bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pathological features of Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI‐RADS) 3 MRI lesions in biopsy and radical prostatectomy specimens
Authors: Rahota Razvan‐George , Diamand Romain , Malavaud Bernard , Fiard Gaëlle , Descotes Jean‐Luc , Peltier Alexandre , Beauval Jean‐Baptiste , Roumeguère Thierry , Roumiguié Mathieu , Albisinni Simone , Ploussard Guillaume
Published: August 2021

Objective

To assess the whole pathology spectrum of Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI‐RADS) 3 lesions, identified on magnetic resonance imaging, using systematic (SB), targeted biopsy (TB) and radical prostatectomy (RP) specimen analysis.

Methods

From a prospective database of patients undergoing RP after a combination of SB (median 12 cores) and fusion TB (median 3 cores), we included 150 PI‐RADS 3 cases. Clinically significant prostate cancer (csPCa) was defined by a Grade Group 2 or more. The primary endpoints were unfavourable features in RP specimens.

Results

Targeted biopsy was negative in 20.7% of patients. Final Grade Group 3 or more and a pT3 stage was reported in 36.7% and 38.7% of RP specimens. The upgrading rate was 38.2% between biopsy and RP specimens. The concordance rate between Grade Group on TB and RP was only 38.0%. The two independent predictive factors for unfavourable disease (pT3–4 and/or final Grade Group 3–5) were prostate‐specific antigen density (PSAD; P = 0.001) and presence of csPCa on TB (odds ratio 3.7; P = 0.001). The risk of unfavourable disease was increased 2.3‐fold and 5.8‐fold, respectively, for patients with a PSAD between 0.15 and 0.20, and a PSAD >0.20 ng/mL/g. The 5‐year biochemical recurrence‐free survival rate was 93.2%.

Conclusions

PI‐RADS 3 lesions exhibited aggressive features in almost 40% of cases. PSAD and presence of csPCa on TB are independent predictive factors for high‐grade and/or extraprostatic disease. A combination of SB and TB improve grade prediction compared to use of TB alone.
Epidemiology of adult T‐cell leukemia‐lymphoma in Japan: An updated analysis, 2012‐2013
Authors: Ito Shigeki , Iwanaga Masako , Nosaka Kisato , Imaizumi Yoshitaka , Ishitsuka Kenji , Amano Masahiro , Utsunomiya Atae , Tokura Yoshiki , Watanabe Toshiki , Uchimaru Kaoru , Tsukasaki Kunihiro ,   Collaborative Investigators
Published: August 2021

Adult T‐cell leukemia‐lymphoma (ATL) is a T‐cell malignancy that is endemic to Japan. In this latest nationwide study of ATL, we collected the data from 4 nationwide registries of patients diagnosed in 2012‐2013; the Hematology Blood Disease, the Skin Cancer Society, the Hospital‐Based Cancer Registries, and information from the hospitals that participated in the Japanese nationwide survey of ATL in 2010‐2011. In the present study, 2614 patients with ATL were diagnosed based on the registries, and 117 departments registered 1042 patients. Among these patients, 984 were eligible for analysis. The median age at diagnosis was 69 y. A larger proportion of patients with ATL older than 70 y was diagnosed with the lymphoma subtype, and more than half of the patients with ATL in the metropolitan areas were born in the human T‐cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV‐1)‐endemic areas of Kyushu/Okinawa, which are almost identical to the findings in our 2010‐2011 study. Additionally, we identified that patients with ATL migrated from the endemic areas for HTLV‐1 to the non‐endemic metropolitan areas. The present study was able to reduce the burden of searching each hospital and to update the clinico‐epidemiological characteristics of a large number of patients with ATL in Japan, suggesting the usefulness and feasibility of the novel data collection method. The establishment of a more sophisticated database management system for ATL is necessary for future continuous surveys.
The difference rehabilitation can make after acquired brain injury
Authors: Forsyth Rob
Published: August 2021

This commentary is on the scoping review by Gmelig Meyling et al. on pages 40–48 of this issue.
Reflections of a Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Practitioner after 45 years
Authors: Pope Patricia C.
Published: August 2021

2020 was an unprecedented year… I have found myself reflecting on the trajectory of my life and my life's work—and wondering what the future holds.

The disruptions of the past year prompted a pioneer in diversity to ponder words and labels, the hurdles that under‐represented groups face, and strategies for making real progress.
Unlocking Unconscious Biases into Impactful Design Work
Authors: Hirica Andreea
Published: August 2021

Unconscious biases are the most dangerous ones. However, when unlocked, they have a great potential for team synergy, genuine cohesion, bonding, healthy and challenging competition, and, ultimately, impactful work.

A head strategist looks at the dangers of hidden biases, how to become aware of them in yourself and others, and how to unleash their power to result in truly great work.
How Not to Lose a Talent Pool: Keeping Women at Work Through Crises, Shocks, and Other Disasters
Authors: Monroe Ana
Published: August 2021

Individually, [women] have paid for our passage out of the house, while socially we have created a system in which motherhood is not a human right and one of the basic joys of human existence. It is, instead, a privilege.

Who better to delve into the ongoing problems working women face with childcare, paid leave, and maintaining their career trajectories than a designer, historian, and mother?
Designing Community‐Based Local Shopping Experiences
Authors: Woo Eunji , Nam Ki‐Young
Published: August 2021

Even before the pandemic, people yearning for a more meaningful and socially‐interactive experience of hands‐on shopping in physical spaces had been leading to the emergence of a local shopping trend.

We love small businesses for the unique products and services they provide. Learn strategies and techniques for attracting new and retaining existing customers with limited resources.
Design Management as an Effective User‐Centric Management Tool for Organizations
Authors: Ozkan Gulay
Published: August 2021

Design management may be the way to make sure that the user perspective or, in other words, human data is prioritized and not lost within an organization in parallel to the project management functions.

Design's valuable tools and perspectives help keep the user at the center of projects and bring success to even the most complex working environment.
A Man Ahead of His Time: Bill Hannon and the Founding of DMI
Authors: Tobin John
Published: August 2021

“Nothing in my design education had prepared me for the thoroughly foreign culture I found myself in.” Bill Hannon
Left atrial reservoir strain provides incremental value to left atrial volume index for evaluation of left ventricular filling pressure
Authors: Tomlinson Stephen , Scalia Gregory M. , Appadurai Vinesh , Edwards Natalie , Savage Michael , Lam Alfred K‐Y. , Chan Jonathan
Published: August 2021

Background

Left atrial analysis is employed in diastolic assessment with left atrial volume index (LAVI) incorporated in the 2016 ASE/EACVI diastology guideline algorithm. LAVI has sub‐optimal correlation with invasive left ventricular filling pressure (LVFP) and incorporation of left atrial reservoir strain (LASr) may improve diastolic assessment.

Methods

A cross‐sectional prospective study of 139 patients was undertaken with all patients undergoing transthoracic echocardiography immediately prior to cardiac catheterization with invasive evaluation of LVFP. LASr by speckle tracking echocardiography and conventional echocardiographic parameters were assessed in relation to invasive LVFP. Modification of the 2016 guideline algorithm was performed with incorporation of LASr in place of LAVI (LASr ≤23% indicating elevated LVFP). Accuracy of the modified and conventional algorithm were assessed for predicting invasive LVFP.

Results

The mean age was 63±12 years with 27% female. LASr demonstrated superior correlation and receiver operator characteristic for predicting LVFP than LAVI (LASr: r ‐.46 (p < 0.01), AUC: .82 vs LAVI: r .19 (p 0.02), AUC: .66). LASr of ≤23% was the optimal cut‐off for discriminating elevated LVFP (sensitivity 80%, specificity 77%). Modification of the 2016 algorithm with incorporation of LASr in place of LAVI reclassified 12% of the patient cohort and improved concordance of echocardiographic and invasive LVFP assessment (modified algorithm κ .47 vs 2016 algorithm κ: .33). No patients were incorrectly reclassified by modified algorithm assessment.

Conclusions

LASr better predicts invasive LVFP than LAVI. Modification of the 2016 guideline algorithm with incorporation of LASr in place of LAVI improves accuracy of echocardiographic assessment of LVFP.
Relationship between echocardiographic tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion and mortality in COVID‐19 patients: A Meta‐analysis
Authors: Zuin Marco , Rigatelli Gianluca , Roncon Loris , Zuliani Giovanni
Published: August 2021

Background

The evaluation of the tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) is recommended to assess the right ventricular (RV) systolic function. We performed an updated meta‐analysis of the association between TAPSE and short‐term mortality in COVID‐19 patients.

Methods

MEDLINE and Scopus databases were searched to locate all the articles published up to May 1, 2021, reporting data on TAPSE among COVID‐19 survivors and non‐survivors. The difference of TAPSE between the two groups was expressed as mean difference (MD) with the corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) using the Mantel‐Haenszel random effects model. Both Q value and I2 statistics were used to assess heterogeneity across studies. Sensitivity analysis, meta‐regression, and evaluation of bias were performed.

Results

Twelve studies, enrolling 1272 COVID‐19 patients (778 males, mean age 69.3 years), met the inclusion criteria and were included in the final analysis. Non‐survivors had a lower TAPSE compared to survivors (MD =  −3.089 mm, 95% CI =  −4.087 to −2.091, p < 0.0001, I2 = 79.0%). Both the visual inspection of the funnel plot and the Egger's tests (t = 1.195, p = 0.259) revealed no evidence of publication bias. Sensitivity analysis confirmed yielded results. Meta‐regression analysis evidenced that the difference in TAPSE between the two groups was only influenced by pre‐existing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD, p = 0.02).

Conclusion

COVID‐19 non‐survivors have a lower TAPSE when compared to survivors, especially in COPD subjects. Current data suggest that the TAPSE assessment may provide useful information regarding the short‐term prognosis of COVID‐19 patients during the infection.
Family and individual risk factors for triangulation: Evaluating evidence for emotion coaching buffering effects
Authors: McCauley Devin M. , Fosco Gregory M.
Published: August 2021

Adolescents who are triangulated into interparental conflict are at increased risk for psychological maladjustment. However, little is known about factors that may predict family risk for triangulating adolescents, or protective factors that can off‐set this risk. In this study, we conducted longitudinal tests of family, parent, and adolescent factors that might predict increases in triangulation over time. The sample included 174 adolescents and their mother figures from two‐parent families (58% female; Mage = 14.75 years) who provided data on two occasions, six months apart. Hierarchical linear regression models evaluated family, parent, and adolescent risk factors for triangulation into interparental conflict, and subsequently parent's emotion coaching and adolescent gender as potential moderators of risk for triangulation. Findings revealed that low family cohesion, parent depression, and adolescent difficulties with emotion regulation represented risks for triangulation. Parent emotion coaching moderated the association between low interparental love and triangulation differentially based on adolescent gender.
AMPK in the brain: its roles in glucose and neural metabolism
Authors: Muraleedharan Ranjithmenon , Dasgupta Biplab
Published: August 2021

The adenosine monophosphate‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an integrative metabolic sensor that maintains energy balance at the cellular level and plays an important role in orchestrating intertissue metabolic signaling. AMPK regulates cell survival, metabolism, and cellular homeostasis basally as well as in response to various metabolic stresses. Studies so far show that the AMPK pathway is associated with neurodegeneration and CNS pathology, but the mechanisms involved remain unclear. AMPK dysregulation has been reported in neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and other neuropathies. AMPK activation appears to be both neuroprotective and pro‐apoptotic, possibly dependent upon neural cell types, the nature of insults, and the intensity and duration of AMPK activation. While embryonic brain development in AMPK null mice appears to proceed normally without any overt structural abnormalities, our recent study confirmed the full impact of AMPK loss in the postnatal and aging brain. Our studies revealed that Ampk deletion in neurons increased basal neuronal excitability and reduced latency to seizure upon stimulation. Three major pathways, glycolysis, pentose phosphate shunt, and glycogen turnover, contribute to utilization of glucose in the brain. AMPK’s regulation of aerobic glycolysis in astrocytic metabolism warrants further deliberation, particularly glycogen turnover and shuttling of glucose‐ and glycogen‐derived lactate from astrocytes to neurons during activation. In this minireview, we focus on recent advances in AMPK and energy‐sensing in the brain.
Environmental threats and conservation implications for Atlantic salmon and brown trout during their critical freshwater phases of spawning, egg development and juvenile emergence
Authors: Smialek Nicole , Pander Joachim , Geist Juergen
Published: August 2021

Atlantic salmonSalmo salarL. and brown troutSalmo trutta farioL. are species of high socio‐economic and ecological value. Declining populations make them target species of fisheries management. This paper reviews the direct effects of deficient longitudinal connectivity, changes in discharge, high water temperatures, oxygen depletion, changes in water chemistry and increasing loads of fine sediment on the critical life stages of spawning, egg incubation and emergence. It further provides an overview about the basic autecological requirements of Atlantic salmon and brown trout and summarises important thresholds of physico‐chemical tolerances. This collection of information provides important baselines for assessing historical, ongoing and new threats relevant for the management of both species in fresh waters. Critical early‐life stages of both species are almost identical, creating synergies in conservation and restoration. Seaward‐migrating forms are exposed to further stressors, but improving starting conditions can also greatly improve their resilience.
How perceived green benefits influence multifunctional technologies’ usage
Authors: Arruda Filho Emílio José Montero
Published: August 2021

This paper evaluates how the convergence (integration) of green characteristics in multifunctional technological products/services affects consumers’ decision making, evaluating intention to purchase convergent products in these specific scenarios with green attributes. Three studies were developed. The first two focused on when the inclusion or exclusion of green attributes changes consumers’ perspectives related to (1) utilitarian or hedonic characteristics in the convergence, and (2) selfish or altruistic characteristics of technology usage. The last study incorporated a change in the independent variable from the inclusion or exclusion of green attributes to the inclusion of green attributes as a benefit. Therein, both research scenarios included green characteristics, one related to the periphery and other to the centrality of the product, with a moderating effect of (3) high or low brand trust according to the green convergence design. The results demonstrate that green characteristics are better suited to scenarios in which most of the convergence relates to utilitarian attributes in products, but egoistic characteristics in services, the latter of which reflects a hedonic perspective. Concerning both scenarios of a product with green characteristics, the green benefit is better suited to the utilitarian context, in which the brand is perceived as important, leading to a high level of trust.
The use of mobile applications in urology. A systematic review
Authors: Rosa Debora , Villa Giulia , Bonetti Loris , Togni Serena , Montanari Emanuele , Destrebecq Anne , Terzoni Stefano
Published: August 2021

Can the use of mobile applications (apps) improve quality of life and disease management in adult patients with urologic disease? Technology has created new opportunities to promote behavioural change in the daily lives of patients. One third of adults in the United States who own smartphones or tablets use health apps to improve their health. The aim of this review was to analyse whether use of mobile apps improves the quality of life and symptom management of urological patients. Databases: PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus. Search terms (free terms, MeSH): mobile apps, urologic diseases. Papers searched included all randomized controlled trials, quasi‐experimental studies, analytical cross‐sectional studies, cohort studies, and case–control studies. Nine articles were analysed. The review showed that mobile apps purpose‐built for urological patients can improve quality of life, signs and symptoms. It is necessary that nurses and physicians be familiar with these apps in order to identify and benefit those patients who deal with disabling diseases that prevent them performing their daily activities to the desired degree. Mhealth makes inroads into the medical profession, both doctors and nurses should maintain awareness not only of drug and other therapies but also of the efficacy of the mobile health apps available. Digital health treatment has arrived and can no longer be considered merely peripheral.
NCLEX‐RN© preparation resources available online in French: An integrative review
Authors: Lalonde Michelle , Prairie Gabrielle , Vanderspank‐Wright Brandi , Chartrand Julie , Mcgillis Hall Linda , Lamont Michelle
Published: August 2021

Aim

This review describes the availability of online French NCLEX‐RN© preparation resources for candidates

Background

One entry to practice requirement for Canadian nurses is to successfully pass a licensing exam upon graduation from their educational program. In 2015, the American NCLEX‐RN© replaced the Canadian entry to practice licensing examination which was offered in Canada's two official languages: English and French. The NCLEX‐RN© was developed in English and later translated to French. Since its implementation, Francophone candidates and educators in Canada have reported a lack of preparatory resources available in their language and have had substantial lower NCLEX‐RN© pass rates, consistently below 50%

Methods

An integrative review using Whittemore and Knafl's framework was conducted between February and May 2019, and updated in September 2020, through online searches of CINAHL, PubMed, Science Direct and Google Scholar databases. Grey literature was included from 2012 onwards. Results are presented narratively.

Results

A total of 17 French language preparatory resources were found. These resources were categorised into four main groups: (1) What is the NCLEX‐RN©?; (2) What do I need to do prior to writing the NCLEX‐RN©?; (3) What is assessed through the NCLEX‐RN©? and finally, (4) How can I practice before taking the NCLEX‐RN©?

Conclusion

Limited French‐language NCLEX‐RN© preparatory resources exist for Francophone candidates. Furthermore, practice questions in French are few compared to what is available in English

Implications for Nursing and Nursing Policy

Other countries may consider implementing an entry to practice exam such as the NCLEX‐RN© because of its availability in both the French and English language, as well as the possibility of translating the exam to other languages, creating a potential market for this test around the globe. The lack of preparatory resources in French is a major concern to Francophone candidates undertaking such a high‐stakes examination in their language. Nursing stakeholders and policy leaders should acknowledge that such gaps place Francophone writers in a disadvantaged position in comparison to their Anglophone counterparts.
Differences in specific concerns perceived by parents of children with cleft lip and/or palate based on the types of cleft
Authors: Niinomi Kazuteru , Ueki Shingo , Fujita Yuichi , Kitao Mika , Matsunaka Eriko , Kumagai Yukari , Ike Miho
Published: August 2021

Background

Parents of children with cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) have concerns including guilt and worry. Differences in concerns by cleft type is, however, under‐researched.

Aim

To compare differences in perceived concerns among parents of children with CL/P by cleft type, adjusting for children's gender and age.

Design

Cross‐sectional study conducted in an outpatient centre, assessing psychological status of 171 parents of children aged <12 with CL/P using 12 items.

Results

Across cleft types, ‘I am worried about whether the child's teeth will be straight’ was the most strongly perceived concern (70.8%). After adjusting for gender and age, logistic regression showed significant differences in type of CL/P for (eg) ‘I am worried that the child's appearance will not be beautiful’, associated with CL over CP (OR = 0.07, 95% CI: 0.02–0.26) and CLP over CP (8.52, 3.23–22.50);’ ‘I am concerned about my child being able to speak well’, associated with CP (3.12, 1.07–9.11) and CLP (5.69, 2.43–13.33) over CL, and ‘I am worried that the child could suffer due to his/her appearance’, associated with CL over CP (0.08, 0.02–0.29) and CLP over CP (10.07, 13.78–27.36).

Conclusions

Parents’ concerns were influenced by cleft type.
Brachial plexus anatomy in the miniature swine as compared to human
Authors: Hanna Amgad S. , Hellenbrand Daniel J. , Schomberg Dominic T. , Salamat Shahriar M. , Loh Megan , Wheeler Lea , Hanna Barbara , Ozaydin Burak , Meudt Jennifer , Shanmuganayagam Dhanansayan
Published: August 2021

Brachial plexus injury (BPI) occurs when the brachial plexus is compressed, stretched, or avulsed. Although rodents are commonly used to study BPI, these models poorly mimic human BPI due to the discrepancy in size. The objective of this study was to compare the brachial plexus between human and Wisconsin Miniature SwineTM (WMSTM), which are approximately the weight of an average human (68–91 kg), to determine if swine would be a suitable model for studying BPI mechanisms and treatments. To analyze the gross anatomy, WMS brachial plexuses were dissected both anteriorly and posteriorly. For histological analysis, sections from various nerves of human and WMS brachial plexuses were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde, and postfixed with 2% osmium tetroxide. Subsequently paraffin sections were counter‐stained with Masson's Trichrome. Gross anatomy revealed that the separation into three trunks and three cords is significantly less developed in the swine than in human. In swine, it takes the form of upper, middle, and lower systems with ventral and dorsal components. Histological evaluation of selected nerves revealed differences in nerve trunk diameters and the number of myelinated axons in the two species. The WMS had significantly fewer myelinated axons than humans in median (p = 0.0049), ulnar (p = 0.0002), and musculocutaneous nerves (p = 0.0454). The higher number of myelinated axons in these nerves for humans is expected because there is a high demand of fine motor and sensory functions in the human hand. Due to the stronger shoulder girdle muscles in WMS, the WMS suprascapular and axillary nerves were larger than in human. Overall, the WMS brachial plexus is similar in size and origin to human making them a very good model to study BPI. Future studies analyzing the effects of BPI in WMS should be conducted.
Physical risk messaging enhances favorable attitudes toward mask wearing
Authors: Yeh Marie A. , Mirabito Ann M. , Finkelstein Stacey R.
Published: August 2021

While masks slow the transmission of COVID‐19, many resist wearing them. Extant public service messaging focuses on creating social norms around mask wearing. Drawing on protection motivation theory, we conduct a copy test to determine whether focusing on the physical risks or focusing on the social risks of contracting COVID‐19 is more persuasive in motivating mask wearing. We find that physical risk messaging is more persuasive than social risk messaging and find that the effect is partially mediated by fear of COVID‐19. The mediation is moderated by germ aversion. Specifically, we find people who are high in germ aversion respond to both physical and social risk messaging. However, people low in germ aversion respond only to physical risk messaging—and these are the people who are less likely to wear masks. Our findings offer public health agencies a fresh approach for encouraging those who are resistant to mask wearing to wear a mask.
Effects of aromatherapy on agitation and aggression in cognitive impairment: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Xiao Shudan , Wang Ying , Duan Shumin , Li Bo
Published: August 2021

Aims and objectives

To evaluate the effectiveness of aromatherapy on agitation and aggression in patients with cognitive impairment.

Background

The impact of aromatherapy on agitation and aggression has been evaluated in various studies, but there is uncertainty about their impact.

Design

A meta‐analysis of randomised controlled trials was undertaken.

Methods

This meta‐analysis was conducted under PRISMA guidelines. Following eight electronic literature databases were searched: Web of Science, PubMed, PsycINFO, Embase, Cochrane Library, Chinese Wanfang database, CNKI and VIP digital database from the inception of the databases up to 27 February 2021. Two reviewers assessed the risk of bias of the included studies independently using the Cochrane Collaboration tool. Overall, meta‐analysis and three subgroup analyses regarding the type of aroma preparations, delivery mode and session length were performed using RevMan5.3 and stata14.0. Publication bias was assessed by visual inspection of the funnel plot asymmetry and Egger's regression test.

Results

Fifteen studies comprising 693 participants were included. The meta‐analysis indicated that aromatherapy could ameliorate agitation and aggression for cognitive impairment. The subgroup analysis based on the type of aroma preparations showed that lavender oil could significantly improve agitation and aggression. Most delivery modes of aromatherapy, including smearing and inhalation, were effective. Moreover, less length (≤4 weeks) aromatherapy showed a better effect on agitation behaviour than aromatherapy more than 4 weeks.

Conclusions

Despite the meta‐analysis indicating that aromatherapy could alleviate agitation and aggression especially short‐term (≤4 weeks) aromatherapy inhalation in different conditions, further researches are needed to investigate the appropriate dosage of essential oils and the side effects. More well‐designed randomised controlled trials containing participants from more countries are needed to verify our findings before we can make strong recommendations.

Relevance to clinical practice

This meta‐analysis suggested that aromatherapy should be considered as a complementary programme for patients with cognitive impairment patients. Medical workers could apply aromatherapy into daily routine cares for cognitive impairment patients.
‘Tick the box and move on’: compartmentalization and the treatment of the environment in decision‐making processes
Authors: SMYTH CAER
Published: August 2021

Legal decision‐making processes are contending with increasingly urgent and complex environmental issues. While the importance of treating these issues holistically has long been recognized in environmental law, obstacles seem to exist that block decision makers in the planning system from taking integrated approaches to environmental issues. This article approaches this problem from a grounded perspective. It draws on original empirical research findings from a socio‐legal ethnographic research project conducted at a public local inquiry in South Wales (the inquiry into the M4 Corridor around Newport scheme). The article suggests that embedded assumptions in legal decision‐making processes might partly account for this often limited response. It proposes that such processes tend to ‘compartmentalize’ and that this tendency has an adverse impact on the treatment of the environment, holding back efforts within environmental law that seek to embed more holistic approaches to environmental decision making.
Gray matter blood‐brain barrier water exchange dynamics are reduced in progressive multiple sclerosis
Authors: Tagge Ian J , Anderson Valerie C , Springer Charles S , Sammi Manoj K , Bourdette Dennis N , Spain Rebecca I , Rooney William D
Published: August 2021

Background and Purpose

To compare transcapillary wall water exchange, a putative marker of cerebral metabolic health, in brain T2 white matter (WM) lesions and normal appearing white and gray matter (NAWM and NAGM, respectively) in individuals with progressive multiple sclerosis (PMS) and healthy controls (HC).

Methods

Dynamic‐contrast‐enhanced 7T MRI data were obtained from 19 HC and 23 PMS participants. High‐resolution pharmacokinetic parametric maps representing tissue microvascular and microstructural properties were created by shutter‐speed (SS) paradigm modeling to obtain estimates of blood volume fraction (vb), water molecule capillary efflux rate constant (kpo), and the water capillary wall permeability surface area product (PwS ≡ vb*kpo). Linear regression models were used to investigate differences in (i) kpo and PwS between groups in NAWM and NAGM, and (ii) between WM lesions and NAWM in PMS.

Results

High‐resolution parametric maps were produced to visualize tissue classes and resolve individual WM lesions. Normal‐appearing gray matter kpo and PwS were significantly decreased in PMS compared to HC (p ≤ .01). Twenty‐one T2 WM lesions were analyzed in 10 participants with PMS. kpo was significantly decreased in WM lesions compared to PMS NAWM (p < .0001).

Conclusions

Transcapillary water exchange is reduced in PMS NAGM compared to HC and is further reduced in PMS WM lesions, suggesting pathologically impaired brain metabolism. kpo provides a sensitive measure of cerebral metabolic activity and/or coupling, and can be mapped at higher spatial resolution than conventional imaging techniques assessing metabolic activity.
In silico interaction of HOX cluster‐embedded microRNAs and long non‐coding RNAs in oral cancer
Authors: Padam Kanaka Sai Ram , Basavarajappa Dhanraj Salur , Shenoy U Sangeetha , Chakrabarty Sanjiban , Kabekkodu Shama Prasada , Hunter Keith D. , Radhakrishnan Raghu
Published: August 2021

The essential role HOX‐associated non‐coding RNAs play in chromatin dynamics and gene regulation has been well documented. The potential roles of these microRNAs and long non‐coding RNAs in oral cancer development, with their attendant involvement in various cellular processes including proliferation, invasion, migration, epithelial–mesenchymal transition and metastasis is gaining credence. An interaction network of HOX‐embedded non‐coding RNAs was constructed to identify the RNA interaction landscape using the arena‐Idb platform and visualized using Cytoscape. The miR‐10a was shown to interact with HOXA1, miR‐10b with HOXD10, miR‐196a1 with HOXA5, HOXA7, HOXB8, HOXC8, HOXD8, and miR‐196a2 with HOXA5. The lncRNAs, HOTAIR interacted with HOXC11, HOTAIRM1 with HOXA1 and HOXA4, HOTTIP with HOXA13, HOXA‐AS2 with HOXA3, HOXA11‐AS with HOXA11 and HOXD‐AS1 with HOXB8. Changes in the HOX cluster‐embedded non‐coding RNAs have implications for prognosis and overall disease survival. Our review aims to analyze the functional significance and clinical relevance of non‐coding RNAs within the HOX cluster in the context of oral carcinogenesis. Elucidating these interactions between the non‐coding RNAs and HOX genes in oral cancer development and progression could pave the way for the identification of reliable biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets.
Association of clinicopathological factors and treatment modalities in the recurrence of ameloblastoma: Analysis of 624 cases
Authors: Goh Yet Ching , Siriwardena Bogahawatte Samarakoon Mudiyanselage Samadarani , Tilakaratne Wanninayake Mudiyanselage
Published: August 2021

Background

Ameloblastoma is an odontogenic tumour exhibiting locally invasive behaviour and high recurrence rate after treatment. Conventional ameloblastoma is reportedly been more aggressive showing infiltrative growth patterns and a tendency for recurrence. This is a retrospective study performed to analyse the relationship between clinicopathological characteristics and treatment modalities in the recurrence of ameloblastoma.

Methods

624 cases of ameloblastoma comprising of 519 non‐recurrent ameloblastoma and 105 recurrent ameloblastoma from two main diagnostic centres in Malaysia and Sri Lanka were included. The demographic data, clinical characteristics, histopathological data, treatment modality and episodes of recurrence were extracted and analysed.

Results

The mean age for recurrent ameloblastoma was 37.23 with a peak occurrence in the third decade of life. Recurrent ameloblastoma was marginally female predominant with male to female ratio of 1:1.3. Mandible was the commonest site for the recurrence with a predilection for more than two segments of left mandible followed by left posterior mandible. Follicular (58.1%) histopathological variant was the most reported type to recur followed by plexiform (17.1%). 49.5% of recurrent cases were treated with conservative approach. 65.7% of recurrent cases demonstrated a single episode of recurrence. Mixed (follicular and plexiform) histopathological variants showed the longest average years (11.5 years) for the single episode of recurrence. Plexiform ameloblastoma treated with conservative approach recurred in the shortest follow‐up period. The recurrence of ameloblastoma was significantly associated with age group, sub‐site of occurrence and histopathological variants (p<0.05).

Conclusion

This study showed that age, sub‐site of occurrence and histopathological variants are significant factors responsible for the recurrence of ameloblastoma.
The combinatorial inhibition of Wnt signaling and Akt kinase is beneficial for reducing the survival and glycolytic activity of tongue cancer cells
Authors: Kleszcz Robert , Paluszczak Jarosław
Published: August 2021

Background

Wnt signaling is important in the development of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC); however, Wnt pathway inhibitors lack satisfactory potency when used in monotherapy. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of the combinations of Wnt‐signaling inhibitors and the inhibitor of Akt kinase on the survival and glycolytic activity of tongue carcinoma cells.

Methods

CAL27, SCC‐25, and BICR22 tongue cancer cell lines were used. Cells were treated with Wnt signaling (PRI‐724 and IWP‐O1) and Akt‐kinase inhibitors. The effect of the chemicals on cell viability and cytotoxicity were evaluated by MTS and CellTox Green assays, respectively. Cell cycle distribution was analyzed cytometrically after propidium iodide staining. Annexin V binding to externalized phosphatidylserine and analysis of mitochondrial potential allowed the assessment of apoptosis. Glucose uptake and lactate release were evaluated luminometrically. Additionally, the viability of cells in spheroids was analyzed based on ATP content.

Results

The Akt‐kinase inhibitor showed significant cytotoxicity toward primary cancer cells. Moreover, its pro‐apoptotic effects were enhanced by Wnt‐pathway inhibitors. The activity of Akt inhibitor was even higher (by twofold) in 3D spheroids in comparison to cells grown in monolayer. The synergistic reduction in the growth of spheroids was observed between Akt inhibitor and IWP‐O1. Reduced glucose consumption may play a part in the combinatorial effects of these chemicals.

Conclusion

The results point to the therapeutic potential of the combinatorial use of Wnt inhibitors together with Akt inhibitors in HNSCC.
Aquaculture industry prospective from gut microbiome of fish and shellfish: An overview
Authors: Diwan Arvind D. , Harke Sanjay N. , Gopalkrishna  , Panche Archana N.
Published: August 2021

The microbiome actually deals with micro‐organisms that are associated with indigenous body parts and the entire gut system in all animals, including human beings. These microbes are linked with roles involving hereditary traits, defence against diseases and strengthening overall immunity, which determines the health status of an organism. Considerable efforts have been made to find out the microbiome diversity and their taxonomic identification in finfish and shellfish and its importance has been correlated with various physiological functions and activities. In recent past due to the availability of advanced molecular tools, some efforts have also been made on DNA sequencing of these microbes to understand the environmental impact and other stress factors on their genomic structural profile. There are reports on the use of next‐generation sequencing (NGS) technology, including amplicon and shot‐gun approaches, and associated bioinformatics tools to count and classify commensal microbiome at the species level. The microbiome present in the whole body, particularly in the gut systems of finfish and shellfish, not only contributes to digestion but also has an impact on nutrition, growth, reproduction, immune system and vulnerability of the host fish to diseases. Therefore, the study of such microbial communities is highly relevant for the development of new and innovative bio‐products which will be a vital source to build bio and pharmaceutical industries, including aquaculture. In recent years, attempts have been made to discover the chemical ingredients present in these microbes in the form of biomolecules/bioactive compounds with their functions and usefulness for various health benefits, particularly for the treatment of different types of disorders in animals. Therefore, it has been speculated that microbiomes hold great promise not only as a cure for ailments but also as a preventive measure for the number of infectious diseases. This kind of exploration of new breeds of microbes with their miraculous ingredients will definitely help to accelerate the development of the drugs, pharmaceutical and other biological related industries. Probiotic research and bioinformatics skills will further escalate these opportunities in the sector. In the present review, efforts have been made to collect comprehensive information on the finfish and shellfish microbiome, their diversity and functional properties, relationship with diseases, health status, data on species‐specific metagenomics, probiotic research and bioinformatics skills. Further, emphasis has also been made to carry out microbiome research on priority basis not only to keep healthy environment of the fish farming sector but also for the sustainable growth of biological related industries, including aquaculture.
Seasonal variations in sleep duration and sleep complaints: A Swedish cohort study in middle‐aged and older individuals
Authors: Titova Olga E. , Lindberg Eva , Elmståhl Sölve , Lind Lars , Benedict Christian
Published: August 2021

Subjective sleep reports are widely used research tools in epidemiology. Whether sleep reports can differ between seasons is less clear. Using multivariable binary or multinomial logistic regression analyses, in the present Swedish cross‐sectional two‐centre cohort study (N = 19,254; mean age 61 years), we found that participants surveyed during the summer (June–August) were more likely to report short sleep duration (defined as ≤ 6 hr) compared with those interviewed during the autumn (odds ratio [95% confidence interval] = 1.14 [1.04–1.25]). Individuals interviewed in the winter (December−February) were less likely to report early awakenings compared with participants surveyed in the autumn (September−November; odds ratio [95% confidence interval] = 0.85 [0.75–0.96]). Complaints of difficulties in falling asleep and disturbed sleep were less common among participants interviewed during spring (March–May) compared with those interviewed during the autumn (odds ratio [95% confidence interval] = 0.86 [0.74–0.99] and 0.88 [0.79–0.98], respectively). No seasonal variations in reports of long sleep, difficulty maintaining sleep, or feeling not rested after sleep were observed. Additional subgroup analysis revealed that summer participants were more likely to report short sleep duration and early morning awakenings than individuals surveyed in winter. In conclusion, this Swedish study indicates that self‐reported sleep characteristics may vary across seasons. Further studies are needed to confirm our findings.
Factors influencing breastfeeding practices in China: A meta‐aggregation of qualitative studies
Authors: Wu Wei , Zhang Jian , Silva Zolezzi Irma , Fries Lisa R. , Zhao Ai
Published: August 2021

The World Health Organization recommends that women exclusively breastfeed until their babies are 6 months old and continue to breastfeed while introducing complementary foods. A meta‐aggregation methodology was used to systematically review and synthesise the qualitative studies on factors influencing breastfeeding practices of healthy Chinese women in Greater China. English and Chinese databases were searched to identify peer‐reviewed qualitative studies (published 2008–2019). Relevant data were extracted, and key themes related to factors influencing breastfeeding practices were identified. Of 7587 articles identified, 22 qualitative studies met inclusion criteria for the review, 10 of which were published in Chinese. A total of 87 themes were extracted from all included studies and classified into 9 subcategories: government enactment of policies, implementation of policies in workplaces, social expectations, social support, medical and health services, services with Chinese characteristics, breastfeeding and pumping facilities, maternal perceptions of breastfeeding and self‐efficacy to breastfeed. The nine subcategories were then grouped into four categories. Potential effect associations among these influence factors of breastfeeding practices emerged from categories and subcategories. Family members' influence on breastfeeding motivation and self‐efficacy suggest a potential benefit of breastfeeding promotion interventions targeting the whole family. The role of primary care should be fully exploited in breastfeeding promotion, including both prenatal education and post‐partum visits. Standardising the training and qualifications of maternity matrons (yuesao) and folk breastfeeding specialists (cuirushi) can promote evidence‐based approaches to facilitating breastfeeding during the confinement period. Increased availability of breastfeeding and pumping facilities in the workplace would facilitate continuing breastfeeding after returning to work.
Cucumber RDR1s and cucumber mosaic virus suppressor protein 2b association directs host defence in cucumber plants
Authors: Kumari Reenu , Kumar Surender , Leibman Diana , Abebie Bekele , Shnaider Yulia , Ding Shou‐Wei , Gal‐On Amit
Published: August 2021

RNA‐dependent RNA polymerases (RDRs) regulate important aspects of plant development and resistance to pathogens. The role of RDRs in virus resistance has been demonstrated using siRNA signal amplification and through the methylation of viral genomes. Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) has four RDR1 genes that are differentially induced during virus infection: CsRDR1a, CsRDR1b, and duplicated CsRDR1c1/c2. The mode of action of CsRDR1s during viral infection is unknown. Transient expression of the cucumber mosaic virus (CMV)‐2b protein (the viral suppressor of RNA silencing) in cucumber protoplasts induced the expression of CsRDR1c, but not of CsRDR1a/1b. Results from the yeast two‐hybrid system showed that CsRDR1 proteins interacted with CMV‐2b and this was confirmed by bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays. In protoplasts, CsRDR1s localized in the cytoplasm as punctate spots. Colocalization experiments revealed that CsRDR1s and CMV‐2b were uniformly dispersed throughout the cytoplasm, suggesting that CsRDR1s are redistributed as a result of interactions. Transient overexpression of individual CsRDR1a/1b genes in protoplasts reduced CMV accumulation, indicating their antiviral role. However, overexpression of CsRDR1c in protoplasts resulted in relatively higher accumulation of CMV and CMVΔ2b. In single cells, CsRDR1c enhances viral replication, leading to CMV accumulation and blocking secondary siRNA amplification of CsRDR1c by CMV‐2b protein. This suggests that CMV‐2b acts as both a transcription factor that induces CsRDR1c (controlling virus accumulation) and a suppressor of CsRDR1c activity.
Toward a moral commitment: Exposing the covert mechanisms of racism in the nursing discipline
Authors: Louie‐Poon Samantha , Hilario Carla , Scott Shannon D. , Olson Joanne
Published: August 2021

Recent Canadian and international events have sparked dialogue and action to address racism within the nursing discipline. While the urgency to seek and implement antiracist solutions demands the attention of nurses, we contend that a contemporary analysis of the mechanisms that continue to perpetuate racism within nursing's theoretical foundation is required first. This study reconsiders the perceived functions of racism within the current state of nursing concepts and theories. In particular, we expose the role that covert racism plays by inadvertently sustaining racism through nursing's theoretical foundation, and how this process strengthens white supremacy. We argue that, in the absence of exposing these covert mechanisms, the development of solutions will be futile in dismantling racism. By making visible the covert mechanisms of racism within nursing's theoretical foundation, we attempt to establish an opportunity for the nursing discipline to dismantle its racist foundation and engage in sustained antiracist action. Lastly, this study demonstrates the need to equip the discipline with a moral commitment to antiracism in an effort to emancipate nursing from its racist legacies.
Graft‐versus‐host disease and herpes simplex virus oral injuries in onco‐hematological patient: Case report
Authors: Leidens Natali , Ballardin Bárbara Soldatelli , Leal Gustavo André , de Araújo Arthur Magno Medeiros , Sessenta‐Junior Claúdio Freire , Torres‐Pereira Cassius Carvalho , Schussel Juliana Lucena
Published: August 2021

Introduction

Graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD) is a systemic complication that can affect patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and the mouth is one of the places affected by the disease (oGVHD). Topical corticosteroids are used to control the painful symptoms, causing a local immunosuppression and increasing the risk for opportunistic infections.

Objective

This study aims to report a case of a 42‐year‐old woman, diagnosed with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia, who developed oGVHD and herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection after HSCT.

Case Report

oGVHD was confirmed by incisional biopsy and viral infection by HSV types 1 and 2 was confirmed by PCR. Topical and systemic corticotherapy and antiviral therapies were instituted. The immunosuppression intensified viral infection and antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) was instituted as an adjuvant treatment. aPDT application, along with the patient's immune recovery, antivirals and corticosteroids resulted in clinical improvement of oral lesions.

Final Considerations

This study highlights aPDT as an effective adjunct therapy in the local treatment of opportunistic infections in onco‐hematological patients.