bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Health and Wellness in the 19th Century
Authors: Brunton Deborah
Published: November 2023

Medicine in the 19th century may strike us as primitive by today’s standards, but widespread social change of the era brought about new ideas and practices in health and healing—all described in this engaging book.

Exploring the history of medicine in the 19th century around the world, this book showcases the wide range of medical ideas, practices, institutions, and patient experiences, revealing how the exchanges of ideas and therapies between different systems of medicine resulted in patients enjoying a surprising degree of choice. The author offers a unique perspective that provides an introduction to 19th-century medicine on a global stage and places the advancement of medicine within the context of wider historical changes.

Chapters examine areas of dramatic change, such as the development of surgery, as well as the fundamental continuities in the use of traditional forms of supernatural healing, covering western, Chinese, unani, ayurvedic, and folk medicine-based understandings of the body and disease. Additionally, the book describes how the culture of medicine reflected and responded to the challenges posed by urbanization, industrialization, and global movement.
The History of China
Authors: Wright David Curtis
Published: November 2023

Chinese society and culture are evolving with a booming economy, expansion, production of consumer and industrial goods, and a growing influence upon the world. The History of China allows readers to delve into the rich history of this powerful nation.

China is both the world’s oldest continuing civilization and an emerging global super power. Over the last two millennia, this rich and complex nation has often been the wealthiest and most populous country on earth—and within a few decades, China may surpass all other nations as the most powerful in the world.

In this third edition of The History of China, readers will find a general survey of China’s long history, ranging from accounts of ancient Chinese civilization to individual dynasties, and its whirlwind transition to modernity and belated arrival into the international community. An extensive new chapter discusses the emergence of Xi Jinping as China’s paramount leader and the bold new directions in which he is taking the country and offers some speculations or predictions about where China is headed in the future. A timeline, appendix of Notable People in the History of China, and bibliography are updated. Ideal for high school and undergraduate students, this volume offers a lively, engaging narrative of the rich history of Chinese civilization through present day.
The History of Egypt
Authors: Perry Glenn E.
Published: November 2023

Providing a valuable resource for readers seeking information on all periods of Egyptian history, this book covers Egypt starting from ancient times and continuing through the medieval Islamic period to focus on the events of the last 100 years, including the aborted revolution of 2011.

Egypt has experienced tumultuous events in recent years, especially starting with the uprisings and revolution of 2011. This second edition of The History of Egypt not only provides readers with in-depth information on events of the last decade—such as the Arab Spring, the removal of Hosni Mubarak from office, and the protests against Mohamed Morsi’s presidency—but also provides key background with chapters addressing previous periods of the country's history, starting from pre-Islamic times to pharaonic to Byzantine.

The volume offers an objective history of Egypt that is uniquely appropriate for a high school audience. This expanded and extensively updated second edition provides new content and media photographs that help bring recent events to life for readers without previous knowledge about the topic. It also includes coverage of important events in long-ago Egyptian history that lends valuable perspective to events in the 21st century, such the nation’s transformation into a Muslim and Arab country and Egypt’s post-1778 imperialism and modernization through World War I.
The History of South Africa
Authors: Beck Roger B.
Published: November 2023

South Africa’s history stretches back to the beginnings of human existence. This book provides an overview to South Africa’s multiple millennia of history, covering its long and often troubled past to its current status in the 21st century.

A newly revised and thoroughly updated version of a popular Greenwood publication, The History of South Africa: Second Edition provides readers with readable, accessible information on the nation’s prehistory, early history and colonial past, its unfortunate apartheid era, as well as new coverage of South Africa’s more recent events in the 20th and 21st centuries. This work presents unique, extended coverage of South Africa’s prehistory, beginning 3.5 million years ago and incorporating information gleaned from the most recent archaeological finds. The text reflects the most current historiography on African settlement and life before the arrival of Europeans, accurately describes the colonial era as a period of European hegemony and intense African resistance, and discusses in great detail the apartheid years and the events leading up to majority rule in 1994. This second edition also includes an updated timeline, new biographical sketches of notable people, and supplies recent print and electronic resources in the bibliography.
The History of Spain
Authors: Pierson Peter
Published: November 2023

Updated from the original 1999 publication, The History of Spain examines Spain’s long and fascinating history, from the earliest cave dwellers of Altamira to today’s current political strife with Catalonia.

This updated and expanded edition of The History of Spain offers an in-depth examination of Europe’s fifth largest economy, providing important coverage on the last two decades of Spanish history in particular. Following a general introduction to Spain, its government, and the diversity of its people and geography, this volume follows Spain’s unique history chronologically from the earliest archeological evidence.

Starting with Spain’s incorporation into the Roman Empire, subsequent chapters cover Spain’s medieval experience of Islam, Christianity, and Judaism; its unification; its “Golden Age” of world empire and cultural splendor; Napoleon’s invasion of Spain; and its troubled period that lasted for more than a century. The volume examines why, in 1936, Spain exploded into civil war followed by three dozen years of dictatorship. It also gives extended treatment to Spain’s successful transition to democracy since 1975. Ideal for a general reader, student, or traveler, The History of Spain provides a concise and lively introduction to Spain, its people, and traditions.
The History of Syria
Authors: Shoup John A.
Published: November 2023

Syria is a country in turmoil, making headlines almost daily with news about its violent civil war and refugee crisis.

This one-volume addition to the Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations series focuses on the events in the history of Syria from ancient times to the present, allowing readers to place current events within the context of the country's history.

Following the series format, the book opens with a timeline of key events in Syria's history. An introductory chapter provides a broad overview of life in Syria today. Chronologically arranged chapters follow, beginning with Prehistory to the Byzantine Period. The latter half of the volume focuses on the modern historic events that have occurred since World War II. A glossary of terms, an appendix of notable people, and an annotated bibliography round out the work, making it an ideal resource for high school students, undergraduates, and other general readers who are looking for an introductory text on Syrian history.
The History of the Baltic States
Authors: O'Connor Kevin C.
Published: November 2023

Updating the popular 2003 first edition, this book is a narrative history of the Baltic States with particular focus on the events of the 20th and 21st centuries.

The Baltic States—Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuaniaâwere granted independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. Since then, the three countries have struggled with sluggish economies, tensions with Russia, and government corruption. This extensively updated second edition of a well-regarded reference illuminates the events of the last decade, including the acceptance of all three nations into the European Union in 2004. Although it concentrates on the 20th and 21st centuries, the wide-ranging work covers major historical currents that have swept through Europe from the age of the Crusades through two world wars and into modern times.

Updates include events that have occurred since 2003, such as the area's declining birth rates and inflation problems that led to the European Union denying the adoption of the Euro in Lithuania. A new chapter entitled “The Totalitarian Experience, 1940â1953” focuses specifically on the major tragedies of the 20th century: the Baltic States’ loss of independence, their conquest by Nazi Germany, the Holocaust, and the horrors of the first years of Soviet rule. Historical controversies concerning World War II and the Soviet era are also addressed. Additionally, the Notable Figures section has been updated, the bibliography now includes many electronic resources, and photographs have been added.
The History of Venezuela
Authors: Tarver H. Micheal
Published: November 2023

An indispensable resource for readers interested in Venezuelan history, this book analyzes Venezuela’s economic crisis through the context of its political and social history.

For decades, the economy of Venezuela has depended on petroleum. As a consequence of a reduction in the price of oil, Venezuela recently experienced an economic downturn resulting in rampant social spending, administrative corruption, and external economic forces that collectively led credit-rating agencies to declare in November 2017 that Venezuela was in default on its debt payments. How did this Latin American nation come to this point?

The History of Venezuela explores Venezuela’s history from its earliest times to the present day, demonstrating both the richness of Venezuela and its people and the complexity of its political, social, and economic problems. As with all titles in The Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations series, this chronological narrative examines political, economic, cultural, philosophical, and religious continuities in Venezuela’s long and rich history, providing readers with a concise yet up-to-date study of the nation. The volume highlights the country’s wide variety of cultures, languages, political ideologies, and historical figures and landmarks through maps, photographs, biographies, a timeline, and a bibliographical essay with suggestions for further reading.
The Jazz Age
Authors: Roche Linda De
Published: November 2023

This intriguing study examines the truth behind the myths and misconceptions that defined the Roaring Twenties, as portrayed through the popular literary works of the time.

This one-stop reference to the “Jazz Age”—the period that began after the First World War and ended with the stock market crash of 1929—digs into the cultural, historical, and literary contexts of the era. Author Linda De Roche examines the writing of the time to look beyond the common conceptions of the Roaring Twenties and instead reflect on the era's complexities and contradictions, including how gender and race influenced social mores.

The book profiles key American literature of the time, including F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby, Ernest Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises, Sinclair Lewis’s Babbit, Anita Loos’s Gentlemen Prefer Blondes, and Nella Larsen’s Passing. Filled with essays that offer historical explorations of each work as well as suggested learning activities, chapters also feature study questions, primary source documents, and chronologies. Support materials include activities, lesson plans, discussion questions, topics for further research, and suggested readings.
Krishna in History, Thought, and Culture
Authors: Vemsani Lavanya
Published: November 2023

Krishna is a central figure in Hinduism, a religion that has been a fundamental force for thousands of years. This accessible encyclopedia covers texts, practices, scholarship, and arts related to Krishna from the earliest known sources on.

As Eastern religions and related practices such as yoga become increasingly popular, there is a need for resources that explain where these practices come from and what they mean. This is one of those works. Krishna is central to Hindu philosophy, theology, art, architecture, and literature, and an understanding of Krishna will give students greater understanding of the role of Hinduism around the world. Yet this isn't just a book on religion. The encyclopedia also provides insights into Indian and world history and into contemporary concerns, fostering respect for religious and cultural diversity.

Entries on a wide range of subjects related to Krishna cover India and other places where major Krishna religious centers and temples are established worldwide. Articles draw from classical Indian sources dating back as far as 1300 BCE and from folk and worldwide literature, including mythology from Jainism and Buddhism. The book's alphabetical organization, cross references in each entry that highlight related entries and further readings, and topical and thematic lists will facilitate in-depth research.
The Mafia
Authors: Hendley Nate
Published: November 2023

Based on original sources and research, not legends and myth, this book presents a lively, in-depth analysis of how the American Mafia epitomizes organized crime.

Whether it's supplying illicit drugs, alcohol during Prohibition, gambling, prostitution, or even loans to those with bad credit, the Mafia has established itself as a part of the fabric of American society, politics, and economics for over a century. The Mafia continues to exist not only because of their immense power that allows their criminal organization to defy law enforcement, but because demand remains strong for what they offer. This book utilizes verifiable information about the Mafia based on newspaper and magazine accounts, police and FBI documents, court records, and the author's own original research to offer a deeper analysis of "the Mob" that provides historical, social, economic and cultural context. Fascinating biographical sketches that profile well-known Mafiosi such as Charles "Lucky" Luciano and John Gotti are also presented.
On Behalf of the President
Authors: Wright Lauren A.
Published: November 2023

White House expert Lauren A. Wright identifies, explains, and measures the impact of the expanding role of presidential spouses in the White House and presidential campaign communications strategy, with a focus on the Clinton, Bush, and Obama administrations.

More than any other time in history, the First Lady now bears responsibilities tantamount to those of any high-ranking cabinet member. This fascinating book documents the growing presence of the president's wife in the communications strategies of the last three administrations, explaining why their involvement in a campaign has been critical to its survival. The book explores how the First Lady serves to persuade public opinion, make personal appeals to the public on behalf of the president, and promote initiatives that serve as uncontroversial frames for controversial policies.

The author delves into political discussions about what makes presidents and presidential candidates likable, what draws public support to their agendas, and why spouses appear to be more effective in these arenas than other surrogates or even the presidents themselves. The content features dozens of interviews with former White House staff and communications strategists; in-depth analysis of almost 1,700 public speeches made by Hillary Clinton, Laura Bush, and Michelle Obama; and surveys testing the effect of public relations strategies involving spouses on political opinion.
Pelé
Authors: Freedman Lew
Published: November 2023

How did a young boy born into poverty become not only an international soccer star but a celebrity who visited and dined with kings and presidents? Where did the passion that fueled his success originate? This book examines the life of Pelé to find the answers.

Pelé is not simply an extraordinarily talented athlete who achieved incredible success on the soccer field; his performances inspired millions of soccer fans as well as individuals outside the sport around the world. During the peak of his career, Pelé was arguably the most famous person in the world—at a time when there was no Internet or social media to help build sweeping international awareness of a pop star.

This work is the most up-to-date examination of Pelé’s life, covering his personal history from childhood, his star-studded career as a multi-time World Cup champion playing for Brazil, his experiences in the United States playing for the New York Cosmos, as well as Pelé’s more recent, current, and future activities as ambassador for Brazil when it hosts the World Cup in 2014 and the Summer Olympics in 2016. All readers—ranging from the completely uninitiated who do not even recognize Pelé's name, to die-hard soccer fans and players—will gain a full appreciation of the greatest soccer player of all time.
ON-GOING ASSESSMENT OF ISSUES IN THE SEAWEED FARMING INDUSTRY IN SABAH, MALAYSIA
Authors: Datu Eranza Datu Razali , Bahron Arsiah , Alin James , Mahmud Roslinah , Malusirang Siti Rahma
Published: November 2023

This paper provides an insight on the issues in seaweed farming and industry in Semporna, Sabah. The paper reviewed previous work and recent publications that related to the issues in seaweed farming. Eleven issues identified and re-assessed by the authors as follows: (1) unavailability of good quality â€˜seedlingsâ€™, (2) pollution in production areas, (3) occurrence of â€˜ice-iceâ€™ and epiphytes, (4) shortage of raw materials, (5) lack of capital to venture into the industry, (6) prolonged processing time in borrowing from financing institutions, (7) poor crop management, and (8) lack of fund for R&D programmes, (9) seaweed farming among malaysian islanders and immigrants, (10) seaweed farmers and middlemen, and (11) seaweed quality and pricing. the data collection was done through series of fieldwork and telephone interview. The research questions were asked based on open-ended question/interview checklist. The result indicated that not all the 11 issues are affecting the seaweed industry, and the NKEA EPP3 programme does provide a positive impact in commercializing the seaweed industry of Malaysia.

Keywords: seaweed farming, farmers, middlemen, pricing
“Composing A Landscape Painting”. A New Teaching Guide from the Sergey Andriaka Academy of Watercolor and Fine Arts
Authors: Andriaka S. N.
Published: November 2023

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“Black Style” Photo. Unconventional Approach to Oil Painting Photography
Authors: Fomin V. V.
Published: November 2023

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Assessing the Prospects and Challenges of Online Learning in Kenyan Public Universities: A Case Study of Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology
Authors: Owidi Salmon , Wangila Eric , Shiundu John O. , Simiyu Mukasa
Published: November 2023

The increase in the number of internet users, the demand for education, and the widespread use of electronic devices among scholars have created a potential in online learning as an alternative to traditional education. This can be linked proper planning, clear online learning policies and trained personnel to facilitate the online learning process. Recent studies point to the possibility of African public universities adopting online learning more aggressively in the future than ever before. This study therefore outlines the opinions of lecturers, students and the management of Masinde Mulari University of Science and Technology regarding the prospects and challenges of online pedagogical infrastructure and how it affects learning in public universities. The study used a descriptive survey. Data was collected from a sample size of 682 which included students, members of faculty, and technical staff. The sample was selected using a stratified sampling technique. Data was collected using questionnaires and interview schedules. Analysis was done using frequencies, means, standard deviations, and regression analysis. The findings showed that mobile learning is the solution to online learning problems given its accessibility and availability amongst most learners. It also shows that online learning provides customized learning experiences in which learning is student-centered. The results from ordered logistic regression, (Wald = 0.673,) showed that indeed challenges of use of online pedagogical infrastructure affects learning in public universities. This was confirmed by the analysis of interval data using simple linear regression in which the outcome for both faculty and students also were in line with the findings of logistic ordered regression,
PENERAPAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN CONTEXTUAL TEACHING AND LEARNING DALAM MENINGKATKAN PRESTASI BELAJAR AGAMA HINDU SISWA KELAS III DI UPT SD NEGERI 7 TANRUTEDONG
Authors: SUDARMIN SUDARMIN
Published: November 2023

The aim of this research is to improve the Hindu religious learning achievement of class III students at UPT SD Negeri 7 Tanrutedong. This research is classroom action research. Data collection methods used in this research are observation, interviews and reflection. Meanwhile, based on this research method, the results of the analysis in this research are: (1) The application of the CTL learning model can create Hindu Religion learning that is in accordance with Creative, Effective and Interesting Learning (PaKEM) in class 3 at UPT SD Negeri 7 Tanrutedong, (2) The application of the CTL learning model can improve the Hindu Religion learning achievement of grade 3 students at UPT SD Negeri 7 Tanrutedong, (3) the application of the CTL learning model can improve the ethics or character of grade 3 students at UPT SD Negeri 7 Tanrutedong. This can at least be observed from changes in students' attitudes in the school environment.

ABSTRAKTujuan penelitian ini untuk meningkatkan prestasi belajar agama hindu siswa kelas III di UPT SD Negeri 7 Tanrutedong. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian tindakan kelas. Metode Pengumpulan Data yang dipergunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah observasi, wawancara dan refleksi. Sedangkan berdasarkan metode penelitian tersebut hasil analisis dalam penelitian ini adalah: (1) Penerapan model pembelajaran CTL dapat menciptakan pembelajaran Agama Hindu yang sesuai dengan Pembelajaran Kreatif, Efektif, dan Menarik (PaKEM) di kelas 3 di UPT SD Negeri 7 Tanrutedong, (2) Penerapan model pembelajaran CTL dapat meningkatkan prestasi belajar Agama Hindu siswa kelas 3 di UPT SD Negeri 7 Tanrutedong, (3) penerapan model pembelajaran CTL dapat meningkatkan etika atau budi pekerti siswa kelas 3 di UPT SD Negeri 7 Tanrutedong. Hal ini setidaknya dapat diamati dari perubahan sikap para siswa dilingkungan sekolah.
ALTERAÇÕES NA MICROBIOTA INTESTINAL EM PACIENTES PÓS-CIRURGIA BARIÁTRICA: UMA REVISÃO INTEGRATIVA DA LITERATURA
Authors: Borges Helena de Mendonça , Sousa Rhayssa Naillany Martins , Ribeiro Laiane Souza , Draeger Cainara Lins
Published: November 2023

A obesidade é um distúrbio metabólico complexo causado por uma variedade de fatores genéticos e não genéticos, como fatores ambientais. Para seu tratamento, procedimentos cirúrgicos bariátricos têm ganhado destaque nos dias atuais. Dois dos procedimentos comuns são o bypass gástrico em Y-de-Roux (RYGB) e a banda gástrica ajustável (LAGB) porém as cirurgias podem apresentar efeitos colaterais indesejáveis como perda capilar, síndrome de Dumping, cálculos biliares e deficiência nutricional no organismo devido à alterações no microbioma intestinal. Diante do exposto, o objetivo principal desta revisão foi analisar as alterações na microbiota intestinal após a cirurgia bariátrica, em relação ao crescimento bacteriano. Para a realização deste estudo foi realizada busca nas principais bases de dados, como PubMed, Scientific Electronic Library Online (Scielo) e Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS). A busca foi focada em indivíduos após cirurgia bariátrica. O estudo abrangeu um total de 15 artigos, e observou-se um padrão no crescimento bacteriano após cirurgia, com aumento das bactérias dos filos Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes e Verrucomicrobia. Estas bactérias estão associadas à melhora de comorbidades, auxílio na perda de peso e na digestão de nutrientes. Além disso, verificou-se que as bactérias associadas a sintomas gastrointestinais e/ou ganho de peso tendem a diminuir após a cirurgia. Conclui-se que pacientes submetidos a cirurgia bariátrica em ambos os métodos, obtetiveram alterações da composição intestinal de forma positiva, como aumento da diversidade do microbioma, dentre outras implicações clínicas, provocadas e mantidas pelas mudanças de hábitos alimentares desses pacientes.
SOCIAL VULNERABILITY AT SCHOOL
Authors: Silva Flávia Francisca Ferreira da , Coutinho Diogenes José Gusmão
Published: November 2023

School in modern times is characterized as a social environment in which most students spend most of their time, as it is a space understood as a privileged place for learning, not simply an irrefutable educational theme, as well as values and beliefs, which young people assimilate to confront themselves and live in society, in addition to developing critical sense, self-esteem and security (BYDLOWSKI; LEFÉVRE; PEREIRA, 2016, p. 47). Faced with such a scenario, it is proposed to investigate the conceptions of the school community in relation to failure in learning, thus seeking to understand how the social authors of the school community instigate mediators with social vulnerability in the constructive resource in the researched school, using various fields of knowledge such as pedagogical praxis (FERREIRA, 2020, p. 86), pedagogical resources (SOSA; MANZUOLI, 2019).
Relations entre idées de hasard et compréhension de l’évolution chez des collégiens français
Authors: COUPAUD Magali , GOBERT Julie , CASTÉR Jérémy , DELSERIEYS Alice
Published: November 2023

Ce chapitre explore les liens possibles entre la compréhension que les élèves de collège ont de l’évolution du vivant et les façons dont ils envisagent le hasard, notamment dans des situations quotidiennes. Les relations établies à l’aide d’un questionnaire, montrent qu’il est essentiel d’approfondir avec les élèves les concepts d’aléa, de contingence et les raisonnements probabilistes pour travailler sur l’évolution.
Matrices d’encapsulation
Authors: BURGAIN Jennifer , SCHER Joël , GAIANI Claire
Published: November 2023

Le choix de la matrice d'encapsulation est une étape cruciale qui nécessite la prise en considération du devenir des microparticules. Par exemple, pour une libération des bactéries au niveau intestinal, la matrice devra résister aux conditions gastriques. Les matrices peuvent être composées de glucides, de protéines et de lipides, dans des proportions compatibles avec les propriétés physicochimiques visées. Ce chapitre décrit les différentes matrices les plus utilisés et leurs interactions avec leur environnement selon l’application visée.
Aliments fermentés
Authors: PIVA Frank , ROMOND Marie-Bénédicte
Published: November 2023

Les aliments traditionnels sont naturellement fermentés par les microorganismes de l'environnement et des manipulateurs. Le chapitre 12 aborde les différents aliments traditionnels et la variété des souches qui en sont isolées. Plusieurs stratégies utilisant les connaissances acquises sont proposées en perspective de nouvelles approches fermentaires.
Bifidobactéries : de la bactérie commensale aux probiotiques et métabiotiques/postbiotiques
Authors: PIVA Frank , ROMOND Marie-Bénédicte
Published: November 2023

Le chapitre 8 décrit l'état de l'art concernant les espèces de bifidobactéries (taxonomie, habitat) et leur évolution temporelle au sein de leurs niches écologiques. Les éléments de physiologie et de métabolisme éclairent les contraintes de production des probiotiques bifides et ouvrent des perspectives sur la prochaine génération de produits d'intérêt en agroalimentaire et en santé, notamment les lipoprotéines de paroi et les bactériocines.
Lactobacilles : sélection des souches et effets probiotiques
Authors: BURGAIN Jennifer , ROMOND Marie-Bénédicte
Published: November 2023

Les lactobacilles sont des bactéries lactiques présentes dans les aliments fermentés tels que le yaourt, le fromage, le pain ou la choucroute. Ils jouent un rôle clé au niveau du microbiote intestinal. Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG est considérée comme une bactérie probiotique modèle et fait l'objet de nombreuses études cliniques visant à démontrer ses effets bénéfiques sur la santé. Dans ce chapitre, le potentiel probiotique de certaines espèces récemment reclassées (Lacticaseibacillus casei, Lacticaseibacillus paracasei, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus acidophilus) est mis en évidence et discuté.
Soil smoldering in temperate forests: A neglected contributor to fire carbon emissions revealed by atmospheric mixing ratios
Authors: Vallet Lilian , Abdallah Charbel , Lauvaux Thomas , Joly Lilian , Ramonet Michel , Ciais Philippe , Lopez Morgan , Xueref-Remy Irène , Mouillot Florent
Published: November 2023

Abstract. Fire is considered as an essential climate variable, emitting greenhouse gas in the combustion process. Current global assessments of fire emissions traditionally rely on coarse remotely-sensed burned area data, along with biome-specific combustion completeness and emission factors, to provide near real-time information. However, large uncertainties persist regarding burned areas, biomass affected, and emission factors. Recent increases in resolution have improved previous estimates of burned areas and aboveground biomass, while increasing the information content used to derive emission factors, complemented by airborne sensors deployed in the Tropics. To date, temperate forests, characterized by a lower fire incidence and stricter aerial surveillance restrictions near wildfires, have received less attention. In this study, we leveraged the distinctive fire season of 2022, which impacted Western European temperate forests, to investigate fire emissions monitored by the atmospheric tower network. We examined the role of soil smoldering combustion responsible for higher carbon emissions, locally reported by firefighters but not accounted for in global fire emission budgets. We assessed the CO/CO2 ratio released by major fires in the Mediterranean, Atlantic pine, and Atlantic temperate forests of France. Our findings revealed low Modified Combustion Efficiency (MCE) for the two Atlantic temperate regions, supporting the assumption of heavy smoldering combustion. This type of combustion was associated with specific fire characteristics, such as long-lasting thermal fire signals, and affected ecosystems encompassing needle leaf species, peatlands, and superficial lignite deposits in the soils. Thanks to high-resolution data (approximately 10 meters) on burned areas, tree biomass, peatlands, and soil organic matter, we proposed a revised combustion emission framework consistent with the observed MCEs. Our estimates revealed that 6.15 MtCO2 (± 2.65) were emitted, with belowground stock accounting for 51.75 % (± 16.05). Additionally, we calculated a total emission of 1.14 MtCO (± 0.61), with 84.85 % (± 3.75) originating from belowground combustion. As a result, the carbon emissions from the 2022 fires in France amounted to 7.95 MteqCO2 (± 3.62). These values exceed by 2-fold the generic GFAS global estimates of 4.18 MteqCO2 (CO and CO2). Fires represent 1.97 % (± 0.89) of the country’s annual carbon footprint, corresponding to a reduction of 30 % of the forest carbon sink this year. Consequently, we conclude that current European fire emissions estimates should be revised to account for soil combustion in temperate forests. We also recommend the use of atmospheric mixing ratios as an effective monitoring system of prolonged soil fires that have the potential to reignite in the following weeks.
The extratropical tropopause inversion layer and its correlation with relative humidity
Authors: Köhler Daniel , Reutter Philipp , Spichtinger Peter
Published: November 2023

Abstract. This study investigates the influence of relative humidity with respect to ice on the extratropical tropopause inversion layer (TIL). Initially, measurements from radiosondes at a location in Germany were compared with the ERA5 reanalysis data from the ECMWF at the same geographic location. A high level of agreement was observed, with the expected limitation that ERA5 cannot resolve sharp changes in variables like humidity and stability at the tropopause as finely. When examining the TIL with respect to mean relative humidity over ice in the upper troposphere, a clear relationship with stability becomes evident. Moister profiles, on average, exhibit significantly higher maximum values of the Brunt-Väisälä frequency N 2, indicating a more stable stratification of the tropopause in these cases. This result holds true in both radiosonde measurements and ERA5 data. Considering the thickness of the TIL layer, an inverse pattern emerges. In this case, moister and more stable TILs exhibit a lower thickness. The strong agreement between radiosondes and ERA5 allows for geographical and seasonal analyses using ERA5 data alone. These analyses reveal consistent relationships in various extratropical regions of the Northern Hemisphere under different meteorological conditions. Differences in the strength of the dependence of TIL properties on relative humidity over ice are evident.
A new tool for the estimation of Ground-Based InSAR acquisition characteristics before starting installation and monitoring survey
Authors: Wolff Charlotte , Derron Marc-Henri , Rivolta Carlo , Jaboyedoff Michel
Published: November 2023

Abstract. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) acquisition can be performed from satellites or from the ground by means of a so-called GB-InSAR (Ground-Based Interferometry SAR), but the signal emission and the output image geometry slightly differ between the two acquisition modes. Those differences are rarely mentioned in the literature. This paper proposes to compare satellite and GB-InSAR in terms of (1) acquisition characteristics and parameters to consider; (2) SAR image resolution; (3) geometric distortions that are foreshortening, layover and shadowing. If in the case of satellites SAR, the range and azimuth resolutions are known and constant along the orbit path, in the case of GB-InSAR their values are terrain-dependent. It is worth estimating the results of a GB-InSAR acquisition one can expect in terms of range and azimuth resolution, Line of Sight (LoS) distance and geometric distortions to select the best installation location when several are possible. We developed a tool which estimates those parameters from a Digital Elevation Model (DEM), knowing the GB-InSAR and the Slope of Interest (SoI) coordinates. This tool, written in MATLAB, was tested on a simple synthetic point cloud representing a cliff with a progressive slope angle to highlight the influence of the SoI geometry on the acquisition characteristics and on two real cases; cliffs located in Switzerland, one in the Ticino canton and on in the Vaud canton.
Dynamic Response of Pile-Slab Retaining Wall Structure under Rockfall Impact
Authors: Zou Peng , Luo Gang , Bi Yuzhang , Xu Hanhua
Published: November 2023

Abstract. The numerical experiments investigate the dynamic response of a pile-slab retaining wall under the impact of rockfall. Firstly, a full-scale numerical model of a four-span pile-slab retaining wall satisfying specification requirements is established. Secondly, the numerical experiments investigate the dynamic response of a pile-slab retaining wall under different impact centers and velocities. Finally, the maximum impact energy that the structure can resist is predicted. Results reveal that: (1) During the impact process, the stress, strain, and concrete damage of the structure gradually spread from the impact center to the entire structure and ultimately result in permanent deformation; (2) The lateral displacement of pile at ground surface and the number of damage failure units under the pile as the impact center is greater than those under the slab as impact center. It shows that the impact position has a significant effect on the stability of the structure.(3) The impact force, interaction force, lateral displacement of pile at ground surface, and concrete damage is increased with the increase of impact velocity. Under pile as the impact center (slab as the impact center), when the velocity increases from 15 m/s to 30 m/s, the impact force increases by 1.42, 1.91, and 2.41 times (1.41, 1.90, and 2.41 times), the interaction force increases by 1.25, 1.47, and 1.68 times (1.24, 1.47, and 1.68 times), and the maximum lateral displacement of pile at ground surface increases by 1.57, 2.24, and 3 times (1.55, 2.23, and 3 times). (4) Utilizing this relationship between the impact velocity and the maximum lateral displacement of pile at ground surface, the estimated maximum impact energy that the pile-slab retaining wall can withstand is 905 kJ in this study when the structure top is taken as the impact point. Impact resistance of the structure optimized 1.814 times compared to traditional reinforced concrete retaining walls.
Formation and Loss of Light Absorbance by Phenolic Aqueous SOA by OH and an Organic Triplet Excited State
Authors: Arciva Stephanie , Ma Lan , Mavis Camille , Guzman Chrystal , Anastasio Cort
Published: November 2023

Abstract. Brown carbon (BrC) is an important component of biomass burning (BB) emissions that impacts Earth’s radiation budget. BB directly emits primary BrC as well as gaseous phenolic compounds (ArOH), which react in the gas and aqueous phases with oxidants – such as hydroxyl radical (●OH) and organic triplet excited states (3C*) – to form light-absorbing secondary organic aerosol (SOA). These reactions in atmospheric aqueous phases, such as cloud/fog drops and aerosol liquid water (ALW), form aqueous SOA (aqSOA), i.e., low-volatility, high molecular weight products. While these are important routes of aqSOA formation, the light absorption and lifetimes of the BrC formed are poorly characterized. To study these aspects, we monitored the formation and loss of light absorption by aqSOA produced by reactions of six highly substituted phenols with ●OH and 3C*. While the parent phenols absorb very little tropospheric sunlight, they are oxidized to aqSOA that can absorb significant amounts of sunlight. The extent of light absorption by the aqSOA depends on both the ArOH precursor and oxidant: more light-absorbing aqSOA is formed from more highly substituted phenols and from triplet reactions rather than ●OH. Under laboratory conditions, continued reactions with ●OH diminish sunlight absorption by aqSOA on timescales of hours, while continued reactions with 3C* reduce light absorption much more slowly. Estimated lifetimes of light-absorbing phenolic aqSOA range from 3 to 13 hours in cloud/fog drops, where ●OH is the major sink, and from 0.5 to 8 hours in ALW, where triplet excited states are the major sink.
A 3D-Var Assimilation Scheme for Vertical Velocity with the CMA-MESO v5.0
Authors: Li Hong , Yang Yi , Sun Jian , Jiang Yuan , Gan Ruhui , Xie Qian
Published: November 2023

Abstract. Certain vertical motions associated with meso-microscale systems are favorable for convection development and maintenance; correct initialization of updraft motions is thus significant in convective precipitation forecasts. A three-dimensional variational-based vertical velocity (w) assimilation scheme has been developed within the high-resolution (3 km) CMA-MESO (the Mesoscale Weather Numerical Forecast System of China Meteorological Administration) model. This scheme utilizes the adiabatic Richardson equation as the observation operator for w, enabling the update of horizontal winds and mass fields of the model’s background. The tangent linear and adjoint operators are subsequently developed and undergo an accuracy check. A single-point w observation assimilation experiment reveals that the observational information is effectively spread both horizontally and vertically. Specifically, the assimilation of w contributes to the generation of horizontal wind convergence at lower model levels and divergence at higher model levels, thereby adjusting the locations of convection occurrence. The impact of assimilating w on the convective precipitation forecast is then examined using a heavy rainfall event, and the results suggest that better 6-h precipitation forecasts are obtained by assimilating w. A batch continuous run is also conducted, and the result indicates that the scheme exhibits a high degree of robustness, leading to improved equitable threat score (frequency skill score) for the first 1 h (3 h) precipitation forecasts compared to the experiment without w assimilated.
Implementation and evaluation of diabatic advection in the Lagrangian transport model MPTRAC 2.6
Authors: Clemens Jan , Hoffmann Lars , Vogel Bärbel , Grießbach Sabine , Thomas Nicole
Published: November 2023

Abstract. Diabatic transport schemes with hybrid zeta coordinates, which follow isentropes in the stratosphere, are known to greatly improve Lagrangian transport calculations compared to the kinematic approach. However, some Lagrangian transport calculations with a diabatic approach, such as the Chemical Lagrangian Transport Model of the Atmosphere (CLaMS), show low computational performance on modern high-performance computing (HPC) architectures. Here, we implemented and evaluated a new diabatic transport scheme in the Massive-Parallel Trajectory Calculations (MPTRAC) model. While MPTRAC effectively exploits modern HPC architectures, it was previously limited to kinematic trajectories on pressure coordinates. The extended modelling approach now enables the use of either kinematic or diabatic vertical velocities and the coupling of different MPTRAC modules based on pressure or hybrid zeta coordinates. The evaluation of the new transport scheme in MPTRAC shows that after 90-day forward calculations distributions of air parcels in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) are almost identical for MPTRAC and CLaMS. No significant bias between the two Lagrangian models was found. Furthermore, after one day, internal uncertainties (e.g., due to interpolation or the numerical integration method) in the Lagrangian transport calculations are at least one order of magnitude smaller than external uncertainties (e.g., from reanalysis selection or downsampling of ERA5). Differences between trajectories using either CLaMS or MPTRAC are on the order of the combined internal uncertainties within MPTRAC. Since the largest systematic differences are caused by the reanalysis and the vertical velocity (diabatic vs. kinematic) the results support the development efforts for trajectory codes that can access the full resolution of ERA5 in combination with diabatic vertical velocities. This work is part of a larger effort to adapt Lagrangian transport in state-of-the-art models such as CLaMS and MPTRAC to current and future HPC architectures and exascale applications.
Georg Neumayers Bemühungen um Kooperation mit Forschungseinrichtungen des Potsdamer Telegraphenberges
Authors: Paech Hans-Jürgen , Fritzsche Diedrich , Gernandt Hartwig , Kopsch Conrad
Published: November 2023

Abstract. Georg Neumayer hat seit seiner Rückkehr aus Australien im Jahre 1864 unermüdlich für die Durchführung von erdmagnetischen Untersuchungen und besonders im Rahmen von Südpolar-Forschungen geworben. In den fast vier Jahren seiner Berliner Zeit ab Mitte 1872 nutzte er seinen Bekanntheitsgrad und seine Einflussmöglichkeit von Seiten der Kaiserlichen Admiralität auch zur Förderung der Forschungseinrichtungen auf dem Potsdamer Telegraphenberg. Ehe die ersten permanenten Baulichkeiten der neu entstehenden Observatorien errichtet waren, führte er dort schon im Jahre 1874 erste erdmagnetische Messungen durch, für deren Fortführung ihm dann unentgeltlich eine Holzhütte errichtet wurde. Seine Messungen erfolgten darin allerdings nur sporadisch und ohne Einbindung in ein größeres Forschungsprojekt, letzte Registrierungen von Neumayer sind aus dem Jahre 1891 bekannt. Später versuchte Neumayer bei seinen Expeditionsbemühungen nach der Berliner Zeit, ab März 1876, von Hamburg aus die Potsdamer Einrichtungen noch einzubeziehen, mit nachlassendem Erfolg. Das eigentliche Expeditionsgeschehen bei der Deutschen Südpolar-Expedition 1901–1903 gestaltete dann im Wesentlichen die neue Generation, an deren Spitze sich Erich von Drygalski auszeichnete. Die neuen Daten untermauern nachträglich die Richtigkeit der Standortwahl der Forschungsstelle des Alfred-Wegener-Instituts. Abschließend wird Neumayers uneingeschränkte Verehrung der wissenschaftlichen Leistungen des Namensgebers der anderen deutschen ehemaligen Antarktisstation Georg Forster anerkennend hervorgehoben.
Predicting the Onset of Dynamic Stall on Large Wind Turbines
Authors: Ahrens Jan Dominik , Printezis Jasson A. , Yosry Ahmed G. , Seume Joerg R. , Wein Lars
Published: November 2023

Abstract. This study addresses the challenge of predicting dynamic stall on wind turbine airfoils, focusing on the development of a reduced-order model applicable to thick airfoils (t/c > 0.21). Utilizing a Delayed Detached-Eddy simulation of a pitching FFA-W3-211 airfoil at Re = 15 M, our analysis identifies the transition from the primary instability phase to the vortex formation stage as a critical aspect of dynamic stall. By examining the dynamic time scales, we observed a ten-fold increase in the growth rate of the shear layer height during the transition of these stages. The stall delays attributed to these stages are substantially dependent on the airfoil's camber distribution and the location of the maximum thickness. We discovered that the Leading-Edge Suction-Parameter (LESP) proposed by Ramesh et al. (2014) for thin airfoils is also helpful in predicting the onset of the vortex formation stage for thick airfoils. Based on this finding, we propose a Mid-Chord Suction-Parameter (MCSP), that is more effective for wind turbine airfoils. The MCSP exhibits a breakdown in magnitude at the onset of the vortex formation stage and deep stall.
Neologismos verbales publicitarios desde una perspectiva multimodal: palabra, imagen y conocimiento compartido
Authors: Barrajón López Elisa
Published: November 2023

A pesar de la estrecha relación existente entre neología y publicidad, puesto que ambas pretenden sorprender al interlocutor, siguen siendo escasos los trabajos que resaltan la creación léxica como herramienta publicitaria. Nuestro objetivo es arrojar nuevos datos sobre este ámbito de estudio a través del ánalisis de seis anuncios publicitarios que contienen neologismos verbales en imperativo. Dada la heterogeneidad de este tipo de discurso, partimos de una perspectiva multimodal que examina cómo interactúan el código visual y el textual en la interpretación del mensaje que el publicista intenta comunicar. La imagen-palabra se convierte así en una estrategia discursiva condicionada, fundamentalmente, por el conocimiento compartido que el emisor quiera explotar (amplio o restringido). Por tanto, con el análisis realizado, concretamos en cada caso cuál es la relación semántica entre la imagen y la palabra, por un lado, y, por otro, qué nivel de conocimiento compartido (especializado o general) pone en marcha el publicista.