bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Testing the measurement invariance of the eating disorder inventory in nonclinical samples of Hispanic and Caucasian women
Authors: Belon Katherine E. , McLaughlin Elizabeth A. , Smith Jane Ellen , Bryan Angela D. , Witkiewitz Katie , Lash Denise N. , Winn Jaime L.
Published: April 2014

Objective

The factor structure of the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI) has not been thoroughly tested in Hispanic populations, yet researchers commonly use this instrument in Hispanic samples. Thus, it is important to establish the validity of the EDI in Hispanic populations. This article investigated measurement invariance of the EDI's three eating‐ and weight‐related (eat/wt) scales because they are the most frequently used and are often used in isolation. These scales include Drive for Thinness, Bulimia, and Body Dissatisfaction.

Method

Female undergraduates were recruited for a study on body image. The final sample (N = 688) included participants categorized as Hispanic (N = 385) or Caucasian (N = 303). They completed the EDI‐3 and a measure of acculturation.

Results

Measurement invariance analyses of the EDI‐3 in Caucasian and Hispanic samples were conducted. The configural model provided an acceptable fit, providing support for the three‐factor structure of the eat/wt scales in both the Caucasian and the Hispanic sample. However, weak invariance of the three‐factor structure was not supported. When measurement invariance analyses were conducted on the three eat/wt scales separately, Drive for Thinness was the only scale to demonstrate measurement invariance.

Discussion

The theoretical three‐factor structure of the EDI eat/wt scales was supported in both ethnic groups. Furthermore, the Drive for Thinness scale can readily be used to make group comparisons across nonclinical samples of Caucasian and Hispanic women, but researchers should be cautious when using the other two eat/wt scales to make comparisons across these two groups. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2015; 48:262–270)
Optical Characterization and Computational Chemical Evaluation of Electronic Localized States in Polyolefin
Authors: Arai Tomoyuki , Hosobuchi Masashi , Fuse Norikazu , Takeda Kyozaburo , Ohki Yoshimichi
Published: April 2014

Optical absorption spectra and photoluminescence spectra were obtained for eight kinds of polyolefin sheet samples using photons in a range from visible to vacuum ultraviolet (UV). Almost all samples were found to exhibit an absorption peak at around 6.5 eV and a luminescence band at around 4.3 eV. The luminescence was found to be induced by the absorption. Furthermore, it was found that successive absorption of UV photons weakened the luminescence intensity. It is assumed from these results that ‐unsaturated carbonyls are luminous and that the carbonyls are decomposed through the Norrish type II reaction by absorbing UV photons. Quantum chemical calculations were carried out using polyethylene models with and without an unsaturated carbonyl to verify the above‐mentioned assumption. As a result, the model with an unsaturated carbonyl was found to have localized electronic states in the forbidden band. One of the differential energies between the states is close to the photon energy, by which the luminescence is induced. The bond length of a double bond, which is next to the carbonyl, was found to be longer at the excited singlet state than at the ground state. These results obtained by computation support the above‐mentioned assumption of the luminescence center and its decomposition.
Low‐Energy Electron Beam Induced Charging and Secondary Electron Emission Properties of FEP Film Used on Satellite Surfaces
Authors: Fujii Haruhisa , Okumura Teppei , Takahashi Masato
Published: April 2014

Many kinds of insulating materials are used outside a spacecraft. They include FEP films, polyimide films, and so on, and are used as thermal control materials. These materials are exposed to a charged‐particle environment around the spacecraft. Thus then become charged due to charged particles, especially electrons. It has been pointed out that charging of these materials is likely to cause discharges on the surfaces. From this viewpoint, we investigated the charging potential characteristics of 127‐μm‐thick FEP film, a typical thermal control material, by exposing it to electron irradiation at various energies below 20 keV. In the dependence of the charging potential on the electron energy, we found that the electron energy at which no charge‐up occurs is about 2.7 keV. This appears to be the energy at the which secondary electron emission yield becomes unity. This indicates that electron irradiation of FEP film with energies lower than 2.7 keV induces positive charging. From the charge decay characteristics after electron irradiation, the volume resistivity of the film was also obtained as a function of the electric fields in the bulk of the FEP film.
Studies on a Hybrid Wind Turbine Generating System Using a Current‐Source Thyristor Inverter
Authors: Tatsuta Fujio , Nishikata Shoji
Published: April 2014

A practical‐scale hybrid wind turbine generating system is developed for generating a constant output power even when the wind velocity fluctuates. The system consists of a wind turbine synchronous generator (SG), a rectifier, a current‐source thyristor inverter, an SG driven by a prime mover, and a duplex reactor. A high‐quality output voltage waveform is always obtained from the system, which has a very simple configuration. Experimental results show the feasibility of the system. A model of the system is also developed to predict the dynamic performance when the system conditions such as the wind velocity and load are changed, and good agreement between the simulated and experimental performance is observed, confirming the validity of the dynamic model.
Helios defines T cells being driven to tolerance in the periphery and thymus
Authors: Ross Ellen M. , Bourges Dorothée , Hogan Thea V. , Gleeson Paul A. , van Driel Ian R.
Published: April 2014

The expression of the Ikaros transcription factor family member, Helios, has been shown to be associated with T‐cell tolerance in both the thymus and the periphery. To better understand the importance of Helios in tolerance pathways, we have examined the expression of Helios in TCR‐transgenic T cells specific for the gastric H+/K+ ATPase, the autoantigen target in autoimmune gastritis. Analysis of H+/K+ ATPase‐specific T cells in mice with different patterns of H+/K+ ATPase expression revealed that, in addition to the expression of Helios in CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells, Helios is expressed by a large proportion of CD4+Foxp3− T cells in both the thymus and the paragastric lymph node (PgLN), which drains the stomach. In the thymus, Helios was expressed by H+/K+ ATPase‐specific thymocytes that were undergoing negative selection. In the periphery, Helios was expressed in H+/K+ ATPase‐specific CD4+ T cells following H+/K+ ATPase presentation and was more highly expressed when T‐cell activation occurred in the absence of inflammation. Analysis of purified H+/K+ ATPase‐specific CD4+Foxp3−Helios+ T cells demonstrated that they were functionally anergic. These results demonstrate that Helios is expressed by thymic and peripheral T cells that are being driven to tolerance in response to a genuine autoantigen.
Regioselective Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Furans Through the RuII‐Catalyzed [3+2] Cycloaddition of Diazodicarbonyl Compounds
Authors: Xia Likai , Lee Yong Rok
Published: April 2014

A novel method for the RuII‐catalyzed regioselective synthesis of highly functionalized furans from readily available cyclic and acyclic diazodicarbonyl compounds and terminal alkynes is described. The devised protocol offers a straightforward means to the construction of a variety of diverse furan derivatives through powerful cascade processes, including the formation of ruthenium carbenoid, cyclopropenation, ring‐opening metathesis, and cyclization.
Biogenetically Inspired Total Synthesis of (+)‐Liphagal: A Potent and Selective Phosphoinositide 3‐Kinase α (PI3Kα) Inhibitor from the Marine Sponge Aka coralliphaga
Authors: Kamishima Takaaki , Kikuchi Takuya , Narita Koichi , Katoh Tadashi
Published: April 2014

A biologically attractive and structurally unique marine natural product, (+)‐liphagal, was biomimetically synthesized in 29 % overall yield in a longest linear sequence of 13 steps from commercially available (+)‐sclareolide. This synthesis involved the following crucial steps: (i) stereocontrolled hydrogenation of an endo‐olefinic decalin to install the C8 stereogenic centre present in the requisite decalin segment; (ii) coupling of the decalin segment with an aromatic moiety to assemble the desired carbon skeleton; (iii) ring expansion of a proposed biogenetic intermediate followed by benzofuran formation to establish the requisite tetracyclic core structure. A few new aspects of the proposed biosynthetic pathway to this class of natural products were revealed.
Straightforward Access to Hexahydropyrrolo[2,3‐b]indole Core by a Regioselective C3‐Azo Coupling Reaction of Arenediazonium Compounds with Tryptamines
Authors: Stephens David E. , Larionov Oleg V.
Published: April 2014

A base‐mediated regioselective electrophilic addition of arenediazonium salts at the C3‐position of tryptamines followed by cyclization provides an efficient entry to C3‐nitrogenated hexahydropyrrolo[2,3‐b]indoles (HPIs) that can subsequently be transformed into 3‐arylhexahydropyrrolo[2,3‐b]indoles and other HPI derivatives. The reaction is the first example of a 1,2‐diamination that utilizes easily accessible arenediazonium salts as nitrogenous electrophiles.
Total Synthesis of (2RS)‐α‐Tocopherol through Ni‐Catalyzed 1,4‐Addition to a Chromenone Intermediate
Authors: Termath Andreas Ole , Velder Janna , Stemmler René T. , Netscher Thomas , Bonrath Werner , Schmalz Hans‐Günther
Published: April 2014

A novel strategy for the total synthesis of α‐tocopherol (“vitamin E”) was elaborated on the basis of the conjugate addition of AlMe3 (as a methyl anion equivalent) to a 2‐substituted chromenone. Starting from trimethylhydroquinone and (R,R)‐hexahydrofarnesol, the required chromenone substrate was efficiently prepared in a short sequence exploiting a TiCl4‐mediated Fries rearrangement and a KOtBu‐induced Baker–Venkatamaran rearrangement. The envisioned key step, which sets up the quaternary center at C2, was performed in virtually quantitative yield through Ni‐catalyzed conjugate addition of AlMe3. However, this transformation, which likely proceeds through a radical mechanism, could not be rendered stereoselective by means of chiral ligands. Nevertheless, the elaborated synthesis of (2RS,4′R,8′R)‐α‐tocopherol (2‐ambo‐α‐tocopherol) is efficient and challenges the future development of suitable protocols for the asymmetric 1,4‐addition.
Noise‐enhanced gel electrophoresis
Authors: Shi Nan , Ugaz Victor M.
Published: April 2014

Macromolecules confined within a nanoporous matrix experience entropic trapping when their dimensions approach the average pore size, leading to emergence of anomalous transport behavior that can be beneficial in separation applications. But the ability to exploit these effects in practical settings (e.g., electrophoretic separation of DNA) has been hindered by additional dispersion introduced as a consequence of the uncorrelated process by which the embedded macromolecules discretely hop from pore to pore. Here, we show how both the source and solution to these difficulties are intimately linked to the inherent dynamics of the underlying activated transport mechanism. By modulating the applied electric field at a frequency tuned to the characteristic activation timescale, a resonance condition can be established that synergistically combines accelerated mobility and reduced diffusion. This resonance effect can be precisely manipulated by adjusting the magnitude and period of the driving electric field, enabling enhanced separation performance and bi‐directional transport of different‐sized species to be achieved. Notably, these phenomena are readily accessible in ordinary hydrogels (as opposed to idealized nanomachined topologies) suggesting broad potential to apply them in a host of useful settings.
Biological performance of two different 1000 L single‐use bioreactors applying a simple transfer approach
Authors: Minow Benjamin , Tschoepe Susanne , Regner Anja , Populin Maeva , Reiser Sven , Noack Caroline , Neubauer Peter
Published: April 2014

Process transfer is associated with a considerable risk potential. The most critical equipment aspects in upstream operations are the type and scale of bioreactors. Single‐use systems have the advantage of a relatively fixed bioreactor design where only few adaptations can be made, e.g. in stirrer geometry or type of submerse aeration. Here, we describe the transfer of a Chinese hamster ovary fed‐batch process in the 1000 L scale from aXDR™ to a Thermo Scientific Hyclone Single‐Use Bioreactor (S.U.B.) used forGMPcompliant manufacturing of biologics. The transfer method, which was based on a preceding intensive characterization of both bioreactors, aimed either to keep the oxygen mass transfer or the power input constant. The transfer strategies were evaluated theoretically based on derived empirical correlations for the mass transfer coefficients, kLaO2and kLaCO2. An operation boundary of 10–31 W m−3for theS.U.B.bioreactor was defined, which is an approximately 35 % higher power input compared to that in the XDR™. The transfer strategy succeeded in maintaining essential biological parameters such as cell concentration (±5%), viability (±2%), and product formation (±3%) very similar. This is, to the authors’ knowledge, the first time that distinct process performance comparison in different 1000 LSUBs is published.
Elimination of heparin interference during microarray processing of fresh and biobank‐archived blood samples
Authors: Hebels Dennie G.A.J. , van Herwijnen Marcel H.M. , Brauers Karen J.J. , de Kok Theo M.C.M. , Chalkiadaki Georgia , Kyrtopoulos Soterios A. , Kleinjans Jos C.S.
Published: April 2014

In the context of environmental health research, biobank blood samples have recently been identified as suitable for high‐throughput omics analyses enabling the identification of new biomarkers of exposure and disease. However, blood samples containing the anti‐coagulant heparin could complicate transcriptomic analysis because heparin may inhibit RNA polymerase causing inefficient cRNA synthesis and fluorophore labelling. We investigated the inhibitory effect of heparin and the influence of storage conditions (0 or 3 hr bench times, storage at room temperature or −80°C) on fluorophore labelling in heparinized fresh human buffy coat and whole blood biobank samples during the mRNA work‐up protocol for microarray analysis. Subsequently, we removed heparin by lithium chloride (LiCl) treatment and performed a quality control analysis of LiCl‐treated biobank sample microarrays to prove their suitability for downstream data analysis. Both fresh and biobank samples experienced varying degrees of heparin‐induced inhibition of fluorophore labelling, making most samples unusable for microarray analysis. RNA derived from EDTA and citrate blood was not inhibited. No effect of bench time was observed but room temperature storage gave slightly better results. Strong correlations were observed between original blood sample RNA yield and the amount of synthesized cRNA. LiCl treatment restored sample quality to normal standards in both fresh and biobank samples and the previously identified correlations disappeared. Microarrays hybridized with LiCl‐treated biobank samples were of excellent quality with no identifiable influence of heparin. We conclude that, to obtain high quality results, in most cases heparin removal is essential in blood‐derived RNA samples intended for microarray analysis. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 55:482–491, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fabrication of Ag/TiO2 photocatalyst for the treatment of simulated hospital wastewater under sunlight
Authors: Badawy M.I. , Souaya Eglal M.R. , Gad‐Allah Tarek A. , Abdel‐Wahed Mahmoud S. , Ulbricht Mathias
Published: April 2014

In this study, photocatalytic activity of titanium dioxide was modified by doping with silver metal. This was done by simple preparation procedure at room temperature. Different preparation conditions were studied and their effects on photocatalytic activity were investigated. The obtained nanopowders were characterized using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), X‐ray fluorescence (XRF), specific surface area measurement, UV‐Visible absorption, and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Photocatalytic activities of the prepared samples under simulated sunlight were evaluated with respect to their efficiencies for the degradation of five pharmaceutical compounds commonly present in hospital wastewater. Prepared samples showed very high efficiency for photodegradation of the studied pharmaceutical compounds. Maximum photodegradation rate of the simulated hospital wastewater was obtained using 1000 ppm of the material with 0.1% Ag/TiO2 (weight ratio) calcined at 300°C and pH 5. However, the best pH of the degradation of each pharmaceutical compound varies according to the pKa. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 33: 886–894, 2014
Industrial experience with waste coprocessing and its effects on cement properties
Authors: Garcia Ricardo Iorio , Moura Francisco José , Bertolino Luiz Carlos , de Albuquerque Brocchi Eduardo
Published: April 2014

There is growing concern regarding the inappropriate disposal of industrial wastes. The impossibility of adequately treating certain wastes and the desire to eliminate any environmental risk has led the industry to apply different techniques to meet these challenges. The use of waste coprocessing in cement furnaces as a substitute for a portion of the fuel can provide energy gains without changing the gas emissions and the quality of the produced clinker. This study aims to describe the effects of a mixture of wastes coprocessed in an industrial rotary kiln on cement properties. The leaching and solubilization tests proved that the analyzed elements presented in the cement are not transferred to the environment. The cement compressive strength tests conducted showed that coprocessed cement achieved the minimum values specified by the Brazilian Standard Association. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 33: 956–961, 2014
Performance evaluation of bromofluoropropene in extinguishing liquid fuel spray fires
Authors: Ni Xiaomin , Chow W. K.
Published: April 2014

Liquid fuel spray fires emit high radiation heat fluxes, posing great threat to humans. The study of suitable agents and techniques for extinguishing this particular type of fire is of great importance. In this study, degradable 2‐bromo‐3,3,3‐trifluoropropene (BTP), a new clean fire extinguishing agent, was tested for its effectiveness in extinguishing three types of liquid fuel spray fires, namely diesel, gasoline, and ethanol. Bench‐scale experiments were conducted in a 6 × 5 × 3 m compartment with natural ventilation. The liquid fuels sprayed at varying pressures were ignited by a small open flame and then extinguished by a portable BTP extinguisher. Results showed that BTP of less than 60.0 g could extinguish all liquid fuel spray fires of 0.20 to 1.0 MPa in less than 2.0 s. The results also showed that when compared with fire sparked by gasoline and diesel, it is significantly easier to put out ethanol spray fires because of its high flame temperature and low flame power. Based on well‐established fire suppression theories and experimental results, the detailed mechanism of how BTP functions as an extinguishing agent in the suppression of liquid fuel spray fires will be discussed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Community Relations: Political Hurdles and Pipeline Construction—It Is About Relationships
Authors: O'Connor Kevin
Published: April 2014

Proactive, transparent, open, and honest: these are values that could be pulled from the Girl or Boy Scouts handbook.
Community Relations: Social Media in Crisis Response: 4 Trends, 5 Opportunities, and a Framework
Authors: Hirsch Peter , Caggiano Rachel
Published: April 2014

The emergence of social media has had a profound influence on the communications challenges facing energy utilities.
Natural Gas Matters: Energy Independence—What Does It Mean and How Close Is It?
Authors: Smead Richard G.
Published: April 2014

For at least the last 40 years, we have heard repeatedly how nice it would be to be “energy‐independent,” free of the risk of oil embargos and somewhat insulated from fly‐ups in world oil prices.
NERC and Enforcement Issues: NERC Gains in Vegetation Management, Cyber and Physical Security, and Reliability Assurance
Authors: Carpentier Deborah
Published: April 2014

The North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) recently issued its Annual Report, in which it set forth its 2013 achievements. A few of the accomplishments stand out and are discussed below.
Voltage‐gated sodium channel Nav1.5 contributes to astrogliosis in an in vitro model of glial injury via reverse Na+/Ca2+ exchange
Authors: Pappalardo Laura W. , Samad Omar A. , Black Joel A. , Waxman Stephen G.
Published: April 2014

Astrogliosis is a prominent feature of many, if not all, pathologies of the brain and spinal cord, yet a detailed understanding of the underlying molecular pathways involved in the transformation from quiescent to reactive astrocyte remains elusive. We investigated the contribution of voltage‐gated sodium channels to astrogliosis in an in vitro model of mechanical injury to astrocytes. Previous studies have shown that a scratch injury to astrocytes invokes dual mechanisms of migration and proliferation in these cells. Our results demonstrate that wound closure after mechanical injury, involving both migration and proliferation, is attenuated by pharmacological treatment with tetrodotoxin (TTX) and KB‐R7943, at a dose that blocks reverse mode of the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX), and by knockdown of Nav1.5 mRNA. We also show that astrocytes display a robust [Ca2+]i transient after mechanical injury and demonstrate that this [Ca2+]i response is also attenuated by TTX, KB‐R7943, and Nav1.5 mRNA knockdown. Our results suggest that Nav1.5 and NCX are potential targets for modulation of astrogliosis after injury via their effect on [Ca2+]i. GLIA 2014;62:1162–1175
Alterations in amplitude of low frequency fluctuation in treatment‐naïve major depressive disorder measured with resting‐state fMRI
Authors: Liu Jie , Ren Ling , Womer Fay Y. , Wang Jue , Fan Guoguang , Jiang Wenyan , Blumberg Hilary P. , Tang Yanqing , Xu Ke , Wang Fei
Published: April 2014

There are limited resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies in major depressive disorder (MDD). Of these studies, functional connectivity analyses are mostly used. However, a new method based on the magnitude of low frequency fluctuation (LFF) during resting‐state fMRI may provide important insight into MDD. In this study, we examined the amplitude of LFF (ALFF) within the whole brain during resting‐state fMRI in 30 treatment‐naïve MDD subjects and 30 healthy control (HC) subjects. When compared with HC, MDD subjects showed increased ALFF in the frontal cortex (including the bilateral ventral/dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, premotor cortex, ventral prefrontal cortex, left dorsal lateral frontal cortex, left superior frontal cortex), basal ganglia (including the right putamen and left caudate nucleus), left insular cortex, right anterior entorhinal cortex and left inferior parietal cortex, together with decreased ALFF in the bilateral occipital cortex, cerebellum hemisphere, and right superior temporal cortex. These findings may relate to characteristics of MDD, such as excessive self‐referential processing and deficits in cognitive control of emotional processing, which may contribute to the persistent and recurrent nature of the disorder. Hum Brain Mapp 35:4979–4988, 2014. © 2014 The Authors Human Brain Mapping Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A hierarchical method for whole‐brain connectivity‐based parcellation
Authors: Moreno‐Dominguez David , Anwander Alfred , Knösche Thomas R.
Published: April 2014

In modern neuroscience there is general agreement that brain function relies on networks and that connectivity is therefore of paramount importance for brain function. Accordingly, the delineation of functional brain areas on the basis of diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) and tractography may lead to highly relevant brain maps. Existing methods typically aim to find a predefined number of areas and/or are limited to small regions of grey matter. However, it is in general not likely that a single parcellation dividing the brain into a finite number of areas is an adequate representation of the function‐anatomical organization of the brain. In this work, we propose hierarchical clustering as a solution to overcome these limitations and achieve whole‐brain parcellation. We demonstrate that this method encodes the information of the underlying structure at all granularity levels in a hierarchical tree or dendrogram. We develop an optimal tree building and processing pipeline that reduces the complexity of the tree with minimal information loss. We show how these trees can be used to compare the similarity structure of different subjects or recordings and how to extract parcellations from them. Our novel approach yields a more exhaustive representation of the real underlying structure and successfully tackles the challenge of whole‐brain parcellation. Hum Brain Mapp 35:5000–5025, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Efficacy, immunogenicity and safety of the HPV‐16/18 AS04‐adjuvanted vaccine in healthy Chinese women aged 18–25 years: Results from a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Zhu Feng‐Cai , Chen Wen , Hu Yue‐Mei , Hong Ying , Li Juan , Zhang Xun , Zhang Yi‐Ju , Pan Qin‐Jing , Zhao Fang‐Hui , Yu Jia‐Xi , Zhang Yan‐Shu , Yang Xiaoping , Zhang Cheng‐Fu , Tang Haiwen , Zhang Helen , Lebacq Marie , David Marie‐Pierre , Datta Sanjoy K , Struyf Frank , Bi Dan , Descamps Dominique ,   for the HPV‐039 study group
Published: April 2014

This phase II/III, double‐blind, randomized trial assessed the efficacy, immunogenicity and safety of the human papillomavirus (HPV)‐16/18 AS04‐adjuvanted vaccine in young Chinese women (ClinicalTrials.gov registration NCT00779766). Women aged 18–25 years from Jiangsu province were randomized (1:1) to receive HPV vaccine (n = 3,026) or Al(OH)3 control (n = 3,025) at months 0, 1 and 6. The primary objective was vaccine efficacy (VE) against HPV‐16/18 associated 6‐month persistent infection (PI) and/or cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 1+. Secondary objectives were VE against virological and clinical endpoints associated with HPV‐16/18 and with high‐risk HPV types, immunogenicity and safety. Mean follow‐up for the according‐to‐protocol cohort for efficacy (ATP‐E) was ∼15 months after the third dose. In the ATP‐E (vaccine = 2,889; control = 2,894), for initially HPV DNA negative and seronegative subjects, HPV‐16/18 related VE (95% CI) was 94.2% (62.7, 99.9) against 6‐month PI and/or CIN1+ and 93.8% (60.2, 99.9) against cytological abnormalities. VE against HPV‐16/18 associated CIN1+ and CIN2+ was 100% (−50.4, 100) and 100% (−140.2, 100), respectively (no cases in the vaccine group and 4 CIN1+ and 3 CIN2+ cases in the control group). At Month 7, at least 99.7% of initially seronegative vaccine recipients had seroconverted for HPV‐16/18; geometric mean antibody titres (95% CI) were 6,996 (6,212 to 7,880) EU/mL for anti‐HPV‐16 and 3,309 (2,942 to 3,723) EU/mL for anti‐HPV‐18. Safety outcomes between groups were generally similar. The HPV‐16/18 AS04‐adjuvanted vaccine is effective, immunogenic and has a clinically acceptable safety profile in young Chinese women. Prophylactic HPV vaccination has the potential to substantially reduce the burden of cervical cancer in China.
Cumulative effect of genome‐wide association study‐identified genetic variants for bladder cancer
Authors: Wang Meilin , Chu Haiyan , Lv Qiang , Wang Li , Yuan Lin , Fu Guangbo , Tong Na , Qin Chao , Yin Changjun , Zhang Zhengdong , Xu Jianfeng
Published: April 2014

Recent genome‐wide association studies have identified 14 genetic variants associated with bladder cancer in Caucasians. The effects of these risk variants and their cumulative effects in Asian populations are unknown. We genotyped these newly identified variants in a case–control study of 1,050 patients diagnosed with bladder cancer and 1,404 controls in the Chinese population. Odds rations (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed by logistic regression, and cumulative effect of risk alleles were evaluated. Overall, seven of the 14 variants were significantly associated with bladder cancer risk (p = 9.763 × 10−3 for rs9642880 at 8q24.21, p = 3.004 × 10−3 for rs2294008 at 8q24.3, p = 0.012 for rs798766 at 4p16.3, p = 0.034 for rs1495741 at 8p22, p = 2.306 × 10−4 for GSTM1, p = 8.507 × 10−8 for rs17674580 at 18q12.3, p = 7.179 × 10−4 for rs10936599 at 3q26.2) and the odds ratios (ORs) ranged from 1.13 to 1.65. Moreover, there were a significant increased risk for bladder cancer positively correlated numbers of risk alleles and smoking status (Ptrend = 7.060 × 10−16). However, no allelic interaction effects on bladder cancer risk were observed between cumulative effects of variants and clinical characteristics. These findings suggest that seven bladder cancer risk‐associated variants (rs9642880, rs2294008, rs798766, rs1495741, GSTM1 null, rs17674580 and rs10936599) may be used, collectively, to effectively measure inherited risk for bladder cancer.
Protocadherin 10 suppresses tumorigenesis and metastasis in colorectal cancer and its genetic loss predicts adverse prognosis
Authors: Jao Tzu‐Ming , Tsai Ming‐Hong , Lio Hoi‐Yan , Weng Wei‐Ting , Chen Chun‐Chieh , Tzeng Sheng‐Tai , Chang Chia‐Yun , Lai Yen‐Chun , Yen Sou‐Jhy , Yu Sung‐Liang , Yang Ya‐Chien
Published: April 2014

Protocadherin 10 (PCDH10), a novel tumor suppressor gene in human cancers, is located in a common deleted region at chromosome 4q28 in colorectal cancer (CRC). This study aimed to ascertain the genetic loss of PCDH10 and its clinical relevance in CRC and to explore the tumor suppressor function of PCDH10. The genetic deletion of PCDH10 was determined in 171 pairs of primary tumors and corresponding normal mucosae by loss of heterozygosity study. In total, 53 carcinomas were positive for allelic loss of PCDH10. The genetic aberration was significantly associated with tumor progression and distant metastasis (p = 0.021 and p = 0.018, respectively) and was an independent predictor of poor survival for CRC patients (p = 0.005). Expression of PCDH10 gene was silenced or markedly down‐regulated in all of 12 CRC cell lines tested and in 41 of 53 colorectal carcinomas compared with their matched normal mucosae. Ectopic expression of PCDH10 suppressed cancer cell proliferation, anchorage‐independent growth, migration and invasion in vitro. Subcutaneous injection of PCDH10‐expressing CRC cells into SCID mice revealed the reduction of tumor growth compared with that observed in mock‐inoculated mice. Furthermore, through intrasplenic implantation, the re‐expression of PCDH10 in silenced cells restrained liver metastasis and improved survival in SCID mice. In conclusion, PCDH10 is a pivotal tumor suppressor in CRC, and the loss of its function promotes not only tumor progression but also liver metastasis. In addition, the genetic deletion of PCDH10 represents an adverse prognostic marker for the survival of patients with CRC.
The intracellular juxtamembrane domain of discoidin domain receptor 2 (DDR2) is essential for receptor activation and DDR2‐mediated cancer progression
Authors: Kim Daehwan , Ko Panseon , You Eunae , Rhee Sangmyung
Published: April 2014

Discoidin domain receptors (DDRs) are unusual receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) that are activated by fibrillar collagens instead of soluble growth factors. DDRs play an important role in various cellular functions and disease processes, including malignant progression. Compared to other RTKs, DDRs have relatively long juxtamembrane domains, which are believed to contribute to receptor function. Despite this possibility, the function and mechanism of the juxtamembrane domain of DDRs have not yet been fully elucidated. In this study, we found that the cytoplasmic juxtamembrane 2 (JM2) region of DDR2 contributed to receptor dimerization, which is critical for receptor activation in response to collagen stimulation. A collagen‐binding assay showed that JM2 was required for efficient binding of collagen to the discoidin (DS) domain. Immunohistochemical analysis of DDR2 expression using a tissue microarray demonstrated that DDR2 was overexpressed in several carcinoma tissues, including bladder, testis, lung, kidney, prostate and stomach. In H1299 cells, inhibition of DDR2 activity by overexpressing the juxtamembrane domain containing JM2 suppressed collagen‐induced colony formation, cell proliferation and invasion via the inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase‐2 and matrix metalloproteinase‐9. Taken together, our results suggest that JM2‐mediated dimerization is likely to be essential for DDR2 activation and cancer progression. Thus, inhibition of DDR2 function using a JM2‐containing peptide might be a useful strategy for the treatment of DDR2‐positive cancers.
Exogenous fatty acid binding protein 4 promotes human prostate cancer cell progression
Authors: Uehara Hisanori , Takahashi Tetsuyuki , Oha Mina , Ogawa Hirohisa , Izumi Keisuke
Published: April 2014

Epidemiologic studies have found that obesity is associated with malignant grade and mortality in prostate cancer. Several adipokines have been implicated as putative mediating factors between obesity and prostate cancer. Fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4), a member of the cytoplasmic fatty acid binding protein multigene family, was recently identified as a novel adipokine. Although FABP4 is released from adipocytes and mean circulating concentrations of FABP4 are linked with obesity, effects of exogenous FABP4 on prostate cancer progression are unclear. In this study, we examined the effects of exogenous FABP4 on human prostate cancer cell progression. FABP4 treatment promoted serum‐induced prostate cancer cell invasion in vitro. Furthermore, oleic acid promoted prostate cancer cell invasion only if FABP4 was present in the medium. These promoting effects were reduced by FABP4 inhibitor, which inhibits FABP4 binding to fatty acids. Immunostaining for FABP4 showed that exogenous FABP4 was taken up into DU145 cells in three‐dimensional culture. In mice, treatment with FABP4 inhibitor reduced the subcutaneous growth and lung metastasis of prostate cancer cells. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that the number of apoptotic cells, positive for cleaved caspase‐3 and cleaved PARP, was increased in subcutaneous tumors of FABP4 inhibitor‐treated mice, as compared with control mice. These results suggest that exogenous FABP4 might promote human prostate cancer cell progression by binding with fatty acids. Additionally, exogenous FABP4 activated the PI3K/Akt pathway, independently of binding to fatty acids. Thus, FABP4 might be a key molecule to understand the mechanisms underlying the obesity‐prostate cancer progression link.
Genetic variants in microRNAs and microRNA target sites predict biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy in localized prostate cancer
Authors: Huang Shu‐Pin , Lévesque Eric , Guillemette Chantal , Yu Chia‐Cheng , Huang Chao‐Yuan , Lin Victor C. , Chung I‐Che , Chen Lih‐Chyang , Laverdière Isabelle , Lacombe Louis , Fradet Yves , Chang Ta‐Yuan , Lee Hong‐Zin , Juang Shin‐Hun , Bao Bo‐Ying
Published: April 2014

Recent evidence indicates that microRNAs might participate in prostate cancer initiation, progression and treatment response. Germline variations in microRNAs might alter target gene expression and modify the efficacy of prostate cancer therapy. To determine whether genetic variants in microRNAs and microRNA target sites are associated with the risk of biochemical recurrence (BCR) after radical prostatectomy (RP). We retrospectively studied two independent cohorts composed of 320 Asian and 526 Caucasian men with pathologically organ‐confined prostate cancer who had a median follow‐up of 54.7 and 88.8 months after RP, respectively. Patients were systematically genotyped for 64 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in microRNAs and microRNA target sites, and their prognostic significance on BCR was assessed by Kaplan–Meier analysis and Cox regression model. After adjusting for known clinicopathologic risk factors, two SNPs (MIR605 rs2043556 and CDON rs3737336) remained associated with BCR. The numbers of risk alleles showed a cumulative effect on BCR [perallele hazard ratio (HR) 1.60, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.16–2.21, p for trend = 0.005] in Asian cohort, and the risk was replicated in Caucasian cohort (HR 1.55, 95% CI 1.15–2.08, p for trend = 0.004) and in combined analysis (HR 1.57, 95% CI 1.26–1.96, p for trend <0.001). Results warrant replication in larger cohorts. This is the first study demonstrating that SNPs in microRNAs and microRNA target sites can be predictive biomarkers for BCR after RP.
Potent and specific antitumor effect of CEA‐targeted photoimmunotherapy
Authors: Shirasu Naoto , Yamada Hiromi , Shibaguchi Hirotomo , Kuroki Motomu , Kuroki Masahide
Published: April 2014

Conventional photodynamic therapy (PDT) for cancer is limited by the insufficient efficacy and specificity of photosensitizers. We herein describe a highly effective and selective tumor‐targeted PDT using a near‐infrared (NIR) photosensitizer, IRDye700DX, conjugated to a human monoclonal antibody (Ab) specific for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). The antitumor effects of this Ab‐assisted PDT, called photoimmunotherapy (PIT), were investigated in vitro and in vivo. The Ab‐IRDye conjugate induced potent cytotoxicity against CEA‐positive tumor cells after NIR‐irradiation, whereas CEA‐negative cells were not affected at all, even in the presence of excess photoimmunoconjugate. We found an equivalent phototoxicity and a predominant plasma membrane localization of Ab‐IRDye after both one and six hours of incubation. Either no or little caspase activation and membrane peroxidation were observed in PIT‐treated cells and a panel of scavengers for reactive oxygen species showed only partial inhibition of the phototoxic effect. Strikingly, Ab‐IRDye retained significant phototoxicity even under hypoxia. We established a xenograft model, which allowed us to sensitively investigate the therapeutic efficacy of PIT by non‐invasive bioluminescence imaging. Luciferase‐expressing MKN‐45‐luc human gastric carcinoma cells were subcutaneously implanted into both flanks of nude mice. NIR‐irradiation was performed for only the tumor on one side. In vivo imaging and measurement of the tumor size revealed that a single PIT treatment, with intraperitoneal administration of Ab‐IRDye and subsequent NIR‐irradiation, caused rapid cell death and significant inhibition of tumor growth, but only on the irradiated side. Together, these data suggest that Ab‐IRDye‐mediated PIT has great potential as an anticancer therapeutics targeting CEA‐positive tumors.
EFFECTS OF KANGAROO MOTHER CARE ON MATERNAL MOOD AND INTERACTION PATTERNS BETWEEN PARENTS AND THEIR PRETERM, LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANTS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Authors: Athanasopoulou Eirini , Fox John R.E.
Published: April 2014

The birth of a premature infant can have adverse effects on the mood of mothers and on the interaction patterns between parents and their preterm babies. The aim of the present systematic review was to examine whether the Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) intervention can attenuate these adverse psychological effects of a premature birth by ameliorating negative maternal mood and/or promoting more positive interactions between preterm infants and their parents. The results showed that although findings of studies were inconclusive, there is some evidence to suggest that KMC can make a positive difference on these areas. Specifically, it was found that KMC can improve negative maternal mood (e.g., anxiety or depression) and promote more positive parent–child interactions. Limitations and directions for future research are discussed.
An evaluation of procedures to increase cooperation related to hoarding in an older adult with dementia
Authors: Donaldson Jeanne M. , Trahan Maranda A. , Kahng SungWoo
Published: April 2014

The prevalence of hoarding (collection of and refusal to discard unneeded items) is higher in older adults than the general population and has been correlated with dementia. Treatments to increase cooperation with discarding hoarded items have not been systematically evaluated. This study evaluated two procedures for increasing cooperation with handing over hoarded items in an older adult with dementia. The antecedent‐based intervention effectively increased cooperation.
A laboratory comparison of two variations of differential‐reinforcement‐of‐low‐rate procedures
Authors: Jessel Joshua , Borrero John C.
Published: April 2014

We compared 2 variations of differential‐reinforcement‐of‐low‐rate (DRL) procedures: spaced‐responding DRL, in which a reinforcer was delivered contingent on each response if a specified interval had passed since the last response, and full‐session DRL, in which a reinforcer was presented at the end of an interval if the response rate was below criterion within the specified interval. We used a human‐operant procedure and analyzed within‐session responding to assess any similarities or differences between procedures. Data revealed a positive contingency between responding and reinforcement under the spaced‐responding DRL schedule and a negative contingency under the full‐session DRL schedule. Furthermore, 60% of the participants discontinued responding by the last full‐session DRL session. Implications for the appropriate procedural and taxonomical usage of both DRL schedules are discussed.
Using instructive feedback to teach category names to children with autism
Authors: Loughrey Tara Olivia , Betz Alison M. , Majdalany Lina M. , Nicholson Katie
Published: April 2014

We evaluated the effects of instructive feedback (IF) on the emergence of spoken category names with 2 children who had been diagnosed with autism. IF stimuli were presented during listener discrimination training and consisted of presenting the category name associated with each target stimulus. Results suggest that participants acquired the speaker relations in the absence of prompting and reinforcement. Clinical implications and future research on the use of IF as a teaching procedure for children with autism are discussed.
Increased Calcium Absorption From Synthetic Stable Amorphous Calcium Carbonate: Double-Blind Randomized Crossover Clinical Trial in Postmenopausal Women
Authors: Vaisman Nachum , Shaltiel Galit , Daniely Michal , Meiron Oren E , Shechter Assaf , Abrams Steven A , Niv Eva , Shapira Yami , Sagi Amir
Published: April 2014

Calcium supplementation is a widely recognized strategy for achieving adequate calcium intake. We designed this blinded, randomized, crossover interventional trial to compare the bioavailability of a new stable synthetic amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) with that of crystalline calcium carbonate (CCC) using the dual stable isotope technique. The study was conducted in the Unit of Clinical Nutrition, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel. The study population included 15 early postmenopausal women aged 54.9 ± 2.8 (mean ± SD) years with no history of major medical illness or metabolic bone disorder, excess calcium intake, or vitamin D deficiency. Standardized breakfast was followed by randomly provided CCC or ACC capsules containing 192 mg elemental calcium labeled with 44Ca at intervals of at least 3 weeks. After swallowing the capsules, intravenous CaCl2 labeled with 42Ca on was administered on each occasion. Fractional calcium absorption (FCA) of ACC and CCC was calculated from the 24-hour urine collection following calcium administration. The results indicated that FCA of ACC was doubled (± 0.96 SD) on average compared to that of CCC (p < 0.02). The higher absorption of the synthetic stable ACC may serve as a more efficacious way of calcium supplementation. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Epiphyseal Chondrocyte Secondary Ossification Centers Require Thyroid Hormone Activation of Indian Hedgehog and Osterix Signaling
Authors: Xing Weirong , Cheng Shaohong , Wergedal Jon , Mohan Subburaman
Published: April 2014

Thyroid hormones (THs) are known to regulate endochondral ossification during skeletal development via acting directly in chondrocytes and osteoblasts. In this study, we focused on TH effects on the secondary ossification center (SOC) because the time of appearance of SOCs in several species coincides with the time when peak levels of TH are attained. Accordingly, micro–computed tomography (µCT) evaluation of femurs and tibias at day 21 in TH-deficient and control mice revealed that endochondral ossification of SOCs is severely compromised owing to TH deficiency and that TH treatment for 10 days completely rescued this phenotype. Staining of cartilage and bone in the epiphysis revealed that whereas all of the cartilage is converted into bone in the prepubertal control mice, this conversion failed to occur in the TH-deficient mice. Immunohistochemistry studies revealed that TH treatment of thyroid stimulating hormone receptor mutant (Tshr−/−) mice induced expression of Indian hedgehog (Ihh) and Osx in type 2 collagen (Col2)-expressing chondrocytes in the SOC at day 7, which subsequently differentiate into type 10 collagen (Col10)/osteocalcin-expressing chondro/osteoblasts at day 10. Consistent with these data, treatment of tibia cultures from 3-day-old mice with 10 ng/mL TH increased expression of Osx, Col10, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and osteocalcin in the epiphysis by sixfold to 60-fold. Furthermore, knockdown of the TH-induced increase in Osx expression using lentiviral small hairpin RNA (shRNA) significantly blocked TH-induced ALP and osteocalcin expression in chondrocytes. Treatment of chondrogenic cells with an Ihh inhibitor abolished chondro/osteoblast differentiation and SOC formation. Our findings indicate that TH regulates the SOC initiation and progression via differentiating chondrocytes into bone matrix–producing osteoblasts by stimulating Ihh and Osx expression in chondrocytes. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.