bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enabling FAIR Data - The Importance of our Scientific Repositories
Authors: Stall Shelley
Published: March 2020

The Enabling FAIR Data project is an international, community-driven effort in the Earth, space, and environmental sciences that promotes that the data and software supporting our research is to be deposited in a community-accepted, trusted repository and cited in the paper.  Journals will no longer accept data only placed in the supplemental information of the paper.  The supplement is not an archive and does not provide the necessary information about the data, nor is there any way to discover the data separate from the paper.  Repositories provide the critical infrastructure in our research ecosystem, managing and preserving data and software for future researchers to discovery and use.

As a signatory of the Enabling FAIR Data Commitment Statement repositories agree to comply with the defined tenets.  Not all repositories provide the same level of services to researchers or their data holdings. Many researchers find it difficult to select the right repository and understand the process for depositing their data.  Through better coordination between journals and repositories journals can guide researchers to the right repository for deposition.  This is a significant benefit to authors, but there are unintended challenges that result. Here we will discuss the Enabling FAIR Data project, the successes, and the continued effort necessary to make sure our data is treated as a “world heritage.”
Toarcian Ocean Anoxic Event (TOAE) recording in shallow environment : example from Central Atlas, Morocco
Authors: Ruchat Arnaud , Adatte Thierry , Spangenberg Jorge
Published: March 2020

The Toarcian Ocean Anoxic Event (TOAE) took place in the early Jurassic (­ ∼183 My) and is characterised by the widespread deposition of organic matter-rich black shales in deep basins, and by a negative carbon isotope excursion reflecting profound environmental changes. This event is well documented in the sedimentary record of deeper marine settings, in which the TOAE is marked by the presence of organic-rich shales. However, the recording of the TOAE in shallower environments is less common, due to incomplete sediment records, to sea-level fluctuations and the lack of good biostratigraphy markers.

Here we present data gathered from a new extremely shallow section in Morocco (Dadès Gorges, Central Atlas), which was located along the northern Gondwana margin. This section consists of alternating dolomitic limestones and paleosols, associated with the presence of several dinosaur tracks and other sedimentary features such as stromatolites, ripple marks, mud cracks and fossil roots. This section shows a significant increase in mercury (Hg) located just below a negative excursion in 13C carbonate isotopes (-3 ) that we attributed to the TOAE NCIE, which coincides with several cyclical episodes of emersion. Bulk rock and clay mineralogy indicate an increase in weathering intensity in the upper part of the section marked by higher phyllosilicates quartz and kaolinite contents.

The upper part of the section shows a gradual decrease in the number of carbonate banks coinciding with an increase of clay-rich intervals. The carbonate banks interbedded with the clay levels are almost entirely composed of an accumulation of stromatolites reflecting even more extreme conditions, which coincide with the TOA-NCIE.

These results confirm the presence of the TOAE-NCIE even in the most shallow environments of the Tethys. The observed Hg anomalies have been globally recorded and are probably linked with the volcanic activity from the Karoo Ferrar province. This marker combined with stable isotopes is therefore a very promising correlative tool.
Meander cutoffs in tidal coastal landscapes: rare of everywhere?
Authors: Finotello Alvise , D'Alpaos Andrea , Lazarus Eli D. , Ghinassi Massimiliano , Rinaldo Andrea
Published: March 2020

Highly sinuous meandering channels are common landforms in fluvial and coastal environments. As meanders migrate laterally, driven by sediment erosion and deposition along their outer and inner banks, respectively, they eventually cut off, leaving behind the characteristic crescent-shaped morphologies of scroll-bars and oxbow lakes. Oxbows are particularly important not only from ecological perspectives, for the diverse habitats they provide, but also because they retain signatures of the flow characteristics that shaped them, thus allowing for paleoflow reconstruction.

While alluvial plains carved by meandering rivers are littered with scars of meander cutoffs, tidal coastal settings have been perceived by geomorphologists for much of the past century as lacking morphological evidence of active meandering – even though both environments exhibit similar meander-planform dynamics and width-adjusted migration rates.

Here we analyze the planform characteristics and evolution of meander cutoffs from a variety of fluvial and tidal landscapes around the world. We combine field observations and remotely sensed data to track the abandonment of individual meander bends and the subsequent progressive infill and vegetation colonization of the meander cutoffs.

We show that tidal-meander cutoffs tend to be symmetric in planform, seldom disconnected from their parent channel, and fill up as much as 10 times more rapidly than neck cutoffs formed by meandering rivers.

We suggest that cutoffs in tidal meanders are far more widespread than previously thought, and that their supposed paucity is explained by several processes typical of tidal landscapes that collectively militate against the formation and preservation of meander oxbows after cutoff.

These results have important implications for the conservation and restoration of critically endangered coastal environments, as well as for better assessing the capacity of tidal wetlands to store large amounts of blue carbon.
Comprehensive analysis of the March 7, 2019 Somogyszob, Hungary earthquake cluster
Authors: Wéber Zoltán , Czecze Barbara , Gráczer Zoltán , Süle Bálint , Szanyi Gyöngyvér , Bondár István , Working Group the AlpArray
Published: March 2020

A magnitude ML 4.0 earthquake struck southwest Hungary on March 7, 2019. The earthquake was reported to be felt in some 53 localities with maximum intensity V on the EMS scale. The earthquake was preceded by four foreshocks and followed by four aftershocks. The hypoDD solutions using differential travel times from waveform cross-correlation show significant improvements in event location. We were able to determine the moment tensor solutions for the main shock and one of the foreshocks and aftershocks, each representing thrust fault mechanism with a horizontal P-axis pointing towards N-NE. The obtained moment magnitudes range from Mw 1.5 to 3.8 with source radii between 100 and 500 m. The stress drop spans from 12 to 19 bars.

 
Prominent crustal discontinuities in Reykjanes Peninsula, Iceland
Authors: Hrubcová Pavla , Doubravová Jana , Horálek Josef
Published: March 2020

Iceland, situated in the North Atlantic Ocean between Greenland and Norway, is located above the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. It is a part of the oceanic crust forming the floor of the Atlantic Ocean. Its tectonic structure is characterized by various seismically and volcanically active centers. We focused on active seismicity in the SW part, where the Reykjanes Ridge segment of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge is located in Reykjanes Peninsula as the landward ridge continuation connecting it to the Western Volcanic Zone. The seismicity in this area is monitored by REYKJANET seismic network stations operated by IGF CAS. The earthquakes are released in form of swarms and are largely confined to the upper few kilometers of the oceanic layer related to a large number of faults and fissures with the high seismic activity at depths of 2 to 6 km, however, some events may be as deep as 13 km.

Since knowledge of a detailed crustal structure is essential for all advanced studies of seismicity and focal parameters of the earthquakes, we concentrated on velocity model and prominent discontinuity depth retrieval in the area. We selected the best located events of the 2017 swarm in Reykjanes Peninsula and refined their locations by manual picking. This resulted in processing of waveforms from earthquakes with magnitudes >1 recorded at 15 REYKJANET seismic network stations. The waveforms typically displayed dominant direct P and S waves followed by converted and reflected waves secondarily generated at shallow and deeper subsurface structure. We tested a multi-azimuthal approach in data processing of Hrubcová et al. (2013; 2016) to increase resolution of these phases in the waveforms. We applied the waveform cross-correlation of the P and S waves, and rotated, aligned and stacked the seismograms to extract the reflected/converted phases. In the interpretation, we focused on the most prominent interface at the crust/mantle boundary, the Moho, and processed its reflected phases. These phases were inverted for laterally varying Moho depth by ray tracing and a grid search inversion algorithm and verified by modeling of full waveforms computed by the discrete wave number method.
Paleogeographic framework and Paleo-sedimentary environmental restoration in the Lower Part of Yanchang formation in Triassic of Ordos Basin, China
Authors: Xu Yanhua , He Dengfa
Published: March 2020

Title: Paleogeographic framework and Paleo-sedimentary environmental restoration in the Lower Part of Yanchang formation in Triassic of Ordos Basin, China

Ordos basin is a craton basin, rich in coal, oil and natural gas resources. The Yanchang formation includes the lower part (Chang 10- Chang 8 oil bearing intervals) and the upper part (Chang 7- Chang 1 oil bearing intervals) in which we found many hydrocarbon-rich depressions. The sedimentary period of Chang 10-Chang 8 formation is the transition stage from the North China Craton depression basin to  Ordos basin due to the influence of the Indosinian movement. Previous studies mainly focused on the the interior of the present residual basin rather than the peripheral of the basin.

Twenty five outcrops out of Ordos basin and one hundred drilling cores in the basin are used and multiple methods including microscope, SEM observation , the major-trace elements analysis ; zircon U-Pb geochronological studies and seismic profile interpretation are applied to study the paleoredox, paleosalinity , paleoclimate and provenance of the the lower part of the Yanchang formation in the Ordos basin.

It is concluded that: (1)the main charateristics of the sedimentary facies about Chang 10 is rivers-deltas- shore-shallow lacustrine. The sedimentary facies of Chang 9 has the features of “multi-deltas surrounding the lake” with a transitory lake transgression. The main charateristics of Chang 8 is that the rivers became more powerful and the area of lake increased.(2) based on the zircon U-Pb age structure comparision beween the lower part the Yanchang formation and its periphery old land, the results indicate that it has consistent source, which are mainly northern and southern margin of Huabei block. However, the north-east Alashan old land and south Qinlin-Qilian tectonic belts may just supply few detrital sediments.(3) according to the seismic interpretation, we have found a large number of synsedimentary fault. Seismites developed in Chang9 and Chang8 and turbidite developed in Chang9. The distribution of the synsedimentary fault, seismites and turbidite can cetify that the structure activity was more active in the sedimentary period of the Yanchang formation.
Disentangeling key drivers of high alpine hydrology with analytic streamflow distribution models
Authors: Schaefli Bettina , Santos Ana Clara , Rinaldo Andrea
Published: March 2020

Streamflow distributions represent a powerful tool for water resources and ecological habitat management and have been shown in the past to be predictable with relatively simple analytic models. Such analytic models derive streamflow distributions from fundamental stochastic properties of the rainfall forcing and the filtering effect of the landscape and offer thereby a theoretical basis to compare the hydrologic behavior across climates and landscapes. 

This contribution proposes an extension of the streamflow distribution model originally developed by Botter et al. (2007) to alpine streamflow regimes where the hydrological forcing is strongly influenced by snow and ice melt, i.e. to streamflow regimes that have major relevance for water supply in many world regions. We developed and tested the approach for 10 Swiss high elevation catchments covering a wide range of glacier covers (from 0% to 60%) and obtained good model performances for all test cases, which opens interesting perspectives for the quantification of alpine water resources under climate change. Based on these results, we will also discuss how the presented modeling framework offers new insights into the interplay of snow and ice storage, subsurface storage and precipitation forcing, i.e. into the key drivers of alpine streamflow regimes across elevation gradients
The sensitivity of data assimilation on water vapour fields on convection-permitting WRF simulations over the GNSS Upper Rhine Graben Network (GURN), Germany
Authors: Wagner Andreas , Fersch Benjamin , Yuan Peng , Kunstmann Harald
Published: March 2020

The assimilation of observations in local area models (LAMs) assures that the states of meteorological variables are as close to reality as possible. Water vapor is an important constituent in terms of cloud and precipitation formation. Its highly variable nature in space and time is often insufficiently represented in models.

The aim of our work is to improve the simulation of water vapour in the Weather Research and Forecasting model WRF by assimilation of different observations. At the current stage, temperature, relative humidity, and surface pressure derived from climate stations are applied as well as zenith total delay (ZTD) data from global navigation satellite system (GNSS) stations. We try to identify the best setup of assimilation parameters which all of them directly or indirectly influence water vapour simulations. We will show case studies of high-resolution WRF simulations (2.1 km) between 2016 and 2018 for different seasons in southwest Germany. The impact of assimilation (3D-VAR) of different variables, combinations of variables, background error option as well as the temporal resolution of assimilation is evaluated. We look at column values and also at profiles derived from radiosondes. Our results show a positive impact when assimilating measured data, but deteriorations are also possible. A distinct influence of assimilation is only apparent for a few time steps. If the temporal resolution of the assimilated variables is too coarse and there is no assimilation close to these time steps, the positive effect vanishes.
Optimizing Image Analysis Processing in Thin Transparent Aquifers: Application to Pixel Wise Regression of Salt-Water Intrusion
Authors: Benner Eric , Etsias Georgios , Hamill Gerard , Fernandez Aguila Jesus , Flynn Raymond , McDonnell Mark
Published: March 2020

Image analysis has become a standard method by which saltwater intrusion (SWI) is investigated in the laboratory. While the use of complex artificial neural networks is becoming a common analysis technique to obtain concentration fields, the standard methodology utilizes a classical algorithm which applies an augmented power-law function to each grayscale pixel. The classical method is methodologically rigorous, simple to implement numerically, and empirically robust. However, the power-law procedure involves substantial costs to the experimental process in producing calibration images for every aquifer and to computer processing times due to performing pixel-wise non-linear regression. We have developed three new classical image processing methods for SWI experiments in translucent glass-bead aquifers with the goal of optimizing the experimental and data analytic processes while maintaining accuracy and utility. First, a Laurent series provides similarly good fitting to optical grayscale data, while the function’s linearity reduces computation analysis time by a factor of a thousand—from over two hours to twenty seconds. For the second method, the Beer–Lambert Law is modified to include the optical effect of the glass beads. Applying this function form to images taken through a monochromatic light filter may decrease the number of calibration images, thereby saving the experimenter several hours of calibration time per experiment. Third, color image cameras provide different pixel intensity decreases between the three spectral channels which can be combined to produce a nearly linear correlation between source data and concentration, which gives an especially robust reduction in calibration images and rapid processing times. In our presentation, we will discuss the relative advantages and limitations of each method as they relate to the requirements and configuration of the laboratory under investigation and local analytic capabilities.
Relating sampling effort to the detection of spatial patterns of species richness in the soil seed bank of a mediterranean shrubland.
Authors: Torres Iván , Moreno José M.
Published: March 2020

Studying the soil seed bank is a time and space-consuming task, and therefore only a small fraction of the soil is sampled. It is then critical to optimize sampling effort to reliably estimate soil seed bank properties. Here, we test whether the spatial patterns of species richness in the soil seed bank differ under increasing sampling effort. For this, we used data of germination from soils in a mediterranean shrubland in Central Spain. Two data sets were used, one of the seedlings emerging after heating the soil to break dormancy, and one with the combined germinations of heated and non-heated soil subsamples. We simulated increased sampling effort with sample-based rarefaction curves, extrapolating the species richness corresponding to a 2x and 3x increase in the number of individuals (seedlings) per sample. We then analyzed the spatial pattern of the original and extrapolated species richness using linear regression and semivariograms. Species richness increased by 34% and 52% in the 2x and 3x estimations, however the spatial pattern of species richness remained largely unchanged. For the long-distance spatial pattern, the slope of the plot-scale trend (i.e., the regression coefficient) increased only slightly with increasing sampling effort, while the adjusted R-squared of the regression decreased with increasing sampling effort. For the short-distance spatial pattern we could only fit spherical model semivariograms to the data from soils exposed to a heat shock, and the intensity of the spatial pattern (spatial dependence) increased very slightly with increased sampling effort. These results suggest that even with a doubled or tripled sampling effort, as provided by the simulations, the spatial pattern of species richness would have remained unchanged. We argue that increased effort in detecting species in the seed bank needs not necessarily improve the detection of spatial pattern.
Development of simple distributed hydrological model based on soil moisture simulation
Authors: Seo Jiyu , Choi Jeonghyeon , Kim Sangdan
Published: March 2020

One of challenges to hydrologists is to estimate runoff from ungauged watershed. Hydrologic estimation through modelling is a reasonable, economical and useful approach to quantity and quality management of watershed. The model framework has been comprehensive and complex to reproduce natural phenomena more realistically with the development of computer hardware. However, driving a complex model requires a lot of effort and time, and the use of many parameters reduces the accessibility of end users and the applicability to the ungauged watershed. In this study, we developed a distributed hydrologic model based on soil moisture simulation using simple composition and fewer parameters. Instead of minimizing the number of parameters, GIS data were used to reflect the watershed characteristics into the model. The proposed model was applied to the four dam watersheds in Korea to assess its performance. As a result, it is confirmed that reasonable hydrologic components simulation is possible through the simulation of soil moisture, even though it was a simple model with only three input parameters. If spatial data such as satellite data is additionally applied, the performance of the model is expected to improve further.

Acknowledgment: This work was supported by Korea Environment Industry & Technology Institute(KEITI) through Public Technology Program based on Environmental Policy Project, funded by Korea Ministry of Environment(MOE)(2016000200002).

Keywords: Distributed hydrological model; Hydrologic components simulation; Soil moisture; Simple hydrological model.
Ionospheric scintillation indexes for LOFAR single station observation mode
Authors: Pożoga Mariusz , Grzesiak Marcin , Matyjasiak Barbara , Rothkaehl Hanna , Wronowski Roman , Budzińska Katarzyna , Tomasik Łukasz
Published: March 2020

LOFAR single station observation mode is often used for ionospheric
studies. Observations of A-Team (the brightest radio sources CasA, CygA,
TauA) enables measure of ionospheric scintillation. Relatively low
brightness of the radio sources compared to signals coming from the Earth
and originating from man-made activity (in particular RFI) can make the
analysis difficult. In order to fully utilize the data, it is necessary to
apply methods that eliminate interference. Combination of broadband
observations and careful selection of observation frequencies should also
improve the results. Another problem is the frequency (very low compared
to GPS) which requires very careful data analysis. We observe large
structures in relatively quiet conditions and low velocity of ionospheric
drift resulting in low frequency scintillations compared to GPS.

Amplitude observations conducted as a standard observations suggest using
the S4 index to monitor the state of the ionosphere. In this paper, we
present methods for calculating the S4 index for LOFAR data that
eliminates the obstacles mentioned above. We compare different methods
that resolve the problem and present the results.
Signal spectra were also examined in detail to explore the possibility of
using them to eliminate interference effects. The analyzes were carried
out on the basis of data collected during the last 3 years at the PL610
station in Borowiec.
Airborne measurements over Korea using the KMA/NIMS atmospheric research aircraft (NARA)
Authors: Lee Chulkyu , Jung Suengpil , Kim Ji-Hyoung , Yang Hyojin , Ko Heejong , Yun Jonghwan , Kim Seungbum , Joo Sangwon
Published: March 2020

Airborne campaigns for the meteorological and environmental research have been conducted in regional and global scales. The aircraft is increasingly considered as one of the best platforms to get the atmospheric spatial information, especially over sea. National Institute of Meteorological Sciences (NIMS), Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) has been utilizing an aircraft (Beechcraft King Air 350HW) equipped with 25 scientific mission instruments since 2018, in order to fill in observational gaps and observe the upper level of troposphere at higher temporal/spatial resolution and to test advanced observational and experimental techniques, resulting in enhancing meteorological technologies and research capabilities. Our airborne observation plans using the aircraft are designed over the Korean Peninsula; preceding observation of severe weather (e.g., tropical cyclone, heavy rainfall and snowfall), greenhouse gas monitoring, environmental meteorology monitoring (e.g., Asian dust), and cloud physics and cloud seeding. In particular, preceding observation of severe weather which mainly uses dropsondes focuses on characterizing generation/migration of severe weather phenomena and investigating meteorological precursors sensitive to severe weather and variations in its thermo-dynamical structures, and then improving predictability of numerical models with the data assimilation. Here, we discuss current status and future plan of our airborne measurement campaigns over the Korean Peninsula, with examples of data observed from the aircraft.
How obstacle geometry and snow properties influence avalanche impact pressure
Authors: Kyburz Michael L. , Sovilla Betty , Gaume Johan , Ancey Christophe
Published: March 2020

In order to estimate avalanche loads on buildings and structures of various sizes and geometries,  practitioners are interested in recommendations or experimental data for a wide variety of obstacle geometries and sizes. Full-scale avalanche measurements are performed across the world since the late 1970s to increase knowledge about avalanche flow behaviour, including impact on structures. These structures are usually equipped with sensors to measure impact pressure, avalanche velocity and/or snow density. Modifying the structure profile is hardly possible because of high construction costs. To date, it has thus been possible to test and calibrate empirical relationships used in engineering only on a limited number of structures for which experimental data exist. We therefore aim to calibrate the drag coefficient and amplification factor for a broader range of obstacle shapes and sizes. In this context the drag coefficient generalizes the drag coefficient used in Newtonian fluid mechanics when computing the flow past an obstacle. The amplification factor reflects the snow load’s deviation from a hydrostatic-like pressure. To estimate these two parameters, we simulate how an avalanche interacts with differently sized and shaped obstacles using the Discrete Element Method (DEM). First, we test the DEM model’s capacity to reproduce full-scale pressure measurements performed on two different obstacles at the Vallée de la Sionne test site by comparing simulated and measured impact pressures. Second, we run new simulations involving other geometries and dimensions, for which no experimental data exist. Our results show that the pressure distribution depends not only on the obstacle geometry, but also on avalanche flow regime and snow properties. We eventually examine the pressure distribution for different generic geometries and avalanche scenarios. This analysis should ultimately help to improve extant engineering guidelines.
Experimental internal gravity wave turbulence
Authors: Davis Géraldine , Dauxois Thierry , Joubaud Sylvain , Jamin Timothée , Mordant Nicolas , Savaro Clément
Published: March 2020

Stratified fluids may develop simultaneously turbulence and internal wave turbulence, the latter describing a set of a large number of dispersive and weakly nonlinear interacting waves. The description and understanding of this regime for internal gravity waves (IGW) is really an open subject, in particular due to their very unusual dispersion relation. In this presentation, I will show experimental signatures of a large set of weakly interacting IGW obtained in a 2D trapezoidal tank.

Due to the peculiar linear reflexion law of IGW on inclined slopes, this setup - for given excitation frequencies - focuses all the input energy on a closed loop called attractor. If the forcing is large enough, this attractor destabilizes and the system eventually achieves a nonlinear cascade in frequencies and wavevectors via triadic resonant interactions, which results at large forcing amplitudes in a k^-3 spatial energy spectrum. I will also show some results obtained in a much larger set-up -the Coriolis facility in Grenoble- with signature of 3D internal wave turbulence.
UAV-based dead wood mapping in a natural deciduous forest in mid-Germany
Authors: Thiel Christian , Müller Marlin , Epple Lea , Hese Sören , Berger Christian , Voltersen Michael
Published: March 2020

The utilization of UAVs for the acquisition of ultra-high resolution imagery has heavily increased during the past decade. Once the hardware is purchased, images can be recorded almost at any time and at low cost. The image parameters can be determined in terms of spectral channels, image overlap, and geometric resolution. The overlap between the images enables stereoscopic image processing, the delineation of point clouds, and the generation of seamless image mosaics. UAV image data products have gathered high interest in the forestry community, as structural and spectral features can be delineated. Accordingly, regular forest monitoring and inventory can be supported using UAV data.

In this study, the potential of DJI Phantom 4 Pro RTK imagery based orthomosaics and point clouds to map dead wood on the forest floor is investigated. The test site is located in the center of the Hainich national park. The Hainich national park is an unmanaged forest comprising deciduous tree species such as Fagus sylvatica (beech), Fraxinus excelsior (ash), Acer pseudoplatanus (sycamore maple), and Carpinus betulus (hornbeam). The flight campaigns were controlled from the Hainich flux tower in the central part of the park area. RGB image data was captured in March 2019 during leaf-off conditions. Agisoft Metashape was used for processing the imagery to orthomosaics and point clouds. The living/standing trees were virtually removed from the point clouds as follows: 1.) normalizing the point cloud for topography, 2.) dropping all points above 5 m height. The remaining points were converted to an orthorectified RGB raster file, which solely contains the forest floor including the deadwood (lying stems) and tree stumps of the virtually cut trees. This raster was eventually used for dead wood mapping. The mapping task was accomplished using the OBIA software eCognition using the line extraction function as major method. The detection rate of the automatic mapping was approximately 70%. The dead wood mapping was complicated dead wood of several years of age featuring almost the same color and elevation level as the surrounding forest floor. Due to the latter, no elevation information was used. For regular monitoring considering recent dead wood only elevation information can be implemented and higher detection rates are feasible.
Characterizing cold pool interactions over land with observational data from the Netherlands
Authors: Kruse Irene Livia , Haerter Jan O. , Meyer Bettina
Published: March 2020

When precipitation evaporates in a sub-saturated boundary layer, it cools the air and produces dense downdrafts, which flow towards the surface and can spread horizontally as a gust front. These spreading “cold pools” (CPs) can trigger convection and thus new precipitation events due to dynamical and thermodynamical lifting mechanisms. Due to their role in the local organization of convection, CP properties are currently being studied with the use of high-resolution numerical simulations. Measurement campaigns have been conducted over the ocean to validate the models. However, fewer studies have specifically targeted cold pools over land.

We use the observational network of the Netherlands (meteorological stations and radar) to study CPs developing from summer convection and their role in triggering new convective events over land. Detailed information about CP gust fronts in terms of temperature, wind speed, heat fluxes, moisture and pressure at high vertical resolution is obtained from time series, measured at the 213-meter Cabauw tower. We aim to create an algorithm that detects the passage of a CP from the tower time series to automatize the finding of CPs from a point measurement. To confirm the results, we have access to temperature time series from a spatially dense crowdsourcing weather station network (WOW-NL).

The properties of the detected CPs are further studied with imagery from the Herwijnen Doppler radar, situated in proximity to the Cabauw tower. We can see clear signatures of spreading CPs in reflectivity plots, probably caused by the upwelling of dust and insects in the gust front. We currently explore how this can serve as a direct way of visualizing the dynamics of CPs and their collisions.

With enough observations of CPs, we expect to learn more about the CP spreading velocity and lifetime in dependence of precipitation intensity of the generating precipitation cell and eventually triggered cell. This link will help gain more insight into the role of CPs in organizing convection over land.
The Antarctic Seismic Data Library System (SDLS): fostering collaborative research through Open Data and FAIR principles
Authors: Sauli Chiara , Diviacco Paolo , Busato Alessandro , Cooper Alan , Nitsche Frank O. , Burca Mihai , Potleca Nikolas
Published: March 2020

Antarctica is one of the most studied areas on the planet for its profound effects on the Earth’s climate and ocean systems. Antarctic geology keeps records of events that took place in remote times but that can spread light on climate phenomena taking place today. It is therefore of overwhelming importance, to make all data in the area available to the widest scientific community. The remoteness, extreme weather conditions, and environmental sensitivity of Antarctica make new data acquisition complicated and existing seismic data very valuable. It is, therefore, critical that existing data are findable, accessible and reusable..

The Antarctic Seismic Data Library System (SDLS) was created in 1991 under the mandates of the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS) and the auspices of the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR), to provide open access to Antarctic multichannel seismic-reflection data (MCS) for use in cooperative research projects. The legal framework of the ATS dictates that all institutions that collect MCS data in Antarctica must submit their MCS data to the SDLS within 4 years of collection and remain in the library under SDLS guidelines until 8 years after collection. Thereafter, the data switch to unrestricted use in order to trigger and foster as much as possible collaborative research within the Antarctic research community.  In this perspective, the SDLS developed a web portal (http://sdls.ogs.trieste.it) that implements tools that allow all data to be discovered, browsed, accessed and downloaded directly from the web honoring at the same time the ATS legal framework and the Intellectual protection of data owners. The SDLS web portal, is based on the SNAP geophysical web-based data access framework developed by Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale - OGS, and offers all standard OGC compliant metadata models, and OGC compliant data access services. It is possible to georeference, preview and even perform some processing on the actual data on the fly. Datasets are assigned DOIs so that they can be referenced  from within research papers or other publications.. We will present in details the SDLS web based system in the light of Open Data and FAIR principles, and the SDLS planned future developments.
Climate parameters influencing satellite-based volume and elevation changes of the Antarctic ice sheet
Authors: Kaitheri Athul , Mémin Anthony , Rémy Frédérique
Published: March 2020

Precisely quantifying the Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS) mass balance remains a challenge as several processes compete at differing degrees in the basin-scale with regional variations. Understanding of changes in AIS has been largely based on observations from various altimetry missions and Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE) missions due to its scale and coverage. Analysis of linear trends in surface height variations of AIS since the early 1990s showed multiple variabilities in the rate of changes over the period of time. These observations are a reflection of various underlying ice sheet processes. Therefore understanding the processes that interact on the ice sheet is important to precisely determine the response of the ice sheet to a rapidly changing climate.

Changing climate constitutes variations in major short term processes including snow accumulation and surface melting. Variations in accumulation rate and temperature at the ice sheet surface cause changes in the firn compaction (FC) rate. Variations in the FC rate change the AIS thickness, that should be detected from altimetry, but do not change its mass, as observed by the GRACE mission. We focus our study on the seasonal and interannual changes in the elevation and mass of the AIS. We use surface elevation changes from Envisat data and gravity changes derived from the latest GRACE solutions between 10/2002 and 10/2010. As mass changes observed using the GRACE mission is strongly impacted by long term isostasy, as it involves mantle mass redistribution, we remove from all dataset an 8-year trend. We use weather variable historical data solutions including surface mass balance, temperature and wind velocities from the regional climate model RACMO2.3p2 as input to an FC model to estimate AIS elevation changes. We obtain a very good correlation between height change estimates from GRACE, Envisat and RACMO2.3p2 at several places such as along the coast of Dronning Maud Land, Wilkes land and Amundsen sea sector. Considerable differences in Oates and Mac Robertson regions, with a strong seasonal signal in Envisat estimates, reflect spatial variability in physical parameters of the surface of the AIS due to climate parameter changes such as winds.
A (small) step towards standardisation in rainfall simulation experiments
Authors: Isidoro Jorge , Pattison Ian , Iserloh Thomas , de Lima João , Green Daniel , Marzen Miriam , de Lima Isabel , Silveira Alexandre , Stirling Ross
Published: March 2020

Rainfall simulation is widely used within hydrological and geomorphological sciences and is particularly important in the study of rainfall-runoff, erosion and pollutant transport processes. Rainfall simulators have been applied within laboratory- and field-based studies and have the advantages of enabling controlled and reproducible rainfall event characteristics in relation to rainfall intensity, duration, and drop spectra. The flexibility and advantages of using rainfall simulators to study a wide range of research objectives has resulted in significant diversity in the type, sizing, form, operation and methodologies of rainfall simulators, and an extensive review of rainfall simulator research has led to more than 250 different rainfall simulator setups being identified in the literature. Rainfall simulators come in all different shapes and sizes!

The adaptability of rainfall simulators to study a wide range of research areas of varying scale ultimately results in several issues when comparing results and outputs obtained from different simulator setups. In fact, comparisons between studies can be very difficult, if not impossible, as the different measurement methods, artificial rainfall event characteristics and test conditions result in considerable difficulties when benchmarking results and findings obtained from rainfall simulation experiments. Thus, the scientific community should establish set methodological procedures to allow comparisons between results obtained from different rainfall simulator setups. Harmonization of basic procedures in rainfall simulator based studies in the fields of hydrological and geomorphological sciences would ensure that results between different rainfall simulator studies are comparable, standardised and regulated. The first step in this process involves standardising rainfall simulators design characteristics, whereas further steps should focus on measurement methods and metrics so results can be compared.

This paper aims to bring together current understanding on the use of rainfall simulators within hydrological and geomorphological research, and provide a platform to discuss and enhance understanding of the requirements on the standardisation of rainfall simulator based experimental research. This paper also aims to establish an international research community focused on advancing standardisation in rainfall simulation based at different research facilities and institutes, and will kick-start discussions leading up to a future international symposium dealing with these issues (date TBC). Everyone is invited to join this (small) step towards standardisation in rainfall simulation!
Global change in the root zone: lessons from soil moisture dynamics in a multifactor climate manipulation experiment
Authors: Reinthaler David , Radolinski Jesse , Pötsch Erich , Bahn Michael
Published: March 2020

Assessing the future of water resources in terrestrial biomes is contingent on observations from climate-manipulation experiments. Global change in the Anthropocene could produce various permutations of warming, atmospheric carbon levels, and moisture availability; however the impact on ecosystem hydrology is largely studied individually (e.g., elevated CO2 or temperature) rather than interactively. We sought to specify how various combinations of  drought, elevated CO2 (+150 ppm, +300 ppm) and warming (+1.5°C and + 3°C) may alter the partitioning of soil moisture in the root zone of mountain grassland. Using spectral techniques, we transformed these high resolution data (i.e., 4 soil depths and every 15 min) into the frequency domain to study the interactive effects of climate change on sub-hourly to seasonal soil moisture signals. Diurnal moisture signals in heated plots (+3°C in air temperature) were up to 3x stronger (in amplitude) during summer drawdown compared to plots receiving heat and elevated CO2 (+300 ppm). This preliminary analysis suggests that elevated atmospheric carbon may buffer heat-driven soil moisture losses in grassland root zones by reducing transpiration fluxes during seasonal dry periods.
Modeling the changing sediment yield of the Amazon under climate change and deforestation scenarios and the possible impacts on the Guiana coast
Authors: Naffaa Safaa , van Beek L.P.H. (Rens) , E.Dunn Frances , de Jong Steven
Published: March 2020

The Amazon River is an important source of the sediment that is transported and accumulated along the coast of Suriname. As such it is an important factor in maintaining the coastline as this sediment is deposited in mud banks that move towards the shore and coalesce with it, thus preventing coastal erosion. Accordingly, a steady and adequate supply of sediment from the Amazon river is required especially considering increased coastal erosion rates that may occur as a result of rising sea levels due to climate change. Yet at the same time, climate change may alter the hydrological regime of the Amazon and influence its transport capacity, affecting sediment transport to the mouth and coast. Furthermore, the sediment supply to the river may be altered as a result of land cover changes and other anthropogenic activities, including deforestation and sediment trapping in existing and future planned reservoirs.
Studying the transport of sediment from source to sink and quantifying how future changes affect the mean rate of sediment supply to the Surinam coast and its variability will lead to a better understanding of the intricacies involved. We use a spatial-temporal process-based model together with a set of plausible scenarios of future change based on combinations of the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP) and the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP). In this study, we used two models: PCRGLOB-Set and PCRGLOB-WB. PCRGLOB-SET is based on the RUSLE equation and is used to assess the local sediment supply including the effects of land cover changes. PCRGLOB-WB simulates hydrological responses and changes under climate and land-use change. Moreover, PCRGLOB-WB is used to determine the trapping efficiency of reservoirs. The PCRGLOB-WB model was applied to a business-as-usual scenario for the 21st century (SSP 2 with RCP 6.0) and we considered uncertainty in the projected climate by using 5 Global Climate Models (GCMs). We apply the model to different future scenarios considering climate, socioeconomic and land-use change. For validation, the observations of six stations along the Amazon river were compared to the estimations of the models for the historical period (1971-2010), which also serves as a reference run to evaluate changes in sediment production and sediment yield. 
GNSS Station Metadata Revisited in Response to Evolving Needs
Authors: Bruyninx Carine , Fabian Andras , Legrand Juliette , Miglio Anna
Published: March 2020

The IGS (International GNSS Service) site log format is the worldwide standard for exchanging GNSS station metadata. It contains, among other things, a description of the GNSS site and its surroundings, the contact persons, and an historical overview of the GNSS equipment. This information is valuable for reliable GNSS data analysis and interpretation of the results.

This IGS site log is also used within the EUREF Permanent Network (EPN, Bruyninx et al., 2019) and the GNSS component of the European Plate Observing System (EPOS, https://www.epos-eu.org/). However, due to their specific needs, these networks collect additional GNSS metadata. For example, within the EPN, individual receiver antenna calibration values are collected, as well as the information on the data provided by the station. EPOS is collecting in addition data licences. Within the Creative Commons permitted licence scheme, two licences will be adopted by EPOS, CC:BY and CC:BY:NC. Both licenses require that the data user acknowledges (cites) the data owner. To facilitate this data citation, EPOS recommends attributing Digital Object Identifiers (DOI) to the GNSS data and therefore also includes the DOI in the collected GNSS station metadata.

Many IGS and EPN stations also contribute to EPOS and therefore it is imperative to harmonize the collection and distribution of the additional metadata. The GeodesyML (http://geodesyml.org) format already allows including more metadata compared to the IGS site log format. In this poster, we will review the challenges and propose how to tackle them. We will finish by showing the choices made within the “Metadata Management and Distribution System for Multiple GNSS networks” (M3G) which collects and disseminates GNSS station metadata within both the EPOS and EPN networks.

Bruyninx C., Legrand J., Fabian A., Pottiaux E. (2019) GNSS Metadata and Data Validation in the EUREF Permanent Network. GPS Sol., 23(4), https://doi: 10.1007/s10291-019-0880-9          