bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On Mozart's Partial Autograph of the Duet ‘Nun, liebes Weibchen’,
K.625/592a
Authors: Buch David J.
Published: November 2004

Mozart's partial autograph of the duet ‘Nun, liebes Weibchen’,
K.625/592a, written for Emanuel Schikaneder's heroic-comic opera
Der Stein der Weisen oder die Zauberinsel
(Theater auf der Wieden, 11 September 1790) has not yet received the
attention it deserves in the secondary literature. Perhaps this is due to
the reluctance of scholars to accept Mozart's authorship. Because the
initial string parts and all of the vocal lines are in another hand, and
because Mozart did not enter the duet in his own handwritten catalogue,
Alfred Einstein suggested that Mozart merely orchestrated original material
possibly composed by Benedikt Schack, a suggestion that has been repeated as
if it were a fact in several prominent studies.
Wilkie Collins on Music and Musicians
Authors: Atlas Allan W.
Published: November 2004

On 21 November 1853, Charles Dickens wrote to his wife from Florence, complaining about his friend and travelling-companion, fellow novelist Wilkie Collins:

On music too, he is very learned, and sometimes almost drives me into a frenzy by humming and whistling whole overtures -with not one movement correctly remembered from the beginning to the end. I was obliged to ask him, the day before yesterday, to leave off whistling the overture to William Tell. ‘For by Heaven,’ said I, ‘there's something the matter with your ear — it must be the cotton which plays the Devil with the commonest tune.’
‘Ich singe, wie der Vogel singt’: Reflections on Nature and Genre in Wolf's Setting of Goethe's Der Sänger
Authors: Glauert Amanda
Published: November 2004

Lawrence Kramer has highlighted some of the myths that surround early writing on Wolf — in particular the myth that he was able to realize a poem's ‘natural breath’ by submitting his identity entirely to the poet's. Kramer prefers to link Wolf with the figure of the harper from Goethe's Wilhelm Meister, casting him as a musician who is compelled to reflect his own inadequacy. Yet such a picture still underestimates the complexity of the Lieder composer's role, as suggested by Goethe and confirmed by Wolf. In the ballad Der Sänger Goethe disturbed early Romantic conceptions of the lyric by implying the harper was aware of how his ‘song’ both failed and succeeded in the hoped-for communication with his listeners. Wolf's own layered interpretation of Der Sänger takes the challenge to our understanding of the lyric one stage further; it thus offers a crucial clarification of the potential of the musical Lied as the composer's vehicle for active and effective criticism.
Music and Narrative Revisited: Degrees of Narrativity in Beethoven and Mahler
Authors: Micznik Vera
Published: November 2004

This study presents an attempt to pin down the potential narrative qualities of instrumental, wordless music. Comparing as case-studies two pieces in sonata form–the first movements of Beethoven's ‘Pastoral’ Symphony (as representative of Classical narrative possibilities) and of Mahler's Ninth Symphony (as representative of its composer's idiosyncratic treatment of those in the late nineteenth century) –I propose a ‘narrative’ analysis of their musical features, applying the notions of ‘story’, ‘discourse’ and other concepts from the literary theory of, for example, Genette, Prince and Barthes. An analysis at three semiotic levels (morphological, syntactic and semantic), corresponding to denotative/connotative levels of meaning, shows that Mahler's materials qualify better as narrative ‘events’ on account of their greater number, their individuality and their rich semantic connotations. Through analysis of the ‘discursive techniques’ of the two pieces I show that a weaker degree of narrativity corresponds to music in which the developmental procedures are mostly based on tonal musical syntax (as in the Classical style), whereas a higher degree of narrativity corresponds to music in which, in addition to semantic transformations of the materials, discourse itself relies more on gestural semantic connotations (as in Mahler).
Schenker versus Schoenberg versus Schenker: The Difficulties of a Reconciliation
Authors: Borio Gianmario
Published: November 2004

Music theory has increasingly been attempting to find points of conjunction between the analytical methods of Heinrich Schenker and those of Arnold Schoenberg. However, the move toward a reconciliation has encountered obstacles because of the uneven development of the two schools and differences in the philosophical background of their procedures. The present article focuses on these differences through an examination of three standard examples: the first movements of Beethoven's sonatas op. 2 no. 1, op. 10 no. 1 and op. 57. The comparison of Schenker's analyses inDer TonwilleandDer freie Satzwith those of Schoenberg, Webern, Rufer and Ratz shows that the disagreement principally concerns musical form and the functions of its components. The differences can finally be traced back to two opposite paradigms: music as nature and music as language.
A ‘Parody’ on Josquin'sInviolatain Barcelona 1967: An Unknown Mass by Philippe Verdelot?
Authors: Nelson Bernadette
Published: November 2004

Preserved anonymously and without title in Barcelona 1967 is a unique six-voice polyphonic Mass which to a large extent ‘parodies’ Josquin's famous setting of the Marian sequenceInviolata, integra et casta es Maria.It was copied along with other works apparently imported from northern Italy to the court of the duke of Calabria in Valencia in the early 1540s, the supposed provenance of the choirbook, and bears every indication of having been written by a skilled Franco-Flemish handc.1520–3. More particularly, the counterpoint, richly woven texture and sonority have much in common with music attributed to Philippe Verdelot, especially in works he composed fromc.1518 through to his time in Florence up to 1527. This article draws upon several works by Verdelot for stylistic comparison, including an eight-voiceInviolatasetting now attributed to him, as well as music by his contemporaries, and also shows how the composer of the Mass was skilled in manipulating Josquin's themes, and contrapuntal textures and structures, thus demonstrating his debt to the master.
‘My father was a poor Parisian musician’: A Memoir (1756) concerning Rameau, Handel's Library and Sallé
Authors: Charlton David , Hibberd Sarah
Published: November 2004

The emergence in 1756 of the Journal encyclopédique, published in Liège (later in Bouillon), encouraged an international readership to view cultural developments across national boundaries. An anonymous review of Rameau's new version of Zoroastre was prefaced by ‘Mémoires d'un musicien’, whose author recalls significant events in his musical education and life history to date. These include extended travels to England and Italy. The narrator describes meeting Handel and also Marie Sallé in London, and details various contents of Handel's library supposedly seen and discussed on more than one visit, deduced as occurring late in 1746. These accounts are analysed and contextualized, and a report on archival searches for the author's identity provided, together with an English translation of the 1756 text.
Moving Beyond Motion: Metaphors for Changing Sound
Authors: Adlington Robert
Published: November 2004

This article argues that music offers experiences of change that are at odds with our common understanding of time. Specifically, I question the widespread belief that onward motion is a condition of musical temporality. I approach this issue through metaphor theory, which tends to argue for the necessity of metaphorical experiences of time and music in terms of motion. I argue that music's changing sound evokes a variety of bodily metaphors; motion is not ever-present, but intermingles with metaphors of heat, light, weight, tension and so on. Works by Ligeti, Carter, Kurtág and Saariaho are discussed as case studies.
The Garrick Papers: Provenance, Publication, and Reception
Authors: Smith Nicholas
Published: November 2004

The Garrick Papers are among the brightest literary jewels in the Forster Collection at the Victoria and Albert Museum. This article reconstructs their provenance, along with that of significant deposits of Garrick’s correspondence held elsewhere, and examines the circumstances that led to their publication in 1831–1832. It uses unpublished manuscripts, Chancery records, and annotated sale catalogues to identify the chain of ownership between 1822, when the executors of Eva Maria Garrick (1724–1822), the actor’s widow, found them in two cabinets at her Thames-side villa at Hampton, and 1876, when they were bequeathed to the South Kensington Museum. It reveals the original order of Garrick’s epistolary archive, and his and others’ involvement in its appraisal and arrangement, the various depredations and augmentations that occurred during the fifty years that followed Eva Maria Garrick’s death, and the early critical reception and publishing history of the printed editions of Garrick’s correspondence.
Physical and biochemical aspects of the flow across the Mascarene Plateau in the Indian Ocean
Authors: New A. L. , Stansfield K. , Smythe-Wright D. , Smeed D. A. , Evans A. J. , Alderson S. G.
Published: November 2004

This paper presents results from a detailed hydrographic survey of the Mascarene Plateau and surrounding area undertaken by the RRS
Charles Darwin
in June–July 2002. We examine how the westward–flowing South Equatorial Current (SEC) crosses the plateau, and how the structure of the flow determines the supply of nutrients to the surface waters. We find that the flow of the SEC across the plateau is highly dependent on the complex structure of the banks which make up the plateau, and that a large part of the flow is channelled between the Saya de Malha and Nazareth Banks. Furthermore, the SEC forms a sharp boundary between subtropical water masses from further south, which are low in nutrients, and waters from further north, which are relatively nutrient rich. Overall, the SEC delivers relatively high levels of nutrients to the near–surface waters of the central and northern regions of the plateau, compared with the southern regions of the plateau. This is partly due to uplifting of density surfaces through Ekman suction on the northern side of the SEC, and partly due to the higher levels of nutrients on those density surfaces on the northern side of the SEC. This may drive increased production of phytoplankton in these areas, which would in turn be expected to fuel increased abundances of zooplankton and higher levels of the food chain.
Fish, fishers and fisheries of the Western Indian Ocean: their diversity and status. A preliminary assessment
Authors: van der Elst Rudy , Everett Bernadine , Jiddawi Narriman , Mwatha Gerald , Afonso Paula Santana , Boulle David
Published: November 2004

The Western Indian Ocean representsca.8% of the world's oceans but generates only 4% of the global industrial catch. This region is also home to a great proportion of the world's population, living in developing countries with a high dependence on marine resources. Trends in the declared landings of marine resources from the Western Indian Ocean suggest that this ocean may be approaching its maximum harvest potential ofca.4 Mt per annum, but underreported artisanal catches complicate more–detailed analyses. There is a growing demand for ‘new resources’ to make up for declining stocks, while several large fluctuations are linked to changes in market demand and over exploitation. Artisanal fisheries in the region are highly diversified. Preliminary results are presented of a project that evaluates the conservation status and sustainable management practices in 168 different fishery types. It is concluded that the majority of the region's artisanal fisheries are not adequately supported by scientific information and that management strategies need to be improved if the enormous development challenges of East African countries are to be met.
Physics on the Bus—How About Physics on Your Bus?
Authors: Romer Robert H.
Published: November 2004

Riders on the buses of UMass Transit (here in the “Five-College” area) and of the University of Georgia transit system have something other than the usual “Please don't eat on the bus” placards to read—simple physics questions in the overhead advertising racks, with appealing cats and dogs posing questions, giving partial answers (some flat-out wrong, some partially correct), ending up with “What do you think? … Visit our website.” One sample is given below; others can be viewed at http://www.amherst.edu/∼physicsqanda. (More often than not, the dog gets it wrong; I'm a cat person.) This project was begun in collaboration with John King and was inspired by one of the many ideas described in his 2000 Oersted Medal address.
Kepler's Third Law Without a Calculator
Authors: Ruiz Michael J.
Published: November 2004

At the University of North Carolina at Asheville (UNC-A) we have used Kepler's third law in a liberal-arts conceptual astronomy course to help students sharpen their quantitative skills without using a calculator. Doing quantitative physics without a calculator represents one of the many ways we can study the physical world. Furthermore, it is fun.
Polymer Physics in an Introductory General Physics Course
Authors: Liff Mark I.
Published: November 2004

Do all solids expand upon heating? To most people's surprise, there is a class of rather common solids, namely rubbery elastic polymers, capable of contracting upon heating1,2 while staying in the same solid phase. This seems contradictory to common sense and the physical theories of thermal behavior of ordinary solids. The physical behavior of elastic polymers continues to amaze physics and chemistry students as well as many scientists, despite the fact that it was experimentally detected in natural rubbers two centuries ago. For the following 125 years this phenomenon remained unexplained. An explanation was finally found only in the 1930s when the new science of “polymer physics” emerged. The goal of this paper is to demonstrate that some elements of polymer physics can be useful in teaching introductory general physics, especially in discussing the thermal properties of solids and for introducing the concept of entropy. Initially, several simple demo/lab experiments manifesting the extraordinary thermal properties of rubbers will be discussed. A brief description of the search for an explanation of the physics underlying this behavior will follow. The discussion will include the macromolecular hypothesis of Staudinger,3 the notion of a conformational state of a macromolecule, and the idea of statistical probabilities for the end-to-end macromolecular distances.1,2,4 The latter leads directly to an explanation of the emergence of the entropic force that is responsible for contraction upon heating. These notions are shown to be easily employable for introducing the idea of entropy to a beginner.
A Physicist's View of the Automobile Engine
Authors: Feldman Bernard J.
Published: November 2004

Most first-semester university physics courses end with the chapter on the second law of thermodynamics, the Carnot cycle, and a brief introduction to the concept of entropy. My course and my final lecture are on the physics of the automobile engine. My students appreciate the application of the ideas of thermodynamics to an object that is an integral part of their lives, especially at a commuter school like mine. And the history of the automobile engine is a good lesson on the interaction between physics, engineering, economics, and environmental issues. It is a wonderful way to end the semester.
Do post-take ward round proformas improve communication and influence quality of patient care?
Authors: Thompson A G , Jacob K , Fulton J , McGavin C R
Published: November 2004

The post-take ward round is a critical time for reviewing the initial history, examination and results, and the stage at which further treatment and investigations will be determined. However documentation of this ward round is often inadequate, so the benefits of decision making are lost. The documentation of 95 ward rounds was assessed for key items of information before and after the introduction of a proforma sheet. The introduction of the proforma led to a significant improvement in the documentation of a diagnosis, management plan, prophylaxis for deep vein thrombosis, and resuscitation status (p<0.05), which will have a significant impact on patient care.
Management of portal hypertension
Authors: Samonakis D N , Triantos C K , Thalheimer U , Patch D W , Burroughs A K
Published: November 2004

Treatment of portal hypertension is evolving based on randomised controlled trials. In acute variceal bleeding, prophylactic antibiotics are mandatory, reducing mortality as well as preventing infections. Terlipressin or somatostatin combined with endoscopic ligation or sclerotherapy is the best strategy for control of bleeding but there is no added effect of vasoactive drugs on mortality. Non-selective β-blockers are the first choice therapy for both secondary and primary prevention; if contraindications or intolerance to β-blockers are present then band ligation should be used. Novel therapies target the increased intrahepatic resistance caused by microcirculatory intrahepatic deficiency of nitric oxide and contraction of activated intrahepatic stellate cells.
Avoiding laboratory pitfalls in infectious diseases
Authors: Lo T S , Smego R A
Published: November 2004

In today’s medical care environment, clinicians are challenged to order clinically relevant, cost effective laboratory tests and antibiotic therapy. Together, physicians and laboratories must have guidelines and strategies that can provide quality patient care, while minimising costs and preventing further emergence of antimicrobial drug resistance. Five clinical vignettes that demonstrate these principles are presented.
Malaria in the UK: past, present, and future
Authors: Chin T , Welsby P D
Published: November 2004

There is strong evidence that malaria was once indigenous to the UK, that global warming is occurring, and that human activity is contributing to global warming. Global warming will have a variety of effects, one of which will probably be the return of indigenous malaria.
Methadone: applied pharmacology and use as adjunctive treatment in chronic pain
Authors: Brown R , Kraus C , Fleming M , Reddy S
Published: November 2004

This article reviews the unique pharmacological properties of methadone and outlines its appropriate clinical application, with focus upon its use in the treatment of chronic pain. Although methadone is most widely known for its use in the treatment of opioid dependence, methadone also provides effective analgesia. Patients who experience inadequate pain relief or intolerable side effects with other opioids or who suffer from neuropathic pain may benefit from a transition to methadone as their analgesic agent. Adverse effects, particularly respiratory depression and death, make a fundamental knowledge of methadone’s pharmacological properties essential to the provider considering methadone as analgesic therapy for a patient with chronic pain.
Distribution and diversity of zoosporic fungi from soils of four vegetation types in New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Letcher Peter M , McGee Peter A , Powell Martha J
Published: November 2004

Chytrids are common microfungi in soils, but their distribution and diversity in Australian soils is poorly described. In this study we analyzed chytrid distribution and diversity in soils from four collection sites representing a subtropical rain forest, wet sclerophyll forest, dry sclerophyll forest, and open heath, using a defined and reproducible sampling protocol. The greatest number of chytrid species was observed from dry sclerophyll forest soils, while the least number of species occurred in the open heath soils, although each soil sample of the open heath harbored more species per sample. Differences in patterns of distribution of chytrid species were statistically significant between subtropical rain forest and open heath. Patterns in other habitats differed but could not be verified statistically to be significant at the 5% level. Observed differences in chytrid distribution, diversity, and freqency indicate that their ecological strategies may be in response to environmental cues such as specific edaphic conditions and substrate availability, and their capacity to respond to the environment.Key words: Chytridiomycota, frequency, habitat, sampling.
Fagus (Fagaceae) fruits, foliage, and pollen from the Middle Eocene of Pacific Northwestern North America
Authors: Manchester Steven R , Dillhoff Richard M
Published: November 2004

Fruits and leaves from the Middle Eocene of McAbee, British Columbia, and Republic, Washington, provide an earlier record for the genus Fagus than previously accepted for this member of the Fagaceae. The fruits are trigonal nuts borne within spiny four-valved cupules on long peduncles. The leaves are borne alternately on the twigs and are ovate to elliptic with craspedodromous secondary veins and simple teeth distributed one per secondary vein. The shale preserving these megafossils also contains dispersed pollen with morphology and ornamentation diagnostic of Fagus. Previously, the oldest Fagus occurrences confirmed by fruits were early Oligocene (ca. 32 Ma). The recognition of Middle Eocene (ca. 50 Ma) representatives helps to reduce the disparity between molecular evidence favoring Fagus as a primitive genus within Fagaceae, and fossil evidence, which had indicated older occurrences of Castanea and Quercus than Fagus.Key words: Eocene, Fagus, fossil, foliage, fruits, British Columbia.
Testing a juvenile tree growth model sensitive to competition from weeds, using Pinus radiata at two contrasting sites in New Zealand
Authors: Watt Michael S , Kimberley Mark O , Richardson Brian , Whitehead David , Mason Euan G
Published: November 2004

A juvenile tree growth model sensitive to competition from weeds was developed and tested. Tree growth is predicted by reducing potential growth from an empirically determined optimum rate for the site (weed-free) using a seasonally estimated competition modifier, which accounts for the degree of weed competition for both water and light availability. The model was tested against data from a field trial at a dryland site, where juvenile Pinus radiata D. Don trees were grown with and without competition from the woody weed broom (Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link). For trees in plots without broom, seasonal fluctuations in growth were adequately modelled by a single-term Fourier series, which showed that maximum rates of diameter growth occurred during early summer. Diameter growth of trees in plots with broom was initially predicted by including a light-competition modifier into the model developed for weed-free plots on sites not subject to growth-limiting seasonal water deficit. Although the light modifier reduced growth from the weed-free state by 12% over the first year and 25% over the second year, modelled values still significantly exceeded measured diameter growth. To account for this overprediction a competition modifier based on modelled root-zone water storage was added into the model. Predictions of diameter growth using this modified model corresponded closely to measured diameter growth in both treatments.
A multi-objective scenario evaluation model for sustainable forest management using criteria and indicators
Authors: Maness Thomas , Farrell Ross
Published: November 2004

A multi-objective optimization model was created for medium-term forest development planning for an integrated forest products company located in the East Kootenay area of British Columbia, Canada. First, a set of sustainable forest management criteria and indicators were developed based on information that could be collected from regional geographic information sytem (GIS) databases and potential outputs from the model. Next, a new forest development planning unit was created (stewardship unit) in which adjacent forest polygons with similar indicator attributes were aggregated. The planning model was designed to determine appropriate harvest levels and management treatments on each stewardship unit to satisfy objectives determined in a participatory process. The mathematical model uses a fuzzy MAXMIN approach, where each indicator represents an objective in the model. Indicators are valued in the model using targets, thresholds, and triggers (called the 3-T approach). A case study is used to demonstrate the use of the model in a sustainable forest development planning context. The results of the case study show that the planning area is highly sensitive to visual quality, old-growth, and community watershed indicators. The paper concludes with a sensitivity analysis that determines the relative opportunity cost of various sustainable forest management indicators on company profits, employment, and tax revenues.
Evaluation of nonspatial approaches and equation forms used to predict tree crown recession
Authors: Hann David W , Hanus Mark L
Published: November 2004

Two nonspatial approaches for modeling tree crown recession (ΔHCB) were evaluated by using 5341 observations from Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco). The first approach applies a static height-to-crown-base (HCB) equation at the start and end of the growth period and uses the difference in these predictions as an estimate of ΔHCB. This allometric method can be applied to species lacking ΔHCB data from permanent plots. The incremental method directly predicts ΔHCB from an equation developed from adequate permanent plot data. Two allometric and six incremental equation forms were examined. Also examined were three approaches for determining the end-of-growth-period tree and plot attributes used by the allometric method. Although the allometric method can produce unbiased estimates of ΔHCB, the best allometric equation forms explained about one-half of the variation explained by the best incremental equation form. The two best incremental equation forms were modifications of a nonlinear logistic equation form previously developed for Douglas-fir. The modifications included using measured stand age (BHA) or predicted tree growth effective age (GEA) instead of measured tree age. The best equation form used BHA, which limits its application to modeling data collected from just even-aged stands. The equation form using GEA could be applied to modeling data sets from both even- and uneven-aged stands.
Comparison of charcoal and tree-ring records of recent fires in the eastern Klamath Mountains, California, USA
Authors: Whitlock Cathy , Skinner Carl N , Bartlein Patrick J , Minckley Thomas , Mohr Jerry A
Published: November 2004

Fire-history reconstructions are based on tree-ring records that span the last few centuries and charcoal data from lake-sediment cores that extend back several thousand years. The two approaches have unique strengths and weaknesses in their ability to depict past fire events and fire regimes, and most comparisons of these datasets in western conifer forests have focused on sites characterized by high-severity crown fires. Tree-ring and charcoal data spanning the last 300 years in four watersheds in the montane forests of the Klamath Mountains provided an opportunity to compare the records in a fire regime of frequent low- to moderate-severity surface events. The charcoal data were obtained from small lakes, and tree-ring records were derived from fire-scar chronologies at multiple sites within each watershed. The comparison indicates that the tree-ring records detected individual fires not evident in the lake-sediment profiles, whereas the charcoal data disclosed variations in fuel loading and general levels of burning at broader spatial scales. Regional burning in the late 19th and early 20th centuries was evident in the lake-sediment records, and both datasets registered a decline in fire activity in the late 20th century. Thus, the two types of data provide complementary as well as supplementary information on past fire conditions.
Private and tribal forest landowners and fire risk: a two-county case study in Washington State
Authors: Carroll Matthew S , Cohn Patricia J , Blatner Keith A
Published: November 2004

This study focused on the role of fire both as a perceived threat and a management tool of nonindustrial private forest and tribal forest landowners or managers in two counties in northeastern Washington State. Using qualitative social research methods and a risk perception conceptual frame, we identified distinct categories of landholders with different reasons and strategies for holding and managing their forest land. We found similarities in categories of landholders and managers in each county, ranging from those who actively manage for timber production and forage, to residential and recreational users who manage for wildlife, aesthetics, or fire safety, and those who don't manage at all. We also found that landowners in the different categories tended to be concerned about different kinds of risks. There were differences between landholders in the two counties over the perception of fire as a threat and measures taken to reduce the threat of fire as well as the use of prescribed fire (broadcast burning) as a management tool. These differences can be related to landholders' experiences with fire (wild and prescribed), land tenure, financial and physical restraints, and their reasons for holding the land.
Pretransplant fertilization of containerizedPicea marianaseedlings: calibration and bioassay growth response
Authors: Timmer V R , Teng Y
Published: November 2004

The role of the root plug as a nutrient source for newly planted seedlings was evaluated for one growing season on soil bioassays retrieved from a boreal forest site. Intact (control) and bare-rooted (peat plug removed) black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) seedlings reared in Jiffy pellets, some fertilized before ("spiked" with 60 mg N) or after (topdressed with 300 mg N) planting, were transplanted to potted soil blocks (bioassays) under greenhouse conditions. Compared with the intact control, bare-rooting alone reduced plant dry mass (16%) and N, P, and K (15%25%) uptake, but increased these parameters (62%101%) when combined with topdressing, suggesting that the root plug served as a crucial nutrient reserve soon after transplanting. Nutrient spiking or topdressing alone stimulated growth and nutrient uptake as well (35%118%), but generated the largest response (81%205%) when applied together. Mortality (7%18%) occurred only with bare-rooting treatments. The responses reflected the sensitivity of seedlings to nutrient supply changes both in root plugs and in field soils. Nutrient spiking was more efficient in improving seedling performance than traditional topdressing because of reduced fertilizer requirements and closer availability of added nutrients for early root development.
Leaf litter chemistry controls on decomposition of Pacific Northwest trees and woody shrubs
Authors: Valachovic Y S , Caldwell B A , Cromack Jr. K , Griffiths R P
Published: November 2004

The effects of initial leaf litter chemistry on first-year decomposition rates were studied for 16 common Pacific Northwest conifers, hardwoods, and shrubs at the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest in western Oregon. Leaf litters were analyzed for C, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, proximate organic fractions (nonpolar, polar, acid-hydrolyzable extractives, acid-hydrolyzable lignin, and acid-unhydrolyzable residue, previously termed "Klason lignin"), and biochemical components (total phenolics, reactive polyphenols, water-soluble carbohydrates, water-soluble proanthocyanidins, and water- and acid-unhydrolyzable proanthocyanidins). By including measurements of reactive and residual phenolic fractions and acid-hydrolyzable lignin, these analytical methods improve upon traditional proximate leaf litter analyses. Significant differences in litter chemistries and decomposition rates were found between species. For all species combined, the 1-year decay rate (k) values had highly significant correlations (P < 0.001) with 30 out of the 36 initial chemistry variables tested in this study. The three highest correlations were with acid-unhydrolyzable proanthocyanidins, lignocellulose index, and acid-unhydrolyzable residue (r = 0.83, 0.81, 0.80, respectively, with P < 0.0001 and n = 339). We found that no single litter chemistry variable was a universal predictor of the 1-year k value for each of the individual 16 species studied, though phenolic components were more frequent significant (P < 0.001) predictors of decomposition rate.
A spatial analysis of fine-root biomass from stand data in the Pacific Northwest
Authors: Lee E Henry , Tingey David T , Beedlow Peter A , Johnson Mark G , McKane Robert B
Published: November 2004

High spatial variability of fine roots in natural forest stands makes accurate estimates of stand-level fine-root biomass difficult and expensive to obtain by standard coring methods. This study uses aboveground tree metrics and spatial relationships to improve core-based estimates of stand-level fine-root biomass. Using the multiple-tree Ribbens model for pure stands, the approach assumes that the total fine-root biomass at a given point is the additive contribution of the nearest dominant trees and that fine-root biomass for a single tree depends on the distance to the trunk and its size. A Monte Carlo random sampling technique, or sampling on a regular grid, is used to estimate the average fine-root biomass across the stand. We illustrate the applicability of this approach by using it on root-core data from a Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) stand and a western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis Hook.) stand in the Pacific Northwest. We conclude that stand-level fine-root biomass is adequately estimated using the Ribbens model. Unlike the model-based estimate for stand-level fine-root biomass, the accuracy and precision of the arithmetic mean of the coring samples depends on the spatial heterogeneity of root distributions and the representativeness of the root coring samples.
TERAHERTZ GaAs DEVICES AND CIRCUITS FOR HETERODYNE RECEIVER APPLICATIONS
Authors: CROWE THOMAS W. , MATTAUCH ROBERT J. , WEIKLE ROBERT M. , BHAPKAR UDAYAN V.
Published: November 2004

GaAs Schottky barrier diodes are used in heterodyne receiver applications to frequencies as high as 4,000 GHz. The primary application that has driven this technology has been radio astronomy. However, other applications are now also very important, particularly studies of the constituents of the Earth’s atmosphere. This paper presents a summary of this increasingly important technology. The requirements that the diodes must meet and the benefits of GaAs Schottky devices are discussed. The optimization of the diodes for frequency mixing and multiplication throughout the frequency range of interest is overviewed. The analysis of terahertz frequency electronic transport in the diodes is then briefly considered with an emphasis on numerical modeling techniques. The typical circuit designs and the efficient coupling of energy are considered, and the state-of-the-art systems are reviewed. Finally, ongoing and future research topics are discussed. It is concluded that although this technology is quite well developed, much remains to be done, particularly in the areas of combining accurate circuit and device simulations for optimization and design purposes and the development of lower cost systems.
AN OVERVIEW OF TECHNIQUES FOR PARTITIONING MULTICHIP MODULES
Authors: RAMAN S. , PATNAIK L.M.
Published: November 2004

With the increasing popularity of Multichip Modules and the increasing complexity of circuit designs, there is a need to address issues in automating the design process for MCMs. In this paper, we address one such issue, that of dividing a complex circuit into partitions that can be assigned to chips on a Multichip Module. Partitioning is usually carried out to minimize a cost function in the presence of physical constraints that depend on the performance requirements of the circuit. We survey the existing algorithms for the partitioning problem and describe in detail an approach to partitioning based on Genetic Algorithms.
SIMULTANEOUS SWITCHING NOISE ANALYSIS OF A 16 MB × 9 DRAM SIMM MEMORY MODULE
Authors: PARK JONG-HOON , PARK HONG-JUNE , CHOI BO-KYOUNG , KIM OH-HYUN , CHOI SI-DON
Published: November 2004

HSPICE simulations have been performed for a 16 Mb×9 SIMM memory module and the simultaneous switching noise has been investigated. The SPICE model of the SIMM memory module is made up of a PCB circuit model and a simplified DRAM chip model. To keep the SPICE simulation time within reasonable bounds, a simplified circuit model of a 16 Mb DRAM chip was generated by keeping the basic physical DRAM structure in the model including the bit-line sense amplifiers. The parameter values of the circuit elements in the simplified DRAM chip model were tuned to fit the measured transient supply current waveform of a commercial 16 Mb DRAM chip. The SIMM module was placed on a fabricated motherboard PCB and the simultaneous switching noise voltage on the motherboard VSS plane was measured. Good agreement between measurements and HSPICE simulations were observed.
THE CARTESIAN PRODUCT PROBLEM AND IMPLEMENTING PRODUCTION SYSTEMS ON RECONFIGURABLE MESHES
Authors: BEN-ASHER YOSI
Published: November 2004

Let A and B be two groups of up to n elements distributed on the first row of an n × n reconfigurable mesh, and CA,B a subset of the cartesian product A × B satisfying some unknown condition C. Only one broadcasting step is needed in order to compute CA,B's elements. However, the problem of moving CA,B's elements to the first row in optimal time (so that they can be further processed) is not trivial. The conditional cartesian product (CCP) problem is to move CA,B's elements to the first row in [Formula: see text] steps. This requires optimizing the cartesian product operation such that CA,B's elements will be optimally scattered in the mesh, so that O(n) elements can be retrieved in a single step as opposed to [Formula: see text] elements needed if the cartesian product is not optimized). We give a deterministic algorithm that for any A, B, C solves this problem in [Formula: see text] steps, and an "adaptive" randomized algorithm whose optimality is verified by experimental results. Note that the CCP is a case where we overcome the inherent limitation of the reconfigurable mesh, namely, the inability to perform fast routing of packets located in a small area.

We also present the model of production systems, in which computation is realized by executing cartesian productions of subsets in a common element space. Production systems are useful for database applications, expert systems, and can even be used as a general parallel programming language. Solving the CCP problem allows us to devise an efficient implementation for production systems on the reconfigurable mesh. In this way the reconfigurable mesh is shown to be an attractive architecture for database machines and for parallel programming as well.
TREE OPEN EAR DECOMPOSITION IN PARALLEL GRAPH ALGORITHMS
Authors: IBARRA LOUIS , RICHARDS DANA
Published: November 2004

Tree open ear decomposition has been proposed as a potentially useful technique in parallel graph algorithms. We present an efficient parallel algorithm implementing depth-first search in a graph, given its tree open ear decomposition. The algorithm runs in O( log n) time with O(m) processors on the CREW PRAM, where m is the number of edges in the graph. We also show that the problem of computing such a decomposition is NP-complete, demonstrating the limited utility of the technique.
ZERO-ONE SORTING ON THE MESH
Authors: KRIZANC DANNY , NARAYANAN LATA
Published: November 2004

We consider the problem of sorting an input of size n2 with keys restricted to the set {0, 1} on an n × n mesh-connected computer. We present a deterministic algorithm that sorts to an arbitrary indexing scheme, using constant size queues, requiring 2.5n + o(n) steps. This is a significant improvement over the best previous algorithm for this problem which runs in 4n + o(n) steps [7], The problem has applications in divide-and-conquer algorithms and to "packing" problems.
CALCULATING RECURRENCES USING THE BIRD-MEERTENS FORMALISM
Authors: CAI WENTONG , SKILLICORN DAVID B.
Published: November 2004

The Bird-Meetens formalism is an approach to software development and computation based on datatype theories. In this paper we build new operators for the theory of lists that compute generalized recurrences and show that they have logarithmic parallel time complexity. As many applications can be cast as forms of recurrences, this allows a large range of parallel algorithms to be derived within the Bird-Meertens formalism. We illustrate by deriving a parallel solution to the maximum segment sum problem.
PARALLEL PROGRAMMING WITH LIST HOMOMORPHISMS
Authors: COLE MURRAY I.
Published: November 2004

We review the use of the Bird-Meertens Formalism as a vehicle for the construction of programs with massive implicit parallelism. We show that a simple result from the theory, concerning the expression of list homomorphisms, can help us in our search for parallel algorithms by suggesting an informal methodology which is applicable when the original result is not, and demonstrate its application to a variety of problems. One of these, a language recognition algorithm, produces a program which exploits nested parallelism. Our main purpose is to show that an understanding of the homomorphism lemma can be helpful in producing parallel programs for problems which are "not quite" list homomorphisms themselves. A more general goal is to illustrate the benefits which can arise from taking a little theory with a pinch of pragmatic salt.
SCALABLE MULTIFOLDED HYPERCUBES FOR VERSATILE PARALLEL COMPUTERS
Authors: ZIAVRAS SOTIRIOS G.
Published: November 2004

This paper introduces the family of scalable multifolded hypercube (SMH) architectures for parallel computers. Scalability and versatility at resonable cost are the major characteristics of these architectures. SMHs perform comparable to generalized hypercubes for important classes of algorithms that use regular communication patterns. In addition, they often achieve better performance than the popular direct binary hypercubes because they can emulate efficiently a powerful family of multifolded direct binary hypercubes. Extensive comparison of cost with binary and generalized hypercubes is also included. The hardware cost of SMH's is shown to be even lower than that of fat trees. Therefore, SMH's are viable candidates for the construction of versatile parallel computers.
A PIPELINED BROADCAST FOR MULTIDIMENSIONAL MESHES
Authors: WATTS JERRELL , VAN DE GEIJN ROBERT
Published: November 2004

We address the problem of performing a pipelined broadcast on a mesh architecture. Meshes require a different approach than other topologies, and their very nature puts a tighter bound on the performance that one can hope to achieve. By using the appropriate techniques, however, one can obtain excellent performance for sufficiently long messages. The resulting algorithm will work on meshes of any dimension with any number of nodes. Our model assumes that the mesh is a torus and/or that it has bidirectional links and uses wormhole routing. Performance data from the Cray T3D are included.
ON THE COMPLEXITY OF SCHEDULING WITH COMMUNICATION DELAY AND CONTENTION
Authors: NORMAN MICHAEL G. , PELAGATTI SUSANNA , THANISCH PETER
Published: November 2004

We show the NP-Completeness of two processor scheduling with tasks of execution time 1 or 2 units and unit interprocessor communication latency. We develop a model of scheduling in the presence of communication contention, and show the NP-Completeness of two processor scheduling with unit execution time tasks in our model.
PARALLEL ALGORITHMS FOR MAXIMUM SUBSEQUENCE AND MAXIMUM SUBARRAY
Authors: PERUMALLA KALYAN , DEO NARSINGH
Published: November 2004

Given a sequence Q of n numbers (positive and negative), the maximum subsequence of Q is the contiguous subsequence that has the maximum sum among all contiguous subsequences of Q. Given a two-dimensional array A of n × n numbers (positive and negative), the maximum subarray of A is the contiguous subarray that has the maximum sum among all contiguous subarrays of A. We present two O( log n)-time parallel algorithms — one for finding the maximum subsequence sum of a given sequence, and the other for finding the maximum subarray sum of a given array. The former is optimal on an EREW PRAM. The latter is optimal on a CREW PRAM, in the sense that the time-processor product matches the current sequential upperbound of O(n3).
AUTOMATIC TASK GRAPH GENERATION TECHNIQUES
Authors: COSNARD M. , LOI M.
Published: November 2004

We present a model of parallel computation, the parameterized task graph, which is a compact, problem size independent, representation of some frequently used directed acyclic task graphs. Techniques automating the construction of such a representation, starting from an annotated sequential program are proposed. We show that many important properties of the task graph such as the computational load of the nodes and the communication volume of the edges can be automatically deduced in a problem size independent way.
AUTOMATIC DATA AND COMPUTATION DECOMPOSITION FOR DISTRIBUTED-MEMORY MACHINES
Authors: NING QI , VAN DONGEN VINCENT , GAO GUANG R.
Published: November 2004

In this paper, we develop an automatic compile-time computation and data decomposition technique for distributed-memory machines. Our method handles complex programs containing perfect and non-perfect loop nests with or without loop-carried dependences. Applying our algorithms, a program will be divided into collections (called clusters) of loop nests, such that data redistributions are allowed only between the clusters. Within each cluster of loop nests, decomposition and data locality constraints are formulated as a system of homogeneous linear equations which is solved by polynomial time algorithms. Our algorithm can selectively relax data locality constraints within a cluster to achieve a balance between parallelism and data locality. Such relaxations are guided by exploiting the hierarchical program nesting structures from outer to inner nesting levels to keep the communications at a outer-most level possible.
ONLINE SCHEDULING OF DYNAMIC TREES
Authors: PALIS MICHAEL A. , LIOU JING-CHIOU , RAJASEKARAN SANGUTHEVAR , SHENDE SUNIL , WEI DAVID S.L.
Published: November 2004

The scheduling problem for dynamic tree-structured task graphs is studied and is shown to be inherently more difficult than the static case. It is shown that any online scheduling algorithm, deterministic or randomized, has competitive ratio Ω((1/g)/ log d(1/g)) for trees with granularity g and degree at most d. On the other hand, it is known that static trees with arbitrary granularity can be scheduled to within twice the optimal schedule. It is also shown that the lower bound is tight: there is a deterministic online tree scheduling algorithm that has competitive ratio O((1/g)/ log d(1/g)). Thus, randomization does not help.