospects Beyond Bioprotective Porous Matrices
Authors: Liang Jieying , Liang Kang
Published: May 2020

Biocatalytic metal–organic framework (MOF) composites, synthesized by interfacing MOFs with biocatalytic components, possessing the unprecedented synergetic properties that are hard to achieve via conventional strategies, represent one of the next‐generation composite materials for diverse biotechnological applications. Research on the applications of biocatalytic MOFs is still in its preliminary stage, with a wide variety of studies focusing on the bioprotection role of MOFs. However, their diversity of building units, molecular‐scale tunability, modular synthetic routes, and more detailed understanding of the heterogeneous MOF‐biointerface could even lead to completely new applications and potentials beyond the current imagination. The most recent progress in biocatalytic MOFs presents ground‐breaking applications in smart and tunable biocatalysis, precision nanomedicine, vaccine and gene delivery, biosensing, and nano‐biohybrids. Herein, the general and advanced synthesis strategies for improving the material properties of biocatalytic MOFs, from tuning biocatalytic activity to framework stability to synergistic properties with other materials, are summarized. Then, the latest state‐of‐the‐art applications of the biocatalytic MOF systems and recent advanced developments that are shaping this emerging field are surveyed. Finally, to define promising research directions, a critical evaluation and future prospects for the potential applications of biocatalytic MOFs are provided.
Bioinspired Hierarchical Liquid‐Metacrystal Fibers for Chiral Optics and Advanced Textiles
Authors: Liu Yanjun , Wu Peiyi
Published: May 2020

The organization of nanoparticles in constrained geometries has attracted increasing attention due to their promising structures and topologies. However, the control of hierarchical structures with tailored periodicity at different length scales and topology stabilization in a dynamic environment are very limited and challenging. Herein, through self‐assembly of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) within an in situ formed hydrogel sheath using a simple microfluidic strategy, a new breed of liquid crystal (LC) fibers with hierarchical core–sheath architectures, metaperiodic cholesteric alignments, and 3D topological defects, termed as liquid metacrystal (LMC) fibers, is created. The resulting LMC fibers not only exhibit vivid, tunable interference colors, and even inverse optical activity but also have a unique ability to precisely regulate linearly and circularly polarized light in a half‐sync/half‐async form. Furthermore, robust hydrogel sheath enables the LMCs with alignment stability and configuration programmability during drying, which endows the unprecedented freedom to tailor different optical appearances for polarization‐based encryption and recognition. This work opens an avenue toward the fabrication of length‐scale colloidal LCs with continuous and stable topologies and expands the application regimes of LC materials in chiral optics and smart textiles.
Metal‐Free Hydrogen‐Bonded Polymers Mimic Noble Metal Electrocatalysts
Authors: Coskun Halime , Aljabour Abdalaziz , de Luna Phil , Sun He , Nishiumi Nobuyuki , Yoshida Tsukasa , Koller Georg , Ramsey Michael G. , Greunz Theresia , Stifter David , Strobel Moritz , Hild Sabine , Hassel Achim Walter , Sariciftci Niyazi Serdar , Sargent Edward H. , Stadler Philipp
Published: May 2020

The most active and efficient catalysts for the electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) rely on platinum, a fact that increases the cost of producing hydrogen and thereby limits the widespread adoption of this fuel. Here, a metal‐free organic electrocatalyst that mimics the platinum surface by implementing a high work function and incorporating hydrogen‐affine hydrogen bonds is introduced. These motifs, inspired from enzymology, are deployed here as selective reaction centres. It is shown that the keto‐amine hydrogen‐bond motif enhances the rate‐determining step in proton reduction to molecular hydrogen. The keto‐amine‐functionalized polymers reported herein evolve hydrogen at an overpotential of 190 mV. They share certain key properties with platinum: a similar work function and excellent electrochemical stability and chemical robustness. These properties allow the demonstration of one week of continuous HER operation without notable degradation nor delamination from the carrier electrode. Scaled continuous‐flow electrolysis is reported and 1 L net molecular hydrogen is produced within less than 9 h using 2.3 mg of polymer electrocatalyst.
Imprinting Ferromagnetism and Superconductivity in Single Atomic Layers of Molecular Superlattices
Authors: Li Zejun , Zhang Xiuying , Zhao Xiaoxu , Li Jing , Herng Tun Seng , Xu Haomin , Lin Fanrong , Lyu Pin , Peng Xinnan , Yu Wei , Hai Xiao , Chen Cheng , Yang Huimin , Martin Jens , Lu Jing , Luo Xin , Castro Neto A. H. , Pennycook Stephen J. , Ding Jun , Feng Yuanping , Lu Jiong
Published: May 2020

Ferromagnetism and superconductivity are two antagonistic phenomena since ferromagnetic exchange fields tend to destroy singlet Cooper pairs. Reconciliation of these two competing phases has been achieved in vertically stacked heterostructures where these two orders are confined in different layers. However, controllable integration of these two phases in one atomic layer is a longstanding challenge. Here, an interlayer‐space‐confined chemical design (ICCD) is reported for the synthesis of dilute single‐atom‐doped TaS2 molecular superlattice, whereby ferromagnetism is observed in the superconducting TaS2 layers. The intercalation of 2H‐TaS2 crystal with bulky organic ammonium molecule expands its van der Waals gap for single‐atom doping via co‐intercalated cobalt ions, resulting in the formation of quasi‐monolayer Co‐doped TaS2 superlattices. Isolated Co atoms are decorated in the basal plane of the TaS2 via substituting the Ta atom or anchoring at a hollow site, wherein the orbital‐selected p–d hybridization between Co and neighboring Ta and S atoms induces local magnetic moments with strong ferromagnetic coupling. This ICCD approach can be applied to various metal ions, enabling the synthesis of a series of crystal‐size TaS2 molecular superlattices.
Stable Rhodium (IV) Oxide for Alkaline Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Li Zhe , Feng Yi , Liang Yu‐Lin , Cheng Chuan‐Qi , Dong Cun‐Ku , Liu Hui , Du Xi‐Wen
Published: May 2020

Water electrolysis in alkaline electrolyte is an attractive way toward clean hydrogen energy via the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), whereas the sluggish water dissociation impedes the following hydrogen evolution. Noble metal oxides possess promising capability for catalyzing water dissociation and hydrogen evolution; however, they are never utilized for the HER due to the instability under the reductive potential. Here it is shown that compressive strain can stabilize RhO2 clusters and promote their catalytic activity. To this end, a strawberry‐like structure with RhO2 clusters embedded in the surface layer of Rh nanoparticles is engineered, in which the incompatibility between the oxide cluster and the metal substrate causes intensive compressive strain. As such, RhO2 clusters remain stable at a reduction potential up to −0.3 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode and present an alkaline HER activity superior to commercial Pt/C.
Low‐Voltage Reversible Electroadhesion of Ionoelastomer Junctions
Authors: Kim Hyeong Jun , Paquin Lindsay , Barney Christopher W. , So Soonyong , Chen Baohong , Suo Zhigang , Crosby Alfred J. , Hayward Ryan C.
Published: May 2020

Electroadhesion provides a simple route to rapidly and reversibly control adhesion using applied electric potentials, offering promise for a variety of applications including haptics and robotics. Current electroadhesives, however, suffer from key limitations associated with the use of high operating voltages (>kV) and corresponding failure due to dielectric breakdown. Here, a new type of electroadhesion based on heterojunctions between iono‐elastomer of opposite polarity is demonstrated, which can be operated at potentials as low as ≈1 V. The large electric field developed across the molecular‐scale ionic double layer (IDL) when the junction is placed under reverse bias allows for strong adhesion at low voltages. In contrast, under forward bias, the electric field across the IDL is destroyed, substantially lowering the adhesion in a reversible fashion. These ionoelastomer electroadhesives are highly efficient with respect to the force capacity per electrostatic capacitive energy and are robust to defects or damage that typically lead to catastrophic failure of conventional dielectric electroadhesives. The findings provide new fundamental insight into low‐voltage electroadhesion and broaden its possible applications.
General Decomposition Pathway of Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Perovskites through an Intermediate Superstructure and its Suppression Mechanism
Authors: Chen Shulin , Zhang Ying , Zhang Xiaowei , Zhao Jinjin , Zhao Zewen , Su Xiao , Hua Ze , Zhang Jingmin , Cao Jian , Feng Jicai , Wang Xiao , Li Xinzheng , Qi Junlei , Li Jiangyu , Gao Peng
Published: May 2020

Organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites (OIHPs) have generated considerable excitement due to their promising photovoltaic performance. However, the commercialization of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is still plagued by the structural degradation of the OIHPs. Here, the decomposition mechanism of OIHPs under electron beam irradiation is investigated via transmission electron microscopy, and a general decomposition pathway for both tetragonal CH3NH3PbI3 and cubic CH3NH3PbBr3 is uncovered through an intermediate superstructure state of CH3NH3PbX2.5, X = I, Br, with ordered vacancies into final lead halides. Such decomposition can be suppressed via carbon coating by stabilization of the perovskite structure framework. These findings reveal the general degradation pathway of OIHPs and suggest an effective strategy to suppress it, and the atomistic insight learnt may be useful for improving the stability of PSCs.
Combination of Expanded Graphite/Fe/Fe3O4 Composites and Hollowed Out Chiral Metamaterials toward Ultrathin, Ultralight, Broadband, Polarization‐Insensitive, and Wide‐Angle Absorbers
Authors: He Zidong , Lu Yao , Wu Liwen , Wang Fanqi , Shao Wen , Fu Shihong , Tong Guoxiu
Published: May 2020

Achieving thin, light, broad, and strong absorption properties for traditional electromagnetic wave absorbers remains a big challenge. In the present study, an ultrathin, single‐layer hybrid absorber consisting of a periodic array of hollowed out chiral mosquito‐incense unit cells filled by expanded graphite(EG)/Fe/Fe3O4 composites is proposed to drastically improve the integrated properties of traditional absorbers. The experiment verifies that absorption of the hybrid absorber remains higher than 90% at the frequency range of 21.4–36.3 GHz, which corresponds to the ultrathin thickness (0.5 mm), ultralight weight (0.83 kg m−2), and wide‐angle absorption (15°–60°). The equivalent LC circuit and current distribution are given to reveal that the superior properties stem from the synergistic effect of λ/4 resonances, multiple LC‐resonances, cross‐polarization, and cross‐coupling of the patterned structure. This finding demonstrates the potential for hybrid absorbers of ultra‐lightweight, ultrathin, broadband, polarization insensitive, and wide‐angle absorption to be used in millimeter wave devices.
Recent Progress in Low Pt Content Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Li Zheng , Ge Ruixiang , Su Jianwei , Chen Liang
Published: May 2020

Electrochemical water splitting plays a key role in the production of highly pure hydrogen by using renewable energy. To lower energy consumption, efficient electrocatalysts are required to drive and accelerate hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Although Pt is still considered as a state‐of‐the‐art electrocatalyst toward HER, its large‐scale deployment is limited by the scarcity and high price. Low Pt content electrocatalysts (LPCEs) have great potential to overcome this limitation by lowering Pt consumption, while its high activity can be maintained in the meantime. In this review, some major synthetic methods of LPCEs are summarized, including wet‐chemistry method, electrochemistry method, annealing, and atomic layer deposition. Subsequently, the authors review a series of electrocatalysts of LPCEs toward HER in recent years. Based on the classification of different Pt forms, such LPCEs include Pt nanoparticles on supports, Pt nanoclusters on supports, Pt single‐atom catalysts (SACs), Pt alloy catalysts, and LCEPs with Pt‐rich surfaces. Notably, the HER performance can be improved by engineering LPCEs by using several strategies. Finally, the authors discuss the achievements and perspectives for LPCEs, which might provide some insights for future industrialized applications in hydrogen production.
Highly Reversible Zinc Anode Enhanced by Ultrathin MnO2 Cathode Material Film for High‐Performance Zinc‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Chen Yuwei , Li Jianbo , Zhang Shimeng , Cui Junya , Shao Mingfei
Published: May 2020

Zinc‐ion batteries (ZIBs) have attracted considerable attention and global interest due to their high gravimetric and high volumetric capacities (820 mAh g−1 and 5855 mAh cm−3). However, the Zn protrusions/dendrites during the plating/stripping process of Zn (Zn2+) severely affect the performance of Zn anode, causing a low Coulombic efficiency, rapid degradation of capacity, and even failure of Zn‐anode‐based batteries. In order to reduce the dendritic deposition of Zn, the key is to adjust the initial uniform nucleation, which determines the subsequent uniform deposition of Zn. Herein, a cathode material (MnO2) ultrathin film is first modified on the surface of the carbon cloth as active sites for the in situ nucleation and directed epitaxial growth of metal Zn. As a result, the CC@MnO2‐UTF@Zn anode can be cycled in aqueous electrolyte and maintain stable cycling performance during repeated Zn deposition/stripping processes. Subsequently, the CC@MnO2‐UTF@Zn anode and CC@MnO2 cathode are assembled into full cells, which deliver a superior electrochemical performance. Moreover, the flexible solid‐state ZIBs with the CC@MnO2‐UTF@Zn anode show excellent capacities and high energy/power densities, which is superior to the most reported results so far. This work provides a new strategy to design an advanced flexibility Zn anode toward future high‐performance wearable electronic ZIBs.
Aerobic Oxidative Functionalization of Indoles
Authors: Liu Saiwen , Zhao Feng , Chen Xing , Deng Guo‐Jun , Huang Huawen
Published: May 2020

The synthetic methodology for direct indole functionalizations is of great significance in indole chemistry and has been intensively investigated in the last few decades. From the perspective of green chemistry, oxygen is the best choice as the terminal oxidant in molecular synthesis. Hence, aerobic oxidative functionalization of indoles became a hot research topic in the last decade. Numerous efficient protocols in this field have been discovered that enable facile and efficient transformations of indoles to related valuable compounds, which are summarized and discussed in detail in this review.

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Recent Progress on Reductive Coupling of Nitroarenes by Using Organosilanes as Convenient Reductants
Authors: Gao Yang , Yang Simin , Huo Yanping , Hu Xiao‐Qiang
Published: May 2020

Nitroarenes are stable, low‐cost, and readily available starting materials. The directly utilize nitroarenes in synthetically valuable C−N bond formation is of great significance, because the pre‐reduction step to corresponding amines can be avoided. Previously, phosphines and carbon monoxide (CO) are the most widely used reductants in the reductive cyclization or/and carbonylation of nitroarenes. Currently, much attention has been attracted to organosilanes as new potential reducing agents, not only because they are inexpensive, easy‐to‐handle, and mild reagents, but also various novel reaction models of nitroarenes have been explored. In this review, we mainly summarize the recent progress on the reductive coupling of nitroarenes by using organosilanes as the end reductants. We hope that a deep understanding of the reaction model and underlying working mechanism can provide a timely guideline for researchers who are interested in this fantastic area, leading to further exploration of practical and efficient reductive coupling of nitroarenes for C−N bond formation and N‐heterocycle synthesis.

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Investigation of the Potential Immunological Effects of Boiling Histotripsy for Cancer Treatment
Authors: Nam Gi‐Hoon , Pahk Ki Joo , Jeon Sangmin , Park Hyun‐Ju , Kim Gi Beom , Oh Seung Ja , Kim Kwangmeyung , Kim Hyungmin , Yang Yoosoo
Published: May 2020

Boiling histotripsy (BH) is a completely non‐invasive ultrasonic technique that can be used to mechanically destroy tumor tissues. Studies have shown that BH has biological effects on immune responses, but the mechanisms involved in the induction and enhancement of systemic anti‐tumor immune responses after BH treatment are poorly understood. The present study therefore investigates the anti‐tumor immune responses triggered by BH exposure in vivo. In a syngeneic tumor model, BH treatment results in more dendritic cell maturation and increased intra‐tumoral infiltration of activated CD8+ T cells compared to those observed after thermal high‐intensity focused ultrasound exposure. The results clearly show that tumor antigens and danger signals released after BH exposure can lead to a sufficient anti‐tumor immune response with antigen‐presenting cell activation. In the 4T1 triple‐negative breast cancer model, BH‐induced mechanical ablation further enhances the therapeutic effect of immune checkpoint blockade, indicating a synergistic anti‐tumor immune effect. In conclusion, the results presented in this study suggest that BH is a promising option for boosting anti‐tumor immunity and can be beneficially combined with cancer immunotherapy.
Sulfoxide‐Containing Polymer‐Coated Nanoparticles Demonstrate Minimal Protein Fouling and Improved Blood Circulation
Authors: Qiao Ruirui , Fu Changkui , Li Yuhuan , Qi Xiaole , Ni Dalong , Nandakumar Aparna , Siddiqui Ghizal , Wang Haiyan , Zhang Zheng , Wu Tingting , Zhong Jian , Tang Shi‐Yang , Pan Shuaijun , Zhang Cheng , Whittaker Michael R. , Engle Jonathan W. , Creek Darren J. , Caruso Frank , Ke Pu Chun , Cai Weibo , Whittaker Andrew K. , Davis Thomas P.
Published: May 2020

Minimizing the interaction of nanomedicines with the mononuclear phagocytic system (MPS) is a critical challenge for their clinical translation. Conjugating polyethylene glycol (PEG) to nanomedicines is regarded as an effective approach to reducing the sequestration of nanomedicines by the MPS. However, recent concerns about the immunogenicity of PEG highlight the demand of alternative low‐fouling polymers as innovative coating materials for nanoparticles. Herein, a highly hydrophilic sulfoxide‐containing polymer—poly(2‐(methylsulfinyl)ethyl acrylate) (PMSEA)—is used for the surface coating of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs). It is found that the PMSEA polymer coated IONPs have a more hydrophilic surface than their PEGylated counterparts, and demonstrate remarkably reduced macrophage cellular uptake and much less association with human plasma proteins. In vivo study of biodistribution and pharmacokinetics further reveals a much‐extended blood circulation (≈2.5 times longer in terms of elimination half‐life t1/2) and reduced accumulation (approximately two times less) in the organs such as the liver and spleen for IONPs coated by PMSEA than those by PEG. It is envisaged that the highly hydrophilic sulfoxide‐containing polymers have huge potential to be employed as an advantageous alternative to PEG for the surface functionalization of a variety of nanoparticles for long circulation and improved delivery.
High‐Performance Flexible Organic Nonvolatile Memories with Outstanding Stability Using Nickel Oxide Nanofloating Gate and Polymer Electret
Authors: Kim Yeon‐Ju , Kang Minji , Lee Min‐Hye , Kang Ji‐Sue , Kim Dong‐Yu
Published: May 2020

Organic nonvolatile memory devices based on organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) have attracted attention as promising memory components in flexible organic integrated circuits. OFET‐based organic memories can be fabricated using solution processes with high portability and flexibility. However, many challenges still remain, such as achieving high levels of transparency and data storage while maintaining device reliability. In this study, the high‐performance of flexible organic nonvolatile memory devices is demonstrated through the synergistic effect of using a combination of polymer electret (poly(2‐vinyl naphthalene), PVN) and nanofloating gates (nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiOx NPs)). The PVN/NiOx NPs bilayer successfully acts as a charge storage medium with high transparency in the visible range. This system greatly improves memory performance including high data storage capacity, stable cyclic endurance, and quasi‐permanent retention characteristics (>10 years). Furthermore, these devices also show excellent charge storage characteristics after 1000 bending cycles and even under the sharply bent state (bending radius 3 mm). This enhanced mechanical stability of flexible synergistic memory devices demonstrates that NiOx NPs can play an important role as a reliable data storage material for next‐generation wearable electronic devices.
F4‐TCNQ as an Additive to Impart Stretchable Semiconductors with High Mobility and Stability
Authors: Mun Jaewan , Kang Jiheong , Zheng Yu , Luo Shaochuan , Wu Yilei , Gong Huaxin , Lai Jian‐Cheng , Wu Hung‐Chin , Xue Gi , Tok Jeffrey B.‐H. , Bao Zhenan
Published: May 2020

Numerous strategies are developed to impart stretchability to polymer semiconductors. Although these methods improve the ductility, mobility, and stability of such stretchable semiconductors, they nonetheless still need further improvement. Here, it is shown that 2,3,5,6‐tetrafluoro‐7,7,8,8‐tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4‐TCNQ) is an effective molecular additive to tune the properties of a diketopyrrolopyrrole‐based (DPP‐based) semiconductor. Specifically, the addition of F4‐TCNQ is observed to improve the ductility of the semiconductor by altering the polymer’s microstructures and dynamic motions. As a p‐type dopant additive, F4‐TCNQ can also effectively enhance the mobility and stability of the semiconductor through changing the host polymer’s packing structures and charge trap passivation. Upon fabricating fully stretchable transistors with F4‐TCNQ‐DPP blended semiconductor films, it is observed that the resulting stretchable transistors possess one of the highest initial mobility of 1.03 cm2 V−1 s−1. The fabricated transistors also exhibit higher stability (both bias and environmental) and mobility retention under repeated strain, compared to those without F4‐TCNQ additive. These findings offer a new direction of research on stretchable semiconductors to facilitate future practical applications.
Reversible Short‐Circuit Behaviors in Garnet‐Based Solid‐State Batteries
Authors: Ping Weiwei , Wang Chengwei , Lin Zhiwei , Hitz Emily , Yang Chunpeng , Wang Howard , Hu Liangbing
Published: May 2020

Garnet‐based solid‐state electrolytes (SSEs) are attractive for solid‐state lithium metal batteries due to their wide electrochemical window, high conductivity, and excellent stability against lithium metal. However, the risk of short‐circuit encumbers the cycle life and capacity of garnet‐based solid‐state batteries without clear reason or mechanism. Here, reversible short‐circuit behavior in the garnet‐based solid‐state batteries, which differs from the short‐circuit in liquid cells, is reported for the first time. In situ neutron depth profiling is adopted to quantitatively measure Li transport, which helps forecast and confirm the reversible nature of the short‐circuit in garnet‐based batteries. A real‐time Li accumulation monitoring system of NMC//CNT/garnet/Li cell is designed to reveal the Li dendrite formation mechanism. The voltage drops of the CNT monitoring electrode during the charging process indicate the formation of Li dendrites inside the garnet bulk, while the smooth voltage profile during the discharging process demonstrates the disappearance of the short‐circuit. This is the first confirmation of short‐circuit behavior that provides clarification of the Li dendrite formation mechanism in garnet‐based solid‐state batteries, which is shown to be a reversible process caused by the low ionic conductivity and non‐negligible electronic conductivity of garnet SSEs.
Impacts on Livestock Producers and Veterinarians ofFDAPolicies on Use of Medically Important Antibiotics in Food Animal Production
Authors: Sneeringer Stacy , Short Gianna , MacLachlan Matthew , Bowman Maria
Published: May 2020

U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) policies fully implemented in 2017 ended the use of “medically important” (pertinent for human disease treatment) antibiotics for livestock growth promotion purposes. Between 2015 and 2017, medically important antibiotics sales for food animal production declined by 43%, after steady growth between 2009 and 2015. We examine the impacts of the antibiotics sales decline on livestock producers and veterinarians using case studies and empirical event studies. We find that the drop in sales did not impact overall meat production and that livestock producers engaged more heavily with their veterinarians to implement better management strategies.
Emergency Medicine Residency Curricular Innovations: Creating a Virtual Emergency Medicine Didactic Conference
Authors: Rotoli Jason , Bodkin Ryan , Pereira Joseph , Adler David , Lou Valerie , Moriarty Jessica , Williams Jennifer , Nobay Flavia
Published: May 2020

Currently, there is a pandemic forcing social distancing and, consequently, traditional in‐person education must shift to a virtual curriculum to protect all parties and continue professional development. Recognizing that not all emergency medicine (EM) content can be taught through a virtual platform, we propose a model for nearly all EM resident didactic conference adaptation to a virtual format to meet the needs of the adult learner while protecting all participants from the current coronavirus pandemic.
Electro‐thermal and ‐mechanical model of thermal breakdown in multilayered dielectric elastomers
Authors: Christensen Line Riis , Hassager Ole , Skov Anne Ladegaard
Published: May 2020

Multiple breakdown phenomena may take place when operating dielectric elastomers. Thermal breakdown, which occurs due to Joule heating, becomes of special importance when using multilayered stacks of dielectric elastomers, due to the large volume‐to‐surface‐area‐ratio. In this article, a 2D axisymmetric finite‐element model of a multilayered stack of dielectric elastomers is set up in COMSOL Multiphysics®. Both the electro‐thermal and electro‐mechanical couplings are considered, allowing for determination of the onset of thermal breakdown. Simulation results show that an entrapped particle in the dielectric elastomer drastically reduces the possible number of layers in the stack. Furthermore, the possible number of layers is greatly affected by the ambient temperature and the applied voltage. The performance of three hyperelastic material models for modeling the elastomer deformation are compared, and it is established that the Gent model yields the most restrictive prediction of breakdown point, while the Ogden model yields the least restrictive estimation.
Laboratory misdiagnosis of von Willebrand disease in post‐menarchal females: A multi‐center study
Authors: Jaffray Julie , Staber Janice M. , Malvar Jemily , Sidonio Robert , Haley Kristina M. , Stillings Amy , Weyand Angela , Hege Kerry , Jain Shilpa , Gupta Sweta , Agnew Caroline , Wheeler Allison , Pawar Anjali , Sharma Mukta , Chitlur Meera , OʼBrien Sarah H. , Kouides Peter
Published: May 2020

Increased awareness of von Willebrand Disease (VWD) has led to more frequent diagnostic laboratory testing, which insurers often dictate be performed at a facility with off‐site laboratory processing, instead of a coagulation facility with onsite processing. Off‐site processing is more prone to preanalytical variables causing falsely low levels of von Willebrand Factor (VWF) due to the additional transport required. Our aim was to determine the percentage of discordance between off‐site and onsite specimen processing for VWD in this multicenter, retrospective study. We enrolled females aged 12 to 50 years who had off‐site specimen processing for VWF assays, and repeat testing performed at a consulting institution with onsite coagulation phlebotomy and processing. A total of 263 females from 17 institutions were included in the analysis. There were 251 subjects with both off‐site and onsite VWF antigen (VWF:Ag) processing with 96 (38%) being low off‐site and 56 (22%) low onsite; 223 subjects had VWF ristocetin co‐factor (VWF:RCo), 122 (55%) were low off‐site and 71 (32%) were low onsite. Similarly, 229 subjects had a Factor VIII (FVIII) assay, and 67 (29%) were low off‐site with less than half, 29 (13%) confirmed low with onsite processing. Higher proportions of patients demonstrated low VWF:Ag, VWF:RCo, and/or FVIII with off‐site processing compared to onsite (McNemarʼs test P‐value <.0005, for all assays). These results emphasize the need to decrease delays from sample procurement to processing for VWF assays. The VWF assays should ideally be collected and processed at the same site under the guidance of a hematologist.
Socioeconomic status, work‐life conflict, and mental health
Authors: Kim Young‐Mee , Cho Sung‐il
Published: May 2020

Background

Work‐life conflict (WLC) has a critical effect on employee mental health. However, research on occupational health has neglected the family domain. Furthermore, although it is reasonable to assume that the effect of WLC on health may differ according to socioeconomic circumstances, there is little empirical evidence for differences in the impact of WLC by socioeconomic status (SES). The purpose of this study was to assess the role of SES as an effect modifier, while examining whether the SES level affects the relationship between WLC and mental health.

Method

We analyzed data from the nationally representative South Korean Working Conditions Survey of 2014, including 49 401 workers. Logistic regression analyses, stratified by sexes, were performed to identify sex differences, and interaction terms including WLC and SES were also incorporated.

Results

WLC (men: OR = 1.24; women: OR = 1.18) and domestic demands (men: OR = 1.16; women: OR = 1.22) were significantly associated with mental health. WLC exhibited a stronger association with mental health for individuals with high SES, both in terms of education (men: OR = 1.61 vs 1.51; women: OR = 1.52 vs 1.24) and income (men: OR = 1.44 vs 1.10; women: OR = 1.48 vs 1.20).

Conclusions

Our data suggest that future efforts for health promotion should consider workers’ family demands and SES as important modifying factors of psychological health in the workplace.
Unveiling the Advances of Nanostructure Design for Alloy‐Type Potassium‐Ion Battery Anodes via In Situ TEM
Authors: Huang Huawen , Wang Jiuwu , Yang Xianfeng , Hu Renzong , Liu Jinlong , Zhang Lei , Zhu Min
Published: May 2020

Nanostructure design and in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) are combined to demonstrate Sb‐based nanofibers composed of bunched yolk–shell building units as a significantly improved anode for potassium‐ion batteries (PIBs). Particularly, a metal–organic frameworks (MOFs)‐engaged electrospinning strategy coupled to a confined ion‐exchange followed by a subsequent thermal reduction is proposed to fabricate yolk–shell Sb@C nanoboxes embedded in carbon nanofibers (Sb@CNFs). In situ TEM analysis reveals that the inner Sb nanoparticles undergo a significant volume expansion/contraction during the alloying/dealloying processes, while the void space can effectively relieve the overall volume change, and the plastic carbon shell maintains the structural integrity of electrode material. This work provides an important reference for the application of advanced characterization techniques to guide the optimization of electrode material design.
Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization in the Solid‐State
Authors: Cho Hong Y. , Bielawski Christopher W.
Published: May 2020

Poly(2‐vinylnaphthalene) was synthesized in the solid‐state by ball milling a mixture of the corresponding monomer, a Cu‐based catalyst, and an activated haloalkane as the polymerization initiator. Various reaction conditions, including milling time, milling frequency and added reductant to accelerate the polymerization were optimized. Monomer conversion and the evolution of polymer molecular weight were monitored over time using 1H NMR spectroscopy and size exclusion chromatography, respectively, and linear correlations were observed. While the polymer molecular weight was effectively tuned by changing the initial monomer‐to‐initiator ratio, the experimentally measured values were found to be lower than their theoretical values. The difference was attributed to premature mechanical decomposition and modeled to accurately account for the decrement. Random copolymers of two monomers with orthogonal solubilities, sodium styrene sulfonate and 2‐vinylnaphthalene, were also synthesized in the solid‐state. Inspection of the data revealed that the solid‐state polymerization reaction was controlled, followed a mechanism similar to that described for solution‐state atom transfer radical polymerizations, and may be used to prepare polymers that are inaccessible via solution‐state methods.
PI by NMR: Probing CH–π Interactions in Protein–Ligand Complexes by NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Platzer Gerald , Mayer Moriz , Beier Andreas , Brüschweiler Sven , Fuchs Julian E. , Engelhardt Harald , Geist Leonhard , Bader Gerd , Schörghuber Julia , Lichtenecker Roman , Wolkerstorfer Bernhard , Kessler Dirk , McConnell Darryl B. , Konrat Robert
Published: May 2020

While CH–π interactions with target proteins are crucial determinants for the affinity of arguably every drug molecule, no method exists to directly measure the strength of individual CH–π interactions in drug–protein complexes. Herein, we present a fast and reliable methodology called PI (π interactions) by NMR, which can differentiate the strength of protein–ligand CH–π interactions in solution. By combining selective amino‐acid side‐chain labeling with 1H‐13C NMR, we are able to identify specific protein protons of side‐chains engaged in CH–π interactions with aromatic ring systems of a ligand, based solely on 1H chemical‐shift values of the interacting protein aromatic ring protons. The information encoded in the chemical shifts induced by such interactions serves as a proxy for the strength of each individual CH–π interaction. PI by NMR changes the paradigm by which chemists can optimize the potency of drug candidates: direct determination of individual π interactions rather than averaged measures of all interactions.
Copper‐immobilized ionic liquid as an alternative to organic solvents in the one‐pot synthesis of bioactive dihydropyrano[2,3‐c]pyrazole derivatives
Authors: Ghafuri Hossein , Kazemnezhad Leili Maede , Esmaili Zand Hamid Reza
Published: May 2020

In this study, a novel Cu‐immobilized ionic liquid (IL)was designed, characterized, and employed as both promoter and solvent in the synthesis of some dihydropyrano[2,3‐c]pyrazoles. The synthesized ionic liquid was characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FTIR, ICP and EDX analysis and showed high catalytic activity to proceed the synthesis of bioactive dihydropyrano[2,3‐c]pyrazole derivatives. This method has the advantage of using the IL as a green medium for the synthesize of the products in high to excellent yields within short reaction times.
Superior thermal stability and smoke suppression of epoxy resin composites with graphene/LDHphosphorus‐rich hybrids
Authors: Zhou Shuai , Kang Yunian , Huang Rongqing , Luo Zhenyang , He Ming
Published: May 2020

In this article, graphene/LDH phosphorus‐rich triple hybrid was prepared by a mild method and used to effectively improve the thermal stability and smoke suppression of epoxy resin (EP). The graphene was firstly reacted with hexamethylenediamine (HA) and followed by the treatment with the layered double hydroxide (LDH) and NaH2PO4solutions. Compared to the unmodified graphene, the initial decomposition temperature of the triple hybrids increases significantly from 168.6 to 292.5°C. The residual carbon content is greatly improved and the residual mass is up to 84.1%. Elemental analysis reveals the content of phosphorus in EP composites is as high as 10 wt%. In flame retardancy tests, the peak heat release rate of the EP composite with 5 wt% graphene/LDH phosphorus‐rich hybrids decreases to 786.15 KW/m2, 41.19% drastic reduction compared to that of EP. These results indicate that the triple functionalization process effectively expands the interval distribution of heat release and makes the heat release process more gradual and spread flames smaller. The smoke production rate and total smoke production rate of EP composite with 5 wt% graphene/LDH phosphorus‐rich hybrids are 0.32 m2/s and 40.91 m2, which are significantly reduced by 65.22 and 57.83%, respectively. This gentle and efficient process provides a new approach to multi‐functional design to improve the thermal stability and smoke suppression of resin‐based composites.
The settlers' town is a strongly built town: Fanon in Palestine
Authors: Sheehi Stephen , Sheehi Lara
Published: May 2020

This article emerges from one collaboration with Palestinian clinicians while presenting the work of Frantz Fanon to a group of training clinicians in the Maana Center of EMMS Nazareth Hospital in Nazareth (al‐Nasirah). Reading and discussing Fanon in Palestine with Palestinian clinicians and trainees elicited deepseated feelings of affirmation and validation, while also disclosing anxieties arising from colonial alienation, as Fanon would say. At the same time, Fanon conjures in Palestine an affirming and empowering spirit that, inevitably, results in a consideration of how Palestinian indigeneity, no matter how mediated by regimes of domination and control, recenters itself as a repost to the extractive psychological and material violence that constitutes settler colonialism; in this case, Zionism. Adopting a decolonial methodology, we came to understand how psychological theory and practice provides Palestinian clinicians a means to work for selfawareness within a regime of oppression. Centering indigenous lives, their relationships to their own collectives and communities, and their relationship the psychopathy of settler colonial structures, produced critical psychological and social knowledge.
Altered Lymphatic Vessel Anatomy and Markedly Diminished Lymph Clearance in Affected Hands of Patients With Active Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Bell Richard D. , Rahimi Homaira , Kenney H. Mark , Lieberman Alicia A. , Wood Ronald W. , Schwarz Edward M. , Ritchlin Christopher T.
Published: May 2020

Objective

To assess differences between lymphatic function in the affected hands of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients with active synovitis and that of healthy controls, using indocyanine green (ICG) dye and near‐infrared (NIR) imaging.

Methods

NIR imaging of the hands of 8 patients with active RA and 13 healthy controls was performed following web space injection of 0.1 ml of 100 μM ICG. The percentage of ICG retention in the web spaces was determined by NIR imaging at baseline and at 7 days (±1 day) after the initial injections; image analysis provided contraction frequency. ICG+ lymphatic vessel (LV) length and branching architecture were assessed.

Results

Retention of ICG in RA hands was higher compared to controls (P < 0.01). The average contraction frequency of ICG+ LVs in RA patients and in controls did not differ (mean ± SD 0.53 ± 0.39 contractions/minute versus 0.51 ± 0.35 contractions/minute). Total ICG+ LV length in RA hands was lower compared to healthy controls (58.3 ± 15.0 cm versus 71.4 ± 16.1 cm; P < 0.001), concomitant with a decrease in the number of ICG+ basilic LVs in the hands of RA patients (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Lymphatic drainage in the hands of RA patients with active disease was reduced compared to controls. This reduction was associated with a decrease in total length of ICG+ LVs on the dorsal surface of the hands, which continued to contract at a similar rate to that observed in controls. These findings provide a plausible mechanism for exacerbation of synovitis and joint damage, specifically the accumulation and retention of inflammatory cells and catabolic factors in RA joints due to impaired efferent lymphatic flow. NIR/ICG imaging of RA hands is feasible and warrants formal investigation as a primary outcome measure for arthritis disease severity and/or persistence in future clinical trials.
Impact of co‐product selection on techno‐economic analyses of alternative jet fuel produced with forest harvest residuals
Authors: Brandt Kristin L. , Wooley Robert J. , Geleynse Scott C. , Gao Johnway , Zhu Junyong , Cavalieri Ralph P. , Wolcott Michael P.
Published: May 2020

This article details techno‐economic analyses for producing alternative jet fuel (AJF) at a greenfield integrated biorefinery (IBR) using softwood forest residues. The scenarios and their corresponding economic outcomes differ based on the co‐product selections. The selected technology to produce AJF uses a mild bisulfite pretreatment process to prepare the feedstock for enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation to isobutanol, which is then upgraded to hydrocarbon ‘drop‐in’ fuels using an alcohol‐to‐jet process. The hydrocarbons are a combination of jet fuel and aviation gasoline (AvGas). The residuals are used to produce co‐products. Four co‐product scenarios are compared to quantify the impact of co‐product selection on the primary products, jet fuel, and AvGas minimum selling prices (MSPs). For the baseline (BL) scenario, residuals are burned to create steam for conversion to electricity. The excess power generated is sold at a wholesale price to the grid. The total capital investment for an IBR with a forest residue feed rate of 721 k dry metric ton year−1 is 1027 MM US$, and the AJF MSP is 2.07 US$ L−1. The BL scenario is compared with three co‐product selections: 1) liquid calcium lignosulfonate and electricity; 2) activated carbon; and 3) a combination of liquid calcium lignosulfonate and activated carbon. As anticipated, the conversion of residuals into higher value co‐products provides additional revenue to offset the production cost of hydrocarbons. The alternative co‐product scenarios reduced the predicted MSPs; however, the most cost‐competitive model, the scenario where both activated carbon and calcium lignosulfonates are produced, reduced the jet fuel MSP to 1.49 US$ L−1, a 28% reduction. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Development and validation of a spectrofluorimetric method for the analysis of tolfenamic acid in pure and tablet dosage form
Authors: Andleeb Shomaiza , Ahmed Sofia , Sheraz Muhammad Ali , Anwar Zubair , Ahmad Iqbal
Published: May 2020

Tolfenamic acid (TA) is commonly used in humans and animals because of its anti‐inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic effects. So far, no study has been carried out to develop a validated spectrofluorimetric method for determination of TA. Therefore, the present study aimed to develop and validate a simple, accurate, rapid, economical, and precise spectrofluorimetric method to assay TA in its pure and dosage forms, and also in degraded solutions. The fluorimetric method had higher sensitivity compared with the spectrophotometric and high‐performance liquid chromatography methods and could determine the drug at the microgram level. Optimum pH of TA for maximum fluorescence intensity was 3, and its two pKa values were calculated as 1.95 and 4.05. The proposed method was validated according to the guidelines of the International Council for Harmonisation, and parameters such as linearity, range, accuracy, precision, sensitivity, robustness, specificity, and solution stability were tested. Stress‐induced degradation studies on TA did not affect the accuracy and precision of the proposed method. The results obtained indicated that the method was linear over the concentration range 0.2–0.9 × 10−3 M with good accuracy, precision, and robustness for assay of TA in its pure and its tablet dosage forms and was comparable statistically with the British Pharmacopoeia method.