bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MARKETS FOR CANADIAN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS IN 19801
Authors: DRAYTON L. E.
Published: November 2008

In recent years there has been a growing interest in economic projections, especially with respect to the production and consumption of foods. In some quarters there has been growing concern over prospective grave world food shortages. In Canada, on the other hand, we face a need of economic adjustments to bring production of certain agricultural products into line with effective demand. As economic adjustments tend to be painful and costly and take several years to complete those doing the adjusting need to forecast production and demand trends.
PRODUCTIVITY OF CANADIAN AGRICULTURE, 1935 TO 1960: A QUARTER CENTURY OF CHANGE1
Authors: FURNISS I. F.
Published: November 2008

This paper analyzes the changes in total output, total inputs and productivity of Canadian agriculture for the period 193! to 1960. The constant dollar method was used to measure inputs and outputs. The total output/total input ratios are purported to reflect changes in the overall productivity of the inputs. The study measures the changes which have occurred in the “economic trilogy” of land, labor and capital and also the capital input “mix”. The forces behind the changes in the input mix and the implications of growth in productivity for agriculture and the overall economy are examined in the paper. Finally, the trends in incomes in agriculture from farming are compared with non‐farm incomes during the postwar period.
Master's Thesis Award Paper, 1964: AGRICULTURAL RESOURCE‐USE EFFICIENCY IN NORTH WESTERN SASKATCHEWAN1
Authors: SCHMITZ A.
Published: November 2008

Adjustments of farm organization can or should be made to improve farm income within the Medstead and related areas. Empirical findings, supported by value judgments emanating from knowledge of the areas and agriculture in general, form the basis of the policy recommendations. Such recommendations, however, should be periodically re‐assessed in terms of the changing supply and demand relationships for agricultural products.
PREMIUM RATEMAKING IN AN ALL RISK CROP INSURANCE PROGRAM1
Authors: YEH MARTIN H. , WU ROLAND Y.
Published: November 2008

Fluctuation in farm incomes resulting from variation in crop yield is one of the most significant features in agriculture. Crop insurance is a feasible method by which the farmer can protect his income and his investment from the disastrous effects of crop losses due to natural hazards. This study has attempted to cover two parts. First, it has examined the most important‐factors influencing crop yields in connection with the premium rate scheme (i.e. the long‐run average yield and the level of coverage). These factors include resource inputs, technology, weather, and stochastic variable. Second, it has developed a refined method of approximating the premium rate. The data used in testing normality were based on the Manitoba Crop Insurance Corporation's annual yield survey covering the years 1916 to 1964. The test shows that none of the annual yield distributions within the area surveyed was normally distributed, revealing that a cartful and exact delineation of a crop risk area is necessary. The findings also show that the cyclical pattern of weather and the upward trend in crop production due to technology were evidently important for the adjustment of the level of coverage and premium rate over time. Additional research relating the effects of weather and technology on crop yields would help to establish a more realistic insurance program. Other aspects should not be overlooked. These include (a) other possible levels besides the existing level of coverage and (b) a livestock or a combined crop‐livestock insurance program along with the crop insurance program. The purpose of these additional aspects is to provide farmers with a fuller measure of protection.
FACTOR SHARES IN AGRICULTURE: THE CANADA‐U.S. EXPERIENCE
Authors: LEROHL M. L. , MacEACHERN G. A.
Published: November 2008

The class shares of income in the Canadian economy and public policy developments are closely related. A comparison of the levels and trends in functional income shares with those in the United States economy generates a number of testable hypotheses. In this paper, the functional shares in all Canadian agriculture and agricultural regions are also observed and compared to US. agriculture and adjacent type of fanning regions.

The analysis indicates a marked similarity in the total economy income shares despite dissimilar factor supply functions. In both countries there has been a slight upward trend in the labor share over time. The rate and pattern of growth has also been similar in the two countries; however, a serious divergence has developed in recent years. In contrast to the total economies, declining farm labor income shares characterize both agricultures. Real estate shares also have followed a similar pattern in the two countries, with the past two decades witnessing a reversal in the historical decline. Nevertheless, there are a number of differences between factor shares in Canadian and United States agriculture. In part, these can be explained by comparing adjacent regions. It is clear, however, that the different impact of technological change and economic growth has bad a great impact on regional shares. The operation of capital and labor markets within Canadian agriculture also contribute to the differences in agricultural factor shares between the two countries.
COMPARATIVE INVESTMENT BEHAVIOR OF UNITED STATES AND CANADIAN FARMERS
Authors: MUMEY G. A.
Published: November 2008

This study deals with investment decisions of representative Canadian and United States wheat farmers. The results suggest wide variation among farmers in investment behavior but generally larger farmers in both samples and particularly those in the United States, show n close conformity to a wealth maxizing norm.
INTERDEPENDENCE IN THE CANADIAN ECONOMY:1: The Case of Wheat Exports1
Authors: JOSLING T.
Published: November 2008

This paper describes an attempt at quantifying the degree of interdependence between the agricultural and the non‐agricultural sectors of the Canadian Economy. The model is then used to give an indication of the interindustry effects of expanded wheat sales to Communist countries.
DETERMINANTS OF CHANGE IN THE NORTH AMERICAN FEEDER‐CATTLE ECONOMY
Authors: BOSWELL A. M. , MacEACHERN G. A.
Published: November 2008

Changing flow patterns characterize the North American cattle industry, which are having a significant impact on all aspects of Canadian agriculture. A brief review of important changes taking place in the feeder cattle industry is given together with an analysis of forces influencing the changing interregional economic relationships.

The results suggest an increasing rate of adjustment may be needed in the future as the economic variables and technological advances responsible for much of the change in the past continue to influence the Canadian cattle industry. The impact of change will not occur evenly across all areas and segments of the industry with the interregional trends that have developed particularly the expansion in flows from Western Canada to the Western United States showing no sign of slowing down. Eastern Canada may be under increasing pressure to expand either its imports of feeder cattle and dressed beef or develop its own feeder supply.
REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND SOCIAL CHANGE
Authors: PHILBROOK T.
Published: November 2008

Since the economies of mature industrial societies are fairly well regulated by fiscal and monetary policies, it stands to reason that investment and wage policies, if correctly applied, can encourage growth. The assumption is that if a region is made more economically productive then all the benefits of modern society will flow into it, while it, in turn, will make an equal contribution to the national product. This assumption can be applied to regions which have not shared the rise in prosperity characteristic of the nation generally. It is argued, however, that this assumption (1) grossly underestimates the social change required of a depressed region and (2) entirely overlooks concomitant changes required in the prosperous regions and the nation generally.
RURAL INCOME DIFFERENCES AND INSTRUMENTAL VARIABLES BEIWAL
Authors: GREEN L.
Published: November 2008

Improving personal income in low income rural communities is of widespread interest in many areas of the United States, Canada and in other parts of the world. This paper suggests a useful method of analyzing inter‐area income differences and identifying factors that are useful in developing alternative policies to raise low per capita income levels as wetl as in delineating areas for public investment. While the results of the study are of special relevance to the Omro area of the United States, the mythology and the general reacts have much wider implications.
PRODUCTION FUNCTION ANALYSIS AS A GUIDE TO POLICY IN LOW‐INCOME FARM AREAS
Authors: SCHMITZ A.
Published: November 2008

This paper discusses many of the problems encountered in estimating production functions in a low‐income farm area in Saskatchewan. It also ermines the difficulties of interpreting the estimated structural coefficients and their usefulness in policy formulation.

The econometric difficulties discussed in production function estimation are those of function selection and choice and rearmament of variables. Many of the comments are also relevant to other forms of quantitative research.

It is combed that: a great deal of arbitrariness is involved in selecting the appropriate production function model, statistical results often conflict with economic theory, it is impossible to interpret the results in a meaningful manner, and production function research is unable to. provide fruitful information for the type of policy decisions deemed desirable to change the economic structure of low‐income farm areas.
The Adoption Of Modern Dairy Practices
Authors: WHITE W. JAMES
Published: November 2008

The replies of more than 76,000 Canadian manufacturing milk and cream producers, to a mail questionnaire, were analyzed to determine the level of adoption of the following six modern dairy practices: (1) the use of production records, (2) the use of artificial insemination, (3) a milking machine, (4) a pipeline milker, (5) a bulk tank, and (6) a can cooler. The general level of use of these practices, with the exception of a milking machine, was found to be quite low in all parts of the country. Less than one‐third of the respondents have a milking machine and either a can cooler or a bulk tank. The correlation between each of the six practices and seven farm characteristics indicate that the adoption of modern dairy practices is influenced by the number of cows milking, the share of income received from dairy sales, the type of market to which the milk is sold, investment in land and buildings and the age of the farm operator.
An Economic Analysis Of The Alberta Butter Industry
Authors: ROGERS WALTER B. , BAKER HORACE S.
Published: November 2008

If the dairy industry is to improve its income position, areas for potential improvement must be investigated. From a brief analysis of dramatic changes in butter manufacturing in Alberta and operating efficiency of dairy plants a number of significant opportunities for enhancing income are revealed.
Production Possibilities For Grain In Western Canada1
Authors: HANNAH A. E.
Published: November 2008

The potential for future grain production in the prairie provinces for the next 20 years is considered in relation to known technology. It is concluded that a doubling of grain production is possible if known technology is used, and a tripling is possible if technology is combined with the cultivation of potentially new arable lands, and if economic incentives are such to encourage producers to use present technology and new lands.
Grain Transportation In Canada: Some Critical Issues And Implications For Research*
Authors: TYRCHNIEWICZ E.W. , TANGRP OM P.
Published: November 2008

This paper brings attention to important issues bearing as grain transportation in Canada and research implications. Critical issues considered are: the grain delivery quota system, grades, rail line abandonment, export port problems and potentials, new grain transport technology and rate regulation. While a number of improvements are suggested the need for a hard objective evaluation of the total grain transportation system is strongly stressed, so as to develop an optimum system.
MARKETING BOARDS AND QUOTA POLICIES FOR CANADIAN FARM PRODUCTS: AN APPRAISAL OF PERFORMANCE*
Authors: WALKER H. V.
Published: November 2008

Since the great economic Depression, Canadian farm operators have always emphasized the need to strengthen their bargaining position in the market place. Basically, farm operators believe that the individual farmer is in no position to bargain effectively in a product market with a few large firms.

Legislators have responded to the wishes of farm operators by enacting legislation which provides for the formation of compulsory marketing boards controlled by producers. An ever‐increasing number of these boards are now in operation. The granting of exclusive powers to sell particular farm products, however, is one which involves the public interest and the public is, therefore, vitally interested.

This paper focuses attention on the exercise of the powers vested in these marketing boards through their use of quotas, and their limitations to entry of new producers into particular sectors of the agricultural industry. The paper indicates that there are some positive features to the quota policies pursued by marketing boards. Some economic security has been afforded farm operators with short‐term stability engendered in particular sectors of agriculture. There are certain negative consequences of these quota policies, which affect the location of production and also impair the competitive strength of particular sectors of agriculture to which they are applied. They have also interfered with the most rational utilization of resources in associated industries. These aspects of the quota policies are, therefore, inconsistent with the public interest. The study outlines principles that should form the basis of a revitalized marketing policy that may be more consistent with the public interest.
THE FUTURES‘ MARKET AND FARM PROGRAMS
Authors: LERMER G.
Published: November 2008

Government agriculture price support programs lead to inefficient allocation of resources, as well as highly inequitable rent returns to certain farm owners. At the same time, it is clear that society is not willing to leave the farmer to the vagaries of the market. This paper offers a suggestion for a Government support program that would not discriminate among farmers, and even more important, not discriminate among products, and at the same time minimize the disutility caused by the uncertainties of agricultural production.
FARM FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT: EMERGING PROBLEMS*
Authors: KRAUSE KENNETH R.
Published: November 2008

Changes in the structure of Agriculture and more particularly in food and natural fiber production during the last two decades have served to focus attention on the neglected area of farm financial management. Technical farm production decisions are becoming less difficult relative to financial decisions. Financial management is not only becoming more important but is vitally connected with problems of what is going to happen to family firms; what form of business organization should they use to acquire capital, how should they obtain capital, and how should management be obtained and organized. Financial institutions are also facing some serious questions for which answers are scarce, not only because of lack of available information, but also because of conceptual voids. This paper discusses these problems particularly as they relate to relevant areas for research inquiry.

It is unlikely that the changes giving rise to the need for more attention to the agricultural finance areas will slow down in the foreseeable future. Financial parameters will be the major determinants of the entrepreneurial independence of family size and large food and natural fiber producers. The financial problems already confronting farming are numerous and complex, and the task ahead for the agricultural economists is great since time cannot be neutral in its effect if progress is to be achieved.
DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING: A TOOL FOR FARM FIRM GROWTH RESEARCH
Authors: MINDEN ARLO J.
Published: November 2008

This paper is concerned with dynamic programming as a tool for studying the process of farm firm growth. Studies of growth are restricted by characteristics of the analytical tools used. Dynamic programming provides a method for including added realism in conceptual and analytical growth models. This paper illustrates the formulation of a firm growth problem in a dynamic programming framework and discusses advantages and disadvantages of such models. The type of results obtained from dynamic programming is contrasted with that normally obtained from dynamic linear programming formulations.
MEASURING MANAGEMENT PERFORMANCE OF DAIRY FARMERS
Authors: JUSTUS FRED E. , HOBBS DARYL J. , CAMPBELL REX R.
Published: November 2008

Increased emphasis has centered on methods to measure and predict managerial performance of farmers. In doing this, one of the foremost problems is the development of a reliable and valid criterion variable, because of a number of characteristics of farming and the farm‐family complex.

This article discusses problems in developing a criterion of management performance and examines the use of rating techniques for this purpose. Two rating techniques are used to measure management performance on Missouri dairy farms. The results, while suggesting major differences both in the criterion of managerial performance used by different people and in the ratings, identify sources of the differences and opportunities to improve the measuring of management performance.
PREDICTING WHEAT ACREAGE IN THE PRAIRIE PROVINCES
Authors: CAPEL R. E.
Published: November 2008

Two models incorporating distributed lags are used to forecast next year's acreage of wheat to be harvested in the Prairie Provinces.
AN ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF NON‐RESIDENT HUNTING AND GUIDING IN THE EAST KOOTENAY1
Authors: PEARSE PETER H.
Published: November 2008

Guiding is an industry closely linked to ranching in Western Canada. In the more remote areas where guiding is a significant activity, agriculture is often depressed. Such complementary non‐farm sources of income are attracting increasing attention as a means of mitigating the “farm problem” in these situations.

This study attempts an evaluation of the economic contribution of non‐resident hunting and the associated guiding industry in a region of British Columbia where guiding is an important adjunct to low‐income ranching. The net economic gain from non‐resident hunting is calculated, as are the private profits of guiding. These appear surprisingly low, though there is wide variation in the profitability of guiding. Public administrative policies are probably responsible in part for the failure of this industry to rationalize itself and for underutilization of game resources.
NEGATIVE TAXATION AND POVERTY
Authors: BENDER LLOYD D. , GREEN BERNAL L.
Published: November 2008

The persistence and scope of poverty and its deleterious effects on society are far greater in the present affluent economy than leaders have anticipated. The evolving control structures have not kept the world's poverty at tolerable levels, and leaders in all countries are seeking more effective means to meet this grave challenge of our age. A negative income tax is one of these mechanisms being studied. In this paper we consider the merits of this plan as implemented in a developing region — the rural areas of the Ozarks — and compare them with the merits of the present public assistance program in the United States. The relevance of the study extends to all affluent societies.

Applying the negative income tax to a cross section of households in the rural portion of the Ozarks Region raises questions concerning its overall effectiveness if instituted without modification. The primary issues relate to its distributive effects. Although coverage under the Friedman Negative Tax Plan is much broader than that under current welfare plans, the gap between a target income and disposable income under, the plan is not greatly decreased except at prohibitively high negative tax rates. Many former welfare recipients would receive less total income under the plan. The bulk of the negative tax payments would be received by younger multiple‐member families, and their work incentives might be reduced. Furthermore, costs of a negative tax plan would likely be high.
PHILOSOPHICAL DIMENSIONS OF RURAL POVERTY IN CANADA*
Authors: Menzies M. W.
Published: November 2008

Recently, new dimensions of social awareness and economic enlightenment have begun to influence policy in a search for “the means of attenuating those inevitable evils which are already apparent”. There is now a general concensus about the massive extent of rural poverty. There is general agreement that the causes of rural poverty can be found in a lack of aggregate demand in periods of slow economic growth, in a lagging response to structural change required by technological change within commercial agriculture, and in the lack of alternative opportunities for resources no longer needed in agriculture. In finding answers the whole range of economic and social policy is involved, including general fiscal and monetary policy, policies designed to reduce regional disparties and improve educational training and employment opportunities, specific policies to facilitate the efficient adjustment of commercial agriculture, and entirely new policies designed to provide a level of income maintenance viewed, not only as essential to human dignity and welfare but, equally, as essential to the attainment of economic efficiency which the persistence of under‐utilized resources can effectively block.

PAUVRETÉ RURALE AU CANADA

II nous faut trouver un moyen de survie qui fonctionne bien. Pour ce faire, nous devons sélectionner les priorités, el développer des méthodes pratiques de solution. Ce ne sera pas facile.

A tous les stages il nous faudra faire le poids entre l'efficacité et le bien‐être social, entre les profits corporatifs et la liberté individuelle, entre les opportunités et les tensions de la vie urbaine et les attractions et les opportunités limités de la vie rurale.

Nous avons les moyens de régler ces problèmes de pauvreté avant que n'adviennent chez nous les ébranlements extrêmes que nous constatons ailleur dans le monde. Regardons de près ce qu'ont fait nos programmes universels de bien‐être social pour régler le problème de pauvreté. Ces programmes sont simplement passés du gouvernement fédéral aux gouvernements provinciaux et jusqu'aux gouvernements municipaux qui utilisent nratiouement les méthodes de l'inquisition avant de répartir leurs fonds de bien‐être trap limités.

L'homme doit mettre à son service la technologie et non pas se laisser controller par elle. Si l'homme est destinéà rnaintenir son humanité, on doit lui laisser quand même ses valeurs de base. Ceci voudrait dire un maximum de liberté individuelle. C'est ce qui lui permettra une certains solicitude et une vue d'ensemble plus claire de la destiné humaine.
Canada's Contribution to Agricultural Foreign Aid1
Authors: Hudson S. C. , Shefrin Frank
Published: November 2008

Taking into account both bilateral and multilateral programs, Canada's contribution to external aid, which in 1967–68 amounted to 0.65 per cent of our national income, now compares favorably with most other donor countries and by the early 1970's is expected to reach the target of one per cent recommended by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Initially concentrating on the Colombo Plan countries, in recent years Canada's bilateral aid program has been broadened to include the Commonwealth Caribbean countries and the Commonwealth and French‐speaking African countries. Until recently Canada's principal approach to assisting developing countries to increase their food supplies has been indirect, through capital projects designed to develop the general economic infrastructure, as well as through food aid. Food aid, which has been devoted mainly to meeting emergency food shortages, has been the largest single item in the Canadian aid program. Recognition of the urgency of developing indigenous agricultural production, as an essential means of meeting the emerging food crisis and of stimulating overall economic growth, is being reflected to an increasing degree in Canada's current aid program by a greater emphasis on carefully planned integrated agricultural programs, involving both capital and technical assistance inputs.

L'APPORT DU CANADA À L'AIDE AGRICOLE À l'ÉTRANGER:

Si I'on tient compte des programmes bilatéraux et multilatéraux, la part du Canada à l'aide à l'étranger représentait, en 1967–1968, 0.65 p. 100 de notre revenu national, ce qui nous compare honorablement avec la plupart des autres pays donateurs. Vers le début des années 1970, on compte atteindre l'objectif d'un pour cent recommandé par la conférence des Nations Unies sur le commerce et le développement. Le Canada a commencé d'abord par concentrer son assistance sur les pays du Plan Colombo mais plus récemment le programme bilatéral d'assistance du Canada s'est élargi et embrasse les Antilles anglaises, de même que les pays africains du Commonwealth et l'Afrique francophone. Jusqu'à ces derniers temps, l'aide canadienne destinée à augmenter les ressources alimentaires des pays en voie de développement s'est manifestée autant de façon indirecte, par des plans d'aménagement visant à développer l'infrastructure économique générate, que par de l'assistance alimentaire directe. L'aide alimentaire, destinée surtout à pallier les situations urgentes de pénurie, occupe la principale place dans le programme canadien d'aide à l'étranger. On reconnaît aujourd'hui qu'un des moyens essentiels de fairs face à la crise alimentaire imminente et de stimuler la croissance économique globale est d'encourager le plus tôt possible le développement de la production agricole des pays en voie de développement. Cette prise de conscience se traduit de plus en plus, dans les programmes canadiens actuels d'assistance, par l'importance accrue qu'on accorde à la préparation méthodique de plans agricoles intégrés, combinant à la fois l'aide financière et technique.
Aiding Agricultural Development — Some Lessons1
Authors: Abell Helen C.
Published: November 2008

The indivisibility of Canada's national and international political and economic interests is recognized. These interests can be furthered only if the interdependence of economic, social and political considerations are expressed through clear cut national policy goals for integrating rural and urban interests. These goals in themselves are meaningless without the requisite government authority backed up by resources and personnel for the implementation process. An integral part of implementation is the need to ensure participation of the resident population in development goal setting and implementation of programs. Current international experience supporting the need for local residents to be so involved are presented.

L'AIDE AU DÉVELOPPEMENT AGRICOLE:

L'indivisibilité des intérêts économiques et politiques du Canada au niveau national et international est déjà reconnue. Ces intérêts peuvent être favoriser seulement si l'interdépendance des considérations économiques, sociales et politiques sont exprimées à trovers une politique nationals précise afin d'intégrer les intérêts rurals et urbains. Ces ambitions sont en eux‐mêmes sans signification, sans l'autoritée gouvernementale secondée par les ressources et le personnel pour un meilleur développement. Une partie intégrante de ce développement sera le besoin d'assurer la participation de la population résidante dans un cadre de croissance. Les expériences courantes, supportant le besoin des résidents locaux àêtre engager, sont présentées.
Canadian Industry And Food Production in Developing Countries —An Approach
Authors: Hill J. T.
Published: November 2008

Some form of assistance for Canadian firms engaged in agribusiness to invest in developing countries should be an important element in any government aid program. This paper discusses why investment of this nature would provide new opportunities for expansion in markets requiring commercial development, as well as a base for expansion in the future, as the economic potential of the developing country is realized and as gains are made in its national output and in the welfare of its inhabitants. New processing facilities would assist the developing country to increase its food production capability, stimulate employment and better the living standards of its people by alleviating hunger and malnutrition.

L'inDUSTRIE CANADIENNE ET LA PRODUCTION ALIMENTAIRE DANS LES PAYS SOUS‐DÉVELOPPÉS

Ce document nous fait part d'une opportunité qu'aurait un programme gouvernemental positif d'encourager des entreprises canadiennes engagÉes dans la production alimentaire, dans l'approvisionnement agricole, ou dans des industries connexes, d'investir dans des pays sous‐développés. De tels investissements fourniraient à ces entreprises de nouvelles occasions pour s'agrandir à l'intérieur de marchés présentement prêts pour le développement commercial. Ceci procurerait une base d'expansion constante dans l'avenir, à mesure que le potentiel économique d'un pays sous‐développé se réalise et que les gains s'accumulent dans sa production nationale et dans le bien‐être de ses habitants. De nouvelles usines alimentaires et des entreprises approvisionnant l'agriculture assisteraient ce pays sous‐développéà augmenter sa capacité de production d'aliments, à stimuler l'emploi, et à améliorer le niveau de vie de son peuple en apaisant sa faim et sa sousalimentation. Un marché pour l'exportation canadienne des produits et des services surgirait lorsque ce pays sous‐développé atteindrait un niveau plus élevé de développement économique, et une demands accrue de produits et de capitaux deviendrait évidente avec une augmentation du revenu per capita et une accumulation du fond de réserve pour le commerce extérieur.
The 1971 Census Of Agriculture
Authors: Ellis R. S.
Published: November 2008

integration of the Census of Agriculture with the current estimating program of D.B.S. has reduced the number of census questions and improved current agriculture estimates. The 1971 census will include new questions relating to labour, machinery, crop spraying, fertilizing and irrigation. Questions on part‐time work and a plan to link the agriculture and population questionnaires will provide additional data on farm people. A sample post‐census agriculture survey will check quality and produce supplementary information. Farm definition and classification are different problems which are under study.

LE RECENSEMENT DE L'AGRICULTURE:

L'intégration du recensement de l'agriculture avec le programme courant d'estimation du B.F.S. a permis de réduire le nombre de questions touchant le recensement et d'améliorer les estimations courantes dans le domaine de l'agriculture. Le recensement de 1971 comprendra de nouvelles questions sur la main‐d'oeuvre, les machines, la pulvérisation des cultures, les engrais et l'irrigation. Des questions sur le travail à temps partiel et un projet en vue d'établir un lien entre le questionnaire de l'agriculture et celui de la population fourniront des renseignements supplémentaires sur la population agricole. Une enquête fragmentaire post‐censale servira à vérifier la qualité et donnera des renseignements supplémentaires. La définition et la classification des fermes sont des problèmes difficiles qui sont à l'étude.
The Strategy‐Objective Chart And Its Possible Use In Government Agricultural Policy
Authors: Grundy G. M. F.
Published: November 2008

Many recent publications have discussed the need for improving the management and effectiveness of government departments in Canada. It is suggested that an operations research concept of organization used in space programming may be adopted for use in agricultural departments. A strategy‐objective chart, derived from the vertical normative relevance tree is presented as a possible tool to use for examining the relations between political aims and developing objectives, improving the effectiveness of government services and for other applications in public administration.

UN TABLEAU DES OBJECTIFS STRATÉGIQUES ET L'USAGE DANS LA POLITIQUE AGRICOLE DU GOUVERNEMENT

Plusieurs publications rÉcentes ont discutÉ le besoin d'amÉliorer l'administration et l'efficacitÉ des services gouvernementaux au Canada. 11 est suggÉrÉ qu'une organisation dans le concept de la recherche soit adoptée à l'usage des ministères de l'agriculture. Un tableau des objectifs stratégiques est présenté comme instrument à employer afin d‘étudier les rapports entre les ambitions politiques et les objectifs en voie de développement, tout en améliorant l'efficacité des services gouvernementaux et pour d“autres utilitées dans l'administration publique.
DEVELOPMENT OF A TWO‐STAGE EQUIPMENT ‐ ENTERPRISE SELECTION METHOD*
Authors: Casler George L.
Published: November 2008

The difficulties encountered with simultaneous equipment ‐ enterprise solution methods led the author of this paper to develop a two‐stage solution process. The unit‐flow technique was revised to handle efficiently large complex problems and yet be reasonably sure of integer solutions. This solution method was applied to two large problems: 1) corn havest, storage and feed processing, and 2) hog housing and manure handling;

Three least cost building‐equipment systems were developed for alternative wage rates. A profit‐maximizing combination of enterprises was then developed with linear programming for each building‐equipment system. Comparison of net returns to the farm operator with each of the three systems allowed choice of the combination of enterprises and the building‐equipment system that resulted in the largest net return.

While a simultaneous equipment‐enterprise selection method might have some advantages in developing solutions with slightly higher profit levels, the difficulties in constructing and solving such problems makes this technique unworkable at present. The two‐stage procedure reported in this article has advantages in time required to construct the model and, unlike integer programming, an assurance that an optimum solution will be obtained.

COMBINAISON OPTIMAL DE L'ÉQUIPEMENT ET L'ENTREPRISE ‐ Les difficultées qui surgissent en sélectionnant les meilleurs combinations de la machinerie et l'entreprise amènent l'auteur de cet article à développer une solution en deux étapes. La technique appliquée fut développé pour deux problèmes; (1) la récolte du maïs, l'entreposage et le processus d'alimentation (2) les batiments de pores et le traitement d'engrais. Les méthodes moins coüteuses pour les batiments et l'outillage ont été aussi développé pour les différents taux de salaire. Pour un profit maximum d'entreprise, un programme linéaire a été employe pour chacun des trois systèmes.

Tandis que la méthode de sélectionner l'équipment et l'entreprise a les avantages d'atteindre un degré de profit plus élevé, les difficultées qui surgissent dans la construction et la solution de ces problèmes rendent cette technique inexécutable pour le moment. En temps requis, le processus en deux étapes aura les avantages de construire un modèls et d'y assurer une solution.
WEATHER AND PRAIRIE WHEAT PRODUCTION*
Authors: Williams G. D. V.
Published: November 2008

Estimates of Canadian prairie wheat production during the 1952 and 1967 period using regression equations based on precipitation, and on both precipitation and potential evapotranspiration (PE), were analysed. Inclusion of PE is the equations considerably improved the results. The estimation procedures outlined can be used to make pre‐harvest assessments of the weather contribution to wheat production, and to evaluate the effects in past years of non‐weather factors such as rust epidemics. The weather variations themselves can also be evaluated. For example, it is estimated that two thirds of the billion dollar difference between the 1961 and 1966 wheat crops was due to weather differences.

LES CONDITIONS CLIMATIQUES ET LE RENDEMENT DU BLÉ — Obtenues à l'aide d'équations de régression basées soit sur les précipitations et l'évapotranspiration potentielle (EPT), soit sur les précipitations seulement, des estimations de rendement du blé sur les prairies Canadiennes pour la période de 1952 à 1967 ont été analysées. L'introduction du facteur ETP dans les équations améliora les résultats considérablement. Ces méthodes d'évaluation peuvent être utilisées pour determiner à l'avance la contribution des conditions climatiques à la récolte de l'année courante. Elles peuvent servir aussi à évaluer les effets de facteurs autres que le climat, comme les épidémies de rouille, sur les rendements des années passées. On peut également évaluer les variations climatiques elles‐mêmes. Par exemple, on a estimé que les deux tiers du milliard de dollars entre les valeurs des récoltes de 1961 et 1966 étaient attribuables aux différences climatiques.
THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL PROBLEMS IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT CONSOLIDATION
Authors: Braschler Curtis. , Klindt Thomas.
Published: November 2008

This paper examines from both a theoretical and empirical standpoint the probable effects of county consolidation on county government costs in sparsely populated rural areas. Cost reduction induced by county consolidation depends primarily upon three major variables. These are: (1) the economies of scale with respect to population, (2) population density and distribution in the given area of proposed consolidation and, (3) increased private and public transportation costs induced by consolidation.

The major conclusions of the study were as follows: (1) economies of population were found to be small by this study and several others reviewed. Furthermore, apparent population economies appear substantially exhausted at population levels of 10,000 to 15,000, (2) increased private and public transit costs exhausted a large part of the population economy impact of consolidation and, (3) distribution of costs and benefits of consolidation was not equal over the entire population.

LE REMEMBREMENT DES MUNICIPALITéAS ‐ Cet article considère les effets du remembrement des communes en régions peu peuplées d'un point de vue à la fois théorique et empirique. La diminution des coûts sous l'effet du remembrement dépend principalement de trois variables: (1) les économies d'échelle par rapport à la population, (2) la densité et la distribution de la population dans les regions considérées pour le remembrement et, (3) l'accroissement des coûts de transport public et privé provoqués par le remembrement.

Les principals conclusions de cette étude sont les suivantes: (1) les économies de population se sont, révélées petites comme d'ailleurs d'autres études citées, de plus les économies apparentes de population semblent se réduire à zéro aux niveaux de 10,000 à 15,000, (2) l'augmentation des coûts de transport public et privé diminue de beaucoup l'effet d'économie de population dans le remembrement et, (3) dans l'ensemble de la population, les coûts et les bénéfices du remembrement ne sont pas distribués également.
Available Field Time, Yield Losses and Farm Planning
Authors: Boisvert Richard N.
Published: November 2008

A risk progamming model is developed to incorporate explicitly field time availability and yield losses from untimely production into farm planning. The model is applied to eight representative corn‐soybean farming operations in Southern Minnesota. Farms were chosen to reflect different machinery and hired labor capacities. The empirical results have quite different implications depending on a farmer's willingness to assume risk. For farmers wishing to avoid large risks, the value of additional spring field capacity is high relative to the fall field capacity. Efforts to avoid problems in scheduling spring field operations are most critical. For farmers willing to accept more risk in anticipation of higher incomes, the value of additional field time is high relative to that of spring field time. Efforts to avoid scheduling problems in the fall are most critical. For any particular farm situation, a manager willing to accept considerable risk should devote a larger percentage of his cropland to soybeans than a manager trying to avoid large risks.

L'article présente un modèle de la possibilité de risque tenant compte du temps disponible et la perte de rendement causés par le manque de planification. L'auteur applique le modèle a huit opération agricole de mais et de soja repré‐sentatif dans le sud du Minnesota. Ces fermes différaient dans leur emploi de la main d'oeuvre et de la machinerie. Les résultats empiriques ont de différentes implications dépendant si le fermier choisit de courir des risques ou pas. Pour les fermier ne voulant pas courir de risques la valeur marginale du temps disponible pour la semence est plus critique au printemps qu'en automne. Au contraire, pour les fermiers prêt à courir plus de risques en vue de gains futur c'est en automne que le temps des semences devient plus critique. De plus un fermier prêt à courir le risque devrait semer un plus grand pourcentage de sa terre en soja que le fermier ne voulant pas courir de risques.
An Analysis of the Canadian Cattle Supply Using Polynomial Distributed Lags1
Authors: Kulshreshtha Surendra N.
Published: November 2008

In this paper a distributed lag analysis of regional cattle supply is presented. A polynomial lag formulation has been applied. A distributed lag effect of two economic variables—cattle price and feed grain price (or stocks)—was specified, each with a different lag period. The model was estimated using the method of Lagrangian interpolation. An average lag of 11 quarters with respect to slaughter cattle prices was observed. The lag with respect to feed price (or stocks) was found to be relatively shorter. An inelastic response to cattle price, in the short—as well as the long‐run, was observed for Eastern Canada. A similar situation for Western Canada with respect to feed grain stocks was observed.

Dans cet essai, nous nous proposons de présenter une analyse de délai distribué dans I'approvisionnement en bétail au niveau régional. Nous nous sommes servis dune formulation de délai polynomial. Nous avons spécifié un effet de délai distribué de deux variables économiques—le prix du bétail et le prix des farines alimentaires (ou des stocks)—toutes deux ayant des délais différents. Le modèle est basé sur la méthode d'interpolation Lagrangienne. Nous avons observé un délai de 11 trimestres pour ce qui concerne le prix du bétail à l'abattoir. Le délai pour le prix des farines alimentaires (ou des stocks) se montre relativement plus court. Pour I'Est du Canada, nous avons observé pour le prix du bétail une réponse inélastique que ce soil à court on long term. Nous avons observé une situation semblable dans I'Ouest du Canada pour les farines alimentaires.
Estimating the Marginal Productivity of Agricultural Pesticides: the Case of Tree‐Fruit Farms in the Okanagan Valley
Authors: Campbell Harry F.
Published: November 2008

This paper uses input and output data from a cross‐sectional sample of tree‐fruit farms in British Columbia to derive an estimate of the marginal productivity of agricultural pesticides. The statistical techniques used in the analysis of the data include Ordinary Least Squares and Factor Analysis Regression. The analysis indicates that the value of the marginal dollar's worth of pesticides is considerably higher than its private profit‐maximizing level of unity. It is suggested that the reason for the existence of such a divergence is the presence of a constraint on farmers' total expenditure on variable inputs. This high estimate of the value of the marginal dollar's worth of pesticides inputs indicates that public policies aimed at reducing the level of pesticides inputs in the interests of environmental protection will have a relatively high opportunity cost in terms of forgone agricultural output.

Cette étude réalisée à partir d'un échantillon d'aboriculteurs de la Colombie Britannique se base sur des données de production et de consommation pour estimer la productivité marginale des pesticides agricoles. L'analyse factorielle de la regression et la méthode des moindres carrés font partie des techniques statistiques employées. L'analyse indique que la valeur marginale d'une unité monétaire de pesticide est considerablement plus elevée que l'unité qui est la valeur obtenue quand l'on maximise la fonction de profit privé. L'explication suggérée pour justifier l'existence d'une telle divergence est la presence d'une limite sur les depenses variables de consommation des agriculteurs. Cette valeur élevée de l'estimateur de la valeur marginale d'une unité monetaire de pesticide indique que les politiques destinées à reduire l'usage des pesticides dans le but de proteger l'environnement auront un coût relativement élevé en terme de production agricole perdue.
Estimation and Application of a Production Function in Decision Rules for Swine Producers1
Authors: Dahm Fred , Heady Earl O. , Sonka Steven T.
Published: November 2008

Production functions are estimated for swine based on experimental data designed for the purpose. The functions are estimated with gain as output and corn and protein supplement as inputs. The gain functions are first estimated for five trials with different starting weights. With use of dummy variables, the data are then pooled for estimation of a single overall production function. Among several algebraic forms used in estimation, a quadratic equation was selected for application. Derivation and estimation of gain isoquants are illustrated and comparison is suggested with a previous study where the isoquants are estimated directly by means of an instrumental variable approach to circumvent problems of autocorrelation. The data then are used in a production decision model which considers fluctuating prices.

Des fonctions de production porcine sont estimées à partir de données expéri‐mentales developées à cette fin. La fonction de production est représentée par le gain de poids avec le maïs et les supplements de proteine jouant le rôle de variables. Les gains de poids sont dabord estimés sur cinq essais à partir de divers poids ini‐tiaux. Les données sont ensuite combinées à l'aide de variables annexes afin destimer une fonction de production générale. Parmi les diverses formes algebriques employées lors de l'estimation une équation quadratique fût sélectionée comme application. L'estimation et l'obtention des isoquantes gain de poids sont présentés. Une comparaison est faite avec une étude antérieure où les isoquantes sont directement estimées à partir de variables instrumentales ce qui évite les problémes d'autocorre‐lation. Les donnees servent ensuite dans un model de décision de production qui comprend des fluctuations de prix.
Temporal Model for Long‐Run Orchard Decisions
Authors: Willis Cleve , Hanlon William
Published: November 2008

A temporal model utilizing dynamic linear programming was constructed to aid in selecting an “optimum mix” of varieties of apples for planting over time. The framework treats alternative goals such as minimum acceptable family living expenses and maximum acceptable risk in lexicographic fashion. This approach is demonstrated for a model farm operating under conditions typical of Massachusetts operations, although the model is highly adaptable to other regional situations.

Un modéle temporel utilisant la programmation linéaire dynamique a été con‐struit pour aider à choisir un “mélange optimum” de variétés de pompiers plantés au cours d'une périodc donnée. Le présent ouvrage traite, de facon lexicographique, d'autres objectifs tels que le minimum acceptable en frais de subsistance familiale et le risque maximal acceptable. La méthode démontrée s'applique à une ferme modéle exploitée dans les conditions caractéristiques du Massachusetts, bien que le modéle puisse tres facilement s'adapter à d'autres régions.