bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
École et pouvoir dans les collectivités paysannes de la région de Chicontepec (Mexique)
Authors: Lartigue François
Published: January 2014

School and Power in Peasant Communities in Chicontepec (Mexico)

The first teachers responsible in the 1930s "castilizing" the Huasteca Indians were, quite naturally, mestizos belonging to the dominant minority. In this regard, they helped moderate the impact of land reform, organize the labor market and refer excess local labor to plantations on the nearby coastal plain. Having soon forgotten Indian languages and being attracted by other occupations, they were replaced as teachers by natives from the better-off strata. The latter, while maintaining their allegiance to a national union that is a pillar of centralism, became the spokesmen voicing local demands for a broader participation of Indians in the municipal government.
Coopératives de réforme agraire et sécurité alimentaire dans la Sierra équatorienne
Authors: Haubert Maxime
Published: January 2014

Land Reform Cooperatives and Food Security in the Ecuadorian Sierra

In a cooperative-based land reform program, sociological analysis has to take into account the strategies of both public authorities and peasant "beneficiaries". The degree of compatibility between these strategies explains : why cooperatives created at the initiative of public authorities are, or are not, accepted by peasants ; why they do, or do not, operate correctly in economic and social terms ; why they do, or do not, contribute to improving national security in foodstuffs ; and especially why they do, or do not, significantly improve the situation of small producers, in particular their food supplies. In this respect, the linkage that cooperatives set up between small producers' domestic economy and the capitalistic economic system is of overriding importance.
Irrigation et maîtrise de l'eau sur un versant des Andes péruviennes
Authors: Hervé Dominique , Poupon Henri , Rousseau Philippe
Published: January 2014

The Control of Irrigation on a Slope of the Peruvian Andes

Herein, an account is given of a study that sought to confirm peasant's observations of a lack of water on the western slopes of the Andes, where irrigation is a necessity. Development organizations have used these observations to increase the capacity of artificial lakes and make irrigation canals (dating from before the 15th century and still in use) water-tight. The diagnosis of the gravitational irrigation system in Pampas district (Yauyos, Lima, Peru) shows that there is enough water available at present and that the possibilities of adjusting the system are limited. In the catchment basin, irrigators' associations adjust the size of fields, sowing dates, and water needs for crops (mainly maize and alfalfa) to the quantity of water stored during the rainy season. The system's future can be ensured only by limiting both water losses during the irrigation of lots and soil losses from runoff on the steep slopes (20%-70%). These results can be generalized to the various types of village hydraulic networks on the western slopes of the Andes.
Des ignames au riz. La dialectique du nomade et du sédentaire chez les Moken
Authors: Ivanoff Jacques , Guillaume Henri
Published: January 2014

L'igname a toujours été une nourriture importante pour les populations littorales et nomades du monde insulindien. Cependant, avec l'installation du héros civilisateur Gaman le Malais chez le peuple de la reine Sibian, le riz va devenir la composante essentielle des repas moken. En intégrant Gaman en son sein, la société moken va devoir répondre au double défi posé par la menace de la riziculture et de l'islam. En donnant femme à Gaman, en adoptant le nomadisme pour échapper à l'islam et en acceptant l'échange pour obtenir du riz, les Moken mettent en avant leur identité et leur idéologie nomades, construites au cours des migrations qui les ont vus abandonner les autres populations maritimes des côtes de la Malaisie, de la Thaïlande et de la Birmanie.
L'architecture sans architectes : une esthétique involontaire ?
Authors: Chiva Isac , Dubost Françoise
Published: January 2014

Architecture without architects : an unvoluntary aesthetics ?

The problem of the aesthetics of rural architecture has been handled, or covered up, in various ways by specialists in their analyses, typologies and inventory procedures, as well as in the practical applications of their research. Various disciplines have treated this topic differently depending on their conceptual approaches and methods as well as their social and institutional histories. In this respect, it is telling to compare what ethnologists, art historians and architects have to say.
Pluies et vents, figures du destin. Le pouvoir impérial et la maîtrise du temps au Japon
Authors: Caillet Laurence
Published: January 2014

La lignée impériale, en théorie ininterrompue depuis la fondation du. pays par un descendant de la déesse du soleil, a pour mission d'assurer le déroulement du temps non seulement sur le plan calendaire, mais aussi sur celui de la météorologie. Dues, selon la pensée indigène, à des divinités néfastes ou ambivalentes auxquelles le souverain doit rendre un culte, les irrégularités climatiques apparaissent aussi, dans le cadre des conceptions cosmologiques importées du continent chinois, comme des avertissements - ce qui leur confère un rôle instrumental dans la critique des instances souveraines. Sous l'influence de la morale bouddhique, également d'origine continentale, elles sont cependant aussi tenues pour les résultats des fautes humaines, notamment des négligences commises dans le culte des défunts. A la surface du temps régulier, les irrégularités climatiques ne forment toutefois que des rides, pauvres conséquences de caprices divins ou d'erreurs humaines.
Soldats à découvert par temps de guerre
Authors: Desbois Evelyne
Published: January 2014

L'analyse de la correspondance et des carnets de route des combattants de la guerre de 14-18 révèle l'importance des conditions météorologiques dans la vie quotidienne des soldats, marquée par le mauvais temps comme par la faim, la privation de sommeil et la peur. Cette dimension est en revanche gommée dans la production d'images de l'époque, actualités cinématographiques et magazines illustrés, car filmer le temps qu'il fait sur le front reviendrait à filmer avec réalisme la guerre et contredirait l'image optimiste et édulcorée construite par la propagande officielle, en 14-18 comme lors de conflits plus récents.
L'hiver au Québec. Une lecture du temps qu'il fait
Authors: Lamontagne Sophie-Laurence
Published: January 2014

Winter in Quebec : Reading about What It's Like Out

Winter in Quebec is an event day in, day out. The newspapers, more than other media, testify to it, talk about it and mirror our feelings about and reactions to it. Through the press, we discover ourselves. It conveys the ambivalence of both our feelings and the climate. It is a calendar of the season's successive phases : preparation for winter, the phase of consumption, and the time to run away or wish winter away. The press proposes a reading of what the weather is like out.
Le paysage rural : la couleur de l'agricole, la saveur de l'agricole, mais que reste-t-il de l'agricole ?
Authors: Luginbühl Yves
Published: January 2014

The Rural Landscape : The Color and Flavor of Agriculture : But What Is Left of Agriculture ?

This analysis of iconographs of the landscape sheds light on how signs of fanning activities are vanishing in painting, lithographs and illustrations in general. This vanishing tangibly signals that the social elite has appropriated the countryside and is composing a landscape in conformity with its aesthetic aspirations. By interpreting surveys conducted in various areas, we can see the landscape's place in relation to the countryside in residents' perceptions ; and we can also assess the impact of "landscape models" on their mental representations.
La montagne des Suisses. Invention et usage d'une représentation paysagère (XVIIIe-XXe siècle)
Authors: Walter François
Published: January 2014

Cet article se propose de faire l'histoire du processus qui croise spatialité et discursivité au point d'identifier un type paysager et les habitants du territoire considéré, ici la montagne alpine et la Suisse. Il s'agit de montrer comment d'un ensemble de lieux différenciés par l'usage on a construit peu à peu un paysage dont la lisibilité est dès le XVIIIe siècle d'ordre esthétique et anthropologique avant de devenir surtout économique. Une spécificité toutefois : dans le cas de la Suisse, l'esthétisation du pays en paysage est étroitement associée à la construction de la nation au XIXe siècle, d'où la nécessité d'introduire un autre mode de lisibilité, d'ordre idéologique. C'est tout le problème de ces territoires d'élection que sont les paysages lieux de mémoire. Leur production contraste avec un autre processus spécifique qui est la diffusion de l'idéal type paysager helvétique et le détournement d'un paysage qui perd ainsi progressivement au XXe siècle son contenu symbolique.
Paysage et altérité. En quête de "cultures paysagères" : réflexion méthodologique
Authors: La Soudière Martin de
Published: January 2014

Landscape and Otherness : A Quest for "Landscape Cultures", a Methodological Reflexion

For the tourist or hiker just passing through, there is a landscape. But is the countryside a landscape for farmers who live there and live on the land ? Sociologists, ethnologists and geographers hold differing opinions about this. Examining how they respond to this question reveals the complexity of their relation to this subject of research. This complexity is expressed especially during field work, when the countryside in the field does not let the "scientist" indifferent. Whether the researcher is conscious or not of it, his observation of farmers' relationship to space interacts with his own "landscape culture". This article sheds light on what remains implicit in researchers' responses to the fore- mentioned question. The term "landscape" can then be defined unequivocally throughout a single text — thus avoiding the quid pro quos that too often occur in studies of the landscape as a social perception and representation.
Métallurgie pré-industrielle, pollution, vie rurale : le cas de la haute Italie
Authors: Vergani Raffaelo
Published: January 2014

Preindustrial Metallurgy, Pollution, Rural Life : Alpine Italy

Riva d'Agordo, a village in the Venetian Alps, lies a few hundred meters above the Imperina Vale where, at the start of the Quattrocento, copper pyrite was mined and "baked" in open hearths so as to extract copper. Sulfurous by-products polluted the land and damaged crops, as documents from 1580 prove. Mining and metal- working grew throughout the 17th and 18th centuries with, as a consequence, more pollution. The village adapted its economy to the new activities in Imperina Val : in 1766, more than 90% of men fit for work were employed extracting metal. Villagers did not fight against the inevitable pollution. Instead, they used it to bargain for gifts to charities, tax exemptions, and compensation for lost farm income.
Les enfants de la terre aux îles Samoa : tradition locale et "développement" importé
Authors: Tcherkézoff Serge
Published: January 2014

Children of the Land in Samoa : Local Traditions and Imported "Development"

In Oceania, the land possesses people, not vice versa. After laying down a general framework, the example is given of independent Western Samoa, a nation with a very particular characteristic : the proportion of land still under customary law (which neither recognizes individual ownership nor authorizes the sale of land). There is debate in the country about changing this system. The problem of land tenure has to do with the overall social and political organization (with its several thousand chiefs), even though "developers" wrongly believe that purely economic choices are made.
Terre, espace, territoire en tahitien contemporain. Quelques remarques
Authors: Baré Jean-François
Published: January 2014

Après avoir rappelé l'importance, notée par de nombreux observateurs, du fait foncier et territorial dans l'histoire et la société de l'archipel tahitien, cet article évoque quelques aspects caractéristiques de la sémantique du tahitien concernant l'identification à l'espace. Il cite aussi deux "chants de terre" (paripari fenua) .
Terre kanak : enjeu politique d'hier et d'aujourd'hui. Esquisse d'un modèle comparatif
Authors: Bensa Alban
Published: January 2014

Kanak Land : A Political Issue Yesterday and Today. A Comparative Model

The decisive role of relations with the land in the social and political systems of North Central New Caledonia (in the areas where Paicî and Cèmuhî are spoken) is analyzed. This essential dimension of Kanak institutions could be compared to land relationships in other Melanesian and Polynesian societies.
Terre et échanges chez les Anga (Papouasie Nouvelle-Guinée)
Authors: Bonnemère Pascale , Lemonnier Pierre
Published: January 2014

Land and Exchanges among the Anga (Papua New Guinea)

The lineage model worked out by africanists does not account for the definition of local groups or, more generally, for the nature of social bonds in New Guinea. The ways the environment is worked and land is appropriated (bush country for hunting and fields for farming) in two Anga groups (Ankave and Baruya) are described. Questions then arise about the forms of the relationship with the land. This comparative study sheds light on the overall logic linking earth, food and exchanges. References to localities and to work are inherent in this logic, which sheds light on cooperation between affines and forms of marriage, as well as on the ceremonial use of game from hunting. The main markers of the land are the trees associated with the production of the bodily substances most valued in conceptions about the making of human beings and in masculine initiation ceremonies : blood and sperm.
El diablo en Belén: Un estudio de las Coplas del Infante y el Pecado de fray Ambrosio Montesino
Authors: Boreland Helen
Published: January 2014

La obra lingüística y literaria de Fray Ambrosio Montesino, de Ana María Álvarez Pellitero -el primer libro que se ha escrito sobre este poeta- ha abierto el camino para un análisis más detallado de los poemas de un escritor hasta ahora tan poco conocido. En su obra, la hispanista destaca las Coplas del Infante y el Pecado como poema clave para la comprensión de la producción poética del predicador franciscano. Aunque hace muchas observaciones muy tajantes y justas sobre el poema, me parece que da demasiada importancia a una posible, pero de ninguna manera cierta, relación entre este poema y el célebre debate del Marqués de Santillana, Bías contra Fortuna. En este artículo quiero establecer otros influjos que son quizás más importantes y emprender un análisis pormenorizado de algunos de los temas centrales del poema.
Francisco de Contreras y el naufragio de Sepúlveda
Authors: Ares Montes José
Published: January 2014

No disponible.
¿Ferrand Martínez, mallorquín, autor del “Zifar”?
Authors: González Muela Joaquín
Published: January 2014

No disponible.
Adapting Agile Practices to Mobile Apps Development
Authors: Heredia Alberto , Garcia-Guzman Javier , Esteban-Santiago Roberto , de Amescua Antonio
Published: January 2014

Mobile app markets have experienced remarkable growth during the last year. The increasing number of apps available on the market and the revenue that developers and companies obtain is significant enough to seriously consider the way apps are developed. The ever-changing environment in which apps are developed makes agile methodology convenient to follow. Although agile methodologies allow the development team to quickly adjust the requisites to the new customer’s needs, there is a lack of research on how they can be explicitly adapted to develop mobile apps. There are many Websites that explain how to code a mobile app, but there is not enough information about other stages in the development process. Adapting an agile methodology for mobile apps would provide development teams with a clear guide to successfully develop an app without missing any step in the development process. This chapter proposes an agile mobile app development process, including processes and activities to be followed as well as the roles involved in these activities. Marketing issues are also considered in the proposed development process as they are necessary to publicize the mobile app. This process has been applied for over two years in the development of the institutional apps at Carlos III University of Madrid.
On Software Architecture Processes and their Use in Practice
Authors: Velasco-Elizondo Perla , Cervantes Humberto
Published: January 2014

Software architecture is a very important software artifact, as it describes a system’s high-level structure and provides the basis for its development. Software architecture development is not a trivial task; to this end, a number of methods have been proposed to try to systematize their related processes to ensure predictability, repeatability, and high quality. In this chapter, the authors review some of these methods, discuss some specific problems that they believe complicate their adoption, and present one practical experience where the problems are addressed successfully.
Public Health and Local Comprehensive Plan; Socio-Physical, Political and Multi-Sectoral Context
Authors: Park Sang Chul , Lee Keon-Hyung , Lee Se-Jin
Published: January 2014

This research investigates factors affecting local governments to include public health objectives in their local comprehensive plans. Based on the governance of healthy city, our theoretical model admits that the local comprehensive plan should be a holistic approach to public health. Our analytical model takes into account local politics, intersectoral collaboration and socio-physical variables. The findings suggest that local governments are more likely to adopt health as a goal based on the degree of community wealth, population growth, and population density, . On the other hand, the degree to which local governments attain the collaboration within organizations (health and planning) and local policies expands the scope of public health provisions in comprehensive plans. While socio-physical conditions and intersectoral collaboration have a significant relationship with the inclusion of health in comprehensive plan, local politics does not.
Tropospheric CH4 signals as observed by NDACC FTIR at globally distributed sites and comparison to GAW surface in-situ measurements
Authors: Sepúlveda E. , Schneider M. , Hase F. , Barthlott S. , Dubravica D. , García O. E. , Gomez-Pelaez A. , González Y. , Guerra J. C. , Gisi M. , Kohlhepp R. , Dohe S. , Blumenstock T. , Strong K. , Weaver D. , Palm M. , Sadeghi A. , Deutscher N. M. , Warneke T. , Notholt J. , Jones N. , Griffith D. W. T. , Smale D. , Brailsford G. W. , Robinson J. , Meinhardt F. , Steinbacher M. , Aalto T. , Worthy D.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. We present lower/middle tropospheric column-averaged CH4 mole fraction time series measured by nine globally distributed ground-based FTIR (Fourier Transform InfraRed) remote sensing experiments of the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC). We show that these data are well representative of the tropospheric regional-scale CH4 signal, largely independent of the local small-scale signals of the boundary layer, and only weakly dependent on upper tropospheric/lower stratospheric (UTLS) CH4 variations. In order to achieve the weak dependency on the UTLS, we use an a posteriori correction method. We estimate a typical precision for daily mean values of about 0.5% and a systematic error of about 2.5%. The theoretical assessments are complemented by an extensive empirical study. For this purpose, we use surface in-situ CH4 measurements made within the Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) network and compare them to the remote sensing data. We briefly discuss different filter methods for removing the local small-scale signals from the surface in-situ datasets in order to obtain the in-situ regional-scale signals. We find good agreement between the filtered in-situ and the remote sensing data. The agreement is consistent for a variety of time scales that are interesting for CH4 source/sink research: day-to-day, monthly, and inter-annual. The comparison study confirms our theoretical estimations and proves that the NDACC FTIR measurements can provide valuable data for investigating the cycle of CH4.
Development of the Surface Urban Energy and Water balance Scheme (SUEWS) for cold climate cities
Authors: Järvi L. , Grimmond C. S. B. , Taka M. , Nordbo A. , Setälä H. , Strachan I. B.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. The Surface Urban Energy and Water balance Scheme (SUEWS) is developed to include snow. The processes addressed include accumulation of snow on the different urban surface types; snow albedo and density aging; snow melting and re-freezing of melt water. Individual model parameters are assessed and independently evaluated using long-term observations in two cold climate cities, Helsinki and Montreal. Eddy covariance sensible and latent heat fluxes and snow depth observations are available for two sites in Montreal and one in Helsinki. Surface runoff from two catchments (24 and 45 ha) in Helsinki and snow properties (albedo and density) from two sites in Montreal are also analysed. As multiple observation sites with different land-cover characteristics are available in both cities, model development is conducted independently of evaluation. The developed model simulates snowmelt related runoff well (within 10% and 6% for the two catchments in Helsinki when there is snow on the ground), with the springtime peak estimated correctly. However, the observed runoff peaks tend to be smoother than the simulated ones, likely due to the water holding capacity of the catchments and the missing time lag between the catchment and the observation point in the model. At all three sites the model simulates snow accumulation and melt events well, but underestimates snow depth by 18–20% in Helsinki and 29–33% in Montreal. The model is able to reproduce the diurnal pattern of net radiation and turbulent fluxes of sensible and latent heat during cold snow, melting snow and snow free periods. Largest model uncertainties are related to the melting period. The results show that the enhanced model can correctly simulate the exchange of energy and water in cold climate cities, and is appropriate to be nested in a larger scale atmospheric model or used independently for urban planning.
Micro Credit: The Empowerment of Women
Authors: Islam Md. Ariful , Siddiqui Mahmudul Hasan , Hossain Kh. Fahim , Islam Md. Rayhan
Published: January 2014

All Micro-credit institutions of Bangladesh claim that they bring the poor women from dead end situation to a promising position by providing a very small size of loan, which is given in cash. This paper attempts to critically examine the impacts of micro credit program of micro credit institution on the empowerment of the rural poor women. In this study some major indicators of women empowerment have been specified so as to make a judgment whether or not micro credit institution could actually reach the poor women. The details of the impact analysis in this sphere have been made by using both the qualitative and quantitative tools on the basis of secondary data. The estimates show hardly any significant relationship between micro credit institute operations and a strong position of the rural women in question.However the gloomy findings of this paper are expected to create awareness of the policy makers about the long run impact of micro credit programs of micro credit institution and followers on the rural poor women.
What's It Worth? Selling Chaucer's Canterbury Tales in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Edwards A. S. G.
Published: January 2014

This article examines the selling of manuscripts of the Canterbury Tales in the twentieth century. It concludes that these manuscripts never achieved any high degree of commercial success and examines the factors that seem to have contributed to that inability to attract high prices. It also contrasts the relative failure of manuscripts of Chaucer's work to achieve substantial prices in the marketplace with the much higher prices that were paid at auction in the same period for copies of Caxton's printed editions of his poem.
Chaucer's Prudent Poetics:
Authors: Yeager Stephen
Published: January 2014

The character Prudence in Chaucer's Tale of Melibee prudently explains to her husband Melibee that he ought to be merciful, interpreting the text's events for him as they unfold. However, her interpretive methodology poses many problems to the reader. Prudence confuses her twin roles as human wife and allegorical virtue; both the content and manner of her speech can sometimes contradict her own advice, and it is far from clear at the end of the story that her husband has actually learned anything. The implication of this incoherence is that interpretive methodologies themselves are the problem. It is Melibee's strict, moralizing adherence to the precise words used by Prudence and his counselors that leads him towards violence and revenge, while Prudence's looser and somewhat contradictory interpretations of proverbial wisdom nonetheless culminate in a clear, consistent notion of charitable mercy.
The Lady, the Goddess, and the Text of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
Authors: Warner Lawrence
Published: January 2014

This essay argues in favor of two emendations concerning women in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight: of MS “Þaʒ I [i.e., the lady] were burde bryʒtest, þe burde in mynde hade” (line 1283) to “Þaʒ [ho] were burde bryзtest, þe bur[n]e in mynde hade,” adopted by many editors but under increasing pressure in recent years; and of the convoluted MS passage in which Bertilak reveals the role of Morgan le Fay (lines 2445-55) to the clearer one resulting from Gollancz's addition of a line whereby he says that through her might he was transmogrified.
“Tricks” Work!
Authors: West Ann E.
Published: January 2014

The use of mnemonic devices, or “tricks,” in the mathematics classroom has been criticized by some authors. However, when used in the proper context, such “tricks” can be extraordinarily helpful in motivating students and helping them remember procedures while understanding concepts and mastering appropriate mathematical vocabulary.
Successfully Transitioning to Linear Equations
Authors: Colton Connie , Smith Wendy M.
Published: January 2014

A multiphase lesson on selling T-shirts guides students from single-variable equations to linear relationships.
Farkle Fundamentals and Fun
Authors: Hooley Donald E.
Published: January 2014

The dice game Farkle provides an excellent basis for four activities that reinforce probability and expected value concepts for students in an introductory statistics class. These concepts appear in the increasingly popular AP statistics course (Peck 2011) and are used in analyzing ethical issues from insurance and gambling (COMAP 2009; Woodward and Woodward 1994). In addition to investigating these four fun activities, we also investigate a strategy to optimize a player's score on a turn in Farkle and indicate possible additional explorations.
Editorial
Authors: Kaseker Mônica
Published: January 2014

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Banking on Democracy
Authors: Santiso Javier
Published: January 2014

A data-driven investigation of the interaction between politics and finance in emerging markets, focusing on Latin America.

Politics matter for financial markets and financial markets matter for politics, and nowhere is this relationship more apparent than in emerging markets. In Banking on Democracy, Javier Santiso investigates the links between politics and finance in countries that have recently experienced both economic and democratic transitions. He focuses on elections, investigating whether there is a “democratic premium”—whether financial markets and investors tend to react positively to elections in emerging markets.

Santiso devotes special attention to Latin America, where over the last three decades many countries became democracies, with regular elections, just as they also became open economies dependent on foreign capital and dominated bond markets. Santiso's analysis draws on a unique set of primary databases (developed during his years at the OECD Development Centre) covering an entire decade: more than 5,000 bank and fund manager portfolio recommendations on emerging markets.

Santiso examines the trajectory of Brazil, for example, through its presidential elections of 2002, 2006, and 2010 and finds a decoupling of financial and political cycles that occurred also in many other emerging economies. He charts this evolution through the behavior of brokers, analysts, fund managers, and bankers. Ironically, Santiso points out, while some emerging markets have decoupled politics and finance, in the wake of the 2008–2012 financial crisis many developed economies (Europe and the United States) have experienced a recoupling between finance and politics.
Control of magnetization in spinel-type Fe3O4 thin films by N2 ion implantation
Authors: Kita Eiji , Ono Kazunaga , Yamaguchi Noboru , Nishihashi Tsutomu , Iura Makoto , Morishita Jumpei , Utsumi Yuji , Mibu Ko , Niizeki Tomohiko , Suzuki Kazuya Z. , Yanagihara Hideto
Published: January 2014

The magnetism of a typical spinel ferromagnetic oxide, Fe3O4, was controlled via ion implantation. Nitrogen ions were accelerated at 6–10 kV and irradiated to the 13-nm-thick Fe3O4 thin films with dosages of 2 × 1016 to 6 × 1016 ions/cm2. The magnetization decreased with the increase in ion dosage, and there was almost no magnetization when 6 × 1016 ions/cm2 of nitrogen was irradiated, irrespective of the acceleration voltages. The results of the temperature dependence of the magnetization and the Mössbauer study suggest that the transition from ferromagnetic to nonmagnetic phases in the Fe3O4 thin film upon N2 ion irradiation proceeds abruptly without the formation of intermediate states.
Study of defects in LED epitaxial layers grown on the optimized hemispherical patterned sapphire substrates
Authors: Zhou Shizhong , Wang Haiyan , Lin Zhiting , Yang Hui , Hong Xiaosong , Li Guoqiang
Published: January 2014

In this work, we focus on the study of defects in GaN grown on an optimized hemispherical patterned sapphire substrate (PSS). It is demonstrated that the proposed patterns can on the one hand induce the formation of stacking faults, and on the other hand, reduce the strain caused by thermal misfit and lattice misfit. Consequently, the optimized hemispherical patterns work successfully for both the reduction in the number of dislocations spreading to multiple quantum wells and the improvement in surface morphology. The dominant mechanism of defect multiplication and the effects of optimized hemispherical patterns in terms of materials science and device technology are elucidated.
Determination of particulate organic carbon sources to the surface mixed layer of the Canada Basin, Arctic Ocean
Authors: Brown Kristina A. , McLaughlin Fiona , Tortell Philippe D. , Varela Diana E. , Yamamoto‐Kawai Michiyo , Hunt Brian , Francois Roger
Published: January 2014

Stable isotope ratios of particulate organic carbon (POC), together with other tracers, were analyzed in samples from the Canada Basin surface mixed layer in 2008 and 2009. Sampling was conducted during the end of the 2008 melt season and at the beginning of the 2009 freezeup under a variety of surface conditions, including open water, newly formed seasonal ice, and multiyear ice. In both years, POC exhibited a wide isotopic range (δ13C‐POC −24.5 to −31.1‰), with the most isotopically depleted material generally found in the central basin. Isotopically enriched material was found on the shelves, consistent with higher biological production and strongly correlated with in situ carbon‐uptake rates. In contrast, offshore in the central basin, there was no significant relationship between δ13C‐POC distributions and either chlorophyll a or aqueous CO2 concentrations, suggesting that in situ biological production was not the dominant control. Analysis of freshwater sources suggested that the sea ice melt contribution of POC to surface waters in the central Canada Basin exerted a negligible influence on δ13C‐POC distributions, and instead isotopically depleted POC in the surface waters of the central Canada Basin were sourced externally through advective transport of riverine organic matter. We show that alkalinity and meteoric water content can be used to distinguish POC inputs from North American and Russian rivers and our analysis suggests that Russian river inputs are the predominant source of 13C‐depleted organic matter to the mixed layer of the central Canada Basin.
Development and Testing of New Candidate Psoriatic Arthritis Screening Questionnaires Combining Optimal Questions From Existing Tools
Authors: Coates Laura C. , Walsh Jessica , Haroon Muhammad , FitzGerald Oliver , Aslam Tariq , Al Balushi Farida , Burden A. D. , Burden‐Teh Esther , Caperon Anna R. , Cerio Rino , Chattopadhyay Chandrabhusan , Chinoy Hector , Goodfield Mark J. D. , Kay Lesley , Kelly Stephen , Kirkham Bruce W. , Lovell Christopher R. , Marzo‐Ortega Helena , McHugh Neil , Murphy Ruth , Reynolds Nick J. , Smith Catherine H. , Stewart Elizabeth J. C. , Warren Richard B. , Waxman Robin , Wilson Hilary E. , Helliwell Philip S.
Published: January 2014

Objective

Several questionnaires have been developed to screen for psoriatic arthritis (PsA), but head‐to‐head studies have found limitations. This study aimed to develop new questionnaires encompassing the most discriminative questions from existing instruments.

Methods

Data from the CONTEST study, a head‐to‐head comparison of 3 existing questionnaires, were used to identify items with a Youden index score of ≥0.1. These were combined using 4 approaches: CONTEST (simple additions of questions), CONTESTw (weighting using logistic regression), CONTESTjt (addition of a joint manikin), and CONTESTtree (additional questions identified by classification and regression tree [CART] analysis). These candidate questionnaires were tested in independent data sets.

Results

Twelve individual questions with a Youden index score of ≥0.1 were identified, but 4 of these were excluded due to duplication and redundancy. Weighting for 2 of these questions was included in CONTESTw. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed that involvement in 6 joint areas on the manikin was predictive of PsA for inclusion in CONTESTjt. CART analysis identified a further 5 questions for inclusion in CONTESTtree. CONTESTtree was not significant on ROC curve analysis and discarded. The other 3 questionnaires were significant in all data sets, although CONTESTw was slightly inferior to the others in the validation data sets. Potential cut points for referral were also discussed.

Conclusion

Of 4 candidate questionnaires combining existing discriminatory items to identify PsA in people with psoriasis, 3 were found to be significant on ROC curve analysis. Testing in independent data sets identified 2 questionnaires (CONTEST and CONTESTjt) that should be pursued for further prospective testing.
Facile Synthesis of Graphene Quantum Dots from 3D Graphene and their Application for Fe3+ Sensing
Authors: Ananthanarayanan Arundithi , Wang Xuewan , Routh Parimal , Sana Barindra , Lim Sierin , Kim Dong‐Hwan , Lim Kok‐Hwa , Li Jun , Chen Peng
Published: January 2014

Owing to their small size, biocompatibility, unique and tunable photoluminescence, and physicochemical properties, graphene quantum dots (GQDs) are an emerging class of zero‐dimensional materials promising a wide spectrum of novel applications in bio‐imaging, optical, and electrochemical sensors, energy devices, and so forth. Their widespread use, however, is largely limited by the current lack of high yield synthesis methods of high‐quality GQDs. In this contribution, a facile method to electrochemically exfoliate GQDs from three‐dimensional graphene grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is reported. Furthermore, the use of such GQDs for sensitive and specific detection of ferric ions is demonstrated.
Cancer‐Targeted Monodisperse Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles as Carrier of Ruthenium Polypyridyl Complexes to Enhance Theranostic Effects
Authors: He Lizhen , Huang Yanyu , Zhu Huili , Pang Guanhua , Zheng Wenjie , Wong Yum‐Shing , Chen Tianfeng
Published: January 2014

Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) have been well‐demonstrated as excellent carriers for anticancer drug delivery. Presented here is a cancer‐targeted MSNs drug delivery system that allows the direct fluorescence monitoring of the cellular uptake and localization of theranostic agents in cancer cells. Specifically, the anticancer action mechanisms of RGD peptide‐functionalized MSNs carrying ruthenium polypyridyl complexes (RuPOP@MSNs) are elucidated in detail. RGD peptide surface decoration significantly enhances the cellular uptake of the nanoparticles through receptor‐mediated endocytosis, and increases the selectivity between cancer and normal cells. RuPOP@MSNs exhibits unprecedented enhanced cytotoxicity toward cancer cells overexpressing integrin receptor, which is significantly higher than that of free RuPOP, through induction of apoptosis. The important contribution of extrinsic pathway to cell apoptosis is confirmed by increase in expression levels of death receptors, activation of caspase‐8 and truncation of Bid. The internalized nanoparticles release free RuPOP into the cytoplasm, where they modulate the phosphorylation of p53, AKT, and MAPKs pathways to promote cell apoptosis. Moreover, the strong autofluorescence of RuPOP permits the direct monitoring of drug delivery, and extends the power of theranostics to subcellular level. Taken together, this study provides an effective strategy for the design and development of cancer‐targeted theranostic agents.
Herzregeneration: Chancen und Aufgaben für die Wirkstoff‐Forschung mit neuartigen chemischen und therapeutischen Methoden oder Agentien
Authors: Plowright Alleyn T. , Engkvist Ola , Gill Adrian , Knerr Laurent , Wang Qing‐Dong
Published: January 2014

Infolge eines Herzinfarkts kann mehr als eine Milliarde Herzmuskelzellen (Kardiomyozyten) abgetötet werden, was zu Herzinsuffizienz und plötzlichem Tod führt. Heute konzentriert sich die Forschung in diesem Zusammenhang verstärkt auf die Regeneration von Herzgewebe durch die Differenzierung von Stammzellen, die Proliferation vorhandener Kardiomyozyten und Herzprogenitorzellen sowie die Umprogrammierung von Fibroblasten zu Kardiomyozyten. Hierfür gibt es eine Reihe möglicher Lösungsansätze, vom Einsatz niedermolekularer Verbindungen und RNA (einschließlich Mikro‐RNA und Anti‐Mikro‐RNA) bis hin zur Verwendung modifizierter Peptide und Proteine. Wir stellen in diesem Aufsatz aktuelle Entwicklungen in diesem Bereich vor und beschreiben dabei sowohl die jeweilige Methode und ihre Fortschritte, einschließlich neuartiger Screening‐Strategien zur Identifizierung von Treffern, als auch ihre Perspektiven für die Weiterentwicklung dieser Treffer hin zu Medikamenten, wobei die Chemie eine Schlüsselrolle spielt.
DNA‐Hybrid‐Gated Multifunctional Mesoporous Silica Nanocarriers for Dual‐Targeted and MicroRNA‐Responsive Controlled Drug Delivery
Authors: Zhang Penghui , Cheng Fangfang , Zhou Ri , Cao Juntao , Li Jingjing , Burda Clemens , Min Qianhao , Zhu Jun‐Jie
Published: January 2014

The design of an ideal drug delivery system with targeted recognition and zero premature release, especially controlled and specific release that is triggered by an exclusive endogenous stimulus, is a great challenge. A traceable and aptamer‐targeted drug nanocarrier has now been developed; the nanocarrier was obtained by capping mesoporous silica‐coated quantum dots with a programmable DNA hybrid, and the drug release was controlled by microRNA. Once the nanocarriers had been delivered into HeLa cells by aptamer‐mediated recognition and endocytosis, the overexpressed endogenous miR‐21 served as an exclusive key to unlock the nanocarriers by competitive hybridization with the DNA hybrid, which led to a sustained lethality of the HeLa cells. If microRNA that is exclusively expressed in specific pathological cell was screened, a combination of chemotherapy and gene therapy should pave the way for a targeted and personalized treatment of human diseases.
Emerging Applications of Phase‐Change Materials (PCMs): Teaching an Old Dog New Tricks
Authors: Hyun Dong Choon , Levinson Nathanael S. , Jeong Unyong , Xia Younan
Published: January 2014

The nebulous term phase‐change material (PCM) simply refers to any substance that has a large heat of fusion and a sharp melting point. PCMs have been used for many years in commercial applications, mainly for heat management purposes. However, these fascinating materials have recently been rediscovered and applied to a broad range of technologies, such as smart drug delivery, information storage, barcoding, and detection. With the hope of kindling interest in this incredibly versatile range of materials, this Review presents an array of aspects related to the compositions, preparations, and emerging applications of PCMs.
Rheumatoid Factor as a Potentiator of Anti–Citrullinated Protein Antibody–Mediated Inflammation in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Sokolove Jeremy , Johnson Dannette S. , Lahey Lauren J. , Wagner Catriona A. , Cheng Danye , Thiele Geoffrey M. , Michaud Kaleb , Sayles Harlan , Reimold Andreas M. , Caplan Liron , Cannon Grant W. , Kerr Gail , Mikuls Ted R. , Robinson William H.
Published: January 2014

Objective

The co‐occurrence of rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti–citrullinated protein antibody (ACPA) positivity in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is well described. However, the mechanisms underlying the potential interaction between these 2 distinct autoantibodies have not been well defined. The aim of this study was to evaluate the epidemiologic and molecular interaction of ACPAs and RF and its association with both disease activity and measures of RA‐associated inflammation.

Methods

In a cohort of 1,488 US veterans with RA, measures of disease activity and serum levels of cytokines and multiplex ACPAs were compared between the following groups of patients: double‐negative (anti–cyclic citrullinated peptide [anti‐CCP]−/RF−), anti‐CCP+/RF−, anti‐CCP−/RF+, or double‐positive (anti‐CCP+/RF+). Additional studies were performed using an in vitro immune complex (IC) stimulation assay in which macrophages were incubated with ACPA ICs in the presence or absence of monoclonal IgM‐RF, and tumor necrosis factor α production measured as a readout of macrophage activation.

Results

Compared with the double‐negative subgroup (as well as each single‐positive subgroup), the double‐positive subgroup exhibited higher disease activity as well as higher levels of C‐reactive protein and inflammatory cytokines (all P < 0.001). In vitro stimulation of macrophages by ACPA ICs increased cytokine production, and the addition of monoclonal IgM‐RF significantly increased macrophage tumor necrosis factor α production (P = 0.003 versus ACPA ICs alone).

Conclusion

The combined presence of ACPAs and IgM‐RF mediates increased proinflammatory cytokine production in vitro and is associated with increased systemic inflammation and disease activity in RA. Our data suggest that IgM‐RF enhances the capacity of ACPA ICs to stimulate macrophage cytokine production, thereby providing a mechanistic link by which RF enhances the pathogenicity of ACPA ICs in RA.
Poor Sleep Quality Is Strongly Associated With Subsequent Pain Intensity in Patients With Acute Low Back Pain
Authors: Alsaadi Saad M. , McAuley James H. , Hush Julia M. , Lo Serigne , Lin Chung‐Wei Christine , Williams Christopher M. , Maher Christopher G.
Published: January 2014

Objective

Recent research suggests that sleep quality and pain intensity are intimately linked. Although sleep problems are common in patients with low back pain, the effect of sleep quality on the levels of pain intensity is currently unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of sleep quality on subsequent pain intensity in patients with recent‐onset low back pain.

Methods

Data on 1,246 patients with acute low back pain were included in the analysis. Sleep quality was assessed using the sleep quality item of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, scored on a 0–3‐point scale, where 0 = very good sleep quality and 3 = very bad sleep quality. Pain intensity was assessed on a numerical rating scale (range 0–10). A generalized estimating equation (GEE) analysis modeled with an exchangeable correlation structure was used to examine the relationship between sleep quality and pain intensity. The model further controlled for symptoms of depression and prognostic factors for low back pain.

Results

The GEE analysis demonstrated a large effect of poor sleep on subsequent pain intensity, such that for every 1‐point decrease in sleep quality (based on a 0–3‐point scale), pain intensity (based on a 0–10‐point scale) increased by 2.08 points (95% confidence interval 1.99−2.16). This effect was independent of depression and common prognostic factors for low back pain.

Conclusion

Sleep quality is strongly related to subsequent pain intensity in patients with acute low back pain. Future research is needed to determine whether targeting sleep improvement contributes to pain reduction.
Ankylosing Spondylitis, Psoriatic Arthritis, and Risk of Malignant Lymphoma: A Cohort Study Based on Nationwide Prospectively Recorded Data From Sweden
Authors: Hellgren K. , Smedby K. E. , Backlin C. , Sundstrom C. , Feltelius N. , Eriksson J. K. , Baecklund E. , Askling J.
Published: January 2014

Objective

Data on lymphoma risk in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) are scarce. This study was undertaken to assess the risk of lymphoma in AS and PsA overall and in relation to therapies, including tumor necrosis factor inhibitor (TNFi), for which lymphoma risks are a concern.

Methods

Through the Swedish National Patient Register we assembled nationwide prevalence cohorts of patients with AS (n = 8,707) and patients with PsA (n = 19,283) for whom data were obtained between 2001 and 2010. Each cohort member was matched to 5 population comparator subjects. Linkage with the nationwide Cancer Register identified all lymphomas recorded from 2001 to 2010. Through the Swedish Biologics Register (Anti‐Rheumatic Therapy in Sweden [ARTIS]), we identified patients exposed to TNFi in the AS cohort (n = 1,908) and the PsA cohort (n = 2,605) before lymphoma diagnosis. Hazard ratios (HRs) for lymphoma were estimated by Cox regression. Crude incidences of lymphoma in TNFi‐exposed and TNFi‐naive patients were compared.

Results

For AS patients, the HR of having lymphoma versus the general population was 0.9 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.5–1.6) (14 lymphomas). For PsA patients, the corresponding HR was 1.2 (95% CI 0.9–1.7) (45 lymphomas). For PsA patients treated with methotrexate and/or sulfasalazine, the HR of having lymphoma was 1.7 (95% CI 1.0–3.1). The numbers and incidence of lymphoma were not materially different in TNFi‐exposed versus TNFi‐naive AS and PsA patients, although the numbers of lymphomas were small.

Conclusion

In contrast to rheumatoid arthritis, the average risks of lymphoma in AS or PsA are not elevated, although increased risks in a subset of PsA patients cannot be excluded. Our findings indicate that TNFi does not affect the risk of lymphoma in AS or in PsA.