bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Micro-memories: Digital modes of communication across three generations
Authors: Grønning Anette
Published: September 2020

This article examines how digital modes of communication serve to facilitate family relations across three generations. Drawing on written interviews with two family chains, three categories of memory co-production are identified: co-construction, sedimentation and recreation. Applying theories of media generations and mediated memory studies, the analysis explores how these memories are shaped and unfolded. The empirical results demonstrate that all family members use digital modes of communication in the constructions of “micro-memories” of family relations, and that the three generations articulate these memories as vernacular archives of their family’s proximate past. The youngest family members represent a “here-and-now” presentism culture, while the middle and eldest family members represent a more classic “what has taken place” culture. In conclusion, it is argued that studies of mediated memories require additional empirical grounding which is contextualized, critical and mindful of the socio-technical developments and the affordances of the digital modes of communication.
Pulmonary pathology of infection by SARS-CoV-2, what we have learnt through post-mortem studies and pathophysiological considerations
Authors: Takano Angela M
Published: September 2020

Background:

Since the declaration of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused the by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) as a pandemic, millions of people throughout the world have contracted the disease and more than 500,000 have died. While this terrible disease has brought devastation to many countries, it has also generated the fastest growing amount of research output that science has seen during the last decades.

Objectives:

The objectives of this work were to review the pulmonary pathology from post-mortem studies and case reports of patients who succumbed to COVID-19, perform clinicopathologic correlation and hypothesize about pathogenetic mechanisms, and translate this understanding into better prevention, management and outcomes in the battle against COVID-19.

Method:

I performed a literature search through PubMed.

Results:

The main histopathologic findings in COVID-19 pneumonia are diffuse alveolar damage, organizing pneumonia, acute fibrinous and organizing pneumonia, interstitial pneumonia, endotheliitis, thromboembolism that correlates with respiratory failure and manifestations of thrombotic microangiopathy and hypercoagulable state. Immunohistochemical and transmission electron microscopic studies demonstrate viral proteins and viral structures within epithelial and endothelial cells. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction demonstrates the presence of viral RNA in nasopharynx and lung tissue post-mortem.

Conclusions:

SARS-CoV-2 is a respiratory virus that infects cells by binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2) receptors, produces cell death and ACE2 downregulation, which, in conjunction with dysregulated immune response, orchestrates a proinflammatory and prothrombic state that results in respiratory and multiple organ failure.
On the Ambient Optic Array: James Gibson’s Insights About the Phenomenon of Chiaroscuro
Authors: Todd James T.
Published: September 2020

In 1966, James Gibson first presented his theory of the ambient optic array, and he proposed a new field of ecological optics that he hoped would advance our knowledge on this topic. This study will consider how his ideas have largely come to fruition over the past 50 years. It reviews the research on the visual perception of three-dimensional shape from shading, the effects of ambient light from surface interreflections on observers’ perceptions, the perception of the light field, and the perception of surface materials. Finally, it also considers Gibson’s impact on these developments.
Mesothelioma of tunica vaginalis testis: A case report of two subtypes
Authors: Green-Lott Ashley-Marie Y , Rocco Nicholas R , Lowenthal Brett M , Kim Philip H
Published: September 2020

Level of Evidence: 4
Covid-19 and climate change in the times of the Anthropocene
Authors: Heyd Thomas
Published: September 2020

The Covid-19 pandemic has undermined many of our everyday certainties to such an extent that we should expect significant changes in the functioning of our societies from here onward. Increasingly, it is hoped that in this process of transformation the challenges of climate change will be addressed even if, to date, they have been considered with much less urgency than the pandemic. Here it is proposed that, despite certain important differences, the Covid-19 pandemic and climate change both follow a pattern from causal factors to effects that may be typical of the Anthropocene. Given these parallels, it is suggested that, on the basis of the increasing and cumulative impacts of climate change on planetary life conditions, we have as much or more reason to take quick and effective action on this challenge as on the Covid-19 pandemic.
Identification and management of vulval problems of the postmenopausal woman – Tips and tricks
Authors: Spring Abigail , Griffiths David , Nirmal Daisy , Jing Gao , Marrouche Nadine , Skellett Anne
Published: September 2020

Vulval irritation and discomfort can be a common presentation to both primary and secondary care. These symptoms can become increasingly prevalent due to physiological changes, which occur to the female genitalia following menopausal transition or due to inflammatory conditions. The correct diagnosis and management can have a huge impact on the patients’ quality of life. However, due to the nature of the symptoms, there can be delayed presentation to healthcare professionals. This article gives an overview of the most common benign vulval conditions in the post-menopausal woman, their clinical features and the diagnosis and initial management.
Comparison of reliability of magnetic resonance imaging using cartilage and T1-weighted sequences in the assessment of the closure of the growth plates at the knee
Authors: Kvist Ola FT , Dallora Ana Luiza , Nilsson Ola , Anderberg Peter , Berglund Johan Sanmartin , Flodmark Carl-Erik , Diaz Sandra
Published: September 2020

Background

Growth development is traditionally evaluated with plain radiographs of the hand and wrist to visualize bone structures using ionizing radiation. Meanwhile, MRI visualizes bone and cartilaginous tissue without radiation exposure.

Purpose

To determine the state of growth plate closure of the knee in healthy adolescents and young adults and compare the reliability of staging using cartilage sequences and T1-weighted (T1W) sequence between pediatric and general radiologists.

Material and Methods

A prospective, cross-sectional study of MRI of the knee with both cartilage and T1W sequences was performed in 395 male and female healthy subjects aged between 14.0 and 21.5 years old. The growth plate of the femur and the tibia were graded using a modified staging scale by two pediatric and two general radiologists. Femur and tibia were graded separately with both sequences.

Results

The intraclass correlation was overall excellent. The inter- and intra-observer agreement for pediatric radiologists on T1W was 82% (κ  = 0.73) and 77% (κ  = 0.65) for the femur and 90% (κ  = 0.82) and 87% (κ  = 0.75) for the tibia. The inter-observer agreement for general radiologists on T1W was 69% (κ  = 0.56) for the femur and 56% (κ  = 0.34) for the tibia. Cohen’s kappa coefficient showed a higher inter- and intra-observer agreement for cartilage sequences than for T1W: 93% (κ  = 0.86) and 89% (κ  = 0.79) for the femur and 95% (κ = 0.90) and 91% (κ  = 0.81) for the tibia.

Conclusion

Cartilage sequences are more reliable than T1W sequence in the assessment of the growth plate in adolescents and young adults. Pediatric radiology experience is preferable.
Awareness of Antibiotic Use and Resistance in Jordanian Community
Authors: Abdel-Qader Derar H. , Albassam Abdullah , Ismael Najlaa Saadi , El-Shara’ Asma’ A. , Shehri Aisha , Almutairi Fahdah Shuqair , Al-Harbi Dalal M. , Al Zahrani Muna Mohammed , Chen Li-Chia , Al Mazrouei Nadia , Mohamed Ibrahim Osama
Published: September 2020

Background

The public awareness toward the causes and consequences of antibiotic resistance (AR) is crucial to mitigate the inappropriate use of antibiotics (ABs), particularly in the low- and middle-income countries. There was no previous study that assessed the awareness, attitude, and knowledge about antibiotic use and AR among the Jordanian public in affluent and deprived areas.

Objective

This study aimed to assess the awareness, attitude, and knowledge about antibiotic use and AR in affluent and deprived areas in Jordan.

Setting

The survey was conducted in November 2019 in Amman, the capital of Jordan.

Method

A cross-sectional questionnaire was used to survey households in their areas in each of West Amman (affluent region) and East Amman (deprived region), Households were selected using proportionate random sampling method.

Results

A total of 620 householders (310 per area) completed the questionnaire. Pharmacists were perceived as strong influencers on householders’ decision, as 80.32% (n = 465/580) of those who used antibiotics in the last year follow pharmacists’ advice. Our results showed poor understanding of antibiotic usage among the Jordanian public, as only 14.2% (n = 44/310) of the sample in West Amman and 2.9% (n = 9/310) in East Amman disagreed with the statement “ Antibiotics work on most coughs and colds.” Householders in West Amman showed much better understanding of AR compared to those in East Amman; 82.3% (n = 255/310) of West Amman respondents agreed with the statement “ Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria change in some way that reduces or eliminates the effectiveness of the antibiotic.” compared to 31.9% (n = 99/310) of East Amman respondents on the same statement ( P  < .05).

Conclusion

The Jordanian community generally had poor knowledge and awareness toward antibiotics use and AR. Socio-economic factors could influence the public’s attitude toward antibiotics use and AR.
Monitoring BMI Trends in a Midwest Regional Head Start Population: The Results of a Healthy Lifestyle Intervention
Authors: Miccoli Antonela , Toussaint Loren L. , Hansen Carina K. , Smith Latasha M. , Lynch Brian A.
Published: September 2020

Background

Childhood obesity represents a public health crisis in the United States. Thus, focusing on early childhood is crucial to modify the consequences associated with obesity. The Food and Fitness Initiative (FFI) is a community-based wellness program implemented in Northeast Iowa since 2009. FFI focuses on healthy eating and physical activity. Our aim is to describe the impact on body mass index (BMI) after implementing FFI in a Northeast Iowa Community Action Head Start (HS) population.

Methods

Retrospective BMI data was collected from all children attending 14 HS sites from 2012 to 2018. Children with BMI measurements during July to December of the first year in HS were included in the study. Follow-up data the second year in HS was obtained. Overweight and obesity prevalence, as well as, BMI changes between year 1 and 2 in HS were analyzed.

Results

Data from 1013 children were collected, 850 (84%) had qualifying BMI measurements during their first year in HS and 352 of those children (41%) had follow-up data in their second year. There was a decrease in BMI between years 1 and 2 in HS that approached statistical significance ( t = 1.83, P = .07, d = .10). There were no statistically significant changes in the percent of overweight (Wald χ2 = .50, P = .48) or obese (Wald χ2 = 1.71, P = .19) children between the first and second year.

Conclusion

The FFI wellness program can be feasibly integrated into the HS curriculum and shows promising short-term results in improving BMI, but not to a statistically significant level when evaluated over 1 year.
The effectiveness of preoperative rehabilitation programmes on postoperative outcomes following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction: a systematic review
Authors: Carter Hayley , Littlewood Chris , Webster Kate E. , Smith Benjamin E.
Published: September 2020

Introduction:

The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is the most commonly injured ligament in the knee with annual incidence rates of ruptures reported at 68.6 per 100,000. ACL ruptures are commonly treated with surgical reconstruction which aims to restore knee stability and maximise functional capacity to allow individuals to return to their preinjury level of physical activity. Prior to ACL reconstruction (ACLR), preoperative rehabilitation, commonly termed prehabilitation (PreHab), has been suggested to physically and mentally prepare patients for surgery and postoperative rehabilitation. No previous systematic review has specifically evaluated the effectiveness of PreHab on postoperative outcomes. A 2017 systematic review did investigate prehabilitation, but of the included eight RCTs only two included post-operative outcomes and not all RCTs included surgery in the treatment pathway.

Hypotheses:

To explore the effectiveness of preoperative rehabilitation programmes (PreHab) on postoperative physical and psychological outcomes following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR).

Methods:

A systematic search was conducted from inception to November 2019. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) published in English were included. Risk of bias was assessed using Version 2 of the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool, and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment system was used to evaluate the quality of evidence.

Results:

The search identified 739 potentially eligible studies, three met the inclusion criteria. All included RCTs scored ‘high’ risk of bias. PreHab in all three RCTs was an exercise programme, each varied in content (strength, control, balance and perturbation training), frequency (10 to 24 sessions) and length (3.1- to 6-weeks). Statistically significant differences (p<0.05) were reported for quadriceps strength (one RCT) and single leg hop scores (two RCTs) in favour of PreHab three months after ACLR. One RCT reported no statistically significant between-group difference for pain and function. No RCT evaluated post-operative psychological outcomes.

Conclusion:

Low-quality evidence suggests that PreHab that includes muscular strength, balance and perturbation training offers a small benefit to quadriceps strength and single leg hop scores three months after ACLR. There is no consensus on the optimum PreHab programme content, frequency and length; this requires future consideration including the development of PreHab programmes that consider psychosocial factors and the measurement of relevant post-operative outcomes such as psychological readiness.
Current Preoperative Physiotherapy Management Strategies for Patients Awaiting Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction (ACLR): A Worldwide Survey of Physiotherapy Practice
Authors: Carter Hayley M. , Webster Kate E. , Smith Benjamin E.
Published: September 2020

Introduction:

The optimum time to surgery following ACL rupture remains an outstanding clinical problem. Recent data for the average wait time for an ACLR in the UK is not currently available and anecdotally times range from 4-12 months before an individual undergoes surgery. Globally, the length of time available for preoperative rehabilitation (commonly termed prehabilitation) will vary widely; it is also unknown which subset of patients receive or do not receive prehabilitation and reasons behind this decision making. The current evidence base presents only a small number of RCTs exploring ACL prehabilitation, with inconsistent results on pre- and post-operative outcomes such as muscular strength and function when compared with no prehabilitation. Programmes also vary in content, duration and frequency. Currently, there is no agreed consensus on the best approach to this stage of rehabilitation for this patient group, and thus, current practice is unknown.

Hypotheses:

This study aimed to explore the current physiotherapy management strategies used during the preoperative phase of rehabilitation for patients awaiting anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR).

Methods:

An anonymous survey was disseminated online via Twitter and the ‘interactive Chartered Society of Physiotherapy’ message board. Practising physiotherapists who treated at least one patient prior to ACLR in the past year were invited to take part. Responses were collected over a 4-week period in March 2020. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics.

Results:

In total, 183 respondents replied; 122 completed the full survey. Responses were collected from 20 countries across 3 settings, NHS/public health services, private and sports. Most respondents reported prescribing exercises, advice and education to patients during prehabilitation. Up to 40% also utilised passive treatments including manual therapy, taping/bracing and electrotherapy. The frequency of recommended exercise completion and length of treatment varied. Most respondents (n=103/84.4%) felt that many patients waiting for ACLR did not receive prehabilitation. Many physiotherapists reported that patients expressed concerns regarding their readiness for surgery (n=61/50%) and return to preinjury levels of physical activity (n=112/91.8%). Almost all respondents would discuss non-operative management with patients (n=112/91.8%) if they had returned to their preinjury level of physical activity before their ACLR.

Conclusion:

Overall, this survey provides some insight as to how physiotherapists manage patients awaiting ACLR. Areas of uncertainty in physiotherapy practice have also been highlighted that require further high-quality research.
Effect of meniscal root tear on pivot shift test after anterior cruciate ligament-deficient
Authors: Zhou Ming
Published: September 2020

Introduction:

A review of the literature demonstrates that injury of the lateral meniscus, anterolateral capsule, and iliotibial(IT ) band or small lateral tibial plateau aggravate the instability of knee and contributes to a high-grade pivot shift in the ACL-deficient knee.

Hypotheses:

The hypothesis was that disruption of posterior root of the lateral meniscus will further destabilize the ACL-deficient knee and simulated a high-grade pivot shift but posterior root of medial meniscal not.

Methods:

6 fresh-frozen cadaveric knees was performed the next test in a custom activity simulator.1.Determine the effect of PRLMT on the stability of ACL-deficient knee.In the pivot shift test, ITB force (50, 75, 100, 125, 150, and 175 N), internal rotation moments (1, 2, and 3 N.m),and valgus moments (5 and 7 N.m). tibial translation of front drawer test were performed by applying a 90-N anterior
Limited release medial collateral ligament technique
Authors: Jinliang Wang , Xuan Wei
Published: September 2020

Introduction:

To explore the outcome of selective releasing medial collateral ligament in total knee arthroplasty.

Hypotheses:

Selective releasing technique work for knee balance and clinical results.

Methods:

Sixty cases of total knee arthroplasty were studied retrospectively from May,2016 to May 2017.The cases traits were as follows:22 male,38 female,age between 55 years and 83 years,the diagnosis totally OA,pre-operative and varus angle was (13.8±2.5)°,preoperative HSS score 36.5±2.9.All the cases were performed with new technique in which anterior parts of MCL was released limitedly ,posterior-lateral was released about one centimeter beneath joint line,and pie-crusting was used when it was still unbalanced.This was different from the conventional one in which a regular medial soft tissue envelope was performed.

Results:

Post-operation wound was I stage union.The average follou-up was nine months(6-12 months).The resudial varus angle was (0.8±1.5)°,HSS score was (86.0±3.5),which had significant statistically difference compared with the pre-op one.

Conclusion:

The selectively releasing MCL technique was minimally invasive and easy to learn. Good function was achieved.
Discrepant histological diagnoses affects the near term FJS-12 and could be one of the causes of unhappy TKR patient
Authors: Londhe Sanjay Bhalchandra , Shah Ravi , Shah Mita Y , Doshi Amit Pankaj , Londhe Shubhankar Sanjay , Subhedar Kavita , Shetty Gautam
Published: September 2020

Introduction:

TKR is one of the most successful operations in orthopedics. Still a sizable percentage of patients (20%) remain dissatisfied after a well executed TKR. The aim of the study is to examine the excised synovium from the suprapatellar region in osteoarthritic knees during TKR operation and evaluate the HP report to know whether discrepant diagnoses affects the Forgotten Joint Score-12 at various time intervals and in few cases the unrelenting pain and discomfort post TKR surgery could be due to some undiagnosed pathology within the joint.

Hypotheses:

The study was started with null hypothesis. The statistical significance was measured with Chi-square test and two sample t test.

Methods:

This is a prospective cohort study. Two hundred(160 Female 40 Male) end stage osteoarthritis patients who underwent primary TKR were studied. Inclusion criteria was patient with end stage osteoarthritis. Patients with clinically and serologically proven rheumatoid arthritis were excluded. The synovium excised during the TKR procedure was sent for HP examination. Statistics: The study was started with null hypothesis. The statistical significance was measured with Chi-square test and two sample t test.

Results:

184 of the 200 patients (92%) knee synovium showed HP features of osteoarthritis. The discordant diagnoses and discrepant diagnosis rate was 8 % and 7 % respectively which is statistically significant by Chi

Conclusion:

8% of our patients exhibited results which were totally unexpected. Our study showed a 7 % rate of discrepant diagnosis, which if missed would have affected the function and long term survival of the implanted TKR.
Return to sports following ACL reconstruction: where do we stand in 2020?
Authors: Gokeler Alli , Villa Francesco Della , Welling Wouter , Baumeister Jochen
Published: September 2020

Despite the development of return to sport (RTS) guidelines over recent years, there is a lack of a scientific consensus on the RTS criteria used to release a patient to unrestricted sport activity after ACL reconstruction (ACLR). A proportional meta-analysis, showed that only 23% of patients after ACLR passed RTS test batteries before RTS. Although passing RTS criteria reduce the risk of subsequent graft rupture by 60%, it increases the risk of a contralateral ACL rupture by 235%. These equivocal findings in terms of validity of RTS tests after ACLR leaves clinicians with high level of uncertainty in clinical decision-making.

Dingenen & Gokeler proposed that RTS should be viewed as continuum after ACL injury and ACLR. Moreover, one of the possible solutions why patients do not meet the RTS criteria is simply due to the lack of implementation of evidence- based rehabilitation in terms of specificity and training load. Too often, the end phase of the rehabilitation is not extensive or specific enough, thereby exposing athletes to specific training loads and training characteristics that they cannot handle from a physical, neurocognitive as well as from a psychological perspective. Della Villa et al. introduced the concept of an On Field Rehabilitation (OFR) model to bridge the gap between standard rehabilitation and return to training. This allows for a gradual progression of each part and thus ensures correct function and that no adverse knee reaction is noted before moving on to the next level. Returning an athlete to full participation should be a graduated continuum and not based on a set of tests at one single point in time.

The above findings pertaining to the high incidence of recurrent injuries, question whether the current RTS tests provide relevant information for guiding the decision making. There is a need for more ecological valid research approaches to test an athlete returning to sports after an ACLR in more complex sports-specific demanding tests, which are more reflective of the demands while on the field. Based on a RTS continuum approach, training and tests should include physical, cognitive and psychological loads in a gradual fashion that prepare the athlete for a safer RTS
Arthroscopic reduction and internal fixation of avulsion fracture of anterior cruciate ligament from tibial eminence with sutures by four tibial tunnels
Authors: Zhou Ming , Hou Huiming , Fan Shaoyong
Published: September 2020

Objectives:

To investigate the therapeutic efficacy of arthroscopic reduction and internal fixation of avulsion fracture of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) from tibial eminence with sutures by four tibial tunnels.

Methods:

Twenty five cases of avulsion fracture of ACL from tibial eminence were treated by arthroscopic reduction and internal fixation with sutures by four tibial tunnels tibial from March 2012 to March 2015.The average follow-up period was 18 months, ranging from 12 to 24 months. The follow-up assessment included anterior drawer test，Lachman test，pivot shift，Lysholm knee score and the radiological evaluation.

Results:

All cases successfully achieved reduction and bone union.The knee function was good.The results of anterior drawer test，Lachman test and pivot shift were negative．The preoperative and final follow-up Lysholm knee scores were ( 45.2±6.5) and ( 95.2±4.7) points respectively with statistically significant differenece (t =21. 4，P<0.05).

Conclusion:

The arthroscopic reduction and internal fixation of avulsion fracture of ACL from tibial eminence with sutures by fou rtibial tunnels is minimally invasive and convenient with satisfactory reduction and fixation,which can benefit the posoperative rehabilitation．It can avoid reoperation and achieve excellent results．
More than a Wall: The Rise and Fall of US Asylum and Refugee Policy
Authors: Wasem Ruth Ellen
Published: September 2020

Executive Summary

This article uses a multidisciplinary approach — analyzing historical sources, refugee and asylum admissions data, legislative provisions, and public opinion data — to track the rise and fall of the US asylum and refugee policy. It shows that there has always been a political struggle between people who advocate for a generous refugee and asylum system and those who oppose it. Today, the flexible system of protecting refugees and asylees, established in 1980, is giving way to policies that weaponize them. It offers a historical analysis of US refugee and asylum policies, as well as xenophobic and nativist attitudes toward refugees. It places Trump administration refugee policies in three categories: those that abandon longstanding US legal principles and policies, most notably non-refoulement and due process; those that block the entry of refugees and asylees; and those that criminalize foreign nationals who attempt to seek asylum in the United States. The article concludes with an analysis of public opinion research to square the growing public support for refugees and asylees shown in polling data with the subgroup popularity of Donald Trump’s harsh xenophobic rhetoric and policies. These seemingly contradictory trends are consistent with research on right-wing populism. It argues that the restoration of generous humanitarian policies requires robust civic engagement and steadfast legislative efforts.
US Foreign-Born Workers in the Global Pandemic: Essential and Marginalized
Authors: Kerwin* Donald , Warren* Robert
Published: September 2020

Executive Summary

This article provides detailed estimates of foreign-born (immigrant) workers in the United States who are employed in “essential critical infrastructure” sectors, as defined by the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) of the US Department of Homeland Security (DHS) (DHS 2020). Building on earlier work by the Center for Migration Studies (CMS), the article offers exhaustive estimates on essential workers on a national level, by state, for large metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs), and for smaller communities that heavily rely on immigrant labor. It also reports on these workers by job sector; immigration status; eligibility for tax rebates under the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act); and other characteristics. It finds that: Sixty-nine percent of all immigrants in the US labor force and 74 percent of undocumented workers are essential workers, compared to 65 percent of the native-born labor force. Seventy percent of refugees and 78 percent of Black refugees are essential workers. In all but eight US states, the foreign-born share of the essential workforce equals or exceeds that of all foreign-born workers, indicating that immigrant essential workers are disproportionately represented in the labor force. The percentage of undocumented essential workers exceeds that of native-born essential workers by nine percentage points in the 15 states with the largest labor force. In the ten largest MSAs, the percentages of undocumented and naturalized essential workers exceed the percentage of native-born essential workers by 12 and 6 percent, respectively. A total of 6.2 million essential workers are not eligible for relief payments under the CARES Act, as well as large numbers of their 3.8 million US citizen children (younger than age 17), including 1.2 million US citizen children living in households below the poverty level. The foreign-born comprise 33 percent of health care workers in New York State, 32 percent in California, 31 percent in New Jersey, 28 percent in Florida, 25 percent in Nevada and Maryland, 24 percent in Hawaii, 23 percent in Massachusetts, and 19 percent in Texas. Section I of the article describes the central policy paradox for foreign-born workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: that they are “essential” at very high rates, but many lack status and they have been marginalized by US immigration and COVID-19-related policies. Section II sets forth the article’s main findings. Section III outlines major policy recommendations.
Observing Inter-Professional Videos: Impact of Collaboration Between Physicians and Psychologists on Attitude and Knowledge Acquisition
Authors: Großer Johannes , Kimmerle Joachim , Shiozawa Thomas , Hirt Bernhard , Bientzle Martina
Published: September 2020

Background:

Inter-professional collaboration (IPC) is an important prerequisite for successful patient care. Even though inter-professional education (IPE) is increasingly common in undergraduate medical education, few IPE approaches explicitly address the IPC among medical students and students of psychology. IPE videos can be used to give learners the opportunity to gather relevant knowledge from different professional perspectives. So far it has been unclear whether it is enough when the topic of the video itself is inter-professional or if it is necessary for experts from different professions explicitly to appear in the video.

Methods:

In an online experiment, medical students watched 1 of 2 videos about Parkinson’s disease (PD) and the care of PD patients. The information was either provided by protagonists from only 1 profession (ie, physicians; mono-professional condition) or provided by protagonists from 2 different professions (ie, physicians and a psychologist; inter-professional condition). Attitude toward inter-professional interaction and learning, evaluation of the entertaining and illustrative character of the video, attitude toward physicians and psychologists, importance of IPC, evaluation of psychological treatment support, and knowledge acquisition served as dependent variables.

Results:

The analysis was based on 140 participants (74 in the mono-, 66 in the inter-professional condition). We found that the inter-professional video was perceived to be more entertaining than the mono-professional video ( t(138) = −2.227; P = .028; d = 0.38). The inter-professional video was also considered to be more illustrative ( t(138) = −6.269; P < .001; d = 1.06). Moreover, participants improved their attitude toward physicians by watching the video ( F(1,138) = 4.860, P < .001, η2 p = 0.11), but they did not change their attitude toward psychologists ( P = .146). Participants who watched the inter-professional video considered IPC to be more important than participants who watched the mono-professional video ( t(138) = −7.954; P < .001; d = 1.354). Finally, the inter-professional video led to better performance in the knowledge test ( t(138) = −2.285; P = .024; d = 0.04).

Conclusion:

Inter-professional videos showing explicitly the appearance of experts from different professions come along with several advantages. We discuss the implications of their application in educational practice.

Trial registration:

The study was pre-registered on the pre-registration platform AsPredicted ( aspredicted.org ) before we began data collection (registration number: #33143). The pre-registration document can be accessed via the following link: https://aspredicted.org/blind.php?x=gd5hd8 .
Bilateral iPhone Gorilla Glass Intraocular Foreign Bodies in a Pediatric Patient
Authors: Kalavar Meghana , Levitt Alexandra , Patel Nimesh A. , Clauss Kevin , Fan Kenneth C. , Yannuzzi Nicolas A. , Berrocal Audina M.
Published: September 2020

Purpose:

This report discusses a case of a patient with bilateral intraocular foreign bodies after a bullet shattered his iPhone.

Methods:

A case report is presented.

Results:

The right eye vision was 20/50 and examination disclosed a limbal entry wound at 6:00, dense traumatic cataract, and vitreous hemorrhage. The left eye was 20/40 and an entry wound located roughly 4 mm posterior to the limbus was noted. Fundoscopy revealed multiple refractile particles with preretinal and vitreous hemorrhage. Computed tomography scan demonstrated hyperdensities in the vitreous cavity bilaterally. Globe closure, cataract removal, vitrectomy, and endolaser were undertaken in the right eye, while only globe closure was performed in the left eye. On latest follow-up, the patient had 20/20 corrected vision without inflammation bilaterally.

Conclusion:

A conservative approach led to full visual recovery, despite retained intraocular smartphone Gorilla glass.
Evaluation of Patients Receiving Intravitreal Antivascular Endothelial Growth Factor for Diabetic Macular Edema in Clinical Practice in the United States
Authors: Pitcher John D. , Moshfeghi Andrew A. , Lucas Genevieve , Boucher Nick , Moini Hadi , Saroj Namrata
Published: September 2020

Purpose:

We assessed the effect of treatment frequency with intravitreal antivascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) agents on visual acuity (VA) in diabetic macular edema (DME).

Methods:

This retrospective analysis assessed electronic medical records of eyes newly diagnosed with DME and treated with an anti-VEGF agent at US clinics using the Vestrum Health (Naperville, Illinois) treatment and outcomes database. Eyes were divided into 2 injection frequency subcohorts (≤ 6 vs > 6 injections/y); treatment frequency and change in mean VA (Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study letters) were evaluated.

Results:

Among 155 240 eyes assessed, 3028 met inclusion criteria for analysis in year 1 and 1292 in year 2. During year 1 of treatment, 57% (n = 1725) received > 6 injections; most continued to receive the same injection frequency during year 2. Mean VA gain from baseline at year 1 was lower in the ≤ 6 than in the > 6 injections/year subcohort (3.7 vs 8.0 letters, respectively; P < .001). Mean VA change from the end of year 1 to year 2 for eyes receiving ≤ 6 injections in year 1 generally remained unchanged, irrespective of year 2 dosing frequency. In eyes that received > 6 injections in year 1, mean VA loss was significantly greater for eyes receiving less-frequent dosing in year 2 than in those maintained on > 6 injections.

Conclusions:

More than 50% of eyes with DME in routine clinical practice that completed at least 1 year of follow-up received > 6 injections of an anti-VEGF agent during the first year, resulting in better VA gains than eyes treated less frequently.
Learning to be human again: Being and becoming in the home garden commons
Authors: Valle Gabriel R
Published: September 2020

This study uses ethnographic narratives of a Santa Clara Valley community of urban gardeners gathered from 2012 to 2016 to investigate the lived realities and struggles of creating an actually existing home garden commons. Many of these gardeners are recent immigrants for rural Mexico, Central American, and South East Asia, and many descend from rural traditions of commoning. Nevertheless, the current conditions in the urban centers of developed countries are far different from their dislocations. I argue that this multi-ethnic, multi-lingual group of home gardeners makes use of their marginality as an inventive force to create an actually existing commons. A home garden commons is a place of contradiction that is both neoliberal and radical. The findings suggest that marginalized, oppressed, and displaced peoples use resistance to reconstruct the basis of their social interactions. The growing, sharing, and consuming of food together produces forms of social life that enable people to envision new ways of being and becoming in post-capitalist futures.
Stimulation Versus Simulation: The Student Side Hustle as a Learning Innovation
Authors: Forster-Holt Nancy
Published: September 2020

A side hustle is a small-scale business activity in addition to one’s primary job. Our learning innovation is the student side hustle (SSH), a small-scale business in addition to the student’s academic work. It fits within an existing entrepreneurship course, allowing students to launch small scale ventures on a campus-based peer-to-peer marketplace platform. The SSH contributes to the broader category of side hustles and to the existing category of experiential learning exercises that result in student businesses. We position the concept in the appropriate foundational literature, and offer insights into the details of our “stimulation” and its outcomes, evidence of its effectiveness, lessons learned, and extensions of the exercise.
Serum malondialdehyde, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and vitamin C levels in wet type age-related macular degeneration patients
Authors: Zor Ramazan Kürşad , Erşan Serpil , Küçük Erkut , Yıldırım Gamze , Sarı İsmail
Published: September 2020

Purpose:

The purpose of this study was to investigate the serum levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) which is a marker of oxidative stress, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) which has an important role in inflammation, and vitamin C which has antioxidant properties in patients with wet age-related macular degeneration (wAMD).

Methods:

Thirty patients with wAMD were included in the study and serum levels of MDA, MCP-1, and vitamin C were compared with healthy participants ( n = 30). Serum vitamin C and MDA levels were measured using a spectrophotometric method. Serum MCP-1 levels were determined by the ELISA method.

Results:

MCP-1 and MDA levels were higher in patients with wAMD compared with the control group ( p < 0.05). Serum vitamin C levels were lower in patients with wAMD compared with the control group ( p < 0.05).

Conclusions:

The increase in the MCP-1 levels in patients with wAMD may be associated with increased inflammation in wAMD. Decreased serum vitamin C and elevated MDA levels in patients with wAMD suggest increased oxidative stress in wAMD patients. These results indicate that the increased oxidative stress and inflammation can play a role in the pathogenesis of wAMD.
Safety and efficacy of anticoagulant therapy in pediatric catheter-related venous thrombosis (EINSTEIN-Jr CVC-VTE)
Authors: Thom Katharina , Lensing Anthonie W. A. , Nurmeev Ildar , Bajolle Fanny , Bonnet Damien , Kenet Gili , Massicotte M. Patricia , Karakas Zeynep , Palumbo Joseph S. , Saracco Paola , Amedro Pascal , Chain Juan , Chan Anthony K. , Ikeyama Takanari , Lam Joyce C. M. , Gauger Cynthia , Pap Ákos Ferenc , Majumder Madhurima , Kubitza Dagmar , Smith William T. , Berkowitz Scott D. , Prins Martin H. , Monagle Paul , Young Guy , Male Christoph
Published: September 2020

Anticoagulant treatment of pediatric central venous catheter–related venous thromboembolism (CVC-VTE) has not been specifically evaluated. In EINSTEIN-Jr, 500 children with any VTE received rivaroxaban or standard anticoagulants. A predefined analysis of the CVC-VTE cohort was performed. Children with CVC-VTE (age, birth to 17 years) were administered rivaroxaban or standard anticoagulants during the 1-month (children <2 years) or 3-month (all other children) study period. Predefined outcomes were recurrent VTE, change in thrombotic burden on repeat imaging, and bleeding. Predictors for continuation of anticoagulant therapy beyond the study period were evaluated. One hundred twenty-six children with symptomatic (n = 76, 60%) or asymptomatic (n = 50, 40%) CVC-VTE received either rivaroxaban (n = 90) or standard anticoagulants (n = 36). There was no recurrent VTE (0%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.0%-2.8%). Three children had the principal safety outcome: none had major bleeding and 3 children had clinically relevant nonmajor bleeding (2.4%; 95% CI, 0.7%-6.5%), all in the rivaroxaban arm. Complete or partial vein recanalization occurred in 57 (55%) and 38 (37%) of 103 evaluable children, respectively. Results were similar for symptomatic and asymptomatic CVC-VTE. Continuation of anticoagulant therapy beyond the study period occurred in 61 (48%) of children and was associated with residual VTE but only in children <2 years (odds ratio [OR], 20.9; P = .003) and continued CVC use (OR, 6.7; P = .002). Anticoagulant therapy appeared safe and efficacious and was associated with reduced clot burden in most children with symptomatic or asymptomatic CVC-VTE. Residual VTE and continued CVC use were associated with extended anticoagulation. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT02234843.
High place phenomenon: prevalence and clinical correlates in two German samples
Authors: Teismann Tobias , Brailovskaia Julia , Schaumburg Svenja , Wannemüller André
Published: September 2020

Background

The high place phenomenon, that is, a sudden urge to jump when in a high place, is an experience known to many people, that has rarely been studied. The present study aimed to assess the prevalence of the high place phenomenon in a non-clinical and a clinical German sample. Furthermore, clinical correlates of the experience were assessed.

Methods

The study sample comprised 276 participants (67% female; Mage = 32.08, SDage = 10.73) who took part in an online assessment and 94 patients (73.4% female; Mage = 49.26, SDage = 13.32) suffering from clinically relevant fear of flying. Participants filled out questionnaires on experiences with the high place phenomenon, depression, anxiety, suicide ideation and anxiety sensitivity.

Results

The high place phenomenon was known to nearly 60% of the online sample and to 45% of the patient sample. Suicide ideation as well as anxiety sensitivity were positively associated with experiences with the high place phenomenon in the online sample. Depression, anxiety and suicide ideation were unrelated to experiences with the phenomenon in the patient sample.

Conclusion

The high place phenomenon is commonly reported by (lifetime/current) suicide ideators. However, it is also a common experience in individuals who have never suffered from suicide ideation. It is therefore cautioned not to interpret such experiences as an expression of a hidden death wish.
Suprachiasmatic nucleus-dependent and independent outputs driving rhythmic activity in hypothalamic and thalamic neurons
Authors: Harding Court , Bechtold David A. , Brown Timothy M.
Published: September 2020

Background

Daily variations in mammalian physiology are under control of a central clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). SCN timing signals are essential for coordinating cellular clocks and associated circadian variations in cell and tissue function across the body; however, direct SCN projections primarily target a restricted set of hypothalamic and thalamic nuclei involved in physiological and behavioural control. The role of the SCN in driving rhythmic activity in these targets remains largely unclear. Here, we address this issue via multielectrode recording and manipulations of SCN output in adult mouse brain slices.

Results

Electrical stimulation identifies cells across the midline hypothalamus and ventral thalamus that receive inhibitory input from the SCN and/or excitatory input from the retina. Optogenetic manipulations confirm that SCN outputs arise from both VIP and, more frequently, non-VIP expressing cells and that both SCN and retinal projections almost exclusively target GABAergic downstream neurons. The majority of midline hypothalamic and ventral thalamic neurons exhibit circadian variation in firing and those receiving inhibitory SCN projections consistently exhibit peak activity during epochs when SCN output is low. Physical removal of the SCN confirms that neuronal rhythms in ~ 20% of the recorded neurons rely on central clock input but also reveals many neurons that can express circadian variation in firing independent of any SCN input.

Conclusions

We identify cell populations across the midline hypothalamus and ventral thalamus exhibiting SCN-dependent and independent rhythms in neural activity, providing new insight into the mechanisms by which the circadian system generates daily physiological rhythms.
Characterization of left ventricular myocardial sodium-glucose cotransporter 1 expression in patients with end-stage heart failure
Authors: Sayour Alex Ali , Oláh Attila , Ruppert Mihály , Barta Bálint András , Horváth Eszter Mária , Benke Kálmán , Pólos Miklós , Hartyánszky István , Merkely Béla , Radovits Tamás
Published: September 2020

Background

Whereas selective sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors consistently showed cardiovascular protective effects in large outcome trials independent of the presence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), the cardiovascular effects of dual SGLT1/2 inhibitors remain to be elucidated. Despite its clinical relevance, data are scarce regarding left ventricular (LV) SGLT1 expression in distinct heart failure (HF) pathologies. We aimed to characterize LV SGLT1 expression in human patients with end-stage HF, in context of the other two major glucose transporters: GLUT1 and GLUT4.

Methods

Control LV samples (Control, n = 9) were harvested from patients with preserved LV systolic function who went through mitral valve replacement. LV samples from HF patients undergoing heart transplantation (n = 71) were obtained according to the following etiological subgroups: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM, n = 7); idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM, n = 12); ischemic heart disease without T2DM (IHD, n = 14), IHD with T2DM (IHD + T2DM, n = 11); and HF patients with cardiac resynchronization therapy (DCM:CRT, n = 9, IHD:CRT, n = 9 and IHD-T2DM:CRT, n = 9). We measured LV SGLT1, GLUT1 and GLUT4 gene expressions with qRT-PCR. The protein expression of SGLT1, and activating phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPKα) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) were quantified by western blotting. Immunohistochemical staining of SGLT1 was performed.

Results

Compared with controls, LV SGLT1 mRNA and protein expressions were significantly and comparably upregulated in HF patients with DCM, IHD and IHD + T2DM (all P < 0.05), but not in HCM. LV SGLT1 mRNA and protein expressions positively correlated with LVEDD and negatively correlated with EF (all P < 0.01). Whereas AMPKα phosphorylation was positively associated with SGLT1 protein expression, ERK1/2 phosphorylation showed a negative correlation (both P < 0.01). Immunohistochemical staining revealed that SGLT1 expression was predominantly confined to cardiomyocytes, and not fibrotic tissue. Overall, CRT was associated with reduction of LV SGLT1 expression, especially in patients with DCM.

Conclusions

Myocardial LV SGLT1 is upregulated in patients with HF (except in those with HCM), correlates significantly with parameters of cardiac remodeling (LVEDD) and systolic function (EF), and is downregulated in DCM patients with CRT. The possible role of SGLT1 in LV remodeling needs to be elucidated.