bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High-Temperature, Resistant, Argillite-Based, Alkali-Activated Materials with Improved Post-Thermal Treatment Mechanical Strength
Authors: Tognonvi Tohoue Monique , Petlitckaia Svetlana , Gharzouni Ameni , Fricheteau Myriam , Texier-Mandoki Nathalie , Bourbon Xavier , Rossignol Sylvie
Published: July 2020

Fire resistance performance is one of the most important requirements in geological storage conditions in order to improve the resistance of storage packages to high thermal constraints (in the case of a fire for example). With the need to develop new fire-resistant materials, the aim of the present study was to develop fire-resistant geopolymer binders based on Callovo-Oxfordian (COx) argillite. Two types of kaolin with different degrees of purity were mixed with argillite in various proportions. These mixtures were calcined at 600 or 750°C. In order to assess the fire resistance of activated materials, thermal treatment at 1000°C was performed. The compressive strength and mineralogical composition of the samples were investigated before and after heat treatment. The results showed that the addition of argillite improved significantly the thermomechanical properties of kaolin-based geopolymers containing impurities, especially the mixture containing 67% argillite and calcined at 750°C. This phenomenon was not observed for the pure-kaolin geopolymer. Improvement of fire resistance was due to the formation in situ of leucite and zeolite-type phases (KAlSi2O6 and KAlSiO4) and of wollastonite (CaSiO3) at high temperature, which is linked to the Ca available in the raw materials.
Protective effect of nicotinamide and l-arginine against monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension in rats: gender dependence
Authors: Sztormowska-Achranowicz Katarzyna , Jankowski Zbigniew , Kocić Ivan
Published: July 2020

Background

The purpose of this paper was to examine the effects of nicotinamide (ND) and l-arginine (l-ARG) on pulmonary vascular and heart changes induced by pulmonary hypertension in rats in a gender-dependent way.

Methods

Experiments were performed on male (M) and female (F) rats. PAH was induced via monocrotaline injection (sc, 60/kg B.W.) on day one of the 23-day observational period. After that, the animals were sacrificed, hearts removed and weighed and the papillary muscles isolated to measure force of contraction (Fc). Morphological changes of pulmonary vessels were also examined.

Results

Mixed diet supplementation with l-ARG + ND prevented highly significant right ventricle enlargement induced by PAH in both, male and female rats. Weight ratios between the right ventricle (RV) on one side and the left ventricle with septum on the other (LV + S) decreased from 0.46 ± 0.016 g to 0.29 ± 0.006 g in males and from 0.63 ± 0.03 g to 0.24 ± 0.008 g in females, n = 6, p < 0.001. Additionally, PAH increased basal contractility in female groups, and each of the diet allocations (l-ARG, ND, and mixed) were found to restore contractility to control values. All diet protocols in male and female restored decreased responsiveness of the myocardium to norepinephrine in hearts obtained from rats with PAH and prevented vascular changes observed in pulmonary hypertension (thickness of blood vessels and cell infiltration).

Conclusion

Our study suggests that l-arginine, nicotinamide or both play a positive role in right ventricle function or the process reducing pulmonary vascular remodeling especially in a gender-independent way.
Bridging the Gap Between RCTs and RWE Through Endpoint Selection
Authors: LoCasale Robert J. , Pashos Chris L. , Gutierrez Ben , Dreyer Nancy A. , Collins Toby , Calleja Alan , Seewald Michael J. , Plumb Jonathan M. , Liwing Johan , Tepie Maurille Feudjo , Khosla Sajan
Published: July 2020

This commentary is authored by several industry real-world evidence (RWE) experts, with support from IQVIA, as part of the 'RWE Leadership Forum': a group of Industry Leaders who have come together as non-competitive partners to understand and respond to RWD/E challenges and opportunities with a single expert voice. Here, the forum discusses the value in bridging the industry disconnect between RTCs and RWE, with a view to promoting the use of RWE in the RCT environment. RCT endpoints are explored along several axes including their clinical relevance and their measure of direct patient benefit, and then compared with their real-world counterparts to identify suitable paths, or gaps, for assimilating RWE endpoints into the RCT environment.
Genetically Modified Crops’ Environmental Impact and Trust in Eco-labels
Authors: Kwak Lynn E. , Yoon Sang Won , Kim Younjun
Published: July 2020

The U.S. Department of Agriculture expects companies to disclose genetically modified (GM) ingredients in foods and beverages by January 2022. While food companies fear that the stigma of GM labels could cause GM food sales to decline, eco-labeling could lessen the impact of GM-labeling. The results of the present research indicate that neither the eco-labeling alone nor the eco-labeling accompanied by information about the environmental benefits of GM crops influence consumers’ willingness to buy. Based on the mediation analysis, however, trust of eco-labels mediates the relationship between GM foods’ environmental friendliness information and consumers’ willingness to buy eco-labeled GM food. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.
Newborn Imitation
Authors: Leys Ruth
Published: July 2020

Newborn imitation has recently become the focus of a major controversy in the human sciences. New studies have reexamined the evidence and found it wanting. Imitation has been regarded as a crucial capability of neonates ever since 1977, when two American psychologists first published experiments appearing to demonstrate that babies at birth are able to copy a variety of facial movements. The findings overturned decades of assumptions about the competence of newborns. But what if claims for newborn imitation are not true? Influential theories about the mechanisms underlying imitation, the role of mirror neurons, the nature of the self and of infant mental states, will all have to be modified or abandoned if it turns out that babies cannot imitate at birth. This Element offers a critical assessment of those theories and the stakes involved.
A Landscape Perspective on Climate-Driven Risks to Food Security: Exploring the Relationship between Climate and Social Transformation in the Prehispanic U.S. Southwest
Authors: Strawhacker Colleen , Snitker Grant , Peeples Matthew A. , Kinzig Ann P. , Kintigh Keith W. , Bocinsky Kyle , Butterfield Brad , Freeman Jacob , Oas Sarah , Nelson Margaret C. , Sandor Jonathan A. , Spielmann Katherine A.
Published: July 2020

Spatially and temporally unpredictable rainfall patterns presented food production challenges to small-scale agricultural communities, requiring multiple risk-mitigating strategies to increase food security. Although site-based investigations of the relationship between climate and agricultural production offer insights into how individual communities may have created long-term adaptations to manage risk, the inherent spatial variability of climate-driven risk makes a landscape-scale perspective valuable. In this article, we model risk by evaluating how the spatial structure of ancient climate conditions may have affected the reliability of three major strategies used to reduce risk: drawing upon social networks in time of need, hunting and gathering of wild resources, and storing surplus food. We then explore how climate-driven changes to this reliability may relate to archaeologically observed social transformations. We demonstrate the utility of this methodology by comparing the Salinas and Cibola regions in the prehispanic U.S. Southwest to understand the complex relationship among climate-driven threats to food security, risk-mitigation strategies, and social transformations. Our results suggest key differences in how communities buffered against risk in the Cibola and Salinas study regions, with the structure of precipitation influencing the range of strategies to which communities had access through time.
The Consent Justification for Benefit–Cost Analysis
Authors: Zerbe Richard O.
Published: July 2020

This paper provides a Consent Justification for benefit–cost analysis (BCA). The Consent Justification is based on a tendency toward actual compensation. A substantial justification for using BCA as a tool is the actual Pareto test, called the Consent Justification, in combination with the net present value criterion for individual projects. The traditional justification, the potential compensation test (PCT), is unsatisfactory on several grounds. In addition, the PCT occupies the uneasy position of being the source of extended criticisms in the economic literature and especially in the legal and philosophy literature. The argument for the Consent Justification lies not only in the deficiencies of the PCT, but also, especially, in a showing through simulation that all tend to gain across a portfolio of projects which is not large but rather robust with respect to errors and assumptions.
Developing an Applied Biostatistical Sciences (ABS) network
Authors: Khalatbari Shokoufeh , Jazdzyk Dianne , Capsouras Janine , Downey Brad , Samuels Eli , Spino Cathie
Published: July 2020

Introduction:

Access to qualified biostatisticians to provide input on research design and statistical considerations is critical for high-quality clinical and translational research. At diverse health science institutions, like the University of Michigan (U-M), biostatistical collaborators are scattered across the campus. This model can isolate applied statisticians, analysts, and epidemiologists from each other, which may negatively affect their career development and job satisfaction, and inhibits access to optimal biostatistical support for researchers. Furthermore, in the era of modern, complex translational research, it is imperative to elevate biostatistical expertise by offering innovative training.

Methods:

The Michigan Institute for Clinical and Health Research established an Applied Biostatistical Sciences (ABS) network that is a campus-wide community of staff and faculty statisticians, epidemiologists, data scientists, and researchers, with the intention of supporting both researchers and biostatisticians, while promoting high-quality clinical and translational research.

Results:

Since its inception in early 2018, the ABS Network has grown to several hundred faculty and staff members across a range of health and research disciplines. The ABS Network offers free trainings on innovative methods and tools in the biostatistical field, a web-based portal with resources and training lectures, and connections to U-M faculty and/or staff members for consultation and collaboration.

Conclusions:

Although challenging, if approached strategically, the creation of a collaboration network of biostatisticians can be accomplished. Furthermore, the process can be adopted and implemented for establishing collaboration with any network of professionals with common interests across different disciplines and professional fields regardless of size.
Data governance and citizen participation in the digital welfare state
Authors: van Zoonen Liesbet
Published: July 2020

U.S., UK, and European municipalities are increasingly experimenting with data as an instrument for social policy. This movement pertains often to the design of municipal data warehouses, dashboards, and predictive analytics, the latter mostly to identify risk of fraud. This transition to data-driven social policy, captured by the term “digital welfare state,” almost completely takes place out of political and social view, and escapes democratic decision making. In this article, I zoom in on The Netherlands and show in detail how sound data governance is lacking at three levels: data experiments and practices take place in a so-called “institutional void” without any clear democratic mandate; moreover, they are often based on disputable quality of data and analytic models; and they tend to transgress the recent EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) about privacy and data protection. I also assess that key stakeholders in this data transition, that is the citizens whose data are used, are not actively informed let alone invited to participate. As a result, a practice of top-down monitoring, containment and control is evolving despite the desire of civil servants in this domain to do “good” with data. I explore several data and policy alternatives in the conclusion to contribute to a higher quality and more democratic usage of data in the digital welfare state.
An Abstract Thing We Call “Intellectual Atmosphere”: Science, Urban Development, and Business/Government Relations in Dallas, 1956–1969
Authors: BUSCH ANDREW M.
Published: July 2020

This article explores the efforts of Dallas businessmen, especially the leadership of Texas Instruments (TI), to build a science and research sector to facilitate new types of capital accumulation for Dallas and North Texas in the 1960s. The creation of the Graduate Center of the Southwest (GRCSW), and its subsequent transformation into the public University of Texas at Dallas in 1969, offers new perspectives on science and research, urban growth strategies, and the relationship between business and government in the postwar Sunbelt. TI leaders envisioned the center as a way to become more competitive in the microelectronics industry and also to direct urban growth and, ultimately, create a city and region that better reflected the private, growth-oriented interests of the Dallas business community. However, when the center began to falter economically in the mid-1960s, TI leaders sought out the state to take it over and transform it into a science and technology graduate school branch of the University of Texas system (UT). The exchange, although mutually beneficial, demonstrates how powerful businesses coopted the resources of the state to further their own ends.
Early-life conditioning strategies to reduce dietary phosphorus in broilers: underlying mechanisms
Authors: Valable A. S. , Létourneau-Montminy M. P. , Klein S. , Lardic L. , Lecompte F. , Metayer-Coustard S. , Même N. , Page G. , Duclos M. J. , Narcy A.
Published: July 2020

Chickens adapt to P and Ca restriction during the very first days of life by improving P utilisation efficiency. The present study was built to identify the mechanisms underlying this adaptive capacity, and to identify the optimal window of application of the restriction (depletion). A total of 1600 Cobb 500TM male broilers were used. During each phase (from age 0 to 4 d, 5 to 8 d, 9 to 18 d and 19 to 33 d), the animals received either a control diet (H) or a restricted diet (L) with reduced levels of non-phytate P (nPP) and Ca (between −14 and −25 % for both) with four dietary sequences: HHHH, HLHL, LHHL and LLHL. None of the feeding strategies affected growth. Tibia ash content at day 4 and 8 was impaired when the L diet was fed from 0 to 4 and 5 to 8 d, respectively (P = 0⋅038 and P = 0⋅005). Whatever the early restriction period or length between 0 and 8 d of age, the mineralisation delay was compensated by day 18. This was accompanied by an increased mRNA expression of the Ca transporter, CALB1, and an increased apparent ileal digestibility of Ca at day 8 (P < 0⋅001). This adaptation was limited to the starter phase in restricted birds. No effect was seen on P transporters mRNA or protein expression. In conclusion, birds adapted to mineral restriction by increasing Ca and nPP utilisation efficiencies. Depletion−repletion strategies are promising in improving the sustainability of broiler production but need to be validated in phytase-supplemented diets.
Prevalence of overweight/obesity, anaemia and their associations among female university students in Dubai, United Arab Emirates: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Al Sabbah Haleama
Published: July 2020

The present study assessed the associations of overweight, obesity and anaemia with selected lifestyle factors, total body fat and abdominal obesity among female university students in Dubai. A total of 251 female students from a national university in Dubai participated in the present study. Weight, height, waist circumference, Hb level and total body fat percentage were measured. Participants also completed a self-reported questionnaire that included items related to the factors of obesity, anaemia and lifestyle. The study was approved by the University Ethical Committee. Almost one-third of the participants were overweight/obese; 8⋅5 % had abdominal obesity while 18⋅1 % had anaemia. Out of the total, 71⋅7 % reported that they have irregular meals and the highest percentages were found among obese (89⋅3 %) and overweight (78⋅0 %) compared with normal-weight (65⋅4 %) students (P< 0⋅05). Overweight/obese students reported that they exercise more than those of normal weight (P= 0⋅05). Students with anaemia reported less exercise than students without anaemia (P= 0⋅05). Also, the percentage of total body fat was found to be the highest (38⋅9 %) among students with anaemia (P< 0⋅05). Overweight, obesity and anaemia are prevalent among female university students. Anaemia seems to be associated with the percentage of total body fat, lack of physical activity and junk food. Further studies are required to investigate the detailed dietary habits of overweight and obese young adult females with anaemia.
Variations in surface area of six ice aprons in the Mont-Blanc massif since the Little Ice Age
Authors: Guillet Grégoire , Ravanel Ludovic
Published: July 2020

Deglaciation of high mountain rockwalls alters slope stability as rockwalls become more sensitive to modifications in environmental factors (e.g. seasonal temperature variations). In the past decades, increasing efforts focused on studying deglaciated Alpine rockwalls. Yet, currently deglaciating rockfaces remain unstudied. Here, we quantify surface area variations of massive ice bodies lying on high mountain rockwalls (ice aprons) in the French sector of the Mont Blanc massif between the end of the Little Ice Age (LIA) and 2018. Surface area estimates are computed from terrestrial and aerial oblique photographs via photogrammetry. This technique allows using photographs taken without scientific intent, and to tap into diverse historical or recent photographic catalogs. We derive an ice apron surface area model from precipitation records and the positive degree-days. The studied ice aprons shrank from 1854 to the 1950s, before expanding until the end of the 1990s. The beginning of the 21st century shows a decrease in surface area, leading to the complete melt of one of the studied ice aprons in 2017. Observed variations correlate with modeled surface area, suggesting strong sensitivity of ice aprons to changes in climatic variables. By studying site-specific correlations, we explore the importance of local drivers over the balance of ice aprons.
Common Analysts: Method for Defining Peer Firms
Authors: Kaustia Markku , Rantala Ville
Published: July 2020

We develop a method for defining groups of peer firms on the basis of joint analyst coverage. Besides industry boundaries, analysts’ coverage choices reflect other aspects of firm relatedness such as business model. We find that the analyst-based method produces substantially more homogeneous groups of firms compared to common industry classifications, and has a number of other desirable properties. The paper has two broader implications. First, it demonstrates the advantages of a self-organizing approach to classification, as opposed to a hierarchical system. Second, it illustrates a new positive information production externality generated by the institution of security market analysis.
Income Fluctuations and Firm Choice
Authors: Baker Scott R. , Baugh Brian , Kueng Lorenz
Published: July 2020

How households shift spending across firms in response to income fluctuations is an important source of firm risk. Using transaction-level data, we study how households interact with the universe of retailers following income changes. We find that income increases within and across households result in substitution toward retailers in a category that are higher quality; smaller; more profitable; and have higher labor intensity, research and development (R&D) intensity, and equity betas. Although not all shifts are economically large, they do not average out across retailers. Thus, retailer choice has implications for key financial and macroeconomic outcomes, such as aggregate profitability and labor demand.
Preventing depression using a smartphone app: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Deady Mark , Glozier Nicholas , Calvo Rafael , Johnston David , Mackinnon Andrew , Milne David , Choi Isabella , Gayed Aimee , Peters Dorian , Bryant Richard , Christensen Helen , Harvey Samuel B.
Published: July 2020

Background

There is evidence that depression can be prevented; however, traditional approaches face significant scalability issues. Digital technologies provide a potential solution, although this has not been adequately tested. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a new smartphone app designed to reduce depression symptoms and subsequent incident depression amongst a large group of Australian workers.

Methods

A randomized controlled trial was conducted with follow-up assessments at 5 weeks and 3 and 12 months post-baseline. Participants were employed Australians reporting no clinically significant depression. The intervention group (N = 1128) was allocated to use HeadGear, a smartphone app which included a 30-day behavioural activation and mindfulness intervention. The attention-control group (N = 1143) used an app which included a 30-day mood monitoring component. The primary outcome was the level of depressive symptomatology (PHQ-9) at 3-month follow-up. Analyses were conducted within an intention-to-treat framework using mixed modelling.

Results

Those assigned to the HeadGear arm had fewer depressive symptoms over the course of the trial compared to those assigned to the control (F3,734.7 = 2.98, p = 0.031). Prevalence of depression over the 12-month period was 8.0% and 3.5% for controls and HeadGear recipients, respectively, with odds of depression caseness amongst the intervention group of 0.43 (p = 0.001, 95% CI 0.26–0.70).

Conclusions

This trial demonstrates that a smartphone app can reduce depression symptoms and potentially prevent incident depression caseness and such interventions may have a role in improving working population mental health. Some caution in interpretation is needed regarding the clinical significance due to small effect size and trial attrition.

Trial Registration Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (www.anzctr.org.au/) ACTRN12617000548336
The effects of callous-unemotional traits and aggression subtypes on amygdala activity in response to negative faces
Authors: Aggensteiner Pascal-M , Holz Nathalie E. , Böttinger Boris W. , Baumeister Sarah , Hohmann Sarah , Werhahn Julia E. , Naaijen Jilly , Ilbegi Shahrzad , Glennon Jeffrey C. , Hoekstra Pieter J. , Dietrich Andrea , Deters Renee Kleine , Saam Melanie C. , Schulze Ulrike M. E. , Lythgoe David J. , Sethi Arjun , Craig Michael C. , Mastroianni Mathilde , Sagar-Ouriaghli Ilyas , Santosh Paramala J. , Rosa Mireia , Bargallo Nuria , Castro-Fornieles Josefina , Arango Celso , Penzol Maria J. , Vidal Jorge , Franke Barbara , Zwiers Marcel P. , Buitelaar Jan K. , Walitza Susanne , Banaschewski Tobias , Brandeis Daniel
Published: July 2020

Background

Brain imaging studies have shown altered amygdala activity during emotion processing in children and adolescents with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD) compared to typically developing children and adolescents (TD). Here we aimed to assess whether aggression-related subtypes (reactive and proactive aggression) and callous-unemotional (CU) traits predicted variation in amygdala activity and skin conductance (SC) response during emotion processing.

Methods

We included 177 participants (n = 108 cases with disruptive behaviour and/or ODD/CD and n = 69 TD), aged 8–18 years, across nine sites in Europe, as part of the EU Aggressotype and MATRICS projects. All participants performed an emotional face-matching functional magnetic resonance imaging task.

Results

Differences between cases and TD in affective processing, as well as specificity of activation patterns for aggression subtypes and CU traits, were assessed. Simultaneous SC recordings were acquired in a subsample (n = 63). Cases compared to TDs showed higher amygdala activity in response to negative faces (fearful and angry) v. shapes. Subtyping cases according to aggression-related subtypes did not significantly influence on amygdala activity; while stratification based on CU traits was more sensitive and revealed decreased amygdala activity in the high CU group. SC responses were significantly lower in cases and negatively correlated with CU traits, reactive and proactive aggression.

Conclusions

Our results showed differences in amygdala activity and SC responses to emotional faces between cases with ODD/CD and TD, while CU traits moderate both central (amygdala) and peripheral (SC) responses. Our insights regarding subtypes and trait-specific aggression could be used for improved diagnostics and personalized treatment.
Institutional Sources of Business Power
Authors: Busemeyer Marius R. , Thelen Kathleen
Published: July 2020

Recent years have seen a revival of debates about the role of business and the sources of business power in postindustrial political economies. Scholarly accounts commonly distinguish between structural sources of business power, connected to its privileged position in capitalist economies, and instrumental sources, related to direct forms of lobbying by business actors. The authors argue that this distinction overlooks an important third source of business power, which they conceptualize as institutional business power. Institutional business power results when state actors delegate public functions to private business actors. Over time, through policy feedback and lock-in effects, institutional business power contributes to an asymmetrical dependence of the state on the continued commitment of private business actors. This article elaborates the theoretical argument behind this claim, providing empirical examples of growing institutional business power in education in Germany, Sweden, and the United States.
Other-repetition in conversation across languages: Bringing prosody into pragmatic typology
Authors: Rossi Giovanni
Published: July 2020

In this article, I introduce the aims and scope of a project examining other-repetition in natural conversation. This introduction provides the conceptual and methodological background for the five language-specific studies contained in this special issue, focussing on other-repetition in English, Finnish, French, Italian, and Swedish. Other-repetition is a recurrent conversational phenomenon in which a speaker repeats all or part of what another speaker has just said, typically in the next turn. Our project focusses particularly on other-repetitions that problematise what is being repeated and typically solicit a response. Previous research has shown that such repetitions can accomplish a range of conversational actions. But how do speakers of different languages distinguish these actions? In addressing this question, we put at centre stage the resources of prosody—the nonlexical acoustic-auditory features of speech—and bring its systematic analysis into the growing field of pragmatic typology—the comparative study of language use and conversational structure. (Repetition, conversation, prosody, pragmatics, typology)*
Dynamic evolution of lung abnormalities evaluated by quantitative CT techniques in patients with COVID-19 infection
Authors: Feng Xinglong , Ding Xuemei , Zhang Fuzhou
Published: July 2020

Chest CT evaluation is often vital to determine patients suspected of COVID-19 pneumonia. The aim of this study was to determine the evolution of lung abnormalities evaluated by quantitative CT techniques in patients with COVID-19 infection from initial diagnosis to recovery. This retrospective study included 16 patients with COVID-19 infection from 30 January 2020 through 11 March 2020. Repeat chest CT examinations were obtained for three or more scans per patient. We measured total volume and mean CT value of lung lesions in each patient per scan, and then calculated the mass, which equals to volume × (CT value + 1000). Dynamic evolution of chest CT imaging as a function of time was fitted by non-linear regression model in terms of mass, volume and CT value, respectively. According to the fitting curves, we redefined the evolution of lung abnormalities: progressive stage (0–5 days), infection emerged and rapidly aggravated; peak stage (5–15 days), the greatest severity at approximate 7–8 days after onset; and absorption stage (15–30 days), the lesions slowly and gradually resolved.
Optimization of phenol degradation by Antarctic bacteriumRhodococcussp.
Authors: Tengku-Mazuki Tengku Athirrah , Subramaniam Kavilasni , Zakaria Nur Nadhirah , Convey Peter , Abdul Khalil Khalilah , Lee Gillian Li Yin , Zulkharnain Azham , Shaharuddin Noor Azmi , Ahmad Siti Aqlima
Published: July 2020

This study focused on the ability of the Antarctic bacteriumRhodococcussp. strain AQ5-14 to survive exposure to and to degrade high concentrations of phenol at 0.5 g l-1. After initial evaluation of phenol-degrading performance, the effects of salinity, pH and temperature on the rate of phenol degradation were examined. The optimum conditions for phenol degradation were pH 7 and 0.4 g l-1NaCl at a temperature of 25°C (83.90%). An analysis using response surface methodology (RSM) and the Plackett-Burman design identified salinity, pH and temperature as three statistically significant factors influencing phenol degradation. The maximum bacterial growth was observed (optical density at 600 nm = 0.455), with medium conditions of pH 6.5, 22.5°C and 0.47 g l-1NaCl in the central composite design of the RSM experiments enhancing phenol degradation to 99.10%. A central composite design was then used to examine the interactions among these three variables and to determine their optimal levels. There was excellent agreement (R2= 0.9785) between experimental and predicted values, with less strong but still good agreement (R2= 0.8376) between the predicted model values and those obtained experimentally under optimized conditions.Rhodococcussp. strain AQ5-14 has excellent potential for the bioremediation of phenol.
The neurophysiological embedding of child maltreatment
Authors: Holochwost Steven J. , Wang Guan , Kolacz Jacek , Mills-Koonce W. Roger , Klika J. Bart , Jaffee Sara R.
Published: July 2020

Maltreatment adversely impacts the development of children across a host of domains. One way in which maltreatment may exert its deleterious effects is by becoming embedded in the activity of neurophysiological systems that regulate metabolic function. This paper reviews the literature regarding the association between childhood maltreatment and the activity of three systems: the parasympathetic nervous system, the sympathetic nervous system, and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. A particular emphasis is placed on the extent to which the literature supports a common account of activity across these systems under conditions of homeostasis and stress. The paper concludes with an outline of directions for future research and the implications of the literature for policy and practice.
Contribution of away-from-home food to the energy and nutrient intake among Brazilian adolescents
Authors: Bezerra Ilana N , Medeiros Hituanna BN , de Moura Souza Amanda , Sichieri Rosely
Published: July 2020

Objective:

To compare the contribution of different food consumption places to the energy and nutrient intake among Brazilian adolescents.

Design:

We analysed data from the Study of Cardiovascular Risk in Adolescents – ERICA, carried out in 2013–2014. Foods were categorised into thirty-three food groups. Energy, nutrients and food groups were analysed according to home, public and private schools, and other places of foods consumption. Linear regression models were used to test the association between eating away from home and nutrient intake.

Setting:

Brazilian public and private schools.

Participants:

All adolescents who had undergone anthropometric evaluation and provided information through the questionnaires, including the 24-h recall (n 71 740).

Results:

The main portion of energy intake per day was consumed within the adolescent households (8112·776 kJ (1939 kcal), 95 % CI 1892, 1985). Away-from-home eating was reported by 52 % of students in a given day, but it contributed to only 15 % of total energy intake. This contribution was mainly due to high energy-dense food intake. The percentage contribution of foods consumed at public school and other places was very similar with respect to nutrients. However, food consumption at other places meant less intake of protein, fibre and Fe, in addition to increasing the intake of added sugar and fats.

Conclusions:

The frequency of food consumption outside the home by adolescents is high, although the main contribution to energy intake occurs at home, and despite the similarity of nutrients consumed in school and restaurants, the latter tends to worsen the nutritional quality of meals.
Quicktime as a Storage Medium for Dynamic Data Sets in In-Situ Electron Microscopy
Authors: Mansfield John F
Published: July 2020

The field of in-situ electron microscopy has recently become very active. Microscopy and Microanalysis 1997 was host to an extended symposium devoted entirely to in-situ studies. Also, a recent Winter School sponsored by Arizona State University was devoted entirely to in-situ electron microscopy and drew over 90 attendees. Examination of the presentations and papers in these in-situ symposia has revealed that the researchers involved still have problems acquiring, managing and storing and manipulating their data. An in-situ experiment, by its very nature, is dynamic and recording micrographs is typically not the optimum method of image acquisition. Videotape is the preferred medium. High grade S-video recording of experiments permits the extraction of single frames of reasonable quality from the tapes for presentation and publication. There are, however, a number of problems with video recording. During in-situ studies a number of variables in the sample environment are changing, e.g. the pressure, the temperature, the stress, the strain and the microscope parameters (accelerating voltage, beam current, magnification, specimen tilt, etc.).
A Model for Internet Access to Remote Visual Scientific Instruments
Authors: Morgan C L , Hillyard R A , Jones G M , Pardoe D L , Smith N R
Published: July 2020

The Microscope and Graphic Imaging Center (MAGIC) at California State University, Hayward, has developed a model for interactive remote shared access to visual and analytic scientific instrumentation (IRSA/VASI). Using specialized software over the Internet, instruments such as electron microscopes can be shared throughout the world. Remote access to a centralized microscope provides investigators with specialized equipment that they might not be able to purchase and support on their own. For those who already have such instruments, it affords access to additional equipment and permits them to use their own resources in a wider context. Remote control of instrumentation is being researched and developed at national laboratories, supercomputing centers, and universities. Remote access and control was successfully demonstrated in 19921 and since that time, there have been other major achievements.

To demonstrate our model of interactive remote shared access to instrumentation, we have developed a system of software programs for remote control of a Philips XL-40 scanning electron microscope.
Network Control and Tools for Electron Microscopy
Authors: Hunt J A , Meyer C
Published: July 2020

Recently there has been great interest in creating Internet and Intranet tools for electron microscopy. We can somewhat arbitrarily divide the goals of these tools into three categories: (1) Service lab interaction, (2) Laboratory extension, (3) Teaching & outreach. The service lab wants to disseminate the results of experiments quickly to its customers. Sometimes it needs to do this during the experiments for verification that the experiments are being correctly performed, but most collaboration problems can be solved with a phone discussion while looking at the same image. This level of interactivity is not sufficient for the laboratory extension community that wants real time experimental results and perhaps even controls of the equipment projected to a remote location. Finally, several groups have expressed interest in bringing observation and control of instrumentation into the classroom to potentially many computers and potentially many different displays of the experiment in progress.
SEM Stop-Frame, Color, 3D Animation for Motion Pictures
Authors: Scharf David , Wilbrink Jacob , Hunt John A
Published: July 2020

A stop-frame animation system has been developed for producing high-resolution, color and stereo motion picture animation sequences. The first of these sequences can be seen in the recently released IMAX 3D movies, “Four Million House Guests” a.k.a. “The Hidden Dimension”. IMAX movies have long been known for their breathtaking special effects that seem incredibly realistic because of the large projection screen (about 7 stories high) which is close to the entire audience, high resolution, and powerful audio effects. IMAX 3D is an extention to the traditional format that allows the audience to see three dimensional special effects with the aid of electronically shuttered viewing glasses. IMAX movies are an ideal medium to demonstrate the high resolution digital images that are possible with the SEM.

The goal of the SEM movie project was to produce movie sequences where viewers feels like they are flying smoothly through micro-space past microscopic creatures and objects in three dimensions and in color.
Tele-Presence Microscopy: A Progress Report
Authors: Zaluzec Nestor J
Published: July 2020

In 1995, we presented the initial design and demonstrated operation of the Tele-Presence Microscopy (TPM) Collaboratory at ANL. At that time the primary interaction mode for the Collaboratory was passive operation where the user was given a fixed interaction space with the system. Since then a number of changes have been implemented in both the system and its configuration. While the TPM Site is still accessed using browser based technology (URL = http://tpm.amc.anl.gov) the decisions which have been made at ANL since then, have necessitated that restrictions to the nature of the client browser software. Due to the requirement that TPM provide both a platform independent persistent electronic space as well as real time imaging, we have chosen to implement server push technology. This means that only those browsers which are fully compliant with Netscape Version 2.0 or greater now have full access to the TPM Site (MS Internet Explorer is not compatible with this technology).
A Telepresence Microscopy Research Session In The DOE2000 Materials Microcharacterization Collaboratory
Authors: Allard L F , Voelkl E , Nolan T A , Narula C K , Montreuil C , Bigelow W C , Mansfield J F
Published: July 2020

One of the primary research components of the DOE2000 Materials Microcharacterization Collaboratory involves studies of catalyst materials for reduction of NOx emissions from diesel engine exhausts. A series of experimental catalysts is currently under investigation with colleagues from Ford Research Laboratory. The major thrust of this research is the study of catalyst reactions to determine the progressive changes in the structure and morphology of the catalytic materials with temperature and time under conditions simulating diesel exhaust exposures. Because the High Temperature Materials Laboratory (HTML) provides an ex-situ reactor system that permits TEM samples to be examined after sequential reactions without intermediate atmospheric exposures, the research was undertaken on a collaboratory basis, with microscopy sessions conducted remotely via telepresence. This permits Ford scientists to interact with HTML (and/or other collaboratory) scientists during the TEM sessions, but does not require their time and involvement during the actual reactor runs. The first of these telepresence sessions was held recently, as described below.
National Institute of Standards and Technology - Texas Instruments Industrial Collaboratory Testbed
Authors: Postek Michael T , Bennett Marylyn , Zaluzec Nestor J , Wheatley Thomas , Jones Samuel
Published: July 2020

One of the missions of the NIST Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory (MEL) is to improve and advance length metrology in aid of U.S. Industry. This responsibility is found within the Precision Engineering Division (PED). The successful development of a “Collaboratory” for TelePresence Microscopy provides an important new tool to promote technology transfer in the area of length metrology and measurement technology. NIST and Texas Instruments, under the auspices of the National Advanced Manufacturing Testbed (NAMT) and in collaboration with the University of Illinois are developing a microscopy collaboratory testbed. This facility is designed to demonstrate the value of telepresence microscopy within a large distributed manufacturing facility such as Texas Instruments and between organizations such as NIST, Texas Instruments and Universities.

Telepresence Microscopy is an application of the state-of-the-art Internet based technology to long-distance scientific endeavors.
TEM Performance Evaluations with Slow-Scan CCD Cameras
Authors: Pan M
Published: July 2020

Digital imaging has made electron microscopy more quantitative, more direct, and more automated. It has vastly changed the way in which microscopy is done today. The conventional photographic emulsion technique for image recording is being replaced by CCD-based digital imaging techniques in virtually all aspects of electron microscopy applications, resulting in increased work efficiency and data accuracy. Many of the microscope's evaluation procedures are traditionally time-consuming and complicated, such as measurements of TEM resolution and spherical aberration coefficient of the objective lens, etc. However, they can be greatly simplified with the use of slow-scan CCD cameras bee and appropriate software.

With many superior properties over other image recording media, slow-scan CCD cameras offer possibilities for many new TEM applications, such as TEM autotuning and automated microscopy. On-line image display and analysis have proved to be the key elements in CCD-based digital imaging.
Practical Autotuning for Transmission Electron Microscopes
Authors: Pan M
Published: July 2020

There are three main algorithms for autotuning a transmission electron microscope (TEM), (1) image variance method, (2) tilt-induced image shift (TIS) method, and (3) automated diffractogram analysis method (ADA). In practice, each method has its own advantages and limitations. Therefore it is necessary to obtain a comprehensive understanding of each in order to be able to select the most appropriate one(s).

There are four key elements in any TEM autotuning setup, (1) microscope control by an external computer, for example via the standard RS232 serial port; (2) proper image acquisition device, for example a TV or a slow-scan CCD camera; (3) appropriate software for image analysis, processing, and optimization; (4) a fast computer that is the central control unit in the setup and dictates all the activities and operations.
Montages and Virtual Reality - A Paradim for Presentation of Analytical Data
Authors: Kennedy SK , Barton D , Lentz HP , Newlin J , Sauter PM , Schwerer FC
Published: July 2020

Micro-graphs acquired using optical or electron microscopes reveal information on a local scale. When a sample is not homogeneous at the scale of the image, it may be necessary to view the sample at a magnification lower than that available by the instrument. Montages of micro-graphs can be constructed through the following steps: acquisition of individual images, stitching individual images into a single image (a montage), and producing the final exhibit(s). Performing these steps has traditionally required careful stage and illumination control during acquisition, dodging during printing, and hours with scissors and glue-pot during paste-up. Because this procedure is labor intensive, the creation of montages was limited to only the most important or critical situations. Digital microscopy, image processing software, and Web-enabled multi-media applications have reduced the barriers for creation of montages and provided for new display modes, thereby stimulating a revival of the use of montages as an enhanced presentation mode for technical data.
Anecdotes from an Atom-Probe Original
Authors: Panitz J A
Published: July 2020

The Atom-Probe Field Ion Microscope was introduced in 1967 at the 14th Field Emission Symposium in Gaithersburg, Maryland. The Atom-Probe was, and remains, the only instrument capable of determining “the nature of one single atom seen on a metal surface and selected from neighboring atoms at the discretion of the observer”. The development of the Atom-Probe is a story that highlights Erwin Muller's strong and sometimes volatile personality. It is a story of an instrument that one NSF proposal reviewer called “impossible” because “single atoms could not be detected”. It is also the story of the Field Emission Laboratory at Penn State in the late 1960s and the contributions of two superb technicians, Gerald Fowler and Brooks McLane, and two graduate students, Douglas Barofsky and John Panitz. The anecdotes from this time are colorful and reflect Erwin's pedigree as Gustav Hertz's student in the Berlin of the 1930s.
A Transparent Anode Array Detector for 3d Atom Probes
Authors: Miller M K
Published: July 2020

In a three dimensional atom probe, the identity and spatial coordinates of the atoms field evaporated from the specimen are determined. Their identity is calculated from the flight time from the specimen to the single atom detector. The x and y coordinates of the atom in the specimen are determined from the coordinates of its impact position on the position-sensitive detector and the z coordinate is determined from its position in the evaporation sequence. These data may then be reconstructed to visualize and quantify the distribution of all the elements in the specimen. Several types of position-sensitive detectors have been used including a wedge-and-strip detector (position-sensitive atom probe), a 10 by 10 array of anodes (tomographic atom probe), and a gateable CCD camera (optical atom probe). The wedge-and strip and the CCD camera detectors both suffer from the limitation that if more than one atom strikes the detector on a field evaporation pulse then the impact positions cannot be determined in many cases.
Development of the Scanning Atom Probe and Atomic Level Analysis
Authors: Nishikawa Osamu , Sekine Takahiro , Ohtani Yoshikatsu , Maeda Kiyoshi , Numada Yoshihiro , Watanabe Masafuirni , Iwatsuki Masashi , Aoki Susumu , Itoh Junji , Yamanaka Kazushi
Published: July 2020

The analyzing area of a conventional atom probe is an apex of a long, sharp tip. However, the fabrication of such a filamentary tip is extraordinary difficult for most materials, such as organic materials, ceramics and semiconductors with multi-layer structures. Accordingly, the application of the atom probe are severely restricted In order to overcome this difficulty, Nishikawa proposed to develop a scanning atom probe (SAP) introducing a funnel-shaped microextraction electrode to the conventional AP in order to confine the high field into a small space between a tip apex and an open end of the electrode. Thus, the SAP allows to analyze not only an apex of a sharp slender tip but also an apex of a few micron high minute cusp which normally exists on an unsmoothened specimen surface.

The microextraction electrode scans over a rugged specimen surface at a bias voltage and stands still right above an apex of a micro cusp, FIG. 1.