bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A QUALIDADE DE VIDA DOCENTE EM CURSOS DE LICENCIATURA - Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5212/OlharProfr.v.12i2.257285
Authors: Martins Pura Lúcia Oliver
Published: February 2021

O presente artigo tem como objetivo atentar para a qualidade de vida docente no Ensino Superior, em face a determinadas condições histórico-culturais do mundo do trabalho influentes no seu processo de construção, especialmente, a partir da modernidade. Considerando que inúmeros estudos são realizados sobre a qualidade do ensino no Brasil, mas que ainda pouca importância é dada á  qualidade de vida do professor, apresenta-se os resultados de uma pesquisa realizada com 50 professores de uma universidade pública e outra privada, de Curitiba-PR. Este estudo possibilitou verificar aspectos comprometidos da qualidade de vida desses docentes e, então, comprometedores a  sua prática pedagógica, já que a pessoa e o profissional são indissociáveis.
TEXTOS LITERÁRIOS E A FORMAÇÃO DO PROFESSOR: NOVAS POSSIBILIDADES DE LEITURA - Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5212/OlharProfr.v.12i2.389401
Authors: Henriques Eda Maria de Oliveira
Published: February 2021

O presente trabalho pretende abordar a importância do uso do texto literário em uma turma de Licenciatura da Universidade Federal Fluminense como veículo de (re)leitura de sentidos sobre práticas instituídas de formação do professor e processos envolvidos nas relações do ensinar e do aprender. Para isso será realizado uma análise do relato de alunos oriundos de diversos cursos a partir da leitura e discussão do conto “O Retrato Oval” de Edgar Allan Poe. A possibilidade de estabelecer relações entre a temática do conto e as experiências do contexto escolar viabiliza um canal de expressão capaz de afetar o leitor emocional e cognitivamente, oferecendo novas oportunidades de análise de tais experiências. Aqui o potencial simbólico de contos e crônicas da literatura universal será compreendido na perspectiva de Walter Benjamin sobre a narrativa e a leitura compreendida como uma experiência subjetiva e estética nomeada pelo jovem Vygotsky de crítica de leitor.
PRACTICE MAKES PERFECTION - UMA REFLEXÃO SOBRE EXPECTATIVAS NO CURSO DE FORMAÇÃO DE PROFESSORES DE LÍNGUA INGLESA - Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5212/OlharProfr.v.12i1.181191
Authors: Passini Michele Andreaza Teixeira , Jamoussi Thaísa de Andrade
Published: February 2021

O presente artigo apresenta uma visão geraldos cursos de formação inicial de professores de Inglêse dos documentos que norteiam esse nível de formaçãono Brasil. Especial atenção é dada ao perfil, competênciase habilidades esperadas dos futuros professores deInglês. A pesquisa adotou uma abordagem qualitativae incluiu a implementação de um projeto de extensão ecoleta de dados por meio de um questionário aberto. Oprojeto de extensão tinha por objetivo contribuir parao aprimoramento das habilidades linguísticas dos futurosprofessores de Inglês e de professores de Inglês emserviço, além de servir como um fórum de discussão ereflexão. A análise dos dados aponta para a preocupaçãodos futuros professores e dos professores em serviço arespeito dos seguintes aspectos: o interesse em desenvolvercompetências linguísticas e comunicativas, em vez deum interesse pelas competências e habilidades necessáriaspara o ensino da língua estrangeira; o interesse pelahabilitação simples e não pela dupla habilitação, comoacontece na maioria dos cursos de formação inicial, istoé, Português e uma Língua Estrangeira. Os resultadossugerem a necessidade de conscientização a respeito do papel e dos objetivos dos cursos de formação inicialpor parte dos interessados em se tornarem professores,para que estes saibam o que esperar dos cursos e paraque também saibam qual o seu papel no processo desua formação.
A proposta pedagógica do M.S.T. para as escolas dos assentamentos (A construção da escola necessária)
Authors: Savelli Esméria de Lourdes
Published: February 2021

O texto pretende evidenciar pontos fundamentais da proposta de Educação do M.S.T. para as escolas dos assentamentos. O elemento básico e inovador dessa proposta é o fato de um grupo social organizado se apropriar da escola pública e buscar promover uma educação escolar ligada ao seu projeto social.
Poesia em vídeo
Authors: Dias Acir , Coutinho Laura , Scorsi Rosalia de Angelo
Published: February 2021

Este artigo é o relato escrito de uma experiência de produção audiovisual desenvolvida no Laboratório de Estudos Audiovisuais OLHO, da Faculdade de Educação da UNICAMP. Aborda o processo de criação de um vídeo  poema concebido com a intenção de fundir as linguagens poéticas das imagens, dos sons e das palavras. O resultado final, PAISAGEM EM AZUL, um vídeo de 4 min. 12 Seg., reúne um poema  fragmento de Mário Faustino, imagens por ele inspiradas e a música instrumental do Grupo UAKTI.
Enfrentamento do fracasso escolar: das práticas vivenciadas aos indicadores validados
Authors: Martins Maria José Bastos , Leite Marinê Fecci Batistão , Chagas Róbison Benedito , Leal Sandra do Rocio Ferreira
Published: February 2021

O presente texto trata da análise e avaliação do projeto extensionista: Enfrentamento do Fracasso Escolar na Educação Básica, o qual se deu a partir da organização coletiva e interdisciplinar dos partícipes do projeto, com o objetivo de trabalho constante e organizado no enfrentamento do fracasso escolar. O projeto é coordenado por professores de Estágio Supervisionado do Curso de Pedagogia - Orientação Educacional e Letras. Participam professores e acadêmicos da UEPG (Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa), das licenciaturas, professores, equipe técnico-pedagógica, funcionários, alunos e pais das escolas públicas que aderiram ao projeto numa prática de reflexão, ação, reflexão que, em sua operacionalização, se estende às modalidades de ensino, pesquisa e extensão. Dentre os indicadores validados nesta experiência pedagógica, pontuamos os seguintes: atitude interdisciplinar; interação Universidade / Educação Básica; ação organizada do coletivo escolar; postura político-pedagógica crítica e construtiva; produções científicas; metodologias alternativas; articulação entre ensino, pesquisa e extensão e construção do conhecimento.
Construindo a formação problematizadora e dialógica do educador
Authors: Mion Rejane Aurora , De Bastos Fábio da Purificação , Angotti Jose Andre Peres
Published: February 2021

Objetivamos relatar e analisar como estamos construindo, na prática, uma

formação do educador problematizador e dialógico em Física na perspectiva

de instrumentalizá-lo a pensar a própria prática e torná-lo um investigador

ativo. Objetivamos, assinalar, ainda, nossa interpretação da obra de Freire,

tomando como referência básica suas contribuições em favor de uma teoria

do conhecimento educacional, ou teoria da ação dialógica. A dinâmica desse

processo assenta-se na dialogicidade, na intencionalidade e na racionalidade

comunicativa. A perspectiva da investigação-ação educacional, enquanto

norteadora de nossa proposta de mudança, é o caminho através do

qual compreendemos ser possível contribuir para a formação de um educador

dialógico, capaz contribuir para a construção de comunidades críticas

de investigadores ativos.
Cooperação Estado-Município: possibilidades de ordenação das relações entre gestores
Authors: Luporini Teresa Jussara , Martins Rosilda Baron , Ribas Mariná Holzmann
Published: February 2021

O texto apresenta o relato de uma experiência desenvolvida no Seminário realizado na Universidade do Professor no Estado do Paraná, em que foi viabilizada a discussão sobre políticas e diretrizes de cooperação Estado-Município para o Ensino Fundamental.
Escola pública e qualidade de ensino: uma questão de identidade
Authors: Ribeiro Paulo Sergio
Published: February 2021

O presente trabalho é parte de uma dissertação de mestrado, que se encontra em desenvolvimento e busca oferecer subsídios para uma abordagem e discussão sobre a importância da identidade, do indivíduo e das instituições, na modernidade em face às transformações sociais e políticas da sociedade. O que buscamos levantar é a hipótese de que uma escola pública com uma identidade sólida pode oferecer uma educação de qualidade, sendo o projeto pedagógico o meio para a construção da identidade, dando estabilidade e qualidade à escola pública.
La falta de reconocimiento como límite de la dimensión subjetiva del derecho de acceso a la justicia
Authors: García-Cabrera Carlos Alberto
Published: February 2021

Este artículo presenta una visión humana del derecho de  acceso a la justicia, fundada en relaciones intersubjetivas entre el Estado y los/as ciudadanos/as, a partir de relaciones recíprocas basadas en el reconocimiento, la inclusión y la participación igualitaria de todos y todas frente a una nueva forma de entender y comprender el concepto de acceso a la justicia, especialmente la reconceptualización de la dimensión subjetiva que conlleva la satisfacción en el acceso, uso, disfrute y exigibilidad de la justicia con sentido humano, coherente e integrador de la sociedad humanizando la forma de hacer justicia, concibiendo esta dimensión no solamente como la posibilidad de oponer los derechos de la población frente a los poderes públicos o al derecho de un recurso con las reglas del debido proceso, sino también integrando la aplicación que garantice que la decisión que se produzca, a través de cualquier proceso o procedimiento, satisfaga el fin para el cual fue concebido con un eje transversal vivo del elemento humano.
Properties of aftershock sequences
Authors: Adams R. D.
Published: February 2021

Following the Inangahua earthquakes of May, 1968, the Seismological Observatory received many requests for information about aftershocks, and it became apparent that even among engineers and scientists in other fields there was considerable lack of knowledge of what to expect during an aftershock sequence. The following notes were therefore prepared, covering some of the points about which enquiries are most often received.
The 1968 Inangahua earthquake and  electricty services
Authors: Hitchcock H. C.
Published: February 2021

Electric power is carried into the area by the N.Z. Electricity Department over 66kV transmission lines as shown in Fig. 1, and supplied to the Electric Power Boards at Substations as indicated. Figure 1 also shows the estimated location of the epicentre of the main shock and its distance from the principle installations.
Inangahua earthquake 1968
Authors: Douglas J. S.
Published: February 2021

Many years of difficult and costly work on improving and sealing the state highway system in the Inangahua and Duller Gorge areas was virtually ruined in a few seconds by the earthquake of 24 May 1968.
Dynamics of structures by Ray W. Clough and Joseph Penzien. McGraw-Hill 1975. 634 pp. illus.
Authors: Sharpe R. D. , Bentley R. J.
Published: February 2021

Dynamics of structures by Ray W. Clough and Joseph Penzien. McGraw-Hill 1975. 634 pp. illus.

Seismic risk and engineering decisions. C. Lomnitz and E. Rosenbleuth (Editors). Elsevier, 1976, 425 pages.
Damping in building structures by means of PTFE sliding joints
Authors: Tyler R. G.
Published: February 2021

The characteristics of PTFE sliding joints when used to separate secondary components from the main structure of a building are described. Their use enables damping of earthquake and wind motions to be obtained within the normal elastic range of the structure, and beyond, by virtue of the frictional forces generated, while temperature movements are at the same time accommodated. In addition a positive fixing is obtained which is a useful alternative to the hung-type of fixing which is at present recommended where separation is required. Further testing is needed to obtain more friction data on filled PTFE materials and suitable joints need to be developed.
A lead-rubber shear damper
Authors: Robinson W. H. , Tucker A. G.
Published: February 2021

A lead-rubber damper consisting of a steel-reinforced elastomeric bearing with a lead insert fitted in its centre has been tested at earthquake-like frequencies (0.9 Hz) with a vertical load applied. For an engineering shear strain of ±0.59, the damper completed 340 cycles and operated satisfactorily at temperatures of -35 ± 5°C and 45 ± 5°C. We believe that the lead-rubber damper is suitable for installing in base-isolation systems for the protection of buildings and bridges during earthquakes.
Anomalous intensities due to the Korakonui earthquake, 5 December, 1976
Authors: Eiby G. A.
Published: February 2021

The intensities produced by the Korakonui earthquake were unusually great for a shock of magnitude 5.0. This appears to be a consequence of an exceptionally shallow focus, but cannot be explained by geometrical factors alone. A lesser effect is related to foundation charactertistics. If the unexpectedly high intensities observed are typical of shocks in this part of New Zealand, re-assessment of existing anti-seismic precautions is advisable.
Earthquake insurance
Authors: Gill J. L.
Published: February 2021

Property owners in New Zealand obtain indemnity against loss or damage occurring as a direct result of earthquake shock or earthquake fire under a compulsory extension to a contract of fire insurance. A special earthquake and war damage premium is levied under fire insurance contracts made in New Zealand and is paid by the insurer into a fund which is administered by the Commission under the Earthquake and War Damage Act 1944.
Damage in the Westport area
Authors: Chandler T. M.
Published: February 2021

(a) The area concerned in this report is the coastal strip from the Buller River northwards to Maramea. The main town in the area is Westport which is a Borough with 1300 dwelling houses. Many of the buildings go back to the early 1900’s and fewer new houses and commercial buildings have been built in latter years than in most New Zealand towns of a similar age.

(b) Within the last 40 years Westport has suffered three earthquakes which have caused considerable damage to buildings - Buller 1929 - Westport 1962 - Inangahua 1968. The latter two earthquakes occurred after the introduction of the Earthquake & War Damage Act. From the 1962 earthquake more than 1500 claims were received from the district while in 1968 more than 2200 claims were registered. Probably within the Borough of Westport the number of claims from both the shocks was about the same. However in the 1968 shock there were many more claims from the townships further north of Westport - Waimangaroa, Granity, Hector, Nikau, Denniston, Seddonville and Karamea.
Damage to civil engineering works and resulting civil defence problems
Authors: Evans G. L.
Published: February 2021

Detailed studies of the damage to many of buildings, bridges and other structures increases our knowledge of earthquake forces and their effects. Here no more than a summary can be given of the type of damage caused to various works with a suggested reason for this in some cases. Damage to roads, bridges, culverts and water supplies are briefly considered with an outline of the Civil Defence action taken during the emergency period.
Public relations in restoration work
Authors: Smart Michael
Published: February 2021

The most obvious is not always the most important. This is very true with regard to restoration work in a disaster area. The most obvious needs will appear to be the restoration of buildings, roads, and communications, but these are in fact of secondary importance compared with restoring the confidence, nerves and hopes of the people involved. Any restoration work that is undertaken, especially in the first few days, should be of the kind that will help to boost morale and self-confidence. The people involved in such restoration work, should realize that many of the people they come in contact with will still be suffering from nervous strain and shock. Workmen and overseers can contribute far more than the actual restoration of material things, for their attitude, sympathetic ear, and cheerful word means much to those who have gone through the disaster.
Symposium on the Inangahua earthquake
Authors: Editor
Published: February 2021

A symposium on the Inangahua Earthquake of 24 May 1968 was held by the Society on the afternoon of 12 February 1969, as a section of the 1969 Conference of the New Zealand Institution of Engineers, at the Victoria University of Wellington.
A note about base shear
Authors: Andrews A. L.
Published: February 2021

Californian and Japanese seismic analysis rules have in common with New Zealand seismic rules a relation between the base shear coefficient and the prime mode vibration period. The prime mode period may be assessed by a rational method or it may be approximated.
Report on the 4th World Conference  on earthquake engineering
Authors: Shepherd R.
Published: February 2021

Three hundred and eighty participants from 29 countries attended the 4 W.C.E.E. held in Santiago, Chile between January 13th and 18th, 1969. One hundred and twenty Chileans registered; the next largest delegations being of ninety-one from the U.S.A. and forty from Japan.
A general introduction to the seismic design problem
Authors: Garden R. J. P.
Published: February 2021

This paper is reproduced from the proceedings of a seminar on "Seismic Problems in Structural Engineering" arranged by the Departments of Civil Engineering and Extension Studies of the University of Canterbury, and held in Christchurch from May 13 to 16, 1968. The paper was presented in the opening session of that seminar, and because of its wide and interesting range is now published in the Society's Bulletin.
Maximum yield stress in reinforced concrete frames
Authors: Mackenzie D. S.
Published: February 2021

In the past steelmakers have tried to ensure that the yield stress of their reinforcing bars has always been above the specified minimum.

It now appears that for earthquake moment resisting frames it should always be below some known maximum stress. Such a stress could with justification be included in the Standard Specification for the reinforcing concerned.
Behaviour of lifts
Authors: McKenzie D. J.
Published: February 2021

Reports were received that some lift counterweights were dislodged from their guides by the Wellington Earthquake of November 1, 1968.

The earthquake which occurred at 1.32 p.m., is estimated to have a magnitude of ML = 5½, at shallow depth, and an epicentre about 20 miles S.E. of Wellington.

The Committee requested the administrative secretary to seek information from the Marine Department. A copy of his letter and the reply of the Secretary of Marine are given below.
The organisation, role, facilities and responsibilities for civil defence in the northern region
Authors: Bourke L. P.
Published: February 2021

This subject will be dealt with in the following three papers. Contributions by:

(1) Regional Commissioner, Northern Region 

(2) Civil Defence Officer, No.1 Sub Region 

(3) Civil Defence Officer, Tauranga Joint Civil Defence Org.
Geophysics at the University of Auckland
Authors: Kibblewhite A. C.
Published: February 2021

Over the last twenty five years the Department of Physics at the University of Auckland has grown from a small group into an organisation of considerable size and stature. Under the guidance first of  Professor Burbidge and then of Professor Brown the Department has developed a comprehensive course structure at the undergraduate and graduate levels and established a high reputation widely recognised today. In spite of the difficulties facing all pioneers in University education in those early years, these men were also able to foster a research programme capable of giving substance to all courses, particularly to those offered at the graduate level. With their interest and enthusiasm as the driving force, research into nuclear physics, the field of their choice, increased steadily in scope, and today the Department of Physics boasts an impressive array of sophisticated equipment housed in its Nuclear Physics Laboratories.
The Peruvian earthquake disaster
Authors: Williman J.
Published: February 2021

The following is a condensation of a report in the "Peruvian Times", June 5th, 1970 which was sent to New Zealand by Miss J. Williman who was climbing in the area at the time. Fig. 1 is a map of the disaster area.
Real-time simulated earthquake motion of high rise structures
Authors: Lord James
Published: February 2021

The real-time simulation of a high rise structure during an earthquake represents a marked step forward in the structural design field. It affords a graphic display of the dynamic behaviour and characteristics of such a structure. The simulation can be presented on a CRT or by means of a 16 or 35 mm. movie and tailored for client or technical viewing.
Epoxy injection for crack repair
Authors: Evans W. V.
Published: February 2021

During the past seven years repairs to cracks in various types of structure have been carried out using epoxy and other synthetic resins. Cracks in floor slabs, walls, precast units, underwater structures, etc. were included in the defects for which remedies were sought by using some type of injection process. In most cases it was desirable that complete structural restoration be achieved and for this reason epoxy resins with their excellent adhesion and stable volume characteristics together with their high tensile and compressive strengths, were selected.
Steady state vibration tests of a six-storey reinforced concrete building
Authors: Reay A. M. , Shepherd R.
Published: February 2021

Five modes of vibration of a six-storey reinforced concrete building were excited by steady-state resonance testing. Good correlation between predicted and measured frequencies was obtained.

In the lateral translation tests, two translation modes and the vibration of the roof as a free-free beam were excited. Damping measured in the fundamental mode was 4.1% critical and the average contribution of foundation compliance to the top-storey deflection was 32%. Damping in the second translation mode was 6.6% and of the free-free beam vibration, 3.6%.

The first torsional mode of the building was excited, and for an eight-fold increase in excitation force, the natural frequency reduced by 1.2%, indicating a slight degree of non-linearity in the response. Damping in this mode was 6.9% , no change being noted for the eight-fold force increase.

In the longitudinal direction, two modes were excited, the first torsional mode and the first longitudinal translation mode. Properties of the former were similar to those determined from the torsional response test. Damping in the translation mode was 10.1% and the foundation compliance contributed 24% of the top-storey deflection.
Elastic soil
Authors: Carr A. J. , Moss P. J.
Published: February 2021

This paper presents a refined finite element analysis for the analysis of two-dimensional plane stress and plane strain structures with particular emphasis being placed on the ability to solve problems of soil-structure interaction under earthquake loadings. The structure and the soil are idealized as an assemblage of quadrilateral plane stress and plane strain elements having a cubic variation in displacement enabling a more accurate representation of the stiffness properties of the system than that previously available. The response of the system to the earthquake acceleration history is achieved by a superposition of normal mode responses and the methods of obtaining the mode shapes and frequencies are outlined. Examples are presented to illustrate the capability of this approach.
Use of yield ratio response spectra to design yielding members for improving earthquake resistance of brittle structure
Authors: Gilmour R. M. , Hitchcock H. C.
Published: February 2021

This paper describes the design of yielding members to be added to the porcelain columns which support 80 ton smoothing reactors of the N.Z. Electricity Department's High Voltage  Direct Current transmission system, in order to improve their earthquake resistance. It shows how the extent of the yield was estimated from the response spectra given by P.C. Jennings in "Earthquake Response of a Yielding Structure" and how the margin against collapse was estimated from Jennings and Husid's "Collapse of Yielding Structures during Earthquakes".
Earthquake response of high voltage circuit breakers with non-linear force-deflection characteristics
Authors: Mayes R. L. , Hitchcock H. C.
Published: February 2021

The New Zealand Electricity Department has  purchased a number of high voltage circuit  breakers with prestressed porcelain columns on  which the manufacturers have carried out shock and vibration tests to determine strength and damping characteristics and to make some  estimate of earthquake resistance. This paper  presents a detailed study of the behaviour of  such circuit breakers when subjected to earthquakes and steady-state sinusoidal forging functions. The system, assumed to be single-degree of freedom, has a bilinear force-deflection relationship. The system parameters that varied in this study were: natural period, damping, yield strength and elastic characteristics. All investigations were conducted with  the aid of an IBM 360/40 and an IBM 1130 digital computer using Jenning's Pseudo-Earthquakes.
The task of earthquake resistant design
Authors: Garden R. J. P.
Published: February 2021

In most engineering fields, the designer would not feel himself competent if the unresolved uncertainties were as great as those that he has to accept in seismic design problems. Confidence has been somewhat shaken by the record of damage and catastrophe of the last ten years, especially by the uncomfortable fact that the mechanisms of movement which have  caused the damage have varied so greatly; there is no sign that nature has exhausted her repertoire. It is not surprising that studies published in recent years contain a high proportion whose findings reflect the thought "things are worse than we thought". Some examples of such studies are referred to, and ideas expressed as to our future needs.
Brief review of modern earthquake engineering
Authors: Ferry Borges J. , Despeyroux J. , Maeda Y. , Mazilu P. , Robinson J. R.
Published: February 2021

This review is a brief survey of the  present status of Earthquake Engineering. It contains information on earthquake hazards, main Earthquake Engineering problems, safety of structures under the action of earthquakes, Earthquake Engineering research and education, and international collaboration. The review is prepared in accordance with  a decision by the International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering to set up a working group for dealing with “Information on Earthquake Engineering”. The decision to  create this working group was supported by the "Comite de Liaison", which co-ordinates the activity of several international associations dealing with Structural Engineering, such as  the International Association for Bridge and  Structural Engineering, the European Committee for Concrete, the International Federation for Prestressing, the International Council for Building Research Studies and Documentation, the European Convention of the Associations for Steel Construction, and the International Association for Shell Structures.
Considerations for a "design" earthquake
Authors: Evans G. L.
Published: February 2021

Any structure is only as good as its foundation material. Under earthquake the properties of foundation materials can change drastically. Recent advances in soil dynamics indicate that the simplifying assumptions on which our seismic building code is based, are not adequate to cater for the variations in foundation conditions. The code provides clear definition of seismic design forces, in terms of acceleration and period, but ignores any possible effects of displacement, velocity or wavelength. Currently available methods of design and analysis can provide for calculation of ground period, displacements, velocities, accelerations and stress values at any point in a soil mass. Although not perhaps suitable for detailed code recommendations these methods can be used by designers where needed and the code could contain simplified but conservative data on the use of such methods, The design forces to be imposed on a structure and variations of these are defined exactly in the code, but these are not matched by the definition of base motions, which are influenced by magnitude of the earthquake, distance and soil properties. It should be possible to provide for a "design earthquake" which takes into account, type of structure, nature of  risk, magnitude of earthquake, distance from active seismic areas and soil properties. Even relative factors, initially based on overseas research, relating these things would provide a more rational basis for seismic effects on structures than the simplified structure mass acceleration method used at present.
Te Aroha earthquake, 9 January 1972
Authors: Adams R. D. , Muir M. G. , Kean R. J.
Published: February 2021

The Te Aroha earthquake of 9 January  1972 (N.Z.S.T.) was of only moderate magnitude (5.1) . It occurred at a shallow depth within a few kilometres of Te Aroha, where an intensity of MM VII was reached. Damage was mainly confined to domestic chimneys and contents of buildings in the Te Aroha region, but the felt area extended as far as Auckland, Mangakino and Whakatane. Numerous after shocks occurred in the following month.
The objective of the New Zealand seismic design code
Authors: Glogau O. A.
Published: February 2021

The writer discusses some aspects of the proposed revision of the New Zealand Seismic Design Code. The degree of sophistication of a code must be related to the accuracy of factual information available and the validity of assumptions that have to be made. The selected level of specified lateral code loading is related to a number of considerations some of which are not obvious on superficial examination of a proposal. Known earthquake performance whenever available must be the most important reference point for code writers.
Steel design
Authors: Butcher G. W.
Published: February 2021

Structural steel has proved to be a suitable material for ductile moment-resisting space frames in buildings subjected to strong earthquake ground motion. The material properties buckling criteria and connection design considered necessary to avoid premature unloading before the inelastic potential of the material is achieved are discussed. Consideration is also given to the behaviour of full size steel frames, lamellar tearing and deformation of the panel zone.
Biaxial flexure and axial load interaction  in short rectangular reinforced concrete columns
Authors: Row D. G. , Paulay T.
Published: February 2021

It was only recently that structural designers in New Zealand became aware of the need to consider earthquake actions generated concurrently with respect to the principal axes of multistorey buildings. It became evident that reinforced concrete columns adequately designed for separate participation in two frames, which are expected to resist seismic loads at right angles to each other, may in fact be subjected to pre-mature hinging when beams, framing into such columns from two directions, develop their full capacity. To ensure a desirable response of reinforced concrete frames to large seismic disturbances it will be necessary to check out each column of the structure against such skew effects. A recent study, in which the elasto-plastic response of a prototype structure to the concurrent North-South and East-West components of the 1940 El-Centro Earthquake was examined, showed this clearly (i). The first step in this is to assess the strength of a reinforced concrete column section, preferably with a minimum of computational effort.
The specification of earthquake resistance for electricity system equipment
Authors: Hitchcock H. C.
Published: February 2021

The paper reports the development of earthquake resistance requirements in New Zealand Electricity Department specifications since 1968. It quotes clauses, as issued for high voltage circuit breakers and for power transformers to illustrate the special requirements of brittle structures and of flexibly mounted massive items. The earthquake clauses for 250MW turbogenerators draw attention to the special susceptability of low tuned supports, while the clauses for the steamraising units emphasise the importance and the difficulties of achieving adequate ductile performance of such large structures during earthquakes. A method is presented, of choosing seismic design factors for parts of buildings and of appendages according to dynamic and material properties and height above ground. The paper describes some of the intellectual obstacles for power engineers wishing to achieve adequate understanding of earthquake engineering - the view that "earthquakes are only for Civil Engineers", the idea that a simple, low seismic factor will by itself, ensure resistance to earthquakes, the erroneous concentration on "the frequency of the earthquake", the limited knowledge of many manufacturers and most of all the false assurances of the concept of "factor of safety" when linked to a seismic design code based on the assumption that structures possess ductility.
The Veracruz earthquake of 28 August 1973
Authors: Irvine H. M.
Published: February 2021

The author was on holiday in Mexico City at the time of the earthquake, and  felt his hotel building sway. He concluded that the ground shaking near the center  of the earthquake must have been of destructive intensity and, therefore, it would be worthwhile to investigate the damage. Professor Emilio Rosenblueth  of the Instituto de Ingenieria of the University of Mexico (UNAM) arranged for  the author to join the team of engineers from the Instituto for their visit to the damaged area on the 29th, 30th and 31st of August. Initially, the group consisted  of Professors Enrique del Valle and Oscar Hernandez, Ing. Roberto Villaverde, and the author. Later, on 30 August, this group was joined by Ing. Alejandro Gonzales, Ing. Belzay Romero, Ing. Jose Suarez and  Mr. John F. Meehan, Research Director of  the Office of Architecture and Construction, State of California. To these people the author expresses his sincere thanks for their consideration, and for the interesting discussions of the damage.
Cyclic behaviour of exterior reinforced concrete beam-column joints
Authors: Megget L. M.
Published: February 2021

This paper is concerned with the experimental behaviour of beam-column joints of reinforced concrete frames with low axial load when subjected to high intensity cyclic loading such as occurs during major earthquakes. An experimental program was conducted to investigate the behaviour of the external joints of two storey buildings. The parameter varied was the effect on the joint of the addition of transverse beam stubs. The amount of transverse hooping, as specified by the present design code was unchanged for units with and without transverse beams. Both units were subjected to the same program of static cyclic loading and the experimental moment-curvature characteristics are compared. The unit with transverse intersecting beams formed a plastic hinge in the main beam while the unit without intersecting beams failed within the joint region.
Seismic site response
Authors: Salt P. E.
Published: February 2021

It has long been recognized that the intensity of shaking in the epicentral region in a large earthquake is far from uniform. The common engineering approach has been to regard local site conditions as having paramount influence in the total response prediction problem. One particular site model, that of one- dimensional wavetransmission, has been widely applied with varying degrees of success. Other theoretical site models have been proposed, and these tend to re-emphasize the very complex nature of the site response problem. Furthermore, recent research has indicated that local site effects may in fact be overshadowed by differences in source mechanism. This paper provides a review of some recent literature on the site response problem. The author claims no original contribution to the material presented; rather the paper has been prepared to contrast the common belief among engineers that the problems of site response have been largely solved.
Response of a reinforced concrete shear wall structure during the 1972 Managua earthquake
Authors: Bertero V. V. , Mahin S. A. , Hollings J.
Published: February 2021

The 1972 Managua, Nicaragua earthquake was a severe test of modern earthquake resistant design and construction procedures. This paper examines the behaviour of the 18-story reinforced concrete Banco de America building which performed exceptionally well during the earthquake. Although the building suffered some structural and non-structural damage, its large, symmetrically located, coupled shear walls limited this damage to levels significantly below those observed in more flexible structures. Several linear elastic and nonlinear analyses were conducted to evaluate the building's behaviour and determine the probable cause of the observed damage. Both static and dynamic elastic analyses were used to determine the members that would have failed and the consequence of these failures on the subsequent dynamic response. The effects of biaxial ground motions, foundation flexibility and ground motion characteristics were considered in the elastic investigations. To get a better idea of the dynamic behaviour of the principal lateral force resisting system considered in the design, nonlinear analyses were performed for the coupled shear wall cores as constructed and for the idealized case where the coupling girders were assumed to have unlimited ductility. Even code type static analyses satisfactorily identified the damaged regions. The principal design deficiency was the low shear strength of the coupling girders. However, the nonlinear results indicated that had these girders been able to develop their flexural capacity they would have suffered substantial numbers of reversals and the shear walls would have been subjected to undesirable states of stress. The analytical results as well as the building’s performance demonstrated that buildings with coupled shear walls combined with moment resisting frames offer excellent protection against seismic excitations, minimizing nonstructural damage while providing several lines of defense in the event of localized failure. Design and repair recommendations are offered.
Masonry performance in earthquakes
Authors: Glogau O. A.
Published: February 2021

Past and current methods describing the damage potential of an earthquake are reviewed and discussed in relation to actual earthquake damage. The performance of a number of structures subjected to intense shaking is described with particular reference to their detailing. Examples are given showing the effect of infilling walls on structural behaviour. Veneer on timber construction is discussed. The points made are illustrated with figures and photographs.
Dynamic behaviour of a subsurface tubular structure
Authors: Kuribayashi Eiichi , Iwasaki Toshio , Kawashima Kazuhiko
Published: February 2021

During the last eighty years of submerged tunnel construction in the civil engineering field, the problem of aseismic design has been discussed. In this paper a new aseismic design criterion, seismic deformation analysis, is proposed based on wave propagation principles avoiding force method principles of design: so-called seismic coefficient method.

Ground subsurface properties such as density, elastic moduli and thickness effect the natural period of the subground, and response dis- placements of the subsurface at specific sites are obtained by the input accelerations of the base rock and damping characteristics.

Deformations and working stresses of the tunnel structural systems are obtained by the tunnel being assumed as an embedded beam or rod supported elastically by the ground and sweeping over the system values of the wave length such as provide maximum stresses at each point of the tunnel structure.

Interpretation of effects on the deformations and stresses caused by geological and geodetic variation of the site and boundary conditions of the structural systems is also discussed.

An example of application to a proposed submerged tunnel across Tokyo Bay is briefly reported.
The design and construction of the Bank of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand
Authors: Smith I. C. , Spring K. C. F. , Sidwell G. K.
Published: February 2021

The new Bank of New Zealand building, will, when completed, form a nucleus at the hub of Wellington's downtown commercial centre. Sited on a strategic corner at the junction of two main thoroughfares, the 30- storey building will be a landmark towering as high again above adjacent new buildings, and three times as high as the older buildings in the locality.
Earthquake induced pressures on a rigid wall structure
Authors: Wood J. H.
Published: February 2021

This paper describes the application of linear elastic theory to estimate the earthquake-induced soil pressures on a wall forming part of the structure of a power station founded on rock.

Analyses showed that the Mononobe-Okabe assumptions would not be applicable for this relatively rigid wall structure and it was found that elasticity theory gave greater forces and moments than would be obtained by using the Mononobe-Okabe method. The extent to which deformations of the structure and its foundations influence the wall pressures was investigated. It was found that even for this relatively rigid structure and foundation, the displacements resulting from the inertia of the wall structure can produce a significant increase in the total forces acting on the wall.
The seismic response of inelastic structures
Authors: Sharpe R. D. , Carr A. J.
Published: February 2021

A thirteen storey, two bay, reinforced concrete framed structure is subjected to a series of non-linear, dynamic analyses in an attempt to find some correlation between the damaging potential of various digitised earthquakes and their relative strengths which have been computed in a variety of ways. Much of the previous work in this field has been with respect to simple one degree of freedom systems and these do not appear to give any indication of the correlation that could be expected for a non-linear multi-degree of freedom structure.

The results show the effects of the different scalings of the various earthquakes and compare these with those obtained for the familiar North-South component of the May 18, 1940 El Centro earthquake. These results highlight the difficulty of trying to relate the use of such a dynamic earthquake analysis to the present pseudo-static code requirements. Further, the results of the analyses show also the great difference between the present assumption of the plastic hinge distributions, used in the ultimate seismic design method, and those observed during the earthquake excitation with the consequences on the lower-floor column axial loads.
Cellular normal modes of alluvium response
Authors: Stephenson W. R.
Published: February 2021

The concept of directed resonance is put forward, and its occurrence in New Zealand and overseas is documented. It is observed mainly on water-saturated recent alluvium. Analytical procedures for detecting directed resonance effects in earthquake records are outlined. The resonance parameters are shown to be independent of the particular earthquake, and highly dependent on local boundaries of the alluvium.

Cellular mode resonant response is suggested to be the mechanism generating directed resonance at individual sites, and is shown to occur for scale models of alluvial deposits.

Experimental apparatus which would be needed to unequivocally confirm the earthquake excitation of cellular resonant modes is described in an appendix.
A procedure for the analysis and design of ductile reinforced concrete frame buildings of moderate height
Authors: Williams R. L.
Published: February 2021

A procedure is presented in step by step form for designing and detailing a reinforced concrete frame building to the requirements of DZ4203 (Draft New Zealand loading code). Consideration is given for adequate ductility by means of a capacity design approach to all members to obtain a large number of plastic hinges which are detailed to dissipate energy without brittle failure. Further ductile detailing is given for all other locations where accidental hinges could occur and to limit excessive deflections that may result from deterioration of beam column joints.
Authentic Learning: A Concept Analysis
Authors: Chabeli Mary , Nolte Anna , Ndawo Gugu
Published: February 2021

Authentic learning (AL) is a learner-centred approach in which learners co-construct their own knowledge by engaging in and addressing real life problems that demand the use of higher order thinking skills (HOTS), real world resources and tools while thinking and acting like experts. However, AL is a concept that is ambiguous and abstract therefore challenges nurse educators in fully engaging learners in such problems thus limiting their development of HOTS. The purpose of this article was to describe the concept analysis process that was followed to clarify AL, provide conceptual meaning in nursing education, and formulate a theoretical definition using Walker and Avant’s eight-step method. Definitions, nature, characteristics and uses of AL were sought and the researchers explored 160 publications which included dictionaries, encyclopaedias, thesauri, conference papers, research reports, journal articles and subject-related literature across multiple disciplines to critically analyse AL. A 17-year period from 1988 to 2015 was used to search several databases. The defining attributes which included antecedents, the process and consequences of AL emerged. The consequence of AL in nursing education is a competent, critical, autonomous, independent, lifelong graduate desirable for the 21st-century global healthcare system. A theoretical definition of AL was also formulated. The study findings indicated that nurse educators can be assisted to design AL tasks that expose learners to AL thus implications were stated and recommendations were made.
Smart Skin. Individualising the form of an ecological building
Authors: Stojak Maciej
Published: February 2021

Contemporary ecological buildings have no formal attributes that distinguish them from "standard" architecture. What is more - due to the requirements of the construction law regarding energy efficiency, currently designed buildings almost always are equipped with technologies or elements that could be described as "green" or "health promoting". The aim of the article is to check whether this thesis is indeed true. The subject of the analysis are facades - the element with the greatest impact on the shape of the building. The innovative functions fulfilled by these structures were analysed. The examples - depending on the function performed - were divided into groups: energy production, pollution absorption, thermal energy storage, response to environmental conditions and the use of recycled materials. Relatively common and experimental technologies were considered. One of the tasks of the article is an attempt to determine whether, in relation to the mentioned technologies, it is possible to assess their direct impact on the health of the inhabitants. Final conclusions were drawn on the basis of a comparison of the characteristic parameters and the environmental impact of smart skin façades.