bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Long-Term Effects of Creativity Training with Middle School Students
Authors: Baer John M.
Published: March 2007

The effectiveness of a creativity-training program was investigated. Two matched eighth-grade classes of high-ability students (N = 48) were chosen for the study. The experimental group spent three days and two nights at an outdoor school learning to use the Osborne-Parnes model of creative problem solving. There was no treatment for the control group. Just prior to the training both groups were tested, and six months after the training they were retested. There were four subtests: (a) datafinding, (b) problem-finding, (c) idea-finding, and (d) solution-finding, containing both divergent and convergent sections. Mean gain scores of the two groups were compared. On every subtest the experimental group outperformed the control group significantly, indicating that after six months the skills of creative problem solving had been retained.
Aggressive, Depressive, and Prosocial Coping with Affective Challenges in Early Adolescence
Authors: Blechman Elaine A. , Culhane Sara E.
Published: March 2007

This article describes a coping-competence model that accounts for early adolescent trajectories toward aggressive, depressive, or prosocial coping. Prepared for early adolescence by socialization risk and protective factors, advantaged and resilient youth cope prosocially with affective challenges, have self-confidence and a good reputation, and attain favorable life consequences. Less preparedfor early adolescence, high-risk and overprotected youth rely on a social (depressive) and antisocial (aggressive) strategies to cope with affective challenges. They attain adverse consequences such as teen parenthood and school dropout. Any youth, even resilient and advantaged youth, may resort to a social or antisocial coping when their prosocial coping skills are underestimated due to visible minority status, gender, or physical unattractiveness. Implications for prevention of adolescent depression and aggression are discussed.
Contributions of Parental Attachments to View of Self and Depressive Symptoms among Early Adolescents
Authors: Kenny Maureen E. , Moilanen Donna L. , Lomax Richard , Brabeck Mary M.
Published: March 2007

Three causal models, examining the relationship of parental attachment to view of self and level of depressive symptoms, were examined for a sample of eighth-grade girls (n = 92) and boys (n = 115). Consistent with the Bowlby construct of the internal working model of self structural equation modeling provided tentative support for the mediating role of view of self in influencing depressive symptoms. Gender differences were found for levels of depressive symptoms and global self-worth. Longitudinal studies with additional variables and multiple informants are needed to further assess the validity of the proposed model
Classroom and Individual Differences in Early Adolescents' Motivation and Self-Regulated Learning
Authors: Pintrich Paul R. , Roeser Robert W. , de Groot Elisabeth A. M.
Published: March 2007

The relations between classroom experience and individual differences in motivation and self-regulated learning were examined in a correlational study of seventh graders (N = 100, mean age = 12.3 years) from a middle school in the Midwest. Motivational beliefs (intrinsic value, self-efficacy, and test anxiety) and self-regulated learning (cognitive strategy use and self-regulation) were assessed in the fall and spring of the school year using a reliable and valid self-report measure, the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire. Classroom experience was measured with students'perceptions of productive classroom work teacher effectiveness, and cooperative work. Results showed thatpositive motivational beliefs were positively related to higher levels ofself-regulated learning. Classroom differences also were related to motivation and self-regulated learning. Intrinsic value later in the year was more strongly related to classroom experience than intrinsic value early in the year, whereas test anxiety was more traitlike, showing a stronger relation to earlieranxiety than to classroom experience. Self-efficacy, cognitive strategy use, and self-regulation were related to both early individual difference measures as well as classroom experience. Results are discussed in terms of the reciprocal relations between motivation and self-regulated learning as well as the implications for education.
Prediction of Low and Normal School Achievement in Early Adolescents Born Preterm
Authors: Cohen Sarale E. , Beckwith Leila , Parmelee Arthur H. , Sigman Marian , Asarnow Robert , Espinosa Michael P.
Published: March 2007

The study examined low school achievement in a group of early adolescents born preterm, who had participated in a prospective longitudinal study from birth through 12 years of age. Multivariate analyses were used to compare adolescents with low school achievement, of normal-or-above intelligence, to adolescents with no achievement problems. Significant group differences were found in a number of domains in early adolescence, including verbal comprehension, attentional processes, social competence, self-perception, maternal responsiveness, and ratings of problematic behavior. Biological and social factors in infancy were associated indirectly with school achievement. A comparison of differences between groups with newly emergent and persistent achievement problems indicated that the persistent group had lower IQ scores and was lower in neonatal organization. There was some overlap between children with achievement problems and children with behavior problems; however the low achievement group was less cognitively competent and showed poorer attentional skills.
The Changing Family Context of Early Adolescence
Authors: Cornwell Gretchen T. , Eggebeen David J. , Meschke Laurie L.
Published: March 2007

Adolescents today in the United States make the transition to adulthood in an environment that is very different from that experienced in previous decades. The family is one environmental component that has changed significantly. In this article, census data were used to describe the demographic characteristics of families of children ages 10 through 14 years in 1940, 1950, 1960, 1970, 1980, and 1990. The focus was on characteristics that have established implications for short-and long-term social and economic well-being, including family structure, mother's age at the time of the adolescent's birth, number of siblings in the home, and parental education, employment, and income. The analysis indicated that the period between 1940 and 1990 saw a marked increase in the proportion of adolescents living in demographically advantaged family contexts. Whether the characteristics translate into a more or less supportive environment for the child depends on their relevance for that child's development.
Involving Parents of High-Risk Youth in Drug Prevention
Authors: Pierre Tena L. St. , Mark Melvin M. , Kaltreider D. Lynne , Aikin Kathryn J.
Published: March 2007

The study evaluated the incremental effect of a 3-year drug prevention program for high-risk early adolescents, combined with monthly youth activities and parent involvement (Family Advocacy Network [FAN] Club group) relative to: (a) the 3-year drug prevention program with monthly youth activities but without parent involvement (Prevention Plus Youth Activities group), (b) the 3-year drug prevention program alone (Prevention Only group), and (c) no program (Control group). Results showed positive effects for the FAN Club group for alcohol refusal, marijuana refusal cigarette refusal and marijuana attitudes. The Prevention Plus Youth Activities group and the Prevention Only group held fairly constant on those four variables. The Control group showed a decrease in reported ability to refuse alcohol, marijuana, and cigarettes; an increase in favorable attitudes toward marijuana use; and the least knwledge of the groups. Implications for youth organization prevention programs with parent involvement are discussed
Mothers' Awareness of their Early Adolescents' Stressors
Authors: Hartos Jessica L. , Power Thomas G.
Published: March 2007

The goal of this study was to examine relations among mothers'awareness of their early adolescents' stressors, mother/adolescent communication, and adolescent problem behaviors. Ninth-graders and their mothers completed a stress inventory for high school students, a parent/adolescent communication scale, and a checklist for adolescents' anxious/depressed and aggressive behaviors. The results showed that adolescents reported experiencing more stress for eight content areas than mothers reported for their adolescents. Mother/adolescent communication was related inversely and significantly to adolescent problem behaviors, whether reported by mothers or by adolescents. Mothers' awareness of adolescent stress was related significantly and positively to adolescent reports of mother/adolescent communication and significantly and negatively to adolescents `reports of their anxious/depressed and aggressive behaviors. he findings indicated that mothers were only minimally aware of their adolescents' stressors and that adolescents whose mothers were more aware of their adolescents' stressors and who communicated more with their adolescents reported better adjustment.
The Multiplicative Relations of Parenting and Temperament to Prosocial and Antisocial Behaviors in Adolescence
Authors: Carlo Gustavo , Roesch Scott C. , Melby Jeff
Published: March 2007

The present study was designed to examine the multiplicative relations of sociability and anger temperaments, and parental support, to prosocial and antisocial outcomes. Eighty adolescents completed self-report measures of aggression, antisocial behaviors, sympathy, and prosocial behaviors. Parents reported on their adolescent's sociability and anger, and on their level of parental support. Significant three-way interactions showed that levels of aggression and antisocial behaviors were low when levels of parental support were high and levels of anger and sociability were low. Levels of aggression were high when levels of anger and maternal support were high and levels of sociability were low. In contrast, levels of sympathy were high when levels of sociability were low. Maternal report of adolescents' anger were related negatively to prosocial outcomes and related positively to antisocial outcomes. The discussion focuses on the usefulness of multiplicative models of parenting and temperament.
Early Adolescence and Prosocial/Moral Behavior II:
Authors: Carlo Gustavo , Fabes Richard A. , Laible Deborah , Kupanoff Kristina
Published: March 2007

This is the second installment of the special issue on prosocial and moral development in early adolescence. This issue focuses on social and contextual processes in young adolescents’prosocial and moral behaviors. In this introductory article, a brief review of the research on parents or family, peers, school environment, culture, and nationality as correlates of prosocial and moral development was presented. The research indicates that the social context plays an important role in prosocial and moral development. However, research on the social and contextual correlates of prosocial and moral development in early adolescence is at an embryonic stage. Research is needed that integrates analyses of individual and social contextual processes to fully understand prosocial and moral development. Moreover, more sophisticated design and assessment procedures and research with racially or ethnically diverse samples are needed. It is hoped that researchers focus more attention on the positive processes and behaviors associated with the various social contextual transitions in early adolescence.
Integrating Marketing Courses to Enhance Team-Based Experiential Learning
Authors: Bobbitt L. Michelle , Inks Scott A. , Kemp Katie J. , Mayo Donna T.
Published: March 2007

Many recent studies suggest that undergraduate education needs to be more effective. Accordingly, individuals involved in higher education continue to search for ways to improve student learning. This article describes a team-based experiential learning project that integrates three marketing courses: principles of marketing, principles of selling, and sales management. Working in teams, students in the principles of marketing course develop new product concepts and create corresponding marketing promotional materials for use in a mock trade show. Students from the personal selling and sales management courses, also working in teams, attend the trade show to identify and select products they wish to use to complete a sales call exercise. This project provides students an opportunity to work in teams and combine their efforts with teams from other courses to successfully complete their respective experiential exercises. The article includes students’ reactions to the project and steps for implementation.
Subliminal Advertising and Education
Authors: Zanot Eric J. , Maddox Lynda M.
Published: March 2007

This study examines whether subliminal advertising is introduced in advertising and marketing classes, what opinions are offered about it by professors and what sources professors use to acquaint students about it. Contrary to assertions by Key, most educators do acquaint students with subliminal advertising, and indicate that it is ineffective and rarely used.
Computer Competencies for Marketing: Are Universities Doing their Job?
Authors: Sherwood Charles S. , Nordstrom Richard D.
Published: March 2007

This article presents a study of marketing professionals' perceptions of requisite computer skills for marketing students and makes various suggestions for delivering these competencies in a marketing curriculum.
A Hierarchy of Industrial Selling Competencies
Authors: Moore James R. , Eckrich Donald W. , Carlson Lorry Thompson
Published: March 2007

This study compiles, arranges by order of importance, and compares specific competencies considered essential to the successful performance of industrial sales persons in three traditionally recognized categories of industrial selling. The selling categories include manufacturer sales personnel, distributor sales personnel and manufacturers' agents.
An Exploration of Choice Criteria Used in the Selection of a First Academic Position among New Doctorates in Marketing
Authors: Johnston Mark W. , Clark Terry , Boles James
Published: March 2007

The process used by a new marketing Ph.D. in selecting the first academic post is an area of great interest given the current academic job market. The present study was designed to identify the criteria which new Ph.D.s use in selecting their first academic position. Among the results of the study was the identification of three distinct orientations—"lifestyle," "career- and work-related," and "location"—which influence the selection process.
Improving Evaluation in Marketing Education: A Revisit to the Final Exam
Authors: Razzouk Nabil Y. , Masters Lance A.
Published: March 2007

This article reviews the teaching/learning process and the role of final exams in that process, and suggests several alternatives to the written final exam.
Management of Experiential Learning Projects in Marketing Coursework
Authors: Gaidis William C. , Andrews J. Craig
Published: March 2007

The experiential approach is becoming an increasingly popular instructional strategy in marketing coursework. This article discusses the nature of experiential projects, constraints on the use of this approach, and numerous problems instructors can encounter when they use experiential projects for the first time. Solutions are suggested for each problem and some summary comments are made about using experiential projects as a teaching strategy.
Responding to Diversity: Marketing Graduate Business Education to Hispanics
Authors: Penaloza Lisa N. , Gilly Mary C.
Published: March 2007

Changes in the demographic make-up of the United States have presented marketing managers with unprecedented challenges in both the marketplace and the workplace. Recruiting minorities for education in business in general and marketing in particular is one way for business to gain a better understanding of the diverse marketplace. In the study described, the characteristics and decision processes of Hispanic undergraduates who intended to pursue an M.B.A. differed significantly from those who did not. Insight into such differences may facilitate institutional adjustment to the complexities of diversity.
Computer Attitudes and Marketing Education
Authors: Wilson J. Holton , Daubek Hugh G.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the computer attitudes of marketing majors. Class standing, course, and the number of computer-using courses students take are found to have a positive effect on computer anxiety, computer confidence, and overall computer attitude, but class and course do not affect computer liking or perceptions of computer usefulness. GPA has a positive relationship to aU attitude scales except computer liking. Age and gender do not appear to be related to any of the computer attitude measures evaluated.
Ethical Ideologies of Future Marketers: The Relative Influences of Machiavelliamsm and Gender
Authors: Singhapakdi Anusorn , Vitell Scott J.
Published: March 2007

This study analyzes the relative influences of Machiavellianism and gender on the two basic dimensions of marketing students' moral philosophies, idealism and relativism. Results from a mail survey of student members of the American Marketing Association show a negative relationship between Machiavellianism and idealism and a positive relationship between Machiavellianism and relativism. The results also indicate male students tend to be less idealistic and less relativistic than female students.
Developing an Integrated Product and Price Management Course
Authors: Schibrowsky John A.
Published: March 2007

Pricing has become one of the most important aspects of marketing management. Marketing educators have not responded to the need for more extensive instruction in pricing. This article suggests ways in which pricing can be incorporated into the curriculum. An integrated product and price management course is proposed.
Marketing Journal Coauthorship: Is it a Hit or a Miss with Coauthors?
Authors: Schroeder Dean M. , Langrehr Frederick W. , Floyd Steven M.
Published: March 2007

Coauthorship in major marketing journals has increased since the 1960s. A survey of recent coauthors indicates the primary reasons for this increase were to improve the quality of the paper by combining complementary skills. Writing activities were the most critical factors in collaborative work. Quality of contribution outweighed quantity of effort.
Internationalizing the Marketing Curriculum: The Professional Marketer's Perspective
Authors: Lundstrom William J. , White D. Steven , Schuster Camille P.
Published: March 2007

The authors surveyed professional members of a national marketing association who had designated international marketing as a field of interest. Respondents rated the skills and knowledge areas that a student should possess to be successful as an international marketing executive. In addition, the respondents also indicated those regions of the world, cultural differences, and languages that a student should study in order to function effectively as an international marketing manager. A case is made for using the impact approach for international curriculum development, and an illustration is given of its use in designing a major international business program.
The Internet Educational Tool in the Global Marketing Classroom
Authors: Natesan N. Chinna , Smith Karen H.
Published: March 2007

The Internet offers a powerful educational delivery tool in the global marketing classroom. This article introduces educators to this revolutionary and innovative tool and outlines a variety of practical methods for using the Internet in the global marketing classroom. These methods, which have been used by the authors, will have a direct impact on international business student learning.
Developing an Integrated Finance and Marketing MBA Core Course
Authors: Deconinck James , Steiner Thomas
Published: March 2007

In recent years, the business community has placed an increasing demand on universities to develop students who can think holistically. One way that universities have responded to this challenge is by adopting a cross-functional, integrated curriculum. Although this type of curriculum may provide students with a better understanding of the dependencies between the functional areas of the firm, successfully implementing this educational change is difficult. This article addresses some of the issues encountered in developing and implementing an integrative, team-taught finance and marketing MBA core course (in its fourth semester at the time of this writing) and offers integrative applications that have proven to be successful. The article concludes with recommendations for those engaged in similar efforts.
Adapting Mccarthy’s Four P’s for the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Yudelson Julian
Published: March 2007

The marketing mix of Product, Price, Promotion, and Place was introduced to marketing education by E. Jerome McCarthy in 1960. These mnemonically easy-to-remember labels rapidly became the organizing structure for virtually all introductory marketing textbooks. Since then, there have been many advances in marketing thought and conceptualization, including the broadening of the marketing concept (1970s), an emphasis on the exchange transaction (1980s), and, most recently (1990s), the development of Relationship Marketing and Total Quality Management. Each of these advances has posed challenges to McCarthy’s four P’s. However, McCarthy’s core concept is quite robust. Marketing educators need only expand the definitions of Product, Price, Promotion, and Place for them to continue to serve as the operative mnemonic organizing structure of marketing education and practice well into the foreseeable future.
Controlling Administrative Agencies in a Changing Federal System: Avenues of Gubernatorial Influence
Authors: Hebert F. Ted , Brudney Jeffrey L.
Published: March 2007

Gubernatorial control over state agencies has become a topic of great concern as state governments have undergone reorganization and as financial and programmatic responsibilities have shifted from Washington to the states. Avenues and instruments of gubernatorial influence are identified from survey responses of state agency directors. The importance of each of these is then assessed using statistical analysis, with reported gubernatorial influence over the agency as the dependent variable. Analysis reveals that governors have access to important avenues of influence that will facilitate their control over state agencies.
The Quality of Work Life in the Federal Bureaucracy: Conceptualization and Measurement
Authors: Nachmias David
Published: March 2007

This paper uses a dimensionalization approach to explore the complex meaning of the quality of work life in the federal bureaucracy. Based on the 1979-80 Federal Employees Attitudes Survey, five distinct dimensions are delineated: supervision, relations with co-workers, job task, relations among work groups and economic well-being. The policy implications of the findings are briefly discussed.
Cultural Pluralism and Public Administration: The Role of Community-Based Organizations
Authors: Schmidt Ronald J.
Published: March 2007

Community-based organizations (CBOs) have become important vehicles for articulating a growing ethnic consciousness in the U.S. This essay first examines the reasons behind the development of CBOs in recent decades, and then considers the effectiveness of CBOs as instruments for enhancing cultural pluralism.
Lateral Entry into the Foreign Service: Opportunity Lost
Authors: Hoskins Lee , Kelly Philip
Published: March 2007

Lateral entry was a point of major reform controversy in meeting the personnel management needs of postwar American diplomacy until the mid-1970s. From that time forward, the concept, when used at all in the Department of State, has been primarily associated with the Mid-Level Hiring Program for Women and Minority Group Members. Departmental statistics, except for the affirmative action program, do not reflect significant lateral entrance subsequent to 1976, when there was only one such entry. The abandonment of lateral entry as a method of obtaining the specialized expertise needed to cope with the complexities of American foreign policy may act to the continued detriment not only of the State Department but also of foreign policy itself. The dilemma of strengthening the State Department and the Foreign Service in its foreign policy role through the adoption of a creative personnel system remains unresolved. This article describes the several attempts at lateral entry since the 1950s. The authors contend that the technique was never fully accepted as a reform measure by the Foreign Service officer corps.
Administrative Man Faces the Quality Transformation: Comparing the Ideas of Herbert A. Simon and W. Edwards Deming
Authors: Little John H.
Published: March 2007

Is Deming's quality management just another management fad? Examination of its philosophical underpinnings shows that it is based in a new theoretical framework that places it at a cross-roads for organization theory and design that is as momentous as Simon's development and application of decision theory and positivistic science. Failure to understand Deming's "system of profound knowledge" has meant an undervaluing of his major contribution to the theory of organizations.
Pay-for-Performance and the Senior Executive Service: Attitudes about the Success of Civil Service Reform
Authors: Daley Dennis M.
Published: March 2007

The Senior Executive Service, created by the 1978 Civil Service Reform Act, envisioned a more dynamic, entrepreneurial federal government. The federal government implemented recognition and pay-for-performance objectives to guide this transformation. Using data from the 1989 Merit Principles Survey, this study examines the attitudes that SESer's hold on its success. While those exhibiting higher levels of extrinsic motivation and more acceptance of performance appraisal judge CSRA somewhat more successful, neither intrinsic motivation nor job satisfaction apparently affects these views. Nor do those deemed "high fliers" among SES members exhibit strong attitudes on CSRA success.
Local Government and Community-Based Strategies: Evidence from a National Survey of a Social Problem
Authors: Berman Evan M.
Published: March 2007

In this study I examine the use of community-based shared-leadership strategies. I focus on the role of local government in four aspects of community-based planning and implementation: (1) coordination, (2) the use of partnerships, (3) community-based planning and (4) collaboration in funding. Through a national survey of homelessness efforts in cities over 50,000 population, this study finds that local government involvement in community-based planning and implementation is positively associated with (1) the range of local homelessness efforts, and (2) increased effectiveness and targeting of these efforts. This study also finds that local governments are driving forces for community-based strategies, as are requirements by higher governments and a variety of local events and conditions.
Postmodernism, Public Administration, and Political Association: Some Reflections on Fox and Miller
Authors: Spicer Michael W.
Published: March 2007

This paper examines Charles Fox and Hugh Miller's Postmodern Public Administration. I argue here that Fox and Miller's argument for a public administration suitable for the postmodern era is surprisingly conventional in that, like orthodox public administration, it assumes a purposive view of political association. This paper argues further that such a view of political association may be problematic given the fragmented nature of postmodern political culture, which Fox and Miller identify, and that an alternative view of the state as a civil association may be more helpful. This being the case, I conclude that both writers and practitioners in public administration might pay more attention to American constitutionalism as an expression of the view of the state as a civil association.
Analysis of Job Satisfaction of the Federal White-Collar Work Force: Findings from the Survey of Federal Employees
Authors: Ting Yuan
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study is to extend previous work on job satisfaction to identify major job and organizational factors as well as individual characteristics that affect employee job satisfaction, especially among the federal white-collar work force. Using the Survey of Federal Employees, the study shows that job characteristics such as pay satisfaction, promotion opportunity, task clarity and significance, and skills utilization have consistently significant effects on federal government employees' job satisfaction. Organizational characteristics such as organizational commitment and relationship with supervisors and co-workers also show strong effects on employee job satisfaction. This paper concludes with a discussion of the implications for the reinventing-government movement.
A General Theory of Competition: Too Eclectic or Not Eclectic Enough? Too Incremental or Not Incremental Enough? Too Neoclassical or Not Neoclassical Enough?
Authors: Hunt Shelby D.
Published: March 2007

The author thanks Professors Foss, Hodgson, and Savitt for their kind comments on A General Theory of Competition and replies to the questions they have concerning it.
Alfred D. Chandler, Jr. and the Landscape of Marketing History
Authors: Laird Pamela Walker
Published: March 2007

The consummate scholarship of Alfred D. Chandler, Jr. has reinforced strong tendencies to focus on the histories of marketing practices of high-profile, high-volume firms and those working with them, such as advertising agencies. While Chandler’s work can inform all marketing historians’ work, it has major limitations and critics. Differing responses to and uses of Chandler’s work map out terrain of marketing history scholarship, including its divisions. One major divide falls between scholars whose academic efforts focus on marketing techniques and strategies and those whose primary focus specializes in historical analysis. Richard Tedlow, whose work owes much to Chandler, successfully employs both methodologies. Scholars on both sides of the divide could benefit by learning more of each other’s expertise.
Environmental Impact of Changes in Consumption Styles
Authors: Uusitalo Liisa
Published: March 2007

This article examines the environmental impacts of modernizing consumption styles in six European nations, the USA and aggregates for all European community countries. Modernizing consumption decreases home production of consumable goods and services while increasing market efficiency through purchase and home storage of time-labor saving products. However modernizing consumption also results in raising environmental impacts as measured by the amount and composition of post-consumption waste, the amount and composition of energy use, and pollution and resource depletion. Qualitative changes in consumption styles resulting from enrichment as well as modernization argue for recycling, demanufacturing, demarketing, and reorientation of marketing goals to mitigate the negative environment impacts of modernized consumption measured in this article.
A General Theory of Marketing Ethics
Authors: Hunt Shelby D. , Vitell Scott
Published: March 2007

Almost all the theoretical efforts in the area of marketing ethics have been normative, not positive. Th1at is, almost all theoretical works have focused on developing guidelines or rules to assist marketers in their efforts to behave in an ethical fashion. In contrast, the model developed in this article is descriptive, not prescriptive. It attempts to explain the decision-making process for problem situations having ethical con-tent. The article begins with a discussion and evaluation of the two major normative ethical theories in moral philosophy. deontological theories and teleological theories. Although these theories are normative, to the extent that people actually follow their prescriptions, any positive theory of marketing ethics must incorporate them. The article then develops a positive theory of marketing ethics and uses that theory to help explain some of the empirical research that has been conducted in the area of marketing ethics
The Macromarketing Effects of Beverage Container Legislation
Authors: Sjolander Richard , Chen Henry C. K.
Published: March 2007

This article tests two major theories of consumer preference relevant to mandatory beverage container deposit legislation (MBCDL). It examines these theories in the context of market performance of the beverage industry as well as socioeconomic and environment issues. In an area where used beverage containers may be conceptualized as negative externalities or market failures, control of such containers can become the focus of public policy both to adjust private prices and to achieve the social goal of a litter-free environment. Six hypotheses were formulated to test these theories, and empirical data on per capita beer consumption in twenty-two states were used to test the effects of MBCDL on one of the hypotheses. The findings indicate that MBCDL appears to have an enduring negative effect on beer consumption (sales) in the United States.
Marketing and Development in Third World Contexts: An Evaluation and Future Directions
Authors: Joy Annamma , Ross Christopher A.
Published: March 2007

This study attempts to locate existing marketing perspectives on development within the larger framework of "development studies." The purpose is to ascertain the underlying principles and assumptions in the development of marketing thought and thereby to facilitate the evaluation of the role of marketing in the development process. Such an approach is in keeping with the aims of creating critical knowledge through radical deconstruction processes outlined by Firat, Dholakia, and Bagozzi (1987). This article assesses marketing perspectives in terms of their fundamental assumptions and key features as and when they fall into three schools of thought: modernization, institutional, and radical. By grounding them in this manner, we argue that a critique of such ideas is possible, which then allows for a fuller assessment of contributions made by marketing scholars.
A Synthesis of Ethical Decision Models for Marketing
Authors: Ferrell O. C. , Gresham Larry G. , Fraedrich John
Published: March 2007

The contributions of current models of ethical decision making are described and evaluated on a comparative basis. From the synthesis of these frameworks an integrated model is derived. The integrated model combines both cognitive-affect and social-learning theory to produce a more complete perspective of the ethical decision process. This perspective acknowledges that ethical decision making is affected by both external (environment, peers, situation) as well as internal (moral value structure) constructs.
Theories of A1Truism and Behavior Modification Campaigns
Authors: Carman James M.
Published: March 2007

Adam Smith wrote that it was self-interest, not benevolence, that caused the butcher, baker, and brewer to supply our dinner, yet we regularly observe examples of altruistic behavior within the marketing system. Indeed, society expects individuals to exhibit prosocial, altruistic behavior. Is the modern marketing system contributing to a decline in altruism? Is there a theory of altruism that helps explain the effect of the marketing system on altruistic behavior? This article attempts to answer these questions by integrating and unifying theories of altruism that come from sociobiology and from psychology, sociology, economics, and marketing. This theory is used to explain the lack of success of public behavior modification campaigns.
The Effects of Punitive Damages Litigation on Marketing and Public Policy
Authors: Morgan Fred W. , Stoltman Jeffrey J.
Published: March 2007

During the past 25 years, marketers have been exposed to punitive damages claims in those cases where marketing behavior was deemed egregious. In this article, the primary purposes of punitive damages are identified, as are the various parties engaged in this arena. While each punitive damages claim is distinct, an aggregate view of the cumulative effects and the processes that produce them is possible. Over time, these effects and processes are expected to produce a change in the marketing environment, changes which vary in terms of both their economic and social consequences. While the evolution of the legal and marketing systems will occur in tandem, the isolation and measurement of these effects is difficult because of the various levels of aggregation, the number of parties, and the spatial and temporal separation of causes and effects.
Tonya, the Japanese Wholesalers: Why their Dominant Position?
Authors: Kitchell Susan
Published: March 2007

The central position held by wholesalers in the Japanese marketing system has been viewed, varyingly, as a form of market control and system restraint. Compared to their Western counterparts, Japanese wholesalers play a decidedly more dominant and multifunctional role in relation to retailers and manufacturers. This article explains, through an interpretive historical account of events in Edo, Japan, how their special position came about and why it endured through the upheavals of Meiji modernization. The analysis helps new participants in the Japanese market appreciate the roles played by indigenous wholesalers and, it is hoped, profit from their multiple services.
Consumer Survival during the Great Depression: Reports from the Field
Authors: Hill Ronald Paul , Hirschman Elizabeth C. , Bauman John F.
Published: March 2007

This article reconstructs consumers' experiences during the Great Depression, using observations of their behavior as preserved in archival reports. Where possible, archival photographs were collected to provide supportive visual documentation of particular aspects of consumption. The four themes resulting from the analysis of these data are (1) the effect of a lack of employment opportunities and protection on depression-era consumption, (2) deterioration of living accommodations and goods needed to sustain life and health, (3) return to self-sufficient modes of production, and (4) collective/communal action. Broader implications for marketers are discussed.

We still pray to be given each day our daily bread. Yet there is too much bread, too much wheat and corn, meat and oil and almost every other commodity required by man for his subsistence and material happiness. We are not able to purchase the abundance that modern methods of agriculture, mining and manufacture make available in such bountiful quantities. Why is mankind being asked to go hungry and cold and poverty stricken in the midst of plenty?
Winners and Losers: Redistribution and the Use of Economic Impact Analysis in Marketing
Authors: Putsis William P.
Published: March 2007

Short-term tourist events can have a major economic impact on a local community, while the societal impact can also be significant. In this study, it is argued that economic impact analysis can be a valuable tool for macromarketing analysis, providing important and detailed information on the redistribution that occurs across and within a local community.
Coordinate Systems and the Inverse Velocity Problem of Manipulators with Spherical Wrists
Authors: Stanišié Michael M.
Published: March 2007

We show that in order to obtain a canonical (simplest) form of the solution to the inverse velocity problem of a six-axis manipulator with a spherical wrist, the simultaneous use of two distinct coordinate systems is required. One coordinate system will yield a canonical solution for the joint rates of the arm subassembly, and the other coordinate system will yield a canonical solution for the joint rates of the wrist subassembly.
A Case Study of Flexible Object Manipulation
Authors: Hopcroft John E. , Kearney Joseph K. , Krafft Dean B.
Published: March 2007

This article describes a project undertaken to explore pro gramming physical operations on complex flexible objects. Uncertainty about the exact state of the object makes it im possible to precisely specify the actions to be performed at the time the program is written. Furthermore, the detailed conse quences of manipulations on flexible objects cannot be deter mined before the action is performed. Lacking precise specifi cations, the programmer must abstract the essential properties of objects and actions.

In an effort to study manipulation offlexible objects, a system to tie knots in rope with a robot arm was developed. The system includes an extensible graph representation for knots, a vision system that binds the contour of a physical rope to an abstract description, and a knot-tying language based on parametric motion commands. Knots of modest complexity, such as a bowline or figure 8, can be tied in a va riety of ropes with minimal constraints on the initial configu ration of the rope. The work highlights the importance of software engineering principles and a good programming en vironment for robot program development.
Catastrophe Analysis of the Planar Two-Spring Mechanism
Authors: Hines R. , Marsh D. , Duffy J.
Published: March 2007

A stability analysis is performed for the planar two-spring system using catastrophe theory. Basic elements of catastrophe theory are outlined and applied to the two-spring system to give catastrophe locus plots showing where a change in stability occurs. The method used for the two-spring yields a stability analysis without having to solve the inverse analysis. The inverse analysis for the two-spring system is used to illustrate system equilibrium positions before, dur ing, and after a change in stability.
The Recognition of Melodic Fragments as Components of Tonal Patterns
Authors: Wang Cecilia Chu , Sogin David W.
Published: March 2007

This research was designed to investigate listeners' ability to recognise melodic fragments representing two different tonal organisations. One hundred college students listened to 48 items each consisting of a 12-tone sequence having a structure of four three-tone groups, an interfering pattern, and a melodic fragment to be identified. The melodic fragment was extracted from the 12-tone sequence either within a melodic group or from adjacent groups. The interfering stimuli were of three types: melodic pattern, tones in octaves, and spoken number sequence. Results suggest that subjects encode the melody along the melodic structure as evidenced by the fact that recognition was more successful when the melodic fragment conformed with the built-in melodic structure. Recognition was reduced when the fragment was composed from two three-note groups rather than one, and only in this case were differential effects of the distracter stimuli observed. These data indicate that listeners encoded the original material with respect to the three-note groups. The results are consistent with notion of limited processing capacity that is assisted by melodic groupine.
Effects of Training on Children's Perception of Music: A Review
Authors: Morrongiello Barbara A.
Published: March 2007

In this article research examining the effects of formal training on children's perception of music is reviewed. Consideration is given both to perception of rhythmic and tonal properties of melodies. It is concluded that training in children serves to enhance perception of more detailed aspects of melodies, to facilitate the speed at which this information is encoded, and to result in better memory for this material. Moreover, it seems to affect not only perception of rhythmic details but also organisational strategies, and to accelerate the emergence of sensitivity to diatonic scale structure and the ease of application of this knowledge to music perception tasks. Future research might be aimed at determining if these auditory processing effects are specific to musical sequences or generalise to the perception of other patterned stimuli such as speech. Empirical efforts aimed at increasing our understanding of the mechanisms mediating the effects of training are also sorely needed.
The Relationship between Hemispheric Laterality and Perception of Musical and Verbal Stimuli in Normal and Learning Disabled Subjects
Authors: Strong Alan D.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine hemispheric laterality in relation to the perception of musical and verbal stimuli in normal and learning disabled (LD) subjects. Dichotic listening tests included a Verbal Test, utilising con- sonant-vowel syllables, a Tonal Test, and a Rhythm Test. Each musical test was divided into three subtests, with tonal and rhythm patterns categorised according to difficulty level. The tests were administered to 38 normal and 38 LD subjects, between grades one and four. Data were analysed by means of multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) procedures. Major findings included: (1) significant differences among subject groups in the magnitude but not the direction of laterality; (2) significantly greater absolute cal- advantage (AEA) values for the LD subjects than for the normal subjects on the Verbal Test, composite Tonal Test, and Difficult Rhythm subtest; and (3) significantly greater AEA values for younger than for older subjects on the easy and moderately difficult Tonal subtests.
Predicting Aural Performance in a Tertiary Music Training Programme
Authors: Buttsworth Louise M. , Fogarty Gerard J. , Rorke Peter C.
Published: March 2007

Selection of students for entry to tertiary music training programmes is a difficult task traditionally undertaken by painstaking individual auditions, perhaps under highly variable local conditions as the selection team moves from region to region. A number of musical aptitude batteries have been developed but do not appear to have been widely embraced largely because of poor predictive validity. In the present study, a battery of tests designed to assess aural skills, an important component of musical training, was developed by a team of psychologists and musicians at the University of Southern Queensland (USQ). The battery consisted mostly of tests of pitch discrimination and intonation. All students (N = 91) currently enrolled in the Music Programme at USQ completed the musical tests. A regression model was then constructed using test scores as independent variables and students' end of semester aural training performance scores as the dependent variable. The resulting model accounted for 36% of the variance in scores on final exam results, a result well beyond chance expectations. Further testing with a revised version of the battery is under way.
Auditory and Visual Temporal Structuring: How Important is Sound to Musical Thinking?
Authors: Karma Kai
Published: March 2007

The main objective of the study was to find empirical support for a definition of musical aptitude in which musical thought processes are seen to exist out- side music, i.e. as perceiving and structuring visual temporal series. An auditory and a visual version of a temporal structuring test were administered to 203 comprehensive school pupils and 23 congenitally deaf subjects. A common component of auditory and visual structuring was found which explained approximately half of the variance in the scores, but modality- dependent perception processes also seem to have affected the results. Auditory stimuli seem to affect temporal structuring processes more strongly than visual stimuli, although the basic processes are very similar. The deaf subjects' results were very similar to those of the normal group in quality, but their mean was a little lower. The results are interpreted as showing that sound is not a necessary condition for musical thought processes, although it is the most effective means of communicating them.