bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structure Formation and Corrosion Behaviour of Quasicrystalline Al–Ni–Fe Alloys
Authors: Sukhova О.V. , Polonskyy V.A. , Ustinovа К.V.
Published: March 2018

The formation of quasicrystalline decagonal phase and related crystalline phases was investigated by a combination of optical metallography, powder X-ray diffraction, atomic absorption spectroscopy and differential thermal analysis. Corrosion behaviour of quasicrystal Al–Ni–Fe alloys was studied by gravimetric and potentiodynamic polarization experiments in saline and acidic solutions at room temperature. The decagonal phase exhibits two modifications (AlFe- and AlNi-based) depending on the composition. In Al72Ni13Fe15 alloy it coexists with monoclinic Al5FeNi phase. In Al71.6Ni23Fe5.4 alloy crystalline Al13(Ni,Fe)4, Al3(Ni,Fe)2, and Al3(Ni,Fe) phases are seen adjacent to the quasicrystalline decagonal phase. Stability of quasicrystal phase up to room temperature was shown to be connected with its incomplete decomposition during cooling at a rate of 50 K/min. Al72Ni13Fe15 alloy has more than twice larger volume fraction of this phase compared to that of Al71.6Ni23Fe5.4 alloy. A dependence of microhardness on composition was observed as well, with Al72Ni13Fe15 alloy having substantially higher values. In acidic solutions, Al71.6Ni23Fe5.4 alloy showed the best corrosion performance. In saline solutions, the investigated alloys remained mainly untouched by corrosion. Mass-change kinetics exhibited parabolic growth rate.
Hydrostatic Pressure Effect on Relaxation of Quasi-One-Dimensional GPI Ferroelectric
Authors: Zachek I.R. , Levitskii R.R. , Vdovych A.S.
Published: March 2018

Dynamic model of deformed quasi-one-dimensional ferroelectrics with hydrogen bonds is proposed. On the basis of this model within the two-particle cluster approximation with taking into account short-range and long-range interactions and strains εi and ε5 in the frames of Glauber method a dynamic dielectric permittivity of mechanically clamped crystal is calculated. Hydrostatic pressure effect on temperature and frequency dependences of the components of dynamic dielectric permittivity tensor of GPI ferroelectric is investigated.
Dynamics of Three-layer Cylindrical Shells Elliptical Cross-Section With a Longitudinal-Transverse Discrete Ribbed Filler
Authors: Pavliuk A.V.
Published: March 2018

In this paper, we consider the equations of non-axisymmetric oscillations of discretely reinforced multilayer cylindrical shells of elliptical section. When analyzing the elements of the elastic structure, a refinement model of the theory of shells and rods of the Timoshenko type is used. The numerical method of solving the dynamic equations is based on the integro- interpolation method of constructing the finite-difference schemes for equations with discontinuous coefficients. The problem of dynamic behavior of a three-layer longitudinal-transversal reinforced cylindrical shell of an elliptical section under a distributed nonstationary load is investigated. A solution of the problem on dynamic behaviour of the three-layered cylindrical shell with some discrete longitudinal-transverse ribbed filler is considered for distributed non-stationary loading.
Methods of Thermochemical and Mechanical Activation of Fillers of Polymer Composite Materials
Authors: Sirenko H.O. , Soltys L.M. , Sulyma I.V. , Martynyuk M.I.
Published: March 2018

The methods of thermochemical and mechanical activation of graphite particles and carbon fibers for creating effective fillers of polymer composite materials with high wear resistancehave been described.
High-Temperature X–ray Diffraction Studies of Al–Ni–Hf Ternary Alloys
Authors: Shved O.V. , Mudry S.I. , Kulyk Yu.O.
Published: March 2018

Phase content and temperature dependences of cell parameters for intermetallics HfNi2Al5, Hf6Ni8Al15 and Ni2Al3, existed in Al-Ni-Hf ternary system have been studied by means of X-ray diffraction method. Experimental values of cell parameters at different temperature were used to calculate the thermal expansion coefficients and their temperature dependences. It is shown that for intermetallic phase with cubic structure temperature dependence of thermal expansion coefficient is significantly different than for l one with tetragonal structure.
Features of Structural, Electrokinetic and Energy State Characteristics of V x+yCo1-ySb3 Skutterudite
Authors: Romaka L.P. , Stadnyk Yu.V. , Romaka V.А. , Horyn A.M.
Published: March 2018

The structure characteristics, temperature and concentration dependences of the electrical resistivity and the thermopower coefficient for the Vx+yCo1-ySb3 skutterudite were investigated in the ranges: T = 80 - 400 K, x = 0.02 - 0.20. It was shown that the introduction of V atoms into the structure of CoSb3 thermoelectric material was accompanied by an increase in the efficiency of conversion of thermal energy into electrical energy. It was established that the inversion in the sign of the thermopower coefficient for Vx+yCo1-ySb3 not observed for these concentrations of V impurity atoms. Based on the analysis of electrokinetic and energy state characteristics of Vx+yCo1-ySb3, it was assumed that the V (3d34s2) impurity atoms simultaneously replaced Co (3d74s2)atoms, generating structural defects of acceptor nature, and were located in the icosahedral voids of the crystal structure and generated donors.
Peculiarities of Electrical Characteristics of Semi-Insulating CdTe-Сl crystals
Authors: Nykoniuk Ye.S. , Zakharuk Z.I. , Solodin S.V. , Fochuk P.M. , Dremluyzhenko S.G. , Yuriychuk I.M. , Rudyk B.P.
Published: March 2018

Electrical properties of semi-insulating CdTe-Сl crystals, grown by the vertical Bridgman and the travelling heater method, have been studied. It is found that the travelling heater method provides electron conductivity of the crystals, and the vertical Bridgman method – hole conductivity. Specific resistance of the samples is of (108-109) Ohm×сm at 300 K, and Hall mobility of the holes and electrons is of (45 - 55) cm2/V·s and (10 - 20) cm2/V·s respectively. Very low values of electron mobility and an exponential temperature dependence of µn are due to drift barriers with a height of εb ≈ 0.20 eV. Formation of the barriers is caused by the fluctuations of the potential relief resulting from the microheterogeneity of the defect-impurity system. Quasi-photochemical reactions that reduce electron mobility after photo-excitation have been observed in n-CdTe-Cl samples. In p-CdTe-Cl samples, neither drift barriers, nor quasi-photochemical reactions were detected.
Spectroscopic Research of Interaction in the Systems Ge-In2O3- M xOy (M-Sn(IV), La, Sm, Eu)
Authors: Zinchenko V.F. , Magunov I.R. , Nechyporenko G.V. , Stoyanova I.V. , Sadkovska L.V.
Published: March 2018

Using methods of IR transparency spectroscopy in a range of 1200 – 200 cm-1 and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy in a range of 200 – 2500 nm the character of interaction in the systems Ge-In2O3, Ge-In2SnO5, Ge-LnInO3 (Ln - La, Sm, Eu) is investigated. Essential change in spectral characteristics of systems with the appearance of new bands and disappearance of previous ones is established at annealing of composites of Germanium - metal oxide composition which confirms the fact of oxidation-reduction interaction between components with formation of volatile products, mainly In2O and GeO. Thermodynamic calculations well coincide with experimentally established values of conditional temperatures of evaporation. Systems are perspective for obtaining thin-film coatings interference optics of a IR range of a spectrum.
Thermodynamic Analysis of Perspective AlB12 Synthesis Reactions from Industrially Accessible Oxygen-Free Compounds
Authors: Vasiliev O. , Muratov V. , Duda T.
Published: March 2018

Reactions of aluminum dodecaboride synthesis from oxygen free industrially available boron compounds by interaction of condensed and gaseous aluminum with boron nitride and carbide were the subject of thermodynamic analysis in this work. It was shown, that both reactions are thermodynamically advantageous at low temperatures rather than at high and the probability of their occurrence rises significantly for gaseous aluminum in comparison with condensed aluminum. Calculated values of Gibbs’ free energy and equilibrium constants and the analysis of contributions into them clearly demonstrate the advantages of reaction with boron nitride. The probability of polyphase product composition imposes minimum temperature restrictions on the synthesis; it should be carried out at temperatures above 1000 ℃. Hypothetical mechanisms of reactions between aluminum and boron containing compounds differ by the place of interaction — any place on the surface of each layer of BN and only open surface of B4C — and by the transport of reaction participants in the reaction zone. From the results of analysis, we suggest indicative synthesis conditions: vacuum thermal synthesis to provide oxygen free environment and temperature above 1000 ℃ to avoid aluminum diboride formation.
The Thermoelectric Solar Generator
Authors: Prokopiv V.V. , Nykyruy L.I. , Voznyak O.M. , Dzundza B.S. , Horichok I.V. , Yavorskyi Ya.S. , Matkivskyi O.M. , Mazur T.M.
Published: March 2018

Developed a comprehensive system for generating of electric energy “Thermoelectric generator – solar collector”. The Sb doped PbTe (n-type of conductivity) and triple compound PbSnTe (p-type of conductivity) were synthesized as basic materials for thermocouples.
Features Potential Measurements in Submicron High Integral Circuits Structures Using Electro-Optical Effect in Liquid Crystals
Authors: Novosyadlyj S.P. , Ivasuyk R.V. , Kotyk M.W.
Published: March 2018

The quantitative values of electric potentials in the elements of submicron structures High Integral Circuits in the operating mode can be experimentally determined using electro-optic effect in nematics liquid crystal. This method relates to methods of diagnosing electronic structures of High Integral Circuits using Technical System and relates to the technology of Automated Design System and High Integral Circuits.
Composite Thermoelectric Materials Based on Lead Telluride and Cadmium Telluride
Authors: Matkivsky O.M. , Prokopiv V. V. , Horichok I. V. , Pylyponiuk M. A. , Shemerliuk Y. V. , Mateik G. D. , Yurchyshyn L. D. , Nahornyak M. Yo.
Published: March 2018

The results of the researching of thermoelectric properties of samples, which are obtained by compression mechanical mixtures of micro dispersed powders PdTe and CdTe, are presented. It was found that the use of cadmium for telluride as an additional component to the lead telluride contributes to a decrease in the coefficient of thermal conductivity of the materials of the studied system, which can be promising for the creation of thermoelectric converters based on them.
Quantum Effects of Non-Ballistic Transport in Films Based on Compound PbSnAgTe
Authors: Kostyuk O. B. , Ruvinskii M. A. , Ivakin E. V. , Pereginchuk M. Yu.
Published: March 2018

Based on the theory of weak localization, taking into account the mechanism of spin-orbit scattering, the patterns of change in the magnetic conductivity of films PbSnAgTe are considered. The dependences of the magnetoresistance of PbSnAgTe films in a magnetic field perpendicular to the surface of the film are studied. It is shown that for polycrystalline films on mica-muscovite substrates, the time of spin-orbital interaction depends on the composition and may change the sign of the magnetoresistance.
Influence of Organic Molecules on the Luminescent Properties of Composites Based on CdS Quantum Dots
Authors: Smyntyna V. A. , Skobeeva V. M. , Verheles K. A. , Malushin M. V.
Published: March 2018

The influence of methylene blue (MB) and acridine yellow (AY) dyes on the spectra of luminescence of CdS with quantum dots (QD) dye composites is investigated. It is shown that the luminescence spectrum of the heterosystem of nanocrystals (NC) CdS – the dye depends on the absorption region of it. The spectrum of the luminescence of the quantum dots is shifted to the red region by the introduction into the colloidal solution of the MB dye and in a case of the insertion of AY the spectrum is shifted into the blue region. The obtained results are explained in a point of view of the transferring the energy from the CdS quantum dots to the dyes by the Forster mechanism.
Computer Simulation of the Dynamic Operating Modes of Thermoelectric Device for Cryodestruction
Authors: Anatychuk L. I. , Vikhor L. M. , Kobylianskyi R. R. , Kadeniuk T. Ya.
Published: March 2018

This paper presents the results of computer simulation of optimal dynamic modes of thermoelectric device for cryodestruction. The optimal time function for controlling the supply current to thermoelectric micromodule in a device for cryodestruction is determined, which ensures given cyclic temperature effect on the local area of human body.
Computer Modeling of Second-Order Recursive Digital Filters of the Automated Design Signaling System
Authors: Novosyadly S. P. , Valter R. V.
Published: March 2018

In the article the analytical method of modeling software recursive digital filters of the second order with zeros on the circle of the single radius is presented. The corresponding algorithm of scaling of this composition of filters for signal CAD is developed.
CAPITAL OF ENTERPRISE: SHORTCOMINGS OF DEFINITION OF ITS ESSENCE AND REFLECTION OF CIRCULATION
Authors: Meish Alla
Published: March 2018

The article focuses on the different understanding of the category of capital and the reflection of its circulation by scholars. These divergences are not only terminological but also semantic. The relevance of the given article proceeds from the necessity of clarification of their essence. The purpose of the article is determined as an attempt to substantiate author's views on the essence of capital that is the research object. Based on contextual approach as a main research methodology, and also using deductive method, structural-logical and economic-statistical analysis, it is proved that capital is value of fixed and circulating assets, and the disjunction of these categories is mistaken. The studies of the statistical indicators of some Ukrainian enterprises confirm that misunderstanding of the essence of capital, and especially its circulation in the process of economic activity may lead to bankruptcy of enterprises rather than to their development. The research results will contribute both to improving the teaching of economic disciplines through greater clarity of the mentioned categories, and promotion of business development, as it will allow enterprise to clearly understand the role of capital in carrying out the economic activities of enterprises and thereby actively influence the implementation of its circulation.
THE ASSESMENT OF RISKS OF LOGISTIC CHAIN BASED ON MEDICINE RETAIL CASE
Authors: Morkūnas Mangirdas , Rudienė Elzė , Nalivaikaitė Daiva
Published: March 2018

The article analyzes the problem of assesment of business risks of the Logistics chain from the point of storage to the end-user based on medicine retail case. The problem of the article – how to evaluate and manage the business risks of the logistics chain? The purpose of a research – after conducting a thorough scientific literature analysis, to define the business risks affecting the Logistics chain and to evaluate them according the impact on the Logistics chain, thus creating a basis for a more efficient management of these risks. The research was conducted using Analytical hierarchical process method in a medicine retail sector in Lithuania. It has been determined that the most important risk factor, affecting the Logistics chain from the point of storage to the end user, is the demand. Three of the following risk factors: operational risk, information dissemination risk and financial risk are almost equally important, with supply and environmental factors being of the least importance.
REGIONAL DISPARITIES IN LITHUANIA
Authors: Rimkuvienė Daiva , Sakalauskaitė Aurelija
Published: March 2018

The aim of this study is to identify current pattern specific to the development of the Lithuanian counties by using a comparison approach. The research was based on annual data covering the period 2011–2016. Various aspects of the environmental, social and economic differences between the regions in Lithuania are analysed and discussed. The article focuses on regional disparities but also considers changes over time. In this research there have been applied nonparametric statistical methods and graphical presentation. The results have indicated that there is a clear predominance of three regions – Kaunas, Klaipėda and Vilnius counties. The conducted analysis showed, that there were statistically significant differences in the activity rate, the average disposable income and the number of households that have an internet access comparing by the years.
HOW TO MITIGATE RISKS OF BULLYING INVASION WHILE CREATING ORGANIZATION’S FUTURE UNDER HIGH UNCERTAINTY?
Authors: Stonkutė Eglė , Vveinhardt Jolita
Published: March 2018

Organizations are constantly reinventing themselves and going through continuous organizational changes what, if mismanaged, can result in bullying. If bullying is mismanaged it can result in disfunctioning organizational processes. The main aim of this research is to develop theoretical framework on how to mitigate the risks of bullying invasion while creating organization‘s future under high uncertainty. The theoretical analysis of organization’s future creation and that of bullying in a context of high uncertainty is undertaken. It is revealed that to cope with the potential “side effects” of continuous strategic changes, organizations need to institutionalize bullying, ensure effective information sharing and communication.
MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR THE HEAT EXCHANGE OF GREENHOUSE AND SOLARIUM SOIL IN THE PLANT ROOT AREA
Authors: CÂRDEI Petru , MANEA Dragoș
Published: March 2018

This paper proposes a structural mathematical model of heat exchange into the soil of a solarium. The model investigates the possibility of a rational choice of the cooling water transit time through the pipeline network located in the plant root area. Also, the size of the cooled root area is roughly determined, according to the temperature of the cooling fluid. At the same time, the model provides information on the degree of soil cooling, meaning the ratio between the average soil temperature in the cooled root area and a reference temperature, for example the temperature indicated by a sensor into the soil, at a distance fixed to the root axis. The model considered is a plan one. Geometric is considered a section through the soil, perpendicular to the axis of the pipe carrying the cooling fluid. The soil, the copper pipe and the water are the components of the model. The finite elements for meshing are flat, triangular. This simple model prepares a three-dimensional complex approach and has, as a preparation, a unidimensional model. Obviously, this model provides some start-up indications for achieving the physical model and content of the process parameter set. After its realization, the physical model will be used for the optimal control of the cooling process in the radicular area, but also for the validation and the improvement of the theoretical model.
LAND USE AND PLANNING IN RURAL AREAS (A CASE STUDY OF GIEDRAIČIAI SUBDISTRICT)
Authors: ATKOCEVIČIENĖ Virginija , VALČIUKIENĖ Jolanta , JUKNELIENĖ Daiva , JUOČYTĖ Edita
Published: March 2018

The rational use of land should be ensured, soil-friendly agricultural branches should be developed as well as attractive environment for work, living and resting in the countryside should be created in promoting rural development in Lithuania. Areas with favourable natural conditions have a high degree of economic activity, farm size, and economic development. However, not everywhere the natural conditions for the development of agriculture are favourable. The research was carried out in the Giedraičiai rural area of Molėtai district, which deals with the factors influencing the use of land, the declared area of land, the problem of land abandonment. The methods of legal analysis, analysis of literature, analysis, comparison and aggregation of statistical data were used during the research. After the fulfilment of the analysis of the declared area of land during the period between the years 2012 and 2016, it was established that the area of agricultural land declared during the five years increased by 655 hectares, the number of farmers who declared agricultural land decreased by 104, and the number of declared parcels declined even to 1729. The process of the growing of farms is likely to occur. The area of abandoned land in Giedraičiai subdistrict reaches 300 hectares, the number of abandoned areas exceeds 800. Estimating the statistical data and solutions of the general plan of the Molėtai district area preliminary solutions for the management of the territory of the Giedraičiai subdistrict for agriculture and rural development are being provided, i.e. it is planned to implement rural development land use planning projects for the management of farms, and to select a farmhouse farm site. To reduce the abandoned land areas, it is advisable to plan forests, expand the areas of meadows and natural pastures, apply organic farming and adapt the areas for recreation.
CORROSION EFFECT OF ANIMAL SLURRY ON LOW CARBON S235JR STEEL AT 333 K
Authors: LIPINSKI Tomasz
Published: March 2018

Low-carbon steels are often used for materials in the construction of machines and equipment for agricultural. One of the most important factors constructional material is corrosion resistance, first of all in demanding animal environment. Equipment with low carbon steel can be easy join by quickly welding at a low construction price, but one with the serious problem in aggressive environment is their corrosion resistance. A few corrosion processes in crevices and awkward corners can be avoided at the design stage (low roughness parameters, round-section and other). But still the construction material is exposed to corrosion. Slurry is a mixture of dung and urine. The aggressive corrosive constituents in slurry are urea, uric acid, naturally excreted chloride and as well as ammonia or ammonium salts. The main aim of this research is to investigate corrosion resistance in different time (48, 96, 144, 192, 240, 288, 336 hours). For this used weight loss of test samples and its profile roughness. The research was conducted on low carbon steel in grade S235JR in natural animal slurry at 333 K. Corrosion tests confirmed that the research this steel in animal slurry as corrosive environments is characterized through proportionate to time corrosion process whose measure may be surface roughness. In industrial practice roughness parameters for all the research times can be used for determine the stage and size of steel corrosion.
THE INFLUENCE OF BIOORGANIC PREPARATIONS ON THE PRODUCTIVITY OF CONVENTIONALY GROWN WINTER RAPE ACTIVATING AND SAVING THE USE OF SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS
Authors: DAUTARTĖ Anželika , SPRUOGIS Vidmantas , ZEMECKIS Romualdas , BARTKEVIČIUS Edmundas , GAVENAUSKAS Algirdas
Published: March 2018

The aim was to determine the impact of Raskila bio-organic preparation on the productivity of winter rape ‘Sunday’ grown under conventional system, in order to activate and save the use of treatment Rovral aqua flo and to improve the wintering of plants. The scientific article presents the data of the conventional winter rape ‘Sunday’ growth intensity, plant formation, accumulation of dry matter, seed quality parameters, fertility data and the influence of the use of bioorganic fertilizers e. winter rape 'Sunday' seeds were coated with bioorganic preparations and synthetic treatments, and additionally sprayed with a bioorganic fertilizer solution. Agrotechnics was carried out according to the technology of winter rape growing at Aleksandras Stulginskis University Experimental station. Additional treatment of winter rape seeds and additional spraying with bioorganic fertilizers had a positive influence on the processes of growth and development of winter rape. By combining seed treatments and treatment with bio-organic Raskila fertilizers (3 l for 100 kg) and spray in autumn (3 l ha-1 ), the best results are achieved: the maximum rape seed yield was 3.87 t ha-1 and the best quality production. Bioorganic fertilizers and treatment Rovral aqua flo has significantly increased the following indicators of winter rape ‘Sunday’: the length of the plant (118.16-127.64 cm), the number of branches (6-10), seeds in the silique (28.27), the seed yield (3.16-3.87 t ha-1). The highest seed yield (3.87 l ha-1) was achieved, applying Nagro preparations in the autumn and the Rovral aqua flo treatment and spraying Raskila plants when the rape reaches a height of 5-7 cm (BBCH 10-19). Premium yield was 86.6 % compared to control. Raskila fertilizers and treatment Rovral aqua flo significantly increased the following parameters of winter rape seeds: content of fat (41.52-43.05 %), proteins (20.39-20.91%), glucosinolates decreased from 18.68 to 18.31 m mol g-1. This has improved seed quality. Treatment with Raskila and treatment Rovral aqua flo decreased seeds and seedlings infestation and morbidity due to Fusarium, Drechlera, Alternaria, Penicillium. Rates of treatment can be reduced if combined with bioorganic fertilizers. Application of bioorganic fertilizers and treatment in combination increases the effectiveness of treatment. Bio-organic fertilizer reduces plant stress caused by synthetic treatment.
INCREMENT DIFFERENCES OF SILVER BIRCH BETULA PENDULA ROTH AND DOWNY BIRCH B. PUBESCENS EHRH. GROWING IN DRAINED SOILS IN SOUTH LATVIA
Authors: BĒRZIŅA Dagnija , MIEZĪTE Olga , RŪBA Jeļena , SISENIS Linards , LIEPA Imants
Published: March 2018

According to State Forest Service information for the year 2016 birch occupied 30% of whole forest area (3.38 million ha). Although between these two species have dendrological differences, however in forest inventory it is not taken into account. There is also a variety of wood properties which are not respected in the timber market. The aim of this research study is to analyze growth differences between both birch growing in the same conditions. For collecting of empirical data 2 sample plots were created. Selected stands have been regenerated naturally and 2 times repeatedly drained. The forest stand investigated is 65 years old mixed stand dominated by birch which makes up 90 % of total growing stock. In each plot for all the trees have been measured diameter, height and using Pressler borer have been taken core samples. The widths of tree rings have been measured using Lin TAB system microscope and computer software T-Tools Pro. Analyzing the dynamics of diameter and height growth in both sample plots it has been observed that silver birch shows higher values than downy birch (p&lt;0.05). In the last 30 years both birch species show systematic reduction of the annual increment. Decrease of height growth for both birch species in Vacciniosa mel. - 0.26-0.66 m. Decrease of B.pendula height growth in Vacciniosa turf. mel. - 0.39-0.70 m while B.pubescens - 0.39-0.80 m. Decrease of the stem diameter at breast height (DBH) of B.pendula - 2.7-7.5 mm while DBH of B.pubescens - 2.7-5.9 mm.
CETA AND ITALIAN AGRI-FOOD PRODUCTS: AN ANALYSIS ON COMPARED ADVANTAGES OF THE MAIN ITALIAN AGRI-FOOD SECTORS
Authors: BERTOLOZZI CAREDIO Daniele , RAUPELIENE Asta
Published: March 2018

At the age of second-generation agreements, the European Union is going to achieve a number of new trade deals, as well as others country, first of all the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement treated with Canada. A significant part of the debating about CETA is focused on the real need or not to reach new deal and add more liberalization, in particular regarding the Agri-food goods. EU, and above all Italy, can boast a number of excellent export Agri-food processed product, such as wine, cheese and pasta; at the same time, Italy has a need of primary goods, like wheat. Revealed Competitive Advantage is an indicator of the importance of a specific product and, specifically, it’s used to identify the advantage or disadvantage of a trade flow. Some of the main Italian products exported in Canada have been analysed, just like the main imported product from Canada, the wheat; as opposed to EU-28 import of Durum wheat, the other trades have showed a comparative advantage in trade. Finally, in three cases, Italy proves greater advantages in respect with the EU.
REACTION OF WINTER WHEAT GENOTYPES ON THE YELLOW (STRIPE) RUST PUCCINIA STRIIFORMIS, WES
Authors: STRAZDINA Vija , FETERE Valentina , FEODOROVA-FEDOTOVA Liga , JASKO Janis , TREIKALE Olga
Published: March 2018

Yellow rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis Wes. is one of the most significant diseases constraint to winter wheat production in the world. Since 2011 in Europe have appeared distinct new races – Warrior, Kranich, Warrior (-) that have caused wide epidemics on different cultivars of wheat. Grain yield losses can be prevented by using a combination of varietal resistance and fungicides. Information on wheat variety susceptibility to local yellow (stripe) rust Puccinia striiformis Wes. races can help to reduce the risk of yield losses in high disease pressure situations. Field trials with eight most popular and perspective winter wheat varieties in Latvia were established in the North-Western part of Latvia (Stende Research Centre) in autumn of 2016. The trial was designed as two randomized complete blocks (treated and untreated) and data were statistically interpreted. Two applications of fungicides at BBCH 29-32 by T1 (prothioconazol 53 g L-1, spiroxamin 224 g L-1, tebucanazole 148 g L-1) and at BBCH 37-39 - T2 (bixafen 65 g L-1, prothioconazol 130 g L-1, fluopyram 65 g L-1- 1.5 L ha-1) were used to control the YR. Yield and 1000 kernel weight (TKW) were determined. Preliminary results indicated the difference between genotypes resistance/susceptibility to YR. The severity of infection level was 1- 80% depending on genotype resistance. Application of fungicides increased grain yield by 2.9 % to 33.0% and TKW by 3.4% - 33.2 % depending on variety. Observations showed the difference in the occurrence of symptoms on YR in different varieties of winter wheat under conditions of 2017 in Stende.
SMART EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY IN THE LEARNING PROCESS AT A RURAL VOCATIONAL TRAINING INSTITUTION - A CASE STUDY
Authors: KASPERIŪNIENĖ Judita , DAUKILAS Sigitas
Published: March 2018

Smart educational technology in the learning process at a vocational training institution directly correlates to the pedagogical and methodological preparation of teachers and their practical experience. The pedagogical preparation determines better learning outcomes, effective social and cultural expressions, and more qualitative guidance of the didactic process. In addition, teachers with the help of technology have the opportunity to draw attention to each student, help the learner to know himself and his or her field of professional expression. This case study examined the ability of vocational teachers to use various technologies in class. Study was conducted in five rural vocational training schools in Lithuania. Twenty five vocational teachers were interviewed using focus group interview format about their smart educational technology usage in teaching and contacting their students. Teachers were observed manipulating, transforming and allocating appropriate digital media, adapting teaching content and easily forming teaching-learning networks to achieve educational goals. Overall, the process described here showed that regardless of how long vocational teachers work at a rural school and what subjects they teach, mostly teachers communicated and collaborated through technologies with their students while presenting vocational teaching content. Finally, the technological competence of vocational teachers reflected the teacher's ability to carry out a certain vocational teaching process: the ability to perform technological operations, the skill to work with various materials, equipment and the mentoring capacity.
SUPPORT TOOLS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF ORGANIC PRODUCE IN LATVIA
Authors: ALEKSEJEVA Lasma , PELS Modrite
Published: March 2018

Organic farming is part of the national economy where renewable natural resources are used in a sustainable and prudent way in the production process, and therefore the production of primary products is environmentally friendly. Latvia has high potential for growth on the basis of the EU as a whole – in 2016, the area of organically certified territories totalled 270.73 thousand hectares, or about 11% of the total agricultural land area, which was the fifth highest indicator among the EU Member States. The aim of the research is to analyse the availability of support tools for the organic farming sector and ways to improve their use efficiency. The available support tools contribute to increase in the number of organic farms and in the organic agricultural area as well as increase in productivity and a higher level of mechanisation. The development of organic processing and the provision of a complex production cycle are less important. Financial support for organic farming partially compensates for the loss of profits, but it does not include support measures directly addressing the problems faced by farmers – the availability of organic seed, certification fees, the availability of animal breeds and public awareness.
CONCEPTUALISATION OF THE MEANINGFUL LIFE AMONG RURAL AND URBAN YOUNG PEOPLE
Authors: MIČIULIENĖ Rita , GARŠKAITĖ Rita
Published: March 2018

In a rapidly changing global environment young people find it more difficult to understand and take a position in life. Therefore, the insights into the meaning of life as well as youth values, which need to be updated at times, presuppose a scientific problem of this work. The article aims to elaborate the differences between the rural and urban youth concerning their perception of the meaningful life and their values. Three hundred and seventy undergraduate students in the study programmes of agriculture, technology and social science at Aleksandras Stulginskis University were surveyed. The results of the survey revealed the prevailing individualistic values of the youth. Although the statistical differences in the socio-economic variables were not found, some trends in the context of gender and place of origin were observed. Students associate the meaning of life with diligence and honest work, self-confidence and goal-seeking. The essential differences in basic life principles manifested themselves within the perception of the meaningful life between the urban and rural youth. Although young people from rural areas perceive life as tedious, they tend to live longer, abandoning everything that is unhealthy, and do not think that a suicide could be a way out of a difficult position. Whereas, the youngsters from big cities, evaluating their life in a fairly optimistic way, would rather live shorter life, than give up the pleasures of life; they are also more likely to think that a suicide could be a way out of a difficult situation.
EFFICIENCY OF VIMEK 610.2 FORWARDER AND ITS IMPACT ON SOIL IN FOREST THINNING
Authors: PETAJA Guna , MUIŽNIEKS Edgars , KALĒJA Santa
Published: March 2018

Effective haulage is one of the main requirements for cost-efficient logging services. The aim of the study is to estimate productivity of Vimek 610.2 forwarder in thinning and to determine soil compaction during haulage. Trials were conducted in Latvia, in 2 forest stands located in northern part of the country, in Engure municipality. The Vimek 610.2 Biocombi harwarder with additional bunk was used as a forwarder in the trials. It was equipped with Mowi P25 crane, tracks on rear axle and net chains on front axle to enhance performance on soils with low bearing capacity. Detailed time study was implemented for 56 forwarder loads. Working time was evaluated according to working cycle of forwarder crane (13 operations in total). Productivity of Vimek 610.2 forwarder and the prime cost of roundwood forwarding under optimal and extreme conditions is determined based on the time study results. According to the results productivity of forwarder Vimek 610.2 in trials with average hauling distance of 181 m, recalculated to productive time consumption spent to forward 1m3 of roundwood under optimal conditions is 6.03 min and under extreme conditions – 6.23 min. In soils with low bearing capacity Vimek 610.2 did not compacted soil, however formation of ruts were observed, and in areas with optimal soil bearing capacity soil compaction was detected at surface layers (down to 10 cm depth). Prime costs of forwarding with Vimek 610.2 under optimal conditions to 180 m distance is 2.46 € m-3, but under extreme conditions – 3.36 € m-3.
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF LIVESTOCK FARMS IN RUSSIA
Authors: KOZLOVA Natalia , BRIUKHANOV Aleksandr , VASILEV Eduard , SHALAVINA Ekaterina
Published: March 2018

The paper focuses on quantitative assessment of nitrogen flows in a livestock farm under transition to best available techniques BAT system in Russia. Comparative analysis of quantitative estimates of ammonia emissions from housing for dairy cows, fattening pigs, farrowing sows and laying hens was conducted using available literature data and information obtained through a survey of pilot livestock farms in Leningrad Region. Ammonia emission data for existing Russian enterprises were found in the range of BREF emission levels associated with BAT.
The nitrogen farm-gate balance was calculated for the farm with 810 dairy cows, 2600 ha of agricultural land and milk yield of 22 kg/day. The nitrogen surplus was 48.3 kg/ha, which was below the limit values and indicated the possibility to increase the application amount of nitrogen fertilisers, however, nitrogen use efficiency of 0.21 was significantly below the European average. The viability of manure storage and spreading techniques recommended by European BREF, namely compost heaps covering and immediate incorporation of organic fertilisers after spreading, was estimated for this farm. The calculated values of total nitrogen losses are reduced by 20%; the saving of mineral fertilizers owing to higher nitrogen content in applied organic fertilisers can be 18 t / year.
For the rough assessment of technologies on the initial stage of Russian reference books creation it is practicable to use the data from EU BREF on intensive rearing of pigs and poultry. When farms are assessed on the stage of integrated permits issue, it is feasible to use the measured air concentrations of hazardous substances along with the estimation of the whole-farm environmental impact by nitrogen use efficiency. For such estimates to be applied in Russia, the data needs to be collected and systematised for different categories of farms and for different climatic regions.
ASSESSMENT OF ECONOMIC LOSSES ASSOCIATED WITH NITROGEN LEACHING IN AGRICULTURAL LAND IN LATVIA
Authors: SIKSNANE Ieva , LAGZDINS Ainis
Published: March 2018

Water is significantly important resource in everyday life. Parameters that characterize the quality of water resources are affected by human activities. In Latvia, water pollution with nutrients is often related to agricultural activities. As water circulation is sustained and uninterrupted process, nitrogen compounds are lost throughout the hydrographic network and transported both locally and internationally. Increased levels of nitrogen in the water lead to intensive eutrophication processes in the inland water bodies and the Baltic Sea, therefore, availability of clean water is decreasing. It is necessary to minimize and prevent water pollution as much as possible.
The aim of this research is to evaluate the economic losses caused by nitrogen leakage through agricultural drainage systems in Latvia. For this purpose, water protection regulations and agricultural runoff monitoring data are examined.
Evaluation process of the economic losses includes a comparison of the maximum extent permitted rates of nitrogen application with the theoretical optimum application rates and application rates determined at the research sites. For calculations ammonium nitrate was used as a type of fertilizer. From the results of this research it can be concluded that in about 41% the amount of nitrogen needed to reach the current yield level was exceeded. In addition, on average 13.2% and 15.4% of nitrogen applied annually as mineral fertilizers are lost through the subsurface drainage systems at the Berze and Mellupite research sites, respectively. This causes economic losses to farmers on average 61.13 EUR ha-1 year-1.
SOCIAL BENEFIT OF GREEN SPACES TO LOCAL COMMUNITY
Authors: VAZNONIENĖ Gintarė , VAZNONIS Bernardas
Published: March 2018

The article deals with the concept of green spaces by highlighting its social benefit to the local community. Green spaces have become an important element in shaping rural and urban public spaces, creating attractive living surrounding, promoting integration, interaction and participation of locals, strengthening their health and enhancing overall wellbeing. Moreover, green spaces are often characterized as public spaces, so the interest in this topic implies that being in or using these spaces influences various social groups in any community. Unfortunately, the emphasis of social benefit of green spaces on the local level still lacks solid grounds in the social science discourse in Lithuania. In view of the above, the research methodology includes both theoretical and empirical research methods, where the following scientific problem is addressed: the ways or forms that the social benefit of green spaces manifests itself in relation to local communities? The aim of the research is to analyse manifestation of social benefit of green spaces to local community. The results of scientific literature analysis and interview with the specialists have provided some common insights such as how social benefit of green spaces can manifest itself on the local level. It has been acknowledged that, in terms of social benefit, green spaces are multifunctional, with their main purpose, however, being satisfaction of the needs of local community needs at the place they live in. Although green spaces are not fitted enough to support active participation, awareness of the variety of existing green spaces may contribute to promotion of various local community activities, interaction between different social groups, and appears as a “social bridge”, influencing overall wellbeing of individuals and community.
SMART SPECIALISATION DEVELOPMENT OPPORTUNITIES IN THE PIERIGAS REGION (LATVIA)
Authors: RIVŽA Baiba , ĀZENA Ligita
Published: March 2018

There are two widely used “smart” concepts, often considered to be synonymous with one another - “smart city” and “smart specialisation”. The origin and initial meaning of each concept is different, although there are certain similarities. On the city level, multiple policy initiatives are oriented towards the concept of a “smart city”, which originally developed around the ICT infrastructure as a means to connect cities and thus provide opportunity for development. Recently the term “smart” has also found its way in regional policy. Therefore, it is necessary to interpret both concepts in a wider sense not limiting them only to meanings associated with technology. There is an empirical connection between smart specialisation development (in a wider sense) and introduction of smart cities (in a wider sense). But it does not mean that all regions (especially those with low manufacturing development index) should follow a strategy of research and development and/or hi-tech manufacturing.
Smart development is a multi-dimensional concept, consisting of sustainable economic growth and sustainable city or regional development, based on the advantages of sustainable competition. It is also perceived as means to increase overall quality of life. This means that social and environmental capital also plays an important role together with infrastructural and ICT development.
COMMUNITY SOCIAL WELFARE MODELING
Authors: GREBLIKAITĖ Jolita , VIENAŽINDIENĖ Milita , ANDRIUKAITIENĖ Regina
Published: March 2018

The social welfare of the community, as a reflection of the quality of life, is characterized by a dynamic and complex nature, and is now becoming an increasingly relevant and more debatable topic in the scientific community. An integrated assessment of social welfare becomes the most important prerequisite for increasing the quality of life. The theoretical studies of social welfare assessment have shown that in order to assess it, a systematic approach is needed that distinguishes living quality factors and their groups and identifies the relationships between them. It is obvious that only the assessment of the existing social welfare situation can form the direction of improving the quality of life. In this article the authors, analyzing the issue of social welfare management as one of the most painful problems of the community today, define the concept of quality of life and social welfare, identify factors of social welfare quality and their assessment indicators, reveal the peculiarities of community-oriented activities. Based on the analysis of scientific literature, the authors of the article present a conceptual model illustrating community social welfare management and improving the quality of social life by responding to the needs of the community. The model consists of 5 main stages, each stage solving individual tasks. In the initial stages, an analysis of the current situation is carried out in the aspect of determinants of social welfare, the existing level is determined and comparison with the previous periods is performed. In the next stages a social welfare development plan is being prepared and implemented. According to the authors, applying the proposed model of social welfare management in the community, it is possible to ensure a higher level of social quality of life. Research method is the analysis and synthesis of scientific literature, logical, comparative and graphic representation.
EVALUATION OF SPATIAL DIFFERENTIATION OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL AREAS IN MAZOWIECKIE PROVINCE IN YEARS 2004-2016
Authors: CHRZANOWSKA Mariola , ZIELIŃSKA-SITKIEWICZ Monika
Published: March 2018

Mazowieckie Province is a unique area of Poland. It is characterised by social and economic diversification. Located in this province, Warsaw strongly influences the development of neighbouring rural areas. On the other hand, rural municipalities whose socio-economic parameters are among the lowest in the country are located within several dozen kilometres from the centre of the capital. Such disparities show that Mazowieckie is characterised by large interregional differences in its internal structure. This is an interesting research area that requires the analysis of socio-economic development in this region to be conducted in a multidimensional way. The aim of this study is to evaluate the spatial differentiation of the level of socio-economic development of rural areas in Mazowieckie Province. Linear ordering was used to determine the level of socio-economic development. The results of the study are consistent with core-periphery theory. The large urban centres that function as the centres for the surrounding rural areas have the greatest impact on the level of rural development. The impact of smaller towns can also be noticed. They often are the local development centres for surrounding villages.