bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Menafsir Ulang Konsep Hifz ad-DÃ®n dalam Konteks Indonesia
Authors: Rokhim Abdur , Supardi Imam
Published: August 2021

Konsep paling penting dalam struktur maqashid syariâ€™ah klasik dan masih bertahan hingga kini adalah hifz ad-din. Yang mencakup dua dimensi: min janib al-wujud dan min janib al-â€˜adam. Keduanya, dengan sengaja, penulis jadikan kerangka berpikir dalam rangka melakukan reinterpretasi terhadap konsep pelestarian agama. Penelitian yang dilakukan penulis adalah penelitian hukum Islam normatif, yang memiliki tujuan untuk menyelidiki norma-norma hukum Islam untuk memperoleh kaidah tingkah laku yang dipandang terbaik. Menurut Bambang Sunggono, penelitian hukum normatif mencakup ilmu kaidah dan ilmu pengertian (yang biasa disebut dengan dogmatik hukum). Jika melihat pada permasalahan yang dikaji dan diteliti penulis, maka penelitian ini termasuk jenis penelitian normatif. Yang dimaksud penelitian hukum normatif atau penelitian literer (library research) adalah metode atau cara yang diaplikasikan dalam penelitian hukum yang ditempuh dengan cara mengkaji dan meneliti bahan-bahan pustaka yang sudah tersedia. Pada penelitian ini, penulis memanfaatkan pendekatan maqashid syariah. Dari kajian yang dilakukan dapat diketahui bahwa melestarikan agama min janib al-wujud sejalan dengan hukum positif sebagaimana tercantum dalam Pasal 28E ayat 1 dan 2, 28I ayat 1, dan Pasal 29 ayat 2. Sedangkan, min janib al-â€˜adam terdapat dalam UU No. 1 Tahun 1965 berikut sanksi hukum dalam Pasal 156a KUHP. Sehingga, beberapa kebijakan hukum yang terdapat dalam kerangka hifz ad-din klasik seperti jihad dan hukuman bagi murtad, perlu dipertimbangkan kembali.
Pemikiran Ibnu Rusyd tentang Pendidikan dan Relevansinya dengan Dunia Kontemporer
Authors: Abror Amaanulloh
Published: August 2021

Tujuan pendidikan menurut Ibnu Rusyd adalah untuk memberikan pengetahuan yang benar sehingga bisa mengimplementasikan menjadi perbuatan yang benar pula. Untuk itu, materi pendidikan dan metode pembelajaran harus diisesuaikan demgan kesiapan berpikir manusia sebagai subyek pendidikan. Tentunya tingkat kesiapan berpikir orang awam berbeda dengan orang terpelajar. Penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui latar biografi, kehidupan, serta pemikiran Ibnu Rusyd mengenai pendidikan, kemudian untuk menemukan relevansi pemikiran pendidikan Ibnu Rusyd dengan pendidikan Islam di era modern ini. Metode yang dipakai pada peyusunan makalah ini ialah metode kepustakaaan (library research). Peneliti menghimpun sumber data melalui literatur-literatur teks, baik buku, jurnal, maupun artikel-artikel yang relevan dengan pembahasan ini. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa Ibnu Rusyd sebagai seorang filosuf, ahli fiqih, kedokteran dan juga ahli hukum. Ibnu Rusyd memiliki gagasan dan pemikiran terkait pendidikan, bahwa pendidikan bersifat praktis yang harus dibantu melalui model yang sesuai secara teoretis sehinggaa pelaksanaan praktis senantiasa sesuai dengan pelaksanaan teoretisnya yang bertujuan untuk memberikan pengetahuan yang benar sehingga bisa mengimplementasikan menjadi perbuatan yang benar pula. Pemikiran Ibnu Rusyd mengenai Pendidikan yang terorganisir dalam tujuan, kurikulum, metode pembelajaran dan guru atau pendidik adalah faktro dari pada unsur-usur determinan dalan pendidikan. Maka dari itu, pemikiran Ibmu Rusyd bisa dijadikan acuan penting dalam kemajuan dunia pendidikan.
Hukum Waris dalam Islam: Dari Era Klasik Hingga Kontemporer
Authors: Barrunnawa Muhammad , Falakh Berlian Fajrul , Huda Firdha Setyawan Maslakul
Published: August 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan  pembaruan hukum waris Islam yang terjadi sejak era sahabat hingga sekarang. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode library research (studi  kepustakaan). Jenis penelitian ini bersifat kualitatif dengan pendekatan normatif-historis, dengan memaparkan beberapa fakta perubahan hukum waris yang terjadi dari era sahabat hingga era modern. Dari kajian yang dilakukan, dapat diketahui bahwasannya pembaruan hukum waris saat ini bukan merupakan hal yang baru, serta tidak menutup kemungkinan hukum waris Islam akan terus berkembang sesuai dengan keadaan zaman. Tujuan pembaruan hukum waris merupakan respon dari setiap negara Islam terhadap perkembangan sosial di masing-masing negara agar hukum waris tetap eksis tanpa menimbulkan ketimpangan sosial.
Efectividad de las medidas de protección a mujeres víctimas de violencia basada en género en Medellín
Authors: Gómez Muñoz Andrea
Published: August 2021

En esta investigación se analiza la efectividad de las normas referentes a las medidas de protección para mujeres víctimas de violencia en la familia y en la pareja, en Medellín. Para ello se efectúa un análisis que parte de lo general hacia lo particular, es decir, desde la perspectiva nacional a la regional, en el cual se profundiza en torno a las cifras de violencia contra las mujeres en la familia y la pareja. Se realiza un recorrido jurídico e histórico de las medidas de protección establecidas desde las leyes 294 de 1996 y 575 de 2000 hasta la Ley 1257 de 2008 y el Decreto Reglamentario 4799 de 2011, normas que, según la literatura revisada no son sufiencientemente efectivas, ya que el contexto de violencia contra las mujeres persiste, a pesar de la existencia de mecanismos como la ruta regional para la atención de los casos de violencia basada en género.
Aspectos personales que configuran el liderazgo social: una perspectiva interpretativa
Authors: Cadena Chicunque Oscar Hernando
Published: August 2021

El presente artículo da cuenta de los resultados de la interpretación y comprensión de entrevistas semiestructuradas desarrolladas a estudiantes líderes sociales del programa de Trabajo Social de Uniclaretiana. El objetivo es develar los sentidos que se tienen respecto a los aspectos de orden personal que determinan el desarrollo de liderazgos en el ámbito social. Estos resultados se configuraron cualitativamente de forma deductiva e inductiva a partir del análisis de redes semánticas, familias y códigos emergentes, mediante el software Atlas.ti 7.0 (Muhr y Friese, 2004), con una muestra no probabilística. En cuanto a los hallazgos más sobresalientes, se identificó que la integridad se convierte en el eje medular de la personalidad de un líder social. Además, de este se derivan características y rasgos inherentes tales como el ser ético, el ser consistente entre lo que se piensa, siente y hace; la transparencia con que se actúa, la vocación como motor que potencia su accionar y el ser empático. De este último aspecto se desprenden la capacidad de ser asertivo y de escuchar activamente. De las conclusiones más relevantes, se rescata, en primer lugar, que dentro de los aspectos personales uno de los más importantes es que la integridad como categoría transversal condensa otros aspectos que permiten al líder ser congruente con su vocación y propósito vital, además le provee de legitimidad con sus comunidades. En segundo lugar, se concluye que las teorías que permiten la comprensión del liderazgo social en el contexto de la investigación son la del liderazgo servicial y en menor proporción la perspectiva transformacional.
Deconstruyendo y decolonizando el Derecho Internacional Público
Authors: Betancur Morales Manuela
Published: August 2021

El derecho internacional público es tan antiguo como la historia de nuestras sociedades; al respecto, entre los imperios y las civilizaciones indígenas se dieron una serie de tratados comerciales sobre el control militar, la justicia y la parte económica. No obstante, el nacimiento del derecho internacional público tiene un mito originario en la modernidad, la Paz de Westfalia, que data de 1648. A partir de esta se comienzan a crear los Estados en Europa que son los que establecen las bases jurídicas de este derecho; dicha construcción fue excluyente ya que solo tuvo en cuenta la cosmovisión del hombre blanco europeo, lo cual terminó siendo impuesto al resto del mundo. Es por esto que queremos plantear la necesidad de deconstruir y decolonizar el derecho internacional público, en primer lugar, exponiendo como ha sido la construcción de este tipo de derecho; en segundo, describiendo ciertas generalidades de los feminismos y la perspectiva decolonial, al igual que la relación que se puede tejer entre ambas, y por último, mostrando las razones por las que se debe emprender ese camino de la deconstrucción y decolonización, para poder construir un tipo de derecho no excluyente, no opresor y que no inhiba otras interpretaciones del mundo.
participación del procurador público en los procesos penales por delitos de corrupción de funcionarios
Authors: Villavicencio Heredia Rosmery Janet
Published: August 2021

El presente artículo analiza, por un lado, los daños para el Estado que surgen por la comisión del delito de cohecho, y por otro lado, la pericia de evaluación económica del daño como instrumento probatorio para la determinación del monto indemnizatorio; todo ello, desde el Derecho penal peruano, para efecto de lograr una adecuada gestión de la prueba en los denominados procesos penales anticorrupción. El presente estudio se enmarca en la investigación: “Magistratura Contemporánea: La justicia en el Siglo XXI, llevada a cabo ante la Universidad de Jaén (España) y la Academia de la Magistratura (Perú). La línea de investigación gira en torno al proceso penal.
Estados Unidos y el cumplimiento de los tratados de derechos humanos y DIH
Authors: Carmona Tamayo Ana Margarita , Gómez Betancur Juan José
Published: August 2021

En el siguiente trabajo investigativo se estudiaron, de manera histórica y jurídica, las diferentes acciones y omisiones de Estados Unidos de América en lo concerniente al cumplimiento y la protección de los tratados de Derechos Humanos, así como del Derecho Internacional Humanitario. Para llevar a cabo dicha tarea, se revisaron los conceptos de ddhh y dih, se aclararon los mecanismos de protección de estos y se procedió a evidenciar aquellos pactos de los que no participa Estados Unidos, así como las ocasiones en las que dicho país atentó contra sus principios y normas fundamentales. Finalmente, se evaluó la ilegitimidad de dichas acciones y se llegó a las conclusiones pertinentes.
Prospects of decriminalization and legalization of euthanasia in Ukraine
Authors: Lutsenko A.P , Khairullina D.I.
Published: August 2021

This article is devoted to the study of the legal regulation of the institution of euthanasia in foreign practice and in Ukrainian law. We conducted a thorough analysis of the existing arguments for and against the legalization of the assisted suicide procedure, which have developed in scientific doctrine. Given the importance of the right to life in the fundamental human rights system, deprivation of any life is unacceptable, as it could set a precedent that would lead to the abuse of criminal intent by the possibility of masking premeditated murder with voluntary consent to accelerate biological death. That is why today in Ukraine deprivation of life at the request of a person is a crime, namely premeditated murder, and therefore euthanasia at the state level is now criminalized. However, after analyzing the views of scholars studying the dynamics of human rights, as well as paying attention to the practice of countries that have already legalized euthanasia at the state level, we concluded that assisted suicide today is a powerful mechanism that can guarantee the human right to a dignified existence at the end of her life. A number of foreign countries have shown by their example that the legalization of euthanasia is an important step towards building a more humane and humane society, where there is a place of mercy for terminally ill people who want to end their lives painlessly.

The current position of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine on the interpretation of the right to life does not allow for its expanded understanding, and therefore there is a need to amend the Constitution (for example recognition of the right to die) or change the position of the Court. In order for the right to dispose of one's own life to be properly guaranteed in Ukraine as well, we have developed on the basis of our research and proposed an algorithm of actions that can be used in the implementation of the institute of assisted suicide in Ukraine. We emphasize the need to amend the Constitution of Ukraine or change the position of the Constitutional Court on the interpretation of the right to life and the development of an appropriate legal framework that should take into account the medical side of this issue.
European approaches to «trade dress» protection and the possibility of their implementation in Ukraine
Authors: Hetsko V.V.
Published: August 2021

ir implementation in Ukraine. The concept of «trade dress» and such terms as «registered design», «brand im-age» («brand image»), «advertising campaign concept» («ad campaign concept») were analyzed. It is substantiated that the concept of «trade dress» is the broadest in meaning.It is established that the commercial design covers the unique shape of the product, color and decorative ele-ments, ie in the case of proving its originality, you can protect the commercial design on the basis of trademark law. The comparison of protection on the basis of a trademark and «trade dress» is made. Examples of trade dress protection in the food industry, pharmaceutical and automotive industries have been studied.The differences between trade dress and design patent are analyzed. It is established that the difference be-tween a design patent and a trade dress is that in order to obtain a patent, the design must be new and in no case a variant of the existing one. In addition, a comparative analysis of the concepts of «trade dress» and industrial design.

It was found that in the EU countries increasingly use the category of «trade dress» in resolving disputes, even though such a concept is not inherent in the countries of the continental legal system, including Austria, Germany, France and others.It is substantiated that the concept of «trade dress» should be understood as a commercial image of the product (or service), which allows to distinguish the manufacturer of the product (or service provider) and includes various elements (including design, shape, materials, colors, etc.) that distinguish goods or services. It is argued that in the process of recoding the Central Committee of Ukraine it is important to improve the institutions of intellectual prop-erty law, so that the protection of producers of goods in line with modern trends and European approaches. That is why it is necessary to include the concept of «trade dress» in the draft of the new Civil Code of Ukraine.
A new approach regarding to the recognition of an individual incapable
Authors: Tatulich I.Yu.
Published: August 2021

The article is devoted to the analysis of the procedural order of consideration and resolution of cases related to the change of an individual’s legal status, namely - recognition of an individual incompetent. The article analyzes the updated procedure for declaring an individual incompetent. The author of the article draws attention to the fact that the legislator has expanded the range of litigants in this type of proceedings; has provided for the possibility of direct participation of the person in respect of whom the proceedings for recognition of his/ her incompetence were initiated, both in-person and his/ her participation in the case through a videoconference from the medical institution where such person is at that moment; has set the terms of the court decision on declaring an individual incompetent, for not more than two years; has granted the right to certain entities to apply for an extension of the decision declaring an individual incompetent, which may be filed no later than fifteen days before the end of two years; has granted a person who was declared incompetent the right to apply to the court with a request to cancel the court decision, etc.It is noted that the validity of a court decision declaring an individual incompetent, which is provided by law, requires certain clarifications. It is substantiated that the obligatory appointment of a forensic psychiatric examination during the consideration of the case and to confirm the request for extension of the decision validity also requires some clarification, depending on the individual’s state of disease. The author considers the views of scholars and practitioners regarding mandatory participation in the consideration of an individual’s incompetence cases and the cancellation of a court decision on such cases - a lawyer who will provide adequate judicial protection and effective civil proceedings. It is concluded that it is expedient to expand the range of entities authorized to initiate the issue of revoking a court decision declaring an individual incompetent, supplementing them with such a participant as a prosecutor, which in turn will guarantee access to court, promote fair judicial protection of rights, freedoms, and interests of the persons, making a lawful and reasonable decision.
The principle of good governance: national and european judicial practice
Authors: Bernazyuk Ya.O.
Published: August 2021

The article reveals the content of the principle of good governance based on the analysis of the Constitution and laws of Ukraine, international treaties, decisions of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine, as well as decisions of the European Court of Human Rights and the Supreme Court.The author analyzes the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights, which formulates the principle of good governance in its modern sense, and on the basis of this analysis determines its content and features. It has been established that the rulings of the European Court of Human Rights have established a consistent practice of understanding the principle of good governance, which includes five main components, a detailed analysis of each of which is based on specific examples. It was found that the principle of good governance is characterized by the dynamics of its development, which is manifested in the constant expansion of the content of this principle. It is argued that the permanent development of the principle of good governance has led to the formation of a new component of this principle - proportionality.The national case law in cases arising from public law disputes is described and the approach of courts to the application of the principle of good governance is clarified. It is substantiated that there is a well-established case law in social disputes, according to which one of the manifestations of the principle of good governance is that in the absence of an effective mechanism for guaranteeing social benefits provided by law, in full or no statutory expenditures for such benefits. should make it impossible to protect the property rights of a person guaranteed by Article 41 of the Constitution of Ukraine. Other aspects of the application of the principle of good governance in judicial practice have been clarified and analyzed. Based on the analysis, a conclusion is drawn about the importance of the principle of good governance in Euro-pean and national case law.
Admistrative and legal tools in the activities of the cabinet of min- isters of Ukraine
Authors: Kovbas I.V. , Krainii P.I. , Rudan S.M.
Published: August 2021

Based on the analysis of normative-legal acts and certain scientific-methodological sources, the article under studies identifies the typical tools, applied by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine in the course of administering its powers. Proper organization and quality legal regulation of the competence, legal forms and methods of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine are of great significance since they affect public relations and the growth of population’s welfare, which is the Cabinet’s main purpose and task. The above considerations require the search for modern democratic and legal approaches to determine the forms of activity of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine. In our opinion, this might be achieved through analyzing various scientific and methodological sources, normative-legal acts on the issue, as well as by means of articulating proposals regarding the improvement of the existing legislation, which in turn, will ensure effective implementation of public policy in Ukraine. The issuance of resolutions and orders of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine is a procedure carried out in a certain sequence. It aims at achieving a clearly defined legal result and requires specific regulation through procedural rules. This procedure is carried out within the framework of two proceedings: a) on the issuance of resolutions and b) on the issuance of orders of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine. In its activities, the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine applies various legal forms, which can be defined as ad-ministrative and legal tools. Therefore, it is essential to bring the legislation of Ukraine in line with the European standards, in particular in terms of normative-legal consolidation of the tools of public administration, with the aim of avoiding the use of such outdated concepts as “forms of governing”, “forms of state governing”, etc.
Monitoring functions of the state aid to business entities
Authors: Petrova N.O.
Published: August 2021

The article considers various functions, systems of functions of both administrative law and individual elements of management in various fields. The characteristic functions of monitoring state aid to economic entities as a unique, special element of management have been studied. The relevance of the research is due to the need to approximate domestic legislation in the field of monitoring and control of state aid to the acquis of the European Union (hereinafter - the EU), taking into account the reform processes in administrative law, European integration of Ukraine and obligations under the Association Agreement with Ukraine (hereinafter - Agreement). Given the small number of modern legal theoretical developments in this area, the task of the article is to specify and formu-late the essence of the functions of monitoring state aid to economic entities. An analysis of different approaches to determining the nature of monitoring functions in different areas. Peculiarities of monitoring functions in state aid to business entities in Ukraine have been identified. The importance of determining the functions of monitoring carried out by the subject of public administration - the authorized body in the field of state aid - the Antimonopoly Committee of Ukraine. It is established that the monitoring of state aid to economic entities is closely related to control and is its form, and is an informative foundation, which is formed through a system of continuous mon-itoring, information collection, accumulation, analysis and monitoring of any process, phenomenon, the state of state aid to economic entities to identify differences between planned and actual, finding deviations from the tasks, analysis of the causes of such deviations. The following functions of monitoring state aid to business entities are identified: regulatory, control, preventive, informational, analytical, corrective, law enforcement, educational, the characteristic is given and their essence is revealed.
Human dignity as an object of protection in criminal procedural legal relations
Authors: Varchenko О.О.
Published: August 2021

The paper explores the key approaches to understanding the category of “human dignity” at the level of theo-retical sources and practice of law enforcement. The positions of the European Court of Human Rights (hereinafter referred to as the ECHR) are analyzed. It is stated that the criteria for distinguishing between different forms of humiliation of human dignity (torture and the behavior that is cruel, but still does not reach the level of torture) are (a) the purpose for which the corresponding actions are performed and (b) the degree of cruelty of the perpetrator(s) and the degree the suffering of the victim. It is established that, in assessing the severity of a victim’s suffering and the severity of their treatment in terms of whether such treatment has reached the level of torture, the ECHR always takes into account the individual characteristics of the case. It is demonstrated that an attitude (actions, orders, conditions of detention, etc.) aimed precisely at the humiliation of human dignity is an independent form of miscon-duct that violates Art. 3 of the Convention and Art. 11 of the CPC. It is proved that such situations do not involve the use of physical violence against a person, which would cause their physiological discomfort, as otherwise it would already qualify as inhuman treatment or torture depending on the intensity of the violence and the degree of suffering. At the same time, it is said about the attitude (actions, orders, conditions of continuation) that causes the victim to feel fear, anxiety and inferiority, which can offend and humiliate (it is enough if the victim is humiliated in their own eyes). It should also be borne in mind that even the absence of the purpose of victim’s humiliation in such a situation does not in itself exclude violations of Art. 3 of the Convention. It is substantiated that although the humiliation of dignity may be an independent form of violation of Art. 3 of the Convention and Art. 11 of the CPC, but the humiliation of inseparably accompanies other forms of violation of Art. 3 of the Convention and Art. 11 of the CPC – such as torture and other cruel or inhuman treatment or punishment or the use of threats of such treatment.
Legal forms of participation of Ukrainian citizens in cross-border cooperation
Authors: Mendzhul M.V.
Published: August 2021

The article examines the legal forms of participation of Ukrainian citizens in cross-border cooperation. It is established that the European Framework Convention on Transfrontier Co-operation between Territorial Com-munities or Authorities does not explicitly establish forms of involvement of citizens in cross-border co-oper-ation, but does not restrict them. It was found that citizens are members of local communities and they can not directly and indirectly benefit from cross-border cooperation, so their participation in such processes should not be limited.The provisions of Protocol № 3 to the European Framework Convention on Transfrontier Co-operation between Territorial Communities or Authorities concerning Euroregional Co-operation Associations of 16 November 2009 are analyzed. It is established that this protocol clearly regulates the consideration of the interests of individuals in the activities of associations of Euroregional cooperation.The activity of Euroregions formed with the participation of separate territories of Ukraine («Lower Danube», «Upper Prut», «Dniester» and «Carpathian Euroregion») is studied, clearly confirms the involvement of citizens in cross-border cooperation projects. The legal bases of involvement of citizens in the decision of important problems of territorial communities, including the account of their opinion in the course of cross-border cooperation are ana-lyzed. Among the analyzed forms, public consultations, citizens’ appeals and electronic petitions, general meetings of citizens and public budgets were highlighted.It is proposed to classify the legal forms of citizens’ participation in cross-border cooperation as follows: direct forms of participation (first of all, participation of citizens in cross-border cooperation projects, including such events as round tables, conferences, seminars, trainings, etc.); indirect forms of participation (forms of citizen participation aimed at ensuring that their views are taken into account in the process of cross-border cooperation, in particular through: public consultations, citizens’ appeals, general meetings, public budgets, public hearings, local initiatives, etc.).
The influence of morality on the personal life of an individual
Authors: Svadeba N. I.
Published: August 2021

The article analyzes the norms of the Constitution of Ukraine, civil, family and labor law in respect of their compliance with the moral foundations of society. Based on the analyzed materials, the author offers certain ap-proaches to improve Ukrainian legislation and principles of morality impacts on the personal life of an individual. The article deals with the violation of public morality in the Internet. The views of scientists the moral norms and their impact on the personal life of an individual have been analyzed. It is proved that law and morality have the functional purpose in common, they form the behavior standards, value and normative orientation of society. The positive novelties of the Law of Ukraine “On Protection of Public Morality” have been analyzed, as well as the gaps in it. It has been found out that morality is an important factor in the development of society and, as a form of social consciousness, has much in common with legal consciousness. Both morality and law are a set of relatively well-established norms, rules of human behavior, which are based on the notion of what is due and just. These norms are general and, at least formally, applicable to all citizens of society.It is studied that law and morality are based on the common socio-economic interests, culture of society,people’s commitment to the ideals of freedom and justice. They have a single spiritual nature, a single value core - justice. It is found out how the relationship between morality, religion and law in the context of familyrelations, their interaction, dynamics and development, how the interaction of morality and law can prevent domestic violence.
Liberal-democratic values of the Polish Сonstitution of 1921
Authors: Protosavitska L.S.
Published: August 2021

Examining the liberal-democratic values ​​of the Polish Сonstitution of 1921, the author clarified the conditions under which the Polish state was formed in 1918. In general, the paper examines all sections of the constitution of March 17, 1921, carried out an article-by-article analysis of the basic law of the Polish state.

Polish statehood was restored as a result of geopolitical changes following the First World War, including the victory of the Entente. Based on the guarantees contained in Woodrow Wilson's program, the Poles restored the Polish state.

The Polish state in the postwar period faced a large number of political, social, economic and psychological problems that stood in the way of land integration and overcoming the gap with Western European states.

It was found that the Constitution of March 17, 1921, in contrast to previous constitutional acts, established a clear division of power into legislative, executive and judicial, proclaimed the rights and freedoms of citizens. The Constitution stated that the supreme power in the republic belongs to the people. Both houses of parliament - the Seimas and the Senate - were not equal under the 1921 Constitution. Constitutional powers enabled parliament to revise and amend the constitution.

It is noted that the executive power belonged to the President together with the relevant ministers. As for the judiciary, it belonged to independent courts. The constitution guaranteed broad rights to its citizens, as well as clearly defining the range of responsibilities that everyone had to perform properly.

Thus, on the basis of the analysis conducted by the author, it was found that the Polish state adopted the model of the democratic system of France, and in terms of legislative activity also Weimar Germany. The Constitution of Poland incorporates such values ​​as citizenship and responsibility of the citizen, constitutionalism, freedom of speech, human dignity, honor and tolerance, freedom of conscience and justice, social order and equality.
Exploring Existential Anxiety among Indian Youth: Prevalence and Gender Differences
Authors:   Department of Psychiatry, AIIMS, New Delhi, India, Mandalaparthy Megha
Published: August 2021

Background: Existential anxiety (EA) refers to the feeling of uncertainty regarding life and its meaning. It is gaining increasing attention on social media in the form of existential humour. The present study aimed to explore the prevalence of EA among Indian youth and gender differences among those experiencing EA. Method: The sample consisted of 30 males and 39 females (N = 69) falling in the age range of 17-29 years. The quantitative tool used was the Existential Concerns Questionnaire. For the qualitative aspect, three open-ended questions were given at the end of the scale. Result: Upon analysing the quantitative data, it was found that there existed no significant differences (p = 0.24) between the EA levels of males (M = 52.53, SD = 16.73; moderate) and females (M = 56.97, SD = 14.20; moderate). Thematic network analysis of the qualitative data revealed common themes amongst the genders (uncertainty, negative emotions, competition/ success, meaning-making, social media, and life events). The only theme that was present among females was that of social pressures. Conclusion: There is a medium-low EA prevalence rate among the participants. Furthermore, major gender differences don’t seem to exist in the experience of such anxiety, barring the theme of social pressures which affects the females.
Parental Attachment and Psychological Wellbeing in Adolescents: Mediating Role of Self-esteem
Authors:   Lecturer, Department of Psychology, University of Jammu, Jammu & Kashmir, India, Singh Dharvinder
Published: August 2021

Introduction: Adolescence is amongst the most rapid stage of human development. It is the period to create knowledge and skills, learn to mange emotions, obtain attributes and capacities and relationships with parents and peers. All these aspects are important for enjoying these years and assuming the roles of adults. The purpose of the study was to examine the relationship between parental attachment, self-esteem and psychological wellbeing of adolescents. Methods: The participants were 292 adolescents with age ranging from 13 to 18 years. Inventory for parent and peer attachment (IPPA) by Armsden and Greenberg self-esteem scale by Rosenberg and psychological wellbeing scale by Ryff were used to measure the parental attachment, self-esteem, and psychological wellbeing in adolescents. Result: Results indicated that the the correlation value of parental attachment and psychological wellbeing was found be 0.306. The value of correlation value for self-esteem and psychological wellbeing was found to be 0.342. Conclusion: Significant positive relationship was found between parental attachment, self-esteem, and psychological wellbeing. The mediation analysis has shown that self-esteem partially mediates the relationship between parental attachment and psychological wellbeing among adolescents.
Biological Effects of a Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Field on Yeast Cells of the Genus Saccharomyces Cerevisiae
Authors: Sladicekova K , Bereta M , Misek J , Parizek D , Jakus J
Published: August 2021

Background: Although the scientific community is extensively concerned with the effects of the EMF, the unambiguous explanation of its effects on living structures is still lacking.

Goals: The goal of the study was to evaluate the effect of a low-frequency (LF) electromagnetic field (EMF) on the growth and multiplication of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Methods: Yeast cells were exposed to a frequency of 900 Hz and a magnetic flux density of 2.3 mT. The duration of each experiment was 8 hours, in the beginning of the measurement the value of frequency, rms (root mean square) value of electric current (2 A), and magnetic flux density were fixed set on the exposure device. A paired experiment was performed, a sample exposed to EMF, and a sample shielded from the field. Subsequently, samples were taken every two hours, the number of cells was recorded, and then the concentration of the yeast cells was evaluated at time points. The time points reflected the exposure time of the samples exposed to EMF.

Results: The results indicate that LF EMF at given parameters has an inhibitory effect on the growth and multiplication of yeast cells.

Conclusion: Exposure to EMF can cause the differences in growth dynamics between cells exposed to the field and the unexposed ones.
The Influence of E-Servicescape on Mobile Shopping Intention: The Mediating Role of Customer Satisfaction
Authors: Yeo Amy Chu May , Moh Xiu Lei , Low Boon Tiong
Published: August 2021

This paper aims to investigate, through aesthetic appeal, layout and functionality, interactivity and financial security, the impact of generation X perceptions of the e-servicescape in mobile shopping on perceived value and customer satisfaction following the sequence of the S–O–R framework. A survey involved 231 generation X respondents who shopped using mobile apps at least one mobile purchase in the past six months. The collected data were analysed using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM), Partial Least Square (PLS). The results revealed that aesthetic appeal, layout and functionality and interactivity could influence the perceived value and would lead to the mobile shopping intention, whilst customer satisfaction could impact the perceive value and mobile shopping intention through the mediating process. This research provides insight into the new effects of each dimension of e-servicescape on perceived value, customer satisfaction and the mobile purchase intention, thus improving the existing knowledge in the field of servicescape and mobile shopping customer behaviour.
The Concept of Child and its Legal Synonyms In Polish Criminal Law
Authors: Sitarz Olga , Jaworska-Wieloch Anna
Published: August 2021

Criminal law, which uses the strictest measures at the disposal of the legislator, requires particular caution in the interpretation of the concepts appearing in the repressive law. The concept of a child in criminal law cause many problems of interpretation, as it appears in many legal acts in a different sense. The publication is devoted to presenting the concept of a child in various legal acts and reflecting on the different meanings of the descriptions of the child made by the legislator and the legitimacy of the differentiations made by him. The question arises as to whether the creation of many different concepts describing a child is justified.
About John Austin’s Analytical Jurisprudence: The Empirical-Rationalist Legal Positivism
Authors: Banović Damir
Published: August 2021

This article deals with analytical jurisprudence topics presented in John Austin’s work, his predecessors, and its influence on the contemporary theory of law. The article analyses his analytical method, understanding of what the method implies, and its application in understanding law as a social phenomenon. Not only does the article analyse the law phenomenon, but it also presents his views on similar phenomena in law, such as international and constitutional law, the phenomenon of sovereignty and a sovereign, and the principle of general utility as one of the moral principles. His theory of law was one of the most significant theoretical approaches in England of the 19th century, and also constituted the baseline for new conceptions and the basis of critical analyses of later positive law theories. Moreover, his work provides a solid ground for explanations of individual branches of law, especially criminal law. Finally, the article also presents a critical analysis of his approach, useful and important findings, and the perspectives for further development of the theory of law, especially in the domain of his analytical, empirically oriented and descriptive method.
QSAR Study for Prediction of HIV-1 Protease Inhibitor Using the Gravitational Search Algorithm–Neural Network (GSA-NN) Methods
Authors: Kurniawan Isman , Wardhani Reina , Rosalinda Maya , Ikhsan Nurul
Published: August 2021

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a virus that infects an immune cell and makes the patient more susceptible to infections and other diseases. HIV is also a factor that leads to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) disease. The active target that is usually used in the treatment of HIV is HIV-1 protease. Combining HIV-1 protease inhibitors and reverse-transcriptase inhibitors in highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is typically used to treat this virus. However, this treatment can only reduce the viral load, restore some parts of the immune system, and failed to overcome the drug resistance. This study aimed to build a QSAR model for predicting HIV-1 protease inhibitor activity using the gravitational search algorithm-neural network (GSA-NN) method. The GSA method is used to select molecular descriptors, while NN was used to develop the prediction model. The improvement of model performance was found after performing the hyperparameter tuning procedure. The validation results show that model 3, containing seven descriptors, shows the best performance indicated by the coefficient of determination (r2) and cross-validation coefficient of determination (Q2) values. We found that the value of r2 for train and test data are 0.84 and 0.82, respectively, and the value of Q2 is 0.81.
Classification Of Rice Plant Diseases Using the Convolutional Neural Network Method
Authors: Priyangka A A JE Veggy , Kumara I Made Surya
Published: August 2021

Indonesia is one of the countries with the population majority of farming. The agricultural sector in Indonesia is supported by fertile land and a tropical climate. Rice is one of the agricultural sectors in Indonesia. Rice production in Indonesia has decreased every year. Thus, rice production factors are very significant. Rice disease is one of the factors causing the decline in rice production in Indonesia. Technological developments have made it easier to recognize the types of rice plant diseases. Machine learning is one of the technologies used to identify types of rice diseases. The classification system of rice plant disease used the Convolutional Neural Network method. Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is a machine learning method used in object recognition. This method applies to the VGG19 architecture, which has features to improve results. The image used as training and test data consists of 105 images, divided into training and test images. Parameter testing using epoch variations and data augmentation. The research results obtained a test accuracy of 95.24%.
Multidisciplinary approach to the treatment of a patient with the consequences of severe traumatic brain injury and tracheoesophageal fistula
Authors: Lesteva N. A. , Kondratyev S. A. , Nezdorovina V. G. , Kondratyev A. N. , Solonitsyn E. G. , Danilov I. N. , Kozak A. R. , Li V. F. , Mortada M. M. , Yablonskii P. K.
Published: August 2021

An overview of the clinical observation of a patient with the consequences of severe traumatic brain injury, with a tracheoesophageal fistula is presented. The article discusses a staged multidisciplinary approach to treatment.
Common errors in the treatment of patients with malignant bone tumors
Authors: Kurilchik A. A. , Ivanov V. E. , Starodubtsev A. L. , Zubarev A. L.
Published: August 2021

This study was aimed to analyze the most common diagnostic and therapeutic errors in orthopaedic oncological diseases. Bone tumors usually do not have characteristic symptoms, especially in the early stages of disease development. Therefore, they can often mimic benign tumors and non-tumor diseases. Careful history taking, detailed clinical and X-ray examinations in a timely manner are essential diagnostic tools for patients with bone sarcomas. Moreover, a correct analysis of clinical and radiological findings with regard to the dynamic relationship between them can help make more accurate diagnosis at the first doctor’s visit. Subsequent X-ray examinations performed in oncological centers using special methods such as spiral CТ, MRI, PET/CT with mandatory morphological verification of the diagnosis enable us to make a more precise diagnosis and to provide an objective assessment of pathological processes. The most common diagnostic and therapeutic errors that occur in orthopaedic oncological diseases were analyzed. In 35 % of cases, diagnostic or tactical errors were made by general practitioners. In 15 % of cases, the errors were associated with a latent course of disease and 12 % of cases were wrongly diagnosed as a benign neoplasm.
Discussions on the Russian Humanitarian Policy Perspectives in the Post-Soviet Space
Authors: Borisov A. V.
Published: August 2021

The choice of the audience and content of Russia's humanitarian message calls into question the effectiveness of domestic humanitarian policy in the post-Soviet space. In domestic strategic planning documents, the target audience is the ruling elites of the post-Soviet states, compatriots, and the "Russian world". The choice of the elite as the addressee leads to the fact that Russia's humanitarian policy forms the dependence of interstate relations on maintaining the positions of the ruling elite, which forces us to sacrifice resources and, possibly, reputation to hold the status of a politician declaring a "pro-Russian" position. The appeal to compatriots, in turn, problematizes inter-elite interaction, arousing the concern of the post-Soviet elites, whose efforts to build nations and assert their legitimacy on a nationalist basis. The target audience's choice is reflected in the content of the humanitarian message, which seems situational and internally contradictory due to the specifics of the addressees. Overcoming these contradictions, according to the author, is only possible if the choice of the final addressees and the humanitarian message's content is revised, which requires a clear definition of the goals, forms, and methods of Russia's humanitarian policy in the post-Soviet space.
Regulatory Initiatives of Central Asian Countries in Addressing Transboundary Water Issues
Authors: Garbuzarova E. G.
Published: August 2021

After the collapse of the USSR the Central Asian countries found themselves facing serious regional challenges that hinder constructive interstate cooperation. Among such challenges the problem of transboundary water resources should be highlighted. The lack of a coordinated policy for regulating water flows continues to put the Central Asian countries in a vulnerable position, negatively affecting their national security, socio-economic development and the environmental situation in the region. Throughout their sovereign development the countries of the region tried to solve transboundary water problems by combining external and internal mechanisms. However, a solution to the problem that would meet the national interests of all interested countries was not found.

Recently the ruling elites of the Central Asian countries have intensified the process of solving the water problem showing political will. They put forward a number of initiatives. A big role in reviving this issue belongs to Uzbekistan which has opened a new milestone in the settlement of water and energy conflicts in the region. Uzbekistan demonstrates a desire to solve the water problem constructively at the regional level. In this regard the proposals of the President of Uzbekistan Sh.Mirziyoyev acquired great importance in solving the transboundary water problems of Central Asia. In 2018 Sh. Mirziyoyev put forward the initiative to adopt a Regional program for the rational use of water resources in Central Asia. Shortly before that he expressed a desire to participate in the implementation of joint hydropower projects with Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. Analyzing the current shifts in the water and energy issue we can talk about increasing trust between the countries of Central Asia and the beginning of the formation of a new regional interstate model of relations on the distribution of transboundary water resources.