bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Soil geochemical association of PTE and associated health risk in Kotayk marz (region), Armenia
Authors: Sahakyan Lilit , Tepanosyan Gevorg
Published: February 2023

Conditioned by the nowadays level of anthropogenic impact the study and characterization of the chemical composition of soil environment is of great concern. In 2021 Kotayk marz (administrative region of Armenia) regional scale soil geochemical surveys (1 sample per 25 km2) was performed. In total, 86 soil samples were collected and the contents of Cr, V, Ti, As, Zn, Cu, Co, Fe, Mn, Ba, Pb, and Mo were determined by the XRF spectroscopy (USEPA, 2007). To reveal factors controlling potentially toxic elements (PTE) spatial patterns and their geochemical associations the combined application of modern compositional data analysis methods and geospatial mapping was performed. In addition, health risk assessment was performed. The spatial distribution of the identified multivariate outliers showed that a spatial cluster occupying the northern part of the region is conditioned by natural mineralization and ore mining. After the elimination of univariate and multivariate outliers k-means clustering combined with the clr-biplot allow to reveal two spatially distinct groups of cases. Moreover, it was identified that the group of cases located in the eastern, southern and western part of the region is represented by the Fe, Co, Ti, As, Cu, and Cr. In these areas the geological base is characterized by the volcanic rocks (basalts, andesites, dacites, rhyolite, and esibasalts etc.) (Vardanyan, 2007). The second group of cases are mainly located in the northern part of the region and is represented by Pb, Zn, V, and Ba where the geological base is composed of granodiorites, granites, granosienites, monzonites, gabbro, dolomite, marble etc. [3]. Therefore, it was found that the chemical features and geochemical associations of elements in Kotayq marz soils are mainly conditioned by the peculiarities of local geological base and ore mining activities. Excesses vs MAC’s stated in Armenia are observed for As (in all samples), Cr, Cu, Pb and Mn in 81.4 %, 1.2 %, 1.2 % and 8 % of samples. However, the health risk assessment showed that children’s non-carcinogenic risks (RAIS, 2021) of As were observed only in one sampling site, respectively. The multi-elemental non-carcinogenic risk to children was detected in whole territory of the region and was mainly conditioned by the contents of Fe, Co, Mn, Pb, and As.Acknowledgment:Supported by the MESCS Science Committee of RA: grant №1-12/20TB.References[1] US EPA. (2007). Field portable x-ray fluorescence spectrometry for the determination of elemental concentrations in soil and sediment. Method 6200.[2] RAIS. (2021). Risk Exposure Models for Chemicals User’s Guide. The Risk Assessment Information System. https://rais.ornl.gov/tools/rais_chemical_risk_guide.html. Accessed 1 January 2020[3] Vardanyan M, Valesyan L (2007) National Atlas of Armenia, p.2
Modelling the three-dimensional stratigraphy of an ice rise
Authors: Henry Clara , Drews Reinhard , Schannwell Clemens , Višnjević Vjeran , Koch Inka , Spiegel Heiko , Muhle Leah , Eisen Olaf , Jansen Daniela , Franke Steven , Bons Paul
Published: February 2023

The geometry of englacial isochrones is a product of the past and present ice velocity field and is useful for our understanding of steady-state ice flow dynamics, flow regime re-organisation, and calibration of models. Ice rises contain various flow regimes (divide flow, flank flow, and grounding zones) on small spatial scales, meaning they are ideal locations to study ice-flow dynamics and stratigraphy to constrain model parameters. We run full Stokes, thermo-mechanically coupled simulations of Derwael Ice Rise in East Antarctica and simulate the three-dimensional stratigraphy of the ice rise and the surrounding ice shelf using the finite element model Elmer/Ice. Over the ice rise, we derive the accumulation rate from internal reflection horizons and use RACMO2.3 surface mass balance data over the surrounding ice shelf. Simulations are run for Glen's flow law exponents of n=3 and n=4 with appropriate values derived for the Arrhenius law.
To calibrate the model, comparisons are made with the BedMachine surface elevation and density-adjusted internal reflection horizons observed in many transects recorded by AWI’s ultra-wide band radar covering the divide, the flanks, and the grounding zones. To understand ice flow dynamics where the velocity field of the ice rise and the ice shelf converge in the compressive and shear zones, we analyse the modelled englacial stress and strain rate fields. Our results allow us to investigate isochronal structures where observed internal reflection horizons are too steep or obscured to be adequately picked up by radar. A comparison between the model and observed fracturing can be used to infer threshold stress and strain rates for fracture initiation. These simulations are a blueprint for the full Stokes, three-dimensional modelling of ice rises and have further relevance in the study of three-dimensional influences on Raymond arch evolution, the constrained coupling of the anisotropy equations, comparisons with ice core data and the automated inference of ice flow parameters from internal reflection horizons.
Soil moisture regime under different forest types
Authors: Šípek Václav , Zelíková Nikol , Vlček Lukáš , Toušková Jitka , Tesař Miroslav
Published: February 2023

An understanding of the spatial and temporal variation of soil moisture is essential for studying other hydrological, biological, or chemical soil processes, such as water movement, microbial activity, and biogeochemical cycling. The study focuses on the description of soil water dynamics at several sites with different types of forests and their health status. Specifically, the results are based on the thorough description of the soil water regime under spruce forest in two mountainous plots. At one plot the measurements are supplemented with site influenced by bark beetle attack and at another site the comparison with beech forest. The analysis was based on soil water regime measurements from several vegetation seasons (comprising wet and dry years). We investigated both column average soil water content and also its vertical distribution. The water balance of the soil column was studied by the bucket-type soil water balance model.It was shown that the forest type is an important factor controlling the rate of evapotranspiration which in turn influences the soil water regime, especially in dry periods. In wet periods, the differences among particular sites were negligible. In dry periods, the soil was slightly wetter in the site affected by the bark beetle outbreak in the surface soil layer and drier in the deeper soil layer. Similarly, the beech and spruce forest differences were most pronounced in dry periods. In this case, the beech forest was more efficient in terms of evapotranspiration water consumption which resulted in drier soil compared to spruce covered plot. In the spruce site, the soil was regularly drier only at the beginning of the season which was given by different interception rates during winter. The differences between spruce and beech forest were based namely on the water consumption efficiency and differences in interception rates, vertical distribution of the roots, and soil hydraulic properties.This research was supported by the Technological Agency of the Czech Republic (SS05010124), SoilWater project (EIG CONCERT-Japan), and the institutional support of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic (RVO: 67985874).
Next steps to a modular machine learning-based data pipeline for automated snow avalanche detection in the Austrian Alps
Authors: Kapper Kathrin Lisa , Goelles Thomas , Muckenhuber Stefan , Trügler Andreas , Abermann Jakob , Schlager Birgit , Gaisberger Christoph , Grahn Jakob , Malnes Eirik , Prokop Alexander , Schöner Wolfgang
Published: February 2023

Snow avalanches pose a significant danger to the population and infrastructure in the Austrian Alps. Although rigorous prevention and mitigation mechanisms are in place in Austria, accidents cannot be prevented, and victims are mourned every year. A comprehensive mapping of avalanches would be desirable to support the work of local avalanche commissions to improve future avalanche predictions. In recent years, mapping of avalanches from satellite images has been proven to be a promising and fast approach to monitor the avalanche activity. The Copernicus Sentinel-1 mission provides weather independent synthetic aperture radar data, free of charge since 2014, that has been shown to be suitable for avalanche mapping in a test region in Norway. Several recent approaches of avalanche detection make use of deep learning-based algorithms to improve the detection rate compared to conventional segmentation algorithms.          Building upon the success of these deep learning-based approaches, we are setting up a modular data pipeline to map previous avalanche cycles in Sentinel-1 imagery in the Austrian Alps. As segmentation algorithm we make use of a common U-Net approach as a baseline and compare it to mapping results from an additional algorithm that has originally been applied to an autonomous driving problem. As a first test case, the extensive labelled training dataset of around 25 000 avalanche outlines from Switzerland will be used to train the U-Net; further test cases will include the training dataset of around 3 000 avalanches in Norway and around 800 avalanches in Greenland. To obtain training data of avalanches in Austria we tested an approach by manually mapping avalanches from Sentinel-2 satellite imagery and aerial photos.          In a new approach, we will introduce high-resolution weather data, e.g., weather station data, to the learning-based algorithm to improve the detection performance. The avalanches detected with the algorithm will be quantitatively evaluated against held-out test sets and ground-truth data where available. Detection results in Austria will additionally be validated with in situ measurements from the MOLISENS lidar system and the RIEGL VZ-6000 laser scanner. Moreover, we will assess the possibilities of learning-based approaches in the context of avalanche forecasting.
Introducing project ITHACA: Investigation of the Terrestrial HydrologicAl Cycle Acceleration
Authors: Markonis Yannis , Vargas Godoy Mijael Rodrigo , Blöcher Johanna , Dutta Riya , Pratap Shailendra , Pradhan Rajani , Kazantsev Alexander , Bašta Petr , Rahmati Akbar , Sanz i Gil Arnau , Thakur Vishal , Abbasizadeh Hossein , Rakovec Oldřich , Hanel Martin , Máca Petr , Kumar Rohini , Papalexiou Simon
Published: February 2023

ITHACA is a 5-year project that aims to benchmark the terrestrial water cycle intensification. Our goal is to estimate the past range of the hydrological cycle variability, determine the present state of its acceleration, and understand its future impacts on the terrestrial water availability. To achieve this, we combine multi-source data products, stochastic analysis, and process-based hydrological modeling from regional to global scale. Here, we present the preliminary results after the completion of its first year, which come with multiple homogenized datasets of water cycle components, R software packages for data pre-processing and data-driven analyses, and methodological suggestions and insights for the cross-scale quantification of water cycle changes. We also discuss the current challenges and the future steps of the project, highlighting the numerous opportunities for active collaboration.  
Introduction to practical application and service systems of multi-satellite data including Geostationary Ocean Color Imager to maritime issues
Authors: Han Hee-Jeong , Yoon Suk , Ahn Ki-Beom , Yang Hyun , Park Young-Je
Published: February 2023

We are conducting a research project to develop algorithms to derive information on maritime issues based on images from Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI), GOCI-II and many others satellite sensors. We are aiming for several practical application areas which are to detect floating macroalgae, marine fog, harmful algal blooms, fine aerosol particles, low sea surface salinity water, to detect and forecast abnormal sea surface temperature, and to derive ocean water quality parameters and primary production. We are also focusing on candidates to discover new practical techniques using machine learning. These practical techniques are integrated into a maritime issue service system which consists of a data collection and processing system and a web-based data display and analysis system. A scheduler was configured for the automation of the data collection and processing system, and a detailed design was carried out. A system prototype based on open-source GIS service was developed. We will verify the performance of the techniques by comparing the results with high-resolution satellite data or reliable in-situ data.
Microbial and mass characteristics following deglaciation and exposure of watersheds in West Greenland
Authors: Ellena Justin , Christner Brent , Martin Jonathan , Flint Madison
Published: February 2023

Deglaciation alters chemical compositions of streams and lakes of the arctic tundra. As the Greenland Ice Sheet retreated, watersheds became isolated from glacial meltwaters, with source water derived from precipitation and permafrost and active layer meltwater.  The changes in source water, as well as increased weathering and ecological succession after exposure, alter chemical properties of the streams and lakes. These changes should allow for the development of a more complex aquatic microbial community. However, changes in microbial communities and links to changes in chemical and physical properties of streams and lakes are not fully understood. In this study, we sampled four distinct watersheds in western Greenland, including inlets and outlets of lakes, from start of the melt season in May to around mid-August. Two near-ice watersheds include a glacier melt-water stream and a non-glacially sourced stream that has been exposed for ~7 ky. Two coastal watersheds sampled  ~170 km west of the near-ice watersheds also drain no glacial meltwater and have been exposed for ~11 ky. Sampling was designed to evaluate the net flux of dissolved organic matter, cell abundance and cellular biomass through the system. Differences in these parameters at the inlet and outlet of lakes evaluate how the lakes affect processing of the cells and nutrients. Using epifluorescence microscopy, cells were counted, and the images were used to estimate the approximate biomass of the system. Cell counts and chlorophyll-a were collected from the stream to measure relative primary production and cellular abundance. The measurements for the near-ice watersheds show increased chlorophyll concentration and cell abundance at the outlets and decreases sharply midseason where it then levels off, while the furthest watershed from the ice is much more stable and increases through the melt season. The inlets for each of the watersheds show different patterns as the season progresses. Consistent with previous studies, the lowest cell concentrations occur in the glacial meltwater watershed; however, the cells were larger on average than the other watersheds. At the most upstream site for the glacially fed watershed and the furthest watershed from the ice, the average cell size increased from 0.58 μm2 to 2.04 μm2. Given that the field sites sampled represent the transition from being connected to the glacier to distantly isolated from the glacial meltwaters, these trends could indicate the change in how microbes interact with organic matter within streams as the glacier retreats. The distinction in microbial communities between the watersheds indicate that along with weathering and ecological success these communities respond to changing chemical and physical characteristics of watersheds following exposure after ice sheets retreat.
The structure and origin of hydrothermal vent complexes in volcanic basins
Authors: Planke Sverre , Manton Ben , Berndt Christian , Bünz Stefan , Binde Cornelia M , Svensen Henrik H , Myklebust Reidun
Published: February 2023

Intrusion of magma into sedimentary basins leads to devolatilization of the host rock in contact metamorphic aureoles. Hydrothermal vent complexes are formed by fracturing the overburden sediments if sufficient overpressure is developed in the aureoles, releasing hot fluids and gases into the hydrosphere and atmosphere. We have mapped the structure and distribution of hydrothermal vent complexes using extensive 3D seismic reflection surveys (c. 40,000 km2) in the Møre and Vøring basins offshore mid-Norway by a combination of seismic horizon and attribute mapping. The seismic horizons have been tied to exploration wells to constrain the timing of their formation. A shallowly buried vent complex, the Modgunn Vent, was subsequently imaged by high-resolution P-Cable 3D seismic data collected using the R/V Helmer Hansen. The upper part of this vent complex was recently drilled by five holes during IODP Expedition 396. In total, more than a thousand hydrothermal vent complexes have been identified in the two basins. A typical vent complex has a diameter of between a few hundred meters and five kilometers and extends from the tip of a sill intrusion to the paleosurface. The upper part of the vent complexes are commonly eye-shaped, where the lower surface represents the base of a crater and the upper dome-shaped surface represents the top of the crater infill. Overlying reflections are sub-parallel to the upper vent surface, locally associated with discontinuous high-amplitude reflections and minor faulting. The chimney-shaped lower part of the vent complexes are characterized by disrupted reflections, sometimes including bulbous-shaped transparent bodies with high-amplitude reflections at the top and base. Surrounding reflections are often dipping towards the center of the chimneys. The structure of the vent complexes suggest they were dominantly formed by erupting fluids and sediments during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), about 56 million years ago. The craters were subsequently rapidly infilled by sediments, and later inverted forming domes above the craters. High-amplitude discontinuous reflections above some vent complexes are interpreted as evidence of long-term fluid flow, sometimes lasting until recent times.
Reach-scale streamflow projections in intermittent riversthrough a multivariate dowscaling method and a distributed hydrologcal model
Authors: Devers Alexandre , Mimeau Louise , Künne Annika , Vidal Jean-Philippe , Lauvernet Claire , Branger Flora , Kralisch Sven
Published: February 2023

Global bias-adjusted daily climate projections have been recently set up as part of the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP) phase 3 based on CMIP6 projections (Lange et Büchner., 2021). This dataset is aimed at being used as input to global hydrological models, and their coarse resolution however prevents them to be used for catchment-scale and reach-scale applications.This work proposes to downscale these global climate projections through multivariate analog downscaling method and to derive catchment-scale streamflow time series through a fully-distributed hydrological model. The final objective is to produce future daily streamflow series over a high-resolution hydrographic network of 6 European catchment case studies for the DRYvER project (Datry et al., 2021). The method is applied on precipitation, temperature, and potential evapotranspiration serving as input to the distributed JAMS-J2K model (Krause et al., 2006). This setup led to the creation of daily hydrological projections at high spatial resolution over the 1985-2100 period. These experiments are conducted using one run from 5 different global climate models and 3 emission/socio-economic scenarios (SSP1-RCP2.6, SSP3-RCP7.0 and SSP5-RCP8.5) from the CMIP6 experiments. This methodology allows to grasp the range of future changes in daily streamflow over the entire catchments. The comparison between the historical period (1985-2014) and future periods is used to describe possible changes over seasonal discharge and low flow characteristics.This approach provides hydrological projections with a spatial resolution sufficiently high to apply flow intermittence detection, thus allowing to study plausible futures for European intermittent rivers in terms of hydrology, biodiversity, ecosystem functioning and services, and adaptive management. Future steps will refine such futures using an innovative downscaling approach combining global and catchment-scale transient projections to better grasp the joint influence of climate change and climate variability on reach-scale intermittence. Datry et al. (2021) Securing Biodiversity, Functional Integrity, and Ecosystem Services in Drying River Networks (DRYvER). Research Ideas and Outcomes. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.7.e77750.Krause et al. (2006) Multiscale investigations in a mesoscale catchment: hydrological modelling in the Gera catchment. Advances in Geosciences. doi:10.5194/adgeo-9-53-2006.Lange et Büchner (2021) ISIMIP3b bias-adjusted atmospheric climate input data (v1.1), ISIMIP Repository. doi:10.48364/ISIMIP.842396.1.Clemins et al. (2019) An analog approach for weather estimation using climate projections and reanalysis data. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology. doi:10.1175/JAMC-D-18-0255.
Sources and sinks of interannual steric sea level variability
Authors: Hochet Antoine , Llovel William , Sévellec Florian , Huck Thierry
Published: February 2023

It is now well established that sea level rise is not uniform and presents large deviations from its global mean trend. Indeed, some regions such as the western Pacific ocean or the Indian ocean experience a linear rise 3 times larger than the global mean sea level trend since 1993 (Cazenave and Llovel, 2010; Llovel and Lee, 2015).Superimposed to the long-term trend, the interannual variability may enhance or reduce sea level change over a shorter time period (few months). It is well known that these variations are linked to the interannual variability of the steric sea level driven by natural modes of climate variability such as El Nino Southern Oscillation (in the tropical Pacific ocean) and the Indian Ocean Dipole (in the north Indian ocean, Llovel et al., 2010). Therefore, investigating the mechanisms of interannual variability of steric sea level appears to be highly relevant for understanding processes at play in regional sea level variability. In this work, we investigate the local sources and sinks of interannual steric sea level variability using the ECCOv4 (Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean, Forget et al., 2015) state estimate over 1993-2014. We find that the variability is, in almost all regions, sustained by interannual fluctuating winds via Ekman transport and damped by both interannual variations of the net heat flux from the atmosphere and by the rectification effect of subannual oceanic circulation. This method allows not only the identification of the physical process at play in the interannual steric sea level variability, but also if the latter is a source or a sink of the interannual steric sea level variability. This method presents evident advantages especially to assess the reliability of coupled climate models used to predict future sea level changes.
Homogenization of extreme temperatures in Chile with GNSSfast
Authors: vasquez ricardo , Aguilar Enric , Villarroel Claudia
Published: February 2023

In Chile, in the last 20 years, significant changes have led to a notoriously warmer climate, which translates into meteorological records being recorded every year. For this reason, it is increasingly necessary for the National Meteorological Service to have reliable data to respond to the information needs of society and stakeholders.Changes and modifications in meteorological stations, such as relocations, instruments, and environmental changes, can alter the estimation of means and long-term trends. Data homogenization consists of correcting these abrupt changes that are not associated with climate through different statistical methods to obtain reliable estimates. The most widely used homogenization methods are the relative ones, consisting of creating reference series from nearby stations, assuming they have the same long-term climatic signal.In this work, the changing points of daily series of extreme temperatures were evaluated for 17 meteorological stations in Chile in the period 1961-2021. The segmentation method available in the R GNSSfast library was applied to the difference between a candidate series and a reference series created from neighboring stations. The correction of the inhomogeneous series was done through the difference in the daily median of the different segments, taking the most current period as a reference.A total of 15 changepoints were detected in both minimum and maximum temperatures for 11 measurement stations, where 3 and 4 points were explained with dates of changes in the metadata, respectively. The most significant differences in the trend estimation with and without homogenization were observed in the weather stations of the country's central zone.
Observed Seasonal Evolution of the Antarctic Slope Current System at the Coast of Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica
Authors: Lauber Julius , de Steur Laura , Hattermann Tore , Darelius Elin
Published: February 2023

The Antarctic Slope Front and the associated Antarctic Slope Current shield the continental shelves in East Antarctica from offshore warm water that holds the potential for considerable ice shelf melting and, consequently, sea level rise. Here, we present two-year-long records of temperature, salinity, and velocity (2019-2020), obtained from two oceanographic moorings located within the slope front/current over bathymetries of around 1000m and 2000m slightly east of the prime meridian. The two-year data record reveals clear differences in the seasonality of the thermocline depth and the baroclinicity of the current between the deep and shallow mooring locations. In combination with climatologies of hydrography and satellite-derived surface geostrophic currents, we use the new data to refine the baroclinic seasonality of the ASF. The results highlight the role of surface buoyancy fluxes via seasonal sea ice melt and freeze. Finally, the slope current is shown to control flow into and out of the cavity of the close-by Fimbulisen Ice Shelf on seasonal time scales depending on the orientation of the entrances of the cavity. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the processes controlling the slope front/current seasonality and resulting inflow into the East-Antarctic ice shelf cavities.
Investigating the role of 3D radiative effects in contrail cirrus and ice clouds.
Authors: Carles Julie , Dufresne Jean-Louis , Bellouin Nicolas
Published: February 2023

The aviation sector contributes to anthropogenic radiative forcing via impacts from well-known CO2 effects and more uncertain non-CO2 effects. The largest contributor to aviation radiative forcing is one of the non-CO2 effects: induced cirrus cloudiness evolved from contrails generated by aircrafts that persist in the atmosphere. The latest assessment of the impacts of aviation on climate attributes a forcing of 149.1 (90% confidence range: 70, 229) mW/m² to global aviation, including 111.4 (33, 189) mW/m² from contrail cirrus (Lee et al, 2021). Those estimations are based on results from global climate models which use approximations for the description of clouds and radiative transfer, resulting in uncertainties of about 70% in aviation induced cloudiness radiative forcing. As of today, the 3D nature of clouds and the corresponding 3D radiative effects are neglected in climate models, as well as the size and shape of ice crystals in contrails.In this poster, we present work aimed at improving the estimation of the radiative effect of ice clouds and contrail cirrus by studying its dependence on cloud geometry and size. This work uses a Monte Carlo radiative transfer code that takes into account the full 3D interactions between clouds and radiation (Villefranque et al 2019). Results are compared to a 1D, plane parallel calculation, which is the common assumption in climate models used to estimate radiative forcing.Results show that 3D effects play a substantial role in the radiative effect of cirrus clouds. The plane parallel calculations always under-estimate cloud radiative effect compared to Monte Carlo calculations when the Sun is at zenith. We discuss the dependence of the results to solar angle. We find that the optical depth of the contrail is not the only driver of its radiative forcing, contrary to behavior in plane parallel calculations. This work contributes to reducing uncertainty in the radiative forcing of aviation, and may over ways to correct estimates of contrail cirrus radiative forcing and high clouds radiative effect in climate models.
Near-surface characterisation of weathered layer-using application of rock physics modelling in seismic measurement
Authors: Pal Arnab Kumar , Nair Archana M
Published: February 2023

Deep subsurface weathering has traditionally been measured by quantifying variations in weathered material properties through cores and boreholes. However, cores collected from the subsurface necessarily sample a minimal fraction of the subsurface. On the other hand, geophysical surveys can be used to obtain a representative perspective of the subsurface. To better understand the near-surface weathered layers, the paper presents an application of rock physics modelling with the help of field-based seismic refraction measurement. We acquired seismic refraction data in hillslope using 4.5 Hz natural frequency geophone with 5-meter geophone spacing. We estimated the subsurface compressional (P) wave velocity (VP) structure and mapped the seismic profile. The profile demonstrated saprolite thickness varying from 1 to 2 meters. To better identify the weathered layers (saprolite) in this section, we predicted porosity using the velocity-porosity relationship model. The porosity estimated through the model was validated by the porosity of the sample extracted from boreholes. This study shows how low-cost techniques can provide useful information about near-surface complexity. Therefore, from this study, it was concluded that proper identification of near-surface layers requires a combination of complementary field-based measurement and precise lab-based rock physics measurement. 
The seismicity of Campi Flegrei in the contest of the current unrest
Authors: Tramelli Anna , Giudicepietro Flora , Godano Cataldo , Ricciolino Patrizia , Orazi Massimo , Caliro Stefano , De Martino Prospero , Chiodini Giovanni
Published: February 2023

The knowledge of the dynamic of the Campi Flegrei calderic system is a primary goal to mitigate the volcanic risk in one of the most densely populated volcanic areas in the world. From 1950 to 1990 Campi Flegrei suffered three bradyseismic crises with a total uplift of 4.3 m. After 20 years of subsidence, the uplift started again in 2005 accompanied by a low increment of the seismicity rate. In 2012 an increment in the seismic energy release and a variation in the gas composition of the fumaroles of Solfatara/Pisciarelli (in the central area of the caldera) were recorded. Since then, a slow and progressive increase in phenomena continued until today. We analyzed the Campi Flegrei seismic catalogue from 2000 and the main seismic swarms in order to look for any variation in the seismic parameters and compare them with other geophysical information. A remarkable correlation between earthquake cumulative number, CO/CO2 values and vertical ground deformation is evidenced. Moreover, the focal mechanisms show an agreement with the tensional stress induced by the caldera uplift. Most of the swarms and remaining seismicity delineate a highly fractured volume extending vertically below the Solfatara/Pisciarelli vents, where gases find preferential paths to the surface triggering earthquakes. The main swarms are located below this volume where the presence of a rigid caprock is still debated.The correlation between the seismological, geochemical and geodetic observables can be interpreted in terms of injection of magmatic fluids into the hydrothermal system or its pressurization. The comparison between the geophysical information and the seismicity leads us to interpreted the current unrest in term of a gradual increment in the activity of the wide hydrothermal system whose most evident manifestation is the enlargement of the fumarolic field of Pisciarelli.This contribution was funded by the MIUR project PRIN-2017 WZFT2p “Stochastic forecasting in complex systems” and by the INGV Project LOVE-CF.
The Landscape of Marine Ecosystem Challenges and the Role of Insurance in Climate Change Adaptation
Authors: Basu Abhijit , Yadav Manoj Kumar
Published: February 2023

Marine and coastal ecosystems are home to numerous plant and animal species, which all produce various valuable services for humans. The ocean has warmed unabated since 2005, continuing the clear multi-decadal ocean warming trends documented in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5). Over the past decades, all scientific studies suggest that the oceans will continue to grow warmer and more acidic in the following decades. Even more alarming is the possibility that major ocean circulation patterns may disrupt the highly productive regions where upwelling brings nutrients from the deep waters of the ocean. The most key change in marine ecosystems associated with ocean warming has been coral-bleaching events. Often called “rainforests of the sea,” coral reefs are biodiversity “hotspots” and support an incredible array of flora and fauna. From 2016 that 31 per cent of tropical corals worldwide were already bleached. Quantifying the value of natural capital and associated ecosystems, and representing the value of ecosystems in monetary terms, is crucial to envisage coastal management strategy. It is the first step toward coastal protection, enabling any meaningful cost-benefit analysis. Thus, effective mechanisms to translate these values into ecosystem protection strategies are essential, which are discussed in this paper.Insurance, as a market-based financial instrument, has the potential to address some of the adaptation challenges related to safeguarding coastal and marine ecosystems. Designing an insurance product, for instance, to protect a coral reef system necessitates examining complex and dynamic interactions between exposure, hazard, and vulnerability.With an 8,000-km long coastline, India has around 28 million workers in the fishing sector. The government, in 2020, introduced a draft National Fisheries Policy that offers insurance coverage but with several challenges and limitations. In India, the availability of quality marine data and enhancing the scope of marine and coastal insurance have the potential to address some of the challenges outlined above. This policy paper, with a focus on the global as well as Indian marine landscape, explores challenges around marine ecosystems and how insurance can play a role in adaptation to climate change and identify further areas of research.
The influence of mineral associations on terrestrial particulate organic matter transfer and dispersal in the northern Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Yedema Yord , Sangiorgi Francesca , Trabucho Alexandre João , Vonk Jorien , Peterse Francien
Published: February 2023

River-dominated continental margins receive large inputs of terrestrial organic matter (TerrOM). This TerrOM can potentially form a long-term sink for atmospheric CO2 upon burial in continental margin sediments, thereby forming a key component of the global carbon cycle. However, only part of the TerrOM that is delivered to the coastal zone is preserved on the seafloor, as its sequestration efficiency depends on its properties and composition. The composition and quality of TerrOM on the seafloor is usually not determined, hampering estimates of its contribution to carbon sequestration on the continental margin. Moreover, TerrOM is thought to form associations with mineral surfaces that protect it from degradation, but it is not fully known to which extent these associations persist in the marine realm and if different types of TerrOM preferentially bind to certain minerals.  Here, we investigated the TerrOM composition in different grain size fractions (>250, 250–125, 125–63, 63–30, 30–10 and <10 μm) of surface sediments along a land-sea transect (15–600 m water depth) in the northern Gulf of Mexico, using bulk properties (TOC, TN, δ13Corg) and lipid biomarkers for plant- (long-chain n-alkanes), fluvial- (long-chain C32 1,15-diol) and soil-microbial derived OM (branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers; brGDGTs). In addition, we used mineral surface area analysis and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to assess whether different TerrOM types have an affinity for certain minerals.We found that along the land-sea transect, the concentrations and mineral loading of n-alkanes remained constant, while the concentrations of both brGDGTs and the C32 1,15-diol rapidly decreased. Moreover, the concentrations of lipid biomarkers, in particular the n-alkanes, were highest in the smaller (<30 μm) size fractions along the transect. This suggests that n-alkanes likely form associations with clay minerals, in particular smectite, as shown by our XRD results.However, n-alkanes might also be more resistant against degradation than the brGDGTs and diols,  further explaining their presence offshore. While brGDGT concentrations also increase towards smaller grain sizes, their molecular signature is constant among size fractions at each site, suggesting that they are not bound to a specific grain size fraction. Furthermore, an increase in the degree of cyclisation of the brGDGTs between 50 and 150 m water depth indicates that the initial soil-derived signal is strongly overprinted by an in situ marine contribution in this zone.Our results show that in coastal waters, plant-derived OM is more likely to remain associated with mineral (smectite) surfaces than soil-microbial and fluvial OM, thereby facilitating its transport further offshore through hydraulic sorting and preferential burial on the shelf.
Assessing different methods to quantify Submarine Groundwater Discharge
Authors: Rodriguez-Puig Júlia , Rodellas Valentí , Diego-Feliu Marc , Alorda-Kleinglass Aaron , Alorda-Montiel Irene , Manzano Marisol , Alcolea Andrés , Jiménez-Martínez Joaquín , Gilabert Javier
Published: February 2023

Submarine Groundwater Discharge (SGD) is recognized as a major source of water and solutes to the coastal ocean, and it is particularly relevant in arid or semi-arid zones. SGD is generally defined as the flow of groundwater from continental margins to the coastal ocean, including thus both fresh groundwater from aquifer recharge and seawater recirculation through the coastal aquifer. Due to its high heterogeneity both in space and time, SGD is difficult to detect and quantify. As a consequence, numerous methods to study SGD have been developed over the last decades. These approaches mainly include hydrogeological approaches, geophysical techniques, direct seepage measurements, and the use of geochemical tracers. Each method presents its challenges, limitations, and advantages and each one works on different spatial and temporal scales, thus targeting different components of SGD. Therefore, comparing SGD studies with estimates derived from different methods is often complex and misleading if the characteristics and assumptions of each quantification technique are not taken into account. This highlights the need to conduct studies comparing SGD derived from different methods, not only to obtain more accurate SGD estimates but also to obtain instrumental information on the characteristics of the estimated fluxes. To this aim, a combined use of different approaches to estimate SGD was applied in a Mediterranean coastal lagoon (Mar Menor, Spain), including direct measurements with seepage meters, radium isotopes, and radon mass balance, 224Ra/228Th disequilibrium in coastal sediments, radon vertical profiles in porewater sediments, and hydrologic modeling. Mar Menor is Europe's biggest saline coastal lagoon, and it is connected to a highly anthropized quaternary aquifer. In this coastal system, SGD is likely playing a major role in the eutrophication of the lagoon. However, despite the economic and biological importance of this lagoon, data about this system is still incomplete, and mostly only hydrological modeling has been performed. Keywords: Submarine Groundwater Discharge, radioactive tracers, seepage meters, porewater exchange, hydrological modeling.
Hydro-sedimentary event types and associated conditions and processes in an alpine catchment
Authors: Skålevåg Amalie , Korup Oliver , Bronstert Axel
Published: February 2023

Under the influence of climate change, high mountain areas like the European Alps are in a transient state where catchment conditions and processes that determine sediment dynamics are changing. Hydro-sedimentary events can account for a substantial proportion the annual sediment yield in alpine catchments, and are often associated with heavy rainfall and rainfall-triggered mass-movements. It is therefore of interest to study the driving conditions and processes of these events, especially due to the potential downstream impacts they can have to eco- and human systems.The dynamics, characteristics and, in particular, (suspended) sediment-discharge hysteresis are often used in conjunction with hydro-meteorological and catchment state variables to identify driving processes and conditions of events. However, is it possible to elucidate the determining conditions and processes or determine meaningful event classes based solely on metrics derived from the suspended sediment and discharge data of the event? Using two catalogs of manually and automatically detected hydro-sedimentary events from Rofental, Austria, we attempt to answer this question. We perform a cluster analysis with various approaches on event metrics (e.g. hysteresis class, suspended sediment yield, peak discharge, time since last event). To avoid biasing the results towards a specific number of event types, we explicitly use clustering algorithms which do not require the number of clusters (i.e. event types) to be specified. We then look for commonalities within the identified event clusters in terms of catchment conditions and processes during the event (e.g. high temperatures, snowmelt, intense rainfall, wet antecedent conditions, mass movement occurrences). Finally, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of grouping events on their characteristics alone.
Traitbased modeling of microbial distribution and carbon turnover in the rhizosphere
Authors: Sırcan Ahmet , Streck Thilo , Schnepf Andrea , Pagel Holger
Published: February 2023

Microorganisms possess the ability to adapt to different environmental conditions through the use of various strategies. This diversity in strategies allows us to categorize them based on their functions in the ecosystem. Copiotrophs have a fast growth rate but a low carbon use efficiency (CUE), while oligotrophs have a slow growth rate but a high CUE. In the rhizosphere, the effect of root exudation on different functional microbial groups is not well understood. Process-based modeling is a useful tool to analyze the complex feedback between roots and soil in the rhizosphere. Here, we present a rhizosphere model that explicitly considers two different microbial groups (oligotrophs and copiotrophs) classified based on their microbial traits that correlates each other due to physiological trade-offs and organic carbon accessibility (dissolved organic carbon, mucilage and sorbed carbon). The model is one-dimensional axisymmetric, simulating a soil cylinder around individual root segments. The model was conditioned using a novel constraint-based Markov chain Monte Carlo parameter sampling method. Applying this approach enabled the identification of parameter sets that led to plausible model results in agreement with experimental findings from a comprehensive literature review. The conditioned model predicts organic matter concentration curves from the root surface into the soil driven by root exudation. Our simulations show a decreasing pattern of dissolved organic carbon, which is utilized by oligotrophs and copiotrophs, away from the root surface. Furthermore, we observe a slightly higher proportion of copiotrophs than oligotrophs near the root surface and dominance of copiotrophic biomass at very high nutrient availability conditions as expected from ecological theory and experimental evidence. However, the model predictions are still highly uncertain. Thus, further experimental data and observations are required for model conditioning.
Quantifying the potential of agricultural soils to store carbon. A data-driven approach illustrated for the Netherlands.
Authors: Fuijta Yuki , Verweij Sven , van der Voort Tessa , Ros Gerard
Published: February 2023

Improved soil and cropland management changes the soil carbon stocks and thereby mitigate climate change. However, spatially explicit insights on management impacts as well as critical thresholds for optimum SOC levels are lacking, which is crucial for actionable changes in farming practices. In this study we unravelled the contribution of soil texture, geohydrology and soil quality to changes in SOC in the Netherlands using a data-driven approach (using XGBoost) using 21.123 soil analyses done by agricultural laboratories. The current C stock of the 0-30cm soil layer is 119 ton C ha-1 and could be increased by 21 to 59 ton C ha-1 depending on soil type, land use and the agronomic measures taken. The SOC saturation capacity, expressed as the ratio between the actual and potential SOC stock varied from 85 to 93% in grassland soils, from 55 to 83% in arable soils and from 69 to 91% in other land uses. On average, the actual C saturation degree was 75%. The key factors controlling the potential of soils to sequester additional carbon within environmental limits for N and P included the crop sequence in the last decade, soil texture (i.e. oxide extractable aluminium, iron and phosphorus), the acidity, and groundwater depth. The data driven approach shows that spatially explicit recommendations for carbon farming are possible up to the farm and field scale, facilitating the implementation of carbon farming and the mitigation of climate change. When all agricultural fields are saturated with C, an equivalent of 257 Mton of CO2 can be stored.  
Rainy season onset and cessation over the Greater Horn of Africa area: definitions and forecasts.
Authors: Barimalala Rondrotiana , Gudoshava Masilin , Demissie Teferi , Sobolowski Stefan , Kolstad Erik , Scheuerer Michael
Published: February 2023

The demand for more accurate forecasts in rainy season onset, length and cessation has significantly increased over the Greater Horn of Africa area. Recent failed rainy seasons, and an extended drought over much of the region, have highlighted the need for both reliable and timely forecasts so that action can be taken proactively rather than reactively. One of the major challenges in the weather and climate science community is how to appropriately define and characterize onset in such a way that is both robust and useful to the stakeholders.As part of the EU H2020 project CONFER (Co-production of Climate Services for east Africa), we revisit the rainfall onset and cessation definitions used over the subcontinent, with a particular focus on the large discrepancies, reaching up to 50 days, in the onset and cessation dates that emerge from different definitions. The climate over the Greater Horn of Africa is highly variable with most of the region classified as arid and semi-arid and only a few areas classified as humid. A regionalization of the thresholds used in the definitions that more accurately accounts for user needs and the amount of total rainfall an area receives is suggested. These regional details are then combined with a probabilistic approach developed in CONFER, based on a widely available multi-model seasonal forecast ensemble, to predict rainy season onset over the Greater Horn of Africa area.