bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Whole grains and CVD risk
Authors: Seal Chris J.
Published: January 2006

There is an increasing body of evidence, including that from prospective population studies and epidemiological observational studies, suggesting a strong inverse relationship between increased consumption of wholegrain foods and reduced risk of CVD. This evidence has translated into specific dietary recommendations in the USA to consume at least three servings of whole grain per d, and has informed the development of specific health claims for wholegrain foods both in the USA and in Europe. Wholegrain foods are rich sources of many nutrients and phytochemicals, including complex carbohydrates, dietary fibre, minerals, vitamins, antioxidants and phyto-oestrogens such as lignans. Many of these components are lost from the grain during processing and although some may be replaced (such as in the mandatory fortification of white flour), this practice ignores the possible synergistic effects of the ‘natural’ constituents. The notion that wholegrain foods are simply a source of dietary fibre has been dispelled, although the additional components that contribute to the health benefits have not been clearly identified. In addition, the mechanisms by which wholegrain foods may have their effect are poorly understood. At present there are few strictly-controlled intervention studies that have confirmed a beneficial effect of increased consumption of wholegrain foods, demonstrated the level of consumption required to elicit a beneficial effect or provided evidence of modes of action. Although wholegrain foods are considered amongst the healthiest food choices available, their consumption falls well below current recommendations, which have been based mainly on epidemiological evidence. Well-controlled intervention studies are needed to provide more detailed mechanistic evidence to support the health claims and findings which can be used to develop effective public health strategies to promote whole-grain consumption.
Does genotype and equol-production status affect response to isoflavones? Data from a pan-European study on the effects of isoflavones on cardiovascular risk markers in post-menopausal women
Authors: Vafeiadou Katerina , Hall Wendy L. , Williams Christine M.
Published: January 2006

The increase in CVD incidence following the menopause is associated with oestrogen loss. Dietary isoflavones are thought to be cardioprotective via their oestrogenic and oestrogen receptor-independent effects, but evidence to support this role is scarce. Individual variation in response to diet may be considerable and can obscure potential beneficial effects in a sample population; in particular, the response to isoflavone treatment may vary according to genotype and equol-production status. The effects of isoflavone supplementation (50 mg/d) on a range of established and novel biomarkers of CVD, including markers of lipid and glucose metabolism and inflammatory biomarkers, have been investigated in a placebo-controlled 2×8-week randomised cross-over study in 117 healthy post-menopausal women. Responsiveness to isoflavone supplementation according to (1) single nucleotide polymorphisms in a range of key CVD genes, including oestrogen receptor (ER) α and β and (2) equol-production status has been examined. Isoflavones supplementation was found to have no effect on markers of lipids and glucose metabolism. Isoflavones improve C-reactive protein concentrations but do not affect other plasma inflammatory markers. There are no differences in response to isoflavones according to equol-production status. However, differences in HDL-cholesterol and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 response to isoflavones v. placebo are evident with specific ERβ genotypes. In conclusion, isoflavones have beneficial effects on C-reactive protein, but not other cardiovascular risk markers. However, specific ERβ gene polymorphic subgroups may benefit from isoflavone supplementation.
Parents' and professionals' perceptions of Quality of Life in children with speech and language difficulty
Authors: Markham Chris , Dean Taraneh
Published: January 2006

Background: The true impact of speech and language difficulties (SaLD) on children's lives and the effectiveness of intervention is unknown. Within other fields of paediatric healthcare, clinicians and policy‐makers are increasingly emphasizing the utility of Health‐Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) studies and measures. SaLT has a variety of measures to assess and treat children's ‘quantity’ of life, but also requires measures that allow it to measure and even target their Quality of Life.

Aims: To provide novel, primary data on the HRQoL of children with speech and/or language difficulties.

Methods & Procedures: The study used a qualitative methodology to begin the process of developing knowledge about HRQoL in children with SaLD. Focus group interviews were held with parents and professional carers of children with SaLD, and participants were encouraged to reflect on their experiences and beliefs around HRQoL issues for these children. The discussions within these groups were tape‐recorded and analysed using the principles of grounded theory and content analysis.

Outcomes & Results: Analysis of tape‐recorded data identified ten descriptive themes related to children with SaLDs HRQoL. These themes were labelled: Inclusion; Behaviour and reactions of others; Education and awareness; Friendships and family relations; Schooling; The child's needs; Dependence/independence; Quality of care; Choice and potential; and Variability. The results can be seen as lying on a spectrum, with factors outside of the child at one pole, the individual child's characteristics at the other, and the interaction between the child and significant others in the middle. A number of the themes reflected a common belief, across all groups, that the HRQoL of children with SaLD is influenced by the behaviours, attitudes and beliefs of people surrounding them. In addition, participants' beliefs that the quality of a child's social integration, relationships and care are also related to their HRQoL.

Conclusions: These are encouraging results, indicating that children with SaLD experience HRQoL issues associated with their communication impairments. The results support the suggestion that speech and language therapists should ensure that their assessments and interventions account for both a child's impairment and also factors related to well‐being reflected in the themes presented here. However, this was also a small‐scale study and consequently further research of this type, with a larger and more varied population, is necessary so that HRQoL issues for all clinical sub‐groups of children with SaLD can be explored.
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin: master switch for allergic inflammation
Authors: Liu Yong-Jun
Published: January 2006

Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is an interleukin (IL) 7–like cytokine that triggers dendritic cell–mediated T helper (Th)2 inflammatory responses. TSLP is highly expressed by keratinocytes in skin lesions of patients with atopic dermatitis and is associated with dendritic cell activation in situ, suggesting that TSLP might be a master switch for allergic inflammation at the epithelial cell–dendritic cell interface. New reports now establish a direct link between TSLP expression and the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis and asthma in vivo, and begin to reveal the molecular mechanisms underlying TSLP-induced allergic inflammation.
The Bcl10–Malt1 complex segregates FcεRI-mediated nuclear factor κB activation and cytokine production from mast cell degranulation
Authors: Klemm Stefanie , Gutermuth Jan , Hültner Lothar , Sparwasser Tim , Behrendt Heidrun , Peschel Christian , Mak Tak W. , Jakob Thilo , Ruland Jürgen
Published: January 2006

Mast cells are pivotal effector cells in IgE-mediated allergic inflammatory diseases. Central for mast cell activation are signals from the IgE receptor FcεRI, which induce cell degranulation with the release of preformed mediators and de novo synthesis of proinflammatory leukotrienes and cytokines. How these individual mast cell responses are differentially controlled is still unresolved. We identify B cell lymphoma 10 (Bcl10) and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue 1 (Malt1) as novel key regulators of mast cell signaling. Mice deficient for either protein display severely impaired IgE-dependent late phase anaphylactic reactions. Mast cells from these animals neither activate nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) nor produce tumor necrosis factor α or interleukin 6 upon FcεRI ligation even though proximal signaling, degranulation, and leukotriene secretion are normal. Thus, Bcl10 and Malt1 are essential positive mediators of FcεRI-dependent mast cell activation that selectively uncouple NF-κB–induced proinflammatory cytokine production from degranulation and leukotriene synthesis.
Multiplication and division by inner functions in the space of Bloch functions
Authors: Girela Daniel , González Cristóbal , Peláez José
Published: January 2006

A subspace

X
X

of the Hardy space

H
1

H^1

is said to have the

f
f

-property if

h

/

I
∈
X

h/I \in X

whenever

h
∈
X

h\in X

and

I
I

is an inner function with

h

/

I
∈

H
1

h/I \in H^1

. We let

B

\mathcal B

denote the space of Bloch functions and

B

0

\mathcal B_0

the little Bloch space. Anderson proved in 1979 that the space

B

0

∩

H
∞

\mathcal B_0\cap H^ \infty

does not have the

f
f

-property. However, the question of whether or not

B

∩

H
p

\mathcal B\cap H^ p

(

1
≤
p
>
∞

1\le p>\infty

) has the

f
f

-property was open. We prove that for every

p
∈
[
1
,
∞
)

p\in [1,\infty )

the space

B

∩

H
p

\mathcal B\cap H^ p

does not have the

f
f

-property.

We also prove that if

B
B

is any infinite Blaschke product with positive zeros and

G
G

is a Bloch function with

|
G
(
z
)
|
→
∞

\vert G(z)\vert \to \infty

, as

z
→
1

z\to 1

, then the product

B
G

BG

is not a Bloch function.
Global solutions to special Lagrangian equations
Authors: Yuan Yu
Published: January 2006

We show that any global solution to the special Lagrangian equations with the phase larger than a critical value must be quadratic.
Invertibility of linear combinations of two idempotents
Authors: Du Hongke , Yao Xiyan , Deng Chunyuan
Published: January 2006

Let

P
P

and

Q
Q

be two idempotents on a Hilbert space. In this note, we prove that the invertibility of the linear combination

λ
1

P
+

λ
2

Q

\lambda _1P+\lambda _2Q

is independent of the choice of

λ
i

\lambda _i

,

i
=
1
,
2
,

i=1,2,

if

λ
1

λ
2

≠
0

\lambda _1\lambda _2\neq 0

and

λ
1

+

λ
2

≠
0.

\lambda _1+\lambda _2\neq 0.
Hardy’s theorem and rotations
Authors: Hogan J. , Lakey J.
Published: January 2006

We prove an extension of Hardy’s classical characterization of real Gaussians of the form

e

−
π
α

x
2

e^{-\pi \alpha x^2}

,

α
>
0

\alpha >0

, to the case of complex Gaussians in which

α
\alpha

is a complex number with positive real part. Such functions represent rotations in the complex plane of real Gaussians. A condition on the rate of decay of analytic extensions of a function

f
f

and its Fourier transform

f
^

\widehat f

along some pair of lines in the complex plane is shown to imply that

f
f

is a complex Gaussian.
A note on analyticity and Floquet isospectrality
Authors: Carlson Robert
Published: January 2006

A simple argument shows that certain complex Hill’s operators have the same Floquet multipliers as the zero potential case. Previous results are extended to include matrix coefficients and some meromorphic potentials.
Characterization of quasi-Banach spaces which coarsely embed into a Hilbert space
Authors: Randrianarivony N.
Published: January 2006

We show that a quasi-Banach space coarsely embeds into a Hilbert space if and only if it is isomorphic to a linear subspace of

L
0

(
μ
)

L_0(\mu )

for some probability space

(
Ω
,

B

,
μ
)

(\Omega , \mathcal {B}, \mu )

.
On quasi-complete intersections of codimension 2
Authors: Choi Youngook
Published: January 2006

In this paper, we prove that ifX⊂PnX\subset \mathbb {P}^n,n≥4n\ge 4, is a locally complete intersection of pure codimension22and defined scheme-theoretically by three hypersurfaces of degreesd1≥d2≥d3d_1\ge d_2\ge d_3, thenH1(Pn,IX(j))=0H^1(\mathbb {P}^n,\mathcal {I}_X(j))=0forj>d3j>d_3using liaison theory and the Arapura vanishing theorem for singular varieties. As a corollary, a smooth threefoldX⊂P5X\subset \mathbb {P}^5is projectively normal ifXXis defined by three quintic hypersurfaces.
Serological diagnosis of Trypanosoma cruzi: evaluation of three enzyme immunoassays and an indirect immunofluorescent assay
Authors: Malan Annette K. , Avelar Erick , Litwin Sheldon E. , Hill Harry R. , Litwin Christine M.
Published: January 2006

Chagas' disease is an important cause of heart failure in Latin America, but is rare in the United States. The immigration of persons from endemic countries increases the potential of encountering patients with the disease. Concerns have also been raised about the introduction of Trypanosoma cruzi, the parasite that causes the disease, into the blood supply and during organ transplantation. To compare Chagas' antibody tests that are available in the United States, we evaluated three IgG ELISAs, CeLLabs T. cruzi ELISA, Hemagen Chagas' kit and IVD Research Chagas' Serum Microwell ELISA, and MarDx indirect immunofluorescent assays. The CeLLabs and Hemagen IgG ELISAs had 100 % agreement, sensitivity and specificity. The IVD Research IgG ELISA had 94·6 % agreement, 100 % sensitivity and 93 % specificity.
PCR detection of toxic shock syndrome toxin of Staphylococcus aureus from Tripoli, Libya
Authors: El-Ghodban Abdulmula , Ghenghesh Khalifa Sifaw , Márialigeti Károly , Esahli Hamida , Tawil Abdurrahman
Published: January 2006

Sixty-three Staphylococcus aureus strains (40 from clinical sources and 23 from food sources) were examined for toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) using PCR, phage typed using the international phage set (IPS) and tested for their susceptibility to antibiotics. Only three strains (all from clinical sources) were positive for the TSST-1 gene (tst). The majority of S. aureus strains that were typeable by IPS belonged to group II. Resistance to one or more antibiotics was detected in 47·5 and 73·9 % of clinical and food strains, respectively. This is the first time that PCR detection of tst in S. aureus has been reported from Libya, and further studies are needed on the occurrence of toxic shock syndrome in the community and the role of TSST-1-producing S. aureus in this disease in Libya.
Characterization of group A streptococci (Streptococcus pyogenes): correlation of M-protein and emm-gene type with T-protein agglutination pattern and serum opacity factor
Authors: Johnson Dwight R. , Kaplan Edward L. , VanGheem Amy , Facklam Richard R. , Beall Bernard
Published: January 2006

Strain characterization of group A streptococci (GAS) has traditionally been based on serological identification of M protein. Additional tests to determine T-protein serotype and production of streptococcal serum opacity factor (SOF) provide important information both to aid in and to supplement M-protein serotyping. Advances in DNA-sequencing technology in the late twentieth century resulted in the development of a method for determining the M type of GAS from the sequence of the gene encoding M protein, the emm gene. Although emm-sequence typing has largely replaced M typing in many laboratories, information provided by T typing and SOF determination continues to provide valuable supplementary information for strain characterization. A comprehensive summary of the correlation of T pattern and SOF production with M type was last published in 1993, several years before emm typing became widely available. Since then, the ease of M-type identification afforded by emm typing has resulted in an increase in the number of confirmed M/emm types of more than 50 %. However, comprehensive information about T-protein serotype and the correlation of SOF production with these new M/emm types is not widely available. This report presents a comprehensive summary of this information, not only for newly described types, but also updated information for previously described types. This information was extracted from combined records from streptococcal reference laboratories at the University of Minnesota and at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta. Data from more than 40 000 strains (representing uncomplicated GAS infections, systemic invasive infections and strains associated with non-suppurative sequelae, collected from the US and diverse locations worldwide) were analysed.
Pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) family distribution among clinical isolates from adults over 50 years of age collected in seven countries
Authors: Hollingshead Susan K. , Baril Laurence , Ferro Santiago , King Janice , Coan Pat , Briles David E. ,   the Pneumococcal Proteins Epi Study Group
Published: January 2006

The pneumococcal surface protein PspA, a cell-wall-associated surface protein, is a promising component for pneumococcal vaccines. In this study, the distribution of the PspA family was determined in a panel of invasive and clinically important pneumococcal isolates from adults over 50 years of age, collected between 1995 and 2002. One thousand eight hundred and forty-seven recent isolates from invasive pneumococcal disease were obtained from seven Western countries, together with clinical data. An ELISA-based serological method was standardized in order to determine the PspA family and clade distribution. Molecular tests were used when isolates were non-typable by ELISA (PspA family typing by PCR). Only 42 (2·3 %) isolates were non-typable by ELISA and PspA family typing by PCR was performed. Finally, 3 isolates were considered as non-pneumococcal and 1844 were classified as follows: 749 (40·6 %) were PspA family 1, 1078 (58·5 %) were PspA family 2, 13 (0·7 %) were PspA family 1 and 2 and 4 (0·2 %) remained non-typable. The cross-reactivity of antibodies to PspAs of different clades was confirmed. In conclusion, inclusion of PspA family 1 and family 2 in future pneumococcal vaccines would ensure broad coverage of pneumococcal strains infecting people over 50 years of age.
Aeromonas veronii biovar sobria bacteraemia with septic arthritis confirmed by 16S rDNA PCR in an immunocompetent adult
Authors: Roberts M. T. M. , Enoch D. A. , Harris K. A. , Karas J. A.
Published: January 2006

An 81-year-old man developed septic arthritis and bacteraemia withAeromonas veroniibiovar sobria. Cultures of the joint wash-out fluid were negative; however, DNA matching that ofAeromonas veroniiwas identified by 16S rDNA PCR. The patient was successfully treated with a 4 week course of ciprofloxacin. No recognized risk factors were found.
Viewpoint: Male‐female wage differentials: how can that be?
Authors: Gunderson Morley
Published: January 2006

Abstract.  The paper outlines the main empirical procedures that are used to document the male‐female wage differential and the extent to which it reflects discrimination. It then discusses the evidence on male‐female wage differentials – their existence, the extent to which they reflect discrimination, their changes over time and the factors that influence the gap. Particular attention is paid to more recent studies that control for a wider range of conventionally unobserved factors. Theoretical perspectives are then outlined, focusing on the issue of how discriminatory wage differentials can survive given the forces of competition. The impacts of policy initiatives are also discussed.
Demand for skills in Canada: the role of foreign outsourcing and information‐communication technology
Authors: Yan Beiling
Published: January 2006

Abstract.  One of the defining features of the Canadian Economy in the last two decades has been an increasing wage gap between the more skilled and the less skilled workers. Over the same period, there have been dramatic increases in expenditures on information and communication technologies (ICT) and in purchases of foreign intermediate inputs. This raises an obvious and important question: what is the role of ICT and foreign outsourcing in the increased demand for skilled workers? Using 84 Canadian manufacturing industries over 1981–96, we find that both ICT and foreign outsourcing are important contributors to the demand for skills. JEL classification: F16 O33
Population changes within a group of fish species in Lake Tanganyika following their exploitation
Authors: Coulter G. W.
Published: January 2006

Pelagic fish populations in Lake Tanganyika consist mainly of two small clupeid species and four centroponiid species which prey on them. Exploitation with purse‐seines began in the southeast arm in 1962 and catches were sampled up to early 1969. Inshore clupeid populations were also sampled with a scoop‐net (lusenga of the kind used in the traditional inshore fishery.

Clupeid biomass reached annual maxima around September. One clupeid species, Stolothrissa tanganicae Regan, dominated pelagic catches except in 2 years when about equal quantities of the other clupeid, Limnothrissa miodon Blgr. were caught. Numbers of each predator (three species of Lates and Luciolates stappersii Blgr.) decreased from 1963 to 1966 and remained low thereafter. The clupeid catch rose from 1964 to 1967 and remained high in 1968. The average nightly catch weight per year of all species together altered relatively little. Changes in population size distributions occurred.

Sampling methods were concluded to be valid for clupeid populations, but probably indi‐cated only general changes in predator populations. Clupeid life‐cycles are mostly accomplished within a year, and appear closely related to the periodic and spatial variations in plankton production. The two species are competitive and can replace one another in the pelagic zone. Certain distribution patterns of the clupeids and of the predator young are believed to be adaptations to severe predation. Low replacement rates under fishing pressure account for the decline of predator species, and the clupeid increase resulted from reduction in predation. A fairly stable exploited phase has apparently been reached in which clupeid biomass is much greater and predator biomass much less than in the natural state. The data encourage certain predictions. Similar major trends occurred in the much larger fishery in the Burundi sector of the lake.
An attempt to balance the energy budget of a host‐parasite system
Authors: Walkey M. , Meakins R. H.
Published: January 2006

A quantitative assessment of the demand by the parasite Schistocephalus solidus (Miiller, 1776) upon its secondary host, Gasterosteus aculentus L., was obtained by comparing the energy budgets for infected and non‐infected fish. Observations on the energy trans‐formations during feeding, assimilation, growth and respiration of fishes indicated some overall effects of the parasite upon host metabolism.

Infection resulted in a greater depletion of host food reserws, shown by a marked in‐crease in mortality of parasitized fish during starvation. When fed ad libitum upon Tubifex, differences were recorded in the feeding and assimilation rates of fish. By comparison, no significant differences were detected in the respiratory expenditure of infected and non‐infected hosts. The computation of energy budgets indicated that fish bearing parasites characteristically exhibited a higher gross efficiency than did fish without parasites. How‐ever, subtraction of the calculated effect due to the presence of worms, suggested that the efficiency of infected fish alone, that is, without their parasites, was actually lower than the efficiency of uninfected fish. It is considered therefore that the apparent greater energy turnover in a parasitized fish is due to the parasite being more efficient in its energy trans‐formations than is its host.
Serum protein changes associated with ulcerative dermal necrosis (UDN) in the trout Salmo trutta L.
Authors: Mulcahy Maire F.
Published: January 2006

The total protein level is reduced and the electrophoretic pattern of the serum is changed in trout Salmo trutta L. infected with UDN, as in the Atlantic salmon. However, the changes in the trout are not as characteristic as those in salmon and thus are of very limited use in diagnosis of outbreaks of this disease among trout.
An experiment on the culture of Tilapia esculenta (Graham) and Tilapia zillii (Gervais) (Cichlidae) in fish ponds
Authors: Payne A.I.
Published: January 2006

Segregated populations of Tilapia zillii and Tilapia esculenta were kept in artificial ponds. Supplementary food was given and phytoplankton was encouraged by the addition of superphosphate and ammonium sulphate fertilisers. The fry were cropped regularly in an attempt to control population size. A control population of T. zillii was also established in which none of these procedures were carried out.

The growth of T. esculenta was found to be dependent upon the phytoplankton density of the pond whilst T. zillii successfully utilized the supplementary food and grew well. The T. esculenta population also produced more fry than the T. zillii population. The comparative advantages of planktrvorous/brooders and herbivorous/guarders in fish culture are considered.

Despite the fecundity of the species used a population of known composition was maintained by manual cropping of the fry.

The addition of ammonium sulphate to the ponds caused blooms of phytoplankton which in turn had effects upon the base reserves and pH of the water, and probably caused some reduction of oxygen concentration beneath surface scums. This last point is used to explain the changes in phosphate and calcium content of the water also observed.

The low oxygen concentration frequently noted in the mornings probably affected the feeding behaviour of the fishes, and was low enough to have affected metabolism directly.
Vertical distribution of vendace Coregonus albula L. and other pelagic fish species in some Polish lakes
Authors: Dembiński W.
Published: January 2006

Studies on the vertical distribution of vendace Coregonus albula (L.), smelt Osmerus eper‐tanus (L.) and bleak Alburnus alburnus (L.) in lakes have been carried out with the application of an echo sounder and then compared with control catches of fish and plankton, Methods and results have been discussed. Some remarks have been made on taking these species of fish.
Observations on the occurrence of Diclidophora merlangi (Trematoda: Monogenea) on the gills of whiting, Gadus merlangus
Authors: Arme C. , Halton D. W.
Published: January 2006

Diclidophora merlangi is a common parasite of whiting in the Irish Sea. The incidence of infection over an 18‐month period of study varied between 43‐59%. The majority of flukes in single worm infections are found on the 1st gill arch, although in infections of higher intensity increasing numbers of parasites are found on the remaining arches. The factors which may influence the distribution of Diclidophora on the host gills are discussed.
Rare and little‐known fishes in British seas in 1968 and 1969
Authors: Wheeler Alwyne , Blacker R.W.
Published: January 2006

Records of occurrence of 88 species of rare or little‐known marine fishes in British seas during the years 1968 and 1969 are given. The significance of some of these occurrences is briefly discussed.
On Argyripnus atlanticus, Maul 1952 (Pisces, Stomiatoidei), with a description of post‐larval forms
Authors: Badcock J. R. , Merrett N. R.
Published: January 2006

Twelve specimens standard length 16·8–53·0 mm, including 2 post‐larvae (hitherto unknown to the genus), of Argyripnus atlanticus Maul 1952 are reported. The external characteristics of adults are summarized and the internal features of 2 specimens described. A swimbladder is present. The post‐larvae are described and their distinction from other maurolicid genera given. Development of the species is considered in terms of morphometric growth changes and increase with age of photophore number. A relatively longer tail and shorter preventral length is characteristic of juveniles and post‐larvae, but other body proportions remain approximately constant at all growth stages. A full complement of photophores is attained at approximately 43 mm standard length. Morphological examination of the ovaries of 7 females indicate that first full maturation has not been reached. Development, geographic variation and habits of the species are discussed.
The incidence of Anisakis sp. larvae (Nematoda: Ascaridata) in the commercially exploited stocks of herring (Clupea harengus L., 1758,) (Pisces: Clupeidae) in British and adjacent waters.
Authors: Davey John T.
Published: January 2006

10 000 herrings from the commercial fisheries around the coasts of Great Britain and Ireland were examined for the nematode larva Anisakis sp. between October 1968 and October 1970. Heavy infestations were found in the North Sea stocks, moderate infestations west of Scotland and minimal infestations elsewhere; but nowhere was the parasite completely absent. Younger fish were often found to be more heavily infested than older fish and it is therefore suggested that the accumulation of larvae in the body cavity may be affected by annual fluctuations either in the population of an infested first intermediate host or in the extent to which the herrings are feeding on this host. A small but constant proportion of the parasites penetrate the musculature of the herring regardless of other factors such as the age or length of the host, or the number of other larvae present.
Studies on the migratory characin, Prochilodus platensis Holmberg 1889, (Pisces, Characoidei) in the River Pilcomayo, South America
Authors: Bayley P. B.
Published: January 2006

General studies cover the habitat and life cycle of a migratory population of Prochilodus platensis. Specific studies of this species involved the elucidation and evaluation of abiotic effects on local upstream migrations and preliminary age and growth estimations. Upstream movements appeared to be affected by water temperature and moon phase. Most of the fish moved upstream when the temperature was between about 14 and 18°C at the particular monitoring point. Catches of ascending fish were highest during the full moon quarter, less during the waxing phase and least during the waning and new moon quarters. Length frequency and scale check data allowed approximate, indirect estimations to be made of the modal lengths attained in each of the first five age‐groups.
Acute toxicology to an estuarine teleost of mixtures of cadmium, copper and zinc salts
Authors: Eisler Ronald , Gardner George R.
Published: January 2006

Effects of mixtures of chloride salts of cadmium, copper and zinc on survival, whole body residues, and histopathology of mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus (L.), were investigated in synthetic sea water at 20‰ salinity and 20°C. Mixtures of Cu2+ and Zn2+ as indicated by 96 h bioassay studies produced more deaths than expected on the basis of toxicities of individual components. Concentrations of Cd2+ not ordinarily lethal exerted a negative effect on survival of fish intoxicated by salts of copper, zinc, or both.

Atomic absorption determinations of Cd, Cu, and Zn residues in mummichog which survived 96 h exposures to each of these toxicants provided useful indices of total body burdens for these metals. Residues from survivors held in mixtures, especially Cd2+ and Zn2+ mixtures, did not conform to patterns observed for single elements. Whole body aggregates of Cd, Cu, and Zn from dead mummichogs were of limited worth owing to possible accumulation of these metals from the medium after death.

Renal and lateral line canal lesions were noted in all fish subjected to copper concentrations of 1 mg/1 and higher. Renal lesions observed in fish immersed in mixtures of Cu2+ and Cd2+ assumed a damage pattern characteristic of Cd2+; with mixtures of Cu2+ and Zn2+, lesion were typical of Cu2+‐induced damage. Lesions induced in lateral line epithelium by Cu2+ were not affected by either Cd2+ or Zn2+. Epithelia lining the oral cavity were necrotized by the caustic action of high levels of Zn2+ (60 mg/1) and of Cu2+ (8 mg/1).
On the morphology of the alimentary tract of flatfishes (Pleuronectiformes)
Authors: Braber L. , de Groot S. J.
Published: January 2006

The changes during the life cycle in the relative length of certain parts of the alimentary tract, buccal‐pharyngeal cavity, oesophagus‐stomach, intestine, rectum—are investigated in the five North Sea flatfish species, viz. turbot, brill, plaice, dab, sole. According to the average ratio between the length of the alimentary tract and the food preference three main groups are distinguished.
Movements of 0‐group plaice Pleuronectes platessa L. as shown by latex tagging
Authors: Riley J. D.
Published: January 2006

0‐group plaice were caught in Red Wharf Bay, Anglesey, North Wales, tagged with coloured liquid latex, and released in the bay or, after transplantation, at a position on a sandbank 3–5 km offshore. The pattern of movement shown by recaptures of plaice caught and released at the same position in the bay was one of extremely restricted movement of less than 0–5 km over several months, with only a slight interchange of fish between the sides of the bay and the centre. These restricted movements contrasted sharply with relatively long distances travelled by fish displaced to an unusual depth and position offshore and to a position at the other side of the bay 3 km away. In the first case a high proportion returned rapidly to the usual depth preference inshore and in the second a recapture pattern significantly different from that of control fish was demonstrated. Both results indicated a return to a preferred or familiar situation.
The histopathology of salmon tagging
Authors: Roberts Ronald J. , MacQueen A. , Shearer W. M. , Young H.
Published: January 2006

Histopathological studies were carried out on the pathogenesis of the lesion induced by the insertion of a light plastic identification tag, in salmon parr on the river North Esk, Scotland. The experiments were carried out at mean water temperature of 127deg;C, 8°C and 4°C. The inflammatory response was similar at each temperature, but the rate of its development was markedly inhibited at 4°C. The qualitative response at the lower temperature was also slightly different in that polymorphonuclear leukocytes appeared to play a slightly more dominant role and the connective tissue response, which in all cases outweighed myofibrillar regeneration was more cellular at that temperature. The tagging lesion provides a very suitable model for the study of short and long term inflammation in salmonids and studies on the modification of these defensive mechanisms by temperature.
Changes in the proximate body composition of the landlocked sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus (L.) during larval life and metamorphosis
Authors: Lowe D. R. , Beamish F. W. H. , Potter I. C.
Published: January 2006

Estimates were made of the growth rates and proximate body composition of larval and metamorphosing P. marinus (L.) collected at various times of the year from Shelter Valley Creek, Lake Ontario. Analysis of length‐frequency data indicates that the average duration of larval life was 6 years, with metamorphosis occurring predominantly in the length range above 13 cm. Increases in length were almost entirely restricted to the warmest months and did not take place during the final year of larval life. Three categories were thus recognized for the proximate analysis: ammocoetes <13 cm, ammocoetes > 13 cm and metamorphosing individuals. In ammocoetes <13 cm, seasonal differences were observed in the regression coefficients in the logarithmic relationships between wet weight and length and between each of water, lipid and ash and the wet weight. No such difference was found for the regressions between protein and wet weight. For a fixed length (9 cm), the wet weight varied only slightly during the year, although a small peak was seen in May. When considered on the basis of fixed weight (1 g), the relative amount of lipid deposited was greatest in May/July, coincident with a high diatom density. The water content followed an inverse pattern to that of lipid, while the protein and ash contents showed little seasonal variation and exhibited values lower than those normally found in teleosts. Throughout the last year of larval life, the animal stored a greater proportion of lipid, presumably to facilitate the energy demands of metamorphosis during which this food store underwent a marked reduction.
Ichthyophthiriasis in the mirror carp Cyprinus carpio (L.) III. Pathology
Authors: Hines Ron S. , Spira Dan T.
Published: January 2006

The microscopical pathology of Ichthyophthiriasis was studied in a group of mirror carp infected with measured numbers of parasites under standardized conditions. Primary pathology consisted of inflammatory, proliferative, and degenerative changes in the epidermis and hyperaemia and oedema of the spongiose dermis. This was accompanied by changes in the amount and distribution of pigment in the spongiose dermis. Proliferation of interlamellar epithelial tissue of the gills in response to the parasite resulted in partial or complete filling of the interlamellar spaces. Secondary changes noted in the disease were devacuolization of hepatocytes, leukocytic depletion of the mesonephric kidneys, and leukocytic metaplasia or hyperplasia in the spleen.
Scanning microscopy of surface structures of Tilapia mossambica (Peters) scales
Authors: Lanzing W. J. R. , Higginbotham D. R.
Published: January 2006

Scanning microscopic observations were made of the surface structures of isolated scales of Tilapia mossambica (Peters). The circuli were found to form numerous minute processes called scalar denticles, which may act to secure the position of the scale with reference to surrounding dermal tissues. The skin covering the lunula of the scale includes a number of pores which are thought to represent the terminal openings of dermal mucous cells. This part of the skin also shows peculiar epidermal surface patterns. These surface patterns may be indicative of areas subject to increased mechanical stress.
The reproductive cycle of Mormyrus kannume Forsk. (Osteoglossomorpha, Mormyriformes) in Lake Victoria Uganda
Authors: Scott D. B. C.
Published: January 2006

The reproductive cycle of Mormyrus kannume Forsk. was studied for one year, at two locations near the equator in Lake Victoria. Samples taken on a typical feeding‐ground indicate that the species is monoestrous; ripe specimens being found from November to January, maturation taking place gradually over the remaining nine months of the year. Samples taken at a typical spawning‐ground, however, contain ripe fish over a prolonged period, from October to May and possibly June, and the period available for maturation is correspondingly short. The difference in the reproductive cycles at the two localities appears to be the result of successive waves of immigration to the spawning ground by different populations within the lake, each having a 12‐month annual cycle, but not in phase with each other.
The food of Bagrus docmac (Forsk.) (Pisces: Siluriformes) and its relationship with Haplochromis Hilgendorf (Pisces: Cichlidae), in Lake Victoria, East Africa
Authors: Chilvers R. M. , Gee J. M.
Published: January 2006

The diet of the siluriform fish Bagrus docmac (Forsk.) is described in relation to various localities in Lake Victoria, East Africa. Invertebrates which are the principal food of young fish, but generally of little significance in adults, are particularly poorly represented in fishes from Tanzanian waters and most important in those from the Kavirondo Gulf where the ontogenetic changes in diet differ from those found elsewhere in the Lake. B. docmac starts feeding piscivorously at about 10 cm standard length with the transition from a principally invertebrate to a primarily piscivorous diet occurring at 15 cm S.L. In adult B. docmac fish are found in over 95 % of individuals with food. Haplochromis is the all important food type, and Tilapia, the most valuable commercial fish in the lake, is not preyed upon at all. Bathymetric changes with respect to the invertebrate food are noted, and it is shown that piscivorous feeding occurs mainly by day and invertebrate feeding by night. Quantitative estimates of consumption of Haplochromis by B, docmac are computed from the results of a series of 24 h fishing surveys and found to exceed published data from elsewhere. The formula for the computation of a daily ration is given as Log R=2.973 Log L—3.36089 and it is calculated that the mean annual consumption of Haplochromis by B. docmac is approximately 75% of the mean standing stock of the prey fish, as compared with a commercial catch of about 5% of the mean standing stock.
Behavioural studies on the lesser sandeel Ammodytes marinus (Raitt) I. The effect of food availability on activity and the role of olfaction in food detection
Authors: Winslade P.
Published: January 2006

The behaviour of the lesser sandeel, Ammodytes marinus (Raitt), has been investigated using a photographic method of recording activity. Three main states of activity were recognized: (1) swimming, (2) partially emerged from the sand, or (3) completely buried in the sand. When food was present there was a basic diurnal rhythm of activity; during the dark period most of the fish remained buried in the sand and in the light period they emerged to swim and feed. In the absence of food the level of swimming activity during the light period was extremely low, while the level of partial emergence activity increased. The fish appear to be visual feeders and those which were buried in the sand did not appear to be able to detect the presence of food in the water by means of olfaction. There was usually a low level of partial emergence activity during the dark period, which tended to increase in the few hours before the lights were switched on. The timing of this increase was thought to be related to an internal clock. The basic diurnal rhythm of activity shown in the laboratory experiments is discussed in relation to the marked diurnal variation in the catch of sandeels in the fishery. It is concluded that the failure to catch sandeels at night is due to their remaining buried in the sand.
The population biology of the acanthocephalan Pomphorhynchus laevis (Müller) in the River Avon
Authors: Hine P. M. , Kennedy C. R.
Published: January 2006

Regular samples of Gammarus pulex and dace Leuciscus leuciscus and occasional grayling Thymallus thymallus and chub L.cephalus were examined from the River Avon, Hampshire, for the presence of the acanthocephalan Pomphorhynchus leavis. The parasite only occurred in medium sized Gammarus due to lower probability of contact with small gammarids and stunted growth and selective mortality amongst older infected ones. No cycles in incidence or development of the parasite in G.pulex were observed. The parasite infected gammarids and grew in all months, and cystacanths were available throughout the year. Despite seasonal feeding activity and dietary preferences, fish fed on Gammarus and acquired infections in all months. Dispersion of P.laevis within the fish population was related to host feeding behaviour. No evidence of seasonal cycles in incidence or intensity of infection in fish was found, and observed monthly changes in the parasite population were related to changes in size structure of the host sample. In dace and grayling P.laevis grew little and matured only in summer, but in chub it grew and produced acanthors all year. The parasite population in fish appeared to be in a state of dynamic equilibrium and gain and loss of parasites took place throughout the year with the level of infection at any moment being determined primarily by the feeding behaviour of the host. This relationship between host diet, water temperature and parasite population size is discussed, and P.laevis in the R. Avon compared with other localities and other parasites.
Production biology of the upland bully Philypnodon breviceps Stokell in a small New Zealand lake
Authors: Staples D. J.
Published: January 2006

The life history, food habits, feeding and locomotory activity rhythms of the upland bully, Philypnodonbreviceps Stokell were investigated (February 1969‐March 1970) as a basis for studying the relationships between food consumption, biomass and production of the species in a small, moderately eutrophic lake (one of a pair of adjacent lakes at an altitude of 610m in the South Island, New Zealand, known collectively as Spectacles Lakes). Annuli formed on the scales during August and September and could be used as valid indicators of age, although small fish could be aged simply by length frequency analysis. The maximum life‐span for both sexes was observed to be 4.5 years but growth of males considerably exceeded that of females. Because females matured at a smaller size than males, mature females were in excess of mature males (3.7: 1). Each female laid only one batch of eggs during a short breeding season in spring (October‐December) but several females contributed eggs to each nest. Fecundity ranged from 60–440 eggs per female; the relationship between egg number (F) and length (l) was log F=–1.609+2.314 log l and between egg number and age (A)was F=–93.51+109.93 A. Larvae hatched in approximately one month (water temperature 14.4‐17.5°C) and the yolk sac became absorbed after a further eight days. Some fry remained pelagic for up to six months. Fry fed predominantly on Crustacea, but the diet changed to larger insect larvae and young of its own species with increasing age and size of the fish. The diet also varied, but to a lesser extent, with season and the time of day. All age groups showed diel rhythms of feeding and locomotory activity which, however, exhibited complex seasonal phase shifts throughout the year. In general, periods of higher feeding intensity appeared to follow closely the periods of increased locomotory activity. The activity level of larger fish was higher than that of smaller fish.
Some observations on the biology of Cirrhinus reba (Cuvier)
Authors: Gupta S.
Published: January 2006

Some observations on the biology of Cirrhinus reba(Cuvier) from Muzaffarnagar (U.P., India) have been made during the period July 1966 to June 1969. In C. reba both males and females mature simultaneously. The gonads attain the maximum weight in June and minimum in November. There is a definite seasonal cycle in relative condition. The relative condition in both male and female is highest in June preceeding the period of breeding. It is the gonad weight which influences the fluctuations of the relative condition. The visceral weight does not exert any significant effect on it. It is found possible to determine the spawning season and its extent, from the seasonal fluctuations of the relative condition. The present studies have also thrown light on the maturation and spawning habits of C. reba. The fish has only one spawning season of short duration, running from July to early September. In a mature ovary, the mature ova form only one mode which is sharply distinguished from the immature stock.