bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Driving into the Sunset: Supporting Cognitive Functioning in Older Drivers
Authors: Young Mark S. , Bunce David
Published: May 2011

The rise in the aging driver population presents society with a significant challenge—how to maintain safety and mobility on the roads. On the one hand, older drivers pose a higher risk of an at-fault accident on a mile-for-mile basis; on the other hand, independent mobility is a significant marker of quality of life in aging. In this paper, we review the respective literatures on cognitive neuropsychology and ergonomics to suggest a previously unexplored synergy between these two fields. We argue that this conceptual overlap can form the basis for future solutions to what has been called “the older driver problem.” Such solutions could be found in a range of emerging driver assistance technologies offered by vehicle manufacturers, which have the potential to compensate for the specific cognitive decrements associated with aging that are related to driving.
Once-Daily MMX Mesalamine in the Management of Ulcerative colitis
Authors: Blonski Wojciech , Buchner Anna M. , Lichtenstein Gary R.
Published: May 2011

Mesalamine (5-ASA) has been the mainstay therapy of mild to moderate active ulcerative colitis both as an induction and maintenance treatment. Multimatrix system (MMX) 5-ASA is a recently developed formulation of 5-ASA allowing for slow and gradual release of 5-ASA throughout the entire colon. This review article discusses the structure, pharmacokinetics, efficacy and safety of this new 5-ASA formulation.
Large Scale Stochastic Dynamics
Authors: Landim Claudio , Olla Stefano , Spohn Herbert
Published: May 2011

In focus are interacting stochastic systems with many components, ranging from stochastic partial differential equations to discrete systems as interacting particles on a lattice moving through random jumps. More specifically one wants to understand the large scale behavior, large in spatial extent but also over long time spans, as entailed by the characterization of stationary measures, effective macroscopic evolution laws, transport of conserved fields, homogenization, self-similar structure and scaling, critical dynamics, aging, dynamical phase transitions, large deviations, to mention only a few key items.
Representation Theory and Harmonic Analysis
Authors: Kobayashi Toshiyuki , Krötz Bernhard
Published: May 2011

The workshop gave an overview of current research in the representation theory and harmonic analysis of reductive Lie groups and its relation to algebraic number theory. Some particular topics covered in the 17 talks related to unitarity questions and globalizations for Harish–Chandra modules, Fourier transformation on symmetric spaces and p–adic groups, affine Hecke algebras or the spectral theory of automorphic forms and trace formulas.
Mini-Workshop: 1-Motives
Authors: Barbieri-Viale Luca , Esnault Hélène , Harari David
Published: May 2011

One-motives were introduced by Deligne in 1974 [10], as a generalization of the theory of semiabelian varieties. Viewed today, after Voevodsky’s theory of mixed motives [31], it can be understood as motives of level

≤1

. While Voevosdky’s more general theory of mixed motives contains deep conjectures which at present seem to be out of reach, one-motives are much more accessible. In this mini-workshop, recent progresses were discussed: various aspects of one-motives and their realizations were explained, some applications in arithmetic algebraic geometry were given.
Mini-Workshop: Wellposedness and Controllability of Evolution Equations
Authors: Jacob Birgit , Partington Jonathan R. , Pott Sandra , Zwart Hans
Published: May 2011

This mini-workshop brought together mathematicians engaged in partial differential equations, operator theory, functional analysis and harmonic analysis in order to address a number of current problems in the wellposedness and controllability of infinite-dimensional systems.
Aspectos do consumo e da produção da informação no campo científico da Administração
Authors: Mattos Ana Maria
Published: May 2011

Objetiva-se identificar o conjunto de periódicos citados nas teses em Administração da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul concluídas de 1997 até 2007, e distinguir os periódicos em que os autores destas teses publicaram seus artigos técnicos e científicos de um ano após a obtenção do doutoramento até 2010. Os autores estudados citaram um conjunto de 1.131 títulos de periódicos em suas teses e publicaram seus artigos em outro conjunto de 187 títulos. Os dois conjuntos tinham em comum apenas 31 periódicos, ou aproximadamente 2% dos títulos.
Optical properties, morphology and elemental chemical composition of atmospheric particles at T1 supersite on MILAGRO campaign
Authors: Carabali G. , Mamani-Paco R. , Castro T. , Peralta O. , Herrera E. , Trujillo B.
Published: May 2011

Abstract. Atmospheric particles were sampled at T1 supersite (19°43' N latitude, 98°58' W longitude, and 2340 m above sea level) during MILAGRO campaign. T1 was located at the north of Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA). Aerosol sampling was done by placing transmission electron microscope (TEM) copper grids on the last 5 stages of an 8-stage MOUDI cascade impactor (d50 = 1.8, 1.0, 0.56, 0.32, and 0.18 μm). Samples were obtained at morning (06:00–09:00), noon (11:00–14:00), afternoon (16:00–19:00) and evening (21:00–24:00) local time. Absorption and scattering coefficients, and particles concentration (0.01–3 μm aerodynamic diameter) were measured simultaneously using a PASP absorption photometer (operated at 550 nm), a portable integrating nephelometer (at 530 nm) and a CNI particle counter. TEM images of particles were acquired at different magnifications using a CM 200 Phillips TEM-EDAX system. The morphology of atmospheric particles for two aerodynamic diameters (0.18 and 1.8 μm) was compared using border-based fractal dimension. Particles sampled under Mexico City pollution influence showed not much variability, suggesting the presence of more compact particles in smaller sizes (d50 = 1.8 μm) at the site. The presence of higher numbers of compact particles can be attributed to aerosol aging and secondary aerosol formation, among others. Under early morning conditions, smaller particles (d50 = 0.18 μm) had more irregular features resulting in a higher average fractal dimension. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) was used to determine the elemental composition of particles. EDS analysis in particles with d50 = 0.18 μm showed a higher content of carbonaceous material and relevant amounts of Si, Fe, K, and Co. This may indicate an impact from industrial and vehicle's emissions on atmospheric particles.
Soil carbon stock increases in the organic layer of boreal middle-aged stands
Authors: Häkkinen M. , Heikkinen J. , Mäkipää R.
Published: May 2011

Abstract. Changes in the soil carbon stock can potentially have a large influence on global carbon balance between terrestrial ecosystems and atmosphere. Since carbon sequestration of forest soils is influenced by human activities, reporting of the soil carbon pool is a compulsory part of the national greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories. Various soil carbon models are applied in GHG inventories, however, the verification of model-based estimates is lacking. In general, the soil carbon models predict accumulation of soil carbon in the middle-aged stands, which is in good agreement with chronosequence studies and flux measurements of eddy sites, but they have not been widely tested with repeated measurements of permanent plots. The objective of this study was to evaluate soil carbon changes in the organic layer of boreal middle-aged forest stands. Soil carbon changes on re-measured sites were analyzed by using soil survey data that was based on composite samples as a first measurement and by taking into account spatial variation on the basis of the second measurement. By utilizing earlier soil surveys, a long sampling interval, which helps detection of slow changes, could be readily available. The range of measured change in the soil organic layer varied from −260 to 1260 g m−2 over the study period of 16–19 years and 23 ± 2 g m−2 per year, on average. The increase was significant in 6 out of the 38 plots from which data were available. Although the soil carbon change was difficult to detect at the plot scale, the overall increase measured across the middle-aged stands agrees with predictions of the commonly applied soil models. Further verification of the soil models is needed with larger datasets that cover wider geographical area and represent all age classes, especially young stands with potentially large soil carbon source.
Optimizing models of the North Atlantic spring bloom using physical, chemical and bio-optical observations from a Lagrangian float
Authors: Bagniewski W. , Fennel K. , Perry M. J. , D'Asaro E. A.
Published: May 2011

Abstract. The North Atlantic spring bloom is one of the main events that lead to carbon export to the deep ocean and drive oceanic uptake of CO2 from the atmosphere. Here we use a suite of physical, bio-optical and chemical measurements made during the 2008 spring bloom to optimize and compare three different models of biological carbon export. The observations are from a Lagrangian float that operated south of Iceland from early April to late June, and were calibrated with ship-based measurements. The simplest model is representative of typical NPZD models used for the North Atlantic, while the most complex model explicitly includes diatoms and the formation of fast sinking diatom aggregates and cysts under silicate limitation. We carried out a variational optimization and error analysis for the biological parameters of all three models, and compared their ability to replicate the observations. The observations were sufficient to constrain most phytoplankton-related model parameters to accuracies of better than 15 %. However, the lack of zooplankton observations leads to large uncertainties in model parameters for grazing. The simulated vertical carbon flux at 100 m depth is similar between models and agrees well with available observations, but at 600 m the simulated flux is larger by a factor of 2.5 to 4.5 for the model with diatom aggregation. While none of the models can be formally rejected based on their misfit with the available observations, the model that includes export by diatom aggregation has a statistically significant better fit to the observations and more accurately represents the mechanisms and timing of carbon export based on observations not included in the optimization. Thus models that accurately simulate the upper 100 m do not necessarily accurately simulate export to deeper depths.
Coordination of physiological and structural traits in Amazon forest trees
Authors: Patiño S. , Fyllas N. M. , Baker T. R. , Paiva R. , Quesada C. A. , Santos A. J. B. , Schwarz M. , ter Steege H. , Phillips O. L. , Lloyd J.
Published: May 2011

Abstract. Many plant traits covary in a non-random manner reflecting interdependencies associated with "ecological strategy" dimensions. To understand how plants modulate their structural investments to best maintain and utilise their physiological capabilities, data on leaf and leaflet size and the ratio of leaf area to sapwood area (ΦLS) obtained for 1040 tree species located in 53 tropical forest plots across the Amazon Basin were incorporated into an analysis utilising existing data on species maximum height (Hmax), seed size, leaf mass per unit area (MA), foliar nutrients and δ13C and branch xylem density (ρx). Utilising a common principal components approach allowing eigenvalues to vary between two soil fertility dependent species groups, five genetically controlled trait dimensions were identified. The first involves primarily cations, foliar carbon and MA and is associated with differences in foliar construction costs. The second relates to the classic "leaf economic spectrum", but with increased individual leaf areas and a higher ΦLS newly identified components. The third relates primarily to increasing Hmax and hence variations in light acquisition strategy involving greater MA, reductions in ΦLS and less negative δ13C. Although these first three dimensions were more important for species from high fertility sites the final two dimensions were more important for low fertility species and were associated with variations linked to reproductive and shade tolerance strategies. Environmental conditions also influenced structural traits with ρx decreasing with increased soil fertility and decreasing with increased temperatures. This soil fertility response appears to be synchronised with increases in foliar nutrient concentrations and reductions in foliar [C]. Leaf and leaflet area and ΦLS were less responsive to the environment than ρx. Thus although genetically determined foliar traits such as those associated with leaf construction costs coordinate independently of structural characteristics, others tend to covary with leaf size, ΦLS, S tolerance strategies. Several traits such as MA and [C] are important components of more than one dimension with their ambiguous nature reflecting different underlying causes of variation. Environmental effects on structural and physiological characteristics are also coordinated but in a different way to the gamut of linkages associated with genotypic differences.
Combining remote sensing and GIS climate modelling to estimate daily forest evapotranspiration in a Mediterranean mountain area
Authors: Cristóbal J. , Poyatos R. , Ninyerola M. , Llorens P. , Pons X.
Published: May 2011

Abstract. Evapotranspiration monitoring allows us to assess the environmental stress on forest and agricultural ecosystems. Nowadays, Remote Sensing and Geographical Information Systems (GIS) are the main techniques used for calculating evapotranspiration at catchment and regional scales. In this study we present a methodology, based on the energy balance equation (B-method), that combines remote sensing imagery with GIS-based climate modelling to estimate daily evapotranspiration (ETd) for several dates between 2003 and 2005. The three main variables needed to compute ETd were obtained as follows: (i) Land surface temperature by means of the Landsat-5 TM and Landsat-7 ETM+ thermal band, (ii) air temperature by means of multiple regression analysis and spatial interpolation from meteorological ground stations data at satellite pass, and (iii) net radiation by means of the radiative balance. We calculated ETd using remote sensing data at different spatial and temporal scales (Landsat-7 ETM+, Landsat-5 TM and TERRA/AQUA MODIS, with a spatial resolution of 60, 120 and 1000 m, respectively) and combining three different approaches to calculate the B parameter, which represents an average bulk conductance for the daily-integrated sensible heat flux. We then compared these estimates with sap flow measurements from a Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stand in a Mediterranean mountain area. This procedure allowed us to better understand the limitations of ETd modelling and how it needs to be improved, especially in heterogeneous forest areas. The method using Landsat data resulted in a good agreement, R2 test of 0.89, with a mean RMSE value of about 0.6 mm day−1 and an estimation error of ±30 %. The poor agreement obtained using TERRA/AQUA MODIS, with a mean RMSE value of 1.8 and 2.4 mm day−1 and an estimation error of about ±57 and 50 %, respectively. This reveals that ETd retrieval from coarse resolution remote sensing data is troublesome in these heterogeneous areas, and therefore further research is necessary on this issue. Finally, implementing regional GIS-based climate models as inputs in ETd retrieval have has provided good results, making possible to compute ETd at regional scales.
The green, blue and grey water footprint of crops and derived crop products
Authors: Mekonnen M. M. , Hoekstra A. Y.
Published: May 2011

Abstract. This study quantifies the green, blue and grey water footprint of global crop production in a spatially-explicit way for the period 1996–2005. The assessment improves upon earlier research by taking a high-resolution approach, estimating the water footprint of 126 crops at a 5 by 5 arc minute grid. We have used a grid-based dynamic water balance model to calculate crop water use over time, with a time step of one day. The model takes into account the daily soil water balance and climatic conditions for each grid cell. In addition, the water pollution associated with the use of nitrogen fertilizer in crop production is estimated for each grid cell. The crop evapotranspiration of additional 20 minor crops is calculated with the CROPWAT model. In addition, we have calculated the water footprint of more than two hundred derived crop products, including various flours, beverages, fibres and biofuels. We have used the water footprint assessment framework as in the guideline of the Water Footprint Network. Considering the water footprints of primary crops, we see that the global average water footprint per ton of crop increases from sugar crops (roughly 200 m3 ton−1), vegetables (300 m3 ton−1), roots and tubers (400 m3 ton−1), fruits (1000 m3 ton−1), cereals (1600 m3 ton−1), oil crops (2400 m3 ton−1) to pulses (4000 m3 ton−1). The water footprint varies, however, across different crops per crop category and per production region as well. Besides, if one considers the water footprint per kcal, the picture changes as well. When considered per ton of product, commodities with relatively large water footprints are: coffee, tea, cocoa, tobacco, spices, nuts, rubber and fibres. The analysis of water footprints of different biofuels shows that bio-ethanol has a lower water footprint (in m3 GJ−1) than biodiesel, which supports earlier analyses. The crop used matters significantly as well: the global average water footprint of bio-ethanol based on sugar beet amounts to 51 m3 GJ−1, while this is 121 m3 GJ−1 for maize. The global water footprint related to crop production in the period 1996–2005 was 7404 billion cubic meters per year (78 % green, 12 % blue, 10 % grey). A large total water footprint was calculated for wheat (1087 Gm3 yr−1), rice (992 Gm3 yr−1) and maize (770 Gm3 yr−1). Wheat and rice have the largest blue water footprints, together accounting for 45 % of the global blue water footprint. At country level, the total water footprint was largest for India (1047 Gm3 yr−1), China (967 Gm3 yr−1) and the USA (826 Gm3 yr−1). A relatively large total blue water footprint as a result of crop production is observed in the Indus river basin (117 Gm3 yr−1) and the Ganges river basin (108 Gm3 yr−1). The two basins together account for 25 % of the blue water footprint related to global crop production. Globally, rain-fed agriculture has a water footprint of 5173 Gm3 yr−1 (91 % green, 9 % grey); irrigated agriculture has a water footprint of 2230 Gm3 yr−1 (48 % green, 40 % blue, 12 % grey).
Open Plot Project: an open-source toolkit for 3-D structural data analysis
Authors: Tavani S. , Arbues P. , Snidero M. , Carrera N. , Muñoz J. A.
Published: May 2011

Abstract. In this work we present the Open Plot Project, an open-source software for structural data analysis, including a 3-D environment. The software includes many classical functionalities of structural data analysis tools, like stereoplot, contouring, tensorial regression, scatterplots, histograms and transect analysis. In addition, efficient filtering tools are present allowing the selection of data according to their attributes, including spatial distribution and orientation. This first alpha release represents a stand-alone toolkit for structural data analysis. The presence of a 3-D environment with digitalising tools allows the integration of structural data with information extracted from georeferenced images to produce structurally validated dip domains. This, coupled with many import/export facilities, allows easy incorporation of structural analyses in workflows for 3-D geological modelling. Accordingly, Open Plot Project also candidates as a structural add-on for 3-D geological modelling software. The software (for both Windows and Linux O.S.), the User Manual, a set of example movies (complementary to the User Manual), and the source code are provided as Supplement. We intend the publication of the source code to set the foundation for free, public software that, hopefully, the structural geologists' community will use, modify, and implement. The creation of additional public controls/tools is strongly encouraged.
Fe3O4@mesoporouspolyaniline: A Highly Efficient and Magnetically Separable Catalyst for Cross‐Coupling of Aryl Chlorides and Phenols
Authors: Arundhathi R. , Damodara D. , Likhar Pravin R. , Kantam M. Lakshmi , Saravanan P. , Magdaleno Travis , Kwon Sun Hee
Published: May 2011

A high surface, magnetic Fe3O4@mesoporouspolyaniline core‐shell nanocomposite was synthesized from magnetic iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles and mesoporouspolyaniline (mPANI). The novel porous magnetic Fe3O4 was obtained by solvothermal method under sealed pressure reactor at high temperature to achieve high surface area. The mesoporouspolyaniline shell was synthesized by in situ surface polymerization onto porous magnetic Fe3O4 in the presence of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS), as a linker and structure‐directing agent, through ‘blackberry nanostructures’ assembly. The material composition, stoichiometric ratio and reaction conditions play vital roles in the synthesis of these nanostructures as confirmed by variety of characterization techniques. The role of the mesoporouspolyaniline shell is to stabilize the porous magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles, and provide direct access to the core Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The catalytic activity of magnetic Fe3O4@mesoporousPANI nanocomposite was evaluated in the cross‐coupling of aryl chlorides and phenols.
A Highly Active and Recyclable Catalyst: Phosphine Dendrimer‐Stabilized Nickel Nanoparticles for the Suzuki Coupling Reaction
Authors: Wu Lei , Ling Jie , Wu Zong‐Quan
Published: May 2011

We report here the first dendritic phosphine‐stabilized nickel nanoparticles, which can be prepared from nickel(II) chloride, a third generation phosphine dendrimer and the surfactant tetraoctylammonium bromide (TOABr) by two‐phase reduction using sodium borohydride. The resulting nickel nanoparticles are found to be a highly active and recyclable catalyst for Suzuki coupling reactions, especially those extended to aryl chloride substrates, affording the biaryls in moderate to good yields.
Visible‐Light‐Induced Metal‐Free Allylic Oxidation Utilizing a Coupled Photocatalytic System of g‐C3N4 and N‐Hydroxy Compounds
Authors: Zhang Pengfei , Wang Yong , Yao Jia , Wang Congmin , Yan Chao , Antonietti Markus , Li Haoran
Published: May 2011

Graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4) and N‐hydroxy compounds can function as a non‐metal photocatalytic system to activate O2 for the selective allylic oxidation under mild conditions, avoiding the employment of any metal derivative or organic oxidizing agents. Interestingly, the novel photocatalytic system affords a remarkably high selectivity towards the formation of aldehydes, especially in the oxidation of toluene. By combining the unique nature of g‐C3N4 (surface basicity, semiconductor features, high stability) and the remarkable catalytic oxidation reactivity of nitroxyl radicals, this photocatalytic system opens up a mild and efficent access for CH bond activation.
Micro‐modeling of porous composite anodes for solid oxide fuel cells
Authors: Farhad Siamak , Hamdullahpur Feridun
Published: May 2011

A new anode micromodel for solid oxide fuel cells to predict the electrochemical performance of hydrocarbon‐fuelled porous composite anodes with various microstructures is developed. In this model, the random packing sphere method is used to estimate the anode microstructural properties, and the complex interdependency among the multicomponent mass transport, electron and ion transports, and electrochemical and chemical reactions is taken into account. As a case study, a porous Ni–YSZ composite anode operated with biogas fuel is simulated numerically and distributions of the current density, polarization, and mole fraction and rate of flux of the fuel components along the thickness of the anode are determined. The effect of the anode microstructural variables including the porosity, thickness, particle‐size ratio, and particle size and volume fraction of Ni particles on the anode electrochemical performance is also studied. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 58: 1893–1906, 2012
A new general approach to determine more accurate comonomer reactivity ratios in controlled/living radical copolymerization systems
Authors: Abdollahi Mahdi
Published: May 2011

In controlled/living radical copolymerization (atom transfer radical copolymerization in this study) and in any other living chain‐growth copolymerization, the possible preferential addition of one of the comonomers onto the (macro)initiator‐derived (macro)radical can affect the copolymer composition, especially at low conversion; this results in inaccurate comonomer reactivity ratio estimation by the classic approach. A new general approach is introduced in this article, which allowed us to exclude the influence of the possible preferential addition of one of the comonomers onto the (macro)initiator‐derived (macro)radical on the copolymer composition at any conversion. According to this approach, copolymer chain grown during time t (t ≠ 0) is considered to be, in fact, the macroinitiator terminated with one of the comonomers under study, which will further grow during the time interval Δt′ = t′ − t [where any reaction time t′ is considered to be grater than reaction time t, i.e. t′ > t] from a comonomer mixture with composition of f(t) [where f(t) is the molar ratio of comonomer i to comonomer j in the comonomer mixture] at time t. In such a situation, it is possible to obtain individual comonomer conversions [xi(Δt′) and xj(Δt′)], the overall comonomer conversion [xov(Δt′)], and the cumulative average copolymer composition for the copolymer formed during Δt′, from which more accurate comonomer reactivity ratios can be calculated by the various low‐ or high‐conversion methods, depending on the overall comonomer conversion. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Use of sodium and potassium butyl xanthate as accelerator for room temperature prevulcanization of natural rubber latex
Authors: Palaty Shiny , Devi P.V. , Joseph Rani
Published: May 2011

Sodium and potassium butyl xanthates (Nabxt and Kbxt) were prepared in the laboratory. Characterization of these xanthates were done using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential thermal analysis (DTA) techniques. These xanthates were used as accelerators for the prevulcanization of natural rubber latex (NRL) at room temperature. Optimization of prevulcanization time was done. Films were casted from these prevulcanized NRL. Tensile properties of latex vulcanisates were measured and potassium butyl xanthate gave superior properties to the NRL films compared with sodium butyl xanthate. Effect of thermal ageing on tensile properties of these prevulcanized NRL films was also investigated and these properties were found to be improved after thermal ageing. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Factorial optimization of the effects of melt‐spinning conditions on biodegradable as‐spun aliphatic–aromatic copolyester fibers. III. Diameter, tensile properties, and thermal shrinkage
Authors: Younes Basel , Fotheringham Alex
Published: May 2011

To model the melt‐spinning process of biodegradable as‐spun linear aliphatic–aromatic copolyester fibers, a fraction factorial experimental design and appropriate statistical analysis for the 32 screening trials involving five control parameters were used. Because of their central role in the production processes and end use textiles, it is important to simulate the mechanical and thermal shrinkage properties of AAC fibers. Concise statistical models of fiber behavior are based on factorial experimental design data. Process's data are collected, analyzed, and mathematical models created to predict the diameter, tenacity, elongation at break, modulus, and thermal shrinkage of the spun fiber in terms of random variables and their associated probability distributions. The theoretical regression models obtained form the main source code in the enhanced forecasting program, which presents the melt‐spinning process of aromatic–aliphatic copolyester fibers. Factorial statistical approaches, based on over indicated region levels of melt‐spinning process parameters, are given in terms of assumptions and theory to produce biodegradable, environmentally friendly fibers for different applications. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
A comparison of methods for collecting web citation data for academic organizations
Authors: Thelwall Mike , Sud Pardeep
Published: May 2011

The primary webometric method for estimating the online impact of an organization is to count links to its website. Link counts have been available from commercial search engines for over a decade but this was set to end by early 2012 and so a replacement is needed. This article compares link counts to two alternative methods: URL citations and organization title mentions. New variations of these methods are also introduced. The three methods are compared against each other using Yahoo!. Two of the three methods (URL citations and organization title mentions) are also compared against each other using Bing. Evidence from a case study of 131 UK universities and 49 US Library and Information Science (LIS) departments suggests that Bing's Hit Count Estimates (HCEs) for popular title searches are not useful for webometric research but that Yahoo!'s HCEs for all three types of search and Bing's URL citation HCEs seem to be consistent. For exact URL counts the results of all three methods in Yahoo! and both methods in Bing are also consistent. Four types of accuracy factors are also introduced and defined: search engine coverage, search engine retrieval variation, search engine retrieval anomalies, and query polysemy.
Direct Dehydrative Pyridylthio‐Glycosidation of Unprotected Sugars in Aqueous Media Using 2‐Chloro‐1,3‐dimethylimidazolinium Chloride as a Condensing Agent
Authors: Yoshida Naoki , Noguchi Masato , Tanaka Tomonari , Matsumoto Takeshi , Aida Naoya , Ishihara Masaki , Kobayashi Atsushi , Shoda Shin‐ichiro
Published: May 2011

Various 2‐pyridyl 1‐thioglycosides, important synthetic intermediates and enzyme inhibitors in sugar chemistry, have been synthesized directly from the corresponding unprotected sugars in good yields by using 2‐chloro‐1,3‐dimethylimidazolinium chloride (DMC) as dehydrative condensing agent. The reaction proceeds in aqueous media without using any protecting groups, affording 2‐pyridyl 1‐thioglycosides with β‐configuration selectively. According to the present method, not only unprotected monosaccharides but also unprotected oligosaccharides, such as cello‐oligosaccharides, chito‐oligo‐saccharides, malto‐oligosaccharides, and glucosamine oligomers, can be converted to the corresponding 2‐pyridylthio derivatives, which would greatly expand the utility of aryl 1‐thioglycosides in sugar chemistry.
Chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass: opportunities, perspectives, and potential of biorefinery systems
Authors: Cherubini Francesco , Strømman Anders H.
Published: May 2011

Most of the chemical products used today in our society originate from fossil sources through refinery operations. The continual price increase of fossil resources, their uncertain availability, and the environmental concerns of their exploitation have led to a demand for the elaboration of alternative chemical production patterns based on renewable sources. Besides fossils, the only resource available for producing chemicals is biomass, and the establishment of biorefinery complexes is increasingly perceived as a promising alternative to oil refineries. This work is a position paper that provides an insight in the emerging biorefinery concept, with special focus on the opportunities, perspectives, and potential regarding the use of lignocellulosic biomass as raw material in the preparation of platform chemicals needed to meet the existing demand. Results show that replacing fossil resources with wood requires large amounts of biomass and has several technological barriers that are still far from being overcome. This paper identifies the key reactions where major efficiency improvements and research efforts are needed (dehydration, fermentation, hydrogenation, etc.), as well as the possibilities when it comes to enhancing biomass conversion performances through the synthesis of new platform chemicals, with higher oxygen content, so as to accommodate the original biomass composition. © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Kinetics of the reactions of HCO with H and D atoms
Authors: Ziemer H. , Dóbé S. , Wagner H. Gg. , Olzman M. , Viskolcz B. , Temps F.
Published: May 2011

The rate constants for the reactions HCO+H → products (1) and HCO+D → products (2) were determined at room temperature in an isothermal discharge flow reactor. Atom and radical concentrations in the reactions were monitored using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) for H and D atoms and Far Infrared Laser Magnetic Resonance (FIR‐LMR) and Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF) for HCO. The overall rate constants describing the decay of the HCO concentrations with H and D, respectively, were found to be k1=(6.8±2.0)×1013 cm3 mol−1 s−1 and k2=(8.3±2.5)×1013 cm3 mol−1 s−1. The results are discussed assuming a mechanism that allows for parallel reaction pathways via a direct H atom abstraction reaction or via an addition‐elimination reaction through a short‐lived highly vibrationally excited formaldehyde complex.
Electronic properties of the two rutiles TiO2 and VF2: A comparative study
Authors: Springborg Michael , Asthalter Tanja , Weyrich Wolf
Published: May 2011

Results of first‐principles, density‐functional LMTO‐ASA calculations on the two title compounds and of unrestricted Hartree‐Fock (UHF) calculations on VF2 are reported. The calculations on the crystalline materials were performed with special emphasis on optimising all (three) structural parameters, on the valence density of states and the valence electron density, and on the possible existence of spin polarisation. In addition, full‐potential LMTO calculations on isolated monomers were carried through in order to examine the nearest‐neighbour (TiO and VF) chemical bonds in detail and to understand the consequences of various approximations in describing the potential for the crystal. The LMTO‐ASA calculations reproduce the correct lattice constants with, however, some overestimate for VF2. Also the nearest‐neighbour TiO and VF bond lengths are reproduced correctly by the LMTO calculations, whereas the c/a ratios are significantly overestimated. By analysing the charge densities of the isolated monomers we conclude that the overestimates in the c/a ratios are due to the ASA (Atomic‐Sphere Approximation), which does not describe the quadrupole‐quadrupole interactions of the compounds sufficiently accurately. The Hartree‐Fock calculations yield lattice constants for VF2 very close to experiment. Also in agreement with experiment, TiO2 is found to be non‐magnetic and insulating/semiconducting. In contrast, VF2 is found to be metallic within the LMTO‐ASA method, although the density‐functional calculations indicate that magnetic effects will change the compound into an insulator as it is according to experiment. On the other hand, in agreement with experimental evidence, UHF yields a non‐metallic structure. It further shows the stability of a number of patterns of magnetic ordering.
De novo deletion of chromosome 20q13.33 in a patient with tracheo‐esophageal fistula, cardiac defects and genitourinary anomalies implicates GTPBP5 as a candidate gene
Authors: Solomon Benjamin D. , Pineda–Alvarez Daniel E. , Hadley Donald W. , Keaton Amelia A. , Agochukwu Nneamaka B. , Raam Manu S. , Carlson–Donohoe Hannah E. , Kamat Aparna , Chandrasekharappa Settara C.
Published: May 2011

BACKGROUND

Tracheo‐esophageal fistula (TEF) with/or without esophageal atresia (EA) is a common congenital malformation that is often accompanied by other anomalies. The causes of this condition are thought to be heterogeneous but are overall not well understood.

CASE REPORT

We identified a patient with a TEF/EA, as well as cardiac and genitourinary anomalies, who was found to have a 0.7 Mb de novo deletion of chromosome 20q13.33. One gene within the deleted interval, GTPBP5, is of particular interest as a candidate gene.

CONCLUSIONS

GTPBP5 bears further study as a cause of TEF/EA accompanied by other malformations. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Discovery of Adamantyl Heterocyclic Ketones as Potent 11β‐Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 Inhibitors
Authors: Su Xiangdong , Vicker Nigel , Thomas Mark P. , Pradaux‐Caggiano Fabienne , Halem Heather , Culler Michael D. , Potter Barry V. L.
Published: May 2011

11β‐Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β‐HSD1) plays a key role in converting intracellular cortisone to physiologically active cortisol, which is implicated in the development of several phenotypes of metabolic syndrome. Inhibition of 11β‐HSD1 activity with selective inhibitors has beneficial effects on various conditions, including diabetes, dyslipidemia and obesity, and therefore constitutes a promising strategy to discover novel therapies for metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. A series of novel adamantyl heterocyclic ketones provides potent and selective inhibitors of human 11β‐HSD1. Lead compounds display low nanomolar inhibition against human and mouse 11β‐HSD1 and are selective with no activity against 11β‐HSD2 and 17β‐HSD1. Selected potent 11β‐HSD1 inhibitors show moderate metabolic stability upon incubation with human liver microsomes and weak inhibition of human CYP450 enzymes.
Fluctuations of Body Images in Anorexia Nervosa: Patients' Perception of Contextual Triggers
Authors: Espeset Ester M. S. , Gulliksen Kjersti S. , Nordbø Ragnfrid H. S. , Skårderud Finn , Holte Arne
Published: May 2011

Body image disturbance is a central diagnostic criterion of anorexia nervosa (AN). To a great extent, previous studies have conceptualized body image disturbance as a relatively stable and trait‐like characteristic of the patient. There is, however, growing evidence that body images fluctuate in different situations and contexts. The aim of the present study was to explore which everyday contexts that patients with AN themselves associate with fluctuations in body image. Thirty‐two women (20–35 years) who had been diagnosed with AN (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition) within the last year participated. Semi‐open and focused qualitative interviews were conducted, transcribed and analyzed using Grounded Theory techniques. The results suggest that body image is a dynamic phenomenon that may fluctuate in different situations and contexts. The participants linked such fluctuations to their own uncertainty about their real appearance. In lack of a stable and integrated experience of their own body, they were extremely sensitive towards body image threats and challenges in their daily life and reacted to these situations by fluctuations in their body image. Four contextual cues were found to trigger such changes in body image: these were eating food, being reminded of one's body appearance, relating to one's own emotional signals and interpreting other people's expressed and unexpressed opinions about oneself and one's appearance. Clinical and theoretical implications are discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Message

Individuals with anorexia nervosa may have quite varied body image experiences in different contexts.

The contexts identified in this study may be a point of departure for clinicians in helping their patients to explore their subjective body image experiences and to connect these with emotional, cognitive and relational contexts in a psychologically meaningfully way.
Role of paraxial mesoderm in limb/flank regionalization of the trunk lateral plate
Authors: Noro Miyuki , Yuguchi Hiroki , Sato Taeko , Tsuihiji Takanobu , Yonei‐Tamura Sayuri , Yokoyama Hitoshi , Wakamatsu Yoshio , Tamura Koji
Published: May 2011

To understand the developmental mechanism that determines limb size and the consequent limb‐to‐trunk proportions in the tetrapod body, we investigated the role of the paraxial mesoderm in the specification of the limb and flank fields in the chick embryo. We found that the paraxial mesoderm subjacent to the limb field can affect the size of the limb bud along the anterior–posterior and proximal–distal axes. We also found that the paraxial mesoderm subjacent to the flank plays roles in suppressing the emergence and growth of the limb bud and in promoting flank‐specific apoptosis in the lateral plate mesoderm. Our results suggest that signals from the paraxial mesoderm specify the limb and flank fields in the competent lateral plate mesoderm. Developmental Dynamics 240:1639–1649, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Negative regulation of signaling by a soluble form of toll‐like receptor 9
Authors: Chockalingam Annapoorani , Cameron Jody L. , Brooks James C. , Leifer Cynthia A.
Published: May 2011

Nucleic acid structures are highly conserved through evolution and when self nucleic acids are aberrantly detected by toll‐like receptors (TLRs) they contribute to autoimmune disease. For this reason, multiple regulatory mechanisms exist to prevent immune responses to self nucleic acids. TLR9 is a nucleic acid‐sensing TLR that is regulated at multiple levels including association with accessory proteins, intracellular localization and proteolytic processing. In the endolysosomal compartment TLR9 is proteolytically processed to an 80 kDa form (p80) and this processing is a prerequisite for activation. Here, we identified a soluble form of TLR9 (sTLR9) generated by a novel proteolytic event that cleaved TLR9 between amino acids 724–735. Similar to p80, sTLR9 was generated in endosomes. However, generation of sTLR9 was independent of the cysteine protease cathepsin B, active at acidic pH, but partially dependent on cathepsin S, a protease active at neutral pH. Most importantly, sTLR9 inhibited TLR9‐dependent signaling. Altogether, these data support a model where an intrinsic proteolytic processing mechanism negatively regulates TLR9 signaling. A proper balance between the independent proteolytic events probabably contributes to regulation of TLR9‐mediated innate immunity and prevention of autoimmune disease.
Open‐tubular capillary electrochromatography of small polar molecules using etched, chemically modified capillaries
Authors: Pesek Joseph J. , Matyska Maria T. , Nshanian Michael
Published: May 2011

The migration characteristics of small polar molecules are evaluated on etched, chemically modified capillaries with four different moieties (C5, C18, diol and cholesterol) bonded onto a silica hydride surface. The effects of pH on migration are used to determine the possible contributions of eletrophoretic mobility, electroosmotic flow (EOF) and analyte/bonded phase interactions. The EOF on etched capillaries is more complicated than on ordinary fused capillaries because it changes from anodic to cathodic as the pH is raised. A mixture of neurotransmitters and related compounds is used to further evaluate the effects of the bonded moiety on the separation properties of this particular electrophoretic format.
High‐performance separation techniques hyphenated to mass spectrometry for ganglioside analysis
Authors: Sisu Eugen , Flangea Corina , Serb Alina , Rizzi Andreas , Zamfir Alina D.
Published: May 2011

Gangliosides, sialic‐acid‐containing glycosphingolipids are involved in numerous biological processes and play essential roles in severe pathologies, with predilection in those of the central nervous system. Formerly, ganglioside composition and quantity were assessed exclusively by thin‐layer chromatographic (TLC), immunochemical, and immunohistochemical methods, which have limited effectiveness being unable to detect minor components in mixtures of high heterogeneity. Increased awareness of the biological importance of gangliosides stimulated the development of analytical methods that are better amenable to complex ganglioside mixtures. More recently, MS in online conjunction with high‐performance separation techniques brought a significant progress to the field. This review highlights the state‐of‐the‐art development and application of separation methods online coupled to MS for ganglioside analysis. Most original and successful protocols based on GC‐MS, LC‐MS, and CE‐MS are presented here together with the special instrumental and sample preparation requirements to be met for effective ganglioside separation, detection, and structural identification. Finally, the advantages and downsides of each methodology as well as the perspectives for simplification, standardization, and upgrading are assessed.
Effect of pre‐treatments on biosorption of Ni (II) by dead biomass of Mucor hiemalis
Authors: Shroff Kshama A. , Vaidya Varsha K.
Published: May 2011

The removal of Ni (II) from aqueous solutions by the physico‐chemically treated fungal biomass of Mucor hiemalis was investigated in the batch mode. Treatment of the autoclaved biosorbent with alkali chemicals, detergents, salts, cross linker, organic acid, organic solvent and oxidizing agent showed varying effects on the uptake capacity of Ni (II) and loss in biomass. Pre‐treating the autoclaved biomass with 0.5 M Na2CO3 for 24 h yielded biosorption capacity of 13.60 mg/g biomass at pH 8.0. The possible binding sites on the biosorbent involved in Ni (II) complexation were evaluated by chemical and instrumental analysis including potentiometric titration, infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The amine, amide and carboxyl groups were recognized as important in the biosorption of Ni (II) by M. hiemalis biomass. Chemical modification of the biomass by methylation of the amine groups and esterification of the carboxyl groups significantly decreased the biosorption of Ni (II) thus confirming their role in biosorption.
Hard Roads to Unfamiliar Places
Authors: Göckede Regina
Published: May 2011

The Weimar Republic's architecture avant‐garde also fell victim to the German Nazi regime. The movement's leading representatives were driven into exile. These circumstances shaped the transformation of the “Neues Bauen”, even after 1945
The Horror That Puts Everything in Perspective
Authors: Kleiner Matthias
Published: May 2011

Between humility and helpfulness: The disaster in Japan is also a turning point for the scientific community. What tasks it must tackle now, how it can help in big and small ways – and what both have to do with integrity and excellence
To the Limits
Authors: Schütz Uwe , Billich Christian
Published: May 2011

Two marathon runs every day for 64 days: the TransEuropeFootRace pushed not only the participants to their limits, but also the radiologists accompanying the athletes who used the latest techniques to study how the runners' bodies responded to the ultra‐stressful conditions

http://www.transeuropalauf.de

http://www.transeurope‐footrace.org