bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Geomorphology of the island of Tinos
Authors: ΛΕΙΒΑΔΊΤΗΣ Γ. , ΑΛΕΞΟΥΛΗ-ΛΕΙΒΑΔΙΤΗ Α.
Published: August 2018

Morphology of Tinos Island is controlled mainly by lithology and tectonics. A significant factor is also the climate; the very high humidity and the strong winds of NNE directions. These special climate characteristics cause intense chemical alteration and cellular weathering at schists and granodiorites. The relief is fairly mountainous. Mt. Tsiknias in the south is the highest mountain (725m). In the central part of the island there are Mesovouni (647m) and Prasa (614m). The slopes of the valley-sides vary a lot depending mainly on the original dip. The relief is smooth while slopes of 15-45% comprise 73% of the island. Three morphological units with different relief type can be distinguished, that results from lithological differences and the type of erosion. The first unit covers the larger part of the island and consists of mica-schists with marble intercalation. The second unit is observed at the mountains Tsiknias, Vouno and Marias. It consists of green schist, clorittalkschists. It is characterized generally of smooth relief with acute notched peaks and Tafoni. The third unit comprises the area of the plutonic rocks. It is characterized by dispersed rounded bulks of granite and spheroidal weathering. Petrologie examination showed biotitic-monzogranit in the area Steni-Volax and biotitic-granodiorit in Livada. In the spherical bulks of Livada Tafoni are created. The spheroidal weathering is owed to chemical processes. The weathered mantle was identified sericitization. The island is crossed by a watershed, which is parallel to the long axis of the island trending NW-SE, and separates the island in two asymmetric parts. The watershed is coincided to the axis of the folds. Pianation surfaces are observed at 100m, 200m, 300- 350m, 410-430m and at 600m. The topographic slopes along the coasts of Tinos present a wide range of values. The slopes of the coasts of the 500m cross-sectional coastal zone, are higher of those of the 1000m one. Clear relation between the slopes of these zones and the corresponding lithologie formations is not observed. It is believed that the main factors which controls the slope morphology of the coastal zone is the tectonic and the weathering.
Geomorphological classification of the Thrace coasts after Valentin
Authors: ΞΕΙΔΑΚΗ Γ. , ΔΕΛΗΜΑΝΗ Π.
Published: August 2018

An attempt is made in this paper to elucidate the geologic evolution of the coastal zone at the North Aegean Sea (Thrace area) during the Holocene period and its géomorphologie classification. Various classification systems were applied but the Valentin system found to be the most applicable for the situation. Data were drawn from old topographic maps and aerophotos and from field observations. The main conclusion from this study is that the coasts of Thrace, and the North Aegean Sea, in their major stretch are retreating and submegning slowly(transgressive); most of them are formed by terrestrial deposits (river, torrents, etc) and are plain (open) coasts, according to Valentin classification. Even stretches of the Nestos River delta retreated by 100-150 m during the last forty years. The retrogression of the Thrace coasts is attributed mainly to engineering interference in the drainage system inland (construction of dams and irrigation canals, rearrangement or diversion of the river courses, embankment at rivers, etc.). All these works reduced drastically the sediments supply to the sea through the drainage system resulting in the erosion of the coasts. Technical interference near or on the shoreline like port construction, summer resorts, breakwaters, etc. also changed the dynamic equilibrium of the sediment transport along the shoreline, resulting in erosion at some stretches and deposition at others. There are but a few places where the coast is in equilibrium or even advancing e.g. estuaries and deltas of small torrents,the Mangana coast, the Mandra-Porto Lagos coast, etc.
ΑΝΘΡΩΠΟΓΕΝΕΙΣ ΠΑΡΑΓΟΝΤΕΣ ΣΤΗ ΓΕΩΜΟΡΦΟΑΟΓΙΚΗ ΕΞΕΑΙΞΗ ΤΗΣ Β.Α. ΚΑΙ Α. ΤΩΝ ΑΟΥΤΡΩΝ ΤΗΣ ΑΙΔΗΨΟΥ ΠΕΡΙΟΧΗΣ (Β.ΕΥΒΟΙΑ)
Authors: ΠΑΠΑΔΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ-ΒΡΥΝΙΩΤΗ Κ. Α.
Published: August 2018

Στην παρούσα εργασία μελετώνται ανθρωπογενείς γεωμορφές της Β.Α. και Α. των Λουτρών Αιδηψούπεριοχής στη Β. Εύβοια, που οφείλονται σε μορφοδυναμικές διεργασίες οι οποίες προκύπτουν από τη χρήσητης γης σε συνδυασμό με το κλίμα και τη λιθολογία. Εντοπίστηκαν γεωμορφές 1) που περιλαμβάνουν έναεκτεταμένο δίκτυο χωρίς βλάστηση με γλωσσοειδείς επιφάνειες απόπλυσης οφειλόμενες στην κτηνοτροφία, 2)Υδρογραφικό δίκτυο τύπου Badlands έμμεσης (κτηνοτροφία) και άμεσης (οδοποιία) ανθρωπογενούς προέλευσης,3) Πυραμιδοειδή Badlands - άμεσηβ ανθρωπογενούς προέλευσης. Οι ανωτέρω γεωμορφές επιταχύνουντη διάβρωση με καταστροφικά φαινόμενα, (κατολισθήσεις, καθιζήσεις κ.λ.π.) που εντοπίστηκαν στις οδικέςαρτηρίες Αιδηψού - Πολύλοφου και Λουτρών Αιδηψού - Ηλίων - Λίμνης. Γενικά η παρουσία τέτοιωνανθρωπογενών γεωμορφών πρέπει να λαμβάνεται υπ' όψιν κατά την κατασκευή τεχνικών έργων και προςτούτο προτείνονται ορισμένα προληπτικά μέτρα.
Exploring machine learning: A bibliometric general approach using SciMAT
Authors: Rincon-Patino Juan , Ramirez-Gonzalez Gustavo , Corrales Juan Carlos
Published: August 2018

Background: Machine learning is becoming increasingly important for companies and the scientific community. In this study, we perform a bibliometric analysis on machine learning research, in order to provide an overview of the scientific work during the period 2007-2017 in this area and to show trends that could be the basis for future developments in the field.

Methods: This study is carried out using the SciMAT tool based on results extracted from Scopus. This analysis shows the strategic diagrams of evolution and a set of thematic networks. The results provide information on broad tendencies of machine learning.

Results: The results show that SciMAT is a useful tool to carry out a science mapping analysis, and emphasizes the premise that machine learning has boundless applications and will continue to be an interesting research field in the future.

Conclusions: Some of the conclusions exposed in this study show that classification algorithms have been widely studied and represent a relevant tool for generating different machine learning applications. Nonetheless, regression algorithms are becoming increasingly important in the scientific community, allowing the generation of solutions to predict diseases, sales, and yields, for example.
Pressure ulcer prevention using an alternating-pressure mattress overlay: the MATCARP project
Authors: Meaume Sylvie , Marty Marc
Published: August 2018

Objective:

The primary objective was to assess the incidence of pressure ulcer (PU) in patients at high risk of PU and lying between 15–20 hours per day on an alternating-pressure mattress overlay (APMO). Secondary objectives were the patient's satisfaction with the comfort of the APMO, patient acceptance of its sound level, and the care team's assessment of its use and the moisture level.

Method:

This prospective observational study was conducted in three rehabilitation centres and two nursing homes between June 2016 and March 2017. To be included, patients should not have PU at baseline and present a high risk of PU (Braden score between 10–15). The primary endpoint was the percentage of patients in whom a PU developed over a 35-day period.

Results:

A total of 83 patients were included in the study. Neurological disease was responsible for the reduced mobility of 44 (53.7%) patients, 10 patients (12.0%) dropped out (one patient for a serious adverse event (femoral neck fracture) considered not to be related to the APMO, four patients for adverse events, two of which were considered to be related to APMO and five for other reasons, including, in one case, discomfort with the APMO. These patients were considered in the analysis. Over the study period, 1.2% (1/83) (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.03 to 6.53) of patients developed a PU. Patient satisfaction with the comfort of the APMO, patient acceptance of its sound level, and the care team's assessment of its use were considered satisfying for most patients.

Conclusion:

Based on the findings of this study of a low incidence of PU in participating patients, the use of an AMPO is recommended in high-risk patients lying for between 15–20 hours a day.
Cutting my safety line
Authors: Elsey Abbygail
Published: August 2018

In this month's student column, Abbygail Elsey describes the exciting and nerve-racking experience of leaving the student life behind for the beginning of a career as a newly qualified paramedic
Understanding an alternative approach to paramedic leadership
Authors: Johnson David , Bainbridge Peter , Hazard Wendy
Published: August 2018

Overview

Leadership is an essential feature of the life of a paramedic. During incidents, while working with multi-agency colleagues, and within organisations, leadership is an expected quality for paramedics to have. Across health and social care organisations, leadership is said to be of pivotal importance to future success. This has led to a large investment in leadership development programmes that organisations are now seeking to justify. Leadership, as a concept however, is complex and multifaceted. The nature of leadership has been debated over millennia and disagreement remains as to how to define it. The current article uses Critical Interpretive Synthesis to consider how approaches to leadership have developed over time. It concludes with a synthesising argument that leadership is a social construct; as such, no single definition will ever be appropriate. However, the four elements that comprise the leadership equation should be considered if the paramedic leader is to be effective.
Reverse distal femoral locking plate for subtrochanter femur fracture
Authors: Giarso Peter , Dilogo Ismail H.
Published: August 2018

In these case series, we used titanium locking compression plate-distal femur (LCP-DF) plate (Synthes) 9–11 hole using less invasive stabilization system or open reduction technique. This case series aims to determine the functional scores on reverse distal femoral locking plate for subtrochanteric femur fracture. A 34-year-old male with closed subtrochanteric fracture of the right femur (Seinsheimer 2B) with Harris hip scores (HHS) of 17, 96, and 97 obtained consecutively in 0, 6, and 12 months, respectively. A 24-year-old male with closed comminuted subtrochanteric fracture of the right femur (Seinsheimer V) with HHS of 13, 93, and 97 at 0, 6, and 12 months respectively. A 39-year-old male with non-union, left subtrochanteric femur fracture (Seinsheimer 2C) yielded HHS of 38, 73, and 77 at 0, 6, and 12 months, respectively. A 35-year-old female with close subtrochanteric fracture of the right femur (Seinsheimer IIB) yielded HHS of 23, 40, and 73 at 0, 6, and 12 months, respectively. Mean initial HHS and scores at 6 and 12 months reached 22, 75, and 86, respectively.
Effect of zinc supplementation on triglyceride and malondialdehyde levels: study on diabetic Wistar rats induced with streptozotocin
Authors: Ryadinency Resty , Hadisaputro Suharyo , Rachmawati Banundari
Published: August 2018

Background: Diabetes mellitus is associated with increased blood glucose and triglyceride levels, which can lead to an oxidative stress. Zinc (Zn) is a micronutrient that has antioxidant properties and involved in lipid and glucose metabolism. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of zinc on the levels of fasting blood glucose (FBG), triglycerides (TG), and malondialdehyde (MDA) in male diabetic Rattus norvegicus Wistar rats.Methods: Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 40 mg/kg BW streptozotocin (STZ) and confirmed by FBG level higher than 200 mg/dL after 2 weeks. The rats were randomly divided into three groups: control group (STZ), treatment I (STZ + zinc 5 mg/kg BW), and treatment II (STZ + zinc 10 mg/kg BW). Zinc was administered by oral gavage for 30 days. At the end of the experiment, levels of FBG, TG, and MDA were measured. Data were analyzed using paired t-test or Wilcoxon test as appropriate.Results: Supplementation of 5 mg/kg zinc significantly decreased the levels of FBG (pre-intervention: 328.95±70.90 mg/dL, post-intervention: 144.35±34.27 mg/dL, p<0.05), TG (pre-intervention: 252.48±26.30 mg/dL, post-intervention: 147.90±12.18 mg/dL, p<0.05), and MDA (pre-intervention: 12.11±6.46 nm/mL, post-intervention: 4.75±2.34 nm/mL, p<0.05). Moreover, supplementation of 10 mg/kg zinc decreased the levels of TG (pre-intervention: 275.62±56.25nm/mL, post-intervention: 165.58±22.63 nm/mL, p<0.05) and MDA (pre-intervention: 13.08±6.60 nm/mL, post-intervention: 5.08±2.40 nm/mL, p<0.05).Conclusion: Supplementation of zinc significantly reduced the levels of FBG, TG, and MDA in diabetic rats.
Chronic physical exercise increases a neurogenesis marker within hippocampus
Authors: Zulkarnain Mohammad , Flora Rostika , Andrianti Septi
Published: August 2018

Background:Aerobic and anaerobic physical exercises conducted in both acute and chronic are really essential in keeping the body especially brain healthy. Physical exercise plays an important role in molecular system and is beneficial for the brain by enhancing neurogenesis which is mediated by the increase of BDNF level. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of physical exercise to the BDNF level of hippocampus tissues in Wistar rats.Methods: Thirty male rats were divided into five groups i.e. control group, acute aerobic physical exercise group, acute anaerobic physical exercise group, chronic aerobic physical exercise group, and chronic anaerobic physical exercise group. Physical exercises were conducted on animal treadmill. The level of hippocampus BDNF was determined using ELISA. The data were analyzed using independent t-test.Results: BDNF average levels of chronic aerobic and anaerobic physical exercises were higher than those of acute ones (152.86±1.62 pg/ml and 122.22±1.53 pg/ml vs 59.38±6.10 pg/ml and 54.05±3.35 pg/ml). There were significant differences in the BDNF average levels of hippocampus tissues between aerobic and anaerobic groups, in both acute and chronic exercise.Conclusion: The chronic physical exercises, both aerobic or anaerobic, are increasing higher the level of BDNF in brain tissue.
The knowledge retention after continuing health education among midwives in Indonesia
Authors: Bardosono Saptawati , Hildayani Rini , Chandra Dian N. , Basrowi Ray W. , Wibowo Yulianti
Published: August 2018

Background: Amongst the Health Care Professionals, midwife has a strategic role in taking care of both mother and child in contributing to their survival, health, and wellbeing. The retaining midwife’s knowledge and quality of care through training on specific skills is strongly needed. This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge retention among midwives after the provision of digestive health, nutrition, and parenting education sessions at immediate and three months after the education.Methods: A serial pre-post intervention experimental study was conducted from January to July 2016 to evaluate the knowledge before (pre-test), immediate after (post-test), and three months after the provision of three sessions of digestion health, nutrition, and parenting (character building) topics by the experts which covered from several areas in Indonesia. The improvement of the sufficient knowledge proportion time by time was analyzed by using McNemar test.Results: The low immediate response rate (77.2%) and very low response after the 3-month follow-up (26.4%) were revealed during the study. At baseline, less than 50% of the subjects had sufficient knowledge on digestive health, nutrition, and parenting. At immediate after and after three months, there were significant improvements in the proportion of sufficient knowledge in nutrition and parenting topics. However, there was a declining of sufficient knowledge at after 3 months group compared to immediate group.Conclusion: The knowledge retention from the continuing health education among widwives in Indonesia decreased after 3 months.
Obesity and central obesity
Authors: Kurniati Nia
Published: August 2018

[no abstract available]
Experimental demonstration of indoor uplink near-infrared LED camera communication
Authors: Cahyadi Willy Anugrah , Chung Yeon Ho
Published: August 2018

In this paper, we present experimental demonstration of an indoor uplink near-infrared LED camera communication (ICC) that employs near-infrared (IR) light as a communication medium and a camera as the receiver. The proposed ICC exploits advantages of the camera receiver to provide wider coverage and accurate indoor positioning in IR communications. Since near-IR light is the communication medium, ICC can safely increase the light intensity compared with other visible light based wireless communication schemes. Unlike previous studies focused on positioning only, the ICC provides practical uplink indoor wireless communication as well as positioning. As in optical camera communications, the blooming effect from slow speed cameras needs to be mitigated in the ICC. An adaptive intensity compensation algorithm is also proposed for reducing this blooming effect. The blooming reduction algorithm is based on the absence of visible light interference in IR communications. Experiments demonstrate that employing an even low-specification webcam and low-power LEDs can provide centimeter-scale accuracy for the user positioning and a data rate of 6.72 kbit/s at a distance of 100 cm.
Cavitation Erosion – Phenomenon and Test Rigs
Authors: Krella A. K. , Zakrzewska D. E.
Published: August 2018

The cavitation and cavitation erosion phenomenon have been shortly presented. The main four types of test rigs to investigate the cavitation erosion resistance have been shown. Each type of test design is described and an example of a design is shown. A special attention has been payed to the designs described in the International ASTM Standards: a vibratory design and a cavitating jet cell. There was shown that the design of a test device and the test conditions affect the resistance to cavitation erosion of a material.
Studies of Erosion Resistance of Protective Coats on the Surfaces of Machine Elements Washed with Fluids
Authors: Adamkiewicz A. , Waliszyn A.
Published: August 2018

This article indicated at erosion as one of the causes of degradation of surfaces washed by fluids and conditions of its occurrence. Corrosive – erosive theory of metal surface degradation has been discussed linking it with an instance of destructive processes taking place in cylinder liner blocks of combustion engines. Physics and conditions influencing processes on liquid – washed operational surface phase boundary have been justified. Out of the contemporary hypotheses explaining the physics of cavitation erosion, the bubble theory has been considered. A mathematical model of erosion has been presented in the context of cavitation implosion energy determining crash interactions of liquid cumulative fluxes on the washed surface. Occurring plastic deformations have been graphically explained linking them with the occurrence of fatigue micro-cracks and later with erosive pits. Influence of initial steel hardness on intensity of cavitation erosion has been checked. Discussion of ways to increase metal surface resistance to cavitation erosion has been carried out.
The force applied to the knee extensor mechanism differs between flat-footed and normal subjects during walking
Authors: Razeghi Mohsen , Ebrahimi Samaneh , Yazdani Farzaneh , Tahayori Behdad
Published: August 2018

Study aim: There is a lack of evidence to show the presence or absence of a relationship between foot morphology and changes of the force applied to the knee extensor mechanism. The purpose of this study was to examine whether the type of foot is a determining factor in the force applied to the extensor mechanism during walking. Materials and methods: Twenty female subjects (18-30 years), 10 with neutrally aligned feet and 10 with functional flat foot, participated in this study. Data were collected by employing a three dimensional motion capture system and a force platform, while the subjects were walking at their preferred speed. Knee extensor mechanism force was measured at sub-phases of gait (heel strike and toe-off). Results: A significant interaction was found between groups and sub-phases of gait for all the variables tested. The subjects with flat foot exhibited a significantly higher extensor mechanism force at toe-off compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: It can be concluded that subtalar hyper-pronation would increase the force applied to the knee extensor mecha­nism at toe-off, through increasing the knee sagittal angle, net external flexion moment and extensor mechanism moment arm. Therefore it may increase the possibility of musculoskeletal injuries
Progress in semicrystalline heat-resistant polyamides
Authors: Zhang Chuanhui
Published: August 2018

For the past decade, market demands for semicrystalline heat-resistant polyamides (HPAs) with excellent performance and significantly improved heat-resistant temperature has grown rapidly, and they are widely used in the electronic and electrical industry, as light-emitting diodes and in the automobile field (as metal replacements). Industrialized HPAs to date, include PA46, PA6T copolyamides, PA9T and PA10T. Other HPAs being researched include full aliphatic HPA, PA5T, long carbon chain HPA, PXD10 and alicyclic HPA. This review addresses progress in HPAs, especially the properties of HPA, patents analysis and polymerization processes.
Determination of Homocysteine in Urine and Saliva by Microchip Electrophoresis
Authors: Troška Peter , Mandžáková Anna , Hradski Jasna , Ševčík Juraj , Masár Marián
Published: August 2018

An online combination of isotachophoresis (ITP) and capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) was employed on a microchip with a column-coupling technology for the determination of homocysteine in various body fluids. ITP with its high concentration ability was used as a sample pretreatment and injection technique for CZE, which facilitated the rapid and sensitive determination of homocysteine. The resolution of the analyte from other constituents present in real complex samples was enhanced by discrete spacers, which were added to the injected sample. A solid-phase microextraction (SPME) pretreatment technique based on silver- and barium-form resins was used prior to the ITP-CZE analysis to remove high concentrations of chloride and sulfate naturally present in the analyzed samples. The combination of the micropretreatment and microelectrophoresis techniques facilitated the determination of trace concentrations of homocysteine in samples of urine and saliva
Effects of reduced and traditional tillage on soil properties and diversity of diatoms under winter wheat
Authors: Stanek-Tarkowska Jadwiga , Czyż Ewa A. , Dexter Anthony R. , Sławiński Cezary
Published: August 2018

The aim of this study was to quantify soil properties, microbial biodiversity and crop yield under two tillage systems used for winter wheat production in monoculture. The study was conducted in the period 2013-2016, on a long-term field experiment on a silt loam at the Krasne Research Station near Rzeszów, Poland. Traditional tillage involved soil inversion whereas reduced tillage was a non-inversion system. The following soil properties: chemical (soil organic carbon, pH, available P, K, Mg), physical (soil bulk density, water content, stability in water), and biological (the diversity of diatoms) were measured on samples collected throughout the growing season and at harvest. Soil organic carbon content, water content and bulk density in the 0-5 and 5-10 cm layers were greater in reduced tillage than in traditional tillage. Under reduced tillage the amount of readily dispersible clay was reduced giving increased soil stability in water. Soil under reduced tillage had greater diversity of diatoms (139 taxa) than that under traditional tillage (102 taxa). Wheat yields were positively correlated with precipitation, soil water content and soil organic carbon, and negatively correlated with readily dispersible clay.
A New Approach for Semi-Analytical Solution of Cross-plane Phonon Transport in Silicon–Diamond Thin Films
Authors: Yilbas Bekir Sami , Alassar Rajai Samih Mousa , Al-Dweik Ahmad Yousef , Mansoor Saad Bin
Published: August 2018

Transient analysis of phonon cross-plane transport across two consecutively placed thin films is considered, and a new approach is introduced to obtain the semi-analytical solution for the equation of phonon radiative transport. The orthogonality properties of trigonometric functions are used in the mathematical analysis. Silicon and diamond thin films are used to resemble the consecutively placed thin films. The films are thermally disturbed from its edges to initiate the phonon transport, and thermal boundary resistance is introduced at the films interface. Equivalent equilibrium temperature is incorporated to quantify the phonon intensity distribution in the films. It is found that the results of the analytical solution agree well with their counterparts obtained from the numerical simulations. Phonon intensity at the film edges and interface reduces significantly due to boundary scattering. The analytical solution captures phonon scattering at boundaries and interface correctly, and provides considerable simplification of the numerical treatment of the equation for phonon radiative transport. It also reduces significantly the numerical efforts required for solving the transient phonon radiative transport equation pertinent to the cross-plan transport across the thin films in terms of program size and run-time.
Applying Pareto Frontier to Determine Control Strategy of Technical Objects Operation Process
Authors: Migawa Klaudiusz , Knopik Leszek , Neubauer Andrzej , Sołtysiak Agnieszka
Published: August 2018

The paper deals with the multi-criteria model of technical objects operation process control in which the choice of control strategy is made with the use of nondeterministic methods. The decisive model was created with the use of decisive theories of semi-Markov processes. The choice of the optimum (quasi-optimum) solution is made with the use of simulated annealing algorithm. As a result of numeric calculations for used criteria functions (availability, risk), a set of quasi-optimum solutions in the form of Pareto frontier is obtained.
Method of Availability Control in the Transport System using Simulation Model of Operation and Maintenance Process
Authors: Migawa Klaudiusz , Neubauer Andrzej , Muślewski Łukasz , Landowski Bogdan
Published: August 2018

The paper presents the description of algorithm for calculation characteristics of simulation model for the operation and maintenance process of transport means. The model presented in the paper constitutes an integral element of the developed complex method of quality control in elaborate technical object performance systems. In the example presented in the paper, the evaluation criteria consist of the availability of technical object as well as unit profit generated in the states of the modeled operation and maintenance process. On the basis of the results of research carried out at an existing operation and maintenance system, entry data for the model were obtained and simulation experiments were carried out.
Method of Determining the Required Number of Technical Backup Area Posts
Authors: Migawa Klaudiusz , Woropay Maciej , Gniot Maciej , Salamońska Monika
Published: August 2018

In complex operation systems, the processes of rendering technical objects roadworthy are carried out at specifically designed technical backup area posts. The article presents the method of defining the number of technical backup area posts required for appropriate functioning of assigned service and repair task. Then typical calculation results are presented in charts prepared on the basis of data obtained from tests at existing transport means operation system. The presented method makes it possible to analogically determine the minimum required number of posts for carrying out the assigned service and repair task for both a subsystem comprised of a group of units a given group of posts or an individual post in traffic maintenance and intervention subsystems.
Basics of the Corrective - Resonant Spectral Method of Gas Flow Identification from the Damaged Pipeline and its Experimental Verification
Authors: Grądzki Rafał , Golak Karol , Lindstedt Paweł
Published: August 2018

An important problem in the operation of gas pipelines is the identification of accidental gas leakage from the damaged pipeline. It is the hardest when the leakage is small. A disadvantage of prior methods is that with their use is only possible to identify and locate significant outflow with only a low accuracy. In proposed method of identifying the gas flow will be used a new signal from the corrective element “r” attached to the tested pipeline and calculated from it and mass flow rate signals auto and cross power spectral density Sxx, Syy, Srr, Sxy, Sxr, Syr. Using the power spectral density signals allows for transition from the signal diagnostic to the parameter diagnostic which is more effective. Assumptions methods will be verified at the experimental station.
Return to Vocational Education
Authors: Melnarowicz Władysław , Melnarowicz Krzysztof
Published: August 2018

The article presents the description of the current education and vocational training systems in Poland and the world with special emphasis on technical professions. It draws attention to the events and decisions, which led to a decreased level of education, lower quality of graduates and problems, the youth graduating from secondary and high schools have with finding a job. The studies of the authors on the effectiveness of vocational training systems lead to the presentation of an innovative proposal of deriving operational goals of education from professional tasks and developing a modular design of curricula. Such an approach towards the construction of vocational training programs is based on the model of a modularized occupation MES (Modules of Employable Skills). The described concept is supported by: high efficiency, flexibility and economic issues.
Welds’ Quality of Aluminium Alloy Components of Military Aircraft Executed by Arc Welding Method
Authors: Woźny Piotr , Błachnio Józef , Dragan Krzysztof
Published: August 2018

The paper presents the problems arising in the process of repairs of aircraft (AC) components made of aluminium alloys during arc welding with the TIG (tungsten inert gas) method. The paper provides information on the rules applicable in the welding process qualification. The procedure algorithm when qualifying the welding process was presented in accordance with PN-EN ISO 15614-2. The main causes and factors affecting the formation of defects and welding imperfections were described and classified. The principles of preparing the components for welding and selection of a binder were discussed. The issue of effect of the welding parameters on the formation of defects and welding imperfections in relation to PN-L-01426 standard was raised. The application of computed tomography in assessment of the welded joints was described and tomograms from tests of butt welds of aluminium alloys made of the AW 5754 grade aluminium alloy were presented. On the example of the tomograms, the welding imperfections and defects formed in the tested joints were discussed. The usefulness of computed tomography in assessment of the welds’ quality was shown.
The relationship between shrinkage and elongation of bleached softwood kraft pulp sheets
Authors: Kouko Jarmo , Retulainen Elias
Published: August 2018

The relationship between shrinkage and elongation of hand sheets was examined. The results show that the same dimensional contraction brought about by shrinkage can be strained out in tensile testing. However, percentage-wise the elongation is greater than the shrinkage due to different reference points, and the difference increases strongly at higher shrinkage levels. Elongation of paper can be explained mainly by two factors: the shrinkage and the net elongation of paper. Here shrinkage refers to all kinds of in-plane contraction of the fiber network (drying shrinkage, in-plane-compaction and creping). The novel concept ‘net elongation’ was proposed in order to separate the effect of shrinkage from the total elongation of paper. Net elongation is the elongation of corresponding unshrunken paper dried under restraint. Sheets with high elongation were prepared from bleached softwood kraft pulp and the effects of shrinkage on elongation, strength and stiffness of the paper were investigated. Mechanical treatment methods of pulp fibers and chemical strength additives were applied in order to maximize the strength and elongation. In-plane compaction and creping were used to further boost shrinkage of the high basis weight (100 g/m2) sheets up to 160 percent. Experimental elongation data confirmed the proposed theoretical relationships.
Study on dynamic characteristics of silo-stock-foundation interaction system under seismic load
Authors: Shuwei Li , Wen Zhao , Zhiyu Guo
Published: August 2018

In order to reveal the dynamic response mechanism of silo-storage-foundation system under seismic wave loading, the silo is simplified as a thin-walled cylindrical shell structure with fixed bottom and free upper part. Considering geometric nonlinearity, dynamic elastic modulus, damping and other factors, the nonlinear vibration differential equations of the silo under dynamic loading are established. The Galerkin method is used to discretize the vibration differential equations, and the definite conditions with solution ideas are given. Subsequently, the dynamic action system of tube supported reinforced concrete silos is studied by using the shaking table test method. The similarity theory of silo model test is constructed, and the experimental model of the silo storage foundation interaction system with the geometric ratio of 1:20 is established, where three seismic waves in the suitable engineering background are selected to carry out the shaking table test. The acceleration peak value at different heights of the model is measured, and the dynamic amplification factor of the silo model along the height direction is studied under different seismic intensity and different material condition. The seismic performance of the prototype structure is studied, which provides the theoretical basis and practical guidance for the design of silo system and the operation and management of silos.
Flavin photocatalysis
Authors: König Burkhard , Kümmel Susanne , Svobodová Eva , Cibulka Radek
Published: August 2018

Thanks to rapid development in the last decades, flavins have been recognized as promising photoactive compounds to design new valuable synthetic methodologies based on photoredox catalysis. The review summarizes general photochemical properties of flavins as well as their early applications in transformations mediated by visible light. Special attention has been paid to the catalyst design for benzylic oxidations as well as to recent flavin applications, for example in E/Z-isomerization, [2+2] cycloaddition, cycloelimination, electrophilic chlorination and sulfide oxidation.
A review of the chemical and biological pollutants in indoor air in hospitals and assessing their effects on the health of patients, staff and visitors
Authors: Ghanizadeh Fatemeh , Godini Hatam
Published: August 2018

Indoor air quality in hospitals has been specifically considered in terms of its impact on health. Air quality is an important risk factor influencing the health of staff and patients who are in contact with indoor air inhaled in hospitals. Over the past two decades, hundreds of studies have been developed to assess pollution in hospital environment. Two hundred and fitfy papers from around the world, from the last two decades, were identified and reviewed. Recent studies have found that the presence of various chemical and biological pollutants affected the health of patients, staff and visitors. Nearly all the reports agree that chemical and biological pollutants in the hospital environment have adverse effects. In most of the reviewed papers, analysis of health hazards was conducted for personnel and patients to toxic metals, chlorine, fine (PM2.5) and coarse (PM2.5−10) particles, and bio-aerosol in the inhaled air of the hospital environment. Some papers showed that some of the metals are carcinogens and others do not have a carcinogenic risk. Bio-aerosols as a biological pollutant are usually defined as airborne bacteria, fungi, viruses, pollen and their by products. These biological pollutants are associated with a wide range of health effects in hospital environments. This review can serve as an introduction and as the statement of the problem for more original research in this regard.
NMR-spektroskopische Untersuchungen an Benzylisochinolin-Derivaten
Authors: Pohl L. , Wiegrebe W.
Published: August 2018

NMR-spektroskopisch wurde festgelegt, daß aus 3-Methyl-papaverin unter den Bedingungen der Coralyn-Reaktion das 6′-Aceto-Derivat entsteht. Die Untersuchungen ergaben, daß weder in Benzylisochinolinen und 3.4-Dihydro-benzylisochinolinen noch in den Salzen dieser Verbindungen eine Benzyl-Benzal-Tautomerie vorliegt.
Zur Biogenese der Flavonoide X: Über den Zeitpunkt der Hydroxylierung im Ring B
Authors: Patschke Leni , Grisebach Hans
Published: August 2018

The question of whether the oxygenation pattern of the B-ring of flavonoids is determined at the cinnamic acid stage or at the stage of a C15-intermediate remains to be solved. 3.4.2′.4′.6′Penta-hydroxychalcone-2′-glucoside-[β-14C] (I) was synthesized and the incorporation of I and of 4.2′.4′.6′ Tetra-hydroxychalcone-2′ glucoside-[β14C] (II) into quercetin and cyanidin in buckwheat seedlings was compared in parallel experiments. The percentage incorporation of II into quercetin was about 35 per cent higher than that of I, whereas the incorporation rates and dilution values of both chalcones into cyanidin were about equal. These findings are discussed in the light of earlier results.

It is concluded that in the case of asters, buckwheat and red cabbage the 3′-hydroxyl group in ring B is in all probability not introduced until after the formation of a chalcone intermediate. These results are compared with those obtained by other workers with different plants.
Untersuchungen über die Abhängigkeit der cytolytischen Wirkung des Lysolecithins von Membranenzymen
Authors: Munder P. G. , Ferber E. , Fischer H.
Published: August 2018

The cytolytic activity of lysolecithin (LL) has been found to be dependent on lysophosphatidespecific enzymes in the cell membrane. The present report deals especially with the analyses of an acyltransferase (LL → lecithin) and of a phospholipase B (LL → glyceryl-phosphoryl-choline) in various cells. It was found that changes in the enzyme activities — as mediated by changes of temperature, of pH, by enzyme inhibitors, or by sensitization of cells with antibody and components of complement — at the same time cause changes of the cytolytic activity of LL. The enhanced LL-cytolysis at reduced temperatures, as well as after addition of p-chloro-mercuri-benzoate (PMB), can accordingly be explained by the inhibition of lysophosphatide-specific enzyme (s) in a way that LL will consequently be of enhanced and/or prolonged action. The PMB-inhibited enzymes can be reactivated by cysteine and concomitantly the extent of LL-cytolysis is reduced.

With the aid of C14-lysolecithin it was demonstrated that the concentration of ATP and coenzyme A in the cell is of prime influence in the dynamics of LL, which either will be transformed into membrane-fixed lecithin — and thus additionally stabilizing the cell — or will be degraded to glyceryl-phosphoryl-choline. This regulating mechanism would explain the different sensitivity of fresh and aged cells towards LL-lysis.

The described experiments were done with erythrocytes. Preliminary experiments suggest that the same mechanism occurs also in nucleated cells and in bacteria.

In view of the lysolecithin theory of complement-mediated cytolysis (FISCHER and HAUPT) the relative activity of lysophosphatide-specific enzymes in cell membranes offers a possible explanation for the different sensitivity of many types of cells towards lysis by complement. On the basis of these results, the significance of lysophosphatides as regulators of hemo- and cytodynamics, as postulated in the thirties by BERGENHEM and FAHRAEUS, is again underlined.
Intestinale Resorption und Gesamtkörper-Retention des 60Co-Cyanocobalamin und 60Co-Aquocobalamin beim Menschen nach oraler Verabfolgung unphysiologisch hoher Dosen
Authors: Heinrich H. C. , Gabbe E. E. , E.  , Lindner H.
Published: August 2018

The intestinal absorption of cyanocobalamin and aquocobalamin was measured in human beings after the oral application of 50, 100, 200 and 500 μg doses with a whole body retention test using a 4 π large volume radioactivity detector with organic scintillator. Cyanocobalamin and aquocobalamin are absorbed in man to the same degree after physiological oral doses (0.1 — 1 μg) as after unphysiologically high oral doses (50 — 500 μg). The absorption rate decreases from 4.2% (after 50 μg) to 1.2% (after 500 μg) with increasing oral dose. The daily oral uptake of 200 μg in a single dose or 50 μg twice as cyanocobalamin or aquocobalamin covers the whole body vitamin B12 requirement of 2.55 μg vitamin B12/day for man. Although cyanocobalamin and aquocobalamin are artifical products not existing in nature they are easily converted within the human body into the C5′-deoxyadenosyl — or coenzyme — derivative of vitamin B12 which is the original storage and bioactive form of vitamin B12 in mammals. Cyanocobalamin and aquocobalamin are of equal value in the prophylactic and therapeutic application of vitamin B12 in medicine.
Untersuchungen zur Biosynthese der Nicotinsäure bei Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Gross D. , Feige A. , Stecher R. , Zureck A. , Schütte H.-R.
Published: August 2018

14C-markierte C3-Verbindungen. wie Glycerin, Glycerinaldehyd, Glycerinsäure und Pyruvat werden vorwiegend in den Pyridinring der von Mycobacterium tuberculosis Stamm BCG gebildeten Nicotinsäure eingebaut. Entsprechende Abbauversuche ergeben, daß Glycerin bevorzugt in die C-Atome 4, 5 und 6 der Nicotinsäure inkorporiert wird. Danach erfolgt in diesem Organismus die Biosynthese der Nicotinsäure aus Asparaginsäure und einem C3-Körper wie Glycerin.
Evidence for the Involvement of the Na+-K+-ATPase in the Mechanism of Axonal Protein and Nucleoside Transport
Authors: Wolburg Hartwig
Published: August 2018

[3H] Proline and [3H] uridine were injected into both eyes of the goldfish. 1 h before and after this injection 3 × 10-6 м ouabain was administrated unilaterally to the retina. 8 h and 24 h after tracer injection the radioactivity in the retina, optic nerve and tectum was measured. It is suggested that the inhibition of the neuronal Na+-K+-ATPase inside the retina is responsible for the reduction of the labelled material transported into the optic nerve.
Einfluß von DCMU auf die Bildung von Lipiden und Fettsäuren und auf die Ultrastruktur von Euglena gracilis / Influence of DCMU on the Formation of Lipids and Fatty Acids, and on the Ultrastructure of Euglena gracilis
Authors: Göbel Edward , Riessner Ruth , Pohl Peter
Published: August 2018

Euglena gracilis Klebs (strain Z) was grown heterotrophically in the dark for 6 days. Subsequently, the cells were grown photoautotrophically under white fluorescent light with varying amounts of 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1dimethyl urea (DCMU) (1.7 × 10-9-1.0 × 10-5mol/1) added to the nutrient medium. Under non-photosynthetic conditions (addition of 10-6 -10-5 mol DCMU/1), the cells still produced chloroplast structures and a considerable percentage of compounds typical for chloroplasts, such as galactolipids (40-50%), chlorophylls (40%), and polyunsaturated C16 and C18 fatty acids (16:2, 16:3, 16:4, 18:2, 18:3) (65%). The results indicate that under these conditions the above compounds are synthesized from carbon sources outside the chloroplasts.
Formation of Benzoic Acid and p-Hydroxybenzoic Acid in the Blue Green Alga Anacystis nidulans: A Thylakoid-Bound Enzyme Complex Analogous to the Chloroplast System
Authors: Löffelhardt W. , Kindl H.
Published: August 2018

Membrane-Bound Enzyme Complexes, Anacystis nidulans, Thylakoids, Benzoate Synthase The photosynthetic procaryote Anacystis nidulans converts L-phenylalanine and L-tyrosine into benzoic acid and p-hydroxybenzoic acid, respectively. Results obtained with thylakoid fractions support the hypothesis that the reaction sequence is catalyzed by thylakoid-bound enzyme complexes consisting of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and benzoate synthase or tyrosine ammonia-lyase and p-hydroxybenzoate synthase, respectively. Both complexes do not accept phenylacetic acids as substrates, and cinnamic acids only at a small extent. These properties suggest a striking similarity to a benzoic acid-synthesizing enzyme system from higher plants which is situated at the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts. The respective complexes of Dunaliella marina and Porphyridium sp. were included in this comparison.
Fusion of Isolated Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Membranes
Authors: Stromer Marvin , Hasselbadh Wilhelm
Published: August 2018

Fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum (FSR) vesicles from rabbit muscle were suspended in 1.5 - 5% glycerol solutions and were pelleted onto aluminum foil disks in a modified centrifuge tube. Examination of these pellets in the electron microscope after drying for 2 - 2.5, 4 - 5.5, and 21 hours revealed a progression of changes. First, distances between individual, round vesicles decreases. Next, somewhat flattened vesicles establish limited areas of contact with adjacent vesicles. Finally, vesicle fusion occurs and extended areas of double bilayers are formed. A water loss-time interaction appears to be needed for the fusion process. A Hg-phenyl azoferritin com­ pound was used as a marker to identify intra- and extra-vesicular space in the fused samples.

Quantitative measurements of birefringence during imbibition of pellet slices in a graded series of glycerol solutions indicates a steadily increasing amount of birefringence until 60 - 80% glycerol (η = 1.41 -1.43) is readied. The plateau seen in this part of the curve is again followed by steadily increasing birefringence at higher glycerol concentrations. This interruption in the birefringence curve is presumably due to a matching of the refractive indices of the glycerol solution and a lipid component in the membranes.
The Effect of Ethylene Glycol and DMSO on Fusion of Isolated Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Membranes
Authors: Stromer Marvin , The Rudy , Hasselbach Wilhelm
Published: August 2018

Membrane Fusion, Sarcoplasmic Reticulum, Ethylene Glycol, Dimethylsulfoxide Fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum (FSR) vesicles from rabbit skeletal muscle were suspended in 5 - 10% ethylene glycol (EG) or in 5, 10, or 25% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and were pelleted onto flat aluminum foil disks. No vesicle fusion occurs with either 5 or 10% EG treatment and 2-2½ hours drying. After 4-5 hours drying, 5% EG-treated vesicles have established more areas of close contact and individual vesicles have begun to flatten when compared with the 10% EG vesicles. Overnight drying results in formation of extended sheets of fused membranes called double bilayers in both the 5 and 10% EG samples. In the 5% EG-treated vesicles, formation of large spaces in the pellet compresses the adjacent bilayer pairs.

Extensive vesicle fusion accompanies 4 - 5 hours drying of both 5 and 10% DMSO-treated samples. No fusion was observed in the 25% DMSO-treated sample after 4-5 hours drying and individual vesicles remained round as in the 2-2½ hour samples of all treatments. Overnight drying also causes extended sheets of bilayer pairs to form in the 5% DMSO-treated samples but, with 10 and 25% treated vesicles, destroys the double bilayers and only occasional dense regions of membrane whorls remain. Both EG and DMSO promote more rapid fusion of FSR vesicles than does glycerol but overnight drying after treatment with 10 or 25% DMSO destroys the fused membrane.