bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Flexible Solid‐State Supercapacitors with Enhanced Performance from Hierarchically Graphene Nanocomposite Electrodes and Ionic Liquid Incorporated Gel Polymer Electrolyte
Authors: Feng Lanxiang , Wang Kai , Zhang Xiong , Sun Xianzhong , Li Chen , Ge Xingbo , Ma Yanwei
Published: November 2017

High energy density, durability, and flexibility of supercapacitors are required urgently for the next generation of wearable and portable electronic devices. Herein, a novel strategy is introduced to boost the energy density of flexible soild‐state supercapacitors via rational design of hierarchically graphene nanocomposite (GNC) electrode material and employing an ionic liquid gel polymer electrolyte. The hierarchical graphene nanocomposite consisting of graphene and polyaniline‐derived carbon is synthesized as an electrode material via a scalable process. The meso/microporous graphene nanocomposites exhibit a high specific capacitance of 176 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 in the ionic liquid 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (EMIBF4) with a wide voltage window of 3.5 V, good rate capability of 80.7% in the range of 0.5–10 A g−1 and excellent stability over 10 000 cycles, which is attributed to the superior conductivity (7246 S m−1), and quite large specific surface area (2416 m2 g−1) as well as hierarchical meso/micropores distribution of the electrode materials. Furthermore, flexible solid‐state supercapacitor devices based on the GNC electrodes and gel polymer electrolyte film are assembled, which offer high specific capacitance of 180 F g−1 at 1 A g−1, large energy density of 75 Wh Kg−1, and remarkable flexible performance under consecutive bending conditions.
A Water‐/Fireproof Flexible Lithium–Oxygen Battery Achieved by Synergy of Novel Architecture and Multifunctional Separator
Authors: Yin Yan‐Bin , Yang Xiao‐Yang , Chang Zhi‐Wen , Zhu Yun‐Hai , Liu Tong , Yan Jun‐Min , Jiang Qing
Published: November 2017

To meet the increasing demands for portable and flexible devices in a rapidly developing society, it is urgently required to develop highly safe and flexible electrochemical energy‐storage systems. Flexible lithium–oxygen batteries with high theoretical specific energy density are promising candidates; however, the conventional half‐open structure design prevents it from working properly under water or fire conditions. Herein, as a proof‐of‐concept experiment, a highly safe flexible lithium–oxygen battery achieved by the synergy of a vital multifunctional structure design and a unique composite separator is proposed and fabricated. The structure can effectively prevent the invasion of water from the environment and combustion, which is further significantly consolidated with the help of a polyimide and poly(vinylidene fluoride‐co‐hexafluoropropylene) composite separator, which holds good water resistance, thermal stability, and ionic conductivity. Unexpectedly, the obtained lithium–oxygen battery exhibits superior flexibility, water resistance, thermal resistance, and cycling stability (up to 218 cycles; at a high current of 1 mA and capacity of 4 mA h). This novel water/fireproof, flexible lithium–oxygen battery is a promising candidate to power underwater flexible electronics.
Acid and Base Resistant Zirconium Polyphenolate‐Metalloporphyrin Scaffolds for Efficient CO2 Photoreduction
Authors: Chen Er‐Xia , Qiu Mei , Zhang Yong‐Fan , Zhu Yong‐Sheng , Liu Li‐Yang , Sun Ya‐Yong , Bu Xianhui , Zhang Jian , Lin Qipu
Published: November 2017

A series of zirconium polyphenolate‐decorated‐(metallo)porphyrin metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), ZrPP‐n (n = 1, 2), featuring infinite ZrIV‐oxo chains linked via polyphenolate groups on four peripheries of eclipse‐arranged porphyrin macrocycles, are successfully constructed through a top–down process from simulation to synthesis. These are the unusual examples of Zr‐MOFs (or MOFs in general) based on phenolic porphyrins, instead of commonly known carboxylate‐based types. Representative ZrPP‐1 not only exhibits strong acid resistance (pH = 1, HCl) but also remains intact even when immersed in saturated NaOH solution (≈20 m), an exceptionally large range of pH resistance among MOFs. The metallation at the porphyrin core gives rise to materials with enhanced sorption and catalytic properties. In particular, ZrPP‐1‐Co, with precise and uniform distribution of active centers, exhibits not only high CO2 trapping capability (≈90 cm3 g−1 at 1 atm, 273 K, among the highest in Zr‐MOFs) but also high photocatalytic activity for reduction of CO2 into CO (≈14 mmol g−1 h−1) and high selectivity over CH4 (>96.4%) without any cocatalyst under visible‐light irradiation (λ > 420 nm). Given the strong chemical resistance under extreme alkali conditions, these catalysts can be recycled without appreciable loss of activity. The possible mechanism for photocatalytic reduction of CO2‐to‐CO over ZrPP‐1‐Co is also proposed.
A Metal–Organic‐Framework‐Based Electrolyte with Nanowetted Interfaces for High‐Energy‐Density Solid‐State Lithium Battery
Authors: Wang Ziqi , Tan Rui , Wang Hongbin , Yang Luyi , Hu Jiangtao , Chen Haibiao , Pan Feng
Published: November 2017

Solid‐state batteries (SSBs) are promising for safer energy storage, but their active loading and energy density have been limited by large interfacial impedance caused by the poor Li+ transport kinetics between the solid‐state electrolyte and the electrode materials. To address the interfacial issue and achieve higher energy density, herein, a novel solid‐like electrolyte (SLE) based on ionic‐liquid‐impregnated metal–organic framework nanocrystals (Li‐IL@MOF) is reported, which demonstrates excellent electrochemical properties, including a high room‐temperature ionic conductivity of 3.0 × 10‐4 S cm‐1, an improved Li+ transference number of 0.36, and good compatibilities against both Li metal and active electrodes with low interfacial resistances. The Li‐IL@MOF SLE is further integrated into a rechargeable Li|LiFePO4 SSB with an unprecedented active loading of 25 mg cm‐2, and the battery exhibits remarkable performance over a wide temperature range from −20 up to 150 °C. Besides the intrinsically high ionic conductivity of Li‐IL@MOF, the unique interfacial contact between the SLE and the active electrodes owing to an interfacial wettability effect of the nanoconfined Li‐IL guests, which creates an effective 3D Li+ conductive network throughout the whole battery, is considered to be the key factor for the excellent performance of the SSB.
Roll‐to‐Roll Production of Layer‐Controlled Molybdenum Disulfide: A Platform for 2D Semiconductor‐Based Industrial Applications
Authors: Lim Yi Rang , Han Jin Kyu , Kim Seong Ku , Lee Young Bum , Yoon Yeoheung , Kim Seong Jun , Min Bok Ki , Kim Yooseok , Jeon Cheolho , Won Sejeong , Kim Jae‐Hyun , Song Wooseok , Myung Sung , Lee Sun Sook , An Ki‐Seok , Lim Jongsun
Published: November 2017

A facile methodology for the large‐scale production of layer‐controlled MoS2 layers on an inexpensive substrate involving a simple coating of single source precursor with subsequent roll‐to‐roll‐based thermal decomposition is developed. The resulting 50 cm long MoS2 layers synthesized on Ni foils possess excellent long‐range uniformity and optimum stoichiometry. Moreover, this methodology is promising because it enables simple control of the number of MoS2 layers by simply adjusting the concentration of (NH4)2MoS4. Additionally, the capability of the MoS2 for practical applications in electronic/optoelectronic devices and catalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction is verified. The MoS2‐based field effect transistors exhibit unipolar n‐channel transistor behavior with electron mobility of 0.6 cm2 V−1 s−1 and an on‐off ratio of ≈10³. The MoS2‐based visible‐light photodetectors are fabricated in order to evaluate their photoelectrical properties, obtaining an 100% yield for active devices with significant photocurrents and extracted photoresponsivity of ≈22 mA W−1. Moreover, the MoS2 layers on Ni foils exhibit applicable catalytic activity with observed overpotential of ≈165 mV and a Tafel slope of 133 mV dec−1. Based on these results, it is envisaged that the cost‐effective methodology will trigger actual industrial applications, as well as novel research related to 2D semiconductor‐based multifaceted applications.
Quantifying the Role of Nanotubes in Nano:Nano Composite Supercapacitor Electrodes
Authors: Ling Zheng , Harvey Andrew , McAteer David , Godwin Ian J. , Szydłowska Beata , Griffin Aideen , Vega‐Mayoral Victor , Song Yongchen , Seral‐Ascaso Andrés , Nicolosi Valeria , Coleman Jonathan
Published: November 2017

Many promising supercapacitor electrode materials have high resistivity and require conductive additives to function effectively. However, the detailed role of the additive is not understood. Here, this question is resolved by applying a quantitative model for resistance‐limited supercapacitor electrodes to Co(OH)2‐nanosheet/carbon nanotube composites. Without nanotubes, theory predicts and experiments show that while the low‐rate capacitance increases linearly with electrode thickness, the high rate capacitance decreases with thickness due to slow charging. Experiments supported by theory show that nanotube addition has two effects. First, the nanotube network effectively distributes charge, increasing the intrinsic electrode performance to the limit associated with its accessible surface area. Second, at high‐rate, the increased electrode conductivity shifts the rate‐limiting resistance from electrode to electrolyte, thus removing the thickness‐dependent capacitance falloff. Furthermore, the analysis quantifies the out‐of‐plane conductivity of the nanotube network, identifies the cross‐over from resistance‐limited to diffusion‐limited behavior, and allows full electrode modeling, facilitating rational design.
Empirical analysis of price relations along the Finnish supply chain of selected meat, dairy, and egg products: A dynamic panel data approach
Authors: Rezitis Anthony N.
Published: November 2017

This study uses a panel cointegration and Error Correction Vector Autoregressive (EC‐VAR) approach to examine the long‐ and short‐run dynamics as well as the direction of causality between agricultural product prices, producer prices and consumer prices along the Finnish meat (i.e., beef, pork, and poultry), dairy (i.e., fresh milk, other milk products, cheese, and yoghurt) and egg supply chains for the period of 2005:01–2014:12. This study also examines the “cost‐push” and “demand‐pull” theories. The results indicate the presence of cointegration among the three price series for each of the eight food chains. The “demand‐pull” factors are found to have a stronger impact along the food supply chain than the “supply‐push” factors. The short‐run causality results show bidirectional causal relations among the three prices, whereas the long‐run causality findings support the assertion that consumer prices dominate the other two prices, implying an attempt by retailers to exert control over the pricing mechanisms along the Finnish food supply chain. The impulse response functions show that the agricultural product prices experience higher and more prolonged fluctuations around the long‐run equilibrium than the other two prices. [EconLit citations: Q11, C32, C33].
Body size and allometric variation in facial shape in children
Authors: Larson Jacinda R. , Manyama Mange F. , Cole Joanne B. , Gonzalez Paula N. , Percival Christopher J. , Liberton Denise K. , Ferrara Tracey M. , Riccardi Sheri L. , Kimwaga Emmanuel A. , Mathayo Joshua , Spitzmacher Jared A. , Rolian Campbell , Jamniczky Heather A. , Weinberg Seth M. , Roseman Charles C. , Klein Ophir , Lukowiak Ken , Spritz Richard A. , Hallgrimsson Benedikt
Published: November 2017

Objectives

Morphological integration, or the tendency for covariation, is commonly seen in complex traits such as the human face. The effects of growth on shape, or allometry, represent a ubiquitous but poorly understood axis of integration. We address the question of to what extent age and measures of size converge on a single pattern of allometry for human facial shape.

Methods

Our study is based on two large cross‐sectional cohorts of children, one from Tanzania and the other from the United States (N = 7,173). We employ 3D facial imaging and geometric morphometrics to relate facial shape to age and anthropometric measures.

Results

The two populations differ significantly in facial shape, but the magnitude of this difference is small relative to the variation within each group. Allometric variation for facial shape is similar in both populations, representing a small but significant proportion of total variation in facial shape. Different measures of size are associated with overlapping but statistically distinct aspects of shape variation. Only half of the size‐related variation in facial shape can be explained by the first principal component of four size measures and age while the remainder associates distinctly with individual measures.

Conclusions

Allometric variation in the human face is complex and should not be regarded as a singular effect. This finding has important implications for how size is treated in studies of human facial shape and for the developmental basis for allometric variation more generally.
Lektion gelernt? Die molekularen Grundlagen von Kinase‐gerichteten Therapien und Wirkstoffresistenz im nicht‐kleinzelligen Lungenkrebs
Authors: Lategahn Jonas , Keul Marina , Rauh Daniel
Published: November 2017

Die Behandlung des nicht‐kleinzelligen Lungenkrebs (NSCLC) erfährt derzeit eine Revolution. Innerhalb der letzten Dekade führten die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse über die biologische Bedeutung von Biomarkern und deren prädiktiver Charakter zur Entwicklung von Tyrosinkinase‐Inhibitoren, die eine Alternative zur Chemotherapie darstellen. Die Verwendung dieser innovativen Therapeutika verbessert die Lebensqualität und erhöht das Überleben betroffener Patienten. Das detaillierte Verständnis der Biologie der Zielproteine gepaart mit innovativen chemischen Ansätzen zu deren Modulation, ermutigten weitere Forschungen auf diesem Gebiet. Vor diesem Hintergrund präsentieren wir einen Rückblick auf ausgewählte molekulare Aspekte der Zielproteine und geben einen Überblick über aktuelle Fragestellungen und Herausforderungen bei der rationalen Wirkstoffentwicklung zur Behandlung von NSCLC.
Ionic‐Liquid‐Based Acidic Aqueous Biphasic Systems for Simultaneous Leaching and Extraction of Metallic Ions
Authors: Gras Matthieu , Papaiconomou Nicolas , Schaeffer Nicolas , Chainet Eric , Tedjar Farouk , Coutinho Joao A. P. , Billard Isabelle
Published: November 2017

The first instance of an acidic aqueous biphasic system (AcABS) based on tributyltetradecyl phosphonium chloride ([P44414][Cl]) and an acid is here reported. This AcABS exhibits pronounced thermomorphic behavior and is shown to be applicable to the extraction of metal ions from concentrated acidic solutions. Metal ions such as cobalt(II), iron(III), platinum(IV) and nickel(II) are found to partition preferentially to one of the phases of the acidic aqueous biphasic system and it is here shown that it successfully allows the difficult separation of CoII from NiII, here studied at 24 and 50 °C.
Chitosan functionalization with a series of sulfur‐containing α‐amino acids for the development of drug‐binding abilities
Authors: Tondwal Reena , Singh Man
Published: November 2017

Chitosan (Chi; 0.5 g) in 69.66 mM aqueous acetic acid was mixed with 312.4 mM methionine (methi) at 0.01 mL/s to disperse and cause optimum collisions for supporting condensation reactions through NH2 of Chi and COOH groups of methi. The functionalized chitosan (f‐Chi) product with methi developed an amide bond, which was represented as methi‐functionalized chitosan [Chi–NHC(O)–methi]. Both the 1‐Ethyl‐3‐(3‐dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC) and Dean–Stark methods were followed for Chi functionalization. Sulfonation with chlorosulfonic acid in a dimethylformamide medium was conducted at 90 °C and 750 rpm with an approximately 72% yield. The Chi–NHC(O)–methi was characterized by 1H‐NMR spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared stretching frequencies. The onset temperature of 280 °C recorded by thermogravimetric analysis/differential scanning calorimetry analysis, confirmed the high stability of the covalent bonds in Chi–NHC(O)–methi. The synthesis was repeated with other series members of sulfur (S) atoms containing α‐amino acids: homocysteine, ethionine, and propionine. The shielding of terminal CH3 was enhanced on elongation of the terminal alkyl chain in the case of propionine. The peak for the NH2 of Chi at a δ value of 4.73 ppm shifted to 5.36 ppm in Chi–NHC(O)–methi because of the involvement of NH2 in NHC(O). Theoretically, the value of NH2 of Chi was 5.11 ppm, with a difference of 0.38 ppm as compared to the experimentally determined value of 4.73 ppm. Additionally, a new peak at a δ value of 3.26 ppm also confirmed Chi functionalization. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46000.
Formation of co‐continuous PLLA/PC blends with significantly improved physical properties by reactive comb polymers
Authors: Wenyong Dong , Xu Wang , Yongjin Li
Published: November 2017

A kind of reactive comb (RC) polymer, which is constituted by poly(methyl methacrylate) backbone and side chains and a few epoxide groups that distribute randomly along the backbone, has been applied as compatibilizers for the thermodynamically immiscible poly(l‐lactide) (PLLA)/polycarbonate (PC) blend (50/50, wt/wt). Phase morphology and physical properties of the compatibilized PLLA/PC blends are characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and tensile tests. It has been found that the morphologies of the PLLA/PC blends are significantly ameliorated with the addition of RC polymers. A type of PLLA/PC blend with stable co‐continuous morphology has been achieved by the incorporation of more than 3 wt % of RC polymers. The mechanical tests showed that the co‐continuous PLLA/PC blends have an excellent stiffness‐toughness balance with high modulus and significantly improved ductility. Especially, the elongation at break of the PLLA/PC blend compatibilized by 10 wt % of RC polymers is 10 times higher than that of neat PLLA, in which the blend exhibits a cocontinuous lamellar microstructure. Furthermore, the PLLA/PC blends with cocontinuous morphology exhibit dramatically improved thermal stability as compared to neat PLLA when the temperature is over the Tg of the PLLA phase. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46047.
Effects of relaxation time and zero shear viscosity on structural evolution of linear low‐density polyethylene in shear flow
Authors: Li Kun , Matsuba Go
Published: November 2017

The purpose of this work is to investigate the precursor formation and crystallization of four different types of linear low‐density polyethylene in shear flow. The aggregation of string‐like structure (precursor) in micrometer scale was observed by polarized optical microscopy. Although the existence of precursors accelerates crystallization, we find that it is unnecessary for the polymer fluid to possess crystalline structures at relatively high temperatures by wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction. The rotational rheometer result suggests that relaxation time is consistent with processes of the precursor formation observed at 120 °C, while zero shear viscosity affects the boundaries of their corresponding processing windows. According to these results, we propose a mechanism that the precursor formation consists of entanglement and relaxation stages. Entanglements preserve the ordered state of polymer chains, while they return to the initially disordered state during the relaxation stage. Under shearing, the polymer chain is oriented along the flow direction, and the degree of chain motion remains limited because the oriented parts are confined by the entanglements (characterized by zero shear viscosity η0) acting as slip‐links. However, some chain motions and relaxation (characterized by terminal relaxation time τ) can still take place during this stage. Afterwards, the polymer chain becomes disordered and some entanglements disappear. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46053.
Benign route for the modification and characterization of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) scaffolds for medicinal application
Authors: Alippilakkotte Shebi , Sreejith Lisa
Published: November 2017

Scaffolds fabricated from polymers have imprinted its wide applicability in the field of tissue engineering. The surface of electrospun poly(lactic acid) (PLA) nanofibers was modified to improve their compatibility with living medium. PLA film were treated with alkali solution to introduce carboxyl groups on the surface followed by covalent grafting of gelatin using Xtal Fluoro‐E as coupling agent. The gelatin g‐PLA polymer synthesized via ‘graft‐onto’ method exhibit fascinating properties as studied by contact angle measurement, fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, water vapor transmission rate(WVTR), swelling studies and differential scanning calorimetry. The fabricated gelatin g‐PLA scaffolds were further characterized to conduct the study on hydrolytic degradation, and extent of biodegradation at ambient temperature. It was observed from the in‐vitro analysis that the gelatin g‐PLA nanofiber (with hemolytic percentage, 0.56 ± 0.13%) was cytocompatible with fibroblast cell and does not impair cell growth. The WVTR obtained for the electrospun mat around 2900 ± 100 g/m2. 24 h signifies the optimal moist environment required for tissue engineering especially wound healing. Notably, many of these strategies resulted in porous hydrophilic scaffolds with human cell growth and proliferation for medical applications of various types. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46056.
Trajectory Controllability of Fractional Integro‐Differential Systems in Hilbert Spaces
Authors: Govindaraj Venkatesan , George Raju K.
Published: November 2017

In this paper, sufficient conditions for trajectory controllability of nonlinear fractional integro‐differential systems involving Caputo fractional derivative of order α∈(1,2] in finite and as well as in infinite dimensional Hilbert spaces are obtained. Our tools of study include set‐valued functions, theory of monotone operators and α‐order cosine family of operators. The main results are well illustrated with the aid of examples.
Eignung zerstörungsfreier Messtechnik für die Bestimmung der Belegreife von Estrichen
Authors: Kruschwitz Sabine , Nagel Sarah , Strangfeld Christoph , Wöstmann Jens , Borchardt Kerstin
Published: November 2017

Die Bestimmung der Belegreife von Estrichen erfolgt im Bauwesen meist unter Verwendung von zerstörenden Verfahren, die Probenentnahmen erfordern und nur punktuelle Daten liefern. Bei anhydritgebundenen Estrichen gelten 0,5 M% und bei zementgebundenen ca. 3,5 M% und höher als belegreifer Feuchtegehalt. Die Belegreife wird als Feuchtegehalt in Masseprozent (M%) bezogen auf die Trockenmasse des Baustoffs angegeben. Zur zerstörungsfreien Feuchtemessung existieren verschiedene einfach zu bedienende Handgeräte, die u. a. auf elektrischen, elektromagnetischen und kapazitiven Methoden beruhen. In dieser Arbeit wurden ein kapazitives (Kugelsonde), ein elektromagnetisches (Mikrowellensensoren) und ein elektrisches Messverfahren (Vierelektrodensonde) untersucht. Mit Ausnahme der Vierelektrodensonde weisen die Handgeräte keine ausreichende Sensitivität in Bereichen niedriger Feuchtegehalte < 1 M% auf und scheinen somit nicht für anhydritgebundene Estriche geeignet zu sein. Für zementgebundene Estriche lassen sich hingegen mit allen getesteten Geräten Änderungen in dem Bereich der Belegreife erfassen. In dieser Arbeit wird zusätzlich die Wasserabgabe in g/m2/d als Bezugsgröße herangezogen. Die Wasserabgabe stellt ein geeigneteres Maß für die Schadensträchtigkeit dar und ermöglicht direkte Vergleiche unabhängig von der verwendeten Estrichart. Für alle getesteten Estriche konnte eine Wasserabgabe von ca. 8–10 g/m2/d als Belegreifegrenzwert bestimmt werden.
Referenzmessdaten beim Langzeitmonitoring von Infrastrukturen
Authors: Anderegg Peter , Brönnimann Rolf , Meier Urs
Published: November 2017

Verkehrsinfrastrukturen wie z. B. Brücken bedingen aus verschiedenen Gründen zunehmend ein Langzeitmonitoring. Einerseits weisen viele Bauwerke ein hohes Alter auf und müssen höheren Beanspruchungen wegen zunehmender Lasten und Verkehrsfrequenzen standhalten. Aus wirtschaftlichen Gründen möchte man ihre Restnutzungsdauer verlängern. Anderseits kommen bei jüngeren Brücken neue Werkstoffe wie kohlenfaserverstärkte Kunststoffe (CFK) zum Einsatz, deren Langzeitverhalten interessiert. Die in diesem Beitrag behandelten Referenzmessungen beziehen sich auf Brücken, bei denen das Langzeitverhalten der CFK‐Spannkabel und besonders deren Verankerung interessiert. Es handelt sich um drei verschiedene Konstruktionen: eine Schrägseilbrücke, eine Fachwerk‐Verbundbrücke sowie die Verstärkung einer bestehenden Stahlbetonbrücke. Sie werden seit 1996 bzw. 1998 überwacht.

Im Gegensatz zu den auf viele Jahrzehnte ausgelegten Brücken besitzen Sensorsysteme eine wesentlich kürzere Lebensdauer. Allenfalls müssen Messsysteme über die Überwachungsdauer ersetzt werden. Vor allem aber muss das System während seiner Einsatzdauer langzeitstabil und nullpunktsicher sein. Referenzmessungen im Feld und Labor tragen dazu bei, gemessene Veränderungen dem Bauwerk oder ‚Artefakten‘ des Messsystems zuzuordnen.

Die hier präsentieren Resultate von Referenzmessungen mit Dehnungsmessstreifen (DMS) und faseroptischen Bragggitter‐Sensoren (FOS) ermöglichen Aussagen zur Messunsicherheit, Stabilität und Zuverlässigkeit von Langzeitmessungen.
Urethral Complications After Transgender Phalloplasty: Strategies to Treat Them and Minimize Their Occurrence
Authors: Santucci Richard A.
Published: November 2017

Radial forearm free flap phalloplasty (RFFP) is the current standard of care for most FTM gender confirmation surgeries. This procedure is associated with a rate of urethral stricture as high as 51%, which falls only to 23–35% even among the most experienced contemporary surgeons. While some modifications have been proposed to combat this high complication rate, it still remains a major source of lasting morbidity. The method involves literature review of RFFP literature. Lowest stricture rates are found when neourethra is made with a long, meticulously constructed tube of well‐vascularized perivaginal/periurethral and labia minora tissue. In cases of urethral stricture, urethroplasty is required in 94–96% of patients. Surgery should be delayed until all acute inflammation has subsided. Urethroplasty is technically challenging and fails in up to 50% of cases. Repeated surgery or salvage urethral exteriorization procedures, which can leave the patient with lifelong perineal urethrostomy, are often required. Patient and physician knowledge regarding the high burden and poor treatment options for urethral stricture after phalloplasty is incomplete, and patient acceptance of this reality is crucial for honest understanding of the potential complications of this increasingly common but extremely complex surgery. Clin. Anat. 31:187–190, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An approach to discussing personal and social identity terminology with patients
Authors: Sloboda Alexander , Mustafa Aesha , Schober Justine
Published: November 2017

As the United States of America becomes more socially diverse, it is more important now than ever for health care providers to become more aware of their patients’ social identities. It is imperative that providers engage with their patients and see how each of them identifies personally in relation to social construction terminology. As with the terminology of human anatomy, there is a vast and diverse vocabulary concerning the anatomy of society, which is also clinically relevant to health care providers. If health care providers take the initiative to discuss how their patients identify, they can understand better how those patients experience the world, and this can significantly affect many facets of their health and health care experience. Giving respect fosters the creation of a strong relationship within which patients can share very personal and intimate information, which in turn allows health care providers the possibility of providing the best healthcare. This discussion will build upon and integrate current academic research and opinion for tangible clinical use while discussing various social and personal identities, including but not limited to race, gender, gender expression, sex, sexual orientation, religion, ethnicity, socioeconomic class, and physical and mental abilities. Clin. Anat. 31:136–139, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hierarchically Micro‐/Nanostructured TiO2/Micron Carbon Fibers Composites for Long‐Life and Fast‐Charging Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Wang Dongdong , Zhang Guanghui , Shan Zhongqiang , Zhang Tianyong , Tian Jianhua
Published: November 2017

Long‐life lithium‐ion batteries require materials with well‐designed and controlled structures on nanometer and micrometer scales. Therefore, the hierarchically structured TiO2/micron carbon fibers composites (TiO2/MCFs) composed of well‐defined nanowires are fabricated through a straightforward impregnation‐calcination process. The unique features, including hierarchically mesoporous micro‐/nanostructures, large specific surface area, and high electrical conductivity endow the TiO2/MCFs with convenient lithium‐ion and electron diffusion channels and effective stress−strain relief during repeated electrochemical reaction process. As anticipated, TiO2/MCFs deliver an excellent cycling stability with 92 % capacity retention after 5000 cycles at high current density of 2000 mA g−1, highlighting the great potential for long‐life and fast‐charging lithium‐ion batteries.
Coupling 2D‐wavelet decomposition and multivariate image analysis (2D WT‐MIA)
Authors: Li Vigni Mario , Prats‐Montalban José Manuel , Ferrer Alberto , Cocchi Marina
Published: November 2017

The use of 2D discrete wavelet transform in the feature enhancement phase of multivariate image analysis is discussed and implemented in a comparative way with respect to previous publications. In the proposed approach, all the resulting subimages obtained by discrete wavelet transform decomposition are unfolded pixel‐wise and midlevel data fused to a feature matrix that is used for the feature analysis phase. Congruent subimages can be obtained either by reconstruction of each decomposition block to the original pixel dimensions or by using the stationary wavelet transform decomposition scheme. The main advantage is that all possible relationships among blocks, decomposition levels, and channels are assessed in a single multivariate analysis step (feature analysis). This is particularly useful in a monitoring context where the aim is to build multivariate control charts based on images. Moreover, the approach can be versatile for contexts where several images are analyzed at a time as well as in the multispectral image analysis.

Both a set of simple artificial images and a set of real images, representative of the on‐line quality monitoring context, will be used to highlight the details of the methodology and show how the wavelet transform allows extracting features that are informative of how strong the texture of the image is and in which direction it varies.
Nitrite Reduction in Aqueous Solution Mediated by Amavadin Homologues: N2O Formation and Water Oxidation
Authors: Dias Lúcia , Bekhti Nihel , Kuznetsov Maxim L. , Ferreira José A. B. , Bacariza Maria C. , da Silva José Armando L.
Published: November 2017

Reactions of two vanadium(IV) complex anions that are homologues of amavadin, [V(HIDPA)2]2− and [V(HIDA)2]2− (HIDPA=N‐oxyiminodipropionate, HIDA=N‐oxyiminodiacetate), with the nitrite ion (NO2−) in aqueous solution were investigated by experimental (absorption spectroscopy in the visible range, through measurements of dioxygen formed in solution from water oxidation and identification of nitrogen oxide species of a gaseous atmosphere from nitrite reduction by using an IR analyser) and theoretical methods. Two reactions, mediated by the vanadium complexes, with environmental and biological significance, were observed in this system, namely, reduction of nitrite to N2O and oxidation of water to molecular oxygen. The reduction of nitrite, as studied by DFT calculations, occurs through the formation of NO (ΔG≠=14.3 kcal mol−1), which is strongly dependent on pH and slightly endergonic, and is then easily converted into N2O, with an overall activation barrier of ΔG≠=11.8 kcal mol−1. The later process includes dimerisation of NO assisted by one molecule of the V complex, protonation and oxidation of the formed ONNO.− ligand by another amavadin molecule or by nitrite, and NO bond cleavage/proton transfer in the ONNOH− ligand. The results indicate that amavadin exhibits an unusual nitrite reductase type activity that could be involved in nitrogen metabolism of Amanita muscaria and other fungi containing this vanadium complex.
Neuronal expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor in the injured telencephalon of adult zebrafish
Authors: Cacialli Pietro , D'angelo Livia , Kah Olivier , Coumailleau Pascal , Gueguen Marie‐Madeleine , Pellegrini Elisabeth , Lucini Carla
Published: November 2017

The reparative ability of the central nervous system varies widely in the animal kingdom. In the mammalian brain, the regenerative mechanisms are very limited and newly formed neurons do not survive longer, probably due to a non‐suitable local environment. On the opposite, fish can repair the brain after injury, with fast and complete recovery of damaged area. The brain of zebrafish, a teleost fish widely used as vertebrate model, also possesses high regenerative properties after injury. Taking advantage of this relevant model, the aim of the present study was to investigate the role of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the regenerative ability of adult brain, after stab wound telencephalic injury. BDNF is involved in many brain functions and plays key roles in the repair process after traumatic brain lesions. It has been reported that BDNF strengthens the proliferative activity of neuronal precursor cells, facilitates the neuronal migration toward injured areas, and shows survival properties due to its anti‐apoptotic effects. BDNF mRNA levels, assessed by quantitative PCR and in situ hybridization at 1, 4, 7, and 15 days after the lesion, were increased in the damaged telencephalon, mostly suddenly after the lesion. Double staining using in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry revealed that BDNF mRNA was restricted to cells identified as mature neurons. BDNF mRNA expressing neurons mostly increased in the area around the lesion, showing a peak 1 day after the lesion. Taken together, these results highlight the role of BDNF in brain repair processes and reinforce the value of zebrafish for the study of regenerative neurogenesis.
Identifying unique subtypes of spinal afferent nerve endings within the urinary bladder of mice
Authors: Spencer Nick J. , Greenheigh Sarah , Kyloh Melinda , Hibberd Tim J. , Sharma Harman , Grundy Luke , Brierley Stuart M. , Harrington Andrea M. , Beckett Elizabeth A. , Brookes Simon J. , Zagorodnyuk Vladimir P.
Published: November 2017

Spinal afferent neurons are responsible for the transduction and transmission of noxious (painful) stimuli and innocuous stimuli that do not reach conscious sensations from visceral organs to the central nervous system. Although the location of the nerve cell bodies of spinal afferents is well known to reside in dorsal root ganglia (DRG), the morphology and location of peripheral nerve endings of spinal afferents that transduce sensory stimuli into action potentials is poorly understood. The individual nerve endings of spinal afferents that innervate the urinary bladder have never been unequivocally identified in any species. We used an anterograde tracing technique developed in our laboratory to selectively label only spinal afferents. Mice were anesthetized and unilateral injections of dextran‐amine made into lumbosacral DRGs (L5‐S2). Seven to nine days postsurgery, mice were euthanized, the urinary bladder removed, then fresh‐fixed and stained for immunoreactivity to calcitonin‐gene‐related‐peptide (CGRP). Four distinct morphological types of spinal afferent ending in the bladder were identified. Three types existed in the detrusor muscle and one major type in the sub‐urothelium and urothelium. Most nerve endings were located in detrusor muscle where the three types could be identified as having: “branching”, “simple”, or “complex” morphology. The majority of spinal afferent nerve endings were CGRP‐immunoreactive. Single spinal afferent axons bifurcated many times upon entering the bladder and developed varicosities along their axon terminal endings. We present the first morphological identification of spinal afferent nerve endings in the mammalian urinary bladder.
Acoustophoretic separation of infected erythrocytes from blood plasma in a microfluidic platform using biofunctionalized, matched‐impedance layers
Authors: Gupta Tamaghna , Ghosh Ritwick , Ganguly Ranjan
Published: November 2017

Acoustophoresis is rapidly gaining prominence in the field of cell manipulation. In recent years, researchers have extensively used this method for separating different types of cells from the bulk fluid. In this paper, we propose a novel acoustophoresis‐based technique to capture infected or abnormal erythrocytes from blood plasma. A typical acoustic device consisting of a transducer assembly, microfluidic cavity, and a reflector is considered. Based on the concept of impedance matching, a pair of antibody‐coated polystyrene layers is placed in the nodal regions of an acoustic field within the cavity. This technique allows bi‐directional migration of the suspended cells to the biofunctionalized surfaces. Therefore, simultaneous capture of infected erythrocytes on both the layers is feasible. Finite element method is used to model the pressure field as well as the motion of erythrocytes under the influence of acoustic radiation, drag, and gravitational forces. A parametric analysis is done by varying the excitation frequency, driving voltage, and the thickness of the polystyrene layers. The resulting changes in the pressure amplitude and field pattern are investigated. The erythrocyte collection efficiency, rate of collection, and the cell distribution on the layer surfaces are also determined under different field conditions. The occurrence of transient cavitation in the blood plasma‐filled cavity at the chosen frequency is taken into account by using its threshold pressure value as the limiting factor of pressure amplitude. The study provides an insight into the phenomenon and serves as a guideline to fabricate low‐cost, multifunctional rapid diagnostic devices based on acoustophoretic separation.
Charging Load Aggregation Potential of Multiple Electric Vehicles Based on Road Traffic Census Data
Authors: TESHIGAWARA YU , IKEGAMI TAKASHI
Published: November 2017

High penetration of renewable generation systems will lead to supply–demand imbalances, and will also require output curtailment of renewable power plants. We focused on management of electric vehicle fleet charging which can promote charging during specific time zone for reducing this curtailment. In this study, we evaluated the Charging Promoting Potential (CPP) of passenger electric vehicles (EVs) using optimization model based on the mixed‐integer linear programming. In addition, we also evaluated the CPP of other EVs, such as electric buses and electric trucks. We found that wider zone of the charging promoting time led effective concentration of charging load. Furthermore, we found that the CPP of the electric buses is higher than those of the passenger EVs and electric trucks.
Asymmetric Organocatalytic Synthesis of Bisindoles – Scope and Derivatizations
Authors: Retich Christina , Bräse Stefan
Published: November 2017

Starting from 3‐vinylindoles and glyoxolate imines, we created a library of diverse 4,6‐bis(1H‐indole‐3‐yl)piperidine 2‐carboxylates by using 10 mol‐% of a chiral phosphoric acid. Utilising electron‐withdrawing groups on the starting material during the reaction led to the formation of Povarov‐type structures, which extended the previous library of molecules. Furthermore, we could demonstrate that consecutive reactions like reductions, cross coupling reactions or click reactions on bisindoles are feasible.
Carbon dioxide biofixation using microorganisms and assessment of biofuel production
Authors: Upendar Ganta , Mistry Avnish N. , Das Rituparna , Guha Thakurata Sohini , Chakrabarty Jitamanyu , Ghanta Kartik Chandra , Dutta Susmita
Published: November 2017

In the present work, carbon dioxide (CO2) fixation potential of bacteria and cyanobacterial consortium was studied and compared. Serratia marcescens NCIM 2078, the chemolithotrophic bacteria, which was used in the present study, was collected from National Collection of Industrial Microorganisms (NCIM), Pune, India. The cyanobacterial consortium used was Leptolyngbya subtilis and Planktothrix agardhii. It was collected from East Kolkata Wetland (EKW), Kolkata, India, a Wetland of International Importance. Serratia marcescens NCIM 2078 and the consortium Leptolyngbya subtilis and Planktothrix agardhii were cultivated with 10%, 20%, and 30% CO2. These two microbial agents could grow at 30% CO2 and showed optimum growth at CO2 concentration of 10%. The maximum biofixation of CO2 observed was 98.32% and 94.06% for Serratia marcescens NCIM 2078 and for the consortium of Leptolyngbya subtilis and Planktothrix agardhii at 10% of CO2 concentration. Carbon dioxide showed toxic effects on both the microorganisms at high concentration and the lipid content also decreased with increased CO2 concentration. The present results indicate the efficacy of these two microbes for mitigating CO2 in the flue gases. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 37: 1594–1600, 2018
Pyrolysis of chemically treated corncob for biochar production and its application in Cr(VI) removal
Authors: Gupta Goutam Kishore , Ram Mahendra , Bala Renu , Kapur Meghna , Mondal Monoj Kumar
Published: November 2017

In this study, corncob was used as raw material for biochar production. Slow pyrolysis of corncob was done at different temperatures (400–600°C) with a constant heating rate of 16°C/min in a quartz reactor with the aim to produce biochar. The physicochemical treatment of corncob was done to make it suitable for pyrolysis. Chemical treatment was done at different o‐phosphoric acid to corncob ratio (PA/CC) of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.2 for improvement of quality and yield of produced biochar. With increasing temperature biochar yield decreased but pretreatment showed an increase in the yield. Biochar yield was found optimum at PA/CC of 1.0. The FTIR, SEM, TGA and XRF analysis of corncob and biochar were done to see the changes before and after pyrolysis. Presence of different inorganic elements along with lesser H/C and O/C ratios makes biochar as additive for soil amendment. Also lesser H/C and O/C ratios and HHV of 19.97 MJ/kg confirms biochar suitable as solid fuel. Further application of biochar was examined for Cr(VI) removal from aqueous solution as innovative adsorbent in batch process with varying parameters such as pH, initial concentration of Cr(VI) solution, contact time and adsorbent dose. Maximum removal of Cr(VI) was found to be 93% at pH 2.01, initial Cr(VI) concentration 50 mg/L, adsorbent dose 10 g/L and equilibrium time of 90 min. Langmuir isotherm showed a better fitting model and maximum adsorption capacity was 25.69 mg/g. Biochar showed good repeatability by reusing it twice as adsorbent for Cr(VI) removal. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 37: 1606–1617, 2018
Improved weighted average consensus in distributed cooperative spectrum sensing networks
Authors: Hernandes Aislan Gabriel , Proença Jr. Mario Lemes , Abrão Taufik
Published: November 2017

This work proposes a fully distributed improved weighted average consensus (IWAC) technique applied to a cooperative spectrum sensing (CSS) problem in cognitive radio systems. This method allows the secondary users to cooperate based on only local information exchange without a fusion centre. We have compared 4 rules of average consensus (AC) algorithms. The first rule is the simple AC without weights. The AC rule presents performance comparable to the traditional CSS techniques such as the equal gain combining rule, which is a soft combining centralised method. Another technique is the weighted AC (WAC) rule, using the weights based on the SUs' channel condition. This technique results in a performance similar to that of the maximum ratio combining with soft combining (centralised CSS). Two new AC rules are analysed, namely, WAC accuracy exchange (WAC‐AE) and IWAC; the former relates the weights to the channel conditions of the SUs' neighbours, whereas the latter combines the conditions of WAC and WAC‐AE in the same rule. All methods are compared with each other and with the hard combining centralised CSS. The WAC‐AE results in a similar performance of the WAC technique but with fast convergence, whereas the IWAC can deliver suitable performance with small complexity increment. Moreover, the IWAC method results in a similar convergence rate than the WAC‐AE method but slightly higher than the AC and WAC methods. Hence, the computational complexity of IWAC, WAC‐AE, and WAC is proven to be very similar. The analyses are based on numerical Monte Carlo simulations, whereas the algorithm's convergence is evaluated for both fixed and dynamic mobile communication scenarios and under additive white Gaussian noise and Rayleigh channels.
Multifactorial disease risk calculator: Risk prediction for multifactorial disease pedigrees
Authors: Campbell Desmond D , Li Yiming , Sham Pak C
Published: November 2017

Construction of multifactorial disease models from epidemiological findings and their application to disease pedigrees for risk prediction is nontrivial for all but the simplest of cases. Multifactorial Disease Risk Calculator is a web tool facilitating this. It provides a user‐friendly interface, extending a reported methodology based on a liability‐threshold model. Multifactorial disease models incorporating all the following features in combination are handled: quantitative risk factors (including polygenic scores), categorical risk factors (including major genetic risk loci), stratified age of onset curves, and the partition of the population variance in disease liability into genetic, shared, and unique environment effects. It allows the application of such models to disease pedigrees. Pedigree‐related outputs are (i) individual disease risk for pedigree members, (ii) n year risk for unaffected pedigree members, and (iii) the disease pedigree's joint liability distribution. Risk prediction for each pedigree member is based on using the constructed disease model to appropriately weigh evidence on disease risk available from personal attributes and family history. Evidence is used to construct the disease pedigree's joint liability distribution. From this, lifetime and n year risk can be predicted. Example disease models and pedigrees are provided at the website and are used in accompanying tutorials to illustrate the features available. The website is built on an R package which provides the functionality for pedigree validation, disease model construction, and risk prediction. Website: http://grass.cgs.hku.hk:3838/mdrc/current