bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Swine farm environmental microbiome: exploring microbial ecology and functionality across farms with high and low sanitary status
Authors: Marin Clara , Migura-García Lourdes , Rodríguez Juan Carlos , Ventero María-Paz , Pérez-Gracia Maria Teresa , Vega Santiago , Tort-Miró Carla , Marco-Fuertes Ana , Lorenzo-Rebenaque Laura , Montoro-Dasi Laura
Published: July 2024

Introduction

Stringent regulations in pig farming, such as antibiotic control and the ban on certain additives and disinfectants, complicate disease control efforts. Despite the evolution of microbial communities inside the house environment, they maintain stability over the years, exhibiting characteristics specific to each type of production and, in some cases, unique to a particular company or farm production type. In addition, some infectious diseases are recurrent in specific farms, while other farms never present these diseases, suggesting a connection between the presence of these microorganisms in animals or their environment. Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterise environmental microbiomes of farms with high and low sanitary status, establishing the relationships between both, health status, environmental microbial ecology and its functionality.

Methods

For this purpose, 6 pig farms were environmentally sampled. Farms were affiliated with a production company that handle the majority of the pigs slaughtered in Spain. This study investigated the relationship among high health and low health status farms using high throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing. In addition, to identify ecologically relevant functions and potential pathogens based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences obtained, functional Annotation with PROkaryotic TAXa (FAPROTAX) was performed.

Results and Discussion

This study reveals notable differences in microbial communities between farms with persistent health issues and those with good health outcomes, suggesting a need for protocols tailored to address specific challenges. The variation in microbial populations among farms underscores the need for specific and eco-friendly cleaning and disinfection protocols. These measures are key to enhancing the sustainability of livestock farming, ensuring safer products and boosting competitive edge in the market.
Magnetic resonance imaging in canine idiopathic epilepsy: a mini-review
Authors: Foss Kari D. , Billhymer Audrey C.
Published: July 2024

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in an integral part of the diagnostic workup in canines with idiopathic epilepsy (IE). While highly sensitive and specific in identifying structural lesions, conventional MRI is unable to detect changes at the microscopic level. Utilizing more advanced neuroimaging techniques may provide further information on changes at the neuronal level in the brain of canines with IE, thus providing crucial information on the pathogenesis of canine epilepsy. Additionally, earlier detection of these changes may aid clinicians in the development of improved and targeted therapies. Advances in MRI techniques are being developed which can assess metabolic, cellular, architectural, and functional alterations; as well alterations in neuronal tissue mechanical properties, some of which are currently being applied in research on canine IE. This mini-review focuses on novel MRI techniques being utilized to better understand canine epilepsy, which include magnetic resonance spectroscopy, diffusion-weighted imaging, diffusion tensor imaging, perfusion-weighted imaging, voxel based morphometry, and functional MRI; as well as techniques applied in human medicine and their potential use in veterinary species.
BRCA Testing for Patients Treated in Italy: A National Survey of Breast Centers Associated with Senonetwork
Authors: Tinterri Corrado , Gentile Damiano , Caruso Francesco , Cortesi Laura , De Laurentiis Michelino , Fortunato Lucio , Santini Donatella , Turchetti Daniela , Ferrari Alberta , Zambelli Alberto ,   Senonetwork Italia Breast Centre Responders
Published: July 2024

Background: Breast units (BUs) provide breast cancer (BC) care, including prevention, treatment, and genetic assessment. Genetic research has highlighted BRCA1/2 mutations as key hereditary BC risk factors. BRCA testing is crucial for personalized treatment and prevention strategies. However, the integration of BRCA testing in Italian BUs faces multiple challenges. This study, by Senonetwork Italia, aimed to evaluate genetic testing practices and identify obstacles within Italian BUs. Methods: Senonetwork Italia conducted a 16-question web-based survey involving 153 BUs. The survey assessed aspects of BRCA testing, including timing, urgency, counseling, patient selection, and multi-gene panels. Results: Of the 153 BUs, 109 (71.2%) responded. Testing before surgery was performed by 70.6% of centers, with urgent cases acknowledged by 87.2%. Most centers (56.0%) arranged urgent pre-test counseling within a week. BRCA mutation status influenced treatment decisions in 99.1% of cases. Multi-gene panels were used by 33.0% of centers for all genetic counseling cases, while 56.0% followed standard referral criteria. The main challenges included cost, reimbursement, and reporting timelines. Conclusions: This survey highlights significant variations in BRCA testing practices across Italian BUs and identifies key logistical and financial challenges. There is a need for standardized practices of genetic testing to ensure personalized and effective BC management in Italy.
The Complex Tumor Microenvironment in Ovarian Cancer: Therapeutic Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Garlisi Bianca , Lauks Sylvia , Aitken Caroline , Ogilvie Leslie M. , Lockington Cielle , Petrik Duncan , Eichhorn Jan Soeren , Petrik Jim
Published: July 2024

The tumor microenvironment (TME) in ovarian cancer (OC) has much greater complexity than previously understood. In response to aggressive pro-angiogenic stimulus, blood vessels form rapidly and are dysfunctional, resulting in poor perfusion, tissue hypoxia, and leakiness, which leads to increased interstitial fluid pressure (IFP). Decreased perfusion and high IFP significantly inhibit the uptake of therapies into the tumor. Within the TME, there are numerous inhibitor cells, such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), tumor association macrophages (TAMs), regulatory T cells (Tregs), and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) that secrete high numbers of immunosuppressive cytokines. This immunosuppressive environment is thought to contribute to the lack of success of immunotherapies such as immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) treatment. This review discusses the components of the TME in OC, how these characteristics impede therapeutic efficacy, and some strategies to alleviate this inhibition.
Quantifying the Shading Effects of a Small-Scale Rooftop-Installed Linear Fresnel Reflector in Cyprus
Authors: Montenon Alaric Christian , Papakokkinos Giorgos , Ilia Kostantinos
Published: July 2024

Linear Fresnel reflectors are a versatile solar concentration technology, suitable for a wide range of industrial processes and thermal conditioning applications. Such collectors entail a certain footprint, generating shading on the surface where they are installed. This effect is rarely quantified but may play an indirect role on the surface below. When installed on a roof, the solar radiation heats the building less. In places where the annual heating demand is higher than the cooling demand, this constitutes an asset. However, this becomes a disadvantage when the cooling demand is higher annually than the heating demand. Essentially, the reduced solar radiation allows for the growth of plants that would not grow without the shade provided by the collector. The present paper is a quantitative analysis of such shading based on the linear Fresnel reflector of the Cyprus Institute. The work was conducted using the Tonatiuh++ ray-tracing software to determine the annual radiation blocking. A total of four years of actual meteorological measurements were applied directly to the ray-tracing model.
Raynaud’s Phenomenon of the Nipple: Epidemiological, Clinical, Pathophysiological, and Therapeutic Characterization
Authors: Moreira Thaís Gomes , Castro Giovana Mamede , Gonçalves Júnior Jucier
Published: July 2024

Raynaud’s phenomenon of the nipple is a possible cause of pain and breastfeeding cessation in lactating women. However, there are still few studies on the characterization of this manifestation. Thus, we aim to develop a systematic review of the literature carried out between January 1992 and January 2024 in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Virtual Health Library (VHL), and Portal de Periódicos da CAPES. Of the 438 articles, 19 met the eligibility criteria. The findings were divided by heuristic questions into two groups: “Epidemiological, pathophysiological, and clinical characterization of Raynaud’s Phenomenon of the nipple” and “Treatment of Raynaud’s Phenomenon of the nipple”. Raynaud’s phenomenon of the nipple is commonly primary, being more prevalent in the postpartum period, in women with a mean age of 32 years. The main triggers appear to be stress and temperature change. Generally, it is associated with a change in color and pain during breastfeeding. A calcium channel blocker was the most used medication with or without non-pharmacological measures.
Physical Activity and Mental Health of Employed Adults: Mediation and Moderation Effects of Beliefs in the Benefits of Physical Activity
Authors: Glavaš Dragan , Pavela Banai Irena
Published: July 2024

Numerous studies have shown physical activity (PA) improves psychological functioning and well-being. However, the underpinning processes and mediating variables are less known. There is evidence that beliefs about the benefits of PA contribute to physical health, regardless of actual PA. By applying these findings in the context of mental health, we sought to investigate the role of belief in the benefits of PA in the relationship between self-reported PA and mental health. A total of 381 employed adults completed the Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, and Anxiety subscale of the Emotional state scale. Furthermore, participants reported the degree to which they believe that PA has benefits for their psychological health. The mediation analysis shows that greater PA intensity was associated with lower levels of depression and anxiety. Additionally, belief in the benefits of PA on psychological health had a mediating role. Specifically, more intensive PA was related to a stronger belief in PA benefits, subsequently leading to reduced levels of depression and anxiety. We discuss the neurobiological mechanisms underlying the relationship between PA and mental health, alongside the significant role of mindset.
Exploring Health Research Priority Setting in a South African Province: A Nominal Group Technique Approach
Authors: Heunis Christo , van Jaarsveldt Deirdre , Chikobvu Perpetual , Kigozi-Male Gladys , Litheko Moroesi
Published: July 2024

In August 2022, the Free State Provincial Health Research Committee used the online nominal group technique (NGT) for Health Research Priority Setting (HRPS) for the Free State Department of Health (FSDoH) and the research community, considering various stakeholders’ perspectives. This paper explores and describes the identified health research priorities. It also assesses their alignment with the National Health Research Strategy. Additionally, it provides an opinion on the feasibility of using the online NGT for collaborative co-creation of provincial-level health research priorities. Most of the identified health research priorities resonate with the national health research priorities identified by the National Health Research Committee. However, research to “strengthen surveillance” was uniquely perceived to be a priority by the participants in the Free State HRPS exercise. A plausible reason for this might be their heightened awareness of the vital role optimal surveillance systems play in coordinating intersectoral responses to pandemics, particularly considering the serious challenges emerging during the initial stages of the COVID-19 outbreak.
Effect of 10-Week Whole-Body Vibration Training on Falls and Physical Performance in Older Adults: A Blinded, Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial with 1-Year Follow-Up
Authors: Sievänen Harri , Piirtola Maarit , Tokola Kari , Kulmala Tanja , Tiirikainen Eerika , Kannus Pekka , Kiiski Juha , Uusi-Rasi Kirsti , Karinkanta Saija
Published: July 2024

Whole-body vibration training (WBV) training has shown positive effects on bone strength, muscle strength, and balance, but the evidence on fall prevention is not yet persuasive. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of WBV training in preventing falls and improving physical performance among older adults at fall risk. The study was an assessor- and participant-blinded, randomized, and controlled 10-week training trial with a 10-month follow-up. One hundred and thirty older adults (mean age 78.5 years, 75% women) were randomly allocated into the WBV group (n = 68) and the low-intensity wellness group (n = 62). Falls were prospectively collected using monthly returned and verified diaries. Physical performance was evaluated at baseline before randomization, after the intervention, and follow-up with established methods. The data were analyzed on an intention-to-treat basis. Negative binomial regression was used to estimate the incidence rate ratios for falls, and Cox regression models were used to calculate the hazard ratios for fallers. Between-group differences in physical performance were estimated by generalized linear mixed models. The retention rate was 93%, and the mean adherence to the WBV training was 88% and 86% to the wellness training. Sixty-eight participants fell at least once, and there were 156 falls in total. In the WBV group, the incidence rate of falls was 1.5 (95% confidence interval 0.9 to 2.5) compared to the wellness group (p = 0.11). The hazard ratio for fallers in the WBV group was 1.29 (0.78 to 2.15) (p = 0.32). There was no between-group difference in physical performance after the training period, but by the end of the follow-up, WBV-related benefits appeared. The chair-rising capacity was maintained in the WBV group, while the benefit disappeared in the wellness group (p = 0.004). Also, the 0.5-point difference in short physical performance battery (SPPB) score favored WBV training (p = 0.009). In conclusion, progressive side-alternating WBV training was feasible and well-tolerated among fall-prone older adults. During the one-year follow-up, WBV training was associated with improved physical performance but did not prevent falls compared to chair-based group exercises.
Artisanal Gem Mining in Brazil: Evaluation of Oxidative Stress and Genotoxicity Biomarkers
Authors: da Silva Heberson Teixeira , Magalhães Thainá Sprícido , Pires Sumaia Araújo , Santos Ana Paula Rufino , Rodrigues Jairo Lisboa , Faria Márcia Cristina da Silva
Published: July 2024

This study was carried out in the district of Taquaral de Minas, in the municipality of Itinga, located in Jequitinhonha Valley, state of Minas Gerais, which is considered one of the largest yolk-producing regions in Brazil. Miners in gem extraction areas are prone to severe oxidative damage due to their increased exposure to toxic metals, as well as chemical, physical, and biological agents, resulting in diseases such as silicosis. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate occupational exposure in prospectors through biomonitoring techniques using a variety of biomarkers for oxidative stress, genotoxicity, and mutagenicity. Twenty-two miners and seventeen workers who were not occupationally exposed were recruited, totaling thirty-nine participants. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys. In this study, the levels of total peroxides, catalase activity, and microelements in plasma were evaluated. Additionally, environmental analysis was carried out through the Ames and Allium cepa tests. The results of the lipoperoxidation assessment were significant, with increased frequencies in exposed individuals compared to controls (p < 0.05), as determined by the Mann–Whitney test. Micronutrients in the blood showed lower concentrations in the group exposed to Fe and Se than in individuals not exposed to these elements. The results of the Ames test and Allium cepa test were statistically significant compared to the controls (p < 0.05), as determined by the Mann–Whitney test for genotoxicity and cytotoxicity. Thus, the results of the present study indicate possible environmental contamination and a potential risk to the health of miners, which suggests that further studies are important in the region.
3′-UTR Sequence of Exosomal NANOGP8 DNA as an Extracellular Vesicle-Localization Signal
Authors: Vaidya Manjusha , Kimura Ayaka , Bajaj Arjun , Sugaya Kiminobu
Published: July 2024

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are garnering attention as a safe and efficient biomolecule delivery system. EVs intrinsically play a crucial role in intercellular communication and pathophysiology by transporting functionally active DNA molecules. The internalized DNA pleiotropically affects the recipient cells. Considering these salient features, an intentional incorporation of specific DNA gene cassettes into EVs and their subsequent delivery to the target cells has potential applications in genetic engineering. Moreover, efficient ways to insert the DNA into EVs during their biogenesis is valuable. Our current research is a step in the development of this technology. As such, cancer cells are known to secrete exosomes containing increased amounts of double-stranded DNA than normal cells. The clonal analysis in our previously published data revealed that exosomes released from various cancer cells contained a significantly larger population of NANOGP8 DNA with a 22-base pair insertion in the 3′-untranslated region (UTR) compared to those secreted by normal cells. This finding led us to hypothesize that the 22-base pair insertion may act as a signal to facilitate the incorporation of NANOGP8 DNA into the exosomes. To test this hypothesis, we compared the EV localization of an Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein (EGFP) gene fused with the NANOGP8 3′-UTR, with and without the 22-base pair insertion. The quantitative PCR analysis showed a significantly higher EGFP DNA accumulation in exosomes released from cells transfected with the gene cassette containing the 3′-UTR with the 22-base pair insertion. The discovery of a DNA localization signal in exosomal DNA’s 3’-UTR could pave the way for the development of an EV-based DNA delivery system. This technology will open new possibilities in genetic engineering and innovative therapies using nucleic acid medicine.
Ceanothanes Derivatives as Peripheric Anionic Site and Catalytic Active Site Inhibitors of Acetylcholinesterase: Insights for Future Drug Design
Authors: Pastene-Burgos Sofía , Muñoz-Nuñez Evelyn , Quiroz-Carreño Soledad , Pastene-Navarrete Edgar , Espinoza Catalan Luis , Bustamante Luis , Alarcón-Enos Julio
Published: July 2024

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a multifactorial and fatal neurodegenerative disorder. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) plays a key role in the regulation of the cholinergic system and particularly in the formation of amyloid plaques; therefore, the inhibition of AChE has become one of the most promising strategies for the treatment of AD, particularly concerning AChE inhibitors that interact with the peripheral anionic site (PAS). Ceanothic acid isolated from the Chilean Rhamnaceae plants is an inhibitor of AChE through its interaction with PAS. In this study, six ceanothic acid derivatives were prepared, and all showed inhibitory activity against AChE. The structural modifications were performed starting from ceanothic acid by application of simple synthetic routes: esterification, reduction, and oxidation. AChE activity was determined by the Ellmann method for all compounds. Kinetic studies indicated that its inhibition was competitive and reversible. According to the molecular coupling and displacement studies of the propidium iodide test, the inhibitory effect of compounds would be produced by interaction with the PAS of AChE. In silico predictions of physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetics, drug-likeness, and medicinal chemistry friendliness of the ceanothane derivatives were performed using the Swiss ADME tool.
Macrophages as a Source and Target of GDF-15
Authors: Silva-Bermudez Lina Susana , Klüter Harald , Kzhyshkowska Julia G.
Published: July 2024

Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) is a multifunctional cytokine that belongs to the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) superfamily. GDF-15 is involved in immune tolerance and is elevated in several acute and chronic stress conditions, often correlating with disease severity and patient prognosis in cancer172 and metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. Despite these clinical associations, the molecular mechanisms orchestrating its effects remain to be elucidated. The effects of GDF-15 are pleiotropic but cell-specific and dependent on the microenvironment. While GDF-15 expression can be stimulated by inflammatory mediators, its predominant effects were reported as anti-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic. The role of GDF-15 in the macrophage system has been increasingly investigated in recent years. Macrophages produce high levels of GDF-15 during oxidative and lysosomal stress, which can lead to fibrogenesis and angiogenesis at the tissue level. At the same time, macrophages can respond to GDF-15 by switching their phenotype to a tolerogenic one. Several GDF-15-based therapies are under development, including GDF-15 analogs/mimetics and GDF-15-targeting monoclonal antibodies. In this review, we summarize the major physiological and pathological contexts in which GDF-15 interacts with macrophages. We also discuss the major challenges and future perspectives in the therapeutic translation of GDF-15.
Glutenin from the Ancient Wheat Progenitor Is Intrinsically Allergenic as It Can Clinically Sensitize Mice for Systemic Anaphylaxis by Activating Th2 Immune Pathway
Authors: Jorgensen Rick , Arul Arasan Tamil Selvan , Srkalovic Maya Blanka , Van Antwerp Chris , Ng Perry K. W. , Gangur Venu
Published: July 2024

Wheat allergy is a major type of food allergy with the potential for life-threatening anaphylactic reactions. Common wheat, Triticum aestivum (hexaploid, AABBDD genome), was developed using tetraploid wheat (AABB genome) and the ancient diploid wheat progenitor (DD genome)-Aegilops tauschii. The potential allergenicity of gluten from ancient diploid wheat is unknown. In this study, using a novel adjuvant-free gluten allergy mouse model, we tested the hypothesis that the glutenin extract from this ancient wheat progenitor will be intrinsically allergenic in this model. The ancient wheat was grown, and wheat berries were used to extract the glutenin for testing. A plant protein-free colony of Balb/c mice was established and used in this study. The intrinsic allergic sensitization potential of the glutenin was determined by measuring IgE response upon transdermal exposure without the use of an adjuvant. Clinical sensitization for eliciting systemic anaphylaxis (SA) was determined by quantifying the hypothermic shock response (HSR) and the mucosal mast cell response (MMCR) upon intraperitoneal injection. Glutenin extract elicited a robust and specific IgE response. Life-threatening SA associated and a significant MMCR were induced by the glutenin challenge. Furthermore, proteomic analysis of the spleen tissue revealed evidence of in vivo Th2 pathway activation. In addition, using a recently published fold-change analysis method, several immune markers positively and negatively associated with SA were identified. These results demonstrate for the first time that the glutenin from the ancient wheat progenitor is intrinsically allergenic, as it has the capacity to elicit clinical sensitization for anaphylaxis via activation of the Th2 pathway in vivo in mice.
Experimental Investigation of an Efficient and Lightweight Designed Counter-Rotating Shrouded Fan Stage
Authors: Lengyel-Kampmann Timea , Karboujian Jirair , Charroin Guillaume , Winkelmann Peter
Published: July 2024

The German Aerospace Center designed, aero-mechanically optimized and experimentally investigated its own counter-rotating shrouded fan stage in the frame of the project CRISPmulti. Their target and the motivation of this work was, on the one hand, the generation of a highly accurate experimental database for the validation of the modern numerical design and optimization processes, and on the other hand, the development of a new innovative technology for the manufacturing of 3D fan blades made of a lightweight CFRP material. The original CRISP-1m test rig designed by the MTU Aero Engines in the 1980s was reused with the new blading for experimental investigation in the Multistage Two-Shaft Compressor Test Facility (M2VP) of the DLR in Cologne. The evaluation of the steady measurement results and the validation of the numerical simulation based on the pressure and temperature measurement are presented in this paper.
Reactive Synthesis for Porous (Mo2/3Y1/3)2AlC Ceramics through Mo, Y, Al and Graphite Powders
Authors: Tan Siwei , Xiao Gan , Wang Baogang , Yu Kui , Li Jie , Jiang Wenkai , Zhang Heng , Yang Xuejin , Yang Junsheng
Published: July 2024

Through an activation reaction sintering method, porous (Mo2/3Y1/3)2AlC ceramics were prepared by Mo, Y, Al, and graphite powders as raw materials. The phase composition, microstructure, element distribution, and pore structure characteristics were comprehensively studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Archimedes method, and bubble point method. A detailed investigation was conducted on the influence of sintering temperature on the phase composition. Possible routes of phase transition and pore formation mechanisms during the sintering process were provided. The experimental results reveal that at 650–850 °C, transition metals react with aluminum, forming aluminum-containing intermetallics and a small amount of carbides. At 850–1250 °C, transition metals collaborate with graphite, producing transition metal carbides. Then, at 1250–1450 °C, these aluminum intermetallics interact with transition metal carbides and remaining unreacted Y, Al, and C, yielding the final product (Mo2/3Y1/3) 2AlC. Simultaneously, the pore structure alters correspondingly with the solid-phase reaction at different reaction temperatures.
Experimental Study on the Preparation of High-Purity Iron Oxide Red by Acid Leaching Iron from Coal Gangue
Authors: Yang Xulong , Ma Aiyuan , Chen Ming , Du Jinsong , Zheng Xuemei
Published: July 2024

Aiming at the problems of the large storage, complex composition, low comprehensive utilization rate, and high environmental impact of coal gangue, this paper carried out experimental research on the preparation of iron oxide red from high-iron gangue by calcination activation, acid leaching, extraction, and the hydrothermal synthesis of coal gangue. The experimental results show that when the calcination temperature of coal gangue is 500 °C, the calcination time is 1.5 h, the optimal concentration of iron removal is 6 mol/L, the acid leaching temperature is 80 °C, the acid leaching time is 1 h, and the liquid——solid mass ratio is 4:1; the iron dissolution rate can reach 87.64%. A solvent extraction method (TBP-SK–hydrochloric acid system) was used to extract the leachate, and a solution with iron content up to 99.21% was obtained. By controlling the optimum hydrothermal conditions (pH = 9, temperature 170 °C, reaction time 5 h), high-purity iron oxide red product can be prepared; the yield is 80.07%. The red iron oxide was characterized by XRD, SEM-EDS, particle-size analysis, and ICP-OES. The results show that the red iron oxide peak has a cubic microstructure, an average particle size of 167.16 μm, and a purity of 99.16%. The quality of the prepared iron oxide red product meets the requirement of 98.5% of the “YHT4 Iron oxide Standard for ferrite”. It can be used as a raw material to produce high-performance soft magnetic ferrite. In summary, this experimental study on the preparation of iron oxide red from coal gangue is of great significance for the comprehensive utilization of coal gangue to realize the sustainable development of the environment and economy.
Grafting Carbon Fibers with Graphene via a One-Pot Aryl Diazonium Reaction to Refine the Interface Performance of T1100-Grade CF/BMI Composites
Authors: Li Weidong , Duan Ziqi , Sun Mingchen , Shen Pengfei , Yang Huanzhi , Zhong Xiangyu , Zhang Yang , Hu Xiaolan , Bao Jianwen
Published: July 2024

In this study, a one-pot aryl diazonium reaction was used as a simple and mild method to graft graphene onto the smooth and inert surface of T1100-grade carbon fiber (CF) through covalent bonding without any damage on CF, to refine the interface performance of CF/bismaleimide (BMI) composites. XPS, SEM, AFM, and dynamic contact angle testing (DCAT) were used to characterize chemical activity, morphologies, and wettability on untreated and grafted CF surfaces. Meanwhile, the impact of the graft method on the tensile strength of CF was also examined using the monofilament tensile test. IFSS between CF grafted with graphene and BMI resin achieved 104.2 MPa after modification, increasing from 85.5 MPa by 21.8%, while the tensile strength did not decrease compared to the pristine CF. The mechanism of this interface enhancement might be better chemical bonding and mechanical interlock between CF grafted with graphene and BMI resin, which is generated from the high surface chemical activity and rough structure of graphene. This study may propose a simple and mild method to functionalize the CF surface and enhance the interface performance of composites without compromising the tensile properties of T1100-grade CF.
Eco-Friendly 3D-Printed Concrete Made with Waste and Organic Artificial Aggregates
Authors: Butkutė Karolina , Vaitkevičius Vitoldas , Adomaitytė Fausta
Published: July 2024

In this research, the results of an experimental study on the use of three alternative components for creating artificial aggregates (AAs) (granules) and their usage in 3D-printed concrete (3DPC) are examined. This study combines AAs made from organic components like hemp shives (HSs), pyrolyzed coal (charcoal), waste/municipal solid waste incinerator bottom slag (BS), and a mix of a reference 3DPC with the aforementioned AAs. Particularly, to enhance these properties to make low-carbon 3DPC, in this research, the potential of using AAs as lightweight aggregates was increased to 14% in terms of the mass of the concrete. Each mix was tested in terms of its printability via a preliminary test in a 3D printing laboratory. For an additional comparison with the aforementioned cases, 3DPC was mixed with unprocessed hemp shives, charcoal, and BS. Furthermore, their strength was measured at 28 days, and lastly, their durability parameters and shrinkage were experimentally investigated. Cross-sections of the fragments were studied under a scanning electron microscope. In this study, we achieved improvements in the mechanical properties of AAs for their development and implementation as an innovative way to reduce carbon in 3DPC.
Structural Defects on Graphene Generated by Deposition of CoO: Effect of Electronic Coupling of Graphene
Authors: Hernández-Gómez Cayetano , Prieto Pilar , Morales Carlos , Serrano Aida , Flege Jan Ingo , Méndez Javier , García-Pérez Julia , Granados Daniel , Soriano Leonardo
Published: July 2024

Understanding the interactions in hybrid systems based on graphene and functional oxides is crucial to the applicability of graphene in real devices. Here, we present a study of the structural defects occurring on graphene during the early stages of the growth of CoO, tailored by the electronic coupling between graphene and the substrate in which it is supported: as received pristine graphene on polycrystalline copper (coupled), cleaned in ultra-high vacuum conditions to remove oxygen contamination, and graphene transferred to SiO2/Si substrates (decoupled). The CoO growth was performed at room temperature by thermal evaporation of metallic Co under a molecular oxygen atmosphere, and the early stages of the growth were investigated. On the decoupled G/SiO2/Si samples, with an initial low crystalline quality of graphene, the formation of a CoO wetting layer is observed, identifying the Stranski-Krastanov growth mode. In contrast, on coupled G/Cu samples, the Volmer-Weber growth mechanism is observed. In both sets of samples, the oxidation of graphene is low during the early stages of growth, increasing for the larger coverages. Furthermore, structural defects are developed in the graphene lattice on both substrates during the growth of CoO, which is significantly higher on decoupled G/SiO2/Si samples mainly for higher CoO coverages. When approaching the full coverage on both substrates, the CoO islands coalesce to form a continuous CoO layer with strip-like structures with diameters ranging between 70 and 150 nm.
Effect of a Combination of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum KC3 and Leonurus japonicus Extracts in Respiratory Discomfort: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
Authors: Kim Hyung-jin , Lee Jun-Ho , Kwon So-Young , Kwon Yoo Jin , Park Mi-Sun , Kim Kyung Hwan , Shin Chang Hun , Joo Jong-Cheon , Park Soo-Jung
Published: July 2024

The increased global prevalence of chronic respiratory diseases in recent years has caused a substantial public health burden. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum KC3 and Leonurus japonicus Houtt. (LJH) extracts can alleviate respiratory symptoms and improve lung function in vitro and in vivo. However, the clinical efficacy and safety profile of this combination in patients with respiratory diseases remain unclear. Therefore, this multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of L. plantarum KC3 and LJH extracts in adults with respiratory discomfort. This mixture was termed ‘CKDB-315’. Participants, randomly assigned to the CKDB-315 or placebo groups, were treated for 12 weeks. Assessments included the St. George’s Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) and the Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Assessment Test (CAT). The CKDB-315 group showed considerably improved SGRQ and CAT scores compared with the placebo group. Secondary outcomes, including dyspnea, pulmonary function, total antioxidant status, and inflammatory cytokine levels, were consistent with the primary outcomes. Exploratory analyses of the gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acid contents revealed the potential mechanisms underlying the effects of CKDB-315. Finally, safety analysis indicated that CKDB-315 was well tolerated and caused few adverse events. Our findings indicate that CKDB-315 is a promising therapeutic option for respiratory discomfort in adults.
Chiral Nonaromatic Nitrogen-Heterocycles by Asymmetric Intramolecular Haloamination and Haloamidation
Authors: Orena Mario , Rinaldi Samuele
Published: July 2024

This review deals with the functionalization of double bonds carried out in the presence of a chiral catalyst exploiting the intramolecular attack to haliranium ions by nucleophilic nitrogen of amides or carbamates prepared from achiral aminoalkenes, and the C–N bonds formation leads to highly enantioenriched nonaromatic heterocycles. A range of protocols are reported, emphasizing the synthesis of many natural and biologically active products of pharmacological interest prepared according to this methodology.
Integrating Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents into Nanostructured Lipid Carriers: An Industrial Look
Authors: Schuh Luísa , Salgado Luane Almeida , Piau Tathyana Benetis , Silveira Ariane Pandolfo , Leal Caio , Romera Luís Felipe , Radicchi Marina Arantes , Santos Mac-Kedson Medeiros Salviano , Falcao Leila , Grisolia Cesar Koppe , Gris Eliana Fortes , Muehlmann Luis Alexandre , Báo Sônia Nair , Mello Victor Carlos
Published: July 2024

The industries are searching for greener alternatives for their productions due to the rising concern about the environment and creation of waste and by-products without industrial utility for that specific line of products. This investigation describes the development of two stable nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs): one is the formulation of a standard NLC, and the other one is the same NLC formulation associated with a natural deep eutectic solvent (NaDES). The research presents the formulation paths of the NLCs through completeness, which encompass dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential tests, and pH. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and confocal microscopy were performed to clarify the morphology. Cytotoxicity tests with zebrafish were realized, and the results are complementary to the in vitro outcomes reached with fibroblast L132 tests by the MTT technique and the zymography test. Infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffractometry tests elucidated the link between the physicochemical characteristics of the formulation and its behavior and properties. Different cooling techniques were explored to prove the tailorable properties of the NLCs for any industrial applications. In conclusion, the compiled results show the successful formulation of new nanocarriers based on a sustainable, eco-friendly, and highly tailorable technology, which presents low cytotoxic potential.
Biflavonoids: Preliminary Reports on Their Role in Prostate and Breast Cancer Therapy
Authors: Lima Carolina Afonso de , Maquedano Larissa Kaori , Jaalouk Luiza Sertek , Santos Dina Cardoso dos , Longato Giovanna Barbarini
Published: July 2024

Dimeric flavonoids, also called biflavonoids, are bioactive compounds that exhibit various activities described in the literature, including antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, vasorelaxant, and anticancer properties. This work focuses on the anticancer action of naturally occurring dimeric flavonoids against prostate and breast cancer, as well as on the mechanisms of action involved in their activity and presents the most current information on this subject in the literature. In the present review, we summarize the latest findings on the antiproliferative activity of 33 dimeric flavonoid-based compounds selected from recently published studies. The tests conducted were in silico and in vitro and demonstrated the cytotoxic activity potential of biflavonoids against prostate and breast tumor cells. Biflavonoids were capable of interfering with the migration and replication of cancer cells and their mechanism of action is related to cell death pathways, especially apoptosis, necrosis, and ferroptosis. These compounds decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and significantly increased intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Additionally, they significantly upregulated the expression of p21, Bax, and cleaved caspase-3, while downregulating Bcl-2 and caspase-3 levels, indicating their cell death mechanism of action is through the Bcl-2/Bax/cleaved caspase-3 pathway and cell cycle arrest. The biflavonoids here related have shown promising anticancer activity and are considered potential drug candidates for prostate and breast cancer treatment.
Mitigating Masked Pixels in a Climate-Critical Ocean Dataset
Authors: Agabin Angelina , Prochaska J. Xavier , Cornillon Peter C. , Buckingham Christian E.
Published: July 2024

Clouds and other data artefacts frequently limit the retrieval of key variables from remotely sensed Earth observations. We train a natural language processing (NLP)-inspired algorithm with high-fidelity ocean simulations to accurately reconstruct masked or missing data in sea surface temperature (SST) fields—one of 54 essential climate variables identified by the Global Climate Observing System. We demonstrate that the resulting model, referred to as Enki, repeatedly outperforms previously adopted inpainting techniques by up to an order of magnitude in reconstruction error, while displaying exceptional performance even in circumstances where the majority of pixels are masked. Furthermore, experiments on real infrared sensor data with masked percentages of at least 40% show reconstruction errors of less than the known uncertainty of this sensor (root mean square error (RMSE) ≲0.1 K). We attribute Enki’s success to the attentive nature of NLP combined with realistic SST model outputs—an approach that could be extended to other remotely sensed variables. This study demonstrates that systems built upon Enki—or other advanced systems like it—may therefore yield the optimal solution to mitigating masked pixels in in climate-critical ocean datasets sampling a rapidly changing Earth.
Elevation Changes of A’nyemaqen Snow Mountain Revealed with Satellite Remote Sensing
Authors: Lin Huai , Yang Yuande , Li Leiyu , Wang Qihua , Guo Minyi
Published: July 2024

A’nyemaqen Snow Mountain (ASM) is the largest glacier area in the Yellow River source area and has been experiencing significant ablation in recent years. To investigate spatial–temporal elevation changes in ASM, a 21–year Digital Elevation Model (DEM) time series was obtained using the MicMac ASTER (MMASTER) algorithm and ASTER L1A V003 data. It covers the period from January 2002 to January 2023. The mean elevation of ASM decreased by −7.88 ± 3.37 m during this period, with highly spatial variation. The elevation decrease occurred mainly in the lower elevations and opposite in the higher elevations. The corresponding elevation decrease was −12.99 ± 11.29 and −4.45 ± 11.36 m at the southern Yehelong Glacier and the northern Weigeledangxiong Glacier, respectively. Moreover, there exists a temporal variation in ASM. The maximum elevation was observed in February for both ASM and the southern Yehelong Glacier but March for Weigeledangxiong Glacier, with about 1 month lagged. With the elevation time series and climate data from ERA5 datasets, we applied the random forest technique and found that the temperature is the main factor to elevation change in ASM. Furthermore, the response of elevation changes to temperature appeared with a lag and varied with the location. Based on the elevation time series, the ARIMA model was further used to forecast the elevation changes in the next 5 years. All regions will experience the elevation decrease, with a mean decline −1.74 ± 0.39 m and a corresponding rate −0.35 ± 0.08 m/a in ASM. This is similar to that of −0.38 ± 0.16 m/a between 2002 and 2003, showing its stability in the near future.
Parameterization of Dust Emissions from Heaps and Excavations Based on Measurement Results and Mathematical Modelling
Authors: Szymankiewicz Karol , Posyniak Michał , Markuszewski Piotr , Durka Paweł
Published: July 2024

Assessment of the concentrations of dust pollution resulting from both measurements at reference stations and those determined using mathematical modelling requires accurate identification of the sources of emission. Although the concentration of dust results from several complex transport processes, as well as chemical and microphysical transformations of aerosols, sources of emissions may have a significant impact on the local level of pollution. This pilot study aimed to use measurements of the concentrations of dust (with the specification of the PM10 and PM2.5 fractions) made over a heap/excavation and its surroundings using an airship equipped with equipment for testing the optical and microphysical properties of atmospheric aerosols, and a ground station located at the facility. On the basis of the measurements, the function of the source of emissions of dust was estimated. According to our study, the yearly emission of dust varies between 42,470 and 886,289 kg for PM10, and between 42,470 and 803,893 for PM2.5 (minimum and maximum values). A model of local air quality was also used, which allowed us to verify the parameterization of emissions of dust pollutants for the PM10 and PM2.5 fractions from heaps and excavations based on the modelling results.
Improving Error Estimates for Evaluating Satellite-Based Atmospheric CO2 Measurement Concepts through Numerical Simulations
Authors: Silveira Bruna Barbosa , Cassé Vincent , Chomette Olivier , Crevoisier Cyril
Published: July 2024

To assess the accuracy of satellite monitoring of anthropogenic CO2 emissions, inversions of satellite data in SWIR are usually combined with the assimilation of the total CO2 column into a Kalman filter that reconstructs the sources and sinks of atmospheric CO2. To provide error estimates of the total CO2 column for multi-month assimilation experiments of simulated satellite data, we parametrise these errors using linear regressions. These regression are obtained from a database that links meteorological situations, albedos, and aerosols to the errors in the inversion of the total CO2 column based on simulated satellite data for those conditions. The errors in this database are explicitly computed using the Bayesian estimation formalism, and the linear regressions are optimised by selecting appropriate predictors and predictants. For different levels of measurement noise, error simulations are performed over a period of several months using the albedo and aerosol data from MODIS.
mmWave-RM: A Respiration Monitoring and Pattern Classification System Based on mmWave Radar
Authors: Hao Zhanjun , Wang Yue , Li Fenfang , Ding Guozhen , Gao Yifei
Published: July 2024

Breathing is one of the body’s most basic functions and abnormal breathing can indicate underlying cardiopulmonary problems. Monitoring respiratory abnormalities can help with early detection and reduce the risk of cardiopulmonary diseases. In this study, a 77 GHz frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) millimetre-wave (mmWave) radar was used to detect different types of respiratory signals from the human body in a non-contact manner for respiratory monitoring (RM). To solve the problem of noise interference in the daily environment on the recognition of different breathing patterns, the system utilised breathing signals captured by the millimetre-wave radar. Firstly, we filtered out most of the static noise using a signal superposition method and designed an elliptical filter to obtain a more accurate image of the breathing waveforms between 0.1 Hz and 0.5 Hz. Secondly, combined with the histogram of oriented gradient (HOG) feature extraction algorithm, K-nearest neighbours (KNN), convolutional neural network (CNN), and HOG support vector machine (G-SVM) were used to classify four breathing modes, namely, normal breathing, slow and deep breathing, quick breathing, and meningitic breathing. The overall accuracy reached up to 94.75%. Therefore, this study effectively supports daily medical monitoring.
A Highly Selective Acetone Sensor Based on Coal-Based Carbon/MoO2 Nanohybrid Material
Authors: Zhang Min , Han Yi , Liu Ting , Jia Hongguang
Published: July 2024

High temperature represents a critical constraint in the development of gas sensors. Therefore, investigating gas sensors operating at room temperature holds significant practical importance. In this study, coal-based porous carbon (C-700) and coal-based C/MoO2 nanohybrid materials were synthesized using a simple one-step vapor deposition and sintering method, and their gas-sensing performance was investigated. The gas-sensing performance for several VOC gases (phenol, ethyl acetate, ethanol, acetone, triethylamine, and toluene) and a 95% RH high-humidity environment were tested. The results indicated that the C/MoO2-450 sample sintered at 450 °C exhibited excellent specific selectivity towards acetone at room temperature, with a response value of 4153.09% and response/recovery times of 10.8 s and 2.9 s, respectively. Furthermore, the C/MoO2-450 sample also demonstrated good repeatability and long-term stability. The sensing mechanism of the synthesized materials was also explored. The superior gas-sensing performance can be attributed to the synergistic effect between the porous carbon and MoO2 nanoparticles. Given the importance of enhancing the high-tech and high-value-added utilization of coal, this study provides a viable approach for utilizing coal-based carbon materials in detecting volatile organic compounds at room temperature.