bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Credit Scoring Toolkit
Authors: Anderson Raymond
Published: November 2023

The Credit Scoring Toolkit provides an all-encompassing view of the use of statistical models to assess retail credit risk and provide automated decisions. In eight modules, the book provides frameworks for both theory and practice. It first explores the economic justification and history of Credit Scoring, risk linkages and decision science, statistical and mathematical tools, the assessment of business enterprises, and regulatory issues ranging from data privacy to Basel II. It then provides a practical how-to-guide for scorecard development, including data collection, scorecard implementation, and use within the credit risk management cycle. Including numerous real-life examples and an extensive glossary and bibliography, the text assumes little prior knowledge making it an indispensable desktop reference for graduate students in statistics, business, economics and finance, MBA students, credit risk and financial practitioners.
Credit scoring and the business
Authors: Anderson Raymond
Published: November 2023

Books, websites, pamphlets, etc. often have a section containing frequently asked questions (FAQs). This should be restated as ‘frequently answered questions’. Countless websites use this format, whether provided by lenders, credit bureaux, or government bodies. The same format is used for much of what follows, as it is very effective. This first chapter focuses on the theory of credit scoring, and attempts to answer questions like:
Credit micro-histories
Authors: Anderson Raymond
Published: November 2023

Most people think of history in terms of the Magna Carta, Christopher Columbus, the Second World War, or other events that define human existence. There is also a new and increasingly popular genre called micro-histories, which chronicle seemingly inconsequential events, which may even have been part of a temporary phenomenon. The history of credit scoring is a micro-history, but the phenomenon is far from temporary (Table 2.1). It is treated under four headings:
Data sources
Authors: Anderson Raymond
Published: November 2023

In primitive credit environments, no application forms were used. Lending was based upon personal knowledge of the borrower, and either the interest rates were high enough to counter the risks of incomplete knowledge; or the penalties for non-payment were high. Indeed, these features still apply to loan-sharking today. In modern times, pressures are different: (i) personal knowledge of customers is less, especially in instances of high staff and customer mobility;

(i) interest rates and other fees are limited by legislation, and competitive pressures; and

(ii) exorbitant and unreasonable penalties have become infeasible. The result is that lenders have had to become much more adept at gathering information about people they, at least initially, know nothing about.
Finance
Authors: Anderson Raymond
Published: November 2023

Ultimately, lenders’ main goal is to make a profit, whether by increasing revenue, decreasing expenses, or both. Thus far, very little has been mentioned about these key dynamics. This module’s final chapter takes a side step, to look at key subject areas directly related to finance: In the credit environment, provisions are raised for expected loan losses. They are a key part of prudent credit risk management; even the earliest moneylenders grappled with the problem mentally, but did not have the proper tools until after modern accounting was developed in the fifteenth century. Although frowned upon by investors, provisions can also be adjusted during an economic cycle; lenders’ profits are understated in good years, to create a ‘war chest’ that can be drawn upon during less favourable times. Loss provisions fall into two categories:
Vowels
Authors: Colvin Stephen
Published: November 2023

Raising of [a:] to [ε:] (η): universal in eastern Ionic and Euboea, partial in Attic (§30.3). In central Ionic (Cyclades) was used for inherited [ε:], and only for the new vowel that had emerged from [a:], until the end of the V cent. This indicates that a complete merger did not take place till late (presumably denoted a more open vowel than [ε:], such as [ä:]), and raises the interesting possi- bility that a difference might have been heard in Attica and Ionia as well for longer than is commonly assumed. Cf. §10.1.
The Last Minstrels
Authors: Schuchard Ronald
Published: November 2023

Recovering a lost literary movement that was the most consuming preoccupation of W. B. Yeats’s literary life and the most integral to his poetry and drama, Ronald Schuchard’s The Last Minstrels provides an historical, biographical, and critical reconstruction of the poet’s lifelong attempt to restore an oral tradition by reviving the bardic arts of chanting and musical speech. From the beginning of his career Yeats was determined to return the ‘living voice’ of the poet from exile to the centre of culture - on its platforms, stages, and streets—thereby establishing a spiritual democracy in the arts for the non-reading as well as the reading public. Schuchard’s study enhances our understanding of Yeats’s cultural nationalism, his aims for the Abbey Theatre, and his dynamic place in a complex of interrelated arts in London and Dublin. With a wealth of new archival materials, the narrative intervenes in literary history to show the attempts of Yeats and Florence Farr to take the ‘new art’ of chanting to Great Britain, America, and Europe, and it reveals for the first time the influence of their auditory poetics on the visual paradigm of the Imagists. The penultimate chapter examines the adjustments Yeats made for his movement during the war, including chanting and other adaptations from Noh drama for his dance plays and choruses, until the practice of his ‘unfashionable art’ became dormant in the 1920s before the restless rise of realism. The final chapter resurrects his heroic effort in the 1930s to reunite poetry and music and reconstitute his dream of a spiritual democracy through the medium of public broadcasting.
London Minstrels
Authors: Schuchard Ronald
Published: November 2023

While the Dublin papers had favorably anticipated the promise of an Irish Literary Theatre for months, Yeats’s astrological charts forecast days fraught with nationalist and religious friction. Although versions of The Countess Cathleen had been in print for seven years, exciting no previous controversy, its religious heterodoxy now attracted the scrutiny of Edward Martyn’s religious adviser, who warned of blasphemous content. Martyn, the primary financial supporter of the Irish theatre, was a pious and scrupulous Catholic who had always been suspicious of Yeats’s unorthodox religious beliefs, and he threatened to withdraw all support for the enterprise.
Dublin Minstrels
Authors: Schuchard Ronald
Published: November 2023

On arrival in Dublin, Yeats was greeted with the distressing news that members of the Anglo-Israelite sect, who believed that the English had descended from the lost tribes of Israel, had resumed destructive excavations on the Hill of Tara in search of the Ark of the Covenant. He was prevailed upon by Arthur Griffith, George Moore, and Douglas Hyde to visit the site for a confrontation with the landlord, and his involvement in the lively protest led him to write to the editor of the Times “to draw the attention of the public to this desecration. Tara is, because of its associations, probably the most consecrated spot in Ireland, and its destruction will leave many bitter memories behind it” (CL3 209).
Political theory, social science, and real politics
Authors: Swift Adam , White Stuart
Published: November 2023

Political theory students are often also interested in real politics—the kind that they read about in the newspapers and that get debated at election times. Sometimes they study political theory because they are interested in real politics. Many are then disappointed. What they are asked to read is disappointingly abstract, utopian or apparently irrelevant; it can be hard to connect debates as conducted by political theorists with policy issues or political choices in the real world. This chapter will try to ease the frustration, partly by exploring how best to make those connections, partly by urging reconciliation to the inevitability of disconnection. Political theory, as we understand it, occupies a very specific place in the political and policymaking process. That space is crucial and fundamental, but it is also modest and limited.
Political theory and history
Authors: Philp Mark
Published: November 2023

Every graduate student of political theory faces a series of choices about what to study and how best to study it. In the natural sciences topics are generally located in a well-defined research programme rooted in a shared view of what the most interesting and current problems are and what the appropriate methods are for approaching them. In political theory, issues of method are themselves so much part of the contested terrain of the subject matter that identifying the problem may itself be a function of commitments that derive from the position one takes in methodological debates. For that reason the student of political theory cannot remain methodologically naive or uncommitted; part of choosing a topic involves decisions about how one should approach it methodologically.
Function and localization within rostral prefrontal cortex (area 10)
Authors: Burgess Paul W , Gilbert, Sam J , Dumontheil Iroise
Published: November 2023

We propose that rostral prefrontal cortex (PFC; approximating area 10) supports a cognitive system that facilitates either stimulus-oriented (SO) or stimulus-independent (SI) attending. SO attending is the behaviour required to concentrate on current sensory input, whereas SI attending is the mental processing that accompanies self-generated or self-maintained thought. Regions of medial area 10 support processes related to the former, whilst areas of lateral area 10 support processes that enable the latter.
Statistical Methods in Environmental Epidemiology
Authors: Thomas Duncan C
Published: November 2023

Environmental epidemiology is the study of the environmental causes of disease in populations and how these risks vary in relation to intensity and duration of exposure and other factors like genetic susceptibility. As such, it is the basic science upon which governmental safety standards and compensation policies for environmental and occupational exposure are based. Profusely illustrated with examples from the epidemiologic literature on ionizing radiation and air pollution, this text provides a systematic treatment of the statistical challenges that arise in environmental health studies and the use epidemiologic data in formulating public policy, at a level suitable for graduate students and epidemiologic researchers. After a general overview of study design and statistical methods for epidemiology generally, the book goes on to address the problems that are unique to environmental health studies, special-purpose designs like two-phase case-control studies and countermatching, statistical methods for modeling exposure-time-response relationships, longitudinal and time-series studies, spatial and ecologic methods, exposure measurement error, interactions, and mechanistic models. It also discusses studies aimed at evaluating the public health benefits of interventions to improve the environment, the use of epidemiologic data to establish environmental safety standards and compensation policy, and concludes with emerging problems in reproductive epidemiology, natural and man-made disasters like global warming, and the global burden of environmentally caused disease. No other book provides such a broad perspective on the methodological challenges in this field at a level accessible to both epidemiologists and statisticians.
Modelingexposure–time–responserelationships
Authors: Thomas Duncan C
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 4, we introduced the general linear model (GLM), and special cases of it that are of particular importance in epidemiologic analysis of binary disease data—logistic, Poisson, and Cox regression.
Reconciliation Reconceived: Religion, Secularism, and the Language of Transition
Authors: VanAntwerpen Jonathan
Published: November 2023

In September of 2001, a former professor of religious studies named Charles Villa-Vicencio was invited to give the keynote address at the inaugural workshop of a new multidisciplinary research project at the University of Notre Dame, just outside South Bend, Indiana. The new project, sponsored by Notre Dame’s Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies, was dubbed RIREC—shorthand for the Research Initiative on the Resolution of Ethnic Confiict. Villa-Vicencio’s address to the RIREC workshop, entitled ‘Lessons from South Africa’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission’, was drawn from his own personal experience with South Africa’s path-breaking and internationally heralded attempt to come to grips with its violent past, to pursue national healing, and to build a bridge between the old apartheid system and the ‘New South Africa’.
Making Corporate Self-Regulation Effective in Developing Countries
Authors: Graham David , Woods Ngaire
Published: November 2023

Corporate self-regulation has become dizzyingly popular. Most global companies today are signing up to codes of conduct in respect of their social and environmental impact. Many such codes are issued by individual corporations or industry associations, some involving other groups of stakeholders, committing participants to minimum standards of environmental and social conduct (Haufler 2001; Florini 2003). An inventory prepared by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) analyzes the contents of 246 such codes across most major industry sectors and finds that environmental and labor standards were most prominent among the goals addressed, which also included commitments to protect human rights and refrain from bribery (OECD 2001).
The Universe and Alfred Russel Wallace*
Authors: Dick Steven J
Published: November 2023

Alfred Russel Wallace is best known for his work as a naturalist and evolutionist, and for his general interest in life on Earth, taking “life” in the broadest sense of the word to include both biology and culture. So it comes as a surprise to many to learn that he had an early fascination with astronomy, remained “deeply interested” in astronomical discoveries throughout his life, and late in life wrote two books on one of the most sensational and important aspects of the subject—life on other worlds.
Epilogue: Conclusions and Policy Implications
Authors: Mol Arthur , Liefferink Duncan , Lauber Volkmar
Published: November 2023

Finally, in this last chapter, we move to the implications of the theoretical elaborations and the case-studies presented throughout this book for the general emergence and successful implementation of JEP. In the first section we present the overall conclusions to be drawn from our detailed case-studies for the wider application of joint environmental policy-making in distinct political and institutional settings. Subsequently, we apply these findings to explain the limited possibilities of successful implementation of JEP at the EU level. The final section summarizes the general conclusions that are directly relevant to policy-makers in distinct political-institutional settings.
Finally! Comparative Over-Time Mapping of Party Policy Movement
Authors: Budge Ian , Klingemann Hans-Dieter
Published: November 2023

The crowning achievement of the Manifesto Research Project has been to measure party policy change in a variety of countries over an extended time period along the Left-Right dimension. Being able to do so is important because of the centrality of this dimension in political discussion and analysis, confirmed by its spontaneous, near-universal emergence in our previous analyses of election programmes (Budge, Robertson and Hearl (eds.) 1987). It is probably the single most important indicator of party policy, and a pointer to underlying ideology which meshes with membership of a generic ‘family’ and other distinguishing party characteristics.
The Pre-epidemic History of Poliomyelitis (Antiquity to AD 1880)
Authors: Smallman-Raynor M R , Cliff A D , Trevelyan B , Nettleton C , Sneddon S
Published: November 2023

It is convenient to view the history of poliomyelitis in three epidemiological phases (Table 3.1). The endemic phase of poliomyelitis activity extended from antiquity to the nineteenth century AD, and was associated with sporadic and low-level occurrence of clinical disease. The endemic phase was superseded by the epidemic phase, which continued into the mid-twentieth century and was associated with the emergence of poliomyelitis outbreaks of ever- increasing magnitude and geographical reach. Finally, the introduction and mass administration of poliovirus vaccines from the mid-1950s ushered in the vaccine phase of epidemic control, local elimination, and global retreat (Melnick, 1997).
New Worlds
Authors: Smallman-Raynor M R , Cliff A D , Trevelyan B , Nettleton C , Sneddon S
Published: November 2023

As if written by the moving finger in Fitzgerald’s famous free translation of Omar Khayyám’s Rubáiyá t, the story told in Chapter 4 of the emergence of epidemic poliomyelitis across Europe from the latter years of the nineteenth century was repeated again and again between 1900 and 1920, first in North America, then in Latin America, and finally in Oceania. It is this time ordered stepping stones model of the emergence of global epidemic poliomyelitis which we examine in this chapter. We begin in Section 5.2 with an overview of the evidence for the occurrence of poliomyelitis in the United States in the quarter century or so from 1881, a period which immediately preceded the onset of formal national level surveillance in that country. We then focus upon the first major outbreak in the United States, in New York in 1907 (Sect. 5.3), before studying in Section 5.4 the great epidemic of poliomyelitis which swept through New York City and the northeasttern United States in 1916. Next, we review in Section 5.5 a classic series of descriptions of poliomyelitis emergence in one state of New England: Charles S. Caverly’s records of poliomyelitis in Vermont, 1910–17. Finally, evidence for the appearance of poliomyelitis in other New World countries in the Americas and Oceania is summarized in Section 5.6. The chapter is concluded in Section 5.7.
Mainland North America
Authors: Smallman-Raynor M R , Cliff A D , Trevelyan B , Nettleton C , Sneddon S
Published: November 2023

In the three decades from 1921, the North American lands of Canada and the United States witnessed a progressive rise in the incidence of poliomyelitis. As Figure 7.1 shows, this upwards progression eventually led to unprecedented peaks of infection in the early 1950s. The spatial manifestations of this time trend were captured at mid-century in the American Geographical Society’s Atlas of Diseases (see Sect. 6.1). The Society’s poliomyelitis map for North America is reproduced in Plate 7.1 and portrays a disease which, in its epidemic guise, had spread beyond the temperate latitudes of the north- eastern United States to the inhabited corners of the continent.
The Global Poliomyelitis Eradication Initiative (1988–2008 and Beyond)
Authors: Smallman-Raynor M R , Cliff A D , Trevelyan B , Nettleton C , Sneddon S
Published: November 2023

Prompted by the dramatic success of poliovirus vaccination in the United States (Ch. 10) and elsewhere (Ch. 11), the Forty-First World Health Assembly, meeting in Geneva in 1988, committed the World Health Organization (WHO) to the global eradication of poliomyelitis by 2000. Notwithstanding unprecedented progress, operational realities and the stubborn persistence of wild poliovirus in a handful of reservoir countries have necessitated periodic re-evaluation of the target date for poliomyelitis eradication. The most recent re-evaluation—laid out in the Global Polio Eradication Initiative’s Strategic Plan 2004–2008—specifies that the global interruption of wild poliovirus transmission will be achieved by mid-2005 at the latest, with certification of the eradication of poliomyelitis by 2008 (Global Polio Eradication Initiative, 2003). For the purposes of the present chapter, the years 1988 and 2008 provide the twin pillars around which our examination of global poliomyelitis eradication is structured.
Great Warm Deserts of the World
Authors: Goudie Andrew S
Published: November 2023

This is the first-ever regional study of the geomorphology of the world's deserts, demonstrating why different deserts have special landscape features and land-forming processes. It explains the climatic and tectonic history of deserts, showing how the histories of the deserts have been long and complex, and how they have responded to global changes in climate, particularly over the course of the last few millions of years. Each of the major warm deserts of the world is treated in detail, and the book is extensively illustrated with numerous plates and figures. A large and comprehensive bibliography provides a guide to the international literature.
The Print Trade, 1700 –1800
Authors: Lennon Colm
Published: November 2023

By comparison with their predecessors, the practitioners of the print trade in Ireland between 1700 and 1800 enjoyed a golden age.¹ Both the numbers of those involved in printing and its allied activities and the volume of material that emanated from the printing presses increased exponentially during the eighteenth century. Freed from many of the restrictions of previous eras, the printers, booksellers, and other allied trades established a vibrant and organized business in books and printed items that encompassed most of the country. As the numbers of readers grew, especially in the middle classes, and education developed, the thirst for knowledge and information expanded, and printers and booksellers clamoured to fulfil the new demands.
Libraries and Collectors, 1550–1700
Authors: Boran Elizabethanne
Published: November 2023

What characteristics define an early modern library? Justus Lipsius, one of the earliest commentators to examine the issue, suggested two possibilities in his De Bibliothecis of 1602:one could define it spatially as a place where books were kept, or alternatively as the collections housed in these structures.¹ Whereas this bipartite definition reflects modern conceptions of libraries other early modern definitions seem strange to us today: Lipsius suggested that shops where books were sold were also libraries, and later seventeenthcentury writers added yet another possibility—a ‘bibliotheque ‘ could comprise a compilation of books by authors on the same subject.² For contemporaries, then, defining what constituted a library was by no means obvious.
Political Publishing, 1550–1700
Authors: Kelly James
Published: November 2023

The employment of print as a medium through which political information and ideas were conveyed emerged slowly in Ireland. For nearly a century from its inception in 1551, the combination of limited technological capacity, rigid state control, and a small audience ensured the production of a thematically narrow range of political print. Exemplified by its pre-eminent form—the proclamation—its primary purpose was to provide summary statements of official thinking. This state of affairs prevailed until the 1640s when the breakdown in the authority of the state permitted the expression in print for the first time of different political viewpoints. Although these were statements of mutually incompatible positions rather than contributions to an evolving public discourse, their production constituted a significant stage in the creation of a culture of political print that neither the Commonwealth nor the restored House of Stuart were able fully to reverse. Both regimes were largely able to control what was produced, but this did not inhibit an identifiable increase in the availability of political print as the state realized that it was in its interest to appease rather than to resist the appreciating demand from the expanding constituency of literate Protestants, who were the primary consumers of such material.
Politics and Print: A Case Study
Authors: Blackstock Allan
Published: November 2023

The French Revolutionary War that began in 1793 was, in part, the extension of an ideological onslaught on the status quo in Britain and Ireland. In the latter country, this war of words was adopted to such an extant by the United Irishmen that their loyalist opponents coined a term— ‘literary mischief ‘— for the exercise (see Figure 9).¹ Loyalists generated counter-propaganda; yet, apart from Sir Richard Musgrave, whose Memoirs of the Various Rebellions in Ireland (1801) was influential and successful, counter-revolutionary publishing has been neglected with Irish historians being, naturally, drawn to the revolutionaries.
Literature in Print, 1550–1800
Authors: Carpenter Andrew
Published: November 2023

Since late-sixteenth-century Ireland was an unsettled world and its Englishspeaking community was a small one, interest in printed books of ‘polite literature ‘ developed more slowly here than elsewhere in Europe. Dublin, although a small city, was the seat of English power in Ireland, and the place where the English language was most widely spoken. It remained, throughout the late sixteenth century, a city under the distant but perceptible influence of English-language Renaissance culture. Several of its prominent citizens were habitual users of books, having spent time at English universities or Inns of Court.
Science, 1550–1800
Authors: Fitzpatrick Siobhán
Published: November 2023

The political and social changes in mid-seventeenth-century Ireland resulted in changes in scientific outlook that, in turn, influenced the course of scientific thought, research, and publication. Science publication in seventeenth-century Ireland inevitably reflects the political, religious, and economic divisions that prevailed before and became more pronounced after 1641, so that it is necessary to bear in mind the different strands of Irish society and the diverse purposes that motivated them when analysing scientific publication in Ireland. A significant number of Irish scholars who had been educated on the Continent remained there to practise medicine, or to lecture in mathematics or in the field of natural philosophy.
Foreign Language Books, 1700–1800
Authors: Kennedy Máire
Published: November 2023

‘At this Enlightened period, when the Polite languages of Europe are disseminated for the intercourse of Knowledge, Elegance of Taste, and Advantage of Science through its various Kingdoms, Ladies and Gentlemen [are invited] to supply themselves with the finest Editions of the Polite Literature of the Continent. ‘¹Thus read an advertisement by Antoine Gerna, foreign language bookseller, and one-time teacher of French and Italian, in Dublin in 1788. At this time an audience was well established for foreign language books, book-buyers who were aware of cultural trends in Europe and who considered themselves part of an international elite: cultivated, well travelled, well read, and well informed. Yet this audience had emerged over a relatively short time frame. Although an interest in works in the European vernacular languages was apparent in learned circles for several centuries, it was in the second half of the eighteenth century that the readership base expanded to include the urban middle classes.
Party Organizational Linkage: Parties Without Firm Social Roots?
Authors: Poguntke Thomas
Published: November 2023

Parties live in diverse worlds. They live in the sphere of the state, largely controlling the selection of political personnel of all important institutions of the state. Some critics have warned that, once in government, they have virtually become the state (Katz and Mair 1995: 22). At the same time, they remain voluntary social organizations, whose viability depends also on their roots in society. It is exactly this dual role, as state actors and societal organizations, which makes political parties so essential for democratic governance. By connecting citizens with the institutions of the state, they represent a central linkage between citizens’ preferences and actions of democratic governments.
Discourses of Environmental Rationality: Three Rationalities
Authors: Rydin Yvonne
Published: November 2023

Environmental planning is, therefore, constituted by a procedural rationality. However, it has been emphasized that policy practice is also shaped and legitimated by substantive rationalities, what V. Ostrom, Feeny, and Picht (1988: 458) call ‘different grammars of choice’. Specific instances of environmental policy are justified in many different ways. It is one of the features of the dis cursive dimension that it allows for considerable creativity in the development of justificatory discourses.
The Limits of Party-Based Euroscepticism in Germany
Authors: Lees Charles
Published: November 2023

Germany is not renowned for its Euroscepticism—party-based or otherwise. In fact, the Federal Republic has traditionally been considered the Musterknabe (model boy) of the European Union (EU). It has enjoyed a stable elite consensus around the European project, with broad cross-party agreement over the desirability of pooled political sovereignty and increased economic interdependence (Paterson 1996; Rheinhardt 1997; Peters 2001).
Euroscepticism and Political Parties in Spain
Authors: Gómez-Reino Marga , Llamazares, Iván , Ramiro Luis
Published: November 2023

Southern European parties and public have been often considered as strongly pro-European. The incorporation of Mediterranean countries into the European Union (EU) was preceded, accompanied, and followed by a wide consensus on the positive effects of European integration. According to this view, ideological convergence regarding European integration would be one of the key features of the Southern European party systems.
Emerging Party-based Euroscepticism in Estonia
Authors: Mikkel Evald , Kasekamp Andres
Published: November 2023

Estonia provides researchers with an intriguing case study because it has consistently been one of the most Eurosceptic of the post-communist candidate countries (see Figure 17.1). Public opinion in the three Baltic states of Estonian, Latvia, and Lithuania has, in general, been the most Eurosceptic in all of Central and Eastern Europe, but Estonia has consistently been the least enthusiastic even among these three (Ehin 2001; European Commission 2001b, 2002a). At the same time, paradoxically, Estonia was one of the most consistently successful countries in the accession process.
Conclusion: Opposing Europe Three Patterns of Party Competition over Europe
Authors: Taggart Paul , Szczerbiak Aleks
Published: November 2023

Looking across Europe at the diﬀerent patterns of Euroscepticism allows us to examine the nature of this phenomenon. It also allows us to discern the way that this issue fits into party systems. The European issue is, therefore, a useful lens allowing us to learn about the nature of European party systems. In this chapter we take the data provided in the previous chapters and set out a comparative overview of the patterns of competition over Europe in European party systems.
Introduction: Researching Euroscepticism in European Party Systems: A Comparative and Theoretical Research Agenda
Authors: Szczerbiak Aleks , Taggart Paul
Published: November 2023

In Volume 1 of this book we examined a series of country case studies of Euroscepticism in party systems across Europe. As we examined the range of data presented in that volume, clear patterns were identified on the basis of which we developed a typology of three kinds of party competition over Europe: limited, open, and constrained contestation (Taggart and Szczerbiak 2008a). The data in that volume were gathered as a ‘mapping exercise ‘ of Euroscepticism in party systems in order to discern and inform the broad parameters of subsequent research.
The Political Opportunity Structure of Euroscepticism: Institutional Setting and Political Agency in European Polities
Authors: Lees Charles
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this chapter is to explore the impact of institutions on party-based Euroscepticism in Europe and to assess whether one can posit a causal relationship at the aggregate level between certain institutions as independent variables and the presence and/or relative strength of party-based Euroscepticism as the dependent variable. Beyond that, it has three secondary objectives. First, to operationalize the concept of ‘political opportunity structures ‘ (or POS; Kitschelt 1986; Tarrow 1994) within a framework of institutional theory.
Theorizing Party-Based Euroscepticism: Problems of Definition, Measurement, and Causality
Authors: Szczerbiak Aleks , Taggart Paul
Published: November 2023

Why do political parties take the positions they do on particular issues, or use those issues in a given way as part of inter-party competition? In this concluding chapter we examine the way that parties have addressed the issue of European integration in order to try and contribute to a wider understanding of the dynamics of party politics. In doing this, we aim to assess the relative degree of influence of ideas and ideologies, the role of individuals and leadership within parties, institutional constraints and opportunities offered by the context in which they operate, and role of the interests of parties, their constituent elements, and electoral bases. We are focusing on the way in which parties take Eurosceptic positions on the project of European integration or problematize the issue as part of inter-party competition.
The Land and the Books: High Anglo-Palestine Orientalism and its Limits
Authors: Bar-Yosef Eitan
Published: November 2023

Sometime in 1872, an English couple was journeying from the Dead Sea to Jerusalem. Determined not to give in to the local tribes that forced protection on Westerners, the couple ‘attempted the trip without the formality of a Bedouin guard’. Unfortunately, the two were soon ‘met and robbed of their baggage, their money, clothes, and valuables’: the gentleman had ‘to beg of the Bedouin robbers The Times newspaper in which to clothe himself and his wife. The husband returned to Jerusalem in this valuable journal, his wife being wrapped up in the supplement.’ Hand in hand, all Palestine before them, they take their solitary way: two civilized English travellers—independent, courageous, resourceful—who fully appreciate the value of an English newspaper, the same newspaper which would later print their ‘amusing account’ as an illustration of the ‘peculiar misgovernment of the country’.
The Irish Literary Periodical 1923–1958
Authors: Shovlin Frank
Published: November 2023

Frank Shovlin examines in detail six Irish literary periodicals that appeared in the first forty years after the partitioning on Ireland. The six titles are The Irish Statesman (1923-30), The Dublin Magazine (1923-58), Ireland To-Day (1936-38), The Bell (1940-54), Envoy (1949-51) and Rann (1948-53). These journals, while not the only examples of the genre in these neglected decades of Irish cultural history, make the finest and most influential contributions towards the development of a native Irish literary tradition in the earliest years of both Irish states, north and south of the border. The manner in which each of the journals was established and run is considered, with an emphasis on varying editorial personalities and their impact on each periodical. Shovlin emphasizes the common themes of literary realism, the ideological struggle between monolithic nationalism and liberal cosmopolitanism, and the importance of publishing context in the interpretation of literary works. The careers of figures such as Patrick Kavanagh, Seán O Faoláin, Liam O Flaherty and John Hewitt are re-examined in the light of their involvement with periodical publication. The author concludes with an overview of the progress of the literary periodical in Ireland in the decades after the closure of The Dublin Magazine in 1958. This book is an important contribution to recent growing scholarship on the role of literary magazines specifically and history of the book generally both in Ireland and elsewhere.
Ireland To-Day 1936–1938
Authors: Shovlin Frank
Published: November 2023

British cultural life in the 1930s has, especially since the publication in 1976 of Samuel Hynes’s The Auden Generation, become an increasingly popular focus for scholarly examination. Indeed, the title of Hynes’s book has entered into common currency to describe the group of British writers who came to the fore in the years before the outbreak of the Second World War. These years witnessed the unprecedented polarization of political thought over large tracts of Europe between the opposing ideologies of Fascism and Communism. In the field of lit erature as much as in any other facet of life, writers, influenced by the growing feeling of unease and impending disaster, declared allegiances.
The Bell 1940–1954
Authors: Shovlin Frank
Published: November 2023

“You will find, I believe,’ wrote Frank O’Connor in his 1967 survey The Backward Look, “that the year 1940 is the crucial year for any study of modern Irish literature.’ His rationale for such a statement was founded on a profound pessimism about the progress of Irish letters since Partition. “By that time [1940]’, he continued, “Mr. De Valera’s government had complete control inside the country and nothing whatever to fear from liberal opinion abroad.’ Looking back on this pivotal moment after the deaths of Yeats and Joyce, O’Connor pointed to one instance of hope: the establishment of a new literary magazine, The Bell.
Life-Writing
Authors: Millgate Michael
Published: November 2023

Mary ‘S death had made Hardy think more intensively about his own, and in February 1916 he began arranging for Florence and Sydney Cockerell to become his joint literary executors, recompensed out of royalties for their services. He completed the design for Mary ‘s tombstone in Stinsford churchyard, saw to its proper execution, and ensured that it was correctly positioned in relation to the two accompanying tombs, one for Thomas and Jemima, the other for Emma—and eventually, so Hardy intended, for Florence and himself. When Florence ‘s friend EthelInglis was taken on a visit to Stinsford in May 1916 Hardy produced a brush for cleaning the family tombs and used a penknife to scrape away the moss on the stone of Robert Reason, the ‘original ‘ of Mr Penny in Under the Greenwood Tree, saying as he did so that he felt just like Old Mortality.¹
Plays and Players
Authors: Millgate Michael
Published: November 2023

IN early September 1922 Florence ‘s elder sister Ethel Richardson was asked to stay at Max Gate for a few days while Florence went up to Enfield to see her parents. Mrs Richardson played to Hardy on the piano— everything from cathedral chants to modern dance tunes—and found him, despite the frailty of his appearance, to be in manner, bearing, and conversation ‘like a man twenty years younger ‘. At breakfast one morning she was vouchsafed a glimpse of the puritanical absoluteness of Hardy ‘s dedication as an artist. Responding to the news that Granville Barker and his wife proposed to spend the winter in Italy, he declared that Barker had evidently given up all thought of writing: ‘“For it is impossible,” he said “to write, & have other interests. In writing, as in all work, there is only one way—to stick to it.” ‘¹
The Spirit of Despotism
Authors: Barrell John
Published: November 2023

How was the social and cultural life of Britain affected by the fear that the French Revolution would spread across the channel? In this brilliant, engagingly written, and profusely illustrated book, John Barrell, well-known for his studies of the history, literature, and art of the period, argues that the conflict between the ancien regime in Britain and the emerging democratic movement was so fundamental that it could not be contained within what had previously been thought of as the 'normal' arena of politics. Activities and spaces which had previously been regarded as 'outside' politics suddenly no longer seemed to be so, and the fear of revolution produced a culture of surveillance and suspicion which penetrated every aspect of private life. Drawing on an unusually wide range of sources, including novels, poems, plays, newspapers, debates in parliament, trials, political pamphlets, and caricatures, The Spirit of Despotism focuses on a number of examples of such invasions of privacy. It shows how the culture of suspicion affected how people spoke and behaved in London coffee-houses; how it influenced attitudes to the king's behaviour in private, especially during his summer holidays in Weymouth; how it infiltrated the country cottage, previously idealized as a protected haven of peace and retirement from political life; and how it influenced the fashion of the period, so that even the way people chose to style their hair came to be seen as a political issue.
Introduction
Authors: Barrell John
Published: November 2023

There are not many dates in the novel, but Stendhal has specified the year of this meeting as 1821. The previous year a revolution, led by the carbonari, had established in Naples a liberal and semi-democratic constitution, based on the short-lived Spanish constitution of 1812. In 1821 this constitution had been crushed by an agreement among the Great Powers which had invited the king of Naples to seek the aid of Austria in restoring his absolute rule. In March, King Ferdinand had returned to the city at the head of an Austrian army which had just defeated a vastly outnumbered Neapolitan force at Rieti. Fabrice, it seems, has returned a model answer: no hint that the well-drilled soldiers of the Austrian army are foreign invaders; their nationality is of no importance, for they are the regiments the king has chosen to employ.
Regendering the Genre
Authors: Horsley Lee
Published: November 2023

When Mary Wings ‘s highly successful lesbian detective novel, She Came Too Late, was published in the mid-1980s, the Elle reviewer welcomed it with the line, ‘Roll over Raymond Chandler, and tell Philip Marlowe the news: the lady has a pistol in her pocket. ‘1 The phallic nature of the lady ‘s pistol is made more obvious by the reader ‘s discovery that the protagonist of Wings ‘s novel neither owns nor uses a pistol. In fact, she deliberately dismisses the possibility of keeping a gun in her house, let alone in her pocket.
Risk, Environment, and Technology
Authors: Pidgeon Nick , Simmons Peter , Henwood Karen
Published: November 2023

Although philosophers and social scientists have a long history of raising questions about the appropriate relationship between science and wider society, such questioning is more widespread today as policymakers and members of the public face controversies over the environment, health, and the introduction of new technologies. Disputes that emerged in the 1960s and 1970s over the risks of nuclear power have been followed by concerns in some countries over chemicals and pesticides, industrial and transport related pollution, genetically modified foods, and latterly nanotechnology.
Wisdom of Two
Authors: Harper Margaret Mills
Published: November 2023

Georgie Hyde Lees, who married W. B. Yeats in the autumn of 1917, has for many years occupied a secondary or even marginal position in most studies of her famous husband. She has been depicted as a poor choice for romantic partner, political comrade, or literary collaborator. While often thanked in acknowledgments pages and regarded as a minor editor or secretary, she usually receives only footnote status in literary analyses. Most often, she has been cast as an amateur spirit medium or, less generously, as a manipulative perpetrator of an elaborate mystical and sexual hoax out of which arose Yeats's philosophical treatise A Vision and a raft of poetry, plays, and other literary works. Yet George Yeats co-wrote the automatic script and co-created the 'system' of cosmic geometry, based on a dialectics of desire. Coming to terms with the 'system' is vital to understanding the late work of the poet, yet a thorough critical study of the Yeatses' 'incredible experience' has never been written. Harper, one of few scholars who is intimately familiar with the large mass of documents, provides the first such study. She analyses the thousands of pages of published and unpublished papers, the particularities of their unusual composition, the finished literary works that depend upon them, and historical contexts such as the spiritualist movement, automatism (including its relation to communications technology), sexual politics, and war. Wisdom of Two airs critical and theoretical issues that are vital to understanding the Yeatses' spiritual, literary, and dramatic collaboration.
‘A philosophy ... created from search’: Preliminary Issues
Authors: Harper Margaret Mills
Published: November 2023

I am convinced that in two or three generations it will become generally known that the mechanical theory has no reality, that the natural and supernatural are knit together, that to escape a dangerous fanaticism we must study a new science; at that moment Europeans may find something attractive in a Christ posed against a background not of Judaism but of Druidism, not shut off in dead history, but flowing, concrete, phenomenal.
Nemo the Interpreter
Authors: Harper Margaret Mills
Published: November 2023

Surely the automatic script and the other texts associated with it are the product of GY. They began with her, on that autumn day in 1917, and they arguably ended with her efforts to correct A Vision years after her husband’s death. This chapter focuses on her authorship, but it does not follow a straight route, since the automatic script is no straightforward text. This text creates its own author and authors; it problematizes responsibility and authority; it reduces distinctions between the personal and the abstract as well as between the mundane and the supernatural. It resists direct discussion, as do many other occult texts and, for that matter, as do many manuscript drafts that represent pre-composition for later published works. They problematize linearity.
Information or Error? Reliability of Policy Time Series
Authors: Klingemann Hans-dieter , Volkens Andrea , Bara Judith L , Budge Ian , McDonald Michael d.
Published: November 2023

The preceding chapter examined variation on our standard Left-Right scale and showed that it is a valid measure, in the main. The measurements provide the kinds of distinctions between parties which are useful for makingcomparisons across time and across nations. Stated in a concise way, the measured Left-Right positions have this form.
Sequences and series
Authors: Zawaira Alexander , Hitchcock Gavin
Published: November 2023

Here, as usual, is an appetizer problem of the kind you should be able to solve when you have worked through this Toolchest. You are invited to try it as soon as you wish. You may find it hard for now, but by the end of Section 6, where its solution is given, it should look much easier to you.
Enchanted Waters
Authors: McCarthy Dennis
Published: November 2023

At first, it almost seems like there could be no real biogeography of the seas. Many of us have gotten our glimpses of ocean life through television nature specials, the occasional trip to the local aquarium, or whale-watching cruises, and it would seem that the watery majority of our planet is justa great big cluster-jumble of fish, squid, crustaceans, jellyfish, bivalves, and sea mammals swimming, floating, and crawling this way and that, completely unobstructed by the same type of barriers that impede the land-lovers. Tuna, sharks, swordfish, and dolphins swim all over the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans.
The Battle Over Eden
Authors: McCarthy Dennis
Published: November 2023

E. O. Wilson devoted almost his entire book Sociobiology: The New Synthesis (1975) to using evolution to explain the behavior and social dynamics of insects and non-human animals. Almost. In the last chapter, Wilson then made the seemingly obvious point that those same Darwinian principles that have governed the development of societies of wasps, elephants, ants, and wolves must also have exerted some influence on human social dynamics.