bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“Our One and Only Home”: Humankind in the Solar System
Authors: Markley Robert
Published: May 2020

In Robinson’s novels of space colonization, humankind’s diaspora across the solar system produces complex socioeconomic, cultural, ecological, and biophysical evolutions. Memory of Whiteness depicts life in a universe of abundance made possible by breakthroughs in physics, energy generation, and even music. This version of utopia, however, stands in contrast to the failed revolutions in Icehenge, symbolized by the mysterious, Stonehenge-like structure on the surface of Pluto. Galileo’s Dream weaves together different science-fiction genres--time travel, alternative history, and first contact with alien intelligences--to re-examine the origins and consequences of scientific inquiry. Confronting dogmatic forces in both the seventeenth century and the thirty-second, Galileo struggles against terrified defenders of traditional thought in Robinson’s portrait of the scientist as a hero within—and beyond—history. In 2312, the proliferation of micro-worlds in hollowed-out asteroids, multiple gender identities, and artificial intelligence define a future history that explores the possibilities of biophysical, ecological, and social diversity.
“Working in the Next Present” in Aurora and New York 2140
Authors: Markley Robert
Published: May 2020

The final chapter considers Robinson’s two most recent novels, Aurora (2015) and New York 2140 (2017), that offer different visions of the future. Aurora drives a stake through the heart of interstellar romance by depicting the failed mission of a multigenerational starship to colonize another solar system. Narrated in large measure by the spaceship’s artificial intelligence, Aurora brilliantly experiments with the narrative structures of sf even as it explores the ecological and biogeographical limits of terrestrial life. New York 2140, in contrast, depicts the struggle for the city’s political and environmental future in a future where a sea-level rise of forty feet above today’s level has occurred and rampant financial speculation still drives a capitalist worldview. Rather than a dystopian struggle for survival, however, the novel offers a utopian comedy of political and ecological regeneration.
Dreams Reimagined
Authors: Patterson Robert J.
Published: May 2020

This essay argues that black cultural production responded to the progression-regression paradox of black politics—political progress on the one hand and obstructions to that progress on the other—by employing pragmatic political imaginative possibility (PPIP). In response to neoliberalism, black masculinist politics, slavery’s legacies, intraracial gender antagonisms, and anti-civil rights backlash, black cultural production uses PPIP to provide a radical solution to various obstructions to black freedom. The chapter foregrounds the black women’s literary renaissance as central to this artistic trend, demonstrating how it, alongside other modes of cultural expression, imagines how to make our world anew. The introduction insists that these artistic solutions require us to think outside of the existing sociopolitical order, using our imaginations to achieve freedom.
Slavery Now
Authors: Ndounou Monica White
Published: May 2020

This chapter insists that films are the most visible monuments to slavery in the United States and that memories of slavery crucially shape African American identity formation. Miniseries like Roots and The Book of Negroes also demonstrate the possibilities of capturing the complexity of slavery from the perspective of enslaved Africans rather than white slavers. Ed Guerrero recognizes that this shift in viewpoint gained mainstream momentum due to the Black Power movement with studios attempting to attract black audiences with cinematic adaptations like Mandingo (1975), Drum (1976) and Roots. Independent filmmaker Haile Gerima filmed Sankofa (1993) over a twenty-year period starting in the 1970s. This chapter shows how post-20th century films about slavery can benefit from cinematic adaptations of the 1970s. It examines the format, economic data, narrative focus, casting, reception, and genre of a sampling of films to demonstrate how exploring or exploiting the perspective of the enslaved may affect subsequent films.
Life
Authors: Bost Suzanne
Published: May 2020

Examines little-known works by acclaimed Chicana writer Gloria Anzaldúa, who died from complications related to diabetes in 2004. Building from recent insights in disability studies, particularly Robert McRuer’s critique of neoliberal figurations of “crip” bodies, this chapter analyzes an incomplete memoir, an unpublished short story called “Werejaguar,” and a series of doodles found in the Anzaldúa archive. Favoring imagination over empirical reality, these representations expand human life beyond death, beyond the individual, and beyond Humanist ethics.
Introduction
Authors: Stephens Vincent L.
Published: May 2020

Johnnie Ray, Little Richard, Johnny Mathis, and Liberace are symbols of a hidden history of postwar queer masculinity. The chapter explores how queerness defied gender expectations of white men and black men, who were also expected to be “race men.” After outlining the enduring presence of queer masculinities in U.S. popular culture, especially film, the chapter outlines five discernible queering tools the musicians employ in various ways to convey their sexually elusive personae. The chapter situates the artists and tools in Christopher Nealon and Heather Love’s anti-teleological theories of queer history combined with musicological arguments by Phillip Brett and Nadine Hubbs about the unique relationship between queerness and musical expression.
A Freak Deferred
Authors: Stephens Vincent L.
Published: May 2020

This chapter argues that the deaf, bisexual, and racially progressive white crooner Johnnie Ray was successful in the early 1950s because his “freak” persona endeared him to audiences fascinated by his queer masculinity. Ray was one of the first white singers to incorporate black R&B phrasing into his style. Rather than capitalizing on this and transitioning successfully into rock and roll, he retreated by recording blander pop material and consciously “self-domesticating” his image. Though tabloids coyly spread rumors regarding his sexuality and focused on his arrests for public sex and disorderly conduct, these did not deter his audiences. Instead, his struggle with his sexuality, inability to modernize his sound, and retreat toward blandness stifled the unique qualities that made him interesting initially.
Spectacular Vacillations
Authors: Stephens Vincent L.
Published: May 2020

This chapter defines Little Richard as a strategic performer who employed multiple queering tools during different phases of his career to adapt to social expectations. His initial persona was resonant enough to adhere to expectations of “race men” performers of the 1950s, yet he stood apart. As he gained fame, he emphasized spectacle to avoid appearing sexually threatening to whites. After his initial success, he briefly retreated to religion and marriage. He followed this phase with an even more flamboyance from the mid-1960s to the late 1970s, becoming a popular draw and TV personality. By the early 1980s, he disavowed his past and embraced religiosity. Queer signifiers endured in his persona throughout these phases; he gradually integrated spirituality with queerness in the mid-1980s onward.
Copland, Hollywood, and American Musical Modernism
Authors: Bick Sally
Published: May 2020

This chapter provides a detailed musical and cinematic analysis of Of Mice and Men, Copland’s first Hollywood film score. The discussion begins by outlining Copland’s interest in film and Hollywood, his desire to engage in mass entertainment, and his eventual first Hollywood commission. Copland’s ideas are compared with the shared values of novelist John Steinbeck, which embrace Popular Front ideals, nationalism, and Americanism. Likewise, Milestone’s cinematic vision, which borrows Dorothea Lange’s photographic depiction of the realities of Depression-era migrant workers, is echoed by the sonic aesthetic of simplicity realized in Copland’s style. Copland’s score is discussed within the larger context of 1930s American music with references to Virgil Thomson and the critique of Arthur Berger.
Eisler in America
Authors: Bick Sally
Published: May 2020

Eisler’s writings on Hollywood film music are interpreted from three different vantages: initially from afar as a committed Marxist in Europe; later as an émigré in New York at the New School for Social Research supported by the Rockefeller Foundation on a study about film music; and finally as a film composer working in Hollywood. The discussion traces this intellectual progression, which eventually culminates in Composing for the Films, a politically controversial and infamous book written in collaboration with Theodor Adorno. The discussion interprets the book and its political ideology and treats the thorny question of authorship, the various editions, and the book’s publication history, as well as Adorno’s problematic role in the creation of the work.
Epilogue
Authors: Bick Sally
Published: May 2020

The conclusion presents a summation of Copland’s and Eisler’s political music and their contributions in both their writings and their film scores to the history of the Hollywood industry and American music and film scores. As modernist composers and outsiders to Hollywood, they were able simultaneously to challenge and assimilate Hollywood’s expectations while producing work that coincided with their own political agendas.
Global Futurity
Authors: Powers Devon
Published: May 2020

Chapter 5 takes on the trend industry’s global dimensions. In considering how trends travel around the world, the chapter argues that the trend business reflects a neoliberal agenda. It explores how globalization, protech optimism, and inequality are embedded into how the trend businesses both imagines and tracks the future. The chapter focuses primarily on Dubai and the Netherlands but includes insights from forecasters based in a number of additional countries.
Keywords: Dubai, the Netherlands, futurism, future, trends, innovation
Migration and the Coyotlatelco Ceramic Tradition
Authors: Hernández Christine , Healan Dan M.
Published: May 2020

This chapter argues that the Late Classic/Epiclassic ceramic style known as Coyotlatelco has roots in the eastern El Bajío of Near West Mexico. Coyotlatelco became a widespread ceramic tradition in Epiclassic Central Mexico. Its chief defining characteristic is its suite of unsupported and tripod-supported vessels decorated with red-painted geometric designs on plain brown or cream slipped pottery. Ceramic data and radiocarbon dating produced from Tulane University’s Ucareo-Zinapecuaro (U-Z) Project (1989-1995) shed additional light on the ongoing debate regarding whether or not the Coyotlatelco style originates with the native population or if it shows evidence of the migration of non-local people into the central highlands of Mexico. The ceramic chronology for the U-Z source area throughout the Late Formative and Classic periods in NE Michoacan begins a discussion about shared decorative modes among red on brown ceramic types that connect Michoacan with societies in both the El Bajio and the Basin of Mexico regions, including Teotihuacan. The conclusions drawn suggest that the Coyotlatelco ceramic style has deep roots in the pottery traditions of the eastern El Bajio and, given the equally long history of various modes of regional and back migration, there seems little need to look beyond Central Mexico for the origins of Coyotlatleco.
Introduction
Authors: Martel Heather
Published: May 2020

This chapter introduces the book as an account of the transcultural love story imagined by Protestants that historicizes the meanings of love and friendship in a colonial context. While historians have looked at greed and power in colonialism, this book examines Protestants’ belief systems as another historical motivation, one shaped by events at Fort Caroline. As an introduction, this chapter states the thesis, sets the scene, introduces the science of humoralism, defines categories and labels used for groups discussed, and identifies historiographic contexts for the book.
Gender
Authors: Martel Heather
Published: May 2020

This chapter theorizes gender at Fort Caroline and in the early Protestant Atlantic as an historically, culturally specific system for defining relations of power, which marked some as more masculine (powerful, dominant) and others as less masculine or feminine (weak, dependent, submissive) in relation to those with more masculinity. Long after their authors were dead, the Protestant travel narratives that are the sources for this study continued to do the gendered work of colonialism by characterizing Indigenous gender systems, hygienic customs, third gender–specific roles and fashions, and instances when Indigenous women demonstrated power as transgressions of Christian gender norms that Protestant colonizers obliged themselves to “fix” by imposing Christian norms.
From Cussita to Bears Ears
Authors: Cobb Charles R.
Published: May 2020

This chapter explores Native American experiential views of the landscape. Two categories of culturally important ways of constructing landscape histories are put forth: first, persistent places, as regularly visited locations; and second, portable places, as ways of moving important elements of the built environment. Persistent places are locations on the landscape that embody long-term and variable histories of residence, visitation, commemoration, and memory. On the other hand, portable places have witnessed so many groups pushed or pulled out of their territories and often buffeted across the Southeast without much respite that many traditional aspects of the landscape may have been lost—if not from memory, at least from routine encounters. Lacking the familiar touchstones found in a stable topographic setting, portable places become entities that, regardless of place, manifest the essence of a people. The chapter closes with a discussion of the practical and ideological importance of different modes of travel.
Arrival and Emplacement
Authors: Cobb Charles R.
Published: May 2020

This chapter outlines how emplacement was an important complement to displacement as a Native American adaption to continuing incursions of colonial powers. As with displacement, several key strategies of emplacement, or socially producing place, are explored. These include coalescence and colonization. As the late 1600s and 1700s progressed, the ongoing patterns of displacement and emplacement lent the southeastern landscape an increasingly fractal quality. Towns themselves may have incorporated distinct enclaves of newcomers, while nominal culture regions could contain discrete settlements of migrants forced out of shatter zones. By the mid- to late 1700s, the Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, Seminoles, Catawbas, Creeks, and other surviving Native American communities of the Southeast were all multidimensional coalescent entities. In addition, the Franciscan mission system in the Spanish colony of La Florida is presented as a distinct trajectory of emplacement in the Southeast.
Conclusion
Authors: Coopersmith Jonathan
Published: May 2020

Jonathan Coopersmith underscores the two major challenges of doing history—finding and preserving archival material, challenges particularly acute for subjects traditionally not collected by archives, such as minority movements. To prevent such future losses and expand archival access, Coopersmith explores how historians, archivists, and other stakeholders can utilize public history tools including oral histories and the digital humanities to encourage the creation and preservation of the widest possible range of appropriate records and histories, especially for historically underrepresented and under-researched areas and people in space exploration and exploitation.
Funerary Practice and Local Interaction on the Imperial Frontier, First Century CE
Authors: Nugent Selin E.
Published: May 2020

The rugged, mountainous landscapes dividing the Parthian and Roman Empires routinely served as an arena for military campaigns and violent conflict between empires competing for territorial expansion. Local alliances were cyclically forged, broken, and mended, yet these interactions are rarely represented in the archaeological record. How were military campaigns conducted in the Caucasus frontier? How did foreign soldiers interact with local communities? This chapter examines the case study of an unusual first century CE burial that integrates aspects of both Roman and Parthian funerary practice and is associated with large-scale feasting events at the site of Oğlanqala in Naxçıvan, Azerbaijan. By integrating osteological and isotopic analyses with a regional approach to funerary practice, this chapter sheds light on underrepresented local experiences and intersectional identities in response to Roman campaigns.
Queering Prehistory on the Frontier
Authors: Toussaint Mark P.
Published: May 2020

The Mierzanowice Culture (MC) is the name given to an archaeological complex that existed from about 2400/2300–1600 BCE, in the Early Bronze Age of Central Europe. Mierzanowice Culture cemeteries provide a unique opportunity to investigate and theorize the relationship between sex and gender in prehistory, due to their tradition of mirror-opposite, seemingly sex-differentiated burials. This chapter questions interpretations of these burial characteristics in terms of rigid, sex-based binaries, and investigates whether they may correspond more closely with social constructions of identity, including gender and status. Furthermore, it explores the relationship between salient biological and social categories and health in Mierzanowice communities. Although the case study explored in this chapter was based on a small sample of individuals, a few patterns have begun to emerge. Certain aspects of burial orientations may correspond more to gender than to sex. Furthermore, it is not out of the realm of possibility that some atypical burial orientations may correspond to a non-binary gender category. This preliminary study also indicated that while all individuals were at fairly equal risk of perimortem trauma, females were more likely than males to incur antemortem trauma.
Mortuary Practices in the First Iron Age Romanian Frontier
Authors: Osterholtz Anna J. , Lucas Virginia , Ralston Claira , Gonciar Andre , Bălos Angelica
Published: May 2020

This chapter presents the bioarchaeological and zooarchaeological analysis of the Iron Age remains Măgura Uroiului. A combined analysis of this assemblage using similar methodologies allows for a fuller understanding of mortuary ritual at the site. Data indicate that mortuary activity of the First Iron Age in Transylvania was complex, and that the burials described were likely deposited intentionally as a part of the construction of the Măgura Uroiului monument. Ritual activities included feasting, animal sacrifices, and monument construction. This analysis provides data to begin to understand this time period and region.
Cuban Colonial Prints
Authors: Cueto Emilio
Published: May 2020

The collector and independent scholar Emilio Cueto provides a historical inventory of seventeen graphic art images depicting Cuba, printed during the late Spanish colonial period (1762–1898). These images—primarily authored by Dutch, English, French, and German, not Spanish or Cuban artists—became the most widely circulated visual representations of the island, particularly the capital of Havana. Despite their fanciful and often inaccurate character, these prints depicted the landscape, architecture, people, and customs of the island. They became part of a well-known visual repertoire that fixed Cuba as an exotic tropical location in the global imagination. As Cueto underlines, “It was through engravings and lithographs that Cuba first became known both inside the island and abroad. Colonial Cuba was defined by its prints.”
The Quirky Moose
Authors: Jones Barbara K.
Published: May 2020

Admittedly, moose hunting generates money through the sale of licenses and permits and the hiring of guides, yet it potentially is tipping the scale against moose survival in all states but Alaska. Creating either a use or nonuse value that supports a revenue stream based on tourism and an ancillary moose-themed market could provide an alternative way to help preserve the moose. Moose are charismatic species due their visual rareness, relation to northern landscapes, and reputation as an all-American animal. Valuing the moose through the marketplace as an important capital asset makes protecting it and its habitat a more logical choice than hunting it beyond its capacity to recover ever could be.
Post-Jaws Sharks
Authors: Jones Barbara K.
Published: May 2020

In recent years, with better education and a more transparent approach to public engagement, our knowledge and understanding of the shark have improved such that coastal visitors and locals alike are more likely to see the presence of sharks as not only an indicator of ecosystem health, but also as an economic opportunity. Human responses like those that occurred in 1916, or even in the 1960s, have changed drastically. Rather than rely on ignorance and the distorted “man-eater” myth and cinematic tropes of shark violence, people are beginning to recognize that the predatory nature of sharks is natural and that sharks have greater rights to the ocean than tourists do. The appeal of shark ecotourism suggests that even though sharks are feral and can be scary, our unfamiliarity with them makes our curiosity trump that fear. This amazing shift in attitude has made the move away from hunting sharks with dynamite, guns, and longlines to hunting sharks with cameras a logical one. By rebranding the shark and seeing it as natural capital, their presence in the world’s oceans can be understood as another asset we must tend to.
Green Fire in a Wolf’s Eyes
Authors: Jones Barbara K.
Published: May 2020

The wolf as both an endangered species and an animal with abundant charisma returned to the West at a critical time. If the reintroduction of the wolf had not occurred when it did, one of the greatest wildlife conservation success stories in history would not have become a reality. For many, our willingness to co-exist with the restored wolf in the lower forty-eight states has moved the American relationship with wildlife even further away from the divisive Western worldview to a more Japanese worldview that sees us and wild nature as points on a continuum. This change is embedded in the debunking of the “bloodthirsty wolf myth” and an improved awareness of a predator’s right to exist, encouraged by more appropriately valuing its presence against other competing values. For the red wolf, its reintroduction to northeastern North Carolina has provided a powerful educational tool for engaging the public and improving their ecological and economic understandings of the value of wildlife. The return of a charismatic predator like the wolf to the lower forty-eight is not only changing the narrative regarding this animal, but has given us the opportunity to assign its presence tremendous value for future generations.
America’s Iconic Bald Eagle
Authors: Jones Barbara K.
Published: May 2020

Bald eagles have returned from the brink of extinction and today serve as a reminder to our collective memory of not only what we can do to destroy a species, but what we can learn from its near loss. In our environmental ignorance, we almost lost the symbol of our identity as Americans and replaced it with a value system that saw our dominion over nature as a legitimate and proper role for mankind. Today, we more readily appreciate that our well-being is closely tied to that of nature and without intact ecosystems we all lose. Our willingness to pay to maintain populations of bald eagles is an important tool for assigning this charismatic bird value. Bald eagles now soar in places as varied as the rivers of Alaska to the highly developed coastline of the Chesapeake Bay, but in both locations, their presence reminds us of what we could have lost if we allowed the bald eagle to “blink out” and what we have gained from their conservation success.
Coming of Age
Authors: Lynch Michael E.
Published: May 2020

The book opens with Almond’s development from boyhood through college, his marriage, and entry into the Army, which set the pattern for his life and military career. Life at the Virginia Military Institute, with its strong Confederate and military influences, shaped his outlook. Almond no doubt developed attitudes toward black people early on that would become apparent only decades later. Neither he nor his contemporaries would have considered their views racist. The Supreme Court decision Plessy v. Fergusson had enshrined the separate but equal doctrine in the nation’s social and legal framework guaranteed a separation of the races, and this was Almond’s reality. Almond had enjoyed success in high school and college, but his high achievement masked a sense of insecurity that would plague him for the rest of his life.
Trouble at Fort Huachuca
Authors: Lynch Michael E.
Published: May 2020

Almond had taken on one of the most difficult jobs in the Army. He dealt with all the normal challenges a division commander faced, such as housing, feeding, training, and equipping his unit, with scarce resources. The 92nd experienced some of the same turbulence other divisions did, including providing cadres of officers and NCOs to other African-American units. The educational limitations of his troops, the prevailing social environment, and growing pressure from the black community and his officers made his task all the more difficult. After several months of training at widely separated locations, Almond was directed to consolidate his unit at remote Fort Huachuca, Arizona. Many of the racial problems he experienced at the smaller bases became magnified as the unit came together as a whole. Brig. Gen. Benjamin O. Davis visited to investigate racial problems.
Initial Success in Italy
Authors: Lynch Michael E.
Published: May 2020

After more than a year of training, Almond and the 92nd Infantry Division deployed to Italy, . where it initially performed well. The 370th Infantry Regiment led the way to Italy, and paired with the 1st Armored Division for its introduction to combat. The regiment acquitted itself well in its initial combat experience, but the other two regiments did not fare as well. Along with the arrival of the rest of the division and the nondivisional units that would support it, Almond gained the 366th Infantry Regiment, another African American regiment that had been used to guard airbases. The addition of this unit, and its own lack comprehension proved to be a disruptive influence in the division. This chapter also carries the story of personal tragedy, as Almond discovers that his son in law has been killed in combat.
Winter of Discontent
Authors: Lynch Michael E.
Published: May 2020

After initial success, the 92nd had several failures in combat. Almond launched Operation FOURTH TERM with attacks along the Ligurian coast at the Cinquale Canal, and in the Serchio Valley where the units reportedly “melted away” under pressure for the GermansGeneral Marshall had given Almond the 92nd because he believed Almond could make black troops succeed if anyone could, but no one in the white Army leadership believed black units capable of success. Almond had lived by the adage that “units don’t fail, leaders do,” but he seemed to forget this following his division’s poor showing in February 1945. He insisted until his death that his black infantry had failed despite good leadership, but privately his role in the failure continued to trouble him and feed his insecurity. He would nurse that wound for the rest of his life, and it made his declarations on race increasingly vehement.
New Challenges in Japan
Authors: Lynch Michael E.
Published: May 2020

Almond relinquished command of the 92nd Division and assumed command of the 2nd Infantry Division at Camp Swift, Texas, for the planned Japanese invasion. The end of the war in the Pacific, changed that, and Almond went to Japan to work on the staff of Gen. Douglas MacArthur. He found success as a staff officer and trusted agent to one of the Army’s most powerful and legendary officers. Basking in the light of MacArthur’s favor, he tried to put the shame he felt over the 92nd Division’s collapse behind him. The Army had begun to change, however, taking its first small steps toward desegregation and universal service. The Army was, in effect, divided between those soldiers in the States and those on occupation duty, especially those in Far East Command. That separation became all too evident when war came to Korea.
Initial Success in Korea
Authors: Lynch Michael E.
Published: May 2020

The Inchon landing and the capture of Seoul worked brilliantly, and MacArthur and Almond were hailed as heroes. MacArthur then ordered Almond to make a second amphibious landing at Wonsan (later extended include Iwon). There his X Corps grew to include three US divisions (1st Marine Division, 7th Infantry Division, 3rd Infantry Division) and the I ROK Corps containing two ROK divisions. Almond essentially commanded a small field Army but with only a Corps staff to control it. With his Corps covering an area of some 400 square miles, Almond used airplanes and helicopters to move around the battlefield and visit his units every day.
A Final Assignment
Authors: Lynch Michael E.
Published: May 2020

This chapter examines Almond’s final assignment as Commandant, US Army War College, where he left an indelible impression. This final assignment proved especially rewarding. Subsequent commandants have maintained and expanded many of his curriculum ideas, including a broader focus on international affairs and a joint perspective. He also used the time to study the use of l close air support in Korea, with an eye toward improving interoperability with the Air Force.
A Lusty, Growing Thing
Authors: Shulman Terry Chester
Published: May 2020

During his first year at Vitagraph, Maurice changes movies forever from the actor’s standpoint. He refuses to build sets, thereby creating the job description of screen actor. He normalizes his fellow actors’ movements to create the “slow motion” method, thus formulating the first natural acting techniques for screen players. In becoming the first screen heartthrob, he achieves a level of popularity as yet unseen by any actor.
Smashing Things
Authors: Shulman Terry Chester
Published: May 2020

Maurice’s popularity is already on the wane in 1913, before he makes matters worse by physically assaulting Mae in a drunken rage and grabbing the attention of the press. The following year he’s involved inanother violent altercation, this one with a flagman at a railroad crossing, and makes the papers yet again. Despite his now flagging career, Maurice buys an expensive piece of residential property in Bayside, Long Island, and the family moves in. Shortly after that, Maurice hasa falling out with Vitagraph, mostly due to his drinking, and finds himself disastrously unemployed.
Desperation
Authors: Shulman Terry Chester
Published: May 2020

The Costellos slide back into poverty after Maurice parts ways with Vitagraph. They literally starve in the Bayside mansion as film work dries up completely and Maurice goes off on his own to pawn the family assets. The now-teenagedDolores assumes her new place as the family breadwinner, posing for artists like James Montgomery Flagg. In the early twenties, with Maurice getting occasional work in secondary parts, Dolores and Helene arehired byGeorge White’s Scandalsto dance in the chorus line. In Chicago, Dolores is offered a contract by a Warner Brother’s scout and the Costello women leave for Hollywood. They arrive to find acontract has also been drawn up for Helene. After months of stress and uncertainty, Warners picks up the girls’ options and they’re on their way.
Alone Time
Authors: Shulman Terry Chester
Published: May 2020

Maurice brings with him to Hollywood a diary in which he confides his rage and revulsion at the fact of his demotion from head-of-household to lowly chauffeur, now having to drive his wife and daughters wherever they wish to go. Without an income of his own he has to do as they say, even after discovering that his twenty-two-year-old daughter Dolores had become romantically involved with forty-three-year-old, hard-drinking Jack Barrymore. The result is a steadily escalating domestic war that takes another two years to reach the crisis point. Meanwhile, Dolores continues her rise into the front ranks of Hollywood stars. Helene lags behind, but holds her own.
Daddy Butch
Authors: Shulman Terry Chester
Published: May 2020

Helene leaves Mussie and comes home. Dolores grows closer to Dr. Vruwink, who her children call Daddy Butch. Before they can marry, he’ll have to divorce his wife Laura. With Jack’s support payments already in arrears, Dolores returns to work. David O. Selznick casts her in the plum role of Dearest in Little Lord Fauntleroy, which becomes a critical and financial success. With her money from the film, Dolores buys a house in the Windsor Square neighborhood of Los Angeles. She sails to Europe with the children to view the coronation of King George VI, but has to come home early when Helene’s recently diagnosed tuberculosis takes a turn for the worse. Helene rallies and gets a bit part in MGM’s Riff Raff, starring Jean Harlow. A grueling rain scene puts her out of commission for several months. In New York, she tries her hand at stage acting, with less than encouraging results. She and Mussie agree to divorce.
Engaging the Enemy
Authors: Fischer Beth A.
Published: May 2020

Triumphalists contend that President Reagan won the Cold War by employing hard-line policies and refusing to negotiate with Moscow. Reagan’s refusal to engage with the enemy compelled the Soviet Union to disarm, adopt democratic reforms, and ultimately collapse.
This chapter debunks the notion that Reagan was a hard-liner throughout his time in office, as well as the idea that he rejected diplomacy. It demonstrates that Reagan’s initially hawkish posture brought the superpowers to the brink of war in 1983. By 1984 the president was actively seeking negotiations aimed at improving superpower relations and reducing nuclear arsenals. Reagan was seeking dialogue and disarmament even before Mikhail Gorbachev came to office and years before the Soviet Union began to reform.
By the time he left the White House, Reagan had met with his Soviet counterparts more frequently than any previous American president. These negotiations were critical to the peaceful conclusion of the Cold War. Diplomacy, engagement, and dialogue are core components of Reagan’s legacy.
Introduction
Authors: Winford Brandon K.
Published: May 2020

The introduction begins with John Hervey Wheeler’s articulation of New South prosperity in the pages of the Tarheel Banker just as World War II came to an end. His appeal to southern white bankers outlines how and why he believed it was his responsibility as a black banker to see that the South would advance economically during the postwar period. The introduction contextualizes Wheeler’s entrée into black business and explains his journey to becoming one of the most prominent black business leaders in the United States between the 1950s and 1970s. The introduction fittingly highlights Wheeler’s motto, “The battle for freedom begins every morning,” which underscores how he used his social, political, legal, and economic expertise to fight for racial and economic justice for black people during the mid-twentieth-century South.
The Battle for Educational Equality in the Postwar New South
Authors: Winford Brandon K.
Published: May 2020

Chapter 3 examines how the legal phase of the civil rights movement came together as World War II ended. It highlights Wheeler’s postwar activism and involvement in the battle for black educational equality in North Carolina and the South more broadly. He believed education to be one of the most essential ingredients for achieving the expansion of economic rights. This chapter argues that it was during the postwar period that he articulated his economic vision of New South prosperity to bankers in the Tar Heel State. During the world conflict, M&F Bank purchased war bonds, loaned black farmers money for equipment to support the war effort, and then helped returning black war veterans take advantage of the GI Bill through providing home loans. His embrace of legal tactics helped challenge an unjust educational system that effectively stifled black schoolchildren from learning the skills needed to obtain jobs later. This chapter also explores how Wheeler and others argued for immediate school desegregation directly following the Brown decision.
Direct Action and the Search for “Freedom of Movement”
Authors: Winford Brandon K.
Published: May 2020

Chapter 4 examines Wheeler’s activism during the direct-action phase of the civil rights movement. It pushes us to consider how a black businessman in Wheeler’s position could serve not as an obstacle to but as a steadfast advocate of alternative tactics during the 1960s. Despite the emergence of student-centered leadership with the 1960 sit-in movement, Wheeler did not take a sidelines position. Instead, he continued to operate behind the scenes while publicly and privately lending his support to student activists. Wheeler had a reputation for always being ahead of his time, and white leaders considered him to be a radical. His acceptance of young activists and his integrationist views represented a unique departure from many of his black business contemporaries. I argue that while direct action represented a shift away from strict reliance on legal tactics, as well as a generational shift in leadership, Wheeler recognized that ongoing civil disobedience meant that he was in a much better position than ever before to fulfill the ideals of New South prosperity through increased involvement in reform and policymaking at the local, state, and national levels.
Equal Employment, Voting Rights, and Public Policy at the National Level
Authors: Winford Brandon K.
Published: May 2020

Chapter 5 examines Wheeler’s impact on the civil rights movement as a broker on a wider scale during the early 1960s. It argues that during these years, he utilized his increasing political influence regionally and nationally to change policies related to discrimination in employment and voting rights for black Americans. Not only that, but Wheeler vigorously championed the inclusion of blacks in high-level positions within local, state, and federal governments and condemned agencies for their own failures in implementing new employment policies as mandated by the federal government.
Santa Anita
Authors: Shuback Alan
Published: May 2020

When the state of California realized that there was money to be made through horse racing, it passed a law reinstituting pari-mutuel wagering, enabling San Francisco businessman Charles Strub and producer Hal Roach to found Santa Anita Park in 1934. Overcoming conservative social forces, they built a magnificent new racetrack in Arcadia, in the foothills of the San Gabriel Mountains. Denizens of Hollywood flocked to Santa Anita like ducks to water, as did the rest of the local population. Santa Anita became the go-to location for the plethora of racing films made in the 1930s and 1940s.
Hollywood Horsemen and Horsewomen
Authors: Shuback Alan
Published: May 2020

Among the Hollywood luminaries who found success as Thoroughbred owners were Fred Astaire, Betty Grable, and Bing Crosby. Astaire was more than smitten with the sport, having discovered the pleasures of betting on the ponies when performing in London’s West End. He quickly gravitated to ownership and achieved his greatest success in California with Triplicate, winner of the Hollywood Derby at Hollywood Park and the San Juan Capistrano Handicap at Santa Anita. The highest-paid actress in Hollywood in the mid-1940s, Betty Grable, in partnership with her trumpet-playing husband Harry James, owned major stakes winners Big Noise and James Session, who ran for them in the Kentucky Derby. After selling his interest in Del Mar, Crosby concentrated on racing in Europe, where he was co-owner of Meadow Court, who would win the Irish Derby and the King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Diamond Stakes.
Jock Whitney
Authors: Shuback Alan
Published: May 2020

The family of John Hay “Jock” Whitney, descendant of Mayflower traveler William Bradford, owned the fabulously successful Thoroughbred estate known as Greentree Stables, which he ran for much of his life. Greentree produced the superb champions Twenty Grand, Capot, and Tom Fool. Whitney was also successful in England with the great steeplechaser Easter Hero, two-time winner of the Cheltenham Gold Cup. An early backer of Fred Astaire’s Broadway musicals, Whitney was an inveterate “stage-door Johnny,” well known for his ability to pick up chorus girls after the show. He was also a keen filmgoer, an early investor in Technicolor, and the man who backed David O. Selznick’s productions of Gone with the Wind and Rebecca.Despite his financial largesse, business acumen, and cinematic insight, the self-effacing Whitney never received a single screen credit for any of the dozens of films he was involved in.
Fallen Arch
Authors: Robinson Harlow
Published: May 2020

This chapter treats Milestone’s life and work from 1945 to 1949. The highly publicized failure of the expensive feature Arch of Triumph, produced by new Enterprise Studios, starring Ingrid Bergman and Charles Boyer in an adaptation of Remarque’s novel about refugees in Paris before the Nazi invasion, damaged Milestone’s artistic reputation. This coincided with Milestone being named by the HUAC as one of The Hollywood Nineteen and accused of pro-Communist sympathies. Although not called to testify, he supported those who were and attended HUAC hearings. A discussion of No Minor Vices and The Red Pony, another Steinbeck adaption starring Robert Mitchum and Copland’s score, concludes the chapter.
Breaking Protocol
Authors: Nash Philip
Published: May 2020

Breaking Protocol tells the story of the first female ambassadors in US history (1933–1964): Ruth Bryan Owen, Florence Jaffray Harriman, Perle S. Mesta, Eugenie M. Anderson, Clare Boothe Luce, and Frances E. Willis. This is the first group biography of the Big Six, one that places these women in a wider historical context based on deep and broad research in archival sources. It restores these women to their rightful place in history, and it assists the larger project of rendering women in international history visible.
It begins by establishing the historical context, the male-dominated world of American diplomacy in the first half of the twentieth century. It then devotes one chapter each to the six female ambassadors, describing their backgrounds and appointments, analyzing the issues they faced and experiences they had on the job, and assessing their performances.
It also traces the ambassadors’ reception by host countries; their sometimes fraught relations with the male-dominated State Department; the press coverage they received; the complications of protocol and the spouse issue; and how they practiced “people’s diplomacy”—getting to know, and representing America to, the host country’s whole society, not just its ruling elite. It ends by outlining the progress made and obstacles faced by women since the mid-1960s, and it concludes that, through their successful performances, the Big Six significantly contributed to gender progress in US foreign relations.
Ruth Bryan Owen
Authors: Nash Philip
Published: May 2020

This chapter examines the diplomatic journey of the first female US chief of mission, Ruth Bryan Owen, minister to Denmark (1933–1936). Owen, daughter of William Jennings Bryan, was a public lecturer and two-term US congresswoman from Florida before being sent to Denmark by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt, who eagerly promoted the advancement of women, lobbied Roosevelt to make the appointment. Denmark was a gender-progressive country and considered of lesser importance in Washington. Despite some skepticism and hostility from career diplomats, Owen performed creditably and was extremely popular in her host country, especially due to her decision to reach out to Danes beyond elite circles. And although she was forced to resign when she married a Dane in 1936, her performance paved the way for Roosevelt to appoint a second female envoy the following year.
Florence Jaffray Harriman
Authors: Nash Philip
Published: May 2020

This chapter looks at the tenure of Florence Jaffray Harriman, minister to Norway (1937–1941). Harriman was a prominent New York City socialite and Democratic Party activist. President Franklin Roosevelt agreed to send the sixty-six-year-old Harriman to Norway because it was a small, neutral country unlikely to become involved in a European war. When World War II broke out in 1939, Harriman was caught in the midst of it. She performed admirably in the episode involving the City of Flint, a US merchant vessel captured by the Germans, and even more so when the Nazis invaded Norway in April 1940. Harriman risked her life trying to keep up with the fleeing Norwegian leadership, which was being pursued by German forces. Her performance in the face of such danger earned her widespread praise, further strengthening the case for female ambassadors.
Perle S. Mesta
Authors: Nash Philip
Published: May 2020

This chapter tells the story of Perle Mesta, US minister to Luxembourg (1949–1953). A wealthy widow, Mesta was a political fundraiser, businesswoman, and National Woman’s Party activist before becoming Washington, DC’s leading society hostess after World War II. She was close to President Harry S. Truman, who, lobbied by India Edwards, sent her to Luxembourg as a reward for her important work for his 1948 campaign. Her appointment became the butt of jokes and inspired the hit musical comedy Call Me Madam, but she performed fairly well considering her limitations and the sometimes fierce hostility she faced from career diplomats. She applied her party-giving instincts to her post, reaching out to average Luxembourgers and becoming a major celebrity to them. Official Luxembourg was ambivalent, finding it difficult to take her seriously and yet enjoying the attention, top-level access, and enhanced international status that her appointment provided.
Kentucky’s Distilling Heritage
Authors: Raitz Karl
Published: May 2020

American spirits distilling was based on European and colonial traditions and the age-old knowledge that by milling grain into a fine meal and mixing it with malted barley, yeast, and water, one could convert starches into sugars, which could be fermented and distilled into alcohol spirits. Migrants from Europe and the coastal colonies established distilleries in Kentucky before statehood in 1792, and an estimated 2,200 distilleries were in operation by 1810. The vocation evolved from subsistence-scale farmers and millers who made corn whiskey into twenty-first-century commercial businesses that produce bourbon on an industrial scale. The change from craft to industrial distilling was accompanied by distinctive changes in the landscape as distillers adopted steam engines and abandoned water-power sites; farmers expanded grain production; timber was harvested to make barrel staves; and manufactures built steam engines, boats, and railroads. Whiskey production increasingly focused on the Bluegrass and Pennyroyal regions and Ohio Valley cities. The changeover was enabled by transportation improvements such as turnpikes, railroads, and steamboats. Production was increasingly controlled by internal revenue personnel, and distillers were harried by temperance advocates. By the eve of Prohibition in 1919, only 182 distilleries remained in operation.