bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lifetime Occurrence of Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) and Substance Use Risk among Prerelease South African Prison Inmates
Authors: Stephens Torrance , Braithwaite Ronald L. , Reddy Priscilla S. , Sifunda Sibusiso , Bhengu Sibusisiwe
Published: September 2007

The current study examined self-reported history of STI and substance use risk behaviors in a sample of South African prison inmates. Participants were 344 inmates from four prisons in the provinces of KwaZulu-Natal and Mpumalanga. Significance tests were conducted using univariate logistic regressions to examine the independent associations of Lifetime occurrence of a Sexual Transmitted Infection and dichotomized correlates of substance use risk behavior. Findings showed that inmates in Mpumalanga (OR 1.43; 95% CI 0.90, 2.23) had a greater risk for STIs than inmates in KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) (OR 1.11; 95% CI 0.88, 1.37). Moreover, past experience using injection drugs (OR 2.34; 95% CI 0.62, 8.88), experience of needle sharing (OR 2.13; 95% CI 0.55, 8.27), and drug/alcohol use leading to problems at school or work were the strongest indicators for inmates having a lifetime STI.
Presence and Awareness of Infectious Disease among Chinese Migrant Workers
Authors: Strand Mark , Xiaobing Wang , Xiaoqin Duan , Lee Kristin , Wang Alex , Yanqing Li , Jinxi Ni , Guangming Cheng
Published: September 2007

This cross-sectional study set out to identify the health status and health beliefs and behaviors with regard to TB and HIV-AIDS among 407 rural male migrant workers in China. Surveyed workers' awareness level for AIDS transmission was 67.7% and for TB transmission 56.8%. These workers had high rates of acute illness in the previous month (depression 18.3%, physical injury 16.3%, dermatological ailment 9.6%, respiratory infection 9.4%). One or more of the four symptoms of TB were found in 22.3% of the workers. Prevalent TB symptoms were associated with previously having had TB (chi-square = 69.98, p = .000) and having previously lived with a TB patient ( F = 13.99, p = .000). The relative risk for having had TB if the worker had lived with someone with TB was 5.69 (chi-square 7.65, p = .006). Screening for TB symptoms, a history of having lived with someone with TB, or having previously had TB, has the potential to serve as a cost-effective and easy first-line TB screening among large mobile populations.
Diabetes Personal Trainer Outcomes
Authors: Nansel Tonja R. , Iannotti Ronald J. , Simons-Morton Bruce G. , Cox Christopher , Plotnick Leslie P. , Clark Loretta M. , Zeitzoff Linda
Published: September 2007

OBJECTIVE—To assess the social-cognitive, behavioral, and physiological outcomes of a self-management intervention for youth with type 1 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—A total of 81 youth with type 1 diabetes aged 11–16 years were randomized to usual care versus a “diabetes personal trainer” intervention, consisting of six self-monitoring, goal-setting, and problem-solving sessions with trained nonprofessionals. Assessments were completed at baseline and multiple follow-up intervals. A1C data were obtained from medical records. ANCOVA adjusting for age and baseline values were conducted for each outcome.

RESULTS—At both short-term and 1-year follow-up, there was a trend for an overall intervention effect on A1C (short-term F = 3.71, P = 0.06; 1-year F = 3.79, P = 0.06) and a significant intervention-by-age interaction, indicating a great effect among older than younger youth (short-term F = 4.78, P = 0.03; 1-year F = 4.53, P = 0.04). Subgroup analyses demonstrated no treatment group difference among younger youth but a significant difference among the older youth. No treatment group differences in parent or youth report of adherence were observed.

CONCLUSIONS—The diabetes personal trainer intervention demonstrated significant effects in A1C among middle adolescents.
Depressive Symptoms, Race, and Glucose Concentrations
Authors: Boyle Stephen H. , Surwit Richard S. , Georgiades Anastasia , Brummett Beverly H. , Helms Michael J. , Williams Redford B. , Barefoot John C.
Published: September 2007

OBJECTIVE—This study examined the associations of depressive symptoms with glucose concentrations and morning cortisol levels in 665 African-American and 4,216 Caucasian Vietnam-era veterans.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Glucose level was measured as a three-level variable (diabetes, impaired glucose, and normal). Depressive symptoms were measured by the Obvious Depression Scale (OBD) from the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory.

RESULTS—Regression models showed significant race × OBD interactions in relation to glucose concentration (P < 0.0001) and cortisol (P < 0.0001). The OBD was positively associated with glucose concentration and cortisol in both racial groups. However, the magnitude of those associations was larger for African Americans. Further analyses suggested that cortisol partially mediated the race difference in the relation of depressive symptoms to glucose concentrations.

CONCLUSIONS—These results suggest that enhanced hypothalamic pituitary adrenal activity plays an important role in the relation of depressive symptoms to dysregulated glucose metabolism and may partially explain the differential effects of depressive symptoms on glucose levels in African-American and Caucasian male subjects.
Determinants of Incident Hyperglycemia 6 Years After Delivery in Young Rural Indian Mothers
Authors: Kulkarni Smita R. , Fall Caroline H.D. , Joshi Niranjan V. , Lubree Himangi G. , Deshpande Vaishali U. , Pasarkar Rashmi V. , Bhat Dattatray S. , Naik Sadanand S. , Yajnik Chittaranjan S.
Published: September 2007

OBJECTIVE—To study determinants of incident hyperglycemia in rural Indian mothers 6 years after delivery.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—The Pune Maternal Nutrition Study collected information in six villages near Pune on prepregnant characteristics and nutrition, physical activity, and glucose tolerance during pregnancy. An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was repeated 6 years after delivery.

RESULTS—A total of 597 mothers had an OGTT at 28 weeks’ gestation; 3 had gestational diabetes (by World Health Organization 1999 criteria). Six years later, 42 of 509 originally normal glucose-tolerant mothers were hyperglycemic (8 diabetic, 20 with impaired glucose tolerance, and 14 with impaired fasting glucose). The hyperglycemic women had shorter legs and thicker skinfolds before pregnancy (P < 0.01, both), were less active and more hyperglycemic (2-h plasma glucose 4.8 vs. 4.4 mmol/l, P < 0.001) during pregnancy, and gained more weight during follow-up (6.0 vs. 2.7 kg, P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that total leukocyte count and blood pressure during pregnancy were additional independent predictors of 2-h glucose concentration at follow-up.

CONCLUSIONS—Our results suggest that compromised linear growth, adiposity, inflammation, and less physical activity predispose to hyperglycemia in young rural Indian women. International cut points of diabetes risk factors are largely irrelevant in these women.
Effect of the composition ratio of pimelic acid/calcium stearate bicomponent nucleator and crystallization temperature on the production of β crystal form in isotactic polypropylene
Authors: Dou Qiang
Published: September 2007

The influence of the composition ratio of pimelic acid/calcium stearate bicomponent nucleator on the β crystal form content of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) had been studied at the crystallization temperature of 120°C and duration of 30 min. It was found that the β crystal form content increased continuously with increasing amount of calcium stearate at the constant amount of 0.15% pimelic acid. High β crystal form content polypropylene could be produced when the amount of calcium stearate was greater than 0.30% (the mass composition ratio of pimelic acid/calcium stearate was less than 1/2, the mole ratio was less than 1.89/1). It was shown that pimelic acid and calcium stearate could react to produce a high effective β nucleator (calcium pimelate) “in situ” during the melt‐mixing of iPP and the bicomponent nucleator. The influence of crystallization temperatures (100–140°C) on the β crystal form content of iPP had also been studied at the constant composition ratio of 0.15% pimelic acid/0.5% calcium stearate (the calcium pimelate produced in situ was 0.16%, which was calculated from stoichiometry). It was found that the β crystal form content increased continuously with increasing crystallization temperature and it maximized at 130°C. β Crystal form content decreased sharply at the crystallization temperature of 140°C. It was shown that β → α modification transformed between 130 and 140°C. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Wnt signaling antagonists are potential prognostic biomarkers for the progression of radiographic hip osteoarthritis in elderly Caucasian women
Authors: Lane Nancy E. , Nevitt Michael C. , Lui Li‐Yung , de Leon Patricia , Corr Maripat
Published: September 2007

Objective

To determine whether serum levels of 2 Wnt signaling antagonists, Frizzled‐related protein (FRP) and Dkk‐1, are associated with the development and progression of radiographic hip osteoarthritis (RHOA).

Methods

Pelvic radiographs were obtained a mean of 8.3 years apart in 5,928 Caucasian women ≥65 years of age who were enrolled in the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures. Random sampling of this cohort was performed, with ∼180 subjects per group assigned to 2 nested case–control studies on RHOA incidence and progression. Baseline serum levels of FRP and Dkk‐1 were measured by capture enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated using logistic regression analyses with adjustment for potential covariates.

Results

There were no differences in serum levels of FRP and Dkk‐1 between case subjects with incidence or progression of RHOA and their respective control subjects. There was a trend for higher baseline serum levels of FRP to be associated with a reduced risk of incident RHOA (age‐adjusted OR 0.59 [95% CI 0.32–1.09], P = 0.09 for women in the highest quartile versus women in the lowest quartile). There was no association of serum levels of FRP with progression of RHOA. Serum levels of Dkk‐1 did not correlate with incident RHOA. However, higher serum levels of Dkk‐1 were associated with diminished risk of RHOA progression (age‐adjusted OR 0.43 [95% CI 0.23–0.79], P = 0.007 for women in the highest quartile compared with women in the lowest quartile).

Conclusion

Elevated circulating levels of Dkk‐1 appeared to be associated with reduced progression of RHOA in elderly women, whereas the highest quartile of serum FRP levels tended to be associated with a modest reduction in risk of incident RHOA.
Central role of the MEK/ERK MAP kinase pathway in a mouse model of rheumatoid arthritis: Potential proinflammatory mechanisms
Authors: Thiel Melissa J. , Schaefer Caralee J. , Lesch Mark E. , Mobley James L. , Dudley David T. , Tecle Haile , Barrett Stephen D. , Schrier Denis J. , Flory Craig M.
Published: September 2007

Objective

To evaluate the role of the MEK/ERK MAP kinase pathway in murine collagen‐induced arthritis (CIA) using the selective MEK inhibitor PD184352. We examined the effects of the inhibitor in cytokine‐stimulated synovial fibroblasts and in cytokine‐induced arthritis in rabbits to investigate its antiinflammatory mechanisms.

Methods

Murine CIA was used to assess the effects of the selective MEK inhibitor on paw edema, clinical scores, weight loss, histopathologic features, and joint levels of p‐ERK. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry techniques were used to assess p‐ERK in human and rabbit synovial fibroblasts and synovial tissue from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. Interleukin‐1α (IL‐1α)–stimulated stromelysin production in rabbit synovial fibroblasts was assessed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. A rabbit IL‐1α–induced arthritis model was used to assess the effects of the inhibitor on IL‐1α–induced MEK activity, stromelysin production, and cartilage degradation.

Results

In the CIA model, PD184352 inhibited paw edema and clinical arthritis scores in a dose‐dependent manner. Disease‐induced weight loss and histopathologic changes were also significantly improved by treatment. Inhibition of disease‐induced p‐ERK levels in the joints was seen with the inhibitor. Levels of p‐ERK in the synovium were higher in RA patients than in normal individuals. PD184352 reduced IL‐1α–induced p‐ERK levels in human RA synovial fibroblasts. The production of p‐ERK and stromelysin was also inhibited in IL‐1α–stimulated rabbit synovial fibroblasts. We observed IL‐1α–induced p‐ERK in the synovial lining, subsynovial vasculature, and articular chondrocytes. IL‐1α–induced stromelysin production and proteoglycan loss from the articular cartilage were reduced by PD184352.

Conclusion

These data demonstrate the inhibition of murine CIA by PD184352, support the hypothesis that antiinflammatory activity contributes to the mechanism of action of the inhibitor, and suggest that a selective inhibitor may effectively treat RA and other inflammatory disorders.
The chemical biomarkers C2C, Coll2‐1, and Coll2‐1NO2 provide complementary information on type II collagen catabolism in healthy and osteoarthritic mice
Authors: Ameye L. G. , Deberg M. , Oliveira M. , Labasse A. , Aeschlimann J. M. , Henrotin Y.
Published: September 2007

Objective

Compared with wild‐type (WT) mice, biglycan/fibromodulin double‐deficient mice develop severe knee osteoarthritis. We undertook this study to compare type II collagen catabolism in the 2 genotypes and to compare the usefulness of 3 biomarkers of collagen degradation (C2C [also known as Col2‐3/4Clong mono] as well as the peptide Coll2‐1 and its nitrated form, Coll2‐1NO2) for evaluating collagen catabolism in vivo.

Methods

In 15 WT mice and 15 biglycan/fibromodulin double‐deficient mice, we determined serum levels of C2C at ages 66 and 141 days, and we determined serum levels of Coll2‐1 and Coll2‐1NO2 at ages 49, 81, 95, and 141 days. Expression of the biomarkers in knee sections was examined using immunohistochemistry.

Results

The mean concentrations of C2C and Coll2‐1 were higher in biglycan/fibromodulin double‐deficient mice at all time points. For C2C and Coll2‐1, the ratio of the serum concentration in biglycan/fibromodulin double‐deficient mice to that in WT mice (the double‐deficient:WT ratio) was constant over time and was ∼1.63 and ∼1.15, respectively. In contrast, the double‐deficient:WT ratio for Coll2‐1NO2 varied and, depending on age, was >1 or <1. No significant correlation was found between the expression of the different biomarkers, except for a weak, negative correlation between Coll2‐1NO2 and C2C. In both genotypes, antibodies to each biomarker labeled some fibroblasts in the tendons and menisci as well as chondrocytes above the tidemark in articular cartilage. Growth plates were unstained. For each biomarker, extracellular staining was limited to fibrocartilage areas in the tendons and menisci in all mice and was limited to some focal lesions of the cartilage in biglycan/fibromodulin double‐deficient mice.

Conclusion

The different double‐deficient:WT ratios observed with C2C, Coll2‐1, and Coll2‐1NO2 in the absence of any correlation between the expression of the 3 biomarkers indicate that these biomarkers give complementary, rather than redundant, information about in vivo type II collagen catabolism.
Systemic autoimmune disease mortality and occupational exposures
Authors: Gold L. S. , Ward M. H. , Dosemeci M. , Roos A. J. De
Published: September 2007

Objective

To generate hypotheses regarding occupational exposures that may cause systemic autoimmune diseases.

Methods

Based on examination of US death certificates, we identified deaths in 26 states for which a cause was listed as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (n = 36,178), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) (n = 7,241), systemic sclerosis (n = 5,642), or other systemic autoimmune disease (n = 4,270). Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated to estimate associations between occupation and death from any systemic autoimmune disease, and from RA, SLE, and systemic sclerosis, specifically. Additionally, we estimated risks associated with occupational exposures, which were assigned using job‐exposure matrices.

Results

A broad array of occupations was associated with death from systemic autoimmune diseases, including several of a priori interest. Farming occupation was associated with death from any systemic autoimmune disease (OR 1.3 [95% CI 1.2–1.4]), and increased risk was also seen with occupational exposure to animals and pesticides. Several industrial occupations were associated with death from any systemic autoimmune disease, including mining machine operators (OR 1.3 [95% CI 1.1–1.5]), miscellaneous textile machine operators (OR 1.2 [95% CI 1.0–1.4]), and hand painting, coating, and decorating occupations (OR 1.8 [95% CI 1.0–2.9]). These occupations were also significantly associated with death from the specific autoimmune diseases examined. Certain occupations entailing exposure to the public, such as teachers, were associated with systemic autoimmune disease–related death, whereas others, such as waiters and waitresses, were not.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that death from systemic autoimmune diseases may be associated with occupational exposures encountered in farming and industry. The hypotheses generated in this study provide leads for future research on determinants of these diseases.
Variation in the relative copy number of the TLR7 gene in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and healthy control subjects
Authors: Kelley James , Johnson Martin R. , Alarcón Graciela S. , Kimberly Robert P. , Edberg Jeffrey C.
Published: September 2007

Objective

To determine whether there is an increase in the number of TLR7 gene copies in patients diagnosed as having systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and whether gene amplification influences the autoantibody profiles in SLE patients, as has recently been reported in the BXSB/Yaa mouse model of lupus.

Methods

We used a modified real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction protocol to calculate the relative TLR7 gene copy number according to the comparative 2 method in 99 SLE patients and 91 healthy controls matched for sex and ethnicity. Autoantibody profiles were determined by standard methods.

Results

The relative number of TLR7 gene copies in SLE patients and healthy controls varied; however, no significant concordance between the number of relative gene copies and the SLE phenotype was found. There was also no difference in variation by ethnic group. Comparison of the relative gene copy numbers according to the presence or absence of antinuclear antibodies (ANAs), the ANA staining patterns, and the presence or absence of anti‐RNA–associated antigen antibody showed no statistically significant difference in the SLE patients.

Conclusion

We determined that although the relative gene copy number of TLR7 varied in both SLE patients and healthy controls, it was not significantly increased among our SLE patients as compared with our controls. We found no detectable trend for an association between the relative gene copy number and the autoantibody profile in SLE patients.
Role of subchondral bone in osteoarthritis development: A comparative study of two strains of guinea pigs with and without spontaneously occurring osteoarthritis
Authors: Muraoka Tomoya , Hagino Hiroshi , Okano Toru , Enokida Makoto , Teshima Ryota
Published: September 2007

Objective

To evaluate the relationships among cartilage and subchondral bone before and after the onset of cartilage degeneration in the Hartley guinea pig model of spontaneous osteoarthritis (OA) as compared with those in Weiser‐Maple guinea pigs, which do not develop OA.

Methods

Mice from each strain were used at ages 2, 3, 5, and 8 months (n = 7 at each time point). The region observed was the medial tibial plateau. Cartilage degeneration was evaluated histologically. Subchondral bone structure was evaluated based on subchondral bone plate thickness and subchondral cancellous bone trabecular parameters calculated from the microfocal computed tomography 3‐dimensional reconstruction image. The bone mineral density (BMD) of the subchondral cancellous bone as well as levels of urinary N‐telopeptide of type I collagen (NTX) and serum osteocalcin (OC) were measured.

Results

In Hartley guinea pigs, the number of chondrocytes in the surface layer started to decrease at 3 months. At 8 months, fibrillation expanded to the radial zone. In Weiser‐Maple guinea pigs, no cartilage degeneration was noted even at 8 months. Subchondral bone plate thickness was significantly lower in Hartley guinea pigs than in Weiser‐Maple guinea pigs at 2 months. The subchondral bone had a rod‐like and convex structure at 2 months in Hartley guinea pigs. BMD was significantly lower in Hartley guinea pigs than in Weiser‐Maple guinea pigs at 2 months. The serum OC level was significantly higher in Hartley guinea pigs than in Weiser‐Maple guinea pigs at 2 months and 3 months, whereas the urinary NTX level was significantly lower in Hartley guinea pigs at 3 months.

Conclusion

Subchondral bone is fragile, and bone formation may be promoted in subchondral bone before the onset of cartilage degeneration in Hartley guinea pigs. Subchondral bone may be involved in the development of OA.
Biomarkers predict radiographic progression in early rheumatoid arthritis and perform well compared with traditional markers
Authors: Young‐Min Steven , Cawston Tim , Marshall Nicola , Coady David , Christgau Stephan , Saxne Tore , Robins Simon , Griffiths Ian
Published: September 2007

Objective

To evaluate the performance of biochemical and traditional markers in predicting radiographic progression in rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Methods

One hundred thirty‐two patients with early RA were treated with nonbiologic therapies for 2 years and studied longitudinally. Genomic DNA was analyzed for presence of the shared epitope. Levels of matrix metalloproteinases (matrix metalloproteinase 1 [MMP‐1], MMP‐13, and MMP‐3), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP‐1), and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) were assessed in serially obtained serum samples. The presence of pyridinoline (Pyr), deoxypyridinoline, glycosylated Pyr (Glc‐Gal‐Pyr), and C‐telopeptide of type II collagen (CTX‐II) was assessed in urine samples. Radiographs obtained at entry and at 2 years were evaluated using the modified Larsen score.

Results

Baseline and 2‐year radiographs were available from 118 patients. Larsen scores worsened during the 2 years in 50 patients, while 68 patients had no radiographic progression. Levels of a variety of biochemical markers, i.e., MMP‐3, CTX‐II, COMP, TIMP‐1, Pyr, and Glc‐Gal‐Pyr, correlated significantly with radiographic progression at entry and longitudinally as assessed by area under the curve (AUC). By multivariate analysis, a model including MMP‐3 and CTX‐II was identified as providing the best prediction of radiographic progression at entry (predictive accuracy by receiver operating characteristic [ROC] AUC = 0.76 [95% confidence interval 0.66–0.85]), while a combination of MMP‐3, CTX‐II, and swollen joint count formed the best longitudinal AUC model (predictive accuracy by ROC AUC = 0.81 [95% confidence interval 0.73–0.89]). Patient‐reported measures (Health Assessment Questionnaire, pain scores) were of limited use. In a subset of 50 patients who were treated with methotrexate (MTX) during the followup period, median serum MMP‐3 levels decreased after the initiation of MTX therapy (P =0.0003).

Conclusion

These results indicate that biochemical markers are useful predictors of radiographic progression in RA and that serum MMP‐3 levels decrease significantly with MTX therapy. Multivariate models that include MMP‐3 and CTX‐II perform better than existing traditional markers in predicting radiographic outcome in RA.
Rate and determinants of progression of atherosclerosis in systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Roman Mary J. , Crow Mary K. , Lockshin Michael D. , Devereux Richard B. , Paget Stephen A. , Sammaritano Lisa , Levine Daniel M. , Davis Adrienne , Salmon Jane E.
Published: September 2007

Objective

To determine the rate of atherosclerosis progression as well as the relationship of traditional risk factors, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)–related factors, and treatment to atherosis progression in SLE patients.

Methods

Outpatients in the Hospital for Special Surgery SLE Registry underwent serial carotid ultrasound and clinical assessment in a longitudinal study.

Results

Among 158 patients, 77 (49%) had persistent absence of atherosclerosis (carotid plaque), 36 (23%) had unchanged atherosclerosis, and 45 (28%) had progressive atherosclerosis, defined as a higher plaque score (new plaque in 25 patients and more extensive plaque in 20 patients) after a mean ± SD interval of 34 ± 9 months. Multivariate determinants of atherosclerosis progression were age at diagnosis (odds ratio [OR] 2.75, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.67–4.54 per 10 years, P < 0.001), duration of SLE (OR 3.16, 95% CI 1.64–6.07 per 10 years, P < 0.001), and baseline homocysteine concentration (OR 1.24, 95% CI 1.06–1.44 per μmoles/liter, P = 0.006). SLE patients with stable plaque and progressive plaque differed only in baseline homocysteine concentration. Atherosclerosis progression was increased across tertiles of homocysteine concentration (16.2%, 36.4%, and 56.1%; P = 0.001), and homocysteine tertile was independently related to progression of atherosclerosis (OR 3.14, 95% CI 1.65–5.95 per tertile, P < 0.001). Less aggressive immunosuppressive therapy and lower average prednisone dose were associated with progression of atherosclerosis in univariate, but not multivariate, analyses. Inflammatory markers and lipids were not related to atherosclerosis progression.

Conclusion

Atherosclerosis develops or progresses in a substantial minority of SLE patients during short‐term followup (10% per year on average). Older age at diagnosis, longer duration of SLE, and higher homocysteine concentration are independently related to progression of atherosclerosis. These findings show that aggressive control of SLE and lowering of homocysteine concentrations are potential means to retard the development and progression of atherosclerosis in SLE.
Opsonization of late apoptotic cells by systemic lupus erythematosus autoantibodies inhibits their uptake via an Fcγ receptor–dependent mechanism
Authors: Reefman Esther , Horst Gerda , Nijk Marije T. , Limburg Pieter C. , Kallenberg Cees G. M. , Bijl Marc
Published: September 2007

Objective

Decreased clearance of apoptotic cells is suggested to be a major pathogenic factor in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The aim of this study was to investigate whether the binding of SLE autoantibodies to apoptotic cells influences the phagocytosis of these cells by macrophages.

Methods

Apoptosis was induced in a human T cell line (Jurkat) and a keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT) by ultraviolet B irradiation. Binding of purified IgG from 26 SLE patients and 15 healthy controls to apoptotic cells was assessed by flow cytometry and Western blotting. Phagocytosis of IgG‐opsonized apoptotic cells by monocyte‐derived macrophages was assessed by light microscopy. Similar experiments were performed with a monoclonal antibody against SSA/Ro and IgG fractions from 5 patients with Sjögren's syndrome (SS) and 5 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Results

IgG fractions from all 26 SLE patients bound to late apoptotic, but not early apoptotic, cells. IgG fractions isolated from SLE patients with different autoantibody profiles showed comparable levels of binding. IgG fractions from healthy controls did not bind. Opsonization of apoptotic cells with IgG fractions from SLE patients resulted in a significant inhibition of phagocytosis as compared with healthy control IgG fractions. A monoclonal antibody directed against SSA/Ro and IgG isolated from 5 antinuclear antibody (ANA)–positive patients with SS were also able to elicit these effects, whereas IgG from 5 ANA‐negative patients with RA did not. The inhibitory effect of patient IgG was abolished by blocking either the Fcγ receptors (FcγR) or the constant region of IgG, using a specific Fc‐blocking peptide.

Conclusion

Autoantibodies from SLE patients are able to opsonize apoptotic cells and inhibit their uptake by macrophages via an FcγR‐dependent mechanism.
Safety and efficacy ofGanoderma lucidum(lingzhi) and San Miao San supplementation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled pilot trial
Authors: Li Edmund K. , Tam Lai‐Shan , Wong Chun Kwok , Li Wai Ching , Lam Christopher W. K. , Wachtel‐Galor Sissi , Benzie Iris F. F. , Bao Yi Xi , Leung Ping Chung , Tomlinson Brian
Published: September 2007

Objective

To examine the efficacy of popular Chinese herbs used in a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) combination ofGanoderma lucidumand San Miao San (SMS), with purported diverse health benefits including antioxidant properties in rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Methods

We randomly assigned 32 patients with active RA, despite disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs, to TCM and 33 to placebo in addition to their current medications for 24 weeks. The TCM group receivedG lucidum(4 gm) and SMS (2.4 gm) daily. The primary outcome was the number of patients achieving American College of Rheumatology (ACR) 20% response and secondary outcomes included changes in the ACR components, plasma levels, and ex vivo–induced cytokines and chemokines and oxidative stress markers.

Results

Eighty‐nine percent completed the 24‐week study. Fifteen percent in the TCM group compared with 9.1% in the placebo group achieved ACR20 (P> 0.05). Pain score and patient's global score improved significantly only in the TCM group. The percentage, absolute counts, and CD4+/CD8+/natural killer/B lymphocytes ratio were unchanged between groups. CD3, CD4, and CD8 lymphocyte counts and markers of inflammation including plasma interleukin‐18 (IL‐18), interferon‐γ (IFNγ)–inducible protein 10, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, monokine induced by IFNγ, and RANTES were unchanged. However, in an ex vivo experiment, the percentage change of IL‐18 was significantly lower in the TCM group. Thirteen patients reported 22 episodes (14 in placebo group and 8 in TCM group) of mild adverse effects.

Conclusion

G lucidumand San Miao San may have analgesic effects for patients with active RA, and were generally safe and well tolerated. However, no significant antioxidant, antiinflammatory, or immunomodulating effects could be demonstrated.
Clinical effectiveness of a rehabilitation program integrating exercise, self‐management, and active coping strategies for chronic knee pain: A cluster randomized trial
Authors: Hurley M. V. , Walsh N. E. , Mitchell H. L. , Pimm T. J. , Patel A. , Williamson E. , Jones R. H. , Dieppe P. A. , Reeves B. C.
Published: September 2007

Objective

Chronic knee pain is a major cause of disability and health care expenditure, but there are concerns about efficacy, cost, and side effects associated with usual primary care. Conservative rehabilitation may offer a safe, effective, affordable alternative. We compared the effectiveness of a rehabilitation program integrating exercise, self‐management, and active coping strategies (Enabling Self‐management and Coping with Arthritic Knee Pain through Exercise [ESCAPE‐knee pain]) with usual primary care in improving functioning in persons with chronic knee pain.

Methods

We conducted a single‐blind, pragmatic, cluster randomized controlled trial. Participants age ≥50 years, reporting knee pain for >6 months, were recruited from 54 inner‐city primary care practices. Primary care practices were randomized to continued usual primary care (i.e., whatever intervention a participant's primary care physician deemed appropriate), usual primary care plus the rehabilitation program delivered to individual participants, or usual primary care plus the rehabilitation program delivered to groups of 8 participants. The primary outcome was self‐reported functioning (Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index physical functioning [WOMAC‐func]) 6 months after completing rehabilitation.

Results

A total of 418 participants were recruited; 76 (18%) withdrew, only 5 (1%) due to adverse events. Rehabilitated participants had better functioning than participants continuing usual primary care (−3.33 difference in WOMAC‐func score; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] −5.88, −0.78; P = 0.01). Improvements were similar whether participants received individual rehabilitation (−3.53; 95% CI −6.52, −0.55) or group rehabilitation (−3.16; 95% CI −6.55, −0.12).

Conclusion

ESCAPE‐knee pain provides a safe, relatively brief intervention for chronic knee pain that is equally effective whether delivered to individuals or groups of participants.
The effects of vigorous exercise training on physical function in children with arthritis: A randomized, controlled, SINGLE‐BLINDED trial
Authors: Singh‐Grewal Davinder , Schneiderman‐Walker Jane , Wright Virginia , Bar‐Or Oded , Beyene Joseph , Selvadurai Hiran , Cameron Bonnie , Laxer Ronald M. , Schneider Rayfel , Silverman Earl D. , Spiegel Lynn , Tse Shirley , Leblanc Claire , Wong Janice , Stephens Samantha , Feldman Brian M.
Published: September 2007

Objective

To examine the effectiveness of high‐intensity aerobic training compared with low‐intensity training in terms of energy cost of locomotion, peak oxygen uptake, peak power, and self‐reported physical function in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA).

Methods

Eighty children with JIA, ages 8–16 years, were enrolled in a randomized, single‐blind controlled trial. Both groups participated in a 12‐week, 3‐times–weekly training program consisting of high‐intensity aerobics in the experimental group and qigong in the control group. Subjects underwent exercise testing measuring submaximal oxygen uptake at 3 km/hour (VO2submax) as the primary outcome, maximal oxygen uptake, and peak power at the beginning and end of the program. Physical function was measured using the Child Health Assessment Questionnaire (C‐HAQ).

Results

The exercise program was well tolerated in both groups. There was no difference in VO2submax or any other exercise testing measures between the groups through the study period and no indication of improvement. Both groups showed significant improvements in C‐HAQ with no difference between the groups. Adherence was higher in the control group than the experimental group.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that activity programs with or without an aerobic training component are safe and may result in an important improvement in physical function. The intensity of aerobic training did not seem to provide any additional benefits, but higher adherence in the qigong program may suggest that less intensive regimens are easier for children with JIA to comply with, and provide a degree of benefit equivalent to more intensive programs.
Economic evaluation of a rehabilitation program integrating exercise, self‐management, and active coping strategies for chronic knee pain
Authors: Hurley M. V. , Walsh N. E. , Mitchell H. L. , Pimm T. J. , Williamson E. , Jones R. H. , Reeves B. C. , Dieppe P. A. , Patel A.
Published: September 2007

Objective

To conduct an economic evaluation of the Enabling Self‐Management and Coping with Arthritic Knee Pain through Exercise (ESCAPE‐knee pain) program.

Methods

Alongside a clinical trial, we estimated the costs of usual primary care and participation in ESCAPE‐knee pain delivered to individuals (Indiv‐rehab) or groups of 8 participants (Grp‐rehab). Information on resource use and informal care received was collected during face‐to‐face interviews. Cost‐effectiveness and cost‐utility were assessed from between‐group differences in costs, function (primary clinical outcome), and quality‐adjusted life years (QALYs). Cost‐effectiveness acceptability curves were constructed to represent uncertainty around cost‐effectiveness.

Results

Rehabilitation (regardless of whether Indiv‐rehab or Grp‐rehab) cost £224 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] £184, £262) more per person than usual primary care. The probability of rehabilitation being more cost‐effective than usual primary care was 90% if decision makers were willing to pay £1,900 for improvements in functioning. Indiv‐rehab cost £314/person and Grp‐rehab £125/person. Indiv‐rehab cost £189 (95% CI £168, £208) more per person than Grp‐rehab. The probability of Indiv‐rehab being more cost‐effective than Grp‐rehab increased as willingness to pay (WTP) increased, reaching 50% probability at WTP £5,500. The lack of differences in QALYs across the arms led to lower probabilities of cost‐effectiveness based on this outcome.

Conclusion

Provision of ESCAPE‐knee pain had small cost implications, but it was more likely to be cost‐effective in improving function than usual primary care. Group rehabilitation reduces costs without compromising clinical effectiveness, increasing probability of cost‐effectiveness.
Separation of Hydrogen from Carbon Monoxide Using a Hollow Fiber Polyimide Membrane: Experimental and Simulation
Authors: Peer M. , Mehdi Kamali S. , Mahdeyarfar M. , Mohammadi T.
Published: September 2007

The separation of hydrogen from carbon monoxide (syngas ratio adjustment) with polymeric membranes was investigated in this work. A polyimide hollow fiber membrane module was used for hydrogen separation. This polymer has shown large permeability and selectivity for hydrogen separation (selectivity of ca. 30). Permeation tests were carried out at different feed conditions. Feed flow rates were varied between 150–300 mL/min, temperature was varied in the range of 20–80 °C and feed pressure was varied between 5–9 bar. Mixtures containing 0–50 % carbon monoxide were used when carrying out experiments. Measured membrane permeances for hydrogen and carbon monoxide were about 70–100 GPU (gas permeation units) and 3–5.5 GPU, respectively. In addition, a mathematical model for simulation of gas separation in hollow fiber membrane modules with all flow patterns (crossflow, countercurrent and cocurrent) was presented. This model can be used for calculation of membrane performance or its required surface area for a specific separation. Experimental results have shown good correlation with simulation results. Plasticization, competitive sorption and concentration polarization effect of carbon monoxide on membrane performance is shown with experimental results. This effect reduced hydrogen permeances in mixed gas experiments.
A field experiment on the development of sedimentary structures in a gravel‐bed river
Authors: Lamarre Hélène , Roy André G.
Published: September 2007

In gravel‐bed rivers, bed sedimentary structures exert a significant influence on the stability of the bed, particle motion and stream dynamics. A detailed description of the development of sedimentary structures is essential to define the overall activity of sediment transport. This paper aims to improve our understanding of the dynamics of sedimentary structures at the reach scale using a field approach. The objectives of the study are (1) to describe the processes of sedimentary structures development from a manipulated bed surface and (2) to show the effect of keystones on the development of the sedimentary structures by monitoring the displacement of individual tagged particles. We investigated the dynamics of sedimentary structures in three 15 m long reaches of a small gravel‐bed river characterized by moderate slope and high relative roughness. The bed material is composed of a range of gravel sizes with sparse boulders that remain immobile during most flows. We have disrupted the bed surface material of the first reach to create a disorganized bed surface. Two reaches where the bed material remained undisturbed were used as control sections. Detailed topographic maps and passive transponders were used to describe the formation processes of sedimentary structures. The initial manipulations of the bed led to a more fragmented surface in the experimental section. However, sedimentary structures developed very quickly, with an equilibrium bed surface developing after only two sediment transport events of low magnitude discharge. This rapid adjustment of the bed is associated with the development of key sedimentary structures anchored by the large boulders. At the reach scale, these structures increased the probability of congested areas in the displacement of bed material. In both control sections, sedimentary structures were maintained during the experiment. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modulation of cognitive performance following single doses of 120 mg Ginkgo biloba extract administered to healthy young volunteers
Authors: Kennedy David O. , Jackson Pillipa A. , Haskell Crystal F. , Scholey Andrew B.
Published: September 2007

Previous research from our laboratory demonstrated that administration of single doses (120, 240, 360 mg) of standardised Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) had linear, dose‐dependent, positive effects on the speed of performing attention tasks in comparison to placebo. However, whilst the lowest dose, which is typical of a recommended daily dose, had no effect on the speed of attention task performance it did engender mild improvements in secondary memory performance. The current study presents a reanalysis of data from three methodologically identical studies that each included a treatment of 120 mg GBE and matched placebo.

All three studies were of a multiple dose, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind, balanced‐crossover design, employing four or five treatment arms in total. Across the studies 78 healthy young participants received 120 mg GBE and placebo in randomly counterbalanced order, separated by a wash‐out period of at least 7 days. On each study day participants' performance on the Cognitive Drug Research (CDR) computerised cognitive assessment battery was measured immediately prior to dosing and at 1, 2.5, 4 and 6 hr following treatment, with scores collapsed into the six measures (speed of attention, accuracy of attention, secondary memory, working memory, speed of memory, quality of memory) which have previously been derived by factor analysis of the data from CDR subtests.

The results showed that 120 mg of Ginkgo engendered a significant improvement on the ‘quality of memory’ factor that was most evident at 1 and 4 hr post‐dose, but had a negative effect on performance on the ‘speed of attention’ factor that was most evident at 1 and 6 hr post‐dose.

The current study confirmed the previous observation of modestly improved memory performance following 120 mg of GBE, but suggests that acute administration of this typical daily dose may have a detrimental effect on the speed of attention task performance which is opposite to that seen previously following higher doses. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bisphosphonate binding affinity as assessed by inhibition of carbonated apatite dissolutionin vitro
Authors: Henneman Zachary J. , Nancollas George H. , Ebetino F. Hal , Russell R. Graham G. , Phipps Roger J.
Published: September 2007

Bisphosphonates (BPs), which display a high affinity for calcium phosphate surfaces, are able to selectively target bone mineral, where they are potent inhibitors of osteoclast‐mediated bone resorption. The dissolution of synthetic hydroxyapatite (HAP) has been used previously as a model for BP effects on natural bone mineral. The present work examines the influence of BPs on carbonated apatite (CAP), which mimics natural bone more closely than does HAP. Constant composition dissolution experiments were performed at pH 5.50, physiological ionic strength (0.15M) and temperature (37°C). Selected BPs were added at (0.5 × 10−6) to (50.0 × 10−6)M, and adsorption affinity constants,KL, were calculated from the kinetics data. The BPs showed concentration‐dependent inhibition of CAP dissolution, with significant differences in rank order zoledronate > alendronate > risedronate. In contrast, for HAP dissolution at pH 5.50, the differences between the individual BPs were considerably smaller. The extent of CAP dissolution was also dependent on the relative undersaturation, σ, and CAP dissolution rates increased with increasing carbonate content. These results demonstrate the importance of the presence of carbonate in mediating the dissolution of CAP, and the possible involvement of bone mineral carbonate in observed differences in bone affinities of BPs in clinical use. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2008
Adenovirus‐mediated interleukin‐13 gene therapy attenuates acute kidney allograft injury
Authors: Sandovici Maria , Deelman Leo E. , van Goor Harry , Helfrich Wijnand , de Zeeuw Dick , Henning Robert H.
Published: September 2007

Background

Kidney transplantation is possible by virtue of systemic immunosuppression, which is in turn accompanied by serious side effects. The search for novel therapeutic agents and strategies is ongoing. Here we investigate the effects of adenovirus‐mediated gene therapy with interleukin (IL)‐13, which is a cytokine with strong immunomodulatory properties, on acute renal allograft injury. In addition, we compare the effects of local (intrarenal) and systemic (intramuscular) IL‐13 gene therapy in kidney transplantation.

Methods

The experiments were performed in a rat Fisher to Lewis acute rejection model of kidney transplantation. An adenovirus‐IL‐13 or adenovirus‐luciferase was injected either into the donor kidney before transplantation (local treatment) or into the hind leg muscle of recipient rats (systemic treatment). A group with no treatment served as control. No additional immunosuppressive therapy was applied. The rats were sacrificed after 8 days and inflammatory markers and renal pre‐fibrosis were assessed.

Results

Efficient gene transfer was confirmed by ELISA, immunohistochemistry and real‐time PCR. IL‐13 gene therapy diminished graft infiltration with macrophages and cytotoxic T cells and limited up‐regulation of mRNA levels of the adhesion molecule E‐selectin and pro‐inflammatory cytokines TNF‐α and IFN‐γ. Moreover, reduced renal interstitial pre‐fibrosis was found in the rats receiving IL‐13 gene therapy. The effects of local and systemic therapy were similar.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates that IL‐13 gene therapy in the graft significantly attenuates acute renal allograft damage, suggesting local therapy with IL‐13 as a strategy to reduce the need for systemic immunosuppressive medication and thereby its side effects. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Statistical and dynamical downscaling of the Seine basin climate for hydro‐meteorological studies
Authors: Boé J. , Terray L. , Habets F. , Martin E.
Published: September 2007

Two downscaling methods designed for the study of the hydrological impact of climate change on the Seine basin in France are tested for present climate. First, a multivariate statistical downscaling (SD) methodology based on weather typing and conditional resampling is described. Then, a bias correction technique for dynamical downscaling based on quantile–quantile mapping is introduced. To evaluate the end‐to‐end SD methodology, the atmospheric forcing derived from the large‐scale circulation (LSC) of the ERA40 reanalysis by SD is used to force a hydrological model. Simulated discharges reproduce historical values reasonably well. Next, the dynamical and statistical approaches are compared using the Météo–France ARPEGE general circulation model in a variable resolution configuration (resolution around 60 km over France). The ARPEGE simulation is downscaled using the two methodologies, and hydrological simulations are performed. Regarding downscaled temperature and precipitation, the statistical approach is more efficient in reproducing the temporal and spatial autocorrelation properties. The simulated river discharges from the two approaches are nevertheless very similar: the two methods reproduce well the seasonal cycle and the daily distribution of streamflows. Finally, the results of the study are discussed from a practical impact study perspective. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society