bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sequential Design-Space Reduction and Its Application to Hull-Form Optimization
Authors: Liu Zu-Yuan , Zheng Qiang , Chang Hai-Chao , Feng Bai-Wei , Wei Xiao
Published: July 2023

Hull-form optimization is a complex engineering problem. Owing to the several numerical simulations and complex design-performance spaces, hull-form optimization is considered an inefficient process, which makes determining the global optimum difficult. This study used rough set theory (RST) to acquire knowledge and reduce the design space for hull-form optimization. Furthermore, we studied one of the hull-form optimization problems by practically applying RST to the appropriate number of sampling points. To solve this problem, we proposed the RST-based sequential design-space reduction (SDSR) method that uses interval theory to calculate subspace intersections and unions, as well as test calculations to choose an appropriate stopping criterion. Finally, SDSR was used to optimize a KRISO container ship to minimize the wave-making resistance. The results were compared to those of direct optimization and one-time design-space reduction, thus proving the feasibility of this method.
Illumination Adaptive Multi-Scale Water Surface Object Detection with Intrinsic Decomposition Augmentation
Authors: Zhou Zhiguo , Li Zeming , Sun Jiaen , Xu Limei , Zhou Xuehua
Published: July 2023

Visual object detection is an essential task for the intelligent navigation of an Unmanned Surface Vehicle (USV), which can sense the obstacles while navigating. However, the harsh illumination conditions and large scale variation of the objects significantly harm the performance of object detection methods. To address the above problems, we propose a robust water surface object detection method named multi-scale feature fusion network with intrinsic decomposition generative adversarial network data augmentation (MFFDet-IDGAN). We introduce intrinsic decomposition as data augmentation for the object detection to achieve illumination adapting. And an intrinsic decomposition generative adversarial network (IDGAN) is proposed to achieve unsupervised intrinsic decomposition. Moreover, the multi-scale feature fusion network (MFFDet) adopts an improved bidirectional feature pyramid network (BiFPN) and spatial pyramid pooling (SPP) blocks to fuse features of different resolution for better multi-scale detection. And an improved weighted stochastic weight averaging (SWA) is proposed and applied in the training process to improve the generalization performance. We conduct extensive experiments on the Water Surface Object Detection Dataset (WSODD), and the results show that the proposed method can achieve 44% improvement over the baseline. And we further test our method on a real USV in the sailing process, the results show that our method can exceeding the baseline by 4.5%.
First Report of Azole-Resistant Aspergillus fumigatus with TR46/Y121F/T289A Mutations in Kuwait and an Update on Their Occurrence in the Middle East
Authors: Asadzadeh Mohammad , Alobaid Khaled , Ahmad Suhail , Mazloum Sara
Published: July 2023

Pulmonary aspergillosis is a common fungal infection with several clinical manifestations including invasive, allergic and chronic chest diseases. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is a leading cause of death in immunocompromised patients, particularly those receiving chemotherapy and among bone marrow transplant recipients. Aspergillus fumigatus is the most prevalent causative agent and voriconazole is the first-line therapy for IPA. In this study, we report the first isolation of voriconazole-resistant A. fumigatus carrying TR46/Y121F/T289A mutations from an immunocompromised pregnant lady in Kuwait. The patient was successfully treated for a probable respiratory infection with caspofungin and voriconazole. The literature review from PubMed has identified itraconazole-resistant clinical and environmental A. fumigatus isolates with TR34/L98H mutations in the cyp51A from several Middle Eastern countries including Kuwait. However, clinical A. fumigatus isolates with cyp51A TR46/Y121F/T289A mutations have not been reported previously from any country in the region while environmental isolates have been reported only from Iran. The source of voriconazole-resistant A. fumigatus CYP51A TR46/Y121F/T289A mutant in our patient remained unknown. Surveillance for azole resistance among clinical and environmental isolates of A. fumigatus is warranted in Kuwait.
Prediction of Urban Trees Planting Base on Guided Cellular Automata to Enhance the Connection of Green Infrastructure
Authors: Le Yi , Huang Sheng-Yang
Published: July 2023

Urbanization and climate change pose significant challenges to urban ecosystems, underscoring the necessity for innovative strategies to enhance urban green infrastructure. Tree planting, a crucial aspect of green infrastructure, has been analyzed for optimized positioning using data metrics, priority scoring, and GIS. However, due to the dynamic nature of environmental information, the accuracy of current approaches is compromised. This study aims to present a novel approach integrating deep learning and cellular automata to prioritize urban tree planting locations to anticipate the optimal urban tree network. Initially, GIS data were collated and visualized to identify a suitable study site within London. CycleGAN models were trained using cellular automata outputs and forest mycorrhizal network samples. The comparison validated cellular automata’s applicability, enabled observing spatial feature information in the outputs and guiding the parameter design of our 3D cellular automata system for predicting tree planting locations. The locations were optimized by simulating the network connectivity of urban trees after planting, following the spatial-behavioral pattern of the forest mycorrhizal network. The results highlight the role of robust tree networks in fostering ecological stability and cushioning climate change impacts in urban contexts. The proposed approach addresses existing methodological and practical limitations, providing innovative strategies for optimal tree planting and prioritization of urban green infrastructure, thereby informing sustainable urban planning and design. Our findings illustrate the symbiotic relationship between urban trees and future cities and offer insights into street tree density planning, optimizing the spatial distribution of trees within urban landscapes for sustainable urban development.
Efficiency of Amino Acid Utilization in Nellore Cattle Grazing Low-Quality Forage Supplemented with Different Sources of Nitrogen
Authors: Dias Ana Veronica Lino , Messana Juliana Duarte , Granja-Salcedo Yury Tatiana , Alfonso Yeison Fabian Murilo , Silva Lorrayny Galoro , Camargo Karine Dalla Vecchia , Alves Kênia Larissa Gomes Carvalho , Gonçalves Paloma Helena , Reis Ricardo Andrade , Berchielli Telma Teresinha
Published: July 2023

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of supplementation with non-protein nitrogen (NPN) or ruminal undegradable protein (RUP) on intake, digestibility, and amino acid (AA) use efficiency of Nellore cattle grazing during the dry season. Eight Nellore steers (12 ± 2 months old) were used in quadruplicate Latin squares (2 × 2). The animals were placed on Urochloa brizantha cv. Xaraés under continuous grazing. The treatments included the following: (1) urea supplementation (NPN) and (2) supplementation of corn gluten meal 60 (CGM, RUP). Animals supplemented with CGM showed higher intakes of dry matter (DM) supplement, total AA, essential AA, and individual AA. The supplementation did not affect the total AA digestibility, total AA flux, and the AA fluxes of microbial origin and RUP from the diet (p > 0.05). The ruminal microorganism origin flux of total AA to the duodenum was 44.5% and 52.7% for animals supplemented with NPN and CGM, respectively. Animals supplemented with CGM showed an increase in blood concentrations of isoleucine (+19.09 μmol/L), cystine (+27.29 μmol/L), and albumin (+0.11 g/dL) (p < 0.05), but this increase was not accompanied by an improvement in N use efficiency of steers (p > 0.05). RUP supplementation via CGM can be an efficient nutritional strategy to enhance the intake and absorption of AA by Nellore cattle grazing low-quality forage during the dry season.
The Cytotoxic Properties of Extreme Fungi’s Bioactive Components—An Updated Metabolic and Omics Overview
Authors: Kiss Attila , Hariri Akbari Farhad , Marchev Andrey , Papp Viktor , Mirmazloum Iman
Published: July 2023

Fungi are the most diverse living organisms on planet Earth, where their ubiquitous presence in various ecosystems offers vast potential for the research and discovery of new, naturally occurring medicinal products. Concerning human health, cancer remains one of the leading causes of mortality. While extensive research is being conducted on treatments and their efficacy in various stages of cancer, finding cytotoxic drugs that target tumor cells with no/less toxicity toward normal tissue is a significant challenge. In addition, traditional cancer treatments continue to suffer from chemical resistance. Fortunately, the cytotoxic properties of several natural products derived from various microorganisms, including fungi, are now well-established. The current review aims to extract and consolidate the findings of various scientific studies that identified fungi-derived bioactive metabolites with antitumor (anticancer) properties. The antitumor secondary metabolites identified from extremophilic and extremotolerant fungi are grouped according to their biological activity and type. It became evident that the significance of these compounds, with their medicinal properties and their potential application in cancer treatment, is tremendous. Furthermore, the utilization of omics tools, analysis, and genome mining technology to identify the novel metabolites for targeted treatments is discussed. Through this review, we tried to accentuate the invaluable importance of fungi grown in extreme environments and the necessity of innovative research in discovering naturally occurring bioactive compounds for the development of novel cancer treatments.
Interface Characteristics of Tungsten-Particle-Reinforced Zr-Based Bulk-Metallic-Glass Composites with Different Tungsten Particle Sizes
Authors: Jin Haoyu , Hu Huie , Chi Junhan , Ma Yunfei , Su Xiaohong
Published: July 2023

This study investigated the interfacial characteristics of tungsten-particle-reinforced Zr-based bulk-metallic-glass composites (Wp/Zr-BMGs) with varying tungsten-particle sizes. To this end, Wp/Zr-BMGs with three different Wp sizes were fabricated using spark plasma sintering. Subsequently, the microstructures and interfacial structures of the Wp/Zr-BMGs were extensively examined, and the mechanical properties of the microzone at the Wp/Zr-BMG interface were evaluated using a nanoindentation method. The results revealed that the interfaces of Wp/Zr-BMGs, irrespective of the Wp size, exhibited dissolution-diffusion characteristics. Moreover, the thickness of the interface diffusion layer was positively correlated to the size of Wp. The addition of Wp enhanced the elastic modulus and hardness of Zr-BMGs at the interface, as these effects are inversely related to the Wp size. Furthermore, this study established a relationship between the interfacial mechanical properties and the interfacial characteristics of particle-reinforced bulk-metallic-glass composites. Thus, this study can serve as a guide for future research in the field of Wp/Zr-BMGs and similar particle-reinforced composites.
Structural Characterization and Thermoelectric Properties of Br-Doped AgSnm[Sb0.8Bi0.2]Te2+m Systems
Authors: Delgado Daniela , Moris Silvana , Valencia-Gálvez Paulina , López María Luisa , Álvarez-Serrano Inmaculada , Blake Graeme R. , Galdámez Antonio
Published: July 2023

Herein, we report the synthesis, structural and microstructural characterization, and thermoelectric properties of AgSnm[Sb0.8Bi0.2]Te2+m and Br-doped telluride systems. These compounds were prepared by solid-state reaction at high temperature. Powder X-ray diffraction data reveal that these samples exhibit crystal structures related to the NaCl-type lattice. The microstructures and morphologies are investigated by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). Positive values of the Seebeck coefficient (S) indicate that the transport properties are dominated by holes. The S of undoped AgSnm[Sb0.8Bi0.2]Te2+m ranges from +40 to 57 μV·K−1. Br-doped samples with m = 2 show S values of +74 μV·K−1 at RT, and the Seebeck coefficient increases almost linearly with increasing temperature. The total thermal conductivity (κtot) monotonically increases with increasing temperature (10–300 K). The κtot values of undoped AgSnm[Sb0.8Bi0.2]Te2+m are ~1.8 W m−1 K−1 (m = 4) and ~1.0 W m−1 K−1 (m = 2) at 300 K. The electrical conductivity (σ) decreases almost linearly with increasing temperature, indicating metal-like behavior. The ZT value increases as a function of temperature. A maximum ZT value of ~0.07 is achieved at room temperature for the Br-doped phase with m = 4.
Dynamic Compressive and Flexural Behaviour of Re-Entrant Auxetics: A Numerical Study
Authors: Gao Dianwei , Zhang Jianhua , Zhang Chunwei , You Yun
Published: July 2023

Re-entrant auxetics offer the potential to address lightweight challenges while exhibiting superior impact resistance, energy absorption capacity, and a synclastic curvature deformation mechanism for a wide range of engineering applications. This paper presents a systematic numerical study on the compressive and flexural behaviour of re-entrant honeycomb and 3D re-entrant lattice using the finite element method implemented with ABAQUS/Explicit, in comparison with that of regular hexagonal honeycomb. The finite element model was validated with experimental data obtained from the literature, followed by a mesh size sensitivity analysis performed to determine the optimal element size. A series of simulations was then conducted to investigate the failure mechanisms and effects of different factors including strain rate, relative density, unit cell number, and material property on the dynamic response of re-entrant auxetics subjected to axial and flexural loading. The simulation results indicate that 3D re-entrant lattice is superior to hexagonal honeycomb and re-entrant honeycomb in energy dissipation, which is insensitive to unit cell number. Replacing re-entrant honeycomb with 3D re-entrant lattice leads to an 884% increase in plastic energy dissipation and a 694% rise in initial peak stress. Under flexural loading, the re-entrant honeycomb shows a small flexural modulus, but maintains the elastic deformation regime over a large range of strain. In all cases, the compressive and flexural dynamic response of re-entrant auxetics exhibits a strong dependence on strain rate, relative density, and material property. This study provides intuitive insight into the compressive and flexural performance of re-entrant auxetics, which can facilitate the optimal design of auxetic composites.
Study of the Transmission Characteristics of the Cycloid Gear Based on a Multi-Objective Optimization Modification
Authors: Song Xueping , Chen Yang , Yang Jianming
Published: July 2023

Due to the advantages of high transmission accuracy and high impact resistance, cycloid-pin gear drives are widely used in precision machinery. In the actual manufacturing and use process, a suitable clearance must be left between the cycloid gear and the pin teeth to meet the requirements of assembly lubrication, so the cycloid gear needs to be modified. In order to improve the performance of the cycloid-pin gear drive, this paper proposes a multi-objective optimization modification method which takes into account the maximum transmission error of the cycloid drive on the basis of the compound modification. Firstly, a compound modification function is constructed based on the equations of the cycloid gear. Tooth contact analysis is carried out on the cycloid gear to obtain the equations for calculating the transmission error and return error of the cycloid pinion drive and to solve for the transmission error and return error of a single cycle with different modification coefficients. Then, a multi-objective optimization model is constructed, and the optimum coefficients are solved by genetic algorithm. By analyzing the forces on the cycloid gear under load, the range, the number and the contact force of meshing teeth are calculated for different modification methods. At the end, the cycloid gear is modeled and finite element analyzed after multi-objective optimization modification and compound modification according to the optimal modification coefficients. By finite element analysis, the correctness of the theoretical calculation of the contact force of the modified cycloid gear and the loading transmission error is solved. The contact forces and transmission error of the multi-objective optimization modification are less than the compound modification. The theoretical calculation and finite element analysis indicate that the cycloid profile with the multi-objective optimization modification is better than the profile with the compound modification.
Ferromagnetic Resonance in Magnetic Oxide Nanoparticules: A Short Review of Theory and Experiment
Authors: Benguettat-El Mokhtari Ibtissem , Schmool David S.
Published: July 2023

This review article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent FMR studies on magnetic oxide nanoparticles and their potential applications. The use of the FMR technique is a powerful tool to study the magnetic properties of magnetic nanoparticles and can provide valuable information on their behavior. For this, we will start by discussing the purpose of these magnetic nanoparticles and their application in various fields, including biomedical applications, energy storage, and environmental remediation. We will then discuss the methods used to prepare magnetic nanoparticles and the theory behind FMR including the superparamagnetic effect. Additionally, we will present the most recent studies on FMR for magnetic oxide nanoparticles by highlighting the effect of temperature and doping on the magnetic properties of these nanoparticles.
Axioms and Divisor Methods for a Generalized Apportionment Problem with Relative Equality
Authors: Lyu Wenruo , Zhao Liang
Published: July 2023

The allocation of seats in a legislative body to groups based on their size is a crucial issue in legal and political studies. However, recent findings suggest that an optimal allocation of seats may not be proportional to the size of the groups. For instance, the European Parliament (EP) utilizes a subproportional system known as degressive proportionality. Unfortunately, current apportionment methods for the EP lack a rigorous axiomatic analysis and fail to adequately address equality. Building upon recent research on equality in subproportional settings, this paper proposed a novel generalization of existing axioms and divisor methods for proportionality to encompass subproportionality with relative equality. Specifically, we consider a function f(p)=a+bpγ on the standard number of seats for a group of size p, where a, b and γ are given non-negative constants, and a is an integer. This theory is exemplified through an empirical study focused on the EP.
Research on Real-Time Detection Algorithm for Pavement Cracks Based on SparseInst-CDSM
Authors: Wang Shao-Jie , Zhang Ji-Kai , Lu Xiao-Qi
Published: July 2023

This paper proposes a road crack detection algorithm based on an improved SparseInst network, called the SparseInst-CDSM algorithm, aimed at solving the problems of low recognition accuracy and poor real-time detection of existing algorithms. The algorithm introduces the CBAM module, DCNv2 convolution, SPM strip pooling module, MPM mixed pooling module, etc., effectively improving the integrity and accuracy of crack recognition. At the same time, the central axis skeleton of the crack is extracted using the central axis method, and the length and maximum width of the crack are calculated. In the experimental comparison under the self-built crack dataset, SparseInst-CDSM has an accuracy of 93.66%, a precision of 67.35%, a recall of 66.72%, and an IoU of 84.74%, all higher than mainstream segmentation models such as Mask-RCNN and SOLO that were compared, reflecting the superiority of the algorithm proposed in this paper. The comparison results of actual measurements show that the algorithm error is within 10%, indicating that it has high effectiveness and practicality.
Correlating Eye-Tracking Fixation Metrics and Neuropsychological Assessment after Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Ionescu Alec , Ștefănescu Emanuel , Strilciuc Ștefan , Rafila Alexandru , Mureșanu Dafin
Published: July 2023

Background and Objectives: Stroke survivors commonly experience cognitive deficits, which significantly impact their quality of life. Integrating modern technologies like eye tracking into cognitive assessments can provide objective and non-intrusive measurements. Materials and Methods: This study aimed to evaluate the cognitive and visual processing capabilities of stroke patients using eye-tracking metrics and psychological evaluations. A cohort of 84 ischemic stroke patients from the N-PEP-12 clinical study was selected for secondary analysis, based on the availability of eye-tracking data collected during a visual search task using an adapted Trail Making Test. Standardized cognitive assessments, including the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and digit span tasks, were also conducted. Results: Correlation analyses revealed some notable relationships between eye-tracking metrics and cognitive measures, such as a positive correlation between Symbol Search performance and the number of fixations. Anxiety levels were found to be positively correlated with first fixation duration, while longer first fixation durations were associated with poorer cognitive performance. However, most correlations were not statistically significant. Nonparametric ANOVA showed no significant differences in fixation metrics across the visits. Conclusions: These findings suggest a complex relationship between cognitive status, gaze fixation behavior, and psychological well-being in stroke patients. Further research with larger sample sizes and analysis of saccadic eye movements is needed to better understand these relationships and inform effective interventions for stroke rehabilitation.
A Review of Additive Manufacturing Techniques and Post-Processing for High-Temperature Titanium Alloys
Authors: Jin Binquan , Wang Qing , Zhao Lizhong , Pan Anjian , Ding Xuefeng , Gao Wei , Song Yufeng , Zhang Xuefeng
Published: July 2023

Owing to excellent high-temperature mechanical properties, i.e., high heat resistance, high strength, and high corrosion resistance, Ti alloys can be widely used as structural components, such as blades and wafers, in aero-engines. Due to the complex shapes, however, it is difficult to fabricate these components via traditional casting or plastic forming. It has been proved that additive manufacturing (AM) is an effective method of manufacturing such complex components. In this study, four main additive manufacturing processes for Ti alloy components were reviewed, including laser powder bed melting (SLM), electron beam powder bed melting (EBM), wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM), and cold spraying additive manufacturing (CSAM). Meanwhile, the technological process and mechanical properties at high temperature were summarized. It is proposed that the additive manufacturing of titanium alloys follows a progressive path comprising four key developmental stages and research directions: investigating printing mechanisms, optimizing process parameters, in situ addition of trace elements, and layered material design. It is crucial to consider the development stage of each specific additive manufacturing process in order to select appropriate research directions. Moreover, the corresponding post-treatment was also analyzed to tailor the microstructure and high-temperature mechanical properties of AMed Ti alloys. Thereafter, to improve the mechanical properties of the product, it is necessary to match the post-treatment method with an appropriate additive manufacturing process. The additive manufacturing and the following post-treatment are expected to gradually meet the high-temperature mechanical requirements of all kinds of high-temperature structural components of Ti alloys.
An Integrated Multi-OMICS Approach Highlights Elevated Non-Esterified Fatty Acids Impact BeWo Trophoblast Metabolism and Lipid Processing
Authors: Easton Zachary J. W. , Sarr Ousseynou , Zhao Lin , Buzatto Adriana Zardini , Luo Xian , Zhao Shuang , Li Liang , Regnault Timothy R. H.
Published: July 2023

Maternal obesity and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are linked with impaired placental function and early onset of non-communicable cardiometabolic diseases in offspring. Previous studies have highlighted that the dietary non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) palmitate (PA) and oleate (OA), key dietary metabolites associated with maternal obesity and GDM, are potential modulators of placental lipid processing. Using the BeWo cell line model, the current study integrated transcriptomic (mRNA microarray), metabolomic, and lipidomic readouts to characterize the underlying impacts of exogenous PA and OA on placental villous trophoblast cell metabolism. Targeted gas chromatography and thin-layer chromatography highlighted that saturated and monounsaturated NEFAs differentially impact BeWo cell lipid profiles. Furthermore, cellular lipid profiles differed when exposed to single and multiple NEFA species. Additional multi-omic analyses suggested that PA exposure is associated with enrichment in β-oxidation pathways, while OA exposure is associated with enrichment in anti-inflammatory and antioxidant pathways. Overall, this study further demonstrated that dietary PA and OA are important regulators of placental lipid metabolism. Encouraging appropriate dietary advice and implementing dietary interventions to maintain appropriate placental function by limiting excessive exposure to saturated NEFAs remain crucial in managing at-risk obese and GDM pregnancies.
Review of Ultrasonic Particle Manipulation Techniques: Applications and Research Advances
Authors: Wang Shuai , Wang Xuewei , You Fucheng , Xiao Han
Published: July 2023

Ultrasonic particle manipulation technique is a non-contact label-free method for manipulating micro- and nano-scale particles using ultrasound, which has obvious advantages over traditional optical, magnetic, and electrical micro-manipulation techniques; it has gained extensive attention in micro-nano manipulation in recent years. This paper introduces the basic principles and manipulation methods of ultrasonic particle manipulation techniques, provides a detailed overview of the current mainstream acoustic field generation methods, and also highlights, in particular, the applicable scenarios for different numbers and arrangements of ultrasonic transducer devices. Ultrasonic transducer arrays have been used extensively in various particle manipulation applications, and many sound field reconstruction algorithms based on ultrasonic transducer arrays have been proposed one after another. In this paper, unlike most other previous reviews on ultrasonic particle manipulation, we analyze and summarize the current reconstruction algorithms for generating sound fields based on ultrasonic transducer arrays and compare these algorithms. Finally, we explore the applications of ultrasonic particle manipulation technology in engineering and biological fields and summarize and forecast the research progress of ultrasonic particle manipulation technology. We believe that this review will provide superior guidance for ultrasonic particle manipulation methods based on the study of micro and nano operations.
Directivity Modeling and Simulation Analysis of a Novel Structure MEMS Piezoelectric Vector Hydrophone
Authors: Deng Wei , Fan Qingqing , Li Junhong , Wang Chenghao
Published: July 2023

In this paper, a novel dual-mass MEMS piezoelectric vector hydrophone is proposed to eliminate the transverse effect and solve the problem of directivity offset in traditional single-mass MEMS piezoelectric vector hydrophones. The reason for the directional offset of the traditional single-mass cantilever MEMS piezoelectric vector hydrophone is explained theoretically for the first time, and the angle of the directional offset is predicted successfully. Both analytical and finite element methods are employed to analyze the single-mass and dual-mass cantilever MEMS piezoelectric vector hydrophone. The results show that the directivity of the dual-mass MEMS piezoelectric vector hydrophone has no deviation, the transverse effect is basically eliminated, and the directivity (maximum concave point depth) is significantly improved, so more accurate positioning can be obtained.
Machine Learning of the Whole Genome Sequence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: A Scoping PRISMA-Based Review
Authors: Perea-Jacobo Ricardo , Paredes-Gutiérrez Guillermo René , Guerrero-Chevannier Miguel Ángel , Flores Dora-Luz , Muñiz-Salazar Raquel
Published: July 2023

Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the most significant global health problems, posing a significant challenge to public health systems worldwide. However, diagnosing drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) has become increasingly challenging due to the rising number of multidrug-resistant (MDR-TB) cases, despite the development of new TB diagnostic tools. Even the World Health Organization-recommended methods such as Xpert MTB/XDR or Truenat are unable to detect all the Mycobacterium tuberculosis genome mutations associated with drug resistance. While Whole Genome Sequencing offers a more precise DR profile, the lack of user-friendly bioinformatics analysis applications hinders its widespread use. This review focuses on exploring various artificial intelligence models for predicting DR-TB profiles, analyzing relevant English-language articles using the PRISMA methodology through the Covidence platform. Our findings indicate that an Artificial Neural Network is the most commonly employed method, with non-statistical dimensionality reduction techniques preferred over traditional statistical approaches such as Principal Component Analysis or t-distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding.
The Impact of a Commercial Biostimulant on the Grape Mycobiota of Vitis vinifera cv. Barbera
Authors: Pulcini Laura , Bona Elisa , Vaudano Enrico Tommaso , Tsolakis Christos , Garcia-Moruno Emilia , Costantini Antonella , Gamalero Elisa
Published: July 2023

Reducing the use of fungicides, insecticides, and herbicides in order to limit environmental pollution and health risks for agricultural operators and consumers is one of the goals of European regulations. In fact, the European Commission developed a package of measures (the European Green Deal) to promote the sustainable use of natural resources and strengthen the resilience of European agri-food systems. As a consequence, new plant protection products, such as biostimulants, have been proposed as alternatives to agrochemicals. Their application in agroecosystems could potentially open new scenarios regarding the microbiota. In particular, the vineyard microbiota and the microbiota on the grape surface can be affected by biostimulants and lead to different wine features. The aim of this work was to assess the occurrence of a possible variation in the mycobiota due to the biostimulant application. Therefore, our attention has been focused on the yeast community of grape bunches from vines subjected to the phytostimulant BION®50WG treatment. This work was carried out in the CREA-VE experimental vineyard of Vitis vinifera cv. Barbera in Asti (Piedmont, Italy). The composition of fungal communities on grapes from three experimental conditions such as IPM (integrated pest management), IPM+BION®50WG, and IPM+water foliar nebulization was compared by a metabarcoding approach. Our results revealed the magnitude of alpha and beta diversity, and the microbial biodiversity index and specific fungal signatures were highlighted by comparing the abundance of yeast and filamentous fungi in IPM and BION®50WG treatments. No significant differences in the mycobiota of grapevines subjected to the three treatments were detected.
Insights and Perspectives on the Role of Proteostasis and Heat Shock Proteins in Fungal Infections
Authors: Neves-da-Rocha João , Santos-Saboya Maria J. , Lopes Marcos E. R. , Rossi Antonio , Martinez-Rossi Nilce M.
Published: July 2023

Fungi are a diverse group of eukaryotic organisms that infect humans, animals, and plants. To successfully colonize their hosts, pathogenic fungi must continuously adapt to the host’s unique environment, e.g., changes in temperature, pH, and nutrient availability. Appropriate protein folding, assembly, and degradation are essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis and survival under stressful conditions. Therefore, the regulation of proteostasis is crucial for fungal pathogenesis. The heat shock response (HSR) is one of the most important cellular mechanisms for maintaining proteostasis. It is activated by various stresses and regulates the activity of heat shock proteins (HSPs). As molecular chaperones, HSPs participate in the proteostatic network to control cellular protein levels by affecting their conformation, location, and degradation. In recent years, a growing body of evidence has highlighted the crucial yet understudied role of stress response circuits in fungal infections. This review explores the role of protein homeostasis and HSPs in fungal pathogenicity, including their contributions to virulence and host–pathogen interactions, as well as the concerted effects between HSPs and the main proteostasis circuits in the cell. Furthermore, we discuss perspectives in the field and the potential for targeting the components of these circuits to develop novel antifungal therapies.
Species Identification and Mycotoxigenic Potential of Aspergillus Section Flavi Isolated from Maize Marketed in the Metropolitan Region of Asunción, Paraguay
Authors: Moura-Mendes Juliana , Cazal-Martínez Cinthia C. , Rojas Cinthia , Ferreira Francisco , Pérez-Estigarribia Pastor , Dias Nathalia , Godoy Patrício , Costa Jéssica , Santos Cledir , Arrua Andrea
Published: July 2023

Zea mays var. amylacea and Zea mays var. indurata are maize ecotypes from Paraguay. Aspergillus section Flavi is the main spoilage fungus of maize under storage conditions. Due to its large intraspecific genetic variability, the accurate identification of this fungal taxonomic group is difficult. In the present study, potential mycotoxigenic strains of Aspergillus section Flavi isolated from Z. mays var. indurata and Z. mays var. amylacea that are marketed in the metropolitan region of Asunción were identified by a polyphasic approach. Based on morphological characters, 211 isolates were confirmed to belong to Aspergillus section Flavi. A subset of 92 strains was identified as Aspergillus flavus by mass spectrometry MALDI-TOF and the strains were classified by MALDI-TOF MS into chemotypes based on their aflatoxins and cyclopiazonic acid production. According to the partial sequencing of ITS and CaM genes, a representative subset of 38 A. flavus strains was confirmed. Overall, 75 A. flavus strains (86%) were characterized as producers of aflatoxins. The co-occurrence of at least two mycotoxins (AF/ZEA, FUM/ZEA, and AF/ZEA/FUM) was detected for five of the Z. mays samples (63%). Considering the high mycological bioburden and mycotoxin contamination, maize marketed in the metropolitan region of Asunción constitutes a potential risk to food safety and public health and requires control measures.
Effect of Oral Administration of Polyethylene Glycol 400 on Gut Microbiota Composition and Diet-Induced Obesity in Mice
Authors: Ishibashi Riko , Matsuhisa Rio , Nomoto Mio , Chudan Seita , Nishikawa Miyu , Tabuchi Yoshiaki , Ikushiro Shinichi , Nagai Yoshinori , Furusawa Yukihiro
Published: July 2023

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is a commonly used dispersant for oral administration of hydrophobic agents. PEG is partly absorbed in the small intestine, and the unabsorbed fraction reaches the large intestine; thus, oral administration of PEG may impact the gut microbial community. However, to the best of our knowledge, no study evaluated the effects of PEG on gut commensal bacteria. Herein, we aimed to determine whether oral administration of PEG modifies the gut microbiota. Administration of PEG400 and PEG4000 altered gut microbial diversity in a concentration-dependent manner. Taxonomic analysis revealed that Akkermansia muciniphila and particularly Parabacteroides goldsteinii were overrepresented in mice administered with 40% PEG. PEG400 administration ameliorated the high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity and adipose tissue inflammation. Fecal microbiome transplantation from PEG400-administered donors counteracted the HFD-induced body and epididymal adipose tissue weight gain, indicating that PEG400-associated bacteria are responsible for the anti-obesity effect. Conversely, carboxymethyl cellulose, also used as a dispersant, did not affect the abundance of these two bacterial species or HFD-induced obesity. In conclusion, we demonstrated that oral administration of a high concentration of PEG400 (40%) alters the gut microbiota composition and ameliorates HFD-induced obesity.
Laser Synthesis of Cerium-Doped Garnet Nanoparticles
Authors: Vasylkovskyi Volodymyr , Bespalova Iryna , Evlyukhin Andrey , Zholudov Yuriy , Gerasymov Iaroslav , Kurtsev Daniil , Kofanov Denys , Slipchenko Olena , Slipchenko Mykola , Chichkov Boris
Published: July 2023

The application of a pulsed laser ablation technique for the generation of cerium-doped garnet nanoparticles in liquids is investigated. The morphological and optical properties of the obtained nanoparticles are demonstrated. Features introduced by the single crystals of Gd3Al2.4Ga2.6O12:Ce3+, Lu3Al5O12:Ce3+, and Y3Al1.25Ga3.75O12:Ce3+ from which the nanoparticles are generated, as well as the parameters of a liquid media on the garnet nanoparticle generation are experimentally studied using TEM and UV-Vis spectroscopy methods. It is shown how the size, shape, and internal structure of the nanoparticles are related to the external laser ablation conditions, as well as to the laser melting processes of NPs in the colloidal solutions. This work provides important information about the generated nanoparticles, which can be used as building blocks for specially designed structures with predetermined optical properties.
Single-Layer Graphene/Germanium Interface Representing a Schottky Junction Studied by Photoelectron Spectroscopy
Authors: Mendoza Cesar D. , Freire F. L.
Published: July 2023

We investigated the interfacial electronic structure of the bidimensional interface of single-layer graphene on a germanium substrate. The procedure followed a well-established approach using ultraviolet (UPS) and X-ray (XPS) photoelectron spectroscopy. The direct synthesis of the single-layer graphene on the surface of (110) undoped Ge substrates was conducted via chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The main graphitic properties of the systems were identified, and it was shown that the Ge substrate affected the electronic structure of the single-layer graphene, indicating the electronic coupling between the graphene and the Ge substrate. Furthermore, the relevant features associated with the Schottky contact’s nature, the energy level’s alignments, and the energy barrier’s heights for electron and hole injection were obtained in this work. The results are useful, given the possible integration of single-layer graphene on a Ge substrate with the complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology.
Red-Fleshed Apple Flavonoids Extract Alleviates Male Reproductive Injury Caused by Busulfan in Mice
Authors: Wang Bin , Wang Yanbo , Chen Yizhou , Sun Xiaohong , Xu Jihua , Zhu Jun , Zhang Yugang
Published: July 2023

In this research, we analyzed the protective effects of red-fleshed apple flavonoid extracts (RAFEs) on male reproductive injury induced by busulfan, using both in vitro and in vivo models. In the cell-based experiments, RAFEs significantly improved cell viability and proliferation rates compared to control groups. Similarly, in vivo testing with male mice showed that RAFEs and whole apple flavonoid extracts (WAFEs) enhanced various biochemical and liver function-related indicators in the testes; however, RAFEs demonstrated superior efficacy in mitigating testicular damage. Through immunohistochemistry, qRT-PCR, and Western blotting, we found that RAFEs notably enhanced the expression of spermatogenesis-related genes. Moreover, RAFEs increased the expression of oxidative stress- and apoptosis-related genes, thereby effectively reducing oxidative damage in the testes. These findings highlight the potential of RAFEs as natural agents for the prevention and treatment of male reproductive injury, paving the way for future research and potential therapeutic applications.
Mediation of BMI on 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels in U.S. Adults with Sugar-Sweetened Beverages Consumption
Authors: Lin Wei-Ting , Gonzalez Gabrielle V. , Kao Yu-Hsiang , Lin Hui-Yi , Li Mirandy S. , Seal David W. , Lee Chien-Hung , Hu Chih-yang , Chen Lei-Shih , Tseng Tung-Sung
Published: July 2023

Body mass index (BMI) as well as sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) has been suggested to independently decrease 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D). However, the relationship between SSB, BMI, and 25(OH)D is uncertain. This study aimed to investigate the potential mediating role of BMI in the association between SSB intake and 25(OH)D. A total of 4505 representative U.S. adults aged above 20 years and without liver conditions were selected from the 2013–2014 NHANES. All analyses were performed under survey modules with appropriate sampling weights. The prevalence of 25(OH)D insufficiency and deficiency was 37.8% and 24.1% in U.S. adults, respectively. Compared with non-SSB consumers, an increased risk of vitamin D deficiency was found in either heavy SSB consumers or soda consumers, respectively (aOR = 2.10, 95% CI = 1.25–3.54 in heavy SSB consumers; aOR = 1.61, 95% CI = 1.06–2.44 in soda consumers). Around 21.3% of the total effect of sugar intake from SSB on decreased 25(OH)D was explained by BMI. In conclusion, high total sugar intake from SSB and BMI independently contribute to lower 25(OH)D, and BMI mediates the inverse association between total sugar intake from SSB intake and 25(OH)D. Furthermore, an increased risk of having vitamin D deficiency was found in the population who consumed higher levels of sugar from SSB or soda drinks.
Adiposity Reduction by Cucumis melo var. gaettongchamoe Extract in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice
Authors: Park Sun Young , Kim Ji Eun , Kang He Mi , Song Hee Jin , Kang Nam Jun , Hwang Dae Youn , Choi Young-Whan
Published: July 2023

This study investigated the anti-obesity effects of Cucumis melo var. gaettongchamoe (CG) in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). The mice received CG water extract (CGWE) treatment for 8 weeks, and changes in body weight and serum lipid levels were analyzed. The HFD + vehicle group showed a significant increase in body weight compared to the control group, while the HFD + CGWE and HFD + positive (orlistat) groups exhibited reduced body weight. Lipid profile analysis revealed lower levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the HFD + CGWE group compared to the HFD + vehicle group. The HFD + vehicle group had increased abdominal fat weight and fat content, whereas both HFD + CGWE groups showed significant reductions in abdominal fat content and adipocyte size. Additionally, CGWE administration downregulated mRNA expression of key proteins involved in neutral lipid metabolism. CGWE also promoted hepatic lipolysis, reducing lipid droplet accumulation in hepatic tissue and altering neutral lipid metabolism protein expression. Furthermore, CGWE treatment reduced inflammatory mediators and suppressed the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in hepatic tissue. In conclusion, CGWE shows promise as a therapeutic intervention for obesity and associated metabolic dysregulation, including alterations in body weight, serum lipid profiles, adipose tissue accumulation, hepatic lipolysis, and the inflammatory response. CGWE may serve as a potential natural anti-obesity agent.
Chlorella vulgaris Modulates Gut Microbiota and Induces Regulatory T Cells to Alleviate Colitis in Mice
Authors: Velankanni Priyanka , Go Seok-Ho , Jin Jong Beom , Park Jin-Soo , Park Sunhee , Lee Su-Bin , Kwon Ho-Keun , Pan Cheol-Ho , Cha Kwang Hyun , Lee Choong-Gu
Published: July 2023

Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris) is unicellular green algae consumed worldwide as a functional food. The immune stimulatory function of C. vulgaris is known; however, no study has elucidated its immune regulatory potential and associated microbiome modulation. In the current study, we aimed to validate the immune regulatory role of C. vulgaris mediated through two mechanisms. Initially, we assessed its ability to promote the expansion of the regulatory T cell (Treg) population. Subsequently, we investigated its impact on gut microbiota composition and associated metabolites. The supplementation of C. vulgaris altered the gut microbiota composition, accompanied by increased short-chain fatty acid (SCFAs) production in mice at homeostasis. We later used C. vulgaris in the treatment of a DSS-induced colitis model. C. vulgaris intervention alleviated the pathological symptom of colitis in mice, with a corresponding increase in Treg levels. As C. vulgaris is a safe and widely used food supplement, it can be a feasible strategy to instigate cross-talk between the host immune system and the intestinal flora for the effective management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
The Association between Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Cardiometabolic Health at 6 Months following a Hypertensive Pregnancy: A BP2 Sub-Study
Authors: Hirsch Camilla , Roberts Lynne , Salisbury Justine , Denney-Wilson Elizabeth , Henry Amanda , Gow Megan
Published: July 2023

Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) complicate 5–10% of pregnancies, with resultant lifelong increased risks of cardiovascular disease (CVD). We aimed to describe lifestyle behaviours at 6 months post-HDP in four HDP subgroups, and their association with markers of cardiometabolic health. Subgroups were chronic hypertension (CH), gestational hypertension (GH), preeclampsia, and preeclampsia superimposed on chronic hypertension (CH + PE). The BP2 study is a multi-site, three-arm, randomised controlled trial. At 6 months postpartum, the NSW Population Health Survey and BP2 surveys collected lifestyle behaviours and demographic data. Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and blood pressure (BP) were also assessed. Descriptive statistics, ANOVA and Spearman’s correlation coefficients were used. Of 484 women (16% CH, 23% GH, 55% preeclampsia, and 6% CH + PE), 62% were overweight or obese. Only 6% met the recommended five vegetable and two fruit serves per day, and 43% did not meet the recommended 150 min of moderate–vigorous physical activity in five sessions per week. Adherence to both diet and physical activity recommendations was correlated with more favourable cardiometabolic outcomes, including lower BMI, waist circumference, and systolic and diastolic BP. Lifestyle interventions that improve diet and physical activity post-HDP are needed to reduce BP, BMI, and long-term CVD in this high-risk population.