bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effect of Noni (Morinda citrifolia) leaf shoot meal as an antioxidant and antibacterial against Salmonella sp. and Escherichia coli
Authors: Wardiny T M , Sumiati  , Retnani Y , Setyono A
Published: June 2021

Indonesia as a tropical country is rich in biological resources, among which are known as herbal plants. One of the herbs that are often used is Noni (Morinda citrifolia), which has been reported to possess antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant and antibacterial effects of Noni Leaf Shoot Meal (NLSM) to inhibit Salmonella sp. and Escherichia coli as poultry ration. Two hundred and forty kampong chickens of 4 weeks old were reared until 12 weeks old. The diet treatments were R0= 0% NLSM (control), R1= 0.5% NLSM, R2= 1% NLSM, R3= 1.5% NLSM, R4= 2% NLSM, and R5= 2.5% NLSM. Six treatments and four replications are used with ten kampung chickens per replicate. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The parameters measured were phytochemical analysis, vitamin A, beta carotene, Malondialdehida (MDA) blood, inhibition zone diameter, and Clearance test. Results showed that NLSM could reduce MDA blood and bacterial concentration. It is concluded that lower MDA concentration in kampong chicken blood indicates that NLSM contains high antioxidants. NLSM can reduced bacterial concentration in chicken blood so it can be used as a natural antibacterial to improve kampong chickens production and immune system.
Effect of synchronizing the rate degradation of protein and organic matter of feed base on corn waste on fermentation characteristic and synthesis protein microbial
Authors: Anggraeny Y N , Mariyono  , Pamungkas D , Soetanto H , Kusmartono  , Hartutik
Published: June 2021

Synchronization of feed sources of energy and protein can produce a positive influence on microbial protein synthesis, especially in ruminants that are fed low quality feed such as corn waste. Corn waste, including corn straw and corn peri carp are widely used as beef cattle feed. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of synchronizing the rate degradation of protein and energy of feed base on corn waste on rumen fermentation characteristic and synthesis protein microbial on 24 hours in vitro condition. The three synchronization index levels in corn-based feed waste are 0.4 (low); 0.5 (moderate) and 0.6 (high) were used in this study. Characteristics of rumen fermentation observed were pH, individual volatile fatty acids (acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid), NH3, C02, CH4, degradation of organic matter, microbial protein production, and efficiency of microbial protein synthesis. Increasing the synchronization index level caused a significant increase (P<0.05) of NH3 (53.60 to 59.07 mg/L) and efficiency of microbial protein synthesis (14.83 to 17.87) , but high synchronization index decrease (P<0.05) the concentration of acetic acid (22.45 mM to 15.95 mM), estimated CO2 (18.69 to 15.50 mol) and CH4 (11.49 to 7.98) in rumen fluid. This result indicated that the improvement of synchronization index can improve the productivity of livestock through increase efficiency of microbial protein synthesis and it reduce global warming.
The effect of Kelor (Moringa oleifera) seed meal on productive performance, carcass traits, and meat cholesterol of broiler chickens
Authors: Sugiarto  , Toana N M
Published: June 2021

Kelor seed meal has been believed to be rich in protein and available in many tropical countries. A study was conducted to determine the effect of kelor seed meal on productive performance, carcass traits, and meat cholesterol of broiler chickens. The study used a total of 100 day—old-unsexed Cobb broiler chicks. The birds were distributed into 5 brooders for one week. On day 3, the chicks were vaccinated against New Castle diseases. On days 7, the chicks were transferred into 20 pens. The birds were fed 5 experimental diets throughout the study according to a completely randomized design. The experimental diets were 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8% kelor seed meal, respectively. The diets and water were supplied ad-libitum. Parameters measured were feed intake, body weight gain, FCR, meat cholesterol, carcass and non-carcass percentage. The data found in this study were subject to the analysis of variance. The differences detected in the analysis of variance were further tested with the Tukey test. The results of the study showed that supplementation of the diets with kelor seed meal did not affect (P>0.05) feed intake, percentages of the carcass, meat, and bone. Bodyweight gain, FCR, meat, and abdominal fat and meat cholesterol were significantly (P<0.05) affected by the treatments. In conclusion, the addition of 2% to 8% kelor seed meal in the diet increased body weight gain with the highest body weight gain of birds fed the 6% and 8% kelor seed meal. Percentages of fat and cholesterol were lower in birds fed the diets containing kelor seed meal.
Introduction of 16% crude protein concentrate and Ca-FA feed to increase milk production for dairy cows on smallholder farms in Bogor Regency
Authors: Puastuti W , Magrianti T , Hanifah V W , Sianturi R G , Romjali E , Talib C
Published: June 2021

This study aimed to improve the quality of feed to increase milk production of dairy cows at smallholder farms in Bogor Regency. Treatment for feed quality improvement consisted of G1: 16% crude protein (CP) concentrate + calcium fatty acid (Ca-FA); G2: 16% CP concentrate + without Ca-FA; G3: 12–14% CP concentrate + Ca-FA; G4: 12–14% CP concentrate + without Ca-FA (as a control), respectively. Experimental feeding was carried out for 3 months. The results showed that feeding of 16% protein concentrate and Ca-FA had a significant effect (P<0.05) on milk production vs control (G1 = 13.76 L, G2 = 10.16 L, G3 = 16.29 L vs G4 = 7.67 L), increased consumption of dry matter, protein, fat, and feed energy, respectively. Ca-FA supplementation had a significant effect (P<0.05) on Ca and P consumption only in cows received G3. Feeding of 16% CP concentrate increased protein intake so that the ration protein content increased to G1 = 14.25%; G2 = 13.98% vs G3 = 12.87%; G4 = 12.37%. In the current study can be concluded that diet improvement through the feeding of 16% CP concentrate and Ca-FA increased milk production by the increased consumption of feed nutrients.
The influence of Phyllanthus niruri L. powder and Zn-bacitracin antibiotics on the relative weight of carcasses and intestines of broiler
Authors: Pasaribu T , Sukirman M , Wibowo N R , Kostaman T
Published: June 2021

Phyllanthus niruri L (meniran) is included in Euphorbiaceae which is easy to grow in various geographies and has active compounds such as terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and phyllanthin. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the administration of Phyllanthus niruri L powder to the relative carcass weight, upper thighs, lower thighs, back, breast, wings and weights and the relative length of the intestine, duodenum, jejunum, and ileum of broiler chickens. The study used a Completely Randomized Design with 5 treatments, 4 replications, each replication consisted of 10 DOC with the following treatments: T1 (without antibiotics and P. niruri L powder (Control); T2 (Zn-bacitracin 0.05%) ; T3 (Phylanthus niruri L. powder 0.0157%); T4 (Phylanthus niruri L. powder 0.0313%); T5 (Phylanthus niruri L. powder 0.0470%). The results showed that life weight and relative weight of carcass, back, breast, upper thighs, lower thighs, wings, back, head + neck, legs, and abdominal fat were not significantly different (P>0.05) between treatments T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5. But the real breast relative weight (P<0.05) was higher in the T5 treatment compared to T2, T3, and T4. Likewise, the relative weight and length of the small intestine, duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were not significant (P>0.05) between all treatments. It was concluded that the treatment of P. niruri L. powder up to 0.0470% was not significant with the Zn-bacitracin treatment on live weight and relative weight of carcass , back, breast, upper thighs, lower thighs, wings, back, hackle + neck, legs, and abdominal fat. Also the relative weight and length of the small intestine, duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Except for the P. niruri L. powder 0.0470% treatment that the relative weight of the breast was significantly higher than the Zn-bacitracin treatment, P. niruri L. powder 0.0157% and 0.0131%.
Extraction of uronic acid from Sargassum crassifolium and its feeding effects on the immunity of Lohman chicken eggs
Authors: Kereh V G , Untu I M , Najoan M , Lumi T F D , Telleng M M
Published: June 2021

The use of antibiotics is currently banned because it can cause resistance to pathogenic bacteria and cause residues in products. This study aimed to see the effect of drinking water containing uronic acid extracted from Sargassum crassifolium (S. crassifolium) on the immunity of Lohman chicken eggs. One hundred and twenty laying hens were divided into 2 groups: (1) chickens given commercial feed containing antibiotics and (2) feed without additional antibiotics. The chickens were randomly assigned to one of the 5 brown seaweed supplementation treatments in drinking water A1=0.0% S.crassifolium (control); A2=2.5% S.crassifolium; A3=5.0% S.crassifolium; A4=7.5% S.crassifolium; A5=10.0% S.crassifolium. The study used a completely randomized factorial design of 5 treatments, 2 factors, and 3 replications. Each replication consisted of 6 heads of laying hens. There were differences between treatments on titer antibody but were no difference on infection of Salmonella sp the Conclusion. The uronic acid extracted from S. crassifolium has been able to increase the immunity of Lohman chicken eggs.
The stability of the BS4 enzymes activity on the process of feed pelleting
Authors: Haryati T , Sinurat P A , Hamid H
Published: June 2021

BS4 mannanase enzyme can increase the digestibility of chicken feed containing 20% palm kernel cake. The palm kernel cake was produced by Eupenicillium javanicum molds through coconut cake solid substrate fermentation. In its application as a feed additive, the stability of activity is something that must be considered. This study was conducted to evaluate the stability of the saccharification activity of BS4 enzymes against heating around 90°C in the feed pelleting process. The treatment was used with and without pelleting the process of starter and finisher phases broiler feed with BS4 and commercial enzymes’ addition. The parameter measured was the activity of saccharification of palm kernel cake. The results showed that the pelleting process is very influential on BS4 enzymes and can reduce 65.8 to 68.4% of its saccharification activity. While on commercial enzymes, the decrease is about 6%. It can be concluded that the BS4 enzyme is very susceptible to heat in the pelleting process so that technology is needed to protect the stability of its activity.
Effects of probiotics and encapsulated probiotics on enteric methane emission and nutrient digestibility in vitro
Authors: Abdelbagi M , Ridwan R , Fidriyanto R , Rohmatussolihat  , Nahrowi  , Jayanegara A
Published: June 2021

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of probiotics and encapsulated probiotics on enteric methane production and the in vitro nutrient digestibility in ruminants. The probiotics used were from the group of lactic acid bacteria (LAB). The experiments were conducted in three dietary treatments (control diet, probiotics addition, and encapsulated probiotics addition) and three replicates. Each replicate was performed at a different week. The experimental diets were incubated in the in vitro rumen fermentation system for 72 h. Parameters observed were pH, total gas production, methane production, total volatile fatty acids, NH3, and the in vitro dry and organic matter digestibility (IVDMD and IVOMD, respectively). Data were analyzed using variance analysis and continued with the Duncan multiple range test to compare among the different treatment means. Results showed both the probiotics and the encapsulated probiotics decreased (P<0.05) the methane production by 6.1 and 33.1% compared to the control diet, respectively. Furthermore, these probiotics and encapsulated probiotics increased (P<0.05) total gas production by 15.7 and 233% than that of control, respectively. The TFVAs, IVDMD, IVOMD, and NH3 values of the diet supplemented with probiotics were higher than the encapsulated probiotics (P<0.05). It can be concluded that both the probiotics and the encapsulated probiotics effectively mitigate the in vitro methane production while simultaneously enhancing the total gas production.
Effects of addition chitosan-oligosaccharide of snail shell in the diet on quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) performance and carcass characteristics
Authors: Rusdi R , Hasanuddin A , Hafsah  , Nurhaeni
Published: June 2021

It is well documented that feed additives improve livestock productivity through improving feed intake, feed efficiency, and livestock health status. Oligosaccharide is categorized as a prebiotic additive that can modify the microbial ecosystem in the small intestine by creating an environment that is more favorable for nonpathogenic bacteria’s growth. Current research investigates the effects of chitosan-oligosaccharide (COS) from snail shells in the diet on quail performance and carcass characteristics. A total of 100 female DOQ were placed in a Completely Randomized Design, five treatments and four replicates with five birds for each replicate and were kept under standard management conditions for six weeks. Basal diet consisted of corn, rice bran, soybean, fish meal, coconut oil, minerals, methionine, and lysine, and was mixed in such a way to achieve 22% protein. Treatments were the basal diet without feed additive (T1) as the negative control, the basal diet with 28 ppm preparation of lactate acid bacteria, LAB (T2) as the positive control, the basal diet with 200 ppm of COS (T3), the basal diet with 400 ppm of COS (T4), and the basal diet with 600 ppm of COS (T5). The birds were having free access to the diets and drinking water. Bird’s weight and feed intake were recorded weekly. At the end of the experiment, two birds from each cage were selected and slaughtered for carcass assessment and weight digestive organ. The variables are feed intake, live weight gain, feed conversion ratio, carcass yield, breast meat weight, and organ weight. The data were analyzed by using Anova and comparison tests using the Duncan test. The results revealed that the addition of COS in the diet significantly reduced (P<0.05) feed intake, carcass yield, and dressing percentage and improved (P<0.05) feed conversion ratio, liver, and two ceca (P<0.05). Other parameters were not different (P>0.05) between treatments. Therefore, it could be concluded that the inclusion of chitosan-oligosaccharide (COS) in the diet improved quail performance by enhancing feed efficiency.
Effect of turmeric (Curcuma longa Linnaeus) and ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) powder in feed on nutrient digestibility and performance of sunda porcupine (Hystrix javanica F. Cuvier)
Authors: Farida W R , Shidiq F , Inayah N , Handayani T H
Published: June 2021

The experiment has been conducted to determine the effect of the addition of turmeric and ginger powder as antioxidants into the feed of young sunda porcupines (Hystrix javanica) at the Captivity of Small Mammals, Zoology Division, Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Cibinong, Bogor Regency, West Java. The experiment lasted for 62 days, consisting of 2 periods namely Period I (PI) addition of turmeric powder as much as 0 g (T0); 0.3 g (T1); 0.6 g (T2); 0.9 g (T3) and Period II (PII) addition of ginger powder as much as 0 g (T0); 0.3 g (T1); 0.6 g (T2); 0.9 g (T3) in the feed. During the study, 8 sunda porcupines were placed in a cage space of 2.0 m x 2.25 m x 2.50 m respectively. The preliminary period for each period lasts 10 days and 21 days (3 weeks) for the data collection period. The highest average consumption of dry matter (DMI) in the PI is in the female porcupine T1 followed by a male porcupine and female T3, T0, male T1, and lowest female T2. In PII with the addition of ginger powder in the feed, dry matter intake (DMI) decreased in all treatments. Increased digestibility of nutrients T0<T1<T2<T3 occurs in both PI and PII. The digestibility of crude fat is lower than the digestibility of other nutrients in PI and PII. The average value of the use of feed efficiency in the PI increased in the administration of turmeric powder 0.3 g (T1), and decreased in T2 and T3, while feed efficiency in PII decreased in T1 and increased in the administration of ginger powder 0.6 g (T2), and lowest at T3. The performance of young sunda porcupine showed normal growth and no health problems occurred.
Seed priming with chitosan alleviates salinity stress by improving germination and early growth parameters in common vetch (Vicia sativa)
Authors: Odat N , Tawaha A M , Hasan M , Imran  , Amanullah  , Al-Tawaha A R , Thangadurai D , Sangeetha J , Rauf A , Khalid S , Saranraj P , AL-Taey D K A , Safari Z S , Zahid N A , Qazizadah A Z , Sirajuddin S N
Published: June 2021

Soil salinity is a serious environmental threat with varied effects on several aspects of growth and production of plants. Recently, however, the utilization of chitosan in agriculture has increased as it enhances the resistance of crop plants to different stresses factors such as salinity. In this experiment, the effects of chitosan seed-priming on alleviation of salinity stress was investigated in common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) using a completely randomized design with six replications. Chitosan pretreatment was applied at three levels (2, 4, and 8 g/l) and salinity of sodium chloride (NaCl) was applied at four levels (50, 100 and 200, and 300 mM). Different variables have been measured, including germination percentage, hypocotyl length, radical length, hypocotyl dry weight and radical dry weight. Salinity is found to affect the germination percentage of vetch by decreasing germination with increasing in NaCl concentration (50, 100 and 200, and 300 mM). However, the results showed an increase in germination percentage upon priming seeds with different levels of chitosan (2, 4, and 8 g/l) even with increasing the concentration NaCl salinity. Additionally, all salinity levels caused a significant reduction in vetch hypocotyl and radical dry weight and resulted in a decrease in their length when compared with the water control. However, chitosan at all levels of concentration improved all of these growth parameters (hypocotyl length, radical length, hypocotyl dry weight and radical dry weight) irrespective of salinity level indicating a successful role of chitosan in alleviating salinity stress. In general, these results may suggest that in saline soil seed pretreatment in chitosan could be utilized successfully for alleviating the effect of salinity stress on germination and on some growth parameters of common vetch.
Giving bidara leaf extract (Ziziphus mauritiana) through drinking water as an alternative antioxidant against quail haematological
Authors: Supratman S , Purwanti S , Rahardja D P
Published: June 2021

Bidara leaves (Ziziphus mauritiana) contain quercetin 3-O-rhamnoglucoside 7-O-rhamnoside which is a major flavonoid compound that has the potential as an antioxidant. This study was aimed to determine the effect of giving bidara leaf extract as an alternative antioxidant on the haematological status of quail. This study used 160 quails aged 9 days that were reared for 42 days. This study used a completely randomized design, which consisted of 5 treatments and 4 replications. Using the experimental arrangement: P0 (without vitamin C and bidara leaf extract); P1(vitamin C); P2 (0.20 mL bidara leaf extract); P3 (0.24 mL bidara leaf extract) and P4 (0.28 mL bidara leaf extract). Parameters measured were hematocrit, haemoglobin, erythrocyte and leukocyte. The result showed that erythrocytes and leucocytes had no significant effect (P>0.05) but had a significant effect (P<0.05) on haemoglobin and hematocrit. The highest haemoglobin level was at P4 while the lowest haemoglobin level was at P0. The treatment of P3 (0.24 mL of bidara leaf extract) can increase the levels of quail hematocrit. Therefore, it can be concluded that the higher level of giving bidara leaf extract, the higher of haemoglobin level in quails and giving bidara leaf extract at P3 (0.24 mL) was the best alternative to an antioxidant in quails.
The population of red flour beetle (Tribolium casteneum) imago and crude protein of rice bran with an addition of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) flour
Authors: Jamilah  , Mujnisa A , Akbar
Published: June 2021

Rice bran is an agricultural waste that is widely used as animal feed because it is cheap and easy to obtain. The main obstacle to using rice bran is the damage during storage, especially its protein content due to the presence and growth of insects such as the Red Flour Beetle (Tribolium castaneum). Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) is a plant often used as a natural insecticide. The objective of this study was to determine the ability of Lemongrass to inhibit the growth of the Red Flour Beetle and maintain protein content in rice bran during storage. This study was performed according to a completely randomized design with five treatments and four replications. Treatments consisted of P0: rice bran, P1: rice bran infected with a beetle, P2: rice bran infected with beetle + 1% lemongrass flour, P3: rice bran infected with beetle + 2% lemongrass flour, and P4: rice bran infected with beetle + 3% lemongrass flour. The results showed that the use of Lemongrass flour (Cymbopogon citratus) had a significant effect (P<0.05) on lowering the population of Tribolium casteneum imago, while crude protein content had no significant effect. From this study, it can be concluded that the addition of lemongrass flour can reduce the population of Tribolium caestaneum and maintain the crude protein content of rice bran during storage.
Anti-bacterial activity of Dayak onions extract (Eleutherine palmifolia) against Salmonella spp and Escherichia coli
Authors: Hidayah R , Purwanti S , Jamilah J
Published: June 2021

Dayak onions (Eleutherine palmifolia) is a plant from Kalimantan. Dayak onions contain high flavonoid and phenol compounds and can be used as an alternative feed additive for broilers to replace synthetic antibiotics that can cause resistance and residues. This study aims to determine how much the ability of Dayak onions extract to inhibit Salmonella spp and Escherichia coli bacteria by using factorial randomized design and Duncan’s advanced test with three replications. The first factor was the maceration test consisting of control using tetracycline and replication of maceration I, maceration II, combined maceration I and II. The second factor is the concentration consisting of three concentrations of 0.50%, 1.00% and 1.50%. Antimicrobial activity is characterized by the presence of a clear zone that forms around a good hole. The results showed that the best antimicrobial activity of Dayak onion extract was obtained in K3M1 with inhibitory zone diameters of 15.47 mm for Salmonella spp and 13.40 mm for Escherichia coli. The value of the diameter of the inhibition zone shows a high sensitivity level as an antibacterial. The lowest diameter value of the inhibition zone was K1M2 which was 3.40 mm for Salmonella spp and 4.18 mm for Escherichia coli. It was concluded that the best replication factor of the antibacterial activity was at M1 and the higher the concentration of Dayak onion extract was used, the higher the antibacterial activity and could be used as an alternative feed additive.
Mealworm as an alternative protein source: potential for the processing of fish meal and soybean meal replacement feed on broiler performance
Authors: Kasri  , Purwanti S
Published: June 2021

The availability of feed is the main requirement in supporting the success of livestock development. One of the feed alternatives that is being discussed worldwide is insects because they have a high protein source. Insects are currently being discussed in the animal husbandry sector because insects include an alternative source of animal protein with high nutritional quality, efficiency and can be provided continuously and have nearly the same nutritional content as fish meal and soybean meal. Problems globally, the search for alternative protein sources to substitute a fish meal and soybean meal has become a major topic in research in the field of animal feed and nutrition. The fluctuating price of feed will affect business in the field of animal husbandry, where we know that the cost of feed contributes nearly 60-70% of the total business operating costs. Based on literature studies show that insects can replace fish meal and soybean meal 25-100%, one type of insect that has the potential as a feed ingredient is a mealworm which contains 32-52% crude protein and low crude fat 7%. Reported that the use of mealworms in the broiler feed to give effect to the performance of broilers from feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and final weight. It was concluded that mealworms were an alternative source of high protein and fat.
Effects of pre-, pro-, and synbiotic supplementation on the growth performance and feed conversion rates of Indonesian native chicken – The offspring of in ovo L-gln fed hen
Authors: Rahardja D P , Yusuf M , Lestari V S , Hakim M R
Published: June 2021

A research was conducted to elucidate the effect of probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotic supplementation in drinking water on the performance of Indonesian Native Chickens (INC), the offspring of in ovo 1.5% L-gln hens. A randomized Block Design of 4 treatments (P0=control; P1=Prebiotic (10 g Inulin in 1 l tap water); P2= Probiotic (2 g Promix in 1 l tap water), and P3=Synbiotic (10 g Inulin + 2 g Promix in 1 l tap water) with 3 times of replication blocks was used. An amount of 180 one-day-old (DOC) of INC from 3 hatching periods was used in the research, which was selected from newly hatched chicks as the offsprings of laying hen resulted from the in ovo L-gln. The chicks were put in brooding boxes separately for each treatment unit (maximum 15 chicks per box) and placed in a rearing room (27-280C; 60% RH). The results indicated that supplementation of pre-, pro-, and symbiotic during the first 2 weeks through drinking water did not significantly affect the body weight and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of INC; Afterward, measuring at weeks 4, 6, and 8, supplementation resulted in significantly heavier body weights and better FCR compared to those of control chicks. In conclusion, this study has shown that supplementation of pre-, pro-, and symbiotic exert positive effects on the growth and FCR of INC, and the best response is to symbiotic supplementation.
The effect of temperature levels on antioxidant activity in chicken eggs
Authors: Nahariah N , Hikmah H
Published: June 2021

Generally, egg heating aims to inhibit microbial contamination, especially on the surface of eggshells and liquid egg products. The application of heating temperature to eggs was carried out at temperatures below 100°C. However, the heating temperature can have an impact on antioxidant activity and the characteristics of egg protein consumption. The treatment uses 3 temperature levels i.e., 45°C, 55° C, and 65°C, respectively. Each treatment was repeated 5 times, a total of 15 units. Each sample was heated for 3 minutes. Parameters were antioxidant activity, total protein, and dissolved protein. The results showed that the different heating temperatures had a significant effect (P<0.01) on antioxidant activity, total protein, and dissolved protein. Value of antioxidant activity and total protein decreased with the increasing of heating temperature. However, increasing the heating temperature can increase the dissolved protein value of chicken eggs. The heating temperature of 45°C on chicken eggs can optimize the antioxidant activity, total protein, and dissolved protein value.
Viscosity, fat content, total acidity, and antioxidant capacity of reduced-fat mayonnaise made with Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) rind flour as stabilizer
Authors: Evanuarini H , Amertaningtyas D , Utama D T
Published: June 2021

Reduced-fat mayonnaise should have an oil content of below 70%. In order to improve the quality of reduced-fat mayonnaise, a stabilizer should be included. Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) rind flour is a fruit waste containing antioxidants, fats, and carbohydrates, and has the potency to be used as an alternative stabilizer for processed food. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of watermelon rind flour on the viscosity, fat content, total acidity, and antioxidant capacity of reduced-fat (50% fat) mayonnaise. A completely randomized design was used in this study. The treatments were 2%, 4%, and 6% of watermelon rind flour addition and replicated four times. The results showed that mayonnaise viscosity, fat content, and antioxidant capacity were significantly affected (P<0.01) by the addition of watermelon rind flour without altering total acidity. In conclusion, the addition of watermelon rind powder at 6% to reduced-fat mayonnaise increased its antioxidant capacity and almost achieved the viscosity of the original (full-fat) mayonnaise.
The organoleptic of pasteurized milk by addition of kasumba turate (Cartamus tinctorius l) at different storage times
Authors: Faridah R , Febrianti Y , Maruddin F , Kurniawan M E , Mukhlisah A N
Published: June 2021

Milk was food that was composed of various nutritional values with a balanced proportion of milk weakness affects the shelf life so that it required a pasteurization process by adding kasumba turate (Cartamus tinctorius L) to milk as a natural colouring agent and preservative. To extend the shelf life, this study aimed to determine the effect of organoleptic quality (color, aroma and thickness) pasteurized milk with the addition of kasumba turate (Cartamus tinctorius L) at different storage times. This research was conducted using a Completely Randomized Design with different storage duration treatments (0 hours, 4 hours, 8 hours, 12 hours, 16 hours). The results of this study indicated that the addition of kasumba turate significantly affected the viscosity of milk, but did not affect the color, and aroma. This research can be concluded that during the storage of the organoleptic quality of color, the aroma of kasumba turate, the aroma of milk did not change but affected viscosity at different storage times.
Study of solvent temperature on physical quality of yogurt green tea powder
Authors: Setiawan A , Maruddin F , Malaka R
Published: June 2021

This kind of yogurt is generally found in semi-liquid form. Processing yogurt into powder will be more flexible when transporting or when being carried anywhere and does not require more storage. Green tea has polyphenolic compounds such as catechins, epicatechins, and gallic acid. The application of green tea in the processing of powdered yogurt requires a solvent temperature study to produce a good quality product. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of solvent temperature on viscosity, color, taste, aroma, and preferences of panelists in reconstituted green tea yogurt. This study used a completely Randomized Design (CRD) 4 treatments with 3 replications. Treatment using solvent temperatures of 30°C, 45°C, 60°C, and 75°C. The results showed that the use of 75°C solvent temperature in reconstituted green tea yogurt produced greater viscosity than 30°C, 45°C, and 60°C. Using different solvent temperatures did not affect color, aroma, and taste. There was a decrease in the preference rating for reconstituted green tea yogurt as the solvent temperature increased. All these studies indicated that the best solvent temperature for reconstituted green tea yogurt was 30°C.
The effect of moisture content in Nusa Tenggara Timur Forest honey on viscosity, pH and total dissolved solids
Authors: Primandasari E P , Susilo A , Masyithoh D
Published: June 2021

This study to determine the physicochemical properties of Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT) forest honey from Apis Dorsata based on differences in moisture content. The method used was an experimental method with a completely randomized design of four treatments and four replications. The treatment given to NTT forest honey with a moisture content of 23% was reduced with a vacuum evaporator to 22%, 21% and 20%. The variables observed were viscosity, pH and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS). The results showed that the decrease in moisture content in NTT forest honey using a vacuum evaporator had a very significant effect (P<0.01) on viscosity. The results of the study had a very significant effect on the TDS (P<0.01) and had no effect on the pH value. The viscosity value of NTT forest honey has an average of 747.25–953 poise. The average TDS value was 331.25–322.75 ppm and had an average pH value of 3.77–3.79. The conclusion of the study was that the reduction in moisture content in NTT forest honey had a very significant effect on viscosity and TDS in honey, but did not affect the pH value.
Bacterial exopolysaccharides production and their roles for human life
Authors: Malaka R
Published: June 2021

Exopolysaccharides (EPS) is a general term for all these forms of bacterial polysaccharides found outside the cell wall. EPS are separated to two major groups are homopolysaccharides and heteropolysaccharides.The production of exocelluar polysaccharides is found in many species of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The function of exopolysaccharides for bacteria itself are energy reserves, role in virulence, protection against physichally adverse condition, and bacteriophage adsorption. However, Isolation or extraction of EPS from bacterial cells does not ethically violate, because based on the results of research by scientists that EPS is not an essential substance for bacterial growth and survival. Therefore, EPS can be produced industrially for commercial purposes for the benefit of the welfare of humanity and for the purpose of future new polysaccharides. EPS has been proven to be applicable to improving the quality of food products as well as new foods, and can function on a variety of benefits in health pharmaceuticals. Other uses in the polymer industry have also made it possible as a new source of environmentally friendly polymers.
Physical characteristic and antioxidant activity of beef meatballs with addition of Moringa oleifera (Lam.) leaves powder
Authors: Rasak A N M , Hajrawati H , Ningrum E M , Suharyanto
Published: June 2021

Moringa oleifera is one of the herbs that nutritious and rich in bioactive compounds. Moringa leaves powder (MLP) is the potential to be applied to processed meat products such as meatball. This study was aimed to evaluate the nutrition content, physical properties, and antioxidant activity of beef meatball added with MLP. There were four levels of treatment employed in the study: Control, which without any addition of MLP; MLP 0.5%, MLP 1%, and MLP 1.5% were meatball added with 0.5, 1, and 1.5% MLP, respectively. All ingredients were well blended to be the dough and boiled at 80°C for 20 min. The results showed that there was no significant difference among treatments for WHC and pH value of meatballs. However, the addition of MLP decreased the cooking loss and enhanced the antioxidant activity of the meatballs. The addition 1.5% declined the lightness, 1% lowered the redness and yellowness value of meatball color. The nutrition content of the meatball was no significant for moisture content, ash, crude protein, and crude fat but increased significantly for crude fibre. It could be concluded that the addition of MLP could improve the antioxidant activity without any changes in WHC, pH value, but by changing the cooking loss and color parameters of the meatballs.
The effect of addition of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica forsk) on physico-chemical characteristics and antioxidant activity of Bali beef meatballs
Authors: Vebrianty E , Hajrawati H , Hatta W , Suharyanto S
Published: June 2021

Nowadays, the use of natural agents for antioxidants and preservatives are increasing for safety and healthy reason. One of the potential natural agents for food application is Water Spinach (Ipomoea aquatica Forsk). The characteristics of physico-chemical and antioxidant activity of the meatball added with water spinach leaf powder (WSLP) were observed in this study. Different four formulas were employed: control, formula without any addition of WSLP; WSLP 0.5%, WSLP 1% and WSLP 1.5% each was added with 0.5, 1 and 1.5% WSLP, respectively. The results of this study indicated that the addition of WSLP lowering the cooking loss and pH value, but increased the WHC of the meatball. The study also showed that WSLP decreased the color parameters (L*, a* and b*), but increased the antioxidant activity. The WSLP did not affect the moisture, ash, protein and fat but significantly increased the crude fiber content. It can be concluded that the addition of 1% of WSLP in the meatball formulation enhanced the physicochemical properties and antioxidant activity of the meatball.
Effect of levels of secang wood powder (Caesalpinia sappan L.) and curing time on the sensory characteristics of salted quail eggs
Authors: Hasanah H , Ningrum E M , Nahariah N
Published: June 2021

The food production process uses a lot of synthetic dyes. Processing of salted quail eggs using natural dyes is still limited. Secang wood (Caesalpinia sappan L.) is a natural coloring agent and its use is still limited. This study aimed to explain the effect of adding secang wood to the sensory characteristics of salted quail eggs. This study used a 3 x 3 factorial completely randomized design (CRD) with 3 replications. Factor A was the level of addition of secang wood powder: 10%, 20% and 30%, respectively. Factor B curing time was 3 days, 6 days and 9 days. The parameters measured were sensory characteristics: color, scent of egg, taste and texture of salted quail eggs. The results showed that the level of addition of secang wood powder and different curing time had no significant effect (P>0.05) on color. Thus, the level of addition of secang wood did not show a significant effect on the scent of egg, taste and texture of salted quail eggs. However, the duration of curing showed a significant effect (P<0.05) on the scent of egg, taste and texture of the resulting salted quail eggs. The addition of 20% secang wood powder and curing 6 days improved the sensory characteristics of salted quail eggs.
Organoleptic quality of pasteurized milk with addition Binahong leaf extract (Anredera cordifolia (Ten) Steenies) during storage
Authors: Maryana D , Suriani  , Maruddin F
Published: June 2021

Organoleptic is a study of the use human senses to measure panelist acceptance of a food product which includes aroma, flavor, texture, color and level of prefence. The purpose of this research is to contain the quality of pasteurized milk during storage, with the addition of binahong leaf extract incluiding the level of preference, aroma and color of pasteurized milk. The research used a completely randomized design (CRD) factorial pattern witrh 2 (two) factors, namely the first factor (A) is the concentration of the addition of binahong leaf extract (0, 4, 5, and 6%) and the second factor (B) is the storage time (0, 3, 6 and 9 days). The treatment of repeatead 3 times. The resulted is that concentration of binahong leaf extract storage time, and interaction between the two treatments had a very significant effect on the the level of preference, aroma and color of pasteurized milk.
Physicochemical characteristics of chicken egg whites by addition of red dragon fruit extract (Hylocereus Polyrhizus) at different fermentation times
Authors: Wahyuni R , Nahariah N , Hikmah H
Published: June 2021

Nutritious food is important for humans. Eggs are a highly nutritious food. However, eggs have a weakness, which is easily damaged. Natural damages, biological, chemical or damages caused by microorganisms. Damages can occur through the egg pores. Therefore, egg processing is very important to maintain egg quality, including fermented eggs. Egg whites processing using three LAB (Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus achidopillus and Streptococcus themophillus) with the addition of red dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus). Dragon fruit can be used by lactic acid bacteria as an energy source to live and grow well in products. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of fermentation time and the addition of red dragon fruit on physicochemical characteristics. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 5 treatments with 5 replications. The treatment in this study was fermentation time, namely 0 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours, 18 hours and 24 hours. The parameters measured were water content, lactic acid, and pH value in fermented egg whites with the addition of red dragon fruit. The results of this study explained that the duration of fermentation had a significant effect on the total acid, pH value, while the length of fermentation had no significant effect on water content. It was recommended that egg whites with the addition of red dragon fruit were fermented at 24 hours produced good physicochemical characteristics.
The growth and mortality of Ongole cross bred and Bali calves given calf milk replacer (CMR) in palm oil plantation-cow integration
Authors: Luthfi M , Antari R , Affandhy L
Published: June 2021

This research was conducted in order to test the application of technology for preweaning calves kept in Integrated-palm-cow business units (PTPN VI) in Jambi province. The experiment consisted of a 2-month period, after calving to 2 months old. The treatments were: Group I. Ongole crossbred calves freely suckled to the cows and were offered calves milk replacer (CMR). Group II. Ongole crossbred calves are freely suckled to the cows without additional CMR. Group III. Bali calves freely suckled to the cows and offered CMR while Group IV. Bali calves are freely suckled to the cows without additional CMR. The results showed that regardless of the breeds, calves offered CMR tended to maintain ADG, 163.8±82.8 and - 166.5±52.5 g/day in Group I and III, respectively, compared to their control counterparts (P<0.05) that experienced decreased ADG -558.1±128.3 and -283.0±77.9 g/day for Group II and IV, respectively. The percentage of the calf mortality rate was higher in calves that did not receive CMR, 33 and 25% for Bali and Ongole crossbreds, respectively. While CMR offered calves had lower calf mortality, 17 % for Bali and 8% for the Ongole crossbreds. In conclusion, treatment with CMR was able to increase the survival life in pre-weaning calves. Therefore, calf milk replacer was needed for pre-weaning Bali calves to minimise calf mortality.
Addition of bovine serum albumin (BSA) in cauda epididymal plasma-2 (CEP-2) extender to Ongole grade bull sperm motility and membrane integrity during the freezing process
Authors: Rachmawati A , Ismaya  , Widyobroto B P , Bintara S , Susilawati T
Published: June 2021

The semen freezing process causes a decrease in quality, especially sperm motility and membrane damage. Decreasing the semen quality during the freezing process can be prevented by adding semen diluents that fulfill the nutritional needs of sperm, such as CEP-2 and extracellular cryoprotectants, such as BSA. Cauda Epididymal Plasma-2 diluents have a composition like bull plasma cauda epididymis and have been shown to be able to maintain the quality of bull liquid semen at 5°C for eight days. The addition of BSA with different levels in the CEP-2 extender was expected to support the function of egg yolk in preventing damage to the sperm membrane due to cold shock during the freezing process. The purpose of this study was to determine the best BSA level to maintain sperm motility and membrane integrity during the freezing process. The research material was a three-year-old Ongole grade bull ejaculate which was collected once a week with an artificial vagina and individual motility of at least 70%. The research method was an experimental laboratory with BSA level 0; 0.2; 0.4; 0.6; 0.8 and 1%. The results showed that the highest sperm motility was 0.6% BSA level (42+2.58%) and the highest membrane integrity at the BSA level was 0.4% (84.30±2.56%). The study concluded that the addition of BSA in CEP-2 diluents increased the motility and membrane integrity during the freezing process, met the Indonesian National Standards. The research suggested the use of a BSA level of 0.6% in CEP-2 diluents for commercial frozen semen production.
The quality of intact plasma membrane of bull frozen sperm in different breeds
Authors: Diansyah A M , Yusuf M , Tolleng A L , Surahman S , Raafi M , Sahiruddin
Published: June 2021

Hypoosmotic Swelling (HOS) Test is a technique to evaluate the intact plasma membrane of spermatozoa. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of intact plasma membrane in various breeds of cattle regardless of age, feed, environment and maintenance management. Semen examination was carried out microscopically. Valuable semen assessment parameter was the percentage of intact plasma membrane in the cows of Bali, Limosin, FH, Brahman, Angus and Simental. Cattles with the highest intact plasma membrane values were Simental and the lowest was FH. The results of statistical analysis on the intact plasma membrane spermatozoa showed a significant difference (P<0.05) between cattle breeds. The intact plasma membrane in Simental was significantly different (P<0.05) compared to Bali, Limousine and FH. However, it is not significantly different from the Brahman and Brangus cattle. Different breeds of cattle can affect the level of intact plasma membrane.
Supplementation of Moringa (Moringa oleifera) seed extract in an extender on the quality of Bali bull semen
Authors: Suprapto  , Toleng A L , Yusuf M , Sahiruddin  , Masturi
Published: June 2021

In the processing semen, there is a contact between semen and oxygen (O2) to produce free radicals which can reduce the quality of semen. The decrease in semen quality caused by free radicals can be suppressed by the addition of antioxidants in the extender. This study aimed to prove that the Moringa seed extract can be used as an alternative to natural ingredients that can be added to the semen extender, in which it can maintain the quality of Bali bull sperms at equilibration. This study was used one Bali bull for semen collection with the treatment of Moringa (Moringa oleifera) seed extract supplementation into Tris egg yolk (TEY) as an extender; 25% (P1), 50% (P2), 75% (P3). Andromed (P0A) and TEY 100% (P0B) were used as control with three replications. The parameters measured included the individual and progressive motility of the sperms. Each parameter in each treatment was compared using a factorial completely randomized design. The results showed that the use of Moringa seed extract supplemented in the extender resulting both individual and progressive motility of Bali bull sperms decreased slowly in comparison to those without supplementation. The optimum supplementation of Moringa seed extract at 25% could minimize the rate of decrease in sperms motility of Bali bull semen after equilibration.