bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hunger as a Constitutive Property of a Culinary Work
Authors: Bacchini Fabio
Published: October 2020

In this paper I attempt to show that a certain degree of hunger, intended as a material and psychological condition of the diner, can become a constitutive property of a culinary work. One may believe that the best possible argument supporting this thesis is one relying on the general assertion that an author’s stipulative authority over the features of his or her work, if adequately exercised, is absolute. Quite the contrary, I show that we should prefer a different and more specific argumentative strategy based on the twofold fact that the conventions ruling over culinary works are peculiarly less stringent than in many other art fields, and that hunger has a very special status with regard to culinary works, in the sense that fixing the degree of hunger of the diner may serve to fix the appropriate conditions for any minimally acceptable perceptual experience of a culinary work to take place.
Water Values: Participatory Water Ecosystem Services Assessment in the Arno River Basin, Italy
Authors: Pacetti T. , Castelli G. , Bresci E. , Caporali E.
Published: October 2020

Water-related Ecosystem Services (WES), namely the multiple benefits that humans can obtain from water or water-related functions of an ecosystem, constitute a useful perspective to look at the overlap between biosphere and anthroposphere and to explore their sustainable coupling. On one hand, society acts as a driver of landscapes transformation, influencing the ecohydrological processes that underpin a large set of potential WES. On the other hand, society is the recipient of the WES provided by ecosystems, determining the actual production of services. Aiming at exploring the ecosystem-water-society nexus, this study develops a 4-tiered methodology for the participatory evaluation of WES as a basis to facilitate a shared watershed planning process in the Arno river basin (Central Italy), carried out within the framework of the Tuscany Regional Law for participation. Starting from the biophysical assessment of the study area and the analysis of the population, multiple focus groups were organized to allow the participatory evaluation of WES, mainly targeting low impact stakeholders. The proposed approach allowed the WES mapping and the identification of valuable WES characterised by a critical status. These results served as the basis for the analysis of multiple scenarios and the co-definition of a shared management strategy, jointly with decision makers. The analysis highlights the potential of WES concept as a suitable common language for developing participatory processes that support integrated water resources management. The proposed participatory WES assessment approach can sustain the active involvement of all interested parties in Water Framework Directive implementation (Art.14) and foster a wider policy objective of sustainability through the management plans.
Evolution of Non-metallic Inclusions Through Processing in Ti-V Microalloyed 316L and Al-V Microalloyed 17-4PH Stainless Steels for Hipping Applications
Authors: Balart MarÍa J. , Hao Xinjiang , Marks Samuel , West Geoff D. , Walker Marc , Davis Claire L.
Published: October 2020

Powders produced by air-melted gas atomization (AMGA) and vacuum induction gas atomization (VIGA) from Ti-V microalloyed 316L and Al-V microalloyed 17-4PH stainless steels along with their feedstock material and Hot Isostatically Pressed (HIP’d) products have been examined. Inclusion characteristics and development through process along with changes in grain size have been characterized. The main findings are that a thin oxide film forms on the powder surface, thicker for the 316L powder than the 17-4PH powder as indicated by XPS analysis of selected powder precursors, and large inclusions (predominantly oxides) are also observed on the 316L powder. This results in a high number of inclusions, including more complex two-phase inclusions, on the prior particle boundaries in the HIP’d material. Grain growth occurs during HIPping of the 316L powders with some evidence of inclusions locally pinning boundaries. In the vacuum-melted powder, smaller Ti-rich inclusions are present which give more grain boundary pinning than in the air-melted powder where Ti was lost from the material during melting. Consideration has also been made to determine the variation of Ti and V microalloying elements and residual Cu through processing. It was found that Ti was lost during air melting but partly retained after vacuum melting leading to the presence of fine and complex Ti-containing precipitates which provided grain boundary pinning during HIPping and heat treatment. V was retained in the melt by the use of both AMGA and VIGA processes, and therefore available for precipitation during HIPping. Residual Cu was retained during both air and vacuum melting and was associated with Mn S and Mn O S inclusions overwhelmingly outweighing that of Mn O inclusions in the two HIP’d 316L samples.
Learning about noticing, by, and through, noticing
Authors: Mason John
Published: October 2020

Aspects of noticing which are often overlooked are brought to the surface and illustrated by accounting-for three accounts-of specific phenomena, two of which readers are invited to experience for themselves. These are used as a springboard for both illustrating the Discipline of Noticing as a method of sensitising oneself to notice possibilities for action, and reporting insights achieved through its use. This includes augmenting the discourse of Dual Systems Theory to include S1.5 (emotion) and S3 (creative insight) and linking it to a six-fold structure of the human psyche (enaction, affect, cognition, attention, will and witness). The aim is to enrich the discourse in which to account-for incidents as experienced by teachers themselves, and incidents observed by teachers and other researchers. The paper ends by distinguishing between measurement-based research validation, and phenomenologically-based validation which is part of the discipline of noticing.
Effects of Ultrasonic and Microwave Pretreatment on Lipid Extraction of Microalgae and Methane Production from the Residual Extracted Biomass
Authors: Rokicka Magdalena , Zieliński Marcin , Dudek Magda , Dębowski Marcin
Published: October 2020

The extraction of lipids from microalgae cells of Botryococcus braunii and Chlorella vulgaris after ultrasonic and microwave pretreatment was evaluated. Cell disruption increased the lipid extraction efficiency, and microwave pretreatment was more effective compared with ultrasonic pretreatment. The maximum lipid yield from B. braunii was 56.42% using microwave radiation and 39.61% for ultrasonication, while from C. vulgaris, it was respectively 41.31% and 35.28%. The fatty acid composition in the lipid extracts was also analyzed. The methane yield from the residual extracted biomass pretreated by microwaves ranged from 148 to 185 NmL CH4/g VS for C. vulgaris and from 128 to 142 NmL CH4/g VS for B. braunii. In the case of ultrasonic pretreatment, the methane production was between 168 and 208 NmL CH4/g VS for C. vulgaris, while for B. braunii ranging from 150 to 174 NmL CH4/g VS. Anaerobic digestion showed that lipid-extracted biomass presented lower methane yield than non-lipid-extracted feedstock, and higher amount of lipid obtained in the extraction contributed less methane production. Anyway, anaerobic digestion of the residual extracted biomass can be a suitable method to increase economic viability of energy recovery from microalgae.
A rare case of metachronous neuroendocrine tumor after a colorectal adenocarcinoma: qualitative critical review of synchronous and metachronous gastrointestinal NET
Authors: Lancellotti Francesco , Solinas Luigi , Telesco Davide , Sagnotta Andrea , Belardi Augusto , Balsamo Giuseppina , Mancini Stefano
Published: October 2020

Gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumor (NET) associated with a metachronous intestinal adenocarcinoma is rare. We report the case of a 71-year-old man with an ileal NET. Patient has previously undergone a left colectomy for sigmoid cancer. We report a complete review both of the metachronous and synchronous NET. A comprehensive systematic literature search in PubMed, EMBASE, and MEDLINE identified a total of 35 relevant studies. This study includes an analysis of review articles, case reports, case series, retrospective studies and population-based studies. In the English literature to date, there are 21 case reports (19 synchronous cases and 2 metachronous cases), 3 case series and 3 review articles, and less than 10 retrospective studies or population-based studies. A total of 31 patients in 24 articles were included in the study: 28 patients with a synchronous gastrointestinal NET and colorectal adenocarcinoma and 3 patients with metachronous gastrointestinal NET and colorectal adenocarcinoma. The incidence of synchronous cancer (particularly for colorectal and gastric cancer) with a gastrointestinal NET ranges from 10 to 50%, while for the metachronous ones it is still unclear. This is the third metachronous case report and the first descriptive case of gastrointestinal NET diagnosed 2 years after a colorectal adenocarcinoma. An endoscopic follow-up program for gastrointestinal NET patients and/or for first-degree relatives of NET patients appears recommendable.
Correlation of microbiota in the gut of fish species and water
Authors: Zeng Ao , Tan Kai , Gong Ping , Lei Ping , Guo Zhaohui , Wang Shengping , Gao Shufeng , Zhou Yinghua , Shu Yan , Zhou Xiaoling , Miao Dong , Zeng Fajiao , Liu Huizhi
Published: October 2020

To analyze the intestinal microbiota diversity of several important economic fishes in the Loudi area and its correlation with the microbiota of water environment, the high-throughput sequencing based on the bacteria 16S rRNA was used to analyze the intestinal microbiota diversity in fish intestines and water. The results revealed that half of the OTUs in the water sample could be detected in the fish intestine, the proportion of shared OTUs in the intestines of Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and water samples was only 22%, and the unique OTU in the LC group was relatively the highest in the fish intestinal group. It can be seen from the analysis in NMDS analysis, the distance between Hypophthalmichthys molitrix group and water group is relatively farthest. Ctenopharyngodon idellus has the highest microbiota richness and diversity (P < 0.05), while the water samples have the lowest microbiota richness (P < 0.05). Firmicutes, Methylocaldum and Bacillus are the prevalent taxonomic unit in the Aristichthys nobilis and Carassius auratus groups, Anaerospora is the prevalent genera in the Hypophthalmichthys molitrix group, Proteobacteria and Cyanobacteria have a high relative abundance ratio in the Ctenopharyngodon idellus group, and the prevalent taxonomic unit in the water sample group are Phenylobacterium, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria. In conclusion, fish species have different prevalent microbiota. There are a strong correlation between fish intestinal microbiota and the water environment, and the fish with a weak correlation is Hypophthalmichthys molitrix. Results of this study will contribute to the prevention and treatment of fish diseases and the fish ecological culturing in Loudi area.
Growing Non-native Trees in European Forests Brings Benefits and Opportunities but Also Has Its Risks and Limits
Authors: Pötzelsberger Elisabeth , Spiecker Heinrich , Neophytou Charalambos , Mohren Frits , Gazda Anna , Hasenauer Hubert
Published: October 2020

Purpose of Review

Non-native tree species (NNT) raise a range of different associations and emotions—to many citizens they are just an exotic curiosity in parks, to many conservationists they are an evil to native ecosystems that should be eradicated, to a rising group of foresters they are part of the solution to climate change and an increasing timber demand, and to others they are already daily forestry business. In this review, where we also summarise the findings of the recent COST Action FP1403 (NNEXT) ‘Non-native tree species for European forests: experiences, risks and opportunities’, we highlight opportunities and challenges in the light of climate change, ecological risks and legislative limits of growing non-native tree species in Europe.

Recent Findings

Few NNT in Europe show invasive behaviour and are listed as prohibited species or as species to be monitored. A larger number of NNT is utilised in productive forestry and forest restoration due to their superior growth, valuable timber properties and good performance under harsh growing conditions. Current species distribution, experiences with success and failures and environmental concerns differ profoundly across Europe, with Western Europe overall revealing higher shares in NNT and showing a stronger interest of forestry related stakeholder groups to continue planting NNT.

Many more NNT are already used in forestry than previously thought, but relatively few species have major importance in terms of area, mainly in western European countries. Diversification, mixing and avoidance of invasion in relation to NNT are necessities that are relatively new on the agenda. In contrast, provenance research of major NNT has been going on for many decades and now provides important information for climate change adaptation. Despite the limitations to the use of NNT either through legal restrictions or forest certification that differ considerably across Europe, the careful integration of a range of tested NNT also into future forest management planning shows a high potential for climate change adaptation and mitigation.
Evaluating ‘Life Steeped in Power’: Non-Domination, the Rule of Law and Spatial Restrictions for Irregular Migrants
Authors: Slingenberg Lieneke
Published: October 2020

Irregular migrants in Europe are increasingly subjected to state coercion, surveillance and spatial restrictions, such as containment, dispersal and forced transfers. Lawyers usually evaluate such practices in the light of human rights law, which only provides limited protection. For this reason, I propose an alternative normative framework to evaluate and assess coercive state practices towards irregular migrants: the concept of freedom as non-domination. In this article, I conceptualize non-domination from a rule of law perspective. To this end, I start from Lovett’s procedural account of arbitrariness; and complement this with Benton’s focus on unaccountable power and Palombella’s argument for ‘duality of law’. In the second part of this article, I apply this normative framework to coercive practices in shelters for irregular migrants in the Netherlands. This allows me to demonstrate the practical relevance and consequences of the theory. It discloses how the protection of freedom as non-domination, conceptualized from a rule of law perspective, sets more demanding criteria for the (courts of) law than the protection of human rights. At the same time, it does not require non-interference or elaborate positive obligations from the state. For irregular migrants, who do not have the right to reside in the territory, but who are entirely under the control of state power, non-domination as conceptualized in this paper provides, in my view, a necessary framework of review that ensures a kind of protection that is currently lacking.
Cartographic Scale in Immersive Virtual Environments
Authors: Hruby Florian , Castellanos Irma , Ressl Rainer
Published: October 2020

Scale has been a defining criterion of mapmaking for centuries. However, this criterion is fundamentally questioned by highly immersive virtual reality (VR) systems able to represent geographic environments at a high level of detail and, thus, providing the user with a feeling of being present in VR space. In this paper, we will use the concept of scale as a vehicle for discussing some of the main differences between immersive VR and non-immersive geovisualization products. Based on a short review of diverging meanings of scale we will propose possible approaches to the issue of both spatial and temporal scale in immersive VR. Our considerations shall encourage a more detailed treatment of the specific characteristics of immersive geovisualization to facilitate deeper conceptual integration of immersive and non-immersive visualization in the realm of cartography.
L’« effet Derrida » en Afrique du Sud: Jacques Derrida, Verne Harris et la notion d’archive(s) dans l’horizon post-apartheid
Authors: Fouéré Marie-Aude
Published: October 2020

Résumés

Cet article interroge la rencontre entre le monde des archives de l’État sud-africain et la philosophie de Jacques Derrida par l’intermédiaire de l’archiviste Verne Harris. Il apporte plus largement un éclairage original sur la fortune de l’ouvrageMal d’archiveet de la notion derridienne d’« archive », au singulier, au sein du tournant archivistique et dans l’espace intellectuel internationalisé contemporain. Son objectif est d’élucider les conditions de possibilité du transfert et de la réinterprétation de la notion d’« archive », telle qu’exposée dansMal d’archive, afin d’élaborer un outil épistémologique de refondation des archives sud-africaines. Au-delà, il s’est agi, pour les passeurs d’« archive », de tenter de réinventer la nation sud-africaine au moment historique de la sortie de l’apartheid dans les années 1990. Dans un pays aux prises avec des archives qui documentent avant tout les politiques d’un État raciste, « sinistre boursouflure sur le corps du monde » selon Derrida, l’« archive » paraissait à même de raccorder des champs habituellement dissociés – l’archivistique, la politique et l’éthique. Les liens que Derrida tisse entre archive(s), savoir, pouvoir et mémoire et l’engagement politique précoce du philosophe contre l’apartheid expliquent l’attention portée àMal d’archiveà l’horizon des enjeux de mémoire, de réconciliation et de pardon, mais aussi d’oubli, auxquels l’Afrique du Sud était alors confrontée.
Archives et histoire : dépasser les tournants
Authors: Poncet Olivier
Published: October 2020

Résumés

Les publications et les programmes de recherche qui portent sur l’histoire des archives, de leurs acteurs, de leurs méthodes et de leur signification sociale, politique et culturelle se sont beaucoup multipliés ces dernières années. Ces préoccupations posent à nouveau la question de la pertinence du couple formé par les archives et l’histoire depuis au moins l’époque moderne. Deux mouvements, qualifiés de « tournants » semblent en réalité se développer sans toujours se rencontrer : le « tournant archivistique », qui serait plutôt le fait du monde des archivistes (et des anthropologues), et le « tournant documentaire » des chercheurs historiens qui ne considèrent plus seulement les pièces et les fonds d’archives comme des matériaux, mais comme des objets historiques à part entière, producteurs de sens social, politique ou culturel. L’archivistique, entendue au sens très large, revendique parfois une rupture avec la science historique pour gagner une véritable reconnaissance académique dans le paysage contemporain des sciences sociales, tandis que le « tournant documentaire », essentiellement européen, porte plus volontiers sur les époques médiévales et modernes. L’analyse de la production récente développée dans ces deux directions conduit à souhaiter leur mutuelle hybridation et, plus spécialement pour les historiens, à approfondir une contextualisation et une historicisation des fondements archivistiques sur lesquels repose une partie de nos connaissances historiques.
Comparativism and Colonizing Thinking in International Law
Authors: D’ASPREMONT JEAN
Published: October 2020

Comparison is a very common tool for international lawyers. In fact, international law is built around, and draws upon, constructions necessitating an exercise of comparison. In recent years, however, calls have been made to turn the familiar tool of comparison into a central way to engage with international law. This is the idea of those spearheading the rise of a new field called comparative international law. This article critically examines the promotion of comparison as a central mode of engagement with international law and scrutinizes some of the main features of the comparativist project. It particularly shows that the comparativist project, far from laying bare the plurality of international legal thought and practice, enables a thought-colonizing enterprise. The article ends with some reflective observations on the possibility of limiting colonizing thinking in international legal studies. In doing so, it argues that it must remain possible for international lawyers to engage with alterity in a way that does not unilaterally manufacture the “other,” silence it, and speak on its behalf. This approach is called counter-comparability.
“America First” and the Return of Economic Isolationism and Nationalism to the United States: A Historic Turning Point for International Trade Law
Authors: DUFOUR GENEVIÈVE , DUCASSE DELPHINE
Published: October 2020

American trade policy under the Trump administration can be summed up in one expression, “America First,” which the US president himself has repeated many times. Driven by a rejection of multilateralism, the United States has adopted numerous measures designed to maintain or stimulate domestic industry or to tighten economic policies both domestically and towards foreign trading partners. Reflecting isolationist and nationalist economic theories, these measures are the anchor for a return of economic frontiers to the United States. Yet the United States is at the heart of globalization and cannot completely isolate itself without risking an economic meltdown. This is all the more true since it has been the driving force behind the creation of the multilateral trading system since the end of the Second World War. This change of economic vision by one of the world’s greatest powers can only be a turning point in the recent history of international economic relations. As such, one may wonder whether America First and the set of measures adopted in its name also foreshadow a phase of retreat for international trade law or whether, on the contrary, they are an opportunity for reform of an area of the law that has been struggling to evolve for several decades.
Monitoring the Impact of Air Quality on the COVID-19 Fatalities in Delhi, India: Using Machine Learning Techniques
Authors: Sethi Jasleen Kaur , Mittal Mamta
Published: October 2020

Objective:

The focus of this study is to monitor the effect of lockdown on the various air pollutants due to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic and identify the ones that affect COVID-19 fatalities so that measures to control the pollution could be enforced.

Methods:

Various machine learning techniques: Decision Trees, Linear Regression, and Random Forest have been applied to correlate air pollutants and COVID-19 fatalities in Delhi. Furthermore, a comparison between the concentration of various air pollutants and the air quality index during the lockdown period and last two years, 2018 and 2019, has been presented.

Results:

From the experimental work, it has been observed that the pollutants ozone and toluene have increased during the lockdown period. It has also been deduced that the pollutants that may impact the mortalities due to COVID-19 are ozone, NH3, NO2, and PM10.

Conclusions:

The novel coronavirus has led to environmental restoration due to lockdown. However, there is a need to impose measures to control ozone pollution, as there has been a significant increase in its concentration and it also impacts the COVID-19 mortality rate.
Self-Quarantine Noncompliance During the COVID-19 Pandemic in South Korea
Authors: Ryu Sukhyun , Hwang Youngsik , Yoon Hongbi , Chun Byung Chul
Published: October 2020

Objectives:

In South Korea, many individuals were self-quarantined for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) after the quarantine criteria were extended to all overseas travelers. This study was conducted to identify the noncompliance rate of self-quarantine for COVID-19 cases and assess the impact of a 1-strike out policy and an increased amount of penalty for the violating self-quarantine in South Korea.

Methods:

The self-quarantine noncompliance rate for COVID-19 was examined using publicly available data. We collected the daily number of quarantine and quarantine violation cases from March 22 to June 10, 2020. A Poisson regression analysis was conducted to identify the impact of additional sanctions for the quarantine violation.

Results:

The median number of individuals quarantined per day was 36,561 (interquartile range, 34,408-41,961). The median number of daily self-quarantine violations was 6 (range, 0-13). The median rate of self-quarantine violations was 1.6 per 10,000 self-quarantined individuals (range, 0.0-8.0 per 10,000 self-quarantined individuals). The additional sanction has no significant impact on the number of violations among quarantine individuals (P = 0.99).

Conclusions:

The additional sanction for the violation of quarantined individuals did not reduce the self-quarantine violations. Further studies are warranted to strengthen the compliance of self-quarantine for future pandemics.
Changes in Preventive Behavior During the First 3 Months of the COVID-19 Outbreak in Iran
Authors: Shamsalinia Abbas , Mohammadi Sepideh , Ghaffari Fatemeh , Arazi Tajmohammad
Published: October 2020

Objectives:

Iran is facing a big challenge controlling the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak, and it is unclear to how individuals are engaging in preventive behaviors. This study aimed to investigate changes in preventive behaviors during the first 3 mo of the COVID-19 outbreak in Iran.

Method:

This cross-sectional survey was conducted on 1477 adults aged 18 y and older in 31 provinces of Iran. Data were collected by an anonymous online questionnaire.

Result:

Overall, engagement in preventive behaviors was relatively acceptable, and more than 45% of subjects always carried out all preventive behaviors. Engaging in all preventive behaviors had a peak in the second month and obviously declined during third month. Engagement in some preventive behaviors, such as “wearing a face mask” and “keeping a safe distance from others,” was observed less than other behaviors. There was a statistically significant difference in the engagement in preventive behaviors by gender and occupation (P < 0.001).

Conclusions:

Although engagement in preventive behaviors was relatively acceptable for the first 2 mo of the outbreak, it has declined gradually. This is a warning for public health decision makers. COVID-19 is still a crucial issue in Iran, and it is necessary that government decision be based on the fact that Iranian people must live with a coronavirus for months, with full caution and compliance toward all preventive care protocols.
One for Everyone: A Study of User Satisfaction Among Health-Care Providers Regarding Extended Use of N95 Masks During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Sharma Nishant , Gupta Anant , Killedar Makhdoom , Bindra Ashish , Patil Asmita , Gupta Surabhi , Gopathoti Paavan , Kumar Parmeshwar
Published: October 2020

Objective:

This study was conducted to assess the feasibility of extended use of N95 masks in our hospital during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. We also studied the use pattern, user satisfaction, and issues faced during extended use of the mask.

Methods:

This cross-sectional study was conducted among health-care providers in a large tertiary care teaching hospital in northern India from April 1 to May 31, 2020. A list was prepared from the institute’s register, and participants were chosen by random sampling. The data collected from the physical forms were transferred to excel sheets.

Results:

A total of 1121 responses were received. The most common problem stated with reuse of N95 masks was loss of fit followed by damage to the slings, highlighted by 44.6% and 44.4% of the participants, respectively. A total of 476 (42.5%) participants responded that they would prefer “cup-shaped N95 mask with respirator”. The median scores regarding the satisfaction with the quality of masks and their fit was also 4 each.

Conclusions:

It was concluded that the extended use of N95 masks was acceptable, with more than 96% of the participants using these masks.
The historical origins of old-age pension schemes
Authors: Grünewald Aline
Published: October 2020

Old-age pensions are the most widespread social security programmes around the world. While many case studies have focused on the historical origins of old-age pensions, global and comparative studies are limited mainly due to missing data. To address this shortcoming, this article introduces the novel PENLEG dataset (Pension Legislation around the World, 1880–2010), which comprises data on: (1) the timing of the first pension introductions; (2) the pension design; (3) the mode of financing; (4) eligibility criteria; (5) benefit generosity and (6) coverage rates for all independent countries. Additionally, the article describes global pension patterns and highlights case evidence. It shows that economic development strategies, political incentives to bind citizens to the state, administrative reasons as well as colonial legacies and the Soviet model of social security have strongly affected the origins of old-age pensions.
The wicked problem of measuring real-world research impact: Using sustainable development goals (SDGs) and targets in academia
Authors: Chapman Geoffrey R. , Cully Ashley , Kosiol Jennifer , Macht Stephanie A. , Chapman Ross L. , Fitzgerald Janna Anneke , Gertsen Frank
Published: October 2020

This paper proposes that the United Nation's sustainable development goals (SDGs) and associated targets form an effective framework for determining real-world research impact. Existing bibliometrics that assess the quality of academic work are usually quantitative and self-referential, reducing the focus on real-world issues. The same measurements are often adopted by funding bodies, pressuring researchers to increase compliance, and further reducing integrity and real-world impact. A series of world cafés were conducted, collecting data on how researchers, their institutions, and network organisations can contribute to, and measure research aligned with the SDGs and targets. The results showed that participants were generally positive towards using the SDGs and targets to measure impact and quality of academic research. Suggestions to assist greater adoption of the SDGs and targets as a measure of impact included: aligning governmental and institutional funding; changing key performance indicators; increasing cross-disciplinary work; aligning mission/vision statements; and legitimising SDG-focused projects at conferences.
Co-worker ostracism and promotive voice: a self-consistency motivation analysis
Authors: Jahanzeb Sadia , Newell William
Published: October 2020

This study utilizes self-consistency motivational theory to investigate the association between employees' experience of co-worker ostracism and their promotive voice, while also examining the mediating role of organization-based self-esteem (OBSE) and the moderating effect of emotional stability. We collected three-wave data from personnel in North American organizations and found that social exclusion by co-workers hinders employees' expression of constructive views about work-related matters as it dampens their OBSE. We observed that this mediating role of OBSE is mitigated to the extent to which employees have emotional stability, a dispositional feature that helps them control emotions, discipline impulses, and handle challenges. Overall, our study identifies a key mechanism, employees' belief about their self-esteem and proficiency as an organizational member, through which co-worker exclusion hampers promotive voice, and it reveals how their emotional stability might contain this process.
Deep multi-scale learning for automatic tracking of internal layers of ice in radar data
Authors: Rahnemoonfar Maryam , Yari Masoud , Paden John , Koenig Lora , Ibikunle Oluwanisola
Published: October 2020

In this study, our goal is to track internal ice layers on the Snow Radar data collected by NASA Operation IceBridge. We examine the application of deep learning methods on radar data gathered from polar regions. Artificial intelligence techniques have displayed impressive success in many practical fields. Deep neural networks owe their success to the availability of massive labeled data. However, in many real-world problems, even when a large dataset is available, deep learning methods have shown less success, due to causes such as lack of a large labeled dataset, presence of noise in the data or missing data. In our radar data, the presence of noise is one of the main obstacles in utilizing popular deep learning methods such as transfer learning. Our experiments show that if the neural network is trained to detect contours of objects in electro-optical imagery, it can only track a low percentage of contours in radar data. Fine-tuning and further training do not provide any better results. However, we show that selecting the right model and training it on the radar imagery from the start yields far better results.
Institutional Change in Constrained Circumstances: Gender, Resistance, and Critical Actors in the Chilean Executive
Authors: Staab Silke , Waylen Georgina
Published: October 2020

Because gender equality actors rarely have sufficient power to create new institutions, this article asks how they can achieve positive gender change in constrained circumstances when the creation of new rules is not possible. Building on a feminist institutionalist approach to analyzing gendered institutional dynamics, power, and resistance, we open the “black box” of one executive: Michelle Bachelet’s first presidency in Chile (2006–10). Using theory-guided process tracing and primarily qualitative data, we examine key reforms in three policy areas—health, pensions, and childcare—that were central to Bachelet’s first program. By analyzing how efforts to incorporate positive gender change fared differently in each area, this study shows how far utilizing, subverting, or converting existing rules—more “hidden” forms of change, often away from legislatures—can be effective, if limited, strategies when gender equality advocates face resistance.
Identity salience facilitates Tibetan students’ group-reference effect using a remembering-knowing recognition paradigm
Authors: Li Hongxia
Published: October 2020

Social identity theory shows that individuals’ social identity can become salient in some contexts and affect their cognition and behavior. Little research has focused on the impact of ethnic identity salience on the group-reference effect in the remembering-knowing recognition task. Thus, the current study aims to examine this effect of ethnic identity salience. In Experiment 1 we recruited 26 Tibetan students and 30 Han Chinese students from a predominantly Han Chinese university. In Experiment 2, we selected 26 Tibetan students and 30 Han Chinese students from a predominantly Tibetan university. Two weeks before the experiment, all participants reported the baseline level of their social identity salience. After two weeks, each participant underwent a memory test. Tibetan students at the predominantly Han Chinese university showed evidence of higher ethnic identity salience and superior recognition memory performance during a Tibetan reference encoding task than during a Han Chinese reference encoding task (Experiment 1). However, Tibetan students at the Tibetan-majority university did not show this effect (Experiment 2). In comparison, Han Chinese participants did not show any social identity salience in the two experiments. The results show that the salient social identity had an effect on the group reference effect in a remembering-recognition memory test. The current study contributes to the past literature by providing a tentative further understanding of the relationship between social identity salience and remembering judgments.
Skipping breakfast is associated with the presence of cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents: Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents – ERICA
Authors: de Souza Marielly Rodrigues , Neves Morgana Egle Alves , Souza Amanda de Moura , Muraro Ana Paula , Pereira Rosangela Alves , Ferreira Márcia Gonçalves , Rodrigues Paulo Rogério Melo
Published: October 2020

Breakfast is considered as the most important meal of the day. The habit of skipping this meal in adolescence tends to remain until adulthood and has been associated with cardiometabolic risk factors. The present study estimated the prevalence of skipping breakfast and its association with cardiometabolic risk factors. This is a cross-sectional study with data from the Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA), with a nationally representative sample of 36 956 Brazilian adolescents, aged 12–17 years, enrolled in public and private schools. The outcomes were excess body weight (BMI), central obesity (waist circumference and waist:height ratio), lipid profile (total cholesterol (TC), LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and TAG) and glycidic profile (fasting glycaemia, fasting insulin and glycated Hb). The association between skipping breakfast and each outcome was estimated using multiple Poisson regression models (prevalence ratio (PR) and 95 % CI). Prevalence of skipping breakfast was 68·7 % and, after adjustments, it was associated with excess body weight (PR = 1·30; 95 % CI 1·18, 1·43), central obesity both by waist circumference (PR = 1·27; 95 % CI 1·00, 1·61) and by waist:height ratio (PR = 1·32; 95 % CI 1·13, 1·54) and high fasting glucose levels (PR = 1·54; 95 % CI 1·09, 2·18), fasting insulin (PR = 1·64; 95 % CI 1·21, 2·22), glycated Hb (PR = 1·16; 95 % CI 1·03, 1·31) and total cholesterol (PR = 1·14; 95 % CI 1·02, 1·27). Skipping breakfast was associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescence. In this context, the school environment is an ideal space to promote healthy eating habits, favouring the implementation of food and nutrition education activities to make adolescents aware of the importance of consuming breakfast daily.
The Promise of Peacekeeping: Protecting Civilians in Civil Wars
Authors: Carnegie Allison , Mikulaschek Christoph
Published: October 2020

Do peacekeepers protect civilians in civil conflict? Securing civilian safety is a key objective of contemporary peacekeeping missions, yet whether these efforts actually make a difference on the ground is widely debated in large part because of intractable endogeneity concerns and selection bias. To overcome these issues, we use an instrumental variables design, leveraging exogenous variation in the rotation of African members of the United Nations Security Council and looking at its effects on African civil wars. We show that states that wield more power send more peacekeepers to their preferred locations, and that these peacekeepers in turn help to protect civilians. We thus demonstrate the robustness of many existing results to a plausible identification strategy and present a method that can also be applied to other diverse settings in international relations.
‘Buddhism Has Been Insulted. Take Immediate Steps’: Burmese fascism and the origins of Burmese Islamophobia, 1936–38
Authors: BOWSER MATTHEW J.
Published: October 2020

In light of the current Rohingya crisis in Myanmar, this article investigates the emergence of Islamophobia in colonial Burma. Focusing on the under-examined Islamophobic riots that broke out countrywide in 1938, my research reveals that a nascent fascist movement used Muslims as a scapegoat for political and economic crisis. The colonial agribusiness economy had collapsed during the Great Depression, while the vast contract labour system of the Indian Ocean had brought millions of low-wage Indian migrants to Burma, causing a glut in the labour market. Burmese socialism provided a popular response to these issues. To compete, Burmese fascism emerged to appeal to a rising sense of nationalism, racially scapegoating Indians and the religion of Islam as the exploiters, colonizers, and invaders behind Burma's problems. Using the racialized termkalato conflate the ideas of colonizer, Indian, and Muslim, Burmese fascists inflamed hatred against Indian Muslims, Indian Hindus, and even indigenous Muslims, such as the Rohingya. By revealing the origins of this racialization, this article both deconstructs the lasting Burmese perception of the Rohingya as ‘Bengali immigrants’ and provides a generalizable case study into how races and racisms develop from specific historical factors and political movements. It also argues that the British amplified fascist ideas in Burma by focusing repression on movements that directly challenged their material control, such as socialism and communism. Therefore, it highlights how ruling classes often prefer nationalistic movements because they redirect popular unrest from the project of overthrowing structural factors to that of eliminating scapegoated minorities.
International retirement and later-life migrants in the Marche region, Italy: materialities of landscape, ‘home’, lifestyle and consumption
Authors: King Russell , Cela Eralba , Fokkema Tineke , Morettini Gabriele
Published: October 2020

Within the general framework of ‘lifestyle migration’, the paper explores three materialities associated with the arrival and settlement of British, German and Dutch later-life migrants in the Italian region of Marche, a relatively new ‘frontier’ region for international retirement migration. The first is about the aesthetics of landscape and the scenic and emotional qualities of the physical and social environment. The second concerns ‘home’, where we examine house types, property location and home-making practices in terms of ‘authenticity’, material objects and the cultivation of land for productive purposes. The paper's third thematic focus is on consumption patterns. Most of the 69 participants interviewed for this study hanker after what they perceive as a simpler, more genuine way of life, in tune with the surrounding mixed-farming agricultural environment and distinct from other regions where tourism has taken hold. Many grow their own produce, including some who have small vineyards and olive groves. They enjoy shopping in local markets, eating out in inexpensive local hostelries, visiting museums and cultural festivals, and exploring the many pretty villages and historic towns of the region. The participants embody later-life migration as ‘active ageing’, but those who are older and/or frailer must consider, often reluctantly, the reality of a less-active and more isolated life in the Italian countryside.
Successful balloon valvuloplasty using direct puncture of the heart for pentalogy of Cantrell with complete ectopia cordis, low birth weight, single ventricle and severe pulmonary stenosis
Authors: Tanaka Toshikatsu , Kubo Shingo , Kamei Naoya
Published: October 2020

We present a 31 gestational weeks’ premature baby whose fetal echocardiogram showed ectopia cordis, single ventricle and severe pulmonary stenosis. At 31 gestational weeks, an emergency caesarean section was performed, and his birth weight was 1756 g, SpO2 was 80% on 100% O2. Epicardial echocardiogram showed double inlet right ventricle, severe valvular pulmonary stenosis and no ductus arteriosus. The risk of surgery was very high, so we decided to perform balloon valvuloplasty by direct puncture of the heart. We punctured the apex of the ventricle using a 16-gauge needle under echo guidance, advanced the guidewire to the pulmonary artery and performed balloon valvuloplasty. Soon after the procedure, the cyanosis improved dramatically. This is the first report of a transcatheter procedure performed by direct puncture of the heart for ectopia cordis with complex congenital heart disease.
Targeting the perinatal diet to modulate the gut microbiota increases dietary variety and prebiotic and probiotic food intakes: results from a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Dawson Samantha L , Mohebbi Mohammadreza , Craig Jeffrey M , Dawson Phillip , Clarke Gerard , Tang Mimi LK , Jacka Felice N
Published: October 2020

Objective:

To evaluate the hypothesis that a perinatal educational dietary intervention focused on ‘eating for the gut microbiota’ improves diet quality of pregnant women pre- and postnatally.

Design:

The Healthy Parents, Healthy Kids study is a prospectively registered randomised controlled trial designed to evaluate the efficacy of a dietary intervention in altering the maternal and infant gut microbiota and improving perinatal diet quality. Eligible pregnant women were randomised to receive dietary advice from their healthcare provider or to additionally receive a three session dietary intervention. Dietary data were collected at gestation weeks 26, 31, 36 and postnatal week 4. Outcome measures were diet quality, dietary variety, prebiotic and probiotic food intakes, energy, fibre, saturated fat and discretionary food intakes. Between-group differential changes from baseline before and after birth in these dietary measures were assessed using generalised estimating equations.

Setting:

Melbourne, Australia.

Participants:

Healthy pregnant women from gestation week 26.

Results:

Forty-five women were randomised (twenty-two control, twenty-three intervention). Compared with the control group, the intervention group improved diet quality prior to birth (5·66 (95 % CI 1·65, 9·67), Cohen’s d: 0·82 (se 0·33)). The intervention improved dietary variety (1·05 (95 % CI 0·17, 1·94), d: 0·66 (se 0·32)) and increased intakes of prebiotic (0·8 (95 % CI 0·27, 1·33), d: 0·91 (se 0·33)) and probiotic foods (1·05 (95 % CI 0·57, 1·53), d: 1·3(se 0·35)) over the whole study period compared with the control group.

Conclusion:

A dietary intervention focused on ‘eating for the gut microbiota’ can improve aspects of perinatal diet quality during and after pregnancy.
A Rankean Moment in Japan: The Persona of the Historian and the Globalization of the Discipline,c.1900
Authors: Facius Michael
Published: October 2020

This article attends to a formative moment in the history of Japanese historiography around 1900, when many Japanese historians began to identify with the eminent German historian Leopold von Ranke—curiously, however, without a substantial preceding engagement with his work. The article employs the concept of the “scholarly persona” to explore the views of influential Japanese historians on the significance of Leopold von Ranke as an embodiment of scholarly virtues. Contrasting Ranke's image in Japan with that prevalent among German and European practitioners, the article argues that Ranke did not function as a marker of a “Western” or “modern” way of doing history, as most previous accounts of his impact in Japan have asserted, but as a universally appropriable icon of a globalizing discipline.