bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Activating calcium-sensing receptor mutation in the mouse is associated with cataracts and ectopic calcification
Authors: Hough Tertius A. , Bogani Debora , Cheeseman Michael T. , Favor Jack , Nesbit M. Andrew , Thakker Rajesh V. , Lyon Mary F.
Published: September 2004

The extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) plays a pivotal role in the regulation of extracellular calcium such that abnormalities, which result in a loss or gain of function, lead to hypercalcemia or hypocalcemia, respectively, in patients. Mice carrying CaSR knockout alleles develop hypercalcemia that mimics the disorders observed in humans. To date, there is no mouse model for an activating CaSR mutation. Here, we describe such a mouse model, named Nuf, originally identified for having opaque flecks in the nucleus of the lens in a screen for eye mutants. Nuf mice also display ectopic calcification, hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, and inappropriately reduced levels of plasma parathyroid hormone. These features are similar to those observed in patients with autosomal dominant hypocalcemia. Inheritance studies of Nuf mice revealed that the trait was transmitted in an autosomal-dominant manner, and mapping studies located the locus to chromosome 16, in the vicinity of the CaSR gene (Mouse Genome Database symbol
Gprc2a
). DNA sequence analysis revealed the presence of a
Gprc2a
missense mutation, Leu723Gln. Transient expression of wild-type and mutant CaSRs in human embryonic kidney 293 cells demonstrated that the mutation resulted in a gain of function of the CaSR, which had a significantly lower EC
50
. Thus, our results have identified a mouse model for an activating CaSR mutation, and the development of ectopic calcification and cataract formation, which tended to be milder in the heterozygote Nuf mice, indicates that an evaluation for such abnormalities in autosomal dominant hypocalcemia patients who have activating CaSR mutations is required.
The roles of latex and the vascular bundle in morphine biosynthesis in the opium poppy,
Papaver somniferum
Authors: Weid Marion , Ziegler Jörg , Kutchan Toni M.
Published: September 2004

The opium poppy,
Papaver somniferum
, is one of mankind's oldest medicinal plants. Opium poppy today is the commercial source of the narcotic analgesics morphine and codeine. Along with these two morphinans, opium poppy produces approximately eighty alkaloids belonging to various tetrahydrobenzylisoquinoline-derived classes. It has been known for over a century that morphinan alkaloids accumulate in the latex of opium poppy. With identification of many of the enzymes of alkaloid biosynthesis in this plant, biochemical data suggested involvement of multiple cell types in alkaloid biosynthesis in poppy. Herein the immunolocalization of five enzymes of alkaloid formation in opium poppy is reported: (
R
,
S
)-3′-hydroxy-
N
-methylcoclaurine 4′-
O
-methyltransferase central to the biosynthesis of tetrahydroisoquinoline-derived alkaloids, the berberine bridge enzyme of the sanguinarine pathway, (
R
,
S
)-reticuline 7-
O
-methyltransferase specific to laudanosine formation, and salutaridinol 7-
O
-acetyltransferase and codeinone reductase, which lead to morphine. In capsule and stem, both
O
-methyltransferases and the
O
-acetyltransferase are found predominantly in parenchyma cells within the vascular bundle, and codeinone reductase is localized to laticifers, the site of morphinan alkaloid accumulation. In developing root tip, both
O
-methyltransferases and the
O
-acetyltransferase are found in the pericycle of the stele, and the berberine bridge enzyme is localized to parenchyma cells of the root cortex. Laticifers are not found in developing root tip, and, likewise, codeinone reductase was not detected. These results provide cell-specific localization that gives a coherent picture of the spatial distribution of alkaloid biosynthesis in opium poppy.
Watching the Degenerate: Street Camera Surveillance and Urban Regeneration
Authors: Coleman Roy
Published: September 2004

Government and media rhetoric obscures the entrepreneurial roots of closed circuit television (CCTV) and its position in the regeneration of politically and economically ‘viable’ city centres. The paper charts this concern with ‘viability’ and traces the reassertion of class based discourses on crime, fear and insecurity as a component in the regeneration of UK cities and reflected and reinforced by camera networks. The efficacy of CCTV is questionable and its significance may be understood less for its ‘crime prevention’ potential and more for its success in reinforcing a long established scrutiny and criminalisation of the activities of the least powerful inhabitants of urban areas at the expense of scrutinising other harmful activities in the city.
Rural Labour Markets: The Welsh Example
Authors: Jones Melanie K.
Published: September 2004

This paper examines the rural labour market within Wales over the last decade. Data from the Labour Force Survey and the New Earnings Survey are used to compare trends in economic activity rates, employment, education and earnings in rural Wales with the rest of the country. In addition to the rural-urban comparison, evidence presented from other rural labour market studies is used to establish similarities between the rural labour market within Wales and the rest of the UK. In this respect, the paper collects evidence from which the need for differential labour market policy between the rural and urban area can be assessed.
Regional Job-Turnover and Industrial Policy. A Note on a Potential Time Pattern of Regional Industrial Policies and their Job Effects — the Case of the German City-State of Bremen
Authors: Elsner Wolfram
Published: September 2004

Many regions have experienced long-run economic fluctuations generated by the life cycles of their dominant industrial clusters. During the downswings in the 1970s and 1980s, proactive structural policies were typically launched in German regions to combat job losses in their core clusters and to create new jobs in new industries. With respect to the German State of Bremen, this paper provides empirical evidence of: (1) a long-run regional downswing; (2) the potential job effects of proactive regional industrial policy programmes in terms of increasing regional employment, by safeguarding jobs in the regional core industries and creating new jobs in new growth industries; and (3) a time pattern in the job effects, which are related to the different generations of programmes.
Activation of PI3K Is Indispensable for Interleukin 7–mediated Viability, Proliferation, Glucose Use, and Growth of T Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Cells
Authors: Barata Joao T. , Silva Ana , Brandao Joana G. , Nadler Lee M. , Cardoso Angelo A. , Boussiotis Vassiliki A.
Published: September 2004

Interleukin (IL)-7 is essential for normal T cell development. Previously, we have shown that IL-7 increases viability and proliferation of T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) cells by up-regulating Bcl-2 and down-regulating the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27kip1. Here, we examined the signaling pathways via which IL-7 mediates these effects. We investigated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK)–extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)–Akt (protein kinase B) pathways, which have active roles in T cell expansion and have been implicated in tumorigenesis. IL-7 induced activation of the MEK–Erk pathway in T-ALL cells; however, inhibition of the MEK–Erk pathway by the use of the cell-permeable inhibitor PD98059, did not affect IL-7–mediated viability or cell cycle progression of leukemic cells. IL-7 induced PI3K-dependent phosphorylation of Akt and its downstream targets GSK-3, FOXO1, and FOXO3a. PI3K activation was mandatory for IL-7–mediated Bcl-2 up-regulation, p27kip1 down-regulation, Rb hyperphosphorylation, and consequent viability and cell cycle progression of T-ALL cells. PI3K signaling was also required for cell size increase, up-regulation of CD71, expression of the glucose transporter Glut1, uptake of glucose, and maintenance of mitochondrial integrity. Our results implicate PI3K as a major effector of IL-7–induced viability, metabolic activation, growth and proliferation of T-ALL cells, and suggest that PI3K and its downstream effectors may represent molecular targets for therapeutic intervention in T-ALL.
Data protection and peer review
Authors: Singleton Alan
Published: September 2004

The consequences for publishers of a conflict between the traditional anonymity of peer review and the requirements of data‐protection legislation are discussed and appropriate policies for the new situation are proposed.
Authors and open access publishing
Authors: Swan Alma , Brown Sheridan
Published: September 2004

Surveys were carried out to learn more about authors and open access publishing. Awareness of open access journals among those who had not published in them was quite high; awareness of ‘self‐archiving’ was less. For open access journal authors the most important reason for publishing in that way was the principle of free access; their main concerns were grants and impact. Authors who had not published in an open access journal attributed that to unfamiliarity with such journals. Forty per cent of authors have self‐archived their traditional journal articles and almost twice as many say they would do so if required to.
BarleyExpress: a web-based submission tool for enriched microarray database annotations
Authors: Tang Xiaoyun , Shen Lishuang , Dickerson Julie A.
Published: September 2004

Summary: BarleyExpress is a web-based microarray experiment data submission tool for BarleyBase, a public data resource of Affymetrix GeneChip® data for plants. BarleyExpress uses the Plant Ontology vocabularies and enhances the MIAME guidelines to standardize the annotation of microarray gene expression experiments. In addition, BarleyExpress provides explicit support for factorial experiment design and template loading methods to ease the submission process for large experiments.

Availability:  http://barleybase.org

Contact:  julied@iastate.edu

Supplementary information: BarleyExpress Users Manual.
A more efficient search strategy for aging genes based on connectivity
Authors: Ferrarini Luca , Bertelli Luca , Feala Jacob , McCulloch Andrew D. , Paternostro Giovanni
Published: September 2004

Motivation: Many aging genes have been found from unbiased screens in model organisms. Genetic interventions promoting longevity are usually quantitative, while in many other biological fields (e.g. development) null mutations alone have been very informative. Therefore, in the case of aging the task is larger and the need for a more efficient genetic search strategy is especially strong.

Results: The topology of genetic and metabolic networks is organized according to a scale-free distribution, in which hubs with large numbers of links are present. We have developed a computational model of aging genes as the hubs of biological networks. The computational model shows that, after generalized damage, the function of a network with scale-free topology can be significantly restored by a limited intervention on the hubs. Analyses of data on aging genes and biological networks support the applicability of the model to biological aging. The model also might explain several of the properties of aging genes, including the high degree of conservation across different species. The model suggests that aging genes tend to have a higher number of connections and therefore supports a strategy, based on connectivity, for prioritizing what might otherwise be a random search for aging genes.

Contact:  giovanni@burnham.org
easyLINKAGE: a PERL script for easy and automated two-/multi-point linkage analyses
Authors: Lindner Tom H. , Hoffmann K.
Published: September 2004

Summary: We have generated the program easyLINKAGE that combines automated setup and performance of linkage analyses and simulation under an easy to handle graphical user interface for Microsoft Windows 2000/XP and standard UNIX systems. The program package supports two-point linkage analyses (FastLink v4.1 and SPLink v1.09), multi-point linkage analyses [GENEHUNTER v2.1, GENEHUNTER-PLUS with the emendation by Kong and Cox v1.2 (allele sharing modelling)] and the simulation package SLINK v2.65, and provides genome-wide as well as chromosomal postscript plots of LOD scores, NPL scores, P-values and other parameters.

Availability:  http://www.uni-wuerzburg.de/nephrologie/molecular_genetics/molecular_genetics.htm

Contact:  tom.lindner@mail.uni-wuerzburg.de

Supplementary information: Supplementary information is available on the website.
Tracker: continuous HMMER and BLAST searching
Authors: Marchin Madelaine , Kelly Paul T. , Fang Jianwen
Published: September 2004

Summary: Tracker is a web-based email alert system for monitoring protein database searches using HMMER and Blast-P, nucleotide searches using Blast-N and literature searches of the PubMed database. Users submit searches via a web-based interface. Searches are saved and run against updated databases to alert users about new information. If there are new results from the saved searches, users will be notified by email and will then be able to access results and link to additional information on the NCBI website. Tracker supports Boolean AND/OR operations on HMMER and BLASTP result sets to allow users to broaden or narrow protein searches.

Availability: The server is located at http://jay.bioinformatics.ku.edu/tracker/index.html. A distribution package including detailed installation procedure is freely available from http://jay.bioinformatics.ku.edu/download/tracker/

Contact:  jwfang@ku.edu
Favorable Short- and Long-Term Outcomes of Prolonged Translaryngeal Intubation in Critically Ill Children
Authors: Kadilak Patrick R. , Vanasse Shannon , Sheridan Robert L.
Published: September 2004

In those children who require protracted mechanical ventilation, we use long-term intubation in order to avoid the consequences of tracheostomy in young children. A retrospective 9-year review was performed to document the efficacy and safety of this practice. A retrospective review of children admitted from January 1, 1991, to December 31, 1998, who required mechanical ventilatory support for at least 7 consecutive days was performed. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. There were 98 children, ventilated for a total of 1967 days, who satisfied review criteria. They had an average age of 6.1 ± 5.3 years (range, 3 months to 17 years) a total body surface area burn of 53 ± 25% (range, 0–100%), and 71 of 98 (72%) had suffered an inhalation injury. They were ventilated for 19.7 ± 16.8 days (range, 7–92 days) and were hospitalized for 67.8 ± 48.9 days (range, 9–211 days). Ninety-three percent (91 of 98) of the patients were maintained on morphine infusions at a mean hourly rate of 0.35 ± 0.33 mg/kg/hr (range, 0.01–4.38) and 78% (76 of 98) on midazolam infusions at a mean hourly rate of 0.14 ± 0.17 mg/kg/hr (range, 0.01–1.82). Neuromuscular blocking agents were administered in 39% (38 of 98) of patients during all or part of 355 (18%) of the 1967 ventilator days. Patients were ventilated with an oral endotracheal (ET) tube in 82% of ventilator days and nasal ET tube in 18% of ventilator days. Two patients (2%) required tracheostomies for long-term management, and five patients (5.1%) died during the study period unrelated to airway issues. There were five unplanned extubation events, for an incidence rate of 2.54 per 1000 ventilator days. All patients were reintubated successfully. Thirteen ET tubes needed to be changed for issues such as leaking cuffs. Patients were followed up for a mean of 2.99 ± 2.24 years (range, 1 month to 8 years). Possible sequelae related to prolonged intubation were noted in follow-up visits in 8 patients, including sinusitis (one; resolved without treatment), subglottic stenosis (one; required reconstructive surgery), persistent cough (three; all resolved spontaneously), occipital breakdown because of ET ties (one; healed after 1 month), soft voice (two; resolved spontaneously), and decreased pharyngeal sensation (one; resolved without treatment). Translaryngeal intubation is a safe and effective method to provide long-term ventilatory support in children.
Glycosaminoglycan Hydrogels as Supplemental Wound Dressings for Donor Sites
Authors: Kirker K. R. , Luo Y. , Morris S. E. , Shelby J. , Prestwich G. D.
Published: September 2004

Chemically crosslinked glycosaminoglycan (GAG) hydrogel films were evaluated as biointeractive dressings in a porcine model for donor-site autograft wounds. Multiple 5 × 5 × 0.03 cm3 wounds were created on the dorsum of pigs. Half of the wounds were treated with a GAG film plus an occlusive dressing (Tegaderm™), whereas the other half were treated with Tegaderm™ alone. At 3, 5, or 7 days after surgery, the partially healed wounds were excised and evaluated histologically for three animals at each time point. By day 3, epithelial cells had proliferated and migrated from wound edges and from epithelial islands associated with residual hair follicles to begin to cover the wound bed. A statistically significant increase in coverage was observed for GAG + Tegaderm™-dressed wounds than for those with Tegaderm™ alone at day 3 and day 5 post-surgery. By day 7, all treatment groups were completely healed. Thus, GAG hydrogels accelerated wound healing by enhancing re-epithelialization.
Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy Identifies Occult Nodal Metastases in Patients with Marjolin's Ulcer
Authors: Eastman A. L. , Erdman W. A. , Lindberg G. M. , Hunt J. L. , Purdue G. F. , Fleming J. B.
Published: September 2004

Since Marjolin's description, the management of burn scar carcinoma has remained controversial. A multitude of options and recommendations exist for the management of both primary lesions and regional nodal metastasis. This work reviews six cases of Marjolin's ulcer staged using sentinel lymph node biopsy. All primary lesions were confirmed to be squamous cell carcinoma and occurred a median of 29.5 years after burn. No patient had clinically detectable lymphadenopathy. In all cases, preoperative lymphoscintigraphy successfully identified a single draining regional nodal basin. Subsequent intraoperative lymphatic mapping/sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy was successful in five of six cases (83%). A successful intraoperative lymphatic mapping/SLN biopsy was defined as the identification of blue (uptake of isosulfan blue dye) or “hot” (uptake of radiolabeled sulfur colloid as measured with a handheld gamma counter) node(s) and subsequent excision. Four of five SLN biopsies identified previously occult nodal metastasis. SLN biopsy represents a minimally invasive and accurate staging procedure for Marjolin's ulcer.
Review of Evidenced-Based Practice for the Prevention of Pressure Sores in Burn Patients
Authors: Gordon Mary D. , Gottschlich Michele M. , Helvig Elizabeth I. , Marvin Janet A. , Richard Reginald L.
Published: September 2004

Pressure ulcers represent a complex clinical problem, with a reported incidence of 2.7% to 29.5% in hospitalized patients and an etiology that is multifactorial. The prevention of pressure sores in the burn patient population is clearly an area of practice in need of guidelines for care. A multidisciplinary group of advanced burn care professionals have compiled, critiqued, and summarized herein the current evidence of practice in nursing, nutrition, and rehabilitation as it pertains to the prevention of pressure sores after burn injuries. A broad overview of risk factors and assessment scales is described, and current intervention practices and recommendations for care are provided based, whenever possible, on research findings. In addition, research questions are generated in an attempt to move the specialty of burns toward the formal investigation of pressure sores with the ultimate goal being the development of evidence-based practice guidelines.
Metaphorical “types” and human resource management: self‐selecting expatriates
Authors: Richardson Julia , McKenna Stephen
Published: September 2004

Whilst globalisation has led to increasing international mobility, the contemporary expatriate management literature has focused on managers and corporate executives who are sent on an overseas appointment by their employers. By comparison, self‐selecting expatriates remain an under‐researched group. Specifically, at a time when internationalisation is a major trend in higher education very little is known about expatriate academics as an example of self‐selecting expatriates. Drawing on a qualitative study of British academics, this article suggests that metaphor may be a useful tool for developing our understanding of self‐selecting expatriates. It then discusses the four metaphors, which have emerged from the study. Finally it shows how those metaphors can be used to facilitate better management practices not only for the growing number of expatriate academics but also for self‐selecting expatriates more generally.
The inner circle of the trusted advisor
Authors: Buchen Irving H.
Published: September 2004

Much has been written about consultants and, of late, executive coaches. The estimate is that there are presently about 30,000 of both types and they earn almost $30 billion in the USA alone. But there is a neglected side, especially to executives – the trusted advisor. Although the number of trusted advisors may be small, their impact may be even greater than all executive coaches combined. They work behind the scenes, often without a written contract (although they are very well paid), must be always available, are employed often as secret emissaries, function regularly as an early warning system, and routinely are engaged in deep and even profound dialogue with the CEO. S/he serves as an alter ego or professor offering an endless seminar that integrates theory and practice. S/he may previously have been a consultant or coach but no one chooses to become a trusted advisor, because trusted advisors are chosen.
Trainer Development in Gardner Merchant
Authors: Stacey John , Smith Bryan
Published: September 2004

The process is reviewed by which the development needs of trainers
in one organisation were established. A programme of workshops and
related activities are shown to have met those needs. The model of
learning need in the design is set out, and the processes necessary to
ensure that a programme does not concentrate too much on one part of the
learning cycle are discussed.
FROM TEACHING TO LEARNING: AN APPROACH TO TRAINER
DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Pun Aaron , Thomas Ivor
Published: September 2004

The use of andragogy and action learning as a basis for trainer
development in a university setting is discussed. The authors discuss
limitations of traditional teacher‐led ways of learning and the
contrasting assumptions of modern adult learning methods. They go on to
describe the rationale, design, implementation and outcomes of a
programme designed on such methods.
COMPUTERPHOBIA: TRAINING MANAGERS TO REDUCE THE FEARS AND
LOVE THE MACHINES
Authors: Appelbaum Steven H.
Published: September 2004

The information revolution and proliferation of computers in the
workplace has led to a new fear of target‐users,
“computerphobia”. Fears confronting those who are not
computer literate are examined and a comprehensive model for management
development is suggested to encourage the computer‐anxious to use
personal computers. The challenge confronting managers lies in
overcoming these fears and protecting the organisation′s investments in
its hardware and human resources. The model developed is composed of
four steps, and by considering these steps, management may be able to
create situations in which managers welcome technological changes as
opportunities and not problems.
ACTION LEARNING, ACTION SCIENCE AND LEARNING NEW SKILLS
Authors: Dixon Nancy M.
Published: September 2004

Managers frequently experience difficulty in implementing skills
they learn in management development courses owing to two obstacles; (1)
the conflict between the skills being taught in the course and the
manager′s current skills which may be so well learned as to be
automatic; and (2) the conflict between the skills being taught and the
manager′s assumptions about self, others and the organisation which may
not support the new skills. The combination of Action Science (Argyris)
and Action Learning (Revans) provides a powerful methodology to surmount
these two obstacles. The processes involved are: critical reflection,
re‐framing, and unlearning/relearning. These processes are practised in
heterogeneous small groups which meet over several months to resolve
real organisational problems.
USING THE LEARNING STYLES QUESTIONNAIRE
Authors: Walmsley Peter G.
Published: September 2004

This article aims to show how the Learning Styles Questionnaire
(LSQ) can be used to explain Honey and Mumford′s Learning Styles Theory
and explores how that information can help managers and trainees alike.
The article is based on the author′s experience of giving a presentation
to senior managers and explores how the information was used to raise
their level of awareness about how people learn. The presentation
concluded with all parties stressing the need to use the LSQ and the
information it generated for them and their staff, e.g. developing
training sessions geared to the learning style of the trainee to
maximise their learning.
PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL FOR NON‐MANAGEMENT STAFF:
SUCCESSFULLY DEVELOPING AND IMPLEMENTING A SYSTEM
Authors: Wilson John
Published: September 2004

Details the successful performance appraisal system implemented at
Nuffield Hospitals for non‐management staff. Discusses the way that the
three main barriers to successful appraisal have been overcome. The six
basic principles of the Nuffield approach are described. The importance
of the attitude survey and interviews is emphasised, which is reflected
in the training given to managers and supervisors.
FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR COMPUTER AIDED TRAINING
Authors: Heathman Dena J. , Kleiner Brian H.
Published: September 2004

Many companies are finding that to compete in their industries,
continuous training of their employees is necessary. Although there are
barriers to be overcome computer aided training can offer effective
solutions as part of a company′s overall training programme.
Telecommunications will be used to provide an exchange of information in
an educational context; artificial intelligence technology will make
interactive training sessions more realistic; computers will be used to
train employees in interpersonal skills; performance support systems
will bring training to the exact place and time that an employee needs
instruction.
TO COACH, OR NOT TO COACH – THAT IS THE QUESTION!
PART 1
Authors: Burdett John O.
Published: September 2004

The rate of change in the business environment is making managerial
work more complex. Complexity not only changes the way managers think
but invariably demands enhanced managerial skills in developing
subordinates such that they are able to deal with the new realities.
Coaching initiatives and steps taken within a large organisation to
generate higher levels of coaching skills are described. The two‐part
article explores a number of conceptual models and outlines in Part 1
why coaching is an imperative; the forces that create complexity; the
need to identify the factors involved if coaching is to succeed; and how
to identify the specific behaviour that has to change. Part 2 reviews
respect as a critical factor in the basic coaching relationship; the
difference between counselling, tutoring, mentoring, and performance
improvement; the interrelationship between coaching and control; and the
importance of setting the context if coaching interventions are to be
effective.
HOW TO CREATE A COMPETITIVE WORKFORCE
Authors: Johnston Neil M.
Published: September 2004

Key developments over the past two decades, unstable 1970s,
competitive 1980s, are traced as a basis for predicting developments
into the 1990s. Stress is placed on the priority need for a competitive
workforce comprising individual competence and organisational
capability, with learning at the core. Pointers are given as to how a
company can gain competitive advantage by learning faster than its
competitors. In this respect the requirements of company environment and
the task of educators are highlighted.
DEVELOPING ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS: A SURVEY OF
INFORMATION, RESOURCES AND PROGRAMMES FOR MANAGEMENT DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Sharman Dave
Published: September 2004

A brief survey is given of information, resources and programmes
for management development that enhances environmental awareness.
TEACHING TAX PROFESSIONALS TO TYPE
Authors: Stanford Naomi
Published: September 2004

When Price Waterhouse computerised its Tax Practice, 400 tax
professionals needed to learn efficient keyboarding. The self‐teach
typing tutorial loaded onto each staff member′s personal computer was
not used sufficiently for staff to gain a high level of proficiency. One
of the training units was asked to propose a cost effective method of
training, bearing in mind constraints of time, cost and delivery method.
Using battery operated keyboards and training secretarial staff to teach
keyboarding skills, the 400 staff were trained in tutor‐led programmes
lasting 16 hours each, in London and the regional offices. The project
lasted 6 months and resulted in 91 per cent of trainees reaching a speed
of more than 15 words per minute at 90 per cent accuracy in the 16 hours
of tuition. The management consultancy division has now requested
similar training.
MATCHING CHANGE INTERVENTIONS TO ORGANIZATIONAL REALITIES
Authors: Harrison Roger , Spoth Juliann
Published: September 2004

The idea that a person′s satisfactions are dependent upon and
caused by something or someone outside oneself are discussed. Looks at
various levels of organizational consciousness and lists and describes
them. Stress among change managers in organizations is shown to be a
complex aspect of proposed changes. Posits the theory that much can be
done in improving performance short of cultural changes but that these
should be undertaken first. Closes with a sample of items in an appendix
from the Organization Culture Scan, which shows the various themes and
types involved in the organizational change atmosphere.
THE COMMUNICATION AND PROBLEM‐SOLVING SKILLS INDEX: HOW TO
USE IT IN TRAINING
Authors: Margerison Charles , McCann Dick
Published: September 2004

Introduces the Communication Diamond Model, which features the
following key skill areas found in communication between people at work:
enquiry, diagnosis, summarizing, proposing, directing, and informing.
Describes the measures designed to assess these skills: the
Communication and Problem‐solving Skills Index and Profile System. Also
details a workshop available for those wishing to train in the use of
these measures.
LATENT TALENT
Authors: Harding Roots Carole
Published: September 2004

Discusses the need for further improvement in the numbers of women
participating in training courses at Sundridge Park. The gender issue
was expanded through various instruments, one of which was the Dilemmas
Exercise. Lists female and male responses to gender‐angled management
situations and concludes that in the 1990s both the masculine and the
feminine qualities common to both sexes should be emphasized in order to
ensure a better balanced workforce.
SERVICE CHALLENGE OF THE 1990s: PART I. MANAGING SERVICE:
THE STYLE AND SKILLS FOR QUALITY
Authors: Deszca Gene , Ament Linda M.
Published: September 2004

Perhaps the single most powerful competitive edge any company can
have over the next decade is – providing superlative service. As
technology progresses at a rapid pace and the benefits of any
organization or product bear remarkable similarity to a competitor′s,
the one sustainable, competitive edge which remains is – service.
Service, however, requires skill and in most organizations a cultural
transition. It is in this area where training can become the driving
force and make signficant impact on profitability.
DESIGNING AND CONDUCTING EXECUTIVE DEVELOPMENT NEEDS
ASSESSMENTS
Authors: McClelland Samuel B.
Published: September 2004

Focuses on a methodology by which executive development needs can
be identified. Stresses executive development as being distinctly
different from management training in that executive development
addresses more visionary and abstract elements, whereas management
training tends to focus on functionality to increase productivity and
efficiency. Presents the need to investigate thoroughly and examine the
organization′s origin, culture, current business and operational
environment, mission statement, goals and objectives, operational and
personnel policies, structure, and employee attitudes in order to
develop a meaningful approach to assess executive development needs.
Additionally, discusses techniques for implementing an assessment along
with specific recommendations regarding the planning necessary to
conduct the project successfully. Concludes with some guidelines for
conducting executive development courses and summarizes the trend
towards integrating executive development into the organization′s
competitive strategy.
THE POWER OF PROJECTS IN MANAGEMENT DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Smith Bryan , Dodds Bob
Published: September 2004

It is a truism that the vast majority of development takes place
while a manager is carrying out the job. Also where any management
training and development investment can be seen to affect the
bottom‐line business results, then commitment at both an organizational
and individual level can be more easily secured. Using work‐based
projects for individuals and groups is an approach which can secure both
bottom‐line payoff and effective learning transfer, while bringing about
significant changes. Reviews the development of and experience in
project‐based learning over several years at Sundridge Park. Offers and
explores critical success factors together with experiences of
project‐based learning with Volvo and ICI. Explains the issue of
integrating learning with doing and makes links with action learning and
career development. Also highlights the potential of information
technology in capturing and retaining learning through projects.
SEEING THE INVISIBLE – SUPPORT STAFF TRAINING IN
PRICE WATERHOUSE
Authors: Stanford Naomi
Published: September 2004

Considers the challenges and opportunities faced by the trainers of
support staff in a major accounting and management consultancy practice,
where, in common with other professional services organizations, support
staff have traditionally been considered of lower value to the
organization than those qualified to offer its services. Describes the
Practice Support Training function which aims to be flexible accessible
and responsive to business needs and develops the firm′s support staff
through a sixfold approach – line people deliver the training;
programmes are short, modular, and delivered through a range of methods;
training focuses on developing staff to do their current job
excellently; emphasis is placed on continuous development; informal
development opportunities are being extended; the same opportunities
exist to staff in offices throughout the UK.
Training as a risk control measure
Authors: Cooper M.J.
Published: September 2004

Examines five reasons why training makes an important contribution
to health and safety performance. It influences culture, changes
behaviour, is required by law, is associated with competence, and
controls risks. Concludes that training can reduce the risk of an
undesirable event happening.
Discontinuous change in organizations. Using training and
development interventions to develop creativity
Authors: Garavan Thomas N. , Deegan Joe
Published: September 2004

Considers the availability of objective criteria for creativity
enhancement from relevant applied research. Uses research to address the
problem of creativity within the framework of artificial intelligence.
Compares thinking to using a map and discusses creativity in terms of
making our own maps rather than just following existing maps. Suggests
that creativity includes the individual′s mastering of existing rules,
enabling him or her to see when these rules might be broken. It thus
follows that basic heuristic competences underlie the creative act. A
strategy for stimulating creativity should include a more systematic
basis for the development of creative resources, in the concept of
heuristic competence.
A lower academic level of first line management training for medically qualified healthcare staff can enhance workplace performance
Authors: Morrison Mike
Published: September 2004

A supervisory management programme addressing both the strategic and operational needs of modern healthcare providers has recently been piloted in a private‐sector hospital. The one‐year programme combining self‐study, trainer‐led workshops and the workplace application of learning took the innovative approach of setting the training at one academic level below the perceived need. Healthcare sector experience had indicated that well‐ qualified technical staff making the transition to management were automatically expected to have effective management skills in line with their technical competences and this does not always hold true in practice, something which is common in many industries. Setting the necessary supporting management training at the lower academic level was intended to focus learning energy into both understanding and application of learning for workplace results, rather than to promote static assimilation of high‐level management concepts. It is proposed that such bespoke supervisory management programmes in association with professional training providers, in this case Henley Training and Development Ltd (HDL), deliver better work‐based performance than that gained by encouraging individuals to take two‐year, college‐based diplomas in Management Study.
Alzheimer’s Disease, Long‐Term Care, and Health Policy: Who’s Going to Pay the Bill?
Authors: Monath Jennifer
Published: September 2004

Many people with Alzheimer’s Disease need long‐term care to help with activities of daily living. Annual costs are estimated at between $38 billion and $42 billion. Medicare does not cover this, and Medicaid help is limited. Longer life spans, shrinking savings rates, and increased costs of long‐term care could spell financial disaster unless remedial steps are taken soon. In this article, Monath attempts to provide a substantive core selection of materials related to Alzheimer’s Disease, long‐term care, and health policy. Documents covered include journals, government documents, and grey literature. Having this knowledge, with facts and figures at hand, can help sway public officials to create policy that uses tax dollars wisely by investing in research that will find a cause, prevention, and possibly a cure for Alzheimer’s Disease while saving taxpayers billions of dollars in the future.
Tropic of Cancer and the Censors: A Case Study and Bibliographic Guide to the Literature
Authors: Kincaid Larry , Koger Grove
Published: September 2004

Henry Miller published Tropic of Cancer in Paris in 1934. He was convinced that it was a work of genius, and over the next several years a wide range of writers and critics agreed with him. But to official censors in England and America, the novel was nothing more than a particularly disgusting piece of pornography, too obscene to be allowed into either country. In this article, Kincaid and Koger trace the history of the novel from its inception in 1932 to its vindication by the United States judicial system 30 years later. The accompanying annotated bibliography lists the books and articles essential to an understanding of that history and Miller’s philosophy of literature.
Coping with Workplace Change: An Annotated Bibliography of Resources
Authors: Kilcullen Maureen
Published: September 2004

A pressing task facing reference librarians in public and academic libraries in the 1990s has been helping downsized workers find sources for job hunting. Most libraries carry sources on job hunting and how‐to books on resume wiriting. Libraries also need to provide sources that help people who lose their jobs find out what programs and benefits are available to help them survive during financially lean times and how to deal with the emotional and psychological problems they face. A review of the monographic lieterature published between 1990 and 1996 reveals few titles that deal with emotional and psychological problems resulting from job loss. For this article, the authors selected titles from that period that are in print and provide coping strategies and practical solutions to people in and out of the workplace.
Creating the User‐Friendly Library by Evaluating Patron Perception of Signage
Authors: Bosman Ellen , Rusinek Carol
Published: September 2004

Despite all manners of instruction, there is a nagging sense that patrons have difficulty using the library. Further, despite the impact of the World Wide Web, the library “as a place” is important. The library building is seldom given much post‐construction thought, although lighting, collection arrangement, service points, signs, and study areas all contribute to a positive learning experience. A committee at Indiana University Northwest Library investigated ways to make the library’s collection and services more accessible by improving signage. This article describes the results of a preliminary and a follow‐up survey to evaluate users’ abilities to locate various signs effectively and comparatively analyzes responses from specific classes of participants.
Baseline Subject Competencies for the Academic Reference Desk
Authors: Benefiel Candace R. , Miller Jeannie P. , Ramirez Diana
Published: September 2004

“What basic competencies—body of knowledge, skills, and tools—are needed to work at a centralized reference desk in an academic library?” asked reference staff of Texas A&M University’s Sterling C. Evans Library. Their goal was to identify skills and areas of knowledge with which a reference staff member should be familiar in such areas as reference desk procedures, electronic resources, and the three major subject groups of humanities, sciences, and social sciences. This article presents an overview and discussion of the concept of subject baseline competencies, approaches to organizations of subject‐related baseline competencies, and the documents resulting from discussions with senior subject specialists in those three groups to develop subject lists for baseline competencies as training tools for new librarians and staff.
Cancer‐Related Web Sites
Authors: Shedivy Joan M.
Published: September 2004

In this bibliography, Shedivy includes selected Internet resources for four different audiences interested in cancer. Researchers will find sites for searching the CANCERLIT and Medline databases as well as how to apply for specific research grants, obtain human tissue for their studies, and contact fellow oncology experts. Health care professionals can search for related articles and find up‐to‐date cancer descriptions with standard therapy protocols plus documents they can use in patient education. Patients and their families can learn how to research specific cancers and can read documents on screening, detection, diagnosis, treatment, and more. The general public can access a wealth of highly readable factual information.
Trauma on the Web! Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder Resources on the World Wide Web
Authors: Beall Lisa S.
Published: September 2004

Post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychological condition that became widely discussed after soldiers returned home from the Vietnam War complaining of intrusive thoughts or images, avoidant behaviors, and arousal disturbances, the hallmark characteristics of PTSD. Some might say that PTSD is a failure of time to heal all wounds. In this article, Beall presents a select listing of Internet resources useful for those seeking information on PTSD. Most are geared toward a professional audience; a few are directed toward people with PTSD.
Reference Works from Selected Small Alternative Presses
Authors: Anderson Byron
Published: September 2004

Alternative presses, a subset of small presses, have hundreds of titles in print, many of substantial quality. Most of the titles are unknown to librarians and fall to be included in traditional collection development aids or methods. A few are worthwhile reference works. In this article, Anderson introduces 44 titles from 26 presses. The bibliography is arranged by press name with complete contact information. The introduction outlines why alternative press books fail to get recognized and why they should be taken seriously.
Relationship between MARC Files and Print Bibliographies: A Note on Process and Tools
Authors: Wall C. Edward
Published: September 2004

The following two bibliographies were prepared by the authors and submitted to Pierian Press in MARC format to facilitate dual employment of the resources: as a text file in RSR; and to be integrated, in whole or in part, into the Pierian Press MARC database, Directory of National Helplines. In this note, publisher Ed Wall describes the process of preparing resources in MARC format and their conversion to print.
Library Instruction and Information Literacy–1996
Authors: Rader Hannelore B.
Published: September 2004

This annotated bibliography lists materials dealing with information literacy including instruction in the use of information resources, research, and computer skills related to retrieving, using, and evaluating information. This review, the twenty‐third to be published in RSR, includes items in English published in 1996.
What’s New on the Internet?: A Challenge for Library Webmasters
Authors: Cohen Laura B.
Published: September 2004

Webmasters of library home pages are faced with a dramatically increasing number of new Internet sites from which to choose for inclusion on their Web pages. In this study, Cohen tracks the new sites announced on seven popular What’s New services on the Internet twice monthly during the first quarter of 1996 in order to determine the usefulness of these services to an academic library home page endeavor. Sites were classified into 20 subject categories. Of the more than 24,000 new sites classified, only a small percentage fell into subject areas of potential value for an academic library home page. Alternative Web‐based strategies are suggested for locating useful new Internet resources.
Work, Womanpower, and World War II
Authors: Armstrong Sarah
Published: September 2004

During World War II, women entered the American work force in record numbers. A labor shortage developed as men left their jobs for military service, and womanpower became essential in the rapidly expanding defense industries. Women undertook jobs that previously had been considered men’s work. Rosie the Riverter became a symbol of American womanhood as women worked in aircraft factories, shipyards, and steel mills. World War II had possibilities for drastically changing the position of women in American society. However, scholars have questioned the extent to which World War II fulfilled its potential because after the war’s end large numbers of women returned to the home and to traditional women’s jobs. In this article, Armstrong presents a core collection of resources, which examine the impact of employment during World War II on the status of women in America.
Role‐Playing as a Training Tool for Reference Student Assistants
Authors: Sheets Janet
Published: September 2004

In recent years, reference student assistants have been assigned both more time at the reference desk and increasingly complex tasks. Reasons for this increasing reliance on student assistants include growing demands on the time of reference librarians, attempts to use staff more effectively, and concerns about the image of professional librarians. This reliance has necessitated effective training. The management literature shows that professional trainers have long relied on such active learning methods as role‐playing. In this article, Sheets briefly reviews the literature, then describes a role‐playing exercise that has been used successfully to train reference student assistants. She gives sample questions and make suggestions for conducting effective role‐playing sessions.