bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chronic Granulocytic Leukemia (CGL) During the Course of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL): Correlation of Blood, Marrow, and Spleen Morphology and Cytogenetics
Authors: Whang-Peng Jacqueline , Gralnick Harvey R. , Johnson Ralph E. , Lee Elaine C. , Lear Arnold
Published: October 2019

Second malignancies occur with a greater frequency in patients with chronic lymphatic leukemia than in the general population. Previously, 20 patients having CLL have been reported as developing acute leukemia, but no cases of development of chronic granulocytic leukemia have been observed. In the present report, we will describe patients with Ph1 chromosome positive CGL associated with previously described CLL. One patient received total body radiation treatment for his CLL, while the second was not treated. It is apparent that previous therapy may not necessarily be a prerequisite for the development of a second malignancy in CLL. Cytogenetics offers a useful tool to confirm morphologic criteria in establishing the diagnosis of a second neoplasm.
Concentration of Fetal Red Blood Cells From a Mixture of Maternal and Fetal Blood by Anti-i Serum—An Aid to Prenatal Diagnosis of Hemoglobinopathies
Authors: Kan Yuet Wai , Nathan David G. , Cividalli Gabriel , Crookston Marie C.
Published: October 2019

Fetal red blood cells were concentrated from mixtures of maternal and fetal cells by differential agglutination with anti-i serum. This method will be useful for prenatal diagnosis of hemoglobinopathies when blood obtained from the fetus is heavily contaminated by maternal cells. The method is practical, except in very rare cases in which the maternal red cells are strongly agglutinated by anti-i.
Posthepatitic Severe Aplastic Anemia—An Indication for Early Bone Marrow Transplantation
Authors: Camitta Bruce M. , Nathan David G. , Forman Edwin N. , Parkman Robertson , Rappeport Joel M. , Orellana Tessa D.
Published: October 2019

Despite the use of androgens, corticosteroids, antibiotics, and blood product support, survival in posthepatitic severe aplastic anemia remains about 10%. Histocompatible bone marrow transplantation in this illness has been shown to be feasible. Therefore, marrow transplantation is indicated early in the course of severe aplasia following hepatitis. Delay of this procedure exposes patients to increasing risks of sepsis, hemorrhage, and sensitization to transplantation antigens by multiple transfusions. Weeks, not months, should elapse between diagnosis and transplantation if an appropriate donor, intensive supportive care, and a trained transplantation team are available.
Electrophoretic and Kinetic Studies of Mutant Erythrocyte Pyruvate Kinases
Authors: Nakashima Koji , Miwa Shiro , Oda Susumu , Tanaka Takehiko , Imamura Kiichi , Nishina Toshihiro
Published: October 2019

Thin-layer polyacrylamide electrophoresis and kinetic studies were used to differentiate three different mutant erythrocyte pyruvate kinase (PK) in congenital nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia. In the first family, proband and father had PK which migrated faster than the normal and high Michaelis—Menten constants (Km), whereas mother had normal migration and kinetics, but low PK activity. In the second family, proband and mother had PK which migrated slower than the normal. Proband had markedly high Km and mother intermediately high Km. In the third family, proband and mother had faster migrating PK than the normal. Proband had high Km and mother had intermediately high Km. The parents in the second and third families were consanguineous. Inherited molecular abnormalities of erythrocyte PK were proven to exist by abnormal electrophoretic mobilities, as well as abnormal results of kinetic studies.
The Ingestion of IgG-sensitized Erythrocytes by Abnormal Neutrophils
Authors: Zipursky A. , Brown E. J.
Published: October 2019

The ingestion of IgG-sensitized erythrocytes was compared in monocytes and neutrophils. Normally neutrophils do not ingest IgG-sensitized erythrocytes, and it has been suggested that phagocytosis of IgG-sensitized erythrocytes is restricted to cells of the monocyte series. Neutrophils from 15 patients with acute leukemia and six patients with leukocytosis were studied in experiments with anti-D (IgG) sensitized erythrocytes. Normally these cells are not ingested by neutrophils, although monocyte erythrophagocytosis occurs. In contrast, neutrophils of patients with acute leukemia and leukocytosis ingested anti-D-sensitized erythrocytes following binding of these cells through a specific IgG receptor site. These results show that neutrophil function differs greatly, dependent on the pattern of myelopoiesis. Neutrophils formed during abnormal myelopoiesis may have erythrocyte binding and ingestion characteristics similar to that of the monocyte.
Evidence Against Transferrin as a Binder of Either Vitamin B12 or Folic Acid
Authors: Jacob Elizabeth , Herbert Victor
Published: October 2019

Human transferrin is not a carrier protein for either folic acid or vitamin B12.
The Effect of Autologous Serum on Lymphocyte Response to Human Leukemia Cells
Authors: Bryan J. Hugh , Johnson Gloria E. , Leventhal Brigid G.
Published: October 2019

The normal lymphocytes of 11 of 18 patients with acute leukemia in remission showed a positive blastogenic response in vitro to autologous leukemia cells. The effect of autologous serum on this response was studied to determine if there were factors which might abrogate or "block" this response. Serum obtained at diagnosis (i.e., during a tumor-bearing period) was compared with remission serum with the expectation of demonstrating a "blocking" effect of the former and no effect or perhaps even facilitation with the latter. However, this was not the case, and no consistent differences in blastogenesis in the presence of the two sera were seen. In addition, during the period of observation, there was little correlation between the presence or absence of in vitro response to autologous tumor and prognosis.
Platelet Satellitism
Authors: Kjeldsberg Carl R. , Swanson John
Published: October 2019

Platelet adherence to polymorphonuclear leukocytes, or so-called platelet satellitism, has, to our knowledge, been reported in only four patients. We had the opportunity to study this phenomenon in two patients. Platelet satellitism was only seen in EDTA anticoagulated blood, and the platelets were seen to surround polymorphonuclear leukocytes only. Electron microscopic studies demonstrated focally opposed regions of platelet and neutrophil plasma membranes. Phagocytosis of platelets was also observed. In vivo and in vitro platelet functions were normal. Platelet satellitism is an in vitro phenomenon, the cause of which is unknown. We are unable to relate it to functional abnormalitles of the blood, the clinical condition of the patient, or to drugs. This phenomenon has some clinical importance in that it causes spurious thrombocytopenia.
Parameters of Marrow Proliferative Capacity In Vitro: Detection of a Sex Difference in Normal Human Granulopoiesis
Authors: Rosenblum Alan L. , Bull Joan M. , Carbone Paul P. , Stashick Eleanor , McKoy Wilma M. K.
Published: October 2019

Sixteen bone marrow aspirates from normal males, cultured in vitro at various concentrations, were compared with ten aspirates from normal females. Marrow from males produced a significantly higher colony count than females when plated at a standard concentration of 2.0 x 105 cells per dish. This difference in colony-forming ability was found to be cell-dose related when dose-response studies for each marrow were obtained at concentrations of 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 x 105 cells per plate. To more fully characterize marrow proliferative capacity in vitro, two additional parameters of growth were defined: (1) the slope of the dose-response curve and (2) the extrapolated cell concentration at "zero" colony growth. These parameters were found to differ significantly between male and female marrows and suggest that the mechanism of steady-state regulation of resting marrow may differ in males and females.
Recurrent Attacks of Abdominal Pain and Fever With Familial Segmentation Arrest of Granulocytes
Authors: Murros J. , Konttinen A.
Published: October 2019

In a family four sisters have suffered, the oldest two for nearly 20 yr, from recurring attacks of abdominal pain and fever of unknown etiology. Clinical similarity to familial Mediterranean fever is striking. However, they all have a segmentation arrest of granulocytes, which resembles the Pelger-Huet anomaly. It seems that the association is more than a mere coincidence.
Sideroblastic Anemia Treated With Immunosuppressive Therapy
Authors: Zervas J. , Geary C. G. , Oleesky S.
Published: October 2019

A case of apparently primary sideroblastic anemia, in an elderly woman, refractory to hematinic therapy and requiring many blood transfusions, was treated with azathioprine. Over a period of 6 mo, the hemoglobin level gradually rose to normal, no further transfusions have been required in the 30 mo since then, and the marrow picture shows a considerable decrease in the degree of mitochondrial iron overload. There was a simultaneous fall in the titer of HL-A cytotoxic antibodies. The possible role of immunologic factors in this sequence of events is discussed.
Serum Colony-stimulating Activity of Dogs With Cyclic Neutropenia
Authors: Yang T. J. , Jones J. B. , Jones E. S. , Lange R. D.
Published: October 2019

Bone marrow cells, from both normal and cyclically neutropenic (CN) dogs, treated with CN or normal dog serum produced large numbers of leukocytic colonies in soft agar cultures. The largest number of colonies was formed in cultures treated with serum taken from CN dogs at the nadir of the neutropenia. The serum colony-stimulating activity was shown to be inversely related to the CN dog’s peripheral neutrophil counts, suggesting a negative feedback control of granulopoiesis.
Inhibition of Human Platelet Aggregation by Plasmin Digests of Human and Bovine Fibrinogen Preparations: Role of Contaminating Factor VIII-related Material
Authors: Culasso D. E. , Donati M. B. , de Gaetano G. , Vermylen J. , Verstraete M.
Published: October 2019

Preparations of human fibrinogen, digested by plasmin, inhibited ADP-induced platelet aggregation; the inhibitory activity was confined to the small dialyzable fragments accumulating during the degradation. Purified large molecular weight fragments D and E had no effect on ADP-induced aggregation, but fragment E inhibited thrombin-induced aggregation. Extensively degraded bovine fibrinogen preparations also inhibited platelet aggregation by ADP. Both human and bovine fibrinogen preparations were contaminated with factor VIII-related material (factor VIII-related antigen and factor VIII procoagulant activity, respectively); separation of factor VIII-related material from human or bovine fibrinogen by gel chromatography and subsequent plasmin digestion of the fractions revealed that the inhibitory activity was mainly linked to digested factor VIII-related material. This inhibitory activity was dialyzable. The effect of fibrinogen digests on platelet aggregation should therefore be reconsidered.
Studies of Leukemic Cell Populations in Culture
Authors: Aye M. T. , Niho Y. , Till J. E. , McCulloch E. A.
Published: October 2019

A suspension culture technique for the study of peripheral blood cells from patients with leukemia is described. Cells from patients in relapse were preserved by freezing with dimethylsulfoxide at -70°C to ensure the availability of the same population of cells for repeated experiments of varying designs. Cells from one AML patient proliferated only in the presence of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or leukocyte-conditioned medium (LCM). Cells taken at a later date, after commencement of chemotherapy, failed to proliferate in response to PHA, although the responsiveness to LCM was retained. Proliferation of the cells obtained after chemotherapy could also be stimulated by culture supernatants from the original PHA-responsive cells. Eight other patients studied showed varying responses to LCM and PHA. It is proposed that cells from leukemic patients are made up of two interacting populations, one which produces stimulatory factors and another which responds to these factors by proliferation. Delineation of these two populations and the factors produced may provide a better understanding of leukemic cell proliferation.
Stimulation of Lipid Synthesis in Reticulocytes as a Response to Membrane Damage
Authors: Ballas Samir K. , Burka Edward R.
Published: October 2019

Exposure of rabbit reticulocytes to agents which damage the cell membrane by a variety of different mechanisms stimulates the incorporation of radioactive acetate and glycerol into membrane lipids. An increase in the rate of lipid synthesis occurs within minutes at 37°C at concentrations of the agents which do not cause spontaneous cell lysis. Different agents do not increase synthesis of different classes of reticulocyte lipids to the same extent. 1.5 x 10-4M vincristine stimulates the incorporation of precursors only into neutral lipids while, in contrast, 10-3M puromycin stimulates only synthesis of the three carbon backbone of phospholipids. The effects of these two agents are additive, confirming their selective action on distinct pathways. The effect of puromycin is independent of its ability to inhibit protein synthesis. 3.6 x 10-3M butanol stimulates pathways for synthesis of both neutral lipids and phospholipids to approximately equal extents. The major effect of 4% hydrogen peroxide is to increase exchange of labeled fatty acids, but it also increases phopholipid synthesis. The evidence indicates that a metabolic response of the reticulocyte to membrane damage is to increase synthesis of neutral lipid and phospholipid, and the particular pathway or pathways which respond are related to the agent used to induce damage.
Correlations Between Quantitative Assay of Red Cell-bound C3, Serologic Reactions, and Hemolytic Anemia
Authors: Fischer Jörg Th. , Petz Lawrence D. , Garratty George , Cooper Neil R.
Published: October 2019

A new immunochemical method was used to quantitate the number of C3 molecules bound to human red cells in vitro or in vivo and to assess the clinical significance of cell-bound C3 in immune hemolysis. In addition, results utilizing the immunochemical method were compared with those obtained using commonly performed semiquantitative serologic techniques such as the antiglobulin test and antiglobulin titration score. The antiglobulin test using anti-C3 antiglobulin serum became weakly positive with 60-115 molecules C3 per red cell, and was strongly positive with 1000 molecules C3 per red cell. Antiglobulin titration scores correlate well with immunochemical assessment of the number of C3 molecules per red cell. Therefore, a simple extension of the routine antiglobulin test affords clinically useful data concerning the relative degree of sensitization of red cells by C3. Two of fourteen patients with fewer than 1100 molecules C3 per red cell had hemolytic anemia, whereas 8 of 11 patients with greater than 1100 molecules C3 per red cell had overt hemolysis. The presence or absence of hemolysis was not explained by variations in the amount of IgG on these patients’ RBC. It thus appears that the amount of C3 per red cell is an important determinant of hemolysis in human immune hemolytic anemias.
Löffler’s Endomyocardial Fibrosis With Eosinophilia in Association With Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Authors: Blatt P. M. , Rothstein G. , Miller H. L. , Cathey W. J.
Published: October 2019

The association of eosinophilia and Löffler’s endomyocardial fibrosis with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in a 9-yr-old boy is reported. During the illness, there were three leukemic relapses, each preceded by eosinophilia which subsided upon induction of remission. It is suggested that the eosinophilia in this case was not "eosinophilic leukemia," but more likely a nonneoplastic response to an antigenic stimulus from the leukemic process.
Unusual Inclusions Occurring in the Blasts of Four Patients With Acute Leukemia and Down’s Syndrome
Authors: Brunning Richard D. , Parkin Janet , Dick Fred , Nesbit Mark
Published: October 2019

The blast cells from four patients with acute leukemia and Down’s syndrome were found to contain unusual inclusions which manifested similar morphologic and cytochemical characteristics. Ultrastructure studies of the blasts from one of these patients revealed the inclusions to be single membrane-bound structures containing electron-dense amorphous debris, membranous substance, and virus-like particles.
Nucleotide and Serotonin Metabolism in Platelets With Defective Secondary Aggregation
Authors: Pareti F. I. , Day H. J. , Mills D. C. B.
Published: October 2019

Ten patients with qualitative platelet defects have been investigated. All of the patients had impairment of secondary platelet aggregation induced by ADP, epinephrine, and collagen, and a defective release reaction. In seven patients from four families, the abnormality was consistent with the lack of a metabolically inert adenine nucleotide pool. Four of these patients, from two families, were albinos. Platelets from all of these patients had lower than normal amounts of adenine nucleotides and 5HT; the ability of these platelets to incorporate the amine was reduced and 5HT was metabolized at an abnormally rapid rate in platelet-rich plasma. It was not possible to distinguish the defect present in the albinos from that in the normally pigmented patients. Three other patients had normal amounts of platelet adenine nucleotides and 5HT; platelet aggregation and the release of adenine nucleotides induced by collagen were impaired. Metabolic ATP breakdown, during collagen aggregation, was also decreased. This defect is similar to that induced in normal platelets by aspirin. Studies on intracellular synthesis of cyclic 3'5' AMP in both groups of patients showed that the platelets were normally responsive to PGE1 and the antagonism of PGE1 by ADP and by epinephrine was also normal.
Red cell life span in sickle cell-hemoglobin C disease with a note about sickle cell-hemoglobin O ARAB
Authors: McCurdy PR , Mahmood L , Sherman AS
Published: October 2019

Red cell survival was measured in ten subjects with S-C disease and one with S-O Arab (alpha 2 beta 2–121 glu yields lys) disease using both DF32p and 51Cr as tags. Red cell volume was slightly reduced in most patients (87% plus or minus 20% of predicted normal). In nine SC patients, mean red cell life (DF32p) was 28.9 plus or minus 4.0 days. For one SC subject it was significantly longer (47.9 days), as it was for the one with S-O Arab. The S-O Arab subject had irreversibly sickled cells in the peripheral blood, shereas those with SC had few (less than 1/1000 red cells) or none. The S-O Arab hemolysate gelled at a hemmoglobin concentration (16.2 g/100ml) near that for sickle cell anemia hemolysates (15.9 plus or minus 1.0 g/100 ml; n equals 8) but significantly lower than that for SC hemolysates (21.6 plus or minus 1.9 g/100 ml; n equals 5). It seems likely that properties of S-C red cells other than their relative ease of sickling contribute significantly to their rate of hemolysis.
Post-transfusion purpura: a heterogeneous syndrome
Authors: Zeigler Z , Murphy S , Gardner FH
Published: October 2019

Three new patients with post-transfusion purpura (PTP) are described. As the manifestations in two differ significantly from those of previously reported cases, they serve to expand the definition of this syndrome. Although all 14 previously reported cases have occurred in Pl- A1-negative females, one of our patients was a Pl-A-negative male. Moreover, a female whose postrecovery platelets possessed the Pl-A1 antigen is described. Antiplatelet antibody activity was detected in all three patients by the 51Cr release test; in contrast, only one reacted in the complement (C) fixation assay. Serum obtained during the acute episode from the PlA1-positive patient reacted against platelets from four of 11 normals by C fixation and against platelets from 48 of 53 normals by 51Cr release, including five of nine Pl-A1-negative platelet samples. This case represents the first instance of PTP in which the platelet isoantibody was not specifically directed against the Pl-A1 antigen. These observations suggest that PTP may be a more heterogeneous disorder than previously realized.
Pteroylglutamic acid malabsorption in tropical sprue
Authors: Corcino JJ , Coll G , Klipstein FA
Published: October 2019

Pteroylglutamic acid (PGA) absorption was assessed in ten untreated tropical sprue (TS) and eight control subjects utilizing a marker perfusion technique. Physiologic concentrations of the vitamin (25 ng/ml) dissolved in iso-osmotic solutions containing either mannitol of glucose at a concentration of 55.6 mM were perfused on each subject on two consecutive days. A statistically significant difference in PGA absorption between TS and control subjects was obtained only when glucose was present in the perfusate. Thus, unequivocal malabsorption of PGA is demonstrable in all subjects with TS when more refined techniques than the ones applied heretofore are utilized.
Ethnic variation in red cell glutathione peroxidase activity
Authors: Beutler E , Matsumoto F
Published: October 2019

Glutathione peroxidase activity was measured in blood and cultured fibroblasts from healthy persons of several different population groups. Individuals of Jewish ancestry and others of Mediterranean origin were found to manifest a decrease of red cell but not of leukocyte or fibroblast enzyme activity. Oriental populations differed in that the scatter in red cell enzyme activity was significantly lower than in Occidental populations. The erythrocyte enzyme of individuals with low activity was found to be less stable to heating than was the enzyme from persons with high activity. As a possible explanation for these data, a provisional genetic model is presented: a low GSH Px allele with a frequency of 0.556 in the Jewish population and of only 0.181 in the United States-Northern European population. Our results suggest that an association between GSH Px deficiency and hemolytic anemia need not represent a cause-and-effect relationship.
A rapid and sensitive 125I-fibrin solid-phase fibrinolytic assay for plasmin
Authors: Moroz LA , Gilmore NJ
Published: October 2019

125I-fibrinogen, adsorbed to polystyrene tubes at low ionic strength and treated with thrombin, serves as a substrate for a rapid, convenient, and sensitive test tube assay for plasmin and activators and inhibitors of this enzyme. 125I-labeled digestion products released from the 125I-fibrin-polystyrene matrix are readily separated and quantitated and behave, on gel permeation, in the same manner as plasmin-generated degradation products from an unlabeled conventional fibrin clot. The 125I-fibrin, in probable non-cross-linked form, is firmly bound to the polystyrene and is resistant to nonspecific release, with control (no enzyme) values equivalent to 15.2 ng +/- 1.2 (SD) fibrin (1% of the total bound 125I-fibrin). This fact permits consistent detection of lysis of 30–50 ng 125I-fibrin, which exceeds published sensitivities (1000–5000 ng) using 125I- or fluorochrome- labeled fibrin clots as substrate. The sensitivity for plasmin (0.2 mug/ml) is tenfold greater than that of the fibrin-plate method (2.0- 2.5 mug/ml), while sensitivities for streptokinase and urokinase activation of plasmin are 0.02 U/ml and 0.04 CTA U/ml, respectively (sensitivity of fibrin-plate method, 0.5 U/ml for both). The method provides a reasonable analogue of the solid-phase nature of fibrin under physiologic conditions, and the ease of preparation of large batches of tubes makes the method suitable for large-scale screening of factors modulating the plasminogen-plasmin system.
Antibody responses to leukemia-associated antigens during immunotherapy of chronic myelocytic leukemia
Authors: Ramachandar K , Baker MA , Taub RN
Published: October 2019

We have studied immunologic reactivity to leukemia-associated antigens in patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) treated with chemotherapy and adjunctive immunotherapy. All patients were immunologically competent as measured by skin test reactivity to dinitrochlorobenzene. Immunotherapy consisted of allogeneic irradiated leukemic myeloblasts injected intradermally, with BCG vaccine (Research Foundation, Chicago, Ill.) given by multiple puncture at the same site. 10(9) cells plus BCG were given weekly for 4 wk, and 10(8) cells plus BCG were given at monthly intervals thereafter. Eight patients judged clinically to be in the stable phase of their disease developed circulating antibody against the immunizing blast cells demonstrable by cytotoxicity and immunofluorescence assays. The antibody also showed reactivity against a panel of myeloblasts (12 paients) but not against the corresponding remission lymphocytes (five patients) or normal lymphocytes (20 donors). In two cases the antibody showed reactivity against the patient's own leukemic blasts. Seven of these eight patients have maintained a steady clinical course ranging from 20 to 40 mo, while one entered the blastic phase and died. Six patients were judged to be in the aggressive phase of CML because of progressive leukocytosis and splenomegaly or increasing myeloblastosis; five died an average of 16 mo after diagnosis. Humoral antibodies were not detected in these patients after repeated courses of BCG and allogeneic leukemic cells. We conclude that specific active immunotherapy of patients with CML can abet the production of humoral antibody against blast cell antigens and that this response may be impaired during the aggressive phase of the disease.
Contrasting splenic mechanisms in the blood clearance of red blood cells and colloidal particles
Authors: Klausner MA , Hirsch LJ , Leblond PF , Chamberlain JK , Klemperer MR , Segel GB
Published: October 2019

We have studied the blood clearance and organ uptake of colloidal particles and of antibody-coated and chemically treated Na2 51Cr O4- labeled erythrocytes (RBC) in mice. Hepatic and splenic uptake of both colloidal particles and autologous RBC coated with rabbit antibody were reduced significantly following pretreatment of animals with cortisone acetate. Hepatic removal of RBC previously treated in vitro with N- ethyl-maleimide (NEM) or phenylhydrazine-HCl (PHZ) was similarly depressed by pretreatment with cortisone. In contrast, the splenic uptake of NEM- and PHZ-altered erythrocytes was unaffected by cortisone. Scanning and transmission electron microscopic examination of perfused spleens from PHZ-injected animals demonstrated extensive mechanical trapping of Heinz body-containing RBC in sinus wall apertures, whereas little erythrophagocytosis was observed. These studies suggested that, while clearance of inert particulate matter and of antibody-coated RBC from the blood occurred primarily by a cortisone- suppressible, presumably phagocytic process in the spleen, chemically altered RBC were removed primarily by a cortisone-insensitive filtration process in the splenic microvasculature.
Distribution of phospholipids, fatty acids, and platelet factor 3 activity among subcellular fractions of human platelets
Authors: Broekman MJ , Handin RI , Derksen A , Cohen P
Published: October 2019

As compared with other methods, our recently reported method for subcellular fractionation of human platelets improves the separation of mitochondria, alpha granules, and lysosomal enzyme activities. The relative purity of these fractions has led us to undertake the present study to compare the subcellular distribution of phospholipids, fatty acids, and platelet factor 3 (clot-promoting) activity. Two findings pertaining to distribution of phospholipids were entirely new. (1) In the alpha granule zone, plasmalogen phosphatidyl ethanolamine peaked at the expense of diacyl phosphatidyl ethanolamine. (2) The fatty acid composition of the membrane lysophosphatidyl choline suggested that it may have been formed by the action of platelet phospholipase A2 activity. The fatty acids of the membranes showed a markedly asymmetrical distribution in noncholine versus choline phospholipids. The latter held 94%, 72%, and 85%, respectively, of the total content of 16:0, 18:1, and 18:2 fatty acids, whereas 55% of the 18:0, 72% of 20:4, and 67% of higher polyenoic acids other than 20:4 were esterified to the noncholine group. The most important new information related to clot-promoting activity, which, on the basis of protein content, was highest in the membrane fractions, but on the basis of phospholipid content in the nonmembranous fractions. The discussion centers on possible explanations for this novel finding.
Evaluation of the iron status of a population
Authors: Cook JD , Finch CA , Smith NJ
Published: October 2019

The iron status of a population of 1564 subjects living in the northwestern United States was evaluated by measurements of transferrin saturation, red cell protoporphyrin, and serum ferritin. The frequency distribution of these parameters showed no distinct separation between normal and iron-deficient subjects. When only one of these three parameters was abnormal (transferrin saturation below 15%, red cell protoporphyrin above 100 mug/ml packed red blood cells, serum ferritin below 12 ng/ml), the prevalence of anemia was only slightly greater (10.9%) than in the entire sample (8.3%). The prevalence of anemia was increased to 28% in individuals with two or more abnormal parameters, and to 63% when all three parameters were abnormal. As defined by the presence of at least two abnormal parameters, the prevalence of iron deficiency in various populations separated on the basis of age and sex ranged from 3% in adolescent and adult males to 20% in menstruating women. It is concluded that the accuracy of detecting iron deficiency in population surveys can be substantially improved by employing a battery of laboratory measurements of the iron status.
Increased potassium transport and ouabain binding in human Rhnull red blood cells
Authors: Lauf PK , Joiner CH
Published: October 2019

Potassium (K+) influx and 3H-ouabain binding were studied in human red cells completely lacking the rhesus (Rh) antigens (Rhnull cells) and compared with normal Rh(D) red cells. The Rhnull cells, originally described by Seidl, Spielmann, and Martin (Vox Sang. 23:182, 1972) were normal in size, cation, and water content, indicating no significant increase in cell volume as occurs in young human red cells. However, the ouabain-insensitive K+ permeability, as well as the ouabain sensitive active K+ transport, were increased 1.6 1.8-and 1.4–1.5-fold, respectively, above the values found in Rh(D) control cells. The Na+K+ ATPase activity of membranes from Rhnull cells was also higher than from Rh(D) cells. Binding studies with 3H-ouabain revealed that at 100% K+ pump inhibition Rhnull cells bound 670 and Rh(D) cells 450–500 ouabain molecules per cell. Since the rate of ouabain binding was identical in Rhnull and Rh(D) control cells, we concluded that the Rhnull cell had about 35%-45% more cation pumps than the Rh(D) cell. These additional pumps in Rhnull cells appeared to be indistinguishable from those in control cells. Anti-D or the serum from the Rhnull individual did not alter cation permeability in Rh(D) red cells. The data suggested that the Rhnull cell, known for its hematologic malfunction, was not a young or prematurely released red cell, but had a pleiotropic membrane defect which also affected the passive and active cation transport system on the molecular level. Our finding precludes a structural identity of the rhesus antigen with the molecules composing the Na+K+ pump system.
Labeling of the releasable adenine nucleotides of washed human platelets
Authors: Reimers HJ , Packham MA , Mustard JF
Published: October 2019

In rabbit platelets, the metabolically active ATP pool equilibrates with the releasable ATP pool within 1 day. The studies showing this have now been extended to human platelets. Human platelets labeled with 14C-adenosine or 14C-adenine were incubated for up to 10 hr in vitro at 37 degrees C. After 10 hr, about 12% of the total platelet 14C-ATP and 14C-ADP had become releasable with thrombin (4.2 units/ml). Lysis of platelets did not occur, since less than 1% of the platelet-bound 51Cr from platelets labeled with this radioisotope appeared in the ambient fluid upon thrombin treatment. The 14C-ATP/14C-ADP ratio of the released adenine nucleotides (7.6) was similar to the 14C-ATP/14C-ADP ratio of the nonreleasable adenine nucleotides (7.1) 2 hr after the labeling with 14C-adenosine. However, upon prolonged incubation (10 hr) in vitro, the 14C-ATP/14C-ADP ratio of the releasable adenine nucleotides decreased to 2.7. The adenylate energy charge and the 14C- ATP/14C-ADP ratio of the metabolic adenine nucleotide pool did not change significantly during the time of observation. The 14C-ATP content of the platelets decreased by less than 1% hr of incubation at 37 degrees C. These observations are interpreted to mean that the 14C is transferred from the metabolically active, nonreleasable adenine nucleotide pool of human platelets into the releasable adenine nucleotide pool as ATP and is partially hydrolyzed there to yield ADP. The transfer of ATP across the storage organelle membrane of platelets may be similar to transport processes in the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla and may represent a general phenomenon in cells that possess storage organelles containing adenine nucleotides.
Migration of transfused granulocytes in leukopenic dogs
Authors: Appelbaum FR , Norton L , Graw RG Jr
Published: October 2019

Although granulocyte transfusion therapy has been shown to be effective in infected granulocytopenic animals and humans, the relative effectiveness of granulocytes (PMN) harvested by continuous flow centrifugation (CFC) or by continuous flow filtration leukapheresis (FL) remains uncertain. Studies in vitro of morphology and granulocyte functions have suggested cells collected by FL may be damaged. To compare the function in vivo of granulocytes collected by different methods, dogs were made granulocytopenic with cyclophosphamide (CYT) and then transfused with granulocytes collected by CFC or FL. The local neutrophil mobilization (LNM) through a standard skin abrasion into a chamber containing a strong chemoattractant, autologous serum, was measured. Greater LNM was found after transfusions of CFC PMN than after transfusions of the same number of FL PMN (p less than 0.0003). This difference persisted even when the dose of FL PMNs was four times greater than that of CFC mn and when the FL donor was pretreated with steroids (p less than 0.001). These results suggest that during filtration leukapheresis, granulocytes are functionally altered and that their function in vivo may be compromised.
GUANAZOLO IN THE THERAPY OF HODGKIN’S DISEASE
Authors: STRAUS BERNARD , BERSON SOLOMON , BERNSTEIN THEODORE , JACOBSON ABRAHAM S.
Published: October 2019

Five patients with active Hodgkin’s disease were treated for a period varying from four to eighteen days with an antiguanine preparation, guanazolo (5-amino-7-hydroxy-1H-v-triazolo[d]pyrimidine) with a total dosage of 400 mg. to 800 mg. intramuscularly. No therapeutic effect was observed. The only toxic manifestations were pain and tenderness at the site of injection in 4 of the 5 cases. The effect of guanazolo on tissue cultures of an involved node was tested. No inhibition of growth was observed, thus paralleling the lack of in vivo effect.
TRANSFUSION OF LEUKEMIC LEUKOCYTES IN MAN
Authors: LANMAN JONATHAN T. , BIERMAN HOWARD R. , BYRON RALPH L.
Published: October 2019

1. Eight transfusions of leukemic blood containing up to 143 billion mononuclear cells were rapidly infused into 5 nonleukemic cancer-bearing recipients. Each transfusion was followed by a transient rise in the recipients’ leukocyte count which was less than anticipated by dye dilution methods in five experiments. The observed rise was due entirely to an increase in the mononuclear cell count. The data from two experiments were considered unreliable and were not reported with regard to the behavior of the white cells.

2. The data are interpreted as demonstrating removal of leukemic leukocytes from the recipient’s blood in the pulmonary circulation.

3. A reaction resembling anaphylaxis occurred following one transfusion of leukemic cells, and was associated with an immediate profound leukopenia. It is suggested that the sudden removal in the lesser circulation of a volume of white cells estimated at 40 cc. may have caused the severe observed respiratory and circulatory symptoms.

4. Sustained eosinophilia of unknown etiology was observed following transfusions of leukemic cells in 2 recipients.

5. Hematologic and clinical observation indicated that leukemia was not transferred to any recipient during the short period of observation that followed.
ALEUKEMIC LEUKEMOID RESPONSE IN MILIARY TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: STAFFURTH J. S. , SPENCER H.
Published: October 2019

A case of miliary tuberculosis associated with an aleukemic lymphatic blood picture has been reported. The histologic appearances of tissue removed at autopsy confirmed the leukemic picture and also showed diffuse tuberculous lesions of a necrotic type containing innumerable acid-fast bacilli.
REACTIONS TO SINGLE AND MULTIPLE TRANSFUSIONS
Authors: KLENDSHOJ NIELS C. , WITEBSKY ERNEST
Published: October 2019

Analysis of reactions to 5,969 transfusions of homologous blood, as compared to those in 1,045ra tnsfusions of conditioned universal blood, reveals that, during the routine use of group O blood conditioned by the addition of blood group specific substances A and B, there have been no detectable untoward effects ascribable to these specific substances.
THE EFFECT OF 4-AMINO-PTEROYLGLUTAMIC ACID (AMINOPTERIN) ON HUMAN LEUKEMIC LEUKOCYTES IN VITRO
Authors: Gtmrz F. W
Published: October 2019

When added to human leukemic leukocytes in vitro, 4-amino-pteroylglutamic acid (Aminopterin) produced a marked inhibition of mitosis in low concentrations. Attempts to counter its action by means of folic acid gave varying results. The mechanism of the observed effect is discussed.
THE EFFECTS OF 4-AMINO-N10-METHYL-PTEROYLGLUTAMIC ACID ON THE LEUKOCYTES OF THE NORMAL AND LEUKEMIC MOUSE
Authors: BURCHENAL J. H. , BIEDLER J. L. , NUTTING J. , STOBBE G. D.
Published: October 2019

4-Amino-N10-methyl-pteroylglutamic acid in the usual treatment dosage caused a slight leukopenia, but no change in the differential count of normal mice. However, in animals with the Ak 4 strain of transplanted leukemia, such dosage caused prolongation of survival time, held the total leukocyte count at approximately normal levels, decreased the percentage of abnormal cells, and caused a marked delay in the appearance of leukemic infiltrations in liver, spleen, lymph nodes, kidney and bone marrow. Less than twenty hours after administration, a single massive dose of this drug caused a fall in the total leukocyte count of mice with advanced Ak 4 leukemia.
GRANULOMATOUS LESIONS IN THE BONE MARROW IN INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS
Authors: HOVDE RUTH F. , SUNDBERG R. DOROTHY
Published: October 2019

1. The findings in the blood and in aspirated bone marrow in 23 cases of infectious mononucleosis have been described.

2. Unequivocal evidence of involvement of the bone marrow has been found in 70 per cent of the cases.

3. Evidence of granulomatous inflammation of the marrow was found in 48 per cent of the cases.

4. Epithelioid cells were found in the films of bone marrow in 48 per cent of the cases. These cells appear morphologically identical with those seen in imprints of lymph nodes from infectious mononucleosis and sarcoidosis and with the epithelioid cells seen in films of the marrow in brucellosis, sarcoidosis and tuberculosis.

5. The granulomatous lesions of infectious mononucleosis seem most similar to those of brucellosis, but they also resemble the small granulomatous lesions of sarcoidosis and tuberculosis.

6. Lymphocytosis of the marrow as well as of the blood was demonstrated in all cases. Evidence of formation of lymphocytes in the marrow was presented, and the altered lymphocytes of infectious mononucleosis were found in films of the marrow. The degree of lymphocytosis of the marrow in infectious mononucleosis was shown to be less than that in lymphatic leukemia. Lymphocytosis of the marrow was not found in brucellosis, sarcoidosis or tuberculosis. The lymphocytic reaction demonstrable in the marrow in infectious mononucleosis is believed to be of value in differential diagnosis.
HEMOGLOBIN LEVELS AMONG SEVEN TO FOURTEEN YEAR OLD CHILDREN IN SASKATOON, CANADA
Authors: HAWKINS W. W. , KLINE DOROTHY K.
Published: October 2019

In May and June of 1948 a survey of hemoglobin values was carried out on 842 girls and 827 boys, ages 7 tO 14 inclusive, in Saskatoon public schools, who represented about a third of this population group in the city.

Values for girls ranged from 10.0 to 16.3 Gm. per 100 ml. of blood, with an average of 13.5. The corresponding values for boys were 11.2. tO 16.7, and 13.7. The average for the whole group was 13.6, which is among the highest even reported for children of these ages. The average values for children in the different age groups were slightly higher than those reported for comparable groups in other parts of Canada.

Values for boys and girls of the same age were similar. There was an increase from near 13 in the 7 year old group to near 14 in the 14 year old group. The similarity in hemoglobin values for both boys and girls of these ages, and the small increase from 7 tO 14 years of age, are in agreement with observations of other workers.

Eleven per cent of the children had been subject to more than the usual degree of illness. No significant differences appear when the above figures are corrected by removing this group.
PROTHROMBIN, THROMBOPLASTIN, Ac-GLOBULIN AND PLATELET ACCELERATOR: QUANTITATIVE INTERRELATIONSHIPS
Authors: MCCLAUGHRY ROBERT I. , SEEGERS WALTER H.
Published: October 2019

Activators of purified prothrombin may be divided into two groups: those which have thromboplastin activity, and those which have accelerator or thromboplastin co-factor activity. The two kinds of activators work together to convert prothrombin rapidly. Alone they are not very effective.

Experimentally, either thromboplastin or accelerator activity can be made the limiting factor in thrombin formation. Then, by increasing the concentration of the essential activator, the rate of prothrombin conversion is increased. The thrombin yield is at first increased, but later it is independent of activator concentration. This basic relationship describing rate and quantity of thrombin yield applies to thromboplastin, plasma Ac-globulin, serum Ac-globulin and very probably to platelet accelerator.

When both activators are present in limited quantity the rate of prothrombin conversion can be increased by adding either thromboplastin or accelerator. Under those conditions they are quantitatively interchangeable.
EXPERIMENTAL NONTHROMBOCYTOPENIC VASCULAR PURPURA: A REVIEW OF THE JAPANESE LITERATURE, WITH PRELIMINARY CONFIRMATORY REPORT
Authors: CLARK WILLIAM G. , JACOBS EDITH
Published: October 2019

Antisera were produced against guinea pig and mouse blood platelets, guinea pig and mouse spleen, mouse bone marrow, spleen, marrow plus spleen ("antireticulocytotoxic" serum), aqueous fraction of guinea pig adipose tissue rich in nonmuscular blood vessels, guinea pig choroid plexi rich in capillaries, whole guinea pig blood vessels, guinea pig smooth muscle, whole guinea pig blood vessel antiserum absorbed with guinea pig smooth muscle, and dog vascular endothelium.

In all cases except the last named there were positive agglutinin and/or complement fixation titers, which were slightly enhanced anamnestically by whole adrenal cortical extract, but not by "Lipoadrenal" extract presumably high in "carbohydrate" factor.

In no case was there a nonthrombocytopenic vascular purpura produced in vivo except by the anti-vascular endothelium serum.

These preliminary observations are considered to confirm and extend observations made in previous reports in Japanese language periodicals, which are reviewed.
STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF ERYTHROPOIETIC STIMULATION IN PARABIOTIC RATS DURING HYPOXIA
Authors: REISSMANN KURT R.
Published: October 2019

Chronic hypoxemia was induced in one partner of a pair of parabiotic rats by exposure to defined gas mixtures with low oxygen content. The other partner of the pair was kept in normal atmosphere throughout the experiment and showed normal values of the oxygen saturation of the blood. The erythropoiesis, estimated by the percentage of nucleated red cells in the bone marrow, showed a statistically significant stimulation in both animals. It is, therefore, concluded that under these experimental conditions, the stimulus is not the partial pressure of oxygen in the bone marrow directly but a humoral factor elicited by the hypoxemia in the one partner and transferred to the other one.
CLASSIFICATION OF THE HEMATOLOGIC VARIATIONS AND ABNORMALITIES ASSOCIATED WITH BOECK’S SARCOID; REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
Authors: BRUSCHI MARCO , HOWE JOHN S.
Published: October 2019

The hematologic aspects of Boeck’s sarcoid are reviewed. Anemia is uncommon. The leukocyte count and differential picture are variable; they may be normal, or leukopenia may exist; leukocytosis is less commonly found. Eosinophilia may be present, and the monocytes may be increased. Abnormalities such as secondary polycythemia and leukemoid reaction are rare but may be causally related. Major disturbances include hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenic purpura. The causal relationships between Boeck’s sarcoid and hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenic purpura, although suggestive, have not been definitely established.

A case of sarcoidosis with splenomegaly and thrombocytopenic purpura with recovery of the thrombocytopenia following splenectomy is reported and discussed.
EXPERIMENTAL ANEMIAS IN THE RAT
Authors: KODICEK E. , CARPENTER K. J.
Published: October 2019

1. Different sulfonamides were tested to ascertain their effect in producing the characteristic symptoms of acute PGA deficiency in rats fed on synthetic diets. Sulfasuxidine (1 per cent) and the less soluble phthalylsulfathiazole (1 per cent) were equally effective. Sulfathiazole in 1 per cent concentration produced a hemolytic anemia not reversible by PGA or whole liver powder. In a 0.5 per cent concentration it was also effective, but in view of its toxicity, the less soluble sulfonamides were to be preferred. A mixture of 0.5 per cent sulfathiazole and 0.5 per cent sulfadiazine was extremely toxic and produced a hemolytic anemia. Sulfaguanidine was toxic at 1 per cent concentration.

2. When intermittent small doses of PGA were given to PGA-deficient rats to prolong their life from 45 up to 155 days, 1 per cent sulfasuxidine or phthalylsulfathiazole, or 0.5 per cent sulfathiazole were equally efficient in producing regularly a macrocytic normochromic anemia.

3. The response of PGA-deficient rats to single doses of PGA has been studied and an assay procedure has been suggested which uses the weight increase and duration of cure as the measure of the response. The W.B.C. and reticulocyte response can also be used as a qualitative indication of PGA activity.

4. Of the substances tested by this procedure, vitamin B12, purified pernicious anemia preparations, ascorbic acid and xanthopterin showed no PGA activity. A commercial yeast preparation and Teropterin were found to possess biologic activity comparable with that found by other workers in assays on chicks.
THE STERNAL MARROW ASPIRATION OF AMYLOID IN MULTIPLE MYELOMA
Authors: TRUBOWITZ SIDNEY
Published: October 2019

1. A case of multiple myeloma is presented in which the diagnosis of amyloidosis was established by means of the sternal marrow aspiration.

2. The polymorphonuclear leukocytes probably play a role in the removal of amyloid deposits.