bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Teaching, teasing, flirting and fighting
Authors: Offord Rosslyn E. , Hardy Gillian , Lamers Carolien , Bergin Louise
Published: April 2006

Interactions between six participants with a dementia syndrome were observed and recorded across an eight-week therapeutic group, using audio and video equipment. Sessions were analysed using ‘template analysis’ methodology. Three codes were used to describe participants' behaviour and discussion in the group. These described discussion of participants' experience of dementia, their responses to the group itself and ways in which participants used the group to fulfil their own needs. Subordinate codes illustrated these levels of participation. Participants offered practical and emotional support and listened, reflected and responded to others, whilst also using the group to meet their own needs. Group development was generally consistent with that of small groups for people without a dementia. The findings raise questions about the abilities that may be retained by people with a mild or moderate degree of dementia and challenge assumptions about ‘lack of insight’, and the positioning of people with a dementia as passive. The importance of providing contexts in which people with a dementia can express their abilities and reciprocate within relationships is discussed. Arguments for the efficacy of psychotherapeutic support for people with a dementia, and the inclusion of their perspectives in both research and practice are also considered.
Improving health care quality for racial/ethnic minorities: a systematic review of the best evidence regarding provider and organization interventions
Authors: Beach Mary Catherine , Gary Tiffany L , Price Eboni G , Robinson Karen , Gozu Aysegul , Palacio Ana , Smarth Carole , Jenckes Mollie , Feuerstein Carolyn , Bass Eric B , Powe Neil R , Cooper Lisa A
Published: April 2006

Background

Despite awareness of inequities in health care quality, little is known about strategies that could improve the quality of healthcare for ethnic minority populations. We conducted a systematic literature review and analysis to synthesize the findings of controlled studies evaluating interventions targeted at health care providers to improve health care quality or reduce disparities in care for racial/ethnic minorities.

Methods

We performed electronic and hand searches from 1980 through June 2003 to identify randomized controlled trials or concurrent controlled trials. Reviewers abstracted data from studies to determine study characteristics, results, and quality. We graded the strength of the evidence as excellent, good, fair or poor using predetermined criteria. The main outcome measures were evidence of effectiveness and cost of strategies to improve health care quality or reduce disparities in care for racial/ethnic minorities.

Results

Twenty-seven studies met criteria for review. Almost all (n = 26) took place in the primary care setting, and most (n = 19) focused on improving provision of preventive services. Only two studies were designed specifically to meet the needs of racial/ethnic minority patients. All 10 studies that used a provider reminder system for provision of standardized services (mostly preventive) reported favorable outcomes. The following quality improvement strategies demonstrated favorable results but were used in a small number of studies: bypassing the physician to offer preventive services directly to patients (2 of 2 studies favorable), provider education alone (2 of 2 studies favorable), use of a structured questionnaire to assess adolescent health behaviors (1 of 1 study favorable), and use of remote simultaneous translation (1 of 1 study favorable). Interventions employing more than one main strategy were used in 9 studies with inconsistent results. There were limited data on the costs of these strategies, as only one study reported cost data.

Conclusion

There are several promising strategies that may improve health care quality for racial/ethnic minorities, but a lack of studies specifically targeting disease areas and processes of care for which disparities have been previously documented. Further research and funding is needed to evaluate strategies designed to reduce disparities in health care quality for racial/ethnic minorities.
Association of PTPN22 1858 single-nucleotide polymorphism with rheumatoid arthritis in a German cohort: higher frequency of the risk allele in male compared to female patients
Authors: Pierer Matthias , Kaltenhäuser Sylke , Arnold Sybille , Wahle Matthias , Baerwald Christoph , Häntzschel Holm , Wagner Ulf
Published: April 2006

The functional single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the gene PTPN22 is a susceptibility locus for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The study presented here describes the association of the PTPN22 1858T allele with RA in a German patient cohort; 390 patients with RA and 349 controls were enrolled in the study. For 123 patients, clinical and radiographic documentation over 6 years was available from the onset of disease. Genotyping of the PTPN22 1858 SNP was performed using an restriction fragment length polymorphism PCR-based genotyping assay. The odds ratio to develop RA was 2.57 for carriers of the PTPN22 1858T allele (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.85–3.58, p < 0.001), and 5.58 for homozygotes (95% CI 1.85–16.79). The PTPN22 1858T allele was significantly associated not only with rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) positive RA, but also with RF and anti-CCP negative disease. The frequency of the PTPN22 1858T allele was increased disproportionately in male patients (53.8% compared to 33.0% in female patients, p < 0.001), and the resulting odds ratio for male carriers was increased to 4.47 (95% CI 2.5–8.0, p < 0.001). Moreover, within the male patient population, the rare allele was significantly associated with the HLA-DRB1 shared epitope (p = 0.01). No significant differences in disease activity or Larsen scores were detected. The results provide further evidence that the PTPN22 1858T allele is associated with RA irrespective of autoantibody production. The increased frequency of the risk allele in male patients and its association with the shared epitope indicate that the genetic contribution to disease pathogenesis might be more prominent in men.
‘Finally, I had run out of oil...’ Ambroise Paré and the birth of modern trauma surgery
Authors: Mauffrey Cyril
Published: April 2006

Ambroise Paré is the perfect example of a self made man. Paré and the statement ‘I dressed his wound and God healed him’ will always be synonymous. It was on the battlefield that Paré advanced his knowledge of surgery and in the process he was to become a pioneer in the field of trauma.
Patella dislocations
Authors: Dath R , Chakravarthy J , Porter KM
Published: April 2006

The patellofemoral joint relies on muscular, ligamentous and bony support for normal stability and function. Dislocations commonly occur due to simultaneous rotational force with contraction of the quadriceps. Bony, muscular and ligamentous factors predispose to dislocations although no single factor causes more dislocations than any other. The diagnosis is based on the history combined with physical examination and radiological investigations. A careful scrutiny of the radiographs is necessary to determine the presence of osteochondral fractures in acute patellar dislocations. Special views and further imagining is indicated especially in those with recurrent symptoms. The treatment of acute dislocations is most commonly non operative. Surgery in acute patellar dislocations is indicated for intra articular fragments or those with large osteochondral fractures. Various soft tissue and bony realignment procedures have been described for recurrent dislocations. No single procedure is superior to another. Factors such as the patient’s age, functional needs, extent of malalignment and the condition of the joint are important factors to be considered prior to operative intervention. In this paper we discuss an overview of the diagnosis and management of patella dislocations with a literature review on the current concepts in treatment.
Traumatic spinal cord injury: the relationship between pathology and clinical implications
Authors: El Masri(y) WS
Published: April 2006

The pathological effects of traumatic spinal cord injuries (SCI) encompass the pathology affecting the spinal cord. As a result of the interruption of spinal cord conduction, one or more pathological and patho-physiological processes affect almost every system of the human body. Knowledge of the pathological processes that affect the spinal cord and the various systems of the body is essential for the safe and good management of these patients. The small incidence (10-15 per million per year) of these highly complex conditions makes it difficult for skills and experience to develop in District General Hospitals in the management of these patients. The associated sensory impairment or loss present diagnostic challenges to the clinician in almost every aspect of paralysis and throughout the patient’s life.

In the acute stage simultaneous good management of the multi-system impairments and malfunctions giving equal attention to all systems including that of the traumatized spine is the key to good quality outcome. Concentrating resources at any one time on any one particular aspect of paralysis is unlikely to yield a similarly good outcome. The neurological outcome does not depend only on the quality of the management of the SCI. The traumatized physiologically unstable spinal cord is vulnerable and unable to protect itself from non-mechanical complications outside the spinal canal, many of which can easily develop in patients with SCI adding to the threats from the biomechanical instability.

To date there are many controversies in the management of many aspects of paralysis at all stages following injury. One of the main current controversies is in the management of the SCI itself. There are many reasons that seem to perpetuate this controversy. Some of the reasons may be related to different interpretations of the pathological processes that affect the vertebral axis and the spinal cord as well as their effects on neurological outcome. The natural history of neurological recovery following SCI is not always duly acknowledged.
Forkhead Box Protein P1 Expression in Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphomas Predicts Poor Prognosis and Transformation to Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
Authors: Sagaert Xavier , de Paepe Pascale , Libbrecht Louis , Vanhentenrijk Vera , Verhoef Gregor , Thomas Jose , Wlodarska Iwona , De Wolf-Peeters Christiane
Published: April 2006

Purpose

Gene expression profiling studies have reported upregulated mRNA expression of forkhead box protein P1 (FOXP1) in response to normal B-cell activation and high expression in a poor prognosis subtype of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Recently, it was also found that FOXP1 rearrangements and expression of its protein occur in mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphomas. In this study, we investigated FOXP1 expression in its relationship to morphology, genetic features, and prognosis in a series of 70 MALT lymphomas.

Patients and Methods

All samples were morphologically reviewed and stained for FOXP1. Presence of structural and/or numeric aberrations of the FOXP1, BCL10, and MALT1 genes was investigated. For all patients, a complete clinical data set was collected.

Results

We detected nuclear expression of FOXP1 in 20 of the 70 MALT lymphomas (nine of them featuring structural or numeric aberrations of the FOXP1 locus). FOXP1 positivity was confined to MALT lymphomas with poor clinical outcome (with impact of FOXP1 expression on relapse rate and disease-free survival). It was also found that MALT lymphomas with strong FOXP1 expression are at risk of transforming into an aggressive DLBCL of nongerminal center phenotype if they feature, in addition, a polymorphic histology and the presence of trisomy 3 and 18.

Conclusion

The data presented show that FOXP1 expression is an independent prognostic factor in MALT lymphomas. The data also support the hypothesis that a subgroup of nongerminal center DLBCLs (those marked by FOXP1 expression and trisomy 3 and 18) might represent a large-cell variant of MALT lymphomas.
Enantioselective Catalysis Performed by Bilayer-type Artificial Aminotransferase. Effect of a Chiral Binaphthol Moiety Placed in the Reaction Site
Authors: Kikuchi Jun-ichi , Zhang Zhi-Yi , Miyajima Tetsuya , Murakami Yukito
Published: April 2006

A supramolecular bilayer assembly, composed of a cationic peptide lipid having an (S)-alanine residue, an additional one having an (S)-binaphthol moiety, a hydrophobic pyridoxamine derivative, and copper(II) ions, performed substrate-selective catalysis as a vitamin B6-dependent artificial aminotransferase to transform α-keto acids into the corresponding α-amino acids in an enantiomeric excess of the d-isomer.
An Aminimide as an Extractant for Heavy- and Transition Metal Cations
Authors: Inokuma Seiichi , Hasegawa Kaori , Sakai Shigefumi , Nishimura Jun
Published: April 2006

The compounds possessing two aminimide groups directly attached to each other showed moderate affinity toward heavy- and transition metal cations on the liquid-liquid extraction. It is thought that this takes the five membered ring chelation which results in high lipophilic complexations to extract the cations into the organic phase.
Flow-Through-Measurements for Glucose Detection Using All-Solid-State Electrochemical Cells
Authors: Lisdat Fred , Miura Norio , Yamazoe Noboru
Published: April 2006

A potentiometric glucose sensor applicable for flow-trough-measurements was developed. The sensor can be represented by the following electrochemical scheme: Reference layer (Ag/AgCl) / NASICON / Pt, enzyme layer (GOD). The response to glucose was found to be reversible with a 90% response time of 50–90 s and a sensitivity of −55 ± 2 mV/dec. The stability of the internal reference contact as well as the reproducibility of the sensor signal were investigated. The compact sensor design allows easy replacement of the sensor within a flow-through-system.
Potentiometric Sensor Using Stabilized Zirconia and Tungsten Oxide for Hydrogen Sulfide
Authors: Yan Yongtie , Miura Norio , Yamazoe Noboru
Published: April 2006

A solid-state electrochemical device based on Y2O3-stabilized zirconia was found to respond well to 0.6–12 ppm H2S in air at 400 °C, when its surface exposed to H2S was coated with a layer of WO3. EMF decreased with an increase in H2S concentration at a rate of −40 mV/decade. It is proposed that in this device WO3 acts as a semiconductor electrode, its mixed potential being determined by the electrode reactions taking place at the zirconia/WO3 interface.
Convenient Synthesis of Bis-1,3-dithiolium Salts by One-electron Oxidation of Tetrathiafulvalene with Oxoaminium Salts
Authors: Yoshida Eri , Takata Toshikazu , Endo Takeshi , Ishizone Takashi , Hirao Akira , Nakahama Seiichi
Published: April 2006

Several bis-1,3-dithiolium salts, radical cation salts of tetrathiafulvalene were synthesized in quantitative yields by oxidation of tetrathiafulvalene with oxoaminium salts for 1min at room temperature.
A New Parameter for Maturity Assessment of Organic Materials in Sediments Based on Thermal Isomerization of Monomethylphenanthrenes
Authors: Shimoyama Akira , Nakano Yoshinobu , Nomoto Shinya
Published: April 2006

Monomethylphenanthrenes(MPs) were isomerized by heating in the presence of Na-montmorillonite to give a mixture of four isomers (1-, 2-, 3-, and 9-MP). The ratio of 1- and 2-MP produced from each isomer reached a constant value after appropriate time of heating. This ratio provides a new parameter for maturity assessment of sedimentary organic materials.
Incorporation of CO and NO Ligands in the Reaction of Benzyl Bromides with Tetrabutylammonium Tricarbonylnitrosylferrate
Authors: Nakanishi Saburo , Shimizu Yasuyo
Published: April 2006

Reaction of benzyl bromides with tetrabutylammonium tricarbonylnitrosylferrate afforded N-benzylphenylacetamides via incorporation of CO and NO ligands accompanied with dibenzyl ketones. A noticeable substituent effect on the amide-forming reaction was observed.
Detection of Hydroxyl Radical from Photoexcited Chlorophylls on Magnesium Oxide Powder in Aqueous Media Using the ESR Spin Trapping Technique
Authors: Noda Hiroyuki , Oikawa Kazuo , Ohya-Nishiguchi Hiroaki , Kamada Hitoshi
Published: April 2006

A potent active oxygen of hydroxyl radical has been detected in aqueous media of the photoexcited chlorophylls on MgO powder by using the ESR spin trapping technique. The mechanism for the production of the radical is discussed refering to three-electrons reduction of oxygen by the photoexcited chlorophylls on MgO.
Photochemical Isomerization of 1-Germa-2,4-cyclohexadienes
Authors: Mochida Kunio , Nohara Chikako , Ohhori Takashi , Kako Masahiro , Nakadaira Yasuhiro
Published: April 2006

Tetraphenylgermacyclohexadiene photochemically isomerized to the 4-vinyl-germacyclobutene. In contrast, diphenylgermacyclohexadiene remained unchanged on irradiation in benzene, but in the presence of methanol it was converted to the methoxy-germane probably through the 1-germahexatriene intermediate.
Facile Synthesis of 4-Arylsulfanylcoumarin Library through Reaction of 4-Tosyloxycoumarins with Thiols on Solid Phase
Authors: Wu Jie
Published: April 2006

Diversified 4-arylsulfanylcoumarins were generated under extremely mild conditions on solid phase with a silyl linker based macro-beads by base-promoted reaction of 4-tosyloxycoumarins with thiols.
Analysis Tools Used to Evaluate Oxygen Hazards and the Oxygen Compatibility of Metals
Authors: Forsyth ET , Newton BE , Chiffoleau G
Published: April 2006

Performing analyses of the fire hazards in oxygen systems is critical to avoiding fires. Over the years, several systematic approaches to analyzing fire hazards in oxygen systems have been proposed and analysis methodologies for oxygen systems have become more refined. Specific evaluation is performed on the compatibility of materials of construction, the presence of ignition mechanisms, and the effects that ignition or a fire would have on the component, system, and personnel. The authors of this paper routinely perform hazards analyses and failure analyses of oxygen systems for their clients and have applied new engineering technologies and materials test data to better understand, discern, and characterize oxygen fire hazards. This paper describes some of the new technologies and materials test data used and how they can be applied to evaluating the compatibility of metals in oxygen service, including three-dimensional component analysis; Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) flow modeling; metals flammability test data in static, flowing, and high-temperature oxygen; and metals ignition test data.
Condensation mechanisms of tetravalent technetium in chloride media
Authors: Poineau Frédéric , Fattahi Massoud , Montavon Gilles , Grambow Bernd
Published: April 2006

The condensation mechanisms of tetravalent technetium in chloride media were studied in the pH range 0–1.5. A new dimer complex of Tc(IV) has thus been discovered, Tc2OCl10
4−. Spectroscopic and kinetics studies showed that the formation of this compound resulted from the condensation of TcCl5(H2O)−. An EXAFS study indicates that the dimer displays a [Tc-O-Tc]6+ structure. As the pH increases, UV-visible measurements showed a cyclization of [Tc-O-Tc]6+ into [Tc(μO)2Tc]4+ leading, in fine, to the precipitation of TcO2·x H2O. The aquation constant (K
aq) of TcCl6
2− into TcCl5(H2O)− and the dimerisation constant (logK
dim) of TcCl5(H2O)− into Tc2OCl10
4− were determined to be 2.20±0.26 and 4.68±0.09, respectively.
Catawba Indian Pottery: The Survival of a Folk Tradition
Authors: DUNCAN RONALD
Published: April 2006

Catawba Indian Pottery: The Survival of. Folk Tradition. THOMAS JOHN BLUMER. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2004. 240 pp.
The Cole Motor Car Company
Authors: DeLancy Howard R.
Published: April 2006

J.J Cole, of Indianapolis, was one of the small group of entrepreneurs who successfully passed from carriage manufacture to automobile assembly. His initial success in the new field derived from technical competence, style consciousness, and marketing ability. These three attributes were not, however, subsequently exercized with equal and consistent effectiveness, and Cole, the talented individualist, did not survive the era of integration and combination in the 1920's. His firm passed from the scene, not as a bankrupt but as a typical founder-dominated organization that seemingly spent its energies in surviving one major transition and was unwilling or unable to face up to another.
Behind Teapot Dome: Some Personal Insights
Authors: Stratton David H.
Published: April 2006

Teapot Dome has long stood in the public mind as a conspicuous symbol not only of political corruption but of degenerate business morality as well. An examination of the charges against Albert B. Fall, therefore, though necessarily concerned with political and personal rather than business data, touches the interest of students of business history, whose natural concern lies in identifying the factual basis for incidents which have become part of the folklore of American business.
The Impact of Business on Protestantism, 1900–29
Authors: Doherty William T.
Published: April 2006

The effects of religion on business have inspired much schohrly inquiry, but the effects of business on religion have yet to be studied systematically. The following article draws several themes from a study of commercial periodicals, the religious press, and biographies. The indifference to theology of many businessmen furthered the interdenominational movement. This influence, coupled with a demand for “efficiency in religious affairs, stimulated a movement to merge churches. Some businessmen and religious leaders urged that such business techniques as advertising be adapted to the use of churches. A substantial body of literature arose which sought to transform religious prophets into businessmen and religious texts into manuals explaining how to succeed in business.
Business Patterns in the Growth of a Midwestern City: The Kansas City Business Community Before the Civil War
Authors: Glaab Charles N.
Published: April 2006

The Western traders who made centers like Kansas City their base soon found that urban development offered greater, safer investment opportunities than did trade. Bonanza real estate earnings became a major source of capital for the further development of the West.
The Montana Company, Limited: Case Study of an Anglo-American Mining Investment
Authors: Spence Clark C.
Published: April 2006

The mineral riches of the West were exploited in distinct stages. Before a settled industry could emerge, highly speculative development companies bought out the discoverers, skimmed the cream, and braved the hazards of nature and management. Some, like the Montana Company, flourished for a time, but litigation, depletion, absentee ownership, and high costs made long-term existence almost impossible.
Records Management and the “Paperwork Age”
Authors: Barcan Arthur
Published: April 2006

In order to utilize the new science of records management, historians need detailed, specific information on the various techniques which have been worked out. The Controlled Record Keeping program of the National Records Management Council, developed by historically oriented specialists, offers three basic tools which are equally useful to businessmen and scholars in helping to win the “Battle of the Bulk.”
The Ford Motor Company and the N.R.A.
Authors: Fine Sidney
Published: April 2006

There was something almost awesome, and perhaps typically American, in Henry Ford's defiance of the N.R.A. Ford staunchly maintained that the company he had founded and still ruled in absolute fashion was adhering to the law and had, in fact, anticipated many of its provisions. Critics focused their attack upon the company's labor practices, which clearly foreshadowed a coming strife, but no case was brought to court and Ford's fiercely individualistic attitude was never successfully constrained. The larger issue is not whether Ford did or did not comply, but rather what, in this period of profound social change, was to be the “fundamental American idea.”
Alexander Hamilton Church and the Development of Modern Management
Authors: Litterer Joseph A.
Published: April 2006

A perception of the importance of measuring overhead costs led Church to analyze the totality of management. Among the first to formulate a comprehensive theory, he studied management in historical depth and defined it as a distinct function with identifiable components that could be manipulated in the interest of greater efficiency.
The Growth of the Firm—A Case Study: The Hercules Powder Company
Authors: Penrose Edith T.
Published: April 2006

Growth is governed by a creative and dynamic interaction between a firm's productive resources and its market opportunities. Available resources limit expansion; unused resources (including technological and entrepreneurial) stimulate and largely determine the direction of expansion. While product demand may exert a predominant short-term influence, over the long term any distinction between “supply” and “demand” determinants of growth becomes arbitrary.
The Conflict over Railroad Regulation in Alabama
Authors: Doster James F.
Published: April 2006

A half century ago the conflict over state regulation of railroads was the chief issue in Alabama politics. Two staunch advocates led the rival forces. Both leaders were in agreement on the need to develop the industrial capacities of the state, but each sponsored violently opposing concepts of how this could best be done. The present article, by presenting the two sides of the Alabama controversy, provides us with insights into the national dilemma over government regulation of business which developed after the Civil War.
The American-Hawaiian Steamship Company, 1899–1919
Authors: Cochran Thomas C. , Ginger Ray
Published: April 2006

At a time when American shipping generally was finding it difficult to compete in international trade, certain American shipping groups were profiting largely. The strength of the American-Hawaiian Steamship Company derived from conservative financial policy, bold but not reckless expansion, astute analysis of trading opportunities, skillful handling of competition, and decisive adaptation to emergencies. A closely knit group of owner-managers held the reins of control. Internal strength permitted optimum realizations from a favorable commercial environment and even helped to make that environment favorable.
Local Entrepreneurship in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Farmer Richard N.
Published: April 2006

What happens when a major modern enterprise is abruptly superimposed on a country where business patterns have been fixed for centuries? One of the most interesting reactions is that by entrepreneurs in the national population. Adaptation, imitation, and eagerness are characteristic responses, and these go remarkably far in solving the problems of carrying on a twentieth-century business in a fifteenth-century economy.
From Business To Government—A Review Article
Authors: Supple Barry E.
Published: April 2006

In many instances the recruitment of outstanding business executives for [federal] posts is both unfair to the individual and of no advantage to the executive branch.

On the whole … there is no class of people better equipped for public service than the businessmen.
Wood Pulp and Newspapers, 1867–1900
Authors: Smith David C.
Published: April 2006

Rejecting the traditional explanation that the introduction of features and an increase in scandalmongering account for the growth of American newspapers following the Civil War, Professor Smith advances an interesting correlation between the introduction of wood-pulp paper and the lowered prices and increased circulation of the press.
Early American Checks and an Example of Their Use
Authors: Redlich Fritz , Christman Webster M.
Published: April 2006

The taxonomy and utility of early American checks are suggested by Dr. Redlich and an example of their use by the customers of Stephen Girard's Bank, 1812–1834, is supplied by Mr. Christman. Readers are encouraged to comment on or supplement this first attempt at the history of an important business instrument.
Bernard Baruch: Symbol and Myth in Industrial Mobilization
Authors: Cuff Robert D.
Published: April 2006

Professor Cuff casts a critically dissenting eye at one of American history's most cherished myths: Bernard Baruch's role in United States' mobilization during World War I.
The Kress Library of Business and Economics and Some of Its Treasures
Authors: Nicholes Eleanor L. , Reeves Dorothea D.
Published: April 2006

The following brief tour through Harvard's Kress Library should acquaint scholars with that collection's unique strengths and whet their appetites for further exploration of its shelves.
Corporate Names and Change
Authors: Boddewyn J.
Published: April 2006

In the manner of the Creole tradesmen of Louisiana, whose lagniappe to their patrons is legendary, the Editors offer a similar bonus to readers of the Review. Instead of trifling presents added to a purchase, however, our lagniappe will be notes and documents illustrative of the evolution of business enterprise.
The United States and Turkish Nationalism: Investments and Technical Aid during the Atatürk Era
Authors: Trask Roger R.
Published: April 2006

The important role of American business interests and technical assistants in Kemalist Turkey's drive for economic modernization forms the basis for an excellent illustration of the interaction of governments and businessmen in developing countries.
Ralph Carr: A Newcastle Merchant and the American Colonial Trade
Authors: Roberts William I.
Published: April 2006

What were the ingredients for success for British merchants in the eighteenth-century trans-Atlantic trade? In the failure of Ralph Carr of Newcastle to market European goods in America during the 1750's, Professor Roberts personalizes an answer.
Quantity vs. Quality: The Impact of Changing Demand on the British Aircraft Industry, 1900–1960
Authors: Higham Robin
Published: April 2006

This study reveals distinct cycles directly related to the major military conflicts of the twentieth century which had an important impact on the quantity and quality of British aircraft production. The author also suggests that these cycles may have relevance for other countries and other industries.
Some Recent Developments of Business History in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland
Authors: Fischer Wolfram
Published: April 2006

To facilitate fruitful conceptualization and research in business history among scholars throughout the world, the Review herewith inaugurates a series of reports by our International Correspondents. These reports will supplement the American activities regularly recorded in our pages. It is our hope that comparative studies of common problems and the exchange of data and ideas will thus be encouraged.
The Chicago Business Elite: 1830–1930. A Collective Biography
Authors: Ghent Jocelyn Maynard , Jaher Frederic Cople
Published: April 2006

To the literature on social mobility and the question of earned versus inherited fortunes, Professor Jaher and Dr. Ghent add findings for the city of Chicago in the late nineteenth century that are in strong contrast to simuar studies for other cities. From the Civil War to the turn of the century, Chicago's rate of economic growth far exceeded the national average, and out of 1186 members of the Chicago business elite whose careers were embraced by the years 1830 to 1930, fully two-thirds made their own fortunes. This phenomenon was especially strong in manufacturing and the aggressive young industries of meatpacking and railroading.
Innovation, Monopoly, and the Supply of Vehicle Components in Britain, 1880–1930: The Growth of Joseph Lucas Ltd.
Authors: Church Roy A.
Published: April 2006

From its beginnings as a supplier of lamps for bicycles in the last quarter of the nineteenth century, Professor Church follows Joseph Lucas Ltd., through three generations of management and several revolutions in the character of its trade, to its emergence as the largest supplier of components to British automobile manufacturers. Shrewd but rigidly upstanding business policies, a clear-headed view to the future, and conservative financing methods gave Lucas's the strength and flexibility to survive and eventually dominate a field that was constantly changing, and in which both domestic and foreign competition was an important factor. Lucas's management, watching the rise and fall of firms that were, as Professor Church says, “young, inventive, and financially weak,” might have agreed with Andrew Carnegie that “pioneering don't pay.” But Lucas's, like Carnegie, pioneered with great success where increased productivity, lower prices, and growth were the rewards.
Stalled Professionalism: The Recruitment of Railway Officials in the United States, 1885–1940
Authors: Morris Stuart
Published: April 2006

Professor Morris' investigation of American railway management indicates that the railroads, which had been such innovative institutions in the nineteenth century, clung to ossified and outmoded managerial practices after the industry reached maturity. Inbred and inflexible systems of recruitment and promotion, he argues, were a noteworthy aspect of the economic decline of American railroads in the twentieth century.
Changing Patterns of Concentration in American Meat Packing, 1880–1963
Authors: Arnould Richard J.
Published: April 2006

Professor Arnould analyzes the reasons for concentration in the American meat packing industry from 1880 through 1920, then describes and evaluates the varied forces which have led to declining concentration since the end of World War I.
Banking and Bank Legislation in California, 1890–1915
Authors: Blackford Mansel G.
Published: April 2006

While events of major significance for banking occurred on the national scene in the populist and progressive years, noteworthy changes also materialized on the state level. Like their brethren elsewhere in the country, California bankers struggled through their organizations with such problems as how to achieve “sound banking,” how to influence the political process in their state, and how to give banking more of the trappings of professionalism.
Private Property in Peril: Ontario Businessmen and the Federal System, 1898–1911
Authors: Armstrong Christopher , Nelles H. V.
Published: April 2006

Two opposing groups of business interests — large, internationally-oriented financiers on the one hand and local businessmen and small manufacturers on the other — engaged in economically-based political conflict over the proper nature of the federal system in early twentieth-century Canada. The national financial community proved unable to protect its conception of private property rights by legal and political means at the national level, and the resulting victory of provincial rather than federal control over property rights made possible the creation of a publicly owned hydro-electric system in Ontario.
“A Devil in Petticoats” and Just Cause: Patterns of Punishment in Two New England Textile Factories
Authors: Gersuny Carl
Published: April 2006

Professor Gersuny examines discipline and punishment of the workforce in two New England textile mills separated in time by almost a century and a half. He finds that, despite dramatic changes in the technological, social, and cultural context, the constraints governing factory discipline have shown remarkable continuity.
Railroad Management and the Interplay of Federal and State Regulation, 1885–1916
Authors: Doezema William R.
Published: April 2006

A content analysis of two major rail journal leads the author to conclude that too many historians have overestimated the radicalism of state regulation and have also operated on the questionable assumption that rail managers wanted the elimination of patchwork state controls in favor of uniform national regulation. Further, he maintains that the Transportation Act of 1920 was more a reversal than a continuation or logical culmination of Progressive regulation.
James J. Hill and the First Energy Revolution: A Study in Entrepreneurship, 1865–1878
Authors: Martin Albro
Published: April 2006

Led by James J. Hill, a group of businessmen expanded the use of coal as a fuel in the Northwest by monopolizing the market, apportioning the business among a limited number of people, maintaining prices, profit margins, and profit flow, thereby establishing a reputation of dependability for the fuel and a source of risk capital for further investment in the industry. This, Professor Martin argues, was a clear case of “constructive monopoly.”
Anthracite Coal and the Beginnings of the Industrial Revolution in the United States
Authors: Chandler Alfred D.
Published: April 2006

Professor Chandler traces the rise and spread of the factory system in American industry, suggesting an explanation for the timing and the pattern of development of the industrial revolution in the United States.
British Textile Technology Transmission to the United States: The Philadelphia Region Experience, 1770–1820
Authors: Jeremy David J.
Published: April 2006

This study examines the complex process of the transfer of technology in the early stages of industrialization. The manner and timing of the selective acquisition of portions of Britain's new textile technology by entrepreneurs in the Philadelphia region were determined by the subtle interplay of market forces, technological constraints, and active efforts to encourage or discourage the transfer.
The Stock Market of 1929 Revisited: A Note
Authors: Sirkin Gerald
Published: April 2006

Applying a formulation devised by Burton G. Malkiel to stock prices prior to the market crash of 1929, this study finds that descriptions of the period as a “speculative orgy” are misleading.
The “American Century” Implemented: Stettinius and the Liberian Flag of Convenience
Authors: Carlisle Rodney
Published: April 2006

Students of the efforts of western maritime nations to improve conditions aboard their merchant ships, and to tighten regulations in general, are aware that one result was the emergence of the “flag of convenience,” whereunder a nation exploits the need of operators for a haven from high standards. One such nation was Panama, but by the end of World War II its officials had come to demand such private tribute that a new flag of convenience was needed. Providing such a registry under the flag of Liberia became a major service of the development company formed by former U. S. Secretary of State Edward R. Stettinius, Jr., in the late 1940s.
The Company Union Movement, 1900–1937: A Reexamination
Authors: Nelson Daniel
Published: April 2006

The fostering of worker confidence in the organization has been a major goal of big business for a century. Professor Nelson, a well-known authority on the history of human resource management, here provides a new look at company unions. His view shows that the characterization of these organizations by liberal and labor critics was not always accurate. Some company unions represented noteworthy contributions to the development of a professional approach to labor relations.
Industrial Recreation, the Second World War, and the Revival of Welfare Capitalism, 1934–1960
Authors: Fones-Wolf Elizabeth
Published: April 2006

Welfare capitalism has been perceived by many historians as succumbing to the stresses of the Depression. The work of recent scholars has contributed to an understanding of welfarism's continued existence through the 1930s and beyond, but little attention has been given to the process by which employers revitalized welfare work after the 1920s. In this article, Ms. Fones-Wolf explores the key role the Second World War played in helping to expand and legitimize corporate-sponsored welfarism, particularly in the area of recreational activity. With union resistance to welfare plans diminished, employers were able to extend their experimentation with this managerial device, thereby helping to defuse a postwar resurgence of militant unionism.
Administrative Politics and Labor Policy in the First World War: The U.S. Employment Service and the Seattle Labor Market Experiment
Authors: Breen William J.
Published: April 2006

Although Woodrow Wilson's administration was slow to develop a coherent, comprehensive labor policy during the First World War, it did experiment with a scheme designed to test the effectiveness of centralized government control over the labor market. This experiment, confined to shipyard labor in the Seattle district, involved a cooperative agreement among shipyard management, organized labor, the U.S. Employment Service of the Department of Labor, and the Emergency Fleet Corporation of the U.S. Shipping Board. It quickly became obvious that the four parties to the agreement had different objectives, and a bitter but unpublicized administrative struggle developed, with each group trying to manipulate the experiment in ways that would promote its own interests. The deadlocked bureaucratic struggle in Seattle undermined support for the Department of Labor and served to retard rather than to accelerate centralization of the wartime labor market.
Pipeline Politics: America, TAPLINE, and the Arabs
Authors: Little Douglas
Published: April 2006

The Arabian American Oil Company's plan to build a pipe-line from eastern Saudi Arabia to the Mediterranean seemed to many an ideal project for business-government cooperation. A sound business project for the company would give American policymakers more and cheaper oil to aid plans to rebuild Western Europe, as well as a significant presence in the Middle East. Events in that tumultuous region, however, soon embroiled both the company and the U.S. government in a more complex relationship than had been envisioned.
Technology, Capital, and Consolidation: The Performance of De Beers Mining Company Limited, 1880–1889
Authors: Newbury Colin
Published: April 2006

In this article, Dr. Newbury focuses on the technical and financial reasons for amalgamation at the Kimberley mines in South Africa, drawing on primary records to account for the rise of De Beers as the world's major diamond mining company in the 1880s. He finds that prior experience in local government and on the mining boards prepared company directors for competition in joint stock enterprise, while differences in production policies and performance influenced the pattern of mergers within and among the four Kimberley mines. De Beers's close relationship with diamond merchants and private banks in London, particularly N. M. Rothschild & Sons, was central to its position as a prime mover toward consolidation. Dr. Newbury views De Beers as a firm that relied for its success less on its renowned chairman, Cecil J. Rhodes, than on a combined managerial expertise that reflected the interests of both mining producers and merchant buyers.
The Kansas City Southern Railway and the Dutch Connection
Authors: Veenendaal Augustus J.
Published: April 2006

While the fact of Dutch capitalist involvement in building and operating the American railroad network in the nineteenth century is relatively well known, the ways in which the Amsterdam capital market was tapped by American railroad companies or their representatives have remained relatively obscure. In this article, Dr. Veenendaal, using hitherto unknown archival material, explains how the promoter of the Kansas City, Pittsburg & Gulf Railroad (now the Kansas City Southern), Arthur E. Stilwell, set out to procure the millions he needed to realize his dream, a direct railroad from the Midwest to the Gulf.
Charles E. Mitchell: Scapegoat of the Crash?
Authors: Huertas Thomas F. , Silverman Joan L.
Published: April 2006

Extremely successful both as an investment and as a commercial banker, Charles E. Mitchell was identified by contemporaries as the epitome of the unscrupulous “money changers” whose speculative dealings they felt played a major role in the Crash of 1929 and the ensuing economic collapse. This portrayal has been echoed and elaborated by historians and commentators down to the present day. In this article Dr. Huertas and Dr. Silverman demonstrate that Mitchell's activities, while sometimes ill-advised, were motivated by the economic“good sense” of the day and were not attributable to either rampant immorality or ungoverned greed. At the same time, they direct the attention of economic historians to the monetary policies of the Federal Reserve system in the 1920s and 1930s—in which Mitchell also played a role—and suggest that a more potent source of the Great Depression lies therein.
Competence or Omniscience? Assessing Entrepreneurship in the Victorian and Edwardian British Paper Industry
Authors: Magee Gary B.
Published: April 2006

In the literature on British economic decline entrepreneurship is typically assessed by its outcome. By contrast, this paper argues that the soundness of entrepreneurship is best tested by viewing it ex ante. In other words, it is the process, and not the product, of entrepreneurship that is important in determining its quality. When this is accepted, competence, rather than infallibility, becomes the criterion by which entrepreneurship is best judged. In the latter half of the article, this approach is applied to the British paper industry's search for a new source of cellulose in the second half of the nineteenth century.
A Gendered Enterprise: Placing Nineteenth-Century Businesswomen in History
Authors: Gamber Wendy
Published: April 2006

Readers who perused a 1904 issue of theAtlantic Monthlyencountered an article with the intriguing title of “The Small Business as a School of Manhood.” Largely a diatribe against the growing dominance of large corporations, it lamented the presumably inevitable passing of smaller concerns. Curiously, its author, Henry A. Stimson, placed relatively little emphasis on the economic or even the political consequences of this development. Rather, he worried that the new order, which reduced would-be entrepreneurs to the status of corporate employees, represented “the loss of something fine in manhood.” Men who inhabited the newly-created ranks of middle and upper management might lead prosperous lives but faced the loss of their selfrespect, their dignity, their “intellectual stamina.” As Stimson saw it, they had been emasculated by the rise of the corporation.
The Origins of the Swiss Banking Secrecy Law and Its Repercussions for Swiss Federal Policy
Authors: Guex Sébastien
Published: April 2006

For all its notoriety and controversial character, the history of Swiss banking secrecy remains largely unexplored. This article traces the crucial phases of its development. It reveals that the maintenance and reinforcement of banking secrecy represented a major objective of Swiss authorities throughout the twentieth century, and exerted a substantial influence on Swiss domestic and foreign policy. It demonstrates that, contrary to popular opinion, the institution of Swiss banking secrecy did not arise from a desire to protect the funds deposited in Switzerland by Jewish victims of Nazi persecution but rather had substantially different origins. Moreover, this article shows that Swiss banking secrecy gave rise to tensions between Switzerland and the Great Powers, especially during and after World War II, when it poisoned relations between Switzerland and the United States.