bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social Movements and the State (Singapore)
Authors: Clammer John
Published: September 2022

The tiny city‐state of Singapore, occupying an island of just 274 square miles at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula and with the Riau Islands of Indonesia clearly visible to the south on a clear day, is something of an anomaly in Southeast Asia. From its foundation as a colonial outpost of the British East India Company, a date usually traced to the arrival of Sir Stamford Raffles in 1819, and its subsequent incorporation into the British Empire as a Crown Colony, it rapidly flourished as a major port city for trade in the region, as a transit point for migrant labor from China and India coming to work in the plantations, mines, and commercial establishments of British Malaya, and as an administrative and military center for British rule in the peninsula. This particular history has deeply marked its current culture and ethnic makeup: still a city very much oriented to trade and acting as a communications hub for Southeast Asia, it is also highly diverse in its ethnic composition, with a large Chinese majority (approximately 75% of the population), a substantial Malay community, a significant Indian one (about 8% of the population), and a large number of smaller minorities of Indonesian, Filipino, Arab, European, Sri Lankan, and other South Asian origins together with substantial but transitory populations of Japanese, Korean, Taiwanese, European, Australian, and North American business people, diplomats, students, and tourists. As the colonial era drew to a close, Singapore became first a self‐governing colony, then joined the new state of Malaysia in 1963 and in 1965 as a result of ethnic and political tensions, left Malaysia to become the new independent state of the Republic of Singapore.
Tea Party Movement (United States)
Authors: Pullum Amanda
Published: September 2022

The Tea Party was a conservative movement in the US that surfaced in early 2009. Broadly defined, the Tea Party consisted of a loose coalition of allied collective efforts aimed at reducing taxation, reining in the federal government's spending (e.g. bailout and stimulus monies), and opposing government involvement in healthcare and related social activities. However, many Tea Partiers mobilized around additional conservative concerns. Moreover, the Tea Party was in many ways a response to perceived loss of power by dominant groups. The Tea Party was able to push the Republican Party farther to the right, culminating in the election of Donald Trump and Mike Pence, both of whom supported Tea Party positions.
Anti‐corruption Movements
Authors: della Porta Donatella , Mattoni Alice
Published: September 2022

Social movement organizations mobilize against corruption worldwide. However, these collective efforts change according to how activists conceive corruption. Some anti‐corruption efforts focus on the political corruption of governing elites, others link corruption to other contentious issues, like the environment, and others consider more small‐scale occurrences of corruption, like bribes. Consequently, the forms of collective action that activists decide to employ also vary, ranging from the massive mobilizations against corrupt political elites to requests for democratic accountability achieved through international digital platforms allowing for whistleblowing activities.
Anti‐eviction Mobilizations (Spain)
Authors: Ancelovici Marcos , Badimon Montserrat Emperador
Published: September 2022

Forced evictions are increasingly becoming a global phenomenon. This trend has been particularly dramatic in Spain, where 713,791 evictions took place between 2008 and 2020, and has affected both homeowners and tenants to the extent that it became one of the central sociopolitical issues of the 2010s. To deal with it, anti‐eviction mobilizations rely on short‐term and long‐term tactics. Short‐term tactics focus on specific evictions at a particular time and place, imply a sense of urgency, and can be used before, during, or after the eviction has taken place. Long‐term tactics build on educational and informational work, emphasize the structural nature of evictions, and aim at reforming mortgage laws and housing policies. Campaigns taking advantage of the Popular Legislative Initiative mechanism (Iniciativa Legislativa Popular, ILP) are the main example of such long‐term tactics. Since 2010, anti‐eviction mobilizations have thus managed to stop several thousand evictions, have rehoused hundreds of families, and reformed housing regulations and laws at the municipal and regional levels.
Antifa
Authors: Vysotsky Stanislav
Published: September 2022

The anti‐fascist movement, or antifa, is a broad‐based and diffuse countermovement to the organizing and mobilizing efforts of the far right. While scholarly and colloquial definitions of fascism vary widely, antifa activists generally define it as an ideology that asserts an inherent biological and social hierarchy of people which is maintained using violence. Antifa activism, therefore, seeks to demobilize populist and street‐level far‐right movements. Anti‐fascist strategy especially focuses on two key countermovement goals: pre‐emption or dissuasion of group mobilization and damage or destruction of the opposing group.
Anti‐repression Protests (Nicaragua)
Authors: Cabrales Sergio , Sánchez Mario
Published: September 2022

In 2018, Nicaragua faced a cycle of contention against the rule of Daniel Ortega, a Sandinista leader. Prior to this time, the regime displayed a hybrid of democratic features, but Ortega's government responded to the massive 2018 uprisings with excessive and lethal violence. With repressive measures that successfully crushed the mobilization, his government consolidated an authoritarian regime, which persists until the time of this writing. This entry analyzes how this regime transformation occurred amid the cycle of contention. Protest event analysis techniques describe the dynamics of the mobilizations, which comprised more than 2000 demonstrations in less than six months.
Anti‐Trump Resistance Movement
Authors: Maresca Alex , Meyer David S.
Published: September 2022

Donald Trump's surprising election as president of the United States in 2016 marked the emergence of a massive anti‐Trump movement, which featured local organizing in elections, legislative lobbying, and a series of mass demonstrations. The movement offered a very broad umbrella of diverse constituencies, causes, and approaches to social change, providing additional attention to virtually all of those causes. Elements within the movement exercised influence in stopping the repeal of the Affordable Care Act, winning the Democratic Party a majority in the House of Representatives in 2018, and defeating Trump's reelection bid in 2020. It's likely to be difficult to find sources of unity after Trump's defeat. The movement offers an extraordinary opportunity to see the connections between protest politics and institutional action, including elections.
Christian Right and
US
Politics
Authors: Munson Ziad
Published: September 2022

The Christian Right has been one of the most consequential social movements in the United States for more than a half century. The movement can be defined fairly simply as the people and groups that seek to mobilize conservative political action on the basis of Christian religious beliefs. The Christian Right has always drawn the bulk of its support from theologically conservative white Protestants, who make up somewhere between 20 and 30 percent of the US population, depending on the specific definition. But theologically conservative white Protestants are not a monolithic group; not all are politically conservative, not all are sympathetic to the movement, and only a small minority are politically active. The Christian Right as a movement should thus not be confused or elided with this broader swath of the American public. In addition to conservative white Protestants, the Christian Right has also attracted limited support from Catholics, along with a handful of supporters in other faith traditions. Although scholars and pundits alike have read the fall of the Christian Right into the sociopolitical events of the last several decades, the movement's long history, deep roots in American society and politics, and continued organizational strength all suggest its continued vitality and impact on American politics.
Costa Rican Fiscal Reform Protests (2018)
Authors: Cordero Allen
Published: September 2022

The protest campaign against tax reform counts as the third major wave of anti‐neoliberal mobilizations in Costa Rica in this century. The first protest wave occurred over the ICE combo in 2000 (power and telecommunications privatization), the second was the fight against the Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) between 2004 and 2007, and, finally, the wave of popular contention against fiscal policy in 2018 that is described in this entry. The social movement against regressive tax measures offers an important case study of Latin American resistance against globalized neoliberalism.
COVID‐19 Pandemic and Social Movements
Authors: della Porta Donatella
Published: September 2022

The COVID‐19 pandemic is a critical juncture that deeply affects social movements. While at their onset, lockdown policies have constrained collective action in the street, contentious politics spread very quickly with mobilizations in various forms addressing the many and dramatic crises that accompanied the health crises. Protests multiplied on issues such as housing, income, and education, but also on participation and repression.
Deliberative Experiments and Social Movements
Authors: Felicetti Andrea
Published: September 2022

Deliberative experiments are ad‐hoc settings designed to create proper contexts for citizen deliberation. They are typically composed of randomly selected citizens with the task of reflecting upon a problem and developing propositions usually addressed at decision‐makers and/or the public at large. Whereas deliberative experiments have long been understood as the main way to promote deliberative democracy, there is growing recognition of the many ways in which social movements affect the prospect of deliberative democracy. These include the interaction between social movements and deliberative experiments whose synergies and tensions are now starting to receive due attention.
Extinction Rebellion
Authors: Doherty Brian , Hayes Graeme
Published: September 2022

Extinction Rebellion is part of a new transnational wave of climate movements and protests that emerged in 2018, given impetus by a 2018 report of the UN's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change which had set out the need for radical reductions in carbon emissions by 2030. Like the youth climate strikes, which also first appeared that year, it brought new activists into the streets, challenged authorities, and led to increased political debate about the urgency of action on climate change. Extinction Rebellion (or XR) differs from the Greta Thunberg‐inspired school climate strikes in prioritizing mass civil disobedience, directed primarily at national governments and located mainly in national capitals. It originated in the UK, and although it has spread to over 80 countries and has diversified, the template provided by the UK group has shaped XR's character and repertoire globally. In part, this explains some of the challenges that the movement has faced.
Five Star Movement
Authors: Mosca Lorenzo
Published: September 2022

The Five Star Movement (FSM) was born in 2009 after a wave of protests (so called “V days”) against the political establishment initiated by a famous Italian comedian, Beppe Grillo. Because of its hybrid nature, with one foot in the party system and the other one in the social movement arena, the FSM has been considered a “movement party,” displaying specific organizational and ideological linkages with social movements. However, since entering national institutions in 2013 the party has gradually detached from social movements. Nonetheless, during the first years of its life it maintained some kind of programmatic, biographic, and geographic proximity with local conflicts despite avoiding any type of coalition and cooperation with movements. The distance toward the latter has increased over time, and the role of movement claims, unconventional forms of action, and the presence of movement activists within its ranks has been marginalized since 2018 when the FSM became a relevant member of the ruling coalitions. Following a process of institutionalization, the party has become part of the same establishment it fiercely opposed at its birth, losing all linkages with the grassroots.
Birmingham Campaign of 1963
Authors: Luders Joseph E.
Published: September 2022

Some of the most iconic images of the civil rights struggle – snarling police dogs and fire hoses used to brutalize peaceful marchers – come from the 1963 protests in Birmingham, Alabama. Although protest activity escalated sharply in 1960 with a wave of sit‐ins across the South, it was the 1963 campaign in Birmingham, Alabama, that achieved not only a notable local success but also set in motion a political process that culminated in the passage of the landmark Civil Rights Act of 1964, which banned various forms of discrimination including racial segregation. The Birmingham struggle thus represents a decisive turning point in the broader assault upon racial hierarchy and white supremacy.
March on Washington Movement (1941)
Authors: Parker Christopher
Published: September 2022

When the “March on Washington” is mentioned, it typically evokes the day during the summer of 1963 when the Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. delivered perhaps the most memorable speech of the twentieth century. In fact, it would shock me to no end if every American hadn't, at some point in their life, heard the “I Have a Dream” speech. The “March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom” set the stage for the legislation it was designed to foster: the Civil Rights Act and the Voting Rights Act, respectively. Yet, this wasn't the original March on Washington movement (MOWM), on which the famous one was based. The original MOWM, “The March in Washington for Jobs and Equal Participation in National Defense,” scheduled for the summer of 1941, never actually took place. Even so, it set the tone for all direct‐action protest moving forward.
Ni Una Menos/Non Una di Meno
Authors: Barone Anastasia , Bonu Giada
Published: September 2022

Ni Una Menos (Not one less) is a global feminist and transfeminist movement focused on gender‐based violence as a structural dimension of contemporary capitalist and neoliberal society. The movement first rose in Argentina on 3 June 2015, when hundreds of marches took place in response to the femicide of Chiara Paez, a 14‐year‐old woman murdered by her boyfriend. Beginning in Latin America in 2015, Ni Una Menos triggered a new wave of global feminist mobilization. The movement has a transnational character, adopts an intersectional frame, includes different generations, and makes use of innovative repertoires of action. Furthermore, it is characterized by the extensive use of social media. Ni Una Menos denounces violence, femicides, and the ongoing mistreatment of women and LGBTQ subjects, while pursuing social change through mass mobilization and micro‐level organization.
Lyon, Phyllis, and Martin, Del
Authors: Sorensen Anna
Published: September 2022

Phyllis Lyon (1924–2020) and Del Martin (1921–2008) were pioneering lesbian‐rights and feminist activists whose political efforts influenced many organizations and social movements. From creating the first national lesbian‐rights organization in the United States to being the first same‐sex couple to marry in San Francisco (twice), they challenged the notion that lesbians were “illegal, immoral, and sick.” For over five decades of leadership in the LGBT movement, they worked to change cultural attitudes about lesbians and gay men and the laws that oppressed them. They were leaders in the feminist movement, advocating for the inclusion of lesbians within the women's movement of the 1960s and 1970s and bringing visibility to issues such as family violence.
Podemos
Authors: Agustín Óscar García
Published: September 2022

In January 2014 the document “Mover ficha” (Moving forward) was published in Madrid by various activists and intellectuals. The aim was to present a Left candidature for the European Parliament (EP) elections in order to articulate an alternative to EU austerity policies, as Syriza was also doing at the time in Greece. This was the foundational moment of Podemos (“We can”). The political initiative involved a convergence of different actors: the indignados activists that reclaimed more democracy since they felt that traditional parties did not represent them; Izquierda Anticapitalista (Anti‐capitalist Left), a Trotskyist organization which played a leading foundational role; and a group of political science professors, including Pablo Iglesias, Íñigo Errejón, and Juan Carlos Monedero, at Universidad Complutense in Madrid, who were inspired by the Latin American progressive governments (the so‐called Pink Tide) and were interested in political communication.
Pots‐and‐Pans Pro‐Democracy Protest (Iceland)
Authors: Bernburg Jón Gunnar
Published: September 2022

The “Pots‐and‐Pans Revolution” was a wave of popular protest that evolved in Iceland after the global financial crisis triggered a joint collapse of the country's three major banks in October 2008. The protest started as a series of “town meetings” challenging the authorities' framing of the collapse and its enormous impact on the state budget and the country's economy as simply being a part of a “global financial storm.” The alternative frame that emerged at the meetings was that the crisis exposed misrepresentation, corruption, and privilege and thus called for mass civil action to create pressure on the politicians to reform (starting with the immediate resignation of the ruling center‐right government). During the unfolding of the financial crisis, in fall 2008, participation by the general public in protest meetings grew rapidly and the expanding protest platform encouraged activists to perform increasingly radical acts of contention. Eventually, in January 2009, after a few consecutive days of pots‐and‐pans protest, which attracted a quarter of the population of the country's major urban area, the government resigned.
Radical Right (Scandinavia)
Authors: Switzer Ryan , Rydgren Jens
Published: September 2022

The “radical Right” in Scandinavia refers to a diverse set of political actors within the Northern European countries of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. Radical right‐wing movements and parties vary in their aims and origins, but are linked through a shared nativism that fuels the contemporary radical Right internationally. Nativism pairs nationalism and xenophobia, manifesting in calls for securitization against the threats posed by immigrants from non‐Western countries. In this entry, the concept “radical Right” is used exclusively for parties and movements that accept the democratic system and that denounce violence as a political method, whereas we will use the concept “extreme Right” for openly anti‐democratic or violent parties and movements.
Rebel Governance
Authors: O'Connor Francis
Published: September 2022

Rebel governance addresses the relationship between insurgent movements and civilians in their immediate social environments. It comprises all forms of interaction between insurgents and noncombatants relating to the social, political, and economic lives in the areas under insurgent influence and control. It focuses on consolidated insurgent movements in civil wars, in particular those groups which seek to govern local populations. Rebel governance is based on the premise that insurgent coercion is an insufficient medium‐ to long‐term strategy to obtain local support, and accordingly insurgent groups seek to interact with surrounding civilians in ways which would garner them local legitimacy and popularity, in contrast to other approaches centered on the more headline‐grabbing forms of violent interactions between insurgent movements and civilians. Rebel governance looks at the more banal and more frequent forms of nonviolent interaction between civilians and insurgent groups, such as the formation of social and political institutions and the provision of public services and goods.
Sanctuary Movements
Authors: Bazurli Raffaele
Published: September 2022

Contemporary sanctuary movements generally aim to defend and expand the rights of immigrants in a precarious situation – most notably asylum seekers, refugees, and the undocumented – in reaction to national policies and practices that produce exclusion in the first place. The “sanctuary” idea is rooted in the tradition of assorted religions of offering protection to fugitives in sacred sites. Sanctuary movements of our time, too, often draw inspiration from religious precepts and are forged by faith‐based organizations. Yet their activists may also subscribe to secular tenets and causes, including anti‐racism, civil rights, humanitarianism, feminism, and socialism. Also, while sanctuary movements often originate in places of worship as inviolable “safe havens” for those persecuted, they typically operate on an urban scale. Scholars and activists have, in fact, made the case for the city as an alternative locus of membership that is inclusive of any inhabitants, regardless of their legal status. This substantive, grassroots‐type of urban citizenship challenges the formal monopoly of nation‐states over immigration and citizenship. Because of their urban character and insurgent flair, sanctuary movements can be subsumed into broader struggles for the “right to the city.”
Sex Worker Movements
Authors: Hofstetter Joana Lilli
Published: September 2022

Sex worker movements are led by people working in different sectors of the sex industry such as street‐based, brothel, bar and studio work, stripping, webcamming, escorting, and porn. Because sex workers trade sexual services in exchange for money or other forms of remuneration, they experience social stigma, marginalization, criminalization, violence, and human rights violations. While these present high obstacles to collective organizing and public protest action, they also incite sex workers' struggles for fundamental rights, recognition, law reform, and better working and living conditions.
Student Protests (Italy)
Authors: Cini Lorenzo
Published: September 2022

Italy has historically exhibited a strong tradition of student activism, displayed both in universities and in the more general mobilizations experienced by Italian society throughout the 1960s and 1970s. Italian students have traditionally shown a high level of politicization, fostered and manifested by the adoption of various strands of Marxist ideology within the student movement (such as Maoism, Leninism, Stalinism, and Autonomism), more oriented to address the broader issues of capitalist society rather than student matters. Considering these traditions, it is not surprising to observe how the mobilization dynamics of the 2008 and 2010 student campaigns reflected this more politicized culture, exemplified by the students' attempts to generalize and further politicize an issue of university funding by making alliances with grassroots movements and unions.
Sunflower Occupy Movement (Taiwan)
Authors: Jieh‐min Wu
Published: September 2022

The Sunflower Occupy movement was a transformative protest event that delivered a severe blow to Taiwan's Kuomintang (KMT) government, interrupted its cooperation with the People's Republic of China, crystalized a change in public perception of Chinese influence, and created a new political generation.
Sustainable Community Movement Organizations
Authors: Forno Francesca , Graziano Paolo
Published: September 2022

Sustainable Community Movement Organizations (SCMOs) are grassroots collective efforts to build alternative, productive, and sustainable networks of production and exchange by mobilizing citizens primarily (though not exclusively) via their purchasing power. By acting on the market, such grassroots initiatives attempt to create new economic and cultural spaces for civic learning as well as consumer activism with the aim of building and developing alternative markets based on knowledge exchange, solidarity, and mutual trust.
Unite the Right Rally, Charlottesville
Authors: Blee Kathleen , Simi Pete
Published: September 2022

Officially dubbed “Unite the Right” (UTR), the August 2017 gathering of white supremacists from across the country became more widely known as “Charlottesville” following a car attack that left one counter‐protestor dead and more than a dozen injured. UTR was promoted to protest the decision to remove a Confederate monument in Charlottesville, Virginia. It was also an opportunity to build alliances among racist and anti‐Semitic groups as part of the white supremacist movement's (WSM) effort to reach a broader segment of the white population.
Algerian Revolution (2019)
Authors: Hamouchene Hamza
Published: September 2022

Since February 2019, the people of Algeria have waged an inspiring revolt against the country's military regime. Millions took to the streets united in their rejection of the ruling system, demanding radical democratic change. They chanted “They must all go!” and “The country is ours and we'll do what we wish” – two slogans that have become emblematic of this new Algerian revolution. The Hirak (“movement” in Arabic) succeeded in overthrowing President Abdelaziz Bouteflika in early April 2019 after six weeks of protests.
Science and Expert Activism in Environmental Conflicts
Authors: Chesta Riccardo Emilio
Published: September 2022

Science and expertise have always been particularly relevant in conflicts regarding the environment. A number of environmental problems would not exist without the role of scientific knowledge that first discover them and then frame them as such. Nevertheless, the salience of environmental problems depends not only on the scientific consensus expressed inside expert communities, but also on the capacity of scientific knowledge to reach public attention and relevance. For this reason, science and expert activism are crucial for many public problems, and especially those regarding nature and the environment. In this regard, relations between scientists and social movements have been historically visible at different waves and cycles, from the emergence of pacifist mobilizations criticizing the risks of nuclear weapons during the Cold War to the post‐1968 political ecology groups. At every cycle of contention, new forms or experiences of scientific activism emerged, in the form of scientific movement organizations like Science for the People in the US, specific units dedicated to the production of environmental expertise in movement organizations like the Science Unit of Greenpeace International, or alternative institutions dedicated to the environment, like the Wuppertal Institute in Germany or the networks of Eco‐Institutes in Italy. The production of scientific expertise was indeed a key aspect of activism challenging the idea of technological neutrality of scientific research, criticizing its relations to the industrial‐military complex, and claiming for expert knowledge able to respond to the needs of a democratic and just society.
Extractivism and Social Movements (Latin America)
Authors: Lapegna Pablo , Burgos Alonso
Published: September 2022

Extractivism in Latin America refers to the exploitation of natural resources in export‐oriented activities, typically controlled by transnational corporations. While the region's history is closely connected to resource extraction, the expansion of neoliberal policies in the 1990s changed its political economy and gave way to neo‐extractivism. Neo‐extractivism, however, also thrived during the Latin American “Pink Tide,” when left‐of‐center leaders took power in the 2000s. In this context, extractivism posed dilemmas for grassroots social movements. On one hand, extractivism provided access to foreign currency which, in turn, granted economic and political stability. On the other hand, extractive activities negatively affected the environment and livelihoods of popular sectors, leading social movements to protest extractivism.
Collective Behavior and Social Movements in Stateless Societies
Authors: Chase‐Dunn Christopher , Grell‐Brisk Marilyn , Welch Levin Elias
Published: September 2022

This entry examines the relevance of concepts and theories in the social movement and collective behavior literatures in sociology for understanding and explaining social change in small‐scale human societies. We discuss and critique the reasons given by some social movement scholars to justify their focus on exclusively “modern” movements. We contend that collective behavior and social movements have been important causes of social change in small‐scale societies composed of hunter‐gatherers and horticulturalists, since before the emergence of sedentism in the Mesolithic Era.
Family Activism by Victims of Organized Crime
Authors: Aureliani Thomas
Published: September 2022

Family activism by victims of organized crime is a form of social and political contentious action which refers to the broad range of activities undertaken by relatives of victims of criminal organizations. Although scholars traditionally associated with the political opportunity approach admit that even adverse contextual conditions – or threats – can originate social movements, family activism in the organized crime context is not adequately addressed within social movements literature. In some countries, such as Mexico and Italy, the mobilizations of relatives of organized crime's victims represent the prominent form of resistance against criminal power and state collusion and boast some notable peculiarities.
Ethics of Social Protest
Authors: Su Yang
Published: September 2022

We live in an era that features a great many controversial protesting behaviors – heckling public figures in a restaurant, looting and burning down neighborhood stores, or even advocating terrorist acts against the police. It is a real concern for the safety of the targeted individuals as well as those peacefully assembled. Confronted by this fact, what position should a social movement scholar take? Many scholars may disagree with those behaviors. That being the case, however, rarely do we see scholars come forward to repudiate destructive behaviors in the public discourse. This entry sets out to explore the reasons behind such a reticence and to make a plea for breaking it – a habit of silence regarding the ethical aspect of social protest. When given a public platform, especially with regard to an ongoing demonstration, it is not enough to just dispense cold analysis on what works or what does not for a movement to succeed.
The characteristics of Laennec's capsule around the hepatic veins: A histological study based on 71 liver surgical specimens
Authors: Zhang Yuanpeng , Shi Ning , Zou Yiping , Zeng Wenrong , Chen Zhihong , Chen Zhenrong , Wu Fan , Jin Haosheng
Published: September 2022

Background

Laennec's capsule is a fibrous membrane attached to the surface of the liver, which is independent of the hepatic veins. However, the presence of Laennec's capsule surrounding the peripheral hepatic veins is controversial. This study aims to describe the characteristic of Laennec's capsule around the hepatic veins at all levels.

Methods

Seventy‐one hepatic surgical specimens were collected along the cross and longitudinal sections of the hepatic vein. Tissue sections of 3–4 mm were cut and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), resorcinol‐fuchsin (R&F), and Victoria blue (V&B). Elastic fibers were observed around the hepatic veins. They were measured using K‐Viewer software.

Results

Morphologically, we observed a thin, dense fibrous layer (so‐called Laennec's capsule) around the hepatic veins at all levels, which was different from the thick elastic fibers of the hepatic vein wall. Therefore, there was a potential gap between Laennec's capsule and the hepatic veins. Laennec's capsule was visualized significantly better with R&F and V&B staining compared to H&E staining. The thickness of Laennec's capsule around the main, first, and secondary branches of the hepatic vein were 79.86 ± 24.20 μm, 48.41 ± 18.25 μm, and 23.56 ± 10.03 μm in the R&F staining, and 80.15 ± 21.85 μm, 49.46 ± 17.52 μm, and 25.05 ± 11.03 μm in the V&B staining, respectively. They were significantly different from each other (P < .001).

Conclusion

The hepatic veins were surrounded by Laennec's capsule at all levels, including the peripheral hepatic veins. However, it is thinner along the vein branches. The gap between the Laennec's capsule and hepatic veins shows potential supplemental value for liver surgery.
Scope of coverage of medical genetics and genomics in pre‐clerkship programs of Canadian faculties of medicine: A curriculum analysis
Authors: Ouellet Jade , Lapointe Julie , Raîche Camille , Guerin Andrea , Helal Shaimaa , Fitzpatrick Jennifer , Dorval Michel , Nabi Hermann
Published: September 2022

We appraised the scope of medical genetics and genomics concepts covered in the pre‐clerkship programs of Canadian faculties of medicine through an analysis of course objectives. All course objectives linked to medical genetics and genomics in pre‐clerkship programs of Canadian faculties of medicine were compiled. From this, the fraction of objectives dedicated to medical genetics and genomics was calculated. Course objectives were also categorized according to a curriculum and a competency classification. Of the 17 Canadian faculties of medicine, the complete set of course syllabi (5 faculties) or the listing of learning objectives (4 faculties) were obtained and reviewed. The fraction of learning objectives dedicated to medical genetics and genomics varied between 0.65% and 5.05%. From the objectives classification, “foundational knowledge” was most frequently covered (64% of the compiled objectives), while topics such as: “ethics and professionalism,” “communicate genetics information,” and “obtain specialist help” were covered by less than 5%. Coverage of medical genetics and genomics in pre‐clerkship programs of Canadian faculties of medicine appears to be low. Genetics and genomics are playing a rapidly expanding role in healthcare and clinical practice and educational programs should consider this new reality.
Pallister‐Hall syndrome, GLI3, and kidney malformation
Authors: McClelland Kathryn , Li Weili , Rosenblum Norman D.
Published: September 2022

Pallister‐Hall syndrome (PHS) is a rare autosomal dominant disease diagnosed by the presence of hypothalamic hamartoma, mesoaxial polydactyly and a truncating variant in the middle third of the GLI‐Kruppel family member 3 (GLI3) gene. PHS may also include a wide range of clinical phenotypes affecting multiple organ systems including congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT). The observed clinical phenotypes are consistent with the essential role of GLI3, a transcriptional effector in the hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway, in organogenesis. However, the mechanisms by which truncation of GLI3 in PHS results in such a variety of clinical phenotypes with variable severity, even within the same organ, remain unclear. In this study we focus on presentation of CAKUT in PHS. A systematic analysis of reported PHS patients (n = 78) revealed a prevalence of 26.9% (21/78) of CAKUT. Hypoplasia (± dysplasia) and agenesis were the two main types of CAKUT; bilateral and unilateral CAKUT were reported with equal frequency. Examination of clinical phenotypes with CAKUT revealed a significant association between CAKUT and craniofacial defects, bifid epiglottis and a Disorder of Sex Development, specifically affecting external genitalia. Lastly, we determined that PHS patients with CAKUT predominately had substitution type variants (as opposed to deletion type variants in non‐CAKUT PHS patients) in the middle third of the GLI3 gene. These results provide a foundation for future work aimed at uncovering the molecular mechanisms by which variant GLI3 result in the wide range and severity of clinical features observed in PHS.
Why Negotiated Rulemaking Is Still Vital: An Interview with Susan Podziba
Authors: Bleemer Russ
Published: September 2022

Negotiated rulemaking, at its heart, is an alternative dispute resolution process, often dependent upon mediation techniques to gain input from stakeholders who will be subject to regulatory processes. The goal is to produce an oversight process that interested parties can live with and that serves whatever the public purposes are in issuing the rules.
Sustainable Wacker‐Type Oxidations
Authors: Rajeshwaran Purushothaman , Trouvé Jonathan , Youssef Khalil , Gramage‐Doria Rafael
Published: September 2022

The Wacker reaction is the oxidation of olefins to ketones and typically requires expensive and scarce palladium catalysts in the presence of an additional copper co‐catalyst under harsh conditions (acidic media, high pressure of air/dioxygen, elevated temperatures). Such a transformation is relevant for industry, as shown by the synthesis of acetaldehyde from ethylene as well as for fine‐chemicals, because of the versatility of a carbonyl group placed at specific positions. In this regard, many contributions have focused on controlling the chemo‐ and regioselectivity of the olefin oxidation by means of well‐defined palladium catalysts under different sets of reaction conditions. However, the development of Wacker‐type processes that avoid the use of palladium catalysts has just emerged in the last few years, thereby paving the way for the generation of more sustainable procedures, including milder reaction conditions and green chemistry technologies. In this Minireview, we discuss the development of new catalytic processes that utilize more benign catalysts and sustainable reaction conditions.
Anion Donicity of Liquid Electrolytes for Lithium Carbon Fluoride Batteries
Authors: Wang Xingxing , Song Ziyu , Wu Hao , Yu Hailong , Feng Wenfang , Armand Michel , Huang Xuejie , Zhou Zhibin , Zhang Heng
Published: September 2022

The increasing demand for high‐energy powers have greatly incentivized the development of lithium carbon fluoride (Li||CFx) cells. Five kinds of non‐aqueous liquid electrolytes with various kinds of lithium salts (LiX, X=PF6−, TFSI−, BF4−, ClO4−, and CF3SO3−) were comparatively studied. Intriguingly, the LiBF4‐based electrolyte show relatively moderate ionic conductivities; yet, the corresponding Li||CFx cells deliver the highest discharge capacities among them. A combination of morphological and compositional analyses of the discharge CFx cathode suggest that the moderate donicity of BF4− anion is accountable for favoring the breakdown of C−F bonds, and subsequently forming crystalline lithium fluoride as the main discharge products. This work brings not only fresh understanding on the role of salt anions for Li||CFx cells, but also inspire the electrolyte design for other conversion‐type (sulfur and/or organosulfur) cathode materials desired for high‐energy applications.
Chromium/Photoredox Dual Catalyzed Synthesis of α‐Benzylic Alcohols, Isochromanones, 1,2‐Oxy Alcohols and 1,2‐Thio Alcohols
Authors: Dutta Subhabrata , Erchinger Johannes E. , Schäfers Felix , Das Ankita , Daniliuc Constantin G. , Glorius Frank
Published: September 2022

Herein, a Cr/Photoredox‐catalyzed general synthetic strategy to access α‐benzylic alcohols, isochromanones, oxy alcohols and thio alcohols is unveiled. Alkylation of aldehydes being a crucial C−C bond forming reaction, designing competent catalytic systems would render an attractive and decorated set of diverse alcohol motifs. Considering the challenges associated with classical organometallic chemistry, the strategy of dual catalysis is applied here to generate diverse alcohol motifs in a mild and efficient manner. The amalgamation of photocatalysis with chromium chemistry is chosen for this purpose to generate an environment with low basicity and thus, high chemoselectivity. With alkyl silanes as preferred coupling partners, this catalytic setup produces a broad substrate scope with an excellent functional group tolerance and displays a facile scale‐up as well. Its application towards biologically relevant molecules and product diversification contributes to the synthetic utility of this method.
Structures of the co‐branching reactive products of isotactic polypropylene with high‐density polyethylene and the effect on the in situ compatibilization of mixed recycled materials
Authors: Xu Yinhan , Wang Jun , Luo Zhu , Li Jianjun , Xue Bai , Chen Xingjiang , Li Xiaolong , Yang Le , Linghu Changkai , Tao Yao
Published: September 2022

The recycling of petroleum‐based polymers such as polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE) is an effective means of reducing environmental pollution. However, the incompatible PP and PE blended waste is difficult to separate accurately, which reduces the quality of the recycled material. In this paper, the trifunctional acrylate monomer (trimethylolpropane triacrylate), peroxide (2,5‐dimethyl‐92,5‐di[tert‐butylperoxy] hexane) and free radical activity modifier (zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate) were applied to in situ generate the copolymer of isotactic polypropylene and high‐density polyethylene (iPP‐co‐HDPE) with a long‐chain co‐branched structure via a melt blending method. The co‐crystallization of the branched copolymer chain segments with the chemical identical homopolymers vastly improved the compatibility of iPP and HDPE components. This in situ co‐branching compatibility strategy resulted in a significant improvement in the mechanical properties of PE and PP mixed wastes. The temperature gradient extraction method was used to separate the co‐branching modified iPP/HDPE blends. The results confirm that the separated iPP‐co‐HDPE components have a highly co‐branched structure. The significant improvement in compatibility resulted in a large increase in elongation at break and impact strength of the iPP/HDPE blends, which provides an economic and effective method for the recycling of mixed PE and PP wastes.
Behavioral responses to fevers and other medical events in children with and without ASD
Authors: Byrne Katherine , Zheng Shuting , Bishop Somer , Boucher Juliana , Ghods Sheila , Kim So Hyun , Lord Catherine
Published: September 2022

Anecdotal reports and a small number of research studies suggest possible behavioral improvements in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) during a fever. However, previous studies rely largely on retrospective reports of this phenomenon. Establishing a robust association between fever and reduction of ASD‐related symptoms would promote opportunities for the development of innovative therapeutic interventions for children with ASD. In the current study, prospective data were collected from 141 children with ASD and 103 typically developing (TD) controls using parent responses to an 11‐item behavioral survey. Behaviors when no illness was present, during a fever, the week after a fever, and during non‐febrile illnesses for TD and ASD children were compared. Profiles of cases in which caregivers reported consistent behavioral improvements during fever are described. Data indicated worsening social, emotional/behavioral, and somatic symptoms during a fever regardless of diagnosis, with children with ASD demonstrating greater worsening of behaviors during a fever than TD children. Only three out of 141 children with ASD demonstrated consistent behavioral improvements during a fever; these children had a range of cognitive and adaptive skills. Children with ASD had stronger negative responses to fever than TD children. These findings contradict previous literature suggesting behavioral improvements for children with ASD. While improvements may occur for some children, it does not appear to be a common phenomenon. Additional research is needed to elucidate the nature of behavioral improvements in the subset of children with ASD who may respond positively to fever.
Spectrum of thyroid disease in a single patient: A case of papillary thyroid carcinoma in a patient with Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis
Authors: Patel Pooja , Prater Janna , Baloch Zubair , Mayrin Jane V.
Published: September 2022

A 65‐year‐old man with a history of Hashimoto's thyroiditi on Levothyroxine developed Graves' disease with ocular symptoms and was treated with teprotumumab without improvement. Total thyroidectomy was performed to control hyperthyroidism. Surgical pathology revealed multifocal papillary thyroid carcinoma. Rarely, a spectrum of thyroid disorders is seen in a single patient.
A Silicon‐Stereogenic Silanol ‐18O‐Isotope Labeling and Stereogenic Probe Reveals Hidden Stereospecific Water Exchange Reaction
Authors: Langenohl Felix , Rösler Jonas , Zühlke Sebastian , Kirchhoff Jan‐Lukas , Strohmann Carsten
Published: September 2022

A silicon‐stereogenic aminosilanol was isolated in excellent diastereomeric ratio and the absolute configuration was determined. The silanol is configurative and condensation stable in solution and shows stereoselective transformations with a clean stereospecific pathway in follow‐up reactions, which leads to the isolation of a silicon‐stereogenic zinc complex and siloxane compounds. Investigations with18O‐labelled water and mass spectrometry analysis revealed an otherwise hidden exchange of oxygen atoms of silanol and water in solution that proceeds with retention of the configuration at the silicon center. This novel combination of a stereochemical probe and isotopic labeling in a silicon‐stereogenic compound opens new analytic possibilities to study stereochemical courses of reactions with the aid of chiral silanols mechanistically.
Modulating Myogenesis: An Optimized In Vitro Assay to Pharmacologically Influence Primary Myoblast Differentiation
Authors: VanGenderen Cordell A. , Granet Jules A. , Filippelli Romina L. , Liu Yiyang , Chang Natasha C.
Published: September 2022

The intentional pharmacological manipulation of myogenesis is an important technique for understanding the underlying mechanisms of muscle differentiation and disease etiology. Using the pharmacological agent metformin as an example molecule, we present a systematic approach to examine the impact of pharmacological agents on the myogenic program. This consists of optimizing the in vitro differentiation of primary myoblast cells followed by the generation of a dose‐response curve for a respective pharmaceutical. To assess myogenic differentiation, we utilized three approaches (incorporating both transcriptional and protein techniques) to assess the effects of biologically active agents on the in vitro differentiation of primary myogenic progenitors. First, the immunofluorescent visualization of myosin heavy chain (MYHC), which is expressed in differentiated myofibers, is used to obtain the fusion index, a quantitative read‐out of differentiation efficiency. Second, quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT‐qPCR) reveals the expression of myogenic factors (Pax7, Myf5, Myod, Myog, Myh2) at the transcript level. Third, western blotting is used to assess the protein expression levels of the myogenic markers (PAX7, MYF5, MYOD, MYOG, and MYHC). By monitoring the expression of these various myogenic factors during the differentiation process, the relative cellular state and differentiation status between samples can be determined. Combined, these approaches enable the successful assessment of the impact of pharmacological agents on myogenic differentiation. © 2022 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Basic Protocol: Immunofluorescence assay for qualitative and quantitative assessment of pharmacological agents on in vitro myogenic differentiation

Support Protocol 1: Evaluating myogenic gene expression by RT‐qPCR

Support Protocol 2: Evaluating myogenic protein expression by western blot