bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bedrock geology along Ingenika and Finlay rivers, Peace river Reservoir area, British Columbia
Authors: Rutter N W , Taylor G C
Published: February 2016

A portion of the Rocky Mountain Trench about to be flooded behind the Bennett Dam was examined. Twelve exposures of bedrock were located, samples obtained, and thin sections of these were studied. Each sample was assigned, according to its lithology and
metamorphic facies, to either the Sifton Formation, Tenakihi, Ingenika, or Misinchinka Groups. The samples have been placed in the permanent collection of the Geological Survey of Canada.
Isotopic age studies and tectonic interpretation of superior province in Manitoba
Authors: Ermanovics I F , Wanless R K
Published: February 2016

Isotopic ages determined from U-Pb zircon, Rb-Sr whole-rock isochron, and K-Ar mineral data from Superior Province in Manitoba are tabulated and interpreted in relation to their distribution in subprovinces. Two episodes of igneous activity are separated in time
by 300 Ma in all subprovinces at ea. 2900-3050 Ma (Wanipigowan Orogeny) and ea. 2660-2770 Ma (Laurentian Orogeny). K-Ar biotite ages are interpreted to be plutonic cooling ages and they show that blocking temperatures of argon in biotites south of Sachigo Subprovince were seemingly attained about
200-300 Ma after culmination of igneous activity 2700 Ma ago. Rb-Sr whole-rock and U-Pb zircon data of primary ages suggest that crustal growth during 2700-3000 Ma ago occurred without significant remelting of pre-existing rocks and that Superior Province responded to Laurentian tectonics as a unit.
However, some Rb-Sr whole-rock ages young southward from Pikwitonei Subprovince and K-Ar mineral ages young southward from southern Sachigo Subprovince. This seems to suggest that plutonic activity or cratonization or both proceeded from north to south in late Archean time. U-Pb zircon ages in the
northern part of the Superior Province in the range 2700-2765 Ma as opposed to 2660-2730 Ma in the southern part may be cited in support of such a concept. Alternative hypotheses that may explain the younging trend to the south include loss of radiogenic daughters during deuteric mobilization at
elevated but postconsolidation temperatures, isotopic rejuvenation, and plutonic cooling of epeirogenic proportions during late Archean time. Young K-Ar ages were produced in Proterozoic time in Superior Province terrane north of northern Berens Subprovince as far as 350 km south of the
Superior-Churchill boundary zone. Biotite ages with a median value of 2450 Ma in Berens are updated by proportionately greater amounts in the direction of the Churchill orogen and cluster in the range 1700-1800 Ma in the Superior-Churchill boundary zone. The cause of these younger ages in Sachigo
Subprovince may have been regional uplift of Superior Province during Proterozoic time or isotopic rejuvenation related to tectonic activity along the Churchill-Superior boundary zone. Temperatures for this activity in Sachigo Subprovince are constrained by the blocking temperature of argon in
biotite. In retrograde Pikwitonei (Churchill-Superior boundary zone) temperatures exceeded argon blocking temperatures in hornblendes.
An automated procedure for Catchment Basin analysis of stream geochemical data: Nahanni River map area, Yukon and Northwest Territories
Authors: Ellwood D J , Bonham-Carter G F , Goodfellow W D
Published: February 2016

This paper describes and illustrates the production of digital maps of regional stream geochemical data, analyzed by catchment basin analysis. Advances in computer-graphies technology permit the routine raster­scanning of geological and catchment basin maps. In
digital form, the information from these maps, coupled with a geochemical data base, is manipulated to estimate the geochemical background for each element in each catchment basin. After correcting positive anomalies for basin area, maps depicting mineralization ratings are produced in colour (or
grey-tones), providing a valuable tool for follow-up exploration.
Geology of the west - central Cape Breton Highlands, Nova Scotia
Authors: Jamieson R A , Tallman P , Marcotte J A , Plint H E , Connors K
A
Published: February 2016

Mapping of metavolcanic, metasedimentary, and metaplutonic rocks in the vicinity of the Northeast Margaree River, west-central Cape Breton Highlands, has been carried out on 1:10 000 and 1:25 000 scales. The Jumping Brook metamorphic suite (redefined) consists of
a lower unit of metabasalts and associated pyroclastic and sedimentary rocks (Faribault Brook metavolcanics), overlain by quartz-rich sedimentary rocks with local conglomerate and tuff (Barren Brook schist), and semi-pelitic to psammitic schists (Dauphinee Brook schist), which grade into
porphyroblastic schists ranging up to staurolite-kyanite grade (Corney Brook schist). Medium grained amphibolite (George Brook amphibolite) with relict dioritic texture is common in the sequence and probably represents synvolcanic intrusions. The Belle Cote Road gneiss, an Ordovician-Silurian
tonalitic to granodioritic orthogneiss considered part of the Pleasant Bay Complex, forms an elongated belt through the central highlands. These units can be traced from the Cheticamp River into the central highlands in the area bounded by Highland and Fielding roads. They are intruded by a range of
foliated to undeformed Silurian to Devonian granitoid rocks. Massive sulphide deposits, common in the vicinity of Faribault Brook, are localized near the transition from metavolcanic to metasedimentary rocks. However, shearing has remobilized sulphides in some deposits, while others are associated
with unrelated, later shear zones. The age of the volcanic and sedimentary protoliths of the Jumping Brook metamorphic suite is not known, but a Lower Paleozoic age, previously considered unlikely, now appears possible.
La cartographie des formations géologiques en surface à l'aide de la télédétection
Authors: Belanger J R
Published: February 2016

The interpretation of remote sensing data presents particular problems in geology since the spectral discrimination of phenomena does nor necessarily very according to the user's tapies. Sorne of these problems such as incomplete spectral signatures, gross pixel
resolution, or atmospheric interference, are technical in nature and thus beyond the user's control. Other difficulties however can be caused by the approach or methods used to extract information from spectral data. The qualitative approach does not allow for the precise analysis of images whereas
the quantitative approach, which is based on a mathematical discrimination of spectral signatures, rarely permits the establishment of a geological discrimination. The supervised methods of signature classification base discrimination only on field data which do not necessarily have an equivalent at
the level of spectral discrimination; the establishment of themes using unsupervised methods, based on mathematical discrimination of signatures does not necessarily have a geological equivalent. This report uses an approach that is bath quantitative for image processing and qualitative for spectral
class interpretation. Spectral classes are established using a semi-supervised classification, that is, signatures are grouped by taking in account spectral discrimination and user tapies. Three MSS Landsat scenes of the Eastern Townships of Quebec, Lake Kaminak in District of Keewatin, and King
William Island in District of Franklin are used. It is preferable to combine approaches and methods of analysis and interpretation in order to adapt spectral discrimination to the geographic and geological context.
Physical and geochemical observations on land reclamation of open-pit coal mines, Alberta and British Columbia
Authors: Jackson L E
Published: February 2016

Previous studies dealing with the reclamation of open-pit coal mines in the Rocky Mountain Front Ranges and the Foothills have been concerned predominantly with vegetation and fertilizer trials. This study compares and contrasts geochemical and physical
properties of natural regolith and rock waste. Data on these two materials have been assembled from field testing carried out during this study and from reclamation literature. Regolith and rock waste found in coal-bearing areas are both stony sediments with comparable contents of clasts
> 2 mm; however, the < 2 mm fraction of rock waste is generally coarser than that of regolith. Although large shale clasts in rock waste generally break down rapidly into smaller particles, these particles exceed the upper limit of the silt size range (64?,m). Both rock waste
and regolith are compacted during dumping and grading processes. High void ratios persist in both for an indeterminate period. The mineralogy of regolith and rock waste adversely affects the results of determination of cation exchange capacity using ammonium acetate as an exchange reagent. A lithium
acetate methodology is suggested. The chemistries of these two sediments are similar. The textures of both regolith and rock waste should be considered, however, when calculating cation exchange capacity and available nutrients. Because the < 2 mm fraction in these sediments may
constitute less than 50 % by weight, levels of available nutrients may be half or less the levels indicated by analysis.
Marine geological and geotechnical investigations in Wellington, Byam Martin, Austin, and adjacent channels, Canadian Arctic Archipelago
Authors: MacLean B , Sonnichsen G , Vilks G , Powell C , Moran K , Jennings A , Hodgson D , Deonarine B
Published: February 2016

Marine geological and geophysical investigations were carried out in Wellington Channel, Byam Martin and Austin channels, and in eastern Barrow Strait-western Lancaster Sound from CSS HUDSON in i986. These investigations provided information on the distribution,
thickness, composition, depositional environments, geotechnical properties, and regional geological setting of the surficial sediments, and on the structure of the near surface bedrock. The data indicate the widespread occurrence of sediments of apparent glacial origin (glacial drift) which overlie
variably dipping sedimentary bedrock, and which are in turn locally overlain by up to a few metres of acoustically stratified and acoustically transparent sediments, interpreted to represent glaciomarine and postglacial sediments respectively. The drift unit locally forms constructional features
interpreted to be moraines, and in places contains multiple sequences. Surficial sediment thicknesses in Wellington Channel commonly are less than JO m but locally reach 25 m, are somewhat greater in Byam Martin and Austin channels (up to 50 m), and are generally greater in eastern Barrow Strait,
where they locally reach iOO m. Geotechnical, foraminiferal and textural data show consistent correlations with one another and with the acoustic stratigraphic units. The postglacial sediments have a high water content, low bulk density, and low shear strength; the converse applies to the
glaciomarine and glacial drift sediments. Foraminifera are relatively diverse in the postglacial sediments, less diverse in the glaciomarine sediments, and are absent in the glacial drift. Magnetic susceptibility data suggest that most of the sediments probably were derived from Paleozoic rocks of
the Arctic islands, but that glacial drift in northern Prince Regent inlet and glaciomarine sediments in eastern Barrow Strait-western Lancaster Sound may have been derived partly from Precambrian rocks bordering part of the Gulf of Boothia, south of Prince Regent Inlet. Some seafloor sediments,
particularly the glacial drift, have been modified by ice scour.
Thermal maturity of Carboniferous and permian rocks of the Sverdrup Basin, Canadian Arctic Archipelago
Authors: Utting J , Goodarzi F , Dougherty B J , Henderson C M
Published: February 2016

The thermal maturity of outcrop and subsurface core samples from Carboniferous and Permian rocks of Sverdrup Basin was assessed by using the Thermal Alteration Index (pollen and spore colour), the conodont Colour Alteration Index, and reflectance of vitrinite and
bitumen. These data indicate significant thermal maturity trends within the basin, which have considerable relevance to the hydrocarbon potential. The lowest levels of thermal maturity fall within the oil generation zone, and occur in strata that form a relatively narrow (50 to 100 km wide) belt
along the southern to southeastern outcrop margin of the basin. The thermal maturity increases toward the centre of the basin, and is very high in much of the northeastern area. These general trends are believed to be partly the result of variations in the thickness of the Mesozoic and Tertiary
sediments that covered the upper Paleozoic strata, and partly due to the high heat flow during the Mesozoic, related to the numerous igneous intrusions present in many parts of the basin. Thermal maturity anomalies occur within a few metres of these intrusions.
The geology of the Antigonish Highlands, Nova Scotia
Authors: Murphy J B , Keppie J D , Hynes A J
Published: February 2016

The Antigonish Highlands consist predominantly of late Precambrian rocks of the Georgeville Group. The stratigraphy of the Georgeville Group records the progressive development of a marine basin. Subaerial to shallow marine volcanic-dominated sequences are
overlain by a thick sequence of turbidites with a volcanic arc source area. The geochemistry of the volcanic rocks indicates that there are at least three distinct contemporaneous volcanic rock types: (i) a calc-alkalic basaltic andesite; (ii) a continental within-plate tholeiitic-alkalic basalt;
and (iii) volcanic arc-relatedfelsic volcanic rocks. The geochemistry, stratigraphy, and geochronology suggest that the Georgeville Group is synorogenic, genetically associated with subduction, and was deposited in an intra-arc or peri-arc basin. Geochronological data constrain the depositional age
to ca. 618-610 Ma. Deformation of the Georgeville Group by thrusts, easterly vergent isoclinal folds, and north-south and east-west upright folds is associated with westward telescoping and closure of the basin. Synchronous movement along major northeast-trending strike-slip faults may have
accompanied this deformation and may have continued into the Cambrian. Intrusions by ca. 615-610 Ma appinitic gabbro and granite are spatially and temporally associated with movement along major faults. Cambrian-Lower Ordovician rocks of the Antigonish Highlands were deposited in a pull-apart basin
associated with a dextral transgressional stage of the late Precambrian Avalonian-Cadomian Orogeny. Two groups of rocks were deposited: the predominantly sedimentary Iron Brook Group and the predominantly volcanic McDonalds Brook Group. The rocks were deposited in a continental to shallow marine
environment. The geochemistry of the volcanic rocks is consistent with a continental within-plate tectonic environment and is genetically related to the development of the pull-apart basin. Cambrian plutonic rocks (granite and gabbro) display geochemical characteristics consistent with a
transgressional environment. The basin was deformed by thrusts and isoclinal folds probably in the Middle Ordovician. Deformation is possibly related to sinistral motion on northeast-trending faults. Late Ordovician to Early Devonian rocks of the Arisaig Group consist of mafic to felsic volcanic
rocks overlain by a thick sequence of fossiliferous siliciclastic rocks, and were deposited in a continental to shallow niarine environment. The geochemistry of the volcanic rocks is consistent with a continental rift-related tectonic environment. These rocks were deformed by faults and thrusts,
probably in the Middle Devonian. Upper Devonian-Carboniferous plutonic rocks are associated with the transgressional stages of the Acadian Orogeny and may be related to the docking of the Meguma Terrane
Geology of the Winokapau Lake area, Grenville Province, central Labrador
Authors: Thomas A
Published: February 2016

Precambrian crystalline rocks within the northern part of the Grenville Structural Province near Winokapau Lake southeast of Churchill Falls, Labrador, constitute a mixed paragneiss, orthogneiss, granitoid, and gabbroid terrane. A range of hills in the eastern
and southern parts of the area mark an allochthonous crustal block, the Wilson Lake allochthon, underlain primarily by granulite facies quartzofeldspathic paragneiss containing the mineral assemblage hypersthene + sillimanite + biotite + quartz + plagioclase + potassium feldspar ± sapphirine
± cordierite. Lowlands are underlain by parautochthonous rocks comprising amphibolite to granulite facies quartzofeldspathic paragneiss, orthogneiss, and deformed porphyritic granitoid and gabbroid rocks. Paragneiss in the parautochthon is characterized by the mineral assemblage sillimanite +
biotite + quartz + plagioclase + potassium feldspar ± hypersthene ± sapphirine ± cordierite ± muscovite ± kyanite ± garnet whereas orthogneiss and deformed granitoid-gabbroid rocks contain the assemblage biotite + plagioclase ± potassium feldspar ± hypersthene
± hornblende ± garnet ± quartz. The protolith of paragneiss in the Winokapau Lake area is at least Aphebian in age, and is correlated with that of the Disappointment Lake gneiss in and around the Red Wine Mountains massif to the north, which is a continuation of the Wilson Lake
allochthon that has undergone a similar tectonic history. The orthogneiss is correlated with essentially undeformed Paleohelikian granitoid rocks belonging to the Trans Labrador Batholith, located north of the present study area. Both the parautochthonous and allochthonous blocks have undergone
extensive deformation during at least two major orogenic events. U-Pb dates of 1676 and 1603 Ma on zircons obtained from the paragneiss are the result of a newly identified mid-Paleohelikian orogenic event known as the Labradorian orogeny. Similar U-Pb dates ranging from 1653 to 1635 Ma have also
been obtained from the orthogneiss. Granulite facies peak metamorphic conditions prevailed during this event with temperatures having exceeded 700 C and pressures 6 x 105 kPa. In contrast, a number of younger U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar mineral ages have been derived from the orthogneiss, and range from 1013
to 991 Ma. These represent reworking of the rocks during the Grenvillian Orogeny under middle to upper amphibolite facies metamorphic conditions, with indicated temperatures in the range 500 to 600 C and pressures of up to 7 x 105 kPa. Rocks within the Winokapau Lake area form an integral part of
the mid-Proterozoic Grenville orogenic terrane, which extends entirely across central Labrador, continuing into both the southwestern United States and the Scandinavian countries.
Severe Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in a Human Immunodeficiency Virus Patient Coinfected with Leishmania braziliensis and Its Endosymbiotic Virus
Authors: Parmentier Laurent , Cusini Alexia , Müller Norbert , Zangger Haroun , Hartley Mary-Anne , Desponds Chantal , Castiglioni Patrik , Dubach Patrick , Ronet Catherine , Beverley Stephen M. , Fasel Nicolas
Published: February 2016

Leishmania parasites cause a broad range of disease, with cutaneous afflictions being, by far, the most prevalent. Variations in disease severity and symptomatic spectrum are mostly associated to parasite species. One risk factor for the severity and emergence of leishmaniasis is immunosuppression, usually arising by coinfection of the patient with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Interestingly, several species of Leishmania have been shown to bear an endogenous cytoplasmic dsRNA virus (LRV) of the Totiviridae family, and recently we correlated the presence of LRV1 within Leishmania parasites to an exacerbation murine leishmaniasis and with an elevated frequency of drug treatment failures in humans. This raises the possibility of further exacerbation of leishmaniasis in the presence of both viruses, and here we report a case of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania braziliensis bearing LRV1 with aggressive pathogenesis in an HIV patient. LRV1 was isolated and partially sequenced from skin and nasal lesions. Genetic identity of both sequences reinforced the assumption that nasal parasites originate from primary skin lesions. Surprisingly, combined antiretroviral therapy did not impact the devolution of Leishmania infection. The Leishmania infection was successfully treated through administration of liposomal amphotericin B.
Cognitive Assessment Trends in Home Health Care for Adults With Mild Stroke
Authors: Burns Suzanne C. , Neville Marsha
Published: February 2016

OBJECTIVE. This article describes current trends in cognitive assessment use for adults with mild stroke by home health practitioners in the United States.

METHOD. Participants were 56 home health occupational therapists and occupational therapy assistants. A self-administered survey about use of cognitive assessment tools in home health care and influences on their use was conducted.

RESULTS. Ninety-six percent of participants assessed cognition in adults with mild stroke. Nonstandardized assessments were the most widely used method for evaluating cognition in the home health setting. Influences such as specialized training in specific assessments, confidence, and productivity requirements may have affected the practitioners’ cognitive assessment decisions in home health care.

CONCLUSION. Although cognitive assessments are widely used in home health care, occupational therapy practitioners are selecting nonstandardized assessments most frequently to assess cognition.
Validity and Responsiveness of the Revised Nottingham Sensation Assessment for Outcome Evaluation in Stroke Rehabilitation
Authors: Wu Ching-yi , Chuang I-ching , Ma Hui-ing , Lin Keh-chung , Chen Chia-ling
Published: February 2016

OBJECTIVE. This study establishes the concurrent validity, predictive validity, and responsiveness of the Revised Nottingham Sensation Assessment (rNSA) during rehabilitation for people with stroke.

METHOD. The study recruited 147 patients with stroke. The main assessment used was the rNSA, and outcome measures were the Fugl-Meyer Assessment sensory subscale (FMA–S) and motor subscale (FMA–M) and the Nottingham Extended Activities of Daily Living (NEADL) scale.

RESULTS. Correlation coefficients were good to excellent between the rNSA and the FMA–S. The rNSA proprioception measure was a predictor for the FMA–S. The rNSA stereognosis and tactile-pinprick measures for the proximal upper limb were predictors for the FMA–M and the NEADL scale, respectively. Responsiveness was moderate to large for three subscales of the rNSA (standardized response mean = .51–.83).

CONCLUSION. This study may support the concurrent validity, predictive validity, and responsiveness of the rNSA for people with stroke.
Wintertime aerosol chemical composition, volatility, and spatial variability in the greater London area
Authors: Xu L. , Williams L. R. , Young D. E. , Allan J. D. , Coe H. , Massoli P. , Fortner E. , Chhabra P. , Herndon S. , Brooks W. A. , Jayne J. T. , Worsnop D. R. , Aiken A. C. , Liu S. , Gorkowski K. , Dubey M. K. , Fleming Z. L. , Visser S. , Prévôt A. S. H. , Ng N. L.
Published: February 2016

Abstract. The composition of PM1 (particulate matter with diameter less than 1 µm) in the greater London area was characterized during the Clean Air for London (ClearfLo) project in winter 2012. Two high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometers (HR-ToF-AMS) were deployed at a rural site (Detling, Kent) and an urban site (North Kensington, London). The simultaneous and high-temporal resolution measurements at the two sites provide a unique opportunity to investigate the spatial distribution of PM1. We find that the organic aerosol (OA) concentration is comparable between the rural and urban sites, but the contribution from different sources is distinctly different between the two sites. The concentration of solid fuel OA at the urban site is about twice as high as at the rural site, due to elevated domestic heating in the urban area. While the concentrations of oxygenated OA (OOA) are well-correlated between the two sites, the OOA concentration at the rural site is almost twice that of the urban site. At the rural site, more than 70 % of the carbon in OOA is estimated to be non-fossil, which suggests that OOA is likely related to aged biomass burning considering the small amount of biogenic SOA in winter. Thus, it is possible that the biomass burning OA contributes a larger fraction of ambient OA in wintertime than what previous field studies have suggested. A suite of instruments was deployed downstream of a thermal denuder (TD) to investigate the volatility of PM1 species at the rural Detling site. After heating at 250 °C in the TD, 40 % of the residual mass is OA, indicating the presence of non-volatile organics in the aerosol. Although the OA associated with refractory black carbon (rBC; measured by a soot-particle aerosol mass spectrometer) only accounts for < 10 % of the total OA (measured by a HR-ToF-AMS) at 250 °C, the two measurements are well-correlated, suggesting that the non-volatile organics have similar sources or have undergone similar chemical processing as rBC in the atmosphere. Although the atomic O : C ratio of OOA is substantially larger than that of solid fuel OA and hydrocarbon-like OA, these three factors have similar volatility, which is inferred from the change in mass concentration after heating at 120 °C. Finally, we discuss the relationship between the mass fraction remaining (MFR) of OA after heating in the TD and atomic O : C of OA and find that particles with a wide range of O : C could have similar MFR after heating. This analysis emphasizes the importance of understanding the distribution of volatility and O : C in bulk OA.
Shifts in the microbial community in the Baltic Sea with increasing CO2
Authors: Crawfurd K .J. , Brussaard C .P. D. , Riebesell U.
Published: February 2016

Abstract. Ocean acidification, due to dissolution of anthropogenically produced carbon dioxide is considered a major threat to marine ecosystems. The Baltic Sea, with extremely low salinity and thus low pH buffering capacity, is likely to experience stronger variation in pH than the open ocean with increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide. We examined the effects of ocean acidification on the microbial community during summer using large volume in situ mesocosms to simulate present to future and far future scenarios. We saw distinct trends with increasing CO2 in each of the 6 groups of phytoplankton with diameters below 20 μm that we enumerated by flow cytometry. Of these groups two picoeukaryotic groups increased in abundance whilst the other groups, including prokaryotic Synechococcus spp., decreased with increasing CO2. Gross growth rates increased with increasing CO2 in the dominant picoeukaryote group sufficient to double their abundances whilst reduced grazing allowed the other picoeukaryotes to flourish at higher CO2. Significant increases in lysis rates were seen at higher CO2 in these two picoeukaryote groups. Converting abundances to particulate organic carbon we saw a large shift in the partitioning of carbon between the size fractions which lasted throughout the experiment. The heterotrophic prokaryotes largely followed the algal biomass with responses to increasing CO2 reflecting the altered phytoplankton community dynamics. Similarly, higher viral abundances at higher CO2 seemed related to increased prokaryote biomass. Viral lysis and grazing were equally important controlling prokaryotic abundances. Overall our results point to a shift towards a more regenerative system with potentially increased productivity but reduced carbon export.
Are fire mediated feedbacks burning out of control?
Authors: Lloyd J. , Veenendaal E. M.
Published: February 2016

Abstract. Contributing to recent discussions regarding the evidence for and against forest and savanna representing alternative steady states (ASS) across much of the tropical lands, we here address several issues raised by Staal and Flores (2015) in a recent commentary published in this journal (Biogeosciences, 12, 5563–5566, 2015). Our analysis shows that – in what could alternatively be titled "A Tale of Five Fallacies" – substantial errors in reasoning exhibited by both Staal and Flores (2015) and the ASS community in general in terms of arguments invoked as providing support for ASS as a key factor determining tropical vegetation distributions. Specifically we: (1) demonstrate that bimodal distributions of canopy cover need not necessarily be associated with ASS ("fallacy of confirmation bias"); (2) show that models suggesting the mathematical feasibility of ASS can never be taken as any sort of proof as to their actual existence ("fallacy of misplaced concreteness"); (3) conclude that studies failing to make climate-independent associations between soil properties and forest/savanna distributions (and thereby concluding that ASS must be present) have inevitably failed to measure the right things. Or in many cases, not even made the required measurements ("fallacy of suppressed evidence"). Moreover, we also find: (4) assertions that ASS associated concepts such as detrimental effects of fire on soil chemical properties and positive effects of forest tree species on soil fertility are totally without foundation ("fallacy of wishful thinking") and (5) a strong tendency amongst ASS advocates to take results from temperate ecosystems and incorrectly assume that this provides support for the existence of ASS in the tropical forest and savanna lands ("fallacy of hasty generalisation"). We conclude all arguments presented to date in support of the widespread existence of ASS in the tropical regions to be flawed. As an alternative, we suggest that forest-savanna transitions may be better understood as reflecting the effects of soil physical and chemical properties on tropical vegetation structure and function with fire-effected feedbacks simply serving to reinforce these patterns through a "sharpening switch" mechanism.
A novel bias correction methodology for climate impact simulations
Authors: Sippel S. , Otto F. E. L. , Forkel M. , Allen M. R. , Guillod B. P. , Heimann M. , Reichstein M. , Seneviratne S. I. , Thonicke K. , Mahecha M. D.
Published: February 2016

Abstract. Understanding, quantifying and attributing the impacts of extreme weather and climate events in the terrestrial biosphere is crucial for societal adaptation in a changing climate. However, climate model simulations generated for this purpose typically exhibit biases in their output that hinder any straightforward assessment of impacts. To overcome this issue, various bias correction strategies are routinely used to alleviate climate model deficiencies, most of which have been criticized for physical inconsistency and the nonpreservation of the multivariate correlation structure. In this study, we introduce a novel, resampling-based bias correction scheme that fully preserves the physical consistency and multivariate correlation structure of the model output. This procedure strongly improves the representation of climatic extremes and variability in a large regional climate model ensemble (HadRM3P, climateprediction.net/weatherathome), which is illustrated for summer extremes in temperature and rainfall over Central Europe. Moreover, we simulate biosphere–atmosphere fluxes of carbon and water using a terrestrial ecosystem model (LPJmL) driven by the bias-corrected climate forcing. The resampling-based bias correction yields strongly improved statistical distributions of carbon and water fluxes, including the extremes. Our results thus highlight the importance of carefully considering statistical moments beyond the mean for climate impact simulations. In conclusion, the present study introduces an approach to alleviate climate model biases in a physically consistent way and demonstrates that this yields strongly improved simulations of climate extremes and associated impacts in the terrestrial biosphere. A wider uptake of our methodology by the climate and impact modelling community therefore seems desirable for accurately quantifying changes in past, current and future extremes.
An introduction to learning algorithms and potential applications in geomorphometry and earth surface dynamics
Authors: Valentine Andrew , Kalnins Lara
Published: February 2016

Abstract. "Learning algorithms" are a class of computational tool designed to infer information from a dataset, and then apply that information predictively. They are particularly well-suited to complex pattern recognition, or to situations where a mathematical relationship needs to be modelled, but where the underlying processes are not well-understood, are too expensive to compute, or where signals are over-printed by other effects. If a representative set of examples of the relationship can be constructed, a learning algorithm can assimilate its behaviour, and may then serve as an efficient, approximate computational implementation thereof. A wide range of applications in geomorphometry and earth surface dynamics may be envisaged, ranging from classification of landforms through to prediction of erosion characteristics given input forces. Here, we provide a practical overview of the various approaches that lie within this general framework, review existing uses in geomorphology and related applications, and discuss some of the factors that determine whether a learning algorithm approach is suited to any given problem.
Magnetic Airborne Survey – Geophysical Flight
Authors: Camara E. , Guimaraes S. N. P.
Published: February 2016

Abstract. Geophysics is a Geoscience that involves the study of the Earth via physical measurements. In this context, there are many types of physical measurements that can be studied. Airborne geophysics involved one of these types of measurements. It uses airborne data to characterize larger areas with mineral exploration potential. Measurements are typically taken at a preliminary point of the exploration process, after the soil of the area has been classified. The first geophysical method to utilize airborne research was the magnetic method. Discovered by Faraday, Sect. XIX, the method was initially used by the USSR (current day Russia) in 1936 (Hood, 1969) and better adapted by America in 1940 (Hood, 1969). Both countries had a vested military interest in the technology, particularly for submarine applications. After some adaptations, another early flight was made in the US in 1944 using the Beech Staggerwing NC18575 (Morrison, 2004). The first geophysical airborne survey in Brazil occurred 60 years ago (1953) in the city of Sao Joao Del Rey, Minas Gerais (Hildebrand, 2004). It was conducted by the Prospec Company, which later became Geomag. The survey utilized both magnetic and radiometric methods. The fixed wing aircraft used in the survey was the PBY-5 (Catalina). It was equipped with a Fluxgate magnetometer, which measured the total magnetic field, in the tail of the aircraft (Hildebrand, 2004). The system was totally analogic and constructed using electromechanical units and an infinite series of valves. All the data processing was done manually because, at that time, analogic data was recorded, tabulated, corrected, interpolated and plotted on a cartographic base. The data were then presented in the form of a profile overlay on contour maps. All tracing was also manually completed.
FPLUME-1.0: An integral volcanic plume model accounting for ash aggregation
Authors: Folch A. , Costa A. , Macedonio G.
Published: February 2016

Abstract. Eruption source parameters (ESP) characterizing volcanic eruption plumes are crucial inputs for atmospheric tephra dispersal models, used for hazard assessment and risk mitigation. We present FPLUME-1.0, a steady-state 1-D (one-dimensional) cross-section-averaged eruption column model based on the buoyant plume theory (BPT). The model accounts for plume bending by wind, entrainment of ambient moisture, effects of water phase changes, particle fallout and re-entrainment, a new parameterization for the air entrainment coefficients and a model for wet aggregation of ash particles in the presence of liquid water or ice. In the occurrence of wet aggregation, the model predicts an effective grain size distribution depleted in fines with respect to that erupted at the vent. Given a wind profile, the model can be used to determine the column height from the eruption mass flow rate or vice versa. The ultimate goal is to improve ash cloud dispersal forecasts by better constraining the ESP (column height, eruption rate and vertical distribution of mass) and the effective particle grain size distribution resulting from eventual wet aggregation within the plume. As test cases we apply the model to the eruptive phase-B of the 4 April 1982 El Chichón volcano eruption (México) and the 6 May 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption phase (Iceland). The modular structure of the code facilitates the implementation in the future code versions of more quantitative ash aggregation parameterization as further observations and experiment data will be available for better constraining ash aggregation processes.
Comparison of satellite based evapotranspiration estimates over the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Peng Jian , Loew Alexander , Chen Xuelong , Ma Yaoming , Su Zhongbo
Published: February 2016

Abstract. The Tibetan Plateau (TP) plays a major role in regional and global climate. Land–atmosphere interactions are largely influenced by surface latent heat fluxes through evapotranspiration. Despite its importance, a ccurate estimation of ET over the TP remains challenging, due to its unique and special geographical position and physical environment. Satellite observations allow for ET estimat ion at high temporal and spatial scales. The purpose of this paper is to provide a detailed cross comparison of existing ET products over the TP. Six available ET products based on different approaches and using different forcing data are included for comparison. Results show that all products capture well the seasonal variability with minimum ET in the summer and maximum ET in the winter. Regarding the spatial pattern, the High Resolution Land Surface Parameters from Space (HOLAPS) ET demonstrator dataset is very similar to the LandFlux-EVAL dataset (a benchmark ET product from the Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment), with ET decreases from the s outheast to northwest over the TP. Further comparison against the LandFlux-EVAL over four sub-regions reveals that HOLAPS agrees best with LandFlux-EVAL having the highest correlation coefficient (R) and lowest Root Mean Square Difference (RMSD). These results indicate the potential for the application of the HOLAPS demonstrator dataset in understanding the and–atmosphere–biosphere interactions over the TP.
Testing The ‘Black Swan Effect’ on Croatian Stock Market Between 2000 and 2013
Authors: Peša Anita Radman , Brajković Ana
Published: February 2016

We tested the economic activity and stock exchange of Croatia as a new country of EU in order to investigate the ‘Black Swan effect’ from 2000 to 2013. The empirical findings obtained in application of OLS methodology and Chow breaking point test provide evidence and show that resignation of the Croatian ex Prime Minister lead country successfully to EU, but were also ‘The Black Swan’ event, being unpredictable and having huge impact on political and economic environment in Croatia obtained through CROBEX, Croatian stock exchange indices. Authors conclude that the resignation was connected to one of the first significant cases of corruption in Croatia which has got the negative impact on the economic development of the country in general, dealing at the same time with global recession.
The Role of Monetary Policy Announcements on Turkish Banks' Stock Returns
Authors: Abdioğlu Nida , Aytekin Sinan
Published: February 2016

This paper investigates the impact of monetary policy committee decisions of the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey on the stock returns of the deposit banks listed in Borsa Istanbul Banks Index (XBANK). The cumulative abnormal returns of the banks are calculated for 2008 and 2012. We report that the monetary policy announcements affect cumulative abnormal returns of the deposits banks both in 2008 and 2012. Since the announcement of the monetary policy decisions created abnormal returns, we conclude that the market does not have semi-strong form efficiency.
#digitalactivism: New media and political protest
Authors: Wallis Jake , Given Lisa M.
Published: February 2016

This paper reports on the findings of a study that explores the ways in which civil society organizations use new media to engage in campaigns of political action. Focusing on campaigning by the environmental movement in Tasmania around the protection of native forest, the study investigates how stakeholders on this issue utilize the functionality of digital media to mobilize public engagement and, ultimately, influence the formulation of policy. Analysis of the study’s network data suggests that central positioning within social movement online network structures arises from strategic linking practices. These strategic communications practices enhance not only movement cohesion but also the visibility of those actors best placed to influence public debate and the formulation of policy.
Locative mobile media and time: Foursquare and technological memory
Authors: Saker Michael , Evans Leighton
Published: February 2016

Foursquare is a location-based social network (LBSN) that can be used to explore locations and mark one’s movements in the form of ‘check-ins’. This paper investigates why some Foursquare users are choosing to record their locational past, and in so doing using it as a ‘mediated memory object’ (Dijck, 2009). The paper explores the different ways users then interact with their preserved spatial pasts, owing to Foursquare’s mode of preservation. A close engagement with phenomenological theory on the importance of engagement with technology and technicity as a shaping force on the experience of time conceptualises the use of Foursquare as a memory object. The functionality of Foursquare is positioned as a key element in how the location-based social network is significantly different from older memory related practices, as well as signalling its importance for the individuals that employ Foursquare in this manner.
An Examination of Using Self-, Peer-, and Teacher-Assessment in Higher Education: A Case Study in Teacher Education
Authors: Kilic Didem
Published: February 2016

This study focuses on the process of implementing self-, peer- and teacher-assessment in teacher education in order to examine the ways of applying these assessment practices and specifically aims at finding out the level of agreement among pre-service teachers’ self-, peer- and teacher-assessments of presentation performances. Pre-service teachers’ presentation performances including an application of a teaching method assessed by peers and teacher and also by themselves through criteria based assessment forms. The analysis of the data revealed that there are statistically significant differences among self-, peer- and teacher-assessment scores. Peer-assessment of pre-service teachers’ presentations is found to be significantly higher compared with teacher-assessment and self-assessment. With regard to the comparison of teacher-assessment scores and self-assessment scores, it is revealed that there are no significant differences between teacher- and self-assessments. In teacher training programmes beside summative approach self-, peer- and teacher-assessments can be implemented in a formative way as useful practices in developing more succesful performance, higher confidence, effective presenting skills and essential competencies required for effective teaching.
Factors of IPO Underpricing
Authors: Choie Kenneth S.
Published: February 2016

This paper examines why the degree of underpricing of IPOs in Korea is much greater than in the U.S. The analysis shows that both the issuing firm and its underwriter tend to set the IPO price below the mean of the probability distribution of initial market price; the magnitude of IPO underpricing depends positively on the uncertainty of the initial market price and the marginal cost of making aftermarket, and negatively on the size of underwriter’s spread. The structural differences in these factors explain the observed difference in the IPO data of the U.S. and Korea.
Does Financial Liberalization and Investment Rate Affect Financial Development in Cameroon?
Authors: Ngimanang Victalice Achamoh , Ngouhouo Ibrahim
Published: February 2016

This study investigates the key determining factors of financial development using Cameroons time series data from 1977 to 2010. After over-viewing the financial market and financial development in Cameroon and exploring some relevant literature, the study specifies and estimates long- and short-run functions for financial development using co-integration and error correction techniques. Financial liberalization, Gross investment rate, GDP growth rate, inflation rate and government spending appear to significantly influence the level of credit to the private sector in Cameroon. Gross investment rate significantly promotes financial development in the long- and short run whereas financial liberalization significantly contributes to private credit only in the short run. These results suggest that the efficiency of the financial sector in allocating credit to the private sector could be enhanced by encouraging gross investment in the short and long run and equally by liberalising the financial sector in the short run.
Generalized Young Equation for Cylindrical Droplets within a Homogeneous and Smooth Regular Triangular Prism Filled with Gas in Three Convex Corners
Authors: Zhou Long , Sun Guang-Hua , Hu Ai-Jun , Wang Xiao-Song
Published: February 2016

Based on the approaches of Gibbs’s dividing surface and Rusanov’s dividing line, the wetting behaviors of cylindrical droplets that at equilibrium are sitting inside a homogeneous and smooth regular triangular prism filled with gas in three convex corners are studied. For the three-phase system, which is composed of solid, liquid and gas phases, a generalized Young equation for cylindrical drops in a homogeneous and smooth regular triangular prism imbued with gas within three apex corners has been successfully derived including the effects of the line tension.
VALUE-ADDED: CONSULTING MIKHAIL BAKHTIN ABOUT WESTERN CHRISTIAN EUCHARIST
Authors: Green Barbara
Published: February 2016

In this study, I aim to demonstrate how Bakhtin's basic dialogic framework-specifically his understanding of how an author constructs a hero from which can be extrapolated how any one of us constructs an other - can add insight to the ways in which we might understand the Eucharist so that its ritual character is more relevant, more aligned with nonviolence, and more available to draw on in "prosaic" life than we might think it to be. I sketch briefly three relevant discourses that offer access to the Eucharist: First, some basic points about the Eucharist as cultic, then an adumbration of the violence question, and finally the relevant contribution of Bakhtin. I will conclude with some implications and suggestions for the development of insights.

KEYWORDS: Eucharist. Violence. Nonviolence. Bakhtin.

Com esse estudo, assumo como objectivo demonstrar como o quadro dialógico fundamental de Bakhtin - especificamente o seu entendimento de como um autor constrói um herói, a partir do qual se pode determinar também a forma como se constrói o outro - pode abrir para uma forma de compreensão da Eucaristia em que o seu caráter ritual seja mais relevante, mais alinhado com a não-violência e de maior impacto na vida "prosaica". Esboço três breves discursos relevantes que conduzem à Eucaristia: em primeiro lugar, alguns pontos básicos sobre a Eucaristia como culto, em seguida, um esboço da questão da violência, e, finalmente, a principal contribuição de Bakhtin. Concluo com algumas implicações e sugestões para o desenvolvimento da proposta.

PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Eucaristia. Violência. Não-violência. Bakhtin. 