bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CDH1 on Multigene Panel Testing: Look Before You Leap
Authors: Katona Bryson W , Clark Dana Farengo , Domchek Susan M
Published: December 2019

Multigene panel testing (MGPT) has become a critical component of cancer risk assessment in clinical practice. As technology and access improve and costs decrease, more individuals than ever are undergoing MGPT for genetic evaluation. One gene that deserves special consideration when included on MGPT is CDH1, which codes for the cell-cell adhesion protein E-cadherin. Pathogenic and likely pathogenic germline variants in CDH1 have been associated with hereditary diffuse gastric cancer syndrome, and in highly penetrant families, testing for these variants is critical for proper risk management. However, recent data demonstrated that gastric cancer penetrance in unselected CDH1 carriers may be lower than expected. Further complicating matters are the lack of effective screening strategies for gastric cancer and recommendation for risk-reducing total gastrectomy in CDH1 carriers. Therefore, the discovery of an unexpected pathogenic or likely pathogenic CDH1 variant on multigene panel testing, when testing for CDH1 would not normally be considered based on personal or family history alone, creates dilemmas for both patients and providers. In this commentary, we highlight the potential for unexpected CDH1 variants on MGPT, outline the uncertainties associated with these variants, and emphasize the importance of pretest counseling regarding the potential for an unexpected CDH1 variant. Although CDH1 testing is often important for clinical decision-making, individuals and providers need to be aware of the potential for an unexpected CDH1 variant when CDH1 is included on MGPT for cancer risk assessment.
Conflict Environments and Civil War Onset
Authors: Reid Lindsay , Myrick Rachel , Kadera Kelly M , Crescenzi Mark J C
Published: December 2019

The spread of civil war poses serious risks and costs. We argue that conflict environments, which vary across time and space, systematically exacerbate the spread of civil war. As conflict in a state’s neighborhood becomes more spatially proximate and as lingering effects of conflict accumulate over time, that state’s risk of civil war onset increases. To theorize and test this argument, we construct the conflict environment (CE) score, a concept that taps into spatial and temporal dimensions of violence in a state’s neighborhood. Using the CE score in established empirical models of civil war onset, we demonstrate that a dangerous conflict environment consistently elevates the risk of civil war, outperforming traditional measures of nearby violence, even when domestic factors are taken into account.
Concentration ratios of 238U and 226Ra for insects and amphibians living in the vicinity of the closed uranium mine at Ningyo-toge, Japan
Authors: Sakoda Akihiro , Murakami Shoichi , Ishimori Yuu , Horai Sawako
Published: December 2019

There is still a scarcity of data on the transfer of naturally occurring radionuclides to wildlife in various ecosystems. In the present study, concentration ratios (CRwo-media) of 238U and 226Ra were obtained for grasshoppers, frogs and newts in terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems. Soil, water and animal samples were collected for 2 years in the vicinity of the closed uranium mine at Ningyo-toge, Japan. Three sites with different 238U and 226Ra levels were of interest: (i) pond and its shore (PO); (ii) low-level stream and its shore near overburden dump (OD); and (iii) uranium mill tailings pond and its shore (MP). The activity concentrations in both soil and water were PO ≈ OD < MP for 238U, and PO < OD < MP for 226Ra. Regarding the wildlife, 238U was able to be determined for all samples, but the detection of 226Ra was observed only for part of the samples. The means and standard deviations of CRwo-soil or CRwo-water were then calculated and may indicate the insignificant dependence of CRwo-media on environmental conditions characterized by the tested sites. The present data on CRwo-media were compared to the corresponding data or surrogate data from the IAEA’s database, showing both agreement and discrepancy. Our data contribute to enhancing the available data for those radionuclides and animals. In particular, the transfer to amphibians, one of the main links in common food webs, is reported here for the first time.
Initials Within Initials
Authors: Blayney Peter W M
Published: December 2019

This paper examines a number of sixteenth-century display capitals whose design incorporates the initials of either their owners or their creators. It then recounts the history of a small group of existing capitals that were modified to include the initials of those responsible for the text in which they appear.
Forming early-type galaxies without AGN feedback: a combination of merger-driven outflows and inefficient star formation
Authors: Kretschmer Michael , Teyssier Romain
Published: December 2019

Regulating the available gas mass inside galaxies proceeds through a delicate balance between inflows and outflows, but also through the internal depletion of gas due to star formation. At the same time, stellar feedback is the internal engine that powers the strong outflows. Since star formation and stellar feedback are both small-scale phenomena, we need a realistic and predictive subgrid model for both. We describe the implementation of supernova momentum feedback and star formation based on the turbulence of the gas in the ramses code. For star formation, we adopt the so-called multifreefall model. The resulting star formation efficiencies can be significantly smaller or bigger than the traditionally chosen value of $1\, {\rm per\, cent}$. We apply these new numerical models to a prototype cosmological simulation of a massive halo that features a major merger which results in the formation of an early-type galaxy without using AGN feedback. We find that the feedback model provides the first-order mechanism for regulating the stellar and baryonic content in our simulated galaxy. At high redshift, the merger event pushes gas to large densities and large turbulent velocity dispersions, such that efficiencies come close to $10\, {\rm per\, cent}$, resulting in large star formation rate (SFR). We find small molecular gas depletion time during the starburst, in perfect agreement with observations. Furthermore, at late times, the galaxy becomes quiescent with efficiencies significantly smaller than $1\, {\rm per\, cent}$, resulting in small SFR and long molecular gas depletion time.
Ionization correction factors for sodium, potassium, and calcium in planetary nebulae
Authors: Amayo A , Delgado-Inglada G , García-Rojas J
Published: December 2019

We use a large grid of photoionization models that are representative of observed planetary nebulae (PNe) to derive ionization correction factors (ICFs) for sodium, potassium, and calcium. In addition to the analytical expressions of the ICFs, we provide the range of validity where the ICFs can be safely used and an estimate of the typical uncertainties associated with the ICFs. We improved the previous ICFs for calcium and potassium in the literature and suggest for the first time an ICF for sodium. We tested our ICFs with a sample of 39 PNe with emission lines of some ion of these elements. No obvious trend is found between the derived abundances and the degree of ionization, suggesting that our ICFs do not seem to be introducing an artificial bias in the results. The abundances found in the studied PNe range from $-2.88_{-0.22}^{+0.21}$ to −2.09 ± 0.21 in log (Na/O), from $-4.20_{-0.45}^{+0.31}$ to $-3.05_{-0.47}^{+0.26}$ in log (K/O), and from $-3.71_{-0.34}^{+0.41}$ to $-1.57_{-0.47}^{+0.33}$ in log (Ca/O). These numbers imply that some of the studied PNe have up to ∼65 per cent, 75 per cent, or 95 per cent of their Na, K, and/or Ca atoms condensed into dust grains, respectively. As expected, the highest depletions are found for calcium which is the element with the highest condensation temperature.
Activation of endoplasmic reticulum stress mediates oxidative stress–induced apoptosis of granulosa cells in ovaries affected by endometrioma
Authors: Kunitomi Chisato , Harada Miyuki , Takahashi Nozomi , Azhary Jerilee M K , Kusamoto Akari , Nose Emi , Oi Nagisa , Takeuchi Arisa , Wada-Hiraike Osamu , Hirata Tetsuya , Hirota Yasushi , Koga Kaori , Fujii Tomoyuki , Osuga Yutaka
Published: December 2019

Endometriosis exerts detrimental effects on ovarian physiology and compromises follicular health. Granulosa cells from patients with endometriosis are characterized by increased apoptosis, as well as high oxidative stress. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, a local factor closely associated with oxidative stress, has emerged as a critical regulator of ovarian function. We hypothesized that ER stress is activated by high oxidative stress in granulosa cells in ovaries with endometrioma and that this mediates oxidative stress–induced apoptosis. Human granulosa-lutein cells (GLCs) from patients with endometrioma expressed high levels of mRNAs associated with the unfolded protein response (UPR). In addition, the levels of phosphorylated ER stress sensor proteins, inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) and double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase-like ER kinase (PERK), were elevated in granulosa cells from patients with endometrioma. Given that ER stress results in phosphorylation of ER stress sensor proteins and induces UPR factors, these findings indicate that these cells were under ER stress. H2O2, an inducer of oxidative stress, increased expression of UPR-associated mRNAs in cultured human GLCs, and this effect was abrogated by pretreatment with tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), an ER stress inhibitor in clinical use. Treatment with H2O2 increased apoptosis and the activity of the pro-apoptotic factors caspase-8 and caspase-3, both of which were attenuated by TUDCA. Our findings suggest that activated ER stress induced by high oxidative stress in granulosa cells in ovaries with endometrioma mediates apoptosis of these cells, leading to ovarian dysfunction in patients with endometriosis.
Burnout and career satisfaction in neuro-oncology: a survey of the Society for Neuro-Oncology and the European Association of Neuro-Oncology memberships
Authors: Yust-Katz Shlomit , O’Brien Barbara , Vera Elizabeth , Acquaye Alvina , Weller Michael , Armstrong Terri
Published: December 2019

Background

Professional burnout is a syndrome characterized by emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and loss of personal achievement. Burnout is a significant issue among health care providers, and neuro-oncology providers may be at high risk. We conducted a survey to evaluate burnout and career satisfaction among those caring for patients with brain tumors, and to identify risk factors for burnout.

Methods

We distributed an anonymous online survey to Society for Neuro-Oncology (SNO) members in 2016 and to European Association of Neuro-Oncology (EANO) members in 2017. The survey comprised questions about personal and professional characteristics and the validated Maslach Burnout Inventory–Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS) questionnaire. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, univariate and multivariate analyses, and incorporation of recently defined burnout profiles.

Results

Sixty-three percent of SNO and 61% of EANO participants were identified as having high burnout according to MBI-HSS. Among SNO participants, physicians had a lower rate of high burnout (61%) compared with allied health professionals (68%, P < 0.01) and basic scientists (83%, P < 0.01). Regarding the factors most commonly contributing to high burnout, SNO participants most commonly experienced high emotional exhaustion (48% of SNO participants vs 34% of EANO participants), whereas EANO participants most commonly experienced low personal achievement (40% vs 28%). Among both SNO and EANO participants, increasing job satisfaction reduced the likelihood of high burnout.

Conclusions

The prevalence of burnout among neuro-oncology professionals is high and personal risk factors were identified. Burnout profiles recognize a continuum of well-being and warrant further research.
Radiosurgery for Unruptured Intervention-Naïve Pediatric Brain Arteriovenous Malformations
Authors: Chen Ching-Jen , Lee Cheng-Chia , Kano Hideyuki , Kearns Kathryn N , Ding Dale , Tzeng Shih-Wei , Atik Ahmet Fatih , Joshi Krishna , Huang Paul P , Kondziolka Douglas , Ironside Natasha , Mathieu David , Iorio-Morin Christian , Grills Inga S , Quinn Thomas J , Siddiqui Zaid A , Marvin Kim , Feliciano Caleb , Starke Robert M , Faramand Andrew , Barnett Gene , Lunsford L Dade , Sheehan Jason P ,   on behalf of the International Radiosurgery Research Foundation
Published: December 2019

BACKGROUND

Long-term data regarding stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) as a standalone therapy for unruptured pediatric brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are incompletely defined.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate, in a multicenter, retrospective cohort study, the outcomes after SRS for unruptured, intervention-naïve pediatric AVMs.

METHODS

To retrospectively analyze the International Radiosurgery Research Foundation pediatric AVM database from 1987 to 2018. Pediatric patients with unruptured, previously untreated AVMs who underwent SRS were included. The primary endpoint was a composite of hemorrhagic stroke, death, or permanently symptomatic radiation-induced changes.

RESULTS

The study cohort comprised 101 patients (mean follow-up 80.8 mo). The primary endpoint occurred in 14%, comprising hemorrhagic stroke, death, and permanent radiation-induced changes in 6%, 3%, and 8%, respectively. Estimated probabilities of the primary endpoint were 5.2%, 10.8%, and 23.0% at 2, 5, and 10 yr, respectively. Estimated probabilities of AVM obliteration at 5 and 10 yr were 64% and 82%, respectively. Single SRS treatment (P = .007) and higher margin dose (P = .005) were predictors of obliteration. Subgroup analysis of Spetzler-Martin grade I-III AVMs estimated primary endpoint probabilities of 3.7%, 8.4%, and 18.7% at 2, 5, and 10 yr, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Treatment of unruptured, intervention-naïve AVMs in the pediatric population with SRS carries an approximately 2% annual risk of morbidity and mortality, which appears to plateau after 10 yr. The poorly described natural history of pediatric AVMs renders any comparison of SRS vs conservative management imperfect.
Biomarkers of Exposure for Dual Use of Electronic Cigarettes and Combustible Cigarettes: Nicotelline, NNAL, and Total Nicotine Equivalents
Authors: Jacob Peyton , St. Helen Gideon , Yu Lisa , Nardone Natalie , Havel Christopher , Cheung Polly , Benowitz Neal L
Published: December 2019

Introduction

Dual use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) and combustible cigarettes is a major public health issue. It is generally accepted that exclusive e-cigarette use is less harmful than exclusive combustible cigarette use, but most e-cigarette users continue to smoke combustible cigarettes as well. To what extent the use of e-cigarettes reduces harm in people who continue to smoke combustible cigarettes has been debated. The aim of this study was to explore the utility of biomarkers as measures of dual use.

Methods

In two human studies of participants who used e-cigarettes only or both combustible cigarettes and e-cigarettes, we measured urine concentrations of the metabolites of nicotine (total nicotine equivalents) as well as two biomarkers of tobacco exposure: 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), a tobacco-specific carcinogen metabolite, and nicotelline, a tobacco alkaloid not found in significant concentrations in e-cigarette products.

Results

The presence of nicotine metabolites indicates either e-cigarette or combustible cigarette use. Nicotelline (half-life of 2–3 hours) indicates recent combustible cigarette use and NNAL (half-life of 10 days or more), indicates combustible cigarette use occurring within several weeks prior to sample collection.

Conclusions

Nicotelline and NNAL are useful biomarkers for combustible tobacco use in users e-cigarettes. The application of these biomarkers provides a tool to help assess whether, or to what extent, dual use of e-cigarettes and combustible cigarettes reduces harm compared to sole use of combustible cigarettes. These biomarkers can also verify exclusive use of e-cigarettes over short (24 hour) or long (several week) time periods.

Implications: 

To what extent dual use of e-cigarettes and combustible cigarettes reduce harm compared to smoking combustible cigarettes only is of considerable public health interest. We show that the levels of the minor tobacco alkaloid nicotelline and the nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) are extremely low in electronic cigarette fluids. The urine biomarkers nicotelline and the NNK metabolite 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) are indicative of cigarette smoking and can be used to assess recent and past smoking in dual users.
Nutritional practices in pediatric patients with neuromuscular disorders
Authors: Chou Emile , Lindeback Rachel , Sampaio Hugo , Farrar Michelle A
Published: December 2019

Children with neuromuscular disorders (NMDs) may experience a spectrum of nutritional issues with adverse health consequences. This review summarizes the current understanding of nutritional care in pediatric NMDs, recognizing disease-specific aspects of nutrition alongside the challenges and needs in dietetic care. General or disease-related nutritional issues for children with NMDs include being underweight, overweight, or obese and having swallowing difficulty, gastroesophageal reflux, diarrhea, and/or constipation. Specific challenges in NMD nutritional assessment include alterations in body composition and energy requirements and difficulties in measuring anthropometry. Multidisciplinary dietetic intervention focuses on optimizing nutrient intakes to avert growth failure or obesity and managing feeding difficulties and gastrointestinal problems. Care guidelines are disease specific and vary in approach and detail. To promote best clinical practice across diverse settings, a standardized approach to assessing growth and nutrition across all pediatric NMDs is needed to direct optimal care centered on individual requirements. Future studies should focus on determining the prevalence of specific nutritional issues and the effectiveness of specific interventions among various pediatric NMD populations.
Language and Intimate Relations
Authors: Perrino Sabina , Pritzker Sonya E.
Published: December 2019

This chapter examines how intimacy permeates individuals’ everyday interactions, creating the collaborative foundation for romantic and sexual, but also many other types of relationships. Specifically, the chapter explores intimacy—defined as an emergent sense of closeness and shared identity—as a processual phenomenon that occurs in interaction at various and simultaneous spatiotemporal scales. In this perspective, intimacy is (co)constructed in ordinary conversations between friends and spouses, as well as in interviews and healing performances. After a brief literature review on intimacy and closeness in linguistic anthropology and sociolinguistics, the discussion turns to case studies in Senegal and the United States to demonstrate how intimacy emerges as a collaborative interactive phenomenon in everyday interaction.
Palaver and Consensus as Metaphors for the Public Sphere
Authors: Okeja Uchenna
Published: December 2019

This chapter contributes to the rectification of a specific deficiency in political theory, namely, its lack of engagement with African political thought. It does this by exploring two metaphors for the public sphere in African philosophy: palaver and consensus. Specifically, it examines the different attempts to reconstruct these concepts to make explicit their possible contributions to political theory. As this analysis reveals, palaver and consensus are central to political legitimation, adjudication of conflicts, and general social interaction in African political thought. In contrast to views that argue both concepts designate an African form of democracy, this chapter proposes that they are better understood as metaphors for the public sphere, that is, as spaces for the enactment of a social drama where words become both a medium for the articulation of perspectives and the strategy for arresting the destructive potentials of anger. The chapter contends that the sort of public sphere embodied by palaver and consensus presents important challenges that should be taken seriously by normative political theory.
An Interpretive Approach to “Chinese” Identity
Authors: Kim Youngmin
Published: December 2019

This chapter raises new questions concerning existing ways to conceive of Chineseness, particularly considering the cases of other East Asian countries hitherto largely neglected when exploring Chineseness. The chapter first reviews the multiple ways Chineseness has been approached in various disciplines and then undertakes some historical investigations of the development of a specific type of Chineseness in East Asian history. It focuses in particular on the history of the Qing dynasty (1616–1911). This chapter shows that the notion of China constantly undergoes transformation that reflects changing historical conditions over more than two thousand years.
The “Legitimacy of Chinese Philosophy” Debate and the Global Extension of Disciplinary Knowledge
Authors: Jenco Leigh K.
Published: December 2019

This chapter argues that the ongoing debate about the “legitimacy of Chinese philosophy” (Zhongguo zhexue hefaxing) raises issues relevant to the globalization of knowledge. On its surface, the debate concerns whether Chinese thought can be meaningfully understood as “philosophy”; more generally, it asks how, in the very process of enabling their translation into presumably more “modern” languages of intellectual expression, the terms of a specific academic discipline shape and constrain the development of particular forms of knowledge. The debate reveals the power inequalities that underlie attempts to include culturally marginalized bodies of thought within established disciplines and suggests the range of alternatives that are silenced or forgotten when this “inclusion” takes place. Even contemporary invocations of “Chinese philosophy” are often unable to comprehend the stakes of the debate for many of its Chinese participants, who link the debate to enduring questions about the capacity of indigenous Chinese academic terms to compete successfully with Euro-American ones. These debates may illuminate questions currently motivating comparative political theory.
Hemispheric Comparison in Latin American Anti-Imperial Thought
Authors: Hooker Juliet
Published: December 2019

Comparison has been central to Latin American thought. It has been a consistent thematic preoccupation and key methodological approach. Since the era of independence, Latin American thinkers have worried about the adoption of political ideas and institutions developed elsewhere. Originally these anxieties about comparison were directed at Europe, but they increasingly shifted to the United States as it emerged as the region’s principal imperial threat. This chapter examines the ideas of two prominent Latin American thinkers—the Argentinean statesman Domingo F. Sarmiento and the Cuban nationalist José Martí—to trace the role of comparison in shaping the arguments of the anti-imperial strand of Latin American political thought. It shows that Latin American thinkers selectively read certain aspects of the United States’ racial history to intervene in Latin American political dilemmas. It also shows that for many of these thinkers, comparisons to US race relations functioned to obscure racial hierarchies within their own region. A genealogy of hemispheric comparison within Latin American political thought’s anti-imperial strand thus serves to complicate our understanding of the lineage and aims of comparative political theory.
Latin American Women and Democracy, Identity and Transformation
Authors: Femenías María Luisa
Published: December 2019

This chapter examines some of the substantial suggestions for antiessentialist practices that have emerged from the problematic prejudice against women’s rights. To explore the idea of identity, as it is lived and re-signified by Latin American women, yields a set of significant ideas that provide different ways of signifying language and reality. The chapter attends critically to these ideas, confronting their historical and political contexts through decolonial thought, subalternity, and globalization. It denies an essentialist view of identity, appealing to the collective re-signification that women have achieved themselves and among each other through self-expression, revealing the democratic value of ambiguity rather than that of univocity, of mestizaje over purity, and of self-identifications over essentialist hegemonic definitions.
The Twin Enlightenments of Marxism and Liberalism in the Philippines
Authors: Claudio Lisandro E.
Published: December 2019

The Enlightenment begot two revolutionary ideals: liberalism and socialism. Their ties may be particularly productively explored in the context of postcolonies, historically sites for experimentation with various interpretations of modernity. This chapter examines such dynamics in the Philippines, where liberalism and socialism, inaugurating the Philippine state, were at the heart of a political body attempting to define what constituted the interests of “the people” and “the nation.” Liberalism and socialism, though at times opposed to each other, may also be mutually constitutive, and though liberalism and socialism have had violent pasts, both producing their own forms of colonialism, this is no reason to stop grappling with such universalizing political ideals, treating them as asymptotes, never fully attained, yet always on the horizon. Beyond the West, universal values may be debated and renewed in new contexts such as postcolonies.
Modern Islamic Conceptions of Sovereignty in Comparative Perspective
Authors: March Andrew F.
Published: December 2019

The ambiguities and conflicts internal to modern Islamic debates about sovereignty are not simply important for understanding the nature of the legitimacy crisis experienced by many modern Muslim majority polities (a crisis that has been hardly resolved by the recent suppression of Islamist electoral politics). They are at the center of a common set of ethical and political questions; for example, what does it mean to assert that there is a law that precedes and constrains political action (whether natural law, human rights law, or sharīʿa law) when the meaning of that prepolitical law must be adjudicated or asserted within the political realm; what are the limits of the legitimate authority of a self-governing people to fundamentally reconstitute its form of governance; and how can lawmaking or sovereign adjudication be seen as grounded in popular will formation?
Meritocracy, Aristocracy, and “Literati Democracy” in Chinese Imperial History
Authors: Blitstein Pablo Ariel
Published: December 2019

This chapter focuses on Qian Mu’s theory of “literati democracy” and related claims that the selection of literati officials in imperial China was “meritocratic.” By focusing on China’s early Middle Ages, this chapter shows, first, that before the implementation of civil service examinations in the seventh century, “meritocracy” already was a ruling principle of medieval recruitment systems; and second, that the meritocratic nature of Qian Mu’s literati democracy evinces a close historical relation with the aristocratic world of the Chinese Middle Ages. Although meritocracy has been praised globally as democratic by enthusiastic advocates of “modernization,” this chapter suggests that such meritocracy is as aristocratic today as it was in medieval China.
Comparison, Connectivity, and Disconnection
Authors: Jenco Leigh K. , Idris Murad , Thomas Megan C.
Published: December 2019

This introduction surveys works of comparative political theory, defined here as a discursive space from which to deparochialize the Eurocentric nature of political theory, to advance substantive research in and from global bodies of thought, and to hear from cognate fields. Its methods of comparison focus not on the literal juxtaposition of two discrete objects, but rather on the transformations that occur through engagement with the unfamiliar; and its aims for inclusion are not tokenistic appropriations of marginalized thinkers, but theorizations of global asymmetries of knowledge and power. The chapter argues that the contributions of comparative political theory are connective and disruptive as much as cumulative. As such, it explains how the entries and organization of this handbook can be used to build conversations, challenge paradigms, and trace thematic preoccupations across divergent contexts of time, place, and experience.
The Idea of an Arab–Islamic Heritage
Authors: Daifallah Yasmeen
Published: December 2019

This chapter explores the trajectory of turāth (or the premodern Arab and Islamic cultural and religious heritage) as a political concept in modern Arab social and political thought. First, it elaborates a definition of turāth by weaving together an account of its substantive content with its various ideological mobilizations by Arab political thinkers since the mid-nineteenth century. Second, it maps anglophone scholarship on turāth as a politically relevant concept. Third, it provides an overview of how Arab political thinkers engaged turāth to authorize different political projects during colonial and postcolonial periods. Finally, the chapter examines the role that turāth plays in the political theory of the contemporary Moroccan thinker Abdullah Laroui (b. 1933). Ultimately, the chapter shows how the notion of an Arab–Islamic heritage has aided in distinguishing Arab culture from, and relating it to, its European counterpart to assert both its autonomy and its concordance with the perceived foundations of European ascendance. It is in that sense that the chapter suggests that, since its very inception, turāth has been a political and anticolonial concept par excellence.
Foreign Policy Attitudes as Networks
Authors: Kertzer Joshua D. , Powers Kathleen E.
Published: December 2019

Since at least 1964, public opinion scholars have searched for signs of “constraint” in the American public’s foreign policy attitudes. This chapter reviews these attempts and suggests that the ensuing work has ultimately fallen into two research traditions that have largely been conducted in isolation of one another: horizontal models that portray attitudes as being sorted along multiple dimensions on the same plane and vertical models that imply a hierarchical organization in which abstract values determine specific policy positions. It then offers a new—networked—paradigm for political attitudes in foreign affairs, leveraging tools from network analysis to show that both camps make unrealistically strict assumptions about the directionality and uniformity of attitude structure. The chapter shows that specific policy attitudes play more central roles than existing theories give them credit for and that the topology of attitude networks varies substantially with individual characteristics like political sophistication.
Latino Urbanism and the Gentrifying City
Authors: González Erualdo R.
Published: December 2019

The nexus between Latina/o Studies and urban planning scholarship is thin but slowly growing. There remains opportunity to add critical perspectives to this emerging body of work.This article examines key conditions and trends in urban planning and the political economy context in Latina/o communities in American cities. It also reviews the intentions of the urban planning field and discusses key themes and progress within the Latino urbanism scholarly movement. The article then examines the political economy dimensions and profound implications of gentrification on the Latina/o population, especially in major US cities, and emerging gentefication racial and class debates. The article concludes with a forward-looking orientation by offering gentefication and gentrification research agendas.
The Place of the Body in Resistance to Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Rajah Valli , Osborn Max
Published: December 2019

Scholarship presents a complex picture of women’s resistance to male violence and control. Despite its attention to nuance, intimate partner violence research should further investigate the role of the body and embodiment, that is, how our bodies shape the ways in which individuals perceive and act in the world. To gain purchase on existing research and to chart directions for future investigation, the authors conducted a scoping review and textual analysis. The work in this chapter is guided by three questions: (1) What is the current state of knowledge regarding resistance, the body, and embodiment in the context of intimate partner violence? (2) How does this literature discuss and conceptualize embodiment in the context of resistance? (3) What can we learn through a deeper analysis of embodied resistance in the context of intimate partner violence? Implications of the authors’ findings are discussed.
Sensory Experience AS Method
Authors: Low Kelvin E. Y. , Abdullah Noorman
Published: December 2019

The researcher’s body and sensory faculties are both experientially involved in interactional field settings. Drawing on their research, the authors sketch out three sensory encounters informed by theoretical and methodological debates pertaining to subjectivity and intersubjectivity. Dealing with issues of race, gender, and heritage, the authors demonstrate how their bodies as researchers go through processes of sensory learning and calibration. Data are collectively generated along with respondents during fieldwork. In the discussion, the authors provide a lens through which corporeal and sensory experiences can be deployed as an important methodological tool in the generation and theorization of data in ethnographic research.
The Holy Spirit
Authors: Holmes Christopher R. J.
Published: December 2019

Bonhoeffer has a richly Trinitarian pneumatology. He emphasizes the Spirit’s identity in relation to the Son and thus to the Father. This generates an account of the Spirit’s work that is other-directed, Christ-directed. We come to know and love the Spirit in relation to Christ, into whom the Spirit baptizes us and whose words the Spirit speaks. The upshot, for Bonhoeffer, is that the Spirit is not domesticatable. The Spirit brings the reality of Christ to us, forming us in him and in his body. In pointing to the Spirit’s unity with Christ, Bonhoeffer tracks New Testament patterns of speech, resisting the ungodly tendency to isolate the Spirit from Christ whose scriptural word the Spirit speaks via the external words of preaching and sacrament.
Freedom, Responsibility, and Moral Agency
Authors: McKenny Gerald
Published: December 2019

The concepts of freedom, responsibility, and moral agency are tightly interwoven in Dietrich Bonhoeffer’s thought and have to do with the relation of subject to the other that is at the centre of Bonhoeffer’s ethics and theological anthropology. This chapter presents and critically examines these three concepts. It argues that Bonhoeffer’s key notion of responsibility for the other (that is, liability) is an important and permanent contribution to Christian ethics. It also argues that Bonhoeffer’s notions of the responsibility of the agent (that is, imputability) and the agent’s responsibility to the other (that is, accountability) are attenuated, to the detriment of his ethics. Finally, the chapter argues that Bonhoeffer’s treatment of vicarious representative action as an expression of responsibility for the other is more ambiguous and less suited to be a basic principle of social ethics than Bonhoeffer supposes.
Anthropology
Authors: Muers Rachel
Published: December 2019

Bonhoeffer’s theological anthropology begins not with the isolated individual, nor with an understanding of ‘human being’ in general, but with the call of the other that summons the human being into free responsibility. It also begins in the middle of the human story—with created, fallen, and redeemed humanity receiving its identity through the encounter with Christ. In this chapter I connect the anthropological themes of Bonhoeffer’s poetry from prison with his wider theological project. I indicate how Bonhoeffer’s anthropology connects him to key ongoing debates in philosophy and theology, and opens up critical conversations with Bonhoeffer around gender and around human uniqueness.
Bonhoeffer and the Jews
Authors: Pangritz Andreas
Published: December 2019

This chapter examines Bonhoeffer’s attitude towards Jews and some of the secondary scholarship and debates on this topic. It gives particular attention to the ambiguous status of Bonhoeffer’s 1933 essay ‘The Church and the Jewish Question’ (DBWE 12: 361–70). On the one hand, Bonhoeffer calls for solidarity with Jews in the context of Nazi Germany. On the other hand, he still operates within a Lutheran theological framework, one with anti-Judaic features. The Kristallnacht pogrom of 1938 led Bonhoeffer to revise this earlier framework, and also to join the military conspiracy against Hitler. In particular, this revision becomes apparent in his Ethics, in which Bonhoeffer talks of ‘a genuine, unceasing encounter’ between Christians and Jews, as well as suggesting that ‘the Jew(s) keep open the question of Christ’ (DBWE 6: 105). Finally, in some passages of his prison letters he senses that the fate of the Jews in Europe requires an even more radical revision of Christology and theology.
Christology
Authors: Tietz Christiane
Published: December 2019

Christology stands at the centre of Bonhoeffer’s theology because God has revealed Godself in Jesus Christ and made himself approachable, though not manageable, for human beings. For Christians today, the encounter with Christ takes place in the church-community. It is Christ as the mediator between God and humankind that places Christians at a distance from the world, allowing them to engage with it critically. To live as a Christian means to follow Christ, yet today this is qualified differently than in the times of the disciples of Jesus of Nazareth.
The Christian Life
Authors: Heuser Stefan
Published: December 2019

This chapter explores Bonhoeffer’s understanding of the Christian life in its public witness to God’s worldly presence. For Bonhoeffer, the Christian life unfolds as God’s word draws human beings into the story of Christ and as human beings in turn respond through practices of prayer and doing justice for others. The first section of this chapter explores the grammar of the Christian life as witnessing to the word of God. The second outlines Bonhoeffer’s distinction between the ethics of formation and of conformation, which sets apart Bonhoeffer’s approach to the Christian life from some other Protestant approaches. Third, there follows an account of the Christological grammar of the Christian life as life ‘in Christ’. The final section reflects upon the significance of Bonhoeffer’s doctrine of the mandates for understanding the publicity of the Christian life and its relevance for public theology today.
Biographies and Portraits
Authors: de Gruchy John W.
Published: December 2019

Who was Dietrich Bonhoeffer and who is he for us today? These are the questions every biographer attempts to answer. But just as there are several different photographic portraits of Bonhoeffer adorning the covers of his books, so are there several possible accounts of his life. At best these complement each other. However not all are factually correct in every respect, and as each is filtered through the lens of the biographer, and contextually determined, so all are subject to bias. Biographies are interpretations written with particular readers in mind and expressing predilections in pursuit of an agenda. With this in mind, this essay critically examines six major Bonhoeffer biographies published in English, namely those by Eberhard Bethge, Mary Bosanquet, Edwin Robertson, Eric Metaxas, Charles Marsh, and Ferdinand Schlingensiepen.
Bonhoeffer the Student
Authors: DeJonge Michael P.
Published: December 2019

The catalyst in Bonhoeffer’s student theology was his discovery of Karl Barth. Adopting Barth’s focus on revelation brought him into tension with his teachers in Berlin whose theological methods were characterized by, to use Barth’s pejoratives, historicism and psychologism. From the perspective of a theology of revelation, Bonhoeffer criticized his teacher Karl Holl’s theology of conscience and its psychologistic appropriation of Martin Luther. However, Bonhoeffer could not square his conviction about the theological importance of the Church in its historical form with Barth’s then thin account of the relationship between revelation and history. He also discerned in Barth traces of individualistic and epistemologically oriented philosophy, which he thoroughly critiqued. For these reasons, Bonhoeffer cultivated during his student years a social, historical understanding of revelation as Christ’s (inter)personal presence in the church, often drawing insight from Luther, now interpreted Christocentrically rather than in terms of the conscience.
Supporting Motivation in Music Education
Authors: Renwick James M. , Reeve Johnmarshall
Published: December 2019

As with other school subjects, music students can be motivated and engaged, or they can be unmotivated and disengaged. Such reactions reflect more than just individual differences between students, as they are also reactions to the social environment and classroom climate in which music education takes place. A social context—be it the classroom or a tutor–tutee relationship—can vitalize and nurture students' inner motivational resources, resulting in enthusiastic engagement, or it can neglect and frustrate students' inner motivational resources, resulting in alienation and disaffection. A theory of student motivation that is especially well suited to explain such engagement versus disaffection is self-determination theory. This article, which focuses on this perspective in order to introduce its insights to the music education community, discusses both the intrinsic and extrinsic motivations of students.
Becoming a Music Learner: Toward a Theory of Transformative Music Engagement
Authors: O'Neill Susan A.
Published: December 2019

This article argues for shifts in our thinking about music learners to emphasize the dynamic potential of each individual and the social affiliations that promote music learning, as well as the need for music learning to be conceptualized as positive and purposeful transformative music engagement. It suggests that we might begin with a conscious effort to scrutinize the origins of our expectations of music learners, how music learners make sense of their own experiences, and our understanding of those experiences. The article also discusses the need to expand our awareness of the multifaceted ways that music learning is taking place in today's digital age, and to examine more deeply what it means to prepare and engage music learners in multimodal and participatory forms of music-making. The transition to a new paradigm for music learning will be complete when transformations have occurred in how we view music learners in relation to their own musical worlds; the methods we use to study them so that they take into account particular contexts and cultural ecologies; and the goals we pursue to empower learners as active agents in their own musical development.
Implications of Neurosciences and Brain Research for Music Teaching and Learning
Authors: Hodges Donald A. , Gruhn Wilfried
Published: December 2019

Recent neuroscientific discoveries have created unprecedented opportunities in many fields, not the least in education, generally, and in music education, specifically. This article discusses ways these new findings influence our understanding of music teaching and learning, beginning with a general overview of neuroscience and its contributions to educational concerns. It continues with specific findings related to music learning, and concludes with implications for the field of music education.
Musical Participation from Birth to Three: Toward a Global Perspective
Authors: Young Susan , Ilari Beatriz
Published: December 2019

This article looks at children's musical learning from a broad perspective, encompassing the many different kinds of situation and types of musical participation from which children learn. Music educators concerned with the music education of very young children mainly concern themselves at the micro-level with the day-to-day detail of what to teach and how, and rarely take a meta-level view. A wide-angle-lens view reveals this diversity of forms of participation, and raises awareness that musical learning happens not only in conventional educational settings or music classes, and is subject to many different influences. A wide-angled view encourages analysis of the conceptions of young children as musical and what constitutes “good” musical development in terms of social values, and encourages consideration of how these shape practice.
Group and Ensemble Vocal Music
Authors: Ternström Sten , Jers Harald , Nix John
Published: December 2019

This article examines a number of complex issues facing choral musicians. It offers practical solutions that are grounded in cutting-edge acoustical research for frequently encountered problems of choral ensemble, balance, and blend. The discussions cover how to make wise repertoire choices; the impact of performance spaces and formations; the chorus effect; staged works; and real-time feedback and choir instruction.
Once from the Top: Reframing the Role of the Conductor in Ensemble Teaching
Authors: Morrison Steven J. , Demorest Steven M.
Published: December 2019

This article, which considers the role of the ensemble conductor in schools to determine to what extent that model leads to independent musicianship, begins by examining the characteristics of modern school conductors, including who they are, how they got there, and what they do. One of the shortcomings of the traditional approach to ensemble rehearsals where the conductor (and only the conductor) identifies the problem and then applies a solution is that there is often a lack of transfer when a similar situation comes up in the future. Conductors must look for ways to involve their students in the rehearsal process and provide opportunities for them to exercise their budding musicianship and enrich their musical understanding. Rehearsals can be a context in which students actively engage rather than simply follow directions—something that happens because of them rather than something that happens to them. Within this framework, the role of the conductor expands to become the role of the collaborator—an expert and professionally trained collaborator, to be sure, but one who works with rather than simply works on younger and less-experienced musicians.
Assessment of Language in Young Children
Authors: Rescorla Leslie A.
Published: December 2019

Language delay is one of the major reasons that young children are referred for developmental or psychological evaluation. When no more primary condition is present, a child with a language delay is diagnosed with specific language impairment, with children ages 2 to 3 usually called late talkers. A vocabulary checklist such as the Language Development Survey (Rescorla, 1989) is an efficient screening tool for identifying language delay in toddlers. Research findings in five major domains of language and communication (gestures/play, phonology/vocalizations, vocabulary, grammar, and pragmatics) are reviewed, as well as standardized and naturalistic methods for assessing development in each domain. It is good clinical practice to screen for psychopathology when conducting a language assessment of young children, even though many preschoolers with language delay do not have significant psychopathology. Findings on associations between language delay and behavioral/emotional problems are reviewed, as well as commonly used rating forms for identifying maladjustment.