bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
1,2,4‐Triethylbenzene [MAK value documentation, 2018]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: July 2019

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has evaluated 1,2,4‐triethylbenzene [
877‐44‐1
], considering all toxicological endpoints. Available publications are described in detail. In subchronic oral studies 1,2,4‐triethylbenzene causes axonopathy of peripheral nerves in rats and mice. A NOAEL was not obtained. The structurally related 1,2‐diethylbenzene leads to the same neurotoxic effects which are determined by oxidation of the 1,2‐diethyl groups to a gamma‐diketone. The formation of a gamma‐diketone is possible and indirectly shown with 1,2,4‐triethylbenzene and the mechanism of neurotoxicity is assumed to be the same for both compounds. Due to the limited data with 1,2,4‐triethylbenzene, the better investigated 1,2‐diethylbenzene, which is about 5 times as toxic, is used as a read‐across. As a maximum concentration at the work place (MAK value) of 1 ml/m
3
has been set for 1,2‐diethylbenzene, a MAK value of 5 ml/m
3
for 1,2,4‐triethylbenzene is established.

Since a systemic effect is critical, Peak Limitation Category II is designated. Peripheral neurotoxicity is a cumulative effect and an excursion factor of 8 would be adequate. However, the NOEAC for airway and eye irritation is not known and therefore an excursion factor of 2 is set. Thus, the allowable peak exposures are lower than those of other alkyl benzenes.

There are no developmental toxicity studies. Therefore, 1,2,4‐triethylbenzene is assigned to Pregnancy Risk Group D. There are no data on genotoxicity, carcinogenicity and sensitization. According to skin absorption models, percutaneous absorption can contribute significantly to systemic toxicity and 1,2,4‐triethylbenzene is designated with an “H” notation.
A Comparison of Nonlethal and Destructive Methods for Broad-Based Infectious Agent Screening of Chinook Salmon Using High-Throughput qPCR
Authors: Teffer Amy K. , Miller Kristina M.
Published: July 2019

Molecular tools, such as high-throughput quantitative polymerase chain reaction (HT-qPCR), are useful for monitoring multiple infectious agents in wild animal populations (i.e., broad-based screening). If destructive tissue samples cannot be obtained due to experimental design requirements (e.g., bio-telemetry; holding with repeated biopsy) or the conservation status of host species, then nonlethally sampled tissues can be substituted. However, infection profiles have been found to differ between nonlethally and destructively sampled tissues. We present a comparative analysis of nonlethal (gill and blood) and destructive (pool of internal and external tissue) approaches for broad-based infectious agent screening of adult Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. Of a possible 47 agents, 16 were detected overall by nonlethal and destructive methods. Our results indicated moderate differences in infection profiles among tissues, with limitations of each tissue type dependent on the ecology of each agent. The gill was the most comprehensive screening tissue, as more infectious agents were detected overall in gill (n = 16) than in blood (n = 12) or multi-tissue pools (n = 15). The agreement in the estimated agent prevalence between tissue types ranged from poor to excellent, while overall agent community structure (the combined prevalence of all agents) showed low agreement between tissue types. Two agents occurred at 100% prevalence in all tissue types. Nine agents, including types of bacteria and gill parasites, were more prevalent in gill than in blood, while five agents, including one virus and several microparasites, were more prevalent in blood. Future studies should pair microscopy and histopathology with HT-qPCR to better characterize host health and disease development relative to molecular detection of agents across tissue types.
Efficacy of Rose Myrtle Rhodomyrtus tomentosa Seed Extract against Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease in Pacific Whiteleg Shrimp Penaeus vannamei
Authors: Dang Lua T. , Nguyen Hanh T. , Hoang Ha H. , Lai Ha N. T. , Nguyen Hai T.
Published: July 2019

Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) is a new emerging bacterial disease that has been recently reported to cause mass mortalities in Pacific whiteleg shrimp Penaeus vannamei. Antibiotics have been used to treat bacterial diseases in shrimp, but most of them have been ineffective and have resulted in drug residues in the harvested shrimp products. In this study, an alternative approach was tested for its efficacy in controlling AHPND. The extract of rose myrtle Rhodomyrtus tomentosa seed, a traditional Vietnamese medicine, was tested for antibacterial effect against three AHPND bacterial strains in vitro (Vibrio parahaemolyticus [VPAHPND] KC12.020, VPAHPND KC13.14.2, and V. harveyi KC13.17.5) and was further evaluated for its potential efficacy in prevention of AHPND in shrimp in vivo. The in vitro studies showed that the antibacterial activity of the R. tomentosa extract was dose dependent, with the strongest bacterial susceptibility (≥18.0 mm) at a concentration of around 3,500 μg/disc. The in vivo studies showed that after challenge with VPAHPND KC12.020, the survival rates for shrimp in the groups that received feed pellets supplemented with extract at 3.5% or 7.0% (survival ~48.9% and 52.2%, respectively) were significantly higher than the zero survival rate in the positive control group, which received feed without the extract. These results indicate that the use of the R. tomentosa extract as an alternative therapy for control of AHPND in shrimp could help to minimize disease outbreaks. As a result, the extract is further expected to reduce drug/chemical residues in shrimp products.
Implement a knowledge‐based automated dose volume histogram prediction module in Pinnacle3 treatment planning system for plan quality assurance and guidance
Authors: Xu Hao , Lu Jiayu , Wang Jiazhou , Fan Jiawei , Hu Weigang
Published: July 2019

Purpose

This work aims to develop a knowledge‐based automated dose volume histogram (DVH) prediction module that serves as a plan quality evaluation tool and treatment planning guidance in commercial Pinnacle3 treatment planning system (Philips Radiation Oncology Systems, Fitchburg, WI, USA).

Methods

The knowledge‐based automated DVH prediction module was developed with kernel density estimation (KDE) method and applied for Pinnacle3 treatment planning system. Treatment plan data from 20 esophageal cancer cases were used for creating a module to predict DVHs. Twenty additional esophageal clinical plans were evaluated on the developed module. Predicted DVHs were compared with manual ones. Differences between the predicted and achieved DVHs were analyzed.

Results

The plan evaluation module was successfully implemented in Pinnacle3 treatment planning system. Strong linear correlations were found between predicted and achieved DVH for organs at risk. Suboptimal treatment plan quality could be improved according to the predicted DVHs by the module.

Conclusion

The knowledge‐based automated DVH prediction module implemented in Pinnacle3 could be used to efficiently evaluate the treatment plan quality and as guidance for further plan optimization.
Sulfurized Polyacrylonitrile Cathodes with High Compatibility in Both Ether and Carbonate Electrolytes for Ultrastable Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Wang Xiaofei , Qian Yumin , Wang Lina , Yang Hao , Li Huilan , Zhao Yu , Liu Tianxi
Published: July 2019

Sulfurized polyacrylonitrile (SPAN) is a promising material capable of suppressing polysulfide dissolution in lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries with carbonate electrolyte. However, undesirable spontaneous formation of soluble polysulfides may arise in the ether electrolyte, and the conversion of sulfur in SPAN during the lithiation/delithiation processes is yet to be understood. Here, a highly reliable Li–S system using a freestanding fibrous SPAN cathode, as well as the sulfur conversion mechanism involved, is demonstrated. The SPAN shows high compatibility in both ether and carbonate electrolytes. The sulfur atoms existing in the form of short S2 and S3 chains are covalently bonded to the pyrolyzed PAN backbone. The electrochemical reduction of the SPAN by Li+ is a single‐phase solid–solid reaction with Li2S as the sole discharge product. Meanwhile, the parasitic reaction between Li+ and CN bonds exists upon the first discharge, and the residual Li+ enhances the conductivity of the backbone. The recharge ability and rate capability are kinetically dominated by the activation of Li2S nanoflakes generated during discharge. At 800 mA g−1, a specific capacity of 1180 mAh g−1 is realized without capacity fading in the measured 1000 cycles, which makes SPAN promising for practical application.
Waterproof, Breathable, and Antibacterial Self‐Powered e‐Textiles Based on Omniphobic Triboelectric Nanogenerators
Authors: Sala de Medeiros Marina , Chanci Daniela , Moreno Carolina , Goswami Debkalpa , Martinez Ramses V.
Published: July 2019

Multifunctional electronic textiles (e‐textiles) incorporating miniaturized electronic devices will pave the way toward a new generation of wearable devices and human–machine interfaces. Unfortunately, the development of e‐textiles is subject to critical challenges, such as battery dependence, breathability, satisfactory washability, and compatibility with mass production techniques. This work describes a simple and cost‐effective method to transform conventional garments and textiles into waterproof, breathable, and antibacterial e‐textiles for self‐powered human–machine interfacing. Combining embroidery with the spray‐based deposition of fluoroalkylated organosilanes and highly networked nanoflakes, omniphobic triboelectric nanogenerators (RF‐TENGs) can be incorporated into any fiber‐based textile to power wearable devices using energy harvested from human motion. RF‐TENGs are thin, flexible, breathable (air permeability 90.5 mm s−1), inexpensive to fabricate (<0.04$ cm−2), and capable of producing a high power density (600 µW cm−2). E‐textiles based on RF‐TENGs repel water, stains, and bacterial growth, and show excellent stability under mechanical deformations and remarkable washing durability under standard machine‐washing tests. Moreover, e‐textiles based on RF‐TENGs are compatible with large‐scale production processes and exhibit high sensitivity to touch, enabling the cost‐effective manufacturing of wearable human–machine interfaces.
Mesoporous Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon‐Nanosphere‐Supported Isolated Single‐Atom Pd Catalyst for Highly Efficient Semihydrogenation of Acetylene
Authors: Feng Quanchen , Zhao Shu , Xu Qi , Chen Wenxing , Tian Shubo , Wang Yu , Yan Wensheng , Luo Jun , Wang Dingsheng , Li Yadong
Published: July 2019

Semihydrogenation of acetylene in the ethylene feed is a vital step for the industrial production of polyethylene. Despite their favorable reaction activity and ethylene selectivity, the Pd‐based intermetallic compound and single‐atom alloy catalysts still suffer from the limitation of atomic utilization derived from the partial exposure of active Pd atoms. Herein, a hard‐template Lewis acid doping strategy is reported that can overcome the inefficient utilization of Pd atoms. In this strategy, N‐coordinated isolated single‐atomic Pd sites are fully embedded on the inner walls of mesoporous nitrogen‐doped carbon foam nanospheres (ISA‐Pd/MPNC). This synthetic strategy has been proved to be applicable to prepare other ISA‐M/MPNC (M = Pt and Cu) materials. This ISA‐Pd/MPNC catalyst with both high specific surface area (633.8 m2 g−1) and remarkably thin pore wall (1–2 nm) exhibits higher activity than that of its nonmesoporous counterpart (ISA‐Pd/non‐MPNC) catalyst by a factor of 4. This work presents an efficient way to tailor and optimize the catalytic activity and selectivity by atomic‐scale design and structural control.
On the Role of Contact Resistance and Electrode Modification in Organic Electrochemical Transistors
Authors: Paterson Alexandra F. , Faber Hendrik , Savva Achilleas , Nikiforidis Georgios , Gedda Murali , Hidalgo Tania C. , Chen Xingxing , McCulloch Iain , Anthopoulos Thomas D. , Inal Sahika
Published: July 2019

Contact resistance is renowned for its unfavorable impact on transistor performance. Despite its notoriety, the nature of contact resistance in organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) remains unclear. Here, by investigating the role of contact resistance in n‐type OECTs, the first demonstration of source/drain‐electrode surface modification for achieving state‐of‐the‐art n‐type OECTs is reported. Specifically, thiol‐based self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs), 4‐methylbenzenethiol (MBT) and pentafluorobenzenethiol (PFBT), are used to investigate contact resistance in n‐type accumulation‐mode OECTs made from the hydrophilic copolymer P‐90, where the deliberate functionalization of the gold source/drain electrodes decreases and increases the energetic mismatch at the electrode/semiconductor interface, respectively. Although MBT treatment is found to increase the transconductance three‐fold, contact resistance is not found to be the dominant factor governing OECT performance. Additional morphology and surface energy investigations show that increased performance comes from SAM‐enhanced source/drain electrode surface energy, which improves wetting, semiconductor/metal interface quality, and semiconductor morphology at the electrode and channel. Overall, contact resistance in n‐type OECTs is investigated, whilst identifying source/drain electrode treatment as a useful device engineering strategy for achieving state of the art n‐type OECTs.
Dendrite‐Free Zinc Deposition Induced by Multifunctional CNT Frameworks for Stable Flexible Zn‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Zeng Yinxiang , Zhang Xiyue , Qin Ruofei , Liu Xiaoqing , Fang Pingping , Zheng Dezhou , Tong Yexiang , Lu Xihong
Published: July 2019

The current boom of safe and renewable energy storage systems is driving the recent renaissance of Zn‐ion batteries. However, the notorious tip‐induced dendrite growth on the Zn anode restricts their further application. Herein, the first demonstration of constructing a flexible 3D carbon nanotube (CNT) framework as a Zn plating/stripping scaffold is constituted to achieve a dendrite‐free robust Zn anode. Compared with the pristine deposited Zn electrode, the as‐fabricated Zn/CNT anode affords lower Zn nucleation overpotential and more homogeneously distributed electric field, thus being more favorable for highly reversible Zn plating/stripping with satisfactory Coulombic efficiency rather than the formation of Zn dendrites or other byproducts. As a consequence, a highly flexible symmetric cell based on the Zn/CNT anode presents appreciably low voltage hysteresis (27 mV) and superior cycling stability (200 h) with dendrite‐free morphology at 2 mA cm−2, accompanied by a high depth of discharge (DOD) of 28%. Such distinct performance overmatches most of recently reported Zn‐based anodes. Additionally, this efficient rechargeability of the Zn/CNT anode also enables a substantially stable Zn//MnO2 battery with 88.7% capacity retention after 1000 cycles and remarkable mechanical flexibility.
Facile and Efficient Atomic Hydrogenation Enabled Black TiO2 with Enhanced Photo‐Electrochemical Activity via a Favorably Low‐Energy‐Barrier Pathway
Authors: Wang Xiaodan , Mayrhofer Leonhard , Hoefer Markus , Estrade Sonia , Lopez‐Conesa Lluis , Zhou Hao , Lin Yuanjing , Peiró Francesca , Fan Zhiyong , Shen Hao , Schaefer Lothar , Moseler Michael , Braeuer Guenter , Waag Andreas
Published: July 2019

Black TiO2 has demonstrated a great potential for a variety of renewable energy technologies. However, its practical application is heavily hindered due to lack of efficient hydrogenation methods and a deeper understanding of hydrogenation mechanisms. Here, a simple and straightforward hot wire annealing (HWA) method is presented to prepare black TiO2 (H–TiO2) nanorods with enhanced photo‐electrochemical (PEC) activity by means of atomic hydrogen [H]. Compared to conventional molecular hydrogen approaches, the HWA shows remarkable effectiveness without any detrimental side effects on the device structure, and simultaneously the photocurrent density of H–TiO2 reaches 2.5 mA cm−2 (at 1.23 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE)). Due to the controllable and reproducible [H] flux, the HWA can be developed as a standard hydrogenation method for black TiO2. Meanwhile, the relationships between the wire temperatures, structural, optical, and photo‐electrochemical properties are systematically investigated to verify the improved PEC activity. Furthermore, the density functional theory (DFT) study provides a comprehensive insight not only into the highly efficient mechanism of the HWA approach but also its favorably low‐energy‐barrier hydrogenation pathway. The findings will have a profound impact on the broad energy applications of H–TiO2 and contribute to the fundamental understanding of its hydrogenation.
Soft Magnetic Skin for Continuous Deformation Sensing
Authors: Hellebrekers Tess , Kroemer Oliver , Majidi Carmel
Published: July 2019

Recent progress in soft‐matter sensors has shown improved fabrication techniques, resolution, and range. However, scaling up these sensors into an information‐rich tactile skin remains largely limited by designs that require a corresponding increase in the number of wires to support each new sensing node. To address this, a soft tactile skin that can estimate force and localize contact over a continuous 15 mm2 area with a single integrated circuit and four output wires is introduced. The skin is composed of silicone elastomer loaded with randomly distributed magnetic microparticles. Upon deformation, the magnetic particles change position and orientation with respect to an embedded magnetometer, resulting in a change in the net measured magnetic field. Two experiments are reported to calibrate and estimate both location and force of surface contact. The classification algorithms can localize pressure with an accuracy of >98% on both grid and circle pattern. Regression algorithms can localize pressure to a 3 mm2 area on average. This proof‐of‐concept sensing skin addresses the increasing need for a simple‐to‐fabricate, quick‐to‐integrate, and information‐rich tactile surface for use in robotic manipulation, soft systems, and biomonitoring.
Oganesson ist ein Halbleiter: Über die relativitische Bandlückenkontraktion in den schwersten Edelgasen
Authors: Mewes Jan‐Michael , Jerabek Paul , Smits Odile R. , Schwerdtfeger Peter
Published: July 2019

Oganesson (Og) ist die jüngste Ergänzung der Gruppe 18 des Periodensystems. Untersuchungen der Elektronenstruktur von Og‐Atomen haben einen enormen Einfluss relativistischer Effekte aufgezeigt und damit die Frage aufgeworfen, ob das schwerste Edelgas seiner Stellung im Periodensystem gerecht wird. Um diese Frage zu beantworten, untersuchen wir hier die Elektronenstruktur der Edelgaskristalle mittels relativistischer Kohn‐Sham‐Dichtefunktionaltheorie und Vielteilchen‐Störungstheorie in Form der GW‐Methode. Für die elektronischen Bandlücken der bekannten Kristalle von Ne bis Xe zeigt sich dabei eine ausgezeichnete Übereinstimmung mit dem Experiment. Für die bisher unbekannten Kristalle von Rn und Og berechnen wir Bandlücken von 7.1 eV und 1.5 eV. Während der Wert für Rn damit im Einklang mit periodischen Trends steht, bricht die Bandlücke von Og vollständig mit diesen Trends. Die überraschend kleine Bandlücke von Og bedeutet zudem, dass die feste Form dieses superschweren Edelgases im starken Gegensatz zu allen leichteren Edelgasen ein Halbleiter ist.
The influence of Na2SO3/NaHSO3 on the formation process of low‐temperature ash deposition with an in situ measurement technique
Authors: Zhang Jiakai , Zhou Hao , Cen Kefa , Bai Zixian , Chen Zhenhuan
Published: July 2019

Understanding the reduction mechanism of additives on ammonium bisulfate (ABS) fouling formation can alleviate ABS fouling problems. This paper presents an investigation of the influence of Na2SO3/NaHSO3 on the formation process of ABS fouling with an in situ measurement technique. According to the thickness curves, both Na2SO3 and NaHSO3 can control the growth of ABS fouling, but Na2SO3 shows a better inhibitory effect on the growth of ABS fouling. Meanwhile, the mitigation effect of the additive on ABS fouling increases with the increasing injection quantity of the additive. The results of the heat flux show that the heat transfer performance of the fouling probe becomes better with the injection of additives, whereas the heat transfer performance becomes worse with the increasing injection quantity of additives. The thermal resistance of ABS fouling provides a reasonable agreement with the results of the heat flux. The SEM‐EDX results show that the additives have an effect on the formation of ABS fouling by controlling the ABS concentration, which can increase the viscosity of the particle, promote the agglomeration of the fouling particle, and enhance the heat transfer of the ABS fouling, providing a rational explanation for the experimental results.
Microstructure and sulfonation of dual monomer‐grafted polypropylene nonwoven fabrics
Authors: Tao Ran , Pang Qinyu , Xu Tao , Xu Luyan , Yang Xuhong , Zhu Xinsheng
Published: July 2019

The sulfonation of styrenic polymers often needs harsh reaction conditions, such as concentrated sulfuric acid and elevated temperature. The awkward situation is handled by grafting copolymerization of polar and nonpolar monomers, and essentially the surface wettability between sulfonating agent and matrix polymer is circumvented in the study. Two pairs of dual monomers, glycidyl methacrylate (GMA)‐acrylic acid (AA), styrene (St)‐acrylic acid (AA), were grafted onto polypropylene nonwoven fabrics (PP) using thermal polymerization, and the resulted fabrics were further sulfonated using sodium sulfite and sulfuric acid, respectively. The microstructure of the modified fabrics was characterized by infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The ion exchange property was verified by copper (II) removal from aqueous solution, and its reutilization was carried out in electrochemical desorption process. The results show that hydrophilic and active monomer AA speeds grafting and sulfonation, but overload of AA will deteriorate copolymerization of GMA, and switch copolymerization chain component due to acylation with benzene ring. Although interfacial compatilizer promotes dual grafting, its overdosing may intensify microphase segregation of the grafting polymers owing to emulsification. The resultant granular polymers will be drained off during functionalization and reutilization processes. The ion exchange fabrics can be applied for treatment of metal ion wastewaters with unique electrochemical desorption feature. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48300.
Vector error correction models to measure connectedness of Bitcoin exchange markets
Authors: Giudici Paolo , Pagnottoni Paolo
Published: July 2019

Bitcoins are traded on various exchange platforms and, therefore, prices may differ across trading venues. We aim to investigate return connectedness across eight of the major exchanges of Bitcoin, both from a static and a dynamic viewpoint. To this end, we employ an extension of the order‐invariant forecast error variance decomposition proposed by Diebold and Yilmaz (2012) to a generalized vector error correction framework. Our results suggest that there is strong connectedness among the exchanges, as expected, although some of them behave dissimilarly. We identify Bitfinex and Coinbase as leading exchanges during the considered period, while Kraken as a follower exchange. We also obtain that connectedness across exchanges is strongly dynamic, as it evolves over time.
Process‐induced cell cycle oscillations in CHO cultures: Online monitoring and model‐based investigation
Authors: Möller Johannes , Bhat Krathika , Riecken Kristoffer , Pörtner Ralf , Zeng An‐Ping , Jandt Uwe
Published: July 2019

The influence of process strategies on the dynamics of cell population heterogeneities in mammalian cell culture is still not well understood. We recently found that the progression of cells through the cell cycle causes metabolic regulations with variable productivities in antibody‐producing Chimese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. On the other hand, it is so far unknown how bulk cultivation conditions, for example, variable nutrient concentrations depending on process strategies, can influence cell cycle‐derived population dynamics. In this study, process‐induced cell cycle synchronization was assessed in repeated‐batch and fed‐batch cultures. An automated flow cytometry set‐up was developed to measure the cell cycle distribution online, using antibody‐producing CHO DP‐12 cells transduced with the cell cycle‐specific fluorescent ubiquitination‐based cell cycle indicator (FUCCI) system. On the basis of the population‐resolved model, feeding‐induced partial self‐synchronization was predicted and the results were evaluated experimentally. In the repeated‐batch culture, stable cell cycle oscillations were confirmed with an oscillating G1 phase distribution between 41% and 72%. Furthermore, oscillations of the cell cycle distribution were simulated and determined in a (bolus) fed‐batch process with up to cells/ml. The cell cycle synchronization arose with pulse feeding only and ceased with continuous feeding. Both simulated and observed oscillations occurred at higher frequencies than those observable based on regular (e.g., daily) sample analysis, thus demonstrating the need for high‐frequency online cell cycle analysis. In summary, we showed how experimental methods combined with simulations enable the improved assessment of the effects of process strategies on the dynamics of cell cycle‐dependent population heterogeneities. This provides a novel approach to understand cell cycle regulations, control cell population dynamics, avoid inadvertently induced oscillations of cell cycle distributions and thus to improve process stability and efficiency.
Copper‐Coordinated Histidyl Bolaamphiphile Assembly as an Oxidative Catalyst: Coordination Structure and Catalytic Activity in Cyclohexane Oxidation
Authors: Keum Changjoon , Cho Junghyun , Park Sunggook , Lee Sang‐Yup
Published: July 2019

Surface‐exposed imidazole moieties of a supramolecular self‐assembly of histidyl bolaamphiphile (HisC7) readily coordinate at transition metal ions. In this study, the Cu‐coordinated histidyl bolaamphiphile assembly (HisC7[Cu]) is demonstrated to be an effective oxidative catalyst, with a Fenton‐active copper center. HisC7[Cu] catalytically oxidized cyclohexane to produce cyclohexanol in the yield of 20.2 %, which is comparable to other homogeneous catalysts. The coordination sphere of the active copper center is investigated through various spectroscopic techniques in consideration of the catalytic activity. The highest catalytic activity is exhibited by the HisC7[Cu] catalyst prepared at a HisC7/Cu molar ratio of 0.75, where the copper center of HisC7[Cu] has a 1N3O coordination environment. The copper center with bidentate coordination to imidazole groups shows low activity due to the lack of open coordination sites. The HisC7[Cu] catalyst is applied to the oxidation of cyclohexane, and the reaction characteristics and reusability of HisC7[Cu] are studied.
Enzymatic Ring‐Opening Polymerization of Lactones: Traditional Approaches and Alternative Strategies
Authors: Engel Jennifer , Cordellier Alex , Huang Lei , Kara Selin
Published: July 2019

Biodegradable polymers such as polylactides and other polylactones and their synthesis gain progressively importance. Enzymatic ring‐opening polymerization (eROP) is the next step sustainable synthesis of polyesters, also suitable for biomedical applications due to high selectivity and lack of toxic agents. The possibility for applying diverse reaction media ranging from traditional bulk and organic media to greener alternatives such as aqueous media, ionic liquids, and supercritical fluids may allow designing alternative non‐conventional processes with less environmental footprint. Target success criteria such as high molecular weight and uniformity of polymers, and conversion of monomers have to be carefully evaluated in these diverse media. Herein we discuss the influence of different reaction media and conditions such as water content, temperature and time on the polymer sizes achieved in eROPs and various approaches to improve the molecular weight and uniformity of polymers.
Experimentelle Untersuchung einer Dampfstrahlkälteanlage mit einem alternativen Treibmedium
Authors: Kübel‐Heising Felix , Repke Jens‐Uwe , Rädle Matthias
Published: July 2019

Um die Effizienzsteigerung von n‐Octan gegenüber Wasser als Treibmedium in Dampfstrahlkälteanlagen zu ermitteln, wurde eine Versuchsanlage mit einer Kühlleistung von bis zu 1,5 kW aufgebaut. Als Saugmedium, sprich als Kältemedium, wurde in beiden Fällen Wasser verwendet. Aus den Druck‐ und Temperaturmessdaten konnten die beiden Massenströme, der sogenannte Treib‐ und Saugstrom, und daraus die Massenstromverhältnisse gewonnen werden. Anschließend wurde ein Vergleich des theoretischen coefficient of performance für die beiden Treibmedien im Fall des Kreislaufbetriebs durchgeführt.
A Pyropheophorbide Analogue Containing a Fused Methoxy Cyclohexenone Ring System Shows Promising Cancer‐Imaging Ability
Authors: Marko Aimee J. , Dukh Mykhaylo , Patel Nayan J. , Missert Joseph R. , Ohulchanskyy Tymish , Tabaczynski Walter A. , Ohkubo Kei , Fukuzumi Shunichi , Yao Rutao , Sajjad Munawwar , Pandey Ravindra K.
Published: July 2019

Herein we report the synthesis, photophysical properties, positron emission tomography (PET) imaging and photodynamic therapy (PDT) efficacy of methyl 3‐(1′‐m‐iodobenzyloxy)ethyl‐3‐devinyl‐verdin 4 (with or without the 124I isotope). The PET imaging ability and ex vivo biodistribution of [124I]4 were compared with the well‐studied methyl [3‐(1241′‐m‐iodobenzyloxy)ethyl]‐3‐devinyl‐pyropheophorbide‐a methyl ester (PET‐ONCO or [124I]2) and [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG) in BALB/c mice bearing colon‐26 tumors. Whole‐body PET images of [124I]4 containing a fused methoxy cyclohexenone ring system showed excellent tumor contrast with time (72>48>24 h post‐injection). Ex vivo biodistribution results indicate that relative to the current clinical standard [18F]FDG and [124I]2 in 2 % ethanol formulation, [124I]4, at the same radioactive dose (25 μCi per mouse), showed higher tumor uptake at 24 h post‐injection and longer tumor retention. In biological environments, compound 4 showed lower fluorescence and lower singlet oxygen yield than 2, which is possibly due to higher aggregation caused by the presence of a fused cyclohexenone ring system, resulting in limited in vitro/in vivo PDT efficacy. Therefore, the chlorophyll‐a analogue [124I]4 provides easy access to a novel PET imaging agent (with no skin phototoxicity) to image cancer types—brain, renal carcinomas, pancreas—in which [18F]FDG shows limitations.
Insulinoma‐associated protein 1 is a robust nuclear immunostain for the diagnosis of small cell lung carcinoma in cytology smears
Authors: Nakra Tripti , Nambirajan Aruna , Guleria Prerna , Phulware Ravi H. , Jain Deepali
Published: July 2019

Background

In a significant percentage of patients with small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC), cytology samples represent the only source of tumor tissue. Ancillary immunocytochemistry (ICC) for neuroendocrine markers is an important adjunct for the diagnosis of SCLC. Insulinoma‐associated protein 1 (INSM1) is a novel neuroendocrine marker proposed as an economical single‐marker alternative to the traditional 3‐marker panel of chromogranin, synaptophysin, and CD56. To the authors’ knowledge, limited studies have evaluated INSM1 immunohistochemistry (IHC) for the diagnosis of SCLC and reported high sensitivities and specificities. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of INSM1 ICC on direct smears (DS) from patients with SCLC in comparison with IHC on small biopsies (SBs).

Methods

All available DS and SBs from patients with SCLC who were diagnosed over the previous year were retrieved. Immunostaining for INSM1 was performed on alcohol‐fixed DS and formalin‐fixed SBs wherever available. A total of 10 DS and SBs from patients with non–small cell lung carcinoma were included for comparison. Nuclear staining for INSM1 in ≥1% tumor cells was interpreted as positive.

Results

Among a total of 60 patients with SCLC who were included in the current study, a total of 37 underwent INSM1 IHC on SBs and 36 underwent INSM1 ICC on DS. ICC was noninterpretable in 3 DS due to necrosis. The sensitivity of INSM1 IHC was 97% (36 of 37 cases) whereas the sensitivity of INSM1 ICC was 91% (30 of 33 cases) for the diagnosis of SCLC. Among matched IHC and ICC results available for 11 patients, 91% of cases (10 of 11 patients) demonstrated concordant IHC‐ICC staining. All cases of non–small cell lung carcinoma were negative for INSM1 (100% specificity).

Conclusions

INSM1 appears to be a robust and reliable ICC marker for the confirmation of SCLC diagnosis on cytology smears.
Effect of the Random Defects Generated on the Surface of Pt(111) on the Electro‐oxidation of Ethanol: An Electrochemical Study
Authors: Barbosa Amaury F. B. , Del Colle Vinicius , Gómez‐Marín Ana M. , Angelucci Camilo A. , Tremiliosi‐Filho Germano
Published: July 2019

In the present work, the Pt(111) surface was disordered by controlling the density of {110}‐ and {100}‐type defects. The cyclic voltammogram (CV) of a disordered surface in acid media consists of three contributions within the hydrogen adsorption/desorption region: one from the well‐ordered Pt(111) symmetry and the other two transformed from the {111}‐symmetry with contributions of {110}‐ and {100}‐type surface defects. The ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR) was studied on these disordered surfaces. Electrochemical studies were performed in 0.1 M HClO4+0.1 M ethanol using cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. Changes in current densities associated to the specific potentials at which each oxidation peak appears suggest that different surface domains of disordered platinum oxidize ethanol independently. Additionally, as the surface‐defect density increases, the EOR is catalysed better. This tendency is directly observed from the CV parameters because the onset and peak potentials are shifted to less positive values and accompanied by increases in the oxidation‐peak current on disordered surfaces. Similarly, the CO oxidation striping confirmed this same tendency. Chronoamperometric experiments showed two opposite behaviors at short oxidation times (0.1 s). The EOR was quickly catalyzed on the most disordered surface, Pt(111)‐16, and was then rapidly deactivated. These results provide fundamental information on the EOR, which contributes to the atomic‐level understanding of real catalysts.
Direct Observation of Photochemical Free Radical Production from the Sunscreen 2‐Phenylbenzimidazole‐5‐Sulfonic Acid via Laser‐Interfaced Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Wong Natalie G. K. , Berenbeim Jacob A. , Dessent Caroline E. H.
Published: July 2019

The common sunscreen molecule 2‐phenylbenzimidazole‐5‐sulfonic acid (PBSA) is studied in its gas‐phase deprotonated form ([PBSA‐H]−) for the first time as an important step in achieving a better understanding of its behavior as a photosensitizer. UV laser‐interfaced mass spectrometry is employed, revealing that [PBSA‐H]− photofragments into three ionic products (m/z 208, 193, and 80) with distinctive wavelength‐dependent production profiles. Both the m/z 208 and 80 channels produce associated neutral free radical species. Collision‐induced dissociation is performed on [PBSA‐H]−, showing that its hot ground‐state dissociates only into m/z 193 (statistical fragment). Therefore, the m/z 208 and 80 fragments which are produced strongly through the UVA/UVB are characterized as non‐statistical photofragments associated with non‐ergodic excited‐state decay. Our observation of non‐statistical photofragments reveal that [PBSA‐H]− is not behaving as a model sunscreen molecule. Further, our results indicate that the T1 state, associated with photosensitization, decays with direct free radical production.
A 15‐MHz bandwidth double sampling MASH25b‐15b sigma‐delta modulator with DEM for multibit DACs
Authors: Li Di , Fei Chunlong , Zhang Qidong , Li Yani , Wu Xiaopeng , Yang Yintang
Published: July 2019

A high SNDR discrete‐time (DT) 2‐1 MASH sigma‐delta modulator (SDM) for 15‐MHz bandwidth was presented. Cascade of integrators with feedforward (CIFF) scheme, combined with the optimized gain coefficients, was adopted to avoid of the integrators. Double sampling technique was employed to relax the OPA settling requirements by halving the clock frequency and therefore reduce the power consumption. Five‐bit flash quantizer was adopted in both stages to improve the overall signal‐to‐noise and distortion ratio (SNDR) performance, and third‐order dynamic element matching (DEM) was analyzed and applied for the multibit DACs to suppress the element mismatch noise. Fabricated in a mature 0.18‐μm CMOS technology, the occupied area of the modulator was 0.24 mm2 and dissipation power 25.4 mW from a 1.8‐V voltage supply. As a sampling rate of 240 MHz for the input sampling and DAC and 480 MHz for the flash ADC, a SNDR of 90.2 dB over 15‐MHz signal bandwidth and the corresponding effective number of bits (ENOB) of 14.69 bit were achieved. The spurious‐free dynamic range (SFDR) was 98 dB with DEM turned on for a 3.75 MHz at −2.5‐dBFS input signal, and the figure of merit (FOM) was 30.7 fJ/conv. for 15‐MHz bandwidth. A 15‐MHz bandwidth multibit MASH2‐1 discrete‐time sigma‐delta modulator was proposed. Double sampling technique was employed to relax the OPA settling requirements by halving the clock frequency and therefore reduce the power consumption. High‐order DEM was analyzed and applied for the multibit DACs to suppress the element mismatch noise. Fabricated by a 0.18‐μm CMOS process, the modulator achieved a SNDR of 90.2 dB and the corresponding ENOB 14.69 bit over 15‐MHz signal bandwidth. The proposed modulator was very suitable for wideband applications including wireless communication systems, high‐frequency biomedical imaging or sensing systems, and so on.
Secure AF relaying with efficient partial relay selection scheme
Authors: Chu Shao‐I , Liu Bing‐Hong , Nguyen Ngoc‐Tu
Published: July 2019

This paper evaluates the secrecy performance for the amplify‐and‐forward (AF) protocol with partial relay selection (PRS) schemes in the scenario of multiple independent but not necessarily identically distributed eavesdroppers. The secrecy performances of the first‐hop and second‐hop PRS schemes are revisited. Given the secrecy data rate, an efficient PRS scheme is presented, which selects the relay based on the instantaneous channel state information (CSI) of either the first or second hop according to the statistical CSI of two hops. The proposed PRS scheme provides the trade‐off between the two‐hop and one‐hop PRS criteria. Results show that the secrecy outage probability (SOP) performance of the proposed scheme is close to that of the conventional opportunistic relaying in the medium main‐to‐eavesdropper ratio (MER) regions. As for the intercept probability, the second‐hop scheme achieves the highest diversity order among PRS schemes and its performance depends on the overall eavesdroppers' behavior not on individual effects of the specific relay. The proposed criterion also outperforms the first‐hop PRS scheme. Simulation results finally substantiate the accuracy of the theoretical analysis.
SLLR‐MDIC: Spatial log‐likelihood multiuser detection and interference cancelation scheme for OFDM‐IDMA
Authors: Sharma Dolly , Singh Rabinder , Katiyar Himanshu
Published: July 2019

Wireless communication systems have gained huge attraction from research community, industrial, and academic field due to their significant impact on improving the communication efficiency, ease of deployment, and cost‐effective solution for real‐time communication. In this field of wireless communication, cellular communications have grown rapidly due to their daily usages and advantages. This increased demand of cellular communication systems has led to the evolution of 3G, 4G, and 5G communication systems, which in turn demands for higher efficiency and better bandwidth utilization. Due to heavy usage of network communication, multiple users may cause interference which subsequently may lead to the performance degradation which could be addressed using multiuser detection scheme. However, several schemes have been introduced for improving the system performance, but multiple access (MA) still remains a challenging task. Hence, in this work, we present a novel approach called Spatial Log‐Likelihood Multiuser Detection and Interference Cancelation (SLLR‐MDIC) that uses interleaving division multiple access (IDMA) to improve the communication and developed a multiuser detection approach using spatial log‐likelihood ratios. Further, we have developed orthogonal frequency‐division multiple access (OFDM)–IDMA‐based interference cancelation scheme in multiple access to improve the performance using rake receiver based approach. The performance of SLLR‐MDIC scheme is compared with existing techniques of multiuser detection in terms of bit‐error rate (BER) and symbol error rate (SER). The experimental analysis shows that proposed approach achieves improved performance when compared with existing techniques.
Primary salivary gland‐type tumors of the tracheobronchial tree diagnosed by transbronchial fine needle aspiration: Clinical and cytomorphologic features with histopathologic correlation
Authors: Doxtader Erika E. , Shah Akeesha A. , Zhang Yaxia , Wang He , Dyhdalo Kathryn S. , Farver Carol
Published: July 2019

Background

Primary salivary gland‐type tumors of the tracheobronchial tree are rare; their cytologic features have been seldom reported. We aim to describe the clinical and cytomorphologic features of tracheobronchial salivary gland‐type tumors diagnosed by transbronchial fine needle aspiration (TBNA) at our institution, and correlate the findings with a corresponding surgical specimen.

Methods

We searched our laboratory information system to identify patients with a primary salivary gland‐type neoplasm of the tracheobronchial tree diagnosed by TBNA and with a corresponding surgical pathology specimen, over 10 years.

Results

The study cohort consisted of 11 patients (7F/4M; mean age 58 years, range 41‐78). Presenting symptoms included hemoptysis (4), cough (3), dyspnea (1), stridor (1), and shoulder pain (1). Most had a tracheal mass (5), while 3 had mainstem bronchi masses and 3 had lung masses. Radiographically, the masses were lobulated, rounded, or polypoid in six patients. All underwent TBNA with a 21‐ or 22‐gauge needle and endobronchial biopsy. The most frequent diagnosis was adenoid cystic carcinoma (4/11, 36%), followed by mucoepidermoid carcinoma (3/11, 27%), epithelial‐myoepithelial carcinoma (2/11, 18%), oncocytoma (1/11, 9%), and hyalinizing clear cell carcinoma, salivary gland type (1/11, 9%). The surgical pathology specimens confirmed the diagnosis in all cases.

Conclusions

To our knowledge, this is one of the largest cytomorphologic studies of primary salivary gland tumors of the tracheobronchial tree in the literature. Salivary gland tumors of the tracheobronchial tree are rare, and recognizing cytomorphologic changes that occur in salivary gland‐type tumors is important for establishing a definitive diagnosis.
Distinct two different ages associated with clinical profiles of acute onset type 1 diabetes in Chinese patients
Authors: Luo Shuoming , Li Xia , Huang Gan , Xie Zhiguo , Xiang Yufei , Dai Zhijie , Lin Jian , Zhou Zhiguang
Published: July 2019

Background

There are abundant variations in the phenotypes and genetics of type 1 diabetes (T1D) patients across different races. This study aimed to assess differences between juvenile acute onset (JAO) and adult acute onset in Chinese T1D patients.

Methods

Seven hundred and fifty‐one acute onset T1D patients were divided into two groups by the patient onset age as follows: the juvenile acute onset group (≤20 years, JAO group) and the adult acute onset group (>20 years, AAO group). Clinical characteristics, islet autoantibodies, and HLA class II haplotypes and genotypes were compared between these two groups.

Results

In comparison with AAO patients, JAO patients had significantly lower relative weights and lower triglyceride levels (P < .001, P < .01, respectively) but higher frequency of ketoacidosis (P < .001), higher daily insulin dosage (Pc < .001), higher HbA1c (Pc < .05), and higher HDL‐cholesterol levels (Pc < .01). The JAO group showed a higher prevalence of IA‐2A, ZnT8A, and multiple autoantibodies than that in the AAO group (P < .001, P < .01, P < .001, respectively). Haplotypes for DRB1*0301‐DQA1*03‐DQB1*0201, DR3, DR4, DR9, and DR3/DR9 genotypes are highly associated with JAO susceptibility, whereas only DR3 and DR9 genotypes confer risk for AAO. In the JAO group but not the AAO group, DR3 is related to ZnT8A, and DR3/DR9 is related to IA‐2A and multiple autoantibodies.

Conclusions

These observations suggest that JAO patients markedly differ from AAO patients in their clinical manifestations and genetics in the Chinese T1D population. Notably, the DR3/DR9 genotype can facilitate the appearance of IA‐2A or multiple autoantibodies in JAO patients.
The development and validation of the muscularity‐oriented eating test: A novel measure of muscularity‐oriented disordered eating
Authors: Murray Stuart B. , Brown Tiffany A. , Blashill Aaron J. , Compte Emilio J. , Lavender Jason M. , Mitchison Deborah , Mond Jonathan M. , Keel Pamela K. , Nagata Jason M.
Published: July 2019

Objective

Body dissatisfaction is intricately linked to the development of disordered eating. However, as male body dissatisfaction appears more oriented toward muscularity, versus thinness per se, existing measures of eating disorder psychopathology may lack sensitivity in capturing disordered eating that is muscularity‐focused. The aim of the present study was to develop a specific measure of muscularity‐oriented disordered eating—the muscularity‐oriented eating test (MOET).

Method

Candidate items were generated and refined in consultation with eating disorder‐focused researchers and focus groups of men with eating disorders. Examination of the MOET comprised two studies, consisting of 511 undergraduate men, divided into two component samples. In Study 1 (n = 307), candidate items were generated and refined via exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was then used to confirm the single factor structure in Study 2 (n = 204).

Results

EFA revealed a 15‐item single factor structure, which was later confirmed through CFA in a separate sample of undergraduate men. Furthermore, the MOET yielded evidence of internal consistency (Study 1: omega = 0.93, 95% CI [0.91, 0.94]; Study 2: omega = 0.92, 95% CI [0.90, 0.93]), 7‐day (Study 1) and 21‐days (Study 2) test‐retest correlation (rs = .75, for Study 1 and 2) and convergent and divergent validity.

Discussion

The MOET represents a psychometrically sound, novel measure of muscularity‐oriented disordered eating. Future research should examine its utility in clinical samples and research into muscularity‐oriented disordered eating.