bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Systematic Errors of Electric Field Measurements in Ferroelectrics by Unit Cell Averaged Momentum Transfers in STEM
Authors: Strauch Achim , März Benjamin , Denneulin Thibaud , Cattaneo Mauricio , Rosenauer Andreas , Müller-Caspary Knut
Published: February 2023

When using the unit cell average of first moment data from four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy (4D-STEM) to characterize ferroelectric materials, a variety of sources of systematic errors needs to be taken into account. In particular, these are the magnitude of the acceleration voltage, STEM probe semi-convergence angle, sample thickness, and sample tilt out of zone axis. Simulations show that a systematic error of calculated electric fields using the unit cell averaged momentum transfer originates from violation of point symmetry within the unit cells. Thus, values can easily exceed those of potential polarization-induced electric fields in ferroelectrics. Importantly, this systematic error produces deflection gradients between different domains seemingly representing measured fields. However, it could be shown that for PbZr0.2Ti0.8O3, many adjacent domains exhibit a relative crystallographic mistilt and in-plane rotation. The experimental results show that the method gives qualitative domain contrast. Comparison of the calculated electric field with the systematic error showed that the domain contrast of the unit cell averaged electric fields is mainly caused by dynamical scattering effects and the electric field plays only a minor role, if present at all.
Invasive bone and joint infections from the French Scedosporiosis/lomentosporiosis Observational Study (SOS) cohort: no mortality with long-term antifungal treatment and surgery
Authors: Blez Damien , Bronnimann Didier , Rammaert Blandine , Zeller Valérie , Delhaes Laurence , Hustache Laurent , Grenouillet Frédéric , Traversier Nicolas , Bonhomme Julie , Chouaki Taieb , Perpoint Thomas , Persat Florence , Bougnoux Marie Elisabeth , Bayle Sophie , Quaesaet Luc , Nevez Gilles , Boutoille David , Morio Florent , Pougnet Laurence , Queyrel-Moranne Viviane , Heym B́eate , Guillemain Romain , Dannaoui Éric , Roux Antoine , Garcia-Hermoso Dea , Lanternier Fanny
Published: February 2023

Little is known about localized osteoarticular Scedosporiosis (LOS). Most data come from case reports and small case series. Here we present an ancillary study of the nationwide French Scedosporiosis Observational Study (SOS), describing 15 consecutive cases of LOS diagnosed between January 2005 and March 2017. Adult patients diagnosed with LOS defined by osteoarticular involvement without distant foci reported in SOS were included. Fifteen LOS were analyzed. Seven patients had underlying disease. Fourteen patients had prior trauma as potential inoculation. Clinical presentation was arthritis (n = 8), osteitis (n = 5), and thoracic wall infection (n = 2). The most common clinical manifestation was pain (n = 9), followed by localized swelling (n = 7), cutaneous fistulization (n = 7), and fever (n = 5). The species involved were Scedosporium apiospermum (n = 8), S. boydii (n = 3), S. dehoogii (n = 1), and Lomentospora prolificans (n = 3). The species distribution was unremarkable except for S. boydii, which was associated with healthcare-related inoculations. Management was based on medical and surgical treatment for 13 patients. Fourteen patients received antifungal treatment for a median duration of 7 months. No patients died during follow-up. LOS exclusively occurred in the context of inoculation or systemic predisposing factors. It has a non-specific clinical presentation and is associated with an overall good clinical outcome, provided there is a prolonged course of antifungal therapy and adequate surgical management.
Evolution of the afterglow optical spectral shape of GRB 201015A in the first hour: evidence for dust destruction
Authors: Komesh Toktarkhan , Grossan Bruce , Maksut Zhanat , Abdikamalov Ernazar , Krugov Maxim , Smoot George F
Published: February 2023

Instruments, such as the ROTSE, TORTORA, Pi of the Sky, MASTER-net, and others have recorded single-band optical flux measurements of gamma-ray bursts starting as early as ∼ 10 s after gamma-ray trigger. The earliest measurements of optical spectral shape have been made only much later, typically on hour time-scales, never starting less than a minute after trigger, until now. Beginning only 58 s after theSwift BAT triggered on GRB201015A, we observed a sharp rise in optical flux to a peak, followed by a power law temporal decay, ∝ t−0.81 ± 0.03. Flux was measured simultaneously in three optical bands, g′, r′, and i′, using our Burst Simultaneous Three-channel Imager on the Nazarbayev University Transient Telescope at Assy-Turgen Astrophysical Observatory telescope. Our data during the decay show strong colour evolution from red to blue, with a change in the optical log slope of +0.72 ± 0.14; during this time the X-ray log slope remained constant. We did not find evidence for a two-component jet structure or a transition from reverse to forward shock or a prompt emission component that would explain this change in slope. We find that the majority of the optical spectral slope evolution is consistent with a monotonic decay of extinction, evidence of dust destruction. Assuming a constant source spectral slope and an Small Magellanic Cloud-like extinction curve, we derive a change in the local extinction $A_\mathrm{v}^\mathrm{local}$ from ∼0.8 mag to 0.3 mag in ∼2500 s. This work shows that significant information about the early emission phase is being missed without such early observations with simultaneous multiband instruments.
Data-driven selection and spectral classification of white dwarf stars
Authors: Vincent Olivier , Bergeron P , Dufour P
Published: February 2023

The next generation of spectroscopic surveys is expected to provide spectra for hundreds of thousands of white dwarf (WD) candidates in the upcoming years. Currently, spectroscopic classification of white dwarfs is mostly done by visual inspection, requiring substantial amounts of expert attention. We propose a data-driven pipeline for fast, automatic selection, and spectroscopic classification of WD candidates, trained using spectroscopically confirmed objects with available Gaia astrometry, photometry, and Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) spectra with signal-to-noise ratios ≥9. The pipeline selects WD candidates with improved accuracy and completeness over existing algorithms, classifies their primary spectroscopic type with ${\gtrsim}90\ \hbox{per cent}$ accuracy, and spectroscopically detects main sequence companions with similar performance. We apply our pipeline to the Gaia Data Release 3 cross-matched with the SDSS Data Release 17 (DR17), identifying 424 096 high-confidence WD candidates and providing the first catalogue of automated and quantifiable classification for 36 523 WD spectra. Both the catalogue and pipeline are made available online. Such a tool will prove particularly useful for the undergoing SDSS-V survey, allowing for rapid classification of thousands of spectra at every data release.
Extreme Meter Changes and Tempo Giusto in Some Songs by Brahms
Authors: Lau Wing
Published: February 2023

This article examines how changing time signatures correspond with metric dissonance and the flux in metric consonance in Brahms’s songs, with a particular focus on expressive dimensions and Brahms’s relationship with historical metric modes. “Unbewegte laue Luft” is an extreme case of metric dissonance, juxtaposing meters of antithetical metric relations to underscore equally antithetical poetic meanings. Meters in “Wir müssen uns trennen” maintain duple relations but explore metric depth and the relative strength of different metric levels, showing consonant metric flux resembling century-old metric practices such as tempo giusto and changing Taktteile. By demonstrating how dissonant and consonant meter changes set up different degrees of temporal contrasts, this article explores notated meter changes as text-setting tools and how eighteenth-century metric theory can enrich our understanding of these tools.
Babesia microtiVariant With Multiple Resistance Mutations Detected in an Immunocompromised Patient Receiving Atovaquone Prophylaxis
Authors: Holbrook Nolan R , Klontz Erik H , Adams Gordon C , Schnittman Samuel R , Issa Nicolas C , Bond Sheila A , Branda John A , Lemieux Jacob E
Published: February 2023

We report Babesia microti genomic sequences with multiple mutations in the atovaquone-target region of cytochrome b, including a newly identified Y272S mutation, plus 1 mutation of undetermined significance in the azithromycin-associated ribosomal protein L4. The parasite was sequenced from an immunocompromised patient on prophylactic atovaquone for Pneumocystis pneumonia before diagnosis of babesiosis.
Safety of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Patients With Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Tiu Bruce C , Strohbehn Ian A , Zhao Sophia , Ouyang Tianqi , Hanna Paul , Wang Qiyu , Gupta Shruti , Leaf David E , Reynolds Kerry L , Sise Meghan E
Published: February 2023

Background

Clinical trials of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) often do not include patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD). We aimed to determine the safety of ICIs in patients with cancer and advanced CKD (stages 4-5 CKD, estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] <30 mL/minute/1.73 m2).

Patients and Methods

Patients with advanced CKD from the Mass General Brigham network who received ICIs (n = 91) were compared against those receiving nephrotoxic (n = 113) and non-nephrotoxic (n = 130) antineoplastic therapies, respectively. Rates of new-onset kidney failure (end-stage kidney disease or sustained eGFR ≤10 mL/minute/1.73 m2) and AKI were compared. Among ICI-treated patients, we modeled Fine-Gray subdistribution hazards to compare immune-related adverse event (irAE) risk and used Kaplan-Meier analysis to compare overall survival in patients with advanced CKD to those with eGFR ≥30 mL/minute/1.73 m2.

Results

Rates of new-onset kidney failure were similar at 1 year following initiation of ICIs (10.0%), nephrotoxic (6.2%), and non-nephrotoxic antineoplastic therapies (9.3%) (P = .28). AKI rates were also similar: 17.5%, 17.6%, and 20% of patients in each cohort, respectively (P = .87). Advanced CKD did not increase the risk of developing irAEs (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 1.28, 95% CI, 0.91-1.81). However, patients with advanced CKD who received ICIs had a decreased overall survival compared with patients with eGFR ≥30 mL/minute/1.73 m2 (HR 1.30 for death, 95% CI, 1.02-1.66, P = .03).

Conclusion

ICIs are not associated with increased risk of AKI or new-onset kidney failure compared with other antineoplastic therapies in patients with advanced CKD. Advanced CKD did not increase the risk of extra-renal irAEs, although these patients suffered from lower overall survival.
Integrating multiple data sources improves prediction and inference for upland game bird occupancy models
Authors: Emmet Robert L , Benson Thomas J , Allen Maximilian L , Stodola Kirk W
Published: February 2023

Bird populations have declined across North America over the past several decades. Bird monitoring programs are essential for monitoring populations, but often must strike a balance between efficiency of data collection and spatial biases. Species- or habitat-specialist-specific monitoring programs may be helpful for increasing efficiency of sampling and understanding effects of management actions, but may be subject to preferential sampling bias if they are used to assess large-scale occupancy or abundance and monitoring is largely focused in high-quality habitat. More general monitoring programs, such as the North American Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) and eBird, may not preferentially sample specialists’ habitats but are subject to other forms of bias and often do not efficiently sample specialists’ habitats. We used an integrated occupancy model combining data from eBird, BBS, and Illinois state surveys of upland game bird habitat areas to estimate drivers of Northern Bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) and Ring-Necked Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) occupancy and compare inference from single-visit, multi-visit, and integrated monitoring programs. We fit sets of candidate models using every combination of the 3 datasets except for eBird by itself, to better understand how differences in spatial biases between programs affect ecological inference. We found that, for both bobwhite and pheasant, state surveys of upland habitat increased the predictive ability of models, and BBS data usually improved inference on occupancy parameters when it was integrated with other data sources. Integrating multiple data sources partially resolved the spatial gaps in each monitoring program, while also increasing precision of parameter estimates. Integrated models may be capable of combining the higher sampling efficiency of targeted monitoring programs with the more even spatial coverage of broad-scale monitoring programs.
Between Hindu and Christian
Authors: San Chirico Kerry P. C.
Published: February 2023

Between Hindu and Christian examines a movement of lowcaste and Dalit devotees worshipping Jesus in Catholic spaces in Varanasi, the purported heart of Hindu civilization. Through thick description and analysis, the author examines the worldview and ways of life of these devotees, along with the Catholic priests and nuns who mediate Jesus, Mary, and other members of the Catholic pantheon in a place never associated with Christianity. The author places this movement within the context of the devotional history of Varanasi, the history of Indian Christianity, the rise of low-caste and Dalit emancipatory struggles, and the ascendance of Hindu nationalism to demonstrate, among other things, that religious categories are not nearly as self-evident as they often seem.
Making “China” in Hong Kong
Authors: Fu Po-Shek
Published: February 2023

This chapter builds on the rich literature on the Shaw Brothers, including from old magazines and archival materials, to map out Asia’s Cold War media culture environment in the 1950s and 1960s—and the ways in which Run Run Shaw grappled and negotiated with it. The main strategies he embraced were to deemphasize the political in his culture making. His signature historical films of “Chinese flavors,” whether they presented Huangmei music or martial arts swordfighting, married cutting-edge Western technology and traditional Confucian values, celebrating a deterritorialized common heritage that brought ethnic Chinese to seek nostalgic solace in the theaters. These were actually old strategies in a new geopolitical context. Layering of diachronic and synchronic influences offers a deeper and more nuanced understanding of the Shaw empire and Asia’s cultural Cold War.
Epilogue
Authors: Fu Po-Shek
Published: February 2023

The Epilogue brings the Cold War history of Hong Kong up to the 1970s and 1980s. In this tumultuous period, the British colony experienced a confluence of seismic changes—rapid industrialization and modernization, massive social unrest, colonial reform, and a transformed media ecosystem with emphasis on large capital and new technology, among others—that prompted the local-born postwar generation to call into question and reshape the Cold War networks of émigré cultural production.
Bentham’s Chapter IV
Authors: Sverdlik Steven
Published: February 2023

Chapter IV discusses the measurement of pleasure and pain, and, by implication, happiness. It also implicitly discusses the measurement of intrinsic value. The claims that Bentham makes here about decision-making are discussed in later chapters. The focus is on his conception of utilitarian reasoning. Bentham’s conception of the quantities of pleasure and pain is first explained. Next, his implicit conception of the measurement of the intrinsic value of pleasures and pains is explained. His basic mathematical assumptions are presented. For example, he assumes that amounts of intrinsic goodness are represented by positive numbers, and amounts of intrinsic badness are represented by negative numbers. Bentham’s conception of utilitarian calculations that determine the rightness of actions is also presented. It’s argued that this conforms to the picture presented in chapter 1, that is, that Bentham thinks that the right action for an agent to perform is one that would produce the most happiness.
Bentham’s Chapter VIII
Authors: Sverdlik Steven
Published: February 2023

In Chapter VIII Bentham discusses intentions. The main distinctions about them he makes are explained. First, there is the distinction between an intentional act, or bodily movement, and the intentional consequences of an act. Bentham discusses a case that involves a “deviant causal chain,” perhaps the first in the literature on action. Also discussed is his distinction between mediately and ultimately intentional consequences, that is, consequences intended as ends and as means. Bentham’s well-known distinction between directly and obliquely intentional consequences is explained. While his distinction is clear and important, his terminology is unfortunate, since obliquely intentional consequences are not intended at all.
Bentham’s Chapter XII
Authors: Sverdlik Steven
Published: February 2023

Chapter XII presents the concepts needed to understand, and in theory measure, all of the “mischief” that one act initially causes. Mischief is a central concept in IPML. Primary and secondary mischief, as well as alarm and danger are explained. Bentham thinks that an act that’s mischievous in the long run is a wrong act, and a wrong act is one that’s mischievous in the long run. Bentham’s two careful analyses of acts whose mischief is subtle are examined: self-intoxication and tax evasion. Bentham’s analysis is act utilitarian, but with the additional factor of danger or risk included in it. Given his assumptions about value, his conclusion about the mischief of tax evasion isn’t fully supported. He considers how the various mental states an offender could be in when offending affect some of the mischief her act causes. His thinking here is supplemented with some further facts about intentional and heedless action.
Sets, Functions, and Relations
Authors: Hook Julian
Published: February 2023

Musical spaces are sets; this chapter presents concepts of mathematical set theory essential to the study of these spaces, extending and generalizing the pitch-class set theory that is familiar to music theorists. The concepts discussed include sets, ordered sets (tuples), multisets, Cartesian products, functions (transformations), composition of functions, relations, equivalence relations, quotient sets, and modular arithmetic. Many examples involving pitch-class sets and other fundamental musical entities are described. Functions of musical interest include neo-Riemannian transformations and other triadic transformations; equivalence relations include octave equivalence, enharmonic equivalence, generic equivalence, and equivalence of pitch-class sets under transposition and inversion. Several important relationships among chromatic, generic, and spelled pitch-class spaces, dependent on modular structure, are modeled as mappings between spaces.
Spaces II
Authors: Hook Julian
Published: February 2023

This chapter expands the repertoire of musical spaces by defining spaces whose elements are not single notes but higher-level entities such as chords, pitch-class sets, key areas, or twelve-tone rows. Double-circle spaces are introduced to accommodate major and minor triads in the same space; some related constructions are employed to model twelve-tone row spaces. Other important chordal spaces include Weber space and neo-Riemannian triad space, which is the dual graph of the note-based tonnetz. Distances between triads in several different spaces may be measured using appropriately defined distance functions. Other models examined include diatonic and generic chordal spaces, chordal-regional space, a three-dimensional tonnetz of seventh chords, and the “spiral array.” Several short analyses trace the movement of musical passages through various spaces. Examples studied in this way include diatonic sequences; works by Webern, Adams, and Britten; and three examples by Schubert.
Groups II
Authors: Hook Julian
Published: February 2023

This chapter opens Part Two, devoted to the study of transformation theory, with some additional topics in group theory that arise in musical applications. Transformation groups on finite spaces may be regarded as permutation groups; permutation groups on pitch-class space include not only the groups of transpositions and inversions but also the multiplication group, the affine group, and the symmetric group. Another musical illustration of permutations involves the rearrangement of lines in invertible counterpoint. The structure of a finite group may be represented in the form of a group table or a Cayley diagram (a kind of graph). Other concepts discussed include homomorphisms and isomorphisms of groups, direct-product groups, normal subgroups, and quotient groups. Groups underlie many examples of symmetry in music, as formalized through the study of equivalence relations, orbits, and stabilizers.
Scales I
Authors: Hook Julian
Published: February 2023

Scales are the topic of the two chapters of Part Four. Diatonic or generic scales with seven notes per octave, studied in this chapter, are of interest both as spaces in their own right and in relation to larger chromatic scales. The structure of the seven-note space, studied by John Clough and others, is responsible for many distinctive characteristics of diatonic music, notably including the behavior of sequences. The generic set classes, far less numerous than their chromatic counterparts, are enumerated, and well-formed scales are defined. Viewing diatonic scales through the perspective of spelled pitch classes proves useful, particularly when enharmonic equivalence is taken into account. Abstract structures called designs are described, and signature transformations are defined as mappings from designs in one diatonic space to another. In this initial formulation, signature transformations do not account for enharmonic equivalence, but enharmonic versions of signature transformations are also defined, facilitated by a system of enharmonic coordinates. The group of enharmonic signature transformations also contains diatonic and chromatic transposition operators. The concepts of genus and species are introduced, and a general statement of the principle cardinality equals variety is proved.
Scales II
Authors: Hook Julian
Published: February 2023

In this chapter the focus broadens from the diatonic to scales of other kinds. Spelled heptachords, certain sets of seven spelled pitch classes, facilitate the study of some chromaticism as inflected diatonicism and recapture some aspects of signature transformations in non-diatonic contexts. The property of maximal evenness, often noted of the diatonic scale, is of interest in other cases as well; the geometric perspective provided by the OPTIC spaces proves fruitful in this connection, and filtered point-symmetry models produce maximally even sets through a quantization process. Logical relationships among maximal evenness and several other scalar properties are described. Many scale systems of interest consist of a generic scale in a generalized sense, not necessarily of seven notes, within a larger specific scale, not necessarily of twelve; the question of which such systems are most closely analogous to the usual diatonic and chromatic scales may be addressed in many ways. Enharmonic systems formalize systems in which the generic cardinality remains 7 but the specific cardinality is variable; a system with a 19-note specific scale is examined in some detail.
Jesuits and the Emperor Akbar, 1580–3
Authors: Mallampalli Chandra
Published: February 2023

Jesuit interactions with the Mughal Emperor Jalal-al-Din Muhammad Akbar (1542–1605) illustrate Christian engagement with an Indo-Persian religious environment. The priests of this first mission tried to make a convert of the emperor in hopes of opening up his entire domain to Christianity. What they found instead was an emperor with a voracious appetite for religious dialogue, but little interest in converting. In Akbar’s court, the highly confrontational methods of the Jesuits resulted in heated exchanges with Muslims but a remarkable openness on the part of Akbar to learn about Christian doctrines. Akbar at the time was developing his own universal religion (Din-i-Ilahi), which combined elements of all great religions of his day. Little did the Jesuits know that Akbar was accommodating them within his new interreligious framework. Despite their failure to convert the emperor, the Jesuits left behind a captivating legacy of interreligious engagement that is reflected in their writings and in the Mughal–Catholic artwork of this period.
Early European Encounters with India’s Hindus and Muslims
Authors: Mallampalli Chandra
Published: February 2023

As Europeans encountered Indian society for the first time, they were compelled to locate the subcontinent’s Hindus and Muslims in their mapping of the world. Their Christian universalism (whether Catholic or Protestant) had to make sense of the seemingly familiar in Indian Islam and the relatively unfamiliar in Hinduism. To do so, they drew upon their evolving geopolitics of religious difference, readings of the Bible, and understandings of early Christianity in the more familiar world of the Mediterranean. By acquainting ourselves with European writings about Hindus and Muslims and the assumptions that shaped them, we become acquainted with the template of religious difference they imported to India, a template that Indian converts had to renegotiate as they developed their own ways of relating to Hindus and Muslims.
The Argumentative Protestant
Authors: Mallampalli Chandra
Published: February 2023

Protestant missionaries and their zealous converts located themselves between Hindu and Muslim through religious debates. Their heated, public exchanges concerned the veracity of Sanskrit, Arabic, and Persian texts, but their attempts to discredit those texts—and the Hindus and Muslims who believed in them—rarely yielded the robust harvest of converts they hoped for. More often, they offended the religious feelings of others and elicited more organized forms of resistance. Indians eventually responded to missionaries with defensive reformulations of their faiths through printed texts, opinion pieces in local newspapers, and public debates. In the process, they imagined into being more collective notions of their religious identities. New “Protestantized” forms of Islam and Hinduism, many adopting the organizational and rhetorical strategies of missionaries, shaped an emerging climate of religious competition.
Mass Conversion Among Dalits and Tribals
Authors: Mallampalli Chandra
Published: February 2023

This chapter presents mass conversions as events that took Protestant missionaries by surprise and radically reshaped their approaches to matters of caste and culture in India. It focuses on three contexts of mass conversion movements, with each illustrating a different theme. First, a discussion of Telugu mass conversion during a time of famine explores the motives behind conversion and its social impact among Dalit converts. Second, the chapter discusses conversion among the Nagas and Mizos of northeast India. Their stories highlight themes of rupture and continuity and questions relating to the impact of colonialism on conversion. Finally, an examination of the mass conversions of Chamars and Chuhras in the Punjab illustrates complex issues of identity in a region impacted by Hindu, Muslim, and Sikh traditions. The chapter concludes by discussing enduring controversies associated with caste and Christian identity, particularly among untouchable communities in contemporary India.
Stress Mediates the Health Effects of Many Social Determinants
Authors: Braveman Paula
Published: February 2023

This chapter examines current scientific knowledge of how stress influences health and health disparities. Stress (the experience of feeling “stressed” or “stressed out”) is distinguished from a stressor (an event or condition that causes stress) and from the stress response (the body’s physiologic response to stress). Advances in neuroscience indicate that stress is likely to be an important link between many social factors and many health outcomes. Chronic exposure to multiple everyday hardships (especially conditions over which one has little control) is likely to be more damaging to health than dramatic acute stressors. “Bad” (“toxic”) stress is stress that overwhelms one’s ability to cope, causing adverse cognitive, behavioral, and/or physiological effects. The links between social disadvantage (e.g., poverty and discrimination) and stress are explored in this chapter. For example, having chronically inadequate economic resources to cope with basic everyday needs—such as food, shelter, child care, elder care, or medical care—is likely to be stressful, as is experiencing ongoing discrimination (unfair treatment based on attributes such as race/ethnic group, skin color, religion, gender, disability, or LGBTQ status). Social support appears to protect to some extent against the health-damaging effects of stress. Strategies to reduce stress, particularly that due to social disadvantage, are discussed.
Housing, Health, and Health Disparities
Authors: Braveman Paula
Published: February 2023

This chapter examines the connections between housing, health, and health disparities. Housing can influence health in many ways, including exposure to crowding, toxins, and other physical hazards; and effects of lack of affordability, such as stress, residential instability, homelessness, and inability to pay for other necessities. Differential exposure to substandard housing is a major cause of racial disparities in asthma, the most common chronic disease in children. Housing is considered unaffordable when its cost represents 30% or more of household income. Lack of affordable housing is associated with multiple adverse health outcomes, including poor self-rated health, hypertension, arthritis, and poor mental health. High housing costs can lead families to make potentially health-harming trade-offs such as being unable to purchase adequate nutritious food, heat, or needed medical care and medications. Unaffordable housing is a major cause of homelessness, along with lack of adequate social, economic, and mental health safety nets.. In addition to homelessness, lack of housing security (residential instability) is associated with emotional, behavioral, and school problems in children and with teen pregnancy, early drug use, and depression in adolescence. Racial discrimination in mortgage lending has excluded many people of color from homeownership and therefore the opportunity to accumulate wealth. Racial discrimination in housing has been illegal since 1964, but evidence indicates this bias persists, although to a lesser degree than before 1964. Initiatives to make housing healthier and more affordable are discussed in this chapter.
Introduction
Authors: Balfour Lawrie
Published: February 2023

This chapter introduces Toni Morrison’s contributions as a political thinker whose writing discloses the meanings of freedom in the shadow of slavery and colonialism. Freedom is one of the most prized and abused words in Americans’ political lexicon. Morrison’s work challenges the misuses of the word in popular culture and the narrowness of its definition by political theorists and philosophers. Through the creative use of words, especially through fiction-writing, she reconceives freedom as a collective practice rooted in African American history and culture. Balfour argues that Morrison draws her readers into a collaborative effort to remake the world in defiance of hierarchies of race, gender, class, or national membership.
Introduction to Săteni
Authors: Umbreș Radu
Published: February 2023

This section offers a charcoal sketch of the territory of Săteni, its inhabitants, and the ethnographic research. The bird’s-eye view starts from ecology and history and continues with the structures of family and kinship, mode of production, property, and governance. The context of the book’s research in 2008–2010 includes the socialist and postsocialist legacy, relative poverty compared with EU levels, corruption, economic underdevelopment, and migration. The Introduction also presents the structured serendipity of this ethnography as a natural experiment in trust and distrust. It discusses the scope and problems of participant observation and anthropological interpretation, insisting upon the position of the researcher and the exploratory nature of ethnography. The section ends with an outline of chapters and restates this book’s goal to understand why there is so much distrust in Săteni.
The houses of trust, the fences of distrust
Authors: Umbreș Radu
Published: February 2023

The Săteni household is a nexus of people and things inextricably related and clearly demarcated and defended from the rest of society. A villager’s central world orientation in terms of identity, motivation, morality, and economic practices focuses on the family—the only corporate group in village society. Domestic modes of cooperative production provided protection against the known and unknown dangers lurking outside the home such as famine, historical political adversity, interpersonal envy, or predation. From design to folk customs and superstitions, households separate between the sphere of domestic trust and the sphere of public distrust. A culture of secrecy defends private interests at the cost of intense inquisitiveness and imaginative suspicions. The way family members align their interests and trust in each other’s commitments determines household solidarity or family division, given the costs and benefits of living together.
Death and the regeneration of trust
Authors: Umbreș Radu
Published: February 2023

In mortuary rituals, Săteni villagers represent transcendent morality as enduring trust. The finality and salience of biological death creates, for social actors, a moment to publicly enshrine social relationships into perpetuity. The cultural significance and personal configurations of family, kinship, and friendship come out in the public aspect of ultimate decisions and rituals. From the first minutes after death to long-term commemorations and graveyard arrangements, actors communicate and reproduce a transcendental worldview pitting the moral unity between persons against the threat of fragmentation and conflict. A culture of deep moral obligations limited to specific persons is transmitted and reproduced under the universalistic veneer of Christian Orthodox cosmology. Institutions and events of death rituals play a crucial role in the propagation of social representations symbolizing long-term trust in transactional, interpersonal morality as the primordial resource of social life against the existential peril of generalized indifference.
Utopias
Authors: Sperber Jonathan
Published: February 2023

This chapter argues that there were three global waves of utopian aspirations during the second half of the twentieth century, each connected to the three most consequential years of the era: 1945, 1968, and 1989. Outlining the nature of each of the three utopian aspirations, this chapter shows the attempts at their realization, disillusion with the utopian aspirations, but also their long-term consequences.
Introduction to insect evolution and biology
Authors: McGavin George C. , Davranoglou Leonidas-Romanos
Published: February 2023

The Earth formed from gas and debris around 4,600 million years ago (mya). The first traces of life appear as fossils of blue-green algae around 3,600–3,400 mya, and yet for more than 2 billion years, nothing more complicated than bacteria, algae, and minute, unicellular planktonic organisms existed. Then evolution went into overdrive. Known popularly as biology’s ‘big bang’, the time around the beginning of the Cambrian period (543 mya) saw the ‘sudden’ appearance in the fossil record of an incredible assemblage of multicellular animals, some of which were the ancestors of all species on Earth today.
Insect groups that predate the evolution of wings
Authors: McGavin George C. , Davranoglou Leonidas-Romanos
Published: February 2023

This is the core chapter of the book, which presents a summary of the key features, the diversity, the natural history, the evolutionary origin, and the economic and medical importance of each of the 27 insect orders. At the end of each order, an extensive list of key references is provided for the inquisitive reader. This chapter primarily serves as an introduction to the enormous diversity of insects, and their relevance in all terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems, and it can also be used as an aid to the identification of insects collected. By the end of this chapter, every reader should have a basic grasp of the key attributes of each insect order, and be able to apply their knowledge in the field, as well as for their undergraduate courses and exams. The text is richly furnished with high-quality illustrations and macrophotographs.
‘A Neo-Classical Dream and an Archaeologist’s Nightmare’
Authors: van Eck Caroline
Published: February 2023

Basically candelabra are stands, tall, composite shafts or columns, resting on a pedestal or tripod, holding a candle or carrying a disc or dish in which wood or incense could be burned. Their form reflects their myth of origin: a slave holding up a torch or incense dish. They are comparatively little studied by art historians and archaeologists, in spite of their evident importance in Graeco-Roman culture and its revivals. They go back a long time. Homer already mentions lamp holders in the Odyssey. This chapter presents the origins and creation of Piranesi’s three colossal candelabra, their journey to their present location in Oxford and Paris, and their critical reception.
Animation, Immersion, and the Revival of Antiquity
Authors: van Eck Caroline
Published: February 2023

Where Chapter 4 looked at the presence of animals in the candelabra, Chapter 5 pursues the issue of animation, in the sense of suggesting stone is animate, a quality of Piranesi’s work that was often noted by his contemporaries. This chapter places this aspect of his work in a historical context of changes c. 1800 in the appreciation of the living presence suggested by art works, as well as in the cultures and conventions of viewing sculptures. Despite much evidence about viewers’ emotional involvement with objects, which often manifested itself in claims of, or behaviour suggesting that these were animate, this phenomenon does not figure very much, or at all, in artistic literature of the period. This chapter considers a series of situations where viewers tried to make objects replace living beings, endow art works with life, become fascinated or immersed in the fictional worlds they afford, and become emotionally entangled with them, prefiguring what recently has been labelled as human–thing entanglement. These cases illustrate the psychological counterpart to the material efforts discussed in previous chapters to make Antiquity present again. The resulting immersive relationship with art works made in a very conscious attempt to bring back classical art is very characteristic of Empire art; its handles, covers, lids, and pedestals thematize embodiment itself. They tell us much about the intense investment in objects, particularly those from the Graeco-Roman past, which is so characteristic for neoclassicism.
Introduction
Authors: Guyer Paul , Horstmann Rolf-Peter
Published: February 2023

This introduction offers our definition of idealism proper as the reduction of reality to something mental or conceptual. Then, instead of distinguishing between metaphysical and epistemological versions of idealism, we distinguish between metaphysical and epistemological arguments or motivations for idealism. In this we follow A. C. Ewing rather than Josiah Royce. Our approach prepares the way for our larger argument that the metaphysical arguments for idealism are hard to sustain, but the epistemological arguments for idealism are hard to avoid.
Idealism in Early Modern Rationalism
Authors: Guyer Paul , Horstmann Rolf-Peter
Published: February 2023

Neither Descartes nor Spinoza thought of themselves as idealists; according to Wolff’s taxonomy, the first was a dualist, the other a monist. Descartes holding that mind and body are two distinct kinds of finite substance and Spinoza that they are two modes of the one infinite substance. But both opened the door to idealist epistemology by taking “ideas” to be the immediate objects of our knowledge. Leibniz’s monadology, by contrast, is clearly a full-blown idealism motivated by both metaphysical and epistemological considerations.
Publishing and Publicizing the Belsen Trial
Authors: Stewart Victoria
Published: February 2023

Chapter 1 focuses on the work of William Hodge & Co, a Scottish legal publishing firm. Having established a series called Notable Trials prior to the First World War, offering general readers transcripts of trials deemed to be of historical and legal significance, in the late 1940s they launched a new subseries, War Crimes Trials. Nine volumes were published between 1948 and 1952. This chapter situates the volume dealing with the trial of personnel captured at Belsen in relation to other contemporary depictions of the trial, such as those that appeared in the popular press and contextualizes it in relation to Hodge & Co’s wider project of educating the general public about legal procedure. James Hodge, editor of the Notable Trials and War Crimes Trials series, saw these books as a corrective to what he considered overly sensationalized press coverage of criminal trials. Where the Belsen Trial was concerned, this chapter argues that press reports, despite their deficiencies, were better able to convey a sense of the trial as an event that comprised of more than just the testimony recorded in the transcript. Taken together, the Hodge & Co volume and the press coverage reveal how, both during the proceedings and in later representations of them, resort was made to interpretative frames that had emerged in relation to domestic criminality. This chapter examines the implications of adapting existing understandings of criminality to what were nevertheless recognized to be unprecedented crimes.
Memoir, Biography, and Justice
Authors: Stewart Victoria
Published: February 2023

Chapter 3 examines texts by and about British prisoners who were held in concentration camps, rather than prisoner-of-war camps, many of them Special Operations Executive agents captured while working undercover, some of whom, including some women, were executed. Reporting of trials relating to these cases was supplemented during the late 1940s and early 1950s by biographical accounts aimed at a popular readership, including Jerrold Tickell’s Odette (1949), which describes Odette Sansom’s time as a prisoner at Ravensbrück concentration camp, Peter Churchill’s The Spirit in the Cage (1954), recounting his captivity in Sachsenhausen and Dachau, and R. J. Minney’s Carve Her Name with Pride (1956), which culminates in an account of Violette Szabo’s execution at Dachau. These texts evidence a tendency to deflect attention away from the wider project of which such camps were a part, contributing to an over-simplified description of Nazi personnel and drawing on stereotypes of either German ‘national character’, or criminal ‘types’. These texts not only contributed to a narrowing of public understanding in Britain as to what constituted Nazi crimes, but also engaged in debates about Britishness and British values in the wake of war. But other examples of this subgenre of agents’ biographies, including Jean Overton Fuller’s Madeleine (1952) and Elizabeth Nicholas’s Death Be Not Proud (1958), do attempt a more nuanced account not only of the agents’ experiences but of the problems, in the wake of the war, of identifying witnesses and constructing coherent narratives of covert activities.
Women's Sexuality and Modern India
Authors: Narayanan Amrita
Published: February 2023

Every country has a unique relationship to patriarchy. In a Rapture of Distress: Women’s Sexuality in Modern India lays out the vexed place of ‘women’s sexuality’ in the Indian patriarchal imagination, alongside snapshots of how individual upper-middle-class Indian women experience and imagine their sexuality. The book’s argument is that women’s longstanding adaptations to patriarchy make it complicated to exit its plot: aesthetics, mother-daughter relationships, and inter-generational differences are adhesives to the patriarchal psyche. Using interview excerpts, flash frames from psychotherapy sessions, and literary readings, the author, a psychoanalyst, and clinical psychologist, describes how women experience, escape from, and grieve sex under patriarchy, and what geography might have to do with how sexual liberation gets defined.
If I Win, We Lose
Authors: Narayanan Amrita
Published: February 2023

Describes how gender performances are shaped by gendered group affinities and by the presence of spectators. Reiterates how conventional gender performances are programmed to serve the needs of a patriarch-anchored group composite identity that casts women in roles of mourning and mothering while men are allocated aggressive and victorious performances. Introduces a contemporary clinical case and explains how conflicts between individual wishes and group strictures upon women’s identities can result in the production of clinical symptoms. Uses examples to illustrate how performances of sexual triumph are socially forbidden to women, and how women internalize these prohibitions, turning social controls to self-controls. Provides a detailed case example to describe how women’s sexuality is not restricted by a faceless institution of patriarchy but via loyalty to the image of a beloved but desexualized older woman imagined as the mother.
A Wider Bed for ‘Mother’
Authors: Narayanan Amrita
Published: February 2023

This chapter explains why for patriarchy to work effectively, the fantasy of natural mothering—the idea that all girls and women want to be mothers or already are—must be regarded as a truth so deep people can psychologically organize themselves around it. Patriarchy polices women who have not signed themselves as a mother, or women who conduct motherhood alongside workplace ambition. Several examples delineate how the fantasy of natural mothering interrupts women’s sexuality and workplace ambition, while the fantasy of patriarchy interrupts women’s fantasies of workplace success. Explains how motherhood is a sign of the patriarchal control of women’s bodies, and discusses the concept of ‘scrooping’—DIY artificial insemination—as an embrace of motherhood while refusing heterosexuality. The chapter concludes by reiterating that ‘mother’ is too narrowly defined in the cultural and individual imagination, and does not give sufficient room for mother-as-a-subject. It emphasizes that participant-observers and spectators to the performance of mothering must exercise their imagination to widen the range of words and images associated with ‘mother’.
Core Skills
Authors: West Stuart , Turnbull Lindsay
Published: February 2023

There are very few rules about writing that can’t be broken. Skilled writers often play with rules or conventions. But this book isn’t aimed at skilled writers—it is aimed at those who are just starting, or are trying to make their writing better. In this chapter we provide a few core skills to help new and improving writers. Most points are better illustrated in the context of specific paper sections, and we don’t want to front-load this book with too many guidelines that need to be remembered. Consequently, in this chapter, we focus on a small number of points that can be applied in every section of a paper.