bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Acoustic and elastic properties of silicone oil under high pressure
Authors: Wang Xiaoxia , Chen Chen , Huang Xiaoli , Wang Jiayu , Yao Mingguang , Wang Kai , Huang Fengxian , Han Bo , Zhou Qiang , Li Fangfei
Published: April 2015

Brillouin scattering spectra of three silicone oils with different viscosity, including two polydimethylsiloxanes (PDMS) and one polyphenylmethylsiloxane (PPMS), have been studied under high pressure.
Norfloxacin-derivative functionalized octamolybdate: unusual carbonyl coordination and acidity sensitive luminescence
Authors: Liu Hong , Chai Dong-Feng , Zou Yu-Long , Zhou Shu-Jing , Wang Wei , Shen De-Feng , Qu Yan-Yan , Gao Guang-Gang
Published: April 2015

The first γ-type octamolybdate functionalized by decarboxylated norfloxacin, (dNF)2[γ-Mo8O26(dNF)2]·10H2O, has been synthesized featuring unusual carbonyl coordination. The fluorescence is sensitive to acidity and can be used as an acid–base switch.
CO2 reforming of CH4 over Ni/mesostructured silica nanoparticles (Ni/MSN)
Authors: Sidik S. M. , Jalil A. A. , Triwahyono S. , Abdullah T. A. T. , Ripin A.
Published: April 2015

Higher basicity of Ni/MSN suppressed the formation of deactivated carbon and contributed to a good stability in CO2 reforming of CH4.
One-step method to produce methyl-d-glucoside from lignocellulosic biomass
Authors: Feng Junfeng , Jiang Jianchun , Xu Junming , Yang Zhongzhi
Published: April 2015

One-step acid-catalyzed methanolysis of bamboo biomass for the preparation of methyl-d-glucoside as high value-added chemicals.
Rational fabrication of hybrid structure of SnOx sandwiched between TiO2 and carbon based on the complementary merits of SnOx, TiO2 and carbon, and its improved lithium storage properties
Authors: Tian Qinghua , Zhang Zhengxi , Yang Li , Hirano Shin-ichi
Published: April 2015

The rationally fabricated TiO2@SnOx@C exhibits superior electrochemical performances due to the complementary and synergic effect among three components.
Copper-mediated thiolation of carbazole derivatives and related N-heterocycle compounds
Authors: Zhu Longzhi , Cao Xin , Qiu Renhua , Iwasaki Takanori , Reddy Vutukuri Prakash , Xu Xinhua , Yin Shuang-Feng , Kambe Nobuaki
Published: April 2015

Cu-mediated direct thiolation of carbazole derivatives with disulfides via C–H bond cleavage to give diaryl and alkyl aryl sulfides which easily extends to the synthesis of thioethers with a benzo[h]quinolone, 2-phenylquinoline or indole moiety in satisfactory yields.
Enhancement effect of essential oils from the fruits and leaves of Alpinia oxyphylla on skin permeation and deposition of indomethacin
Authors: Feng Huanhuan , Luo Jiaoyang , Kong Weijun , Dou Xiaowen , Wang Yuting , Zhao Xiangsheng , Zhang Wanping , Li Qiong , Yang Meihua
Published: April 2015

Essential oils from plants are gaining increasing attention as potential chemical penetration enhancers.
Formation of highly porous structure in the electrospun polylactide fibers by swelling-crystallization in poor solvents
Authors: Tian Renping , Zhang Peng , Lv Ruihua , Na Bing , Liu Qingxian , Ju Yunhui
Published: April 2015

Highly porous polylactide fibers with very large surface area were produced by swelling-crystallization of as-spun counterparts in a poor solvent.
Mn doped ZrO2 as a green, efficient and reusable heterogeneous catalyst for the multicomponent synthesis of pyrano[2,3-d]-pyrimidine derivatives
Authors: Maddila Surya Narayana , Maddila Suresh , van Zyl Werner E. , Jonnalagadda Sreekantha B.
Published: April 2015

A simple and an efficient method has been developed for the one-pot multicomponent synthesis of pyrano[2,3-d]-pyrimidine derivatives.
Supramolecular free radicals: near-infrared organic materials with enhanced photothermal conversion
Authors: Jiao Yang , Liu Kai , Wang Guangtong , Wang Yapei , Zhang Xi
Published: April 2015

A novel kind of supramolecular free radical with significantly improved free radical yield and enhanced near-infrared photothermal conversion has been fabricated.
Nonlinear elasticity and cavitation of a triblock copolymer gel
Authors: Hashemnejad Seyed Meysam , Kundu Santanu
Published: April 2015

We investigate the nonlinear rheology and cavitation phenomena of a strain-stiffening physical gel.
Force-dependent persistence length of DNA–intercalator complexes measured in single molecule stretching experiments
Authors: Bazoni R. F. , Lima C. H. M. , Ramos E. B. , Rocha M. S.
Published: April 2015

By using optical tweezers with an adjustable trap stiffness, we have performed systematic single molecule stretching experiments with two types of DNA–intercalator complexes, in order to investigate the effects of the maximum applied forces on the mechanical response of such complexes.
Rational synthesis of ZnMn2O4 porous spheres and graphene nanocomposite with enhanced performance for lithium-ion batteries
Authors: Cai Daoping , Wang Dandan , Huang Hui , Duan Xiaochuan , Liu Bin , Wang Lingling , Liu Yuan , Li Qiuhong , Wang Taihong
Published: April 2015

Graphene-wrapped ZnMn2O4 porous spheres (ZMO-G PSs) are synthesized, which exhibit excellent electrochemical characteristics as high-performance anodes for lithium-ion batteries.
Design of an enzymatic biofuel cell with large power output
Authors: Chen Yun , Gai Panpan , Zhang Jianrong , Zhu Jun-Jie
Published: April 2015

Based on a graphene–AuNP–GOx bioanode and graphene–AuNP–laccase biocathode, a novel enzymatic biofuel cell with large power output was successfully designed.
Performance improvement of air electrode for Li/air batteries by hydrophobicity adjustment
Authors: Chen Mei , Jiang Xiaoliang , Yang Hui , Shen Pei Kang
Published: April 2015

In this paper, a particular air electrode structure for Li/air batteries was designed and evaluated by using carbon paper as the support for the catalyst and the current collector of the air electrode.
Hydroxide-ion incorporation and conduction mechanisms in tin pyrophosphate – a first-principles study
Authors: Terasaka Junya , Toyoura Kazuaki , Nakamura Atsutomo , Matsunaga Katsuyuki
Published: April 2015

An atomic-scale picture of the hydroxide-ion conduction in tin pyrophosphate (SnP2O7) has theoretically been proposed in the present study.
Nickel nanocatalysts supported on sulfonated polyaniline: potential toward methanol oxidation and as anode materials for DMFCs
Authors: Das Suparna , Dutta Kingshuk , Kundu Patit P.
Published: April 2015

Deposition of nickel nanocatalysts on a sulfonated polyaniline matrix for the fabrication of an efficient catalyst system towards methanol oxidation.
Enhancing the performance of Li3VO4 by combining nanotechnology and surface carbon coating for lithium ion batteries
Authors: Shao Gaoqi , Gan Lin , Ma Ying , Li Huiqiao , Zhai Tianyou
Published: April 2015

Carbon-coated nanosized Li3VO4 was successfully obtained by combination of ball milling and CVD techniques. The thin and full coating layers of carbon can greatly decrease the amount of conductive additive in the electrode and enhance the first coulombic efficiency, specific capacity and rate performances of Li3VO4.
Carbon nanotubes decorated with nickel phosphide nanoparticles as efficient nanohybrid electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction
Authors: Pan Yuan , Hu Wenhui , Liu Dapeng , Liu Yunqi , Liu Chenguang
Published: April 2015

Nickel phosphide nanoparticles decorated on carbon nanotubes were synthesized by in situ thermal decomposition for the first time. The Ni2P/CNT nanohybrid exhibits high activity and stability for hydrogen evolution.
Nano-silver in situ hybridized collagen scaffolds for regeneration of infected full-thickness burn skin
Authors: Song Junfei , Zhang Pengfei , Cheng Lu , Liao Yue , Xu Bing , Bao Rui , Wang Wei , Liu Wenguang
Published: April 2015

Histidine incorporated into a collagen matrix was used as a template to chelate silver ions which were reduced to silver nanoparticles in situ.
Effects of spontaneous nitrogen incorporation by a 4H-SiC(0001) surface caused by plasma nitridation
Authors: Kim Dae-Kyoung , Kang Yu-Seon , Jeong Kwang-Sik , Kang Hang-Kyu , Cho Sang Wan , Chung Kwun-Bum , Kim Hyoungsub , Cho Mann-Ho
Published: April 2015

Change in defect states in the nitrided 4H-SiC(0001) channel formed by a plasma nitridation (PN) process was investigated as a function of rapid processing time (180 s) at room temperature.
Intense electroluminescence from ZnO nanowires
Authors: Yang Xun , Shan Chong-Xin , Jiang Ming-Ming , Qin Jie-Ming , Hu Guang-Chong , Wang Shuang-Peng , Ma Hong-An , Jia Xiao-Peng , Shen De-Zhen
Published: April 2015

Intense electroluminescence has been obtained from ZnO nanowires with holes injected from p-ZnO:Sb preparedviaa high pressure high temperature method.
Taking electrons out of bioelectronics: bioprotonic memories, transistors, and enzyme logic
Authors: Hemmatian Zahra , Miyake Takeo , Deng Yingxin , Josberger Erik E. , Keene Scott , Kautz Rylan , Zhong Chao , Jin Jungho , Rolandi Marco
Published: April 2015

We highlight our recent efforts in developing devices that control the flow of H+ and OH− in biological polymers.
Room temperature ionic liquids: A simple model. Effect of chain length and size of intermolecular potential on critical temperature
Authors: Chapela Gustavo A. , Guzmán Orlando , Díaz-Herrera Enrique , del Río Fernando
Published: April 2015

A model of a room temperature ionic liquid can be represented as an ion attached to an aliphatic chain mixed with a counter ion. The simple model used in this work is based on a short rigid tangent square well chain with an ion, represented by a hard sphere interacting with a Yukawa potential at the head of the chain, mixed with a counter ion represented as well by a hard sphere interacting with a Yukawa potential of the opposite sign. The length of the chain and the depth of the intermolecular forces are investigated in order to understand which of these factors are responsible for the lowering of the critical temperature. It is the large difference between the ionic and the dispersion potentials which explains this lowering of the critical temperature. Calculation of liquid-vapor equilibrium orthobaric curves is used to estimate the critical points of the model. Vapor pressures are used to obtain an estimate of the triple point of the different models in order to calculate the span of temperatures where they remain a liquid. Surface tensions and interfacial thicknesses are also reported.
A self-injected, diode-pumped, solid-state ring laser for laser cooling of Li atoms
Authors: Miake Yudai , Mukaiyama Takashi , O’Hara Kenneth M. , Gensemer Stephen
Published: April 2015

We have constructed a solid-state light source for experiments with laser cooled lithium atoms based on a Nd:Y V O4 ring laser with second-harmonic generation. Unidirectional lasing, an improved mode selection, and a high output power of the ring laser were achieved by weak coupling to an external cavity which contained the lossy elements required for single frequency operation. Continuous frequency tuning is accomplished by controlling two piezoelectric transducers (PZTs) in the internal and the external cavities simultaneously. The light source has been utilized to trap and cool fermionic lithium atoms into the quantum degenerate regime.
Analysis of twisted supercharge families on product manifolds
Authors: Harju Antti J.
Published: April 2015

Twisted supercharge families on product manifolds 𝕋 × M have been applied in the analysis of the odd twisted K-theory. We shall suspend these families to the even twisted K-theory and solve their twisted families index problem. This is applied to give analytic representatives of the twisted K-theory classes on tori—including all the torsion classes.
Model for conductivity compensation of moderately doped n- and p-4H-SiC by high-energy electron bombardment
Authors: Kozlovski V. V. , Lebedev A. A. , Bogdanova E. V.
Published: April 2015

The model of conductivity compensation in SiC under irradiation with high-energy electrons is presented. The following processes are considered to cause a decrease in the free carrier concentration: (i) formation of deep traps by intrinsic point defects, Frenkel pairs produced by irradiation; (ii) "deactivation" of the dopant via formation of neutral complexes including a dopant atom and a radiation-induced point defect; and (iii) formation of deep compensating traps via generation of charged complexes constituted by a dopant atom and a radiation-induced point defect. To determine the compensation mechanism, dose dependences of the deep compensation of moderately doped SiC (CVD) under electron irradiation have been experimentally studied. It is demonstrated that, in contrast to n-FZ-Si, moderately doped SiC (CVD) exhibits linear dependences (with a strongly nonlinear dependence observed for Si). Therefore, the conductivity compensation in silicon carbide under electron irradiation occurs due to deep traps formed by primary radiation defects (vacancies and interstitial atoms) in the silicon and carbon sublattices. It is known that the compensation in silicon is due to the formation of secondary radiation defects that include a dopant atom. It is shown that, in contrast to n-SiC (CVD), primary defects in only the carbon sublattice of moderately doped p-SiC (CVD) cannot account for the compensation process. In p-SiC, either primary defects in the silicon sublattice or defects in both sublattices are responsible for the conductivity compensation.
Competitive behavior of photons contributing to junction voltage jump in narrow band-gap semiconductor multi-quantum-well laser diodes at lasing threshold
Authors: Feng Liefeng , Yang Xiufang , Li Yang , Li Ding , Wang Cunda , Yao Dongsheng , Hu Xiaodong , Li Hongru
Published: April 2015

The junction behavior of different narrow band-gap multi-quantum-well (MQW) laser diodes (LDs) confirmed that the jump in the junction voltage in the threshold region is a general characteristic of narrow band-gap LDs. The relative change in the 1310 nm LD is the most obvious. To analyze this sudden voltage change, the threshold region is divided into three stages by Ithl and Ithu, as shown in Fig. 2; Ithl is the conventional threshold, and as long as the current is higher than this threshold, lasing exists and the IdV/dI-I plot drops suddenly; Ithu is the steady lasing point, at which the separation of the quasi-Fermi levels of electron and holes across the active region (Vj) is suddenly pinned. Based on the evolutionary model of dissipative structure theory, the rate equations of the photons in a single-mode LD were deduced in detail at Ithl and Ithu. The results proved that the observed behavior of stimulated emission suddenly substituting for spontaneous emission, in a manner similar to biological evolution, must lead to a sudden increase in the injection carriers in the threshold region, which then causes the sudden increase in the junction voltage in this region.
Adsorption of trace metals by microplastic pellets in fresh water
Authors: Turner Andrew , Holmes Luke A.
Published: April 2015

Environmental context
Although microplastics are known to adsorb and transport contaminants in the aquatic environment, there is no information on the significance of the effect in fresh waters. We studied the adsorption of metals to new and aged plastic pellets in river water, and show interactions that are dependent on time, pH and metal concentration. Because metals have a higher affinity for aged pellets than for new pellets, weathered microplastics could represent a significant vehicle for the transport of metals in aquatic environments.

Abstract
Adsorption of trace metals (Ag, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn) to new (virgin) and aged (beached) plastic production pellets suspended in river water (pH ~ 6.5) has been studied under laboratory conditions. Over a 7-day period, reaction kinetics largely conformed to a pseudo-first-order reversible mechanism with forward rate constants that were typically at least an order of magnitude greater for beached pellets than virgin pellets. Adsorption isotherms were defined by a linear model in many cases, with maximum distribution coefficients of ~6mL g–1 for virgin pellets (Hg and Pb) and of the order of 102mLg–1 for beached pellets (Ag and Pb). However, more significant fits to the data were obtained using Freundlich or Langmuir models with adsorption constants that were orders of magnitude greater for beached pellets than virgin pellets and, regarding the former, that were greatest for Ag, Hg and Pb. Increasing pH of river water resulted in an increase in adsorption of Ag, Cd, Co, Ni, Pb and Zn, a reduction in adsorption of Cr and no clear trend for Cu or Hg, and adsorption was always greater to beached pellets than virgin pellets. The ability of pellets to adsorb metals was attributed to the modification of the surface through the attachment of organic matter during the experiments and, with regard to beached pellets, their long-term pre-modification through photooxidation and attrition of charged material. Interactions at the pellet surface likely involve metal cations, oxyanions (HCrO4–/CrO42–) and organic complexes.
Characteristics, seasonality and sources of inorganic ions and trace metals in North-east Asian aerosols
Authors: Pavuluri Chandra Mouli , Kawamura Kimitaka , Mihalopoulos Nikolaos , Fu Pingqing
Published: April 2015

Environmental context
Atmospheric aerosols affect the Earth’s climate system and can cause adverse effects on human health depending on their loading and chemical composition. This study presents the chemical characteristics and seasonality of inorganic ions and trace metals in atmospheric aerosols from Sapporo, northern Japan, and explores their possible sources. The work is relevant for our understanding of atmospheric composition and climate change.

Abstract
To better understand the characteristics, seasonality and sources of inorganic aerosols in North-east Asia, we studied total suspended particulate samples collected in Sapporo, northern Japan for inorganic ions and trace metals over a 1-year period. SO42– was found as the most abundant ionic species, which accounted for on average 43±15% of the measured total ionic mass followed by Cl–≈NO3–≈Na+. Among the metals determined, Ca was found as the most abundant (45±5.2% of the measured total metals) followed by Fe. Temporal variations of methanesulfonate (MS–) and SO42– showed a clear seasonal pattern with a maximum in summer followed by spring. Cl–, NO3–, NH4+ and K+ showed increasing trends from mid autumn to winter. Na+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ and crustal metals (Al, Ca, Fe, Ti and Mn) peaked in early spring. Na+ and Mg2+ and Ni, Cu and As were abundant in autumn whereas Zn was in spring. However, Cd and Pb did not show any seasonality. Based on comparisons of such seasonal trends with those of organic tracers as well as the air mass trajectories, we infer that the seasonality in inorganic aerosols in the North-east Asian atmosphere is mainly controlled by their season-specific source(s): soil dust in early spring, biogenic emissions in spring–summer, microbial activities in autumn and forest fires and biomass burning in autumn–winter. However, contributions from anthropogenic sources are significant in all seasons. This study also suggests that fungal spores partly contribute to some trace metals (i.e. Ni, Cu and As) whereas pollen contributes to Zn in aerosols.
Generation of the antioxidant yellow pigment derived from 4-methylthio-3-butenyl isothiocyanate in salted radish roots (takuan-zuke)
Authors: Takahashi Asaka , Yamada Tsuyoshi , Uchiyama Yohei , Hayashi Satomi , Kumakura Kei , Takahashi Hitoe , Kimura Norihisa , Matsuoka Hiroki
Published: April 2015

2-[3-(2-Thioxopyrrolidin-3-ylidene)methyl]-tryptophan (TPMT) is a yellow pigment of salted radish roots (takuan-zuke) derived from 4-methylthio-3-butenyl isothiocyanate (MTBITC), the pungent component of radish roots. Here, we prepared salted radish and analyzed the behavior of the yellow pigment and related substances in the dehydration process and long-term salting process. All salted radish samples turned yellow, and their b* values increased with time and temperature. The salted radish that was sun-dried and pickled at room temperature turned the brightest yellow, and the generation of TPMT was clearly confirmed. These results indicate that tissue shrinkage due to dehydration, salting temperature, and pH play important roles in the yellowing of takuan-zuke.
Elliptic curves with 2-torsion contained in the 3-torsion field
Authors: Brau Julio , Jones Nathan
Published: April 2015

There is a modular curve

X
′

(
6
)

X’(6)

of level

6
6

defined over

Q

\mathbb {Q}

whose

Q

\mathbb {Q}

-rational points correspond to

j
j

-invariants of elliptic curves

E
E

over

Q

\mathbb {Q}

that satisfy

Q

(
E
[
2
]
)
⊆

Q

(
E
[
3
]
)

\mathbb {Q}(E[2]) \subseteq \mathbb {Q}(E[3])

. In this note we characterize the

j
j

-invariants of elliptic curves with this property by exhibiting an explicit model of

X
′

(
6
)

X’(6)

. Our motivation is two-fold: on the one hand,

X
′

(
6
)

X’(6)

belongs to the list of modular curves which parametrize non-Serre curves (and is not well known), and on the other hand,

X
′

(
6
)
(

Q

)

X’(6)(\mathbb {Q})

gives an infinite family of examples of elliptic curves with non-abelian “entanglement fields”, which is relevant to the systematic study of correction factors of various conjectural constants for elliptic curves over

Q

\mathbb {Q}

.
Injective modules under faithfully flat ring extensions
Authors: Christensen Lars , Köksal Fatih
Published: April 2015

Let

R
R

be a commutative ring and let

S
S

be an

R
R

-algebra. It is well-known that if

N
N

is an injective

R
R

-module, then

Hom
R

⁡
(
S
,
N
)

\operatorname {Hom}_R(S,N)

is an injective

S
S

-module. The converse is not true, not even if

R
R

is a commutative noetherian local ring and

S
S

is its completion, but it is close: It is a special case of our main theorem that, in this setting, an

R
R

-module

N
N

with

Ext
R

>
0

⁡
(
S
,
N
)
=
0

\operatorname {Ext}^{>0}_R(S,N) =0

is injective if

Hom
R

⁡
(
S
,
N
)

\operatorname {Hom}_R(S,N)

is an injective

S
S

-module.
Robust transitivity for endomorphisms admitting critical points
Authors: Iglesias J. , Lizana C. , Portela A.
Published: April 2015

We address the problem of giving necessary and sufficient conditions in order to have robustly transitive endomorphisms admitting persistent critical sets. We exhibit different types of open examples of robustly transitive maps in any isotopic class of endomorphisms acting on the two dimensional torus admitting persistent critical points. We also provide some necessary conditions for robust transitivity in this setting.
Orthogonal symmetric affine Kac-Moody algebras
Authors: Freyn Walter
Published: April 2015

Riemannian symmetric spaces are fundamental objects in finite dimensional differential geometry. An important problem is the construction of symmetric spaces for generalizations of simple Lie groups, especially their closest infinite dimensional analogues, known as affine Kac-Moody groups. We solve this problem and construct affine Kac-Moody symmetric spaces in a series of several papers. This paper focuses on the algebraic side; more precisely, we introduce OSAKAs, the algebraic structures used to describe the connection between affine Kac-Moody symmetric spaces and affine Kac-Moody algebras and describe their classification.
A Lipschitz stable reconstruction formula for the inverse problem for the wave equation
Authors: Liu Shitao , Oksanen Lauri
Published: April 2015

We consider the problem to reconstruct a wave speed

c
∈

C
∞

(
M
)

c \in C^\infty (M)

in a domain

M
⊂

R

n

M \subset \mathbb {R}^n

from acoustic boundary measurements modelled by the hyperbolic Dirichlet-to-Neumann map

Λ
\Lambda

. We introduce a reconstruction formula for

c
c

that is based on the Boundary Control method and incorporates features also from the complex geometric optics solutions approach. Moreover, we show that the reconstruction formula is locally Lipschitz stable for a low frequency component of

c

−
2

c^{-2}

under the assumption that the Riemannian manifold

(
M
,

c

−
2

d

x
2

)

(M, c^{-2} dx^2)

has a strictly convex function with no critical points. That is, we show that for all bounded

C
2

C^2

neighborhoods

U
U

of

c
c

, there is a

C
1

C^1

neighborhood

V
V

of

c
c

and constants

C
,
R
>
0

C, R > 0

such that
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="StartLayout 1st Row StartAbsoluteValue script upper F left-parenthesis c overTilde Superscript negative 2 Baseline minus c Superscript negative 2 Baseline right-parenthesis left-parenthesis xi right-parenthesis EndAbsoluteValue less-than-or-equal-to upper C e Superscript 2 upper R StartAbsoluteValue xi EndAbsoluteValue Baseline double-vertical-bar normal upper Lamda overTilde minus normal upper Lamda double-vertical-bar Subscript asterisk Baseline comma xi element-of double-struck upper R Superscript n Baseline comma EndLayout">

|

F

(

c
~

−
2

−

c

−
2

)

(
ξ
)

|

≤
C

e

2
R

|

ξ

|

‖

Λ
~

−
Λ
‖

∗

,

ξ
∈

R

n

,

\begin{align*} |\mathcal {F}\left (\widetilde c^{-2} - c^{-2}\right )(\xi )| \le C e^{2R|\xi |}\left \|\widetilde \Lambda - \Lambda \right \|_*, \quad \xi \in \mathbb {R}^n, \end{align*}

for all

c
~

∈
U
∩
V

\widetilde c \in U \cap V

, where

Λ
~

\widetilde \Lambda

is the Dirichlet-to-Neumann map corresponding to the wave speed

c
~

\widetilde c

and

|
⋅
|

∗

\left |\cdot \right |_*

is a norm capturing certain regularity properties of the Dirichlet-to-Neumann maps.
Prologue
Authors: Engel Kathleen C. , McCoy Patricia A.
Published: April 2015

This chapter traces the development of the subprime crisis, detailing how consumer abuses in an obscure corner of the home mortgage market spawned a virus that led to the near meltdown of the world's financial system. The virus had several strands. In the first, lenders cooked up hazardous subprime loans and peddled them to people who they knew could not afford to repay the loans. In the second, Wall Street sliced and diced subprime risk and spread it to the global financial system. In the third, traders bought trillions of dollars in credit default swaps with little or no margin on the bet that the whole enterprise would come crashing down. In the fourth and final strand, the federal government witnessed what was happening and made a deliberate decision to desist from any meaningful action. These strands combined to unleash untold economic harm.
Blind Spot
Authors: Engel Kathleen C. , McCoy Patricia A.
Published: April 2015

This chapter discusses the Federal Reserve Board's enforcement actions during the housing bubble. It describes Fed chairman Alan Greenspan's aversion to regulation and the distinct ideological imprint he put on the Fed, which was most evident in mortgage lending. It also covers the Fed's power to regulate reckless mortgages; the Truth in Lending Act disclosures, the main form of mortgage regulation at the Fed; supervision of lending institutions by the Fed; and other Fed enforcement actions affecting mortgage lending.
Containing Contagion
Authors: Engel Kathleen C. , McCoy Patricia A.
Published: April 2015

This chapter first explains how federal government bailouts during the subprime crisis increased the risk for more severe financial crises in the future. The government sent businesses the wrong message that they can pursue senseless strategies in search of higher yields because Uncle Sam will absorb any losses if firms are too big to fail. In other words, the result of the bailouts was moral hazard. The chapter then discusses three ways to rein in too-big-to-fail firms and evaluates the capacity of the Dodd-Frank Act to perform these tasks. First, the law should require federal regulators to put failing financial giants into receivership before stabilizing them with federal aid. Second, the nation needs a systemic risk regulator to track and address looming systemic risks. Finally, swaps need to be moved onto exchanges as much as possible, while swaps that bet on the performance of assets owned by others should be banned.
Epilogue
Authors: Engel Kathleen C. , McCoy Patricia A.
Published: April 2015

This epilogue assesses the progress of financial reform two years after the eruption of the subprime crisis in 2008. It shows that Obama administration attained a landmark achievement with the passage of the Dodd-Frank Act. However, it remains to be seen whether federal regulators will use their newfound powers to protect the financial system and consumers or cater to the financial industry.
Introduction
Authors: Rainer Grote , Tilmann Röder
Published: April 2015

This introductory chapter begins with a brief history of constitution-making and constitutional reform in the Islamic world. It then describes the emergence of a new constitutional era in the Middle East and beyond following World War II, and the two trends that characterized the early post-independence period in most Islamic countries, which were also reflected in the new constitutions: nationalism and secularism. It also discusses the development of Islamic constitutionalism in various Islamic countries. The chapter then sets out the book's purpose, which is to analyze the impact of the rise of political Islam on the development of key constitutional concepts in Islamic countries, and the extent to which the notion of constitutionalism has been transformed in these countries as a result. This is followed by an overview of the five parts of the book.
Part 1 Constitutionalism and Islam: Conceptual Issues, 1.3 The Separation of Powers in the Tradition of Muslim Governments
Authors: Asifa Quraishi
Published: April 2015

Unlike the relationship between executive, judicial, and legislative powers in modern democracies, the classical Muslim balance of power was not between government entities but rather between the government as a whole and the nongovernmental forces of scholarly academia. Neither had absolute power over the law, and each institution recognized the other's presence and role in the system. This chapter offers a brief overview of this classical Muslim balance of power, summarizing how it is both similar to and different from the contemporary constitutional concept of a separation of powers. It suggests the ways in which classical Muslim structure of authority might provide useful insights for rule of law questions in Muslim majority countries today.
Part 2 Interrelations between Constitutionalism and Sharī’ah: Antagonism or Complementarity?, 2.1 Constitutionalism in Islamic Countries: A Survey from the Perspective of International Law
Authors: Rüdiger Wolfrum
Published: April 2015

This chapter examines the influence of international law and Islamic law on the constitutions of Islamic states. It discusses the historical development of the relationship between Islamic law and international law; reference to human rights and international law in the constitutions of Islamic states (Africa, Middle East, and Asia); and the impact of the Sharīʻah on the ratification of international human rights treaties.
Part 2 Interrelations between Constitutionalism and Sharī’ah: Antagonism or Complementarity?, 2.7 Islam and the Constitutional Foundations of Pakistan
Authors: Martin Lau
Published: April 2015

This chapter first discusses the pivotal role of Muhammad ʻAlī Jināh in the creation of Pakistan. It considers his thoughts on constitutionalism and Islam, and Muslim opposition to the creation of Pakistan. It then examines the role of Islam in the drafting of Pakistan's three constitutions from 1947 to 1973.
Part 2 Interrelations between Constitutionalism and Sharī’ah: Antagonism or Complementarity?, 2.8 Constitutionalism, Islam, and National Identity in Malaysia
Authors: Andrew Harding
Published: April 2015

This chapter examines the complex and evolving relationship of liberal constitutionalism, Islamic law, and nationalism in Malaysia's multiethnic and legally bifurcated polity. The Malaysian experience demonstrates that there are no easy answers to the problems created by the tangled interaction of religion, law, and politics. The chapter begins with a historical introduction followed by an outline of the contemporary position in which the bifurcated legal order has become the main arena for conflict over these problems.
Part 5 Emerging Constitutions in Islamic Countries, 5.3 Quo Vadis Sudan?: Sharī‘ah and Human Rights after the Secession of South Sudan
Authors: Markus Böckenförde
Published: April 2015

This chapter analyzes how South Sudan's Interim National Constitution (INC) has been designed to accommodate Sharīʻah and human rights with a specific focus on the freedom of religion. To gain a better understanding of the INC's complex structure that resulted from previous experiences, the chapter begins with a short overview of the role of Sharīʻah in Sudan's constitutional life since independence. It then considers whether the relevant sections of the INC have been properly implemented and highlights the need to avoid unnecessary labeling in the Sharīʻah and human rights debate.
Part 5 Emerging Constitutions in Islamic Countries, 5.4 Statehood and Constitution-Building in Somalia: Islamic Responses to a Failed State
Authors: Hatem Elliesie
Published: April 2015

This chapter first examines the crisis of statehood and its legitimation in the specific Somali context. It then discusses the challenges of constitution-building in Somalia; the formal and informal rule of law; approaches to respond to the failed state of Somalia; and the unifying potentials of Islam in the reconstruction of Somali statehood.
Characterization of Botryosphaeriaceae Species as Causal Agents of Trunk Diseases on Grapevines
Authors: Carlucci Antonia , Cibelli Francesca , Lops Francesco , Raimondo Maria Luisa
Published: April 2015

Botryosphaeriaceae spp. have a cosmopolitan distribution and a wide range of plant hosts. Over the last 15 years, worldwide, 21 species of this family have been associated with grapevine trunk diseases that cause cankers and dieback on grapevines. Here, we surveyed vineyards of Vitis vinifera ‘Lambrusco’, ‘Sangiovese’, and ‘Montepulciano’ in three areas of the Foggia province (Cerignola, Foggia, and San Severo) in southern Italy. Wood samples from grapevines showing general decline, dieback, cankers, and wood and foliar discoloration yielded 344 fungal isolates identified as Botryosphaeriaceae spp. A phylogenetic study combining internal transcribed spacer and translation elongation factor 1-α sequences of 60 representative isolates identified nine botryosphaeriaceous species: Botryosphaeria dothidea, Diplodia corticola, D. mutila, D. seriata, Dothiorella iberica, Do. sarmentorum, Lasiodiplodia citricola, L. theobromae, and Neofusicoccum parvum. Pathogenicity tests confirmed that all nine species cause canker and dieback of grapevines. However, this is the first report of L. citricola as causal agent of wood cankers and dieback of grapevine. To date, including L. citricola, there are 25 botryosphaeriaceous species associated with V. vinifera worldwide, of which 12 have been reported for grapevines in Italy.
Assessment of Aflatoxin and Fumonisin Contamination of Maize in Western Kenya
Authors: Mutiga S. K. , Hoffmann V. , Harvey J. W. , Milgroom M. G. , Nelson R. J.
Published: April 2015

We conducted a survey of aflatoxin and fumonisin in maize in western Kenya. In a regional survey of aflatoxin conducted in 2009 across three agroecological zones within three administrative regions, milled maize samples were collected from 985 patrons of 26 hammer mills. Aflatoxin contamination was detected in 49% of samples and was above the regulatory (10 ppb) in 15% of the samples overall; 65% of samples from a drought-prone area were over the limit. In a detailed survey in Bungoma County, we investigated aflatoxin and fumonisin contamination in four popular maize varieties at harvest and after 2 and 4 months of storage. We collected whole-grain samples from farmers’ storage sheds and milled samples from patrons of local mills. Mean aflatoxin contamination was identical for storage sheds and mills at 2.3 ppb. In all, 41% of the samples from mills had detectable aflatoxin, with 4% over the regulatory limit, whereas 87% had detectable fumonisin, with 50% over the regulatory limit (1 ppm). Mean contamination levels did not change during storage. Maize varieties differed in fumonisin contamination, with the most popular varieties vulnerable to both mycotoxins and weevils, which are potential factors in exacerbating mycotoxin contamination. Mycotoxin surveillance is important not just in areas known previously for aflatoxin contamination and acute poisoning but also is needed in all maize-producing regions.
The Matter in Extreme Conditions instrument at the Linac Coherent Light Source
Authors: Nagler Bob , Arnold Brice , Bouchard Gary , Boyce Richard F. , Boyce Richard M. , Callen Alice , Campell Marc , Curiel Ruben , Galtier Eric , Garofoli Justin , Granados Eduardo , Hastings Jerry , Hays Greg , Heimann Philip , Lee Richard W. , Milathianaki Despina , Plummer Lori , Schropp Andreas , Wallace Alex , Welch Marc , White William , Xing Zhou , Yin Jing , Young James , Zastrau Ulf , Lee Hae Ja
Published: April 2015

The LCLS beam provides revolutionary capabilities for studying the transient behavior of matter in extreme conditions. The particular strength of the Matter in Extreme Conditions instrument is that it combines the unique LCLS beam with high-power optical laser beams, and a suite of dedicated diagnostics tailored for this field of science. In this paper an overview of the beamline, the capabilities of the instrumentation, and selected highlights of experiments and commissioning results are presented.
X-ray detectors at the Linac Coherent Light Source
Authors: Blaj Gabriel , Caragiulo Pietro , Carini Gabriella , Carron Sebastian , Dragone Angelo , Freytag Dietrich , Haller Gunther , Hart Philip , Hasi Jasmine , Herbst Ryan , Herrmann Sven , Kenney Chris , Markovic Bojan , Nishimura Kurtis , Osier Shawn , Pines Jack , Reese Benjamin , Segal Julie , Tomada Astrid , Weaver Matt
Published: April 2015

Free-electron lasers (FELs) present new challenges for camera development compared with conventional light sources. At SLAC a variety of technologies are being used to match the demands of the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) and to support a wide range of scientific applications. In this paper an overview of X-ray detector design requirements at FELs is presented and the various cameras in use at SLAC are described for the benefit of users planning experiments or analysts looking at data. Features and operation of the CSPAD camera, which is currently deployed at LCLS, are discussed, and the ePix family, a new generation of cameras under development at SLAC, is introduced.
The Low Density Matter (LDM) beamline at FERMI: optical layout and first commissioning
Authors: Svetina Cristian , Grazioli Cesare , Mahne Nicola , Raimondi Lorenzo , Fava Claudio , Zangrando Marco , Gerusina Simone , Alagia Michele , Avaldi Lorenzo , Cautero Giuseppe , de Simone Monica , Devetta Michele , Di Fraia Michele , Drabbels Marcel , Feyer Vitaliy , Finetti Paola , Katzy Raphael , Kivimäki Antti , Lyamayev Viktor , Mazza Tommaso , Moise Angelica , Möller Thomas , O'Keeffe Patrick , Ovcharenko Yevheniy , Piseri Paolo , Plekan Oksana , Prince Kevin C. , Sergo Rudi , Stienkemeier Frank , Stranges Stefano , Coreno Marcello , Callegari Carlo
Published: April 2015

The Low Density Matter (LDM) beamline has been built as part of the FERMI free-electron laser (FEL) facility to serve the atomic, molecular and cluster physics community. After the commissioning phase, it received the first external users at the end of 2012. The design and characterization of the LDM photon transport system is described, detailing the optical components of the beamline.
Production, purification and crystallization of atrans-sialidase fromTrypanosoma vivax
Authors: Haynes Carole L. F. , Ameloot Paul , Remaut Han , Callewaert Nico , Sterckx Yann G.-J. , Magez Stefan
Published: April 2015

Sialidases andtrans-sialidases play important roles in the life cycles of various microorganisms. These enzymes can serve nutritional purposes, act as virulence factors or mediate cellular interactions (cell evasion and invasion). In the case of the protozoan parasiteTrypanosoma vivax,trans-sialidase activity has been suggested to be involved in infection-associated anaemia, which is the major pathology in the disease nagana. The physiological role of trypanosomaltrans-sialidases in host–parasite interaction as well as their structures remain obscure. Here, the production, purification and crystallization of a recombinant version ofT. vivaxtrans-sialidase 1 (rTvTS1) are described. The obtained rTvTS1 crystals diffracted to a resolution of 2.5 Å and belonged to the orthorhombic space groupP212121, with unit-cell parametersa= 57.3,b= 78.4,c= 209.0 Å.
Identification and structure solution of fragment hits against kinetoplastidN-myristoyltransferase
Authors: Robinson David A. , Wyatt Paul G.
Published: April 2015

Trypanosoma bruceiN-myristoyltransferase (TbNMT) is an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis. Pyrazole sulfonamide (DDD85646), a potent inhibitor ofTbNMT, has been identified in previous studies; however, poor central nervous system exposure restricts its use to the haemolymphatic form (stage 1) of the disease. In order to identify new chemical matter, a fragment screen was carried out by ligand-observed NMR spectroscopy, identifying hits that occupy the DDD85646 binding site. Crystal structures of hits from this assay have been obtained in complex with the closely related NMT fromLeishmania major, providing a structural starting point for the evolution of novel chemical matter.
Structure of an ADP-ribosylation factor, ARF1, fromEntamoeba histolyticabound to Mg2+–GDP
Authors: Serbzhinskiy Dmitry A. , Clifton Matthew C. , Sankaran Banumathi , Staker Bart L. , Edwards Thomas E. , Myler Peter J.
Published: April 2015

Entamoeba histolyticais the etiological agent of amebiasis, a diarrheal disease which causes amoebic liver abscesses and amoebic colitis. Approximately 50 million people are infected worldwide withE. histolytica. With only 10% of infected people developing symptomatic amebiasis, there are still an estimated 100 000 deaths each year. Because of the emergence of resistant strains of the parasite, it is necessary to find a treatment which would be a proper response to this challenge. ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) is a member of the ARF family of GTP-binding proteins. These proteins are ubiquitous in eukaryotic cells; they generally associate with cell membranes and regulate vesicular traffic and intracellular signalling. The crystal structure of ARF1 fromE. histolyticahas been determined bound to magnesium and GDP at 1.8 Å resolution. Comparison with other structures of eukaryotic ARF proteins shows a highly conserved structure and supports the interswitch toggle mechanism of communicating the conformational state to partner proteins.
Structure ofPlasmodium falciparumorotate phosphoribosyltransferase with autologous inhibitory protein–protein interactions
Authors: Kumar Shiva , Krishnamoorthy Kalyanaraman , Mudeppa Devaraja G. , Rathod Pradipsinh K.
Published: April 2015

The most severe form of malaria is caused by the obligate parasitePlasmodium falciparum. Orotate phosphoribosyltransferase (OPRTase) is the fifth enzyme in thede novopyrimidine-synthesis pathway in the parasite, which lacks salvage pathways. Among all of the malariade novopyrimidine-biosynthesis enzymes, the structure ofP. falciparumOPRTase (PfOPRTase) was the only one unavailable until now.PfOPRTase that could be crystallized was obtained after some low-complexity sequences were removed. Four catalytic dimers were seen in the asymmetic unit (a total of eight polypeptides). In addition to revealing unique amino acids in thePfOPRTase active sites, asymmetric dimers in the larger structure pointed to novel parasite-specific protein–protein interactions that occlude the catalytic active sites. The latter could potentially modulatePfOPRTase activity in parasites and possibly provide new insights for blockingPfOPRTase functions.
Transforming global governance: images of futures from people on the periphery
Authors: Sykes-Kelleher Anita
Published: April 2015

Purpose

– The topics of an emerging planetary civilisation and its common affairs, global problems requiring coordinated worldwide responses and contested forms of globalisation are collectively stimulating an international conversation about alternatives to the current system of global governance. The purpose of this paper is to introduce new voices to the conversation, providing unconventional perspectives of possible futures to those found in much of the scholarly literature. These perspectives are those of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organisation (UNPO), an international non-government organisation comprising nations and peoples not represented at the United Nations (UN).

Design/methodology/approach

– Collectively the discourses and worldviews of the UNPO, feminists, social and environmental movements, Cosmopolitan Democrats, technocrats and the Commission on Global Governance reveal contesting images of global governance futures in which the UN is transformed in ways that are aligned to emerging forms of alternative globalisations. The Causal Layered Analysis (CLA) futures research method is used to construct models of each group’s preferred global governance future from elements of their discourses and deeply held ideological commitments.

Findings

– Structural aspects are also considered and the author offers an analytical framework summarising the models against the layers of CLA and the history, power base, globalisation worldview and agency congruent with each model. The models are then presented as visionary scenarios generating images of future alternatives while providing an opportunity to hear what the nations unrepresented in the current system have to say.

Originality/value

– Their image produced a more inclusive, egalitarian and holistic image of a global governance future when compared with the “business as usual” UN future. As we approach 2015 and the 70th anniversary of the establishment of the UN, this conversation provides a timely prompt for the review of the UN system of global governance and an opportunity for the UN to consider how it might transform to retain relevance in a rapidly changing global environment.