bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Movement Eastward
Authors: Chazan Robert
Published: September 2019

This chapter details the Jewish movement eastward. Toward the end of the thirteenth century and on into the fourteenth, the more advanced polities of the northwest began to limit and then expel their Jews. The Jews expelled from England and France did not opt to return to the Mediterranean Basin, from which their ancestors had originated. The migration of these banished Jews eastward across northern Europe reflects the extent to which the one-time Jewish newcomers had come to identify with their adopted ambience. Jews were also expelled from Spain in 1492 and Portugal in 1497, following the banishments from England, France, and multiple locales in northcentral Europe. However, the Spanish expulsion had enormous impact on Jewish thinking, and the reason is simple. This was the banishment of an age-old Jewish community, one that saw itself and was seen by non-Jews as profoundly rooted in European soil.
Return Westward
Authors: Chazan Robert
Published: September 2019

This chapter details Jewish voluntary population movement back toward the west. This movement took place in two stages, as the states of northwestern Europe, especially the Protestant states, began to adopt new and more positive perspectives on population diversity. During the first stage, from the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries, there was slow and grudging de facto acceptance of greater religious diversity in the European population. During the second stage, from the late eighteenth century on, a new theory of the state emerged, a theory that formally endorsed the separation of church and state, and thus the de jure acceptability of diverse religious groupings, including Jews, within European and eventually Atlantic society.
Christianity and the New Spirit of Capitalism
Authors: Tanner Kathryn
Published: September 2019

The current configuration of capitalism, in which finance plays a dominant role, has the capacity to shape people in ways that hinder the development of any critical perspective on it. This book explores the various cultural forms of finance-dominated capitalism and suggests how their pervasive force in human life might be countered by Christian beliefs and practices with a comparable person-shaping capacity. In this way, the book reverses the project of the German sociologist Max Weber in his Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, while employing much the same methods as he used for discussing the relationship between religious beliefs and economic behavior. Weber showed how Christian beliefs and practices, by way of its work ethic, could form persons in line with what capitalism required of them. This book demonstrates the capacity of Christian beliefs and practices to help people resist the dictates of capitalism in its present, finance-dominated configuration.
Total Commitment
Authors: Tanner Kathryn
Published: September 2019

This chapter explores the strategies used in finance-dominated capitalism to ensure worker compliance with company demands, using mechanisms of fear, hope of external reward, self-evacuation, and the convergence of employee desires with that of the company. It will contrast these strategies, point by point, with the way in which commitment to God is related to more mundane commitments. Attention is drawn to the way Christian commitment imitates at a critical remove the enterprise self of contemporary capitalism.
Nothing but the Present
Authors: Tanner Kathryn
Published: September 2019

With special attention to the effects of scarcity, this chapter investigates the causes and consequences of a preoccupation with the present in the lives of both workers and the indebted poor, and of the short-termism typical of finance-dominated capitalism. It lays out the different reasons for Christian attention to an urgent present, along with the different effects of the Christian understanding of the present.
Another World?
Authors: Tanner Kathryn
Published: September 2019

This chapter explores how present and future are collapsed in the evaluation of assets on secondary financial markets such as stock exchanges, and the way efforts are made, by way of derivatives and other tactics typical of finance-dominated capitalism, to limit the potentially disturbing character of an unpredictable future in circumstances of enormous potential volatility. The chapter establishes how Christianity, to the contrary, allows for a future radically different from the present that is not simply compensatory of the present’s failings.
Choosing the Leader
Authors: Green Matthew N. , Harris Douglas B.
Published: September 2019

This book attempts to fill the gap in the understanding of how congressional leaders are chosen. It offers the first systematic analysis of party leadership elections in Congress since the 1970s, looking in particular at how election campaigns unfold and the factors driving lawmakers' vote choice when vacancies occur or challenges erupt against sitting leaders. This chapter begins with a brief review of the House's major elected party leadership positions. It then discusses the common wisdom about congressional leadership elections and the limits of early research on the topic. Next, it introduces a new theory of leadership selection and explain how candidates, campaigns, and political context contribute to the factors that shape legislators' vote choice for a leader. It then introduces the empirical data used in this study, describes the testing methodology, and outlines the chapters that follow.
Open Competition Races I: House Democrats
Authors: Green Matthew N. , Harris Douglas B.
Published: September 2019

This chapter focuses on the most common type of leadership race in the House of Representatives, the open competition race: when two or more candidates run for a vacant position and none of them occupies a leadership post considered the “natural” stepping stone to the position. It begins by examining open competition races in the House Democratic Party. It contends that although the mixed-motive model applies to both parties' leadership elections, looking at just House Democrats allows the documentation and testing of the significance of an important longstanding division within the party, between its conservative, often southern wing and its liberal, usually nonsouthern wing. The chapter begins by focusing on one of the longest campaigns for leadership in the modern House: the 1998–2001 race for Democratic whip between Nancy Pelosi (D-CA) and Steny Hoyer (D-MD), which would put the winner in a prime position to later become Speaker of the House. It then discusses two additional open races, for majority leader in 1971 and majority leader in 1989.
Revolts
Authors: Green Matthew N. , Harris Douglas B.
Published: September 2019

This chapter considers intraparty revolts: races in which an incumbent is challenged in his bid to keep his leadership post. Although such races are uncommon and seldom successful, they often reveal important divisions within the congressional party and can be a harbinger of future changes to party leadership. Cases examined in this chapter include three Republicans who ran against Majority Leader Dick Armey (R-TX) in 1998, Gerald Ford's (R-MI) successful challenge against minority leader Charlie Halleck (R-IN) in 1965, Morris Udall's effort to defeat incumbent Speaker John McCormack in 1969, and intraparty votes cast on the floor against John Boehner for Speaker of the House in 2013.
Home and the World
Authors: Steinberg Jonah
Published: September 2019

This chapter describes the quotidian and local conditions and features of the homes and villages that the children leave, and, through a few individuals' stories traced in depth, introduces readers to the idiosyncratic diversity within and structural connections between children's departures and trajectories. It suggests that runaways are fleeing not so much the misery of poverty directly, but something a little more oblique and indirect: a stress placed by historical poverty on families and translated into abuse and emotional strain. The chapter concludes with an exploration of what happens to “home” in the longer range, over time and when children return or do not.
Runaway Train
Authors: Steinberg Jonah
Published: September 2019

This chapter explores children's engagement with and presence in railway space, a theme depicted, though not thoroughly unpacked, in Lion, Slumdog Millionaire, and beyond. Children use the railway to leave home behind and get to the city, and often stay in railway space for their whole sojourn in the city, or indeed for their whole lives; it is the thread yoking village and city. The railway constitutes perhaps a more powerful metaphor, rendered brick-and-mortar, than any other for child runaways' intimacy with history's forces—empire, capitalism, and rural transformation among them. It is also a space for a very vigorous control imposed upon children's bodies and movements through the vehicle of the state, of informal economies in global capital, and of other mechanisms of power, just as it is a space that the children in question occupy in a type of evasive practice that is irksome to society and government.
Remand to Rehabilitation
Authors: Steinberg Jonah
Published: September 2019

This chapter focuses on institutional space, a domain with which nearly all runaways come into contact at some point. It examines the thin boundary between the charitable and the carceral embodied in the institutions that both aid and confine runaway children. It unpacks this thin boundary both synchronically, by instantiating contemporary nongovernmental organizations' constructions of “reform” and “rehabilitation” and considering their complicity with campaigns of urban cleansing and with structures of policing and confinement; and historically, by excavating with archival research continuities between extant and antecedent charities for “vagabond children” and the colonial reformatory itself, particularly as it was applied to the children of societies that were constructed as criminal-by-birth.
Concluding Thoughts, Final Words, and Big Pictures
Authors: Steinberg Jonah
Published: September 2019

This concluding chapter raises three foundational questions to explore what is at stake, intellectually and fundamentally, in the patterns that can be discerned in children's departures across India. The first deals reflexively with the book's project itself, asking: what are the ethnographic ethics of researching, depicting, and describing runaways' suffering for academic or artistic ends, and what are the entailments of speaking for someone else, particularly a vulnerable, nearly powerless subject? The second question asks whether running away might represent a form of resistance, and if so how, and to what power. The third question situates running away in the context of world history, world history theory, and architectures of global capital and labor. These questions help frame, define, synthesize, and sediment the book's wider relevance at its end, at the point where the reader can properly take stock of the story from a rich range of angles.
Water as an Economic Good
Authors: Barbier Edward B.
Published: September 2019

This chapter discusses the idea of water as an economic good. In the past several decades, there has been greater recognition that how humans manage water scarcity and its competing uses must change. This new perspective is reflected in the International Conference on Water and the Environment's (ICWE) 1992 Dublin Statement on Water and Sustainable Development, which declared as one of its core principles: “Water has an economic value in all its competing uses and should be recognized as an economic good.” If water is an “economic good,” then the institutions for managing water should ensure that scarce water is allocated to its most valuable competing use. Rising freshwater scarcity would mean that all users of water would pay higher costs. Any increasing scarcity would be temporary and the resulting higher costs would be “an important way of achieving efficient and equitable use, and of encouraging conservation and protection of water resources.”
Water in the Modern Era
Authors: Barbier Edward B.
Published: September 2019

This chapter looks at the use of water in the modern economy, focusing on the period from the 1900s to the present day. Throughout human history, economic progress has been linked with increased water appropriation, control, and use. The global spread of industrialization from the 1900s onward further cemented this association. As a consequence, in today's economies, institutions, incentives, and innovations are geared toward finding and exploiting more freshwater resources. The result is an emerging global water crisis, which is predominantly a crisis of inadequate and poor water management. In the modern era, the global model for economic development has been the United States, and subsequently, many countries emulated the US approach to harnessing its water resources. Thus, how water management evolved in the US and other economies during the modern era has set the stage for today's water paradox.
Ending the Underpricing of Water
Authors: Barbier Edward B.
Published: September 2019

This chapter addresses the challenge of the chronic underpricing of water resources. In a world of rising water scarcity, the underpricing of water is anathema to good water management. There is growing recognition that this needs to change. Nearly all countries are embarking on pricing reforms and encouraging water markets to emerge. However, most of these efforts are still not confronting the main management paradigm of the modern era's “hydraulic mission,” which is that lack of water can always be met by new sources of supply. As long as this view persists, water pricing and markets will remain peripheral and will have little impact on reducing water scarcity. In short, the lack of appropriate water markets, pricing, and policies is a key symptom of the global crisis in water management.
Supporting Innovations
Authors: Barbier Edward B.
Published: September 2019

This chapter assesses the role of innovation in averting the global water crisis. Recent technical advances—such as desalinization of saltwater, geographical information systems (GIS), and remote sensing—have the potential for managing and increasing freshwater supplies. There is also a new generation of urban water supply systems that can improve efficiency and sustainable use. Water use in agriculture, too, can benefit from a range of innovations in irrigation technologies and delivery systems. The chapter then considers the key policies and other initiatives that are necessary for prompting more economy-wide innovation in water technologies: public policies and investments that facilitate private research and development (R&D) activities of firms; overcoming the water efficiency paradox; privatization of some activities currently undertaken by public supply utilities; and initiatives by the private sector and corporations to account for water costs and risks.
Introduction
Authors: Holleman Hannah
Published: September 2019

This introductory chapter provides a background of the 1930s Dust Bowl on the U.S. southern plains, where the ancient grasslands that protected the soil from prairie winds and rains and nourished regional species were destroyed within just a few decades, following the violent opening of the plains to white settlement and the global market in the 1800s. Under pressure from the vagaries of the world economy, settlers sheared the land to expand cash-crop agriculture and ranching. As major drought descended on the plains, winds and static electricity lifted the desiccated, exposed topsoil, forming dust storms on an unprecedented scale. Such massive loss of soil and continued dry conditions meant the land could no longer support life as it once had. By the end of the 1930s, tens of thousands of people were displaced. Hence, when scientists today predict the increasing possibility of Dust Bowl-like conditions, they are signaling a particular kind of extreme ecological and social change.
“We’re Not Stakeholders”: Beyond the Langue De Coton of Capitalist Environmental Management
Authors: Holleman Hannah
Published: September 2019

This chapter examines the limitations of mainstream 1930s environmentalism. Ecological modernizationists consider environmentalism at its best when it aligns with the agenda of powerful private and public actors. For advocates of ecological modernization, questions of substantive social change explicitly don't enter the picture. Regrettably, mainstream environmentalism has moved closer toward this line of thinking over the last forty years. Incomplete and misleading stories about the New Deal and Dust Bowl conservation serve to reinforce the notion that with the right set of techniques, policies, and/or voluntary adjustments by individuals and industry, capitalism is well suited to solving ecological crises. Many see the New Deal of the 1930s as evidence that the system can be reformed and the state geared toward social and environmental improvement, even in the heart of the empire of capital. This has led to repeated calls over the years for a Green New Deal.
Introduction
Authors: O'Hara Matthew D.
Published: September 2019

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the analysis of time experience and futuremaking through historical case studies in colonial Mexico. Colonial Mexico developed a culture of innovation, human aspiration, and futuremaking that was subsequently forgotten in part because it did not fit with later definitions of modernity and innovation as secular phenomena and things untethered to the past or tradition. This choice of historical method and topics is driven by a desire to step outside some of the dominant paradigms in the study of Latin America and colonialism in general. Examining the relationship between past, present, and future offers a way to reconsider Mexico's colonial era, its subsequent historical development, and how people have understood that history.
Money
Authors: O'Hara Matthew D.
Published: September 2019

This chapter assesses the shift in credit practices and its implications for how colonial subjects experienced the future. Ideas about money and economic relationships had also transformed by the end of the colonial era, leading to a far more flexible system of credit and trade. By 1800 a more liberal market for credit and a new attitude toward risk and just pricing could be found throughout New Spain. Innovative financial instruments created opportunities for sophisticated financial hedging and risk management. Yet custom and values strongly influenced these innovations. They grew out of a tradition in Christian theology in which the church carved out a role for itself as a protector of the poor and where in theory, if not always in practice, its regulatory authority over economic transactions ensured some basic amount of market justice.
Prayers
Authors: O'Hara Matthew D.
Published: September 2019

This chapter studies the logic of traditional innovation by investigating a form of sanctioned Catholic practice. In the eighteenth century, a new movement flourished in many of the most important cities and towns of New Spain. Calling themselves Holy Schools of Christ, these groups combined collective piety sometimes associated with baroque Catholicism, such as the lashing of flesh, with an intense demand for self-regulation of an individual's thoughts and actions. The participants in the Holy Schools might appear as surprisingly modern in their attitude toward controlling the future and their attempts to achieve individual or collective improvement. Yet to characterize this movement as a moment of hybrid modernity in which elements of the past persisted despite a turn toward the modern would be deeply misleading. For the members and supporters of the Holy Schools, innovation required tradition. Individuals of this period, in other words, were often future-oriented without being modern.
Prince of the Press
Authors: Teplitsky Joshua
Published: September 2019

David Oppenheim (1664–1736), chief rabbi of Prague in the early eighteenth century, built an unparalleled collection of Jewish books and manuscripts, all of which have survived and are housed in the Bodleian Library at Oxford. His remarkable collection testifies to the myriad connections Jews maintained with each other across political borders, and the contacts between Christians and Jews that books facilitated. From contact with the great courts of European nobility to the poor of Jerusalem, Oppenheim's family ties brought him into networks of power, prestige, and opportunity that extended across Europe and the Mediterranean basin. Containing works of law and literature alongside prayer and poetry, his library served rabbinic scholars and communal leaders, introduced old books to new readers, and functioned as a unique source of personal authority that gained him fame throughout Jewish society and beyond. Based on the careful reconstruction of an archive that is still visited by scholars today, the book offers a window into the social life of Jewish books in early modern Europe.
Introduction
Authors: Teplitsky Joshua
Published: September 2019

This introductory chapter provides a background of David Oppenheim and his Jewish library. At the core of Oppenheim's identity and activity as a rabbi, intellectual, and communal leader stood his library. His library gained renown among Jewish colleagues and Christian contemporaries. It thus informed the decisions of local courts and distant decisors. He possessed highbrow scholarly material alongside popular pamphlets and broadsides, and he preserved diplomatic exchanges and communal ordinances in manuscript—an archive of contemporary Jewish life. Oppenheim's intellectual authority made him a much-sought-after source for endorsements for newly written books. This book then tells the story of premodern Jewish life, politics, and intellectual culture through an exploration of a book collection, the man who assembled it, and the circles of individuals who brought it into being and made use of it.
Creating a Collector
Authors: Teplitsky Joshua
Published: September 2019

This chapter discusses David Oppenheim's start as an aspiring collector. Oppenheim's decision to accumulate a library and establish his identity as a preeminent collector began in earnest in his late teens, by which time he had graduated from the rabbinic training that was expected of young men of his social class. In itemizing the pieces of his collection in his earliest catalogue, Oppenheim recorded the sites of their acquisition, the people he transacted with, and the travelers who made up the world of book exchange for Jews in the seventeenth century. Meanwhile, his personal catalogue reveals the manifold ties Oppenheim had with family wealth, local vendors, and skilled scribes. Tracing the elements of the catalogue permits a reconstruction of the domains of book acquisition in Oppenheim's world, which involved education, exchange, family, and travel.
Politics, Patronage, and Paper
Authors: Teplitsky Joshua
Published: September 2019

This chapter examines how David Oppenheim used his courtly connections for his own political struggles and interventions on behalf of others. He continued to purchase books himself, but many Jews found that they had much to gain by giving him books as presents. These books-as-gifts came from as far away as Jerusalem and as near as local communities in Moravia, but all were given in the hopes that Oppenheim's favor might be converted into a form of political patronage. Oppenheim's world of favor and families represents an important instance of this widespread political culture, one that was conducted by Court Jews as much as by princely courtiers. In this system, patronage and clientage were not simply vital elements of individual fortunes or the callously corrupt, but were decisive for the operations of an entire structure of governance, securing the welfare of its constituents and the power of its leaders.
Epilogue and Conclusion
Authors: Teplitsky Joshua
Published: September 2019

This epilogue looks at David Oppenheim's library after his death. Because Oppenheim's library was so closely tied up with the personhood of its collector, its meaning and purpose dramatically changed after Oppenheim's death in 1736, and the untimely death of his son only three years later in 1739. The library traveled between different owners and users, and ideas for configuring new purposes for it were mooted for more than a hundred years. Much as the movement of the library's individual components revealed a map of power relations in premodern Europe, the wanderings of the entire collection similarly reflected commensurate shifts in Jewish political culture. Proposals for new homes for the library indicated that Jewish patronage culture was being left behind, replaced with new models of accommodation and advocacy, and the library's contents were imagined as a basis for new forms of Judaism and Jewish political life in the modern world.
The Communist Contest for Status
Authors: Larson Deborah Welch , Shevchenko Alexei
Published: September 2019

This chapter argues that both the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China (PRC) pursued social competition with the Western states while at the same time seeking recognition from the states they were trying to subvert. Stalin sought to increase the power and prestige of the Soviet state through coerced industrialization, and Khrushchev made an effort to “catch up and surpass” the West in economic production. The PRC sought to improve its status by allying with the Soviet Union, but the Chinese chafed under their status as “younger brothers” to their senior ally, and eventually Mao challenged the Soviets for leadership of the international communist movement. In the 1970s, China took advantage of the US need to balance Soviet military power by putting aside communist ideology to become a tacit ally of the United States, part of a “strategic triangle.”
The Social Creativity of Deng and Gorbachev
Authors: Larson Deborah Welch , Shevchenko Alexei
Published: September 2019

This chapter interprets the reforms by Deng Xiaoping and Mikhail Gorbachev in the context of their efforts to find alternative means to great power status—through social creativity. Deng launched the “reform and opening” policy, developing the economic foundation for China to play a great power role while exercising unparalleled diplomatic flexibility in dealing with some of China's most difficult territorial and sovereignty disputes. Gorbachev abandoned Russia's usual military methods for achieving great power status in favor of promoting a new, idealistic philosophy for a more peaceful and harmonious world—the “New Thinking.” While Gorbachev's ideas enjoyed remarkable success internationally, the failure of his domestic reforms, along with the rise of nationalism, contributed to the breakup of the Soviet Union and an end to the Soviet Union's status as an innovator of new principles for world order.
Recognition and Cooperation
Authors: Larson Deborah Welch , Shevchenko Alexei
Published: September 2019

This concluding chapter summarizes social identity theory-based findings and suggests some general policy implications. Throughout history, China and Russia have sought acknowledgment of their great power status through a variety of means, including diplomatic cooperation. Both countries have defied the United States and the Western countries on major foreign policy issues because they are asserting their prerogatives to act independently, as great powers do. China and Russia believe that their inferior status in world politics after the end of the Cold War was an aberration, and both are prepared to claim their rightful place and to demand respect for their geopolitical and economic interests.
Are responses to official consultations and stakeholder surveys reliable guides to policy actors’ positions?
Authors: Ingold Karin , Varone Frédéric , Kammerer Marlene , Metz Florence , Kammermann Lorenz , Strotz Chantal
Published: September 2019

Policy positions are used extensively to explain coalition formation, advocacy success and policy outputs, and government consultations and stakeholder surveys are seen as important means of gathering data about policy actors’ positions. However, we know little about how accurately official consultations and stakeholder surveys reflect their views. This study compares advocacy organisations’ publicly stated positions in their responses to official consultations with their positions expressed in confidential surveys conducted by the authors. It compares three decision-making processes in Switzerland – in energy, climate and water protection – to analyse responses via two different types of data gathering methods. The results show a substantial divergence between official and private expressions of policy positions. Specific types of policy actors (losers), instruments (persuasive measures) and subsystems (collaborative network) produce more divergent positions. This has important methodological implications for comparative policy studies that use different data gathering methods and focus on different policy domains.
Theorising care: attentive interaction or distributive justice?
Authors: Conradi Elisabeth
Published: September 2019

A main reason for the slow advance of a political theory of care is the conceptual differences between two strands of approaching care. Ethico-political approaches of care ask how to better perform supportive interactivities. They aim to bring the traditional concept of justice out of the centre to achieve room for other normative viewpoints such as attentiveness. The welfare-resourcing strand asks who provides support and how the fact of its performance is linked with society’s unjust social structures. These researchers believe that making attentive interaction more central is likely to hinder a fairer distribution of needs-meeting activities, not help it.
Spaces of belonging and social care
Authors: Drammeh Louise
Published: September 2019

Unaccompanied young migrants are in a precarious situation but despite this, they can and do create some feelings of belonging. This chapter explores the forms and spaces of belonging that young people create, and the ways in which social workers and others can support this process. It examines the concept of belonging in relation to an asylum system designed to exclude. Despite structural constraints, young people strive to create some spaces of belonging, including accommodation, schools and colleges, places of worship, social networks and local neighbourhoods. The chapter suggests how, through creative and assertive use of existing processes, social workers can stand alongside young people, challenge oppression, overcome barriers and strengthen their opportunities to create and sustain those experiences of belonging. The chapter concludes that although unaccompanied young people do, in many ways, create some spaces of belonging, unless structural inequalities are addressed these will be contingent, incomplete and fragile.
Life (forever) on hold: unaccompanied asylum-seeking minors in Australia
Authors: Robinson Kim , Gifford Sandra M.
Published: September 2019

This chapter describes the situation of unaccompanied children who have sought asylum and are living in Australia. The chapter highlights changing immigration policy towards unaccompanied children, and the outcome of an increasingly restrictive regime. It critiques their treatment within a human rights and rights of the child framework and discuss the challenges and dilemmas faced by service providers charged with the care and supervision of these children. It concludes with some reflections on models of care that address young people’s needs, promote their rights and challenge the broader political and policy context that impacts so determinately on these children and young adults current well-being and on their futures.
On the intersections of age, gender and sexualities in research on ageing
Authors: Calasanti Toni
Published: September 2019

This chapter outlines an intersectional lens that considers the impacts of age, gender, and sexualities on gay and lesbian elders.  It defines social inequalities and specify intersectionality as a theory of how they relate, drawing on Crenshaw’s (1991) original concept, which indicates how overlapping categorical status creates unique effects. It then outline the intersections of age, gender, and sexuality in the study of gay and lesbian elders.  It focuses in particular on age relations as this inequality is often left out of scholarship on gay men and lesbians, even that which focuses on elders.  The last part of the chapter suggests a model for research on same-sex partner caregiving that would illuminate intersections of gender, sexuality, and age in this context.
Insider or outsider? Issues of power and habitus during life history interviews with menopausal Iranian women
Authors: Amini Elham
Published: September 2019

Conducting my fieldwork among religious menopausal women in Iran raised the question of the position of the researcher in life history research. This chapter set out to reflect on the shifting power dynamics in life history interviews and argues for the need to go beyond a focus on intersectional categories per se, to look at the broader social landscape of power and its process. I do this by employing a Bourdieusian perspective, which considers the symbolic and cognitive elements by emphasising on the social practice. So, I emphasise the power dynamic within the interviews could not be explained only by identity categories and how they intersected, but needed to include how the actors deployed them in their social practice i.e. in the interview situation.
Sexual expression and sexual practices in long-term residential facilities for older people
Authors: Villar Feliciano
Published: September 2019

The chapter analyses barriers that older people living in long term care institutions face to express their sexual interest. It highlights how their health profile (diseases, medications) and generational experiences of such populations hinder sexual expression in institutions and discusses the key role of attitudes (staff, residents and family attitudes) and models of care. The chapter also reviews how different forms of sexual behaviour have particular challenges, and the special difficulties that certain populations (e.g. people with dementia or non-heterosexual older people) may have to continue being sexually active when living in a long-term care institution. Finally, the chapter considers the practical implications of research in this area for favouring sexual expression and guaranteeing the sexual rights of older people living in residential settings
Questioning the sexy oldie: masculinity, age and sexuality in the Viagra era
Authors: Camoletto Raffaella Ferrero
Published: September 2019

The chapter explores the intersections of gender, sexuality and ageing in the Viagra era, by investigating medical expert discourses and social representations of men’s sexual health problems (Gott, 2005; Marshall, 2010). By adopting the STS notion of enrolment (Johnson, Sjoberg and Asberg, 2016), the analysis will show how medical experts are called on and woven into a medical and pharmaceutical discursive framework, and how they contribute to define new sexual techno-social subjectivities, like the “forever functional” ageing man (Marshall and Katz 2002). Physicians use discursive strategies, making reference to cultural representations on gender and ageing, more specific medical knowledge as well as to marketing discourses about sexuopharmaceuticals, to support and promote their ageing male patients in monitoring their sexual health, but also an authoritative position in defining the boundaries of legitimate medical problems and solutions. The analysis shows how medical experts thereby reproduce, renegotiate and question what they perceive as a “respectable sexuality” (Bertone and Ferrero Camoletto 2009) and a “mature masculinity” (Wentzell 2013)..
Everyday Europe
Authors: Recchi Ettore , Favell Adrian , Apaydin Fulya , Barbulescu Roxana , Braun Michael , Ciornei Irina , Cunningham Niall , Medrano Juan Diez , Duru Deniz Neriman , Hanquinet Laurie , Pötzschke Steffen , Reimer David , Salamonska Justyna , Savage Mike , Jensen Janne Solgaard , Valera Albert
Published: September 2019

Drawing on unique research and rich data on cross-border practices, this book offers an empirically-based view on Europeans’ interconnections in everyday life. It looks at the ways in which EU residents have been getting closer across national frontiers: in their everyday experiences of foreign countries – work, travel, personal networks – but also their knowledge, consumption of foreign products, and attitudes towards foreign culture. These evolving European dimensions have been enabled by the EU-backed legal opening to transnational economic and cultural transactions, while also differing according to national contexts. The book considers how people reconcile their increasing cross-border interconnections and a politically separating Europe of nation states and national interests.
Social transnationalism in an unsettled continent
Authors: Favell Adrian , Recchi Ettore
Published: September 2019

Introducing the collection and the EUCROSS survey on which it is based, the chapter argues for a distinct focus on growing social transnationalism in Europe, despite the widespread gloom about the political fortune of the European Union. Everyday cross-border practices, both physical and virtual, continue to build a social space beyond nation states, despite political and legal roll-back. The chapter offers a survey of the recent sociological literature on social transnationalism in Europe, an overview of chapters, and a prognosis of social transnationalism in the future, beyond the present-day analysis of rising populism and resurgent nationalism.
Explaining supranational solidarity
Authors: Medrano JuanDíez , Ciornei Irina , Apaydin Fulya
Published: September 2019

Social solidarity is a concept with a long history in political thought, entailing networks of relationships that presuppose dependency, reciprocity and responsibility among the members of a group or a political community. Yet solidarity is not charity or a gift, but an institutionalised system of rules and conventions that apply to risk and misfortune. Since solidarity has been historically institutionalised in the context of national states, transnational solidarity has largely remained a utopian project as well as an insufficiently developed principle in the EU legal system. In this chapter we explore individual support for European solidarity as it becomes manifest in distinct ‘solidarities’ across borders such as mutual help in case of natural disaster, financial assistance in the context of economic crisis or solidarity as a governing principle of European integration. Drawing on classical sociological arguments and transactionalist theory, we analyse the extent to which social interactions among Europeans and transnational practices contribute to the formation of solidarity ties in the EU. We show that individual transnational practices, such as tourism, residency in another EU country, transnational friendships or virtual connections with other European societies have a selective role in enabling European solidarities. Rather than a question of cumulative transnational experiences, European solidarity is built on meaningful social connections such as close and diverse transnational friendships.
Vital Bodies
Authors: Bates Charlotte
Published: September 2019

This book is the story of twelve people, each living with long-term illness. Delving into the routines and rhythms of everyday life, the book reveals the significance of the things that we usually take for granted, from what we eat to when we sleep, how we move, and what we wear. Learning from the lives portrayed, it explores ideas of care, vulnerability and choice, questioning what it means to live a modern life with illness and illuminating the vitality of bodies along the way. Juxtaposing academic text with rich descriptions and vivid illustrations, including video stills, journal extracts, and drawings, the book highlights the sensory and emotional intimacies of visual sociology and demonstrates the use and value of sensuous scholarship.
Genes and organs
Authors: Bates Charlotte
Published: September 2019

The fourth chapter, Genes and organs examines how the interiors of our bodies structure and influence our exterior surfaces and identities and shape our daily lives, and how the inner workings of our bodies, the circulations of blood and the flows of air, affect and betray us. This chapter traces the transmission of conditions from their interior origins within the body to the outside world of everyday life and considers how the inner landscapes of the body are both visible and significant. Ami has asthma. She has learnt the warning signals of an asthma attack, from the wheezing sound originating from her chest, to the tight feeling in her shoulders, and the sudden pain in her teeth. She knows when to take her inhaler, and she also knows when to reach for the phone and call the emergency services. In moments like these, illness is transported from the safe and invisible interior of the body to the outside world.
Funding, power and community development: an introduction
Authors: Finnegan Fergal , McCrea Niamh
Published: September 2019

This chapter sets out some of the most important themes across the book and illustrates why funding offers a powerful lens through which to ‘rethink’ community development in the current historical conjuncture. The first section unpacks the term ‘community development’ with reference to the varied conceptualisations deployed across the book. In particular, it draws attention to the importance of the widely shared democratic ‘ethic’, and to the inherent complexity of community development as a set of processes that call for a historical and social-spatial analysis of power. The second section expands on the analytical, political, and practice significance of funding. Finally, it highlights the three major cross-cutting themes of the collection: new configurations of power and governance; the role of the state in relation to democracy; and the complex connections between community development and egalitarian social change.
Critical issues in philanthropy: power, paradox, possibility and the private foundation
Authors: Kohl-Arenas Erica
Published: September 2019

This chapter takes stock of the lessons that the author has learned about the politics of philanthropic funding from her community organising experience, and through empirical research and teaching. This sort of holistic, open biographical reflection is necessary in a moment of such intense political transition. It first draws on her research on farmworkers' movements in California to outline the approach to studying philanthropy and social change, which informed the course that she launched in 2017 entitled ‘Critical issues in philanthropy: Power, paradox, possibility and the private foundation’. It then reviews a selection of recent literature on philanthropy used to spark critical discussion among the professional not-for-profit management, urban policy, and international development students who took the course. Finally, the chapter presents conclusions about the importance of studying and teaching philanthropy within the context of the rise of right-wing politics and white supremacy in the United States.
“Walking the tightrope”: the funding of South African NGOs and the governance of community development
Authors: Mueller-Hirth Natascha
Published: September 2019

This chapter examines the role of intermediary NGOs in community development in post-apartheid South Africa, specifically exploring how these organisations have been shaped by changing funding modalities. It first summarises the socio-historical developments that have enabled NGOs to become significant actors in community development. It then examines partnerships as a specific neoliberal mode of funding that has shaped the role of NGOs in community development. It is argued that partnerships provide a context within which shared values, practices, and techniques appropriate to particular, often neoliberal, forms of community development can be developed in NGOs. Partnerships link intermediary NGOs with corporations, the state, and communities, and enable claims of legitimacy, build consensus through homogenisation, and necessitate particular auditing techniques and capabilities.
The reinvention of ‘civil society’: transnational conceptions of development in East-Central Europe
Authors: Gagyi Agnes , Ivancheva Mariya
Published: September 2019

This chapter explores how the notion of ‘civil society’ in East-Central Europe, and the discursive and organisational practices attached to the term, have been deployed in politics, and how this has affected how local development and empowerment are conceived and funded. In this respect, struggles over the meaning and practice of ‘civil society’ activism in the region speak to longstanding debates within the community development field relating to the role of state and market; the status, function, and relevance of professionalised organisations within communities; the relationship between political and economic freedoms; and the possibilities for meaningful transnational solidarity.
Communities of hope? Gendered re-signification of microcredit in rural India
Authors: Sen Debarati , Majumder Sarasij
Published: September 2019

This chapter presents a picture of what gendered resilience looks like at the ground level in eastern India's Darjeeling district in the state of West Bengal. It focuses on how women interpret and react to popular market-based development alternatives like microcredit and the consequences this has had for community development. The chapter is divided into three sections. The first section charts the history and dynamics of microcredit's unfolding in Darjeeling and highlights the practices and discourses through which women demonstrate resilience. The second section lays out how and why women re-signify risk in the context of microcredit to make visible non-financial forms of risk that affect their families and, in turn, their communities. The third section explores how, after encountering the social and economic difficulties that came with the microcredit loans, many of the women set up their own groups for lending.
Religion and Health Care in East Africa
Authors: Lloyd Robert , Haussman Melissa , James Patrick
Published: September 2019

What is the impact of religious and non-religious beliefs on health care? Health care, an essential aspect of an individual’s physical, emotional, and psychological well-being, is an important way to assess this question. This book studies the relationship of the physical and spiritual domains by investigating how religious belief affects the provision and consumption of public health in three Africa countries: Uganda, Mozambique, and Ethiopia. Results all confirm the impact of religious beliefs on health perceptions, procurement, and provision. Securing good health is a key and universal aspiration. Furthermore, modern medicine is commonly understood as a means to that end. No matter the religious belief, all showed awareness of the importance and efficacy of medical treatment. On the health care provision side, faith-based entities are important, even essential, in health care for the three countries studied. A review of health outcomes, centered around the Millennium Development Goals, reveals general progress across the board. The progress towards the MDG’s has also been made by international ngo’s, including those focused specifically on women’s health. Health seeking behaviour is affected by a holistic mindset in which physical and mental health are intertwined. This world view, observed among adherents of Christianity, Islam, and African Traditional Religion, shapes Africans’ understanding of the world of sickness and health and how best to respond to its complexity. Africans thus pursue health care in a rational way, given their world view, with an openness to, and even preference, for faith-based provision where government efforts may fall short of basic needs.