bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Can the theory of planned behavior help explain attendance to follow‐up care of childhood cancer survivors?
Authors: Baenziger Julia , Roser Katharina , Mader Luzius , Christen Salome , Kuehni Claudia E. , Gumy‐Pause Fabienne , Tinner Eva Maria , Michel Gisela
Published: February 2018

Objective

Childhood cancer survivors are at high risk for late effects. Regular attendance to long‐term follow‐up care is recommended and helps monitoring survivors' health. Using the theory of planned behavior, we aimed to (1) investigate the predictors of the intention to attend follow‐up care, and (2) examine the associations between perceived control and behavioral intention with actual follow‐up care attendance in Swiss childhood cancer survivors.

Methods

We conducted a questionnaire survey in Swiss childhood cancer survivors (diagnosed with cancer aged <16 years between 1990 and 2005; ≥5 years since diagnosis). We assessed theory of planned behavior‐related predictors (attitude, subjective norm, perceived control), intention to attend follow‐up care, and actual attendance. We applied structural equation modeling to investigate predictors of intention, and logistic regression models to study the association between intention and actual attendance.

Results

Of 299 responders (166 [55.5%] females), 145 (48.5%) reported attending follow‐up care. We found that subjective norm, ie, survivors' perceived social pressure and support (coef = 0.90, P < 0.001), predicted the intention to attend follow‐up; attitude and perceived control did not. Perceived control (OR = 1.58, 95%CI:1.04–2.41) and intention to attend follow‐up (OR = 6.43, 95%CI:4.21‐9.81) were positively associated with attendance.

Conclusions

To increase attendance, an effort should be made to sensitize partners, friends, parents, and health care professionals on their important role in supporting survivors regarding follow‐up care. Additionally, interventions promoting personal control over the follow‐up attendance might further increase regular attendance.
Bioactive compounds from the African medicinal plant Cleistochlamys kirkii as resistance modifiers in bacteria
Authors: Kincses Annamária , Varga Borisz , Csonka Ákos , Sancha Shirley , Mulhovo Silva , Madureira Ana Margarida , Ferreira Maria‐José U. , Spengler Gabriella
Published: February 2018

Cleistochlamys kirkii (Benth) Oliv. (Annonaceae) is a medicinal plant traditionally used in Mozambique to treat infectious diseases. The aim of this study was to find resistance modifiers in C. kirkii for Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative model bacterial strains. One of the most important resistance mechanisms in bacteria is the efflux pump‐related multidrug resistance. Therefore, polycarpol (1), three C‐benzylated flavanones (2–4), and acetylmelodorinol (5) were evaluated for their multidrug resistance‐reverting activity on methicillin‐susceptible and methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli AG100 and AG100 A strains overexpressing and lacking the AcrAB–TolC efflux pump system. The combined effects of antibiotics and compounds (2 and 4) were also assessed by using the checkerboard microdilution method in both S. aureus strains. The relative gene expression of the efflux pump genes was determined by real‐time reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The inhibition of quorum sensing was also investigated. The combined effect of the antibiotics and compound 2 or 4 on the methicillin‐sensitive S. aureus resulted in synergism. The most active compounds 2 and 4 increased the expression of the efflux pump genes. These results suggested that C. kirkii constituents could be effective adjuvants in the antibiotic treatment of infections.
Suzuki and Heck Processes for the Synthesis of New Anthraquinone‐Based Glycoconjugated Dyes
Authors: Calugi Lorenzo , Bonanni Marco , Corsi Massimo , Chimichi Stefano , Bianchini Roberto
Published: February 2018

Starting from a bromo‐anthraquinone dye, different aryl‐ and styril‐ derivates are obtained following Suzuki and Heck procedures. Bathochromic shifts are displayed for the products, if compared to the starting anthraquinone dye. Two of these dyes, coming from either the Suzuki and the Heck processes, have been glycosylated with a piperazinyl‐lactose derivative, so that two naturalized species are finally obtained. Therefore, the disperse chromophores were transformed in water soluble direct species. These kinds of dyes allow to avoid azo‐ structures, that are object of growing criticism in the European Union due to their environmental impact.
Three Graphic Nonfiction Series That Excite and Educate
Authors: Kersten‐Parrish Sara , Dallacqua Ashley K.
Published: February 2018

Children's literature plays an essential role in the literacy development of children. This department column focuses on the teaching and use of children's literature and provides educators with information about a wide range of books across multiple genres that are representative of the diverse world in which we live. A strong emphasis is placed on the importance of having diverse library collections that take into account numerous factors, such as race, class, disability, and religion. This column also offers innovative approaches for bringing children and books together, as well as content analyses and rich descriptions of titles that share common features (e.g., endpapers, the blending of poetry and nonfiction).
Systematic Review and Meta‐analysis of Restrictive Perioperative Fluid Management in Pancreaticoduodenectomy
Authors: Chen Brian P. , Chen Marian , Bennett Sean , Lemon Kristina , Bertens Kimberly A. , Balaa Fady K. , Martel Guillaume
Published: February 2018

Background

There is significant interest and controversy surrounding the effect of restrictive fluid management on outcomes in major gastrointestinal surgery. This has been most studied in colorectal surgery, although the literature relating to pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) patients is growing. The aim of this paper was to generate a comprehensive review of the available evidence for restrictive perioperative fluid management strategies and outcomes in PD.

Methods

MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were searched from inception to April 2017. A review protocol was utilized and registered with PROSPERO. Primary citations that evaluated perioperative fluid management in PD, including those as part of a clinical pathway, were considered. The primary outcome was postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF). Secondary outcomes included delayed gastric emptying (DGE), complication rate, length of stay (LOS), mortality, and readmission.

Results

A total of six studies involving 846 patients were included (2009–2015), of which four were RCTs. Pooled analysis of RCTs and high‐quality observational studies found no effect of restrictive intraoperative fluid management on POPF, DGE, complication rate, LOS, mortality, and readmission. Only one study assessed postoperative fluid management exclusively and found prolonged LOS in patients in the restricted fluid group.

Conclusion

Based on results of RCTs and high‐quality observational studies, intraoperative fluid restriction in PD has not been shown to significantly affect postoperative outcomes. There are too few studies assessing postoperative fluid management to draw conclusions at this time.
A SEPSECS mutation in a 23‐year‐old woman with microcephaly and progressive cerebellar ataxia
Authors: van Dijk Tessa , Vermeij Jan‐Dirk , van Koningsbruggen Silvana , Lakeman Phillis , Baas Frank , Poll‐The Bwee Tien
Published: February 2018

Mutations in the SEPSECS gene are associated with pontocerebellar hypoplasia type 2D. Pontocerebellar hypoplasia (PCH) is a heterogeneous group of rare autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorders, mainly affecting pons and cerebellum. Patients have severe motor and cognitive impairments and often die during infancy. Here, we report a 23‐year‐old woman with slowly progressive cerebellar ataxia and cognitive impairment, in whom a homozygous missense mutation in the SEPSECS gene (c.1321G>A; p.Gly441Arg) was identified with whole exome sequencing. Our findings underline that defects in selenoprotein synthesis can also result in milder cerebellar atrophy presenting at a later age.
Effects of two doses of anti-T lymphocyte globulin-Fresenius given after full-match sibling stem cell transplantation in acute myeloblastic leukemia patients who underwent myeloablative fludarabine/busulfan conditioning
Authors: Boga Can , Yeral Mahmut , Gereklioglu Ciğdem , Asma Suheyl , Maytalman Erkan , Aytan Pelin , Kozanoglu Ilknur , Sariturk Cagla , Ozdogu Hakan
Published: February 2018

Objective/background:

Anti-T lymphocyte globulin Fresenius (rATG-F; ATG-Fresenius) and antithymocyte globulin (thymoglobulin), which are included in transplant protocols, are used to reduce the risk of chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) or suppress allograft rejection. Available clinical studies have been conducted in heterogenous patient populations and with different administration protocols including stem cell sources. Additionally, the pharmacokinetics of ATG is variable, and the clinically effective dose of rATG-F, in particular, is not exactly known. The aim of the study was to investigate the clinical outcomes of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients who underwent hemopoietic peripheral stem cell transplantation from full-matched sibling donors and given two different doses of r-ATG-F.

Methods:

This was a single-center, retrospective chart review conducted between July 2005 and July 2016. Sixty-nine consecutive AML patients who underwent transplant with fludarabine- and busulfan-based conditioning were included in the study. Patients in Group 1 received 15mg/kg body weight rATG-F to 2013 (n = 46), and Group 2 received 30 mg/kg of rATG-F dose begining in 2013 to reduce to cGVHD (n = 23). Cyclosporine and methotrexate were used to treat acute GVHD (aGVHD) prophylaxis. Outcome parameters were compared between the groups.

Results:

Although the recommended dose r-ATG-F had led to a decrease in the cumulative incidence of cGVHD (27 [58.7%] vs. 8 [34.8%]; p = .03), it also increased the infection rate at 1 year (3 [6.5%] vs. 4 [17.4%]; p = .02). The two groups were similar in terms of engraftment time, aGVHD, relapse, nonrelapse mortality, and rATG-F-related toxicity. A Cox regression model revealed that aGVHD III–IV was associated with increased nonrelapse mortality at 1 year (hazard ratio = 18.2; 95% confidence interval, 1.667–199.255; p = <.02). No patients developed rATG-F-related severe adverse events (Common Terminology Criteria grade 4 or 5).

Conclusion:

Dose difference of rATG-F did not influence survival parameters; however, increasing the dose to 30 mg/kg seems to be effective for reducing cGVHD with an increase in infection rate requiring close monitoring of infections in AML patients who received myeloab-lative fludarabine/busulfan conditioning.
NEP (Children@School): An Instrument for Measuring Environmental Attitudes in Middle Childhood
Authors: Izadpanahi Parisa , Tucker Richard
Published: February 2018

While there are many environmental education programs for children, few studies have used an appropriately developed scale for evaluating how such education might have on impact on children's environmental orientations. The research presented in this article adapted the NEP (New Ecological Paradigm) for Children scale to develop a new instrument for measuring children's environmental attitudes: the NEP (Children@School). The NEP (Children@School) has been developed by analysing the impact of the design of physical learning spaces on children's environmental attitudes. Factor analysis indicated that NEP (Children@School) has three dimensions: Children's Environmental Attitudes towards Human Intervention, Children's Environmental Attitudes via ESD at School, and Children's Environmental Attitudes towards Eco-Rights. We argue that NEP (Children@School) can meaningfully measure the impact of learning spaces on children's environmental attitudes. While the instrument was developed for use in Australia, it has been designed for global applicability.
Impact of Nepal Earthquake on Patients Presenting for Emergency Care at Patan Hospital
Authors: Tembe Mimang , Dhakal Sushma , Shrestha Ashis , Mugele Josh , House Darlene R.
Published: February 2018

Objective

Natural disasters have a significant impact on the health sector. On April 25, 2015, Nepal was struck by a 7.8 magnitude earthquake. The aim of the study was to compare patient volumes and clinical conditions presenting to the emergency department pre- and post-earthquake.

Methods

A retrospective study was done at Patan Hospital Emergency Department in Kathmandu, Nepal. Volume, demographics, and patient diagnoses were collected for 4 months post-disaster and compared with cases seen the same months the year before the disaster to control for seasonal variations.

Results

After the 2015 Nepal earthquake, 12,180 patients were seen in the emergency department. This was a significant decrease in patient volume compared with the 14,971 patients seen during the same months in 2014 (P=0.04). Of those, 5496 patients (4093 pre-disaster and 1433 post-disaster) had a chief complaint or diagnosis recorded for analysis. An increase in cardiovascular and respiratory cases was seen as well as an increase in psychiatric cases (mostly alcohol related) and cases of anemia. There was a decrease in the number of obstetrics/gynecology, infectious disease, and poisoning cases post-earthquake.

Conclusions

Understanding emergency department utilization after the earthquake has the potential to give further insight into improving disaster preparedness plans for post-disaster health needs. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2019;13:211–216).
Increasing Perceived Emergency Preparedness by Participatory Policy-Making (Think-Tanks)
Authors: Adini Bruria , Israeli Avi , Bodas Moran , Peleg Kobi
Published: February 2018

Objective

The study aimed to examine impact of think-tanks designed to create policies for emerging threats on medical teams’ perceptions of individual and systemic emergency preparedness.

Methods

Multi-professional think-tanks were established to design policies for potential attacks on civilian communities. In total, 59 multi-sector health care managers participated in think-tanks focused on: (a) primary care services in risk zones; (b) hospital care; (c) casualty evacuation policies; (d) medical services to special-needs populations; and (e) services in a “temporary military-closed zone.” Participants rotated systematically between think-tanks. Perceived individual and systemic emergency preparedness was reviewed pre-post participation in think-tanks.

Results

A significant increase in perceived emergency preparedness pre-post-think-tanks was found in 8/10 elements including in perceived individual role proficiency (3.71±0.67 vs 4.60±0.53, respectively; P<0.001) and confidence in colleagues’ proficiency during crisis (3.56±0.75 vs 4.37±0.61, respectively; P<0.001). Individual preparedness and role perception correlates with systemic preparedness and proficiency in risk assessment.

Conclusions

Participation in policy-making impacts on individuals’ perceptions of empowerment including trust in colleagues’ capacities, but does not increase confidence in a system’s preparedness. Field and managerial officials should be involved in policy-making processes, as a means to empower health care managers and improve interfaces and self-efficacy that are relevant to preparedness and response for crises. (Disaster Med Public Health Prepardness. 2019;13:152–157)
What do business school academics want? Reflections from the national survey on workplace climate and well-being: Australia and New Zealand
Authors: Tham Tse Leng , Holland Peter
Published: February 2018

This research discusses the findings from a study undertaken for an exploration of the critical issues around the working conditions, workplace climate, and well-being of business school (predominantly management) academics in Australia and New Zealand. With an ageing workforce, and almost half of the Australian and New Zealand workforce intending to retire, move overseas, or leave the sector within this decade, amidst rising demand in the tertiary education sector, the effective retention of this key skilled workforce is pertinent. With data from a survey conducted in 2017 involving 451 business school academics in Australia and New Zealand, this research note highlights several key issues around the areas of workplace climate and well-being which importantly, are within the control of management. Specifically, these salient workforce issues include work intensification, burnout, and poor work–life balance.
SENECAN POSTSCRIPT
Authors: Boyle A.J.
Published: February 2018

Eliot was always right to a degree, banally so. Much of the visceral, emotional and intellectual force of Senecan tragedy, like that of the great Elizabethan and Jacobean dramatists whom Seneca inspired, is necessarily verbal. But, as Trinacty's closural analysis and the other studies of this volume attest, there are ‘further realities’—many and diverse: poetic, theatrical, political, rhetorical, psychological, moral, cultural—‘behind’ the language itself. This collection of critical essays is the latest manifestation of the resurgence of Senecan scholarly and intellectual energy which has taken place in the thirty plus years since the 1983 publication of the Ramus volume on Seneca Tragicus. That volume not only displayed with disdain the above quotation from Eliot, but paraded itself lamentably as ‘the first collection of critical essays devoted specifically to Senecan tragedy to be published in English’.
Some problems in the regrouping of Powell Units
Authors: Elmendorf William W.
Published: February 2018

This brief survey directs attention to certain problems involved in assigning together linguistic units (grouping) and in showing by such assignment degrees of genetic relationship (subgrouping). It deals with these topics only with regard to relatively large-scale classificatory units in North American Indian languages. It notes research and cites literature, largely from the past decade, in which reference to and citation of earlier work may be found. And it has omitted mention or discussion of certain recent classificatory proposals for which evidence is not adduced or for which existence of a reproducible method is not clear.
Literary study and linguistics
Authors: Mowatt D. G. , Dembowski P. F.
Published: February 2018

This paper is an attempt to explore once more the relationship between literary study and linguistics. We think such an attempt is useful in itself, and particularly called for on the Canadian literary and linguistic scene where the divorce between critics and linguists still seems to be fully in force. We hope to have something to say to those linguists who neither welcome nor wish to perpetuate the temporary tactical withdrawal from the domain of meaning which occurred some decades ago in North American linguistics. We also wish to reach those literary critics who do not rely exclusively on the cultivation of intuition and who do not refuse, as a matter of principle, the formulation of systematic and verifiable statements about their work. Both literary study and linguistics deal, to a very large extent, and in their most pertinent and most difficult aspects, with the same set of phenomena. There is no need here to trace the long history of the linguistics-literary study opposition. It is enough to say that this dichotomy represents the partial perpetuation of certain language-literature, science-art, form-content dualisms, and that in spite of its continuing acceptance in practice (sceptics are invited to glance at a few issues of Modern Language journals, or even at most of the University calendars), this dichotomy is neither necessary nor philosophically tenable.
Two models of the linguistic mechanism
Authors: Wittmann Henri
Published: February 2018

When Ferdinand de Saussure, the eminent linguist, died in 1913, no publications had resulted from his teachings in general linguistics. After his death, however, several of his disciples published his university lectures from notes taken down by students in class and from Saussure’s personal notes. Today, half-acentury later, the full implications of Saussure’s teachings have still to be elaborated. For a long time, American scholars seemed particularly reluctant to turn to the Cours; reviews or critiques were few and far between. In the words of Einar Haugen: “Rarely does one see a reference in American writings on linguistic theory to the works of de Saussure, Trubetzkoy, or other European writers, although they were the thinkers who gave us the instruments with which we work. I yield to no one in my admiration for Bloomfield and Sapir; but I regard it as a kind of provincialism to suppose that all sound linguistics began with them.” This state of affairs changed rather quickly with the 1959 English translation of the Cours after which the work enjoyed rather unprecedented success. To give only one instance, Noam Chomsky, who had made no important references to Saussure before 1959, referred to him frequently after that date.
A note on language split
Authors: Davis P. W.
Published: February 2018

In a historical phonology three kinds of statements must be made: first, there must be a statement of the changes which convert an earlier or proto A into a later or daughter B; second, there must be a statement of the chronology of these changes relative to one another in the time period AB; and third, a statement of whether or not changes in the language area A produce one (B) or more (C, D,…) later systems, and in the latter case, a statement of the relationships between these distinct systems. The first two kinds of statements have been well formulized. This paper will be concerned with the third, a formulation of language split.
Some consonantal elements in Northern English dialects
Authors: Dean Christopher
Published: February 2018

For Three-Quarters of a century, scholars have had to rely for a general survey of the dialects of England either upon Volume V of On Early English Pronunciation by A. J. Ellis, published in 1889, or upon J. Wright’s The English Dialect Grammar, published in 1905. These two works have merit as pioneer studies but their accuracy and reliability are questioned today.

Studies in linguistic geography in Britain made an important step forward in 1962 with the publication of the first volume of a new, scientifically-conducted dialect survey, Survey of English Dialects (hereafter SED). This survey, when completed, will provide an extensive corpus of primary dialect material but as yet, because it would be largely premature, interpretative study of this material has not been attempted. Despite this, as the basic material for Northumberland, Durham, Cumberland, Westmoreland, Lancashire, and Yorkshire, the six northern counties of England, has been published, a study of questions confined to these counties is valid. It is the purpose of this paper to examine briefly four consonantal features of northern English dialects in the light of this newly-published material.
Two grammars for Chinese number names
Authors: Brainerd Barron
Published: February 2018

The purpose of this note is to introduce a restricted class of transformational grammars, the deletion grammars, and to use them to discuss the names of natural numbers in Chinese. Hereafter these names are referred to as Chinese number names.

Transformations and transformational grammars were introduced into linguistics by N. Chomsky. By now a vast literature on transformations has grown up. However, many of the transformational grammars appearing in this literature lack precision and rigor. In particular, it is not always clear what corpus they generate because of the multiplicity, complexity, and inadequate definition of the transformations contained in these grammars.
English infinitives
Authors: Nilsen L. F. Don
Published: February 2018

Infinitive phrases have a wide range of function within the matrix sentence. They can act as expansions of the verb, and as such they can be either marked or unmarked, either transitive or intransitive; they can replace nouns, and can therefore function as subjects, subjective complements, direct objects, objective complements (either marked or unmarked by to), as objects of prepositions, or appositives; they can function as modifiers of sentences, nouns, verbs, adjectives, and in a sense adverbs. But the outer structure of an infinitive phrase (i.e., its structure within the matrix sentence) is no more important than the inner structure, even though most of the traditional work done on infinitives has been done in reference to the outer structure. This article is therefore concerned with the outer structure only insofar as it relates to the inner structure. As it is concerned to a large extent with functional, rather than formal, relationships, the presentation is informal, since there is some disagreement among transformational linguists as to how functional relationships should be displayed.
Anaphore et déixis
Authors: Querido Antonio A. M.
Published: February 2018

… La personne n’est propre qu’aux positions « je » et « tu ». La 3e personne est, en vertu de sa structure même la forme non-personnelle de la flexion verbale.

(Benveniste [1966], p. 230)

Le soi-distant « article défini » forme un paradigme naturel avec les « adjectifs et pronoms démonstratifs » si l’on considère leur fonctionnement en syntaxe de profondeur. Dans ce paradigme des adjectifs anaphoriques il faut inclure également le soi-disant « pronom personnel de 3e personne » et ses variantes du génitif: « l’adjectif et pronom possessif de 3e personne ».
Perspective psycholinguistique de l’apprentissage de la grammaire
Authors: Titone Renzo
Published: February 2018

Un modèle psycho-linguistique adéquat de la grammaire doit rendre compte de l’apprentissage des structures grammaticales (point de vue diachronique) et de l’encodage et du décodage de ces structures (point de vue séquentiel). Le premier est un problème d’ordre génétique, le deuxième d’ordre fonctionnel; notre discussion sera axée sur cette distinction.
La durée vocalique en français canadien du sud de la Saskatchewan
Authors: Léon Pierre R. , Jackson Michael
Published: February 2018

A l’audition, le français canadien donne l’impression d’avoir un patron rythmique différent de celui du français standard: le rythme régulier de ce dernier, fait de syllabes sensiblement égales, suivies d’une syllabe finale accentuée, semble manquer au français canadien. Plusieurs chercheurs ont déjà étudié la question des longueurs vocaliques dans les deux parlers. Jean-Paul Vinay (1955) constate que « les syllabes toniques fermées du français du nord sont sensiblement plus longues que celles du canadien. Par contre, dans toutes les autres positions, ce sont les voyelles canadiennes qui sont plus longues » (p. 75). Georges Straka et Jean-Denis Gendron (1966) et Marcel Boudreault (1968 et 1970) constatent que les facteurs phonologiques et étymologiques responsables des allongements qu’on trouve en français standard sont sensiblement les mêmes en français canadien—soit des oppositions du typepatte/pâte, soit des durées conditionnées par l’entourage phonique du type [nε:3]. Gendron remarque ainsi qu’en syllabe « accentuée » la répartition des durées vocaliques suit de près celle du français standard—les mêmes consonnes, [r] et [z] surtout, [3], [v], [vr], étant « allongeantes ». En syllabe « inaccentuée », cependant, le français canadien garderait les demi-longueurs (ex. pâté, neiger, etc.) qui sont en train de disparaître du français standard. « Les demi-longueurs y sont fortement marquées, si fortement que dans le parler populaire il semble que la voyelle en position inaccentuée aille jusqu’à conserver la pleine durée de la syllabe accentuée » (p. 142). Le fait avait déjà été mis en relief par les résultats de Vinay.
The perfect in Oscan and Umbrian
Authors: John Jack St.
Published: February 2018

A long-standing problem in the reconstruction of proto-Italic has been the wide discrepancy between the Oscan/Umbrian and Latin perfectum markers. Latin for the most part employs either -s- or -u-/-v- throughout its perfect system, e.g. serp-s-it ‘he crawled’ (cf. pres. serp-it), al-u-it ‘he nourished’ (cf. pres. al-it), amā-v-it ‘he loved’ (cf. pres. ama-t). On the other hand, Osean and Umbrian have apparently created a number of new perfect formations: an f-perfect, shared by both (O. aíkda-f-ed ‘he decreed’, U. ateřa-f-ust ‘he will have made the circuit’); a -tt-formative found only in Osean (dadíka-tt-ed ‘he dedicated’) and in a few of the Minor Dialects; the -l- and *-nky- types, both peculiar to Umbrian (ape-l-ust ‘he will have offered up’, purdi-nsi-ust ‘he will have offered’).
Three incompatible hypotheses: evidence from Blackfoot
Authors: Frantz Donald G.
Published: February 2018

Given the present state of transformational grammar theory, it is virtually impossible to provide convincing support for, or (and this, of course, is more serious) evidence against, any single hypothesis. Between 1957 and 1965, revisions of the theory and new hypotheses were generally proposed one or two at a time and tested within the otherwise widely accepted theoretical framework (the ‘paradigm’: Kuhn 1962). However, in recent years just about everything but the need for transformations to pair more abstract objects with actual and/or potential linguistic objects has been called into question or affected somehow by new hypotheses. Consequently, linguists must realize that any evidence they attempt to marshal for or against a particular hypothesis can be refuted or circumvented by at least one combination of other apparently unrelated popular hypotheses (abetted by the excessive power of transformational rules: Peters 1970).
Noun phrases: logical and linguistic properties
Authors: Pavel Thomas G.
Published: February 2018

Recent linguistic research has explored the possibility of using standard logical analyses to explain some phenomena of natural languages. The logical notion of scope in modal contexts has yielded to the linguistic dichotomy of [±specific] indefinite NPs. Donnellan’s (1966) distinction between referential and attributive uses of definite description has been used to extend this dichotomy to include definite NPs. The behaviour of moods in Romance subordinate clauses has been tentatively explained by the same notions.

The purpose of this paper is to criticize some of these attempts to apply logical analyses to natural languages. Without denying the heuristic and even the explanatory value of standard logical analysis in linguistics, I will try to show that the correspondence between logical semantic notions and the categories of natural languages is much more approximate than is sometimes believed.
Ancient Iberian–another Indo-European language?
Authors: Anderson James M.
Published: February 2018

The Hispanic Peninsula immediately prior to Romanization was occupied by numerous tribes or clans representing diverse Indo-European and non-Indo-European populations. Basques resided in the north, Celts in the northwest and central regions, Tartessians in the south, Bastetanians in the southeast and Iberians in the east and northeast.

The region of the Iberians, extending from a little north of the Pyrenees south to Alicante and beyond, has consistently yielded a number of inscriptions in a language thus far unrelated to the other known languages of the Peninsula, or to the undeciphered languages underlying the inscriptions of the south. Iberian, a geographical and collective term, refers to the several cultures and dialects which appear connected in unknown degrees to two major groups: the Edetanos of the Valencian plains and the related Ilergetes who dwelt further north in Catalufña.
Canadian raising: the case against reordering
Authors: Picard Marc
Published: February 2018

Rule reordering as a principle of phonological change has come under heavy criticism in the recent past. A number of articles, e.g. Iverson (1973), Picard (1974), Hogg (1976), Dinnsen and Koutsoudas (1976), have been devoted to this question, endeavouring to show in one way or another that the reordering of phonological rules does not constitute a type of linguistic change. Some of the better known cases of alleged reordering have been examined, and many of these have been judged to be deficient for two main reasons: implausibility, due to the unjustified degree of abstractness involved, and inaccuracy, due to the omission or misinterpretation of crucial data. Generally, at the very least, a reasonable and plausible alternative solution has been put forth in each case.
The acquisition of relative clauses: A functional analysis
Authors: Prideaux Gary D.
Published: February 2018

Over the past few years, research in language acquisition has shifted away from the view that linguistic structures are learned independently of semantic concepts and grammatical functions and toward a more cognitively based perspective (cf. Slobin 1973 ; Clark and Clark 1977). In the latter approach, cognitive principles are assumed to govern the acquisition of linguistic structures, and the earlier autonomous view of language acquisition is replaced by a more catholic attitude encompassing both formal and psychological aspects of language. This perspective is adopted for the analyses presented below.
Missing Np’s in Japanese
Authors: Cowper Elizabeth A. , Kimura Hiroko
Published: February 2018

The following four sentences illustrate the phenomenon which, for convenience, we shall call Missing NP’s in Japanese:

The variation in the possible referents for Δ must be accounted for, whether Δ arises by a rule deleting NP’s, or is present in deep structure and interpreted by a rule of coreference assignment.
Implications of linguistic change for concrete phonology
Authors: Plggott G. L.
Published: February 2018

In recent years linguists have looked to linguistic change for empirical support for various proposed constraints on the form of grammars. This orientation of diachronic studies is reflected, for example, in Kiparsky (1968a) where linguistic change is characterized as “a window on the form of linguistic competence.” Arguments based partly on diachronic evidence are advanced by Kiparsky (1968b) in support of his contention that the standard theory of generative phonology as outlined in Chomsky and Halle (1968) should be modified to include a condition which, in its strong form, would not permit rules of absolute neutralization in synchronic phonological descriptions. More recently, Hooper (1976) also appeals to evidence from linguistic change in support of a theory of phonology which differs significantly from the standard theory referred to as transformational generative phonology (TGP). Hooper’s theory of natural generative phonology (NGP) is supposed to be characterized by greater concreteness of descriptions than is achieved in the framework of TGP. This greater concreteness of descriptions is supposed to be guaranteed in Hooper’s theory by the inclusion of two constraints on rules. One constraint, the True Generalization Condition, requires that “all rules express transparent surface generalizations, generalizations that are true for all surface forms.” The second constraint, the No-Ordering Condition, does not permit a grammar to contain rules which must be extrinsically ordered. In addition to these constraints, Hooper adopts a model of lexical representation according to which alternants of morphemes must be directly represented in the lexicon in certain cases. In such cases, the lexically specified allomorphs are correctly distributed by morphophonemic (MP) rules. Hooper (1976:23-41) claims that evidence from some phonological developments in certain dialects of Spanish points to the correctness of NGP and, ipso facto, shows the inadequacy of a theory such as TGP which permits the violation of the two conditions mentioned above.
A Rule of Presupposition Carrying in Alternative Questions
Authors: Trainor Patricia
Published: February 2018

In alternative questions, the second clause is frequently incomplete. For example, sentence (2) is understood as synonymous with sentence (1):

(1)

Did John read the book or did Mary read the book?

(2)

Did John read the book or did Mary?

This paper addresses the problem of how the incomplete second conjuncts are to be assigned full semantic representations, and thus attempts to account for the synonymy of (1) and (2).
The positional tendencies of sentential noun phrases in universal grammar
Authors: Dryer Matthew Synge
Published: February 2018

This paper is concerned with sentential subjects and sentential objects, subordinate clauses which function as subject or object of their sentence. The clausethat John is tallis a sentential subject in (1) and a sentential object in (2):

(1)

That John is tallis obvious.

(2)

Bill knowsthat John is tall.

This paper is concerned in particular with the clause positions in which such sentential subjects and objects, henceforth sentential noun phrases (or NP’s), tend to occur in different languages. In (1), the sentential subject is in clause-initial position. In (2), the sentential object is in clause-final position. More precisely, this paper is concerned with the differences between the position of sentential NP’s and the position of simple NP’s (i.e. nonsentential NP’s). For example, the position of the sentential subject in (1) is also the normal position for simple NP subjects. If we replace the sentential subject in (1) by the simple NPthe conclusion, we get (3):

(3) The conclusion is obvious.
Introduction
Authors: Chambers J. K.
Published: February 2018

Nature leads the way. Man emerges on the scene, follows her footprints, marks and registers them in language, and makes a Science of Nature. Then he looks back and discovers that Language, while following the path of Nature, has left a trail of her own. He returns on this new trail, again marks and registers its footprints, and makes a Science of Language.

The Birth of Language (1937)

The great majority of linguists in Canada today belong to only the second academic generation of linguists in Canadian universities. Members of the first generation are, of course, still active—in some cases more active than the younger members of their departments. They are characterized, roughly, as founding members of the Canadian Linguistic Association, or as members of long standing. They are also characterized in a few cases as having been the teachers of junior members of the profession, although this is less often the case than it is in other disciplines, partly because there have been very few graduate programs in Linguistics until recently, and partly because there has been little demand for linguists trained in the specialty of the first generation anyway, which is almost unanimously dialect geography, and partly because there has been a decided tendency toward hiring non-Canadians in the social sciences to fill positions in Canadian universities. Now, with the increase in graduate programs in Linguistics, the more diverse specializations, and the national consciousness that Canadian universities can also be served by Canadians, the third generation of linguists will increasingly be selected from the students of the present academic generation, which is how academic generations have been gauged in other cultures for centuries.
Chapter III: Rousseau (1712-72): the Old and the New
Authors: Wilson Richard Albert
Published: February 2018

During the middle ages, and up to the middle of the eighteenth century, the theologians’ mutilated version of the Genesis account of language origin, the divine-origin theory as it came to be called, was the theory held by Christian Europe. In the eighteenth century, however, the question of the probability of a natural rather than a supernatural origin of language began to stir in men’s minds. Rousseau’s essay on the Origin of Languages, about 1750, might be taken as the historical landmark which stands between the old and new points of view. This essay is in itself disappointing to one who is acquainted with Rousseau’s other works. His mental interests were practical rather than speculative, and he had no real convictions about the question of language as he had about education, society, and government. He was interested in language, and the changes in language, in relation to the practical needs of the people in social and national groups, and in diverse climatic conditions, rather than in the origin of language itself as an instrument of human reason. As a consequence his essay on the Origin of Languages—not ‘Language’—is hardly more than a series of disconnected reflections upon various aspects of languages, including a discussion of the relation of language to melody and harmony in music which occupies about one-third of the essay.
Chapter IV: The Emergence of Organic Life: The Time-Picture Continued
Authors: Wilson Richard Albert
Published: February 2018

All changes pass without violence, by reason of the two cardinal conditions of boundless space and boundless time. Geology has initiated us into the secularity of nature, and has taught us to disuse our dame-school measures, and exchange our Mosaic and Ptolemaic schemes for her large style. … Now we learn what patient periods must round themselves before the rock is formed, then before the rock is broken and the first lichen race has disintegrated the thinnest external plate into soil, and opened the door for the remote Flora, Fauna, Ceres, and Pomona to come in. How far off yet is the trilobite! how far the quadruped! how inconceivably remote is Man! Yet all duly arrive.—EMERSON, Nature, 1841.

The entire phenomenon of the organic world divides itself by its external behaviour into three well-defined classes, plant life, animal life, and man, each class with new and original characteristics of its own. To trace and mark these new characteristics as they emerge in their time-evolution upwards through plant and animal life to where the life-and-mind of the world eventually emerges from its unfreed and inconscious activity to its freed and conscious activity in the life and mind of man, is our next step.
Psychosémiologie du genre des substantifs en Français moderne
Authors: Curat Hervé
Published: February 2018

“M. Guillaume est un linguiste psychologue. Un linguiste historien explique vache par le latin uacca et taureau par un diminutif de taurus; un linguiste psychologue se demande pourquoi, dans l’espèce bovine, on distingue le mâle et la femelle par un autre procédé que dans l’espèce canine, et pourquoi la langue ne note pas le sexe du mulot ou de la souris.”

Ces lignes de Louis Havet, qui datent de 1919, posent, on ne peut plus clairement, le problème dont nous nous proposons de traiter. Quoique G. Guillaume se soit beaucoup intéressé, surtout dans ses Leçons de linguistique des années 1938–39 et 1949–50B à la question du genre en français, il n’a jamais abordé directement le sujet particulier auquel l’invitait Louis Havet. Il nous semble malgré tout, ce que nous espérons montrer, que ce problème peut se traiter à partir des oppositions fondamentales posées par G. Guillaume entre, d’une part, langue et discours, et, d’autre part, psychisme et sémiologie.
Individual differences and metalinguistic abilities
Authors: Kess Joseph F. , Hoppe Ronald A.
Published: February 2018

In the linguistic literature much is made, both implicitly and explicitly, of metalinguistic abilities but little is seen on the role of individual differences. The role of individual differences in ambiguity detection and resolution is discussed here as an example of the range of individual variation in shared abilities of the metalinguistic type.

It is not the case that all reader/hearers of the language possess the same linguistic abilities with respect to metalinguistic tasks. From a theoretical point of view, linguists have typically assumed it was the case and necessarily so for postulating an ideal competence grammar. But in doing so we have often come to assume that such basic metatheory considerations show up reliably and uniformly even in performance tasks. There is a large and growing body of evidence to remind us that this is not so. Certainly, it holds true neither in the areas of paraphrase nor in ambiguity detection and resolution, two of the more basic metatheoretical premises, and it may not be so in other areas of language either. Very simply, apparently shared linguistic abilities operate on the same type of a graded continuum scale that cognitive abilities of a more general sort do. Having benefited from the postulation of abstract mental structures for ideal speaker/hearers, we are once again recognizing the importance of individual differences in defining the nature of psycholinguistic tasks, as well as the nature of language abilities.
Attitudes and Language Behaviour
Authors: Warkentyne H. J.
Published: February 2018

One of the recent developments in sociolinguistics is the investigation of the relationship between a speaker’s personal disposition or cultural value system and his language behaviour. William Labov (1963) notes that a tendency of the inhabitants of Martha’s Vineyard to modify their pronunciation of diphthongs relates to their feelings of resentment towards intruders from the mainland United States. In a later publication, Labov (1964:94) observes that language may be viewed as a system for integrating cultural values, and he cites the conflict of value systems as a probable cause for the failure of students to acquire Standard English despite their exposure to 12 years of teaching. Although in many instances value systems may closely parallel social classes, certain types of values, such as those associated with political and religious persuasions, for example, cut across socio-economic classes. It follows from this that, by isolating attitudes from socio-economic class descriptions, a more accurate assessment can be made of their effects on language behaviour.

In English-speaking Canada, and particularly in British Columbia, some Canadians identify themselves culturally with Britain and its people, some with the United States, and others actively seek a uniquely Canadian identity. The reasons for these differences in outlook are not difficult to find, given the history of the settlement of Canada and of its political and economic development. Nor is it surprising that Canadian English has been characterized as “a dialect which resembles American English in some respects and British English in others and includes, at the same time, a great deal that is significantly Canadian” (Avis 1966:19). This paper attempts to show that the attitudes referred to above are reflected in language usage.
Structural Choice in Spanish Clausal Comparison
Authors: Knowles John
Published: February 2018

1. A not insignificant problem of Spanish syntax is that of relating the subdeletion sentence (1) to its comparative-deletion congener (2)

(1)

Juan comió más manzanas que peras había traído.

Juan ate more apples than he had brought pears.

(2)

Juan comió más manzanas de las que había traído.

Juan ate more apples than he had brought.

At first glance there appears to be little that is problematic and the solutions that have been proposed for English seem readily applicable; under such an analysis (as we shall see below) both sentences are held to be structurally identical, but subject to a more or less extensive deletion rule in accord with the extent of the identity of lexical elements in the compared constituents of the matrix and subordinate clause.