bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Asthma presentations by children to emergency departments in a Canadian province: A population‐based study
Authors: Rosychuk Rhonda J. , Voaklander Donald C. , Klassen Terry P. , Senthilselvan Ambikaipakan , Marrie Thomas J. , Rowe Brian H.
Published: July 2010

Background

Asthma has a high prevalence in North American children and exacerbations presenting to the emergency department (ED) setting are common.

Objective

Describe the epidemiology of asthma presentations to EDs by children residing in a large geographic area (Alberta, Canada).

Methods

Data were extracted from provincial administrative databases for children <18 years of age from April 1999 to March 2005. Information extracted included demographics, ED visit timing, and subsequent visits to non‐ED settings. Analysis included summaries and rates.

Results

A total of 94,187 ED visits for asthma (45,385 children) were obtained. Visits were more common by boys (61.3%); after age 14, more females presented. The standardized rates remained stable over time; 21.1/1,000 in 1999/2000 compared to 19.8/1,000 in 2004/2005. Welfare recipients and Aboriginals had higher rates than other groups. Important daily, weekly, and monthly trends were seen. Approximately 10% were admitted; 5.4% of those discharged had a repeat ED visit within 7 days and 71% had not completed a non‐ED follow‐up visit within 7 days. The median time to the first follow‐up visit was 26 days.

Conclusions

Acute asthma is an important and relatively common ED presentation in childhood. Despite guidelines and improved treatments, this study failed to identify decreased presentation rates over time; disparities were based on age, sex, and socio‐economic/cultural status. Few children were reassessed within a week of their ED visit. Further study is required to understand the factors associated with these variations and the effectiveness of interventions targeted at specific groups to reduce the asthma‐related ED visits. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2010; 45:985–992. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Effect of Taping, Quadriceps Strengthening and Stretching Prescribed Separately or Combined on Patellofemoral Pain
Authors: Mason Marjon , Keays Susan L. , Newcombe Peter A.
Published: July 2010

Background and Purpose. Quadriceps strengthening, quadriceps stretching and patellar taping are commonly prescribed together for patellofemoral pain patients. This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of each of these techniques in isolation for one week and in combination for one week. Methods. A prospective double‐blind randomized control study was designed involving 41 subjects with 60 knees diagnosed with patellofemoral pain. The knees were randomized in onto one of four groups (n = 15): infrapatellar taping, quadriceps strengthening, quadriceps stretching and control. The taping was worn continually for the week; the strengthening group followed a programme of non‐weight‐bearing terminal range quadriceps exercises, the stretching group performed rectus femoris stretches. The control group did not receive treatment. All subjects received advice. Seven pre‐ and post‐treatment measures included isokinetic quadriceps strength, quadriceps length, pain measured during four activities and maximum eccentric, posturally controlled, pain‐free knee flexion angle during a step‐down. Results showed significant changes over time (p < 0.01) in two out of seven measures for the taping group, in five out of seven for the strengthening group and five out of seven for the stretching group and none in the control group. When the three modalities were combined for one week, (n = 60) all seven measures improved significantly (p < 0.01). Conclusion. In isolation, quadriceps stretching and quadriceps strengthening resulted in more improvements than taping. Combining these treatments is recommended as the initial approach to treating patellofemoral pain but further individualized more functional, global treatment is essential. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Flow cytometric detection of prostate tumor cells using chemoaffinity labels
Authors: Wu Lisa Y. , Liu Tiancheng , Grimm Amanda L. , Davis William C. , Berkman Clifford E.
Published: July 2010

BACKGROUND

The enzyme‐biomarker prostate‐specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is an emerging target for imaging and therapeutic applications for prostate cancer. However, the use of PSMA for detecting circulating prostate tumor cells remains under‐explored. The present study focuses on the specific labeling of PSMA+ prostate cancer cells with a fluorescent PSMA inhibitor and the quantitation of PSMA+ cells in blood by flow cytometry (FC) using a gating strategy to separate labeled PSMA+ cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cells.

METHODS

Suspensions of PSMA+ (LNCaP) and PSMA− (DU145) cells were incubated with the fluorescent PSMA inhibitor FAMX‐CTT‐54. Incubation parameters (time, temperature, and label concentration) were varied to optimize cell labeling. A gating protocol based on double fluorescent labeling of CD45 and PSMA was developed for the quantitiation of LNCaP cells in the presence of white blood cells from bovine blood. Nonfluorescent beads were added to the labeled cell mixture and served as internal standard for precise cellular quantification of LNCaP cells by flow cytometry.

RESULTS

The fluorescent PSMA inhibitor FAMX‐CTT‐54 was specific for PSMA+ cells. The minimum time and concentration of FAMX‐CTT‐54 for effective labeling of PSMA+ cell suspensions at 37°C was 7.5 min and 35 nM, respectively; no labeling was observed on PSMA− cells. Co‐incubation or pre‐incubation of PSMA+ cells with the unlabeled PSMA inhibitor CTT‐54 resulted in a concentration‐dependent reduction in fluorescent labeling with FAMX‐CTT‐54 thereby confirming that the labeling was specific for PSMA. In blood samples in which LNCaP cells were added, an average of five cells were detected in a 115 µl sample of the most dilute sample examined (29 cells/ml); three cells were expected theoretically. The greater loss of labeling of PSMA+ cells with FAMX‐CTT‐54 when pre‐incubated with CTT‐54 is consistent with the irreversible mode of binding of CTT‐54 to PSMA and subsequent internalization of the PSMA‐inhibitor complex.

CONCLUSIONS

The results suggest that fluorescent PSMA inhibitors can be utilized to effectively detect and quantify PSMA+ cells by FC. These results support the use of such compounds in the application of FC to detect, quantify, and characterize circulating prostate tumor cells. Prostate 71: 52–61, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
1α,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits C4‐2 prostate cancer cell growth via a retinoblastoma protein (Rb)‐independent G1 arrest
Authors: Washington Michele N. , Kim Jung‐Sun , Weigel Nancy L.
Published: July 2010

BACKGROUND

The active metabolite of vitamin D, 1α,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D) reduces the growth of several prostate cancer cell lines, most commonly by inducing a cell‐cycle arrest in G1. This is mediated, in part, through down‐regulation of c‐Myc, a positive regulator of the transcription factor, E2F. There is evidence that prostate cancer cells lacking functional retinoblastoma protein (Rb), a negative regulator of E2F activity, are poorly responsive to 1,25D treatment. Since up to 60% of prostate cancers demonstrate a loss of heterozygosity for Rb, we sought to determine whether Rb is required for the growth inhibitory effects of 1,25D.

METHODS

Using siRNA, Rb was reduced in C4‐2 prostate cancer cells, and the response of cells to 1,25D treatment or depletion of c‐myc measured by [3H]‐thymidine incorporation and flow cytometry. The effects of 1,25D treatment on E2F levels and activity, and E2F target gene expression were also measured.

RESULTS

1,25D treatment and c‐Myc depletion both cause a G1 arrest inhibiting C4‐2 cell proliferation independently of Rb. 1,25D reduces c‐Myc expression and causes a decrease in E2F and E2F target genes. Bcl‐2, an E2F target and positive regulator of C4‐2 cell growth, also is down‐regulated by 1,25D independently of Rb.

CONCLUSIONS

Redundant growth inhibitory pathways compensate for the loss of Rb, and tumors lacking functional Rb may be responsive to 1,25D. Prostate 71: 98–110, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fluctuation dynamics analysis of gp120 envelope protein reveals a topologically based communication network
Authors: Shrivastava Indira , LaLonde Judith M.
Published: July 2010

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection is initiated by binding of the viral glycoprotein gp120, to the cellular receptor CD4. On CD4 binding, gp120 undergoes conformational change, permitting binding to the chemokine receptor. Crystal structures of gp120 ternary complex reveal the CD4 bound conformation of gp120. We report here the application of the Gaussian network model (GNM) to the crystal structures of gp120 bound to CD4 or CD4 mimic and 17b, to study the collective motions of the gp120 core and determine the communication propensities of the residue network. The GNM fluctuation profiles identify residues in the inner domain and outer domain that may facilitate conformational change or stability, respectively. Communication propensities delineate a residue network that is topologically suited for signal propagation from the Phe43 cavity throughout the gp120 outer domain. These results provide a new context for interpreting gp120 core envelope structure–function relationships. Proteins 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Extending the PRIME model for protein aggregation to all 20 amino acids
Authors: Cheon Mookyung , Chang Iksoo , Hall Carol K.
Published: July 2010

We extend PRIME, an intermediate‐resolution protein model previously used in simulations of the aggregation of polyalanine and polyglutamine, to the description of the geometry and energetics of peptides containing all 20 amino acid residues. The 20 amino acid side chains are classified into 14 groups according to their hydrophobicity, polarity, size, charge, and potential for side chain hydrogen bonding. The parameters for extended PRIME, called PRIME 20, include hydrogen‐bonding energies, side chain interaction range and energy, and excluded volume. The parameters are obtained by applying a perceptron‐learning algorithm and a modified stochastic learning algorithm that optimizes the energy gap between 711 known native states from the PDB and decoy structures generated by gapless threading. The number of independent pair interaction parameters is chosen to be small enough to be physically meaningful yet large enough to give reasonably accurate results in discriminating decoys from native structures. The most physically meaningful results are obtained with 19 energy parameters. Proteins 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Substrate stereo‐specificity in tryptophan dioxygenase and indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase
Authors: Capece Luciana , Arrar Mehrnoosh , Roitberg Adrian E. , Yeh Syun‐Ru , Marti Marcelo A. , Estrin Dario A.
Published: July 2010

The first and rate‐limiting step of the kynurenine pathway, in which tryptophan (Trp) is converted to N‐formylkynurenine is catalyzed by two heme‐containing proteins, Indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase (IDO), and Tryptophan 2,3‐dioxygenase (TDO). In mammals, TDO is found exclusively in liver tissue, IDO is found ubiquitously in all tissues. IDO has become increasingly popular in pharmaceutical research as it was found to be involved in many physiological situations, including immune escape of cancer. More importantly, small‐molecule inhibitors of IDO are currently utilized in cancer therapy. One of the main concerns for the design of human IDO (hIDO) inhibitors is that they should be selective enough to avoid inhibition of TDO. In this work, we have used a combination of classical molecular dynamics (MD) and hybrid quantum‐classical (QM/MM) methodologies to establish the structural basis that determine the differences in (a) the interactions of TDO and IDO with small ligands (CO/O2) and (b) the substrate stereo‐specificity in hIDO and TDO. Our results indicate that the differences in small ligand bound structures of IDO and TDO arise from slight differences in the structure of the bound substrate complex. The results also show that substrate stereo‐specificity of TDO is achieved by the perfect fit of L‐Trp, but not D‐Trp, which exhibits weaker interactions with the protein matrix. For hIDO, the presence of multiple stable binding conformations for L/D‐Trp reveal the existence of a large and dynamic active site. Taken together, our data allow determination of key interactions useful for the future design of more potent hIDO‐selective inhibitors. Proteins 2010; © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Smoothing molecular interactions: The “kinetic buffer” effect of intrinsically disordered proteins
Authors: Huang Yongqi , Liu Zhirong
Published: July 2010

Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) widely participate in molecular recognition and signaling processes in cells by interacting with other molecules. Compared with ordered proteins, IDPs usually possess stronger intermolecular interactions in binding. As a result, the interface structure of IDPs in complexes is distinct from that of ordered‐protein complexes, and this difference may have essential effect on the response to various perturbations in a cell. In this study, we examined the perturbations of intermolecular interactions and temperature on the coupled folding and binding processes of pKID to KIX domains by performing molecular dynamics simulations. By comparing a series of virtual pKID systems with various degree of disorder, we found that the complex stability and the binding kinetics of the disordered systems were less sensitive to the perturbations than the ordered systems. The origin of the lower response sensitivity of IDPs was attributed to their higher flexibility in the complex interface, which was further supported by an analysis on protein complex structures. On the basis of our simulations and results from the literature, we speculate IDPs may not only interact with their biological partners with high specificity and low affinity but also may be resistant to the perturbations in the environment and transmit signals fast and smooth. We proposed to name it the “kinetic buffer” effect. Proteins 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cross‐resistance relationships between neonicotinoids and pymetrozine in Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)
Authors: Gorman Kevin , Slater Russell , Blande James D , Clarke Alison , Wren Jodie , McCaffery Alan , Denholm Ian
Published: July 2010

BACKGROUND: Although cross‐resistance between compounds in the same insecticide group is a frequently observed phenomenon, cross‐resistance between groups that differ in structural and functional characteristics can be extremely unpredictable. In the case of controlling the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius, neonicotinoids and the pyridine azomethine antifeedant pymetrozine represent independent lines of discovery that should be suited for alternation to avoid prolonged selection for the same resistance mechanism. Reports of an association between responses to neonicotinoids and pymetrozine were investigated by resistance profiling of seven B. tabaci strains and complementary reciprocal selection experiments.

RESULTS: All strains demonstrated a consistent correlation between responses to three neonicotinoid compounds: thiamethoxam, imidacloprid and acetamiprid. Responses to neonicotinoids for six field strains clearly correlated with responses to pymetrozine. Reciprocal selection experiments confirmed an unexpected case of intergroup cross‐resistance. A seventh strain exhibited a so far unique phenotype of strong resistance to pymetrozine but full susceptibility to neonicotinoids. Selection experiments confirmed that in this strain the mechanism of pymetrozine resistance is specific and has no implications for neonicotinoids.

CONCLUSION: Cross‐resistance between neonicotinoids and pymetrozine in B. tabaci probably reflects the overexpression of a cytochrome‐P450‐dependent monooxygenase capable of metabolising both types of compound in spite of their apparent structural dissimilarity. Given the predominance of this mechanism in B. tabaci, both can contribute to resistance management but should be placed within the same treatment ‘window’. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Convergent synthesis of a helical, prehairpin HR1 trimer from HIV gp41
Authors: Lu Rong Jian , Mader Catherine J. , Schneider Stephen E. , Tvermoes Nicolai , Kang Myung‐Choi , Dwyer John J. , Wilson Karen L. , Matthews Thomas J. , Delmedico Mary K. , Bray Brian
Published: July 2010

A helical, prehairpin trimer covering the majority of the HR1 region of human immunodeficiency virus gp41 was achieved by chemically coupling three identical 51 amino acid peptides. A 1,3,5‐tris(aminomethyl)‐2,4,6‐triethylbenzene pinwheel ‘cap’ was used to trimerize the peptides by taking advantage of the unique property of triacyl fluoride and orthogonal protection and deprotection. The resulting protein is fully helical, highly thermostable and soluble. Copyright © 2010 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mobile, flexible, and adaptable: female migrants in Hanoi's informal sector
Authors: Agergaard Jytte , Thao Vu Thi
Published: July 2010

Industrialisation and urban growth are constitutive aspects of Vietnam's new economy and are important driving forces behind increasing rural‐to‐urban migration. Growth in informal sector employment is a significant aspect of this development, which has provided for both male and female migrants, although they generally are engaged in different occupations. Based on a case study among porters at Hanoi's Long Bien Market, this paper examines rural‐to‐urban migrants' gendered migration practices. Two interrelated aspects of gendered migration practices are in focus: the role of migration networks and networking, and remittance practices. The paper is organised around why and how migrants have entered the informal labour market in Hanoi and how they make their livings there while also maintaining ties with their rural homes. In conclusion, we discuss how the migration networks and remittance practices of the female porters demonstrate a particular way of adapting to the migration process. Also, it is emphasised how women's flexible practices are facilitated by women's own village‐based networks. It is suggested that ‘in‐betweenness’, which stands for the simultaneous and overlapping presence of urban and rural spaces in migrants' lives, is an insightful way of comprehending the adaptation practices employed by female porters in Hanoi. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Summative interaction between astaxanthin,Ginkgo bilobaextract (EGb761) and vitamin C in Suppression of respiratory inflammation: a comparison with ibuprofen
Authors: Haines David D. , Varga Balazs , Bak Istvan , Juhasz Bela , Mahmoud Fadia F. , Kalantari Heybatullah , Gesztelyi Rudolf , Lekli Istvan , Czompa Attila , Tosaki Arpad
Published: July 2010

In this study, combinations ofGinkgo bilobaleaf extract (EGb761) plus the carotenoid antioxidant astaxanthin (ASX) and vitamin C were evaluated for a summative dose effect in the inhibition of asthma‐associated inflammation in asthmatic guinea‐pigs. Ovalbumin‐sensitized Hartley guinea‐pigs challenged with ovalbumin aerosol to induce asthma, were administered EGb761, ASX, vitamin C or ibuprofen. Following killing, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid was evaluated for inflammatory cell infiltrates and lung tissue cyclic nucleotide content. Each parameter measured was significantly altered to a greater degree by drug combinations, than by each component acting independently. An optimal combination was identified that included astaxanthin (10 mg/kg), vitamin C (200 mg/kg) and EGb761 (10 mg/kg), resulting in counts of eosinophils and neutrophils each 1.6‐fold lower; macrophages 1.8‐fold lower, cAMP 1.4‐fold higher; and cGMP 2.04‐fold higher than levels in untreated, asthmatic animals (p< 0.05). In conclusion, EGb761, ASX and vitamin C are shown here to interact summatively to suppress inflammation with efficacy equal to or better than ibuprofen, a widely used non‐steroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID). Such combinations of non‐toxic phytochemicals constitute powerful tools for the prevention of onset of acute and chronic inflammatory disease if consumed regularly by healthy individuals; and may also augment the effectiveness of therapy for those with established illness. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of Ginkgo biloba extracts on NMDA‐activated currents in acutely isolated hippocampal neurons of the rat
Authors: Li Shao , Luo Jie , Wang Xi , Guan Bing‐Cai , Sun Chang‐Kai
Published: July 2010

Ginkgo biloba extracts (GBE) have long been used as a traditional herbal medicine for treating central nervous system diseases and peripheral vascular diseases, but the underlying mechanisms have yet to be elucidated. Furthermore, traditional GBE is in the form of microsomes and only dissolves in organic solvents; its clinical applications have been greatly limited. Therefore, in the present study, nanometer GBE (nGBE) was prepared utilizing supercritical anti‐solvent (SAS) upon CO2‐supercritical fluid extraction (CO2‐SPF). Using whole‐cell patch clamp techniques, the effects of different preparations of GBE on N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA)‐activated currents (INMDA) from acutely isolated rat hippocampal neurons were investigated and the difference in protective potency between nGBE and mGBE evaluated. The results showed that the inward current activated by NMDA could be depressed by mGBE and nGBE. The inhibitory rates were 40% ± 17% and 64% ± 15%, and the half‐inhibition concentrations (IC50) were 0.0210 ± 0.0055 and 0.0262 ± 0.0038 mg/mL, respectively. In comparison, the modulatory effect of nGBE (dissolved in extracellular solution) on NMDA‐activated current was significantly greater than that of mGBE (dissolved in DMSO) (p < 0.05). This indicated that the modulatory effects of GBE on NMDA‐activated current may contribute to the neuroprotective effects of GBE and the modulatory effect of nGBE on NMDA‐activated current was greater than that of mGBE. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Ganoderma lucidum extract on adipocyte differentiation and adiponectin gene expression in the murine pre‐adipocyte cell line, 3T3‐L1
Authors: Shimojo Yosuke , Kosaka Kunio , Shirasawa Takuji
Published: July 2010

Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum), a traditional Chinese medicine, has been used for the treatment of various diseases including cancer and atherosclerosis. In this study, the positive effect of G. lucidum on metabolic syndrome was investigated in more detail by the use of 3T3‐L1 pre‐adipocyte cells. Treatment of 3T3‐L1 cells with G. lucidum extract (GE) significantly promoted adipocyte differentiation and adiponectin production in a dose‐dependent manner, as assessed by Oil‐Red O staining, quantitative RT‐PCR and ELISA. Treatment with GW9662, an inhibitor for peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐gamma (PPARgamma), significantly attenuated GE‐dependent adipocyte differentiation and adiponectin gene expression, suggesting the involvement of PPARgamma. Moreover, a reporter gene assay using GAL4‐PPAR fusion proteins revealed that GE enhances GAL4‐PPARgamma and GAL4‐PPARalpha activities. These results indicate the presence of natural compounds possessing PPARgamma and PPARalpha activating properties in G. lucidum. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antimicrobial activity of terpenoids from Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. against cariogenic bacteria
Authors: Souza Ariana B. , Martins Carlos H. G. , Souza Maria G. M. , Furtado Niege A. J. C. , Heleno Vladimir C. G. , de Sousa João P. B. , Rocha Erilda M. P. , Bastos Jairo K. , Cunha Wilson R. , Veneziani Rodrigo C. S. , Ambrósio Sérgio R.
Published: July 2010

In the present work, the anticariogenic activities of nine labdane type‐diterpenes and four sesquiterpenes were investigated. Among these metabolites, (‐)‐copalic acid (CA) was the most active compound displaying MIC values very promising (ranging from 2.0 to 6.0 µg/mL) against the main microorganisms responsible for dental caries: Streptococcus salivarius, S. sobrinus, S. mutans, S. mitis, S. sanguinis and Lactobacillus casei. Time kill assays performed with CA against the primary causative agent (S. mutans) revealed that, in the first 12 h, this compound only inhibits the growth of the inoculum (bacteriostatic effect). However, its bactericidal effect is clearly noted thereafter (between 12 and 24 h). Also, CA did not show a synergistic effect when combined with the anticariogenic gold standard (chlorhexidine, CHD) in the checkerboard assays against S. mutans. In conclusion, the results points out CA as an important metabolite in the search for new effective anticariogenic agents. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Atmospheric tides over the Pyrenees: observational study and numerical simulation
Authors: Díaz de Argandoña J. , Ezcurra A. , Sáenz J. , Campistron B. , Ibarra‐Berastegi G. , Saïd F.
Published: July 2010

Barometric tides around the Pyrenees mountain range are analyzed by means of synoptic surface‐station data recorded during one year, surface data from the Pyrenees Experiment (PYREX) and the CRA/LA Very High Frequency (VHF) wind profiler installed in the north of the range. Tides are decomposed into their diurnal and semi‐diurnal components. Diurnal tides show a strong non‐migrating component and are very dependent on local conditions. Semi‐diurnal tides are more homogeneous and present a north–south asymmetry, also noted in the Alps. This cross‐range asymmetry could be related to some interference effect caused by the mountain range in the migrating semi‐diurnal tide wave. The asymmetry of the diurnal component presents a very strong seasonal variation, probably related to local diabatic effects. A three‐month long simulation has been carried out with the National Center for Atmospheric Research's Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) limited‐area model to try to reproduce the tide structure. The validation of the results with wind‐profiler data shows reasonable agreement with the observed diurnal tide and poorer results for the semi‐diurnal component. At surface level, however, the model reproduces some of the features of the observed semi‐diurnal tide, and especially the cross‐range asymmetry. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
A study on precursors to blocking anomalies in climatological flows by using conditional nonlinear optimal perturbations
Authors: Jiang Zhina , Wang Donghai
Published: July 2010

This work explores the inverse problem of what are the precursors to a given blocking anomaly in climatological flow over the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, respectively. Blocking anomaly in geopotential height field is specified as a dipole structure which is dominated by a strong positive anomaly centred at about 60°N and a weak negative anomaly south of it. The method of conditional nonlinear optimal perturbation (CNOP) is applied to investigate the above problem by using a T21L3 quasi‐geostrophic model and its tangent linear and adjoint versions.

Results show that both for the Atlantic and Pacific blockings, the precursors are baroclinic synoptic‐scale wave train disturbances, whose maximum amplitudes are located upstream of the corresponding blocking regions. The disturbances, which mostly focus on the northward flanks of the corresponding Atlantic and Pacific upper‐level jet, take on a northeast‐southwest trend. However, the leftover parts located in the southward flanks of the corresponding upper‐level jet take on a northwest‐southeast trend. This structure is favourable for the precursors to gain more kinetic energy from the horizontal shear of the basic flow. Further energy analysis reveals that the available potential energy contributes more to the initial precursors, and with time, the kinetic energy dominates the structures. With the help of potential vorticity analysis, it is shown that the planetary‐scale eddy feedback seems to advect anticyclonic (cyclonic) vorticity to the high pressure (low trough) region of blocking, and thus it promotes the onset of blocking. In addition, more specific differences for the precursors to blocking anomalies over the two oceans are compared. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Instituting a robot‐assisted surgery programme at a tertiary care cancer centre
Authors: duPont Nefertiti C. , Guru Khurshid A. , Iskander George B. , Odunsi Kunle , Lele Shashikant B. , Rodabaugh Kerry J.
Published: July 2010

Background

The initial experience of a gynaecological oncology robotic surgery programme at a tertiary care cancer centre is described.

Methods

A retrospective study was performed to evaluate the perioperative outcomes of 76 patients offered robot‐assisted surgery.

Results

Seventy‐three patients underwent robot‐assisted surgery; three cases were converted to laparotomy; 51% of patients underwent treatment for endometrial cancer; 18% had ovarian cancer risk reduction surgery; and 8% were treated for uterine leiomyomata. Median body mass index (BMI) was 30. Median estimated blood loss, operative time, and length of stay were 150 ml, 195 min and 1 day, respectively. The total major complication rate was 6.8% and the total minor complication rate was 15.1%.

Conclusion

Robot‐assisted surgery is safe and appropriate for gynaecological patients undergoing surgical management. A gynaecological oncology robot‐assisted programme can be easily established in a tertiary care cancer centre. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Respiratory motion control for stereotactic and robotic liver interventions
Authors: Widmann Gerlig , Schullian Peter , Haidu Marion , Wiedermann Franz J , Bale Reto
Published: July 2010

Background

Control of respiratory motion is an essential prerequisite for stereotactic computer‐assisted and robotic interventions in the liver.

Methods

The respiratory motion control error (RMCE) of temporary disconnections of the endotracheal tube (ETT) in anaesthetized patients has been evaluated during computer tomography (CT)‐guided liver punctures. Two arterial and portal phase contrast‐enhanced planning CTs were obtained during one ETT disconnection. After liver puncture, a native control CT was performed during a second ETT disconnection. By image fusion, the Euclidean errors of corresponding external and internal targets were calculated as baseline measures. RMCE was obtained by subtracting the Euclidean error during one ETT disconnection from the Euclidean error during two ETT disconnections.

Results

In 26 patients, the overall mean RMCE showed 1.98 ± 0.93 (range 0.44–4.02) mm for external targets and 1.41 ± 0.75 (range 0.46–3.18) mm for the internal targets, without significant difference in means (p = 0.558). No complications were noted.

Conclusions

Temporary ETT disconnections are safe and may control respiratory motion for liver interventions within 4 mm. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recombination among picornaviruses
Authors: Lukashev A.N.
Published: July 2010

Picornaviruses are small non‐enveloped positive strand RNA viruses that can cause a wide range of clinical manifestations in humans and animals. Many of these viruses are highly diversified and globally prevalent. Natural recombination has been reported in most picornavirus genera and is a key genetic feature of these infectious agents. In several socially relevant picornavirus genera, such as enteroviruses, aphthoviruses, parechoviruses and cardioviruses, recombination, combined with dynamic global epidemiology, maintains virus species as a worldwide pool of genetic information. It can be suggested that on a short time scale recombination acts to promote virus diversity, and new recombinant forms of picornaviruses emerge frequently as ‘snapshots’ of this global pool. On a longer time scale, recombination maintains stability of a gene pool of a species by shuffling sequences and thus limiting divergence and speciation. This review covers existing evidence of recombination in most genera of the family Picornaviridae and possible implications for diagnostics, epidemiology and classification. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The implementation and structuring of divestitures: the unit's perspective
Authors: Moschieri Caterina
Published: July 2010

Existing literature on value creation of divestitures focuses on their antecedents, typically relating them to the parent company's financial performance. Whether and how divestitures can create value for the divested unit remains unclear. This paper presents an exploratory study based on multiple cases, to examine which factors of the implementation and structuring of a divestiture may increase the performance of a divested unit. The emergent granular framework consists of previously unreported aspects of the divesting process and provides new insights into divestitures and their outcomes. Results indicate that antecedents alone may be insufficient for understanding the outcomes of divestitures. Different combinations of understanding of the rationale for the divestiture and perceived capabilities in the divesting process affect perceptions of divestiture feasibility. Sense of opportunity emerges as the key element of the divesting process for the success of divested units. Factors that participate with sense of opportunity in determining the success of divested units are further considered in the theoretical framework. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Who gets the carrot and who gets the stick? Evidence of gender disparities in executive remuneration
Authors: Kulich Clara , Trojanowski Grzegorz , Ryan Michelle K. , Alexander Haslam S. , Renneboog Luc D. R.
Published: July 2010

This paper offers a new explanation of the gender pay gap in leadership positions by examining the relationship between managerial bonuses and company performance. Drawing on findings of gender studies, agency theory, and the leadership literature, we argue that the gender pay gap is a context‐specific phenomenon that results partly from the fact that company performance has a moderating impact on pay inequalities. Employing a matched sample of 192 female and male executive directors of U.K.‐listed firms, we corroborate the existence of the gender pay disparities in corporate boardrooms. In line with our theoretical predictions, we find that bonuses awarded to men are not only larger than those allocated to women, but also that managerial compensation of male executive directors is much more performance‐sensitive than that of female executives. The contribution of attributional and expectancy‐related dynamics to these patterns is highlighted in line with previous work on gender stereotypes and implicit leadership theories such as the romance of leadership. Gender differences in risk taking and confidence are also considered as potential explanations for the observed pay disparities. The implications of organizations' indifference to women's performance are examined in relation to issues surrounding the recognition and retention of female talent. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Are family‐friendly workplace practices a valuable firm resource?
Authors: Bloom Nick , Kretschmer Tobias , Van Reenen John
Published: July 2010

We study the determinants and consequences of family‐friendly workplace practices (FFWP) using a sample of over 450 manufacturing firms in Germany, France, U.K., and U.S. We find a positive correlation between firm productivity and FFWP. This association disappears, however, once we control for a measure of the quality of management practices. We further find that firms with a higher proportion of female managers and more skilled workers, as well as well‐managed firms, tend to implement more FFWP. Conversely, a firm's environment does not have a significant impact on the FFWP it provides. © 2010 The Authors. Strategic Management Journal published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Fabrication of a 3D Nanoscale Crossbar Circuit by Nanotransfer‐Printing Lithography
Authors: Stuart Colin , Park Hee‐Kun , Chen Yong
Published: July 2010

Nanotransfer‐printing lithography simplifies the fabrication of a 3D nanoscale crossbar circuit. Gold nanowires 100 nm in width and with 100 nm spacing are printed onto a polymer layer of electrically switchable, LiClO4‐doped poly[2‐methoxy‐5‐(2′‐ethylhexyloxy)‐p‐phenylene vinylene] mixed with an epoxy. The transfer process can be repeated to obtain a multilayer nanoscale crossbar structure. This process paves the way toward fabricating 3D circuits with ultrahigh device density and neuromorphic architectures.
Effect of selective fetoscopic laser photocoagulation therapy for twin–twin transfusion syndrome on pulmonary valve pathology in recipient twins
Authors: Moon‐Grady A. J. , Rand L. , Lemley B. , Gosnell K. , Hornberger L. K. , Lee H.
Published: July 2010

Objective

To investigate the impact of selective fetoscopic laser photocoagulation (SFLP) on pre‐existing pulmonary valve pathology in the recipient twin in twin–twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS).

Methods

We evaluated preoperative echocardiograms of all pregnancies with TTTS treated with SFLP at our institution from 2001 to 2009 (n = 76). Sixteen (21%) recipients had an abnormal pulmonary valve (stenosis/dysplasia, insufficiency or functional atresia) before SFLP. Postoperative echocardiograms and medical records from these 16 recipients were reviewed. Changes in pulmonary valve structure and function, and overall cardiac function, were noted after SFLP.

Results

The mean gestational age at SFLP was 21 (range, 18.7–24.3) weeks. Seven of sixteen (44%) recipients with abnormal pulmonary valve prior to SFLP survived. Six of the 16 (37.5%) recipient twins had documented absence of persistent pulmonary valve abnormalities at birth or at autopsy. Two (12.5%) of the 16 recipients (2.6% of the original cohort) had persistent pulmonary valve abnormalities at birth, requiring intervention. Systolic and diastolic function improved or normalized after SFLP in all patients undergoing longitudinal follow‐up. There was a tendency for a better cardiovascular profile score (best = 10 points) at initial evaluation in pregnancies with survivors compared with those with no survivors (mean (SD): 5.6 (2.2) vs. 6.75 (1.28)), but this was not statistically significant. Severity of cardiac involvement did not predict persistence of valve pathology or survival.

Conclusions

SFLP can improve flow through the pulmonary valve of the recipient twin in TTTS, probably as a consequence of improvements in right ventricular systolic and diastolic function. However, pulmonary valve pathology may persist and require postnatal intervention. Copyright © 2010 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
History of the 2°C climate target
Authors: Randalls Samuel
Published: July 2010

Policymakers, scientists, and social scientists have debated a wide array of responses to the realities and prospects of anthropogenic climate change. The focus of this review is on the 2°C temperature target, described as the maximum allowable warming to avoid dangerous anthropogenic interference in the climate. The temperature target has its roots in the ways in which scientists and economists developed heuristics from the 1970s to guide understanding and policy decision making about climate change. It draws from integrated assessment modeling, the ‘traffic light’ system of managing climate risks and a policy response guided as much by considerations of tolerability of different degrees of climate change as by simply reducing carbon dioxide emissions. The European Union (EU) proposed 2°C as the policy target in 1996, with support from some environmentalists and scientists. It was subsequently listed as the desirable temperature target in the 2009 Copenhagen Accord. Yet the figure has a range of critics from scientific experts to economists arguing that the target is infeasible, expensive, and an inappropriate way of framing climate policy. Tracing the historical development of the target helps understand the context it emerged from and its various strengths and weaknesses. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

This article is categorized under:

Climate, History, Society, Culture > Ideas and Knowledge
Heterologous carotenoid production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae induces the pleiotropic drug resistance stress response
Authors: Verwaal René , Jiang Yang , Wang Jing , Daran Jean‐Marc , Sandmann Gerhard , van den Berg Johan A. , van Ooyen Albert J. J.
Published: July 2010

To obtain insight into the genome‐wide transcriptional response of heterologous carotenoid production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the transcriptome of two different S. cerevisiae strains overexpressing carotenogenic genes from the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous grown in carbon‐limited chemostat cultures was analysed. The strains exhibited different absolute carotenoid levels as well as different intermediate profiles. These discrepancies were further sustained by the difference of the transcriptional response exhibited by the two strains. Transcriptome analysis of the strain producing high carotenoid levels resulted in specific induction of genes involved in pleiotropic drug resistance (PDR). These genes encode ABC‐type and major facilitator transporters which are reported to be involved in secretion of toxic compounds out of cells. β‐Carotene was found to be secreted when sunflower oil was added to the medium of S. cerevisiae cells producing high levels of carotenoids, which was not observed when added to X. dendrorhous cells. Deletion of pdr10, one of the induced ABC transporters, decreased the transformation efficiency of a plasmid containing carotenogenic genes. The few transformants that were obtained had decreased growth rates and lower carotenoid production levels compared to a pdr5 deletion and a reference strain transformed with the same genes. Our results suggest that production of high amounts of carotenoids in S. cerevisiae leads to membrane stress, in which Pdr10 might play an important role, and a cellular response to secrete carotenoids out of the cell. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ether–zymolyase ascospore isolation procedure: an efficient protocol for ascospores isolation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast
Authors: Bahalul Moran , Kaneti Galoz , Kashi Yechezkel
Published: July 2010

Here we describe a new procedure for ascospore isolation from cultures containing a majority of unsporulated vegetative cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The EZ ascospore isolation procedure relies on the combination of two conventional protocols, diethyl ether treatment and modified zymolyase treatment, allowing a significant increase in the efficiency of ascospore isolation and consequently enabling a large number of meiotic offspring to be efficiently obtained and screened, thus improving the efficacy of genetic research and the genetic selection of S. cerevisiae strains. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Radio‐Guided Excision of Metastatic Lymph Nodes in Thyroid Carcinoma: A Safe Technique for Previously Operated Neck Compartments
Authors: Erbil Yeşim , Sarı Serkan , Ağcaoğlu Orhan , Ersöz Feyzullah , Bayraktar Adem , Salmaslıoğlu Artür , Gozkun Osman , Adalet Işık , Özarmağan Selçuk
Published: July 2010

Background

Better follow‐up of patients with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) and more sensitive detection leads to detection of recurrences in the neck. Despite excellent outcomes, the major challenge is controlling locoregional recurrence. We aimed to investigate whether the radio‐guided excision of metastatic lymph nodes makes it possible to find the affected lymph nodes in patients with previously operated neck compartments.

Method

This prospective study included 46 patients with recurrent/persistent PTC who had previously undergone operation of the neck compartment. Prior to operation, the pathologic node was localized by ultrasound (US) and radiotracer (99mTc‐labeled rhenium colloid) was injected directly into the pathologic node. Careful dissection was carried out following the area of maximum radioactivity until the metastatic lymph node(s) were identified and excised.

Result

One affected lymph node was removed in 17 patients, and more than one lymph node (affected or additional nodes) was removed in 29 patients. The median count from the lesion was significantly higher than values from the lesion bed (background activity) (16,886 counts/20 s versus 52 counts/20 s; p < 0.001). During follow‐up, four patients were lost to follow‐up and 27 patients had negative US and basal thyroglobulin (Tg). Five patients had suspicious lymph nodes on the operated side. Although the basal Tg level remained above the normal limit, moderately high in 8 patients, no metastases were detected in the neck.

Conclusions

Radio‐guided excision of metastatic lymph nodes can be performed safely for the detection and excision of recurrent thyroid cancer in the central and lateral neck.
Proteomic Analysis of the Systemic Response to Radiographic Contrast Media
Authors: Martinez Juan , Laskey Warren K. , Wells Cheri , Foghi Armin , Rohde Sarah , Ricciardi Mark , Mobarak Charlotte
Published: July 2010

Introduction

Radiographic contrast media (RCM) have numerous effects on the hemostatic system, inflammatory pathways, and vascular endothelium. Given the increasing number of high-risk patients undergoing radiographic procedures, more information regarding the systemic effects of RCM is needed.

Methods

Blood samples prior to baseline, 4 and 24 h following elective coronary angiography in 10 patients, were subjected to matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Data are presented as the ratio of the protein mass at 4 (iTRAQ4) and 24 h (iTRAQ24) compared to baseline. A ratio >1.0 and a ratio <1.0 indicate production and consumption, respectively, relative to baseline.

Results

In this sample, we identified 102 proteins with a confidence interval of ≥90%. Six proteins were identified at each time point in all patients. Of the proteins identified, apolipoprotein A-I, apolipoprotein A-II, complement C3, fibrinogen beta chain, immunoglobulin α, and prothrombin revealed an iTRAQ ratio <1.0 at 4 h when compared to baseline (all with p value <0.05) and a trend toward baseline levels at 24 h.

Conclusions

Systemic administration of RCM results in a variety of alterations to the proteome. Of interest, there is activation of the thrombotic and inflammatory pathways as well as an interaction with lipoprotein metabolism. These changes are most pronounced at 4 h but may persist through 24 h and may be of clinical relevance in patients at risk for thrombotic- and inflammatory-mediated consequences of atherosclerosis.