bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phenylbutazone toxicosis in the foal
Authors: Traub Josie L. , Gallina Anthony M. , Grant Barrie D. , Reed Stephen M. , Gavin Patrick R. , Paulsen Lynn M.
Published: February 2025

Effects of a clinical therapeutic dosage level of phenylbutazone (pbz) on the gastric mucosa of the foal was determined by using endoscopy, double-contrast radiography, and postmortem and histologic examinations. Toxic effects of pbz were monitored by clinical examination, changes in blood chemical values, and gross postmortem and histologic examinations.

Eight foals were given pbz (group A, n = 5) or placebo (group B; n = 3) mixed in molasses orally twice a day. Seven foals were given pbz (group C; n = 5) or placebo (group D; n = 2) in an encapsulated form orally twice a day. Phenylbutazone (10 mg/kg of body weight/day) was given for 12 to 42 days.

At necropsy, a significant number (P = 0.05) of pbz-treated foals had ulcers in the glandular portion of the stomach and the oral cavity. Other lesions observed in pbz-treated foals included edema of the colon in 3 foals and ulceration in the right dorsal colon in 1 foal. Ulceration of the nonglandular portion of the stomach adjacent to the margo plicatus (mp) was observed in 6 pbz-treated foals and 4 controls. Histologic evaluation of ulcers occurring adjacent to the mp indicated a parasitic cause.

Clinical observations in 10 foals given pbz included diarrhea in 5, oral ulceration in 6, a trend toward an increase in blood urea nitrogen in 5, and a decrease in total protein in 9.

Ring-like lesions and/or filling defects were detected radiographically, using a double-contrast technique in 6 of 9 pbz-treated foals and 0 of 5 controls. A thickened cranial stomach wall was observed in 6 of 9 pbz-treated foals and 2 controls. Endoscopy of the stomach allowed visualization of ulcers adjacent to the mp in 4 of 10 pbz-treated foals and 1 control; these ulcers were confirmed at necropsy. Evaluation of the glandular portion of the stomach was difficult.

Phenylbutazone (10 mg/kg/day) for 12 to 42 days resulted in ulcers in the oral cavity and the glandular portion of the stomach. Endoscopy and double-contrast radiography indicated promise as diagnostic techniques to detect gastric ulceration in the foal.
Endotoxin-induced hemodynamic changes in dogs: Role of thromboxane and prostaglandin I2
Authors: Bottoms G. D. , Johnson M. A. , Roesel O. F.
Published: February 2025

Plasma concentrations of thromboxane and prostaglandin I2 (PGI2) before and after iv injection of endotoxin and resulting hemodynamic changes were evaluated. Effects of flunixin meglumine on plasma concentrations of these prostaglandins and the related hemodynamic changes were also determined.

Shock was induced in 2 groups of anesthetized dogs. Four dogs were given endotoxin only and 4 dogs were given endotoxin and then were treated with flunixin meglumine. Arterial blood pressure (bp), cardiac output (co), and heart rate were measured, and blood samples were collected at postendotoxin hours (peh) 0, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 4.

Plasma thromboxane and PGI2 concentrations were increased in canine endotoxic shock. Thromboxane concentration was highest early in shock, and appeared to be associated with an initial decrease in bp and co. The increased concentration of PGI2 was associated with systemic hypotension at peh 1 to 2. Treatment of dogs with flunixin meglumine at peh 0.07 prevented further increase of thromboxane and blocked the release of PGI2, resulting in an increased co, bp, and tissue aerobic metabolism.
Simplified technique for histochemical determination of three fiber types in equine skeletal muscle
Authors: Hodgson David R. , Rose Reuben J. , Allen Jennifer R.
Published: February 2025

For determination of 3 muscle fiber types in equine skeletal muscle, a comparison of 2 preincubation buffers, each followed by myosin adenosine triphosphatase staining, was made. Serial sections of the muscle samples (n = 75) were preincubated in an acid buffer (pH 4.6) or a formaldehyde-glycine buffer (pH 7.25) and then were stained for myosin adenosine triphosphatase. Differentiation of muscle fibers into type I, IIA, and IIB was identical with both techniques; however, in the samples prepared at pH 4.6, type I fibers were black; type IIA, light gray; and type IIB, dark gray. In the samples prepared at pH 7.25, types I, IIA, and IIB fibers were white, light gray, and dark gray respectively.

The formaldehyde-glycine preincubation buffer (at pH 7.25) gave more consistent results, was easier to prepare, and retained cytoarchitecture better, compared with the samples prepared at pH 4.6.
Embryo transfer from cattle infected with bluetongue virus
Authors: Bowen R. A. , Howard T. H. , Elsden R. P. , Seidel G. E.
Published: February 2025

Embryos recovered nonsurgically from donor cattle during the peak of bluetongue viremia were surgically transferred to seronegative recipients 7 to 8 or 10 to 11 days after the onset of donor estrus. Virus was isolated from the uterine flushing medium recovered from 11 of the 20 donors. Bluetongue virus was not isolated from the blood of any of 39 recipients, nor did any recipient seroconvert to the virus following transfer. The number of recipients that became pregnant after transfer of embryos from infected donors (21 of 39) was not significantly different from contemporary controls. Virus antigen was not detected by immunofluorescence in any of 63 embryos and oocytes recovered from viremic donors. These results indicate that under standard embryo transfer conditions, transmission of bluetongue virus from infected donors to uninfected recipients is unlikely to occur.
Pharmacokinetics of chlortetracycline potentiation with citric acid in the chicken
Authors: Pollet R. A. , Glatz C. E. , Dyer D. C. , Barnes H. J.
Published: February 2025

Serum concentrations of chlortetracycline (ctc) in healthy chickens were determined for the 24-hour period after they were given ctc (with and without citric acid) as an oral (25 mg/kg) or iv (0.9 mg/kg) dose. The oral time-course drug data were fitted adequately by a 2-compartment pharmacokinetic model with absorption.

The resulting absorption rate constant (Ka) for the birds orally given ctc with citric acid was nearly equal to that for the birds given ctc alone. Although the uptake of orally administered ctc was rapid, only a small fraction of the dose was absorbed. The administration of citric acid-ctc significantly increased the mean serum concentration of ctc and the fraction of the dose absorbed. The citric acid-ctc mixture also produced significantly higher elimination (Kel) and distribution (K12) rate constants for ctc.
Studies of the pathogenesis of anemia of inflammation: Erythrocyte survival
Authors: Weiss Douglas J. , Krehbiel Janver D.
Published: February 2025

Erythrocyte survival was investigated in healthy cats and in cats with sterile abscesses. Erythrocyte survival time in cats with sterile abscesses was found to be significantly reduced. The erythrocyte destruction appeared to be the major factor in the early stages of anemia of inflammation.
Encephalitic sarcocystosis in a newborn calf
Authors: Jolley William R. , Jensen Rue , Hancock Heman A. , Swift Brinton L.
Published: February 2025

Sporozoan schizonts were seen in histologic sections of cerebrum from a Hereford calf that died immediately after birth. Schizonts appeared in endothelial cells of small vessels in the gray and white matter. Rosette and palisade configurations of merozoites in schizonts, as well as the size of schizonts (15 to 40 × 21 µm) and merozoites (8 µm), resembled Sarcocystis stages described in cattle, and differentiated the organisms from Toxoplasma that infects nerve cells and undergoes endodyogeny.

Specific identification of the infecting agent was not successful because tests of sera from the calf were not possible. Developmental, morphologic, and ultrastructural differences in schizogonic stages of the heteroxenous sporozoan species infecting cattle are poorly known and are presently unreliable criteria for species identification. Encephalitis, meningitis, and necrosis occurred in cerebral, cerebellar, and brain stem gray and white matter infiltrated with plasmacytes, lymphocytes, and macrophages. Microthrombi were often seen in small blood vessels within the reaction foci.

Herd-mate sera tested against S cruzi were negative. The herd from which the calf was born was exposed to a variety of free-ranging domestic, feral, and wild scavengers with free access to dead range animals. Consequently, the cattle were undoubtedly exposed to infective cysts in feed or water contaminated by feces from carnivores.
Rapid identification of Mycobacterium bovis by a thin-layer chromatographic technique
Authors: Jarnagin Jerald L. , Brennan Patrick J. , Harris S. K.
Published: February 2025

Lipid analyses were performed on 107 isolates of mycobacteria, using thin-layer chromatography. A distinctive blue-gray spot was observed after spraying and charring at an Rf of 0.75 for 35 of 38 Mycobacterium bovis isolates examined. The spot, designated M bovis identifying lipid, was observed only with M bovis and was not seen on any other of 9 mycobacterial species examined.

This procedure has a high rate of agreement (97.2%) with standard biochemical tests and can rapidly detect M bovis from naturally occurring infections. Although chemical and antigenic characteristics are not fully elucidated, the apparent specificity of this spot for M bovis represents a simple timesaving method for differentiating this species from other mycobacteria when compared with conventional methods presently used.
Effect of prednisone on thyroid gland morphology and plasma thyroxine and triiodothyronine concentrations in the dog
Authors: Woltz H. H. , Thompson F. N. , Kemppainen R. J. , Munnell J. F. , Lorenz M. D.
Published: February 2025

The effects of multiple im injections of prednisone (2.2 mg/kg) on thyroid morphology and on plasma thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations in dogs were determined, and the effects of a single prednisone injection on the same circulating iodothyronine concentrations were assessed. Plasma T4 and T3 concentrations decreased significantly after 3 injections of prednisone were made. However, with a single prednisone injection, there was no significant difference in plasma T4 values between control and treated animals. Starting at 8 hours after a single prednisone injection and continuing through day 2, plasma T3 values were significantly lowered. Prednisone treatment also resulted in significantly more thyroid cytoplasmic colloid droplets per follicular cell (3.19 vs 0.57 in treated and control dogs). Lysosomal hydrolysis of colloid appeared to be inhibited by glucocorticoids in dogs, resulting in an alteration of normal thyroid gland functioning.
Esophagotomy in the pony: Comparison of surgical techniques and form of feed
Authors: Stick John A. , Slocombe Ron F. , Derksen Frederik J. , Scott Edward A.
Published: February 2025

Esophageal healing was studied in 12 ponies after cervical esophagotomy. The esophagus was sutured, feed and water were withheld for 48 hours, and then all ponies were permitted to eat.

In group I (n = 6), a longitudinal esophagotomy was made. In group II (n = 6), a rotational esophagotomy was made with the mucosal incision 180° away from the incision in the esophageal muscle. Three ponies in each group were fed a soft diet ad libitum for 9 days, and then were allowed access to hay and grain. The remaining ponies were fed hay and grain.

The esophagotomies of all hay-fed ponies dehisced and healed by second intention, whereas esophagotomies healed by first intention in the ponies given a soft diet. Endoscopic and radiographic examinations indicated that the progression of healing in the present study was a function of diet (form of food), rather than surgical technique. The cross-sectional width of the muscularis externa at the incision site was 39.6% greater in mash-fed ponies than in hay-fed ponies. Based on density-dependent image analysis, average elastin content and reticulin fiber of the submucosa and muscularis externa at the incision were not influenced by the form of feed or surgical technique, although elastin fiber regeneration did not occur at the site of the incision.
Mechanical properties of equine hoof wall tissue
Authors: Leach D. H. , Zoerb G. C.
Published: February 2025

The mechanical properties of pigmented equine hoof wall tissue were determined for samples taken from the inner and outer portions of the stratum medium of the toe. Two properties, the modulus of elasticity and proportional limit, which are measures of the rigidity and yield point, respectively, of the tissue, were studied for samples compressed in 3 orthogonal directions. All samples tested were anisotropic. Inner wall samples were less rigid and had a lower yield point than outer wall samples.
Isolation of bluetongue virus serotype 2 from cattle in Florida: Serotype of bluetongue virus hitherto unrecognized in the Western Hemisphere
Authors: Gibbs E. P. J. , Greiner E. C. , Taylor W. P. , Barber T. L. , House J. A. , Pearson J. E.
Published: February 2025

A serotype of bluetongue virus (btv) hitherto unrecognized in the Western Hemisphere was isolated from cattle in the United States. Clinical disease was not seen in the cattle which were part of a sentinel herd system in Florida designed for studying the epizootiology of btv. The isolation of serotype 2 was the first recovery of a different serotype of btv in the United States since 1967. At least 21 serotypes of btv have been reported worldwide; the 5 serotypes of btv now recognized in the United States are 2, 10, 11, 13, and 17.
Effects of toxic doses of phenylbutazone in ponies
Authors: MacAllister Charles G.
Published: February 2025

Toxic doses of phenylbutazone (10 mg/kg of body weight) were administered to 10 ponies once daily for 14 days. Clinical signs of toxicosis similar to those seen in other species included cns depression, anorexia, oral ulcers, and soft feces. Six ponies died in 7 to 20 days; 1 pony was euthanatized during an acute abdominal crisis; and 3 ponies survived the study. At necropsy, the major lesions were oral and gastrointestinal ulcerations and renal changes.
Effects of giving ethionine on the parathion-metabolizing enzymes in the liver of fasted calves
Authors: Boermans Herman J. , Black William D.
Published: February 2025

dl-Ethionine (0.87 g/kg) or saline solution (equivalent volume) was administered iv to 4-month-old calves which had been fasted 60 hours before slaughter. The livers of the ethionine-treated calves were large, had a high lipid content, and were diffusely pale yellow on the cut surface. The livers of the saline-treated group were shrunken. In liver samples from calves of both groups, there was reduced parathion and paraoxon metabolism. In the ethionine-treated group, parathion desulfuration also was reduced. In all cases, the changes were greater in the ethionine-treated animals.

Fasting of calves with saline solution or ethionine treatment caused a lowering of the liver biotransformation of parathion and paraoxon.
Variation of virus replication in primary bovine kidney cell cultures derived from 68 three-day-old calves
Authors: Stauber Erik H. , Whitbeck Virginic , Bull Richard C.
Published: February 2025

Primary kidney cell cultures were prepared from 68 three-day-old calves. Complete monolayers of these cultures were infected separately with viral diarrhea, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, parainfluenza, and adenovirus 7 viruses. The yield of virus from all infected cultures was calculated by plaque titer assay after 2 to 4 days' incubation. The variation of virus yield was substantial between individual cultures.
Isolation and partial characterization of equine alveolar macrophages
Authors: Dyer R. M. , Liggitt H. Denny , Leid R. Wes
Published: February 2025

A device was constructed from an equine nasogastric tube, polyethylene tubing, and a 3-way stopcock and used to lavage the lungs of anesthetized ponies. The technique was safe and atraumatic in that 6.4 to 19.7 × 107 purified alveolar macrophages were removed from the lungs without harm to the ponies or contamination of the samples with blood. Studies of these highly purified cell suspensions revealed a mean viability of 85% as assessed by eosin dye exclusion with a mean recovery (± SD) of 12.5 ± 4.8 × 107 pulmonary alveolar macrophages/pony.
Blood acid-base curve nomogram for immature domestic pigs
Authors: Hannon John P.
Published: February 2025

The purpose in this study was to characterize the acid-base status of arterial blood from healthy young domestic swine and to construct an acid-base curve nomogram appropriate to such animals. Accordingly, 40 immature, 20- to 31-kg domestic pigs were used to establish acid-base characteristics for arterial blood. Samples were collected from chronically implanted catheters while the animals were maintained under steady-state, near-basal conditions. At a measurement temperature of 38 C, pH averaged 7.496; PCO2, 40.6 mm Hg; [HCO3−], 31.6 mEq/L; PO2, 79.1 mm Hg; hemoglobin, 9.65 g/dl; hematocrit, 0.29; plasma albumin, 25.3 g/L; plasma globulin, 32.3 g/L; and plasma buffer base, 45.4 mEq/L. Hourly measurements over a 6-hour period in 6 of these pigs showed a small, but significant decrease in PO2 with time, but no significant change in acid-base status. The data showed that nomograms or other procedures based on blood characteristics of men were invalid when used to estimate base excess concentration of blood from young pigs. The normal pH of arterial blood was higher in immature pigs than in men; thus, reference values defining zero base excess were not equivalent in men and pigs. Constant PCO2 titrations were performed on arterial samples taken from 10 additional pigs, and the data were used to construct an acid-base curve nomogram in which zero base excess was defined for blood with a pH of 7.50 and a PCO2 of 40 mm Hg. This nomogram was compared with a nomogram for human blood based on constant PCO2 titrations of blood samples from 3 men of variable age with zero base excess defined for a pH of 7.40 and a PCO2 of 40 mm Hg. The porcine curve was displaced to the right of the human curve. The pH/log PCO2 coordinates defining base excess loci also differed in pigs and men. The higher plasma buffer base concentration of porcine blood, relative to that of human blood, conferred a greater capacity to compensate for acid loads.
Biliary excretion of infused conjugated sulfobromophthalein in sheep heterozygote for the transport defect present in mutant Corriedale sheep
Authors: Barnhart James L. , Gronwall Ronald R. , Combes Burton
Published: February 2025

Biliary excretion of dye was measured in 2 clinically normal and 2 heterozygote Corriedale sheep (the mutant Corriedale is characterized by depressed biliary transport of conjugated sulfobromophthalein (sbp) compounds) during infusion of the preformed glutathione conjugate of sbp. Maximal rates of excretion of conjugated sbp compounds in bile were comparable in heterozygote Corriedale and clinically normal sheep. These 2 heterozygote sheep do not express the biliary transport defect observed in mutant Corriedale sheep during sbp-glutathione infusion.
Anthelmintic effect of febantel/praziquantel paste in dogs and cats
Authors: Corwin R. M. , Pratt S. E. , McCurdy H. D.
Published: February 2025

A paste formulation of 3.4% febantel and 0.34% praziquantel was given in soft food at a rate of 0.29 g/kg of body weight, once daily for 3 days to dogs and cats. Eleven of 12 dogs were naturally infected with Ancylostoma caninum, 10 with Trichuris vulpis, 2 with Toxocara canis, 5 with Taenia sp, and 3 with Dirofilaria immitis. Ten of 11 cats were naturally infected with Toxocara cati, 2 with Ancylostoma tubaeforme, 3 with Taenia sp, 5 with Capillaria aerophila, and 1 with Paragonimus kellicotti.

Efficacy was 100% for the removal of A caninum, T canis, and Taenia sp and 99.9% in clearance of T vulpis in dogs, and 100% in removal of A tubaeforme, T cati, and Taenia sp in cats. In dogs, Dirofilaria appeared unaffected, and in cats, there was no apparent effect on Capillaria or on Paragonimus.

The paste formulation given in soft food was well tolerated and without observable adverse effects.
Effects of selenium-vitamin Ε injection on bovine polymorphonucleated leukocytes phagocytosis and killing of Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Gyang E. O. , Stevens J. B. , Olson W. G. , Tsitsamis S. D. , Usenik E. A.
Published: February 2025

Phagocytosis and killing of Staphylococcus aureus by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmn) from 8 selenium (Se)-deficient dairy cows from Wisconsin was compared with that in 5 Se-vitamin Ε injected dairy cows from the same herd.

There was no significant difference in the ability of the pmn to phagocytize bacteria. However, pmn of Se-vitamin Ε injected cows killed the phagocytized bacteria significantly (P < 0.025) better than did pmn from Se-deficient cows. The defect in the killing capability of pmn of Se-deficient cows might be due to reduced dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate concentration as a result of diminished glutathione peroxidase activity due to Se-deficiency.
Effects of Kilham rat virus on natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity in Brown Norway and Wistar Furth rats
Authors: Darrigrand Andre A. , Singh Suraj B. , Lang C. M.
Published: February 2025

Effects of Kilham rat virus (krv) on selected aspects of the immune response of 2 strains of laboratory rats were studied. The Brown Norway rat and Wistar Furth rat were infected with krv and serum antibody and interferon values and cytotoxic activity of natural killer cells were determined to assess the virus' effect on the rat's immune systems.

Antibody values to the virus were increased in both strains after viral inoculation, and total antibody values were comparable in the 2 rat strains. Natural cytotoxicity was increased in Brown Norway rats 3 to 4 days after inoculation in contrast to a distinct depression for a period of 10 days in the Wistar Furth strain. Serum interferon was not measurable in either strain of rat. Seemingly, there is a distinct immune response to krv in each rat strain and the cytotoxic activity response differs in these 2 strains of rats.
Efficacy of albendazole against Fascioloides magna in sheep
Authors: Stromberg B. E. , Schlotthauer J. C. , Conboy G. A.
Published: February 2025

Sheep experimentally infected with Fascioloides magna were used in a controlled study to determine the flukicide activity of different doses of albendazole (methyl [5(propylthio)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl] carbamate). Sheep, about 4 months old, were inoculated with 100 metacercariae of F magna and treated with the various doses of albendazole 10 weeks later. At 6 weeks after treatment, the sheep were necropsied, flukes were recovered and measured, and the pathologic changes were recorded.

The sheep were given different doses of albendazole (5, 7.5 [single dose or double dose], 10, and 15 mg/kg) and were compared with both nontreated inoculated and nontreated noninoculated controls. There were up to 70% fewer worms recovered in the group given 2 doses of 7.5 mg/kg than there were in the nontreated controls. There was also a significant reduction in flukes recovered in the groups given the 7.5, 10, and 15 mg/kg doses. Because a single F magna fluke has the potential to kill a sheep, it is imperative to consider the number of sheep with no flukes after treatment. According to that criterion, 50% of the sheep were protected at dose rates of 7.5 (single dose, double dose), 10, and 15 mg/kg of body weight.
Analgesie effects of butorphanol in horses: Dose-response studies
Authors: Kalpravidh M. , Lumb W. V. , Wright M. , Heath R. B.
Published: February 2025

The analgesic effects of butorphanol (0.05, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 mg/kg), pentazocine (2.2 mg/kg), and butorphanol vehicle (0.04 ml/kg) were observed in 6 horses. These horses were instrumented to measure response objectively to painful superficial and visceral stimuli. The tested drugs were given iv according to a Latin square design. After preinjection base-line measurements were made, the analgesic effects were observed at 15 and 30 minutes and then at 30-minute intervals until postinjection minute 240. Analgesic effects of butorphanol were dose-related, with durations between 15 and 90 minutes. Duration of analgesia after pentazocine (2.2 mg/kg) was given was between 15 and 30 minutes. When compared with pentazocine, the 0.4 mg/kg dose of butorphanol provided a more intense and longer period of analgesia. A butorphanol dose of 0.2 mg/kg iv appears optimal. On a dose-body weight basis, the potency of butorphanol was 10 to 17 times that of pentazocine. Behavioral side effects were noted with both agents and were dose-related.
Oral intubation of dogs with combinations of fertilizer, herbicide, and insecticide chemicals commonly used on lawns
Authors: Yeary Roger A.
Published: February 2025

Six Beagle dogs were orally intubated with mixtures of a urea-based fertilizer, 2,4-d, mecoprop (mcpp), dicamba, and either bensulide or chlorpyrifos. The mixtures were formulated as they are used in liquid application to lawns. The dogs were given volumes of 10 ml/kg of body weight, delivering the following quantities of each ingredient: urea—623 mg/kg, inorganic phosphorus (P2O5)—24 mg/kg, potassium (K2O)—66 mg/kg, 2,4-d—6.5 mg/kg, mcpp—3.26 mg/kg, dicamba—0.55 mg/kg, and either bensulide—60.93 mg/kg or chlorpyrifos—6.77 mg/kg. The dogs were given 3 consecutive daily doses of the mixture containing bensulide (round 1) or the mixture containing chlorpyrifos (round 2). The dogs did not exhibit any clinical signs of illness associated with the treatments.

Effects on hematologic values or routine clinical chemical analyses did not occur with the round 2 mixture. Serum lactic dehydrogenase activity decreased by approximately 50% after a single dose of the round 1 mixture was given. Plasma Cholinesterase decreased to approximately 50% of control values following either the round 1 or the round 2 mixture; this decrease was not accompanied by cholinergic signs of intoxication.
Bovine anaplasmosis: In utero transmission and the immunologic significance of ingested colostral antibodies
Authors: Zaugg J. L. , Kuttler K. L.
Published: February 2025

Neonate progeny from 3 Anaplasma-free (clean) and 5 Anaplasma-carrier cows were splenectomized and each was challenge exposed with 5 ml of carrier blood. Prepatent times were between 18 and 25 days in calves born of clean cows and between 21 and 36 days in progeny from carrier dams. The lowest packed cell volume values in the clean group occurred at 25 to 39 days after the challenge inoculation and at 29 to 47 days in the carrier group. Highest parasitemias in the clean calves ranged between 13% and 51% in 25 to 35 days and between 35% to 64% in 38 to 43 days in the carrier calves.

Seven splenectomized calves were inoculated with 60 ml of whole blood from progeny of known Anaplasma-free or Anaplasma-carrier cows. After 183 days, all but 1 calf remained free of anaplasmosis. A 1% parasitemia was first observed in that calf 12 days after inoculation with blood from a calf which showed signs of acute anaplasmosis at birth. The infected neonate’s dam had recovered from acute anaplasmosis infection during the middle of the second trimester of the gestation.

Although not statistically significant, colostral antibodies and/or other maternal factors did not seem to completely protect progeny, but lengthened the prepatent period and delayed anemia and the climax of parasitemia. Further, it was determined that it was possible for an animal affected with acute anaplasmosis before the 190th day of the gestation to transmit anaplasmosis in utero.
Immunoproliferative small intestinal disease in Basenji dogs: Morphologic observations
Authors: Ochoa Ricardo , Breitschwerdt Edward B. , Lincoln Kay L.
Published: February 2025

Eleven Basenjis with chronic diarrhea were evaluated for pathologic changes. Light microscopic and ultrastructural changes were characterized by lymphoplasmacytic infiltration of the lamina propria of the intestine and stomach and by evidence of degranulation of mast cells in close association with immunocytes. Other changes included hyperplasia of the thyroid parafollicular cells, thyroid follicular atrophy, epidermal atrophy, and ulceration of the pinna. Similarities of the condition in Basenjis and immunoproliferative small intestinal disease and Menetrier’s disease in persons are presented.
Pathologic changes of experimental simian varicella (Delta herpesvirus) infection in African green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops)
Authors: Roberts E. D. , Baskin G. B. , Soike K. , Gibson S. V.
Published: February 2025

Gross and microscopic lesions of experimental simian varicella (Delta herpesvirus) infection in African green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) are described. In stratified squamous epithelium, such as the epidermis, tongue, and esophagus, focal areas of epidermal hyperplasia, ballooning degeneration, and blood-filled vesicle formation with ulceration were apparent. Most visceral organs were involved, and the changes included necrosis, hemorrhage, and characteristic intranuclear eosinophilic inclusions in a variety of cells. A generalized vascular involvement was present with intranuclear inclusions in the endothelial and smooth muscle cells in various organs. The nervous system was normal on gross and microscopic examination. Virus titer and serum transferase values were correlated with the clinical signs of infection.
Dose-response anesthetic effects of ketamine in the chicken
Authors: McGrath C. J. , Lee J. C. , Campbell V. L.
Published: February 2025

Forty-six chickens were anesthetized with ketamine given iv at 12 dosages ranging from 1 to 160 mg/kg. The median effective dose (ed50) for ≥ 15 minutes’ anesthesia was 14 mg/kg. The median lethal dose (ld50) was 67.9 mg/kg. Analgesia adequate for doing major surgical operation was generally not apparent in chickens given doses < 60 mg/kg. Side effects included muscle tremors which were unrelated to painful stimulation and flapping of wings which was common during recovery from anesthesia.
Blast transformation of adherent macrophages infected in vitro with sporozoites of Theileria parva
Authors: Moulton Jack , Buscher Gottfried , Bovell Douglas , Doxsey Steven
Published: February 2025

Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks were fed on cows with parasitemia from Theileria parva infection (East Coast fever). Homogenates of salivary glands with infective sporozoites were added to cultures of (i) monocyte-derived adherent macrophages from normal bovine peripheral blood and (ii) macrophages from spleen and bone marrow. It was shown by light, phase-contrast, and electron microscopies and by tests for lysosomal enzymes, phagocytosis of carbon particles, and cell markers (fibronectin and Fc receptors) that macrophages transformed in vitro to blast cells containing macroschizonts in 2 to 3 weeks. These blasts detached from the monolayer and grew indefinitely in suspension culture.
A 2-mercaptoethanol tube agglutination test for diagnosis of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae infection in pigs
Authors: Mittal K. R. , Higgins R. , Larivière S. , Leblanc D.
Published: February 2025

A 2-mercaptoethanol (2-me) tube agglutination (ta) test has been developed as an alternative to the complement fixation (cf) test for the detection of antibodies to Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae, a causative agent of pleuropneumonia in pigs. Using sera from experimentally infected pigs, herds with confirmed H pleuropneumoniae infection, and from disease-free pigs, the specificity and the sensitivity of the 2-me-ta test were investigated and results were compared with those obtained using the cf test.

The ta test without 2-me gave 100% nonspecific reaction. The 2-me-ta test was highly specific and more sensitive than was the cf test. Seemingly, the 2-me-ta test can be used to monitor herds for H pleuropneumoniae antibodies instead of the cf test because it was easier to perform. Test procedures for a presumptive herd diagnosis of H pleuropneumoniae have been proposed.
Anthelmintic efficacy of mebendazole suspension against induced helminth infections in South African sheep and cattle
Authors: Van der Westhuizen Barney , Newcomb Kathleen , Guerrero Jorge
Published: February 2025

Critical controlled tests were performed in 157 sheep (8 experiments) and 34 cattle (2 experiments) to evaluate the anthelmintic activity of mebendazole suspension, administered intraruminally via a stomach tube at a dosage rate of 15 mg of mebendazole/kg of body weight, against induced infections of immature and adult stages of commonly encountered nematode parasites in South Africa.

In the sheep, the controlled efficacy of mebendazole suspension was good to excellent (90.1% to 100%) against all stages of Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Gaigeria pachyscelis, Ostertagia circumcincta, Nematodirus spathiger, and Chabertia ovina species. Mebendazole was also highly effective (97.3% to 99.9%) against 4th, 5th, and adult stages of Oesophagostomum columbianum and 5th-stage and adult Dictyocaulus filaria. Moderate activity was obtained (79.8% to 82.2%) against 3rd-stage Ο columbianum, 3rd- and 4th-stage D filaria, and 5th-stage and adult Strongyloides papillosus.

In the cattle, mebendazole was effective (91.5% to 100%) against 4th-stage and adult H placei, Cooperia pectinata, Bunostomum phlebotomum, and Oesophagostomum radiatum species, but did not exhibit any appreciable activity (27.3% to 41.5%) against 4th-stage and adult Ο ostertagi.
Selected physical and chemical characteristics of prostatic fluid collected by ejaculation from healthy dogs and from dogs with bacterial prostatitis
Authors: Branam J. Edward , Keen Carl L. , Ling Gerald V. , Franti Charles E.
Published: February 2025

Forty specimens of prostatic fluid, collected by ejaculation from 36 dogs with bacterial prostatitis, and 43 specimens of prostatic fluid collected by the same method from 42 healthy dogs were analyzed with respect to pH, specific gravity, cholesterol concentration, and zinc, copper, iron, calcium, and magnesium concentrations. Values from prostatic fluid of infected dogs were compared with values from prostatic fluid of healthy dogs, using a variety of statistical methods. In striking contrast to data obtained from human beings, prostatic fluid pH, specific gravity, or cholesterol zinc concentrations were not altered in dogs with bacterial prostatitis. Seemingly, these tests are not reliable in the diagnosis of bacterial prostatitis in dogs.
Statistical analysis of selected tracheal measurements in normal dogs and dogs with collapsed trachea
Authors: Dallman Mark J. , Brown Esther M.
Published: February 2025

Tracheas were removed from 8 average-sized (13 to 19 kg) dogs, 12 toy breed dogs, and 6 toy breed dogs with collapsed trachea. The tracheal arcs were counted whenever possible and measurements of the inner ventrodorsal and lateral diameters, lumen areas, cartilage and muscle thicknesses, and numbers of chondrocytes and muscle cells/0.1 mm2 were obtained from 3 regions. The regions were the 3rd ring caudal to the larynx, the region at the thoracic inlet, and the 2nd ring cranial to the carina.

The 3 tracheal regions were compared with one another for all the variables in the 3 dog groups. All groups exhibited similar significant regional variations for tracheal diameters, lumen areas, and cartilage and muscle thicknesses. There were no significant differences between regions for chondrocyte and muscle cell counts.

In the comparison of average dogs and normal toy breed dogs, the former had larger ventrodorsal tracheal diameters, lumen areas, and cartilage and muscle thicknesses. The measurements from the toy breed dogs with collapsed tracheas were smaller than those from the normal toy breed dogs. There were no significant differences in chondrocyte and muscle cell counts between average dogs and normal toy breed dogs.
Anthelmintic efficacy of avermectin B1a and dihydroavermectin B1a against ovine gastrointestinal nematodes in 1977
Authors: Todd Kenneth S. , Mansfield Manford E. , DiPietro Joseph A.
Published: February 2025

In a critical study, 40 female mixed-breed lambs with experimental infections of Cooperia spp, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Ostertagia circumcincta, T axei, and Haemonchus contortus were allocated to 8 groups in 1977. Groups 1 and 5 served as controls. Groups 2 to 4 were treated orally with avermectin B1a at dosage levels of 25, 50, and 100 μg/kg of body weight, respectively. Groups 6 to 8 were given oral dihydroavermectin B1a at dosage levels of 50, 100, and 200 μg/kg, respectively. The lambs were euthanatized and necropsied 6 days after treatment. The compounds were > 99% effective at all dosage levels.
Clinical biochemical and hematologic values of the American Miniature Horse: Reference values
Authors: Harvey Roger B. , Hambright Marjorie B. , Rowe Loyd D.
Published: February 2025

Sixteen clinical biochemical determinations and 13 hematologic measurements were performed on 49 Healthy American Miniature Horses of mixed age and both sexes. Serum triiodothyronine and thyroxine values were also determined. Serum biochemical test results from American Miniature Horses compared favorably with values for full-sized horses, whereas differences in hematologic test results were noticed between American Miniature Horses and full-sized horses.
Efficacy of ethylenediamine dihydriodide as an agent to prevent experimentally induced bovine foot rot
Authors: Berg J. N. , Maas J. P. , Paterson J. A. , Krause G. F. , Davis L. E.
Published: February 2025

Ethylenediamine dihydriodide (eddi) was administered by capsule and as a feed premix to cattle in 2 studies. In study I (32 steers), eddi was given at 0, 12.5, 50, and 200 mg/animal each day and in study II (36 steers) at 0, 30, and 200 mg/animal each day. Serum iodine levels were monitored during the studies. The cattle were inoculated intradermally in the interdigital space with a mixture of Fusobacterium necrophorum and Bacteroides melaninogenicus to induce acute foot rot at day 15 (study I) or day 28 (study II) after eddi administration was started. Lesions and lameness were evaluated 5 days after challenge exposure, using a subjective scoring system.

The cattle receiving eddi had significantly less severe lesions and lameness than control cattle in both studies (study I, P < 0.003; study II, P < 0.001). The results indicated that eddi was efficacious in prevention of foot rot.

The studies demonstrated a direct relationship between dosage levels of eddi and serum iodine levels. However, at the large dosage level (200 mg) there were some individuals that showed an inability to metabolize and excrete the iodine as demonstrated by high serum iodine levels (600 to 700 μg of iodine/dl of serum).
Antimicrobial susceptibility of Prototheca zopfii isolated from bovine intramammary infections
Authors: McDonald John S. , Richard John L. , Anderson Arlen J.
Published: February 2025

In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility tests were carried out on 48 strains of Prototheca zopfii, an achlorophyllous algae causing refractory mastitis in dairy cows; 27 antimicrobials were evaluated. All strains were susceptible to both myxin and nystatin. In addition, 22 strains were susceptible to amphotericin B, 21 to polymyxin B, and 18 to gentamicin. Only 1 strain was susceptible to kanamycin. All strains were resistant to ampicillin, bacitracin, carbenicillin, cephalothin, chloramphenicol, clotrimazole, cloxacillin, erythromycin, flucytosine, ketoconazole, lincomycin, miconazole, neomycin, nitrofurazone, novobiocin, oleandomycin, penicillin, rifampin, streptomycin, tetracycline, and vancomycin.
Improvement in clinical condition and thymus morphologic features associated with growth hormone treatment of immunodeficient dwarf dogs
Authors: Roth James A. , Kaeberle Merlin L. , Grier Ronald L. , Hopper Joan G. , Spiegel Herbert E. , McAllister Harold A.
Published: February 2025

Immunodeficient dwarfism in Weimaraner dogs was characterized by failure to grow, emaciation, growth hormone (gh) deficiency, decreased lymphocyte blastogenic responsiveness to mitogens, lack of thymus cortex, and recurrent infections usually resulting in death. Affected pups did not respond to conventional supportive therapy, but did respond to treatment with thymosin fraction 5. Response to therapy with bovine gh was monitored by clinical observation, histopathologic examination of thymic biopsy material, lymphocyte blastogenic responsiveness to nonspecific mitogens, and radioimmunoassay of thymosin α 1 concentration in the serum. Growth hormone therapy (0.1 mg/kg of body weight/dose, 14 doses) during a 1-month period in 2 immunodeficient dwarf pups resulted in clinical improvement and a marked increase in the thickness and cellularity of the cortex of the thymus. Immunodeficient dwarf pups were not deficient in serum thymosin α 1 before gh therapy. Growth hormone therapy was not associated with a consistent increase in serum thymosin α 1 concentration or lymphocyte blastogenic responsiveness to mitogens.
Effect of electromyography on serum creatine kinase values in clinically normal dogs and horses
Authors: Steiss Janet E. , Forsyth George
Published: February 2025

The effect of needle electromyography (emg) on serum creatine kinase (ck) activity was determined, using clinically normal dogs (males and females; n = 8) and horses (females; n = 8). All animals appeared normal on emg evaluation. Serum ck was measured before and 4, 24, and 48 hours after emg. Except for a single 24-hour sample in a dog, the animals did not have abnormally increased serum ck activity after emg. For dogs and horses, mean values were increased, but within normal range at 4 and 24 hours and returned to base-line values by 48 hours after emg. For dogs, but not for horses, these ck increases at 4 and 24 hours were significant (P < 0.05). Most dogs and horses, without neuromuscular disease, did not have serum ck activity above the normal range after emg.
Identification of the major coagulase-positive Staphylococcus sp of dogs as Staphylococcus intermedius
Authors: Berg John N. , Wendell David E. , Vogelweid Cathy , Fales William H.
Published: February 2025

Specimens obtained from the skin of healthy dogs and from various surgical and pyogenic lesions were culturally examined for coagulase-positive staphylococci. The isolates of Staphylococcus were biotyped, using hemolysin production, coagulase production, and the biochemical tests contained in a commercial Staphylococcus identification system. A total of 72 coagulase-positive isolates were biotyped, with 70/72 identified as S intermedius and 2/72, as S aureus. All of the S intermedius isolates were coagulase-positive with canine plasma.
Seasonal occurrence of infective nematode larvae in California High Sierra pastures grazed by cattle
Authors: Baker Norman F. , Fisk Robert A. , Rimbey Carl W.
Published: February 2025

Worm-free Holstein calves were used to assess the seasonal variation in numbers of nematode infective larvae on herbage at 2 commercial cow-calf ranches in the Sierra Nevada mountains. Both ranches used Herefords as their basic breed. One ranch near Sattley, California, is at an elevation of approximately 1,500 m above sea level, whereas the study area on the 2nd ranch near Susanville is at an elevation of approximately 1,250 m above sea level. Worm-free tracer calves were allowed to graze for approximately 30 days and were then kept free of further nematode infection until euthanasia and necropsy approximately 30 days after removal from the pastures. At necropsy, the number, species, and stages of development of nematodes in the gastrointestinal tract were determined.

The most common species of nematode in the abomasum was Ostertagia ostertagi and in the small intestine Cooperia oncophora.

Infection levels decreased during early summer and were low in midsummer to early fall. In late fall and winter, infection levels began to increase, and highest infection levels were obtained during the spring. A low level of inhibited development (up to 18%) of 4th-stage O ostertagi occurred in November and December. Considerably higher levels of inhibition (up to 61%) were observed in March, April, and May. Inhibition of development in Cooperia spp was not noticed.

Other nematodes seen were O lyrata, C mcmasteri, C punctata, Trichostrongylus axei, Haemonchus sp, and Nematodirus helvetianus.
Pulmonary function changes in goats given 3-methylindole orally
Authors: Mesina Julian E. , Bisgard Gerald E. , Robinson Gail M.
Published: February 2025

Six adult goats were given 0.2 g of 3-methylindole (3MI)/kg of body weight orally. Lung mechanics and ventilatory function were obtained before 3MI and 2, 4, 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours after 3MI administration. Clinical signs were also monitored. Lungs were removed for gross and microscopic examination and for morphometric analysis from goats that died spontaneously or were killed with an overdose of pentobarbital after 72 hours.

The major pulmonary function changes observed included a marked decrease in dynamic lung compliance with a moderate increase in airway resistance, a concomitant hypoxemia, sustained increase in respiratory frequency, a progressive decrease in tidal volume and alveolar ventilation, and increased dead space to tidal volume ratio. A mild metabolic acidosis was also noticed.
Chloramphenicol and the neonatal calf
Authors: Burrows G. E. , Tyler R. D. , Craigmill A. L. , Barto P. B.
Published: February 2025

Pharmacokinetic values and possible toxic effects of chloramphenicol on bone marrow and hematologic and serum chemical values were determined in newborn calves given the drug (iv) once a week or in repeated doses, 12 hours between doses. The rates of elimination for chloramphenicol and antipyrine also were compared. Chloramphenicol also was administered to older calves by im and subcutaneous routes, with an apparent bioavailability of 50% to 60%. The elimination half-lives for both chloramphenicol and antipyrine were markedly increased in the newborn calf for at least the first 3 to 4 weeks of life. Despite the high and prolonged serum chloramphenicol concentrations in these calves, there was little or no indication of toxic effects, Bone marrow aspirates did not reveal any signs of intoxication such as cytoplasmic or nuclear vacuolation. Marrow cellularity was not recognizably different from the control group.
Comparative viral, immunologic, and pathologic responses of chickens inoculated with herpesvirus of turkeys as embryos or at hatch
Authors: Sharma J. M. , Lee L. F. , Wakenell P. S.
Published: February 2025

Chickens were vaccinated with the herpesvirus of turkeys (hvt) at embryonation day 17 or 18 or at hatch and various responses of the 2 vaccinated groups were compared. In embryo-vaccinated chickens, hvt titers were high in the lungs before hvt could be isolated from other tissues. Seemingly, embryos acquired infection via the respiratory tract. In hatch-vaccinated chickens, hvt was first isolated from spleen and then from other tissues. Titers of recoverable hvt in tissues of embryo-vaccinated chickens were higher than in those of hatch-vaccinated chickens, particularly during the 1st week of age. Anti-hvt antibodies and natural killer cell reactivity in spleen effector cells were comparably increased in both vaccinated groups. Embryo vaccination with hvt did not cause progressive lesions, reduction in body weight gain, or impairment of humoral and cellular immune functions. Seemingly, hvt can be used safely as an embryonal vaccine in chickens.