bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Implications of Quota Reallocation in the Torres Strait Tropical Rock Lobster Fishery
Authors: Pascoe Sean , Hutton Trevor , van Putten Ingrid , Dennis Darren , Plaganyi‐Lloyd Eva , Deng Roy
Published: May 2013

The Torres Strait Tropical Rock Lobster Fishery is exploited by a mix of Islander and non‐Islander fishers. While the former group dominates in terms of numbers of fishers, a disproportionate share of the nominal quota is held by the substantially smaller non‐Islander fleet. In 2011, the nominal quota allocation was 54:46 between Islanders and non‐Islander, with the Islander share increasing substantially since 2005 through a buy‐back of around half the non‐Islander fleet. Despite this increase, there is pressure within the Islander communities to further increase their share of the total quota. In this paper, we consider the relative value of a unit of quota to the Islander and non‐Islander fleets and the likely impact this will have on potential quota trade. We estimate production frontiers for the two groups of vessels to derive estimates of the marginal value product of the different fleet segments. From this, we determine if there are efficiency arguments for transferring additional quota to the Islander fleet. We conclude that economic incentives for individual Islanders to purchase quota from non‐Islanders are limited, and that some other form of reallocation system may be more successful in achieving the objective of an increased quota share to Islanders.
Evaluation of primary and secondary stability of titanium implants using different surgical techniques
Authors: Tabassum Afsheen , Meijer Gert J. , Walboomers X. Frank , Jansen John A.
Published: May 2013

Objective

To investigate the influence of different surgical techniques on the primary and secondary implant stability using trabecular bone of goats as an implantation model.

Material and methods

In the iliac crest of eight goats, 48 cylindrical‐screw‐type implants with a diameter of 4.2 mm (Dyna®; Bergen op Zoom, the Netherlands) were installed, using three different surgical techniques: (i) 5% undersized, using a final drill diameter of 4 mm; (ii) 15% undersized, using a final drill diameter of 3.6 mm; and (iii) 25% undersized, using a final drill diameter of 3.2 mm. Peak insertion torque values were measured by a Digital® (MARK‐10 Corporation, New York, NY, USA) torque gauge instrument during placement. At 3 weeks after implantation, removal torque was measured. Histomorphometrically, the peri‐implant bone volume was measured in three zones; the inner zone (0–500 μm), the middle zone (500–1000 μm) and the outer zone (1000–1500 μm).

Results

Evaluation of the obtained data demonstrated no statistically significant difference between different surgical techniques regarding removal torque values. With respect to the percentage peri‐implant bone volume (%BV), also no significant difference could be observed between all three applied surgical techniques for both the inner, middle and outer zone. However, irrespective of the surgical technique, it was noticed that the %BV was significantly higher for the inner zone as compared to middle and outer zone (P < 0.05) around the implant.

Conclusion

At 3 weeks after implant installation, independent of the used undersized surgical technique, the %BV in the inner zone (0–500 μm) peri‐implant area was improved due to both condensation of the surrounding bone as also the translocation of host bone particles along the implant surface. Surprisingly, no mechanical beneficial effect of the 25% undersized surgical technique could be observed as compared to the 5% or 15% undersized surgical technique to improve primary or secondary implant stability.
PERSISTENT EFFECTS OF TRANSITORY EXCHANGE RATE SHOCKS ON FIRM DYNAMICS
Authors: BAGGS JEN , BEAULIEU EUGENE , FUNG LORETTA
Published: May 2013

Recent evidence demonstrates that exchange rate movements can affect firm survival and entry. However, there is little evidence on whether there are asymmetric effects of an appreciation versus depreciation. This article uses firm‐level data over a period of a large currency appreciation followed by a large depreciation to examine possible asymmetries in firm survival and entry resulting in the endurance of exchange rate effects. We find that when real currency appreciations precede depreciations, appreciations reduce firm entry rates to a greater degree than depreciations increase that rate; but appreciations reduce the probability of firm survival at a magnitude not significantly different from the increase in probability that results from a depreciation. Taken together, we find that a 10% reciprocal episode of exchange rate appreciation and depreciation will result in 1,647 (5.2%) fewer firms compared with a regime with no change in the exchange rate. These results are consistent with exchange rate hysteresis whereby a transitory exchange rate shock has a permanent effect. (JEL F1)
Phylogenetic and differentiation analysis of the trunk rot pathogen Fomitiporia tsugina in North America
Authors: Brazee N. J.
Published: May 2013

Fomitiporia hartigii s.l. is an important trunk rot pathogen of conifers throughout the Northern Hemisphere. In North America, this pathogen primarily attacks Tsuga, but is also found on Abies, Picea and Pseudotsuga. Previous research showed that isolates of F. hartigii from North America represent a distinct phylogenetic species, known as F. tsugina. However, that conclusion is based on limited data. To better understand the phylogenetic relationships of F. tsugina in North America, a phylogenetic analysis was performed using three loci (internal transcribed spacer, nuclear large subunit and tef1) with 23 isolates originating from the northern United States, Canada and central Europe. North American isolates formed a monophyletic group with significant statistical support, confirming previous reports that F. tsugina represents a unique phylogenetic species, distinct from European F. hartigii s.s. Population subdivision between isolates of F. tsugina from eastern (Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New York and Wisconsin) and western (British Columbia, Colorado, Oregon and Washington) North America was investigated. Tests of gene flow and genetic differentiation based on region of origin detected significant variation (FST = 0.761; KST = 0.625, p < 0.01), suggesting gene flow between the two populations may be limited. Neutrality tests revealed significant, negative departures from the standard neutral model, which could indicate that a purifying or stabilizing selection has maintained low levels of polymorphisms in the population, perhaps favouring an advantageous phenotype. Further studies are required to better understand the occurrence of F. tsugina on Abies and Picea in boreal forests outside the natural range of Tsuga.
Forced Supererogation
Authors: Cohen Shlomo
Published: May 2013

There is a disturbing kind of situation that presents agents with only two possibilities of moral action—one especially praiseworthy, the other condemnable. I describe such scenarios and argue that moral action in them exhibits a unique set of parameters: performing the commendable action is especially praiseworthy; not performing is not blameworthy; not performing is wrong. This set of parameters is distinct from those which characterize either moral obligation or supererogation. It is accordingly claimed that it defines a distinct, yet unrecognized, deontic category, to which the name ‘Forced Supererogation’ is appropriate. The moral parameters of Forced Supererogation and the relations between them are discussed, especially the divergence of wrongness and blame. I argue that this new category allows a more accurate classification of moral actions than that imposed by the strained dichotomy of obligation versus supererogation.
Opportunity gained, opportunity lost: Treating pharmacoresistant epilepsy in children
Authors: Donner Elizabeth J.
Published: May 2013

Childhood is a vulnerable time—developmentally, socially, and cognitively. Any disruption may have long‐standing effects on the attainment of critical developmental milestones. The impact of ongoing seizures and epilepsy in children is significant and may result in cognitive delay, poorer educational outcomes, and lower employment rates in adulthood. The early recognition, intervention, and treatment of evolving pharmacoresistant epilepsy in children presents a unique opportunities for health care practitioners. Seizure freedom is the ultimate epilepsy treatment goal, given the broad and long‐standing effects of seizures in childhood. However, even when we believe the chance of seizure freedom is low, we should not let the perceived unlikelihood of that goal limit the treatments we offer. All children with pharmacoresistant epilepsy should be evaluated at a comprehensive pediatric epilepsy center. Failing to offer state‐of‐the‐art treatments to these children only increases the burden of epilepsy on children and their families.
Predicting pharmacoresistance in pediatric epilepsy
Authors: Wirrell Elaine C.
Published: May 2013

Approximately 20% of children with epilepsy will be pharmacoresistant. The impact of intractable epilepsy extends far beyond just the seizures to result in intellectual disability, psychiatric comorbidity, physical injury, sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP), and poor quality of life. Various predictors of pharmacoresistance have been identified; however, accurate prediction is still challenging. Population‐based epidemiologic studies show that the majority of children who develop pharmacoresistance do so relatively early in the course of their epilepsy. However, approximately one third of children who initially appear pharmacoresistant in the first few years after epilepsy onset will ultimately achieve seizure freedom without surgery. The most significant predictor that early pharmacoresistance will not remit is the presence of a neuroimaging abnormality. Such children should be strongly considered for surgical evaluation.
Value of autoantibodies for prediction of treatment response in patients with autoimmune epilepsy: Review of the literature and suggestions for clinical management
Authors: Bien Christian G.
Published: May 2013

The detection of antineural autoantibodies in patients with epilepsy has led to the new concept of “autoimmune epilepsy.” A particularly important implication is that knowledge of the antigenic target of the underlying antibody permits prognostic estimates. Patients with antibodies to the potassium channel complex (mostly to its leucine‐rich glioma inactivated 1 [LGI1] component) have a high chance of becoming seizure free within days to months upon immunotherapy but less so with antiepileptic drug (AED) treatment alone. Seizures in the setting of antibodies to theN‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor also have a high likelihood to remit, again especially with rapid institution of immunotherapy. In contrast to these antibodies to neuronal surface molecules, antibodies directed to intracellular antigens (onconeural antibodies, antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase) portend a low likelihood of seizure remission, regardless of the treatments chosen. These outcome differences are probably related to the underlying pathophysiology—with largely reversible functional effects of antibodies to surface antigens and irreversible destructive sequelae (probably caused byTcells) in patients with antibodies to intracellular antigens. With ongoing experience with these conditions, clinical and paraclinical clues to the diagnosis of autoimmune epilepsies are emerging.
Design of innovative therapeutics for pharmacoresistant epilepsy: Challenges and needs
Authors: Weaver Donald F.
Published: May 2013

Effective therapy for pharmacoresistant epilepsy is an unmet clinical need. Pharmacologically, there are two logical approaches: super‐antiictogenic drugs (SAIDs) or antiepileptogenic agents. However, can either of these agents be successfully designed and developed? Designing SAIDs or antiepileptogenics will require applying the techniques of twenty‐first century drug design to this ancient “sacred disease.” Before this task can be effectively realized, five fundamental needs will first have to be addressed: need for antiepileptogenic drug targets, need for druggable targets for SAIDs, need for new drug molecule platforms, need for new and relevant animal models, and need for innovative funding strategies.
Immature squamous metaplasia (focal atypical epithelial hyperplasia) of the pancreatic duct—immunohistochemical distinction from intraductal carcinoma
Authors: Mochizuki Kunio , Kondo Tetsuo , Oishi Naoki , Kawasaki Tomonori , Nakazawa Tadao , Yamane Tetsu , Katoh Ryohei
Published: May 2013

Aims

Immature squamous metaplasia of the pancreatic duct (ISMPD) can be difficult to differentiate from an intraductal carcinoma of the pancreas (ICP), and little is known about the pathological nature of ISMPD. The aim of this study was to analyse 20 ISMPD and 10 ICP tissue samples.

Methods and results

ISMPD shares some characteristics with ICP. Seven of 20 ISMPD samples were covered by a layer of pancreatic duct epithelium, whereas this was not seen in the ICP samples. Immunohistochemistry of ISMPD revealed positivity for p63 (100%), cytokeratin 5/6 (95%), cytokeratin 7 (95%), cytokeratin 20 (10%), and MUC‐1 (95%), and the samples were negative for p53, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), and bcl‐2. In contrast, ICP was positive for p63 (40%), p53 (10%), cytokeratin 7 (90%), cytokeratin 20 (20%), CEA (30%), and MUC‐1 (80%), and negative for cytokeratin 5/6. However, in 84% (16) of the ISMPD samples, cytokeratin 7 was expressed only by an epithelial layer at the apical surface; this expression pattern was not found in any of the 10 ICP samples. The mean Ki67 labelling index was 1.0% in ISMPD and 18.5% in ICP.

Conclusions

Our study suggests that immunohistochemical staining for cytokeratin 5/6 and Ki67 constitutes the best combination for differentiating ISMPD from ICP.
Intraurethral tramadol alleviates rigid cystoscopy‐related pain in men
Authors: Khajavi Mohammadreza , Moharari Reza Shariat , Najafi Atabak , Kazemi Hamed , Ostovar Afshin , Khashayar Patricia
Published: May 2013

Considering the effectiveness of tramadol in alleviating pain following major operations, trauma, labour and even chronic neuropathic pain, this study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of intraurethral administration of the drug in alleviating cystoscopy‐related pain in men. Sixty male candidates of diagnostic cystoscopy, aged between 20 and 50 years, in ASA physical status I or II were included in the study. Patients were randomized into intervention [who received tramadol (100 mg) and lidocaine gel] or control group (in whom distilled water and lidocaine was administered) based on a permuted block randomization method. The severity of pain and the incidence of adverse effects were measured during and following the cystoscopy. The urologist' satisfaction was also assessed. Total pain score in the intervention group was significantly lower than the control group (P = 0·037). The urologist was more satisfied with the ease and convenience of performing the cystoscopy in the intervention group. No significant side effect was reported in either group. Adding 100 mg tramadol to lidocaine gel is more effective than using lidocaine gel alone in alleviating the pain associating with male rigid cystoscopy.
How Industry Architectures Shape Firm Success when Expanding in Emerging Economies
Authors: Jacobides Michael G. , Kudina Alina
Published: May 2013

Our article considers how ‘industry architectures’ (i.e., the stable but evolving set of rules and roles through which labor is divided within a sector) shape success in international expansion. We argue that industry architectures differ between countries, are not necessarily technologically determined, shape firms' capabilities and their competitive environment, and constitute a distinct level of analysis. We develop related theory and empirically test its impact with a survey of firms expanding in fourCIScountries. We find that separability and similarity of industry architectures across countries are robust and important predictors of success in international expansion. Our results suggest that industry architectures should be added to ‘firm’ and ‘country’ as an intermediate level of analysis that helps explain success in international expansion.
Predictors of condom use in first sexual intercourse: a consideration of individual, situational, relational, and cohort effects
Authors: Sprecher Susan
Published: May 2013

This study examined condom use during first sexual intercourse, with a large sample of university students. Differences in condom use based on individual, family, relational, and situational variables were considered; in addition to the year when sexual intercourse occurred. A steady increase in condom use was found from the 1980s to the present time. Among other factors found to be associated with the likelihood of condom use during first sexual intercourse were being older at first intercourse, having a higher family social class, having first sex in a serious and longer relationship (as compared to a casual or brief relationship), and not consuming alcohol. Some differences in predictors of condom use were found based on cohort and sex of respondent.
Dirty love: the effect of cleanliness of the environment on perceived susceptibility for sexually transmitted infections
Authors: Meertens Ree , Branković Ivan , Ruiter Robert A. C. , Lohstroh Eline , Schaalma Herman P.
Published: May 2013

Risk for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) is perceived to be less when the potential partner is sexually appealing. Is it possible that cleanliness of the room in which intercourse takes place also affects perceived risk for STIs? In scenario studies, participants were asked to imagine having had unsafe sex with a person they just met in that person's apartment (Study 1) or in a hotel room (Study 2) and that the next day they wake up in a room that is either quite dirty or very clean. Participants in the dirty room condition rated their susceptibility to STI higher, and had lower intentions to act the same way again. Results are discussed in terms of deductive processes, emotions, and magical contagion.
The impact of the opinions of others on variety‐seeking behavior
Authors: Chuang Shih‐Chieh , Cheng Yin‐Hui , Wang Sui‐Min , Cheng Shu‐Yu
Published: May 2013

One reason for consumer variety‐seeking behavior is interpersonal motivation. Building on previous theories, we suggest that the different information types of interpersonal sources influence the variety‐seeking behavior of individuals. Two laboratory experiments are conducted to examine the influence of the opinions of others on such behavior. The results support the author's contention that to derive more enjoyment from a shared product, an individual will make choices congruent with the opinions of others in online information. The managerial implications and study limitations are also discussed.
The drinker and the nurturer: College students' perceptions of men and fathers
Authors: Troilo Jessica
Published: May 2013

This three‐part study examined 421 mid‐Atlantic university students' perceptions of the content of social stereotypes related to fathers‐ and men‐in‐general. College students viewed men‐in‐general as having far fewer positive parenting and personal qualities, but generally did not differ in breadwinning characteristics when compared to fathers‐in‐general. The results empirically supported the notion that younger adults generally do not view men‐in‐general as having the qualities associated with active fathering (e.g., being physically, financially, or emotionally involved with children), although they are seen as comparable providers. Men‐in‐general also are viewed much more negatively than fathers‐in‐general. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Social communication disorder outside autism? A diagnostic classification approach to delineating pragmatic language impairment, high functioning autism and specific language impairment
Authors: Gibson Jenny , Adams Catherine , Lockton Elaine , Green Jonathan
Published: May 2013

Background

Developmental disorders of language and communication present considerable diagnostic challenges due to overlapping of symptomatology and uncertain aetiology. We aimed to further elucidate the behavioural and linguistic profile associated with impairments of social communication occurring outside of an autism diagnosis.

Methods

Six to eleven year olds diagnosed with pragmatic language impairment (PLI), high functioning autism (HFA) or specific language impairment (SLI) were compared on measures of social interaction with peers (PI), restricted and repetitive behaviours/interests (RRBIs) and language ability. Odds ratios (OR) from a multinomial logistic regression were used to determine the importance of each measure to diagnostic grouping.MANOVAwas used to investigate differences in subscale scores for thePImeasure.

Results

Greater degrees ofPIdifficulties (OR = 1.22, 95%CI = 1.05–1.41),RRBI(OR = 1.23, 95%CI = 1.06–1.42) and expressive language ability (OR = 1.16, 95%CI = 1.03–1.30) discriminatedHFAfromPLI.PLIwas differentiated fromSLIby elevatedPIdifficulties (OR = 0.82, 95%CI = 0.70–0.96) and higher expressive language ability (OR = 0.88, 95%CI = 0.77–0.98), but indistinguishable fromSLIusingRRBI(OR = 1.01, 95%CI=0.94–1.09). A significant effect of group onPIsubscales was observed (θ = 1.38, F(4, 56) = 19.26,p < .01) andPLIandHFAgroups shared a similarPIsubscale profile.

Conclusions

Results provide empirical support for a conceptualisation ofPLIas a developmental impairment distinguishable fromHFAby absence ofRRBIs and by the presence of expressive language difficulties.PIdifficulties appear elevated inPLIcompared withSLI, but may be less pervasive than inHFA. Findings are discussed with reference to the proposed new category of ‘social communication disorder’ inDSM‐5.
Facultative use of thelytokous parthenogenesis for queen production in the polyandrous ant Cataglyphis cursor
Authors: Doums C. , Cronin A. L. , Ruel C. , Fédérici P. , Haussy C. , Tirard C. , Monnin T.
Published: May 2013

The evolutionary paradox of sex remains one of the major debates in evolutionary biology. The study of species capable of both sexual and asexual reproduction can elucidate factors important in the evolution of sex. One such species is the ant Cataglyphis cursor, where the queen maximizes the transmission of her genes by producing new queens (gynes) asexually while simultaneously maintaining a genetically diverse workforce via the sexual production of workers. We show that the queen can also produce gynes sexually and may do so to offset the costs of asexual reproduction. We genotyped 235 gynes from 18 colonies and found that half were sexually produced. A few colonies contained both sexually and asexually produced gynes. Although workers in this species can also use thelytoky, we found no evidence of worker production of gynes based on genotypes of 471 workers from the six colonies producing sexual gynes. Gynes are thus mainly, and potentially exclusively, produced by the queen. Simulations of gynes inbreeding level following one to ten generations of automictic thelytoky suggest that the queen switches between or combines thelytoky and sex, which may reduce the costs of inbreeding. This is supported by the relatively small size of inbred gynes in one colony, although we found no relationship between the level of inbreeding and immune parameters. Such facultative use of sex and thelytoky by individual queens contrasts with other known forms of parthenogenesis in ants, which are typically characterized by distinct lineages specializing in one strategy or the other.
Diel activity patterns of the fish community in a temperate stream
Authors: Toobaie A. , Kim J.‐W. , Dolinsek I. J. , Grant J. W. A.
Published: May 2013

The diel activity patterns of fishes in a temperate New Brunswick stream were studied during the summer over 5 years. Young‐of‐the year Atlantic salmon Salmo salar and blacknose dace Rhinichthys atratulus were more active during the day than at night, whereas lake chub Couesius plumbeus, brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis and adult white suckers Catostomus commersonii were more active at night than during the day. Because fishes were as likely to be nocturnal as diurnal, the data suggest that more night‐time sampling is needed to provide an unbiased view of fish community structure in temperate streams.
Age estimation and validation for South Pacific albacore Thunnus alalunga
Authors: Farley J. H. , Williams A. J. , Clear N. P. , Davies C. R. , Nicol S. J.
Published: May 2013

Validated estimates of age are presented for albacore Thunnus alalunga, sampled from a large part of the south‐western Pacific Ocean, based on counts of annual opaque growth zones from transverse sections of otoliths. Counts of daily increments were used to estimate the location of the first opaque growth zone, which was completed before the first assumed birthday. The periodicity of opaque zones was estimated by marginal increment analysis and an oxytetracycline mark–recapture experiment. Both validation methods indicated that opaque zones formed over the austral summer and were completed by autumn to winter (April to August). The direct comparison of age estimates obtained from otoliths and dorsal‐fin spines of the same fish indicated bias, which was assumed to be due to poor increment clarity and resorption of early growth zones in spines, resulting in imprecise age estimates. As such, age estimates from otoliths are considered to be more accurate than those from spines for T. alalunga. This is consistent with results for a growing number of tropical and temperate tuna Thunnini species. It is recommend that validated counts of annual growth zones from sectioned otoliths is used as the preferred method for estimating age‐based parameters for assessment and management advice for these important stocks.
Analysis of body shape for differentiating among species of rajids
Authors: Izzo C. , Drew E. B.
Published: May 2013

This study sought to differentiate the species of skates encountered in Gulf St Vincent (GSV), South Australia using normalized elliptical Fourier analysis of body shape. Significant intraspecific variation was observed among whole body shapes. This was overcome by limiting subsequent analyses to the anterior snout region, where significant differences in shape were detected among the species examined and provided a high degree of classification success for the skates of GSV. More generally, this approach has the potential to provide a cost‐ and time‐efficient means of discrimination among species of skates. Further research is required to investigate the potentially confounding effects of sexual dimorphism and ontogenetic variation in growth to improve the efficacy of the body shape analysis of the skates and batoids species in general. In addition, this approach requires considerable development to facilitate implementation in a fishery setting.
Sexual dimorphism of vertical bar patterning in the South European toothcarp Aphanius fasciatus
Authors: Cavraro F. , Zucchetta M. , Torricelli P. , Malavasi S.
Published: May 2013

Sexual dimorphism of vertical bar patterning along the ontogenetic gradient was investigated in the South European toothcarp Aphanius fasciatus through the analysis of field samples collected from four different Venice Lagoon sites. Results suggested that, after controlling for site effect, vertical bar number and density were more correlated with size in females than in males, yielding a higher number of less spaced bars in females than in males. Results are discussed with regard to the interplay between natural and sexual selection acting on vertical bar dimorphism, suggesting a role of disruptive colouration in females and a more pronounced role of sexual selection in males.
Application of otolith mass and shape for discriminating scabbardfishes Aphanopus spp. in the north‐eastern Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Tuset V. M. , Parisi‐Baradad V. , Lombarte A.
Published: May 2013

The otolith was used to investigate the variability between Aphanopus carbo and Aphanopus intermedius inhabiting the north‐eastern Atlantic Ocean. The results indicate a high degree of morphological affinity between species and areas; a noticeable metabolic change in the otolith shape was noted in the specimens of A. carbo, which may be related to migrations of individuals from shallow water (closer to the continental coast) to deeper water (archipelagos of Madeira and the Canary Islands). The results suggest a single population for both species in the north‐eastern Atlantic Ocean, although not conclusively.
Screening for rheumatic heart disease in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children
Authors: Rémond Marc Gerard Wootton , Wark Emma Kathleen , Maguire Graeme Paul
Published: May 2013

Rheumatic heart disease is preventable but causes significant morbidity and mortality in Aboriginal Australian and Torres Strait Islander populations. Screening echocardiography has the potential to detect early rheumatic heart disease thereby enabling timely commencement of treatment (secondary prophylaxis) to halt disease progression. However, a number of issues prevent echocardiographic screening for rheumatic heart disease satisfying the Australian criteria for acceptable screening programs. Primarily, it is unclear what criteria should be used to define a positive screening result as questions remain regarding the significance, natural history and potential treatment of early and subclinical rheumatic heart disease. Furthermore, at present the delivery of secondary prophylaxis in Australia remains suboptimal such that the potential benefits of screening would be limited. Finally, the impact of echocardiographic screening for rheumatic heart disease on local health services and the psychosocial health of patients and families are yet to be ascertained.
Efficient Allocation of Radio Spectrum
Authors: FREYENS BENOÎT PIERRE , JONES CHRIS
Published: May 2013

Legislative reforms in Anglo‐American countries require governments to account for efficient spectrum usage subject to interference control. New spectrum governance regimes promote flexible and competitive usage but the broadcasting industry remains exempt from reforms, at a significant cost to society. The need to liberalize broadcast spectrum cannot be overstated, but how should we select among alternative deregulatory regimes? In a simple stylized model we formalize the welfare effects of allocating licenses for using bandwidth on broadcast spectrum. We provide optimality conditions for entry, spectrum usage, and congestion levels under different market conditions, which allows us to justify the selection of specific governance arrangements.
Establishment of pacemaker activity in tissues allotransplanted with interstitial cells of Cajal
Authors: McCann C. J. , Hwang S. J. , Bayguinov Y. , Colletti E. J. , Sanders K. M. , Ward S. M.
Published: May 2013

Background

Loss or disruption of Kit+‐interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) capable of generating pacemaker activity has been implicated in the development of numerous gastrointestinal motility disorders. We sought to develop a model where ICC could be allotransplanted into intestines naturally devoid of these cells.

Methods

Enzymatically dispersed cells from the intestinal tunica muscularis of Kit+/copGFP and KitV558Δ/+ gain‐of‐function mice were allotransplanted into myenteric plexus regions of W/WV mutant intestines that lack ICC at the level of the myenteric plexus (ICC‐MY) and pacemaker activity. Immunohistochemical analysis fate mapped the development of ICC‐MY networks and intracellular microelectrode recordings provided evidence for the development of functional pacemaker activity.

Key Results

Kit+‐ICC developed into distinct networks at the level of the myenteric plexus in organotypic cultures over 28 days and displayed robust rhythmic pacemaker activity.

Conclusions & Inferences

This study demonstrates the feasibility of allotransplantation of ICC into the myenteric region of the small intestine and the establishment of functional pacemaker activity into tissues normally devoid of ICC‐MY and slow waves, thus providing a possible basis for the therapeutic treatment of patients where ICC networks have been disrupted due to a variety of pathophysiological conditions.
Curcumin acts via transient receptor potential vanilloid‐1 receptors to inhibit gut nociception and reverses visceral hyperalgesia
Authors: Zhi L. , Dong L. , Kong D. , Sun B. , Sun Q. , Grundy D. , Zhang G. , Rong W.
Published: May 2013

Background

An antinociceptive effect has been reported for curcumin in animal models and in humans, but the molecular mechanisms of curcumin's effect remain undefined. In this study, we explored the possibility that curcumin inhibit visceral nociception via antagonizing the transient receptor potential vanilloid‐1 (TRPV1) receptor.

Methods

The effects of curcumin were explored using two experimental models: viscero‐motor response (VMR) to colorectal distension (CRD) in rats and jejunal afferent firing in the ex vivo mouse jejunum preparations [TRPV1 knockout (KO) and wild‐type mice, naive and trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)‐treated Kunming mice]. In addition, capsaicin‐induced calcium transients and whole‐cell currents were examined in acutely dissociated dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons.

Key Results

In the anesthetized rat, curcumin (4 mg kg−1 min−1 for 3 min) caused a marked and rapidly reversible inhibition of CRD‐induced VMRs. In the mouse jejunum, the mesenteric afferent nerve response to ramp distension was attenuated by curcumin (3, 10 μmol L−1), an effect that was significantly reduced in TRPV1 KO mice compared with wild‐type (WT) controls. Moreover, in WT mice, curcumin (1–30 μmol L−1) was found to inhibit the afferent responses to capsaicin in a concentration‐dependent manner. Trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid‐induced hypersensitivity of jejunal afferents was also attenuated by curcumin. Curcumin potently inhibited capsaicin‐induced rise in intracellular calcium and inward currents in mouse or rat DRG neurons.

Conclusions & Inferences

Our results provide strong evidence that curcumin inhibit visceral nociception via antagonizing TRPV1 and may be a promising lead for the treatment of functional gastrointestinal diseases.
Sequence‐based SNP genotyping in durum wheat
Authors: van Poecke Remco M.P. , Maccaferri Marco , Tang Jifeng , Truong Hoa T. , Janssen Antoine , van Orsouw Nathalie J. , Salvi Silvio , Sanguineti Maria C. , Tuberosa Roberto , van der Vossen Edwin A.G.
Published: May 2013

Marker development for marker‐assisted selection in plant breeding is increasingly based on next‐generation sequencing (NGS). However, marker development in crops with highly repetitive, complex genomes is still challenging. Here we applied sequence‐based genotyping (SBG), which couples AFLP®‐based complexity reduction to NGS, for de novo single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) marker discovery in and genotyping of a biparental durum wheat population. We identified 9983 putative SNPs in 6372 contigs between the two parents and used these SNPs for genotyping 91 recombinant inbred lines (RILs). Excluding redundant information from multiple SNPs per contig, 2606 (41%) markers were used for integration in a pre‐existing framework map, resulting in the integration of 2365 markers over 2607 cM. Of the 2606 markers available for mapping, 91% were integrated in the pre‐existing map, containing 708 SSRs, DArT markers, and SNPs from CRoPS technology, with a map‐size increase of 492 cM (23%). These results demonstrate the high quality of the discovered SNP markers. With this methodology, it was possible to saturate the map at a final marker density of 0.8 cM/marker. Looking at the binned marker distribution (Figure 2), 63 of the 268 10‐cM bins contained only SBG markers, showing that these markers are filling in gaps in the framework map. As to the markers that could not be used for mapping, the main reason was the low sequencing coverage used for genotyping. We conclude that SBG is a valuable tool for efficient, high‐throughput and high‐quality marker discovery and genotyping for complex genomes such as that of durum wheat.
Presidents at Work: Shop Displays of Political Portraiture in Prewar Damascus
Authors: McClellan Kate
Published: May 2013

In Syria, official portraiture depicting members of the Asad regime has long been used as a tool to produce and uphold authoritarian power. Following in his father's footsteps, Bashar al‐Asad generated a wide range of billboards, banners, posters, and stickers in his own image meant for both public and private consumption. Rather than treat this visual regime as a monolith of interchangeable and mass‐produced imagery, I argue in this article for the examination of Asad portraits on smaller and more intimate scales. I discuss the display of these cult images within the domain of small‐scale shops in Damascus, looking at both how these images are embedded in other visual and symbolic contexts, and how they become individually relevant as they are materially embellished and marked.
On lower bounds for the Ihara constants and
Authors: Duursma Iwan , Mak Kit-Ho
Published: May 2013

Let$ \mathcal{X} $be a curve over${ \mathbb{F} }_{q} $and let$N( \mathcal{X} )$,$g( \mathcal{X} )$be its number of rational points and genus respectively. The Ihara constant$A(q)$is defined by$A(q)= {\mathrm{lim~sup} }_{g( \mathcal{X} )\rightarrow \infty } N( \mathcal{X} )/ g( \mathcal{X} )$. In this paper, we employ a variant of Serre’s class field tower method to obtain an improvement of the best known lower bounds on$A(2)$and$A(3)$.
H5N1 Hybrid Viruses Bearing 2009/H1N1 Virus Genes Transmit in Guinea Pigs by Respiratory Droplet
Authors: Zhang Ying , Zhang Qianyi , Kong Huihui , Jiang Yongping , Gao Yuwei , Deng Guohua , Shi Jianzhong , Tian Guobin , Liu Liling , Liu Jinxiong , Guan Yuntao , Bu Zhigao , Chen Hualan
Published: May 2013

Influencing Influenza

Currently, there is anxiety that the avian H5N1 influenza virus will reassort with the highly transmissible and epidemic H1N1 subtype to trigger a virulent human pandemic.

Y. Zhang
et al.

(p.
1459
, published online 2 May) used reverse genetics to make all possible reassortants between a virulent bird H5N1 with genes from a human pandemic H1N1. Virulence was tested in mice and transmissibility was tested between guinea pigs, which have both avian- and human-like airway influenza virus receptors. To assess what is happening to the receptor-ligand interactions as a result of these mutations,

W. Zhang
et al.

(p.
1463
, published online 2 May) probed the structure of both wild-type and mutant hemagglutinin of H5 in complex with analogs of the avian and human receptor types. Certain mutations in the receptor-binding site changed binding affinity.
Redox Heterogeneity in Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts as a Function of Mantle Source
Authors: Cottrell Elizabeth , Kelley Katherine A.
Published: May 2013

Redox Recycling

Plate tectonics drive the continuous exchange of material between Earth's crust and mantle. Subduction adds crustal materials to the mantle, which influence the composition of erupted lavas at mid-ocean ridges. Because chemical and physical processes in the mantle change over time as a response to the availability of oxygen, the redox state of mid-ocean ridge basalts may trace the history of recycling between crust and mantle.
Cottrell and Kelley
(p.
1314
, published online 2 May) analyzed the relation between the oxidation state of iron in a global suite of mid-ocean ridge basalts and tracers for mantle source composition. Over tectonic time scales, the recycling of reduced carbon in ancient crustal sediments may result in the preservation of more reduced zones in the mantle.
The reprogramming therapy for a patient with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma by using human-induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells technology
Authors: Moriguchi Hisashi , Madson Joren
Published: May 2013

Temporarily withdrawn while we investigate a complaint.
Multiple endocrine neoplasia 2B: delayed presentation, rapid diagnosis
Authors: Balachandran Karthik , Kamalanathan Sadishkumar , Gopalakrishnan S , Murugananadham K
Published: May 2013

Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) refers to the synchronous or metachronous development of tumours in two or more endocrine organs. MEN 2B is associated with medullary thyroid carcinoma and phaeochromocytoma along with classic morphological features such as marfanoid habitus and mucosal neuromas. Dominantly inherited germline mutations involving the REarranged during Transfection (RET) proto-oncogene are responsible. Affected patients usually present in childhood with thyroid mass or gastrointestinal symptoms. We describe the case of a 28-year-old man who presented to us with metastatic medullary thyroid carcinoma. He lacked the classic marfanoid habitus, but had mucosal neuromas and thickened corneal nerves. Whole-body metaiodobenzyl guanidine scan (MIBG) showed tracer uptake in adrenal and thyroid-confirming phaeochromocytoma and medullary thyroid carcinoma. This case exemplifies the late presentation of multiple endocrine neoplasia 2B and emphasises the need to screen all cases of medullary thyroid carcinoma for phaeochromocytoma.
Temporomandibular joint involvement in ankylosing spondylitis
Authors: Arora Pallak , Amarnath Janardhan , Ravindra Setru Veerabhadrappa , Rallan Mandeep
Published: May 2013

Frequency of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) involvement in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) has varied from 4% to 35%. It is more common in men and produces generalised stiffness in involved joints. Clinician should be suspicious of AS when a patient reports with painful restricted movements of joint, neck or back and with no trauma history. Conventional radiographic methods have allowed the demonstration of TMJ abnormalities in patients with AS, but CT is necessary to establish joint space relations and bony morphology. We describe a case of severe AS with TMJ involvement in a 40-year-old female patient and demonstrated TMJ changes on CT. A CT was able to demonstrate articular cartilage changes, disc- and joint abnormalities. Thus, if conventional radiographs in a symptomatic patient with rheumatic diseases are unable to demonstrate changes, CT can provide valuable additional information of the changes in the TMJ.
IgG4-related multiorgan disease: report of the first autopsy case
Authors: Ochoa Minerva Lazos , Gabiño López Belem , Cabello Raúl Romero , Feregrino Raúl Romero
Published: May 2013

IgG4-related disease (IgG4RD) is a chronic recurring fibro-inflammatory pathology that is considered to be of autoimmune origin. Histopathology is considered to be the gold standard method for diagnosis. IgG4RD affects multiple organs. IgG4RD was first identified in the pancreas and was called autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP). During the following years, the disease spectrum was expanded and it was realised that the extrapancreatic lesions can precede, coexist or appear after the diagnosis of AIP. At present, several illnesses such as Mikulicz disease, Küttner tumour, multifocal fibrosclerosis, etc, are considered to be part of the IgG4RD spectrum. The symptoms of the disease tend to appear over months and years and diagnosis is achieved on average 13.5 months (4–60 months) after the onset. The purpose of this report was to provide information about a case that was sadly fatal but that permitted a complete histopathological study of the damaged tissues.
Metabolic equivalent concept in apparently healthy men: a re-examination of the standard oxygen uptake value of 3.5 mL·kg–1·min–1
Authors: Cunha Felipe A. , Midgley Adrian W. , Montenegro Rafael , Oliveira Ricardo B. , Farinatti Paulo T.V.
Published: May 2013

This study compared resting oxygen uptake (V̇O2) with the standard metabolic equivalent (MET) value of 3.5 mL·kg−1·min−1, tested the accuracy of a previously published prediction model for resting V̇O2, and proposed a new prediction model for a more homogeneous population. One hundred and twenty-five apparently healthy men, aged 17–38 years, visited the laboratory for the assessment of resting V̇O2. The mean resting V̇O2 of 3.21 mL·kg−1·min−1 (95% confidence interval (CI), 3.13 to 3.30) was significantly lower than the standard MET value of 3.5 mL·kg−1·min−1 (mean difference, 0.29; 95% CI, 0.20 to 0.37; t = 6.7; p < 0.001). The prediction model proposed by a previous study, derived from a heterogeneous sample, exhibited no predictive ability in our more homogeneous sample. However, our population-specific regression model, which included body surface area and percent body fat as predictors, demonstrated relatively poor predictive ability, with a low R2 (0.22) and high standard error of the estimate (0.42 mL·kg−1·min−1). Pearson’s correlation coefficients for body surface area and resting V̇O2, and for percent body fat and resting V̇O2, were 0.20 (p = 0.022) and –0.36 (p < 0.001), respectively. In conclusion, the standard MET value of 3.5 mL·kg−1·min−1 considerably overestimates mean resting V̇O2 in a relatively large group of apparently healthy men. Our population-specific prediction model for resting V̇O2 demonstrated relatively poor accuracy, although it was considerably more accurate than the previously published model. Further research needs to be conducted to establish accurate population-specific prediction models.
On the economics of optimal timber production in boreal Scots pine stands
Authors: Tahvonen Olli , Pihlainen Sampo , Niinimäki Sami
Published: May 2013

This study analyzes the optimal management of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands by applying recent developments in numerical optimization methods and forest production ecology. Our approach integrates a process-based, stand-level growth model and a detailed economic description of stand management. The variables optimized include the initial stand density, the number, timing, type, and intensity of thinnings, and the rotation period. A generalized pattern search is used to maximize the present value of net timber revenue over an infinite time horizon. The model adopts quality pricing, which takes branch size and quality into account, to differentiate among five different timber assortments. The analysis also covers five different site types. The results demonstrate the necessity of optimizing all of the management variables simultaneously. Given a low interest rate, optimized thinning significantly increases the rotation period, volume yield, and economic outcome. At higher interest rates, optimal rotation may be shortest under the least fertile growth conditions. The inclusion of a detailed price structure reveals that previous results concerning sensitivity to timber price and the relationship between maximum sustainable yield and economic solutions do not hold true in models that provide a more realistic description of forest management.