bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experimental Characterization of Actuators for Micro Air Vehicles
Authors: Guglieri Giorgio , Sartori Daniele
Published: August 2011

Mini-UAVs and RC slow flyers require compact, lightweight and responsive actuators. Shape memory alloy wires can be used to design ultra-light micro-servos. This technology relies on the reversible change in crystalline structure that a SMA wire undergoes when electricity runs through it. The resulting contraction is used to deflect the aircraft control surfaces. This paper introduces SMA wires technology and its application to the design of a small-size and light-weight actuator for elevon type controls. A conventional servo is taken as a reference to compare static and dynamic performance of the realized wire configuration prototype. A wind tunnel experiment is set up to test the behavior at different airspeeds and the servos response to variable frequency input is recorded. Extensive data analysis is performed to estimate the system models and to predict their bandwidth. In particular, Prediction-Error Minimization method is applied and Akaike's Final Prediction-Error is used to evaluate the model fitting accuracy. Results show that the SMA servo, despite its excellent general characteristics (i.e. small size, light weight, high power to weight ratio, silent operation, long life) seems to be only partially suitable for small scale flying vehicles due to its low bandwidth. By contrast, the conventional low cost servo provides a faster response in terms of torque output but fails to be accurate and repeatable under dynamic load conditions.
Role of Vegetal Configuration on the Pressures Due to Cnoidal Waves on a Wall
Authors: Noarayanan L. , Murali K. , Sundar V.
Published: August 2011

The dynamic pressures exerted on a vertical wall due to cnoidal waves have been investigated in presence and absence of model vegetation on its seaside. The pressures were measured at 3 different elevations along the wall. Tests were conducted with waves of constant height of 0.11m, with its period was varying between 5 and 20secs, thus covering a wide range of Ursell parameter varying between 18 and 700. The model vegetation was positioned adjacent to the wall on its seaside. All the vegetal characteristics including their rigidity are carefully modelled. The peak pressures (pmax) were extracted from the measured time series and are presented in a dimensionless form as a function of parameters governing the characteristics of waves and plantation. Two types of configurations of the green belt with the individual stems of vegetation fixed in tandem and staggered arrangement were considered for the tests. The study indicates that the staggered arrangement of plantation is more effective in attenuating the incident waves.
Unbonded Post Tensioned Concrete Slabs in Fire - Part II - Modelling Tendon Response and the Consequences of Localized Heating
Authors: Gales John , Bisby Luke , Gillie Martin
Published: August 2011

This is Part II of a two part paper dealing with the current state of knowledge of the fire-safe structural design and construction of unbonded post-tensioned (UPT) flat plate concrete structures. Part I provided detailed results of nineteen transient high temperature stress relaxation tests on restrained UPT tendons of realistic length and parabolic longitudinal profiles. Experimentation identified several credible concerns for UPT concrete structures in fire, most notably the potential for premature tendon rupture due to localized heating, which may result from a number of possible causes in a real structure. The real world response of continuous UPT tendons both during and after heating is largely unknown, and is dependent on factors which are not currently accounted for either in standard fire tests or by available prescriptive design guidance. This second part of the paper presents and applies a numerical model to predict the time-temperaturestress-strength interdependencies of stressed UPT tendons under localized transient heating, as may be experienced by tendons in a real concrete building in a real fire. The model is used, along with previously developed and validated computational models for heat transfer and prestress relaxation in UPT tendons, to assess existing prescriptive concrete cover requirements for UPT slabs. It is shown that localized heating of UPT tendons is likely to induce premature tendon rupture during fire, and that current prescriptive code procedures based on concrete cover alone are, in general, insufficient to prevent this. Based on the data presented it appears that minimum code prescribed concrete covers for UPT structures require revision if premature tendon rupture during fire is to be avoided.
Experimental Tests and Analytical Models for Welds and Grade 8.8 Bolts under Heating and Subsequent Cooling
Authors: Hanus F. , Zilli G. , Franssen J.-M.
Published: August 2011

The present article describes experimental tests performed on bolts and welds at the Centro Sviluppo Materiali under heating and subsequent cooling. Force-displacement laws, calibrated on these tests, are proposed afterwards for bolts in tension, bolts in shear and butt welds in shear during a natural fire. These laws can be integrated into models representing the global behaviour of steel and composite joints, based on the Component Method.
A multigene phylogenetic assessment of the Dilsea/Neodilsea species complex (Dumontiaceae, Gigartinales) supports transfer of Neodilsea natashae to the genus Dilsea
Authors: Saunders Gary W. , Lindstrom Sandra C.
Published: August 2011

Sequence data from the nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA (LSU), plastid large subunit of ribulose-l-5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rbcL) and the DNA barcode region of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase 1 gene (COI-5P) were analyzed separately and in combination to assess monophyly of the red algal genera Dilsea and Neodilsea in the northeastern Pacific. Except for the LSU, all analyses affiliated Neodilsea natashae with species of the genus Dilsea rather than species of Neodilsea. These results, as well as anatomical features of Neodilsea natashae, support its transfer to Dilsea, as Dilsea natashae.
Minimizing the effect of undesirable reactions in ECF bleaching
Authors: Lachenal Dominique , Delmas Delphine , Hamzeh Yahya , Benattar Nicolas , Chirat Christine , Mortha Gerard
Published: August 2011

One undesirable reaction during ECF bleaching is the formation of resistant quinones during the oxidation of lignin phenolic rings by ClO2. Occurrence of this side reaction was confirmed by the implementation of a new in situ method for quinone detection. It is based on the selective reaction of free-phenol groups in pulp with ClO2 at low temperature (0°C) and on the reduction of quinones into free phenols by sodium dithionite. Although not absolutely quantitative, it gives valuable information on the quinone content without any need of lignin extraction. It is proposed to apply a hydrogen peroxide treatment after each ClO2 (D) stage to solve this problem. Another undesirable reaction is the consumption of ClO2 by the muconic acid type structures which are the primary oxidation products of lignin during a D stage. Experiments with Z,Z-2, 5-dimethyl muconic acid, a model for lignin oxidized units, indicated that this reaction is most probable. Although phenolic moieties in lignin are more reactive than the muconic acid structures, the use of high ClO2 charges respective to lignin may favour its consumption by the muconic acid structures. One solution to this problem is to apply lower charges of ClO2 in each D treatment. The relevance of these findings was demonstrated by the high efficiency of (DEP)(DEP) sequences, where DEP stands for a ClO2 stage at low charge of chlorine dioxide immediately followed by an alkaline hydrogen peroxide treatment.
Scale dependence in species turnover reflects variance in species occupancy
Authors: McGlinn Daniel J. , Hurlbert Allen H.
Published: August 2011

Patterns of species turnover may reflect the processes driving community dynamics across scales. While the majority of studies on species turnover have examined pairwise comparison metrics (e.g., the average Jaccard dissimilarity), it has been proposed that the species–area relationship (SAR) also offers insight into patterns of species turnover because these two patterns may be analytically linked. However, these previous links only apply in a special case where turnover is scale invariant, and we demonstrate across three different plant communities that over 90% of the pairwise turnover values are larger than expected based on scale‐invariant predictions from the SAR. Furthermore, the degree of scale dependence in turnover was negatively related to the degree of variance in the occupancy frequency distribution (OFD). These findings suggest that species turnover diverges from scale invariance, and as such pairwise turnover and the slope of the SAR are not redundant. Furthermore, models developed to explain the OFD should be linked with those developed to explain species turnover to achieve a more unified understanding of community structure.
Evaluation of Hottest-Spot Temperature Models using Field Measured Transformer Data
Authors: Amoda Oluwaseun , Tylavsky Daniel J , McCulla Gary , Knuth Wesley
Published: August 2011

The acceptability of two hottest-spot temperature models is assessed in this paper. The first model, contained in the IEEE loading guide, is shown not to accurately account for the effects of the top-oil temperature (TOT) variation on the hottest-spot temperature. A new model which accounts for TOT variation is derived. The original and modified models are linearized and fitted to field data using linear regression to obtain optimal parameter estimates. Comparison of the parameter estimates and prediction simulations show that even though the original model is not structurally accurate, it, as well as the modified model, are acceptable for prediction purposes. The method of nonlinear regression is also used in an attempt to find better parameter estimates for the nonlinear modified model. It is shown that parameter estimates for the nonlinear model are inferior to those obtained for the linear models.
Harmonics Identification with Artificial Neural Networks: Application to Active Power Filtering
Authors: Nguyen Ngac Ky , Wira Patrice , Flieller Damien , Ould Abdeslam Djaffar , Merckle Jean
Published: August 2011

This study proposes several high precision selective harmonics compensation schemes for an active power filter. Harmonic currents are identified and on-line tracked by novel Adaline-based architectures which work in different reference-frames resulting from specific currents or powers decompositions. Adalines are linear and adaptive neural networks which present an appropriate structure to fit and learn a weighted sum of terms. Sinusoidal signals with a frequency multiple of the fundamental frequency are synthesized and used as inputs. Therefore, the amplitude of each harmonic term can be extracted separately from the Adaline weights adjusted with a recursive LMS (Least Mean Squares) algorithm. A first method is based on the modified instantaneous powers, a second method optimizes the active currents, and a third method relies on estimated fundamental currents synchronized with the direct voltage components. By tracking the fluctuating harmonic terms, the Adalines learning process allows the compensation schemes to be well suited for on-line adaptive compensation. Digital implementations of the identification schemes are performed and their effectiveness is verified by experiments.
Effects of Delayed Visual Feedback on Motor Control Performance
Authors: Morikiyo Yoshiyuki , Matsushima Takaji
Published: August 2011

The effects of delay of visual feedback on two kinds of sensorimotor tasks were investigated. On the reciprocal tapping task, accuracy of performance decreased for 200, 500, and 767 msec, delay. The number of errors for the 1000-msec. delay is smaller than those for the other three conditions of delay. On the hand-writing task of both Kanji letters and English words, performance showed a large decrement with increasing delay. The most frequent kinds of error were the type of insertion of line elements or letter duplication. It was interesting that the size of written letters increased with lengthening delays of visual feedback.
Ideational Conditioning: Bridging the Cognitive-Behaviourist Divide
Authors: Griffiths Mark D. , Davies Peter
Published: August 2011

Classical conditioning has traditionally been referred to as a ‘dumb form of learning’; however, psychological activity can be redefined in terms of the conditioned reflex by considering other more complex forms of conditioning, i.e., configural or semantic conditioning. In this paper it is argued that conditioning may underpin both human perception and consciousness and previous experiments involving perceptual conditioning are outlined. Recent experiments which involve a new paradigm of ideational conditioning have shown that cognitions can play a part in conditioning processes. It is shown here that ideational conditioning demonstrates unequivocally that thoughts alone are adequate stimuli for acquisition of behavioural responses and that these experiments may help to bridge the cognitive-behaviourist divide.
Knowledge of Results, Practice, and Sex: Anticipation of Coincidence Revisited
Authors: Diggles-Buckles Virginia , Bassin Stanley L.
Published: August 2011

Knowledge of results (KR), practice, and sex were varied to examine their effects on anticipation of coincidence. Although these factors have been given empirical attention, the findings have been inconclusive and mixed, possibly for methodological reasons. Such issues were addressed, and an empirical attempt was made to rectify them. Using a Bassin Anticipation Timer, 30 men and 30 women were equally and randomly assigned to three groups: no KR, exact verbal KR, and verbal KR converted to a spatial representation. All subjects received 200 trials from which absolute error (AE), constant error (CE), and variable error (VE) were derived. Analysis of error terms yielded the following findings: KR and practice reduced error (AE and CE), practice alone reduced variability (VE), initial sex differences in AE and CE disappeared so there were no sex differences in performance, sex differences in variability were maintained over 200 trials. These findings are discussed in light of previous work, and possible explanations for the mixed findings are advanced.
Exemplar Effect in Mueller-Lyer Decrement
Authors: Devane Joseph R.
Published: August 2011

Coren and Girgus in 1972 had each of their subjects inspect one of four Mueller-Lyer variants with the two segments set equal. In six interspersed Average Error test trials with the initial setting at zero illusion, the variants showed similar decremental rates. In 1962 Day had observed decrement when the test trials began with the segments equal; Eysenck and Slater in 1958 found no decrement when the test trials started with the segments clearly dissimilar. Present subjects addressed figures having either equal or unequal segments, and, over six trials, with and without inspection periods, came to approach the presented figures as exemplars.
Information-Processing Differences and Laterality of Students from Different Colleges and Disciplines
Authors: Monfort Mary , Martin Samuel A. , Frederickson William
Published: August 2011

1023 college students were assessed for hemispheric brain dominance using the paper-and-pencil test, the Human Information Processing Survey. Analysis of scores of students majoring in Advertising, Interior Design, Music, Journalism, Art, Oral Communication, and Architecture suggested a preference for right-brain hemispheric processing, while scores of students majoring in Accounting, Management, Finance, Computer Science, Mathematics, Nursing, Funeral Service, Criminal Justice, and Elementary Education suggested a preference for left-hemispheric strategies for processing information. The differential effects of hemispheric processing in an educational system emphasizing the left-hemispheric activities of structured logic and sequential processing suggests repression of the intellectual development of those students who may be genetically favorable to right-hemispheric processing.
Predicting Adaption-Innovation Styles: Selected Demographic Characteristics and the Kirton Inventory
Authors: Cutright Pamela S.
Published: August 2011

From 208 members of advisory committees for public community colleges in the USA, scores on the Kirton Adaption-Innovation Inventory and the Personal Characteristics Profile showed limited predictive power as expected. Among demographic characteristics, education was unexpectedly the strongest predictor. Participation in community organization also contributed.
Inherent Cognitive Substrates of Specific Emotions: Love is Blocked by Lying but Not Anger
Authors: Clynes Manfred , Jurisevic Stoyan , Rynn Michael
Published: August 2011

This study investigates inherent relations between emotions and cognitive function. In sentographic experiments 31 subjects generated anger and love through repeated expression with dynamic finger pressure, while in a standardized seated position. They chose a token numbered from 1 to 10 and then had to answer “Yes” to the experimenter's questions whether they chose a particular numbered token, for 10 questions, while experiencing the emotion. In a complementary run, they had to answer “No” to all such questions. Sentographic recordings of the finger pressures were obtained as well as self-ratings of emotional intensity. Lying significantly lowered the self-rated intensity of love but not of anger. Sentographic traces after lying showed a significantly changed form of love expression. The findings support the view that inherent connections exist between specific emotions and particular cognitive processes, as substrates which are part of the nature of the emotion (in this study, love). Lying, even trivial lying, appears to block the feeling of (nonsexual) love, but not of anger. These inherent cognitive substrates can also be expected to play a role in unconscious processes. The experience of love appears to be inherently linked to truthfulness, but anger is not.
Conceptual Tempo and Resolution of Social Conflict by Children
Authors: Boyer William N. , Strachan Douglas E.
Published: August 2011

Of 55 boys between 7 and 12 yr. old, 12 most reflective (on the Impulsivity score or conceptual tempo) chose an assertive alternative on the Social Reasoning Inventory more often than the 14 most impulsive boys. The observation replicates prior work but suggests conceptual tempo as a construct has unclear relevance to social reasoning.
Speech Clarity/Intelligibility: Test-Retest Reliability of Magnitude-Estimation Scaling
Authors: Fucci Donald , Ellis Lee , Petrosino Linda
Published: August 2011

The reliability of magnitude-estimation scaling as a measure of overall clarity of speech was investigated. 40 subjects ( M age = 19 yr.) provided magnitude-estimation responses for nine audiotaped versions of a nonsense sentence varying systematically in number of correct consonant phonemes. There was no significant difference in the magnitude-estimation responses of the subjects during two test sessions separated by one week. Analysis suggested that magnitude-estimation scaling is a reliable measure of speech clarity/intelligibility. This finding is discussed in relation to speech samples varying in aspects other than number of consonant phonemes correct and possible further clinical research applications.
Attention of Hyperactive Preschool Children—Electrodermal Activity during Auditory Stimulation
Authors: Shibagaki Masamitsu , Yamanaka Tadashige
Published: August 2011

Electrodermal activity during passive and active listening tasks for 4 hyperactive (from 3 yr., 9 mo. to 6 yr., 2 mo.) and 43 healthy preschool children (from 4 yr., 8 mo. to 6 yr., 5 mo.) was studied. The procedure consisted of the following phases: baseline recordings (3 min.), a passive listening task, instructions, and an active listening task. The hyperactive subjects tended to exhibit lower levels of arousal, as indicated by the frequency of spontaneous responses, and more marked habituation with repeated stimuli. Also, they tended not to show the increased responsivity expected when attention is active rather than passive. Hyperactive preschool children, moreover, are believed to have shorter attention spans.
Choice Reaction Time as a Measure of Recovery from General Anesthesia
Authors: Letourneau J. E.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of choice reaction time as a measure of recovery from general anesthesia. An experimental group of 43 patients underwent surgery under general anesthesia; they were measured before anesthesia and also 90, 150 and 210 min. after the end of anesthesia. A control group of 38 underwent the same procedure. Choice reaction time was not a valid measure of recovery from general anesthesia since the test was not reliable.
Failure to Acquire an Inhibitory Task following Seizure-Induced Brain Damage
Authors: Harrigan Thomas , Peredery Oksana , Persinger M. A.
Published: August 2011

Male rats that had displayed limbic seizures following a single pair of systemic injections of lithium and pilocarpine were trained 2 months later on an operant schedule that required differential low rates of responding (DRL). The seizured rats never acquired schedules that required either 6-sec. or 12-sec. inhibition of responses following a reward; these rats displayed more perseverative responding and shorter interresponse times than controls. Histomorphology indicated severe brain damage primarily within the entorhinal cortices (and adjacent amygdala) and dorsal thalamus.
Auditory Sensitivity and Tone-Sequence Reproduction in Oral Contraceptive Users and Nonusers
Authors: Grieze-Jurgelevicius Dahna M. , Chernos Tamara N. , Petersik J. Timothy
Published: August 2011

In two stages spanning a single academic year, 10 women using oral contraceptives and 11 not using oral contraceptives were tested on their auditory threshold sensitivity to six frequencies (250, 750, 1500, 3000, 6000, and 8000 Hz) as a function of phases of the menstrual cycle. 11 women (5 users and 6 nonusers) were also tested on their ability to reproduce successively longer tone sequences. Results showed that there was little variation due to phase of the menstrual cycle, with the exception that oral contraceptive users showed lower relative thresholds at low frequencies during the postmenstrual phase. Over-all, oral contraceptive users had higher absolute and relative thresholds than nonusers, except at 3000 Hz. Although not statistically significant, results on the tone-reproduction test showed an enhanced ability to reproduce tones during the premenstrual phase for women using oral contraceptives. Results are discussed in relation to previous findings.
Negativism Dominance in Risk and Team Sports
Authors: Vlaswinkel Elisabeth H. , Kerr John H.
Published: August 2011

The present study examined Negativism Dominance Scale scores in a number of regularly-participating sports populations. The results did not support predictions that (1) participation in risk sports might be linked with high scores on proactive negativism or that (2) team-sport performers, especially those at a high level, might be less negativistic dominant (i.e., more conformist) than individual-sport performers.
Perception of Enclosure Effects of Architectural Surfaces in a Large Scale Interior Space
Authors: Pedersen Darhl M. , Topham Teri L.
Published: August 2011

It was hypothesized that the perceived enclosure effect of spaces would be dependent upon the explicitness of presented architectural surfaces according to the 1961–1970 model of Thiel. It was also hypothesized that the contribution of the surfaces would adhere to theoretical weights proposed by Thiel. It was further hypothesized that the perceived contribution of the surfaces to enclosure would be similar for men and women. 20 women and 10 men were presented 24 line drawings in one-point, eye-level perspective of the same furnished and occupied interior space. The line drawings differed only in the absence or presence of floor, wall, or ceiling surfaces. On an initial task the spaces represented by the drawings were ordered by the subjects from least enclosed (most open) to most enclosed (least open). In a second task the surfaces in a diagram were ranked according to their relative importance in determining the perception of the enclosing effect. The hypotheses were confirmed, and so provided support for the model that the explicitness of perceived surfaces contribute differentially to the perception of the openness of an environment.
A Crowding Index for Finite Populations
Authors: O'Brien Frank
Published: August 2011

The classical definition of population density used in social science disciplines as a measure of density or physical crowding has severe shortcomings since actual spatial orientation is disregarded. A formula is proposed to measure physical crowding or population density which corrects the deficiency of the conventional formulation. As a generalization of the Euclidean distance formula, the proposed index measures relative population density as a function of spatial orientation and size of geometric area. Three mathematical properties of the index stated as conjectures have been supported by Monte Carlo simulations. The formula is evaluated and justified on three key scientific criteria: parsimony, mathematical soundness and empirical verifiability. Crowding is an obvious problem in the small compartmentalized workspaces of U.S. Navy nuclear submarines. The measurement of physical crowding by use of the proposed formula in Concepts of Operations Experiments conducted at the Newport Laboratory of the Naval Underwater Systems Center is reported and discussed.
Ethnic Composition of Students in Elective Physical Activity Classes
Authors: Finkenberg Mel E.
Published: August 2011

To date no formal attempt has been made to quantify participation in elective college programs in physical education on the basis of ethnicity. The purpose of this analysis was to examine whether ethnicity and sex influenced selection of physical activities among college students. 398 students were randomly selected to represent 14 different activities. Analysis suggests that Caucasian women and black men and women do not participate in elective physical activities at a level commensurate with their representation within this university, but more students from Asian-Pacific islands, particularly men, participate in excess of expectation. Assessment of the basis for these findings could aid evaluation of curriculum offerings in physical education.
Sex-Role Stereotyping of Leadership Positions by Student Leaders
Authors: Karnes Frances A. , D'Ilio Victor R.
Published: August 2011

126 student leaders in Grades 4 through 8 were asked for their perceptions of leadership roles. Boys showed more stereotyped perceptions of leadership roles than girls.
Restricting the Field of View: Perceptual and Performance Effects
Authors: Alfano Patricia L. , Michel George F.
Published: August 2011

Visual perception involves both the high acuity of foveal vision and the wide scope of overlapping peripheral information. The role of peripheral vision in competent performance of the adult visuomotor activities of walking, reaching, and forming a cognitive map of a room was examined using goggles which limited the scope of the normal field of view to 9°, 14°, 22°, or 60°. Each restriction of peripheral field information resulted in some perceptual and performance decrements, with the 9° and 14° restriction producing the most disturbance. In addition, bodily discomfort, dizziness, unsteadiness and disorientation, were reported as the subjects moved around with restricted fields of view.
Similar Processing of Real- and Subjective-Contour Poggendorff Figures by Men and Women
Authors: Beckett Peter A.
Published: August 2011

Measures of illusion magnitude for a real-contour and two subjective-contour Poggendorff figures were obtained from 42 men and 42 women. Although magnitudes of illusion differed as a function of figure type, male-female differences in magnitude of illusion did not vary across figures or judgment orders. Also, correlations among the illusions observed for three types of figures did not differ for men and women. These data are consistent with the view that real- and subjective-contour Poggendorff figures evoke similar processing strategies and that sex differences, when observed, are probably the result of differences in cognitive-judgmental strategy rather than differences in the optical and neural properties of the visual system.
Effects of Lateral Ball Location, Grade, and Sex on Catching
Authors: McConnell Ann , Wade Glenn
Published: August 2011

To investigate the effects of lateral movement on the quality and quantity of catching as they interact with age, 108 children from Kindergarten through Grade 4 were tested. A ramp was constructed which slowed the descent of the 4-in. fleece ball so that it took 1.8 sec. to arrive at the child's location. Each ball could be delivered to one of five different locations in relation to the child. The child practiced five times, with balls coming in a random sequence to each location, the center of the ramp, 1 ft. and 2 ft. each to the right and left of the center. An increase in number of catches made and in the quality of the performance based on McClenaghan and Gallahue's evaluation were associated with grade. The locations 2 ft. from the center produced the fewest catches within a grade, but 1 ft. from center produced more catches from kindergarteners than the center location and occasionally for upper grades. Evaluations of the performances showed a steady improvement across grades, but there was no effect on the evaluation of catching performance of ball location within a grade. Children appear to be at a preferred stage.
Contributions to the History of Psychology: XVII. Early Uses of the Term “Objective Psychology”
Authors: Brožek Josef
Published: August 2011

To the surprise of many, the roots of the nonintrospective, ‘objective,’ approach to the psychological study of men and animals go back to Aristotle. The term ‘psychology’ emerged in the 16th century, and that of ‘objective psychology’ can be documented early in the 19th century. It occurs in J. E. Purkinje's notes for lectures on psychology, given in 1827. Their text was not published until 1987. It remains uncertain who was the first to use the term in print; however, it occurs in Herbert Spencer's Principles of Psychology, published in 1855.
An Investigation of Somatic Anxiety and Intelligence in Children Using the Kaufman-ABC and an Apple IIe Program Measuring Heart Rate
Authors: Kaufman Alan S. , Eller Ben F. , Applegate Brooks
Published: August 2011

Somatic anxiety during intelligence testing was examined for 43 children in Grades K through 5 by assessing each child's heart rate with an Apple IIe computer program during an administration of the Kaufman-ABC. Heart rate (a measure of somatic anxiety) decreased steadily during the course of the test administration, except for an increase when the one timed subtest (Triangles) was administered. Heart rate during each separate subtest did not correlate significantly with performance on any task. Implications of these preliminary findings are discussed.
Simultaneous Manipulation of Propositional and Analog Codes in Picture Memory
Authors: Talasli Umur
Published: August 2011

Revealing a picture as a whole or as momentarily displayed strips presumably manipulated the propositional coding of the picture. Analog manipulation employed superimposition of a grid pattern. Effectiveness of simultaneous manipulations was tested via recognition with three foil categories, each of which presumably tapped the analog or prepositional codes mainly, or both of them in detection. While figural units' perspective reversals should presumably be detected via the analog code, their locational displacements should be detected via the prepositional code. Foils with novel item substitution should be detected by both codes. On the basis of such presumptions about encoding and recognition manipulations, certain predictions were made for scan and grid effects in “reversal,” “displacement,” and “novelty” foil categories. Full confirmation of these predictions was then taken as evidence that both analog and prepositional codes do exist. Once such evidence was established, other issues were tackled, showing that target detection involves the prepositional code only, while foil detection involves both codes. Further, recognition hypermnesia, where performance improves with repeated testing, was obtained only when both codes were attenuated. Data suggested that subjects might be switching from analog to prepositional codes when both codes were strong, thereby preventing hypermnesia.
Enhancing Willingness to Practice Golf through Use of a Mastery Approach
Authors: Dorsel Thomas N. , Salinsky Diane M.
Published: August 2011

The present study compared the effectiveness of three practice techniques on putting performance in golf. Also assessed were the perceived usefulness of the different techniques as well as reported willingness to practice using the different techniques. While no difference was found in actual putting performance among the three practice conditions, differences in perceived usefulness and willingness to practice were found, particularly in favor of a mastery practice condition. It was concluded that how one practices may not be as important as that one practices and that mastery practice may indeed contribute to the greater likelihood of one's practicing.
Beginning Kindergarteners' Perception of Number
Authors: Fischer Florence E. , Beckey Robert D.
Published: August 2011

97 children in 5 kindergarten classes when tested for perceptions of number could begin counting and 9 counted to 30, 84 counted a set of 6 correctly but when the blocks were covered 33 could say there were 6. 57 showed 1:1 correspondence but some had to count to decide. 14 showed conservation of number, but 94 recognized two sets were unequal and which one was larger. 30 pointed to the third car, but 24 could state an ordinal name for a target. Clearly the children varied greatly.
Past Running Experience as a Mediator of the Attentional Focus of Male and Female Recreational Runners
Authors: Wrisberg Craig A. , Pein Richard L.
Published: August 2011

In 1988 research under our controlled laboratory conditions suggested that, when subjects are instructed to focus on bodily cues while running on a treadmill, females perceive the activity to be more strenuous than do males. It was reasoned that this difference might be due to differences in either self-monitoring style or past exercise experience of males and females. The purpose of the present study was to survey recreational runners to ascertain the types of cues/thoughts to which they attended during exercise. 115 male and 72 female undergraduate and graduate students at a major university completed an attentional focus questionnaire after a routine jogging session. Demographic information was also obtained regarding each subject's experience with running activities (e.g., frequency, intensity, past history, etc.). Analysis suggested that attentional focus during running was related more to running experience than to sex differences in self-monitoring style. Inexperienced subjects focused attention more on bodily stimuli associated with the activity while experienced subjects focused more on cues/thoughts unrelated to running (e.g., music, surrounding scenery, etc.). It was concluded that experienced recreational runners are more adept at diverting attention away from unpleasant bodily cues associated with exercise than are inexperienced runners.
The Relationship between Continuous Performance Tasks and Neuropsychological Tests in Children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Grant Mitzie L. , Ilai Doron , Nussbaum Nancy L. , Bigler Erin D.
Published: August 2011

We examined the relationship between measures of sustained attention and impulsivity, as obtained by computerized continuous performance tasks of the Gordon Diagnostic System and a battery of intellectual, achievement, and neuropsychological tests. Subjects were 119 boys (between the ages of 6 yr., 0 mo. and 12 yr., 11 mo.), diagnosed with Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, using DSM-III or DSM-III—R criteria. Only two measures, the number of correct responses for Vigilance and Distractibility tasks, correlated consistently with other measures (e.g., intellectual measures, the WRAT—R Arithmetic subtest, Beery Test of Visual and Motor Integration, and various sensory-motor variables from the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery). The results suggest a unique contribution of continuous performance tasks in the measurement of attention, in a population of children with ADHD, which is not assessed by more traditional tests.
Self-Report of Right-Left Confusion in College Men and Women
Authors: Hannay H. Julia , Ciaccia P. J. , Kerr Joan W. , Barrett Darlene
Published: August 2011

Self-report questionnaires of difficulty in right-left discrimination and handedness were given to 575 male and 607 female undergraduates. Significantly more men and lefthanders reported having right-left confusion frequently or all the time. The validity of such self-report measures in predicting actual performance on right-left discrimination tasks is questioned since the results, at least as a function of handedness, depended on the question asked.
The Martial Arts and Mental Health: The Challenge of Managing Energy
Authors: Seitz Frank C. , Olson Gregory D. , Locke Burt , Quam Randy
Published: August 2011

The effective management of energy is an important dimension in the martial arts as well as the mental health professions. The Oriental concept of Ki is described, noting its Indian, Chinese, and Japanese development. Ki and the transfer of energy is studied through the martial encounter, using concepts borrowed from Japanese swordsmanship. Ki is also discussed from a developmental context as youngsters progress in Tae Kwon Do training. In examining the disciplines of Aikido, Tae Kwon Do, and Karate, it becomes clear that more is involved than kicking, punching, and throwing bodies on the floor. These martial arts have some important statements to make in the area of mental health, particularly in terms of energy—within our bodies, psyches, interpersonal relationships, and the universe.
Sex Differences and the Role of Figural Complexity in Determining the Rate of Mental Rotation
Authors: Bryden M. P. , George Julia , Inch Roxanne
Published: August 2011

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of figural complexity on the rate of mental rotation of 3-dimensional figures and to compare the performance of men and women. Complexity was manipulated in three ways: by changing the number of blocks in the figure (7 or 10), by altering the number of turns (2 or 3), and by using outline or solid figures. In the first study, these factors were manipulated between groups of subjects. Women showed steeper slopes than men, but none of the complexity variables affected either slope or intercept for the mental rotation function. In the second study, number of turns and number of blocks were manipulated within-subjects, using only the solid figures. There were significant sex differences in both slope and intercept, and the number of blocks affected the slope of the rotation function. In both studies, a small percentage of the subjects showed nonlinear functions relating angular rotation to response time. Although the women consistently showed slower rotation functions, rate of rotation did not relate either to figural complexity or to nonlinearity. The results suggest that the rate of mental rotation is not affected by figural complexity, at least at the levels used in the present study, and that men and women employ essentially similar strategies.
Relation of Perceived Learning and Expected Grade to Rated Effectiveness of Teaching
Authors: Johnson Robert L. , Christian Vaughn K.
Published: August 2011

Physical education faculty ( n = 31) administered an instructional evaluation questionnaire to students ( n = 727) in professional classes. The questionnaire, which was on a Likert scale (1–5), contained questions related to students' perceived learning, expected grade in class, and instructors' over-all rating of teaching effectiveness. A Pearson r indicated associations of .26 between perceived learning and expected grade, .59 between perceived learning and over-all rating of teaching effectiveness, and .32 between expected grade and over-all rating of teaching effectiveness. Stepwise multiple regression yielded an R of 62, with perceived amount learned and expected grade accounting for 36.3% and 3 2% of the variance, respectively. Such results suggest that instructors' rating of over-all teaching effectiveness is more a function of perceived learning than expectation of high grade.
Comparison of Lingual Vibrotactile Suprathreshold Numerical Responses in Men and Women: Effects of Threshold Shift during Magnitude-Estimation Scaling
Authors: Fucci Donald , Petrosino Linda , Schuster Susan B. , Wagner Susan
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in tactile sensory system function between men and women. This task was accomplished by studying the effects of possible tactile threshold shifts occurring during magnitude-estimation scaling of vibratory stimuli presented to the dorsal surface of the tongue. 12 men ( M age = 19.7 yr.) and 12 women ( M age = 19.3 yr.) participated. Analysis suggested that men and women have tactile sensory systems that operate similarly at both threshold and suprathreshold levels of stimulation. Men and women do, however, choose to use consistently different numerical responses to suprathreshold stimuli, suggesting that environmental and/or cultural-educational influences may be involved in numerical decision-making aspects of the scaling process.
Field Independence and the Firo-B
Authors: McRae Lissa S. E. , Young Jeffrey D.
Published: August 2011

The Group Embedded Figures Test and the FIRO-B were administered to 100 Canadian undergraduates in business administration. One FIRO-B measure of wanted affection correlated significantly but only .20 with scores on the Group Embedded Figures Test.
Alcohol, Subliminal Stimulation, and Disinhibitory Processes
Authors: Gustafson R. , Källmén H.
Published: August 2011

An experiment was performed to test the hypothesis that an unconscious conflict between a wish to attain symbiotic oneness with another person on the one hand and personal independence on the other, should be weakened by alcohol if the main effect of intoxication is to reduce the strength of psychological inhibitions. In turn, a reduction in such conflicts should improve motor performance. Data indicated no such effects, and it was concluded that the disinhibition hypothesis as an explanation of alcohol-related behavior was not supported.
Treatment of Night Wakings in Early Childhood: Maintenance of Effects
Authors: Schaefer Charles E.
Published: August 2011

About 80% of 100 parents, who received a brief behavioral intervention, indicated after 6 mo. complete or marked reduction in children's sleep disruptions.
Authoritarianism and Preference for the Presidential Candidate Perceived to Be Higher on the Power Motive
Authors: McCann Stewart J. H.
Published: August 2011

To assess whether higher authoritarianism is linked to a preference for the presidential candidate perceived as higher on the power motive, 208 undergraduates responded just prior to the 1988 election to a revised F-scale, an item to indicate preference for U.S. president, and an item to indicate on a 7-point scale their perceptions of where Bush and Dukakis stood on the power motive. A brief description of “the power motive” prefaced the item. Excluding cases in which Bush and Dukakis received identical power ratings, a dummy coded “powervote” variable was created to reflect preference for the candidate perceived by each student to be higher on the power motive. Authoritarianism correlated positively with the powervote variable and regression analysis indicated that it continued to do so when sex, age, Bush and Dukakis power, and candidate preference were controlled. Results suggest that higher authoritarianism may promote the election of a presidential candidate seen to display power regardless of that candidate's party affiliation.
Effects of Social Influence and Sex on Rating of Perceived Exertion in Exercising Elite Athletes
Authors: Sylva Michael , Byrd Ronald , Mangum Michael
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of sex and presence of male and female coactors on ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) of elite male and female athletes during light to heavy work. Subjects were 9 male and 8 female university track athletes near the end of a competitive season. During graded exercise on a cycle ergometer, subjects' physiological and RPE responses were monitored on four separate occasions: (1) determination of peak oxygen consumption, (2) alone, (3) with a male coactor, and (4) with a female coactor. The order of the latter three conditions was systematically varied. An analysis of variance validated the exercise load assignments at relative levels, but no effect emerged with respect to sex or social influence by coactors. It was concluded that elite athletes are quite able to avoid the influence of coactors of either sex, being capable of depending more on physiological cues than has been observed previously for less well-trained subjects.
Monocular and Binocular Measurements of Smooth Eye-Pursuit by Rural Children in Kindergarten and Grade Two
Authors: Palmer Lyelle L. , MaCdonald Jon E
Published: August 2011

Toward developing baseline data for monocular and binocular smooth eye-pursuit 22 midwestern rural Caucasian kindergarten and 24 second-grade children were asked to follow a hand-held penlight with their eyes. The examiner held the student's hand and penlight and monitored the fastest speed in inches per second that the eyes pursued the light with no observed aberration. Range of movement in inches was also noted. Analysis showed moderate correlations for 6-wk. test-retest reliability, monocular and binocular skills are different; pursuit skill of a flickering light is moderately related to that of binocular flashlight; and skills of students at Grade 2 are more advanced than those of students in kindergarten.
The Need for Specialists in Biologically-Based Brain Diseases
Authors: Peschel Richard , Peschel Enid
Published: August 2011

Because neuroscience research has documented that mental illnesses are biologically-based brain diseases, our country should start training programs to create BBBD specialists. The National Alliance for the Mentally Ill has proposed a 2-track training system for psychiatric professionals—(1) A BBBD track and (2) a “mental health” track.
Ice Cream Butterfat Content by Volume as a Possible Predictor of Taste Preference
Authors: Pick David F. , Hurford David P. , Bair Rex C. , Goepfert Gail L.
Published: August 2011

71 males and 75 females ranging in age from 18 to 61 yr. ( M age 20 yr.) ranked three brands of vanilla ice cream for taste preference. The expectation that butterfat content by volume (rather than by weight) would predict taste preference was confirmed in this exploratory study.