bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aprepitant Pharmacokinetics and Assessing the Impact of Aprepitant on Cyclophosphamide Metabolism in Cancer Patients Undergoing Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
Authors: Bubalo Joseph S. , Cherala Ganesh , McCune Jeannine S. , Munar Myrna Y. , Tse Sunny , Maziarz Richard
Published: March 2011

Aprepitant, a neurokinin antagonist, is an effective antiemetic agent in chemotherapy for delayed nausea and vomiting. The study objective was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of aprepitant and concurrent cyclophosphamide (CY), often a component of hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) conditioning regimen, in cancer patients undergoing HSCT. Forty subjects were randomized to either aprepitant or placebo in addition to standard antiemetics. Aprepitant or placebo was started 1 hour before the first chemotherapy or radiation dose for HSCT conditioning and administered daily until 4 days after infusion of the hematopoietic cell graft (for a total of 10–12 days). Serial blood samples were collected for aprepitant and CY plus 2 important CY metabolites. The results indicate that aprepitant is well absorbed and does not auto‐induce its metabolism. No significant drug interaction was observed with CY or its metabolites. A significant portion of the patients had subtherapeutic aprepitant concentrations; however, chemotherapy‐induced nausea and vomiting were effectively managed. No dosage adjustment was necessary, and administration of aprepitant in HSCT at the prescribed dosage of 125 mg orally on day 1 and 80 mg orally on each consecutive day through day +4 after HSCT was well tolerated with no significant changes in CY pharmacokinetic parameters.
Chronic Medical Conditions Among Jail Detainees in Residential Psychiatric Treatment
Authors: Swartz James A. , Alaimo Carl J. , Kiriazes Jean E.
Published: March 2011

Research suggests incarcerate populations have high rates of chronic medical conditions. Because of the association of having a mental illness (MI) with a variety of medical conditions, incarcerates in psychiatric treatment may have an even higher rate of co-occurring chronic medical conditions. In this study, multivariate logistic regression models compared the odds of having any of 15 chronic medical conditions for a sample of 289 adult male and 142 adult female jail detainees in psychiatric residential treatment, with National Comorbidity Survey Replication participants representing the non-institutionalized U.S. population. After controlling for model covariates, the detainee sample had higher lifetime odds for 4 of the 15 conditions: severe headaches, strokes, chronic lung disease, and epilepsy/seizures. Female detainees, participants with one or more MIs, and older participants had the highest odds of having any chronic medical condition. The implications for coordinating primary medical care with psychiatric treatment for detainees with MI are discussed.
Quality-of-Life Outcomes Among Alzheimer’s Disease Family Caregivers Following Community-Based Intervention
Authors: Bartfay Emma , Bartfay Wally J.
Published: March 2011

This study sought to determine how community-based interventions such as adult day programs and caregiver support groups affected the quality of life (QOL) of caregivers of Alzheimer’s disease clients. The authors hypothesized that using community-based interventions would increase the QOL of caregivers of Alzheimer’s disease clients. They conducted a pilot study employing a cross-sectional comparative design involving 62 caregivers in the Durham region, Ontario, Canada. Individuals were recruited at five adult day programs and at six caregiver support groups, involving primary data collection consisting of a self-report questionnaire and a 13-item QOL scale. The authors’ findings show that caregivers of Alzheimer’s disease clients who used community-based interventions enjoyed similar levels of QOL as caregivers of non-Alzheimer’s disease clients. These findings suggest that community-based interventions may be beneficial and should target the multiple needs of caregivers, including their knowledge of community resources and coping strategies.
Hope and the Act of Informed Dialogue: A Delicate Balance at End of Life
Authors: Thompson Teresa
Published: March 2011

As a scholar who has focused on health communication, including end-of-life issues, for over 25 years, I found myself confronted by serious ethical dilemmas when I spent time with my sister-in-law and family as she was dying from ovarian cancer. The guidelines provided to me in the past research with which I was familiar, as well as my personal experiences regarding end-of-life discussion with family and friends, did not prepare me well to handle the dialectical tensions between maintaining hope and open discussion of end of life in this situation. In this article, I focus on an examination of the research on hope at end of life and try to reconcile it with the concomitant need for acknowledgment of impending terminality and the communication that should accompany this.
Invitations to Affiliative Audience Responses in Japanese Political Speeches
Authors: Bull Peter , Feldman Ofer
Published: March 2011

This article reports the first investigation outside the United Kingdom of rhetorical devices used by political speakers to invite applause. Fourteen techniques for inviting affiliative audience responses were identified from 36 speeches delivered during the 2005 Japanese general election. Notable differences in audience reactions between the two cultures were observed: In response to Japanese speeches, there was an absence of isolated applause and a greater diversity of affiliative responses (laughter and cheering, as well as applause). Seven rhetorical devices identified as implicit applause invitations in British speeches were used by the Japanese politicians, but accounted for only 29% of applause incidents and 17% of all affiliative responses. A distinction between implicit and explicit rhetorical devices is proposed for future cross-cultural research on audience reactions to political speeches: In this study, explicit invitations received the highest proportion of applause incidents (68.1%) and of all affiliative audience responses (71.2%).
Changes in Alan Greenspan’s Language Use Across the Economic Cycle: A Text Analysis of His Testimonies and Speeches
Authors: Abe Jo Ann A.
Published: March 2011

This study examined changes in Alan Greenspan’s language use across the economic cycle by analyzing his testimonies and speeches using the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count Program (LIWC), which is a widely used text analysis program. Consistent with expectations, Greenspan showed an increase in the composite measure of psychological distancing as well as a decline in the measure of cognitive complexity between the economic expansion and downturn periods. Interestingly, these patterns of changes became more pronounced during the purported economic recovery period. In contrast to the measures of psychological distancing and cognitive complexity, the measure of emotionality remained relatively stable across the economic cycle.
Growing pains? The transition to digital television in Europe
Authors: Iosifidis Petros
Published: March 2011

This article argues that national policies for digital television (DTV) are largely determined by markets, political contexts and supra-national influences, notably European Union (EU) audiovisual policy, which puts pressure on member states to speed up digital switchover.This creates a tension between the push of the EU to harmonize the switchover process and set target dates and the struggle of some of the countries to comply with this policy. In terms of the strategies that could be employed to accelerate digital uptake, the article points to setting a prompt date for analogue switch-off, subsidizing the relevant equipment to receive DTV, offering triple play services, ensuring active management to complete conversion effectively and, above all, adopting free-to-view DTV. The wide reach free-to-air model, in which public broadcasters have a leading role, ensures that the universality principle is maintained in the digital age.
Evaluating the ‘next generation’ of cell salvage - will it make a difference?
Authors: Yarham Gemma , Clements Ann , Oliver Martin , Morris Christopher , Cumberland Tom , Bryan Megan , Jekler Sasa , Johns Kathy , Mulholland John
Published: March 2011

Introduction: Donor blood supplies are diminishing, becoming more costly and these transfusions lead to higher mortality in cardiac patients. The transfusion risks and the literature highlight the need for an alternative similar to cell salvage to be routinely considered. The Xtra is the first cell saver to be launched since 2001 and will undoubtedly initiate evolution towards the ‘next generation’ of cell savers. It is also the first to be launched in a new era where the demand for electronic perfusion data management (EPDM) has grown.

Results: The user interface (UI) was easy to use. The increased data entry options improved the quality of the recordable data. The integrated data management system (DMS) was comprehensive. Data was easy to manage and enabled central data compilation, which reduces repeated data, the risk of inconsistent data inventory and provides the potential for research and analyses. The haematocrit of the processed blood is a key quality indicator for cell salvage. The comparison of the manufacturer’s integrated protocol, Popt, to our team’s own protocol showed that Popt delivered a higher haematocrit on its ‘1st bowl’ (59.1% compared to 57.3%) and its ‘total process’ end product haematocrit was 0.68% higher. The Popt cycle took an average of 330s, whereas our own settings completed in just over 300s.

Conclusion: The Xtra is a device which will lead the evolution of ‘next generation’ cell saver technology. The user interface and data management system provide export options and the ability to record the level of data required for good EPDM. This is essential to ‘future proof’ cell salvage technology. The manufacturer’s integrated protocol achieved a higher end product haematocrit than our perfusion team’s best practice. The design of the Xtra is contemporary, but the DMS equips this cell saver for the new era that faces both Perfusion and Cardiac Surgery.
Effects of 7 days of treatment with the cannabinoid type 1 receptor antagonist, rimonabant, on emotional processing
Authors: Horder Jamie , Browning Michael , Di Simplicio Martina , Cowen Philip J , Harmer Catherine J
Published: March 2011

Rimonabant is a cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1) antagonist formerly used to treat obesity, but which was withdrawn from the market in late 2008 because of its association with psychiatric adverse effects such as depression and anxiety. Previously, we showed that a single dose of rimonabant produced a negative bias on an emotional word memory task, in the absence of subjective mood effects. The present study investigated whether a similar effect on emotional processing could be seen after 7 days’ daily treatment with rimonabant 20 mg, using a randomized, placebo-controlled, between-subjects design in healthy volunteers (final n = 21). In comparison with placebo, rimonabant induced a negative bias on a memory recognition task without producing a change in subjective mood. This raises the possibility that the depressogenic effects of rimonabant may be linked to emotional memory biases, and that such biases may be detectable in the absence of subjective mood changes. Investigating such effects could be useful in detecting adverse psychiatric effects of novel treatments.
The Effect of Nonverbal Signals on Student Role-Play Evaluations
Authors: Taute Harry A. , Heiser Robert S. , McArthur David N.
Published: March 2011

Although salespeople have long been urged to recognize and adapt to customer needs and wants by observing communications style and other cues or signals by the buyer, nonverbal communications by the salesperson have received much less empirical scrutiny. However, nonverbal communications may be important in this context; research in several disciplines intimates that nonverbal signals are equally, perhaps more, important than verbal signals in persuasive communications. In a first study, the authors examined the National Collegiate Sales Contest (NCSC) scoring system in a classroom setting, and on finding a distinct nonverbal contribution to total sales presentation variance, they concluded that appropriate nonverbal signals should receive more weighting in the NCSC scoring system. The authors then reviewed the extant literature for a multi-item measure of nonverbal sales behaviors; finding none, they developed a measure of nonverbal sales behavior in role-play presentations in a second study. The article empirically demonstrates the importance of nonverbal signals in student sales presentations for personal selling instructors and practitioners and describes how specific nonverbal signals may apply differentially to aspects of sales presentations.
Successfully Achieving Ambitious Goals in Government: An Empirical Analysis
Authors: Kelman Steven , Myers Jeff
Published: March 2011

Many senior government leaders who have attempted to achieve ambitious goals have been quite successful, though others (sometimes very visibly) have not succeeded. What do those who succeeded do differently? Is their success just a matter of luck? What (if anything) do the most successful public sector leaders have in common across agencies with very different missions? To explore these questions, the authors use a reputational approach to identify success, relying on independent experts to nominate leaders from the two most recent completed presidential administrations. In order to understand what successful leaders do differently, the authors also use a control group for comparison. The authors test a range of hypotheses based on the public management literature. Successful leaders do a number of things that control group members generally do not. Examples of these techniques are general good management techniques, including using a strategy planning process, using performance metrics, and working proactively to gain support from external stakeholders. By contrast, change management techniques, which we had expected to distinguish successful leaders, are also used by unsuccessful leaders. Thus, their use does not differentiate the successes.
Usability and compatibility of e-book readers in an academic environment: A collaborative study
Authors: Aaltonen Mari , Mannonen Petri , Nieminen Saija , Nieminen Marko
Published: March 2011

New technologies create great opportunities as well as new challenges when libraries build their virtual collections. As e-book readers and other portable devices grow in popularity, collections can no longer be evaluated purely on the basis of content; their adaptability and ease of use on various platforms has to be taken to account. Collaboration between libraries, users and usability professionals is paramount in building virtual collections of the future. Only users can tell how these platforms are going to be used, as mobile tools for study or as entertainment devices. It is important to learn how usable the e-collections really are and what essential materials are currently incompatible with these devices. Digital rights management and technical compatibility issues should become standard considerations in all acquisition of electronic materials. This paper will present a study conducted in the Helsinki University of Technology Library, currently part of the Aalto University, from autumn of 2009 until summer of 2010. In collaboration with the Strategic Usability Research Group, various e-book readers were tested by both professionals and students. In the study, e-book readers were given to students for one study period with all the course material provided in electronic format. Feedback from the students was collected through discussions, study diaries and questionnaires. In the library, the e-book readers were tested in order to see what demands and restrictions they pose on e-materials and how well the current e-collections of the library are usable on these devices. Results suggest incompatibilities with many licensed e-materials, whereas most open access materials can be easily downloaded and used.
Keeping the information profession up to date: Are compulsory schemes the answer?
Authors: Broady-Preston Judith , Cossham Amanda
Published: March 2011

This paper explores issues in relation to the contribution and importance of mandatory continuing professional development (CPD) in re-energizing and motivating the information profession. Set within the context of developing our understanding of the concept of ‘professionalism’ for the contemporary information profession, the mandatory schemes offered by professional associations in the UK and New Zealand are compared and contrasted, and an assessment made of their pros and cons in this regard.
Collection development for immigrants - what to purchase, and why? Findings in Gothenburg, Sweden
Authors: Atlestam Ingrid , Brunnström Ann-Christine , Myhre Randi
Published: March 2011

The needs and preferences of public library services for individuals, who have another mother tongue than the majority population, in this case Swedish, have become more and more evident. In order to reflect on prevailing practices, the Gothenburg City Library initiated a study using 14 focus group discussions (Brunnström, 2006). The analysis of the opinions of 154 participating individuals with varied non-Swedish backgrounds, combined with the analysis of borrowing figures, has made it possible to continue to develop services in the multicultural, multilingual society that Gothenburg is today with 21 percent of the population born outside Sweden (2009 data). The Swedish study ‘More for useful purposes than pleasure’ shows that the most important factors behind the demand for reading materials are: 1) why a person has moved to Sweden; 2) for how long she/he has lived in Sweden; and, 3) what future plans the individual has. These factors result in different needs of fiction, non-fiction and digital access. Individuals new in the country are eager to learn the Swedish language and more about the society. They also demand books on how to manage their day-to-day lives, both in Swedish and their mother tongue. Individuals who have been in Sweden for many years search for reading material with which they can maintain their contact with their original culture and language. In this paper we share what we have learned about this complex matter; how we can best plan our media purchases and stock our libraries in order to meet the needs of our increasingly diversified societies.
Approximative formula for post-buckling analysis of non-linearly elastic columns with superellipsoidal cross-sections
Authors: Brojan Mihael , Kosel Franc
Published: March 2011

Approximative formulas for post-buckling analysis of non-linearly elastic columns made of Ludwick material are developed for free-clamp, hinge—hinge, and clamp—clamp supports. The columns have a superellipsoidal cross-section. Comparison between analytically obtained and numerical solutions showed good agreement. Additionally, post-buckling configurations for all three types of columns and materials are given in diagrams, from where the influence of material constants on the shape of the deflection curve can be examined.
Prevention of Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Day Kristine L. , Friedman Daniela B. , Laditka James N. , Anderson Lynda A. , Hunter Rebecca , Laditka Sarah B. , Wu Bei , McGuire Lisa C. , Coy Megan C.
Published: March 2011

The public is increasingly inundated with suggestions on how they can reduce their risk of developing cognitive impairment or dementia and are turning to physicians for advice. This study examines physicians’ perceptions and practices related to reducing cognitive impairment or dementia risk. Data from Porter Novelli’s 2008 DocStyles survey are used to examine physicians’ perceptions and practices related to this issue. About 40% of physicians reported discussing concerns about cognitive impairment often or very often with adult patients without dementia. The majority advised patients to reduce risk through physical activity, mental stimulation, and healthy diet. These data shed light on physicians’ perceptions and practices related to reducing cognitive impairmentrisk among their patients. Increased information about this issue may inform development of and access to educational materials to meet physicians’ needs to address patient concerns related to reducing cognitive impairment or dementia risk.
The Development and Part Validation of a U.K. Scale for Mathematics Anxiety
Authors: Hunt Thomas E. , Clark-Carter David , Sheffield David
Published: March 2011

There is a paucity of information surrounding maths anxiety levels in the British undergraduate student population, and, due to terminological issues, existing measures of maths anxiety may not be appropriate measures to use with this population. The current study, therefore, reports on the development and validation of a new maths anxiety scale. Using a large sample of British undergraduates, the 23-item Mathematics Anxiety Scale—UK (MAS-UK) is shown to be a reliable and valid measure of maths anxiety. Exploratory factor analysis indicated the existence of three factors, highlighting maths anxiety as a multidimensional construct. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed a good-fitting model. Normative data on maths anxiety in a British undergraduate student population are provided, along with comparisons between academic undergraduate subject areas and genders. The MAS-UK may represent an easily administrable, reliable, and valid tool for assessing maths anxiety in British and potentially European undergraduate student populations.
Rethinking Disorienting Dilemmas Within Real-Life Crises
Authors: Mälkki Kaisu
Published: March 2011

This study elaborates on how a disorienting dilemma, a life-event crisis, may trigger reflection. The study comprised an analysis of interviews with involuntarily childless women, who were in the process of negotiating emotionally chaotic experiences. The implications for Jack Mezirow’s theory of transformative learning are explored. Compared with the more often discussed role of reflection in facilitated contexts, the analysis shows differences in the role of reflection in this nonfacilitated context, where it appears to enable meaning making in a chaotic situation that was not understandable from within existing meaning frameworks. Furthermore, disorienting dilemmas are manifested in various emotional experiences, indicating that one’s relation to these emotions—as opposed to the nature of the emotion—becomes essential with regard to triggering reflection. Last, the social dimension appears as a second-wave trigger of reflection, as one’s changed assumptions are found to collide with views of significant others.
Public Support for Racial Profiling in Airports
Authors: Gabbidon Shaun L. , Higgins George E. , Nelson Matthew
Published: March 2011

This article examines the public opinion of randomly selected Pennsylvanians on their support for racial profiling at airports. The 2009 Penn State Poll revealed that most Pennsylvanians felt that profiling was occurring at airports—but did not support the practice. Building on prior research, the research introduced three new measures into the area of public opinion on racial profiling. These included the role of perceived effectiveness, perceived discrimination, and ethical values in influencing public opinion on racial profiling. Respondents who felt racial profiling in airports was effective and was discriminatory were more likely to believe it was occurring. In terms of support for racial profiling, those who felt the practice was discriminatory and unethical were less likely to support it, whereas conversely, those who felt the practice was effective tended to support its use. We argue that the public needs to be better informed about the strategies that have been proven to be most effective in reducing the threat of terrorist attacks.
Understanding Career Decision Self-Efficacy
Authors: Choi Bo Young , Park Heerak , Yang Eunjoo , Lee Seul Ki , Lee Yedana , Lee Sang Min
Published: March 2011

This study used meta-analysis to investigate the relationships between career decision self-efficacy (CDSE) and its relevant variables. The authors aimed to integrate the mixed results reported by previous empirical studies and obtain a clearer understanding of CDSE’s role within the framework of social cognitive career theory (SCCT). For purposes of this study, the authors searched and selected nine relevant variables (gender, age, race, self-esteem, vocational identity, career barriers, peer support, vocational outcome expectation, and career indecision). While some variables (i.e., gender, race, and career barriers) did not have a significant effect on CDSE, in accordance with the SCCT model, CDSE correlated significantly to self-esteem, vocational identity, peer support, vocational outcome expectation, and career indecision variables. The authors discuss these results in the context of the SCCT.
Big City, bright lights
Authors: Fay Stephen
Published: March 2011

Financial journalism has high-flying and influential alumni, says former editor Stephen Fay, but is celebrity culture blighting the Square Mile? How is it that when business and finance became the best story in the world, almost every business journalist missed it?
How the Russians set new standards
Authors: Byrne Ciar
Published: March 2011

Ciar Byrne examines the remarkable rebirth of the London Evening Standard. Refuting the belief that quality journalism cannot be given away, Russian billionaire Alexander Lebedev and editor Geordie Greig turned the London evening into a free sheet, with capital results.
Leak and be damned
Authors: Jones Nicholas
Published: March 2011

Governments always fail to stop a determined leaker says Nicholas Jones. Technically they are always a step behind. Morally, they fail to realise that low-grade employees have consciences and become troubled by contradictions and deceptions in material they process.
Protective effect of Glycine max and Chrysanthemum indicum extracts against cisplatin-induced renal epithelial cell death
Authors: Pongjit Kanittha , Ninsontia Chaunpit , Chaotham Chatchai , Chanvorachote Pithi
Published: March 2011

Although cisplatin is one of the most efficient chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of solid tumors, frequently observed nephrotoxicity has limited its use in several patients. Materials and methods: The protective effect of Glycine max (GM) and Chrysanthemum indicum (CM) extracts on cisplatin-induced apoptosis in human proximal tubular HK-2 cells was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), Hoechst 33342, and propidium iodide assays. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were determined by flow cytometry with 2,7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH2-DA). Results: Cisplatin-induced renal cell toxicity through the induction of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2•−) and hydroxyl radical (OH). CM extract protected cisplatin-induced apoptosis by its anti-oxidant activity against H2O2 and OH•−, while GM extract scavenged only H2O2. Furthermore, GM and CM extracts protect renal cells without significant interfering effect on cisplatin toxicity in lung cancer H460 and melanoma G361 cells. Conclusion: GM and CM extracts exhibited a promising protective effect on cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity which could benefit the development for nephroprotective approaches.
The Commodification of Compensation? Personal Injuries Claims In an Age of Consumption
Authors: Ilan Jonathan
Published: March 2011

This article critiques the opprobrium attached to the phenomenon of tortious compensation seeking observable in those discourses which bemoan the existence of a ‘compensation culture’ (or ‘litigation crisis’). It draws on ethnographic interviews with professionals involved in advancing and defending against compensation claims to demonstrate how issues of consumerism and commercialism have shaped contemporary practice. Where participants locate a heightened claims-consciousness among the socially marginalized, it will be argued that debates on claims-making must be understood in light of consumerist desire and class-cultural judgement. Similarly, where claims resolution practices promote commercial expedience over just entitlement, it will be argued that populist concerns are fuelled by a distrust of abstract, hyper-capitalist modes of responding to personal injury. The ethnography sits within a frame that draws on late-modern social theory to locate both heightened levels of ‘litigiousness’ and its construction as somewhat ‘deviant’ within the same socio-economic conditions.
On Silence, Sexuality and Skeletons: Reconceptualizing Narrative in Asylum Hearings
Authors: Johnson Toni A.M.
Published: March 2011

This article considers the nature of silence in UK asylum cases involving lesbian and gay claimants, asking whether the ambiguous and textured quality of silence can be a productive site of resistance, or whether the effect of silence perpetuates the problematic conceptualization of the refugee as a subjugated actor whose voice is muted within a hearing. The article discusses silence in light of the formal provisions of the Refugee Convention and evidentiary necessities around proof of an objective/subjective fear of persecution, questioning the impact silence has on the rendering of testimony and whether it is detrimental to an asylum claim. The equivocal nature of silence imparts a vulnerability to interpretation, rendering it subject to the imposition of unsolicited meaning. Silence’s indeterminacy, it is suggested, should give pause to the court to proceed in a manner that invokes caution around such inference.
Target Setting Procedures for Immunisation Services in Ethiopia
Authors: Damtew Zufan Abera , Kaasbøll Jens
Published: March 2011

This study identifies the problems related with target setting for immunisation service in Ethiopia. We adopted qualitative case study and drew concepts from institutional theory to collect data and analyse our findings. The findings showed that the plan of district health offices depends on the population data projected from census. Peripheral level health workers, on the other hand, enumerate the number of population in their respective localities. Subsequently, the ambiguity occurs from mismatch between the target from census and number of eligible children counted by health workers. Health facilities are expected to follow the target given from district health offices, which is higher than the local count in most cases. Thus, we found most peripheral level health workers considered that the inflated target given from the projected census lowers their achievements, since their performance should be calculated against the given target. This in turn affects the incentive given, thus, has implication on job satisfaction and performance. The need of considering the reality at the ground, rather than following only the formal institutional rules is emphasised in order to address the identified impediments.
Cinematograph to Cinema
Authors: Bhaumik Kaushik
Published: March 2011

Starting with the first exhibitions of film from 1897 onwards, cinema inserted itself into new kinds of energies erupting in the field of cultural consumption and production that were beginning to change the tenor of life of the Indian metropolis of Bombay in momentous ways. The new medium took advantage of the energies, creative and spectatorial, circulating through a new regime of urban spectacles, ranging from theater to public dancing and music to the modern circus, in a frenetically excitable media sphere of reportage and advertising, and in the field of literature. It also inserted itself into the restructuring of the physical basis of the city as town-planners responded to this upheaval by locating cultural production in new and more permanent locations. The arrival of the cinematograph in random and ever-changing locations of exhibition and spectating was soon restructured into the modern mass entertainment form of “cinema.” In doing so the medium shape-shifted a number of times through rapid changes in programing style and the genres and formats of films shown, mostly imported from abroad. Along the way we also start noticing the gradual but sure approach of films produced in Bombay into this vibrant scenario of film exhibition. Very soon it was to dominate film culture of Bombay.
Harold Guetzkow: A Scholar’s Scholar
Authors: Alger Chadwick F.
Published: March 2011

During our 14 years together at Northwestern University, Harold Guetzkow was at the same time my colleague, creative teacher, and helpful personal friend. I used his simulation in my undergraduate courses. His research and personal suggestions provided creative insights for my research at UN Headquarters. He provided younger colleagues with opportunities to be fellow collaborators. He encouraged our families to have shared experiences. After I departed from Northwestern University, we maintained contact and friendship throughout his life.
A Scholar and a Simulation Ahead of Their Time: Memories of Harold Guetzkow
Authors: Janda Kenneth
Published: March 2011

Research on international relations at Northwestern University in the 1960s and 1970s revolved around Harold Gueztkow’s pioneering work on the simulation of international processes. As a beginning faculty member, I benefited from the insights and excitement of that special time and place. As a participant in one of his events, I experienced the challenges he faced in carrying off the complex operation of man-machine simulation, when the machines consisted of typewriters, thermofax machines, and a mainframe computers with punch-card input. As a beneficiary of the revolution introduced by networked microcomputers, I realized that Guetzkow’s successes would have been multiplied many times over if the proper technology had been available to him.
My Mentored Relationship With Harold Guetzkow
Authors: Chadwick Richard W.
Published: March 2011

Harold Guetzkow’s guidance of research on foreign policy decision making was driven by a core concern: the avoidance of nuclear war and preservation of peace. He aimed to do this by supporting the creation and distribution of new knowledge through experiments aimed at simulating the processes and conditions hypothesized to influence such decisions. This article outlines the progress of his simulation design efforts and their transformations under many whom he mentored as research assistants in this work. It also touches on his beliefs.
Reversible Protease-Activated Receptor 1 Downregulation Mediated by Ankaferd Blood Stopper Inducible With Lipopolysaccharides Inside the Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells
Authors: Karabıyık Afife , Güleç Sükrü , Yilmaz Erkan , Haznedaroglu Ibrahim , Akar Nejat
Published: March 2011

Ankaferd Blood Stopper (ABS) is a novel topical hemostatic agent with pleiotropic actions indicated in clinical hemorrhages. Protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR-1) is located in the crossroads of hemostasis, inflammation, infection, apoptosis and tumorigenesis. ABS-induced formation of the protein network with vital erythroid aggregation covers the entire physiological hemostatic process. The aim of this study is to assess the effects of ABS on PAR-1 in the Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVEC) model, in relation to the “ipopolysaccharides (LPS)-challenge” to endothelium. For this purpose, ABS 10 μL and 100 μL, had been applied to HUVEC within the time periods of 5 minutes (min), 25 min, 50 min, 6 hours (h) and 24 h. The cells have lifted from the plastic surface and adhered to each other during theABSapplication to the HUVECs. After 24 hours the cells returned to normal baseline level. We observed dose-dependent reversible PAR-1 down-regulation mediated by ABS inside the human umbilical vein endothelial cells. ABS-induced sustained PAR-1 down-regulation in the presence of LPS. Those findings indicated that ABS hemostatic agent may act as a topical biological response modifier by acting on PAR-1 at the vascular endothelial and cellular level.
Effect of Cigarette Smoking on Platelet Aggregation
Authors: Pamukcu Burak , Oflaz Huseyin , Onur Imran , Cimen Arif , Nisanci Yilmaz
Published: March 2011

Background: Cigarette smoking may increase platelet aggregation and cause atherothrombotic cardiovascular events. We aimed to investigate the impact of cigarette smoking on platelet function in patients with ischemic coronary heart disease (CHD).Methods: Twenty patients with ischemic stable CHD under aspirin therapy (300 mg/d), who continue to smoking despite all warnings, and 20 nonsmokers with CHD are enrolled in the study. Platelet function is studied at the morning, before and 15 minutes after the first cigarette, by the Platelet Function Analyzer (PFA)-100, with collagen and epinephrine and collagen and adenosine diphosphate cartridges. Post aspirin platelet hyperactivity is defined as having a closure time (CT) shorter than 186 seconds despite regular aspirin intake. Serial CT measurements are analyzed by paired samples t test.Results: Persistent platelet activity was present in 4 smoker (20%) and 3 nonsmoker (15%) patients at the beginning. Platelet activity measured by the PFA-100 is been increased significantly after cigarette smoking ( P = .004). Shorter CTs were determined after smoking in all patients with and without baseline persistent platelet activity, and 4 more participants became aspirin nonresponder ( P = .004). No significant differences in demographic, hematological, and biochemical parameters were determined between aspirin responders and nonresponders.Conclusions: We determined that cigarette smoking may increase platelet aggregation in patients with ischemic CHD in an aspirin nonresponsive manner. Our results emphasize the importance of quitting cigarette smoking in patients with CHD.
Lupus Anticoagulant Interference in Activated Protein C Resistance Testing
Authors: Shen Yu-Min , Cimo Michael L , Bai Yu , Frenkel Eugene , Sarode Ravindra
Published: March 2011

Second-generation activated protein C resistance (APC-R) assay was developed to avert interferences from lupus anticoagulant (LA) and warfarin therapy by prediluting the patient sample with factor V (FV)-depleted plasma. We investigated the effect of LA on the second generation APC-R assay in 121 LA-positive patients. Twenty-five APC-R-positive patients were tested for the mutation in FV (Leiden, Hong Kong, and Cambridge). Eleven had FV Leiden and twelve were negative for any mutation (2 were not tested). Of 12, 8 had APC-R suggestive of heterozygous and 4 had APC-R suggestive of homozygous defects. These patients had strong LA activity, compared to those with concurrent FVL. This was associated with a trend toward increased thrombosis risk compared to those with normal APC-R. These findings suggest that LA causes acquired APC-R, reflecting an in vivo pathophysiologic effect of LA rather than merely an in vitro phenomenon even with the second generation APC-R assay.
Exploring the Complexity of Cardiometabolic Risk in Women
Authors: Robins, Jo Lynne W. , McCain, Nancy L. , Elswick R. K.
Published: March 2011

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the United States. Women are more likely than men to present with advanced disease and experience higher CVD-related morbidity and mortality. Metabolic syndrome is a constellation of risk factors for Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and CVD. Abdominal adiposity, a component of metabolic syndrome, is associated with insulin resistance and promotes an atherogenic inflammatory milieu. Cardiometabolic risk (CMR) encompasses metabolic syndrome and incorporates other risk factors such as lifestyle choices, gender, and genetics as risk factors for CVD yet still does not include more recently recognized physiological risk factors such as vitamin D deficiency or psychosocial risk factors such as perceived stress and lack of social support. Because a more comprehensive view of CVD risk factors may facilitate earlier identification and risk reduction, we undertook this exploratory pilot study to answer the question, How do healthy women with and without abdominal adiposity differ physiologically and psychosocially?. We recruited a total of 41 women for a single study visit and assessed a battery of baseline physiological and psychological measures. While the women in this study were free of any diagnoses associated with increased CMR, women with increased waist circumference (WC) exhibited significantly altered levels of several measures associated with impending CMR including insulin sensitivity, lipids, and adiponectin as well as lower social support. These findings suggest that a more comprehensive conceptualization of and refinement of measures for CMR may be useful for identifying and reducing CMR and ultimately CVD in women.
Ethnic variations in the caregiver role: A qualitative study
Authors: Parveen Sahdia , Morrison Val , Robinson Catherine A.
Published: March 2011

The present study aimed to establish an in-depth qualitative analysis of the convergence and divergence of the experiences of caregivers from four ethnic groups. Eight Bangladeshi, nine Indian, four Pakistani and nine White-British caregivers participated in five focus groups. Differences and similarities between motivations for role adoption, willingness to care, experience of role, adaptation to role, coping, use of and satisfaction with support were discussed. Key differences were found in adaptation to care role and use of social support. The article highlights the need for further study of the ethnic minority caregiver experience and has implications for service development.
Characterisation of influenza outbreaks in Sweden
Authors: Schiöler Linus
Published: March 2011

Aims: The spatial aspect of Swedish seasonal influenza data was investigated and modelled with the main aim of finding patterns that could be useful for outbreak detection, i.e. for detecting an increase in incidence as soon as possible. Methods: Quality problems with data on laboratory-diagnosed cases (LDI) collected by a number of laboratories and other data were studied. Parametric and nonparametric regression methods were used for estimation of the excepted incidence. Multivariate analysis was used to determine the impact of different spatial components. Results: Quality problems were found for all types of data. LDI was found useful for the present aim. No evidence for a geographical pattern was found. It was found that the influenza outbreak started at about the same time in the metropolitan areas and about 1 week later in the rest of the country. Both parametric and nonparametric regression models are suggested. Conclusions: There was a time difference between the outbreaks in the metropolitan areas and the rest of the country. This can be utilised to improve outbreak detection.
Uncharted territory: Imagining a stronger relationship between the arts and action research
Authors: Seeley Chris
Published: March 2011

Action researchers stress our need to know the world in many ways beyond the intellectual. Yet in the West such ‘more-than-intellectual’ knowing tends simultaneously to be dismissed as worthlessly ‘not-academic’ and reified as ‘Art’ (with a capital ‘A’). In this article, I explore ways in which a more comprehensive arts-informed inquiry might appear as a fundamental and normal way of making sense of being part of the world, rather than as a ‘nice to have’ added extra or decoration. First, I offer a detailed taxonomy for presentational knowing which goes beyond the (re)presentation of experience to explore how a stronger relationship between the arts and action research might look. Second, I show a way to respond to the world which is rooted in experiential and presentational knowing first, rather than predicated on ideas from the realm of propositional knowing. Third, I propose that as action researchers we consider ourselves to be Artists of the Invisible, working to create spaces which are potentially transformative for our selves, those we work with and the systems of which we are an intrinsic part. I include this framing as a route to a better quality, deeper, more satisfying, and influential action research.
Status Offenders in the Juvenile Court
Authors: Freiburger Tina L. , Burke Alison S.
Published: March 2011

Prior research has suggested that female status offenders are often treated more harshly than male status offenders in juvenile court processing. This finding is often explained by the traditional role perspective which suggests that the juvenile court is attempting to protect the sexuality of girls. In addition, there is theoretical and empirical evidence that the effect of gender may vary by race/ethnicity. This study examines the joint effects of gender and race/ethnicity in the adjudication of status offenders. The findings suggests that Native American boys are the most likely to be adjudicated followed by Black girls and Hispanic girls. Examination of the treatment of girls separately found that White females were the least likely to be adjudicated and Hispanic girls were significantly more likely than White girls to be adjudicated. For males, Native Americans, followed by Hispanic males, were the most likely to be adjudicated. Implications of the results are further discussed.
Design and Analysis of a Dynamically Configured Log-based Distributed Security Event Detection Methodology
Authors: Grimaila Michael R , Myers Justin , Mills Robert F , Peterson Gilbert
Published: March 2011

Military and defense organizations rely upon the security of data stored in, and communicated through, their cyber infrastructure to fulfill their mission objectives. It is essential to identify threats to the cyber infrastructure in a timely manner, so that mission risks can be recognized and mitigated. Centralized event logging and correlation is a proven method for identifying threats to cyber resources. However, centralized event logging is inflexible and does not scale well, because it consumes excessive network bandwidth and imposes significant storage and processing requirements on the central event log server. In this paper, we present a flexible, distributed event correlation system designed to overcome these limitations by distributing the event correlation workload across the network of event-producing systems. To demonstrate the utility of the methodology, we model and simulate centralized, decentralized, and hybrid log analysis environments over three accountability levels and compare their performance in terms of detection capability, network bandwidth utilization, database query efficiency, and configurability. The results show that when compared to centralized event correlation, dynamically configured distributed event correlation provides increased flexibility, a significant reduction in network traffic in low and medium accountability environments, and a decrease in database query execution time in the high-accountability case.
Knowledge and practices of folate and multivitamin supplementation among Jordanian pregnant women
Authors: Abu-Baker Nesrin , Savage Christine
Published: March 2011

The objectives of this study conducted with women in Irbid, Jordan were to describe maternal folate knowledge and sources of this knowledge; to describe maternal practices of using vitamin supplements; and to examine the impact of selected variables on the use of folate supplement. A descriptive retrospective survey design was used. A convenience sample of 300 women was recruited from the Princess Badia Teaching Hospital. Data were collected using a self-report Maternal Nutritional Knowledge and Behaviour Questionnaire. Among study participants, 58.3% reported that they had heard or read about folic acid and 53.7% reported that they had heard or read that taking folic acid can help prevent some birth defects. The most frequent source of folate knowledge was a doctor, nurse or health care provider (37.7%). Seventy-seven per cent were users of multivitamins and 58.3% were users of folic acid. The significant predictors of lower folate use were less prenatal care, lower education level and higher number of previous pregnancies, p = 0.000. The results of this study indicate that further effort is needed in Jordan to educate women about the importance of taking prenatal vitamins, especially folic acid.