bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Customizing Hydrophilic Terminations for V2CTx MXene Toward Superior Hybrid‐Ion Storage in Aqueous Zinc Batteries
Authors: Chen Chen , Wang Tianhao , Zhao Xudong , Wu Aiduo , Li Shengwei , Zhang Ning , Qu Xuanhui , Jiao Lifang , Liu Yongchang
Published: November 2023

V2CTx MXene is a “rising star” cathode material for aqueous zinc‐based batteries (AZBs) owing to its large/flexible interlayer spacing, rich redox chemistry of V, and high electronic conductivity. Nevertheless, the plentiful F surface terminations generated during the common preparation (fluorine‐containing acid etching process) of V2CTx generally result in high hydrophobicity, poor Zn affinity, and sluggish ion‐diffusion kinetics. Herein, a novel OH‐termination‐rich V2CTx material with interlayer “K+‐pillars” (alk‐V2CTx) is fabricated via a facile one‐step alkalization method, which features excellent hydrophilicity, expanded ion‐transport channels, and robust layered structure. Impressively, the tailored alk‐V2CTx cathode enables highly reversible and rapid Li+/Zn2+ co‐insertion/extraction electrochemistry in the formulated 15 m LiTSFI + 1 m Zn(CF3SO3)2 aqueous electrolyte, meanwhile, the “self‐exfoliation” phenomenon of MXenes upon cycling significantly increases the active sites, rendering the superior rate performance (498.2/195.1 mAh g−1 at 0.1/30 A g−1, respectively) and exceptional cycling life (96.2% capacity retention over 20 000 cycles). Systematic in situ/ex situ analyses and theoretical computations elucidate the above hybrid‐ion storage mechanisms. Finally, flexible quasi‐solid‐state rechargeable Zn batteries employing the alk‐V2CTx cathode exhibit inspiring energy output even under severe deformation conditions and low temperatures. This study provides new perspectives for designing high‐performance MXene‐based cathodes for AZBs by modulating surface terminations.
Self‐Contained Moisture Management and Evaporative Cooling Through 1D to 3D Hygroscopic All‐Polymer Composites
Authors: Li Shuai , Shao Ke , Wu Xiaochun , Wang Shuxue , Li Jingjing , Guo Cui , Yu Liangmin , Murto Petri , Xu Xiaofeng
Published: November 2023

Sorption‐based moisture management and evaporative cooling represent emerging technologies with substantial potential for energy‐saving personal thermal management (PTM). However, design of high‐performance and durable hygroscopic composites combining efficient heat dissipation with wearing comfort presents significant challenges. Herein, hygroscopic 1D nanofibers and 2D fabrics are developed using two hygroscopic polymers and crosslinking strategies. The design endows the fabrics with self‐contained properties including excellent hygroscopicity, durability, ductility, breathability, washability, and antimicrobial capability. The fabrics exhibit thickness‐independent moisture sorption and equilibrium water uptake of 1.19 g g−1 in 4 h under 90% relative humidity (RH). About 80% of the absorbed water can be rapidly released through mild heating within 10 min. These high moisture sorption/desorption rates outperform the majority of composite desiccants, enabling up to five sorption/desorption cycles per day under a real sky. The hygroscopic fabrics can reduce apparent temperatures and prevent unsightly sweat stains on clothing, improving thermal and clothing comfort. Furthermore, hygroscopic 3D hierarchical matrices are printed, showcasing the potential to use small amounts of hygroscopic materials to boost moisture sorption. This work advances the controlled fabrication of hygroscopic polymer composites, ranging from 1D nanofibers and 2D fabrics to 3D matrices, highlighting their promising prospects for future sorption‐based PTM applications.
Metal‐Halide Gelated MXene and Its Use as a Bifunctional Sulfur Host Stabilizing Both Cathode and Anode for Practical Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Peng Linkai , Han Junwei , Cao Yun , Geng Chuannan , Pan Zheng‐Ze , Nishihara Hirotomo , Yang Quan‐Hong , Lv Wei
Published: November 2023

The gelation of MXene promises to assemble a 3D conductive and catalytic monolith for various applications. However, controllable assembly and function customization are still challenging. Here, with a “killing two birds with one stone” initiator (metal halide, typically ZnI2), the controllable gelation of MXene is enabled, which produces a sulfur host that stabilizes not only the cathode but also the lithium metal anode for lithium‐sulfur batteries. Zn2+ cations trigger the gelation and act as linkers between MXene nanosheets (NSs), while the iodine anions as spacers avoid the NSs restacking, forming a monolith with a well‐tunable 3D structure. As a sulfur host, the formed 3D monolith with adsorptive Zn─O sites and highly accessible surface greatly enhances the sulfur redox kinetics, effectively suppressing the shuttling and sulfur loss. At the same time, iodine anions are released into the electrolyte as additives eliminating dead Li for the anode in cycling. Thus, the assembled battery shows high Coulombic efficiency (∼above 99%, even under high sulfur loading: 6.6 mg cm−2) and long cycling stability. Under the practical condition (E/S ratio: 5 µL mgs−1, sulfur loading: 5 mg cm−2), high capacity retention of >70% for 200 cycles is achieved.
Self‐Powered Electrically Controlled Drug Release Systems Based on Nanogenerator
Authors: Luo Weikang , Luo Ruizeng , Liu Jingjing , Li Zhou , Wang Yang
Published: November 2023

Precision medicine requires precise regulation of drugs in terms of time, space, and dosage. Exogenous control systems, such as electrical responsiveness, have made great progress. However, wearable or implantable controlled drug release devices still face major challenges due to limitations including limited battery life, large size, and fixed power supply. To overcome these limitations, the fabrication of autonomous devices is available to endure extended periods without reliance on external power sources. As a promising strategy, nanogenerators (NGs) turn body mechanical energy into electricity, powering long‐term drug release. In this review, the current status of drug delivery systems (DDS) is briefly outlined and the importance of self‐driven controlled drug release systems is emphasized. The main types and operational mechanisms of various nanogenerators are introduced. This review also focuses on summarizing the latest progress of self‐powered controlled drug release systems based on nanogenerators (NG‐based CDRs). Additionally, their applications in the field of drug release are introduced in detail. Finally, the existing challenges and future trends of self‐powered NG‐based CDRs are discussed from the perspectives of clinical needs and practical translation.
Additive Manufacturing of Poly(phenylene Sulfide) Aerogels via Simultaneous Material Extrusion and Thermally Induced Phase Separation
Authors: Godshall Garrett F. , Rau Daniel A. , Williams Christopher B. , Moore Robert B.
Published: November 2023

Additive manufacturing (AM) of aerogels increases the achievable geometric complexity, and affords fabrication of hierarchically porous structures. In this work, a custom heated material extrusion (MEX) device prints aerogels of poly(phenylene sulfide) (PPS), an engineering thermoplastic, via in situ thermally induced phase separation (TIPS). First, pre‐prepared solid gel inks are dissolved at high temperatures in the heated extruder barrel to form a homogeneous polymer solution. Solutions are then extruded onto a room‐temperature substrate, where printed roads maintain their bead shape and rapidly solidify via TIPS, thus enabling layer‐wise MEX AM. Printed gels are converted to aerogels via postprocessing solvent exchange and freeze‐drying. This work explores the effect of ink composition on printed aerogel morphology and thermomechanical properties. Scanning electron microscopy micrographs reveal complex hierarchical microstructures that are compositionally dependent. Printed aerogels demonstrate tailorable porosities (50.0–74.8%) and densities (0.345–0.684 g cm−3), which align well with cast aerogel analogs. Differential scanning calorimetry thermograms indicate printed aerogels are highly crystalline (≈43%), suggesting that printing does not inhibit the solidification process occurring during TIPS (polymer crystallization). Uniaxial compression testing reveals that compositionally dependent microstructure governs aerogel mechanical behavior, with compressive moduli ranging from 33.0 to 106.5 MPa.
Strong p‐d Orbital Hybridization on Bismuth Nanosheets for High Performing CO2 Electroreduction
Authors: Cao Xueying , Tian Yadong , Ma Jizhen , Guo Weijian , Cai Wenwen , Zhang Jintao
Published: November 2023

Single‐atom alloys (SAAs) show great potential for a variety of electrocatalytic reactions. However, the atomic orbital hybridization effect of SAAs on the electrochemical reactions is unclear yet. Herein, the in situ confinement of vanadium/molybdenum/tungsten atoms on bismuth nanosheet is shown to create SAAs with rich grain boundaries, respectively. With the detailed analysis of microstructure and composition, the strong p‐d orbital hybridization between bismuth and vanadium enables the exceptional electrocatalytic performance for carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction with the Faradaic efficiency nearly 100% for C1 products in a wide potential range from −0.6 to −1.4 V, and a long‐term electrolysis stability for 90 h. In‐depth in situ investigations with theoretical computations reveal that the electron delocalization toward vanadium atoms via the p‐d orbital hybridization evokes the bismuth active centers for efficient CO2 activation via the σ‐donation of O‐to‐Bi, thus reduces protonation energy barriers for formate production. With such fundamental understanding, SAA electrocatalyst is employed to fabricated the solar‐driven electrolytic cell of CO2 reduction and 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural oxidation, achieving an outstanding 2,5‐furandicarboxylic acid yield of 90.5%. This study demonstrates a feasible strategy to rationally design advanced SAA electrocatalysts via the basic principles of p‐d orbital hybridization.
Unlocking the Design Paradigm of In‐Plane Heterojunction with Built‐in Bifunctional Anion Vacancy for Unexpectedly Fast Sodium Storage
Authors: Ma Dingtao , Zhao Zhehao , Wang Yanyi , Yang Xiaodan , Yang Ming , Chen Yangwu , Zhu Jianhui , Mi Hongwei , Zhang Peixin
Published: November 2023

Transition metal chalcogenide (TMD) electrodes in sodium‐ion batteries exhibit intrinsic shortcomings such as sluggish reaction kinetics, unstable conversion thermodynamics, and substantial volumetric strain effects, which lead to electrochemical failure. This report unlocks a design paradigm of VSe2−x/C in‐plane heterojunction with built‐in anion vacancy, achieved through an in situ functionalization and self‐limited growth approach. Theoretical and experimental investigations reveal the bifunctional role of the Se vacancy in enhancing the ion diffusion kinetics and the structural thermodynamics of NaxVSe2 active phases. Moreover, this in‐plane heterostructure facilitates complete face contact between the two components and tight interfacial conductive contact between the conversion phases, resulting in enhanced reaction reversibility. The VSe2−x/C heterojunction electrode exhibits remarkable sodium‐ion storage performance, retaining specific capacities of 448.7 and 424.9 mAh g−1 after 1000 cycles at current densities of 5 and 10 A g−1, respectively. Moreover, it exhibits a high specific capacity of 353.1 mAh g−1 even under the demanding condition of 100 A g−1, surpassing most previous achievements. The proposed strategy can be extended to other V5S8−x and V2O5−x‐based heterojunctions, marking a conceptual breakthrough in advanced electrode design for constructing high‐performance sodium‐ion batteries.
Breakthrough Solution for Antimicrobial Resistance Detection: Surface‐Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy‐based on Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Al‐Shaebi Zakarya , Akdeniz Munevver , Ahmed Awel Olsido , Altunbek Mine , Aydin Omer
Published: November 2023

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global crisis, responsible for ≈700 000 annual deaths, as reported by the World Health Organization. To counteract this growing threat to public health, innovative solutions for early detection and characterization of drug‐resistant bacterial strains are imperative. Surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) combined with artificial intelligence (AI) technology presents a promising avenue to address this challenge. This review provides a concise overview of the latest advancements in SERS and AI, showcasing their transformative potential in the context of AMR. It explores the diverse methodologies proposed, highlighting their advantages and limitations. Additionally, the review underscores the significance of SERS in tandem use with machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) in combating AMR and emphasizes the importance of ongoing research and development efforts in this critical field. Future developments for this technology could transform the way antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is addressed and pave the way for novel approaches to the protection of public health worldwide.
Quasi‐Freestanding Graphene via Sulfur Intercalation: Evidence for a Transition State
Authors: Wolff Susanne , Tilgner Niclas , Speck Florian , Schädlich Philip , Göhler Fabian , Seyller Thomas
Published: November 2023

Sulfur intercalation of a carbon rich reconstruction on silicon carbide, also known as buffer layer, is reported. In a two‐zone furnace a sulfur rich precursor is heated and the gaseous species is transported for intercalation by an argon flow to the sample. Successful intercalation can be confirmed by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and low‐energy electron diffraction. Angle‐resolved photoelectron spectroscopy reveals a p‐type doping of the intercalated samples. In some cases only partial intercalation appears with non‐intercalated sulfur on top of the remaining buffer layer areas. Further annealing of such samples leads to a migration of the non‐intercalated sulfur under the buffer layer areas, indicating that the sulfur bonded to the buffer layer constitutes a transition state.
Nature‐Inspired Anti‐Reflective Texturization for Solar Energy Applications
Authors: Novikova Anastasia , Katiyi Aviad , Karabchevsky Alina
Published: November 2023

Solar energy is a source of renewable energy that is harnessed using a range of technologies. With the development of humanity's interest in solar energy, there is a need to collect and store it. However, the current photovoltaic cells that are used to collect solar energy are far from being optimized, and their further development is in much demand. While there are many factors related to the low efficiency of solar cells, the main challenge is in solving optical losses. In this review, a comprehensive overview of texturization as occurring in nature is provided and recently reported as a technique to increase the transparency of surfaces. The basic concepts and typical patterns are introduced, followed by a discussion of representative works and their uniqueness. Furthermore, insights regarding the future of the emerging domain of nature‐inspired anti‐reflective patterns, with the goal of encouraging researchers to enhance solar cell efficiency and expand the utilization of such patterns for various applications are presented.
Design of High‐Performance Bilayer Solar Evaporator Using Graphene‐Coated Bamboo Prepared by Near‐Infrared Laser‐Induced Carbonization of Polystyrene
Authors: Cheng Junfeng , Tang Siqian , Wang Zhaolan , Fan Xiaoxue , Wu Dun , Wang Dong , Liu Chunlin , Cao Zheng
Published: November 2023

Solar seawater evaporation is a sustainable seawater desalination technology. However, how to convert low‐cost waste general plastics into highly efficient photothermal materials remains a challenge. By using the idea of “near‐infrared laser‐induced carbonization” at room temperature and in air atmosphere, polystyrene (PS) can be easily converted into graphene. Bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) catalyst is proven to efficiently convert laser energy into thermal energy and transmit it to the surrounding PS matrix, promoting carbonization. On this basis, by adjusting the catalyst content and the laser energy density per unit area, laser‐induced graphene (LIG) materials with high specific surface area, fast water transport, and high solar energy absorption efficiency can be obtained. Furthermore, the LIG materials are coated on the surface of natural bamboo with a capillary structure. This bilayer evaporation device has an evaporation rate of 1.51 kg m−2 h−1 and an energy conversion efficiency of 87.1% under irradiation of 1 sun. This work not only reveals the possibility of preparing high‐value‐added graphene materials from waste general‐purpose plastics, but also proves the application prospects of LIG materials in the field of solar seawater evaporation. This will provide a feasible approach for promoting the development of carbonization of waste general plastics.
Synthesis of Chiral Diazabicycloalkanes via Organocatalytic aza‐Michael/Aldol Reaction
Authors: Scharinger Fabian , Weil Matthias , Schnürch Michael , Bica‐Schröder Katharina
Published: November 2023

We introduce a strategy for the one‐step synthesis of chiral diazabicycloalkanes that delivers the annulated ring system in a single reaction step. The method entails a direct aza‐Michael/aldol reaction of enals in conjunction with modified oxopropanamides and establishes the chiral center via iminium‐enamine tandem catalysis. For this purpose, we developed simple diphenylethylendiamine frameworks as dual activation organocatalyst, effectively engaging both the substrate and reagent, thus leading to yields of 31–86% and enantioselectivities in the range of 80–98%. The final product features not only the diazabicycloalkane moiety but includes also additional functionalities, such as aldehyde motives that can be modified in situ without loss of enantioselectivity, and an sp2‐bearing methyl group. Our approach accommodates a wide array of enals with high functional group tolerance. Additionally, we demonstrated the adjustability of enantioselectivity and yield by modulating the acid cocatalyst‘s quantity, thus offering multiple optimization possibilities.
Synergetic Effects of Amino‐Functionalized Reduced Graphene Oxide And Barium Strontium Titanate Pillars on Enhancing Triboelectric Performance
Authors: Gajula Prasad , Woo Insun , Yoon Jae Uk , Bae Jin Woo
Published: November 2023

Highly polar tribolayers are essential for magnifying the output performance of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). This study investigates the synergetic effect of tetraethylene pentamine‐functionalized reduce graphene oxide (rGO‐TEPA) and barium strontium titanate (BST) pillars on tribopositive and tribonegative layers, respectively. The surface potentials of pristine polyurethane (PU) and Ecoflex (EC0) increases by 2.2 (from 203 to 439 V) and 2.1 (from−848 to −1813 V) times their initial values by embedding 5 wt.% of rGO‐TEPA and 10 wt.% of BST, respectively. The optimized 2 wt.% of rGO‐TEPA loaded PU/5wt.% of BST loaded EC‐TENG (PU2/EC5‐TENG) produce a maximum open circuit potential (VOC) of 440 V, short circuit current (ISC) of 11.2 µA, and surface charge (Q) of 87 nC when employing a 12.5 N load at a frequency of 5 Hz. The PU2/EC5‐TENG shows an output performance (VOC) ≈2.7 times higher than PU/EC0‐TENG, revealing the capability of the rGO‐TEPA and BST pillars to enhance the performance of TENGs. The optimized PU2/EC5‐TENG shows a maximum power density of 0.58 Wm−2 at 70 MΩ and demonstrate real‐time applications such as lighting LEDs (100 no's) and low‐power LCD display (stopwatch). This demonstrates the applicability of the proposed PU2/EC5‐TENG in self‐powered low‐power electronics.
Listen to Your Gut: Key Concepts for Bioengineering Advanced Models of the Intestine
Authors: Cameron Oliver , Neves Joana F. , Gentleman Eileen
Published: November 2023

The intestine performs functions central to human health by breaking down food and absorbing nutrients while maintaining a selective barrier against the intestinal microbiome. Key to this barrier function are the combined efforts of lumen‐lining specialized intestinal epithelial cells, and the supportive underlying immune cell‐rich stromal tissue. The discovery that the intestinal epithelium can be reproduced in vitro as intestinal organoids introduced a new way to understand intestinal development, homeostasis, and disease. However, organoids reflect the intestinal epithelium in isolation whereas the underlying tissue also contains myriad cell types and impressive chemical and structural complexity. This review dissects the cellular and matrix components of the intestine and discusses strategies to replicate them in vitro using principles drawing from bottom‐up biological self‐organization and top‐down bioengineering. It also covers the cellular, biochemical and biophysical features of the intestinal microenvironment and how these can be replicated in vitro by combining strategies from organoid biology with materials science. Particularly accessible chemistries that mimic the native extracellular matrix are discussed, and bioengineering approaches that aim to overcome limitations in modelling the intestine are critically evaluated. Finally, the review considers how further advances may extend the applications of intestinal models and their suitability for clinical therapies.
Engineering the Electrical and Optical Properties of WS2 Monolayers via Defect Control
Authors: Bianchi Michele Giovanni , Risplendi Francesca , Re Fiorentin Michele , Cicero Giancarlo
Published: November 2023

Two‐dimensional (2D) materials as tungsten disulphide (WS2) are rising as the ideal platform for the next generation of nanoscale devices due to the excellent electric‐transport and optical properties. However, the presence of defects in the as grown samples represents one of the main limiting factors for commercial applications. At the same time, WS2 properties are frequently tailored by introducing impurities at specific sites. Aim of this review paper is to present a complete description and discussion of the effects of both intentional and unintentional defects in WS2, by an in depth analysis of the recent experimental and theoretical investigations reported in the literature. First, the most frequent intrinsic defects in WS2 are presented and their effects in the readily synthetized material are discussed. Possible solutions to remove and heal unintentional defects are also analyzed. Following, different doping schemes are reported, including the traditional substitution approach and innovative techniques based on the surface charge transfer with adsorbed atoms or molecules. The plethora of WS2 monolayer modifications presented in this review and the systematic analysis of the corresponding optical and electronic properties, represent strategic degrees of freedom the researchers may exploit to tailor WS2 optical and electronic properties for specific device applications.
Borocarbonitride‐Based Emerging Materials for Supercapacitor Applications: Recent Advances, Challenges, and Future Perspectives
Authors: Radhakrishnan Sithara , Patra Abhinandan , Manasa G. , Belgami Mohammed Arkham , Mun Jeong Sang , Rout Chandra Sekhar
Published: November 2023

Supercapacitors have emerged as a promising energy storage technology due to their high‐power density, fast charging/discharging capabilities, and long cycle life. Moreover, innovative electrode materials are extensively explored to enhance the performance, mainly the energy density of supercapacitors. Among the two‐dimensional (2D) supercapacitor electrodes, borocarbonitride (BCN) has sparked widespread curiosity owing to its exceptional tunable properties concerning the change in concentration of the constituent elements, along with an excellent alternative to graphene‐based electrodes. BCN, an advanced nanomaterial, possesses excellent electrical conductivity, chemical stability, and a large specific surface area. These factors contribute to supercapacitors' overall performance and reliability, making them a viable option to address the energy crisis. This review provides a detailed survey of BCN, its structural, electronic, chemical, magnetic, and mechanical properties, advanced synthesis methods, factors affecting the charge storage mechanism, and recent advances in BCN‐based supercapacitor electrodes. The review embarks on the scrupulous elaboration of ways to enhance the electrochemical properties of BCN through various innovative strategies followed by critical challenges and future perspectives. BCN, as an eminent electrode material, holds great potential to revolutionize the energy landscape and support the growing energy demands of the future.
Configuration Design and Analysis of Reconfigurable Supernumerary Robotic Legs for Multitask Adaptation: SuperLegs
Authors: Zhang Qinghua , Li Hongwu , Tang Yuan , Li Yuancheng , Bai Minghao , Li Xianglong , Ju Haotian , Zheng Tianjiao , Lai Mingzhu , Zhao Jie , Zhu Yanhe
Published: November 2023

Supernumerary robotic limbs (SRLs) are a new type of wearable robot that add artificial limbs to the human body to perform collaborative tasks. In contrast with exoskeletons, SRLs are kinematically independent of human limbs, allowing the wearer to overcome the limitations of human physiological ability, such as realizing the expansion of space in the human body, rather than enhancing existing limbs. In this study, a lightweight and compact hexagonal reconfigurable lower‐limb SRL system is proposed to assist human locomotion in daily activities, including walking, crouching, and stair climbing. To adapt to multiple scenarios, the hexagonal mechanism can be adjusted to different configurations including convex hexagonal configuration, pentagonal configuration, and concave hexagonal configuration. To achieve more optimized performance of different configurations, the optimization for identifying the optimal dimensions of each link was carried out. Subsequently, the detailed design methodology and specifics are presented. Finally, the load and wearing performance experiments were evaluated. The experiment results demonstrated that the tested maximum load in different configurations exceeded 90% of the simulated value and the entire equipment has a good wearing adaptability. This study may inspire the design of other lower‐limb SRLs and provide efficient solutions for stable support assistance in various scenarios.
Understanding the Role of Trapezoids in Honeycomb Self‐Assembly—Pathways between a Columnar Liquid Quasicrystal and its Liquid‐Crystalline Approximants
Authors: Cao Yu , Scholte Alexander , Prehm Marko , Anders Christian , Chen Changlong , Song Jiangxuan , Zhang Lei , He Gang , Tschierske Carsten , Liu Feng
Published: November 2023

Quasiperiodic patterns and crystals—having long range order without translational symmetry—have fascinated researchers since their discovery. In this study, we report on new p‐terphenyl‐based T‐shaped facial polyphiles with two alkyl end chains and a glycerol‐based hydrogen‐bonded side group that self‐assemble into an aperiodic columnar liquid quasicrystal with 12‐fold symmetry and its periodic liquid‐crystalline approximants with complex superstructures. All represent honeycombs formed by the self‐assembly of the p‐terphenyls, dividing space into prismatic cells with polygonal cross‐sections. In the perspective of tiling patterns, the presence of unique trapezoidal tiles, consisting of three rigid sides formed by the p‐terphenyls and one shorter, incommensurate, and adjustable side by the alkyl end chains, plays a crucial role for these phases. A delicate temperature‐dependent balance between conformational, entropic and space‐filling effects determines the role of the alkyl chains, either as network nodes or trapezoid walls, thus resulting in the order‐disorder transitions associated with emergence of quasiperiodicity. In‐depth analysis suggests a change from a quasiperiodic tiling involving trapezoids to a modified one with a contribution of trapezoid pair fusion. This work paves the way for understanding quasiperiodicity emergence and develops fundamental concepts for its generation by chemical design of non‐spherical molecules, aggregates, and frameworks based on dynamic reticular chemistry.
One‐Pot Reversible Complexation‐Mediated Polymerization (RCMP) from Benzylic Alcohols for Facile Access to Polymer‐Grafted Lignin
Authors: Jiang Bo , Zheng Yichao , Goto Atsushi
Published: November 2023

One‐pot synthesis of methacrylic and acrylic polymers from benzylic alcohols (R−OH) used as initiating moieties was developed. R−OH was converted to alkyl iodide (R−I), and the generated R−I was used as an initiator without purification or isolation in the subsequent reversible complexation mediated polymerization (RCMP), leading to one‐pot RCMP from R−OH. As a useful application, this technique was exploited for one‐pot polymer‐grafting from lignin that is the second most abundant renewable carbon‐source on earth and bears benzylic alcohols. The direct initiation from lignin eliminates tedious initiator attachment and purification, offering a facile access to polymer‐grafted lignin. The obtained polymer‐grafted lignin was utilized to form an efficient UV‐absorbing film with high transparency in visible region. One‐pot RCMP may serve as a practical method to obtain value‐added functional lignin‐polymer composites.
Synthese und photophysikalische Eigenschaften von lumineszenten Phenothiazinyl‐Merocyanin‐substituierten Polyacetylenen
Authors: Pisetsky Wladislaw , Budny Piotr , Müller Thomas J. J.
Published: November 2023

Eine neue Generation löslicher Phenothiazinyl‐Merocyanin‐substituierter Polyacetylene wurde mittels Rhodium‐katalyisierter Polymerisation der entsprechenden 3‐Ethinyl‐Phenothiazine dargestellt. Die Monomere sind über Sonogashira‐Kupplung und Knoevenagel‐Kondensation zugänglich. UV/Vis‐ und fluoreszenzspektroskopische Untersuchungen der 7‐Acceptor‐substituierten Phenothiazinyl‐Polyacetylene zeigen, dass diese Polymere mit konjugiert verknüpften Merocyaninen in Lösung mit positiver Emissionssolvatochromie lumineszieren und in bestimmten Fällen eine ausgeprägte Festkörperlumineszenz aufweisen.
Synthesis and Photophysical Properties of Luminescent Phenothiazinyl Merocyanine Substituted Polyacetylenes
Authors: Pisetsky Wladislaw , Budny Piotr , Müller Thomas J. J.
Published: November 2023

A new generation of soluble phenothiazinyl merocyanine substituted polyacetylenes can be readily synthesized by rhodium‐catalyzed polymerization of the corresponding 3‐ethynyl phenothiazines, accessible by Sonogashira coupling and Knoevenagel condensation. UV/Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy of 7‐acceptor‐substituted phenothiazinyl polyacetylenes reveal that these polyacetylenes with conjugatively ligated merocyanines are luminescent in solution with positive emission solvatochromism and, in some cases, with distinct solid‐state luminescence.
Oxygen reduction catalysis by [Cu(cyclen)Cl]Cl·H2O: The relationship of selectivity to proton in nonaqueous solution and aqueous solution
Authors: Zhang Yan , Qi Xiao‐Fang , Yang Jie , Luo Hai‐Mei , Zhan Shu‐Zhong
Published: November 2023

The reaction of 1,4,7,10‐tetraazacyclododecane (cyclen) with CuCl2·2H2O results in a novel five‐coordinated mononuclear copper complex, [Cu(cyclen)Cl]Cl·H2O, which has been characterized using physicochemical and spectroscopic methods. This copper complex can serve as a catalyst for oxygen reduction reactions (ORRs). The selectivity for 4e−/4H+ reduction to H2O νersus 2e−/2H+ reduction to H2O2 is determined by the relationship of the pKa value of the proton donor in nonaqueous solutions. The dissociation of Cl− from [Cu(cyclen)Cl]Cl·H2O creates an empty position on the copper centre, enabling to binding of dioxygen (O2) to form Cu(II)‐superoxo intermediate, which further reacts with a strong acid as a proton donor to form H2O and with a weak acid as a proton donor to form H2O2. Moreover, the faradaic efficiency for H2O2 production increases in an aqueous environment with the increase of pH.
Improved cure characteristics and mechanical properties of an epoxidized natural rubber filled with cerium oxide nanoparticles: Influence of epoxide levels and filler loading
Authors: Jantachum Punyarat , Phokha Sumalin , Hunpratub Sitchai , Chanlek Narong , Utara Songkot
Published: November 2023

In this study, cerium oxide nanoparticles (nanoceria, CeNP) were used as a nanofiller in epoxidized natural rubber with varying epoxide levels, including 25% epoxidation (ENR‐25) and 50% epoxidation (ENR‐50). Co‐precipitation methods were employed to synthesize a pure phase of CeNP with an average particle size of 11.4 ± 2.0 nm. CeNP was characterized using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The effect of CeNP loading with 0–3 parts per hundreds of rubber (phr) on the properties of rubber nanocomposites was explored. ENR‐25 nanocomposites with 1 phr of CeNP exhibited higher tensile strength and elongation at break compared to ENR‐50 nanocomposites. These findings correspond to a lower Payne effect, improved scorch safety, and better processability. The strongest and most effective CeO2–ENR interactions via silane linkages are expected to outperform sulfur crosslinking in ENR‐25 having 1 phr of CeNP. Microstructural evaluation of an ENR‐25 sample containing 1 phr of CeNP indicated well‐distributed nanofillers in the ENR‐25 matrix, indicating that CeNP and ENR‐25 appeared to be well‐matched. Hardness of all ENR nanocomposites increased with CeNP loading. The cracking resistance, creep properties, and thermal stability of rubber nanocomposites were unaffected by addition of CeNP in the ENR‐25 and ENR‐50 samples.
Prevalence of neurodevelopmental differences and autism in Scottish primary schools 2018–2022
Authors: Maciver Donald , Rutherford Marion , Johnston Lorna , Roy Anusua Singh
Published: November 2023

This study investigated the prevalence of neurodevelopmental needs among children in primary schools in Scotland. Two groups were identified: autistic learners and a larger group of learners who had neurodevelopmental differences. These differences encompassed any need for additional support in various domains, including communication, interaction, emotional regulation, coordination, movement, and cognition. A two‐phase process was employed, drawing on data from a cross‐sectional study followed by a secondary analysis of a population census. In the first phase, a random sample of 688 children with additional support needs from 22 schools participated. Demographics, support characteristics, and neurodevelopmental needs were identified. Results revealed that 76.89% of children with additional support needs exhibited a need type consistent with a neurodevelopmental difference. In the second phase, data from the Scottish Government Annual Pupil Census, covering all state‐provided primary school children between 2018 and 2022, were analyzed. Modeling was conducted using data from the first phase to estimate prevalence of neurodevelopmental differences. Data on autism were directly extracted from the census. Analysis revealed an increase in the prevalence of neurodevelopmental differences and autism. The prevalence of autism rose by 31.98%, with 2.60% of primary school children identified as autistic in 2022. Similarly, the prevalence of neurodevelopmental differences increased by 10.57%, with 16.22% of primary school children exhibiting such differences in 2022. Across 32 localities, regional variations in prevalence were observed. These findings show the substantial number of neurodivergent children within Scottish primary schools and emphasize the need for a neurodevelopmentally informed approach to inclusive education.
Stabilizing Zn Anodes with Interfacial Engineering for Aqueous Zinc‐ion Batteries
Authors: Lu Wen , Shao Yingbo , Yan Ruiqiang , Zhong Yijun , Ning Jiqiang , Hu Yong
Published: November 2023

Aqueous zinc‐ion batteries (ZIBs) have been regarded as a promising candidate for the next‐generation energy‐storage devices due to their intrinsic safety, low cost, resource abundance, and environmental friendliness. Nevertheless, the commercial applications of ZIBs have been largely plagued by the instability of the Zn anodes. Interfacial engineering arises as a straightforward and effective method to address the instability issues for the development of high‐performance ZIBs. In this review, a comprehensive overview of recent progress and perspective in interfacial engineering techniques to stabilize Zn anodes in ZIBs is presented. With emphasis on the critical issues regarding the instability problems, including Zn dendrites, hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), corrosion and passivation, the major effects and the underlying mechanisms are analyzed, and the corresponding interfacial engineering strategies as well as analytical technologies are summarized. The existing challenges and opportunities in interfacial engineering are also prospected for the future development of high‐performance ZIBs.
Importance of First Cycle Conditions on the Electrochemical Performance of Hard Carbon and Prussian White Based Sodium‐Ion Batteries Using Fire Resistant, Fluorine‐Free Electrolyte
Authors: Buckel Alexander , Hall C. Aram , Ma Le Anh , Colbin L. O. Simon , Eriksson Henrik , Mogensen Ronnie , Younesi Reza
Published: November 2023

Electrolytes based on sodium bis(oxolato)borate (NaBOB) in organophosphates (trimethyl phosphate and triethyl phosphate (TEP)) have shown promise in sodium‐ion batteries when compared to conventional electrolytes in that they are fire resistant, fluorine‐free and are of lower toxicity. However, these electrolytes tend to exhibit low initial Coulombic efficiency and high overpotentials. We have here demonstrated that NaBOB in TEP can be used in cells with near‐commercial capacity loadings. Furthermore, we have shown that formation cycle conditions have a significant positive effect on the cell performance in these higher mass loading cells, and that modification of the formation cycle conditions can be used to increase the capacity retention, lower the overpotentials, and as such increase the rate capability. The viability of optimized formation protocols was also demonstrated in scaled up prototype cells.
Adsorbents for the purification and recovery of biocompounds: An updated review
Authors: Castro Luiz Eduardo Nochi , Sganzerla William G. , Costa Josiel M. , Souza Fernando Manzotti , Rostagno Mauricio A. , Forster‐Carneiro Tania
Published: November 2023

Recently, the development of techniques to produce detoxified biocompounds has attracted much research interest. This study reviews adsorbents for application in the purification and detoxification of biocompounds, aiming to identify the field's knowledge gaps, trends, updates and hotspots. This review focuses on the description of the types of adsorbents (activated carbon, zeolites, clays, clay minerals and biosorbents) and their activation methods (chemical and physical) for laboratory and industrial adsorption. The adsorbents that stand out are activated carbon and chitosan‐based adsorbents. Moreover, there is a research trend toward using adsorbents to purify bioactive compounds, sugars and amino acids. Finally, adsorbents underscore a growing global research interest in exploring effective treatments for removing various combinations.
Music always helps: Associations of music subject choices with academic achievement in secondary education
Authors: Levstek Maruša , Elliott Daniel , Banerjee Robin
Published: November 2023

This paper investigates the relationship between music qualification choice and academic performance in secondary education in England at Key Stage 4 (KS4; usually at ages 15 and 16). We analysed data from 2257 pupils at 18 educational settings in a city in the southeast of England. Two regression analyses with clustered errors modelled KS4 music qualification choice and GCSE academic achievement in English, Mathematics and other English Baccalaureate subjects, while controlling for a range of demographic, academic and socio‐economic variables. Choice of music as a subject at KS4 was positively associated with the total volume of KS4 qualifications entered for examination and was also predicted by coming from an affluent neighbourhood. Furthermore, this choice of music at KS4 was associated with greater academic performance on English Baccalaureate subjects above and beyond other significant predictors (gender, language, prior academic achievement, total volume of KS4 qualifications and neighbourhood socio‐economic status; local Cohen's f‐squared = 0.09). These results point to moderate but significant additive effect of studying music at KS4 in relation to performance on core GCSE subjects. We also found that schools with KS4 music qualification choice greater than the national average were higher in overall academic attainment, in the proportion of pupils attending extra‐curricular instrumental lessons, and in our composite measure of school's engagement with a local music education hub. The results are interpreted in light of sociological theories of education in an attempt to better understand the underlying systemic factors affecting youth music engagement.
How robust are socio‐economic achievement gradients usingPISAdata? A case study from Germany
Authors: Jerrim John , Zieger Laura
Published: November 2023

Large‐scale international achievement studies such as PISA have been widely used to study how educational inequality compares across countries. Yet the various different biases that may affect these estimates are often not considered or are poorly understood. In this paper we draw upon the total survey error framework to provide a case study of the potential biases affecting estimates of the socio‐economic achievement gaps using PISA data from Germany. The results illustrate how procedural and measurement errors have a substantial impact upon estimates of socio‐economic achievement gradients in Germany, including how it compares with other countries. This leads us to conclude that estimates of socio‐economic achievement gaps using the PISA data for Germany do not seem to be particularly robust. More generally, we argue that better articulation and reporting of such challenges with comparing socio‐economic achievement gaps using large‐scale international assessment data such as PISA are needed.
Phage display selection of a Pb(II) specific peptide and its application as a biorecognition unit for colorimetric detection of Pb(II) ions
Authors: Korkmaz Nuriye , Kim Minyoung
Published: November 2023

Phage display technology employs a library of engineered filamentous M13 viruses infecting only bacteria. In this study, the genuine phage display selection technique was applied to identify a Pb(II) specific peptide. After three rounds of positive selection against Pb(II) coated agarose‐based beads and the consecutive negative screenings against interfering metal ions (Al(III), Co(II), Fe(III), Ni(II), and Zn(II)), a final phage library with enhanced Pb(II) binding was obtained. Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) analyses confirmed the selective Pb(II) binding of the enriched viruses. Twenty monoclonal phage plaques were randomly selected, single stranded DNAs (ssDNAs) were isolated and sequenced. Sequencing results revealed four different peptide sequences. Pb9 peptide (KASPYIT) showing the most specific Pb(II) binding was selected for detection studies. Pb9 was synthetically synthesized with additional three cysteine (3xCys) units at C‐terminal. Twenty nanometers AuNPs were functionalized with Pb9‐3xCys peptides through Au‐thiol (Au‐S) interaction. A colorimetric Pb(II) detection system was validated using the engineered peptide‐AuNP complex at a calculated LOD of around 11 nM (3σ/k, n = 6) for the case study. The detection system was Pb(II) selective over various metal ions (Ag(II), Al(III), Au(III), Cd(II), Co(II), Cr (III), Cu(II), Fe(III), Hg(II), Mg(II), Mn(II), Ni(II), and Zn(II)). Such metal ion specific peptides can be further studied to develop simple, user friendly and cost‐effective tools to design alternative detection and bioremediation systems for a circular economy.
Effects of co‐fermentation of Lactobacillus plantarum and inulin on beany flavor and physicochemical quality of soy yogurt in a multiple lactic acid bacteria fermentation system
Authors: Fang Xue , Ye Han , Chen Mengdan , Chen Xiaodie , Chen Minghui , Chen Jiayi , Kong Wenhui , Wang Qiqi , Zhang Zuoyong
Published: November 2023

Background and Objectives

Soybean yogurt is a nutritious, healthy, and environmentally friendly plant‐based beverage. However, the product's beany flavor and coarse texture have reduced consumer acceptance. The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of cofermentation of Lactobacillus plantarum and inulin on beany flavor and physicochemical quality of soy yogurt in a multilactic acid bacteria fermentation system.

Findings

The cofermentation of L. plantarum and inulin could effectively reduce the beany flavor compounds. With the increase of fermentation time, the lactic acid bacteria number gradually increased, the pH value decreased significantly (p < .05) from about 6.8 to 4.5, and the titratable acidity eventually reached about 50°T. When adding 0.04% (wt/vol) L. plantarum, as the rise of inulin from 3% to 9%, the color of soy yogurts showed golden yellow, the values of L*, a*, b*, and ∆E changed nonsignificantly (p > .05), and the viscosity, hardness, gumminess, cohesiveness, and adhesiveness significantly (p < .05) increased. When inulin was incorporated at 6% (wt/vol), the soy yogurt had the most outstanding water‐holding capacity (72.46%), dense and uniform protein gel microstructure, suitable adhesiveness (−37.55 g s), and optimal overall acceptance.

Conclusions

Soy yogurt prepared from soymilk by adding 6% (wt/vol) inulin and inoculating 3% (wt/vol) lactic acid bacteria mixture (Lactobacillus bulgaricus:Streptococcus thermophilus = 1:4, wt/wt) and 0.04% (wt/vol) L. plantarum had the optimal overall acceptance.

Significance and Novelty

The results would provide a new reference method for the industrial production of low‐beany flavor and high‐quality soy yogurt.
Self‐Assembly of Discrete Oligomers of Naphthalenediimides in Bulk and on Surfaces
Authors: Corbet Christiaan H. W. A. , van den Bersselaar Bart W. L. , de Waal Bas F. M. , Reynaerts Robby , Mali Kunal S. , De Feyter Steven , Jonas Alain M. , Meijer E. W. , Vantomme Ghislaine
Published: November 2023

Here, we report on the synthesis of discrete oligomers of alkyl‐bridged naphthalenediimides (NDIs) and study their molecular nanostructures both in bulk, in solution, and at the liquid‐solid interface. Via an iterative synthesis method, multiple NDI cores were bridged with short and saturated alkyl‐diamines (C3 and C12) or long and unsaturated alkyl‐diamines (u2C33 to u8C100) at their imide termini. The strong intermolecular interaction between the NDI cores was observed by probing their photophysical properties in solution. In bulk, the discrete NDI oligomers preferentially ordered in lamellar morphologies, irrespective of whether a saturated or unsaturated spacer was employed. Moreover, both the molecular architecture as well as the crystallization conditions play a significant role in the nanoscale ordering. The long unsaturated alkyl chains lead preferably to folded‐chain conformations while their saturated analogues form stretched arrangements. At the solution‐solid interface, well‐defined lamellar regions were observed. These results show that precision in chemical structure alone is not sufficient to reach well‐defined structures of discrete oligomers, but that it must be combined with precision in processing conditions.