bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reinforcement learning and neuro‐fuzzy GNN‐based vertical handover decision on internet of vehicles
Authors: Pramod Kumar P. , Sagar K.
Published: March 2023

The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) has become a lot of concern for scientific society because of its rising importance in creating an intelligent transportation system. However, the existing systems addressed handover and network selection difficulties, but they did not solve the necessity for frequent handover problems. Hence, in this research, handover decision difficulties are removed by using a novel state‐action–reward–state‐action reinforcement learning method in which it learns the current policy action to determine whether a handover decision is required in the fast‐moving vehicle therefore the handover failure problem is reduced. Moreover, the existing fuzzy rules do not consider non‐line‐of‐sight and the learning capabilities of the neural networks to select the suitable network therefore it creates network selection difficulty. Hence, the network selection difficulties are removed by using a novel fuzzy‐based graph neural network in which the fuzzy logic is connected to the graph hierarchical structure to select the right network therefore the efficient and suitable network is selected on the internet of vehicle communication. Moreover, the existing process is to select the routes completely established on the ancient broadcast history of the vehicles and their channel metrics which causes the frequent handover and poor performance of the network. Hence, the routing selection problem is eliminated by using a novel cluster‐based routing algorithm in which the vehicle was divided into clusters to select the efficient route of the internet of the vehicle therefore the best routing path is carried out. As a result, the proposed system is improving the quality of the service and reducing the handover failure and delay of the system.
Laccases from Pleurotus ostreatus Applied to the Oxidation of Furfuryl Alcohol for the Synthesis of Key Compounds for Polymer Industry
Authors: Cascelli Nicoletta , Lettera Vincenzo , Sannia Giovanni , Gotor‐Fernández Vicente , Lavandera Iván
Published: March 2023

Laccases are oxidative enzymes with high synthetic potential. In this work, their value in biocatalysis is shown through the green and selective oxidation of furfuryl alcohol into furfural with the aid of mediators. The influence of different parameters, such as pH, enzyme/mediator composition, buffer type, cosolvent tolerance, and reaction times, is investigated. Under the optimal conditions, 20 mol % of TEMPO as mediator and 5.8 U mL−1 of laccases POXC and POXA1b from Pleurotus ostreatus, quantitative production of furfural is attained after 16 h. POXC laccase stands out for its ability to catalyze the reaction at pH 6.5, whereas POXA1b is notable for its high stability. Furfural conversions reach excellent values (95 %) after 72 h using only 5 mol % of TEMPO at 100 mM. Furthermore, furfuryl alcohol bioamination is achieved by employing the amine transaminase from Chromobacterium violaceum, providing furfuryl amine, a key compound for the polymer industry, through a one‐pot sequential approach.
A novel approach based on bio‐inspired efficient clustering algorithm for large‐scale heterogeneous wireless sensor networks
Authors: Lohar Lokesh , Agrawal Navneet Kumar , Gupta Prateek , Kumar Manoj , Sharma Ajay Kumar
Published: March 2023

In large‐scale heterogeneous wireless sensor networks (WSNs), clustering is particularly significant for lowering sensor nodes (SNs) energy consumption and creating algorithm more energy efficient. The selection of cluster heads (CHs) is a crucial task in the clustering method. In this paper, optimised K‐means clustering algorithm and optimised K‐means based modified intelligent CH selection based on BFOA for large‐scale network (lar‐OK‐MICHB) is hybridised for CH selection process. Here, we utilised the extended capabilities of OK‐MICHB algorithm for large‐scale network. Furthermore, in many applications where energy is a primary constraint, such as military surveillance and natural disaster prediction, the stability region is also a significant factor, with a longer network lifespan being a primary requirement. In the proposed approach, only the CH selection is made after every round in place of cluster and CH change as done in conventional hierarchical algorithm. The simulation results reveal that, while keeping the distributive structure of WSNs, suggested lar‐OKMIDEEC can locate real greater leftover energy nodes for selection of CH without utilising randomise or estimated procedures. Furthermore, as compared with the multi‐level MIDEEC protocol, this offers a larger stability region with 68.96% increment, more consistent selection of CH in every round, and greater packets (i.e., in numbers) received at the base station (BS) with a longer network lifetime with 327% increment.
The genetic link between systemic autoimmune disorders and temporal lobe epilepsy: A bioinformatics study
Authors: Malekpour Mahdi , Salarikia Seyed Reza , Kashkooli Mohammad , Asadi‐Pooya Ali A.
Published: March 2023

Objective

We aimed to explore the underlying pathomechanisms of the comorbidity between three common systemic autoimmune disorders (SADs) [i.e., insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and rheumatoid arthritis (RA)] and temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), using bioinformatics tools. We hypothesized that there are shared genetic variations among these four conditions.

Methods

Different databases (DisGeNET, Harmonizome, and Enrichr) were searched to find TLE‐associated genes with variants; their single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were gathered from the literature. We also did a separate literature search using PubMed with the following keywords for original articles: “TLE” or “Temporal lobe epilepsy” AND “genetic variation,” “single nucleotide polymorphism,” “SNP,” or “genetic polymorphism.” In the next step, the SNPs associated with TLE were searched in the LitVar database to find the shared gene variations with RA, SLE, and IDDM.

Results

Ninety unique SNPs were identified to be associated with TLE. LitVar search identified two SNPs that were shared between TLE and all three SADs (i.e., IDDM, SLE, and RA). The first SNP was rs16944 on the Interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) gene. The second genetic variation was ε4 variation of apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene.

Significance

The shared genetic variations (i.e., rs16944 on the IL‐1β gene and ε4 variation of the APOE gene) may explain the underlying pathomechanisms of the comorbidity between three common SADs (i.e., IDDM, SLE, and RA) and TLE. Exploring such shared genetic variations may help find targeted therapies for patients with TLE, especially those with drug‐resistant seizures who also have comorbid SADs.
Termination of seizures by ictal transcranial focal cortex stimulation
Authors: Hirsch Martin , Coenen Volker Arnd , Schulze‐Bonhage Andreas
Published: March 2023

Whereas high‐level evidence exists on chronic neuromodulatory effects of different brain stimulation approaches in reducing seizure frequency, evidence for acute antiseizure effects of electrical brain stimulation during seizures is sparse. As part of an ongoing trial, we implanted a patient with a novel focal cortex stimulation (FCS) device with a Laplacian electrode placed over a precentral focal cortical dysplasia. The baseline seizure frequency was 125 per month, consisting of (i) focal aware sensory seizures that invariably progressed to uni‐ or bilateral tonic contraction and clonic jerking, and (ii) primary motor seizures. Besides an overall reduction in seizure frequency, on‐demand stimulation had an immediate effect on seizures with a sensory phase, whereby 63%‐86% of these seizures were terminated by ictal stimulation. These observations provide the first evidence that ictal self‐triggered transcranial focal cortex stimulation can significantly interfere with the progression of seizure semiology.
Optimal dome design for 700 bar hydrogen tank type IV: Hyperelliptic functions and shape factor
Authors: Tcharkhtchi Abbas , Villalonga Stéphane , Zirak Nader , Lucas Albert , Farzaneh Sedigheh , Shirinbayan Mohammadali
Published: March 2023

The design of 700‐bar composite tanks considering the safety factor imposes resistance to a bursting pressure greater than 1645 bars remains difficult which leads to the addition of carbon fibers. On the other hand, the specifications in terms of mass storage capacity and cost require the quantity of this same fiber to be limited. Thus, the optimal sizing of the composite remains one of the major challenges in the development of 700‐bar tanks. This study is focused on an optimum design of dome contours for 700 bar hydrogen tank type IV considering the geometrical limitations, winding condition, and the feasible direction. The study is centered on the composite part and is separated into two parts: a study of the manufacturing process (filament winding) in its fundamental aspects and a structural calculation under HyperWorks to check the mechanical strength of the composite layers and optimize their stacking and the number to ensure the holding while minimizing the mass and therefore the cost of the tank.
TaUAM3, a UDP‐Ara mutases protein, positively regulates wheat resistance to the stripe rust fungus
Authors: Huang Xueling , Bai Xingxuan , Qian Chaowei , Liu Shuai , Goher Farhan , He Fuxin , Zhao Guosen , Pei Guoliang , Zhao Hua , Wang Jianfeng , Kang Zhensheng , Guo Jun
Published: March 2023

Plant cell walls are composed of polysaccharides such as cellulose, hemicelluloses, and pectins, whose location and function differ depending on plant type. UDP‐Ara mutases (UAMs) have been reported to play important roles in plant development and response to various plant stresses (abiotic and biotic). However, little work has been reported on UAM in wheat. In this study, we dissected the role of the UAM family member, UAM3, during the interaction between wheat and the stripe rust fungus, Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), and in response to treatment with salicylic acid (SA). RNA interference (RNAi)‐based stable silencing of TaUAM3 resulted in decreased resistance to Pst fungus. In addition, CRISPR‐mediated genome editing (GE) of TaUAM3 enhanced the susceptibility of wheat to Pst or compromised disease resistance accompanied by increased fungal growth and decreased H2O2 production in plant tissues. Moreover, the transcript levels of pathogenesis‐related (PR) genes and reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐generating genes were down‐regulated in both the RNAi‐silenced and CRISPR‐edited plants, while the ROS‐scavenging gene, TaCAT3, was up‐regulated. Therefore, TaUAM3 positively regulates the resistance of wheat to Pst.
A diffusion‐equation based kernel function for smoothed particle hydrodynamics: Methods and validations
Authors: Cao Can , Gui Nan , Zhang Xiaoxi , Huang Xiaoli , Yang Xingtuan , Tu Jiyuan , Jiang Shengyao
Published: March 2023

A diffusion‐equation‐based kernel function (called the diffusive kernel) is proposed for flow and heat transfer simulation by the smoothed‐particle‐hydrodynamics (SPH) method. This new diffusive function has basic features of physics‐based, intrinsically conservative, and mathematically smoothing, because of a general solution of the diffusion equation. Three cases have been employed for method validation. One is the SOD's problem (a one‐dimensional case of the Riemann problem). The SPH simulation with the new kernel is compared to both analytical solutions and the SPH simulation by the third‐order B‐spline kernel. The second one is the dam‐break case to compare the performance of the cubic‐spline kernel, the quintic‐spline kernel, and the Wendland C2 kernel with the current diffusive kernel. The present kernel seems to perform as well as the well‐known Wendland C2 and the quintic kernels. The last case is natural convection in a concentric circular domain with temperature differences between the inner and outer concentric walls. Both the Gaussian kernel and the diffusive kernel were used for comparison and validation. Good consistency between numerical and analytical results, as well as experimental results, validates the good performance of the current diffusive kernel. After validation, it is clear that the diffusive kernel can simulate both the shock wave and natural convective heat transfer very well, and is much better than the conventional Gaussian kernel except for computational efficiency. The kernel profiles, together with their derivatives and integrals, are explored to explain why the diffusive kernel's performance is much better. Finally, to increase numerical efficiency, a fitted expression of the diffusive kernel is also given. The fitted diffusive kernel can reach the same level of computational efficiency as the Gaussian kernel while maintaining the basic advantages of the current diffusive kernel, which gives a choice for practical application.
Characteristics of perivascular space dilatation in normal aging
Authors: Park Chang‐hyun , Shin Na‐Young , Nam Yoonho , Yoon Uicheul , Ahn Kookjin , Lee Seung‐Koo
Published: March 2023

The increased incidence of dilated perivascular spaces (dPVSs) visible on MRI has been observed with advancing age, but the relevance of PVS dilatation to normal aging across the lifespan has yet to be fully clarified. In the current study, we sought to find out the age dependence of dPVSs by exploring changes in different characteristics of PVS dilatation across a wide range of age. For 1220 healthy subjects aged between 18 and 100 years, PVSs were automatically segmented and characteristics of PVS dilatation were assessed in terms of the burden, location, and morphology of PVSs in the white matter (WM) and basal ganglia (BG). A machine learning model using the random forests method was constructed to estimate the subjects’ age by employing the PVS features. The constructed machine learning model was able to estimate the age of the subjects with an error of 9.53 years on average (correlation = 0.875). The importance of the PVS features indicated the primary contribution of the burden of PVSs in the BG and the additional contribution of locational and morphological changes of PVSs, specifically peripheral extension and reduced linearity, in the WM to age estimation. Indeed, adding the PVS location or morphology features to the PVS burden features provided an improvement to the performance of age estimation. The age dependence of dPVSs in terms of such various characteristics of PVS dilatation in healthy subjects could provide a more comprehensive reference for detecting brain disease‐related PVS dilatation.
Can photobiomodulation restore anosmia and ageusia induced by COVID‐19? A pilot clinical study
Authors: Panhoca Vitor Hugo , Ferreira Laís Tatiane , de Souza Viviane Brocca , Ferreira Simone Aparecida , Simão Gabriely , de Aquino Junior Antonio Eduardo , Bagnato Vanderlei Salvador , Hanna Reem
Published: March 2023

Along with other COVID‐19 clinical manifestations, management of both olfactory and gustatory dysfunction have drawn a considerable attention. Photobiomodulation (PBM) has emerged to be a possible effective therapy in restoring taste and smell functionality, but the evidence is scarce. Hence, the present pilot study is aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of intranasal and intraoral PBM administrations in management of anosmia and ageusia respectively. Twenty Caucasian subjects who diagnosed with anosmia and ageusia were recruited. Visual analogue scale was utilised to evaluate patients’ self‐reported for both olfactory and gustatory functionality. The laser‐PBM parameters and treatment protocols for anosmia and ageusia were as follows respectively: 660 nm, 100 mW, two points intranasally, 60 J/session, 12 sessions; dual wavelengths (660 nm and 808 nm), 100 mW, three points intraorally, 216 J/session, 12 sessions. Our results showed a significant functionality improvement of both olfactory and gustatory functionality. Extensive studies with large data and long‐term follow‐up period are warranted.
Preparation, function, and safety evaluation of a novel degradable dermal filler, the cross‐linked poly‐γ‐glutamic acid hydrogel particles
Authors: Chen Mian , Chen Lei , Yuan Dandan , Niu Linlin , Hu Jianting , Zhang Xiaoyuan , Zhang Xiuhua , Zhang Yanyan , Zhang Xiangjun , Ling Peixue , Liu Fei , Zhang Daizhou
Published: March 2023

Poly‐γ‐glutamic acid (PGA) is a naturally degradable hydrophilic linear microbial polymer with moisturizing, immunogenic, cross‐linking, and hydrogel water absorption properties similar to hyaluronic acid, a biomaterial that is commonly used as a dermal filler. To explore the development feasibility of cross‐linked PGA as a novel dermal filler, we studied the local skin response to PGA fillers and the effect of various cross‐linking preparations on the average longevity of dermal injection. Injection site inflammation and the formation of collagen and elastin were also determined. PGA hydrogel particles prepared using 28% PGA and 10% 1,4‐butanediol diglycidyl ether showed optimal filler properties, resistance to moist heat sterilization, and an average filling longevity of 94.7 ± 61.6 days in the dermis of rabbit ears. Local redness and swelling due to filler injection recovered within 14.2 ± 3.6 days. Local tissue necrosis or systemic allergic reactions were not observed, and local collagen formation was promoted. Preliminary results suggested that dermal injection of cross‐linked PGA particles appeared safe and effective, suggesting that cross‐linked PGA particles could be developed as a new hydrogel dermal filler.
A systematic review of sarcopenia prevalence and associated factors in people living with human immunodeficiency virus
Authors: SeyedAlinaghi SeyedAhmad , Ghayomzadeh Morteza , Mirzapour Pegah , Maroufi Seyed Farzad , Pashaei Zahra , Ali Zoha , Tantuoyir Marcarious M. , Aghaie Narjes , Vahedi Farzin , Salmani Roghayeh , MohsseniPour Mehrzad , Qaderi Kowsar , Shahidi Ramin , Peyman Akram , Varshochi Sanaz , Afzalian Arian , Maroufi Seyede Parmis , Mehraeen Esmaeil , Dadras Omid , Hackett Daniel
Published: March 2023

People living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (PLWH) appear to be at an increased risk of sarcopenia, which can have a devastating effect on their life due to consequences such as physical disability, poor quality of life, and finally death. This systematic review examined sarcopenia prevalence and its associated factors in PLWH. A systematic search was conducted using the keywords in the online databases including Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, Embase and Cochrane databases from the dates of inception up to May 2022. The retrieved articles underwent a two‐step title/abstract and full‐text review process, and the eligible papers were selected and included in the qualitative synthesis. Data relating to the study population, purpose of study, gender, age, race, body mass index, medical history, paraclinical results and antiretroviral therapy as associated factors of sarcopenia were extracted. In addition, the prevalence of sarcopenia in PLWH and its promoting and reducing factors were also extracted. We reviewed the 14 related studies for identifying of sarcopenia prevalence and its associated factors in PLWH. The total number of PLWH in all the reviewed studies was 2592. There was no criterion for the minimum number of people with HIV and the lowest number of PLWH was 27, and the highest number was 860. Some studies reported a significantly higher prevalence of sarcopenia in HIV‐infected individuals compared with HIV‐negative controls as follows: 24.2–6.7%, 15–4% and 10–6%, respectively. We showed that, age (30–50 years), being female, >5 years post‐HIV diagnosis, multiple vertebral fractures, cocaine/heroin use and lower gamma‐glutamyl transferase level were the main promoting factors of sarcopenia. Higher educational level, employment, physical exercise, calf circumference >31 cm, and gait speed >0.8 m/s were also factors to reduce sarcopenia. Sarcopenia prevalence in PLWH is higher than HIV‐negative population. Given the importance and prevalence of sarcopenia among PLWH and its associated consequences (i.e., mortality and disability), determining its risk factors is of great importance.
A new perspective on the corneo‐scleral junction with three types of microscopy techniques
Authors: Kose Fatma , Orhan Imdat , Alan Aydın , Cabir Ahmet , Beyaz Feyzullah , Duzler Ayhan
Published: March 2023

The conjunctions of the cornea and sclera in the eyes of donkeys, cattle, dogs, sheep, pigs and rabbits, regardless of gender, were examined in this study. No animals were specifically sacrificed for this investigation. Scanning electron microscopy, light microscopy, and dissecting microscopy were used in this research. In the limbus of all the animals investigated, the cornea and sclera fused in accordance with a pattern. At the corneo‐scleral junction, the sclera was situated anteriorly and the cornea posteriorly in the dorsal and ventral sections of the bulbus oculi. In the medial and lateral parts of the eyeball, the cornea and sclera were facing each other and interlaced. Pigmentation and the sulcus scleralis externus could be used to identify the macro‐and micro‐anatomical boundaries of the limbus. In addition, the cytoplasm of basal epithelial cells shrank, signaling the end of the corneal epithelium and the start of the conjunctival epithelium. The presence of Bowman's membrane in cattle and sheep eyes was definitely determined in histological examinations. Bowman's membrane in these animals came to an end at the limbus, which is where the conjunctival epithelium starts and the corneal epithelium ends. In all areas of the cornea, Bowman's membrane revealed irregular, abrupt thickening and thinning. The corneal epithelium was thick in the vertex and thinner towards the limbus, whereas Descemet's membrane was thin in the center (vertex) and thick in the periphery (near the limbus). In this study, pictures and diagrams were used to illustrate the general anatomical, histological, and morphometric characteristics of the limbus in the species under investigation. The data from our study showed that the limbus region of the bulbus oculi was narrow in the lateral and medial parts and wide in the dorsal and ventral parts. This was confirmed in the studied animals as a general rule. The width value will undoubtedly affect the number of cells covered by the regions. It is conceivable that these cells will play a significant role in the decision of where to perform surgical procedures in order to promote wound healing, giving doctors an advantage. In this circumstances, we think that the limbus should be studied in terms of clinical methods because it has different shapes depending on the species and the position of the bulbus.
Production of fungal chitosan and fabrication of fungal chitosan/polycaprolactone electrospun nanofibers for tissue engineering
Authors: Erdoğmuş Sevim Feyza , Altıntaş Özlem Erdal , ÇELİK Sefa
Published: March 2023

The present study investigated that chitosan production of Rhizopus oryzae NRRL 1526 and Aspergillus niger ATCC 16404. Fungal chitosans were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM)‐energy dispersive X‐ray analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimeter and deacetylation degrees of fungal chitosans were determined. The percentage yield of Ro‐chitosan and An‐chitosan were determined as 18.6% and 12.5%, respectively. According to percentage of chitosan yield and the results of the characterization studies, chitosan that obtained from Rhizopus oryzae NRRL 1526 was selected for subsequent studies. Cytotoxicity of chitosan obtained from Rhizopus oryzae NRRL 1526 was determined by MTT assay on human dermal fibroblast cell line. Acording to results of the cytotoxicity test fungal chitosan was nontoxic on cells. The high cell viability was observed 375 μg/mL concentration at 24th, 48th h periods and at the 187.5 μg/ml 72nd h periods on cells. The fungal chitosan obtained from Rhizopus oryzae NRRL 1526 was used to fabrication of electrospun nanofibers. Fungal chitosan based polymer solutions were prepared by adding different substances and different electrostatic spinning parameters were used to obtain most suitable nanofiber structure. Characterization studies of nanofibers were carried out by SEM, FTIR and X‐ray diffraction. The most suitable nanofiber structure was determined as F4 formula. The nanofiber structure was evaluated to be thin, bead‐free, uniform, flexible and easily remove from surface and taking the shape of the area. After the characterization analysis of fungal chitosan it was determined that the chitosan, which obtained from Rhizopus oryzae NRRL 1526 is actually chitosan polymer and this polymer is usable for pharmaceutical areas and biotechnological applications. The electrospun nanofiber that blends fungal chitosan and PCL polymers were fabricated successfully and that it can be used as fabrication wound dressing models.

Research Highlights

Extraction of chitosan from Rhizopus oryzae NRRL 1526 and Aspergillus niger ATCC 16404 and characterization scanning electron microscopy‐energy dispersive X‐ray analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimeter. Fabrication and characterization of the fungal chitosan/PCL electrospun nanofibers.
Erythroleukemia: Classification
Authors: Cervera Nathalie , Guille Arnaud , Adélaïde José , Hospital Marie‐Anne , Garciaz Sylvain , Mozziconacci Marie‐Joelle , Vey Norbert , Gelsi‐Boyer Véronique , Birnbaum Daniel
Published: March 2023

Acute erythroid leukemia (AEL) is a rare (2%–5%) form of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Molecular alterations found in AEL resemble those of other AMLs. We report a classification of AELs in three major classes, with different prognosis and some specific features such as a tendency to mutual exclusion of mutations in epigenetic regulators and signaling genes.
Strategies to increase couples HIV testing and counselling in sub‐Saharan Africa: a systematic review
Authors: Hampanda Karen M. , Pelowich Krysta , Freeborn Kellie , Graybill Lauren A. , Mutale Wilbroad , Jones Katelyn R. , Saidi Friday , Kumwenda Andrew , Kasaro Margaret , Rosenberg Nora E. , Chi Benjamin H.
Published: March 2023

Introduction

Couple HIV testing and counselling (CHTC) is associated with measurable benefits for HIV prevention and treatment. However, the uptake remains limited in much of sub‐Saharan Africa, despite an expanded range of strategies designed to promote access.

Methods

Following PRIMSA guidelines, we conducted a systematic review to characterize CHTC uptake strategies. Five databases were searched. Full‐text articles were included if they were: conducted in sub‐Saharan Africa during the study period (1980–2019), targeted heterosexual couples, reported at least one strategy to promote CHTC and provided a quantifiable measure of CHTC uptake. After the initial and full‐text screening, key features of the studies were abstracted and synthesized.

Results

Of the 6188 unique records found in our search, 365 underwent full‐text review with 29 distinct studies included and synthesized. Most studies recruited couples through antenatal care (n = 11) or community venues (n = 8) and used provider‐based HIV testing (n = 25). The primary demand creation strategies included home‐based CHTC (n = 7); integration of CHTC into clinical settings (n = 4); distribution of HIV self‐testing kits (n = 4); verbal or written invitations (n = 4); community recruiters (n = 3); partner tracing (n = 2); relationship counselling (n = 2); financial incentives (n = 1); group education with CHTC coupons (n = 1); and HIV testing at other community venues (n = 1). CHTC uptake ranged from negligible to nearly universal.

Discussion

We thematically categorized a diverse range of strategies with varying levels of intensity and resources used across sub‐Saharan Africa to promote CHTC. Offering CHTC within couples’ homes was the most common approach, followed by the integration of CHTC into clinical settings. Due to heterogeneity in study characteristics, we were unable to compare the effectiveness across studies, but several trends were observed, including the high prevalence of CHTC promotion strategies in antenatal settings and the promising effects of home‐based CHTC, distribution of HIV self‐tests and integration of CHTC into routine health services. Since 2019, an updated literature search found that combining partner notification and secondary distribution of HIV self‐test kits may be an additionally effective CHTC strategy.

Conclusions

There are many effective, feasible and scalable approaches to promote CHTC that should be considered by national programmes according to local needs, cultural context and available resources.
The morphology of the free‐living females of Strepsiptera (Insecta)
Authors: Tröger Daniel , Stark Heiko , Beutel Rolf G. , Pohl Hans
Published: March 2023

The morphology of the adult free‐living females of Mengenilla moldrzyki and Eoxenos laboulbenei (Strepsiptera, Mengenillidae) was documented with µCT‐based 3D reconstructions and histological serial sections. External and internal features of both species are characterized by far‐reaching specialization and structural simplification. The well‐developed mandibles are moved by large muscles. Other mouthparts and their corresponding musculature are simplified or absent. The brain is partly shifted into the prothorax. It is followed by a single postcerebral ganglionic complex also containing the subesophageal ganglion and an unpaired abdominal nerve. Postcephalic sclerites are absent, except for the plate‐like pronotum and small pleural sclerites. Wings and associated muscles are missing. The lumina of the large midgut and the anterior hindgut are disconnected. Seven bulb‐shaped Malpighian tubules in M. moldrzyki is the highest number yet described for Strepsiptera. The 10‐segmented abdomen lacks appendages. An unpaired birth organ opens ventrally on abdominal segment VII. The entire body cavity is filled with numerous freely floating eggs, 1386 in the specimen of M. moldrzyki and 721 in E. laboulbenei. Genital ducts, defined gonads, and genital glands are missing. The morphology of female Mengenillidae is discussed with respect to sexual dimorphism and structural features of the postembryonic stages. Phylogenetic implications are outlined.
Dietary supplementation with probiotics increases growth performance, improves the intestinal mucosal barrier and activates the Wnt/β‐catenin pathway activity in chicks
Authors: Tong Di‐qing , Lu Zhu‐jin , Zeng Nan , Wang Xiu‐qi , Yan Hui‐chao , Gao Chun‐qi
Published: March 2023

Background

Probiotics comprise effective feed additives that can replace antibiotics in animal livestock production. However, mono‐strain probiotics appear less effective because of their instability. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate dietary supplementation with compound probiotics (CPP) on growth performance, diarrhea rate and intestinal mucosal barrier, as well as the possible molecular mechanism, in chicks. In total, 360 1‐day‐old chicks of the Hy‐Line Brown Chicks were randomly divided into the control group (CON, basal diet), chlortetracycline group (500 mg kg−1 CTC) and compound probiotics group (1000 mg kg−1 CPP, consisting of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, Enterococcus faecium and yeast). The experiment period was 56 days.

Results

The results showed that, in comparison with the CON group, CPP significantly increased the average daily feed intake and average daily gain of chicks and reduced diarrhea (P < 0.05). The probiotic group exhibited increased immune organ (i.e. spleen and thymus) mass and increased levels of serum immunoglobulin (Ig)A, IgM and IgG (P < 0.05) compared to the CTC group. In addition, the jejunal mass and morphology were improved in the probiotic group (P < 0.05). Moreover, CPP reinforced jejunal barrier function, as indicated by increased transepithelial electrical resistance, protein expression of occludin and claudin‐1, and diamine oxidase levels in the jejunum (P < 0.05). Likewise, enhanced fluorescence signals of proliferating cell nuclear antigen‐labeled mitotic cells and villin‐labeled absorptive cells in the jejunum (P < 0.05) suggested that CPP promoted intestinal stem cells activity. Mechanistically, the Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway, including β‐catenin, TCF4, c‐Myc, cyclin D1 and Lgr5, was amplified in the jejunum by CPP addition (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

The present study demonstrated that dietary supplementation with CPP reinforced the jejunal epithelial integrity by activating Wnt/β‐catenin signaling and enhanced immune function in chicks. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Acute Emphysematous Epiglottitis: A Case Report
Authors: Sunyecz Ian , Orabi Norman , Coutras Steven
Published: March 2023

Epiglottitis is a bacterial infection of the upper respiratory tract that can be rapidly progressive and life‐threatening. Though predominantly seen in unvaccinated children, there seems to be a shift with the incidence of adult cases rising following the Haemophilus Influenza B (HiB) vaccine. There are several reports of epiglottitis manifesting as an abscess, but few cases report on the formation of an emphysematous abscess. Additionally, little is known on the bacterial etiology of such infections. Here, we present a case of a patient found to have acute emphysematous epiglottis managed with fiberoptic intubation, drainage, and culture of the abscess. Laryngoscope, 133:2747–2750, 2023
Non‐Hermitian Control of Topological Scattering Singularities Emerging from Bound States in the Continuum
Authors: Sakotic Zarko , Stankovic Predrag , Bengin Vesna , Krasnok Alex , Alú Andrea , Jankovic Nikolina
Published: March 2023

Leveraging topological properties in the response of electromagnetic systems can greatly enhance their potential. Although the investigation of singularity‐based electromagnetics and non‐Hermitian electronics has considerably increased in recent years in the context of various scattering anomalies, their topological properties have not been fully assessed. In this work, it is theoretically and experimentally demonstrated that non‐Hermitian perturbations around bound states in the continuum can lead to singularities of the scattering matrix, which are topologically nontrivial and comply with charge conservation. The associated scattering matrix poles, zeros, and pole‐zero pairs delineate extreme scattering events, including lasing, coherent perfect absorption, and absorber‐lasers. The presented framework enables a recipe for generation, annihilation, and addition of these singularities in electric circuits, with potential for extreme scattering engineering across a broad range of the electromagnetic spectrum for sensing, wireless power and information transfer, polarization control, and thermal emission devices.
Biological and synthetic surfactant exposure increases antimicrobial gene occurrence in a freshwater mixed microbial biofilm environment
Authors: Gill Stephanie P. , Snelling William J. , Dooley James S. G. , Ternan Nigel G. , Banat Ibrahim M. , Arnscheidt Joerg , Hunter William R.
Published: March 2023

Aquatic habitats are particularly susceptible to chemical pollution, such as antimicrobials, from domestic, agricultural, and industrial sources. This has led to the rapid increase of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) gene prevalence. Alternate approaches to counteract pathogenic bacteria are in development including synthetic and biological surfactants such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and rhamnolipids. In the aquatic environment, these surfactants may be present as pollutants with the potential to affect biofilm formation and AMR gene occurrence. We tested the effects of rhamnolipid and SDS on aquatic biofilms in a freshwater stream in Northern Ireland. We grew biofilms on contaminant exposure substrates deployed within the stream over 4 weeks. We then extracted DNA and carried out shotgun sequencing using a MinION portable sequencer to determine microbial community composition, with 16S rRNA analyses (64,678 classifiable reads identified), and AMR gene occurrence (81 instances of AMR genes over 9 AMR gene classes) through a metagenomic analysis. There were no significant changes in community composition within all systems; however, biofilm exposed to rhamnolipid had a greater number of unique taxa as compared to SDS treatments and controls. AMR gene prevalence was higher in surfactant‐treated biofilms, although not significant, with biofilm exposed to rhamnolipids having the highest presence of AMR genes and classes compared to the control or SDS treatments. Our results suggest that the presence of rhamnolipid encourages an increase in the prevalence of AMR genes in biofilms produced in mixed‐use water bodies.
A Novel Metric for Predicting Severity of Disease Features in Friedreich's Ataxia
Authors: Rodden Layne N. , Rummey Christian , Kessler Sudha , Wilson Robert B. , Lynch David R.
Published: March 2023

Background

Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA), most commonly caused by a GAA triplet repeat (GAA‐TR) expansion in intron 1 of the FXN gene, is characterized by deficiency of frataxin protein and clinical features such as progressive ataxia, dysarthria, impaired proprioception and vibration, abolished deep tendon reflexes, Babinski sign, and vision loss in association with non‐neurological features such as skeletal anomalies, hearing loss, cardiomyopathy, and diabetes. Pathogenic GAA‐TRs range in size from 60 to 1500 triplets and negatively correlate with age of onset. Clinical severity is predicted by a combination of GAA‐TR length and disease duration (DD) via multivariable regressions, which cannot typically be used for the small sample sizes in most studies on this rare disease.

Objective

We aimed to develop a single metric, which we call “disease burden” (DB), that encompasses both GAA‐TR length and DD for predicting disease features of FRDA in small sample sizes.

Methods

Linear regression and multivariable regression analysis was used to determine correlation coefficients between different disease features of FRDA.

Results

Using large datasets for validation, we found that DB predicts measures of neurological dysfunction in FRDA better than GAA‐TR length or DD. Analogous results were found using small datasets.

Conclusions

FRDA DB is a novel metric of disease severity that has utility in small datasets to demonstrate correlations that would not otherwise be evident with either GAA‐TR or DD alone. This is important for discovering new biomarkers, as well as improving the prediction of severity of disease features in FRDA. © 2023 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Science and technology startups win initial funds for SMI innovation
Authors: Enos Gary
Published: March 2023

The initial cohort of emerging companies selected for investment from the nonprofit organization One Mind is leveraging innovation in science and technology to support the mental health of populations ranging from youths to athletes to the Latinx community.
The relationship between psychosocial job stressors and insomnia: The mediating role of psychological capital
Authors: Du Juan , He Shi‐Zhe , Li Min‐Jie , Wu Chao , Zheng Wen‐Kai , Zhang Lin‐Yuan , Heng Chun‐Ni , Ni Chun‐Ping , Lang Hong‐Juan
Published: March 2023

Aim

This study aimed to examine the association of job‐related stressors and insomnia; to determine the association of psychological capital and insomnia; and to explore whether psychological capital mediates the association between job‐related stressors and insomnia among Chinese nurses.

Design

A cross‐sectional questionnaire survey.

Methods

The STROBE statement was utilized to guide the study. A total of 810 nurses from one tertiary grade hospital in Shan Dong Province, China, were recruited for the present study and a total of 658 valid questionnaires were obtained (effective recovery rate: 81.2%). The study survey consisted of demographic variables, psychological capital, job stress and insomnia. Descriptive analysis, independent‐samples T‐test, one‐way analysis of variance, stratified regression analysis, Pearson correlation analyses, ordinary least‐squares regression and the bootstrap method were used to analyse data.

Results

Findings of the study determined that demographic, work‐related, behavioural and work setting (i.e. working hours, chronic disease, negative life events, smoking behaviour and night shift) factors were differentially associated with experiences of insomnia. The empirical study showed that psychological capital had statistically significant mediating effects between job stressors and insomnia.

Public Contribution

This study explored the factors associated with nurses' psychological job stressors and insomnia. Some of the associated factors could be used for the prevention and mitigation of psychosocial dysfunction among nurses. This study found nurses in surgery, emergency department, ICU, working >40 h a week, with chronic illness, experiencing negative life events, shift work and high effort, high overcommitment and low reward had higher scores of insomnia respectively. The results of this study also showed that reward was correlated with the increase of psychological capital, and the increase of psychological capital was correlated with the decrease of insomnia in nurses. On the contrary, effort and overcommitment decreased psychological capital, and then increased insomnia among nurses. These findings have important implications for future research and policy interventions to improve sleep quality of nurses and enhance nurses' health and patients' safety. This study significantly suggests that improving nurses' psychological capital is a potential way to help nurses improve sleep quality when psychosocial job stressors are difficult external environment to change.
Engineering Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the de novo Production of Halogenated Tryptophan and Tryptamine Derivatives
Authors: Milne Nicholas , Sáez‐Sáez Javier , Nielsen Annette Munch , Dyekjær Jane Dannow , Rago Daniela , Kristensen Mette , Wulff Tune , Borodina Irina
Published: March 2023

The indole scaffold is a recurring structure in multiple bioactive heterocycles and natural products. Substituted indoles like the amino acid tryptophan serve as a precursor for a wide range of natural products with pharmaceutical or agrochemical applications. Inspired by the versatility of these compounds, medicinal chemists have for decades exploited indole as a core structure in the drug discovery process. With the aim of tuning the properties of lead drug candidates, regioselective halogenation of the indole scaffold is a common strategy. However, chemical halogenation is generally expensive, has a poor atom economy, lacks regioselectivity, and generates hazardous waste streams. As an alternative, in this work we engineer the industrial workhorse Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the de novo production of halogenated tryptophan and tryptamine derivatives. Functional expression of bacterial tryptophan halogenases together with a partner flavin reductase and a tryptophan decarboxylase resulted in the production of halogenated tryptophan and tryptamine with chlorine or bromine. Furthermore, by combining tryptophan halogenases, production of di‐halogenated molecules was also achieved. Overall, this works paves the road for the production of new‐to‐nature halogenated natural products in yeast.
The tough and multi‐functional stretchable device based on silicone rubber composites
Authors: Kumar Vineet , Alam Md Najib , Azam Siraj , Manikkavel Amutheesan , Park Sang‐Shin
Published: March 2023

Recently, the advances in stretchable electronic devices have attracted great attention around the world. New technologies are constantly updated to obtain a stretchable device with high performance and robust durability. The stretchable device‐based rubber composites were prepared with the addition of room‐temperature‐vulcanized silicone rubber (RTV‐SR) and different types of nanofillers such as graphite nanoplatelets (GNP), molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), and their hybrid. The hybrid composites contain both nanofillers in 50:50 ratios. The mechanical performance of the stretchable device was studied and presented. For example, the compressive modulus was 1.86 MPa (virgin), and at 20 per hundred parts of rubber (phr) was 3.9 MPa (GNP), 2.3 MPa (MoS2), and 2.72 MPa (Hybrid). The mechanical stretching ability of the composites was 120% (virgin), and at 20 phr was 170% (GNP), 182% (MoS2), and 171% for (Hybrid). At end of the work, a novel stretchable device based on a piezo‐electric effect is presented which provides an output voltage of ~1.2 V and high durability of >0.1 million cycles without significant degradation. This device is based on a rubber composite with the inclusion of electro‐active and dielectric materials as described in the subsequent section of the paper.
Nonisothermal crystallization of poly(L‐lactic acid) promoted by polyols
Authors: Yang Biao , Wang Huifang , Wan Xinyu , Fan Baomin , Sun Hui
Published: March 2023

The inherent weak crystallization capacity has an impact on the processability and serviceability of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and limits its application. D‐mannitol (DM) and xylitol (Xy), acting as a nucleation accelerant, were melt‐blended with poly(L‐lactic acid) (PLLA) and the nonisothermal crystallization behavior was investigated. At 1% dosage, the crystallization temperatures of polyol‐modified PLLAs are 10–15°C higher than those of neat PLLA in the cooling rate range of 5–20°C. The theoretical half‐time of crystallization (t1/2) of the Jeziorny model remains constant over the cooling rate range of 10–20°C min−1, in contrast to the greatly reduced t1/2 reported for heterogeneous nucleating agents. Xy is more effective than DM in promoting crystallization. It increases the crystallinity of PLLA to ~40% within the 1%–5% dosage; and the activation energy of nonisothermal crystallization calculated by the Friendman method follows the order of magnitude: neat PLLA ˃ PLLA/DM ˃ PLLA/Xy. Polyols promote the crystallization of PLLA by a mechanism different from heterogeneous nucleation, providing an efficient and biosafety approach to improve the performance of PLA.
Simulations of morphology control of self‐assembled amphiphilic surfactants
Authors: Zhu Qinyu , Tree Douglas R.
Published: March 2023

One of the grand challenges of amphiphilic self‐assembly is the design of ordered structures whose morphology or shape can be explicitly and dynamically controlled by adjusting the properties of the amphiphiles or their surroundings. Such a capacity would enable researchers to create synthetic systems with functionality that meets or exceeds biological cells, and provide a robust platform for a broad range of engineering applications such as artificial tissues, drug delivery, and separation membranes. Despite significant progress, important fundamental questions remain unanswered, due in part to the limited resolution and the restricted parameter spaces that are readily accessible in experiments. Computational studies thus provide an important complement to experiments, enabling in‐depth insight into underlying mechanisms and an exploration of the parameter spaces for behavior that has not yet been achieved in experiments. In this review, we briefly introduce fundamental concepts and pertinent experiments related to dynamic shape modulation in self‐assembled amphiphiles. Then, in the bulk of the review, we survey the most influential simulation studies that investigate and identify approaches to control the self‐assembled shape of amphiphiles, with an emphasis on kinetic and mechanical effects. Finally, we conclude with a perspective on future research directions in this exciting field.