bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Reconceptualization of the Process of Leaving the Role of Competitive Athlete
Authors: Blinde Elaine M. , Greendorfer Susan L.
Published: March 2007

In an attempt to broaden research considerations pertaining to retirement from sport, this paper critically examines notions embedded in social gerontology and thanatology. Both perspectives are criticized for their narrowness of approach, and analysis suggests that neither may be applicable to the athlete who voluntarily or involuntarily leaves sport. Alternative notions which are derived from a data base of former female and male intercollegiate athletes are discussed. It is suggested that concepts of life-long development, role aptitude and anticipatory socialization might offer a more useful framework for future sport retirement research.
Occupational Mobility Through Sport:* The Case of Israeli Soccer
Authors: Semyonov Moshe
Published: March 2007

This paper tests the thesis that professional career in sport serves as a route for mobility. A study of retired soccer players in Israel suggests that, on the average, players benefited occupationally from their careers in sport. Sport career variables however, do not influence occupational mobility of the retired athletes. The only variables that affect athletes' occupational mobility are education and ethnicity. Occupational gain-mobility tends to increase with ethnic status but to decrease with education. The findings are discussed in light of the concept of alternative channels of mobility. Caution should be exercised regarding the thesis "sport as an open route for mobility".
The Sports Experience of the Black College Athlete: Exploitation in the Academy
Authors: Leonard Wilbert Marcellus
Published: March 2007

The exploitation of college student-athletes, especially black ones, is a dominant theme in the American sport literature. The present research explores this motif as seen through the eyes of college basketball players (n = 505) performing at NCAA Divisions I, II, and III. The most provocative general finding is that discrepancies exist between the actors' and critics' definitions of the sport experience. In discussing the implications of the outcomes, several methodological (e.g., sport sampled, social desirability response set) and theoretical considerations (e.g., pluralistic ignorance, actors' vs. observers' perspectives and false consciousness) are raised.
Trust in Crisis
Authors: Petrovic Krešimir , Žvan Milan
Published: March 2007

The mass media in modern sports can be considered from a number of viewpoints. Sports press and sports events often represent the last thread linking countries, societies and political systems. Thus a sociologically oriented study of the mass media in sports must begin with the communication crisis present today throughout the world. Accurate information is necessary. The work of sportswriters is demanding and responsible. Their work should primarily be guided by respect for the athlete as a creative individual, by his endeavors and finally by consideration of his human attributes. He is, as a human being, susceptible and vulnerable to the negative elements of sportswriter's reports. Ethics of journalism also come into play here as well as the etics of others who in one way or another "co-produce" information disseminated by the mass media.
Playing the Game: An Ethnomethodological Perspective
Authors: Kew Francis
Published: March 2007

This paper outlines a case study in which ethnomethodological principles are applied to the social practice of games-playing. Ethnomethodologists stress that social order is achieved not given; and they have designed "demonstrations" to display the tacit "methodical procedures" through which agents construct or accomplish social order. This case study of players' methodical procedures in "accomplishing" games reveals two seperable dimensions or levels of game rules. It is proposed that this conception of rules has a more general application to institutionalized games in order to explain how and why their rules are subject to chronic change. Game rules are a contested terrain where different interest groups attempt to legitimate particular games-playing practice. An analysis of this contest over rules provides crucial insights into game transformation and change.
A Revisit to Social and Cultural Preconditions of Top Level Sport
Authors: Seppänen Paavo
Published: March 2007

No achievement in high performance sport can be understood without reference to extraordinary personal motivation and effort. The basis of motivation and effort lies, however, in the culture and other social preconditions of sporting life. The data based on the Olympic success of different nations strongly support this kind of hypothesis. The role of the countries with the heritage of Western civilization - for which the idea of progress is highly characteristic—has been dominant in Olympic history.

Since the 1930's when the importance of the Olympic Games and other great sports events was fully realized, international sport success has become one of the primary weapons in the struggle for hegemony between the big power blocs. Especially the success of the Soviet Union and its allies has been conspicious during the past two decades.

The growing dominance of socialist countries apparently has its roots both in the high achievement ethics characteristic of Western civilization in general, and in the special preconditions provided for such more or less technical activities as sports and performing arts. On the other hand, the high achievement potential of the market economy countries of the western camp is more pluralistic and less goal oriented, dispersing achievements rather than focusing them on a certain type of activity such as Olympic success.
Neo-Corporatist Structures in the Relationship between Sport and Government. The Case of the Federal Republic of Germany
Authors: Meier Rolf
Published: March 2007

The author tries to give evidence of this thesis that, in the Federal Republic of Germany, neo-corporatist structures exist within the relationship of sport and state with respect to essential functions although this relationship is not commonly defined as neo-corporatist. Sport and state seem to be more dependent on each other than for example state and trade unions in the field of economics. Moreover, in the Federal Republic, neo-corporatist structures in the relationship between sport and state appear to be relatively stable compared to the field of economics.
Women in the Discourse of Sport Reports
Authors: Klein Marie-Luise
Published: March 2007

Sport reporting in the media presents a discursive field which not only reflects social gender differentiation, but also strengthens these differences through the use of particular language and graphic styles.
The Commercialization of English Elite Basketball 1972-1988
Authors: Maguire Joe
Published: March 2007

This enquiry, based on a 'figurational' perspective, will be concerned to grasp the 'immanent dynamics' involved in the transformation of English elite basketball. This transformation involved changes in the balance of power within the game similar to those identified by Dunning (1975) in his typology on professional sports. Consideration will be given to whether English basketball witnessed a decline in its system of amateur control and detailing how the sport became increasingly commercialised. Attention will also be given to the changes and consequences which ran concomitant with this transformation.
Sport as a Manifestation of Cultural Heritage in Nigeria
Authors: Akindutire Isaac Olu
Published: March 2007

Sport and culture are known to bear similar identity. Culture typifies the social, moral conduct, the norm and an acceptable behavioural pattern of an individual within a society. Sport, on the other hand, serves as a role model, enabling the participants to possess the proper mental and physical traits to be emulated by other members of a society. Sport also serves as an appropriate channel through which the behaviour accepted by custom may be regulated. It can be seen through the values and functions of both sport and culture that they are mutually related, and one may be used to project the other.

This paper, therefore, makes a critical analysis of the concepts of sport and culture; identifies some cultural activities of the major ethnic groups in Nigeria; examines the relationship between sport and culture; and assesses the manifestation of sport through the cultural activities of Nigerian citizens.
Effects of Interscholastic Athletic Participation on the Social, Educational, and Career Mobility of Hispanic Girls and Boys
Authors: Melnick Merrill J. , Sabo Donald F. , Vanfossen Beth
Published: March 2007

This study examined the social, educational, and career mobility effects of interscholastic athletic participation on subsamples of Hispanic girls and boys drawn from the High School and Beyond Study (U.S. Department of Education), a 1980 national, longitudinal survey of 14,366 sophomores enrolled in 1,015 public and private schools across the United States. These same students were then contacted for follow-up data collection in their senior year (1982), and again two years (1984) and four years (1986) later. The dependent variables under investigation included popularity, involvement in extracurricular activities, grades, achievement test scores, dropout rates, college attendance, degree progress made, job success and job aspirations.
Myth & Reality: Social Mobility of the American Olympic Athletes
Authors: Eisen George , Turner Diana
Published: March 2007

As a social institution, sport is one of the most powerful agencies in changing and molding lives of young people. It is especially true in the case of athletes who had the opportunity and fortune to participate in the Olympic Games. The question as to how Olympic participation influences one's life-course had never been investigated in the United States. Yet this question is fundamental. It directs our attention to the age-old riddle: do sports build character and create opportunities or do young and aspiring people gravitate toward sports as an expression of human excellence? This study provides a glimpse into the social status, prestige and mobility of athletes as a consequence of Olympic participation.
The Development of Sporting Facilities: A Case Study of East Northumberland, England, 1850-1914
Authors: Metcalfe Alan
Published: March 2007

The paper provides an historical description of the enclosure of sporting facilities in East Northumberland. It demonstrates the importance of the larger social context and the interaction between different social groups in the creation of commercial grounds, community recreation grounds, public parks and recreation grounds. From a theoretical perspective it was found that neither social control nor hegemony encompassed the reality. However, structure and agency provided an adequate framework. The period and process was characterized by the penetration of the values of consumer capitalism.
Sport and Social Change in the Japanese Rural Community
Authors: Matsumura Kazunori
Published: March 2007

Sport sociologists in Japan are now facing the great task of rethinking their sociological methodologies. There are several reasons for this.

1) The leisure policy of the Japanese government, which had been strongly connected to economical development, has been greatly changed. (The "Resort Act" which aims to promote leisure activities by making rural areas open to resort development.)

2) Sport sociologists in Japan have tended not to pay attention to the drastic social changes in which have occurred in rural areas.

3) New theoretical developments in American and European schools of sociology have arisen and they provide the means for Japanese scholors to approach these devlopments. Focusing on the works of Bourdieu and Mandles would surely aid Japanese sport sociologists to break through the current deadlock in dealing with Japan's new sociological environment.
Enlivening and Deadening Shadows
Authors: Nagbøl Søren
Published: March 2007

The new national stadium in Copenhagen has been erected next to an historic group of cottages at the village of Brumleby. This paper starts by using an autobiographical account of the authors growing awareness of the new stadium as he returns to his city after a period of absence of many years. The image projected by the developers of the stadium is not found to be congruent with the reality and as a result of the changing nature of the power relationships resulting from the stadiums construction, the quality of life of the people of Brumleby has been reduced. This is an example of the way the urban stadium is showing us the new aesthetic in our time.
Sports Technology and Choice of Location Individual Evaluation of Sports Facilities
Authors: Bökemann Dieter
Published: March 2007

This paper is a regional approach to sports economy. Starting from a macroeconomic position sport is defined as consumer technology the development of which is regarded in the context of evolution theory using product cycle argument.

Sports preferences and demand for sports activities microanalytically are explained by social milieu factors. Hypotheses are formulated how individual skills and talents on one hand and locational attributes on the other affect individual sports preferences and determine the prices for sports facilities.
A Content Analysis of the Sports Section of Canada's National Newspaper with Respect to Gender and Professional/Amateur Status
Authors: Crossman Jane , Hyslop Paula , Guthrie Bart
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this research was to analyze the contents of the sports section of Canada's National newspaper (The Globe and Mail) for one year (July, 1988 to June, 1989). The variables considered included: gender; amateur versus professional coverage; and Canadian, American, and International content. All articles, editorials, and pictures found in the sports section were included in the analysis. Statistical analyses using paired t-tests (p < 0.05) sought to determine if any differences existed in content. Males received significantly more coverage than females in print, pictoral, and editorial space. Male professional sport received 41 % of the total space, significantly more than the space given to amateur athletes while Canadian amateur athletes received significantly more coverage than International and American athletes. Further research efforts regarding Canadian sports sections could include a breakdown of the amount of coverage given to earlier sport and a comparison of space allotment to participation rates.
Handball, Gender and Sportification of Body-Cultures: 1900-40
Authors: Von Der Lippe Gerd
Published: March 2007

The aim of this article is to focus on the sportification process of handball in Germany and Norway, and to present the first feminist critique of the term sportification.
Marginal Play: Sport at the Borderlands of Time and Space
Authors: Shore Bradd
Published: March 2007

"Marginal play" describes the spilling over of play in games or sport beyond the normal regulatory boundaries that constitute them as play frames. This paper presents a variety of examples of marginal play in sport, and provides a theoretical model of sport-regulation to account for them. To make sense of marginal play, the paper distinguishes three levels at which play is regulated: constitutive rules, procedural rules and strategic plans. This framework makes possible a distinction among three sources of marginal play: normative liminality, empathic engagement and frame violation.
Ethics and the Unity of Sport Science
Authors: Court Jürgen
Published: March 2007

In his essay the author analyzes the ways in which sport ethics can make a contribution to the unity of sport science. Refering to the international accepted three-stage-model developed by Zeigler and Ries/Kriesi the impact of ethics on each stage is examined in detail. While on the first step ethics still were dominated by pedagogical considerations on the second step the boom of scientific theory implied the complete lack of ethical theorizing. Merely the third step is characterized by explicite ethical positions with integrative and interdisciplinary claims. In the end of his study the author lists up some common grounds of sport ethics in the international discussion.
Performance Sport: Education in Fair Play? (Some Empirical and Theoretical Remarks)
Authors: Pilz Gunter A.
Published: March 2007

In this report the question of education in fair play in football clubs is critically discussed. The results of a representative study of the attitudes of juvenile football players, football coaches and 12-14 year-old pupils towards fair play and violence verify that violence and unfairness are the logical consequences of the comprehension of a sport that is solely or primarily oriented towards success. The longer 12-14 year old juveniles play soccer in a soccer club, the more they are willing to see intentional fouls as fair; thus the more they internalize the moral of "fair foul". On the basis of these results, the efforts to promote fair play and the chances of an education in fair play are discussed critically.
Social Factors Influencing Sport and Violence: On the "Problem" of Football Hooliganism in Germany
Authors: Pilz Gunter A.
Published: March 2007

On the basis of the discussion of the everyday lives, violent behavior of hooligans is interpreted as young people's cries for help to society to provide meaning and a future, as survival strategies, a way of getting by in a society which provides scarcely any scope for self-affirmation. Young people's bizarre or violent behavior is a pointer to underlying inequalities, forms of coercion and exaggerated discipline, and its 'positive function' as information must be decodes, taken seriously and, where possible, translated into action by (local) authorities, before these is a rush to treat this behavior exclusively as law-and-order problem. Repressive as well as socio-pedagogical measures do not solve the problem of Hooligans if they aren't imbedded into structural measures improving the everyday lives of young people effectively. Thus Hooligan behavior can be interpreted as "normal" and Hooligans as the "avantgarde" of a new type of identity. As long there are no real changes at the structural level, the possibilities for reducing violence are limited. Hooliganism seem to be the risk of modernization, commercialization and professionalization of sport and society.
Does the Ban on Drugs in Sport Improve Societal Welfare?
Authors: Black Terry
Published: March 2007

The two major justifications for the ban on the use of drugs in sport are: (1) to create fair contests and (2) to protect the health of athletes. This article analyses these claims and concludes that the ban rather than improving societal welfare by creating fair sporting contests, in fact results in contests being unfair relative to an unregulated market. In addition, it is argued that rather than improving societal welfare by protecting the health of athletes, the ban, by denying athletes access to medical advice and treatment, in fact increases athletes' health risks. The majority of the deaths and impairment of the health of athletes that have occurred during the ban would not have occurred in the absence of the ban. Rather than the ban on drugs in sport improving societal welfare, it moves actual outcomes away from the social optimum. Removal of the ban would result in an improvement in societal welfare by creating fairer sporting contests and reducing health risks facing athletes.
Excellent Writing: Educating the Whole Corporation
Authors: Steve Anderson W. , Kleine Michael
Published: March 2007

Two teachers of business and technical writing at the university level apply their understanding of current writing theory in an effort to make sense out of writing problems they encountered while consulting for a large software cor poration. They discover that the writing problems there are largely situational—brought about by management's assumptions regarding writ ing, writers, and the role of the writing consultant-and have little to do with the abilities of the writers themselves. They conclude that if corporations are to succeed in effectively using the talents of their writers, educators should be hired as consultants. Educators are more likely to know how to involve the en tire corporation in promoting the long-term growth of writers.
Getting in Deep: Using Qualitative Research in Business and Technical Communication
Authors: Halpern Jeanne W.
Published: March 2007

Researchers have been calling for more empirical studies with which to build theory and improve practice in business and technical communication. Al though quantitative empirical research abounds, qualitative studies are rare. This article explains how qualitative research can benefit the profession and uses ethnography as an extended example of how such research is conducted and written. Examples ofgood qualitative studies are discussed in the text and listed in the references, as are other sources of information on qualitative re search.
Do Good Grammar Skills Predict Success in a Business-Communication Course?
Authors: Waltman John L. , Smeltzer Larry R.
Published: March 2007

After reviewing the controversy over inclusion of grammatical instruction in composition and communication courses, this article details a data-based study that explored the relationship between grammatical proficiency and a number of variables in an introductory business-communication course. Em pirical data suggest a small, but significant correlation between grammatical proficiency and success in writing the formal report. The data suggest that a stronger correlation exists between grammatical proficiency and perform ance in the overall course, and that grammatical competency is a predictor of successful completion of the course. The article explores other minor correla tions, suggests the implications these correlations have for business- communication courses, and recommends other areas of study
An On-Line Method to Evolve Behavior and to Control a Miniature Robot in Real Time with Genetic Programming
Authors: Nordin Peter , Banzhaf Wolfgang
Published: March 2007

We present a novel evolutionary approach to robotic control of a real robot based on genetic programming (GP). Our approach uses GP techniques that manipulate machine code to evolve control programs for robots. This variant of GP has several advantages over a conventional GP system, such as higher speed, lower memory requirements, and better real-time properties. Previous attempts to apply GP in robotics use simulations to evaluate control programs and have difficulties with learning tasks involving a real robot. We present an on-line control method that is evaluated in two different physical environments and applied to two tasks—obstacle avoidance and object following—using the Khepera robot platform. The results show fast learning and good generalization.
Measuring the Effectiveness of Reinforcement Learning for Behavior-Based Robots
Authors: Shackleton John , Gini Maria
Published: March 2007

We explore the use of behavior-based architectures within the context of reinforcement learning and examine the effects of using different behavior-based architectures on the ability to learn correctly and efficiently the task at hand. In particular, we study the task of learning to push boxes in a simulated two-dimensional environment originally proposed by Mahadevan and Connell (1992). We examine issues such as effectiveness of learning, flexibility of the learning method to adapt to new environments, and effect of the behavior architecture on the ability to learn, and we report results obtained on a large number of simulation runs.
Evolving Swimming Controllers for a Simulated Lamprey with Inspiration from Neurobiology
Authors: Ijspeert Auke Jan , Hallam John , Willshaw David
Published: March 2007

This paper presents how neural swimming controllers for a simulated lamprey can be developed using evolutionary algorithms. A genetic algorithm is used for evolving the architecture of a connectionist model which determines the muscular activity of a simulated body in interaction with water. This work is inspired by the biological model developed by Ekeberg which repro duces the central pattern generator observed in the real lamprey (Ekeberg, 1993). In evolving artificial controllers, we demonstrate that a genetic algorithm can be an interesting design tech nique for neural controllers and that there exist alternative solutions to the biological connectiv ity. A variety of neural controllers are evolved which can produce the pattern of oscillations necessary for swimming. These patterns can be modulated through the external excitation ap plied to the network in order to vary the speed and the direction of swimming. The best evolved controllers cover larger ranges of frequencies, phase lags and speeds of swimming than Ekeberg's model. We also show that the same techniques for evolving artificial solutions can be interesting tools for developing neurobiological models. In particular, biologically plausible controllers can be developed with ranges of oscillation frequency much closer to those observed in the real lamprey than Ekeberg's hand-crafted model.
Is Snobbery a Formal Value? Considering Life At the End of Modernity
Authors: Wettergreen John Adams
Published: March 2007

"Yet there is also a famous danger in 'inwardness': the internal substance cannot be seen from the outside, and so may one day take the opportunity of vanishing, and no one will notice its ab sence any more than its presence before." Nietzsche, On the Use and Abuse of History for Life
The T'in of Northern Thailand: An Ethnolinguistic Survey
Authors: Filbeck David
Published: March 2007

Ethnographic data on the T'in, a little-known people of the North Thailand-Laos border area, including identification, location, dialect areas, and traditional history. Discussion of ethnic identity in relation to differing dialects and religious traditions.
Monogamy and Independent Families
Authors: Sheils H. Dean
Published: March 2007

This research note is concerned with a statistical evaluation of two propositions from macrosociological theory: that the relationship of monog amy and independent families to societal complexity is best described by a curvilinear mathematical model. Data from 483 societies in the World Sample were used to test these propositions. The results show that while the curvilinear model does explain more of the total variance than do similar tests based on the linear model the total amount of variance ex plained is relatively low. It was also found that the curvilinear model explained more variance when the dependent variables are scored as pres ent-absent rather than when degrees of extension or proportions of monog amy are substituted for the dichotomized versions. Finally, it is suggested that poor discriminatory power in the complexity scale may be contributing to the unexplained variance.
HRAF Coding Reliability
Authors: Beierle John M. , Witkowski Stanley
Published: March 2007

The effectiveness of the Human Relations Area Files as an information retrieval system for cultural data is directly dependent on the consistency with which the information in it is categorized. The present results show that HRAF coding reliability compares favorably with that expected for similar tasks in the social sciences. They also show that reliability varies as a function of the degree of fineness of retrieval. For broad retrieval, agree ment ranges between 68% and 78%. For more detailed retrieval, coding re liability is somewhat lower.
Analysis Reliability Reports: Replication Unit Number 1-Korea & Blackfoot
Authors: Beierle John M.
Published: March 2007

This article presents a brief summary of analysis of reliability of the current file production program in process at the Human Relations Area Files. The average level of absolute coding agreement between the original analyst (marker) and a secondary analyst or replicator for the seven sources comprising the replication unit was found to be 48%.
Partial Correlation as an Adjustment Procedure for Galton's Problem
Authors: Loftin Colin
Published: March 2007

This paper provides a critical evaluation of the procedure that Naroll has suggested for using partial correlation to control for the effects of diffusion on estimates of functional relationships. An examination of par tial correlation and Naroll's formula shows that they are not consistent. Hypothetical data are used to demonstrate that Naroll's formula does not provide good estimates of the true functional relationships.
An Annotated, Ethnographic Bibliography of the Bahama Islands
Authors: LaFlamme Alan G.
Published: March 2007

Ethnographic work in the Bahama Islands has been carried out for nearly a century with an early focus on folklore and a later emphasis upon social organization. The present bibliography surveys and comments upon this literature for those with a burgeoning interest in the Bahamian archipelago.
Structural Variability in Stem Family Development Cycles: A Simulation Approach
Authors: Foster Brian L. , Seidman Stephen B.
Published: March 2007

A computer simulation of stem family development cycles indicates that mean family size and the proportions of stem and nuclear families vary dramatically when residence rules are varied with respect to which child by birth order stays with the parents. When a child's sex is specified and/or different children stay sequentially with the parents, the variability is greatly curtailed. The simulation uses demographic parameters from data on rural Thailand. The simulation program is described.
Living Floor Area and Marital Residence: A Replication
Authors: Divale William T.
Published: March 2007

Melvin Ember (1973) suggests that the living floor area of the average house in a society is a good archeological indicator of patrilocal versus matrilocal residence. This study successfully replicates his findings and suggests the sociological factors that may favor larger households and hence larger living floor areas in matrilocal societies.
Ideological Bias: A Data Quality Control Factor for Cross-Cultural Research
Authors: Precourt Walter E.
Published: March 2007

Raoul Naroll (1962, 1970) has advanced various control variables to help determine the accuracy of ethnographic reports for cross-cultural analysis. Some of these are: 1) length of stay in the field, 2) familiarity with the native language, and 3) completeness and length of ethnographic report. Here I examine ideological bias as another control factor, one associated with the effects of social, political, economic or moral ideology on data quality. From a worldwide sample of twenty societies I show that ideological bias appears to be a significant data quality control factor, and I present five indexes of ideological bias.
Political Institutionalization in Primitive Societies: A Hologeistic Analysis
Authors: Quaile Hill Kim
Published: March 2007

This paper analyses several possible determinants of the level of institu tional political complexity in primitive societies. The independent variables are drawn from prior ethnographic and hologeistic studies. The data base is Murdock and White's (1969) Standard Cross-Cultural Sample. Four scales of political complexity are used in several bivariate and multivariate analyses. The best linear predictor of institutional complexity turns out to be the level of class stratification. Yet, the level of economic development exhibits a notable threshold relationship with the dependent variables. Thus, while both social stratification and economic development are independently related to political complexity, the form of the relationship is distinctive for each.
Worldwide Tests of Parental Acceptance-Rejection Theory: An Overview
Authors: Rohner Ronald P.
Published: March 2007

Parental acceptance-rejection theory (PART) is a theory of socialization which attempts to predict major psychological, environmental, and main tenance systems conditions under which parents the world over are likely to accept or reject their children. It attempts as well to predict significant consequences of parental acceptance-rejection, both for behavioral devel opment and for selected institutionalized expressive features of society. Drawing on the phylogenetic model within the theory we try to identify significant personal and situational factors associated with the ability of some rejected children to cope more effectively than others with parental hostility/aggression, indifference/neglect, or undifferentiated rejection. Holo cultural data and social psychological and developmental data within the U.S. and other nations provide support for the postulates of PART so far tested.
A Cross-Cultural Analysis of Adult-Child Proxemics in Relation to the Plowman-Protector Complex
Authors: Mackey Wade C.
Published: March 2007

Cross-cultural analyses have documented linkages between sub sistence economy, socialization pressure, and personality type. Here I extend the sequence to include proxemic behaviors between adults and children. Proxemic data were gathered from eleven cultures; prox emic relationships between men and children varied predictably with variations in other societal components. As the reliance upon the male's superior strength in handling large animals increased and as the ethnic heterogeneity of a community increased, the less equal was his asso ciation patterns toward boys and girls. When the reliance of a com munity upon plowmen or herders was low and the community was ethnically homogeneous, the men associated with children with greater egalitarianism. The woman-child dyad was relatively independent both of the community's reliance upon plowmen and of the level of ethnic homogeneity. However, the woman-child dyad was more likely to as sociate with another woman (rather than with a man) when the re liance upon plowmen/herders and the index of ethnic heterogeneity were both increased.
Respect for the Elderly in Preindustrial Societies as Related to Their Activity
Authors: McArdle Joan L. , Yeracaris Constantine
Published: March 2007

Here we explore cross-culturally respect for the elderly in relation to theories of disengagement and activity. We assume that respect is related to the social value of the elderly's activities and the structural characteristics of a society which affect the availability of valued activities. We coded data from the Human Relations Area Files concerning respect for the elderly and socially valued activities in 135 preindustrial societies. Precoded societal factors of family organization, religion and slavery were used as control variables. Cross-tabulation between the five traits revealed a statistically significant association between respect for the elderly and their activities. This association remained significant in the presence of independent family organiza slavery, but became spurious in the presence of extended family organization, monotheism, and slavery.
Problems and Tactics in the Transcultural Study of Intelligence: An Archival Report
Authors: Nowak Barbara , Dentan Robert K.
Published: March 2007

We deal here with conceptualizing mental retardation transculturally and with its problems—with the way a modest transcultural library study of mental retardation might be done within a limited geographical area. Finally, because finding useful references is difficult and time-consuming, an archival appendix gives a data base that might serve as a starting point for future, more ambitious studies. While readers may not agree with the conclusions we draw from the data, the accessibility of our data archive should make informed discussion easier.
Collectivism and Individualism as Cultural Syndromes
Authors: Triandis Harry C.
Published: March 2007

A cultural syndrome can be identified when shared attitudes, be liefs, norms, roles, values, and other such elements of subjective cul ture, identified among those who share a language, historic period, and geographic location, (a) are organized around a theme, (b) there is evidence that the within-culture variance of these constructs is small relative to the between-cultures variance, and (c) there is a link between these patterns of subjective culture and geography. This article reviews evidence suggesting that the collectivism and individualism constructs are cultural syndromes.
Cross-Cultural Comparisons of Nouns Associated With Jealousy and the Related Emotions of Envy, Anger, and Fear
Authors: Hupka Ralph B. , Otto Jürgen , Tarabrina Nadia V. , Reidl Lucy
Published: March 2007

To determine cross-cultural variations in associative meaning, 389 males and females in Germany, Russia, and the United States rated nouns for their degree of association with the concepts of jealousy, envy, anger, and fear. The findings touched on several issues. Re garding the conceptual distinction between jealousy and envy, the associations overlapped strongly in the United States, somewhat in Germany, and not at all in Russia. In agreement with scholars who posit that jealousy is a combination of anger and fear, we found that jealousy overlapped with anger in three nations and with fear in two nations. But the overlap was far less than that between anger and fear. Evidence for the proposal that anger and fear are more firmly rooted in the biological heritage of human beings than are jealousy and envy was inconclusive. Predictions drawn from tax onomy and prototype models that anger, envy, and jealousy would have similar associations but that each emotion would differ from fear were not supported.
Prescriptions for Peace: Policy Implications of Cross-Cultural Research on War and Interpersonal Violence
Authors: Ember Melvin , Ember Carol R.
Published: March 2007

War is more likely when people have a history of unpredictable disasters that destroy food supplies. People often go to war to take resources that would cushion them against future scarcity. The risk of war might be reduced, therefore, if people could be assured that the world would share with those who suffer disasters. In addition, a more democratic world might mean a more peaceful world. The robust relationship between democracy and peace suggests that it is counterproductive to support any undemocratic regimes. Finally, higher rates of homicide, in the ethnographic as well as cross-national records, are predicted by more war. Because more war seems to favor socialization for aggression, it seems that if the world is to be rid of violence, people may first have to rid the world of war.
Raoul Naroll's Contribution to Archaeology
Authors: Peregrine Peter N.
Published: March 2007

Raoul Naroll's 1962 American Antiquity article on the floor area of dwellings and its relation to population has had a profound impact on archaeology. Not only did it provide an objective mechanism to estimate population size and hence to evaluate demographic models of cultural evolution, it also helped to spark a wide variety of cross-cultural investigations of settlement form and its relation to social, political, and economic organization. In this article, the author offers an example of one such study focusing on the permeability of communities. Permeability is the extent to which dwellings are embedded in a community, measured by a graph-theoretical index. A holocultural analysis is used to demonstrate a strong, positive relationship between frequency of war and community permeability. The author discusses the utility of identifying this relationship for archaeological research, particularly for evaluating conflict-oriented models of cultural evolution.
A Repertory Grid Test of the Claim That Sense of Landscape Naturalness Is Specific to Culture
Authors: Chipeniuk Raymond
Published: March 2007

Repertory grid technique was used to test the claim that sense of landscape naturalness is socially constructed and culturally relative, and the reverse claim that sense of landscape naturalness is underlain by universals of human thought. Participants made judgments of sameness and difference concerning elements in a standard landscape of nine elements. Sample groups represented three cultures at extremes along a continuum of ideology concerning human relations with nature: Euro-Canadian at one end, Vuntut Gwich'in and north Baffin Inuit at the other. Results were consistent with the universalist but not the relativist hypothesis. Although principal factors for the three culture samples differ slightly, a common factor is nested within the variation, and it corresponds to the Euro-Canadian construct (natural x man-made). The study has implications for environmental education and environmental planning.
Just-World Beliefs and Attributions of Causal Responsibility Among Korean Adolescents
Authors: Hong Gui-Young
Published: March 2007

This article explores Korean adolescents' perceptions of justice and attributions of causal responsibility for an event presented in a narrative scenario. Factors varied in the design included partici pant's gender (male vs. female), scenario target person's gender (male vs. female), the target person's personal history (good vs. bad), and the event outcome (positive vs. negative). Although, objectively, the scenario event outcome was random (a lottery), the majority of participants interpreted it in terms of Korean just-world beliefs. Quantitative analyses showed that the adolescents reported higher degrees of justice when the scenario person and outcome valences were correspondent than when they were noncorrespondent. Quali tative analyses of the adolescents' free-response comments about the scenario revealed justice perceptions and attributions of causal responsibility that were contingent on the target person's and the justice authority's (Haneul) fulfillment of role obligations pre scribed by Korean just-world beliefs (inkwaeungbo).
Trade Measures as Part of the Solution: How Compensatory Tariffs Can Help Save Endangered Sea Turtles
Authors: Menotti Victor A.
Published: March 2007

In an effort to continue the discussion of the Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies' October conference on trade measures and the environment, this paper explores how one trade measure, compensatory tariffs, which has been suggested in theory but never put into practice, might be appropriately used in the current debate over preserving endangered sea turtles. In a little-known scenario that closely parallels the tuna-dolphin conflict, U.S. trade policy currently imposes a complete embargo on shrimp imports as a stick to get countries to adopt sea turtle protection programs. The paper outlines a more cooperative approach that uses an environmental tariff to transfer financial and technological resources to developing countries for implementing such programs. In doing so, the author hopes to advance the discussion on how alternative trade policies can be developed that help create a more sustainable world trading system.
Review : Cell Cycle as Operational Unit of Neocortical Neuronogenesis
Authors: Takahashi T. , Nowakowski R.S. , Caviness V.S.
Published: March 2007

Neuronogenesis in the ventricular epithelium is the initial process in a succession of histogenetic events that give rise to the laminate neocortex. Herein, we review experimental findings in mouse that support the thesis that cell cycle is the operational unit of the neuronogenetic sequence. We show that the principal regulated parameters of proliferation progress uniformly as functions of cycle number and are independent of location in the proliferative epithelium. These parameters are the duration of the G1 phase of the cell cycle and Q, the fraction of cells that leaves the cycle after mitosis. Furthermore, the specification of neuronal class and possibly also specification of a regional protomap occur coordinately with cell cycle across the expanse of the proliferative epithelium. This coordinate progression of histogenetic events with cell cycles invites the hypothesis that the mechanisms of cell cycle regulation are interdependent in proliferative cells. NEUROSCIENTIST 5:155-163, 1999
Representation of Green's Function Integral Operators Using Wavelet Transforms
Authors: Chou Kenneth C. , Guthart Gary S.
Published: March 2007

In this paper, we analyze the representation of integral operators whose kernels are Green's functions for a class of linear differential equations using wavelets with a finite number of vanishing moments. In particular, we show how wavelets can be used to generate a sparse representation of these operators. We show that the matrix associated with the discretized integral operator represented in the wavelet basis is sparse and, in particular, contains multiple bands of various widths. The particular banded structure of the wavelet representation of the operator follows from the fact that the associated Green's function is smooth away from the source point and is singular at some order; that is, for some T, its Tth derivative is discontinuous at the source point. We derive bounds on the magnitude of the coefficients of the integral operator in the wavelet basis as a function of scale and position and, in particular, in terms of whether or not the coefficient lies within a band. Based on these bounds, we can approximate the operator by ignoring coefficients not lying within these bands, thus producing a sparse representation. This sparse representation is extremely beneficial for numerical applications in which one would like to apply the Green's function operator efficiently: normally if such an operator mapped N points into N points, it would require O( N2) operations; however, with the wavelet transform, the mapping would require only O((4 M + 2γ LM + 2γ(1 - γ) M - 3)N) operations, where 2 M is the length associated with the support of the wavelet function, L = log2 N - 1, and γ = 1/ln2. An application example in which this is important is the control of smart structures in which a large number of embedded sensors and actuators must be coordinated to achieve disturbance rejection on the surface of the structure.
Suppression of Regenerative Chatter via Impedance Modulation
Authors: Segalman Daniel J. , Butcher Eric A.
Published: March 2007

A new technique for the suppression of machine tool chatter in turning based on modulation of the system impedance is analyzed. The modulation frequency is selected as half the spindle frequency. Using the method of harmonic balance and a numerical root finding scheme on the transcendental characteristic equation, stability diagrams arc computed for a variety of modulation amplitudes. The stability boundaries are verified by using the Nyquist stability criterion and growth exponents computed from transient simulations of the vibratory response. It is shown in this way that the impedance modulation technique successfully scrambles the regenerative process that leads to chatter and widens the stability region (by increasing the maximum allowed cutting depth), particularly for low values of the spindle speed.
A Controller for an Impacted Single Flexible Link
Authors: Kariž Z. , Heppler G.R.
Published: March 2007

A single-mode model of a continuous beam with a payload that has been subjected to an impulsive external impact disturbance is used to illustrate the application of a finite time controller to control the rigid body and elastic vibration behavior of an elastic slewing link. The controller is initially designed in the time and Laplace domains and is then converted to the discrete case in anticipation of implementation. Once in the discrete form, the controller is shown to be stable and its performance is established via simulation results. The controller is found to allow fast accurate repositioning of the end effector after impact and is also found to be robust to variations in impact magnitude and the prescribed set point.