bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Compatibility of clinical presentation and imaging for patient with multiple lumbar canal stenosis at Wahidin Hospital
Authors: THEHUMURY Andika , SALEH Ruksal , ARİFİN Jainal
Published: June 2019

Every
year the number of surgical procedures performs for lumbar spinal stenosis has
increased steadily over the years. Diagnosis of the patients with lumbar canal
stenosis and decision for decompression was mainly with MRI. Majority of
patients will end up with multilevel decompression. The objective of this study
is to evaluate the outcome of the patient who level of decompression based on
clinical presentation of the patient. This is a cross sectional analytical
study. Patient who was diagnosed with multiple lumbar canal stenosis by 3
orthopedic broad certified spine surgeons based on clinical presentation and CT
myelography and MRI will undergo decompression surgery. Functional outcome was
evaluated by using JOABPEQ score. The proportion of patients who has match and
unmatched clinical presentation and imaging was evaluated with Fisher exact
test. Determining the level of decompression in patient with multiple lumbar
canal stenosis should be based on clinical presentation of the patients rather
than using Imaging study. However, further authentication is required by doing
long term studies.
Forecasting stock index based on hybrid artificial neural network models
Authors: Quoc Bao Ta , Nhat Tan Le , Thi Thanh An Le , Thi Thien My Bui
Published: June 2019

Forecasting stock index is a crucial financial problem which is recently received a lot of interests in the field of artificial intelligence. In this paper we are going to study some hybrid artificial neural network models. As main result, we show that hybrid models offer us effective tools to forecast stock index accurately. Within this study, we have analyzed the performance of classical models such as Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA), Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model and the Hybrid model, in connection with real data coming from Vietnam Index (VNINDEX). Based on some previous foreign data sets, for most of the complex time series, the novel hybrid models have a good performance comparing to individual models like ARIMA and ANN. Regarding Vietnamese stock market, our results also show that the Hybrid model gives much better forecasting accuracy compared with ARIMA and ANN models. Specifically, our results tell that the Hybrid combination model delivers smaller Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Mean Absolute Error (MAE) than ARIMA and ANN models. The fitting curves demonstrate that the Hybrid model produces closer trend so better describing the actual data. Via our study with Vietnam Index, it is confirmed that the characteristics of ARIMA model are more suitable for linear time series while ANN model is good to work with nonlinear time series. The Hybrid model takes into account both of these features, so it could be employed in case of more generalized time series. As the financial market is increasingly complex, the time series corresponding to stock indexes naturally consist of linear and non-linear components. Because of these characteristic, the Hybrid ARIMA model with ANN produces better prediction and estimation than other traditional models.
Inflation targeting in the world economy and in Russia
Authors: Zamaraev Boris A. , Kiyutsevskaya Anna M.
Published: June 2019

The authors, analyzing features of realization of monetary policy under inflation targeting, show that its application and evolution are based on the objective reasons related to a decrease of consumer prices growth rates all over the world and an increase of the integration of the world economy. It led to the ineffectiveness of other monetary policy regimes in open economies. It is true also for the Russian economy that has passed the way from financial mechanisms of centralized economy to inflation targeting. Its approaches and instruments have been adjusted in accordance with Russian realities. The authors show that application of inflation targeting regime in Russia along with other measures of macroeconomic policy have become one of the elements of the system of maintaining financial stability after the 2014 currency crisis.
Shaping public confidence as a way to overcome a liquidity trap
Authors: Kuznetsova Olga S. , Merzlyakov Sergey A. , Pekarski Sergey E.
Published: June 2019

In the aftermath of 2007—2009 global financial crisis, many economies had stuck in a liquidity trap. This stance forced central banks to implement various unconventional monetary policies, including massive purchases of financial assets, cutting policy rates down into the negative zone and reliance on forward guidance. In this paper we critically discuss these policy measures. Unconventional policy success in overcoming a liquidity trap heavily depends on the ability to manage private agents’ expectations. If the central bank is capable to form expectations of low interest rates for a prolonged period after the escape from a liquidity trap, unconventional monetary policies lead to a recovery. Another crucial issue is dynamic inconsistency of prolonged low interest rate policy. We discuss several ways of how the central bank can commit not to lift policy rate up to keep inflation unnecessary low. The problem of dynamic inconsistency, which complicates the formation of such expectations, is also considered, and possible ways of solving this problem are discussed.
New Composite Material Based on Heavy Concrete and Basalt-Boron Fiber for Neutron Radiation Shielding Properties
Authors: Romanenko I. , Holiuk M. , Nosovsky A. , Vlasenko T. , Gulik V.
Published: June 2019

It is necessary to have reliable radiation protection for safe operation of different radiation sources. Radiation shielding properties have been studied for a long time both in our country and abroad. However, there is a strong necessity to develop new composite materials, which will provide protection against radiation and have improved mechanical and economic characteristics.

The paper describes a new composite material for neutron radiation shielding properties based on heavy concrete with serpentinite aggregate and with basalt-boron fiber with different concentrations of fiber boron oxide for using in biological shielding in nuclear industry. Protective properties of the new composite material were investigated with different neutron sources: 1) neutrons with 14 MeV energy; 2) fast fission neutrons for U-235; 3) fast fission neutrons for U-235 after passing a water layer. The simulation of the neutron radiation in presented composite material with adding crushed stone aggregate and serpentinite aggregate is performed by Monte Carlo Serpent code.

It is shown that basalt-boron fibers in concrete improve the protective properties of concrete against neutron irradiation for neutrons with different energies, but the most effective is the addition of a basalt-boron fiber in the case of thermal neutrons.

This research was supported by Horizon 2020 ERA-NET Support Programme, Research Grant Agreement No 7.9-3/18/7 (“Development of Boron-Infused Basalt-Fiber Reinforced Concrete for Nuclear and Radioactive Waste Management Applications”). Implementation of activities described in the Roadmap to Fusion during Horizon 2020 through a joint programme of the members of the EUROfusion consortium (2014-2020), Work Package PMI. Also, this research was carried out with the financial support of the IAEA, within the terms and conditions of the Research Contract20638 in the framework of the Coordinated Research Project (CRP) “Accelerator Driven Systems (ADS) Applications and Use of Low-Enriched Uranium in ADS (T33002)’’ within the Project “The Two-Zone Subcritical Systems with Fast and Thermal Neutron Spectra for Transmutation of Minor Actinides and Long-Lived Fission Products”.
The Problem of Biological Obstacles in the Operation of Nuclear Power Plants (Illustrated by the Operation of Zaporizhzhya NPP Techno-Ecosystem)
Authors: Fedonenko O. , Marenkov O. , Petrovsky O.
Published: June 2019

The article shows the research results on biological obstacles of the Zaporizhzhya NPP cooling pond, which may be harmful for the technological cycles of the plant or even cause emergency in the NPP.

This problem is particular importance for cooling water reservoir of energy objects, since the increased temperature regime in such reservoirs creates favorable conditions for the mass development of certain types of hydrobionts, which hinder the operation of hydraulic structures.

It was established that for the studied cooling water reservoir of Zaporizhzhya NPP all types of biological barriers that are found in technical reservoirs of nuclear power plants of Ukraine are characteristic.

It has been established that all types of biological obstacles found in technical reservoirs of nuclear power plants of Ukraine are common for the researched reservoir.

The most common are biological obstacles of bacterial, plant and animal origin. Plant biological obstacles are represented by the excessive growth of blue-green algae, which in the summer cause the "water blooming" of the cooling pond, and the filamentous algae that form thickets on the surfaces of concrete slabs and hydraulic structures. Animal biomarkers include the rapid spread of the mollusks of the Thiaridae family, which were accidentally inhabited into the water reservoir and caused massive fouling of the water development facilities of the NPP.

One of the areas of biological control of biological barriers in a Zaporizhzhya NPP cooling water reservoir is ichthyomelioration – biomeliorative release the fish into the reservoir As fish occupy higher trophic levels in aquatic ecosystems, they accumulate organic matter from other trophic units and can inhibit the massive development of hydrobionts.

The presented scientific results formed the basis of "Technological substantiation of the biological method of reducing the amount of phytoplankton and mollusks in the hydraulic engineering system of the ZNPP and conducting biomeliorative works using biomeliorative fish for the period2018-2022", the observance of which allows partial resolution of the problems of biological barriers caused by the mass development of certain species.
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Modulates Intestinal Barrier by Inhibiting Intestinal Epithelial Cells Apoptosis in Mice
Authors: ZHAO D.-Y. , ZHANG W.-X. , QI Q.-Q. , LONG X. , LI X. , YU Y.-B. , ZUO X.-L.
Published: June 2019

We aimed to investigate the effects of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) on apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and alterations of intestinal barrier integrity using BDNF knock-out mice model. Colonic tissues from BDNF+/+ mice and BDNF+/- mice were prepared for this study. The integrity of colonic mucosa was evaluated by measuring trans-mucosa electrical resistance and tissue conductance in Ussing chamber. The colonic epithelial structure was analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. Apoptosis involvement was determined with TUNEL staining, active caspase-3 immunostaining and Western blotting for the protein expression of active caspase-3, Bax and Bcl-2. The expression levels and distribution of tight junction proteins were evaluated by immunohistochemistry or Western blots. Compared with BDNF+/+ mice, BDNF+/- mice displayed impaired integrity and ultrastructure alterations in their colonic mucosa, which was characterized by diminished microvilli, mitochondrial swelling and epithelial cells apoptosis. Altered intestinal barrier function was linked to excessive apoptosis of IECs demonstrated by the higher proportion of TUNEL-positive apoptotic cells and enhanced caspase activities in BDNF+/- mice. Increased expression of Bax and claudin-2 proteins and reduced Bcl-2 and tight junction proteins (occludin, ZO-1 and claudin-1) expression were also detected in the colonic mucosa of BDNF+/- mice. BDNF may play a role in the maintenance of intestinal barrier integrity via its anti-apoptotic properties.
Diabetic Macular Edema-Like Ocular Lesions in Male Spontaneously Diabetic Torii Fatty Rats
Authors: MOTOHASHI Y. , KEMMOCHI Y. , MAEKAWA T. , TADAKI H. , SASASE T. , TANAKA Y. , KAKEHASHI A. , YAMADA T. , OHTA T.
Published: June 2019

Diabetic macular edema (DME) is a major factor contributing to visual disabilities in diabetic patients, and the number of patients is increasing. Animal models play a key role in the development of novel therapies. In this study, pathophysiological analyses of ocular lesions in Spontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT) fatty rats were performed. First, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) concentrations in vitreous humor, retinal vascular permeability and retinal thickness were measured in SDT fatty rats (Experiment 1). Furthermore, the pharmacological effects of two anti-diabetic drugs, phlorizin and pioglitazone, on retinal lesions were evaluated (Experiment 2). As results, the SDT fatty rats exhibited VEGF increase in vitreous humor at 8 and 16 weeks of age, and both retinal vascular hyperpermeability and retinal thickening at 16 weeks of age. In particular, the layers between the retinal internal limiting membrane and the outer nuclear layer were thickened. Phlorizin treatment from 4 to 16 weeks of age improved hyperglycemia and normalized retinal thickness; however, the effect of pioglitazone on retinal thickness was not strong despite the normalization of hyperglycemia. These data demonstrate that the male SDT fatty rat is a useful model for developing new therapeutic approaches in DME.
Novel Patterns of Left Ventricular Mechanical Activity During Experimental Cardiac Arrest in Pigs
Authors: SKULEC R. , ASTAPENKO D. , CERNA PARIZKOVA R. , FURST B. , BILSKA M. , PARIZEK T. , HOVANEC T. , PINTEROVA N. , KNOR J. , DUDAKOVA J. , TRUHLAR A. , RADOCHOVA V. , ZADAK Z. , CERNY V.
Published: June 2019

We conducted an experimental study to evaluate the presence of coordinated left ventricular mechanical myocardial activity (LVMA) in two types of experimentally induced cardiac arrest: ventricular fibrillation (VF) and pulseless electrical activity (PEA). Twenty anesthetized domestic pigs were randomized 1:1 either to induction of VF or PEA. They were left in nonresuscitated cardiac arrest until the cessation of LVMA and microcirculation. Surface ECG, presence of LVMA by transthoracic echocardiography and sublingual microcirculation were recorded. One minute after induction of cardiac arrest, LVMA was identified in all experimental animals. In the PEA group, rate of LVMA was of 106±12/min. In the VF group, we identified two patterns of LVMA. Six animals exhibited contractions of high frequency (VFhigh group), four of low frequency (VFlow group) (334±12 vs. 125±32/min, p<0.001). A time from cardiac arrest induction to asystole (19.2±7.2 vs. 7.3±2.2 vs. 8.3±5.5 min, p=0.003), cessation of LVMA (11.3±5.6 vs. 4.4±0.4 vs. 7.4±2.9 min, p=0.027) and cessation of microcirculation (25.3±12.6 vs. 13.4±2.4 vs. 23.2±8.7 min, p=0.050) was significantly longer in VFlow group than in VFhigh and PEA group, respectively. Thus, LVMA is present in both VF and PEA type of induced cardiac arrest and moreover, VF may exhibit various patterns of LVMA.
Effect of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Blockade, Alone or Combined With Blockade of Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase, on the Course of Congestive Heart Failure and Occurrence of Renal Dysfunction in Ren-2 Transgenic Hypertensive Rats With Aorto-Caval Fistula
Authors: KALA P. , SEDLÁKOVÁ L. , ŠKAROUPKOVÁ P. , KOPKAN L. , VAŇOURKOVÁ Z. , TÁBORSKÝ M. , NISHIYAMA A. , HWANG S. H. , HAMMOCK B. D. , SADOWSKI J. , MELENOVSKÝ V. , IMIG J. D. , ČERVENKA L.
Published: June 2019

We showed recently that increasing kidney epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) by blocking soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), an enzyme responsible for EETs degradation, retarded the development of renal dysfunction and progression of aorto-caval fistula(ACF)-induced congestive heart failure (CHF) in Ren-2 transgenic hypertensive rats (TGR). In that study the final survival rate of untreated ACF TGR was only 14 % but increased to 41 % after sEH blockade. Here we examined if sEH inhibition added to renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockade would further enhance protection against ACF-induced CHF in TGR. The treatment regimens were started one week after ACF creation and the follow-up period was 50 weeks. RAS was blocked using angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEi, trandolapril, 6 mg/l) and sEH with an sEH inhibitor (sEHi, c-AUCB, 3 mg/l). Renal hemodynamics and excretory function were determined two weeks post-ACF, just before the onset of decompensated phase of CHF. 29 weeks post-ACF no untreated animal survived. ACEi treatment greatly improved the survival rate, to 84 % at the end of study. Surprisingly, combined treatment with ACEi and sEHi worsened the rate (53 %). Untreated ACF TGR exhibited marked impairment of renal function and the treatment with ACEi alone or combined with sEH inhibition did not prevent it. In conclusion, addition of sEHi to ACEi treatment does not provide better protection against CHF progression and does not increase the survival rate in ACF TGR: indeed, the rate decreases significantly. Thus, combined treatment with sEHi and ACEi is not a promising approach to further attenuate renal dysfunction and retard progression of CHF.
The Influence of Testosterone on the Expression and Function of Vitamin D3 Receptor (VDR) Protein in the Porcine Ovarian Follicle
Authors: HERIAN M. , LUCK M. R. , GRZESIAK M.
Published: June 2019

Recently it has been shown that vitamin D3 acting via its cognate receptor (VDR) regulates the growth, differentiation and function of female reproductive tissues including ovary. The aim of the study was to examine the effect of testosterone (T) and its antagonist 2-hydroxyflutamide (HF) on VDR protein expression and function in porcine ovarian follicles. Medium size antral follicles expressing great amount of androgen receptors and represent high steroidogenic activity were used in this research. After 6 h incubation of whole follicles with T, HF or T+HF, immunohistochemical analysis of VDR revealed its nuclear localization in granulosa and theca interna cells in control and experimental groups. The expression of VDR protein was shown as a band of 48 kDa. There were no significant differences between either experimental group and the control. T influenced the function of VDR through decreased formation of VDR/RXR (retinoid X receptor) complexes (P<0.05) in both granulosa and theca interna cells, but HF abolished this effect only in granulosa cells (P<0.05). These results suggest that androgens regulate the response of follicular cells to vitamin D3 in pigs ovary via regulation of VDR transcriptional activity.
Pride Aside: James Dundas as a Stoic Christian
Authors: Gellera Giovanni
Published: June 2019

In the manuscript Idea philosophiae moralis (1679), James Dundas (c.1620−1679), first Lord Arniston, a Presbyterian, a judge and a philosopher, makes extensive use of Stoic themes and authors. About one third of the manuscript is a close reading of Seneca. Dundas judges Stoicism from the perspective of Calvinism: the decisive complaint is that the Stoics are ‘prideful’ when they consider happiness to be within the grasp of fallen human reason. However, pride aside, Dundas is willing to recover some Stoic insights for his Calvinist faith. In what ways? The promise of the practical rewards of Stoicism (control of the passions, tranquillity of the mind, strength of character) drives Dundas's interest in arguing that Stoicism can play a crucial psychological and moral contribution to a Christian's life. The investigation of Stoicism in the Idea philosophiae moralis sheds new light on the backdrop of the Scottish Enlightenment's relationship with Stoicism, commonly characterised as ‘Christian Stoicism’, as well as on the variety of the early modern Christian-Stoic syntheses, such as the Religio Stoici (1663) by George Mackenzie of Rosehaugh, a friend of Dundas's.
Effect of Gamma Irradiation of Local Brachiaria Ruziziensis (Germain & Evrard) Seeds on Agronomic Performance and Yield
Authors: Hoka Ann I. , Gicheru Michael , Otieno Syprine , Korir Hezekiah
Published: June 2019

Appropriate methods of mutation induction are of high importance in pastures for increased genetic variability and improved performance. The objective of this research was to improve the agronomic and nutritive performance of mutant lines (M7) through induced mutagenesis to seeds of a local landrace Brachiaria ruziziensis. The seeds were irradiated with 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40Gy doses of gamma radiation from Cobalt 60 (60Co).  Treatments were; KE 0Gy, KE 10Gy, KE 20Gy, KE 30Gy and KE 40Gy resulting into M1 seeds. The M1 seeds were planted in the greenhouse in germination pots for one month and the seedlings transplanted to the field. Seeds of M6 plants (M7 seeds) were used to establish field experiment in a completely randomized block design, with three replications. Parameters measured included; tillering, leaf-stem ratio, dry matter weight, and seed weight. Data collected was analyzed using the SAS package. Mutant lines exhibited better agronomic performance compared to the wild type. Performance increased with increased gamma-ray exposure with 40Gy treatment outperforming all other treatments whereas the control performed dismally. There was a significant difference (P0.05) in the dry matter with 40Gy treatment having the highest values of dry matter yields, whereas control had the lowest values. Application of nuclear technology to other grasses would lead to increased biomass and improved nutrition for increased animal productivity leading to food and nutrition security.
Evaluation of Growth and Yield Attributes of Some Wheat Varieties under Local Conditions of Southern Punjab, Pakistan
Authors: Bhutta Shuaib K. , Bhutta Kashif N. , Aslam Muhammad N. , Nasir Irfan R. , Ali Muhammad A.
Published: June 2019

Understanding how changing environment and cultivars influence crop phenology and potential yield is essential for crop adaptation to future climate change. Plant Genetic Diversity (PGD) provides the basis for survival in plants in nature and for crop improvement. Under changing climate scenario and increase in population pressure, wheat genotypes with attributes such as; short duration, lesser water loving, and abundant yield potential are of considerable importance. The present study was designed to evaluate best wheat genotypes which may better perform under the changing climatic conditions of southern Punjab, Pakistan. A field trial to study the comparative performance of newly evolved four genotypes; Millat-2011, Faisalabad-2008, Punjab-2011 and AARI-2011 was conducted at two different agro-climatic conditions of Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab, during crop season, 2013-2014. The design used was randomized complete block with three replicates. Plot size was maintained as (4x 6m) and (2.5x 6m) respectively, for site-1 2. Seed rate of 125 kg ha-1 was used. The recommended dose of NPK (128-114-62 Kg/ha), irrigation, weed control methodology and all other agronomic practice were kept the same for all the treatments in both sites. Statistical analysis of the data was carried out by studying different yield components (Germination count m-2, Number of Fertile tillers m-2, No. of spikelets spike-1, Plant height at maturity, Spike Length, No. of grains spike-1, 1000 grain weight and Grains yield) and their means were separated by using the least significance difference test. As per results achieved from the experiment, performance (growth and yield attributes) of genotype Millat-2011 was best as compared to all other genotypes tested under local condition. Millat-2011 recorded a significant increase in all growth and yield variables, including germination, grains number, test weight and yield of wheat under local conditions as compared to rest three genotypes.
Voluntary Rein Tension in Horses When Moving Unridden in a Dressage Frame Compared with Ridden Tests of the Same Horses—A Pilot Study
Authors: Piccolo Lara , Kienapfel Kathrin
Published: June 2019

Too much rein tension while riding may compromise the welfare of the horse. But who generates the tension on the reins—the horse or the rider? The primary aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the maximum rein tension that horses voluntarily maintain without a rider compared to rein tension with a rider. A secondary aim was to evaluate conflict behaviours in relation to rein tension. Thirteen horses were used, all fitted with customised “Animon” rein tension sensors (25 Hz, up to 600 N range), free-moving with side reins set in dressage competition frame with the noseline on the vertical. Rein tension was measured at the walk, trot, and canter in both directions in a round pen. The same horses were then ridden by their usual riders and completed the same task on a riding ground. Continuous video recordings were obtained to subsequently quantify the occurrence of conflict behaviours. The difference in mean maximum peak of rein tension with and without a rider for each gait was compared using the Wilcoxon Rank Sum test. Without a rider, rein tension was significantly lower (Wilcoxon T = 0, p < 0.01, 7.5 N ± 2.8 N) than with a rider (Wilcoxon T = 0, p < 0.01, 24.0 N ± 12.3 N). Regardless of the different rein tensions in the ridden exercise, all of the horses exhibited approximately the same amount of rein tension in the unridden exercise. The frequency of conflict behaviour was higher with a rider than without (11 ± 14 per minute vs. 2 ± 3 per minute; T = 4, p < 0.01).
Timing of Treatment with the Flavonoid 7,8-DHF Critically Impacts on Its Effects on Learning and Memory in the Ts65Dn Mouse
Authors: Giacomini Andrea , Stagni Fiorenza , Emili Marco , Uguagliati Beatrice , Rimondini Roberto , Bartesaghi Renata , Guidi Sandra
Published: June 2019

No therapies currently exist for intellectual disability in Down syndrome (DS). In view of its similarities with DS, including learning and memory (L&M) defects, the Ts65Dn mouse model of DS is widely used for the design of therapy. 7,8-dihydroxyflavone (7,8-DHF), a flavonoid that targets the tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB) receptor of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), exerts positive effects in various brain disease models. Based on previous demonstration that administration of 7,8-DHF in the postnatal period P3-P15 restores hippocampal neurogenesis and spinogenesis, we sought to establish whether these effects translate into behavioral benefits after treatment cessation. We found that Ts65Dn mice treated with 7,8-DHF (5.0 mg/kg/day) during postnatal days P3-P15 did not show any L&M improvement at one month after treatment cessation, indicating that the effects of 7,8-DHF on the brain are ephemeral. Based on evidence that chronic treatment with 7,8-DHF in juvenile Ts65Dn mice restores L&M, we sought to establish whether a similar effect is elicited in adulthood. We found that Ts65Dn mice treated with 7,8-DHF (5.0 mg/kg/day) for about 40 days starting from 4 months of age did not show any improvement in L&M. The results suggest that timing of therapy with 7,8-DHF is a critical issue for attainment of positive effects on the brain.
Molecular Mechanisms of Zinc as a Pro-Antioxidant Mediator: Clinical Therapeutic Implications
Authors: Prasad Ananda S. , Bao Bin
Published: June 2019

The essentiality of zinc as a trace mineral in human health has been recognized for over five decades. Zinc deficiency, caused by diet, genetic defects, or diseases, can cause growth retardation, delayed sexual maturation, depressed immune response, and abnormal cognitive functions in humans. Zinc supplementation in zinc-deficient individuals can overcome or attenuate these abnormalities, suggesting zinc is an essential micro-nutrient in the body. A large number of in vitro and in vivo experimental studies indicate that zinc deficiency also causes apoptosis, cellular dysfunction, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage, and depressed immune response. Oxidative stress, due to the imbalance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and detoxification in the anti-oxidant defense system of the body, along with subsequent chronic inflammation, is believed to be associated with many chronic degenerative diseases such as diabetes, heart diseases, cancers, alcohol-related disease, macular degenerative disease, and neuro-pathogenesis. A large number of experimental studies including cell culture, animal, and human clinical studies have provided supportive evidence showing that zinc acts as an anti-oxidative stress agent by inhibition of oxidation of macro-molecules such as (DNA)/ribonucleic acid (RNA) and proteins as well as inhibition of inflammatory response, eventually resulting in the down-regulation of (ROS) production and the improvement of human health. In this article, we will discuss the molecular mechanisms of zinc as an anti-oxidative stress agent or mediator in the body. We will also discuss the applications of zinc supplementation as an anti-oxidative stress agent or mediator in human health and disease.
Nanomodulation of Macrophages in Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Nally Frances K. , De Santi Chiara , McCoy Claire E.
Published: June 2019

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelinating autoimmune disease primarily affecting young adults. Despite an unclear causal factor, symptoms and pathology arise from the infiltration of peripheral immune cells across the blood brain barrier. Accounting for the largest fraction of this infiltrate, macrophages are functionally heterogeneous innate immune cells capable of adopting either a pro or an anti-inflammatory phenotype, a phenomenon dependent upon cytokine milieu in the CNS. This functional plasticity is of key relevance in MS, where the pro-inflammatory state dominates the early stage, instructing demyelination and axonal loss while the later anti-inflammatory state holds a key role in promoting tissue repair and regeneration in later remission. This review highlights a potential therapeutic benefit of modulating macrophage polarisation to harness the anti-inflammatory and reparative state in MS. Here, we outline the role of macrophages in MS and look at the role of current FDA approved therapeutics in macrophage polarisation. Moreover, we explore the potential of particulate carriers as a novel strategy to manipulate polarisation states in macrophages, whilst examining how optimising macrophage uptake via nanoparticle size and functionalisation could offer a novel therapeutic approach for MS.
Testing the Waters of an Aquaculture Index of Well-Being
Authors: Stephen Craig , Wade Joy
Published: June 2019

Social licence is rooted in perceptions of local rights holders and stakeholders. The disease focus of aquaculture health policy, practices, and research insufficiently reflects societal expectations for aquafarms to protect health of shared resources. Our case study of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) farming in British Columbia (BC), Canada, assessed the readiness of aquaculture to change from managing health as the absence of disease to a perspective of health as well-being to maintain social licence. We drafted an index of well-being based on agroecosystem health and socio-ecological health principles. We then reviewed publicly available industry and government information and undertook key informant interviews. The industry was well situated to develop and use a well-being index. Interviewees saw value in a well-being index and found it compatible with area-based management. Many elements of the index were being collected but there would be challenges to overcoming feelings of over-regulation; negotiating specific indicators for local situations; and securing the necessary expertise to integrate and assess the diversity of information. Health conflicts and disagreements facing salmon farming in BC are like those in other aquaculture sectors. Social licence may be improved if companies transparently report their state of the health by adapting this conceptual framework.
Simulation of Conjugate Heat Transfer in Thermal Processes with Open Source CFD
Authors: Renze Peter , Akermann Kevin
Published: June 2019

A verification and validation study was performed using the open source computational fluid dynamics software package OpenFOAM version 6-dev for conjugate heat transfer problems. The test cases had a growing complexity starting from a simple steady state problem over unsteady heat transfer to more realistic engineering applications. First, a fin effectiveness study was performed. Then, the external convection at pipes and internal pipe heat transfer were investigated. The validity of the techniques was shown for each test case by comparing the simulation results with experimental and analytic data available in the literature. Finally, a simplified shell-and-tube heat exchanger was simulated to demonstrate how these methods can be applied to plant scale engineering problems.
Effect of Linseed (Linum usitatissimum) Mucilage and Chitosan Edible Coatings on Quality and Shelf-Life of Fresh-Cut Cantaloupe (Cucumis melo)
Authors: Treviño-Garza Mayra , Correa-Cerón Ruth , Ortiz-Lechuga Eugenia , Solís-Arévalo Karla , Castillo-Hernández Sandra , Gallardo-Rivera Claudia , Arévalo Niño Katiushka
Published: June 2019

We have evaluated the effect of edible coatings (ECs) based on linseed mucilage (LM), chitosan (CH), and their combination (LMCH) on the quality and shelf life of fresh-cut cantaloupe. Cantaloupe was washed, sanitized, and processed (peeled, seeded, and cut) and then coated by immersion, packed, and stored for 18 days at 4 °C. The ECs were effective at reducing the juice leakage and softening of the product. The EC based on CH was the most effective at preserving the color parameter and reducing the general microbiological growth. However, the LMCH combination decreased the antimicrobial effect of chitosan against microorganisms. Also, CH and LM ECs helped preserve the overall sensory characteristics, increasing the acceptance to 12–15 days. Finally, the LMCH combination helped preserve the characteristics of color and odor; however, it modified the texture and taste of fresh-cut cantaloupe and its sensory acceptance was similar to the control (up to 9 days).
The Orientation of Strain-Induced Crystallites in Uniaxially-Strained, Thin and Wide Bands Made from Natural Rubber
Authors: Schneider Konrad , Schwartzkopf Matthias
Published: June 2019

Vulcanized natural rubber (unfilled and filled with 20 phr carbon black) is strained. We suppress the macroscopic formation of fiber symmetry by choosing strip-shaped samples ("pure-shear geometry") and investigate the orientation of the resulting crystallites by two-dimensional wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), additionally rotating the sample tape about the straining direction. Indications of a directed reinforcing effect of the strain-induced crystallization (SIC) in the thin strip are found. In the filled material fewer crystallites are oriented and the orientation distribution of the oriented crystallites is less perfect. The results confirm, that it is important for the evaluation of crystallinity under deformation to check, whether fiber symmetry can be assumed. This has consequences in particular on the quantitative interpretation of space-resolved scanning experiments in the vicinity of crack tips. Furthermore it raises the question, whether there is an asymmetric reinforcing effect of the SIC in the vicinity of crack tips inside natural rubber.
Trophic Trait Evolution Explains Variation in Nutrient Excretion Stoichiometry among Panamanian Armored Catfishes (Loricariidae)
Authors: Moody Eric K. , Alda Fernando , Capps Krista A. , Puebla Oscar , Turner Benjamin L.
Published: June 2019

Variation in nutrient excretion rates and stoichiometric ratios (e.g., nitrogen to phosphorus) by consumers can have substantial effects on aquatic ecosystem function. While phylogenetic signals within an assemblage often explain variation in nutrient recycling rates and stoichiometry, the phylogenetically conserved traits that underlie this phenomenon remain unclear. In particular, variation in nutrient excretion stoichiometry across a phylogeny might be driven by phylogenetic patterns in either diet or body stoichiometry. We examined the relative importance of these traits in explaining variation in nutrient recycling rates and stoichiometry in a diverse family of Neotropical-armored catfishes, Loricariidae, in Panamanian streams. We found significant variation in nutrient mineralization traits among species and subfamilies, but variation in nutrient excretion stoichiometry among species was best explained by trophic position rather than body stoichiometry. The variation in trophic position among Panamanian species was consistent with variation in the trophic niche of their genera across South America, suggesting that phylogenetic patterns underpin the evolution of trophic and nutrient excretion traits among these species. Such geographical variation in nutrient mineralization patterns among closely related species may be common, given that trophic variation in fish lineages occurs widely. These results suggest that information on trophic trait evolution within lineages will advance our understanding of the functional contribution of animals to biogeochemical cycling.
Exploration vs. Data Refinement via Multiple Mobile Sensors
Authors: Shekaramiz Mohammad , Moon Todd K. , Gunther Jacob H.
Published: June 2019

We examine the deployment of multiple mobile sensors to explore an unknown region to map regions containing concentration of a physical quantity such as heat, electron density, and so on. The exploration trades off between two desiderata: to continue taking data in a region known to contain the quantity of interest with the intent of refining the measurements vs. taking data in unobserved areas to attempt to discover new regions where the quantity may exist. Making reasonable and practical decisions to simultaneously fulfill both goals of exploration and data refinement seem to be hard and contradictory. For this purpose, we propose a general framework that makes value-laden decisions for the trajectory of mobile sensors. The framework employs a Gaussian process regression model to predict the distribution of the physical quantity of interest at unseen locations. Then, the decision-making on the trajectories of sensors is performed using an epistemic utility controller. An example is provided to illustrate the merit and applicability of the proposed framework.
A New Deep Learning Based Multi-Spectral Image Fusion Method
Authors: Piao Jingchun , Chen Yunfan , Shin Hyunchul
Published: June 2019

In this paper, we present a new effective infrared (IR) and visible (VIS) image fusion method by using a deep neural network. In our method, a Siamese convolutional neural network (CNN) is applied to automatically generate a weight map which represents the saliency of each pixel for a pair of source images. A CNN plays a role in automatic encoding an image into a feature domain for classification. By applying the proposed method, the key problems in image fusion, which are the activity level measurement and fusion rule design, can be figured out in one shot. The fusion is carried out through the multi-scale image decomposition based on wavelet transform, and the reconstruction result is more perceptual to a human visual system. In addition, the visual qualitative effectiveness of the proposed fusion method is evaluated by comparing pedestrian detection results with other methods, by using the YOLOv3 object detector using a public benchmark dataset. The experimental results show that our proposed method showed competitive results in terms of both quantitative assessment and visual quality.
Short Run Effects of Carbon Policy on U.S. Electricity Markets
Authors: Dahlke Steve
Published: June 2019

This paper presents estimates of short run impacts of a carbon price on the electricity industry using a cost-minimizing mathematical model of the U.S. market. Prices of $25 and $50 per ton of carbon dioxide equivalent emissions cause electricity emissions reductions of 17% and 22% from present levels, respectively. This suggests significant electricity sector emissions reductions can be achieved quickly from a modest carbon tax, and diminishing reductions occur when increasing from $25 to $50. The model captures short run effects via operational changes at existing U.S. power plants, mostly by switching production from coal to natural gas. A state-level analysis yields the following conclusions: (1) states which reduce the most emissions are high coal-consumers in the Mid-Atlantic and Midwest regions, (2) 15 states increase emissions after carbon policy because they increase natural gas consumption to offset coal consumption decreases in neighboring states, and (3) a flat per-capita rebate of tax revenue leads to wealth transfers across states.
Does Increasing Natural Gas Demand in the Power Sector Pose a Threat of Congestion to the German Gas Grid? A Model-Coupling Approach
Authors: Hauser Philipp , Heidari Sina , Weber Christoph , Möst Dominik
Published: June 2019

This study aims to investigate the possible congestion in the German natural gas system, which may arise due to an increase in the gas consumption in the power sector in extreme weather events. For this purpose, we develop a two-stage approach to couple an electricity model and a natural gas network model. In this approach, we model the electricity system in the first stage to determine the gas demand in the power sector. We then use the calculated gas demand to model gas networks in the second stage, where we deploy a newly developed gas network model. As a case study, we primarily evaluate our methodological approach by re-simulating the cold weather event in 2012, which is seen as an extreme situation for the gas grids, challenging the security of supply. Accordingly, we use our coupled model to investigate potential congestion in the natural gas networks for the year 2030, using a scenario of a sustainable energy transition, where an increase in the gas consumption in the power industry is likely. Results for 2030 show a 51% increase in yearly gas demand in the power industry compared to 2012. Further, the simulation results show a gas supply interruption in two nodes in 2012. In 2030, the same nodes may face an (partial) interruption of gas supply in cold winter days such as the 6th of February 2012. In this day, the load shedding in the natural gas networks can increase up to 19 GWhth in 2030. We also argue that the interrupted electricity production, due to local gas interruptions, can easily be compensated by other power plants. However, these local gas interruptions may endanger the local heat production.
A Multi-Objective Optimization Dispatch Method for Microgrid Energy Management Considering the Power Loss of Converters
Authors: Wu Xiaomin , Cao Weihua , Wang Dianhong , Ding Min
Published: June 2019

With the spreading and applying of microgrids, the economic and environment friendly microgrid operations are required eagerly. For the dispatch of practical microgrids, power loss from energy conversion devices should be considered to improve the efficiency. This paper presents a two-stage dispatch (TSD) model based on the day-ahead scheduling and the real-time scheduling to optimize dispatch of microgrids. The power loss cost of conversion devices is considered as one of the optimization objectives in order to reduce the total cost of microgrid operations and improve the utility efficiency of renewable energy. A hybrid particle swarm optimization and opposition-based learning gravitational search algorithm (PSO-OGSA) is proposed to solve the optimization problem considering various constraints. Some improvements of PSO-OGSA, such as the distribution optimization of initial populations, the improved inertial mass update rule, and the acceleration mechanism combining the memory and community of PSO, have been integrated into the proposed approach to obtain the best solution for the optimization dispatch problem. The simulation results for several benchmark test functions and an actual test microgrid are employed to show the effectiveness and validity of the proposed model and algorithm.
CFD Analysis of a Buffer Tank Redesigned with a Thermosyphon Concentrator Tube
Authors: Gómez Miguel A. , Chapela Sergio , Collazo Joaquín , Míguez José L.
Published: June 2019

This study analyzes a buffer tank simulated in both continuous operation mode and heating mode using CFD techniques. The analysis is focused in the thermal behavior of the tank, especially in parameters such as heat exchanged, heating time, and temperature distributions into the tank, in order to propose a better design. The results of the different simulations show that the tank heats water extremely slowly and extremely evenly when producing domestic hot water (DHW), which negatively affects the thermal stratification that is critical for rapidly reaching the DHW temperature. Therefore, the main problem of the tank is an inefficient heat exchange and a poor distribution of temperature. In order to overcome these operational limitations, a new design is proposed by installing a tube inside the tank that encloses the heating coil and sends hot water directly to the tank top region such that high-temperature DHW is rapidly provided, and thermal stratification is improved. Several simulations are performed with different open and closed configurations for the outlets of the inner tube. The different results show that the heating times significantly improve, and the time needed to reach the 45 °C set point temperature is reduced from 44 to 15 min. In addition, the simulations in which the opening and closing of the water outlets are regulated, the outlet DHW temperature is kept within 45–60 °C, which prevents overheating to unsafe use temperatures. Furthermore, the results of the simulation in continuous operation mode show a clear improvement of thermal stratification and an increase in the heat transmitted to the inside of the tank.
Modeling Phase Shifters in Power System Simulations Based on Reduced Networks
Authors: Marinho Nuno , Phulpin Yannick , Atayi Adrien , Hennebel Martin
Published: June 2019

Phase shifters are becoming widespread assets operated by transmission system operators to deal with congestions and contingencies using non-costly remedial actions. The setting of these controllable devices, which impacts power flows over large areas, may vary significantly according to the operational conditions. It is thus a key challenge to model phase shifters appropriately in power system simulation. In particular, accounting for the flexibility of phase shifters in reduced network models is a vibrant issue, as system stakeholders rely more and more on reduced models to perform studies supporting operational and investment decisions. Different approaches in the literature are proposed to model phase shifters in reduced network. Nevertheless, these approaches are based on the electrical parameters of the system which are not suitable for reduced network models. To address this problem, our paper proposes a methodology and assesses the impact of this contribution in terms of accuracy of the modelling on reduced network models. The approach was applied to a realistic case-study of the European transmission network that was clustered into a reduced network consisting of 54 buses and 82 branches. The reduction was performed using classical clustering methods and represented using a static power transfer distribution factor matrix. The simulations highlight that including an explicit phase shifter transformers representation in reduced models is of interest, when comparing with the representation using only a static power transfer distribution factor matrix.