bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fechado de sedimentos en Cayos Perlas, Laguna de Perlas, Caribe Sur de Nicaragua, utilizando técnicas adicionales al 210Pb
Authors: Caballero Arbizú Yader Santiago , Chow Wong Ninoska Fabiola
Published: June 2021

Este informe presenta la reconstrucción histórica de aproximadamente los últimos 150 años de un núcleo sedimentario recolectado en julio 2016 en Cayos Perlas (Laguna de Perlas, Caribe Sur de Nicaragua) donde se estimaron las tasas de sedimentación y acumulación de sedimentos mediante la técnica nuclear de 210Pb. El núcleo sedimentario, Buttonwood NIC II, fue dominado por la fracción de limo y superó el 50% de las partículas, seguido de arcilla (19% - 27%) y arena (7% - 24%). De acuerdo a la granulometría y distribución del tamaño de grano el núcleo presentó la textura franco limosa. Los valores de susceptibilidad magnética registraron variaciones con respecto a la profundidad, observándose cinco diferentes cambios drásticos en la calidad de las partículas de sedimento depositadas en las profundidades de 5,5 cm, 11,0, cm, 17,5 cm, 18,5 cm y 28,5 cm. La edad de las diferentes secciones del perfil de sedimento se evaluó usando el método de flujo constante (CRS) y varió entre 2,14 años a 130,91 años, registrándose de esta manera la historia de los últimos 128 años. Los resultados en la tasa de sedimentación osciló entre 0,022 a 0,725 cm.año-1 entre 2014 - 1886; observándose cambios bruscos a partir de 1965. La tasa de acumulación de sedimentos varió entre 0,016 a 0,308 g.cm-2. año-1 entre 2014 - 1886 mostrando un incremento a partir de 1970, lo que sugiere que estos cambios están relacionados con diversos factores como incremento de la población e influencia de fenómenos naturales (huracanes y tormentas tropicales).
Evaluación de la contaminación por arsénico y plaguicidas en las aguas subterráneas de las comunidades de Tecuaname y El Papalonal ubicadas en el municipio de La Paz Centro departamento de León-2016
Authors: Stynze Ramírez Jennifer Charlyne
Published: June 2021

El arsénico es un elemento habitual en la atmósfera, suelo, rocas, aguas naturales y organismos vivos. Su movilidad en el ambiente es debida tanto a procesos naturales como a actividades humanas. Este elemento es extremadamente tóxico y cancerígeno para el ser humano. Las comunidades de Tecuaname y El Papalonal se ubican al este del complejo volcánico Momotombo y El Hoyo; aquí se realizó la determinación de arsénico total a veinte pozos (excavados y perforados). El 100 % de las muestras analizadas ninguno supera el valor guía para agua de consumo humano de 10 µg. l-1.

La comunidad del Papalonal se ha caracterizado por su alta concentración de zonas cultivadas en la modalidad de monocultivo para producción de maíz, maní, sorgo y ajonjolí.  La mayoría de los productores utilizan agroquímicos para fertilizar y controlar las plagas por lo que, el uso de piretroides (cipermetrina) se ha relacionado de manera no constante con una serie de efectos a la salud a largo plazo, entre ellos se destacan alteraciones en el sistema nervioso, sistema inmunológico, alergias en la piel y dermatitis. El pozo perforado de El Papalonal presentó concentración de cipermetrina de 785,27 ng.l-1.
Missed appointments in mental health care clinics: A retrospective study of patients’ profile
Authors: Tempier Raymond , Bouattane El Mostafa , Tshiabo Muadi Delly , Abdulnour Joseph
Published: June 2021

Background: Missed appointments (no-shows) are a problem and common in outpatient clinics especially in psychiatric setting.Objective: This study aimed to describe the extent of no-shows in a regular psychiatric outpatient clinic, and to assess associations of missed appointments with patients’ demographic and clinical characteristics and types of services provided.Methods: Data collection from a hospital psychiatric clinic charts was conducted from administrative years 2017-18 and 2018-19, using descriptive analyses.Results: In the administrative year of 2017-18, the no-show rate was 9.5%, adding 10.7% for cancellations, for a total of 20.2%. In 2016-17, rates were 9.7%, with 17.3% cancellations, for a total of 27%. Rates varied from clinical groups (2.5% for borderline personality disorders patients to 30% for young psychotic patients) and by professionals (psychiatrists 5.6%, psychotherapists 23.3%) and for crisis services 21.9%.Conclusions: No-show numbers are comparable to other clinical sites but remain a challenge in delivering seamless and efficient services. A qualitative study will be conducted as a second phase to examine root causes and provide opportunities for service improvement.
O ano de 1993 ou o encontro dos tempos, dentro e fora da revolução
Authors: Oliveira Neto Pedro Fernandes de
Published: June 2021

O ano de 1993 é sempre tratado à parte na literatura de José Saramago ou como testamento entre dois instantes de organização de sua dicção poética. Este texto repassa essa determinante ressaltando aspectos temáticos que seriam parte da obra anterior e posterior ao livro de 1975. Dentre eles, privilegia o tema da revolução, demonstrado como um instante de transformação coletiva capaz de romper com o tempo de falibilidade dos processos civilizatórios. Esta matéria encontra amparo na literatura do próprio escritor, no contexto de referência da obra e no estreito diálogo estabelecido com outras criações literárias – especificamente o conjunto de poemas O ano de 1905, de Boris Pasternak, com o qual 1993 parece estimular laços de mais variada ordem. Isso significa que a leitura aqui proposta se sustenta pelo tratamento interpretativo, crítico e analítico-comparativo. Seu alcance finda por materializar os traços compositivos de um livro que é simultaneamente produto contrário às ideologias de um tempo escuro da história e parábola sobre nossa múltipla natureza, situando-se no intervalo das dicotomias que a define, na sua parcela sensível e primitiva que aspira à liberdade e se eleva contra os modelos de dominação estabelecidos pela própria força humana.
Exergetic and Exergoeconomic Optimization of Gas Turbine Inlet Air Cooling Systems with Absorption or Compression Chilling
Authors: ABEDİ Mohammad Reza , SALEHİ Gholam Reza , TORABİ AZAD Masoud , KHOSHGOFTAR MANESH Mohammad Hasan , FALLAHSOHİ Hossein
Published: June 2021

The present paper aims to study the effect of cooling air inlet methods on gas turbine compressors on increasing their efficiency. After modeling gas turbine cycles with absorption and compression systems in the EES software, these cycles' performance is investigated for all equipment of the cycle from thermodynamic, exergy, and exergoeconomic aspects. In the absorption system, the conventional solution of lithium bromide-water is used as a two-component fluid, and in the compression cycle, the R134a operating fluid is used. According to the results, with the rise in the system's inlet air temperature, the total output work of the gas turbine decreases. Based on the exergoeconomic analysis, the exergy destruction cost dominates the initial cost, resulting in the exergoeconomic factor's decline. Relationship predicted by Group Method of Data Handling (GMDH) to reduce the computation time of optimization. The studied systems are then subjected to two-objective optimization by the Particle Swarm algorithm using MATLAB software. The objective functions are related to the exergy efficiency and total cost rate. The results reveal contradictory behavior in these two objective functions so that with the increase in the exergy efficiency, the total cost rate increases.
Energy, exergy, exergoeconomic, and exergoenvironmental analyses and multi-objective optimization of a CPC driven solar combined cooling and power cycle with different working fluids
Authors: ZANDİ Sina , GOLBATEN MOFRAD Kamyar , MORADİFARAJ Afsane , SALEHİ Gholam Reza
Published: June 2021

This paper aims to provide comprehensive 4E (energy, exergy, exergoeconomic, and exergoenvironmental) and advanced exergy analyses of the Refrigeration Cycle (RC) and Heat Recovery Refrigeration Cycle (HRRC) and comparison of the performance with R744 (CO2) and R744A (N2O) working fluids. Moreover, multi-objective optimization of the systems has been considered to define the optimal conditions and the best cycle from various perspectives. In HRRC, heat recovery is used as a heat source for an organic Rankine cycle. The energy and exergy analysis results show that utilizing HRRC with both refrigerants increases the coefficient of performance (COP) and exergy efficiency. COP and exergy efficiency for HRRC-R744 have been obtained 2.82 and 30.7%, respectively. Due to the better thermodynamic performance of HRRC, other analyses have been performed on this cycle. Exergoeconomic analysis results show that using R744A leads to an increase in the total product cost. Total product cost with R744 and R744A have been calculated by 1.56 $/h and 1.96$/h, respectively. Additionally, to obtain the processes' environmental impact, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is used. Exergoenvironmental analysis showed that using R744A increases the product environmental impact by 32%. Owning to the high amount of endogenous exergy destruction rate in the compressor and ejector compared to other equipment, they have more priority for improvement. Multi-objective optimization has been performed with exergy efficiency and total product cost objective functions as well as COP and product environmental impact for both refrigerants, which indicates that HRRC-R744 has better performance economically and environmentally. In optimal condition, the value of exergy efficiency, total product cost, COP, and the product environmental impact have been accounted for by 28.51%, 1.44 $/h, 2.76, and 149.01 mpts/h, respectively.
An Endoreversible Model for the Regenerators of Vuilleumier Refrigerators
Authors: PAUL Raphael , KHODJA Abdellah , HOFFMANN Karl Heinz
Published: June 2021

We introduce a reduced-order endoreversible model of a Vuilleumier refrigerator for waste heat recovery. Based on the Vuilleumier cycle, in this refrigerator a working gas is alternately displaced between three subsystems that are in thermal contact with external heat reservoirs. Regarding refrigeration performance, very crucial components of the Vuilleumier machine are its two regenerators. For obtaining a sufficiently accurate model of the Vuilleumier machine, it is hence essential to incorporate a proper description of the regenerators. This can be achieved by using one-dimensional continuum models, e.g. with a finite volume approach, which brings about a large number of degrees of freedom and significant numerical effort. As opposed to that, the model presented in this paper utilizes a novel modeling ansatz for the regenerators that reduces the number of degrees of freedom per regenerator to three. It leads to a considerable reduction in numerical effort and computation time and is hence predestined for applications like design and control optimizations. For an exemplary set of design parameters and operational conditions, we validate the model against a detailed finite volume model of the regenerators in order to work out limitations and perspectives.
On the Allocation of Residues Cost using Conventional and Comprehensive Thermoeconomic Diagrams
Authors: ROSSETO DE FARİA Pedro , GUEDES DOS SANTOS Rodrigo , SANTOS José Joaquim , AIOLFI BARONE Marcelo , MUNİZ MİOTTO Bruno
Published: June 2021

In a productive process, the achievement of products occurs simultaneously with residues generation. Environmental impact of residues is an important issue in energy systems analysis due to environmental regulations and sustainability assessment. Many waste treatment methodologies have been proposed and applied in thermoeconomics. However, this is a complex problem and the solution depends on the residue nature and its formation process. Most conventional methodologies are based on productive diagrams, using productive flows only, and allocate the residues cost among the productive equipment. This work surveys the main conventional methodologies for treatment of waste and presents an improved/updated methodology based on a comprehensive diagram, in which both physical and productive flows are represented and their flows cost are assessed and the subsystems are connected using the same physical flows presented in the flowsheet of the plant. Both the CGAM system and a combined cycle are analyzed. Comparisons are made with literature results, considering the same case studies. The presented methodology obtains consistent results from the point of view of the cost allocation in thermoeconomics. The novelty of this updated approach concerns how the residue cost is allocated in the comprehensive diagram: it is reinternalized in the internal loop of physical flows, instead of in the productive unit. It represents advantages since the equipment product/fuel ratio index is not affected, which is beneficial for thermoeconomic diagnosis application.
Los huertos escolares y su potencial como innovación educativa
Authors: Marques Souza Tatiane de Jesus , Cuéllar Padilla Mamen
Published: June 2021

Las crisis alimentarias influyen directamente en el desarrollo de los niños y niñas en diferentes contextos sociales. Una de las propuestas para trabajar esta cuestión son los huertos escolares. En esta investigación, presentamos una herramienta de análisis sobre los aportes innovadores que en la práctica puede proporcionar un huerto escolar, para aunar procesos educativos y de inserción social en contextos empobrecidos. Aplicamos esta herramienta de análisis, desarrollada a partir de una profunda revisión bibliográfica, a un estudio de caso para mostrar su utilidad. Las principales conclusiones se centran en que, si bien los huertos escolares per se tienen un alto potencial innovador como herramienta educativa, este puede no desarrollarse según sea el origen del huerto, el diseño al que responda, así como el proceso de desarrollo que le acompañe.
«Expliquem l’Albufera»: transformar una salida de campo en un proyecto interdisciplinar
Authors: Ortega-Torres Enric , Moncholí Pons Vicent
Published: June 2021

Se expone el proceso seguido por un equipo de docentes de secundaria con el objetivo de cambiar la metodología de trabajo en el aula mediante el diseño y aplicación de una secuencia de aprendizaje definida a partir del aprendizaje basado en retos que integre de manera interdisciplinar los contenidos de Biología y Geografía en segundo de la ESO. Mediante la reflexión didáctica compartida, organizada y continuada se transforma una salida de campo tradicional en un nuevo proyecto de trabajo que se desarrolla a lo largo de un trimestre completo. Los resultados muestran la nueva secuencia de actividades creada, la percepción de los estudiantes y familias y los beneficios en la implicación del alumnado. La conclusión pone de manifiesto el potencial transformador del trabajo en equipo del cuerpo docente.
Paulo Freire: contradiscurso e prática de resistência ao neoconservadorismo no cenário político e educacional brasileiro
Authors: Faval Gabriela Costa , De Oliveira Ivanilde Apoluceno
Published: June 2021

O pensar e agir freireanos se tornam, mais uma vez, alvo de discursos que, longe da neutralidade, se posicionam no sentido de silenciar educadores e direcionar as práticas educativas para um distanciamento da democracia e da criticidade do ensino, sendo por isso necessário esclarecer o seu pensamento educacional, na perspectiva de um contradiscurso de resistência, evidenciando a sua importância na educação brasileira. A questão norteadora deste artigo é: quais as razões de Paulo Freire ser alvo de perseguições e críticas no atual contexto político? Objetiva-se analisar, na atual conjuntura brasileira, o pensamento de Paulo Freire enquanto contradiscurso de enfrentamento e resistência, contra os ataques à sua pessoa e proposta educacional, esclarecendo os seus pressupostos educacionais, refutando as críticas infundáveis e apontando a sua importância no cenário educacional brasileiro. Consiste em uma pesquisa bibliográfica que envolve as produções de Paulo Freire, mas também de resultados de pesquisas sobre a educação freireana. Destaca o caráter humanista e ético-político da educação de Paulo Freire, que não pode ser pensada como campo neutro, nem tampouco confundida com mera doutrinação partidária e apresenta a importância da educação freireana na educação brasileira.
Democracia, participação e gestão educacional: diálogos nos escritos freireanos
Authors: Brito Katia Cristina Custódio Ferreira , Da Silva Ângela Noleto , Brito Ana Gabriela Ferreira
Published: June 2021

Este artigo propõe uma análise dos conceitos de participação e democracia apresentados por Paulo Freire em seus diversos escritos. O objeto da pesquisa consiste no postulado teórico de Paulo Freire no que se refere a esses conceitos. A questão formulada visa identificar como se apresentam e se relacionam na obra freireana os conceitos de democracia e participação e em que medida possibilitam sua reconstrução em tempos de retorno a práticas e regulamentações conservadoras no âmbito educacional. Com objetivos exploratórios, abordagem qualitativa e estudos bibliográficos, identificou-se nos escritos do autor uma sequência de análises que propicia o entendimento da relação entre os conceitos e a possibilidade de diálogo, de compreensão do outro e de recondução para novos caminhos. Observam-se reflexões que explicitam a democracia como caminho do educar e do ser mais. Ademais, concluiu-se que tais conceitos não possuem valor em si só, mas na prática cotidiana.
A (in) viabilidade da educação e do trabalho como instrumentos de ressocialização de indivíduos encarcerados
Authors: Quintal Renato Santiago , Gomes Carlos Francisco Simões
Published: June 2021

A pesquisa vislumbra a possibilidade de se estabelecer uma conexão entre educação, trabalho e o plano jurídico, debruçando-se especificamente sobre o sistema prisional. O seu objetivo é empreender a análise da viabilidade da educação e do trabalho como instrumentos de ressocialização de indivíduos encarcerados na região metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro. O corrente estudo fundamentou-se na abordagem da pesquisa qualitativa. Para alcançar o objetivo proposto, foram selecionados os seguintes recursos metodológicos, a saber: pesquisa bibliográfica; análise de documentos escritos, em especial, dispositivos legais e normativos. Foram consultados livros, artigos, teses, dissertações e informações disponíveis em portais administrados por órgãos públicos e privados. Supletivamente, este trabalho contou com os aportes das pesquisas empreendidas por Julião (2007, 2009 e 2012). Vislumbra-se que a modesta contribuição desta pesquisa seja a adoção de uma abordagem interdisciplinar. Os apontamentos realizados ao longo da pesquisa evidenciam que a educação e o trabalho ainda não se configuram como instrumentos efetivos de ressocialização de apenados. Espera-se que o presente estudo possa favorecer as discussões sobre ressocialização de indivíduos encarcerados a partir das ações empreendidas pela educação e pelo trabalho no ambiente prisional, permitindo a articulação entre profissionais das searas da administração penitenciária, da educação e da sociedade civil.
About the Special Issue
Authors:   University of Maryland, Colwell Rita , Shepherd John , Feldman Michael , Wilson Chuck , Shaw Rick , Leinen Margaret
Published: June 2021

This special issue of Oceanography is the culmination of a decade of research supported by the Gulf of Mexico Research Initiative (GoMRI). The collection of articles describes key advances, surprises, and novel discoveries for the Gulf of Mexico and other regions where GoMRI research was conducted and has application. Also included are lessons learned and outstanding research needs and gaps to inform future activities and efforts. While the issue is not exhaustive, the authors have done their best to represent GoMRI’s main scientific accomplishments and provide overviews that facilitate access to the published literature (over 1,500 papers) produced by the program. This body of work has been achieved through wide-ranging interdisciplinary and collaborative research, which has contributed significantly to our knowledge of oil spills and the oceanographic and ecological processes that sustain the Gulf of Mexico ecosystem.
The Gulf of Mexico: An Overview
Authors:   Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, McKinney Larry , Shepherd John , Wilson Charles , Hogarth William , Chanton Jeff , Murawski Steven , Sandifer Paul , Sutton Tracey , Yoskowitz David , Wowk Katya , Özgökmen Tamay , Joye Samantha , Caffey Rex
Published: June 2021

The Gulf of Mexico is a place where the environment and the economy both coexist and contend. It is a resilient large marine ecosystem that has changed in response to many drivers and pressures that we are only now beginning to fully understand. Coastlines of the states that border the Gulf comprise about half of the US southern seaboard, and those states are capped by the vast Midwest. The Gulf drains most of North America and is both an economic keystone and an unintended waste receptacle. It is a renowned resource for seafood markets, recreational fishing, and beach destinations and an international maritime highway fueled by vast, but limited, hydrocarbon reserves. Today, more is known about the Gulf than was imagined possible only a few years ago. That gain in knowledge was driven by one of the greatest environmental disasters of this country’s history, the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. The multitude of response actions and subsequent funded research significantly contributed to expanding our knowledge and, perhaps most importantly, to guiding the work needed to restore the damage from that oil spill. Funding for further work should not wait for the next major disaster, which will be too late; progress must be maintained to ensure that the Gulf continues to be resilient.
Considerations for Scientists Getting Involved in Oil Spill Research
Authors:   Auburn University, Halanych Kenneth , Westerholm David
Published: June 2021

From the outset of the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill, scientists from many different sectors (e.g., government, industry, academia, independent) sprang into action to establish appropriate experimental procedures, collect essential samples, and gather meaningful data. The scale of the spill and the unprecedented use of dispersants challenged scientists familiar with oil spill research, but also drew in many scientists new to hydrocarbon studies. The response to DWH, as with other oil spills, was centered on environmental and human safety concerns as mandated by the US Clean Water Act, the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, and the National Contingency Plan, which defines roles and responsibilities of multiple parties. These roles, however, are usually carried out by government, industry, or government-contracted researchers and until DWH have included limited input from academic investigators. In studying the DWH spill, most researchers also had to navigate the logistics and liability issues that can be associated with an oil spill event, including the formal government response processes that can be unfamiliar to academic researchers. In particular, biological researchers had to rapidly educate themselves on the nuances and complexity of the hydrocarbons and dispersants throughout the water column. Nonetheless, biological studies were hampered by the lack of controls or challenges with employing experimental approaches in the field. DWH spill research also highlighted challenges and opportunities that arose due to the interactions of researchers from the academic, government, and industry sectors. The objective of this document is to provide some perspective and to highlight issues that researchers new to the area should consider when approaching oil spill and dispersant studies.
GoMRI Insights into Microbial Genomics and Hydrocarbon Bioremediation Response in Marine Ecosystems
Authors: Weiman Shannon , Joye Samantha , Kostka Joel , Halanych Kenneth , Colwell Rita
Published: June 2021

The Deepwater Horizon oil spill represents one of the most damaging environmental catastrophes of our generation. It contaminated vast areas of the open ocean, the deep sea, and the shoreline of the Gulf region and disrupted its ecosystems, with both residual and long-term impacts. At the core of all of these ecosystems are microbial communities that perform essential biogeochemical processes and ecosystem services such as carbon and nutrient cycling. Despite their importance, relatively little was known about marine microbes that degrade hydrocarbons in the Gulf of Mexico prior to the Deepwater Horizon spill, nor the effect of hydrocarbons on the microbiology of the Gulf region. Research carried out through the Gulf of Mexico Research Initiative (GoMRI) revealed cooperative microbial communities operating at the heart of bioremediation services with highly adaptive and complex dynamics. In addition, these efforts established new methods for assessing and monitoring ecosystem health, whereby microbial population genetics can serve as indicators of biogeochemical disruptions and/or restoration status in marine and coastal environments. Although much research is still needed to fully understand and engage microbially mediated bioremediation services, GoMRI constructed a strong foundation of methods, discoveries, and overarching principles to build upon. These insights and tools will help scientists better prepare for, and respond to, future environmental catastrophes, from oil tanker spills to long-term disruptions of climate change.
Technological Developments Since the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill
Authors:   Mississippi State University, Dannreuther Nilde , Halpern David , Rullkötter Jürgen , Yoerger Dana
Published: June 2021

The Gulf of Mexico Research Initiative (GoMRI) program funded research for 10 years following the Deepwater Horizon incident to address five themes, one of which was technology developments for improved response, mitigation, detection, characterization, and remediation associated with oil spills and gas releases. This paper features a sampling of such developments or advancements, most of which cite studies funded by GoMRI, but we also include several developments that occurred outside this program. We provide descriptions of new techniques or the novel application or enhancement of existing techniques related to studies on the evolution of the subsurface oil plume, the collection of data on ocean currents to support oil transport modeling, and oil spill modeling. We also feature developments related to the interactions of oil with particulate matter and microbial organisms, sampling for studies and analysis of biogeochemical processes related to oil fate, human health risks from inhalation of oil spill chemicals, impacts on marine life, and alternative dispersant technologies to Corexit®. Many of the techniques featured here have contributed to complementary or subsequent research and have applications beyond oil spill research that can contribute to a wide range of scientific endeavors.
Amo, Ergo Cogito: Phenomenology’s Non-Cartesian Augustinianism
Authors: Engelland Chad ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: June 2021

Phenomenologists turn to Augustine to remedy the neglect of life, love, and language in the Cartesian cogito: (1) concerning life, Edmund Husserl appropriates Augustine’s analysis of distentio animi, Edith Stein of vivo, and Hannah Arendt of initium; (2) concerning love, Max Scheler appropriates Augustine’s analysis of ordo amoris, Martin Heidegger of curare, and Dietrich von Hildebrand of affectiones; (3) concerning language, Ludwig Wittgenstein appropriates Augustine’s analysis of ostendere, Hans-Georg Gadamer of verbum cordis, and Jean-Luc Marion of confessio. Phenomenology’s non-Cartesian Augustinianism can tell us something about phenomenology, namely that it is engaged in the project of recontextualizing the cogito, and something about Augustine, namely how radically different his project is than Descartes’s. Phenomenology presents an Augustine that is well positioned for the debates of our times concerning mind and world, desire and the human person, and language and embodiment.
Cultural-Historical Epistemology and Perspectives of the Philosophy of Science
Authors: Pruzhinin Boris I. , Shchedrina Tatiana G. ,   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: June 2021

The purpose of the article is to demonstrate the methodological effectiveness of one of the directions in developing the philosophy of science – cultural and historical epistemology. Cultural-historical epistemology does not pretend at all to be any radical epistemological originality but offers a general view of science as a part of intellectual culture, where both individual historical cases and broad sociological generalizations find their methodologically significant place. The authors believe that it is the development of methodological norms capable of determining the fundamental parameters and strategies of scientific research that is now the central task of the philosophy of science. One of the characteristic forms of organization of modern advanced science is interdisciplinary research programs that involve the joint activities of large research teams. This fact raises a critical question about the mutual understanding of specialists from different disciplines and, accordingly, about the development of methodological norms that can determine the generally accepted parameters of the reproducibility of cognition results. Thus, in the center of attention of the philosophy of science, epistemological plots are put forward, one way or another connected with a specific understanding of the phenomenon of communication in science. Moreover, according to the authors, in these philosophical and methodological searches, it is essential to overcome, on the one hand, the inclination to conceptual design that leads away from the real methodological needs of science and, on the other hand, straightforward sociologization and equally direct historicization of science. These approaches are fraught with relativization of the very idea of scientific knowledge as a rational phenomenon of culture. The authors of the article believe that in modern conceptual trends in the philosophy of science, it is necessary to accentuate quite traditional epistemological principles, which in their updated edition make it possible to activate, or, as it were, to revive the methodological functions of the philosophy of science that are partially lost today. Justifying this approach, the authors turn to the epistemological trend, which for two decades has been developed based on the traditions of Russian philosophy of the first half of the 20th century.
Descriptive Turn in Epistemology
Authors: Kuznetsova Natalia I. ,   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: June 2021

The article shows that cultural-historical epistemology erroneously puts forward the thesis of a global crisis in the sphere of modern epistemology and philosophy of science. The key error of such a diagnosis is rooted in the confusion of basic concepts. In the development of epistemological studies, the period of the last decades of the twentieth century, which was called the “descriptive turn”, is very important. In the philosophy of science, the task was set to reflect the real practice of scientific research. This has been successfully carried out in a number of works by Kuhn, Lakatos, Feyerabend, Latour and others. The task of building universal norms of scientific research has faded into the background. In this regard, the subjects of "methodology of science", on the one hand, and "epistemology" and "philosophy of science", on the other hand, were distinguished. The formulation of norms and standards for scientific research has become the task of methodology. Describing scientific practice, including scientific revolutions, has become the task of the professional history of science. The philosophical understanding of the processes of historical evolution, the identification of the laws of the development of science has become the subject of the philosophy of science. Epistemology, in turn, is called upon to consider the phenomenon of knowledge not only in science, but also more broadly – in a variety of historical and cultural contexts. In modern studies in the field of epistemology and philosophy of science, case studies are important, as they provide invaluable empirical material for philosophical generalizations. As for the construction of universal standards for scientific work, such a task, as Feyerabend showed, seems to be impossible. Moreover, the universal methodological standard does not allow discovering the uniqueness of scientific research situations.
Sociocultural Landmarks of Cognition and Problems of Scientific Creativity in the Media World
Authors: Savchuk Valery V. , Ocheretyany Konstantin A. ,   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: June 2021

In the article the thoughts about science as a creative process are presented in the context of the historical-cultural epistemology, specificity of which is presented in the material by B.I. Pruzhinin and T.G. Shchedrina. Tendencies in the modern world’s development – social, economic, political, communication – do not give rise to doubts about the presence of a paradox: the more globalized the world becomes, the more science gravitates towards the status of applied – this determines its effectiveness. Nonetheless, what is lost when emphasizing efficiency? To answer this question is worth remembering that the intellectual revolution in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries was based not only on the works of Bacon, Descartes, and Newton but also on the radical position expressed in Machiavelli’s “Sovereign” who placed utility above virtue. As soon as science becomes a pragmatic business, prestige, fame, safety, and comfort begin to depend on its success. Knowledge is power, but in the new political and social realities, the main thing is practical, utilitarian, and effective. By becoming disciplinary, technical, science gains power – but is this power not limited to its own constructions? Paradoxically, science, performing a service function, begins to lose the status of an instance of meaning. Serving society, it, nevertheless, is not a connecting force in society – they resort to it for recipes and solutions, but they do not consider it as a common cause, and as a platform for social interaction, they expect a product from science, but not meanings and values, benefit, but not virtues. However, what is a product of science? How is its performance measured? And who determines the effectiveness? This article attempts to partially illuminate these issues, including in the field of their consideration existentially loaded aspects of the scientific community’s creativity – aesthetic, technical-digital, including computer games. Collective intuition as the acquisition of new experience, as the creation of previously nonexistent contexts in which new objects, events, and phenomena are placed – all these are key conditions for a world of uncertainty in which science is already required not only objective results but also involvement in the joint comprehension of existential projects. Truth there is not always the result, but rather a beginning, which requires, among other things, the derivation of all scientific consequences for which other forms of habitation of experience are open – aesthetic, playful, performative.
Criteria for Replication of Psychological Knowledge in the Context of the Cultural-Historical Epistemology
Authors: Kharlamenkova Natalia E. ,   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: June 2021

The author considers some methodological problems of contemporary psychological research in the context of the concept of cultural-historical epistemology, as it is represented in the paper by B.I. Pruzhinin and T.G. Shchedrina. The author claims that the key problem of the modern science lies not in the question of how to conduct research correctly, but how to express the results so that another scientist can reproduce them. What are the criteria for their validity and reliability? With this problem in the background, it becomes obvious that there is a fundamental gap between the theoretical and methodological part of a particular study and the description of the selection and methods, the organizing procedure for empirical research, and the analysis of the results. Scientists’ attention is focused on the development and implementation of empirical research, while the actual production and reproduction of knowledge happen to be outside the scope of solving research problems. In the latter case, we mean the entire procedure for the reproduction of knowledge, including the theoretical and methodological substantiation of the novelty and relevance of the research, the empirical part of the scientific work itself, and, of course, the cultural-historical interpretation of the results, or, more correctly, their reasonable explanation. The problem of psychological knowledge replication is considered in the article. Also, the criteria for the replication of knowledge at various points of scientific and psychological research are discussed, in particular – the criteria of constancy and renewal of knowledge in experimental situations, which presuppose the conceptual setting of the studied phenomena, and of the facts’ correlation from different experiments (including the conceptualization of their continuity with the historical tradition of psychological science). Considerable attention is paid to the specific object field of psychological science and, thereby, to the analysis of such scientific procedures as description, interpretation and explanation. Especially, the methodological arguments are analyzed which make it possible to introduce the procedure for explaining scientific data into the criteria system for the replication of psychic phenomena.
Conceptualizing Computer Simulations in Philosophy of Science
Authors: Khamdamov Timur V. , Voloshin Mikhail Yu. ,   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: June 2021

In the modern Russian philosophy, discussions about the phenomenon of computer simulations in the scientific research practice of conducting experiments are just beginning to pass the stage of initiation in small interdisciplinary groups studying this new direction for the philosophy of science. At the same time, in Western philosophy by the current moment there have been formed entire directions for the study of computer simulations. Different groups of researchers in different ways form ideas about the basic characteristics of simulations: from skeptical views on their nature, which are of no philosophical interest, to extremely revolutionary attitudes that assign simulations to the main role in the next expected turn of philosophy, comparable in its power to the linguistic turn in early XX century. One of the main controversial issues in Western philosophical thought was the search for relevant criteria and signs of simulations that could create a solid basis for formulating a rigorous definition of this phenomenon. Thus, through the definition, researchers first of all try, on the one hand, to solve the taxonomic problem of the correlation and interconnection of simulations with other types of experiment: natural, laboratory, mental, mathematical. On the other hand, to reveal for philosophy ontological and epistemological foundations of simulations, which carry the potential of new philosophical knowledge. This article is devoted to a brief review of the existing concepts of representatives of Western schools of thought on the phenomenon of computer simulations in the context of the philosophy of science. The structure of the review is built on three basic conceptual directions: 1) definition of the term "computer simulation"; 2) computer simulations as an experiment; 3) the epistemic value of simulations. Such a review can become the subject of discussion for Russian researchers interested in the impact of computer simulations on science and philosophy.
Introspection
Authors: Besedin Artem P. , Volkov Dmitry B. , Kuznetsov Anton V. , Loginov Evgeny V. , Mertsalov Andrey V. ,   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: June 2021

The article is a review of the philosophical problems of introspection as a method of cognition that are actively discussed in the contemporary analytic philosophy of mind. The article is the result of discussions that were held during the Summer School “Consciousness and Introspection” organized in July 2020 by the Moscow Center for Consciousness Studies and led by Professor D. Stoljar, one of the top experts in this field. The purpose of the article is to describe to readers the current state of affairs in the English language research in this area. Modern theories of introspection have been formed as a result of discussions in the philosophy of mind and epistemology in the XX century. One of them is S. Shoemaker’s critique of the perceptual model of introspection and the related problem of self-blindness. Another topic is the transparency of experience (G.E. Moore, G. Evans). Finally, D. Dretske offered an influential critique of introspection in general. The discussion of these topics led to the arising of various modern theories: rationalistic (A. Byrne, D. Stoljar), acquaintance theories (B. Gertler, D. Chalmers), constitutive (S. Shoemaker), simple (D. Smithies), and others. An important area in which introspection finds their application is the philosophy of consciousness. The article considers the thesis of revelation, according to which the conscious state reveals its essence in introspection: the relation of this thesis to folk psychology is analyzed (D. Lewis, D. Stoljar), arguments against physicalism based on it are considered (P. Goff). Finally, the authors consider illusionist approaches to introspection based on the understanding of introspection as a representative system (D. Dennett, K. Frankish). Proponents of these approaches suggest the most acute criticism of introspection, pointing out its unreliability as a method of cognition, and, accordingly, the inapplicability of introspection in the philosophy of consciousness. Objections to this position are represented by M. Nida-Rumelin. This work does not pretend to consider all the existing theories of introspection and related problems. However, this review can give an idea of the main positions and problems in this area and assess the prospects for its development.
Self-Locating Content in Visual Experience and the "Here-Replacement" Account
Authors: Mitchell Jonathan ,   Journal of Philosophy Inc.
Published: June 2021

According to the Self-Location Thesis, certain types of visual experiences have self-locating and so first-person (or de se), spatial contents. Such self-locating contents are typically specified in relational egocentric terms. So understood, visual experiences provide support for the claim that there is a kind of self-consciousness found in experiential states. This paper critically examines the Self-Location Thesis with respect to dynamic-reflexive visual experiences, which involve the movement of an object toward the location of the perceiving subject. The main aim of this paper is to offer an alternative interpretation of these cases which resists attributing them self-locating content, arguing for a replacement of the de se component with a non-conceptual equivalent of the indexical ‘here’ (the h-replacement account). In its final section, the paper also considers an extension of the h-replacement account to cases of visual kinesthesis.
Fallibilism and Consequence
Authors: Marushak Adam ,   Journal of Philosophy Inc.
Published: June 2021

Alex Worsnip argues in favor of what he describes as a particularly robust version of fallibilism: subjects can sometimes know things that are, for them, possibly false (in the epistemic sense of ‘possible’). My aim in this paper is to show that Worsnip’s argument is inconclusive for a surprising reason: the existence of possibly false knowledge turns on how we ought to model entailment or consequence relations among sentences in natural language. Since it is an open question how we ought to think about consequence in natural language, it is an open question whether there is possibly false knowledge. I close with some reﬂections on the relation between possibly false knowledge and fallibilism. I argue that there is no straightforward way to use linguistic data about natural language epistemic modals to either verify or refute the fallibilist thesis.
God, World, and Freedom
Authors: Thompson Curtis L. ,   Hegel Society of America
Published: June 2021

The second volume of Hegel’s Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion emphasizes the pulsating particularities that distinguish the religions of history from one another. This volume discloses Hegel’s philosophical theology to be an open system whose concepts, as Jon Stewart points out, are no mere abstractions but principles concretely instantiated in the real world. This article first reviews key analytical notions used in investigating religions, with the notion of freedom being the most important. Next are examined two models of the God-world relation that have gained significant attention in the secondary literature on Hegel: pantheism, which affirms God as the substantial power in all things, and panentheism, which affirms all things as being in God. The essay’s final portion turns to a third model of the God-world relation, pantransentheism, which affirms that all things are being transformed in God. There I offer a very abbreviated gesture towards a Hegelian pantransentheism.
Hegel’s History of Religions
Authors: Thompson Kevin ,   Hegel Society of America
Published: June 2021

According to Hegel, the determinations of the absolute are conceptual properties that identify what the absolute is, and are related through logical entailments. The shapes of the absolute are historical configurations that religion takes as it appears in the domain of contingent existence. This essay claims that Stewart’s interpretation does not observe this distinction, and as a result transforms the determinations of the absolute into projections of a people’s self-understanding. I argue that Hegel himself takes a history of religions to be a logically necessary sequence in which the determinations of the absolute are articulated and proved, rather than a history of the cultural forms that the divine happens to have taken in the movement of human history. I examine as a test case the proper place of Islam in Hegel’s schema of determinate religions in order to show how Stewart’s conflation of determinations and shapes affects the possibility of determinate world-religions arising after what Hegel takes to be the consummate religion, Christianity.
Modernist Ambivalence about Christianity
Authors: Kern Stephen ,   Marquette University Press
Published: June 2021

Kern argues that the responses of Friedrich Nietzsche, James Joyce, André Gide, D. H. Lawrence, and Martin Heidegger to Christianity made up a Weberian ideal type. Accordingly: They all were raised as Christians but lost their faith when they began university studies. They all criticized the impact that they believed the anti-sexual Christian morality, with its emphasis on sin, had had, or threatened to have, on their love life. For that reason they were militantly anti-Christian but also ambivalent about Christianity. They worked to replace the loss of Christian unity with non-Christian unifying projects in literature and philosophy. Virginia Woolf, who was raised as an atheist, conformed to many of these elements of the ideal type but added another in criticizing the fragmenting patriarchal society that supported the dominant patriarchal Church of England. She envisioned new man-womanly and woman-manly types who could cultivate their understanding and love for one another in less polarizing and more humanizing ways.