bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High‐dose cefazolin on consecutive hemodialysis in anuric patients with Staphylococcal bacteremia
Authors: RENAUD Claude J. , LIN Xuling , SUBRAMANIAN Srinivas , FISHER Dale A.
Published: November 2010

Methicillin‐sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) bacteremia is a leading cause of infection in hemodialysis (HD) patients. Cloxacillin, cefazolin, and vancomycin are the mainstay antimicrobials. Cloxacillin administration leads to frequent drug dosing, longer length of stay (LOS), and higher cost, while resistance and poorer outcomes are associated with vancomycin use. Dosing cefazolin during HD allows for prolonged blood therapeutic levels. We assessed the outcomes and safety of a strategy of treating MSSA bacteremia with 2–3 g cefazolin on HD only. All HD patients with MSSA bacteremia admitted in June–December 2009 at our center and receiving this regime were compared with historical controls who received cloxacillin. Demographic characteristics and outcome measures like mortality, LOS, cost, recrudescence, and adverse drug reactions were assessed. Of 27 consecutive episodes reviewed, 14 and 13 patients received cefazolin and cloxacillin, respectively. Baseline demographics were comparable between the 2 treatment groups. More than one‐third of the bacteremia was related to tunneled catheter infection. The 30‐day mortality of cloxacillin‐ and cefazolin‐treated patients was 15% and 7%, respectively (P=0.14). Two of the 11 survivors treated with cloxacillin (18%) had recrudescent bacteremia while none was observed in cefazolin‐treated survivors. Cefazolin was associated with shorter LOS (10 vs. 20 days, P<0.05) and lower cost (US$8262.00 vs. US$15,367.00, P<0.05). Cefazolin use resulted in 3 idiosyncratic adverse drug reactions. Cefazolin dosed on each HD in MSSA bacteremia leads to earlier discharge and less cost. Larger prospective studies are, however, warranted to fully assess its safety and efficacy.
When Government Targets “The State”: Transnational NGO Government and the State in Belize
Authors: Medina Laurie Kroshus
Published: November 2010

Two broad trends characterize neoliberal forms of environmental governance: a shift in responsibilities for managing nature from state to nonstate actors and the use of market‐based mechanisms and rationalities to manage the environment. In Belize, a transnational alliance of conservation nongovermental organizations (NGOs) has taken responsibility for governing large swaths of Belizean nature. While most analyses of NGOs’ roles in environmental government focus on efforts to manage resource‐dependent rural communities, this article explores how this NGO alliance has used ecotourism, a market‐based mechanism to fund protected areas, to elicit actions in favor of conservation from state officials.
Controversy and Conflict: NAGPRA and the Role of Biological Anthropology in Determining Cultural Affiliation
Authors: Schillaci Michael A. , Bustard Wendy J.
Published: November 2010

The primary focus of this article is to examine the concept of cultural affiliation from the perspective of biological anthropology. The concept of cultural affiliation is fundamental to federal repatriation legislation including the Native American Graves and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA). Biological anthropologists are frequently called upon to assist museums and federal agencies with making determinations of cultural affiliation of human remains and associated funerary objects and objects of cultural patrimony as required by NAGPRA. Here, we present a case study from the American Southwest as a vehicle to more closely examine the role biological anthropologists play in the implementation of NAGPRA, and how the law has created tension or conflict within the field. We also examine more closely the concept of cultural affiliation as it pertains specifically to the law's regulations detailing its implementation. As a case study, we examine the process and history leading to the publication of the Notice of Inventory Completion for the human remains and funerary objects from Chaco Culture National Historical Park. Our case study includes an administrative history and a review of the biological evidence presented in the literature. The larger implications of our case study are that in addition to varying interpretations of NAGPRA, there are indications that biological anthropology is still struggling to overcome its typological perspective on biological variation. This perspective limits the field's ability to study cultural identity – past and present.
ACCULTURATION, SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS, AND HEALTH AMONG HISPANICS
Authors: Fitzgerald Nurgül
Published: November 2010

Acculturation and socioeconomic factors are closely related to nutrition and health outcomes. Greater acculturation among Hispanics (e.g., Mexican Americans) in the United States has been linked to less healthful food intake patterns, elevated exposure to media among children, and increases in the prevalence of cigarette smoking, alcohol intake, and obesity. Conversely, acculturation seems to be associated with several positive health‐related outcomes, such as increases in leisure‐time physical activities, better self‐rated health, and greater access to and utilization of health care services. Health of immigrants with low socioeconomic status (SES) is compromised partially because of less healthful food intake and physical activity patterns, higher obesity rates, limited access to and use of health care services, and environments that limit healthier lifestyle choices. SES and acculturation are interconnected, and lower levels of acculturation might be protective, especially in economically disadvantaged neighborhoods, through retention of social norms, social support, and healthier food intake patterns. Socioeconomic conditions at individual and environmental levels seem to modify the associations between acculturation and nutrition‐ and health‐related outcomes, and two immigrant groups appear to be specifically at high risk: those with persistent low SES, and those who later gain purchasing power without educational and social advancements. In addition to the community level interventions and macro level policies, promoting the retention of healthier traditional food intake habits and social support systems, increasing knowledge and skills related to foods and lifestyle in the United States, and improving health and media literacy can be viable primary prevention strategies at the individual and household levels.
HEALTH CARE ACCESS AMONG HISPANIC IMMIGRANTS: ¿ALGUIEN ESTÁ ESCUCHANDO?[IS ANYBODY LISTENING?]
Authors: Pérez‐Escamilla Rafael , Garcia Jonathan , Song David
Published: November 2010

This systematic review identified 77 studies to examine patterns and determinants of health care access among Hispanic immigrants (HI) living in the United States. In spite of major mental and physical care needs, HI and their families are at very high risk of not having access to health care compared with nonimmigrant Hispanics and non‐Hispanic whites. Noncitizenship status is a major barrier for accessing health care because of program ineligibility and fear of stigma and deportation. Low English proficiency is also an important barrier to health care. Culturally appropriate community outreach programs relying heavily on community health workers, also known as promotoras, have improved health care access and quality. Mexico shares the health care cost for HI living in bordering states, calling for a binational dialogue. Mixed‐methods research is needed to better understand (1) the net influence of acculturation on migrant health; (2) the role of informal (e.g., family) versus formal (e.g., promotoras) social support at facilitating health care access; (3) issues related to ‘single’ male migrant farm workers; (4) the “Hispanic mortality paradox”; (5) traditional healing and medicine among HI. Comprehensive health and immigration reforms are needed to respect the human right that HI have to gain access to health care.
HPV AWARENESS AMONG LATINA IMMIGRANTS AND ANGLO‐AMERICAN WOMEN IN THE SOUTHERN UNITED STATES: CULTURAL MODELS OF CERVICAL CANCER RISK FACTORS AND BELIEFS
Authors: Luque John S. , Castañeda Heide , Tyson Dinorah Martinez , Vargas Natalia , Proctor Sara , Meade Cathy D.
Published: November 2010

Latinas have higher cervical cancer age‐adjusted incidence and mortality rates, and present with more advanced disease compared to non‐Latino whites. This study used a cross‐sectional mixed methods survey design, exploring knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs regarding the human papillomavirus (HPV), the HPV vaccine, and cervical cancer screening with four groups of women (Mexican, Honduran, Puerto Rican, Anglo‐American; n= 80) attending low‐income health clinics along with one group of Latina health care workers (n= 17). Data analyses included univariate frequency distributions and one‐way ANOVA tests for quantitative data, thematic and content analysis for qualitative data, and cultural consensus analysis using the covariance method to compare groups. Results indicate overall cultural consensus for the five subgroups for both the agree/disagree questions and rankings on cervical cancer risk factors. However, differences were found between Latina women compared to Anglo‐American patients and health care clinic workers around birth control practices as possible causal factors for cervical cancer. Other findings suggested greater awareness of HPV and the HPV vaccine among Anglo‐American and Puerto Rican women compared to Mexican and Honduran women. Mexican and Honduran women were less likely to be aware of HPV and the HPV vaccine, and more likely to be uninsured and without a regular health care provider. Results point to the need to assess knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs in specific subgroups experiencing cervical cancer disparities to identify target areas for health education. Study findings will be used to inform the development and pilot testing of health education curriculum modules for cervical cancer prevention.
HEALTH, WELL‐BEING, AND SOCIAL CONTEXT OF SAMOAN MIGRANT POPULATIONS
Authors: McGarvey Stephen T. , Seiden Andrew
Published: November 2010

A minimal estimate suggests 300,000 Samoans reside outside the Samoan archipelago in the United States, New Zealand, and Australia. Anthropological studies of Samoan migration provide a broader perspective that emphasizes the deep connections among individuals and families residing in and outside the Samoas, and the adaptive nature of these connections. A review of the published socioeconomic, demographic, public health, and medical literatures indicates that Samoans residing outside the Samoas may be at high risk for poor levels of population health because of poverty, low health literacy, and sociocultural influences on health care knowledge, attitude, and access. There is little systematic information on Samoans in the United States and Australia. Based on trends from smaller studies and the national data from New Zealand, we recommend more population‐based health research among Samoans. Studies of representative samples will provide more accurate assessments of the spectrum of social and economic characteristics, acculturative processes, the returns and costs of connectedness to the families and villages in the Samoas, and population health characteristics. Studies should emphasize not only the negative costs to health and well‐being of migration but the processes of adjustment, accommodation, and adaptation that produce the varieties of ways of life among Samoans outside the Samoas.
Growth rates of rainbow smelt in Lake Champlain: effects of density and diet
Authors: Stritzel Thomson Jennifer L. , Parrish Donna L. , Parker‐Stetter Sandra L. , Rudstam Lars G. , Sullivan Patrick J.
Published: November 2010

Stritzel Thomson JL, Parrish DL, Parker‐Stetter SL, Rudstam LG, Sullivan PJ. Growth rates of rainbow smelt in Lake Champlain: effects of density and diet. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2010. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S

Abstract –  We estimated the densities of rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) using hydroacoustics and obtained specimens for diet analysis and groundtruthed acoustics data from mid‐water trawl sampling in four areas of Lake Champlain, USA–Canada. Densities of rainbow smelt cohorts alternated during the 2‐year study; age‐0 rainbow smelt were very abundant in 2001 (up to 6 fish per m2) and age‐1 and older were abundant (up to 1.2 fish per m2) in 2002. Growth rates and densities varied among areas and years. We used model selection on eight area–year‐specific variables to investigate biologically plausible predictors of rainbow smelt growth rates. The best supported model of growth rates of age‐0 smelt indicated a negative relationship with age‐0 density, likely associated with intraspecific competition for zooplankton. The next best‐fit model had age‐1 density as a predictor of age‐0 growth. The best supported models (N = 4) of growth rates of age‐1 fish indicated a positive relationship with availability of age‐0 smelt and resulting levels of cannibalism. Other plausible models were contained variants of these parameters. Cannibalistic rainbow smelt consumed younger conspecifics that were up to 53% of their length. Prediction of population dynamics for rainbow smelt requires an understanding of the relationship between density and growth as age‐0 fish outgrow their main predators (adult smelt) by autumn in years with fast growth rates, but not in years with slow growth rates.
Ultrasonography, lateral cephalometry and 3D imaging of the human masseter muscle
Authors: Naser‐ud‐Din S , Thoirs K , Sampson WJ
Published: November 2010

To cite this article:
 Naser‐ud‐Din S, Thoirs K, Sampson WJ: Ultrasonography, lateral cephalometry and 3D imaging of the human masseter muscle Orthod Craniofac Res 2011;14:33–43

Structured Abstract

Authors –  Naser‐ud‐Din S, Thoirs K, Sampson WJ

Purpose –  To develop prediction equations to assist the clinician to derive cephalometric norms from the non‐invasive investigations of ultrasonography (US) and 3D imaging.

Setting and Sample Population –  Adult volunteers from University of Adelaide participated in the study.

Methods –  Eleven volunteers (eight women, three men; age range 22–30 years) were recruited for US and standard lateral radiographs measurements along with 3D facial imaging using a structured light technique. The three examinations were performed to assess the vertical and transverse dimensions of the face along with superficial masseter muscle dimensions. In total, 31 variables were statistically analysed for relationship among the three imaging modalities.

Results –  Pearson’s correlation coefficients showed highly significant correlations between lateral cephalometric (Co–Go to R3–R4) and US (volume – thickness) variables (r = 0.92, p < 0.0001; r = 0.95, p < 0.0001, respectively). Strong correlations were also observed with Co–Go and masseter muscle area derived from US r = 0.81 (p = 0.01). Similarly, strong correlations were seen between gonion–menton (Go–me) and facial width from 3D imaging (r = 0.83, p = 0.003). A high statistical significance (p > 0.0001) for curvilinear measurements compared with linear counterparts was revealed with the paired t‐test. Factor analyses provided meaningful interrelationships for predictive equations generated for lateral cephalometric variables from 3D image coordinates.

Conclusions –  This preliminary investigation suggests that useful clinical information for treatment planning and follow‐up can be gathered without repeated exposure to ionizing radiation. For more robust predictive equations, a larger sample would be required to validate such a model.
Avoiding hyperoxemia during neonatal resuscitation: time to response of different SpO2 monitors
Authors: Baquero Hernando , Alviz Ramiro , Castillo Armando , Neira Fredy , Sola Augusto
Published: November 2010

Aim:  To assess the time to obtain reliable oxygen saturation readings by different pulse oximeters during neonatal resuscitation in the delivery room or NICU.

Methods:  Prospective study comparing three different pulse oximeters: Masimo Radical‐7 compared simultaneously with Ohmeda Biox 3700 or with Nellcor N395, in newborn infants who required resuscitation. Members of the research team placed the sensors for each of the pulse oximeters being compared simultaneously, one sensor on each foot of the same baby. Care provided routinely, without interference by the research team. The time elapsed until a reliable SpO2 was obtained was recorded using a digital chronometer. Statistical comparisons included chi‐square and student’s T‐test.

Results:  Thirty‐two infants were enrolled; median gestational age 32 weeks. Seventeen paired measurements were made with the Radical‐7 and Biox 3700; mean time to a stable reading was 20.2 ± 7 sec for the Radical‐7 and 74.2 ± 12 sec for the Biox 3700 (p = 0.02). The Radical‐7 and the N‐ 395 were paired on 15 infants; the times to obtain a stable reading were 20.9 ± 4 sec and 67.3 ± 12 sec, respectively (p = 0.03).

Conclusion:  The time to a reliable reading obtained simultaneously in neonatal critical situations differs by the type of the pulse oximeter used, being significantly faster with Masimo Signal Extraction Technology. This may permit for better adjustments of inspired oxygen, aiding in the prevention of damage caused by unnecessary exposure to high or low oxygen.
A systems biology approach for the analysis of carbohydrate dynamics during acclimation to low temperature in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Nägele Thomas , Kandel Benjamin A. , Frana Sabine , Meißner Meike , Heyer Arnd G.
Published: November 2010

Low temperature is an important environmental factor affecting the performance and distribution of plants. During the so‐called process of cold acclimation, many plants are able to develop low‐temperature tolerance, associated with the reprogramming of a large part of their metabolism. In this study, we present a systems biology approach based on mathematical modelling to determine interactions between the reprogramming of central carbohydrate metabolism and the development of freezing tolerance in two accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana. Different regulation strategies were observed for (a) photosynthesis, (b) soluble carbohydrate metabolism and (c) enzyme activities of central metabolite interconversions. Metabolism of the storage compound starch was found to be independent of accession‐specific reprogramming of soluble sugar metabolism in the cold. Mathematical modelling and simulation of cold‐induced metabolic reprogramming indicated major differences in the rates of interconversion between the pools of hexoses and sucrose, as well as the rate of assimilate export to sink organs. A comprehensive overview of interconversion rates is presented, from which accession‐specific regulation strategies during exposure to low temperature can be derived. We propose this concept as a tool for predicting metabolic engineering strategies to optimize plant freezing tolerance. We confirm that a significant improvement in freezing tolerance in plants involves multiple regulatory instances in sucrose metabolism, and provide evidence for a pivotal role of sucrose–hexose interconversion in increasing the cold acclimation output.
Keynesianism in practice
Authors: Van Der Burg Tsjalle
Published: November 2010

Tsjalle van der Burg considers a non‐orthodox type of Keynesian policy – the stimulation of sustainable energy projects – which have the potential to increase production and employment while also lowering government debt and reducing energy dependency.
Strong [O iii] and [N ii] emission lines in globular clusters from photoionized R Corona Borealis star winds
Authors: Maccarone Thomas J. , Warner Brian
Published: November 2010

The globular cluster X-ray source CXO J033831.8–352604 in NGC 1399 has recently been found to show strong emission lines of [O iii] and [N ii] in its optical spectrum in addition to ultraluminous X-ray emission with a soft X-ray spectrum. It was further suggested that this system contained an intermediate-mass black hole which had tidally disrupted a white dwarf, producing the strong emission lines without detectable hydrogen emission. We show that an alternative exists which can explain the data more naturally in which the oxygen- and nitrogen-rich material is ejected from an R Corona Borealis (RCB) star. The scenario we propose here does not require an intermediate-mass black hole as the accretor, but also does not exclude the possibility.
EXPLORING AND EXPLAINING CREAMINESS PERCEPTION: CONSUMERS' UNDERLYING CONCEPTS
Authors: ANTMANN GABRIELA , ARES GASTÓN , SALVADOR ANA , VARELA PAULA , FISZMAN SUSANA M.
Published: November 2010

Considering the importance of creaminess in consumers' overall liking of many food products, it is crucial to understand how consumers perceive creaminess and what they expect when a product is described as creamy. In this context, the objective of the present study was to gather information on how consumers in Spain and Uruguay, two Spanish‐speaking countries, understand creaminess and to identify what characteristics they associate with a creamy product. A word association task was performed with 107 and 120 participants in Valencia (Spain) and Montevideo (Uruguay), respectively. Participants were asked to write down the first four words, descriptions, associations, thoughts or feelings that came to their minds when thinking of creaminess. Consumers' elicited terms were grouped into seven dimensions. Creaminess associations were mainly related to creamy food products, texture, flavor and appearance attributes. Consumers mainly associated creaminess with smoothness, softness, sweetness and pleasantness. Differences were found between results from Spanish and Uruguayan consumers, which indicate that, even within the same language, cultural differences in consumers' understanding of the term creaminess exist.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Results of the present work contribute to knowledge of consumers' perceptions and expectations regarding creaminess, which could help to better understand and predict the likelihood of success or failure of different creamy products. A better understanding of creaminess can be useful for product development, ensuring that areas relevant for consumers are targeted and identifying the cues that they associate with a better liking of creamy products. Also, the vocabulary elicited could be used to improve the design of expert panel trainings, with the use of more consumer‐relevant terms.
EFFECTS OF HYDROXYPROPYL CELLULOSE ON THE QUALITY OF WHEAT FLOUR SPAGHETTI
Authors: MAJZOOBI MAHSA , OSTOVAN RAHELEH , FARAHNAKY ASGAR
Published: November 2010

The effects of hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) on the quality of the ordinary wheat flour dough and spaghetti were studied. The determination of the rheological properties of the dough showed that the peak consistency, stability time, band width (determined by a farinograph), maximum force and elasticity (determined by a texture analyzer) of the HPC sample were higher while its viscosity was lower than those of the control. Scanning electromicrographs of the samples indicated that the HPC made a network on the surface of the starch granules. Based on the results, the HPC sample had higher water absorption, longer cooking time and less cooking loss than the control. Cooked HPC sample had higher cohesiveness and breaking point strength, while it had lower adhesiveness and stringiness than the control (determined by a texture profile analyzer). It also had better organoleptic and higher general acceptability than the control.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

In some areas where semolina is not available for pasta production, ordinary wheat flour is one the choices. In this case, obtaining the appropriate pasta quality is a matter of concern. The results of this study can be useful for the pasta industry to produce pasta of improved quality from nonsemolina flours such as ordinary wheat or other cereal flours.
CONSUMERS' CREAMINESS CONCEPT PERCEPTION: A CROSS‐CULTURAL STUDY IN THREE SPANISH‐SPEAKING COUNTRIES
Authors: ANTMANN GABRIELA , ARES GASTÓN , VARELA PAULA , SALVADOR ANA , COSTE BEATRIZ , FISZMAN SUSANA M.
Published: November 2010

Creaminess is a complex sensory attribute that is critical for consumer liking in a wide range of products. For this reason, it is crucial to understand consumers' expectations when trying a creamy product. The aim of the present work was to study consumers' creaminess perception in three different Spanish‐speaking countries.

Between 107 and 120 consumers were recruited from Argentina, Spain and Uruguay. Participants were asked to provide a definition of creaminess and to list all the creamy products they knew and all the sensations they perceived when consuming a creamy product.

Results from the present work suggest that consumers' perception of creaminess seems to be mainly related to tactile and kinesthetic sensations such as smoothness, viscosity, melting and softness. Differences were found between the outcomes from consumers in the three countries, which indicate that even within the same language, cultural differences exist in consumers' understanding of the term “creaminess.”

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Results from the present work could contribute to a greater knowledge of consumers' creaminess perception and particularly about the textural attributes and sensations that consumers expect to find when they try creamy products. Understanding what consumers expect from a creamy product and what expectations are raised when thinking of creaminess, could assure that consumers' expectations are fulfilled, increasing the success of new products, including salty food items as soups or vegetable purees. Moreover, results could also be useful when selecting key instrumental or sensory measurements to predict consumers' perceived creaminess.
INFLUENCE OF DEFATTED SOY FLOUR AND WHEY PROTEIN CONCENTRATE ON DOUGH RHEOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND QUALITY OF INSTANT VERMICELLI
Authors: SUDHA M.L. , RAJESWARI G. , RAO G. VENKATESWARA
Published: November 2010

Defatted soy flour (DSF) and whey protein concentrate (WPC) having protein content of 54.1 and 61.9%, respectively, were blended with wheat flour at 0–15%. Incorporation of DSF increased the farinograph water absorption from 59.3 to 63.8%, whereas addition of WPC decreased the water absorption to 53.5%. The dough stability increased from 4.5 to 8.5 min with DSF. The increase in maximum pressure value was greater on addition of DSF. The peak viscosity value decreased from 818 to 657 and 587 BU on addition of DSF & WPC, respectively. Instant vermicelli prepared by extruding, steaming and frying made the strands tough on addition of DSF or WPC. The moisture content and oil uptake decreased. Combination of DSF and WPC resulted in acceptable quality instant vermicelli having protein content in the range of 15–17% and the in vitro protein digestibility (IVPD) in the range of 70–80%.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Market for the instant vermicelli is increasing with the increase in consumer demand. Instant vermicelli available is just prepared from either refined wheat flour (maida) or semolina (soji). There is a need to have products enriched with protein. Defatted soy flour and whey protein concentrate having protein content in the range of 50–55% can function as the sources of protein. Both have been used in the preparation of high‐protein vermicelli, which not only reduced the fat content in the product, but also had a better in vitro protein digestibility.
Playing games of governance: How and why Fair Trade pioneers evade corporate capture
Authors: Hutchens Anna
Published: November 2010

The concept of power in political governance has traditionally focused on domination and the preservation of the status quo. In an economic context, institutional and organizational studies have expressed growing interest in the dynamics of agency and institutional change, captured in the concept of “institutional entrepreneurship.” In the context of global free trade, the Fair Trade movement's experience shows that ongoing institutional entrepreneurship is important for entrepreneurs to transcend absorption by corporate hegemony. In this article I examine the capacity for agency in market institutions through the lens of “defiance” to illuminate the imaginative “game players” who evade institutional capture in the evolution of market governance.
“The Incarceration Revolution”: The Abandonment of the Seriously Mentally Ill to Our Jails and Prisons
Authors: Bloom Joseph D.
Published: November 2010

In 1848 Dorothea Dix, the famous 19th century advocate for the indigent mentally ill, appealed to the United States Congress to support the setaside of a very large tract of land that was to be used for the “Relief and Support of the Indigent Curable and Incurable Insane.” She stated:

It will be said by a few, perhaps that each State should establish and sustain its own institutions; that it is not obligatory upon the general government to legislate for maintenance of State charities…. But may it not be demonstrated as the soundest policy of the federal government to assist in the accomplishment of great moral obligations, by diminishing and arresting wide-spread miseries which mar the face of society; and weaken the strength of communities?
Proposition: A Personality Disorder May Nullify Responsibility for a Criminal Act
Authors: Kinscherff Robert
Published: November 2010

A criminal offense requires two elements. First, it requires proof of misconduct that is specifically prohibited by law (actus reus). Second, it requires proof of sufficient intention or recklessness (mens rea) to warrant assignment of moral culpability for the act. For example, a person who kills another person intentionally is typically guilty of murder, while a person who kills recklessly or in the heat of passion in response to provocation may be guilty of manslaughter, and a person who kills accidentally is not guilty of any crime. Even if the elements of the offense have been proven by the prosecution, the actor may not be punishable if the defense proves that his conduct was either justified (e.g., self-defense) or excused (e.g., duress).
Should a Personality Disorder Qualify as a Mental Disease in Insanity Adjudication?
Authors: Bonnie Richard J.
Published: November 2010

In his accompanying article, Dr. Kinscherff has convincingly demonstrated why a categorical exclusion of personality disorders from the definition of “mental disease” in insanity defense adjudication is arbitrary, both conceptually and clinically. He explains his position in the context of a vignette involving a hypothetical defendant, Wilhelmina Sykes, charged with ramming her car into another car obstructing her path, causing serious injury to its driver. Dr. Kinscherff correctly points out that the determinative issue in applying the insanity defense in any case, including the hypothetical case involving Ms. Sykes, is whether the defendant experienced a legally relevant functional impairment at the time of the offense. In many states — and in the hypothetical jurisdiction in which Ms. Sykes is being prosecuted — the relevant functional impairments are those that could have affected her ability “to appreciate the wrongfulness of her conduct” or “to conform her conduct to the requirements of the law.
Drug Advertising, Continuing Medical Education, and Physician Prescribing: A Historical Review and Reform Proposal
Authors: Rodwin Marc A.
Published: November 2010

Public policy tries to promote appropriate drug use by allowing firms to market drugs in interstate commerce only for uses that the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has found to be safe and effective. Because of their medical knowledge, physicians are authorized to prescribe drugs even for uses unapproved by the FDA. Nevertheless, physicians have relied on drug firms for information on appropriate prescribing despite the inherent tension between drug firm dissemination of information to promote sales and rational prescribing. In the past, physicians often relied particularly on drug firm advertising for information on drug use. Today, physicians rely on drug firms to finance continuing medical education (CME). A historical review reveals connections between these two different ways commercial interests have influenced the information that physicians receive and points the way to needed reforms.
Currents in Contemporary Bioethics
Authors: Rothstein Mark A.
Published: November 2010

The seemingly interminable debates about health care reform in the last few years have focused mainly on health care access, quality, and cost. Debates on the medical malpractice component of the issue have focused almost entirely on cost. The familiar arguments in favor of limiting liability include the financial and health costs of defensive medicine; decreased physician supply in certain specialties and geographic areas; excessive awards; and high transaction costs, including attorney and expert witness fees. The equally familiar arguments in favor of maintaining tort liability include the need to promote civil justice, deter substandard care, identify incompetent practitioners, and encourage systemic quality improvement.

Numerous studies have explored the possible effects of damage caps and other measures on malpractice premiums, health care costs, and other financial endpoints. One relatively under-examined aspect of the issue is how federal legislation expanding access to health care might alter the number of medical malpractice claims. With the enactment of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 (PPACA), it is especially appropriate to consider what effect, if any, the new law will have on the rate of medical malpractice claims.
12 minute consultation: an evidence‐based management of referred otalgia
Authors: Visvanathan V. , Kelly G.
Published: November 2010

Clin. Otolaryngol. 2010, 35, 409–414

Background:  Otalgia is a common presenting symptom to the ENT clinic. The aetiology of otalgia can be divided into otological and referred depending on its underlying pathology. This article aims to provide a systematic and evidence‐based method of managing a patient with referred otalgia.

Methods:  The data in this article are based on a literature review performed on MEDLINE and EMBASE in January 2010. The keywords used included otalgia in combination with diagnosis, management, investigations and treatment. Articles in the English language were selected and reviewed. Suitable references from these articles were also reviewed.

Results:  The majority of published literature on the management of diseases causing referred otalgia is level III/IV evidence.

Conclusions:  An understanding of the different causes of referred otalgia is essential as it can be multifactorial in origin. The main concern in a patient with referred otalgia is overlooking a malignant lesion in the upper aerodigestive tract or base of skull/infratemporal fossae. A thorough history followed by a systematic examination usually helps to arrive at a diagnosis. Treatment should be directed towards the underlying pathology.
Multi‐Element Determination of Trace Elements in Natural Water Reference Materials by ICP‐SFMS after Tm Addition and Iron Co‐precipitation
Authors: Bayon Germain , Birot Dominique , Bollinger Claire , Barrat Jean Alix
Published: November 2010

We report on an improved method for determining trace element abundances in seawater and other natural waters. The analytical procedure involves co‐precipitation on iron hydroxides after addition of a Tm spike, and measurement by inductively coupled plasma‐sector field mass spectrometry (ICP‐SFMS). The validity of the method was assessed through a series of co‐precipitation experiments, using ultra‐diluted solutions of a certified rock reference material (BIR‐1). Results obtained for four natural water reference materials (NASS‐5, CASS‐4, SLEW‐3, SLRS‐4) are in agreement with published working values for rare earth elements, yttrium, vanadium and, when available, for hafnium, zirconium, thorium and scandium. A set of proposed values with uncertainties typically better than 8% RSD is proposed for Hf, Zr and Th.
Producing Certified Reference Materials at the Central Geological Laboratory of Mongolia
Authors: Batjargal B. , Davaasuren B. , Erdenetsetseg D.
Published: November 2010

This paper briefly outlines the production and certification of reference materials at the Central Geological Laboratory (CGL) of Mongolia. The marketing of CRMs produced in Mongolia, as well as problems encountered in internationally recognised certification attempts and some proposed solutions, are discussed. The basic elements of the CGL’s strategy for the development of the CRM sector are to produce high quality CRMs according to the requirements of internationally recognised norms, to consider the market needs, to certify the RMs at the international level and to widely advertise them to the geochemical community. The CGL has already established the basis for the further development of this sector by, for instance, accreditation under ISO/IEC 17025, by modernising its preparation technology, by cooperation with international organisations in the field of CRMs and by permanent participation in the International Association of Geoanalysts’ GeoPT™ proficiency testing programme.
Bevölkerungsdynamik: Soziale Sicherheit, Märkte und Familien
Authors: Mason Andrew , Lee Ronald , Lee Sang‐Hyop
Published: November 2010

Auszug

Intergenerationale Ressourcenströme nach oben — von Erwerbstätigen an Ältere — nehmen in den fortschrittlichen Industrieländern ständig zu und sind wesentlich größer als in den Entwicklungsländern. Die Alterung der Bevölkerung ist der wichtigste Faktor für diese Veränderung. Da es keine wesentliche demografische Verschiebung gibt (z.B. Rückkehr zu hohen Geburtenraten), ist ein Anwachsen dieser Ressourcenströme nach oben unvermeidlich. Drei weitere wichtige Faktoren werden das Volumen der von unten nach oben verlaufenden Bewegung ebenso beeinflussen. Erstens schwanken die Arbeitseinkommen im höheren Alter wegen Unterschieden beim durchschnittlichen Renteneintrittsalter, bei der Produktivität, der Arbeitslosigkeit und bei den geleisteten Arbeitsstunden. Zweitens sind die Konsummuster im Alter sehr unterschiedlich, vor allem wegen Unterschieden bei den Gesundheitsausgaben. Drittens ändern sich die Ausgaben für Humankapital (d.h. Ausgaben für Gesundheit und Bildung von Kindern). Ausgaben für Humankapital stehen in Konkurrenz zu Ausgaben für Ältere, aber sie erhöhen auch die Produktivität der nachfolgenden Arbeitnehmergenerationen und die verfügbaren Ressourcen für die Unterstützung von Konsum im Alter.

Jede moderne Gesellschaft hängt von einer Reihe von Institutionen und Wirtschaftsmechanismen ab, um Wirtschaftsressourcen aus dem Erwerbsalter in die Altersstufen der Abhängigkeit — an Junge und Alte — zu übertragen. Drei Institutionen sind bei den intergenerationalen Transferbewegungen vorherrschend: der Staat, der Programme der sozialen Sicherheit, Bildung und andere staatliche Transfers umsetzt; die Märkte, die wesentlich sind für die Anhäufung von Vermögen (z.B. kapitalgedeckte Renten und Immobilien); und die Familien, die in allen Gesellschaften den Kindern und in vielen Gesellschaften den Alten wirtschaftliche Unterstützung gewähren. Ziel dieses Artikels ist es, erstens zu beschreiben, wie die alternde Bevölkerung und andere Veränderungen Richtung und Umfang der intergenerationalen Ströme beeinflussen; und zweitens, die institutionellen Ansätze für intergenerationale Ströme, die in der Welt zur Anwendung kommen, zu vergleichen. Der Artikel beruht weitgehend auf National Transfer Accounts (NTA), einem System zur Messung von wirtschaftlichen Strömen zwischen den Generationen, das mit dem System der volkswirtschaftlichen Gesamtrechnung der Vereinten Nationen im Einklang steht. Diese Gesamtrechnung wird derzeit von Forscherteams in 33 Ländern auf sechs Kontinenten konstruiert und spiegelt ein breites Variationenspektrum bei Entwicklungsniveaus, Bevölkerung und Maßnahmen in Bezug auf intergenerationale Transfers.
Public‐sector strategy formulation
Authors: Rose Wade R. , Cray David
Published: November 2010

Abstract: The public sector encounters challenges in strategy formulation and implementation that are distinct from those faced by the private sector, and these include unique cycles of leadership changes, complex internal and external dynamics, and a variety of stakeholders who have diverse definitions of success and failure. To meet the contingencies generated by these factors, public bodies rely on process timelines based on the election cycle, identifying and focusing on key adversaries and supporters, ongoing communications, and utilizing the opportunities presented by real or perceived crises. In adapting to this combination of circumstances, public‐sector managers can profitably draw on both deliberate planning methods and emergent strategies.
Reverse onus: An effective and efficient risk management strategy for chemical regulation
Authors: Briand Adam
Published: November 2010

Abstract: This article discusses the role of the precautionary principle within risk management systems for controlling the risks associated with chemical substances. The diversity of interpretation of the precautionary principle is highlighted in a comparative analysis between two divergent approaches to the principle: Canada's Chemicals Management Plan (CMP) and the European Union's Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH). The author suggests that, if appropriately applied, reverse onus – a stronger approach to the precautionary principle – is a more effective and efficient risk management tool for chemical regulation.
Technicity of the Body as Part of the Socio‐technical System: the Contributions of Mauss and Bourdieu
Authors: WOLFF ERNST
Published: November 2010

The aim of this article is to contribute to a philosophy of technics by proposing an answer to the following question: what is the nature of the human body as an element of technical systems? The argument focuses on an examination of the phenomenon of bodily technics. This examination is guided by the conviction that Pierre Bourdieu's social theory can be read as contributing significantly to an answer to the above question. However, since Bourdieu's project is not directly aimed at enhancing our understanding of the technicity of the human body, a reading of Marcel Mauss's seminal essay on bodily technics is also discussed to set the stage for an examination of the technicity of the body and to justify the manner in which Bourdieu's theory is read here. Through a careful study of the key notions of habitus, field, practice, time and rule, Bourdieu's social theory is systematically presented and explored for its contribution to an understanding of the question raised in this article. In conclusion, a number of remarks are made on how the relation between Mauss and Bourdieu is to be understood and on the argumentative strength of Bourdieu's work.
Immunophenotype Predicts Survival Time in Dogs with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Authors: Comazzi S. , Gelain M.E. , Martini V. , Riondato F. , Miniscalco B. , Marconato L. , Stefanello D. , Mortarino M.
Published: November 2010

Background: Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a hematologic disorder in dogs, but studies on prognostic factors and clinical outcome are lacking. In people, several prognostic factors have been identified and currently are used to manage patients and determine therapy.

Objectives: The aim of the study was to determine if the immunophenotype of neoplastic cells predicts survival in canine CLL.

Design: Retrospective study.

Animals: Forty‐three dogs with CLL.

Procedures: Records of dogs with a final diagnosis of CLL were reviewed. For each included dog, a CBC, blood smear for microscopic reevaluation, and immunophenotyping data had to be available. Data on signalment, history, clinical findings, therapy, follow‐up, as well as date and cause of death were retrieved.

Results: Seventeen dogs had B‐CLL (CD21+), 19 had T‐CLL (CD3+ CD8+), and 7 had atypical CLL (3 CD3− CD8+, 2 CD3+ CD4− CD8−, 1 CD3+ CD4+ CD8+, and 1 CD3+ CD21+). Among the variables considered, only immunophenotype was associated with survival. Dogs with T‐CLL had approximately 3‐fold and 19‐fold higher probability of surviving than dogs with B‐CLL and atypical CLL, respectively. Old dogs with B‐CLL survived significantly longer than did young dogs, and anemic dogs with T‐CLL survived a significantly shorter time than dogs without anemia.

Conclusions: Although preliminary, results suggested that immunophenotype is useful to predict survival in dogs with CLL. Young age and anemia are associated with shorter survival in dogs with B‐CLL and T‐CLL, respectively.
The Effects of Hypohydration on Central Venous Pressure and Splenic Volume in Adult Horses
Authors: Nolen‐Walston R.D. , Norton J.L. , Navas de Solis C. , Underwood C. , Boston R. , Slack J. , Dallap B.L.
Published: November 2010

Background:Central venous pressure (CVP) is used in many species to monitor right‐sided intravascular volume status, especially in critical care medicine.

Hypothesis:That hypohydration in adult horses is associated with a proportional reduction in CVP.

Animals:Ten healthy adult horses from the university teaching herd.

Methods:In this experimental study, horses underwent central venous catheter placement and CVP readings were obtained by water manometry. The horses were then deprived of water and administered furosemide (1 mg/kg IV q6h) for up to 36 hours. Weight, CVP, vital signs, PCV, total protein (TP), and serum lactate were monitored at baseline and every 6 hours until a target of 5% decrease in body weight loss was achieved. The spleen volume was estimated sonographically at baseline and peak volume depletion. Linear regression analysis was used to assess the association of CVP and other clinical parameters with degree of body weight loss over time.

Results:There was a significant association between CVP and decline in body weight (P< .001), with a decrease in CVP of 2.2 cmH2O for every percentage point decrease in body weight. Other significant associations between volume depletion and parameters measured included increased TP (P= .007), increased serum lactate concentration (P= .048), and decreased splenic volume (P= .046). There was no significant association between CVP and vital signs or PCV.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance:These findings suggest that CVP monitoring might be a useful addition to the clinical evaluation of hydration status in adult horses.