bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Association between growth indicators and volume of lesions in lungs from pigs at slaughter
Authors: Hill M. A. , Scheidt A. B. , Teclaw R. F. , Clark L. K. , Knox K. E. , Jordan M.
Published: January 2024

Conflicting findings exist among studies on the effect of pneumonia on growth in pigs. We determined the extent of pneumonia in market-weight pigs by use of an objective, volumetric method and linear regression analyses of mean daily gain and days-to-slaughter weight on the percentage of pneumonic lung. In a range of extent of pneumonia between 1.33 and 70.44%, a 10% increase in the volume of pneumonic lung was associated with a decrease in mean daily gain by 41.1 g and a 16.7-day increase in number of days to a slaughter weight of 104.5 kg.
Relationship between colloid osmotic pressure and plasma protein concentration in cattle, horses, dogs, and cats
Authors: Thomas Laura A. , Brown Scott A.
Published: January 2024

The relationship between colloid osmotic pressure (cop) and protein concentration was investigated for purified proteins and plasma samples obtained from cattle, horses, dogs, and cats. At equivalent concentrations, bovine albumin exerted a cop that exceeded that of γ-globulins by a mean factor of 4.4. Similar relationships between cop and protein were observed in the other species. Consequently, for a given total protein concentration, cop was dependent on the albumin/γ-globulins ratio. A commonly used nomogram for estimating cop from protein concentration, the Landis-Pappenheimer equation, did not provide reliable results for plasma samples from these species.
Comparison of slot blot nucleic acid hybridization, immunofluorescence, and virus isolation techniques to detect bluetongue virus in blood mononuclear cells from cattle with experimentally induced infection
Authors: de la Concha-Bermejillo Andrés , Schore Caroline E. , Dangler Charles A. , de Mattos Cecilia C. , de Mattos Carlos A. , Osburn Bennie I.
Published: January 2024

A slot blot hybridization technique was applied for detection of bluetongue virus (btv) in blood mononuclear cells (bmnc) obtained from cattle with experimentally induced infection. This technique lacked sensitivity to detect the viral nucleic acid directly in clinical specimens. When aliquots of mononuclear cells from these cattle were cultivated in vitro for 10 days to amplify virus titer, only 33.3% of the samples collected during viremia gave a positive signal in the slot blot hybridization format. By contrast, results for 34.3% of noncultured and 63.3% of cultured mononuclear cell samples collected during viremia were positive by immunofluorescence. The average number of infected cells, as detected by immunofluorescence in the noncultured mononuclear cell samples, was 1 to 5/300,000, and was usually > 10/300,000 in the cultured cell samples. Virus was isolated from all postinoculation blood samples obtained from 4 heifers that were seronegative at the time of inoculation, but was not isolated from any of the preinoculation samples, or from any of the postinoculation samples obtained from 2 heifers that were seropositive at the time of inoculation. When virus isolation was attempted from separated mononuclear cells in 2 heifers, 43.7% of the noncultured and 87.5% of the cultured samples had positive results.
Isolation, propagation, and cryopreservation of equine articular chondrocytes
Authors: Nixon Alan J. , Lust George , Vernier-Singer Margaret
Published: January 2024

Equine articular chondrocytes were isolated from explant cartilage cultures by digestion in a 0.075% collagenase solution for 15 to 19 hours. Cartilage from late-term fetal and neonatal foals resulted in mean chondrocyte yield of 51.99 × 106 cells/g of cartilage (wet weight), compared with a yield of 17.83 × 106 cells/g for foals 3 to 12 months old. Propagation of chondrocytes in monolayer and 3-dimensional culture was accomplished, using Ham’s F-12 as the basal medium, with supplements of fetal bovine serum (10%), ascorbic acid, α-ketoglutarate, and l-glutamine. The medium was buffered with hepes, and penicillin and streptomycin were added for microorganism control. In primary monolayer cultures of freshly isolated chondrocytes, the population doubling time was approximately 6 days. Dedifferentiation of chondrocytes toward a more fibroblastic-appearing cell was observed after the fifth passage (subculture), but was hastened by lower cell-plating density. Chondrocytes were frozen for periods of up to 9 months, using 10% dimethyl sulfoxide as the cryoprotectant. Cell viability of late-term fetal and neonatal foal chondrocytes after storage at −196 C decreased from 86% at 3 weeks to 31% at 12 weeks. Viability of cells derived from older foals and young adult horses was considerably better than that of cells from neonatal foals. Frozen chondrocytes can be stored for extended periods and thawed for immediate implantation or can be sustained in vitro in monolayer or 3-dimensional culture. Such cultures would be suitable for cartilage resurfacing experiments or in vitro assessment of various pharmaceuticals.
An experimental model for subclinical edema disease (Escherichia coli enterotoxemia) manifest as vascular necrosis in pigs
Authors: Kausche Fabian M. , Dean Evelyn A. , Arp Lawrence H. , Samuel James E. , Moon Harley W.
Published: January 2024

An experimental model for subclinical edema disease was developed in weanling pigs. In multiple experiments, 3-week-old pigs were weaned, then inoculated intragastrically with 1010 colony-forming units of an SLT-IIv-positive strain of Escherichia coli originally isolated from a pig with edema disease (principals). Control pigs were inoculated with a nonpathogenic E coli strain. Of 39 principals, 8 developed clinical edema disease within 14 days after inoculation. However, 20 of 21 principals that did not develop clinical signs of edema disease, but were submitted for necropsy examination at 14 days after inoculation, had characteristic vascular lesions of edema disease. Vascular lesions, found principally in ileum and brain, consisted of segmental necrosis of myocytes in the tunica media of small arteries and arterioles. None of the pigs inoculated with a nonpathogenic strain of E coli developed edema disease or vascular lesions. None of the principals necropsied at 2 days after inoculation had vascular lesions. Development of vascular lesions by 14 days after inoculation was used as the end point for detecting subclinical edema disease in the model.
Aminino acid profiles in dogs with chronic renal failure fed two diets
Authors: Hansen Bernie , DiBartola Stephen P. , Chew Dennis J. , Brownie Cavell , Berrie Helen K.
Published: January 2024

Amino acid profiles and serum albumin and serum total protein concentrations were evaluated in dogs with renal disease. Nine dogs ranging in age from 1 to 15 years were identified as having mild to moderate chronic renal failure (crf; exogenous creatinine clearance, 0.5 to 2.13 ml/kg of body weight/min). These dogs and a group of 10 clinically normal control dogs, were fed a diet containing 31% protein for 8 weeks, at which time serum and urine imino acid assays and clearance studies were performed. All dogs then were fed a diet containing 16% protein for 3 weeks and then reevaluated.

Chronic renal failure was associated with mild abnormalities in serum concentrations of amino acids. When fed the higher protein diet, dogs with crf had lower serum concentrations of glutamine, leucine, proline, and serine and higher serum concentrations of cystathionine and 3-methylhistidine than clinically normal control dogs. When fed the low protein diet, dogs with crf had lower serum serine concentrations and higher serum concentrations of cystathionine, phenylalanine, and 3-methylhistidine. Urine excretion of amino acids in all dogs on both diets was low, and dogs with crf had lower renal clearances of 3-methylhistidine than control dogs. There were no significant differences in concentrations of serum albumin and total solids between either group, regardless of diet.

We concluded that dogs with mild to moderately severe crf have mild abnormalities of serum free amino acid concentrations, but renal conservation of essential amino acids is not impaired.
Evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Eperythrozoon suis antibodies in swine
Authors: Hsu Frank S. , Liu M. C. , Chou S. M. , Zachary J. F. , Smith A. R.
Published: January 2024

An elisa was developed and tested to detect antibodies to Eperythrozoon suis in swine. Results were compared with those of the indirect hemagglutination (iha) test. Antigen isolated from swine heavily infected with E suis was used for both tests. Comparison of the elisa with the iha test revealed a significant (P < 0.001) correlation between results. Of 114 samples obtained from 9 swine infected with E suis, 87.7% were seropositive (titer ≥ 200) via the elisa, and 80.7% were seropositive (titer ≥ 20) via the iha test. The sensitivity of the elisa was greater than that of the iha test. All blood samples obtained from specific-pathogen-free swine tested negative for E suis antibody. Cross-reactions were not observed between E suis antigen and antisera against various swine and cattle disease agents using elisa. We concluded that the elisa may be used for rapid and effective diagnosis of infection with E suis in swine.
Temporal effects of plasmapheresis on serum proteins in horses
Authors: Magdesian K. G. , Brook D. , Wickler S. J.
Published: January 2024

The temporal response of blood and serum proteins to chronic plasmapheresis was determined in 8 horses used in a commercial antibody enterprise. Plasmapheresis of between 4 and 11 L induced significant decreases in total protein, albumin, and IgG values. With the exception of a high hematocrit value for the first postplasmapheresis blood sample, there were no changes in erythrocyte or leukocyte measurements, and no changes in the proportions of serum protein in an electrophoretic profile. Regression equations generated for recovery of proteins after plasmapheresis indicated a return to preplasmapheresis values of total protein and albumin at approximately 1 month. Complications of repeated plasmapheresis were not detected when plasma extractions were done between 7 and 19 times at 30-day intervals.
Efficacy of two formulations of albendazole against liver flukes in cattle
Authors: Craig T. M. , Qureshi T. , Miller D. K. , Wade C. G. , Rogers J. A.
Published: January 2024

Albendazole (10 mg/kg of body weight) was administered as a drench suspension or as a feed additive to 24 cattle with naturally acquired infections of Fasciola hepatica and Fascioloides magna. Cattle were euthanatized 16 to 30 days after treatment, and the number of viable flukes was counted. Viable F hepatica and F magna were decreased by 91.4% and 70.6% for drench administration and by 82.9% and 71.9% for the feed additive treatment, respectively. There was no significant difference between the efficacy of the 2 formulations in decreasing viable fluke numbers, compared with untreated controls.
Effects of dialyzable lymph node extracts on lymphoblast proliferative capacity of blood mononuclear cells in cattle with chronic paratuberuclosis
Authors: Kreeger John M. , Snider Theron G. , Olcott Bruce M.
Published: January 2024

Dialyzable lymph node extracts (dle) containing transfer factor prepared from calves sensitized to Mycobacterium paratuberculosis and keyhole-limpet hemocyanin (klh) were administered to 4 adult cows with chronic paratuberculosis. Cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity, lymphocyte blastogenesis, monocyte migration-inhibition, and lymphoblast proliferative capacity as a reflection of interleukin-2 (il-2) activity were measured in 2 response to M bovis purified protein derivative, johnin, and klh before and after treatment with DLE. Change in cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity was not evident after DLE treatment. Alterations in histologic features of pre- and posttreatment sections of ileum and mesenteric lymph nodes were not detected. Lymph node extract treatment significantly (P < 0.05) increased il-2 activity and migration-inhibition in response to johnin and klh in vitro. Treatment had no effect on lymphocyte blastogenesis. The data indicate that cattle with chronic paratuberculosis may benefit from dle treatment, by virtue of increased il-2 activity, and that effects of dle are at least partially mediated by an increase in il-2 activity.
Systemic toxicosis associated with azathioprine administration in domestic cats
Authors: Beale Karin Muth , Altman David , Clemmons Roger R. , Bolon Brad
Published: January 2024

Five cats were treated with an azathioprine suspension (2.2 mg/kg of body weight on alternate days) and 2 cats were given vehicle (controls) for 9 weeks. Complete blood and platelet counts and serum biochemistry variables were monitored weekly. Bone marrow aspirates were evaluated every 3 weeks, and core bone marrow biopsy was performed at the end of the study. Profound neutropenia (< 600 cells/μl) was observed in all treated cats, and 1 cat developed pancytopenia. Treatment was discontinued if the wbc count was < 3,000 cells/μl. Four weeks after discontinuation of azathioprine, 1 treated cat again was given azathioprine at a lower dosage (1.1 mg of azathioprine/kg on alternate days) and neutropenia recurred within 2 weeks. During treatment, 3 cats developed thrombocytosis, and 2 developed thrombocytopenia. In 4 of 5 cats, neutropenia and thrombocytopenia resolved when azathioprine was discontinued. Bone marrow cytologic examination during treatment revealed reduction of the neutrophil line, with relative increase in monocytes. Core bone marrow biopsy at the completion of the study revealed hypocellular marrow with marked decrease in the myeloid series in cats given azathioprine. One of the cats that was treated with azathioprine had a hypercellular marrow with increased numbers of mature granulocytes and precursors; however, azathioprine had been discontinued 3 weeks prior to biopsy. Alterations in serum biochemical variables were not associated with azathioprine. Two cats that were treated with azathioprine developed respiratory tract infections, and 1 of them was euthanatized during the study.
Evaluation of the dermal effects of cast padding in coaptation casts on dogs
Authors: Swaim Steven F. , Vaughn Dana M. , Spalding Patrick J. , Riddell Kay P. , McGuire John A.
Published: January 2024

Three configurations of cast padding and no cast padding were evaluated for their effects on skin in dogs. Padding was placed over bony prominences, between bony prominences, and over both areas for full-length padding under short-limb walking casts applied to 1 pelvic limb of Greyhounds. Evaluations were performed by pressure measurement over the calcaneal tuberosity, measurement of skin thromboxane B2 (TxB2) concentrations in skin over bony prominences, and measurement of plasma TXB2 concentrations.

Pressure studies were performed to evaluate cutaneous pressures related to no cast padding and various configurations of cast padding. Concentrations of TxB2 in the skin were determined to evaluate the skin inflammatory effects of no padding and the padding configurations, and TXB2 concentrations in the plasma were analyzed to ascertain whether they could be used to predict impending dermal pressure lesions.

Flexion of casted limbs revealed the greatest pressure over the calcaneal tuberosity with full-length cast padding. This was followed in decreasing order by no cast padding, padding over the prominences, and padding between the prominences.

Compared with all other bony prominences and padding configurations, TXB2 skin concentrations were significantly higher over the calcaneal tuberosity when no padding was used and over the lateral base of metatarsal V when padding was placed between the prominences. Over the calcaneal tuberosity, this was attributed to the sharpness of the prominence and its potential for movement. This high TxB2 concentration corresponded to the high pressure found in the pressure studies. Over the lateral base of metatarsal V, the increase in TxB2 concentration was related to the mass of the prominence and the tendency for localized padding to settle around the area.

Although the fully padded cast produced the highest pressure over the calcaneal tuberosity in the pressure measurement studies, this form of padding had the lowest TXB2 skin concentrations over this prominence in the 7- day TXB2 measurement studies. This was attributed to compacting of cast padding over time with resultant decrease in pressure over the bony prominence. There were no significant differences in plasma TxB2 concentrations before and after casting.

On the basis of cutaneous pressure measurements and or dermal or plasma TxB2 measurements after short-limb casts had been in place for 7 days, we concluded that absence of cast padding can cause dermal pressure injury over sharp prominences; in some areas, localized cast padding may settle around larger prominences, increase pressure, and potentiate dermal pressure injury; although pressure may be high after applying full-length cast padding, some compacting of the padding occurs, and this provides the best form of padding to prevent dermal pressure injury; and plasma TxB2 concentrations cannot be used to predict impending dermal pressure injury in a coaptation cast.
Pulmonary artery wedge pressure increases with high-intensity exercise in horses
Authors: Manohar Murli
Published: January 2024

Using catheter mounted microtip manometers, right atrial, pulmonary artery, and pulmonary artery wedge pressures were studied in 8 horses while they were standing quietly (rest), and during galloping at treadmill speeds of 8, 10, and 13 m/s. At rest, mean (± sem) heart rate, mean right atrial pressure, mean pulmonary artery pressure, and mean pulmonary artery wedge pressure were 37 (± 2) beats/min, 8 (± 2) mm of Hg, 31 (± 2) mm of Hg, and 18 (± 2) mm of Hg, respectively. Exercise at treadmill belt speed of 8 m/s resulted in significant (P < 0.05) increments in heart rate, right atrial pressure, pulmonary artery systolic, mean, diastolic and pulse pressures, and pulmonary artery wedge pressure. All these variables registered further significant (P < 0.05) increments as work intensity increased to 10 m/s, and then to 13 m/s. Pulmonary artery diastolic pressure was, however, not different among the 3 work intensities. During exercise at belt speed of 13 m/s, heart rate, mean right atrial pressure, mean pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary artery pulse pressure, and mean pulmonary artery wedge pressure were 213 (± 5) beats/min, 44 (± 4) mm of Hg, 89 (± 5) mm of Hg, 69 (± 4) mm of Hg, and 56 (± 4) mm of Hg, respectively. Assuming mean intravascular pulmonary capillary pressure to be halfway between the mean pulmonary arterial and venous pressures, its value during exercise at 13 m/s may have approached 72.5 mm of Hg. Transmural pressure (intravascular minus alveolar pressure) across pulmonary capillaries may be even higher because of the large negative pleural pressure swings in galloping horses. High transmural pressures may cause stress failure of pulmonary capillaries, resulting in exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage.
Kinetic analysis of D-xylose distribution after intravenous administration to mares
Authors: Ferrante Pamela L. , Freeman David E. , Ramberg Charles F. , Kronfeld David S.
Published: January 2024

Multicompartmental analysis was applied to study the kinetics of D-xylose distribution after IV administration to healthy mares deprived of food for 12 and 96 hours. Urinary excretion of D-xylose was measured over a 15-hour period after administration. The plasma D-xylose concentrations in this study were in the range found after oral tolerance testing. The disposition of D-xylose was described by a two-compartment model with linear kinetic characteristics. Total volume of distribution decreased significantly (P < 0.025) from 0.270 L/kg of body weight after the 12-hour period of food deprivation to 0.235 L/kg after the 96-hour period. Fractional rate of transfer between the central and peripheral compartments did not change after 96 hours without food. Approximately a third of the D-xylose administered was recovered in the urine. Difference in urinary elimination between the 12- and 96-hour periods was not significant. Nonrenal elimination rate was determined to be twice the renal elimination rate.

The results indicated that formal kinetic analysis can provide useful information about D-xylose distribution in horses. The decreased D-xylose space found after a 96-hour period of food deprivation would tend to increase the plasma D-xylose concentration, and this may help in the interpretation of the D-xylose absorption test applied to anorectic horses.
Changes in plasma cortisol, corticotropin, and α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone concentrations in cats before and after physical restraint and intradermal testing
Authors: Willemse Ton , Vroom Margreet W. , Mol Jan A. , Rijnberk Ad
Published: January 2024

In 6 cats, mean ± sem baseline plasma concentrations of cortisol, corticotropin, and α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-msh) were 87 ± 16 nmol/ L, 73 ± 14 ng/L, and 129 ± 12 ng/L, respectively. The cats were subjected to: handling and subsequent skin testing without anesthesia; anesthesia with 50 mg of ketamine HCl and 2.5 mg of diazepam given IV, immediately followed by handling and skin testing; and anesthesia and handling as previously described, but without skin testing. Significant (P <0.05; multivariate analysis for repeated measures) increase in plasma cortisol, corticotropin, and α-msh concentrations was observed until 20 minutes after the start of the experiments in cats undergoing physical restraint and subsequent skin testing with or without preceding anesthesia. These responses were largely abolished when anesthesia with ketamine and diazepam was only followed by handling.

We conclude that, during stress in cats (in contrast to dogs), the pituitary intermediate lobe is activated to secrete α-msh. In addition, the cortisol response after skin testing of cats under anesthesia may be a reasonable explanation for the reported weak skin test reactivity in cats.
Effect of heparin on hemagglutination by pseudorabies virus
Authors: Ohashi Seiichi , Inaba Yuji , Kataoka Jun , Tetsu Nobuhiro , Shibata Isao , Asagi Masayoshi
Published: January 2024

Heparin inhibited hemagglutination (ha) by pseudorabies virus (prv), but not ha by Akabane virus, bovine adenovirus type 7, Fukuoka virus, Getah virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, and parainfluenza virus type 3 belonging to the families Bunyaviridae, Adenoviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Togaviridae, Flaviviidae, and Paramyxoviridae, respectively. The minimal inhibitory concentration of heparin required to inhibit 8 ha U of prv ranged from 0.005 to 0.01 U/ml. Mouse erythrocytes failed to combine with the ha inhibitory factor of heparin. On the other hand, mouse erythrocytes treated with heparinase had greatly reduced agglutinability by prv. Virus-heparin complex formation could be observed by sedimenting heparin with the virus particles.
Measurement of ragweed-specific IgE in canine serum by use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, containing polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies
Authors: Peng Z. , Simons F. E. R. , Becker A. B.
Published: January 2024

Using polyclonal rabbit and monoclonal mouse anti-dog IgE antibodies, we developed elisa for measurement of ragweed-specific IgE in canine serum. In the elisa, microtitration plates were coated with ragweed extract and sequentially incubated with canine-serum, purified monoclonal or polyclonal anti-dog IgE, and conjugated goat anitbody to mouse IgG or rabbit IgG. Serum ragweed-specific IgE values were measured by the 2 elisa in serum samples from 60 ragweed-allergic dogs and in serum from 10 control dogs. Passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (pca) tests were performed on these sera to compare results with those of the elisa. Mean coefficient of variation between assays was 0.20 ± 0.10 for the assay using the polyclonal antibody and was 0.17 ± 0.10 for that using monoclonal antibody. Sensitivity was 0.6 U/ml for the elisa, using polyclonal antibody, and 2.5 U/ml for the elisa, using monoclonal antibody. Serum ragweed-specific IgE values measured by the 2 elisa strongly correlated with pca titers (P < 0.0000), but the elisa using polyclonal antibody had higher correlation with pca titer (r = 0.84) than the elisa using monoclonal antibody (r = 0.59). The geometric mean ragweed-specific IgE value measured by the 2 elisa and by pca testing, was significantly higher (P < 0.0000). in allergic dogs than in control dogs. The 2 elisa were specific, sensitive, and reproducible for measurement of ragweed-specific IgE in canine serum.
Characterization of cardiac alterations in nonsedated cynomolgus monkeys
Authors: Macallum G. E. , Houston B. J.
Published: January 2024

Spontaneous variations in ECG and continuous Holter monitor recordings of a colony of 31 male and 31 female cynomolgus monkeys were characterized. Electrocardiograms recorded for approximately 1 minute on 2 occasions in nonsedated monkeys were analyzed, and intervals (PR, QRS, and QT), amplitudes (P, Q, R, and T), and heart rate were determined from lead II of these tracings. In addition, Holter moniter recorders were placed on monkeys by use of carrying jackets for 16 to 24 hours of continuous recording twice during the study, and tapes were analyzed. Mean heart rate and intervals and amplitudes were similar for males and females on the first and the second recordings. Mean heart rate for males and females was 232 and 226 beats/min (bpm), respectively. The PR, QRS, and QT interval measurements, 77, 29, and 165 milliseconds, respectively, were recorded for males and 81. 30, and 162 milliseconds, respectively, were recorded for females. The P, Q, R, and T wave amplitudes were 0.16, 0.11, 0.64, and 0.28, mV respectively, for males and were 0.17, 0.10, 0.79 and 0.24 mV, respectively, for females. In addition, ventricular ectopic beats were observed in ECG from 5 females, but not in ECG from the males. Single ventricular ectopic beats were observed in 3 females for either the first or second tracing. One monkey had ectopic beats in both tracings, but in both instances, the number of ectopic beats was low (3 singles in the first and 1 in the second tracing). One monkey had runs of pairs and bigeminal beats in only the first tracing. One monkey had sporadic beats indicative of right bundle branch block morphology in both tracings. In Holter recordings, ventricular ectopic beats were identified in 47 monkeys. Ventricular ectopic beats were observed in only 1 of the 2 Holter monitor tapes for 53% of these monkeys. Most ventricular ectopic beats occurred as single beats, but pairs, ventricular tachycardia, and bigeminy also were observed. Ectopic beats were of a single morphology in 60% of the monkeys, but as many as 4 different morphologies were observed in a single tracing. Sinus arrhythmia or arrest was observed in 66% of the monkeys. Ventricular ectopic beats and sinus arrythmia can occur without apparent cause in clinically normal monkeys. Higher prevalences of these abnormalities are identified by Holter monitoring relative to routine ECG procedures. These variables should be cautiously evaluated, because the lack of proper characterization of monkeys on test may mislead investigators as to the real importance of these findings.
Association between clinical lameness and Borrelia burgdorferi antibody in dairy cows
Authors: Wells S. J. , Trent A. M. , Robinson R. A. , Knutson K. S. , Bey R. F.
Published: January 2024

Results of an elisa, indirect fluorescent antibody (ifa) test, and immunoblot analysis (western blotting) for antibody to Borrelia burgdorferi in a sample of 216 lactating dairy cows were compared. The microscopic microtitration agglutination test for antibody to 6 serovars of Leptospira interrogans was also performed to evaluate possible cross-reactivity between B burgdorferi and L interrogans. Using western blotting as the standard test against which the elisa and ifa test were compared, the elisa had greater sensitivity (50% in summer and 38% in spring) with similar specificity (83 and 82%), compared with the ifa test (sensitivity, 6 and 5%; specificity, 90 and 83%). In addition, seropositivity to B burgdorferi, using the elisa, was not found to be associated with seropositivity to L interrogans serovars.

A matched case-control study evaluating the association between clinical lameness and antibody to B burgdorferi was performed in lactating dairy cows of 17 Minnesota and Wisconsin herds. Sera from case and control cows matched by herd, parity, and stage of lactation were evaluated, using an elisa for B burgdorferi antibody during 2 seasons. High B burgdorferi antibody values were associated with clinical lameness in dairy cows (P = 0.006 in summer and P = 0.04 in spring).
Controlled tests of activity of several antiparasitic compounds against natural infections of Haemonchus contortus and other helminths in lambs from a flock established in 1962
Authors: Lyons E. T. , Drudge J. H. , Tolliver S. C. , Stamper S.
Published: January 2024

Antiparasitic activity of several compounds was evaluated over a long period (about 25 years) in the same flock of sheep. Haemonchus contortus was of special interest, including its relation to drug resistance, especially to thiabendazole and other benzimidazoles, in addition to phenothiazine.

Eleven compounds were evaluated in 15 controlled tests, done between 1966 and 1989 in naturally infected lambs (n = 145) born and raised on the same pasture. Sheep were first placed on the pasture in 1962, and a few more were added thereafter. Internal parasites in these sheep were classified in 3 general categories: indeterminate exposure to parasiticides; H contortus, resistant to thiabendazole; and H contortus, resistant to phenothiazine. The parasitic infections probably became more homogeneous after several years because of few introductions of outside sheep after initial establishment of the flock.

Activity against naturally acquired internal helminths was evaluated for cambendazole (CBZ: dosage, 20 mg/kg of body weight), fenbendazole (FBZ: 5 or 7.5 mg/kg), mebendazole (MBZ: 10 mg/kg); oxfendazole (OFZ: 3.5 or 10 mg/kg), oxibendazole (OBZ: 10 mg/kg); parbendazole (PBZ: 15 mg/kg), phenothiazine (PTZ: 550 mg/kg); pyrantel pamoate (PRT: 25 mg base/kg), tetramizole (TET: 15 mg/kg); thiabendazole (TBZ: 30 or 44 mg/kg), and trichlorfon (TCF: 100 mg/kg). Thiabendazole was used more often (9 tests) than the other compounds.

Thiabendazole was more active against mature H contortus in later years than when first used in 1966, although it was never 100% effective. Efficacy against immature H contortus for TBZ did not exceed 86%. Activity against immature and mature stages of this parasite was good overall for the other benzimidazoles. Results indicated no definite side resistance of non-TBZ benzimidazoles for this species. Removal of both stages of H contortus was generally low for PTZ. For the other nonbenzimidazoles (PRT, TET, and TCF), efficacy against immature and mature H contortus was 93 to 100%, except for 1 test with PRT (79% on mature worms) and 1 with TCF (77% on immature worms).

With regard to other abomasal parasites, activity for the compounds tested against 2 species of Ostertagia was ≥ 97%, with 1 exception; numbers of these parasites in nontreated lambs were less than numbers of H contortus. All compounds, except PTZ and TCF, were effective against a third species, Trichostrongylus axei.

Activity against several species of intestinal parasites, most present in low numbers, was determined for 5 compounds (TCF, TBZ, CBZ, PTZ, and PRT) in 5 tests. Thiabendazole, CBZ, and PRT were highly effective against trichostrongyles, with a few exceptions. Trichlorfon and PTZ had overall less activity against trichostrongyles than did the other products. Against trichurids, PRT and TCF were highly efficacious.
Effects of short-term cast immobilization on equine articular cartilage
Authors: Richardson Dean W. , Clark Charles C.
Published: January 2024

Hexosamine concentration (an index of proteoglycan content), DNA content (an index of cellularity), and [35S]sulfate incorporation (an index of proteoglycan synthesis) of articular cartilage were measured in biopsy specimens from medial proximal sesamoid bone, medial condyle of the third metacarpal bone, and proximal dorsal rim of the proximal phalanx in both metacarpophalangeal joints of 6 adult horses. One limb was then placed in a fiberglass cast that extended down from the proximal portion of the metacarpus and enclosed the hoof; the other limb was not casted. After 30 days of stall confinement, additional specimens were taken from the medial proximal sesamoid bone, medial condyle of the third metacarpal bone, midproximal portion of the proximal phalanx, distal portion of the proximal phalanx, and proximal portion of the middle phalanx of both limbs for comparison.

Immobilization resulted in an apparent decrease in the hexosamine content of the cartilage when the 30-day immobilized vs 30-day mobilized specimens were analyzed. This decrease was accentuated by opposing trends in the 2 limbs. The immobilized cartilage tended to lose hexosamine, whereas the mobilized limb tended to gain hexosamine during the 30-day period; a similar trend also was seen with [35S] incorporation, but this trend was not statistically significant. The largest change was a significant increase in glycosaminoglycan synthesis in the mobilized limb, compared with little change in the immobilized joint cartilage.

We concluded that contralateral limbs are unsuitable for controls in immobilization studies because of their biological response to increased weight bearing. We also concluded that the changes in articular cartilage found following simple cast immoblization of 30 days' duration are minor and probably of little clinical consequence.
Protection against pseudorabies virus infection by intranasal vaccination of newborn pigs
Authors: McCaw Monte B. , Xu Jinsheng
Published: January 2024

Intranasal vaccination of newborn pigs with pseudorabies virus (prv) strain Iowa S62/26 tk- gX- Bgal+ was evaluated to determine whether protective immunity could be stimulated in pigs given colostrum from immune sows. Three litters were vaccinated (2 litters from prv-immune sows and 1 born to a prv-free sow), and 2 were left as nonvaccinated controls (1 passively immune and 1 prv-nonimmune). Pigs were then challenge-exposed at 15 weeks of age with virulent prv strain 4892. Vaccinated pigs that suckled nonimmune sows developed serum prv-neutralizing antibody by 15 weeks of age and did not die or have reduction in weight gain or febrile response after challenge exposure. Vaccinated pigs that suckled prv-immune sows were seronegative for prv at the time of challenge exposure and had less weight loss and fever than did challenge-exposed control pigs. Intranasal vaccination at birth did not stimulate adequate immunity to reduce virus shedding after challenge exposure in any of the vaccinated pigs.
Virus reactivation in bitches with a medical history of herpesvirus infection
Authors: Okuda Yasuyuki , Ishida Katsuhiko , Hashimoto Akira , Yamaguchi Tsuyoshi , Fukushi Hideto , Hirai Katsuya , Carmichael L. E.
Published: January 2024

Virologic and pathologic investigations were done on prednisolone-treated bitches with a history of canine herpesvirus (chv) infection. Reactivation of chv was demonstrated in 5 Beagle bitches after daily administration of 600 mg of prednisolone for 5 days. The reactivation was confirmed in 4 of 5 bitches. Canine herpesvirus was recovered from nasal, oral, vaginal, and ocular secretions on the 5th to 21st days after initiation of treatment with prednisolone, and also from nasal mucosa and tonsil tissues. Results indicated that latent chv infections develop and that the virus may be reactivated, without clinical signs, in dogs with a history of chv infection.
Characterization of serum α1-acid glycoprotein in fetal and newborn calves during development
Authors: Itoh Hiroshi , Tamura Keiji , Izumi Minoru , Motoi Yoshiko , Funayama Yasuko
Published: January 2024

Serum α1-acid glycoprotein (α1-ag) in bovine fetuses and newborn calves was characterized. Serum α1-ag concentration increased during fetal development and neonatal stages. Mean ± sd serum α1-ag concentration reached a peak of 1,368 ± 207 μg/ml immediately after birth, but thereafter gradually decreased to 249 ± 100 μg/ml, similar to the normal adult bovine range.

By use of isoelectric focusing of thin-layer gels, we detected 7 microheterogeneity bands ranging from pI 3.2 to 3.8 in adult bovine serum. Twelve bands ranging from pI 2.6 to 3.8 were found in 9-month fetuses and in neonates. The 5 most-acidic bands, which are absent in adult serum, ranged between pI 2.6 and 3.1 and decreased with maturation as band patterns assumed adult characteristics.

By crossed affinity electrophoresis, α1-ag of adult bovine serum was separated into 4 peaks according to its differential affinity to concanavalin A (conA). Seventy-five percent of the α1-ag concentration was represented by peak 3 (P-3) and peak 4 (P-4), which had moderate or strong binding to conA. In contrast, fetal sera contained only peak 1 (P-1), which did not have conA-binding affinity. In neonatal sera, 4 peaks were recognized, of which P-1 comprised 70% of the total α1-ag. Thereafter, with aging, percentage of P-3 and P-4 increased as band composition approached the normally expected adult pattern.
Variant of canine erythrocytes with high potassium content and lack of glutathione accumulation
Authors: Fujise Hiroshi , Mori Masayuki , Ogawa Eri , Maede Yoshimitsu
Published: January 2024

Although the cation composition of mature erythrocytes in clinically normal dogs comprises low K concentration and high Na concentration because of lack of a Na/K pump, a dog was found that had erythrocytes with high K and reduced glutathione (gsh) concentrations attributable to the existence of a Na/K pump (hk/hg cells). However, 2 dogs were subsequently found that had erythrocytes with high K concentration and increased Na/K pump activity, but without high gsh accumulation (hk/lg cells). In those hk/lg cells, Na-dependent glutamate and aspartate influxes were about a sixth of the values in hk/hg cells, despite a steep Na gradient, and cellular glutamate concentration was not accumulated in hk/lg cells as it was in hk/hg cells. In the latter cells, glutamate and aspartate accumulated because of high activity of Na-dependent amino acid influxes. Therefore, low concentration of glutamate may be the reason for the low gsh concentration in hk/lg cells. In such cells, however, aspartate and glutamine were accumulated similarly as they were in hk/hg cells. The hk/lg cells also had a defect in amino acid metabolism. This defect was different from that in hk/hg cells. Thus, hk/lg cells might be a new model for study of defects in amino acid transport and amino acid metabolism.
Kinematic gait analysis of the trot in healthy Greyhounds
Authors: DeCamp Charles E. , Soutas-Little Robert W. , Hauptman Joe , Olivier Bari , Braden Terrance , Walton Aaron
Published: January 2024

A noninvasive computer-assisted kinematic gait analysis was used to describe flexion and extension movements of 6 joints in Greyhounds at a trot. Distinct patterns of movements were described for each joint studied. The coxofemoral and carpal joints were characterized by a single peak of maximal extension. The femorotibial, tarsal, scapulohumeral, and cubital joints had 2 peaks of maximal extension, with 1 peak preceding stance phase and a second peak within stance phase. A two-factor repeated-measures anova was used to determine the variance in measurement of joint angles in degrees that was attributable to trial repetitions and to differences between dogs. The coxofemoral, femorotibial, tarsal, scapulohumeral, and cubital joints had a mean variance attributable to trial repetition of 6.6 (range, 1.7 to 12.9), and a mean variance attributable to differences between dogs of 5.1 (range, 0.9 to 9.2). The carpus had more variance, with a mean variance attributable to trial repetition of 16.3 (range, 13.3 to 20.5), and that attributable to differences between dogs of 31.8 (range, 20.5 to 46.7). Kinematic gait analysis provided a reliable description of flexion and extension movements in Greyhounds with minimal variance attributable to trial repetitions and to differences between dogs.
Purification of a Pasteurella haemolytica serotype 1-specific polysaccharide epitope by use of monoclonal antibody immunoaffinity
Authors: Austin Frank W. , Corstvet Richard E.
Published: January 2024

A murine IgM monoclonal antibody causing bacterial agglutination was used in an immunoaffinity procedure to purify a serotype 1-specific polysaccharide epitope from Pasteurella haemolytica. The P haemolytica serotype 1-specific antibody was precipitated from peritoneal ascitic fluid, dialyzed, and covalently attached to cyanogen bromide-activated Sepharose 4B beads. Retention of purified antibody activity and coupling efficiency were > 99% when evaluated by elisa, agglutination testing, and protein determination. Potassium thiocyanate was selected as an eluant on the basis of reversible dissociation of bacterial agglutination and was titrated for the lowest effective concentration. Immunobead activity was observed microscopically by immobilization of encapsulated P haemolytica serotype 1 and its reversible dissociation after elution with 0.4M potassium thiocyanate. Specificity of immobilization was visualized, using P haemolytica serotypes 2 and 5, which were not bound, and by blocking serotype-1 binding with homologous capsular material. Saline-extractable capsular material from P haemolytica serotype 1 was used as an antigen source. After elution of the serotype 1-specific polysaccharide epitope, the product was dialyzed and analyzed, using chemical and immunologic methods. The immunoaffinity product contained no detectable protein and greater than half the original hexosamine content. Using defined monoclonal antibodies in elisa, titration of the original capsular material and the immunoaffinity product revealed specific retention of lipopolysaccharide, a 10- to 30-kd polysaccharide antigen common to all P haemolytica and P multocida serotypes, and serotype 1-specific capsular polysaccharide, indicating possible epitope sharing among polysaccharide antigens of P haemolytica serotype 1.
Apparent dietary protein requirement of dogs with portosystemic shunt
Authors: Laflamme D. P. , Allen S. W. , Huber T. L.
Published: January 2024

Current medical management of dogs with portosystemic shunt (pss) includes dietary protein restriction. After establishment of baseline values, 32 dogs underwent portosystemic anastomosis to induce pss. They were assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments, and given 11 or 24% crude protein (cp); 20% of the protein was derived from branched chain or aromatic amino acids. The apparent digestibility of cp and of total digestible energy were not affected by pss. The apparent digestibility of fat decreased from 92% to 85% in dogs with pss (P < 0.01). Across all diets, the apparent dietary protein requirement (adpr) was 2.07 g of cp/kg of body weight/d in clinically normal dogs and 2.11 g of cp/kg/d after pss. Dietary amino acid composition had no effect on adpr. The adpr for dogs fed the 11% protein diets was 1.69 g of cp/kg/d in clinically normal dogs and 1.62 g of cp/kg/d after pss, whereas the adpr in dogs fed the 24% protein diets was 3.94 g of cp/kg/d before pss and 3.31 g of cp/kg/d after pss. Serum total protein, urea nitrogen, and albumin concentrations were lower in dogs with pss fed the 11% protein diets, compared with those fed the 24% protein diets. We conclude that there is no difference in adpr in dogs with pss; however, the low protein intake of 1.62 g of cp/kg/d appeared inadequate to maintain normal protein stores, Dietary protein that provides at least 2.1 g of cp/kg/d is recommended for dogs with pss.
Pharmacokinetics of propofol in mixed-breed dogs and Greyhounds
Authors: Zoran D. L. , Riedesel D. H. , Dyer D. C.
Published: January 2024

Pharmacokinetics and recovery characteristics of propofol in Greyhounds and mixed-breed dogs were compared. In all dogs, disposition of propofol was adequately described by a 2-compartment open model, with a rapid distribution phase followed by a slower elimination phase. When findings in Greyhounds were compared with those in mixed-breed dogs, significant differences were observed in mean concentrations of propofol in blood, recovery characteristics, and estimates for apparent volume of distribution, volume of distribution at steady state, and total body clearance. In addition, Greyhounds recovered from anesthesia at higher concentrations of propofol than did mixed-breed dogs. A secondary peak in blood propofol concentration was observed in 8 of 10 Greyhounds and in 5 of 8 mixed-breed dogs. This peak corresponded to the time of return of the righting reflex.
Maturational changes in F waves in growing chickens
Authors: Bagley Rodney S. , Wheeler Simon J. , James Robert L.
Published: January 2024

The F waves evoked by supramaximal stimulation of distal tibial nerve were evaluated in chickens aged 2 to 15 weeks. Latency of these potentials increased from mean ± sd 11.4 ± 0.12 ms at week 2 to mean 12.88 ± 0.65 ms at week 15. The F-wave latency increased linearly with age. When this latency was corrected for a standard distance to compensate for the increasing limb length with age, latency decreased with maturity.
Lactulose and mannitol as probe markers for in vivo assessment of passive intestinal permeability in healthy cats
Authors: Papasouliotis K. , Gruffydd-Jones T. J. , Sparkes A. H. , Cripps P. J. , Millard W. G.
Published: January 2024

Intestinal permeability was assessed in 12 healthy cats by use of a differential sugar absorption test. A 50-ml isotonic aqueous solution containing a combination of 1.8 g of the disaccharide lactulose and 1.7 g of the monosaccharide mannitol was administered to cats via nasogastric tube. Urine was collected after 6 hours, and all urine samples were analyzed the same day, using a gas-liquid chromatographic technique (glc) and an enzymatic assay (enz). Median urinary recovery of lactulose was 0.27 and 0.54% determined by glc and enz, respectively. Differences between these groups were statistically significant (P = 0.023), and correlation between assays was high (r = 0.94, P < 0.01). Median urinary recovery of mannitol was 1.93 and 2.09% for glc and enz, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences between these groups and the correlation between assays was high (r = 0.85, P < 0.01). The median lactulose-to-mannitol ratio was 0.29, using glc, and was 0.52, using enz. Correlation of these ratios was again high (r = 0.93, P < 0.01).
Serum antibody response to purified Pasteurella haemolytica capsular polysaccharide in cattle
Authors: Tigges Michael G. , Loan Raymond W.
Published: January 2024

Capsular polysaccharide (cp) of Pasteurella haemolytica, biotype A, serotype 1, was purified and combined with saline solution, aluminum hydroxide, and Freund's incomplete (oil) adjuvant. Three groups of calves were administered the various antigen preparations. The cp in saline preparation was also administered to 5 mature cows. Second injections were given 4 weeks after the first. Weekly obtained serum samples were analyzed for P haemolytica-specific antibody, using the indirect hemagglutination assay, and cp-specific antibodies were detected, using an isotype-specific elisa. Purified cp stimulated production of cp-specific IgM, IgG1, and IgG2 in calves and predominantly IgM and IgG1 in mature cows. Significant increases in cp antibody titers were not observed after the second injection of cp antigen in either calves or mature cows. The cp in oil adjuvant stimulated the highest mean cp-specific IgG1 and IgG2 responses, whereas the cp in aluminum hydroxide adjuvant stimulated the highest mean cp-specific IgM response.