bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of telomere length, reactive oxygen species, and apoptosis in spermatozoa of patients with oligospermia
Authors: Margiana Ria , Gupta Reena , Al‐Jewari Watheq Mohammed , Hjazi Ahmed , Alsaab Hashem O. , Mustafa Yasser Fakri , Singh Rajesh , Thaibt Ruiscul , Alkhayyat Safa , Ibrahim Ahmed Jaber
Published: January 2024

50% of cases of infertility are caused by male factor, which acquired or congenital problems may bring on. Male infertility can be caused by oligospermia and asthenozoospermia, which are common. Since the same mutations that cause azoospermia in some people also cause oligozoospermia in others, oligozoospermia may be thought of as a less severe form of azoospermia. Studies have demonstrated telomere length, catalase activity, super oxide dismutase (SOD), and DNA fragmentation can be influential factors for male infertility. The amount of apoptosis, oxidative stress factors, telomere length, and DNA fragmentation were some aspects of healthy sperm that we chose to look into in this study and compare to oligospermia individuals. Oligospermia patients (n = 24) and fertile men (n = 27) semen samples were collected, and the apoptosis rate of sperms in both groups was analyzed (Flow cytometry). Also, gene expression of apoptotic and antiapoptotic markers and telomere length were examined (real‐time polymerase chain reaction). The sperm DNA fragmentation kit was used to determine DNA fragmentation and to evaluate catalase and SOD activity; the specific kits and methods were utilized. Higher expression levels of caspase3 (p = .0042), caspase8 (p = .0145), caspase9 (p = .0275), and BAX (p = .0202) mRNA were observed in patients who had oligospermia. In contrast, lower mRNA expression of BCL‐2 (p = .0009) was detected in this group. In addition, telomere length was decreased in the oligospermia group (p < .0001) compared to the health group. Moreover, the frequency of apoptosis is induced in patients (p = .0026). The catalase activity is low (p = .0008), but the SOD activity is high (p = .0015) in the patient group. As a result of our findings, we may list the sperm cell apoptosis rate, telomere length, the degree of sperm DNA fragmentation, and lastly, the measurement of significant and efficient oxidative stress markers like SOD and catalase in semen plasma among the principal diagnostic characteristics for oligospermia. Future studies will be better able to treat oligospermia by showing whether these indicators are rising or falling.
Hypoxia and its effect on the cellular system
Authors: Rahane Dipali , Dhingra Tannu , Chalavady Guruswami , Datta Aishika , Ghosh Bijoyani , Rana Nikita , Borah Anupom , Saraf Shailendra , Bhattacharya Pallab
Published: January 2024

Eukaryotic cells utilize oxygen for different functions of cell organelles owing to cellular survival. A balanced oxygen homeostasis is an essential requirement to maintain the regulation of normal cellular systems. Any changes in the oxygen level are stressful and can alter the expression of different homeostasis regulatory genes and proteins. Lack of oxygen or hypoxia results in oxidative stress and formation of hypoxia inducible factors (HIF) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Substantial cellular damages due to hypoxia have been reported to play a major role in various pathological conditions. There are different studies which demonstrated that the functions of cellular system are disrupted by hypoxia. Currently, study on cellular effects following hypoxia is an important field of research as it not only helps to decipher different signaling pathway modulation, but also helps to explore novel therapeutic strategies. On the basis of the beneficial effect of hypoxia preconditioning of cellular organelles, many therapeutic investigations are ongoing as a promising disease management strategy in near future. Hence, the present review discusses about the effects of hypoxia on different cellular organelles, mechanisms and their involvement in the progression of different diseases.
Models of care in secure services for people with intellectual and developmental disability: Implementing the Walkway to Wellness
Authors: McKinnon Iain , Iranpour Arman , Charlton Anne , Green Ellen , Groom Faye , Watts Oliver , McKenna Dannielle , Hackett Simon
Published: January 2024

Background

Changes to policy around inpatient services for people with intellectual and developmental disability (IDD) who offend, have led to a need for services to reconsider their models of care. This has led to calls for more tailored, patient‐centred care models, with less reliance solely on offence‐related treatment programmes which can be unsuitable for a growing proportion of patients with more complex cognitive and behavioural difficulties. In response, the Walkway to Wellness (W2W) was developed at one National Health Service Trust providing secure services to people with IDD, with the intention of delivering a more collaborative, co‐produced and goal‐oriented care model that was better understood by staff and patient stakeholders.

Aims

To evaluate the implementation of the W2W using Normalisation Process Theory (NPT), an evidence‐based theoretical approach is used across a number of health settings.

Methods

Staff were invited to complete a short questionnaire, using the NPT informed Normalisation Measure Development questionnaire, at two time points along the implementation process. Patients were invited to complete a simplified questionnaire. Both groups were asked for their views on the W2W and the process of its implementation.

Results

Although the W2W was more familiar to staff at the second time point, scores on the four NPT constructs showed a trend for it being less embedded in practice, with significant results concerning the ongoing appraisal of the new model. Patient views were mixed; some saw the benefit of more goal‐oriented processes, but others considered it an additional chore hindering their own perceived goals.

Conclusion

Early involvement of all stakeholders is required to enhance the understanding of changes to models of care. Live feedback should be used to refine and revise the model to meet the needs of patients, carers and staff members.
Selective oxidative coupling of amines through light‐activated bismuth halide perovskites
Authors: Lopes Joana C. , Albero J. , Sampaio Maria J. , Silva Cláudia G. , García H. , Faria Joaquim L.
Published: January 2024

Bismuth halide perovskites have emerged as promising alternatives for sustainable and efficient photocatalysts for light‐induced organic transformations. Caesium bismuth halide perovskites (Cs3Bi2(ClxBr1‐x)9) with different ratios of chloride and bromide were synthesised using a one‐step solution process. These perovskites were then employed as photocatalysts for the photocatalytic oxidative coupling of benzylamine (BZA) to produce N‐benzylidenebenzylamine (BZI) under ultraviolet‐visible light radiation at ambient conditions. The incorporation of bromide ions into the chloride‐based perovskite resulted in a noticeable reduction in the bandgap, leading to an enhancement in the photocatalytic activity. Conversely, the addition of chloride ions within the bromide‐based perovskite was found to be beneficial for the material's photostability while simultaneously maintaining its high photocatalytic activity. The optimal compromise between the stability and photocatalytic activity for the BZI production was achieved using Cs3Bi2(Cl0.8Br0.2)9, being attained a total BZA conversion and the maximum BZI production with 100 % of selectivity after 6 hours of irradiation. The efficiency of this photocatalyst was ascribed to the highest current density observed during the photocurrent experiments, which improves the charge carrier mobility of the resulting material.
Strong Metal‐Support Interactions: From Characterization, Manipulation to Application in Fischer‐Tropsch Synthesis and Atmospheric CO2 hydrogenation
Authors: Zhang Wenzhe , Lin Heyun , An Yunlei , Lin Tiejun , Zhong Liangshu
Published: January 2024

Strong metal‐support interactions (SMSI) featuring the formation of encapsulation overlayer around metal nanoparticles has drawn much attention in heterogeneous catalysis. Recent years, various novel SMSI phenomena have been observed and the nature of SMSI also has been revealed with the improvement of characterization techniques. Understanding the SMSI effect could deepen the insight into the structure‐activity relationship of metal‐supported catalysts, and rationally guide the design of special metal‐interface sites to manipulate catalytic behavior in chemical reaction. In this review, the research progress of SMSI and its application in heterogeneous COx hydrogenation are briefly surveyed, with emphasis on the advanced characterization, manipulation strategy and specific role of SMSI in Fischer‐Tropsch synthesis process, CO2 methanation and Reverse Water Gas Shift reaction. The current challenges and perspectives for the development of SMSI are also discussed.
Crystalline to Amorphous: Unveiling the Potential of Transition Metal Oxide‐based Electrocatalysts for Facile Oxygen Evolution Reaction in Alkaline Media
Authors: Sarac Baran , Sezai Sarac A.
Published: January 2024

Transition metal oxides/hydroxides exhibit reasonable oxygen activity in alkaline electrolytes and have been identified as potential electrocatalysts. Some highly active transition metal oxides or hydroxides can alter their surface chemistry in response to the electrolyte environment. This review presents the performance of some of the recently developed transition metal‐based oxides in electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Despite the promising catalytic activity of many transition metals and their alloys due to their incompletely filled d orbitals, their low corrosion resistance in alkaline media barriers their use as electrocatalysts. Metallic glasses (MGs), with their disordered atomic structure, have many unique and exciting properties that cannot be found in crystalline metals. Metallic glasses′ unique chemical activity and corrosion resistance stem from their metastable and defective nature, as well as their structural and chemical homogeneity. In the case of Zr‐based MGs, the presence of MG−OHads and MG−Ox species on the surface for oxygen evolution enables rapid electron transfer to chemisorbed OH− with an “activated” MG surface leading to the generation of an amorphous Zr‐rich layer. Zr‐rich oxide layer formation favors the OER understood by decreased Tafel slope and highly stable nature during open circuit potential measurements in the alkaline solution. Unlike the as‐spun counterpart, the relatively small impedance magnitude and characteristic frequency for the post‐OER electrode corroborate the enhancement of oxygen evolution kinetics after electrochemistry. Compared with the early discovered electrodes, the MG‐oxide assembly outperforms many transition and precision metal‐based oxides and their composite forms regarding oxygen electroactivity and stability.
Metal Organic Frameworks Derived Layered Double Hydroxide Nanosheets for Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion
Authors: Song Zhaoqi , Zhao Jie , Ghani Usman , Liu Wei , Ye Bingqing , Cai Xingke
Published: January 2024

Porous materials are promising for energy applications and MOF‐derived layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanosheets vertically align on the conductive substrates showed an ultrathin porous morphology with tunable coordination environments for the metallic sites. This unique structure provides larger surface area, better intrinsic electrochemical activity than conventional LDH nanosheets. Herein, the synthetic strategies of MOF‐derived LDHs and their promising applications in electrochemistry are reviewed, presenting the significant potential and challenges of MOFs‐derived LDH nanosheets in advanced energy storage and conversion applications, providing an effective platform for efficient and sustainable MOFs‐based systems in future.
Post‐Mortem Gas Chromatography‐Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Aging Processes in Acetonitrile‐based Supercapacitors
Authors: Kost Rebecka , Kreth Fabian A. , Balducci Andrea
Published: January 2024

An ongoing challenge in the field of supercapacitors revolves around comprehending their failure mechanisms. The aging processes occurring at the electrode/electrolyte interphase of these devices are complex. Thus far, much attention has been directed toward examining the aging of electrodes, while fewer studies have been dedicated to the electrolyte's aging. This study aims to address this point and to gain a deeper understanding of the importance of individual decomposition products on the overall decomposition of the electrolytic solution of electric double‐layer capacitors. Therefore, the decomposition of the state‐of‐the‐art electrolyte 1 m solution of tetraethylammonium‐tetrafluoroborate in acetonitrile and that of the same electrolyte doped with compounds known to form during its aging, such as acetamide, 2,4,6‐trimethyl‐1,3,5‐triazine, and triethylamine has been investigated post‐mortem. The results of this study show that GC‐MS is a useful technique to interpret and understand the degradation processes taking place in the electrolytes of supercapacitors.
Methyl‐Symmetrically Substituted Poly(3,4‐Dimethylthiophene) as Cathode for Aluminum Ion Batteries
Authors: Li Sihang , Wang Juan , Zhou Min , Jiang Kai , Wang Kangli
Published: January 2024

The aggravation of energy problems and the scarcity of lithium resources have forced us to look for new energy storage systems. Aluminum ion batteries, as a promising energy storage system, have the advantages of environmental friendliness and abundant aluminum resources, and have the potential for application in large‐scale energy storage and personal portable electronic devices. To solve the stability problem of aluminum ion batteries during cycling for large‐scale energy storage needs, we report a polythiophene‐based conductive polymer, poly(3,4‐dimethylthiophene) (PDMT), as a high performance cathode material for aluminum ion batteries. By introducing two methyl groups on the thiophene ring, we successfully adjust the local charge density of the heterocyclic thiophene, thus changing the electron delocalization characteristics, and improving the electrochemical reaction activity of the polythiophene (PTH) material as a redox electrode material. This also maintains the symmetry and regularity of the polymer structure, giving the material better cycling stability. The discharge specific capacity reaches 110 mAh g−1 at a current density of 200 mA g−1, far exceeding conventional PTH cathodes (~70 mAh g−1), and the capacity retention rate is 92.7 % after 1000 cycles. It also shows excellent rate performance due to the flexible structure of the conductive polymer.
A Strategy Based on “Ambident Anthracene” for the Synthesis of Higher‐Order Iptycenes
Authors: Iwata Takayuki , Hyodo Mizuki , Kawano Ryusei , Shindo Mitsuru
Published: January 2024

Invited for the cover of this issue is the group of Takayuki Iwata and Mitsuru Shindo at Kyushu University. The image depicts the longest‐chain iptycene synthesized in this study, showing the connections between iptycene synthetic units by using transparent cases. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.202303687.
Experimental Method Development for the Formation of Filter Cakes with Inhomogeneous Cake Geometry
Authors: Sauer Florian , Henn Hendrik , Peuker Urs , Hoffner Bernhard
Published: January 2024

Filteruchen bilden sich in industriellen Prozessen häufig mit ungleichmäßiger Kuchenhöhe. Dies kann den Erfolg anschließender Prozessschritte, z. B. der Filterkuchenwäsche oder der mechanischen Entfeuchtung, wesentlich beeinflussen. Um den Einfluss der Kuchengeometrie systematisch untersuchen zu können, muss eine Methode zur reproduzierbaren Bildung von Filterkuchen mit inhomogener Kuchengeometrie entwickelt werden. Gleichzeitig ist sicherzustellen, dass keine anderen Inhomogenitäten wie z. B. Strukturveränderungen auftreten. Es werden zwei experimentelle Methoden vorgestellt, welche eine Bildung von Filterkuchen mit inhomogener Geometrie ermöglichen. Vier inhomogene Kuchengeometrien werden untersucht. Die Kuchenstruktur der so gebildeten Filterkuchen ist mit der Kuchenstruktur eines ebenen Referenzfilterkuchens vergleichbar und wird nicht durch die beiden Methoden beeinflusst.
Chronic spontaneous urticaria: Evidence of systemic microcirculatory changes
Authors: Mostmans Yora , Maurer Marcus , Richert Bertrand , Smith Vanessa , Melsens Karin , De Maertelaer Viviane , Saidi Ines , Corazza Francis , Michel Olivier
Published: January 2024

Background

Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease where activation of endothelial cells (ECs) at sites of skin lesions leads to increased blood flow, leakage of fluid into the skin, cellular infiltration, and vascular remodeling. To understand the disease duration and the sometimes vague systemic symptoms accompanying flares, the objective of this study was to examine if CSU comes with systemic vascular changes at the microcirculatory level.

Methods

We investigated CSU patients (n = 49) and healthy controls (HCs, n = 44) for microcirculatory differences by nailfold videocapillaroscopy (NVC) and for blood levels of the soluble EC biomarkers serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), soluble E‐selectin, and stem cell factor (SCF). Patients were also assessed for clinical characteristics, disease activity, and markers of autoimmune CSU (aiCSU).

Results

CSU patients had significantly lower capillary density, more capillary malformations, and more irregular capillary dilations than HCs on NVC. Serum levels of VEGF, soluble E selectin and SCF were similar in CSU patients and HCs. CSU patients with higher VEGF levels had significantly more abnormal capillaries. Patients with markers of aiCSU, that is, low IgE levels or increased anti‐TPO levels, had significantly more capillaries and less capillary dilations than those without.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that CSU comes with systemic microcirculatory changes, which may be driven, in part, by VEGF.
Lung cancer statistics, 2023
Authors: Kratzer Tyler B. , Bandi Priti , Freedman Neal D. , Smith Robert A. , Travis William D. , Jemal Ahmedin , Siegel Rebecca L.
Published: January 2024

Despite decades of declining mortality rates, lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer death in the United States. This article examines lung cancer incidence, stage at diagnosis, survival, and mortality using population‐based data from the National Cancer Institute, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries. Over the past 5 years, declines in lung cancer mortality became considerably greater than declines in incidence among men (5.0% vs. 2.6% annually) and women (4.3% vs. 1.1% annually), reflecting absolute gains in 2‐year relative survival of 1.4% annually. Improved outcomes likely reflect advances in treatment, increased access to care through the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, and earlier stage diagnosis; for example, compared with a 4.6% annual decrease for distant‐stage disease incidence during 2013–2019, the rate for localized‐stage disease rose by 3.6% annually. Localized disease incidence increased more steeply in states with the highest lung cancer screening prevalence (by 3%–5% annually) than in those with the lowest (by 1%–2% annually). Despite progress, disparities remain. For example, Native Americans have the highest incidence and the slowest decline (less than 1% annually among men and stagnant rates among women) of any group. In addition, mortality rates in Mississippi and Kentucky are two to three times higher than in most western states, largely because of elevated historic smoking prevalence that remains. Racial and geographic inequalities highlight longstanding opportunities for more concerted tobacco‐control efforts targeted at high‐risk populations, including improved access to smoking‐cessation treatments and lung cancer screening, as well as state‐of‐the‐art treatment.
The impact of genomic biomarkers on a clinical risk prediction model for upgrading/upstaging among men with favorable‐risk prostate cancer
Authors: Braun Avery E. , Chan June M. , Neuhaus John , Cowan Janet E. , Kenfield Stacey A. , Van Blarigan Erin L. , Tenggara Imelda , Broering Jeanette M. , Simko Jeffry P. , Carroll Peter R. , Cooperberg Matthew R.
Published: January 2024

Background

The challenge of distinguishing indolent from aggressive prostate cancer (PCa) complicates decision‐making for men considering active surveillance (AS). Genomic classifiers (GCs) may improve risk stratification by predicting end points such as upgrading or upstaging (UG/US). The aim of this study was to assess the impact of GCs on UG/US risk prediction in a clinicopathologic model.

Methods

Participants had favorable‐risk PCa (cT1‐2, prostate‐specific antigen [PSA] ≤15 ng/mL, and Gleason grade group 1 [GG1]/low‐volume GG2). A prediction model was developed for 864 men at the University of California, San Francisco, with standard clinical variables (cohort 1), and the model was validated for 2267 participants from the Cancer of the Prostate Strategic Urologic Research Endeavor (CaPSURE) registry (cohort 2). Logistic regression was used to compute the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) to develop a prediction model for UG/US at prostatectomy. A GC (Oncotype Dx Genomic Prostate Score [GPS] or Prolaris) was then assessed to improve risk prediction.

Results

The prediction model included biopsy GG1 versus GG2 (odds ratio [OR], 5.83; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.73–9.10); PSA (OR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.01–1.20; per 1 ng/mL), percent positive cores (OR, 1.01; 95% CI, 1.01–1.02; per 1%), prostate volume (OR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.97–0.99; per mL), and age (OR, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.02–1.07; per year), with AUC 0.70 (cohort 1) and AUC 0.69 (cohort 2). GPS was associated with UG/US (OR, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.01–1.06; p < .01) and AUC 0.72, which indicates a comparable performance to the prediction model.

Conclusions

GCs did not substantially improve a clinical prediction model for UG/US, a short‐term and imperfect surrogate for clinically relevant disease outcomes.
Hepatocellular carcinoma, vascular endothelial growth factor receptors‐targeting agents, and hypertension: A much more complicated relationship than expected
Authors: Porta Camillo , Negri Francesca , Cosmai Laura
Published: January 2024

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) relationship with hypertension is a complicated phenomenon, mainly depending on the causes of the primary liver disease and the potential for drug interactions between concomitant medications and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor inhibitors. Another interesting point worth exploring is how to treat hypertension in HCC patients under anticancer multikinase inhibitor therapy and the possible impact of certain antihypertensive agents on patients’ outcome.
Cognitive archaeology, and the psychological assessment of extinct minds
Authors: Bruner Emiliano
Published: January 2024

Evolutionary anthropology relies on both neontological and paleontological information. In the latter case, fields such as paleoneurology, neuroarchaeology, and cognitive archaeology are supplying new perspectives in prehistory and neuroscience. Cognitive archaeology, in particular, investigates the behaviors associated with extinct species or cultures according to specific psychological models. For example, changes in working memory, attention, or visuospatial integration can be postulated when related behavioral changes are described in the archaeological record. However, cognition is a process based on different and partially independent functional elements, and extinct species could hence have evolved distinct combinations of cognitive abilities or features, based on both quantitative and qualitative differences. Accordingly, differences in working memory can lead to more conceptual or more holistic mindsets, with important changes in the perception and management of the mental experience. The parietal cortex is particularly interesting, in this sense, being involved in functions associated with body–tool integration, attention, and visual imaging. In some cases, evolutionary mismatches among these elements can induce drawbacks that, despite their positive effects on natural selection, can introduce important constraints in our own mental skills. Beyond the theoretical background, some hypotheses can be tested following methods in experimental psychology. In any case, theories in cognitive evolution must acknowledge that, beyond the brain and its biology, the human mind is also deeply rooted in body perception, in social networks, and in technological extension.
Neuropeptide expression and action in the reproductive system of the starfish Asterias rubens
Authors: Piñon Gonzalez Victor M. , Feng Yuling , Egertová Michaela , Elphick Maurice R.
Published: January 2024

Reproductive processes are regulated by a variety of neuropeptides in vertebrates and invertebrates. In starfish (phylum Echinodermata), relaxin‐like gonad‐stimulating peptide triggers oocyte maturation and spawning. However, little is known about other neuropeptides as potential regulators of reproduction in starfish. To address this issue, here, we used histology and immunohistochemistry to analyze the reproductive system of the starfish Asterias rubens at four stages of the seasonal reproductive cycle in male and female animals, investigating the expression of eight neuropeptides: the corticotropin‐releasing hormone‐type neuropeptide ArCRH, the calcitonin‐type neuropeptide ArCT, the pedal peptide‐type neuropeptides ArPPLN1b and ArPPLN2h, the vasopressin/ocytocin‐type neuropeptide asterotocin, the gonadotropin‐releasing hormone‐type neuropeptide ArGnRH, and the somatostatin/allatostatin‐C‐type neuropeptides ArSS1 and ArSS2. The expression of five neuropeptides, ArCRH, ArCT, ArPPLN1b, ArPPLN2h, and asterotocin, was detected in the gonoducts and/or gonads. For example, extensive ArPPLN2h expression was revealed in the coelomic epithelial layer of the gonads throughout the seasonal reproductive cycle in both males and females. However, seasonal and/or sexual differences in the patterns of neuropeptide expression were also observed. Informed by these findings, the in vitro pharmacological effects of neuropeptides on gonad preparations from male and female starfish were investigated. This revealed that ArSS1 causes gonadal contraction and that ArPPLN2h causes gonadal relaxation, with both neuropeptides being more effective on ovaries than testes. Collectively, these findings indicate that multiple neuropeptide signaling systems are involved in the regulation of reproductive function in starfish, with some neuropeptides exerting excitatory or inhibitory effects on gonad contractility that may be physiologically relevant when gametes are expelled during spawning.
Comparative analyses of the Smith−Magenis syndrome protein RAI1 in mice and common marmoset monkeys
Authors: Chang Ya‐Ting , Lee Yu‐Ju , Haque Minza , Chang Hao‐Cheng , Javed Sehrish , Lin Yu Cheng , Cho Yoobin , Abramovitz Joseph , Chin Gabriella , Khamis Asma , Raja Reesha , Murai Keith K. , Huang Wei‐Hsiang
Published: January 2024

Retinoic acid‐induced 1 (RAI1) encodes a transcriptional regulator critical for brain development and function. RAI1 haploinsufficiency in humans causes a syndromic autism spectrum disorder known as Smith−Magenis syndrome (SMS). The neuroanatomical distribution of RAI1 has not been quantitatively analyzed during the development of the prefrontal cortex, a brain region critical for cognitive function and social behaviors and commonly implicated in autism spectrum disorders, including SMS. Here, we performed comparative analyses to uncover the evolutionarily convergent and divergent expression profiles of RAI1 in major cell types during prefrontal cortex maturation in common marmoset monkeys (Callithrix jacchus) and mice (Mus musculus). We found that while RAI1 in both species is enriched in neurons, the percentage of excitatory neurons that express RAI1 is higher in newborn mice than in newborn marmosets. By contrast, RAI1 shows similar neural distribution in adult marmosets and adult mice. In marmosets, RAI1 is expressed in several primate‐specific cell types, including intralaminar astrocytes and MEIS2‐expressing prefrontal GABAergic neurons. At the molecular level, we discovered that RAI1 forms a protein complex with transcription factor 20 (TCF20), PHD finger protein 14 (PHF14), and high mobility group 20A (HMG20A) in the marmoset brain. In vitro assays in human cells revealed that TCF20 regulates RAI1 protein abundance. This work demonstrates that RAI1 expression and protein interactions are largely conserved but with some unique expression in primate‐specific cells. The results also suggest that altered RAI1 abundance could contribute to disease features in disorders caused by TCF20 dosage imbalance.
Tuning (Anti)Aromaticity: Variations on the [8]‐Circulene Framework
Authors: Fowler Patrick W , Anstöter Cate S
Published: January 2024

Optoelectronic properties of organic molecules are underpinned by delocalisation and delocalisability of π‐electrons. These properties are sensitive to small changes in electron count, whether achieved by heteroatom substitution or redox chemistry. One measure of the delocalisability of π‐electrons is the current induced by an external magnetic field, which is diagnostic of (anti)aromaticity. The ab initio ipsocentric method is used here to model diverse ring‐current patterns in the family of [8]‐circulenes based on tetracyclopenta[def,jkl,pqr,vwx]tetraphenylene (TCPTP), in different charge states, with disjoint hetero‐atom substitution, and with CC units systematically replaced by BN pairs. Maps calculated at the CHF/CTOCD‐DZ2/6‐31G** level reveal that these modifications of the TCPTP framework access the full range of possibilities for current from concentric global circulations (typically counter rotating) to full (non‐aromatic) localisation. In the ipsocentric approach, induced current density is partitioned into robust orbital contributions that obey selection rules based on orbital symmetry, energy and nodal character. The selection rules are applied here to interpret current‐density and exploit insights gained from simpler models to suggest design strategies for fine‐tuning of π‐delocalisability (aromaticity and antiaromaticity) in macrocyclic frameworks.
Local Structure in Disordered Melilite Revealed by Ultrahigh Field 71Ga and 139La Solid‐State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Authors: Corti Lucia , Hung Ivan , Venkatesh Amrit , Gor'kov Peter L. , Gan Zhehong , Claridge John B. , Rosseinsky Matthew J. , Blanc Frédéric
Published: January 2024

Multinuclear Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy of quadrupolar nuclei at ultrahigh magnetic field provides compelling insight into the short‐range structure in a family of fast oxide ion electrolytes with La1+xSr1‐xGa3O7+0.5x melilite structure. The striking resolution enhancement in the solid‐state 71Ga NMR spectra measured with the world's unique series connected hybrid magnet operating at 35.2 T distinctly resolves Ga sites in four‐ and five‐fold coordination environments. Detection of five‐coordinate Ga centers in the site‐disordered La1.54Sr0.46Ga3O7.27 melilite is critical given that the GaO5 unit accommodates interstitial oxide ions and provides excellent transport properties. This work highlights the importance of ultrahigh magnetic fields for the detection of otherwise broad spectral features in systems containing quadrupolar nuclei and the potential of ensemble‐based computational approaches for the interpretation of NMR data acquired for site‐disordered materials.
Paving the road towards automated homogeneous catalyst design
Authors: Kalikadien Adarsh V. , Mirza Adrian , Hossaini Aydin Najl , Sreenithya Avadakkam , Pidko Evgeny A.
Published: January 2024

In the past decade, computational tools have become integral to catalyst design. They continue to offer significant support to experimental organic synthesis and catalysis researchers aiming for optimal reaction outcomes. More recently, data‐driven approaches utilizing machine learning have garnered considerable attention for their expansive capabilities. This Perspective provides an overview of diverse initiatives in the realm of computational catalyst design and introduces our automated tools tailored for high‐throughput in silico exploration of the chemical space. While valuable insights are gained through methods for high‐throughput in silico exploration and analysis of chemical space, their degree of automation and modularity are key. We argue that the integration of data‐driven, automated and modular workflows is key to enhancing homogeneous catalyst design on an unprecedented scale, contributing to the advancement of catalysis research.
Cultivation and Genomic DNA Extraction of Klebsiella pneumoniae
Authors: Pariseau Drew A. , Ring Brooke E. , Khadka Saroj , Mike Laura A.
Published: January 2024

Klebsiella pneumoniae is a Gram‐negative, rod‐shaped bacterium of medical significance. It typically exists as part of the normal flora of the human intestine but can cause severe infections in the healthcare setting due to its rapid acquisition of antibiotic resistance. Cultivating and extracting genomic DNA from this bacterium is crucial for downstream characterization and comparative analyses. To provide a standardized approach for growing K. pneumoniae in the laboratory setting, this collection of protocols provides step‐by‐step procedures for routine culturing, generating growth curves, storing bacteria, and extracting genomic DNA. © 2024 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Basic Protocol 1: Reviving K. pneumoniae from frozen stocks

Basic Protocol 2: Cultivating K. pneumoniae in rich growth medium

Alternate Protocol: Cultivating in minimal liquid growth medium

Basic Protocol 3: Enumerating K. pneumoniae colony forming units

Basic Protocol 4: Growth curves

Basic Protocol 5: Genomic DNA extraction

Basic Protocol 6: Characterizing K. pneumoniae strains based on genomic sequence

Basic Protocol 7: Storage of K. pneumoniae frozen stocks in glycerol

Basic Protocol 8: Storage of K. pneumoniae in agar stabs
Organic‐inorganic hybrid material for hole transport in inverted perovskite solar cells
Authors: Tingare Yogesh S. , Su Chaochin , Hsu Ya‐Chun , Lai Ning‐Wei , Wang Wan‐Chun , Lin Xiang‐Ching , Lai Penh‐Wen , Yang Hsuan‐Yu , Lew Xin‐Rui , Li Wen‐Ren
Published: January 2024

Hole mobility is critical to the power conversion efficiencies of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Organic small‐molecule hole‐transporting materials (HTMs) have attracted considerable interest in PSCs due to their structural flexibility and operational durability, but they suffer from modest hole mobility. On the other hand, inorganic HTMs with good hole mobility are inflexible in structural variation and exhibit unsatisfactory cell efficiency. In this study, a ligand BT28 and its zinc‐based coordination complex BTZ30 were synthesized, characterized, and investigated as HTMs for PSC applications. The mixed‐halide perovskites can be grown uniformly with large crystalline grains on both HTMs, which exhibit similar optical and electrochemical properties. However, it was discovered that the BTZ30‐based solar cell exhibited an open‐circuit voltage of 1.0817 V and a high short‐circuit current density of 23.1392 mA cm−2 with a champion power conversion efficiency of close to 20 %. The performance difference between the two HTMs can be attributed to the difference in their hole mobilities, which is 63.31 % higher for BTZ30 than BT28. The comparison of non‐metal and metal HTMs revealed the importance of considering hybrid structures to overcome some shortcomings associated with organic and inorganic HTMs and achieve high‐performance PSCs.
Chloromethylation of Lignin as a Route to Functional Material with Catalytic Properties in Cross‐Coupling and Click Reactions
Authors: Mohan Mahendra K. , Silenko Oleg , Krasnou Illia , Volobujeva Olga , Kulp Maria , Ošeka Maksim , Lukk Tiit , Karpichev Yevgen
Published: January 2024

We present a novel, greener chloromethylation procedure for organosolv aspen lignin under mild reaction conditions without Lewis acid as a catalyst and in acetic acid as a solvent. This synthetic protocol provides a reliable approach to chloromethylated lignin (CML) and means to obtain valuable lignin derivatives. The resulted CML was subsequently transformed into 1‐methylimidazolium lignin (ImL), which effectively serves as a stabilizing agent for Pd/CuO nanoparticles (Pd/CuO−NPs). To evaluate the versatility of developed lignin‐based catalyst, we investigate its performance in a series of carbon‐carbon bond formation reactions, including Suzuki‐Miyaura, Sonogashira, Heck reactions, and azide‐alkyne cycloaddition (click) reaction. Remarkably, this catalyst exhibited a high degree of catalytic efficiency, resulting in reactions with yields ranging from average to excellent. The heterogeneous catalyst demonstrated outstanding recyclability, enabling its reuse for at least 10 consecutive reaction cycles, with yields consistently falling within the range of 42 % to 84 %. A continuous flow reactor cartridge prototype employing Lignin@Pd/CuO−NPs was developed, yielding results comparable to those achieved in batch reactions. The utilization of Lignin@Pd/CuO−NPs as a catalyst showcases its potential to facilitate diverse carbon‐carbon bond formation reactions and underscores its promising recyclability, aligning with the green chemistry metrics and principles of sustainability in chemical processes.
Robustness of GaN on SiC low‐noise amplifiers in common source and cascode configurations for X‐band applications
Authors: Imran Nawaz Muhammad , Zafar Salahuddin , Gurdal Armagan , Cankaya Akoglu Busra , Ozbay Ekmel
Published: January 2024

Cascode HEMTs exhibit high gain and broadband performance. Promising reverse transmission makes matching networks simpler and insensitive to impedance on either side of the HEMT. On the other hand, common source (CS) HEMTs with intentional small inductance at the source provide simultaneous match for optimum noise and input impedance. This paper provides a performance comparison of
μm cascode HEMTs‐based low‐noise amplifier and
 μm CS HEMTs‐based low‐noise amplifiers with specific emphasis on robustness, including survivability and reverse recovery time (RRT). Cascode LNA survives an input power of 33 dBm while CS LNA handles 30 dBm power, each having a 1 k
passive limiting resistor on the gate bias line. RRT of cascode LNA is also better. Better survivability and RRT for cascode LNA are attributed to its HEMT's stacked configuration. The designs of LNAs are described, along with their small‐signal, noise, and large‐signal characteristics in the X‐band. Cascode LNA has a better input match, while CS LNA has a better output match. Gains are comparable, while CS LNA has better P1dB at higher band edge frequency. The noise figure for both LNAs is less than 1.9 dB, with CS LNA having a slight edge over cascode. This study benefits RF designers in choosing appropriate HEMT topology as per application for designing robust low‐noise amplifiers.
Targeting one‐carbon metabolism for cancer immunotherapy
Authors: Ren Xinxin , Wang Xiang , Zheng Guowan , Wang Shanshan , Wang Qiyue , Yuan Mengnan , Xu Tong , Xu Jiajie , Huang Ping , Ge Minghua
Published: January 2024

Background

One‐carbon (1C) metabolism is a metabolic network that plays essential roles in biological reactions. In 1C metabolism, a series of nutrients are used to fuel metabolic pathways, including nucleotide metabolism, amino acid metabolism, cellular redox defence and epigenetic maintenance. At present, 1C metabolism is considered the hallmark of cancer. The 1C units obtained from the metabolic pathways increase the proliferation rate of cancer cells. In addition, anticancer drugs, such as methotrexate, which target 1C metabolism, have long been used in the clinic. In terms of immunotherapy, 1C metabolism has been used to explore biomarkers connected with immunotherapy response and immune‐related adverse events in patients.

Methods

We collected numerous literatures to explain the roles of one‐carbon metabolism in cancer immunotherapy.

Results

In this review, we focus on the important pathways in 1C metabolism and the function of 1C metabolism enzymes in cancer immunotherapy. Then, we summarise the inhibitors acting on 1C metabolism and their potential application on cancer immunotherapy. Finally, we provide a viewpoint and conclusion regarding the opportunities and challenges of targeting 1C metabolism for cancer immunotherapy in clinical practicability in the future.

Conclusion

Targeting one‐carbon metabolism is useful for cancer immunotherapy.
Mapping the landscape of HPV integration and characterising virus and host genome interactions in HPV‐positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Xu Shengming , Shi Chaoji , Zhou Rong , Han Yong , Li NianNian , Qu Chuxiang , Xia Ronghui , Zhang Chunye , Hu Yuhua , Tian Zhen , Liu Shuli , Wang Lizhen , Li Jiang , Zhang Zhiyuan
Published: January 2024

Background

Human papillomavirus (HPV) integration into the host genome is an important factor in HPV(+)OPSCC carcinogenesis, in conjunction with HPV oncoproteins E6/E7. However, a well‐studied investigation about virus–host interaction still needs to be completed. Our objective is to characterise HPV integration to investigate potential mechanisms of tumourigenesis independent of E6/E7 oncoproteins.

Materials and methods

High‐throughput viral integration detection was performed on 109 HPV(+)OPSCC tumours with relevant clinicopathological information. Of these tumours, 38 tumours underwent targeted gene sequencing, 29 underwent whole exome sequencing and 26 underwent RNA sequencing.

Results

HPV integration was detected in 94% of tumours (with a mean integration count of 337). Tumours occurring at the tonsil/oropharyngeal wall that exhibit higher PD‐L1 expression demonstrated increased integration sites (p = .024). HPV exhibited a propensity for integration at genomic sites located within specific fragile sites (FRA19A) or genes associated with functional roles such as cell proliferation and differentiation (PTEN, AR), immune evasion (CD274) and glycoprotein biosynthesis process (FUT8). The viral oncogenes E2, E4, E6 and E7 tended to remain intact. HPV fragments displayed enrichment within host copy number variation (CNV) regions. However, insertions into genes related to altered homologous recombination repair were infrequent. Genes with integration had distinct expression levels. Fifty‐nine genes whose expression level was affected by viral integration were identified, for example, EPHB1, which was reported to be involved in cellular protein metabolic process.

Conclusions

HPV can promote oncogenesis through recurrent integration into functional host genome regions, leading to subsequent genomic aberrations and gene expression disruption. This study characterises viral integrations and virus–host interactions, enhancing our understanding of HPV‐related carcinogenesis mechanisms.
SP1‐activated USP27X‐AS1 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression via USP7‐mediated AKT stabilisation
Authors: Su Chen , Zhang Haoquan , Mo Jie , Liao Zhibin , Zhang Bixiang , Zhu Peng
Published: January 2024

Background

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) continues to pose a significant threat to patient survival. Emerging evidence underscores the pivotal involvement of long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the cancer process. Nevertheless, our understanding of the roles and processes of lncRNAs in HCC remains limited.

Methods

The expression level of USP27X‐AS1 was assessed in an HCC patient cohort through a combination of bioinformatics analysis and qRT‐PCR. Subsequent biological experiments were conducted to delve into the functional aspects of USP27X‐AS1. Additional molecular biology techniques, including RNA pulldown and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP), were employed to elucidate the potential mechanisms involving USP27X‐AS1 in HCC. Finally, CUT–RUN assay and other investigations were carried out to determine the factors contributing to the heightened expression of USP27X‐AS1 in HCC.

Results

High expression of the novel oncogene USP27X‐AS1 predicted poor prognosis in HCC patients. Further investigation confirmed that USP27X‐AS1 promoted the proliferation and metastasis of HCC by enabling USP7 to interact with AKT, which reduced level of AKT poly‐ubiquitylation and enhanced AKT protein stability, which improves protein stabilisation of AKT and promotes the progression of HCC. Moreover, we also revealed that SP1 binds to USP27X‐AS1 promoter to activate its transcription.

Conclusions

Novel oncogenic lncRNA USP27X‐AS1 promoted HCC progression via recruiting USP7 to deubiquitinate AKT. SP1 transcriptionally activated USP27X‐AS1 expression. These findings shed light on HCC and pointed to USP27X‐AS1 as a potential predictive biomarker and treatment target for the malignancy.
2‐Thioxo‐3,4‐dihydropyrimidine and thiourea endowed with sulfonamide moieties as dual EGFRT790M and VEGFR‐2 inhibitors: Design, synthesis, docking, and anticancer evaluations
Authors: El‐Gaby Mohamed S. A. , Abdel Reheim Mohamed A. M. , Akrim Zuhir S. M. , Naguib Bassem H. , Saleh Nashwa M. , El‐Adasy Abu Bakr A. A. M. , El‐Adl Khaled , Mohamady Samy
Published: January 2024

The effectiveness of a new series of thiopyrimidine and thiourea containing sulfonamides moieties was tested on HCT‐116, MCF‐7, HepG2, and A549. HepG2 cell line was the one that all the new derivatives affected the most. The greatest potent compounds against the four HepG2, HCT116, MCF‐7, and A549 cell lines were 8f and 8g with IC50 = 4.13, 6.64, 5.74, 6.85 µM and 4.09, 4.36, 4.22, 7.25 µM correspondingly. Compound 8g exhibited higher activity than sorafenib against HCT116 and MCF‐7 but exhibited lower activity against HepG2 and A549. Moreover, compounds 8f and 8g exhibited higher activities than erlotinib on HepG2, HCT116, and MCF‐7 but demonstrated lower activity on A549. The most potent cytotoxic derivatives 6f, 6g, 8c, 8d, 8e, 8f, and 8g were examined on normal VERO cell lines. Our derivatives have low toxicity on VERO cells with IC50 values ranging from 32.05 to 53.15 μM. Additionally, all compounds were assessed for dual VEGFR‐2 and EGFRT790M inhibition effects. Compounds 8f and 8g were the most potent derivatives inhibited VEGFR‐2 at IC50 value of 0.88 and 0.90 µM, correspondingly. As well, derivatives 8f and 8g could inhibit EGFRT790M demonstrating strongest effects with IC50 = 0.32 and 0.33 µM sequentially. Additionally, the greatest active derivatives ADMET profile was evaluated in relationship with sorafenib and erlotinib as reference agents. The data attained from docking were greatly related to that achieved from the biological testing.