bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determinants of Successful Agri - Futures Contracts in India
Authors: Agrawal Tarunika Jain , Sehgal Sanjay , Agrawal Rahul
Published: November 2019

The study empirically examines the factors which impact the success of the Agri commodity futures contracts. Daily data from July 2012 to July 2017 is used for 22 commodities traded on the three national commodity derivatives exchanges and analyzed in a panel data analysis framework. The results of the study suggest that higher volatility in the spot and futures market, competition in terms of multiple exchange listing, the age of the futures contract, lot size and tick size increase the success potential of the agri futures contract. The international listing, the imposition of Commodity transaction tax, a higher number of levels in the value chain and greater geographical coverage in the spot market reduces the liquidity for the contract. Thus, the study identifies important market characteristics and elements of contract design that have implications for the success of agri commodities futures contract in India.
Nietzsche's Transformation of the Problem of Pessimism in Human, All Too Human
Authors: Jenkins Scott
Published: November 2019

In Book I of Human, All Too Human, Nietzsche maintains that optimism and pessimism are both outdated because no judgment concerning the value of life gains support from the naturalistic philosophy that he now embraces. I show that Nietzsche's repudiation of optimism and pessimism rests on a distinction between theoretical and evaluative judgments that originates in his reading of Eugen Dühring's The Value of Life. While Nietzsche now maintains that theoretical judgments do not justify any position on the value of life, he still holds that a person who sees life accurately will exhibit the practical world-denial characteristic of the pessimist because such a person will apprehend what Nietzsche calls the “goallessness” of humanity. I formulate three readings of this notion and argue that Nietzsche is developing the Schopenhauerian claim that all goals of action are, in truth, given to us by nature. I conclude by showing that while Nietzsche's understanding of pessimism remains Schopenhauerian in this book he transforms the problem of pessimism by locating it within the temperament of human beings.
Nietzsche on the Origin of Conscience and Obligation
Authors: Snelson Avery
Published: November 2019

The second essay of Nietzsche's Genealogy of Morality (GM) offers a naturalistic and developmental account of the emergence of conscience, a faculty uniquely responsive to remembering and honoring obligations. This article attempts to solve an interpretive puzzle that is invited by the second essay's explanation of nonmoral obligation, prior to the capacity to feel guilt. Ostensibly, Nietzsche argues that the conscience and our concept of obligation originated within contractual (“creditor-debtor”) relations, when creditors punished delinquent debtors (GM II:5). However, this interpretation, which I call the contractualist reading, is incoherent and subject to an insoluble bootstrapping problem. I argue instead that Nietzsche provides two accounts of nonmoral obligation in the second essay, and that the conscience originated in the morality of custom to track rule prohibitions (“I will nots” [GM II:3]), which Nietzsche conceives of as involuntary or reciprocal obligations that, unlike contractual debts, do not require the making of promises.
Consumo de sustancias psicoactivas y riesgo suicida en usuarios de centros de rehabilitación de adicciones
Authors: Amador Jiménez Dustin Ezequiel , Salinas Pérez. Xochilt María , Pérez López Cristhian Josué
Published: November 2019

El estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar la relación entre el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas y riesgo suicida en un grupo de consumidores de Sustancias Psicoactivas en rehabilitación durante el primer semestre del año 2018. Método: En el estudio se utilizó un enfoque cuantitativo, el cual permitió describir y establecer la relación de las variables en estudio; se utilizó un diseño no experimental, de corte transversal, con un alcance descriptivocorrelacional. La muestra está conformada por 54 usuarios pertenecientes a los centros de rehabilitación CARA, CENICSOL, HODERA y Grupo A.A. Hermandad 25 de noviembre. Se aplicó la Escala de Riesgo Suicida de Plutchik (RS) y la Prueba de detección de consumo de alcohol, tabaco y sustancias (ASSIST). Se hizo uso de estadística descriptiva y estadística inferencial, la cual permitió realizar el contraste de hipótesis. Resultados: Los resultados indican que la principal droga impacto de los participantes es el alcohol. En cuanto al riesgo suicida de los usuarios, se comprobó que la mayoría se encuentran en riesgo leve, es decir que experimentan ideaciones suicidas. Finalmente, se comprobó que existe relación estadísticamente significativa entre el consumo de sedantes y cannabis con el riesgo suicida.
Reflexiones sobre la Historia Oral, la modernidad/ colonialidad y los procesos sociales Nuestroamericanos nicaragüenses.
Authors: González E. Leonardo Danilo
Published: November 2019

Tanto la Historia Oral como método, como la corriente de pensamiento de la Alteridad, tienen relaciones temporales, puesto que se cosecharon próximos y después de la segunda guerra mundial. También se relaciona con la metódica militante, para no solo proponer un proceso anti hegemónico de construcción de la realidad e interpretación, sino la plataforma para que el protagonista en cualquier clase social o sector, narre, relate y determine el devenir de la historia otra, nueva. Las protagonistas de la historia de vida (oralidad) como caso de análisis, las tres mujeres son parte de un estudio que contribuye a validar otra historia, a narrar la historia del pueblo, fuera del poder, fuera de la tradición de conocimiento.
Facundo, entre la naturaleza y la condición humana
Authors: Rocha Adrián
Published: November 2019

Este ensayo analiza el modo en que Domingo Faustino Sarmiento percibe la dicotomía “civilización y barbarie”. En ese sentido, el estadista argentino se adentra en un estudio geográfico, cultural y político de la figura de Facundo Quiroga que refleja su fascinación no solamente para con el personaje, sino con lo que éste representa. Así, la cultura y la naturaleza de esa representación aparecen para Sarmiento como un obstáculo que, de ser necesario, debe ser sorteado para establecer el Estado Nación.
Geochemistry and Geophysics of Iron Oxide-Apatite Deposits and Associated Waste Piles with Implications for Potential Rare Earth Element Resources from Ore and Historical Mine Waste in the Eastern Adirondack Highlands, New York, USA
Authors: Taylor Ryan D. , Shah Anjana K. , Walsh Gregory J. , Taylor Cliff D.
Published: November 2019

The iron oxide-apatite (IOA) deposits of the eastern Adirondack Highlands, New York, are historical high-grade magnetite mines that contain variable concentrations of rare earth element (REE)-bearing apatite crystals. The majority of the deposits are hosted within sodically altered Lyon Mountain granite gneiss, although some deposits occur within paragneiss, gabbro, anorthosite, or potassically altered Lyon Mountain granite gneiss. The IOA deposits and the waste and/or tailings piles associated with them have potential as an unconventional resource for REEs. Reprocessing of these piles would have the advantage of partial recycling of the waste material to produce a set of critical elements.

Thirty-four ore, nine rock, 25 waste-pile, and four tailings-pile samples were collected and analyzed for major, minor, and trace elements. At the tailings- and waste-pile sites, composite samples were collected by combining 30 to >50 subsamples randomly distributed over each pile. The total REE content of the waste and tailings piles varied from approximately 10 to 22,000 ppm, whereas the ore sample concentrations ranged from approximately 15 to 48,000 ppm total REEs. A positive correlation exists between the total REE content of ore and its associated waste pile. Median light REE/heavy REE values were 2.14 for waste/tailings piles and 2.25 for ore, which is a substantial relative enrichment in the heavy REEs in comparison to many developed REE mines, such as the mined carbonatites of Bayan Obo, China, and Mountain Pass, California. Importantly, the ore and waste samples are significantly enriched in both Y and Nd compared to other REEs in the samples. Other minor components such as Th are also elevated. Airborne radiometric surveys show large positive eTh and eU anomalies corresponding to tailings piles.

Although it is a limited data set, geochemical data of unaltered and altered host rocks suggest a speculative new model for IOA ore formation in the Adirondack Highlands that is consistent with the geology and previously published data. The ferroan ore-hosting Lyon Mountain granite gneiss underwent localized potassic alteration that enriched the altered rock in Fe, REEs, Th, and other metals. A later sodic alteration event affected the previously potassically altered Lyon Mountain granite gneiss, which increased rock porosity and remobilized Fe, REEs, and other elements from the host rock into the iron ore seams. The sodic fluids responsible for ore formation were enriched in F and Cl.
Blueberry consumption and healthy lifestyles in an emerging market
Authors: Romo-Muñoz Rodrigo , Dote-Pardo Jairo , Garrido-Henríquez Héctor , Araneda-Flores Jacqueline , Gil Jose M.
Published: November 2019

Aim of study: This study focuses on the preference for and consumption habits of blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) in an emerging market. The objective is to analyze the determinants of blueberry consumption in Chile and evaluate to what extent traditional factors, such as income and price, are more determinant than other attitudinal factors and lifestyles.Area of study: The Biobío Region (Chillán City), the second most important region in Chile.Material and methods: A face-to-face survey is applied to a random stratified sample. The survey collected information on adoption of healthy lifestyles, knowledge of blueberries as a natural functional food, some sociodemographic characteristics, and traditional economic factors. A Heckman model is estimated by the Maximum Likelihood.Main results: Results suggest that higher blueberry consumption is positively associated with the adoption of healthy lifestyles, a higher self-perception of healthy habits, and the recognition of blueberries as a natural functional food. The nutritional status reflected that people with a lower body mass index consume fewer blueberries. Finally, traditional factors, such as income and price, are showed to be more influential on blueberry consumption than attitudinal and lifestyle factors.Research highlights: Chilean consumers perceive blueberries as a healthy product, which can contribute to adopt healthier lifestyles. Domestic markets should be supplied with higher quality product taking into account that the demand is price inelastic. Branding and packaging with functional claims could be an efficient strategy to increase domestic consumption.
Nurses’ perceptions of hazards to patient safety in the intensive care units during a nursing staff shortage
Authors: Chuang Sheuwen , Maguire Laura M.D. , Hsiao Shu-Tai , Ho Yun-Hsien , Tsai Su-Fen
Published: November 2019

Objective: Nursing shortage in acute care had shown a negative impact on patient safety and nurses. This study determines nurses’ perceptions of hazards affecting patient safety in the intensive care units (ICUs) of a private regional hospital.Methods: An initial focus group was used to explore nurses’ sense of, and experiences with, hazards affecting patient safety in daily care. This data aided in developing a structured questionnaire to survey ICU nurses. Nonparametric test and t test were applied for inference analysis.Results: Response rate was 78% with average age of respondents 28. Sixty-three hazards were identified and segmented into four domains. Hazards in the Team/Communication domain were the highest risks commonly perceived by all ICU nurses. Less-experienced nurses were more concerned about unfamiliar procedures/equipment and unexpected conditions from both Administration/Maintenance and Patients/Family domains than senior nurses.Conclusions: The study highlights the complexity of nursing care and hidden nursing management issues, as well as suggests that nurses’ perceptions of hazards to patient care could help understand important difference between nursing staff to more specifically address variations to improve the situation.
Knowledge of HIV/AIDS, its Sources and Behaviour Change of Undergraduate Students of Ekiti State University South West Nigeria: Implications for Counselling
Authors: Onoyase Anna
Published: November 2019

This research was embarked upon to find out about knowledge of HIV/AIDS, its sources and behaviour change of undergraduate university students of Ekiti State University, South west Nigeria: Implications for counselling. In order to carry out the investigation, the researcher formulated three research questions and one hypothesis to guide the investigation. The instrument used in the collection of data is “Knowledge of HIV/AIDS, its Sources and Behaviour Change Questionnaire” (KHASBCQ). The instrument that was made up of 26 items was subjected to a reliability test. The instrument was administered on 30 respondents who were not part of the main investigation. The test- retest was used to analyse the data collected from the 30 respondents. The reliability coefficient obtained was 0.87. The instrument, have language appropriateness and content validity. The investigator used 2 research assistants to administer 251 copies of the questionnaire on the respondents in the university. The research assistants retrieved 210 copies of the questionnaire from the respondents. The mean and standard deviation were used to answer the research questions and the t- test was used to test the hypothesis at 0.05 level of significance. The findings showed that the undergraduate university students have knowledge of HIV/AIDs. The sources of knowledge of HIV/AIDS by the students include: television, newspaper, friends and internet. The knowledge of HIV/AIDs by the students have led to behaviour change in them. There is behaviour change in the students because they no longer indulge in anal sex, they now have sex with only one partner, they make use of condom when having sexual intercourse. One of the recommendations is that both government and private radio networks are advised to educate the students and entire members of the society about the existence of HIV/AIDS so that they can have behaviour change such as having only one sexual partner.
Use of iPads in the Education of Children with Autism-Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Yavich Roman , Davidovich Nitza
Published: November 2019

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of iPads on children with autism-spectrum disorder (ASD) in three areas: quality of learning, communication skills and social skills, and to determine whether there are any negative effects. We found many studies on this topic. To answer this question, we sent an online questionnaire to past and present special-education staff. The questions were retrieved from two questionnaires-"Ha'arakhat Proyekt Miẖshuv Ganim Liladim 'im Tsrakhim Meyuẖadim" (The Assessment of Creating Computer Environments in Special-Education Kindergartens) (1997) and "'Emdot Morim Klapey Shiluv Tekhnologyot Meda IT Behora'a" (Teachers' Attitudes Toward Integrating Information Technology [IT] into Instruction) (2016). The sample population included 100 subjects, 95 of which were women and 5 were men, of various occupations. The most significant occupations were: National Service ("Sherut Leumi", an alternative voluntary service for young Israelis exempt from serving in the Israel Defense Forces), teacher, and teaching assistant. The hypotheses concerning communication and learning were proved-the iPad was found to aid and improve communication and learning in children with ASD. The hypothesis concerning social skills was disproved-iPads were found to improve social skills. The hypothesis concerning the negative effects of iPads was proved as well, and a positive correlation was found; that is, the more the iPad is used, the greater are its negative effects, specifically outbursts and iPad obsession. The conclusion is that the use of breakthrough technology in special education brings significant change into the lives of children with ASD, despite its clear disadvantages.
Association between Severity of Low Back Pain (LBP) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Pathologies in Patients with Acute LBP
Authors: Mahabad Mohammadreza Mahabadi , Sartip Behnam
Published: November 2019

Background and Objectives: Low Back Pain (LBP) is a common health problem that affects people worldwide, and about 15% of Iranians. It imposes high costs to societies and requires great attention. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is considered a reliable and accurate diagnostic tool, however some studies have questioned the appropriateness of MRI in LBP. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the relationship between the intensity of LBP and positive findings in MRI, in patients with acute LBP.

Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed on all patients, who reported less than four weeks of LBP and were referred to the radiology center of Shafa-e-Yahyaeian hospital, ranged from March to July, 2014, to perform MRI. Data collected included demographics and pain characteristics, in addition to an Oswestry Disability Index questionnaire. MRI pathologies were distinguished by two spinal surgeons and one radiologist. Data was analyzed using the SPSS software.

Results: A total of 200 patients were enrolled in this study with a mean age of 41.78 years. Nearly half (48%) of the studied patients had positive MRI findings on L4-L5, and NFS and disc bulging (42.5%, and 38%, respectively) were the most common pathologies, while 11.5% of patients had normal MRIs. The mean ODI was highest in patients with vertebral body fracture, and disc herniation and lowest in hemangioma.

Conclusion: A noticeable percentage of patients demonstrated a high ODI score, but MRI findings were in significant association with age of patients, indicating that patients with acute LBP do not require MRI immediately. Using the ODI questionnaire can help us towards a better diagnostic approach.
Comparison of Impact Resistance on a Knitted Prosthesis Based on Polypropylene and Acrylic Cements Based on Poly(methyl methacrylate)
Authors: Sujka Witold , Draczyński Zbigniew , Rutkowski Jacek , Karbowski Krzysztof , Gasiorowski T. , Kasprzak Piotr
Published: November 2019

The aim of the study was to compare the physical and mechanical properties of known prostheses for cranioplasty: knitted Codubix based on polypropylene and Modela-cryl resin based on PMMA. It was expected that the study would allow to check whether it is possible to combine their properties, which should enable the preparation of a new material with properties combining the best features of both components. Physico-chemical and mechanical properties were evaluated. It was found that the two materials meet the requirements for chemical purity, ensuring the safety of their use. Regarding the mechanical properties, the energy of impact diffusion for two types of prostheses was determined applying the Drop Tower technique. The polymerisation heat of Modela-cryl resin was determined in real time using the DSC technique.
Development of a Method to Compute the Overall Key Performance Index for a Spinning Mill to Aid Supply Chain Management
Authors: Anand K.T. , Rajan A. John , Ramesh Bapu B. R.
Published: November 2019

This paper aims to provide a convenient measure of evaluating the performance of spinning mills using the overall Key Performance Index. Although many authors have advocated the concept of the key performance index, their studies were confined to departments other than spinning. The methodology followed in this paper is based on providing weightages to machine utilisation, spindle production, end breaks, HOK (number of operative hours required to produce 100 kg of yarn), roving production, yarn realisation, CSP (count strength product), units/kg of Yarn and to compute the overall Key Performance Index in a logical manner. It has come to light that some mills have achieved an overall Key Performance Index (OKPI) of more than 100 and less than 100 in certain other mills. Also the important factors which are significant for supply chain management have been highlighted. A very useful source of information and advice for various spinning mills to develop their own supply chain strategies is provided. Especially with the introduction of technical textiles, supply chain management has become a critical area.
Mouldability and its Recovery Properties of 2D Plain Woven P-aramid Fabric for Soft Body Armour Applications
Authors: Abtew Mulat A. , Abtew Mulat A. , Abtew Mulat A. , Abtew Mulat A. , Loghin Carment , Cristian Irina , Boussu François , Boussu François , Bruniaux Pascal , Bruniaux Pascal , Chen Yan , Wang Lichuan
Published: November 2019

Mouldability, along with other mechanical properties, is a very crucial material parameter in various technical textile applications, from composites to soft body armour products. Moreover, the mouldability and recovery behaviours of the material will be affected by various internal and external paramters before, during and after the forming process. The current research particularly tried to study the effects of blank-holder pressure (BHP) and the number of layers not only on the moulding characterstics but also on the recovery behaviour of plain woven p-aramid fabrics made from a high-performance yarn with a linear density of 930 dTex. Samples with various numbers of layers were arranged in the same orientation for the moulding process. The moulding approach utilised a specific moulding device in a low-speed forming process and a predefined semi-hemispherically shaped punch for all specimens.Various important dry textile material moulding characteristics and, most importantly, the moulding recovery properties, such as warp and weft direction drawing-in recovery, center high-point recovery, shear angle recovery etc. were investigated.
Measurement of Joint Durability between an Aluminum Foil and Basalt Fabrics
Authors: Gilewicz Paulina , Frydrych Iwona , Frydrych Iwona , Cichocka Agnieszka , Dominiak Justyna , Hrynyk Rafał , Orawiec Grażyna , Zieliński Janusz
Published: November 2019

The aim of this paper was to determine the adhesion force between an aluminum foil and basalt fabrics. Aluminised basalt fabric can be used as an alternative solution for protective clothing production. So far aluminised glass fabric has been used for this purpose. The lamination of basalt fabrics with aluminum foil does not changed fabric flexibility and can provide better protection against thermal radiation. To check different variants of adhesion, fabrics reinforced by a steel wire were also used (wire diameter 0.1 mm). The steel wire caused an increase in the fabric tear strength as well as in puncture and cut resistance. Two types of glue were chosen to carry out an investigation on the strength of adhesive bonding (Butacoll A+ and Bonatex PU85). The adhesion strength of the laminates was measured according to the PN-88/P-04950 standard. The test results confirmed higher values for weft directions and the phenomenon of asymmetry of the bond strength was found during testing.
Examination of Selected Upper Shoe Materials Based on Bamboo Fabrics
Authors: Ławińska Katarzyna , Serweta Wioleta , Jaruga Izabela , Popovych Nataliia
Published: November 2019

In this paper the authors describe the creation of new material packages based on bamboo textile materials for upper shoe material. These packages were made up of three layers: an inner layer in the foot skin neighbourhood, outer layer – which contacted with the surrounding environment, and a medium layer – polyurethane foam of a thickness of 2 mm. Experimetal tests consisted in the measurement of hygienic parameters (water vapour absorption and permeability) and some mechanical indicators important from the user’s point of view, like the elongation property and maximum force at break. The packages based on bamboo materials were compared with a standard composition: cotton – polyurethane foam – cotton. The results obtained showed, that in a lot of cases, the use of bamboo materials as lining or an outer layer is a good possibility to improve the hygienic and mechanical properties of newly formed material compositions.
Biodegradable Nonwoven of an Aliphfatic-Aromatic Copolyester with an Active Cosmetic Layer
Authors: Owczarek Monika , Szkopiecka Monika , Jagodzińska Sylwia , Dymel Marzena , Kudra Michał , Gzyra-Jagieła Karolina , Miros-Kudra Patrycja
Published: November 2019

Polymeric products enriched with natural additives e.g. hyaluronic acid, plant hydrolates or collagen may find a wide application avenue due to the ever-growing demand for natural cosmetics. The ecology of cosmetics is equally important. Therefore, in the work presented a biodegradable nonwoven was prepared with natural components as an active layer for cosmetic application. Synthesied was the biodegradable aliphatic-aromatic copolyester: poly (1.4 butylene succinate-co-glutarate-co-adipate-co-terephtalate). suitable for the forming of spunbond nonwoven. The active layer was deposited by padding on basic nonwoven. Assessed were microbiological and mechanical properties as well as the in- compost decomposition of the product. Activity against S. aureus and E. coli was tested and microbiological purity estimated. The best serviceable composition of the active layer was selected based on the microbiological properties tested. It contains sodium hialuronate, plant hydrolate of the bitter orange (Neroli), and collagen. Thanks to good mechanical properties, nonwoven made of aliphatic-aromatic co-polyester may serve as a carrier of the cosmetic layer in applications like face masks.
Trends in educating social workers in Europe
Authors: Grudziewska Ewa
Published: November 2019

The text is reflection over chosen addresses and posters presented during a Meanings scientific conference of quality of social work education in and changing Europe which was held in June 2019 in Madrid. Referring motifs in it chosen were presented for educating social workers in chosen European countries, with the special pressure on his quality which is understood among others as internationalizing both of process of educating, as well as the exchange of experiences in this respect between researchers and university teachers. In the article issues discussed among others will be associated with mediation and the supervision in educating social workers.
Practice of application the assumed functions of communal home of mutual aid in support of persons with mental disorders presented on the case of work program of the Communal Home of the Mutual Aid 2 in Stalowa Wola
Authors: Witkowska-Paleń Anna
Published: November 2019

Communal homes of mutual aid are day support centers for persons with mental disorders. They provide varied services for the persons with mental disorders and with intellectual disabilities. The aim of this article is to show the role and scope of operation of such facilities in a formation of social support network for persons with mental disorders, using the case of the Communal Home of Mutual Aid no 2 in Stalowa Wola. The analysis conducted based on the Home’s internal documentation, demonstrated that the facility provides for its beneficiaries different forms of support and activation, including practical trainings which involve: trainings of functioning in everyday life (e.g. personal hygiene training, cleaning training, cooking training, management of financial resources), trainings of interpersonal skills and resolving conflicts, trainings of the ability to spend free time as well as various forms of therapies (e.g. occupational therapy, art therapy) and relaxation trainings (e.g. classes held in the garden). The centre also provides actions aimed at preparation of the beneficiaries to participate in other programmes of communal support, including also the professional activity. The main objective of such activities is forming and strengthening of life and social skills of persons with mental disorders, encouraging their resourcefulness and autonomy, and to help them to overcome isolation barriers and ensure conditions of social integration of people with disabilities in their local environment.
Katolicka Szkoła Społeczna w Poznaniu (1927–1939)
Authors: Brenk Mikołaj
Published: November 2019

Katolicka Szkoła Społeczna w Poznaniu była jednym z czołowych polskich ośrodków dydaktycznych dla służb społecznych w okresie międzywojennym. Prowadziła w latach 1927–1939 kursy oraz studia dla kadr zakładów opiekuńczych i instytucji społecznych, przede wszystkim tych o proweniencji kościelnej. Priorytetem w działalności szkoły było organizowanie, od momentu erygowania placówki w 1927 r., dwuletniego kursu pracy społecznej, z czasem funkcjonującego pod nazwą Wyższego Katolickiego Studium Społecznego. Z kolei w czerwcu 1937 r. szkoła uzyskała prawa państwowe szkoły wyższej i nazwę Wyższego Katolickiego Studium Społecznego. Celem artykułu jest ukazanie wybranych aspektów funkcjonowania placówki, związanych z jej powstaniem oraz działalnością edukacyjno-wychowawczą do 1939 r. Do tego celu dokonano analizy zachowanych materiałów źródłowych w postaci archiwaliów, artykułów zamieszczanych w czasopismach II RP oraz sięgnięto do nielicznych opracowań powstałych po 1945 roku.
Arrow of Time
Authors: Altekar E. V.
Published: November 2019

Humanity has tried to comprehend two fundamental events since time immemorial: the birth of the universe and the emergence of life. Recently, it is claimed that these events can be understood comprehensively by means of a metaphor: the 'arrow of time.' The purpose of the present paper is twofold: (1) to build an epistemological structure that underlies the principle of time's arrow; and (2) to pursue the unity of science in a novel fashion.
A Global Theory of Knowledge for the Future
Authors: Bartek Edward J.
Published: November 2019

There is too much factual knowledge to grasp even a speck of the whole. This makes for an excessive diversity that lacks in coherent unity. With no coherency in the parts, there will be no coherent truth in the whole. Without coherent truth there is only a relative truth. Relative truth makes for contradiction from different viewpoints, perceptions, and perspectives. Contradictions deny a common definition and meaning of truth, morality, justice, and beauty. They also deny common standards, values, principles, and virtues. Uncommon values lead to personal and social conflict and confusion, to the blocking of learning in education, to the disintegration of social unity. To have common standards and values, that a global theory of knowledge requires, concrete factual knowledge should be unified by abstract concepts that are unified by abstruse principles that are unified by symbolic structures. Such principles ultimately derive from an ultimate unity and structure. This ultimate unity is the keystone that holds the whole systematic structure of knowledge together.
Representationalism and Antirepresentationalism
Authors: Boros Janos
Published: November 2019

The notions of representationalism and antirepresentationalism are introduced and used in contemporary philosophical discussions by Richard Rorty to describe his and the neopragmatists' attitude toward traditional problems of epistemology. Rorty means that the history of philosophy shows that there are no final answers to the traditional questions about knowledge, truth, and representation; consequently, they should be rejected. Rorty thinks such questions should be eliminated from philosophy since there is no possibility to get outside of our mind and language. We cannot say anything about a mind-transcendent or language-transcendent, nonlocal or eternal reality. Hilary Putnam agrees with Rorty on this, but not with the conclusion that we should reject traditional philosophical questions. For Putnam, the epistemological questions are worthwhile asking and, although we cannot find the final correct answers, we should continue our investigations as if there were final answers. Our struggles with those problems can lead to refinements of the formulations and to cognitive developments. Putnam proposes a quasirealism which is often called "internal realism." Rorty rejects every refinement of realism as still realism and believes that the questions of knowledge, truth, and representation lead to regresses ad infinitum or to circular reasoning.
Normalizing Naturalized Epistemology
Authors: Bradie Michael
Published: November 2019

The most trenchant criticism of naturalistic approaches to epistemology is that they are unable to successfully deal with norms and questions of justification. Epistemology without norms, it is alleged, is epistemology in name only, an endeavor not worth doing (Stroud, Kim, Almeder, Rorty). What one makes of this depends on whether one takes epistemology to be worth doing in the first place (cf. e.g., Kim and Rorty). However, I shall argue, it is possible to account for justification within a naturalistic framework broadly construed along Quinean lines. Along the way I shall offer a corrective to Quine’s celebrated dictum that the Humean condition is the human condition.
Gettiers Problem: Eine Pragmatische Lösung
Authors: Costa Claudio F.
Published: November 2019

In der Arbeit wird eine "konservative" Lösung von Gettiers Problem entwickelt, wonach die klassische Wissensdefinition nicht erweitert oder ersetzt wird, sondern auf eine vereinigende Weise interpretiert. Die Hauptidee ist, daß Gettiers Beispielen prinzipiell geantwortet werden können, wenn die logische Verbindung zwischen der Bedingung der Wahrheit der Aussage und die Bedingung der Rechtfertigung des Glaubens an dieser Wahrheit explizit gemacht wird.
Are Spinozistic Ideas Cartesian Judgements?
Authors: Kajamies Timo
Published: November 2019

Some commentators maintain that Spinozistic active ideas are judgements. I shall call this view the common interpretation, since it is popular to interpret Spinoza as reacting against Descartes’ theory of ideas. According to this reading, Spinozistic ideas are considered not as Cartesian ideas but as Cartesian judgements. One clear difference between Descartes and Spinoza is that Spinoza holds that ideas are active, while Descartes does not. According to the common interpretation, Spinoza and Descartes use the concept of activity in the same way. Since Descartes holds that judgements are active, it is maintained that Spinozistic active ideas are like Cartesian judgements. I find this an overly superficial interpretation of Spinoza. I argue that, for Spinoza, activity denotes more than mere Cartesian activity. Whereas Spinoza wants to say that active ideas incorporate the property of truth or certainty, Descartes does not consider judgements in that way. In this way, Spinozistic active ideas can be called truth-expressing.
Belief Worlds and Epistemic Possibilities
Authors: Kochiras Hylarie
Published: November 2019

This paper develops an individualistic, belief-based account for a limited class of epistemic possibility statements. Section I establishes the need for such an account by reviewing a recent version of the majority view (the "Relevant Community Account") and contesting two key assumptions. I argue that some epistemic possibilities are belief-based-contra the assumption that all are knowledge-based. Against the assumption that all epistemic possibility statements are analyzable in terms of the speaker's "relevant community," I contend that the truth value of some statements is a function of the speaker's epistemic states alone. Section II develops an alternative account designed to capture those internal, individual statements. Modeling belief sets as "belief worlds," I explain our epistemic processes in terms of an ability to shift attention among our various belief worlds.
Explanation, Understanding, and Subjectivity
Authors: Mulder Dwayne H.
Published: November 2019

Many theorists of explanation from Hempel onward have worked with the explicit or implicit assumption that considerations of the subjective sense of understanding should be kept out of the formulation of a proper theory of explanation. They claim that genuine understanding of an event comes only from being in an appropriate cognitive relation to the true explanation of that event. I argue that considerations of the subjective sense of understanding cannot be completely removed from the process of formulating and justifying an acceptable theory of explanation. Although understanding is neither a necessary nor sufficient condition for an explanation, understanding is necessary as an initial guide to the nature of explanation. The widespread method of providing counterexamples for criticizing theories of explanation presupposes that there is a neutral method of identifying at least some clear cases of explanation and some clear cases of non-explanations. I argue that the only plausible method to fill this role relies essentially on the subjective sense of understanding. Objective validation of judgments about explanatoriness comes only through a complex process of social correction of our initial intuitive judgments regarding explanation.
Human Life And World
Authors: Rogers W. Kim
Published: November 2019

I dispute the claim that the disclosure of the life-world by phenomenology is an accomplishment of 'permanent' significance. By briefly reviewing the meaning of the "world" and "life-world" in the writings of Husserl, Gurwitsch, Schutz-Luckmann, Ortega, Heidegger, Jonas, Straus, Sartre and Merleau-Ponty, I show that they all treat the world, or rather the affairs which comprise it, as passively present whether viewed as a mental acquisition or as the "Other." But the meaning of the world-as that wherein are met physical demands upon us which must be satisfied if we are to continue living-cannot be considered either as a mental acquisition or as something that is "other" and over against us. A living being as living cannot fail to attend to the agency of the affairs of which the life-world consists, as well as one's own exploring and coping actions. If we are to really speak of life, then we must acknowledge the mutual and reciprocal activities of living beings and world.
Expertise and Rationality
Authors: Stark Herman E.
Published: November 2019

I explore the connection between expertise and rationality. I first make explicit the philosophically dominant view on this connection, i.e., the ‘expert-consultation’ view. This view captures the rather obvious idea that a rational way of proceeding on a matter of importance when one lacks knowledge is to consult experts. Next, I enumerate the difficulties which beset this view, locating them to some extent in the current philosophical literature on expertise and rationality. I then propose that different lessons should be drawn for rationality from the fact of expertise. One is that some empirical and phenomenological studies of the nature of expertise can be fruitfully applied by analogy to theories of the rational agent.
The Impact of Transit Times on the Detection of Bacterial Pathogens in Blood Cultures: A College of American Pathologists Q-Probes Study of 36 Institutions
Authors: Procop Gary W. , Nelson Suzanne K. , Blond Barbara J. , Souers Rhona J. , Massie Larry W.
Published: November 2019

Context.—

Consolidation of clinical microbiology laboratory services has resulted in extended transit time for blood cultures from service points distant from the laboratory. Sepsis is critical; delays in identification of etiologic agents of diseases could adversely impact patient care.

Objective.—

To examine the effect of total preanalytic time and blood culture volume on the instrument time-to-detection for bacterial pathogens in blood cultures. A secondary objective was to obtain relevant blood culture information by questionnaire.

Design.—

Participants in this Q-Probes study recorded date, time, and volume information for the first 50 positive blood cultures collected during the 12-week study period. Additional information regarding blood culture collection practices was obtained through questionnaire.

Results.—

Prolonged overall time-to-detection was secondary to prolonged preanalytic time, particularly prolonged transit time, rather than slower organism growth once bottles were placed on the instrument. Among 1578 blood cultures, the overall time from collection to positive result was significantly less for blood cultures collected on-site than for off-site locations. Most institutions lack sufficient training programs and do not monitor preanalytic time metrics associated with blood cultures. Four hundred fifty-six of the 1580 blood cultures with blood volume adequacy reported (28.9%) were inadequately filled.

Conclusions.—

Overall process time (specimen collection to positive blood culture detection) is predicted to be higher for blood cultures collected off-site. Transit time is a variable that can be reduced to decrease overall time to detection. Thus, improved training and closer attention to preanalytic metrics associated with blood cultures could decrease hospital stays and mortality rates.
Garantías legales de la privacidad en el Reino Unido: la (des)protección de datos después del brexit
Authors: Sancho López Marina
Published: November 2019

En el derecho británico, las referencias jurídicas de lo que en la actualidad identificamos como «derecho a privacidad» están íntimamente relacionadas con la protección de la información personal de los ciudadanos. La Data Protection Act 1984 fue una legislación precursora en materia de protección de datos, que llegó a inspirar a la propia Directiva 95/46/CE (ahora derogada por el Reglamento General de Protección de Datos 2016/679). Una segunda etapa para la protección de la privacidad en el Reino Unido se consolidó con la aprobación de la Human Rights Act 1998 (a imagen y semejanza del Convenio Europeo de Derechos Humanos), que supuso un punto de inflexión para el sistema legal anglosajón (e hizo las funciones de una Bill of Rights en el ordenamiento constitucional británico) y que, a partir de entonces, reconoció el derecho a la privacidad en su artículo 8. En la actualidad, esta cuestión se encuentra en una tercera etapa, integrada por distintos acontecimientos y cuyo futuro está aún por determinar. Por una parte, se ha producido una disminución del alto estándar de protección del que gozaba la privacidad en el Reino Unido a través de la legislación especial dictada en los últimos quince años. En segundo lugar, el brexit obliga a reconsiderar el modelo de protección de la privacidad, así como la protección de datos, pues, cuando se efectúe la desconexión, el Reino Unido será considerado un «tercer Estado» y el flujo de datos entre este y la UE serán «transferencias internacionales». Mientras tanto, ha entrado en vigor el Reglamento de Protección de Datos, directamente aplicable también en el Reino Unido y que, hasta el momento de su salida de la Unión Europea, obliga a la legislación británica a adaptarse al nuevo articulado europeo, como se ha hecho mediante la Data Protection Act 2018.
X Jornada de Docencia del Derecho y Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación
Authors: Delgado Ana Maria
Published: November 2019

Las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC) constituyen hoy en día un elemento clave en la docencia y en el aprendizaje del Derecho no solo en las universidades online sino también en las universidades presenciales. En efecto, las TIC transforman la enseñanza en algo más práctico, interactivo y motivador para un mayor y mejor aprendizaje. Además, permiten la simulación de entornos profesionales, la formación en competencias y la incorporación de nuevos formatos de recursos de aprendizaje y de nuevas herramientas y estrategias docentes como la gamificación.
Todos estos aspectos fueron objeto de reflexión en la X Jornada de Docencia del Derecho y Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación, organizada por los Estudios de Derecho y Ciencia Política de la Universitat Oberta de Catalunya el día 5 de julio de 2019.
Preparation, thermal stability and electrical transport properties of vaesite, NiS2
Authors: Ferreira Helena M. , Lopes Elsa B. , Malta José F. , Ferreira Luís M. , Casimiro Maria H. , Santos Luís , Pereira Manuel F.C. , Pereira Gonçalves Antonio
Published: November 2019

Vaesite, a nickel chalcogenide with NiS2 formula, has been synthetized and studied by theoretical and experimental methods. NiS2 was prepared by solid-state reaction under vacuum and densified by hot-pressing, at different consolidation conditions. Dense single-phase pellets (relative densities >94%) were obtained, without significant lattice distortions for different hot-pressing conditions. The thermal stability of NiS2 was studied by thermogravimetric analysis. Both as-synthetized and hot-pressed NiS2 have a single phase nature, although some hot-pressed samples had traces of the sulfur deficient phase, Ni1-xS (<1%vol), due to the strong desulfurization at T > 340 °C. The electronic band structure and density of states were calculated by Density Functional Theory (DFT), indicating a metallic behavior. However, the electronic transport measurements showed p-type semiconductivity for bulk NiS2, verifying its characteristic behavior has a Mott insulator. The consolidation conditions strongly influence the electronic properties, with the best room-temperature Seebeck coefficient, electrical resistivity and power factor being 182 µVK−1, 2,257 µΩ m and 14.1 µWK−2 m−1, respectively, pointing this compound as a good starting point for a new family of thermoelectric materials.
UV synchrotron radiation linear dichroism spectroscopy of the anti-psoriatic drug anthralin
Authors: Nguyen Duy Duc , Jones Nykola C. , Hoffmann Søren Vrønning , Spanget-Larsen Jens
Published: November 2019

Anthralin (1,8-dihydroxyanthrone, 1,8-dihydroxy-9(10H)-anthracenone), also known as dithranol and cignolin, is one of the most efficient drugs in the treatment of psoriasis and other skin diseases. The precise mode of biochemical action is not fully understood, but the activity of the drug is increased by the influence of UV radiation. In the present investigation, the UV absorption of anthralin is studied by synchrotron radiation linear dichroism (SRLD) spectroscopy on molecular samples partially aligned in stretched polyethylene, covering the near and vacuum UV regions with wavenumbers ranging from 23,000 to 58,000 cm–1(430–170 nm). The observed polarization spectra are well predicted by quantum chemical calculations using time-dependent density functional theory (TD–DFT). About a dozen spectral features are assigned to computed electronic transitions. The calculations support interpretation of the anomalous fluorescence of anthralin as a result of barrier-less excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) to the tautomer 8,9-dihydroxy-1(10H)-anthracenone.