bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF CENTRALLY ACTING DRUGS UPON MUSCULAR EXERCISE IN RATS
Authors: Jasmin Gaétan , Bois Pierre
Published: October 2017

By means of a modified revolving-cage test, the effect of methylphenidate as compared with other centrally acting drugs has been studied in rats subjected to forced muscular exercise. Methylphenidate increased the performance of trained animals while amphetamine and ibogaine were inefficient. The running ability of untrained rats was also improved by the administration of methylphenidate. All the central nervous depressants tested (e.g., meprobamate, chlorpromazine, and perphenazine) diminished the performance of animals at the dose utilized. This depressive action was counteracted by methylphenidate. Methylphenidate only antagonized perphenazine when the two agents were given in combination, before the animals were exposed to forced muscular exercise.
ESTIMATION OF THYROXINE OUTPUT BY THE THYROID GLANDS OF NORMAL AND ADRENALECTOMIZED RATS BY MEANS OF A SIMPLE COOLING TEST
Authors: Fregly Melvin J.
Published: October 2017

Adrenalectomy, administration of propylthiouracil (PTU), or a combination of these two treatments significantly increased rate of cooling of rats restrained and subjected to air at 5 °C. Propylthiouracil administration increased rate of cooling 55% above that of untreated control rats while adrenalectomy increased rate of cooling 84%. The combination of these two treatments increased rate of cooling 94%. Dead rats cooled 201% faster than control rats. Administration of graded doses of thyroxine to both adrenalectomized PTU-treated rats and to normal PTU-treated rats indicated that 1.9 and 4.4 μg/day of thyroxine respectively was required to return rate of cooling to that of comparable controls. These doses are therefore best estimates of daily thyroxine outputs by thyroid glands of these animals. The results suggest that adrenalectomy is accompanied by diminished thyroid function.
IMPAIRMENT OF TUMOR GROWTH BY UNNATURAL AMINO ACIDS
Authors: Martel Fernand , Berlinguet Louis
Published: October 2017

Fourteen unnatural amino acids were assayed for their action on the development of a transplantable Novikoff hepatoma tumor, and 10 of them were found to exert some inhibitory effects.
AGGRAVATION OF CHOLESTEROL ATHEROSCLEROSIS IN RABBITS BY FREE UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS
Authors: Rona George , Chappel Clifford I. , Gaudry Roger
Published: October 2017

An unsaturated fatty acid preparation containing 90 to 95% linoleic acid was tested on cholesterol-induced hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis in the rabbit. The rabbits, treated with cholesterol dissolved in the unsaturated fatty acid, revealed a significantly higher hypercholesterolemia and more marked atherosclerosis than the rabbits that were treated with cholesterol dissolved in the same amount of olive oil.
ON THE NATURE OF PORTER-SILBER CHROMOGENS SECRETED BY ISOLATED RAT ADRENALS
Authors: Birmingham Marion K. , Kurlents Erika
Published: October 2017

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α-AMINO-n-BUTYRIC ACID IN TRANSAMINATION
Authors: Iyer G. Y. N. , Sukumaran M.
Published: October 2017

The transamination reaction between α-amino-n-butyric acid and α-keto-glutarate or pyruvate or oxaloacetate in the presence of homogenates of rat kidney, liver, heart, and skeletal muscle has been studied. Direct evidence is presented for transamination with α-ketoglutarate in the presence of the first three tissues and with pyruvate in the presence of kidney and liver. Appreciable amounts of alanine are formed in the course of transamination with oxaloacetate. Of the four tissues the liver appears to be quantitatively the most important by virtue of its mass and relatively high specific transaminase activity.
FUNCTIONS OF THE UTRICULAR MACULA. A PRELIMINARY REPORT
Authors: Johnson Walter H. , Smith Brydon
Published: October 2017

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NOTE ON THE EXTRACTION AND STORAGE OF THE RAT PITUITARY PRIOR TO IN VITRO ASSAY FOR ACTH
Authors: Fortier Claude
Published: October 2017

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A COMPARISON OF THE UTILIZATION OF RAPESEED OIL AND CORN OIL BY THE RAT
Authors: Beare Joyce L. , Murray T. K. , Grice H. C. , Campbell J. A.
Published: October 2017

The effects of Golden rapeseed oil and corn oil on weekly weight gains, food consumptions, liver storage of vitamin A, plasma and adrenal cholesterol concentrations, organ weights, and testes histology were determined in Wistar rats for 5 weeks after weaning. At each weekly interval, animals fed rapeseed oil showed lesser weight gains and food consumptions, but, when body weight gains were adjusted for food consumptions by covariance analyses, differences largely disappeared. Liver storage of vitamin A was similar with both oils. Testes of animals fed rapeseed oil exhibited no alteration in cellular characteristics, but a reduction in tubular size. When fed to older rats, rapeseed oil again produced smaller weight gains which were accounted for at 4 weeks' time by a depressed appetite.Similar weight gains were obtained with corn oil and rapeseed oil when the oils were paired fed and when adjustments for food consumption were made by covariance analyses of weight gains of animals receiving the oils ad libitum. With corn oil supplied on a restricted basis the testicular tubules were smaller than those obtained with unrestricted feeding of corn oil. The absorption of corn oil and rapeseed oil fed ad libitum was 95 and 92% respectively. It was concluded that the two oils were not very differently utilized.
EFFECTS OF DIHYDROSTREPTOMYCIN ON AMINO ACID INCORPORATION INTO THE PROTEINS OF M. TUBERCULOSIS (BCG)
Authors: Stachiewicz E. , Quastel J. H.
Published: October 2017

A study has been made of the effects of dihydrostreptomycin on amino acid incorporation into the proteins of M. tuberculosis (BCG). Suspensions of this organism on incubation at 37° with glycine-1-C14give rise, aerobically, to labelled proteins in which 80% of the radioactivity appears in the glycine and serine moieties of the proteins and about 20% in alanine and aspartic acid. In presence of glycine-2-C14, radioactivity appears in a larger number of amino acids of the protein. Incubation with serine-3-C14leads to a distribution of radioactivity in the amino acids in BCG proteins but alanine-1-C14and valine-1-C14give rise to proteins with the radioactivity almost entirely in the corresponding amino acids. The process of aerobic incorporation of radioactivity from glycine-1-C14in BCG proteins is stimulated by the presence of glucose, glycerol, sodium pyruvate, sodium stearate, or sodium benzoate in the medium in which the cells are incubated, the rate of incorporation being approximately constant over a period of 4 hours. The incorporation depends largely on the presence of oxygen. Dihydrostreptomycin (33 μg per ml) markedly inhibits labelling of proteins in the cell suspensions in presence of radioactive amino acids, the inhibition increasing with concentration of the streptomycin to an optimal concentration of 200 μg/ml. Penicillin and isonicotinic hydrazide are inactive but chloromycetin is an effective inhibitor. Cyanide, arsenite, and azide are inhibitory. The presence of lecithin stimulates incorporation of radioactivity from glycine-1-C14into BCG proteins. Dihydrostreptomycin inhibitions of amino acid incorporation into BCG proteins increase with time of incubation of the cells with the drug. Concentrations of dihydrostreptomycin that inhibit labelled amino acid incorporation into labelled proteins by 50% have no effect on BCG respiration. The drug has no inhibitory effect on labelled amino acid incorporation in E. coli or Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells in vitro but is effective with M. phlei. It does not affect selectively the distribution of radioactivities of the component amino acids of BCG proteins; only the total radioactivity incorporated into the proteins is diminished. The results lead to the conclusion that dihydrostreptomycin brings about an inhibition of protein synthesis in the BCG strain of M. tuberculosis at concentrations at which it exerts antibiotic effects.
HISTOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FOR CELLULAR ADAPTATION TO NON-FREEZING COLD INJURY
Authors: Héroux O.
Published: October 2017

The development and the healing of non-freezing cold injury in ears of rats maintained at 6 °C for 118 days and followed at different times of exposure revealed histological changes of a different nature at 4–6 mm away from the edge of the ear from the changes at 1–3 mm. In the first 3 mm during the first 21 days of exposure there was a continuous drop in the number of prophases and telophases and a parallel increase in the number of blocked and degenerating metaphases. In the second week, inflammatory reactions appeared; in the third week, the edema and lymphocyte infiltration was quite severe, and at that time 10% of the epithelium was degenerating. At the end of the fourth week, in the non-necrotic part of the epidermis, the number of prophases and telophases had returned to the initial level and the number of blocked metaphases was back to normal. After 56 to 118 days, no signs of edema, necrosis, or blocked metaphases could be found. In summary, the cold injury developed in the first 3 or 4 weeks and healed in the following month. After 2 months, cold temperature had no damaging effect on the epidermal tissue.At 4–6 mm from the edge of the ear, no cold injury developed, but in the first week there was a slight degree of mitotic blocking which disappeared during the second week. Essentially the same picture was observed at the 1–3 mm location in the ears of rats kept at 15 °C.On the assumption that mitotic blocking is due to a disturbance of the ionic transfer through the cellular membrane, it is suggested that the primary cause of cold injury is a direct thermal damage to the membrane.
INHIBITION OF CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM OF RAT BRAIN TISSUE BY ADRENOCHROME
Authors: Woodford Jr. Vernon R.
Published: October 2017

Adrenochrome has been found to bring about an inhibition of the utilization of glucose, pyruvate, and succinate by minced rat brain preparations under aerobic conditions. The inhibition appears to be largely attributable to the presence of the quinoid structure since alteration of this structure, as in the Girard-T derivative, resulted in a compound that caused little or no inhibition. The implications of these findings are discussed.
STUDIES OF PHLORIDZIN IN MALUS
Authors: Hutchinson A. , Taper C. D. , Towers G. H. N.
Published: October 2017

The phloridzin content of dormant terminal twigs of Malus rootstock clones was not related to the vigor imparted to the scions. In young seedling trees it varied with the nutritional status of the plant; an acute deficiency of nitrogen, sulphur, or calcium resulted in a significant increase in phloridzin accumulation. Phloridzin is synthesized readily in the leaf from C14O2 in the light and appears to be stable once formed. Phenylalanine-C14 and tyrosine-C14, when fed to leaf disks, are incorporated into the C6–C3 moiety of phloridzin which includes ring B. Tyrosine is not as effective as phenylalanine. Acetate-C14 is incorporated into ring A. Phloroglucinol is not involved in the synthesis of phloridzin. A method for the quantitative determination of phloridzin is described, also a semimicro method for its alkaline hydrolysis. The large amounts of radioactive D-glucitol formed from a wide variety of precursor compounds indicate a central role for it in the carbohydrate metabolism of Malus.
CONTROL OF ANIMAL PARASITES WITH SYSTEMIC INSECTICIDES
Authors: Peterson D. G. , Kingscote A. A.
Published: October 2017

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COMPARATIVE TOXICOLOGY OF SOME ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS IN INSECTS AND MAMMALS
Authors: O'Brien R. D.
Published: October 2017

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PHYSIOLOGICAL EVENTS IN ORGANOPHOSPHORUS POISONING
Authors: Colhoun E. H.
Published: October 2017

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THE OVICIDAL ACTION OF ORGANOPHOSPHATE INSECTICIDES
Authors: Smith E. H. , Wagenknecht A. C.
Published: October 2017

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SIGNIFICANCE OF PLANT METABOLITES OF INSECTICIDES
Authors: Spencer E. Y.
Published: October 2017

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TRENDS IN INSECTICIDAL CHEMICALS: A SUMMARY
Authors: Martin Hubert
Published: October 2017

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UREA PRODUCTION IN CHICK LIVER SLICES
Authors: Lemonde André
Published: October 2017

Liver slices of very young white Leghorn chicks have been found capable of urea production. A correlation seems to exist between the protein level of the diet and the urea formation in the liver. When birds are subjected to a relatively long fasting period, they metabolize their own tissue proteins, and urea appears in the liver.
THE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF RAPESEED OIL ON WEIGHT GAIN, AND OF GOLDEN RAPESEED OIL ON REPRODUCTION, OF THE RAT
Authors: Beare Joyce L. , Gregory E. R. W. , Campbell J. A.
Published: October 2017

Rapeseed oil of the Polish, Golden, or Swedish varieties, corn oil, or mixtures of corn oil and ethyl erucate were fed to weanling rats of the Wistar strain for 9 weeks. Weight gains were inversely related to the content of erucic acid in the diet, confirming previous indications that the growth retarding effect of rapeseed oil is due to its erucic acid. In general, the differences in weight gains could be explained by the effect of rapeseed oil on food consumption.Golden rapeseed oil and corn oil were compared in a reproduction study involving three litters of one generation. Although the young of rats fed rapeseed oil were of lesser weanling weight, there was no difference in the number of animals successfully weaned.
BIOSYNTHESIS OF PHENYLALANINE AND TYROSINE IN YOUNG WHEAT AND BUCKWHEAT PLANTS
Authors: Gamborg O. L. , Neish A. C.
Published: October 2017

Several C14-labelled compounds were fed to shoots excised from young plants of Triticum vulgare Vill. or Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn. The free and bound phenylalanine and tyrosine were isolated after a metabolic period of 6 hours and their C14content measured. Shikimic acid was superior to glucose and acetate as a precursor of both phenylalanine and tyrosine. Phenyllactic acid and phenylpyruvic acid were easily converted to free phenylalanine and were incorporated into bound phenylalanine as readily as was free phenylalanine itself. Similarly, p-hydroxyphenyllactic acid and p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid were converted preferentially to tyrosine. There was some conversion of phenyl compounds to p-hydroxyphenyl compounds but little evidence of the reverse reaction. Radioactive carbon fed as cinnamic, dihydrocinnamic, or p-coumaric acids was not incorporated into either phenylalanine or tyrosine.
THE ACETYLATION OF THROMBIN
Authors: Landaburu Ricardo H. , Seegers Walter H.
Published: October 2017

Purified thrombin-C loses its clotting power upon acetylation. The thrombin-E which is produced during the acetylation has approximately twice the proteolytic activity as the original thrombin-C. Evidently amino groups are not necessary to have thrombin-E activity, but if o-acyl groups are also produced the enzyme does not hydrolyze p-toluenesulphonylarginine methyl ester (TAMe). The activity can be recovered by spontaneous hydrolysis of the o-acyl groups at pH 8.5. Thrombin-E does not activate fibrinogen, but does lyse fibrin. The optimum pH with TAMe as substrate is 8.8. It may be that thrombin-C is a dimer of the basic structure in thrombin-E.
LACK OF EFFECT OF INCREASING ILLUMINATION ON THYMUS WEIGHT IN RATS AND PIGEONS
Authors: Höhn E. O.
Published: October 2017

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NOTE ON THE MEASUREMENT OF TRANSLOCATION OF PHOTOSYNTHATE IN VERY SHORT TIMES
Authors: Canny M. J.
Published: October 2017

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LOSS OF PHOSPHOLIPID IN THE SKIN OF TUMOR-BEARING RATS
Authors: Boyd Eldon M. , Millar Irene E.
Published: October 2017

There occurs a unique, statistically significant fall in the level of phospholipid in the skin of albino rats bearing large Walker carcinosarcomata 256. The shift is similar to that produced by application of methylcholanthrene. It is preceded by loss of skin weight and increases in levels of skin water, cholesterol, and cholestrol esters. It is accompanied by loss of skin neutral fat and cholesterol esters. The quadratic shift in cholesterol esters occurs in hair before it occurs in skin, and is accompanied by a loss of hair weight and a slight but significant rise in levels of hair neutral fat. Declining levels of skin phospholipid may be part of the mechanism of production of the sallow appearance of the skin in late malignancy.
LACK OF EFFECT OF THYMECTOMY ON INGUINAL LYMPH GLAND WEIGHT AND THYROID FUNCTION IN WEANLING RATS
Authors: Höhn E. O.
Published: October 2017

Thymectomy (complete in two-thirds of the animals) was performed on 42 weanling rats and a sham operation on 44 controls. Examination of groups of the animals at 1 to 3½ weeks after thymectomy showed no significant differences in inguinal gland weight, thyroid weight, or thyroidal 24-hour uptake of radioactive iodine between the thymectomized and control animals.
ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS OF THE PROTEINS OF THE FOWL'S SERUM AND EGG YOLK
Authors: McCully K. A. , Maw W. A. , Common R. H.
Published: October 2017

In addition to the six protein fractions distinguishable in sera from cocks or sexually immature pullets by zone electrophoresis in aqueous veronal, two lipoprotein zones have now been distinguished in sera from laying hens or estrogenized pullets by this same technique. Phosvitin has been detected in serum of estrogenized hens by zone electrophoresis of a saline solution of crude serum lipovitellin obtained from the serum. Six protein zones have been distinguished in similar electropherograms of egg yolk. The six protein zones have been identified provisionally, and in order of decreasing mobility under the conditions used, as phosvitin, α-livetin, β-livetin, γ-livetin, lipoprotein P-1 (possibly a lipovitellenin complex), and lipoprotein P-2 (possibly a lipovitellin complex). Evidence is submitted that the foregoing two major lipoprotein zones from egg yolk are closely similar to, or identical with, the two lipoprotein zones from sera of laying hens or estrogenized pullets. The status of a seventh minor protein zone in electropherograms of yolk protein is uncertain.
STUDIES ON WHEAT PLANTS USING CARBON-14 COMPOUNDS: XI THE RELATIVE INCORPORATION OF CARBONS 1, 2, AND 3 OF PYRUVATE
Authors: McConnell W. B. , Nath R. , Spencer J. F. T.
Published: October 2017

The incorporation of carbons 1, 2, and 3 of pyruvate into maturing plants has been compared by use of pyruvate-1-C14, -2-C14, and -3-C14as tracers. The carbon-14 content of kernel proteins and lipids increased markedly when pyruvate was labelled in higher-number positions. The effect was strikingly demonstrated in the glutamic acid from the protein in which the specific activity varied in the proportion 1:5:10.5 when pyruvate labelled in the 1, 2, or 3 position respectively was administered. A small amount of administered pyruvate appeared to be utilized as the intact carbon skeleton for biosynthesis of starch and of alanine. It is considered, however, that most of the injected pyruvate undergoes decarboxylation, carbon-1 being utilized as carbon dioxide and carbons 2 and 3 as acetate.
THE PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHIC FRACTIONATION OF PLANT STERYL ESTERS
Authors: Kuksis A. , Beveridge J. M. R.
Published: October 2017

The even-numbered C2–C22saturated and the C18-unsaturated fatty acid esters of beta- and gamma-sitosterol, stiginasterol, ergosterol, stigmastanol, and gamma-sitostanol were used separately and in model mixtures for the evaluation of existing and the development of new paper chromatographic methods for the separation and identification of these compounds. Satisfactory separations of the esters were obtained by the ascending reversed phase chromatography on cellulose or glass fiber paper using one of the following systems depending upon the number of carbon atoms in the fatty acid moiety of the ester: C2–C12, aqueous acetic acid/chloroform/paraffin oil; C8–C18, aqueous propionic acid/paraffin oil; C8–C22, acidified aqueous methanol/chloroform/paraffin oil or aqueous butyric acid/paraffin oil. The rate of migration of the esters was inversely proportional to the molecular weight and was increased by the introduction of unsaturation.The increased movement due to unsaturation has been correlated with the number of ethylenic hydrogens, and the possibility that polarity of these atoms might account for this phenomenon is discussed. The reversed phase paper partition chromatography of sterols as their esters is suggested as a potential tool for evaluation of polarity of the various attributes of the sterol nucleus in terms of the chain length of the ester fatty acid. The rule of independent contributions of the constituents of a molecule to its distribution isotherm was observed not to hold in this fatty ester series.
BIOCHEMISTRY OF THE USTILAGINALES: XIII. OBSERVATIONS ON THE STRUCTURE AND BIOSYNTHESIS OF 4-O-β-D-MANNOPYRANOSYL-D-ERYTHRITOL
Authors: Gorin P. A. J. , Haskins R. H. , Spencer J. F. T.
Published: October 2017

D-Glucose-6-C14, D-erythrose-4-C14, and D-erythritol-4-C14were used as precursors in the biosynthesis of 4-O-β-D-mannopyranosyl erythritol by Ustilago sp. PRL 627 and the patterns of C14labelling in the products determined. The disaccharide appears to be formed by direct transformation of D-glucose to a D-mannose unit which is then attached to C-4 of D-erythritol.* The labelling of the D-erythritol † portion shows that 80% of C-4 of the molecule is derived from the 6-position of D-glucose.
INTRODUCTION
Authors: Sellers E. A.
Published: October 2017

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THE ACTION OF PANCREATIC DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE ON OLIGONUCLEOTIDES FROM CALF THYMUS DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID
Authors: Hurst R. O. , Findlay Dorothy
Published: October 2017

Hydrolysis of sodium oligonucleotide by crystalline pancreatic deoxyribonuclease (DNA-ase) has been studied in the presence of different metal ions and the chelating agent ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA). Although EDTA inhibited the action of DNA-ase when magnesium or cobaltous ions were used as activator, the enzyme activity was enhanced in the presence of manganous ions and EDTA. The results are interpreted as indicating the presence of an oligonucleotidase function in the enzyme preparation. A differential assay method for DNA-ase and oligonucleotidase activity has been devised and the evidence obtained gives additional support for this conclusion.
ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS OF CALF THYMUS HISTONE IN STARCH GEL
Authors: Neelin J. M. , Neelin E. M.
Published: October 2017

A total of 19 zones were detected by starch gel electrophoresis of calf thymus histone in buffers of 0.02 μ below pH 5.0. Of these, 18 were evident at pH 4.9 (acetate) and 15 at pH 3.9 (formate). Above pH 5.0, aggregation interfered with resolution, but by adding 4 M urea to the gel sufficient resolution was obtained between pH 4.4 and 8.7 to distinguish a total of 22 zones. Of this total, three fast components were present only occasionally in trace amounts, and three others were resolved from the immobile aggregated histone at low pH only. At least 16 zones appeared to be native histone components. Acid extraction of the histone did not appear to cause degradation since no new N-terminal amino acids were generated by this step. Two different methods of preparation produced histone extracts with essentially the same electrophoretic properties.
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS
Authors: Quastel J. H.
Published: October 2017

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METABOLISM OF NEOPLASTIC CELLS AND THEIR RESPONSE TO CERTAIN DRUGS
Authors: Nichol Charles A.
Published: October 2017

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CHANGES IN THROMBIN GENERATION AND ANTITHROMBIN TITER FOLLOWING MASSIVE BLEEDING AND TRANSFUSION IN DOGS
Authors: Monkhouse F. C. , Milojevic Susan
Published: October 2017

Thrombin generation, plasma antithrombin levels, and plasma protein levels were measured in dogs following rapid massive bleeding and transfusion. Three groups of four dogs per group were used. One group was transfused with saline, one with dextran, and one with a plasma fraction. The plasma fraction was prepared from mixed dog plasma by a procedure designed to remove most of the known clotting factors with a minimum of damage to other proteins. The in vivo dilution of blood by transfusion with two volumes of saline or one of plasma fraction increased the rate of thrombin generation. Dilution by transfusion with dextran decreased both rate and amount of thrombin generation. For the first few hours following transfusion with saline, plasma antithrombin increased more rapidly than total plasma protein. This was probably a result of increased lymph flow. Fluctuations in the coagulability of the blood were observed up to 72 hours following bleeding and transfusion. The fluctuations following saline transfusion were less prolonged than when dextran or plasma fraction was used.
SOME CONSTITUENTS OF THE URINE OF NORMAL AND SCHIZOPHRENIC INDIVIDUALS: PART II
Authors: Acheson R. M. , Dearnaley D. P.
Published: October 2017

A comparison has been made of the compounds detectable on two-dimensional paper chromatograms by their ultraviolet absorption or fluorescence, or by development with diazotized sulphanilics acid (DSA), in extracts of the urines of normal and schizophrenic individuals. No significant difference could be detected. Of the six DSA coupling compounds reported in Part I (1) to have a possible connection with schizophrenia, only four were detected in this survey and their distribution in the urine samples does not suggest that any have a connection with the disease. Most of the compounds reported in Part I were found again in this survey along with 70 DSA or Altman-positive new materials of which many were present in only a few samples. A small number of additional compounds were detected in the urine of schizophrenics on Chlorpromazine or Reserpine therapy. No significant difference between the human pseudocholine esterase inhibitory properties of the extracts from normal and schizophrenic urines was observed.
LINGCOD MUSCLE PHOSPHOMONOESTERASES: I. ACID PHOSPHATASES THAT HYDROLYZEp-NITROPHENYL PHOSPHATE
Authors: Tomlinson Neil , Warren R. A. J.
Published: October 2017

Five fractions (A to E), each possessing acid phosphomonoesterase activity, were separated from an aqueous extract of the muscle of lingcod (Ophiodon elongatus) by stepwise chromatography on diethylaminoethyl cellulose in the free-base form.Fraction A required Zn++or Mn++for activity, was inhibited by heparin, and had its pH optimum at 6.0. Fraction E required Zn++for activity, was not inhibited by heparin, and had its pH optimum at 5.5. Fractions B, C, and D did not require metal ions for activity, and were distinguished from each other by differences in response to pH, cysteine, ethylenediaminetetraacetate, fluoride, and tartrate.The pH range over which fraction A was active was shifted to slightly higher values when Mn++was the activator rather than Zn++. Also, A was inhibited strongly by cysteine when activated by Zn++, but not when activated by Mn++. Data are presented that indicate these differences were due to different properties of the activating ions, rather than to the presence in fraction A of two enzymes, one activated by Zn++and the other by Mn++.
FATTY ACID, CHOLESTEROL, AND ACETOACETATE BIOSYNTHESIS IN LIVER HOMOGENATES FROM NORMAL AND STARVED GUINEA PIGS
Authors: Sauer Frank
Published: October 2017

Fatty acid, cholesterol, and acetoacetate biosynthesis was studied with liver homogenates from normal and starved guinea pigs. Starvation suppressed the incorporation of acetate into fatty acids and cholesterol but not into acetoacetate. The in vitro biosynthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids was not restored by the addition of either G-6-P or isocitrate in combination with TPN, nor was it restored by orally dosing the starved animals with dextrose. The addition of isocitrate to normal homogenates depressed cholesterogenesis and stimulated lipogenesis.
EFFECT OF DIETARY OILS ON THE DEPLETION OF VITAMIN A
Authors: Murray T. K. , Beare J. L. , Campbell J. A.
Published: October 2017

The effect of dietary corn oil, olive oil, and rapeseed oil on the vitamin A content of liver and kidney during depletion of the vitamin was studied. Dietary oil had no influence on the rate at which liver stores of the vitamin declined in a 2-month period. Kidney stores of vitamin A rose throughout the depletion period but less markedly in the group fed rapeseed oil. The weight gain of vitamin A deficient rats was reduced somewhat earlier when rapeseed oil was fed but the survival time of rats fed corn oil or rapeseed oil was similar. The rats fed olive oil lived somewhat longer due to its small content of β-carotene. It was concluded that rapeseed oil had only a slight influence on vitamin A metabolism.
DEGRADATION BY HYDRAZINE OF BOVINE PLASMA ALBUMIN AND LYSOZYME
Authors: Champagne Madeleine , Smith David B.
Published: October 2017

The effect of hydrazine and hydrazine hydrate on bovine plasma albumin and lysozyme at 5° and 20 °C has been studied by viscosity, sedimentation, and molecular weight measurements. The appearance of new N-terminal amino acids and peptides has been demonstrated. The effect of these reagents is an initial unfolding of the molecule followed by slow, non-random fission to smaller particles.
SOME ASPECTS OF THE ENZYMIC HYDROLYSIS OF URINARY 17-KETOSTEROID CONJUGATES
Authors: Hobkirk R. , Cohen J. J.
Published: October 2017

Four enzyme preparations containing β-glucuronidase, of bacterial, mammalian, and molluscan origin, have been shown to be equally effective in liberating 17-ketosteroids (17-KS) of the 5β-(etiocholane) configuration in normal urine. The bacterial preparation releases steroids of the 5α-(androstane) configuration more rapidly than do the molluscan enzymes and with much greater ease than does the liver enzyme. In view of the data obtained it seems unlikely that the striking difference between the bacterial and liver enzymes can be due to the hydrolysis of some labile conjugate, such as sulphate, by the former and not by the latter. Possibilities that the difference is due to the hydrolysis of an unknown type of urinary conjugate by the bacterial preparation, or to the low specificity of the bacterial β-glucuronidase, are discussed. The high degree of hydrolysis of 17-KS conjugates by the bacterial enzyme followed by solvolysis suggests this as a most useful hydrolytic procedure.
THE LACK OF EFFECT OF ASCORBIC ACID ON THE THYMOLYTIC ACTIVITY OF HYDROCORTISONE
Authors: Stephenson N. R.
Published: October 2017

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THE EFFECT OF THE PROLONGED INTAKE OF ETHYLENE- DIAMINETETRAACETATE ON THE UTILIZATION OF CALCIUM AND IRON BY THE RAT
Authors: Larsen B. A. , Hawkins W. W. , Leonard Verna G. , Armstrong Joan E.
Published: October 2017

The dihydrate of disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) was added at levels of 0.3 and 1.5% to the diet of young rats to produce molar ratios EDTA:Ca:Fe of 1:49:0.8 and 1:9.8:0.16. These diets did not affect the excretion of calcium or its concentration in blood serum or femur. In both cases the concentration of iron in serum was increased, and in spleen decreased; and with the higher dietary level of EDTA the concentration of iron in the liver was decreased. Other animals were given 0.5 or 3.0 mg of the EDTA compound per day intraperitoneally. The only difference in any of the same measurements noted above was a decrease in the concentration of iron in the spleen in the animals which received the larger dose. There was no effect in any case on the size of the liver, spleen, or femur, or upon growth. All the measurements were made after 110 – 112 days. The larger amounts of EDTA which were used were near the maxima which the animals would tolerate for a long period.
THE EFFECT OF 2-AMINOETHYLISOTHIOURONIUM (AET) ON THE RESPIRATION OF MOUSE LIVER AND SPLEEN SLICES
Authors: Vittorio P. V. , Spence Wilma P.
Published: October 2017

The effect of AET injected in vivo on the respiration of liver and spleen slices from non-irradiated and X-irradiated mice was studied. The mice were killed 4 or 24 hours after the injection of a protective dose of AET and the livers and spleens were removed, sliced, and incubated for 3 hours in Krebs–Henseleit bicarbonate buffer containing uniformly labelled C14 glucose. In both non-irradiated and X-irradiated mice, initially, AET depressed the respiration of C14O2 from incubated liver slices but this depressing effect appeared to be overcome with time. Whole body X irradiation increased the total C14O2 respired by liver slices from mice injected with saline or AET prior to X irradiation and killed 4 or 24 hours after X irradiation. Whole body X irradiation decreased the total C14O2 respired by the spleen slices and the 24-hour samples showed the greatest decrease. In both the non-irradiated and X-irradiated mice AET did not appear to affect the total C14O2 respired by spleen slices.
AMINOACIDURIA IN RATS AFTER TREATMENT WITH THE ETHYL ESTER OF GAMMA-BUTYROBETAINE
Authors: Hosein Esau A. , Smart Margaret , Hawkins Kathleen
Published: October 2017

Previous workers have shown that the urine of patients with muscular dystrophy contains excessive amounts of amino acids. Using paper chromatographic analysis, these workers found that the amino acid methylhistidine is among those excreted in large amounts. Rats do not normally excrete methylhistidine, but in our experiments it was found that intramuscular injection of the ethyl ester of gamma-butyrobetaine into rats caused both the excretion of methylhistidine and an excessive aminoaciduria, presumably through the breakdown of muscle proteins.
EVALUATION OF PROTEIN IN FOODS: VI. FURTHER FACTORS INFLUENCING THE PROTEIN EFFICIENCY RATIO OF FOODS
Authors: Middleton E. J. , Morrison A. B. , Campbell J. A.
Published: October 2017

Diets containing two levels of protein (10 and 15%) and two levels of fat (10 and 20%) were tested in all possible combinations in a 4-week rat growth assay. Protein was supplied by casein or a mixture of plant proteins. The protein efficiency ratio (P.E.R.) for casein found with a diet containing 10% protein and 10% fat was slightly greater than that found with a diet containing 15% protein and 20% fat, approximating the levels found in the "average" Canadian diet. The value for plant protein was similar under both conditions. Efficiency of carcass protein synthesis was much greater in animals fed casein than in those fed plant protein. With both sources of protein, the efficiency of carcass protein synthesis was similar with diets containing 10% protein and 10% fat to those with 15% protein and 20% fat.In additional studies, no effect of Chlortetracycline or source of carbohydrate on P.E.R. of casein was observed.It was concluded that P.E.R. determinations carried out on a 10% protein diet furnish a valid estimate of the nutritive value of protein and have several practical advantages.
EFFECTS OF ANAEROBIOSIS ON THE RATES OF MULTIPLICATION OF MAMMALIAN CELLS CULTURED IN VITRO
Authors: Dales Samuel
Published: October 2017

To test the effects of anaerobiosis on the rate of multiplication and carbohydrate metabolism of mammalian cells in vitro, cultures of a 'permanent' line, Earle's L strain cells, and of freshly explanted embryonic mouse cells were propagated in the presence and absence of oxygen. Contrary to the findings of several other investigators, our results show that the multiplication of both cell types was depressed by anaerobiosis. Anaerobiosis for at least 7 days, did not, however, bring about unbalanced growth in L cells, nor did it affect their capability to divide rapidly soon after they were returned to aerobic conditions. From the rates of glucose utilization, lactic acid production, and cell multiplication it was estimated that the rate of division in the two cell types studied was proportional to the energy which could be released from either glycolysis or complete oxidation of glucose.
THE PHARMACOLOGY OF THE RAUWOLFIA ALKALOIDS CHANDRINE AND SERPAKRINE
Authors: Reynolds A. K. , Presutti H. J. , MacLeod D. P.
Published: October 2017

The pharmacological properties of two new alkaloids of Rauwolfia serpentina have been studied with special reference to their cardiovascular actions. In several instances, comparative studies have been carried out with the clinically used alseroxylon fraction of R. serpentina. Chandrine and serpakrine do not profoundly influence the activity or behavior of intact animals unless administered in very large doses. They are completely devoid of the tranquilizing action that characterizes such bases as reserpine and rescinnamine. They do, however, exhibit marked hypotensive activity. The mechanism of this depressor action has not been clearly established. It is not seen in spinal animals, and there is no evidence of ganglionic blocking or peripheral adrenolytic action. The effects of chandrine or serpakrine per se on smooth muscle structures are not pronounced, but antiacetylcholine activity has been observed on these and other preparations. Their contribution to the actions of the clinically employed whole-root extracts is probably not very marked.
STUDIES ON WHEAT PLANTS USING CARBON-14 COMPOUNDS: XIII. INCORPORATION OF α-AMINO ADIPIC ACID-6-C14IN WHEAT PLANTS
Authors: Nath R. , McConnell W. B.
Published: October 2017

α-Amino adipic acid-6-C14was injected into the stems of wheat plants and the distribution of carbon-14 in the mature plants was studied. About 80% of carbon-14 injected was recovered in the plants, the kernels alone accounting for 56%.Glutamic acid, labelled predominantly in carbon-5, was the most radioactive compound isolated from wheat kernels, a result in accord with the concept that acetate-1-C14was a product of α-amino adipic acid-6-C14metabolism in the wheat plant.The specific activity of the lysine of the protein was low and hence the data provide no evidence that α-amino adipic acid is a precursor of lysine in wheat.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF ACYLASES IN THE SEEDS OF HIGHER PLANTS
Authors: Ozaki K. , Wetter L. R.
Published: October 2017

The presence of aminoacylase or aminoacylases in the seeds of a number of genera covering 25 families was demonstrated by employing the N-acetyl derivatives of 10 amino acids as substrate. Seeds selected from three families (Capparidaceae, Cruciferae, and Leguminosae) appeared to be the richest source of acylase. There was considerable difference in the amount of hydrolysis of the various N-acetyl amino acids. N-Acetyl-L-methionine was hydrolyzed by all the seed samples tested except one; three other N-acetylated amino acids (leucine, tyrosine, and alanine) were hydrolyzed to a lesser degree. N-Acetyl-L-proline was not attacked by any of the enzyme samples tested. The investigation demonstrated widespread distribution of the enzyme or enzymes responsible for the hydrolysis of the N-acetyl amino acids among plant seeds.
BIOCHEMISTRY OF THE USTILAGINALES: XIV. BIOASSIMILATION OF L-ERYTHRULOSE INTO 4-O-β-D-MANNOPYRANOSYL-D-ERYTHRITOL
Authors: Gorin P. A. J. , Haskins R. H. , Spencer J. F. T.
Published: October 2017

L-Erythrulose-1-C14 and -4-C14 were used as precursors in the biosynthesis of 4-O-β-D-mannopyranosyl-D-erythritol. The ketose was utilized efficiently and the C14 distribution pattern in the product indicated that the 4-carbon fragment was transferred intact to C-3, C-4, C-5, and C-6 of the mannose moiety and was also reduced intact to the erythritol portion.A method for the degradation of D-mannose for determination of the C14 distribution in the molecule is described.
PARTIAL PURIFICATION OF BOVINE ANTIPLASMIN (ANTIFIBRINOLYSIN)
Authors: Cole Edmond R. , Dalby Arthur , Mertz Edwin T.
Published: October 2017

Bovine antiplasmin (antifibrinolysin) solutions with activities of 12–19 units/mg nitrogen have been obtained from bovine serum by 60% ammonium sulphate precipitation and isoelectric precipitation at pH 5.0 representing approximately a 6-fold purification of antiplasmin from serum. An additional 6.4-fold purification of antiplasmin was obtained by chromatography on a large diameter calcium phosphate gel column. Dialysis and lyophilization of the column eluate caused a 30% loss in activity. The dry antiplasmin was 25 times more potent than serum protein and was stable for 12 months when stored in a desiccator over P2O5 at −10°. Antiplasmin solutions with a specific activity twice that obtained with the large column could be eluted from a small diameter calcium phosphate column, but the activity decreased too rapidly to permit preparation of a lyophilized product.
EFFECTS OF CALCIUM ON THE POTASSIUM AND SODIUM CONTENT OF RAT ADRENAL GLANDS, ON THE STIMULATION OF STEROID PRODUCTION BY ADENOSINE 3′,5′-MONOPHOSPHATE, AND ON THE RESPONSE OF THE ADRENAL TO SHORT CONTACT WITH ACTH
Authors: Birmingham Marion K. , Kurlents Erika , Lane R. , Muhlstock B. , Traikov H.
Published: October 2017

The potassium content of incubated rat adrenal tissue is significantly higher when calcium is present in the incubation medium than when it is absent. The effect of calcium on the sodium content of the adrenal depends upon the presence of ACTH; increased values are obtained with calcium in the presence of ACTH, decreased values in its absence. There is no correlation between the potassium or sodium content of the tissue and its ability to respond to ACTH. Adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate triples the steroid output of incubated adrenal glands in the absence of both glucose and calcium. Addition of calcium further doubles this response while glucose has only a small effect. The stimulation of steroid production following short contact with ACTH does not depend upon the presence of calcium or glucose in the medium during the time the glands are exposed to the hormone. The results suggest that some step between contact of the tissue with ACTH and the elaboration of adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate requires the presence of glucose and not necessarily calcium and that a reaction in the sequence between elaboration of the nucleotide and steroid production requires the presence of calcium, but not of glucose.
UNIT STUDY OF THE TRIGEMINAL PROJECTIONS IN THE RETICULAR FORMATION OF THE MEDULLA OBLONGATA IN THE CAT
Authors: Lamarche Guy , Langlois J. M. , Héon Maurice
Published: October 2017

The projections of the trigeminal nerve in the bulbar reticular formation of the cat have been investigated by recording unit activity after physiological stimulation of the face, in 50 "encéphales isolés" preparations. No somatotopical arrangement was found. The units susceptible to trigeminal afferents are widespread in the reticular formation of the medulla and are responsive to large areas of stimulation, mostly bilaterally symmetrical.
THE METABOLISM OF INOSITOL IN SALMON: II. THE ROLE OF NUCLEOTIDES IN RELATION TO THE METABOLISM OF 2-C14-MYOINOSITOL IN COHO LIVER
Authors: Tsuyuki H. , Idler D. R.
Published: October 2017

Though radioactivity is distributed throughout the entire spectrum of coho liver nucleotide fractions, the UDP-uronic acid fraction was found to be one of the more active. Most of the radioactivity was present in the glucuronic acid and glucuronolactone formed when UDP-uronic acid was hydrolyzed with acid. UDP-glucose, UDP-galactose, and UDP-N-acetylhexosamine did not contain any measurable activity. In C14-coho II another major concentration of activity was found in fraction A5, which has not yet been investigated. These results are discussed in relation to the known biochemical reactions of inositol and sugar nucleotide interconversions in plants.
PREPARATION AND EVALUATION OF POLYSTYRENE–ANTIGEN CONJUGATES FOR THE ISOLATION OF ANTIBODIES
Authors: Gyenes L. , Sehon A. H.
Published: October 2017

Antigenically specific adsorbents were prepared by coupling soluble protein antigens to a polystyrene-supporting medium by azo bonds. These immunosorbents were shown to combine specifically with homologous precipitating rabbit antibodies. Elution of precipitating antibodies from the immunosorbents was achieved by dissociation with hydrochloric acid at pH 3. Under optimal conditions 35% of the antibodies removed from the antisera were recovered with a purity of over 80%. Electrophoretic analyses showed that precipitating rabbit antibodies were localized primarily in the region of gamma-globulins. The heterogeneity of the antigen–antibody systems studied was demonstrated by a combination of immunochemical, physicochemical, and radioactive tracer methods.
IRRADIATION OF DIPHOSPHOPYRIDINE NUCLEOTIDE IN DILUTE AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS
Authors: Myers D. K.
Published: October 2017

In extension of previous in vivo experiments, the effects of X irradiation on DPN were studied in vitro. No correlation between the effects on the ultraviolet absorption spectrum and on the coenzyme function of DPN was evident after irradiation at different pH values. However, the loss of coenzyme function could be correlated with the destruction of ribose and of riboside linkages. Catalase did not provide greater protection than did other proteins. It was concluded that the observed loss of DPN from irradiated cells is not due to the radiosensitivity of the DPN molecule itself.
THE INFLUENCE OF ADRENALECTOMY UPON THE ACTIVITY OF THE HEXOSEMONOPHOSPHATE SHUNT IN THE LIVERS AND MAMMARY GLANDS OF LACTATING RATS
Authors: Willmer J. S.
Published: October 2017

The development of the hexosemonophosphate shunt in mammary tissue and liver of lactating rats has been studied. A sixfold increase in mammary glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase levels between parturition and weaning was accompanied by a considerable increase in 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase activity. The hepatic level of the former enzyme was also elevated 11-fold during this period. Adrenalectomy at parturition, or on the 3rd, 6th, 9th, or 14th days of lactation, depressed the activity of this pathway in mammary gland, a lowered level being observed in all cases after operation. A slight increase in enzyme activity was found in hepatic tissue in the immediate postoperative period; this was succeeded by a decrease.These results are discussed in relation to the growth changes observed in groups of unoperated and adrenalectomized rats.
EFFECT OF TESTOSTERONE AND GONADOTROPHIN INJECTIONS ON THE SEX ORGAN DEVELOPMENT OF ZINC-DEFICIENT MALE RATS
Authors: Millar M. J. , Elcoate P. V. , Fischer M. J. , Mawson C. A.
Published: October 2017

Zinc-deficient rats, receiving a diet low in zinc (0.5 μg zinc/g), were injected subcutaneously with testosterone propionate or gonadotrophins for periods of 13 to 28 days.The hormone injections in every case caused marked growth of accessory sex organs of zinc-deficient rats. The zinc concentrations of the large hormone-stimulated dorsolateral prostate glands were very low and similar to those of glands in untreated zinc-deficient rats. Testosterone propionate did not alter the testicular atrophy which had occurred before treatment. Gonadotrophin increased the rate of growth and possibly the rate of maturation of testes that were immature prior to treatment. When the testes had matured and were producing sperm before treatment, the tubular atrophy that is typical of zinc deficiency developed in spite of the injected gonadotrophins.Testicular atrophy in zinc-deficient rats is probably due specifically to an inadequate supply of zinc to the testis. The availability of sufficient zinc for incorporation of high concentrations into sperm seems to be essential for the maintenance of spermatogenesis and the survival of the germinal epithelium. On the other hand, the reduction in rate of growth and development of immature testes and of all accessory sex organs in zinc-deficient rats is due mainly to an inhibition of pituitary gonadotrophin output.
STEADY-STATE OXIDATION OF GLUCOSE IN THE DIABETIC RAT
Authors: Dow Dorothy S. , Allen C. E.
Published: October 2017

The single intraperitoneal injection of a labelled glucose load has been shown to maintain the specific activities of blood glucose and expired CO2at constant levels for extended periods of time. These plateaus have been established in both the fed control and the fed diabetic rat. The results have been interpreted as indicating the existence of a steady state in the labelled system under study.Measurements have been made of rates of oxidation of glucose-1-C14and giucose-6-C14in diabetic and control rats during this steady state between the specific activities of blood glucose and expired CO2. The results indicate no reduction either for the glycolytic or for the phosphogluconate pathway in the diabetic. No change in the ratio between the oxidative rates for the two pathways has been found.