bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A new species of the genus Mazaeras Walker, 1855 (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae)
Authors: BECCACECE HERNAN MARIO , VINCENT BENOIT
Published: August 2014

During several days of entomological expedition, as part of a thesis on the phylogeny of Phaegopterina, the first author collected in Northwestern Argentina (provinces of Jujuy and Salta) a series of Mazaeras species previously treated as Mazaeras janeira (Schaus, 1892). The second author, after an expedition in the southern Bolivia (departments of Chuquisaca and Santa Cruz), had a series of specimens of the same taxon also identified as M. janeira (Schaus, 1892). Examination of the male genitalia of the Argentinean specimens showed several differences with the male genitalia of the lectotype of M. janeira. Molecular analysis with specimens of the two taxa confirmed the discrimination. The new species is described and a comparison based both on morphological characters and DNA barcodes with closely related species is provided. The new species can be found in northwestern Argentina (Salta and Jujuy provinces) and southern Bolivia (Santa Cruz, Chuquisaca and Tarija departments) in Yungas montane forest. Mazaeras yungasensis n. sp. can be found between 467m to 2540m (data from Instituto Fundación Miguel Lillo (IFML), Museo de La Plata (MLP), Museo de Zoología de la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (MZUC) and personal collection: Benoit Vincent (BVC) and Michel Laguerre (MLC) (Fig. 11).
The first record of an association between a pontoniine shrimp (Crustacea: Decapoda: Palaemonidae: Pontoniinae) and a thalassematid spoon worm (Echiura: Thalassematidae), with the description of a new shrimp species
Authors: MARIN IVAN
Published: August 2014

A new pontoniine shrimp species, Eupontonia nudirostris sp. nov. (Crustacea: Decapoda: Palaemonidae: Pontoniinae), was found in association with the thalassematid spoon worm Listriolobus sp. (Echiura: Thalassematidae) in the mangrove littoral of Dam Bay of Tre Island, Nhatrang Bay, Vietnam. This is the first record of an association between symbiotic pontoniine shrimp and spoon worm as their host. The new shrimp species clearly differs from other representatives of the genus Eupontonia Bruce, 1971 by the unarmed rostrum with a blunt tip and the reduced antennal tooth on the carapace, which can be considered as an adaptation to symbiotic lifestyle inside cramped burrows of the host. A revised key to the genus Eupontonia Bruce, 1971 is presented.
Impact of the Tropopause Temperature on the Intensity of Tropical Cyclones: An Idealized Study Using a Mesoscale Model
Authors: Wang Shuguang , Camargo Suzana J. , Sobel Adam H. , Polvani Lorenzo M.
Published: August 2014

This study investigates the impact of the tropopause temperature on the intensity of idealized tropical cyclones (TCs) superimposed on background states of radiative–convective equilibrium (RCE) in a three-dimensional (3D) mesoscale model. Simulations are performed with constant sea surface temperature and an isothermal stratosphere with constant tropopause temperature. The potential intensity (PI) computed from the thermodynamic profiles of the RCE state (before the TCs are superimposed on it) increases by 0.4–1 m s−1 for each 1 K of tropopause temperature reduction. The 3D TC experiments yield intense tropical cyclones whose intensities exceed the PI value substantially. It is further shown that the discrepancy may be largely explained by the supergradient wind in the 3D simulations. The intensities of these 3D TCs increase by ~0.4 m s−1 per 1 K of cooling in the tropopause temperature in RCE, on the low end of the PI dependence on the tropopause temperature. Sensitivity experiments with a larger horizontal grid spacing of 8 km produce less intense TCs, as expected, but similar dependence (~−0.5 m s−1 K−1) on tropopause temperature. Equilibrium TC solutions are further obtained in 200-day experiments with different values of constant stratospheric temperature. Similar relationships between TC intensity and tropopause temperature are also found in these equilibrium TC solutions.
A Numerical Study of Methods for Moist Atmospheric Flows: Compressible Equations
Authors: Duarte Max , Almgren Ann S. , Balakrishnan Kaushik , Bell John B. , Romps David M.
Published: August 2014

Two common numerical techniques for integrating reversible moist processes in atmospheric flows are investigated in the context of solving the fully compressible Euler equations. The first is a one-step, coupled technique based on using appropriate invariant variables such that terms resulting from phase change are eliminated in the governing equations. In the second approach, which is a two-step scheme, separate transport equations for liquid water and water vapor are used, and no conversion between water vapor and liquid water is allowed in the first step, while in the second step a saturation adjustment procedure is performed that correctly allocates the water into its two phases based on the Clausius–Clapeyron formula. The numerical techniques described are first validated by comparing to a well-established benchmark problem. Particular attention is then paid to the effect of changing the time scale at which the moist variables are adjusted to the saturation requirements in two different variations of the two-step scheme. This study is motivated by the fact that when acoustic modes are integrated separately in time (neglecting phase change related phenomena), or when soundproof equations are integrated, the time scale for imposing saturation adjustment is typically much larger than the numerical one related to the acoustics.
Evaluating Impacts of Performance Funding Policies on Student Outcomes in Higher Education
Authors: Rutherford Amanda , Rabovsky Thomas
Published: August 2014

Concerns about performance and cost efficiency have taken center stage in discussions about the funding and oversight of public universities in recent years. One of the primary manifestations of these concerns is the rise of performance funding policies, or policies that seek to directly link state appropriations to the outcomes institutions generate for students. Despite the popularity of these policies, relatively little systematic research examines their effect on student outcomes at public colleges and universities. We use data collected from the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS) to analyze the effectiveness of performance funding policies as a mechanism for improving student graduation, persistence, and degree attainment in more than 500 postsecondary institutions in all fifty states over a span of 18 years. We find that current performance funding policies are not associated with higher levels of student performance and that these policies may in fact contribute to lower performance over a longer period of time. However, more recent policies linked to institutional base funding may produce some likelihood of long-term improvement and require additional research.
From the Netherlands to Japan: communicating psychiatric practice in the 1830s
Authors: Nakamura Ellen
Published: August 2014

This article explores an example of the transmission of Dutch psychiatric knowledge to Japan in the Edo period (1600–1868), through the translation of a case study first published by Schroeder van der Kolk in 1826. The translation appeared in an innovative new journal of Western medicine edited by the Japanese rangaku (Dutch-learning) scholar, Mitsukuri Genpo. The case study describes the symptoms and treatment of a woman who experienced delusions following an ear infection, in terms largely familiar to the Japanese doctors of the time. This translation provides opportunities to consider the globalization and localization of psychiatric knowledge, the medicalization of mental health care in Japan, and the growing interest in Western psychiatry before its official introduction to Japan after 1868.
Evaluation of five different suture materials in the skin of the earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris)
Authors: Salgado Melissa A , Lewbart Gregory A , Christian Larry S , Griffith Emily H , Law Jerry McHugh
Published: August 2014

The purpose of this study was to determine which suture material is the most appropriate for dermal closure of terrestrial annelids. This paper describes the tissue reactions of the earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris, to five different types of suture materials in order to determine which suture material is the most appropriate for dermal closure. Silk, monofilament nylon, polydiaxonone, polyglactin 910, and chromic gut were studied. There was mild to moderate tissue reaction to all five suture materials. In all of the biopsies wound-healing reaction consisted of aggregates of blastemal cells which appeared in various stages of dedifferentiation from the body wall. Inflammatory cells infiltrated the wound sites, reminiscent of the typical foreign body reaction in vertebrates. The results indicate polyglactin 910 would be the best suture material with regards to tissue security and reaction scores. Chromic gut occupies the next position but there were problems with suture security over time. This appears to be the first suture material performance study on a terrestrial invertebrate. The earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris, was chosen for its wide availability, size, and the extensive species knowledge base. The earthworm may prove to be a good surgical/suture model for economically important invertebrates such as mollusks, tunicates, and insect larval stages.
A comparative study of mesenchymal stem cell transplantation with its paracrine effect on control of hyperglycemia in type 1 diabetic rats
Authors: Aali Ehsan , Mirzamohammadi Solmaz , Ghaznavi Habib , Madjd Zahra , Larijani Bagher , Rayegan Samira , Sharifi Ali M
Published: August 2014

Background

Many studies suggested mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) transplantation as a new approach to control hyperglycemia in type 1 diabetes mellitus through differentiation mechanism. In contrary others believed that therapeutic properties of MSCs is depends on paracrine mechanisms even if they were not engrafted. This study aimed to compare these two approaches in control of hyperglycemia in STZ-induced diabetic rats.

Methods

Animals were divided into five groups: normal; diabetic control; diabetic received MSCs; diabetic received supernatant of MSCs; diabetic received co-administration of MSCs with supernatant. Blood glucose, insulin levels and body weight of animals were monitored during experiment. Immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence analysis were performed to monitor functionality and migration of labeled-MSCs to pancreas.

Results

First administration of MSCs within the first 3 weeks could not reduce blood glucose, but second administration significantly reduced blood glucose after week four compared to diabetic controls. Daily injection of supernatant could not reduce blood glucose as efficient as MSCs. Interestingly; Co-administration of MSCs with supernatant significantly reduced blood glucose more than other treated groups. Insulin levels and body weight were significantly increased in MSCs + supernatant-treated animals compared to other groups. Immunohistological analysis showed an increase in number and size of islets per section respectively in supernatant, MSCs and MSCs + supernatant-treated groups.

Conclusion

Present study exhibited that repeated-injection of MSCs reduced blood glucose and increased serum insulin levels in recipient rats. Injection of supernatant could not reverse hyperglycemia as efficient as MSCs. Interestingly; co-administration of MSCs with supernatant could reverse hyperglycemia more than either group alone.
A document classifier for medicinal chemistry publications trained on the ChEMBL corpus
Authors: Papadatos George , van Westen Gerard JP , Croset Samuel , Santos Rita , Trubian Simone , Overington John P
Published: August 2014

Background

The large increase in the number of scientific publications has fuelled a need for semi- and fully automated text mining approaches in order to assist in the triage process, both for individual scientists and also for larger-scale data extraction and curation into public databases. Here, we introduce a document classifier, which is able to successfully distinguish between publications that are `ChEMBL-like’ (i.e. related to small molecule drug discovery and likely to contain quantitative bioactivity data) and those that are not. The unprecedented size of the medicinal chemistry literature collection, coupled with the advantage of manual curation and mapping to chemistry and biology make the ChEMBL corpus a unique resource for text mining.

Results

The method has been implemented as a data protocol/workflow for both Pipeline Pilot (version 8.5) and KNIME (version 2.9) respectively. Both workflows and models are freely available at: ftp://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/chembl/text-mining. These can be readily modified to include additional keyword constraints to further focus searches.

Conclusions

Large-scale machine learning document classification was shown to be very robust and flexible for this particular application, as illustrated in four distinct text-mining-based use cases. The models are readily available on two data workflow platforms, which we believe will allow the majority of the scientific community to apply them to their own data.
The ACCE method: an approach for obtaining quantitative or qualitative estimates of residual confounding
Authors: Smith Eric G.
Published: August 2014

Background:  Nonrandomized studies typically cannot account for confounding from unmeasured factors. 

Method:  A method is presented that exploits the recently-identified phenomenon of  “confounding amplification” to produce, in principle, a quantitative estimate of total residual confounding resulting from both measured and unmeasured factors.  Two nested propensity score models are constructed that differ only in the deliberate introduction of an additional variable(s) that substantially predicts treatment exposure.  Residual confounding is then estimated by dividing the change in treatment effect estimate between models by the degree of confounding amplification estimated to occur, adjusting for any association between the additional variable(s) and outcome.

Results:  A hypothetical example is provided to illustrate how the method produces a quantitative estimate of residual confounding if the method’s requirements and assumptions are met.  Previously published data is used to illustrate that, whether or not the method routinely provides precise quantitative estimates of residual confounding, the method appears to produce a valuable qualitative estimate of the likely direction and general size of residual confounding.

Limitations:  Uncertainties exist, including identifying the best approaches for: 1) predicting the amount of confounding amplification, 2) minimizing changes between the nested models unrelated to confounding amplification, 3) assessing the association of the introduced variable(s) with outcome, and 4) deriving confidence intervals for the method’s estimates (although bootstrapping is one plausible approach).

Conclusions:  To this author’s knowledge, it has not been previously suggested that the phenomenon of confounding amplification, if such amplification is as predictable as suggested by a recent simulation, provides a logical basis for estimating total residual confounding. The method's basic approach is straightforward.  The method's routine usefulness, however, has not yet been established, nor has the method been fully validated. Rapid further investigation of this novel method is clearly indicated, given the potential value of its quantitative or qualitative output.
Biologics in rheumatoid arthritis: where are we going?
Authors: Fechtenbaum Marie , Nam Jackie L , Emery Paul
Published: August 2014

Biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs have significantly improved outcomes for patients with rheumatoid arthritis, but cost limits their use. This article assesses data on patients who have achieved remission or low disease activity with these drugs and the possibility of dose reduction or discontinuation in these patients.
How competent do graduates feel to undertake the skills required by the General Medical Council?
Authors: Watmough Simon , Kennedy Tom
Published: August 2014

The General Medical Council outlines the skills medical students are meant to learn as undergraduates. This article summarizes how competent some foundation year one doctors from one deanery felt to undertake these skills, what had prepared them and what they would like more training on.
What's post racial discourse got to do with it? Obama and implications for multiculturalism in college classrooms
Authors: Springer Jennifer Thorington
Published: August 2014

With the election and re-election of Barack Obama as the first Black President of the United States came the vexing yet perhaps expected conclusion that issues of race and ethnicity were no longer grave concerns.  Somehow Obama’s presence suggests the transcendence of race.  While a nod to the political progress made in terms of social race relations may be in order, Obama’s election does not translate into a “color-blind,” “post race” American nation.  This essay explores how current and ongoing conversations about a post race nation shape student perceptions of race and how they directly affect the teaching instruction of professors, like myself, who are invested in multicultural and inclusive pedagogy. As an instructor invested in inclusive learning, my former struggle of getting students to understand the importance of acknowledging the validity of cultural differences has resurfaced as students who buy into the rhetoric of a “post race” nation no longer think it necessary to examine closely racially charged inequities.  Rather than adhere to the problematic ideology of Obama as the embodiment of a “post race” nation, I propose an exploration of his identity and politics as those that encourage fluidity and cultural plurality without denying rightful acknowledgement of race as a viable political reality.
Professor-Student Rapport Scale: Psychometric properties of the brief version
Authors: Ryan Rebecca , Wilson Janie H
Published: August 2014

The original Professor-Student Rapport Scale contained 34 items and predicted several single-item student outcomes. A high level of internal consistency encouraged the development of a shorter measure in order to address apparent redundancy. Our goals in the current study were to provide psychometric data for the brief version of the scale and to evaluate its ability to predict student outcomes based on more rigorous student-outcome assessments. We found the brief version of the scale demonstrated reliability and validity and significantly predicted rigorous assessments of student outcomes. We suggest that the brief version of the Professor-Student Rapport Scale, with only 6 items, can be used for formative assessment. Instructors can address issues concerning rapport and potentially enhance student outcomes.
Witness: Humans, Animals, and the Politics of Becoming
Authors: Dave Naisargi N.
Published: August 2014

A prominent animal rights activist in New Delhi, explaining her relentlessness on behalf of animals, said to me the following: “I only wish there were a slaughterhouse next door. To witness that violence, to hear those screams . . . I would never be able to rest.” She was not alone among animal welfare activists in India in linking the witnessing of violence against an animal to the creation of a profound bond that demanded from her a life of responsibility. I argue in this article that this moment of witnessing constitutes an intimate event in tethering human to nonhuman, expanding ordinary understandings of the self and its possible social relations, potentially blowing the conceit of humanity apart. But I also consider another reading, which is how this act of intimacy exacerbates the species divide as the witness hyper-embodies herself as human, “giving voice” for the animal other which cannot speak. Throughout the article, I consider how posthumanist perspectives might trouble both these interpretations and ask what it would it mean to take seriously the animal activist’s “becoming animal.”
Principles and mechanisms of CD95 activation
Authors: Wajant Harald
Published: August 2014

CD95 (Apo1/Fas) has been originally identified as the target of cell death-inducing antibodies. The recognition of CD95 as an apoptosis-triggering receptor represents one of the early milestones in the apoptosis field. Moreover, the research on CD95-induced cell death fostered various other discoveries of broad and general relevance in cell biology, for example, the identification of caspase 8 as the initiator caspase of the extrinsic apoptosis pathway. Activation of CD95-associated intracellular signaling pathways is not a simple consequence of ligand binding but is the fine-tuned result of a complex interplay of various molecular mechanisms that eventually determine the strength and quality of the CD95 response. There is growing evidence that different forms of CD95 stimulation trigger the assembly of CD95 signaling complexes of distinct composition. Moreover, the formation of signaling competent CD95 complexes is a multistep process and the subject of regulation by various cellular cues. This review addresses the relevance of the molecular nature of the CD95-stimulating agonist for the quality of the CD95 response and discusses the importance of modification, clustering, internalization, and lipid raft and actin association of CD95 for CD95 activity.
Outlier Detection for the Nonlinear Gauss Helmert Model With Variance Components by the Expectation Maximization Algorithm
Authors: Koch Karl-Rudolf
Published: August 2014

Best invariant quadratic unbiased estimates (BIQUE) of the variance and covariance components for a nonlinear Gauss Helmert (GH) model are derived. To detect outliers, the expectation maximization (EM) algorithm based on the variance-inflation model and the mean-shift model is applied, which results in an iterative reweighting least squares. Each step of the iterations for the EM algorithm therefore includes first the iterations for linearizing the GH model and then the iterations for estimating the variance components. The method is applied to fit a surface in three-dimensional space to the three coordinates of points measured, for instance, by a laser scanner. The surface is represented by a polynomial of second degree and the variance components of the three coordinates are estimated. Outliers are detected by the EM algorithm based on the variance-inflation model and identified by the EM algorithm for the mean-shift model.
Preparation and preliminary biological evaluation
of radiogallium-labeled DTPA-amlodipine complex for possible
L-type calcium channel imaging
Authors: Firuzyar Tahereh , Jalilian Amir R. , Fazaeli Yousef , Shafiee-Ardestani Mehdi , Aboudzadeh Mohammad Reza , Khalaj Ali
Published: August 2014

A DTPA-conjugated amlodipine analog (DTPA-AMLO) 3, was prepared for possible voltage gated calcium channel imaging after
radiolabeling with Ga-67. [67Ga]-DTPA-AMLO complex was prepared starting [67Ga]gallium chloride and DTPA-AMLO
in 60–90 min at 50–60 ℃ in phosphate buffer. The partition co-efficient and stability of the tracer
was determined in final solution (25 ℃) and presence of human serum (37 ℃) up to
24 h. The biodistribution of the labeled compound in wild-type rats were determined up to 72 h using organ
counting and SPECT. The radiolabled complex was prepard in high radiochemical purity (>96%, RTLC and >98% HPLC)
and significant specific activity (7–10 GBq/mmol). The log P for the complex was calculated as − 0.594, consistent with
a water soluble complex. The tracer is mostly washed out through kidneys which were in full compliance with the amlodipine metabolism
and imaging studies demonstrated the same behavior. The tracer uptake in organs with smooth muscles was observed in stomach, colon as
well as intestine.
Non-spatial setting in Ma Manda
Authors: Pennington Ryan
Published: August 2014

This article describes the “non-spatial setting” (Dixon 2010: 152–155) of Ma Manda, a Finisterre-Huon language of Papua New Guinea – especially the categories of tense, aspect, reality status, and modality. Particularly noteworthy is the multiplicity of morpho-phonological verb classes which interact in unique ways with verbal inflections, the productive use of multi-verb constructions to encode aspectual and modal distinctions, and the diverse functions of the irrealis inflection. Discussion is paired with numerous paradigms and examples in order to be maximally beneficial to linguistic typology, as well as to foster detailed comparison among Finisterre-Huon languages.
Effects of Substituent and External Pressure on Spin Trapping Rates of Carbon Dioxide Anion, Sulfur Trioxide Anion, Hydroxyl, and Ethyl Radicals with Various PBN- and DMPO-Type Spin Traps
Authors: Sueishi Yoshimi , Miyazono Keitaro , Kozai Kazuki
Published: August 2014

Using a competitive trapping method employing two different traps, the
trapping rates of anionic radicals (CO2

–
 · and
SO3

–
 ·), hydroxyl, and ethyl were quantified for various
PBN- and DMPO-type traps. We have examined the characteristic effects
of substituent and external pressure on the spin trapping of anionic
radicals and compared with those of neutral radicals such as ethyl and
hydroxyl radicals. In DMPO-type traps, the effects of substituent on
trapping rates of two anionic radicals were small compared with that
of C2H5 ·. In PBN-type traps, the large effects of
substituent on trapping rates of CO2

–
 · and
C2H5 · were observed. Further, the activation volumes
determined from the pressure dependence experiments for competitive
reactions show a difference in pressure behavior between the two
trapping reactions, and enable us to speculate on the reaction
mechanism of substituted PBN and DMPO traps for anionic radicals.
A tel ovrier tel hostill. Das Fabliau vom Fevre de Creil in seinem handschriftlichen Kontext
Authors: Poe Elizabeth W.
Published: August 2014

Il est bien connu qu’un des principes d’organisation du codex B.N. f. fr. 837 est la distribution de fabliaux en groupes de deux, trois ou quatre, un groupe e´ tant de´ fini et par la juxtaposition et par la spe´ cificite´ ge´ne´ tique de ses composants. Dans certains de ces groupes, on peut cerner une unite´ the´matique qui renforce l’ide´e que fr. 837 a e´ te´ soigneusement planifie´ . Dans la pre´sente e´ tude, je propose d’e´ largir la de´ finition d’un groupe et de conside´ - rer comme ensemble cohe´rent quelques textes, sans e´gard ni a` leur place ni a` leur genre, qui partagent un seul et meˆme the`me. Dans ce but j’ai choisi deux fabliaux et deux dits dans lesquels il est question du forgeron et de ses outils.
La diachronie latino-romane: le conflit des chronologies et la diglossie
Authors: Van Uytfanghe Marc
Published: August 2014

Dieser Beitrag findet seinen Ausgangspunkt in dem Gegensatz zwischen zwei Chronologien, der die Erforschung der lateinisch-romanischen Diachronie kennzeichnet: zwischen einerseits dem frühen Zeitansatz, der auf inneren Kriterien beruht und die romanische Umstrukturierung des gesprochenen Lateins bereits am Ende des Weströmischen Reiches (etwa 4.D 6. Jh.) für abgeschlossen erachtet, und andererseits dem späten Zeitansatz, der aufgrund besonders metalinguistischer Zeugnisse ein viel längeres Fortdauern der Latinophonie annimmt. Dem Verfasser zufolge kann der Hiat überbrückt werden durch das Konzept der intralingualen Diglossie.
Contribution à l’étude linguistique de l’anthroponymie catalane du bas Moyen Âge: les Privilegis de Tàrrega (1350–1473)
Authors: Sastre Moisés Selfa
Published: August 2014

Les études d’anthroponymie médiévale en Catalogne jouissent depuis le début du XXe

siècle d’un excellent prestige comme le démontrent les diverses publications parues jusqu’à

nos jours. Notre travail, fondé sur une source documentaire déjà éditée, les Privilegis de

la ciutat de Tàrrega, aborde l’étude de l’anthroponymie médiévale de cette ville entre les

années 1350 et 1473. Nous présentons au total 397 anthroponymes et nous étudions leur

structure formelle, les noms de baptême et les noms de famille qui y sont contenus dans

le but de pouvoir parler d’une certaine individualité onomastique dans un territoire et à un

moment historique comme ceux que nous étudions.
Le locuzioni preposizionali a(d) opera di, per opera di, per mano di in italiano contemporaneo: funzionamento sintattico e proprietà semantiche
Authors: Veland Reidar
Published: August 2014

Le locuzioni menzionate sono accomunate da una serie di proprietà sintattiche e semantiche, che qui vengono descritte in dettaglio sulla base di dati provenienti dal corpus Repubblica. Dai dati analizzati risulta che il denominatore comune dei vari usi di queste locuzioni è il ruolo di agente attribuibile al SN del loro complemento nei confronti del predicato espresso o deducibile dal target discorsivo che esse prendono di mira. E` in larga misura questa caratteristica che distingue le tre locuzioni in questione dalla locuzione da parte di (studiata in un precedente lavoro), che ha la stessa flessibilità sintattica ma che non è sottoposta alla stessa restrizione semantico-argomentale.
Metonymische Nominalkomposition im Spanischen
Authors: Göke Regina
Published: August 2014

El presente artículo analiza las formas más importantes de la composición
nominal en español desde un punto de vista semántico, es decir, el de la metonimia. El objetivo reside en determinar las formas de expresión metonímicas
en la composición nominal y en identificar las conceptualizaciones y contigüidades
que hay detrás. Se muestra que los compuestos nominales metonímicos se
limitan principalmente a un número restringido de formas, conceptualizaciones y
contigüidades. En consecuencia, es necesario relativizar la omnipresencia y diversidad
frecuentemente invocadas. Se debería investigar este fenómeno desde
distintas perspectivas lingüísticas (morfología, lexicología, pragmática) para lograr
una descripción más diferenciada.
Un viaggio del 1492 nel Sacro Romano Impero
Authors: Schweickard Wolfgang
Published: August 2014

Tra le relazioni di viaggio in volgare nei paesi germanici, l’Itinerario del 1492, redatto da Andrea de’ Franceschi, è una delle più interessanti. Il presente
contributo fornisce una descrizione dettagliata del testo con commento storicoculturale e linguistico.
Tendenze recenti della grammaticografia italiana
Authors: Blasco Ferrer Eduardo
Published: August 2014

Historical grammar of Italian was lacking a thorough synthesis until
the publication of the present work. Salvi’s and Renzi’s ambitious grammar is
entirely based on a modern generative model, and planned to cover systematically
all sectors of mediaeval synchronic development of Italian. Regretfully,
these aims have not been reached, largely as a consequence of the method
applied in the descriptive framework, to a lesser extent also due to the loose grid
of mediaeval attestations.
Pour une typologie des phrases complexes
Authors: Kiesler Reinhard
Published: August 2014

Une tradition grammaticale largement répandue distingue trois types de relations entre propositions, donc trois types de phrases complexes: les propositions juxtaposées, les propositions coordonnées et les phrases hypotaxiques. Riegel et al. (2009) ajoutent en outre les phrases avec incise ou incidente comme quatrième type. Les grammaires et traités décrivent les différentes sortes de coordination (copulative, disjonctive, adversative, causale et consécutive) et de subordination (complétive, relative et circonstancielle). Pourtant, jusqu’à présent il n’existe pas, à ce qu’il semble, de description plus détaillée, ni des divers degrés de l’hypotaxe et de la parataxe d’une part, ni des différentes combinaisons de structures hypotaxiques et parataxiques d’autre part. Le but de cet article est donc de proposer une typologie plus complète des phrases complexes sur la base d’un petit corpus de référence. Cette typologie distinguera, d’un côté, divers degrés de phrases parataxiques homogènes et de phrases parataxiques hétérogènes et, de l’autre côté, des phrases hypotaxiques simples et des phrases hypotaxiques multiples.
Los compuestos verbonominales en español: ¿sustantivos o adjetivos?
Authors: Tabares Plasencia Encarnación , Rodríguez José Juan Batista
Published: August 2014

In this paper we refuse the generalized idea within linguists working on Spanish word formation that compounds with a verbal element in Spanish language are nouns. Based on different criteria (morphological, syntactic and semantic) and attending the evolution of Spanish language, we like to show in contrast that these formations are adjectives.
Floh- und Läusemärkte
Authors: Schweickard Wolfgang
Published: August 2014

Der Beitrag zeichnet die historische Motivation der Bezeichnungen für ‘Flohmarkt’ in den westeuropäischen Sprachen nach (Flohmarkt/Läusemarkt, marché aux puces, mercato delle pulci, flea market, etc.) und erörtert das Verhältnis zu den älteren osteuropäischen und orientalischen Entsprechungen (russ. вшивый рынок, türk. bit bazar).
The Accuracy, Repeatability, and Reproducibility of Activation Energy Values Measured by Modulated Thermogravimetry
Authors: Slough Carlton G.
Published: August 2014

Modulated thermogravimetry (MTG) was introduced in 1998 by employees of TA Instruments. Since that time it has found popularity as a technique for obtaining activation energies of degradation processes in a variety of materials. The initial work claimed that the repeatability of MTG was superior to that of the Flynn and Wall method. Little information, however, was given concerning the accuracy of the technique, and none was provided concerning its reproducibility. Results reported here test the repeatability claims and explore the questions of accuracy and reproducibility.
Actividad in vitro de bacterias endófitas fijadoras de nitrógeno y solubilizadoras de fosfatos.
Authors: Pérez-Cordero Alexander , Tuberquia-Sierra Adriana , Amell-Jímenez Daniel
Published: August 2014

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar in vitro la actividad fijadora de nitrógeno y solubilizadora de fosfato de bacterias endófitas de pasto colosoana (Bothriochloa pertusa). Se colectó la raíz, los tallos y las hojas del pasto en cuatro zonas agroecológicas del municipio de Corozal, Sucre, Colombia, durante el segundo semestre del año 2012. Cada tejido fue sometido a proceso de desinfección superficial. Se aislaron bacterias endófitas en medio de cultivo agar R2A, a partir de cada tejido se determinó la densidad poblacional (UFC/g de tejido), por conteo en superficie; la separación de morfotipos se realizó mediante la forma, color, tamaño y apariencia. La actividad fijadora de nitrógeno y solubilizadora de fosfato se evaluó in vitro sobre medios de cultivos específicos. Todos los resultados obtenidos fueron analizados utilizando el programa estadístico R. Hubo diferencias significativas para densidades poblacional de bacterias con respecto a tejido, con mayores valores en raíz (1,61 x 1010/g raíz), seguida de tallo (7,44 x 109/g tallo) y los valores más bajos se reportaron para hojas (5,42 x 109/g hoja). Se encontró significancia entre la densidad poblacional con relación a los factores de zona, fincas y tipo de tejido analizado. Los resultados de la identificación con kit API20E confirmaron la presencia de las bacterias endófitas Aeromonas salmonicida y Pasteurella pneumotropica con capacidad simultánea de solubilizar fosfatos y fijar nitrógeno.
Actividad antioxidante y enzimática de albahaca “Nufar” (Ocimum basilicum L.) almacenada en refrigeración.
Authors: López-Blancas Eduardo , Martínez-Damián María Teresa , Colinas-León María Teresa , Bautista-Boñuelos Cecilio , Martínez-Solís Juan , Rodríguez-Pérez Juan Enrique
Published: August 2014

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto del almacenamiento en refrigeración sobre la actividad antioxidante y actividad enzimática en albahaca ‘Nufar’. En la Universidad Autónoma Chapingo (Texcoco, México), durante el ciclo primavera-verano de 2012, albahaca previamente empacada en película plástica, se almacenó en cámaras frigoríficas a 5 y 10 °C, y a temperatura ambiente (20 °C - testigo), por dieciocho días. Cada 48 horas, se evaluó el contenido de fenoles totales, capacidad antioxidante y la actividad de las enzimas catalasa, superóxido dismutasa, peroxidasa y polifenol oxidasa. En relación con el tiempo en refrigeración a 5 °C a los dos y cuatro días se presentó la mayor actividad de catalasa (14,3 U/mg/pro) y superóxido dismutasa (2,9 U/mg/pro), y a los diez y dieciocho días hubo aumento de la actividad de peroxidasa (57,6 y 74,9 U/mg/pro). A 10 °C y diez días se incrementó el contenido de fenoles totales de 3,7 a 4,2 mg/kg/PFr; así como la capacidad antioxidante de 47,5 a 79,1 mg VCEAC/g/PFr a ocho días; también aumentó la actividad de la polifenol oxidasa de 11,7 a 31,8 U/mg/pro a diez días. El almacenamiento a 5 °C afectó el contenido de fenoles totales y capacidad antioxidante, así como la actividad enzimática de peroxidasa y polifenol oxidasa, e incrementó la actividad de catalasa y superóxido dismutasa, por lo cual, se sugiere el almacenamiento de albahaca “nufar” a 10 °C para disminuir la actividad de las enzimas oxidativas.
Utilización de Atriplex canescens y Opuntia ficus indica en la alimentación de cabras lactantes durante la sequía.
Authors: Urrutia-Morales Jorge , Gámez-Vázquez Héctor Guillermo , Beltrán-López Sergio , Díaz-Gómez Marta Olivia
Published: August 2014

El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el efecto del Atriplex (Atriplex canescens) y nopal (Opuntia ficus indica) en la alimentación de cabras lactantes y la producción de leche durante la sequía. Durante los meses secos, entre mayo y agosto de 2005 y entre mayo y junio de 2006, se realizaron tres experimentos en la región semiárida de San Luis Potosí, México. En el primero, se probaron dos tratamientos: CO) mantenidas en confinamiento y alimentación controlada (n=10) y AT) mantenidas en pastoreo con Atriplex (n=10). En el segundo se aplicaron dos tratamientos: AT) Atriplex (n=5) y NP) Atriplex más nopal (n=5). En el tercero tres tratamientos: AT) Atriplex (n=5), NP-1,0) Atriplex más 1,0% de nopal (n=4) y NP-1,5) Atriplex más 1,5% de nopal (n=5). En el primer experimento las cabras mantuvieron su peso, pero la producción de leche se redujo al 30% bajo confinamiento y menos del 8,0% en Atriplex al final del experimento. En el segundo, las cabras perdieron peso, a pesar de que la producción inicial de leche fue menor de 300 g/d. Las alimentadas con Atriplex redujeron su producción a casi la mitad de la producción inicial, mientras que la inclusión de nopal mantuvo la producción relativamente estable. En el tercer experimento, las cabras alimentadas con Atriplex mantuvieron el peso corporal, pero después de siete semanas la producción de leche fue del 25% de la producción inicial, a pesar de que esta fue de apenas 300 g diarios. En cambio, en las cabras suplementadas con nopal, la producción sólo se redujo al 45 y 64% de la producción inicial. Estos resultados son importantes para los caprinocultores de la región semiárida de México, donde las cabras podrían mantener una buena condición corporal, además de una producción de 150 a 250 g diarios de leche durante la época crítica utilizando Atriplex y nopal.
Evaluación del ensilaje del pasto Ratana (Ischaemum indicum Houtt.) con tres diferentes aditivos.
Authors: Boschini-Figueroa Carlos , Pineda-Cordero Luis , Chacón-Hernández Pablo
Published: August 2014

El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar las características del proceso de fermentación del pasto Ratana (Ischaemum indicum Houtt.) y la calidad del ensilado, al agregar tres aditivos. El experimento se llevó a cabo en la provincia de Limón, Costa Rica, durante el periodo de julio a diciembre del 2011; zona con una temperatura de 24,5 °C; una altura de 249 msnm y precipitación de 4577,2 mm anuales distribuidos principalmente de mayo a diciembre. Se empleó un diseño de bloques completos al azar, con cuatro repeticiones y nueve tratamientos: ensilado con melaza, maíz molido o pulpa de cítricos deshidratada como aditivos, en tres niveles de adición ortogonales. Las pérdidas de material más importantes se produjeron con melaza o pulpa de cítricos (p<0,05) con disminuciones en base fresca de 13,27% y 14,42%, respectivamente; mientras que el ensilaje con maíz molido tuvo mermas de 11,68%. No se encontró ninguna diferencia (p>0,05) en los porcentajes de materia seca (MS), fibra neutrodetergente (FND), fibra ácido detergente (FAD), hemicelulosa y cenizas en los ensilajes de ninguno de los tratamientos. La proteína cruda (PC), celulosa y extracto etéreo (EE) difirieron según el porcentaje de aditivo agregado (p<0,05). Los niveles de pH encontrados fueron estadísticamente menores (p<0,05) en los tratamientos que incluyeron melaza (4,84), que en los ensilados con maíz (5,10) o citropulpa (5,02). Finalmente, todos los tratamientos analizados presentaron características organolépticas correspondientes a ensilados de buena calidad.
Uso de agroquímicos en el cultivo de papa en Pacayas, Cartago, Costa Rica.
Authors: Ramírez-Muñoz Fernando , Fournier-Leiva María Luisa , Ruepert Clemens , Hidalgo-Ardón Carlos
Published: August 2014

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue realizar un diagnóstico de uso de plaguicidas y otros agroquímicos, a los productores de papa en Cartago, Costa Rica. Se emplearon cuestionarios de campo entre los años 2006 y 2009 en la microcuenca de las quebradas Plantón y Pacayas. Cada productor como promedio utilizó 32,8 kilogramos de ingrediente activo (i.a.) de plaguicida por hectárea por ciclo, en un rango de 10,9 a 88,3. Como uso ponderado por hectárea se calculó un valor de 42,6 kg i.a./ha/ciclo para plaguicidas y de 1879 kg de fertilizante formulado/ciclo. El grupo de mayor uso lo constituyeron los fungicidas-bactericidas con 30 i.a. y 85,7% del total de plaguicidas, le siguen los insecticidas (25 i.a. y 11,0%) y los herbicidas (4 i.a. y 3,3%). El agroquímico de mayor uso fue el mancozeb, seguido de propineb y clorotalonil; otros productos de alto empleo fueron fosetil aluminio, cartap, metamidofos, paraquat y endosulfan. Se utilizaron agroquímicos no registrados para papa y con reconocida toxicidad aguda y crónica. Los productores con mayor área cultivada adicionaron la mayor cantidad de plaguicida, mientras que en áreas menores el consumo fue menor pero se utilizó un mayor número de productos. Se utilizó más cantidad de plaguicidas y fertilizantes durante la época lluviosa de mayo a diciembre.
NIVELES DE ACTIVIDAD FÍSICA EN MUJERES ADOLESCENTES EN PUERTO RICO: UN ESTUDIO PILOTO
Authors: Álvarez Amaury J. , Ramirez Marrero Farah A , Ortíz Alexis , Martínez Lucía Del Rosario
Published: August 2014

Durante la adolescencia, las mujeres son particularmente propensas a la inactividad física, el sobrepeso y eventualmente la obesidad. La obesidad entre niños y adolescentes es un problema de salud pública en Puerto Rico (PR); sin embargo, no existe suficiente información sobre la Actividad Física (AF) en esta población. El propósito de este estudio fue evaluar los niveles de AF y factores que influyen la AF entre mujeres adolescentes en PR. Cuarenta participantes divididas en dos grupos de acuerdo a la edad (11-12 y 14-16 años), utilizaron un acelerómetro durante seis días y completaron un cuestionario de AF. Los padres de familia completaron un cuestionario socio-demográfico y también de AF. Se utilizaron pruebas t para muestras independientes y ANOVA para identificar diferencias en la AF moderada a vigorosa (AFMV) por grupo de edad y entre las adolescentes y sus padres de familia. También se utilizó una regresión múltiple para identificar factores relacionados con la AF. La AFMV promedió 87(54) minutos/semana sin haber diferencias por grupo de edad: 11-13 años, 87(58) y 14 -16 años, 86(50) minutos/semana (p=.95) y esta correlacionó significativamente con la AFMV reportada por los padres de familia (r=0.67, p<.01). La AFMV de los padres de familia y el número de días que los padres de familia compartieron AF con sus hijas fueron los factores con mayor capacidad de predicción de la AFMV de las adolescentes. El nivel de AF entre las adolescentes participantes estuvo por debajo del mínimo recomendado. En intervenciones para promover la AF entre mujeres adolescentes en PR se debe tomar en cuenta la participación de los padres de familia.
The Female Athlete Triad: A Metabolic Phenomenon
Authors: Loucks Anne B.
Published: August 2014

The Female Athlete Triad (Triad) is a syndrome in which low energy availability triggers a broad range of endocrine mechanisms that conserve energy expenditure, and thereby impairs reproductive and skeletal health.  Energy availability is the amount of dietary energy remaining after exercise training for all other physiological functions each day.  The specific kind of reproductive dysfunctions caused by low energy availability are functional hypothalamic menstrual disorders.  To ensure that affected athletes receive appropriate care, endocrine tests are required to diagnose these disorders by the exclusion of other types of menstrual disorders unrelated to the Triad.  In addition, low energy availability impairs skeletal health by uncoupling bone turnover, in which the rate of bone resorption increases while the rate of bone formation declines.  The result is a progressive loss or failure to accrue bone mass, which increases the risks of stress fractures and osteoporosis.  Low energy availability originates in one or more of three sources:  restrictive eating disorders, especially anorexia nervosa; intentional efforts to lose body weight or body fat to improve athletic performance or appearance; and the inadvertent suppression of appetite by exercise and diets containing a high percentage of carbohydrates.  It is necessary to know the origin of low energy availability in a particular athlete in order to intervene effectively with her.  The key behavior modification for preventing and treating the Triad is to increase energy availability, either by increasing dietary energy intake, reducing exercise energy expenditure, or both.  Guidelines for doing so are provided.
COMPARACIÓN DEL ESFUERZO CARDIOVASCULAR EN LA UTILIZACIÓN DE LA MÁQUINA HEALTH WALKER Y EL EJERCICIO DE CAMINAR EN ADULTOS SANOS
Authors: Scaglioni Solano Pietro , Aragón-Vargas Luis Fernando
Published: August 2014

Este estudio comparó el uso de la máquina Health Walker, que simula caminar con un movimiento pendular y que tiene dos opciones de posicionamiento de brazos para tener dos modos de ejercicio distintos, con el ejercicio de caminar, mediante la medición de la frecuencia cardíaca, a valores similares de cadencia (3 niveles: 100,120,138 pasos/min). También se estudiaron valores de autoregulación en el ejercicio (cadencia natural y medición de frecuencia cardíaca para esa cadencia). 15 mujeres (59.8+-4.8años) realizaron las pruebas, administradas aleatoriamente en sus tres modalidades (caminar, ejercicio en máquina con brazos en posición fija, máquina con brazos en posicionamiento móvil), con aumento gradual de la cadencia, y durante cinco minutos en cada uno de los tres valores de ésta. Para la cadencia natural, se indicó a la persona que realizara un calentamiento de cinco minutos antes de cada prueba, donde se hicieron observaciones sin previo aviso. Los resultados obtenidos indican que la interacción entre el modo de ejercicio y la cadencia produce diferencias significativas (p < 0.001) en el valor de la frecuencia cardíaca, lo que indica que cada modo de ejercicio responde de manera distinta a los cambios en el valor de la cadencia. Así, se puede concluir que el uso de la máquina Health Walker con el modo de doble acción (brazos y piernas) es similar al ejercicio de caminar en cuanto a esfuerzo cardiovascular. Para la parte de autoregulación, se encontró que los sujetos 'regularon' su ejercicio con base en un esfuerzo similar en cuanto a frecuencia cardíaca (cerca de 100 lat.∙min-1 (60% de la FCmáx) , mientras que los valores de cadencia natural sí mostraron diferencias significativas (p < 0.01) entre caminar y el modo en la máquina con los brazos fijos.