bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Myeloid-Specific Disruption of Tyrosine Phosphatase Shp2 Promotes Alternative Activation of Macrophages and Predisposes Mice to Pulmonary Fibrosis
Authors: Tao Bo , Jin Wei , Xu Jiaqi , Liang Zuyu , Yao Junlin , Zhang Yun , Wang Kai , Cheng Hongqiang , Zhang Xue , Ke Yuehai
Published: August 2014

The alternative activation of M2 macrophages in the lungs has been implicated as a causative agent in pulmonary fibrosis; however, the mechanisms underlying M2 polarization are poorly characterized. In this study, we investigated the role of the ubiquitously expressed Src homology domain–containing tyrosine phosphatase Shp2 in this process. Shp2 inactivation augmented IL-4–mediated M2 polarization in vitro, suggesting that Shp2 regulates macrophage skewing and prevents a bias toward the M2 phenotype. Conditional removal of Shp2 in monocytes/macrophages with lysozyme M promoter–driven Cre recombinase caused an IL-4–mediated shift toward M2 polarization. Additionally, an increase in arginase activity was detected in Shp2∆/∆ mice after i.p. injection of chitin, whereas Shp2-deficient macrophages showed enhanced M2 polarization and protection against schistosome egg–induced schistosomiasis. Furthermore, mutants were more sensitive than control mice to bleomycin-induced inflammation and pulmonary fibrosis. Shp2 was associated with IL-4Rα and inhibited JAK1/STAT6 signaling through its phosphatase activity; loss of Shp2 promoted the association of JAK1 with IL-4Rα, which enhanced IL-4–mediated JAK1/STAT6 activation that resulted in M2 skewing. Taken together, these findings define a role for Shp2 in alveolar macrophages and reveal that Shp2 is required to inhibit the progression of M2-associated pulmonary fibrosis.
Release of Active TGF-β1 from the Latent TGF-β1/GARP Complex on T Regulatory Cells Is Mediated by Integrin β8
Authors: Edwards Justin P. , Thornton Angela M. , Shevach Ethan M.
Published: August 2014

Activated T regulatory cells (Tregs) express latent TGF-β1 on their cell surface bound to GARP. Although integrins have been implicated in mediating the release of active TGF-β1 from the complex of latent TGF-β1 and latent TGF-β1 binding protein, their role in processing latent TGF-β1 from the latent TGF-β1/GARP complex is unclear. Mouse CD4+Foxp3+ Treg, but not CD4+Foxp3− T cells, expressed integrin β8 (Itgb8) as detected by quantitative RT-PCR. Itgb8 expression was a marker of thymically derived (t)Treg, because it could not be detected on Foxp3+Helios− Tregs or on Foxp3+ T cells induced in vitro. Tregs from Itgb8 conditional knockouts exhibited normal suppressor function in vitro and in vivo in a model of colitis but failed to provide TGF-β1 to drive Th17 or induced Treg differentiation in vitro. In addition, Itgb8 knockout Tregs expressed higher levels of latent TGF-β1 on their cell surface consistent with defective processing. Thus, integrin αvβ8 is a marker of tTregs and functions in a cell intrinsic manner in mediating the processing of latent TGF-β1 from the latent TGF-β1/GARP complex on the surface of tTregs.
Dopamine Inhibits the Effector Functions of Activated NK Cells via the Upregulation of the D5 Receptor
Authors: Mikulak Joanna , Bozzo Luisa , Roberto Alessandra , Pontarini Elena , Tentorio Paolo , Hudspeth Kelly , Lugli Enrico , Mavilio Domenico
Published: August 2014

Several lines of evidence indicate that dopamine (DA) plays a key role in the cross-talk between the nervous and immune systems. In this study, we disclose a novel immune-regulatory role for DA: inhibition of effector functions of activated NK lymphocytes via the selective upregulation of the D5 dopaminergic receptor in response to prolonged cell stimulation with rIL-2. Indeed, engagement of this D1-like inhibitory receptor following binding with DA suppresses NK cell proliferation and synthesis of IFN-γ. The inhibition of IFN-γ production occurs through blocking the repressor activity of the p50/c-REL dimer of the NF-κB complex. Indeed, the stimulation of the D5 receptor on rIL-2–activated NK cells inhibits the binding of p50 to the microRNA 29a promoter, thus inducing a de novo synthesis of this miRNA. In turn, the increased levels of microRNA 29a were inversely correlated with the ability of NK cells to produce IFN-γ. Taken together, our findings demonstrated that DA switches off activated NK cells, thus representing a checkpoint exerted by the nervous system to control the reactivity of these innate immune effectors in response to activation stimuli and to avoid the establishment of chronic and pathologic inflammatory processes.
Adaptation and fixation in entrepreneurial approaches of a dental laboratory
Authors: Ferreira Cornelia M. , Grundling Jan P.
Published: August 2014

Orientation: This study described the adaptation and fixation processes implemented by a small business entrepreneur in order to cope with changing market circumstances.Research purpose: The study described how the dental laboratory adapted its entrepreneurial approaches over time in response to critical changes that occurred and how aspects in the managerial approach became fixated and proved to be essential to success.Motivation for the study: The study provided insight into how the dental laboratory transformed into a stable and prosperous laboratory by the integration of strategic, economic, cultural and social capital through a process of business decision making.Research design, approach and method: A cohort survey research design, based upon the compilation of longitudinal data over three selected time periods, was employed. The design of the measuring instruments and the interpretation of research results were derived from an adapted entrepreneurial-in-network theoretical framework. A triangulation data compilation approach was followed.Main findings: The results revealed that cultural capital in the dental laboratory became fixated on three value principles, whilst the other critical capitals prescribed exist in sufficient volumes and improve to adapt to changing circumstances in the dental market.Practical/managerial implications: Fixated cultural values acted as a ‘parent’-actor in order to guide the righteousness of behaviour, whereas adaptation required sufficient critical capitals and the proper integration thereof.Contribution/value-added: By adopting the entrepreneurship-in-network approach, the researchers incorporated the dynamic and interactive processes of entrepreneurship. Future studies may employ the same design and use multi-varied analyses to show how a business adapt or fixate its approaches in response to crises or changes in the business environment.
The effects of midazolam and butorphanol, administered alone or combined, on the dose and quality of anaesthetic induction with alfaxalone in goats
Authors: Dzikiti T. Brighton , Zeiler Gareth E. , Dzikiti Loveness N. , Garcia Eva R.
Published: August 2014

Goats are rarely anaesthetised; consequently, scant information is available on the efficacy of anaesthetic drugs in this species. Alfaxalone is a relatively new anaesthetic agent, of which the efficacy in goats has not yet been studied. In this study, the sedative and alfaxalonesparing effects of midazolam and butorphanol, administered alone or concomitantly, in goats were assessed. Eight clinically healthy goats, four does and four wethers, were enlisted in a randomised crossover manner to receive intramuscular sedative treatments consisting of saline 0.05 mL/kg, or midazolam 0.30 mg/kg, or butorphanol 0.10 mg/kg, or a combination ofmidazolam 0.30 mg/kg with butorphanol 0.10 mg/kg before intravenous induction of general anaesthesia with alfaxalone. Following induction, the goats were immediately intubated and the quality of anaesthesia and basic physiological cardiorespiratory and blood-gas parameters were assessed until the goats had recovered from anaesthesia. The degree of sedation, quality of induction and recovery were scored. When compared with saline (3.00 mg/kg), midazolam,administered alone or with butorphanol, caused a statistically significant increased level of sedation and a reduction in the amount of alfaxalone required for induction (2.00 mg/kg and 1.70 mg/kg, respectively). Butorphanol alone (2.30 mg/kg) did not cause significant changes in level of sedation or alfaxalone-induction dose. During induction and recovery, the goats were calm following all treatments, including the control group. Cardiorespiratory and blood gasparameters were maintained within clinically acceptable limits. The present study showed that midazolam, administered alone or combined with butorphanol, produces a degree of sedation that significantly reduces the dose of alfaxalone required for induction of general anaesthesia in goats, without causing any major adverse cardiorespiratory effects.
Expression of phosphatase and tensin homolog, epidermal growth factor receptor, and Ki-67 in astrocytoma: A prospective study in a tertiary care hospital
Authors: Saha Rajdeep , Chatterjee Uttara , Mandal Sonali , Saha Kaushik , Chatterjee Sandip , Ghosh Samarendra Nath
Published: August 2014

Background: Though the tumor grade is a key factor influencing the choice of therapies, particularly determining the use of adjuvant radiation and specific chemotherapy protocols, role of abnormality in phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) expression and variation in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) labeling index (LI) and Ki-67 LI in survival and clinical outcome have been studied by many researchers in the recent past. Aims: The aim was to evaluate the expression of PTEN, EGFR and Ki-67 in different grades of astrocytic tumors by means of immunohistochemistry and to judge their role in overall survival (OS).Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on 57 cases of different grades of astrocytomas. Expression of PTEN, EGFR and Ki-67 was assessed by immunohistochemistry on formalin fixed and paraffin-embedded sections and the OS was evaluated by Kaplan-Meier survival curves and log-rank test for 2.5 years from the date of primary resection. Results: Most of the tumors (59.6%; 34 cases out of 57) displayed WHO Grade IV features. Distribution of age, EGFR LI and Ki-67 LI expressed strong positive (≥0.5) correlation with the grade of tumors. However, the PTEN positivity was inversely related with the grade of the tumors. Lower WHO grades, lower values of Ki-67 LI, EGFR LI and PTEN positivity were associated with better survival. Conclusion: Expression of PTEN, EGFR LI and Ki-67 LI should be combined with the basic histopathological features including WHO grade to predict the prognosis and therapeutic outcome.
Is there any role of mast cell density and microvessel density in cervical squamous cell carcinoma? A histologic study with special reference to CD-34 immunomarker staining
Authors: Mondal Santosh Kumar , Dasgupta Senjuti , Mandal Palash Kumar , Chatterjee Shankha , Chakraborty Debdutta
Published: August 2014

Background: Mast cells are involved in induction of angiogenesis in the early-stages of tumor development and in modulating blood vessel growth in the later stages of tumor progression. Aims and Objectives: This study was carried out to evaluate the association between mast cell density (MCD) and microvessel density (MVD) in carcinoma in situ (CIS), microinvasive carcinoma (CA) and invasive squamous cell CA of cervix. Materials and Methods: Six cases of CIS, four cases of microinvasive CA and 38 cases of invasive CA were studied over a period of 2 years from August, 2011 to June, 2013. Ten control samples were included in the study. Routine histologic examination was done. Toluidine blue stain was used for MCD determination. Immunohistochemical analysis with CD-34 was done for assessing MVD. Student′s t-test was used to calculate the statistical significance of MCD and MVD. Results: Both MCD and MVD increased from normal samples through CIS to invasive cervical CA. In the four cases of microinvasive CA, the MCD and MVD were more than that of the control samples, but less than that of the six cases of CIS. Conclusion: There is a correlation between mast cell accumulation and angiogenesis in CIS, microinvasive CA and invasive cervical squamous cell CA. MCD and MVD in invasive CA exceed those in CIS and microinvasive CA. It gives us an opportunity to postulate that therapeutic strategies against mast cell mediators and angiogenesis may be of benefit in patients of early-stage cervical CA.
Using Secondary Analysis to Maintain a Critically Reflexive Approach to Qualitative Research
Authors: Wilson Sarah
Published: August 2014

Maintaining a ‘critical reflexivity’ ( Heaphy 2008 ) or ‘investigative epistemology’ ( Mason 2007 ) in relation to the sedimented assumptions built up over the course of one's own research history and embedded in common research boundaries, is difficult. The type of secondary analysis discussed in this paper is not an easy or quick ‘fix’ to the important issue of how such assumptions can embed themselves over time in methods chosen and questions asked. Even though archived studies are often accompanied by relatively detailed metadata, finding relevant data and getting a grasp on a sample, is time-consuming. However, it is argued that close examination of rawer data than those presented in research reports from carefully chosen studies combining similar foci and epistemological approaches but with differently situated samples, can help. Here, this process highlighted assumptions underlying the habitual disciplinary locations and constructions of so-called ‘vulnerable’ as opposed to ‘ordinary’ samples, leading the author to scrutinise aspects of her previous research work in this light and providing important insights for the development of further projects.
Thinking with ‘White Dee’: The Gender Politics of ‘Austerity Porn’
Authors: Allen Kim , Tyler Imogen , De Benedictis Sara
Published: August 2014

Focusing on Benefits Street, and specifically the figure of White Dee, this rapid response article offers a feminist analysis of the relationship between media portrayals of people living with poverty and the gender politics of austerity. To do this we locate and unpick the paradoxical desires coalescing in the making and remaking of the figure of ‘White Dee’ in the public sphere. We detail how Benefits Street operates through forms of classed and gendered shaming to generate public consent for the government's welfare reform. However, we also examine how White Dee functions as a potential object of desire and figure of feminist resistance to the transformations in self and communities engendered by neoliberal social and economic policies. In this way, we argue that these public struggles over White Dee open up spaces for urgent feminist sociological enquiries into the gender politics of care, labour and social reproduction.
The Observers and the Observed: The ‘dual Vision’ of the Mass Observation Project
Authors: Kramer Anne-Marie
Published: August 2014

In Summer 2008 I commissioned a Part 1 Directive on ‘Doing Family History Research’ from the Mass Observation Project as part of a Leverhulme-funded project [1] on the status and significance of genealogy and its role and consequences in personal and family lives. Drawing on examples from this research project, this article will consider how we can understand Mass Observation correspondents as generating sociological knowledge and insight through what I will call ‘dual vision’. Correspondents write about personal, interior and family lives by being both the observers and the observed, simultaneously commenting upon personal and family life as a social phenomenon (detailing the ‘typical case’), and able to document their own personal and family lives in detail. Further, given the function of the MOP to record for posterity, Mass Observers also consciously situate themselves and their accounts not just in social or geographical space, but also in relation to history, and in time. I will argue that MOP accounts of personal, interior and family lives are useful to sociologists both because this ‘dual vision’ makes possible rich and reflexive descriptions of personal and family life, but possibly more importantly, because it allows us to see how people consciously imagine and embed themselves in their social, geographical and temporal context through relating their own experiences to the ‘typical case’.
Estimating the volcanic emission rate and atmospheric lifetime of SO2 from space: a case study for Kīlauea volcano, Hawai`i
Authors: Beirle S. , Hörmann C. , Penning de Vries M. , Dörner S. , Kern C. , Wagner T.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. We present an analysis of SO2 column densities derived from GOME-2 satellite measurements for the Kīlauea volcano (Hawai`i) for 2007–2012. During a period of enhanced degassing activity in March–November 2008, monthly mean SO2 emission rates and effective SO2 lifetimes are determined simultaneously from the observed downwind plume evolution and meteorological wind fields, without further model input. Kīlauea is particularly suited for quantitative investigations from satellite observations owing to the absence of interfering sources, the clearly defined downwind plumes caused by steady trade winds, and generally low cloud fractions. For March–November 2008, the effective SO2 lifetime is 1–2 days, and Kīlauea SO2 emission rates are 9–21 kt day−1, which is about 3 times higher than initially reported from ground-based monitoring systems.
Comparison between CARIBIC Aerosol Samples Analysed by Accelerator-Based Methods and Optical Particle Counter Measurements
Authors: Martinsson B. G. , Friberg J. , Andersson S. M. , Weigelt A. , Hermann M. , Assmann D. , Voigtländer J. , Brenninkmeijer C. A. M. , van Velthoven P. J. F. , Zahn A.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. Inter-comparison of results from two kinds of aerosol systems in the CARIBIC (Civil Aircraft for the Regular Investigation of the atmosphere Based on a Instrument Container) passenger aircraft based observatory, operating during intercontinental flights at 9–12 km altitude, is presented. Aerosol from the lowermost stratosphere (LMS), the extra-tropical upper troposphere (UT) and the tropical mid troposphere (MT) were investigated. Aerosol particle volume concentration measured with an optical particle counter (OPC) is compared with analytical results of the sum of masses of all major and several minor constituents from aerosol samples collected with an impactor. Analyses were undertaken with the following accelerator-based methods: particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) and particle elastic scattering analysis (PESA). Data from 48 flights during 1 year are used, leading to a total of 106 individual comparisons. The ratios of the particle volume from the OPC and the total mass from the analyses were in 84% within a relatively narrow interval. Data points outside this interval are connected with inlet-related effects in clouds, large variability in aerosol composition, particle size distribution effects and some cases of non-ideal sampling. Overall, the comparison of these two CARIBIC measurements based on vastly different methods show good agreement, implying that the chemical and size information can be combined in studies of the MT/UT/LMS aerosol.
Online technique for isotope and mixing ratios of CH4, N2O, Xe and mixing ratios of organic trace gases on a single ice core sample
Authors: Schmitt J. , Seth B. , Bock M. , Fischer H.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. Firn and polar ice cores enclosing trace gas species offer a unique archive to study changes in the past atmosphere and in terrestrial/marine source regions. Here we present a new online technique for ice core and air samples to measure a suite of isotope ratios and mixing ratios of trace gas species on a single sample. Isotope ratios are determined on methane, nitrous oxide and xenon with reproducibilities for ice core samples of 0.15‰ for δ13C–CH4, 0.22‰ for δ15N–N2O, 0.34‰ for δ18O–N2O, and 0.05‰ per mass difference for δ136Xe for typical concentrations of glacial ice. Mixing ratios are determined on methane, nitrous oxide, xenon, ethane, propane, methyl chloride and dichlorodifluoromethane with reproducibilities of 7 ppb for CH4, 3 ppb for N2O, 70 ppt for C2H6, 70 ppt for C3H8, 20 ppt for CH3Cl, and 2 ppt for CCl2F2. However, the blank contribution for C2H6 and C3H8 is large in view of the measured values for Antarctic ice samples. The system consists of a vacuum extraction device, a preconcentration unit and a gas chromatograph coupled to an isotope ratio mass spectrometer. CH4 is combusted to CO2 prior to detection while we bypass the oven for all other species. The highly automated system uses only ~ 160 g of ice, equivalent to ~ 16 mL air, which is less than previous methods. The measurement of this large suite of parameters on a single ice sample is new and key to understanding phase relationships of parameters which are usually not measured together. A multi-parameter data set is also key to understand in situ production processes of organic species in the ice, a critical issue observed in many organic trace gases. Novel is the determination of xenon isotope ratios using doubly charged Xe ions. The attained precision for δ136Xe is suitable to correct the isotopic ratios and mixing ratios for gravitational firn diffusion effects, with the benefit that this information is derived from the same sample. Lastly, anomalies in the Xe mixing ratio, δXe/air, can be used to detect melt layers.
A new airborne laser-induced fluorescence instrument for in situ detection of Formaldehyde throughout the troposphere and lower stratosphere
Authors: Cazorla M. , Wolfe G. M. , Bailey S. A. , Swanson A. K. , Arkinson H. L. , Hanisco T. F.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. The NASA In Situ Airborne Formaldehyde (ISAF) instrument is a high-performance laser-based detector for gas phase formaldehyde (HCHO). ISAF uses rotational-state specific laser excitation at 353 nm for laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detection of HCHO. A number of features make ISAF ideal for airborne deployment, including (1) a compact, low-maintenance fiber laser, (2) a single-pass design for stable signal response, (3) a straightforward inlet design, and (4) a standalone data acquisition system. A full description of the instrument design is given, along with detailed performance characteristics. The accuracy of reported mixing ratios is ±10% based on calibration against IR and UV absorption of a primary HCHO standard. Precision at 1 Hz is typically better than 20% above 100 pptv, with uncertainty in the signal background contributing most to variability at low mixing ratios. The 1 Hz detection limit for a signal/noise ratio of 2 is 36 pptv for 10 mW of laser power, and the e-fold time response at typical sample flow rates is 0.19 s. ISAF has already flown on several field missions and platforms with excellent results.
Intercomparison of stratospheric gravity wave observations with AIRS and IASI
Authors: Hoffmann L. , Alexander M. J. , Clerbaux C. , Grimsdell A. W. , Meyer C. I. , Rößler T. , Tournier B.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. Gravity waves are an important driver for the atmospheric circulation and have substantial impact on weather and climate. Satellite instruments offer excellent opportunities to study gravity waves on a global scale. This study focuses on observations from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) onboard the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Aqua satellite and the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) onboard the European MetOp satellites. The main aim of this study is an intercomparison of stratospheric gravity wave observations of both instruments. In particular, we analyzed AIRS and IASI 4.3 μm brightness temperature measurements, which directly relate to stratospheric temperature. Three case studies showed that AIRS and IASI provide a clear and consistent picture of the temporal development of individual gravity wave events. Statistical comparisons based on a five-year period of measurements (2008–2012) showed similar spatial and temporal patterns of gravity wave activity. However, the statistical comparisons also revealed systematic differences of variances between AIRS and IASI (about 45%) that we attribute to the different spatial measurement characteristics of both instruments. We also found differences between day- and nighttime data (about 30%) that are partly due to the local time variations of the gravity wave sources. While AIRS has been used successfully in many previous gravity wave studies, IASI data are applied here for the first time for that purpose. Our study shows that gravity wave observations from different hyperspectral infrared sounders such as AIRS and IASI can be directly related to each other, if instrument-specific characteristics such as different noise levels and spatial resolution and sampling are carefully considered. The ability to combine observations from different satellites provides an opportunity to create a long-term record, which is an exciting prospect for future climatological studies of stratospheric gravity wave activity.
Correction of raindrop size distributions measured by Parsivel disdrometers, using a two-dimensional-video-disdrometer as a reference
Authors: Raupach T. H. , Berne A.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. The raindrop size distribution (DSD) quantifies the micro-structure of rainfall and is critical to studying precipitation processes. We present a method to improve the accuracy of DSD measurements from Parsivel disdrometers, using a two-dimensional-video-disdrometer (2DVD) as a reference instrument. Parsivel disdrometers bin recorded raindrops into velocity and equivolume diameter classes, but may mis-estimate the number of drops per class. We define a filter for raw disdrometer measurements to remove particles that are unlikely to be plausible raindrops. In our correction method, drop velocities are corrected with reference to theoretical models of terminal drop velocity. Non-plausible measurements are removed. Lastly, drop concentrations are corrected such that on average the Parsivel concentrations match those recorded by a 2DVD. The correction can be trained on and applied to data from both generations of Parsivel disdrometers. The method was applied to data collected during field campaigns in Mediterranean France, for a network of first and second generation Parsivel disdrometers. We compared the moments of the resulting DSDs to those of a collocated 2DVD, and the resulting DSD-derived rain rates to collocated rain gauges. The correction vastly improved the accuracy of the moments of the Parsivel DSDs, and in the majority of cases the rain rate match with collocated rain gauges was improved.
A new Dobson Umkehr ozone profile retrieval method optimising information content and resolution
Authors: Stone K. , Tully M. B. , Rhodes S. K. , Schofield R.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. The standard Dobson Umkehr methodology to retrieve coarse resolution ozone profiles used by the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration uses designated solar zenith angles (SZA). However, some information may be lost if measurements lie outside the designated SZA range (between 60 and 90°), or do not conform to the fitting technique. Also, while Umkehr measurements can be taken using multiple wavelength pairs (A, C, and D), past retrieval methods have focused on a single pair (C). Here we present an Umkehr inversion method that uses measurements at all SZAs and all wavelength pairs. (Although, we caution direct comparison to other algorithms.) Information content for a Melbourne, Australia (38° S, 145° E) Umkehr measurement case study from 28 January 1994, with SZA range similar to that designated in previous algorithms is shown. When comparing the typical single wavelength pair with designated SZAs to the raw measurements, the total degrees of freedom (independent pieces of information) increases from 3.1 to 3.4, with the majority of the information gain originating from Umkehr layers 2 + 3 and 4 (10–20 km and 25–30 km respectively). In addition to this, using all available wavelength pairs increases the total degrees of freedom to 5.2, with the most significant increases in Umkehr layers 2 + 3 to 7 and 9+ (10–40 km and 45–80 km). Investigating a case from 13 April 1970 where the measurements extend beyond the 90° SZA range gives an even further amount of information gain, with total degrees of freedom extending to 6.5. Similar increases are seen in the information content. Comparing the retrieved Melbourne Umkehr time-series with ozonesondes shows excellent agreement in layers 2 + 3 and 4 (10–20 km and 25–30 km) for both C and A + C + D-pairs. Retrievals in layers 5 and 6 (25–30 km and 30–35 km) consistently show lower ozone partial column compared to ozonesondes. This is likely due to and stray light effects that are not accounted for in the forward model, and under represented stratospheric aerosol.
The occurrence altitudes of middle atmospheric temperature inversions and mesopause over low-latitude Indian sector
Authors: Sivakandan M. , Kapasi D. , Taori A.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. We study the occurrence characteristics of mesospheric inversion layers (MILs) in the 60–105 km altitude region over the low-latitude Indian sector. We note that lower inversions in the mesospheric temperatures occur in the 70–75 km altitude regions while the upper inversions occur in 90–95 km altitude regions. The mesopause altitude is mostly noted to be ~ 98 km with the night-time mesopause (particularly in the year 2002) showing a small peak in the mesopause occurrence at ~ 75 km altitude. We note higher occurrence rate of MILs during high solar activity year compared to low solar activity year. It is also observed that night time MILs show a systematic seasonal variability, with higher occurrence of single and double temperature inversions during equinoxes.
Diurnal course analysis of the WRF-simulated and observation-based planetary boundary layer height
Authors: Breuer H. , Ács F. , Horváth Á. , Németh P. , Rajkai K.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) single-column model simulations were performed in the late summer of 2012 in order to analyse the diurnal changes of the planetary boundary layer (PBL). Five PBL schemes were tested with the WRF. From the radiometer and wind-profiler measurements at one station, derived PBL heights were also compared to the simulations. The weather conditions during the measurement period proved to be dry; the soil moisture was below wilting point 85 percent of the time. Results show that (1) simulation-based PBL heights are overestimated by about 500–1000 m with respect to the observation-based PBL heights, and (2) PBL height deviations between different observation-based methods (around 700 m in the midday) are comparable with PBL height deviations between different model schemes used in the WRF single-column model. The causes of the deviations are also discussed. It is shown that in the estimation of the PBL height the relevance of the atmospheric profiles could be as important as the relevance of the estimation principles.
Evaluating remote sensing of deciduous forest phenology at multiple spatial scales using PhenoCam imagery
Authors: Klosterman S. T. , Hufkens K. , Gray J. M. , Melaas E. , Sonnentag O. , Lavine I. , Mitchell L. , Norman R. , Friedl M. A. , Richardson A. D.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. Plant phenology regulates ecosystem services at local and global scales and is a sensitive indicator of global change. Estimates of phenophase transition dates, such as the start of spring or end of fall, can be derived from sensor-based time series, but must be interpreted in terms of biologically relevant events. We use the PhenoCam archive of digital repeat photography to implement a consistent protocol for visual assessment of canopy phenology at 13 temperate deciduous forest sites throughout eastern North America, and to perform digital image analysis for time-series-based estimation of phenophase transition dates. We then compare these results to remote sensing metrics of phenophase transition dates derived from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) sensors. We present a new type of curve fit that uses a generalized sigmoid function to estimate phenology dates, and we quantify the statistical uncertainty of phenophase transition dates estimated using this method. Results show that the generalized sigmoid provides estimates of dates with less statistical uncertainty than other curve-fitting methods. Additionally, we find that dates derived from analysis of high-frequency PhenoCam imagery have smaller uncertainties than satellite remote sensing metrics of phenology, and that dates derived from the remotely sensed enhanced vegetation index (EVI) have smaller uncertainty than those derived from the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). Near-surface time-series estimates for the start of spring are found to closely match estimates derived from visual assessment of leaf-out, as well as satellite remote-sensing-derived estimates of the start of spring. However late spring and fall phenology metrics exhibit larger differences between near-surface and remote scales. Differences in late spring phenology between near-surface and remote scales are found to correlate with a landscape metric of deciduous forest cover. These results quantify the effect of landscape heterogeneity when aggregating to the coarser spatial scales of remote sensing, and demonstrate the importance of accurate curve fitting and vegetation index selection when analyzing and interpreting phenology time series.
Diverse coral communities in mangrove habitats suggest a novel refuge from climate change
Authors: Yates K. K. , Rogers C. S. , Herlan J. J. , Brooks G. R. , Smiley N. A. , Larson R. A.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. Risk analyses indicate that more than 90% of the world's reefs will be threatened by climate change and local anthropogenic impacts by the year 2030 under "business-as-usual" climate scenarios. Increasing temperatures and solar radiation cause coral bleaching that has resulted in extensive coral mortality. Increasing carbon dioxide reduces seawater pH, slows coral growth, and may cause loss of reef structure. Management strategies include establishment of marine protected areas with environmental conditions that promote reef resiliency. However, few resilient reefs have been identified, and resiliency factors are poorly defined. Here we characterize the first natural, non-reef coral refuge from thermal stress and ocean acidification and identify resiliency factors for mangrove–coral habitats. We measured diurnal and seasonal variations in temperature, salinity, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), and seawater chemistry; characterized substrate parameters; and examined water circulation patterns in mangrove communities where scleractinian corals are growing attached to and under mangrove prop roots in Hurricane Hole, St. John, US Virgin Islands. Additionally, we inventoried the coral species and quantified incidences of coral bleaching, mortality, and recovery for two major reef-building corals, Colpophyllia natans and Diploria labyrinthiformis, growing in mangrove-shaded and exposed (unshaded) areas. Over 30 species of scleractinian corals were growing in association with mangroves. Corals were thriving in low-light (more than 70% attenuation of incident PAR) from mangrove shading and at higher temperatures than nearby reef tract corals. A higher percentage of C. natans colonies were living shaded by mangroves, and no shaded colonies were bleached. Fewer D. labyrinthiformis colonies were shaded by mangroves, however more unshaded colonies were bleached. A combination of substrate and habitat heterogeneity, proximity of different habitat types, hydrographic conditions, and biological influences on seawater chemistry generate chemical conditions that buffer against ocean acidification. This previously undocumented refuge for corals provides evidence for adaptation of coastal organisms and ecosystem transition due to recent climate change. Identifying and protecting other natural, non-reef coral refuges is critical for sustaining corals and other reef species into the future.
Fractional snow-covered area parameterization over complex topography
Authors: Helbig N. , van Herwijnen A. , Magnusson J. , Jonas T.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. Fractional snow-covered area (SCA) is a key parameter in large-scale hydrological, meteorological and climate models. Since SCA affects albedos and surface energy balance fluxes, it is especially of interest over mountainous terrain where generally a reduced SCA is observed in large grid cells. Temporal and spatial snow distributions are however difficult to measure over complex topography. We therefore present a parameterization of the SCA based on a new subgrid parameterization for the standard deviation of snow depth over complex topography. Highly-resolved snow depth data at peak of winter were used from two distinct climatic regions, in eastern Switzerland and in the Spanish Pyrenees. Topographic scaling parameters are derived assuming Gaussian slope characteristics. We use computationally cheap terrain parameters, namely the correlation length of subgrid topographic features and the mean squared slope. A scale dependent analysis was performed by randomly aggregating the alpine catchments in domain sizes ranging from 50 m to 3 km. For the larger domain sizes, snow depth was predominantly normally distributed. Trends between terrain parameters and standard deviation of snow depth were similar for both climatic regions, allowing to parameterize the standard deviation of snow depth based on terrain parameters. To make the parameterization widely applicable, we introduced the mean snow depth as a climate indicator. Assuming a normal snow distribution and spatially homogeneous melt, snow cover depletion curves were derived for a broad range of coefficients of variations. The most accurate closed form fit resembled an existing SCA parameterization. By including the subgrid parameterization for the standard deviation of snow depth, we extended the SCA parameterization for topographic influences. For all domain sizes we obtained errors lower than 10% between measured and parameterized SCA.
Segmental contributions to the ground reaction force in the single support phase of gait
Authors: Mohan Varma D. S. , Sujatha S.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. An inverse dynamics model for the single support (SS) phase of gait is developed to study segmental contributions to the ground reaction force (GRF). With segmental orientations as the generalized degrees of freedom (DOF), the acceleration of the body's center-of-mass is expressed analytically as the summation of the weighted kinematics of individual segments. The weighting functions are constants that are functions of the segment masses and center-of-mass distances. Using kinematic and anthropometric data from literature as inputs, and using the roll-over-shape (ROS) to model the foot-ground interaction, GRF obtained from the inverse model are compared with measured GRF data from literature. The choice of the generalized coordinates and mathematical form of the model provides a means to weigh individual segment contributions, simplify models and choose more kinetically accurate inverse dynamics models. For the kinematic data used, an anthropomorphic model that includes the frontal plane rotation of the pelvis in addition to the sagittal DOF of the thigh and shank most accurately captures the vertical component of the GRF in the SS phase of walking. Of the two ROS used, the ankle-foot roll-over shape provides a better approximation of the kinetics in the SS phase. The method presented here can be used with additional experimental studies to confirm these results.
The Greenland Ice Mapping Project (GIMP) land classification and surface elevation data sets
Authors: Howat I. M. , Negrete A. , Smith B. E.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. As part of the Greenland Ice Mapping Project (GIMP) we have produced three geospatial data sets for the entire ice sheet and periphery. These are (1) a complete, 15 m resolution image mosaic, (2) ice-covered and ice-free terrain classification masks, also posted to 15 m resolution, and (3) a complete, altimeter-registered digital elevation model posted at 30 m. The image mosaic was created from a combination of Landsat-7 and RADARSAT-1 imagery acquired between 1999 and 2002. Each pixel in the image is stamped with the acquisition date and geo-registration error to facilitate change detection. This mosaic was then used to manually produce complete ice-covered and ice-free land classification masks. Finally, we used satellite altimetry and stereo-photogrammetric digital elevation models (DEMs) to enhance an existing DEM for Greenland, substantially improving resolution and accuracy over the ice margin and periphery.
INJECTION MOLDING OF THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMERS FOR MICROSTRUCTURED SUBSTRATES
Authors: Birkar Smita , Mead Joey , Barry Carol
Published: August 2014

Microstructured surfaces injection molded from thermoplastic elastomers have emerging applications as superhydrobic surfaces and patterned adhesives, but there is a limited understanding of the factors affecting replication with these materials. This work investigates the interactions of the tooling aspect ratio and feature orientation (negative and positive tooling) and thermoplastic elastomer hard segment content on microfeature replication. Electroformed nickel tooling having positive and negative features with different geometries and aspect ratios of 0.02:1 to 2:1 were molded from three copolyester thermoplastic elastomers with similar chemistry and different hardness values. The tooling and part features were characterized for feature depth and height as well as feature definition using scanning electron microscopy and optical profilometry. Results were correlated with elastomer properties.
A NECESSIDADE DE MONITORAMENTO DA SAÚDE DO TRABALHADOR DE ENFERMAGEM
Authors: Felli Vanda Elisa Andres
Published: August 2014

Editorial
ADESÃO À TERAPIA ANTIRRETROVIRAL PARA HIV/AIDS
Authors: Padoin Stela Maris de Mello , Zuge Samuel Spiegelberg , Santos Érika Eberlline Pacheco dos , Primeira Marcelo Ribeiro , Aldrighi Juliane Dias , Paula Cristiane Cardoso de
Published: August 2014

O objetivo do estudo foi determinar a adesão à Terapia antirretroviral de adultos com Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana/Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida atendidos em um hospital universitário do Sul do Brasil. É uma pesquisa de abordagem quantitativa, descritiva com delineamento transversal; realizada em 2011. Os dados foram analisados com o auxílio do aplicativo SPSS® (Versão 17.0). A população do estudo foi de 125 pacientes, na faixa etária de 20 a 49 anos; 44,0% foram classificados como não aderentes, destes, 29,3% deixaram de tomar os medicamentos por uso de álcool ou drogas; 26,2% devido aos efeitos colaterais; 17,6% por motivos diversos e 4,5% por estarem trabalhando. Destaca-se a necessidade de avaliar o comportamento a fim de realizar ações educativas que permitam cooperação dos pacientes para maior adesão do tratamento, reduzindo a morbidade e mortalidade desse agravo à saúde.
IMPACTO SOCIAL DO USO ABUSIVO DE DROGAS PARA DEPENDENTES QUÍMICOS REGISTRADOS EM PRONTUÁRIOS
Authors: Capistrano Fernanda Carolina , Ferreira Aline Cristina Zerwes , Maftum Mariluci Alves , Kalinke Luciana Puchalski , Mantovani Maria de Fátima
Published: August 2014

Pesquisa descritiva transversal realizada em uma unidade de reabilitação para dependentes químicos. O objetivo foi identificar o impacto social do uso abusivo de drogas para dependentes químicos e os dados foram coletados em 350 prontuários referentes ao ano de 2010. Os resultados demonstraram que 60% dos dependentes possuíam idade entre 20 e 39 anos, o diagnóstico clínico de maior prevalência foi transtornos mentais e comportamentais devido ao uso de múltiplas drogas e de outras substâncias psicoativas com início precoce. Decorrentes da dependência química, 54% dos casos tiveram problemas relacionados à família, 29,4% conflitos conjugais, 63,2% prejuízos laborais, 20,6% cometeram infração penal e 26,6% praticaram violência. Conclui-se que a dependência química transforma os relacionamentos familiares, causa prejuízos laborais e sociais, contribui para o desenvolvimento da delinquência e da violência sendo necessário adequar e investir em políticas públicas para a reestruturação desses sistemas.
EQUIPE DE SAÚDE DA FAMÍLIA E O USO DE DROGAS ENTRE ADOLESCENTES
Authors: Ferreira Simone Campos , Machado Richardson Miranda
Published: August 2014

Estudo transversal de caráter epidemiológico e descritivo com o objetivo de analisar o uso de álcool e/ou drogas por adolescentes da área de abrangência de uma equipe da Estratégia Saúde da Família, em 2011. Foram entrevistados 142 adolescentes, os quais responderam a dois questionários, um com dados socioeconômicos e outro denominado Drug Use Screening Inventory. Encontrou-se semelhança entre os sexos; maior consumo de drogas entre 10 a 12 anos e 16 a 18 anos de idade; e menor consumo entre os católicos e evangélicos. As substâncias mais consumidas foram analgésico, álcool e tabaco; observou-se maior intensidade de problemas nas áreas de lazer e recreação, competência social e padrões de comportamento. Os dados apresentam informações relevantes para o planejamento de estratégias preventivas ao uso de drogas na adolescência.
EDUCAÇÃO PARA O TRÂNSITO EM UNIDADE PEDIÁTRICA
Authors: Casarolli Ana Cristina Geiss , Camboin Franciele Foschiera , Durman Solânia , Rizzi Claudia Brandelero
Published: August 2014

Estudo descritivo exploratório que teve como objetivo avaliar a aplicabilidade da prática educativa para o trânsito por meio de álbum seriado e software. Realizaram-se atividades educativas, entre novembro de 2010 e fevereiro de 2011, com 41 crianças e adolescentes e, posteriormente foi aplicado questionário avaliativo. Entre os participantes 37(90,2%) relataram não ter dificuldades em manusear o programa, 40(97,6%) não acharam difícil participar das atividades, 27(65,9%) não precisaram de ajuda, 35(85,4%) acharam a atividade colorida, 32(78%) relataram não ter participado de outra atividade semelhante e todos conseguiram terminar e gostaram da atividade. Os resultados mostram que a prática educativa, com as estratégias utilizadas, foi eficaz para sensibilizar a população infanto-juvenil para o comportamento seguro no trânsito, e que as estratégias podem subsidiar outras práticas educativas nesse ambiente.
A IDENTIDADE DO CUIDADO DE ENFERMAGEM NA PRIMEIRA DÉCADA DO SÉCULO XXI
Authors: Ribeiro Dâmarys Kohlbeck de Melo Neu , Maziero Eliane Cristina Sanches , Silveira Juliana Taques Pessoa da , Betiolli Susanne Elero , Mercês Nen Nalú Alves das
Published: August 2014

Este estudo objetivou buscar evidências científicas acerca da identidade do cuidado de enfermagem na prática profissional na primeira década do século XXI. Trata-se de revisão integrativa na qual foram analisados os resumos de 335 ar tigos científicos. Prevaleceram ar tigos de pesquisa qualitativa (n=151;45,07%), realizadas no âmbito hospitalar (n=176;52,5%), na dimensão do cuidado (n=198;59,2%) e na temática saúde do adulto (n=107;31,94%). Os atributos do cuidado identificados foram agrupados em três categorias: Importância do conhecimento para a efetivação do cuidado; Sistematização do cuidado; eCuidado humanizado, pautado nas relações e interações. Na primeira década do século XXI a identidade do cuidado de enfermagem esteve pautada no conhecimento do profissional enfermeiro, na sistematização da assistência de enfermagem e na humanização do cuidado de enfermagem.