bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Micronucleus counts correlating with male infertility: a clinical analysis of chromosomal abnormalities and reproductive parameters
Authors: Zhang Shun-Han , Xie Ying-Jun , Qiu Wen-Jun , Pan Qian-Ying , Chen Li-Hao , Wu Jian-Feng , Huang Si-Qi , Wang Ding , Sun Xiao-Fang
Published: January 2025

Investigating the correlation between micronucleus formation and male infertility has the potential to improve clinical diagnosis and deepen our understanding of pathological progression. Our study enrolled 2252 male patients whose semen was analyzed from March 2023 to July 2023. Their clinical data, including semen parameters and age, were also collected. Genetic analysis was used to determine whether the sex chromosome involved in male infertility was abnormal (including the increase, deletion, and translocation of the X and Y chromosomes), and subsequent semen analysis was conducted for clinical grouping purposes. The participants were categorized into five groups: normozoospermia, asthenozoospermia, oligozoospermia, oligoasthenozoospermia, and azoospermia. Patients were randomly selected for further study; 41 patients with normozoospermia were included in the control group and 117 patients with non-normozoospermia were included in the study group according to the proportions of all enrolled patients. Cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) screening was conducted through peripheral blood. Statistical analysis was used to determine the differences in micronuclei (MNi) among the groups and the relationships between MNi and clinical data. There was a significant increase in MNi in infertile men, including those with azoospermia, compared with normozoospermic patients, but there was no significant difference between the genetic and nongenetic groups in azoospermic men. The presence of MNi was associated with sperm concentration, progressive sperm motility, immotile spermatozoa, malformed spermatozoa, total sperm count, and total sperm motility. This study underscores the potential utility of MNi as a diagnostic tool and highlights the need for further research to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of male infertility.
Effects of glutathione on oocyte and embryo development in in vitro fertilization
Authors: Sonjaya Herry , Damayanti Erni , Iskandar Hikmayani , Baco Sudirman , Hasbi Hasbi , Mujnisa Andi , Prahesti Kusumandari Indah , Khasanah Aulia Uswa Noor , Firmiaty Sri , Nurhidayah Asma’ul Fitriana , Kaiin Ekayanti Mulyawati , Samsudewa Daud , Pala Rukman , Pamungkas Fitra Aji , Herdis Herdis
Published: January 2025

Objective:

To evaluate the effect of glutathione (GSH) supplementation in maturation and adaptation media on oocyte development, embryo quality, and oocyte viability after vitrification.

Methods:

The GSH concentrations were classified into four groups (0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mM) which were added to the maturation medium. The maturation process was conducted in vitro for 24 h. Following maturation, oocytes were fertilized with Bali bull semen for 5-6 h and then cultured for 48 h. The morphological quality of ocytes matured with GSH addition and the vitrification method used was evaluated. Parameters assessed included maturation rate, fertilization rate, embryo development, post-vitrification oocyte morphology, and quality of post-vitrification oocytes with GSH added to the adaptation medium.

Results:

The addition of GSH to the maturation medium significantly improved oocyte quality and embryo development (P<0.05). Specifically, adding 1.5 mM GSH increased the percentage of oocytes reaching metaphase II from 57.6% without GSH oocytes to 79.0% with 1.5 mM GSH, two-pronuclei fertilization from 47.0% to 72.7%, embryo development from 37.1% to 57.2%, morula formation from 14.6% to 33.7%, and blastocyst formation from 8.1% to 23.8%. Additionally, the survival rate of oocytes post-vitrification increased to 75% with GSH supplementation.

Conclusions:

The addition of 0.5-1.5 mM of GSH to the maturation and adaptation media significantly enhanced the metaphase II stage, fertilization rates, cleavage rates, and the survival of oocytes after vitrification. Among the concentrations of 1.5 mM was the most effective in increasing oocyte development and maintaining oocytes viability post-vitrification.
Connecting the Dots: NLRP3 Inflammasome as a Key Mediator in the Intersection of Depression and Cardiovascular Disease – A Narrative Review
Authors: Jahromi Ghazaleh Ghaffaripour , Rezaei Nima
Published: January 2025

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of mortality worldwide and frequently coexist with depressive disorders. The consequence of their concurrence is the exacerbation of both conditions. Numerous studies seek to understand the pathophysiological connection between this mental disorder and CVDs, and theories such as autonomic dysfunction, endocrine dysregulation, platelet dysfunction, and inflammation have been suggested. However, in this review, we propose that these theories are all related and that etiology of both diseases can be explained by the involvement of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-, leucine-rich repeat-, and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome-mediated inflammation. To elucidate, we investigate the inflammasome contribution to the central nervous system (CNS), the vasculature, the heart, and the autonomic nervous system. We presented evidence of neurotransmitter imbalances, hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis dysregulation, microglial activation, and inflammatory damage to the CNS. We put forward the research on NLRP3 activation showing vascular damage that could alter the brain blood barrier, cause endothelial dysfunction, alter lipid metabolism, hypertension, atherosclerosis, aneurisms, and hypercoagulable states. Similarly, we explore its involvement in the development of heart failure, cardiac remodeling, myocardial infarction, cardiac arrythmias, and hyperactive tuning of the sympathetic response.
Cardiovascular Benefits of Dance as a Unique Form of Exercise: A Literature Review
Authors: Tatavarthy Manvita , Oktay Ahmet Afşin
Published: January 2025

Physical activity has well-known benefits in improving multiple risk factors that lead to cardiovascular disease. Dance is a unique form of exercise that is often accessible and modifiable according to the individual’s cultural background and physical abilities. It can increase physical activity levels by creating social engagement. Limited data from intervention studies with small sample sizes and short duration or follow-up suggested that routine participation in dance can improve agility and balance, leading to decreased rates of immobility and depression, which may act as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. It may also assist with blood pressure control in patients with hypertension. Moreover, dance training may improve cardiorespiratory symptoms in individuals with or without heart failure. Studies also suggested that culturally sensitive dance programs may enhance participation and retention of physical activity in various ethnic groups and women. Future research is needed to understand better the potential long-term cardiovascular benefits of dance training and the feasibility of implementing these programs to improve cardiovascular health in special populations.
Association of diabetes mellitus with long-term prognosis after ablation therapy for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: A single-center cohort study
Authors: Wang Neng , Shen Qiang , Zhou Ping-Sheng , Wang Ming-Da , Zhang Jing-Lei , Sheng Yue-Hong , Qian Guo-Jun
Published: January 2025

Background:

This study investigated the clinical efficacy and prognostic factors of ablative treatment in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients with and without diabetes mellitus (DM).

Methods:

Retrospective data were collected from HCC patients who underwent ablation between January 2016 and December 2019. The baseline clinicopathological characteristics and long-term outcomes, such as overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS), were compared between those with and without DM. Predictive factors associated with survival and recurrence were identified through univariable and multivariable Cox regression analyses.

Results:

Of the 3528 patients enrolled in the study, 588 (16.7%) had concurrent DM. The 1-, 3-, and 5-year RFS rates in patients with DM (73.8%, 33.7%, and 5.8%, respectively) were significantly (P < 0.001) lower than those in the non-DM patients (70.4%, 37.6%, and 18.6%, respectively). Likewise, significant differences (P < 0.001) in the 1-, 3-, and 5-year OS rates were observed between the DM (99.9%, 78.1%, and 29.1%, respectively) and non-DM (99.9%, 85.9%, and 54.3%, respectively) patients. Multivariable Cox regression analysis identified DM as an independent risk factor for OS [hazard ratio (HR), 1.982; P < 0.001] and RFS (HR, 1.175; P = 0.002).

Conclusion:

Patients with DM exhibited a poorer oncological prognosis than those without DM following ablation for HCC. DM was identified as an independent factor influencing the prognosis of HCC patients after curative ablation. Thus, active therapies targeting DM might enhance oncological outcomes and facilitate individualized treatment decisions.
Elevated CA19-9 within the normal range suggests poorer prognosis in stage II CRC: A retrospective analysis of a large sample in a single center
Authors: Zhang Ruoxin , Chen Fan , Weng Junyong , Ye Zilan , Li Xinxiang
Published: January 2025

Objective:

Carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) serve as pivotal tumor markers in colorectal cancer (CRC). However, uncertainty persists regarding the prognostic significance of the two tumor markers when falling within the normal range. We attempt to compare the prognostic differences of tumor markers at different levels within the reference range.

Methods:

This retrospective study scrutinized 2,167 cases of stage II CRC verified by pathology after surgery at the Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center. Using R software to calculate the optimal critical value to compare the clinical and pathological characteristics and prognosis of different levels of tumor markers. The survival and regression modeling strategies packages of R software drew the nomograms.

Results:

Utilizing R software, the optimal critical value of CA19-9 was determined as 12.12 U/mL and that of CEA as 1.89 U/mL. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis unveiled that, within the normal range, higher levels of CEA were linked to poorer overall survival (OS) [HR = 1.829 (1.280, 2.989), P = 0.0033] and disease-free survival (DFS) [HR = 1.472 (1.114, 1.944), P = 0.0444]. Similarly, heightened levels of CA19-9 also indicated inferior OS [HR = 1.750 (1.203, 2.455), P = 0.0076] and DFS [HR = 1.361 (1.098, 1.686), P = 0.0049]. Furthermore, multivariate analysis identified CA19-9 as an independent risk factor for OS (HR = 1.49,95% CI: 1.086–2.045, P = 0.014) and DFS (HR = 1.327,95% CI: 1.070–1.647, P = 0.01), while the impact of CEA on OS and DFS was not statistically significant. A nomogram constructed based on the Cox regression model can effectively evaluate the prognosis of CRC patients.

Conclusion:

Although within the normal range, elevated CA19-9 was associated with an inferior prognosis, chemotherapy decisions of different intensities can be adjusted based on nomograms. This work will contribute to standardizing the diagnosis and treatment of stage II CRC and provide clinicians with essential insights for chemotherapy decisions.
The role of fecal microbiota transplantation in the treatment of acute graft-versus-host disease
Authors: Guo Zhi , He Mingxin , Shao Liang , Li Yue , Xiang Xiaochen , Wang Qiang
Published: January 2025

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is one of the most important methods for treating a wide range of hematologic malignancies and bone marrow failure diseases. However, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), a major complication associated with this method, can seriously affect the survival and quality of life of patients. Acute GVHD (aGVHD) occurs within 100 days after transplantation, and gastrointestinal aGVHD (GI-aGVHD) is one of the leading causes of nonrecurrent death after allo-HSCT. In recent years, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has been attempted as an emerging treatment method for various diseases, including aGVHD after HSCT. Studies have shown encouraging preliminary clinical results after the application of FMT in aGVHD, particularly steroid-resistant aGVHD. Additionally, several studies have demonstrated that the gut microbiota plays an important immunomodulatory role in the pathogenesis of GVHD. Consensus guidelines recommend FMT as a secondary option for the treatment of aGVHD. This article aims to review FMT treatment for GI-aGVHD after allo-HSCT.
Clinical features and prognosis analysis of stage III/IV patients with lung cancer after treatment with toripalimab: A real-world retrospective
Authors: Wang Chenlin , Liang Ning , Qiao Lili , Wu Ya’nan , Zhang Jiandong , Zhang Yan
Published: January 2025

Aim:

Toripalimab is the first antitumor programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) antibody approved in China. For better patient management, it is important to understand the real-world outcomes of toripalimab in treating patients with lung cancer in the real world outside of clinical trials to improve patient care.

Methods:

We retrospectively examined the clinical data of 80 patients with lung cancer who received the PD-1 inhibitor (toripalimab). The Chi-square test was performed to identify clinical factors associated with the advancement of the disease. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was used to screen prognostic variables linked to real-world progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). OS and PFS were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method, and the comparisons were determined using the log-rank test, and continuous and categorical variables were explained using median and percentage, respectively.

Result:

The median OS of the estimated 80 patients was 15.85 months (95% confidence interval [CI]: 14.103–17.949 months), and the estimated PFS was 5.650 months (95% CI: 7.226–11.264 months). The longer OS and PFS correlate with the patient’s staging and number of treatment lines. The PD-1 drug gave stage III patients a significantly longer PFS and OS compared to stage IV patients (PFS: 14.65 vs. 6.68, P = 0.004; OS: 21.1 vs. 13.7, P = 0.003). First- or second-line immunotherapy patients have significantly longer PFS and OS than third- or fourth-line (PFS: 6.4 vs. 3.6, P = 0.009; OS: 20.0 vs. 10.5, P = 0.003). In patients with stage IV (n = 60) with extensive metastasis, the site of metastasis is mostly 1–3 sites after receiving toripalimab. The duration of PD-1 inhibitor OS in progressive patients (n = 56) was significantly prolonged (P = 0.038).

Conclusion:

For patients with lung cancer, toripalimab can considerably extend PFS and OS in the first or second line and in stage III. PD-1 inhibitors are administered to patients with stage IV extensively metastatic lung cancer, which indicates an oligometastatic progression pattern, primarily in 1–3 locations, who are treated with PD-1 inhibitors. Continuing toripalimab beyond disease progression significantly prolonged OS.
Apatinib and trastuzumab-based chemotherapy for heavily treated primary trastuzumab-resistant metastatic breast cancer
Authors: Chen Xuelian , Huang Jiayi , Xie Xiaofeng , Chen Liping , Lan Xiaofeng , Song Lin , Bai Xue , Du Caiwen
Published: January 2025

Background:

The low incidence and poor prognosis primary trastuzumab resistance (PTR) in HER2-positive breast cancer has limited research into possible treatments. Thus, it remains unclear whether this group of patients could benefit from nontargeting HER2 antiangiogenic therapy.

Patients and Methods:

We collected the medical data for HER2-positive patients with PTR who received apatinib 250 mg and trastuzumab-based chemotherapy (ATBC) between March 18, 2017, and March 31, 2022. All patients had progressed on ≥2 anti-HER2 treatments, including trastuzumab and small molecular tyrosine kinase inhibitors. We evaluated tumor response and safety profiles to ATBC over a median follow-up time of 34.5 months.

Results:

A total of 198 consecutively HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer patients were reviewed; 20 were PTR and received ATBC. The clinical benefit rate of the total cohort was 55.0%. No patient showed a complete response. The median PFS and overall survival (OS) of the entire cohort was 5.7 months (95% CI 2.9–8.5) and 24.6 months (95% CI 6.9–42.4), respectively. The estimated 2-year survival rate was 46.7% (95% CI 38.4–81.6%). The most common nonhematologic adverse events were hypertension (70.0%), hand-foot skin reaction (55.0%), proteinuria (40.0%), and cardiovascular decrease of LVEF (20.0%). No new toxicities were observed.

Conclusion:

ATBC had favorable effects for PTR breast cancer patients in later line treatment. The toxicity of the triple-combination regimen was tolerable; thus, further research should focus on identifying PTR patients who could benefit from ATBC.
Body Mass Index’s Role in Determining Maximum Mouth Opening Using the Three-Finger Index in People of Aligarh city, Uttar Pradesh
Authors: Verma Pradhuman , Verma Kanika Gupta , Das Abhinaba , Najmuddin Mohammed , Khan Naseebia , Ahmed Muzammil Moin
Published: January 2025

Background:

Mouth opening is significant for diagnosing many clinical conditions. Therefore, it becomes essential to establish normal maximum mouth opening (MMO).

Aim:

To study role of BMI while evaluating MMO using three-finger index.

Materials and Method:

A total of 500 subjects between 20 and 60 years were considered. Thorough clinical examination was done. Subjects satisfying inclusion criteria, height (H) and weight (W) were recorded, and BMI was calculated as W/H2. Group I included under-weight (18.5 and less) subjects, Group II: normal (18.5 to 24.9), Group III: over-weight (25–29.9), and Group IV: subjects with obesity (≥30), based on BMI. Inter-incisal MMO and combined three-finger (index, middle and ring finger) width of both hands were also measured for each subject. To avoid bias, measurements were taken twice by same observer and mean was considered.

Result:

Maximum subjects were found in Group II and minimum in Group I. MMO was noted highest in Group III with significantly higher values in males. Both hand fingers’ width was noted maximum in Group IV again with significantly higher values among males. Statistically significant correlation (P < 0.05) was found between three-finger width and MMO in all groups.

Conclusion:

BMI while measuring three-finger width of hands was found to be significantly correlated with MMO in Aligarh population and may be a significant indicator of MMO.
Brief Pain Inventory and McGill Pain Questionnaire in Assessing the Patients with Temporomandibular Joint Disorders – A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Selvam Keerthana , Kumar J Anand , Lakshmi Suman J. , Balasubramanian Senthil Kumar
Published: January 2025

Background:

The temporomandibular joint, where the mandible articulates with the skull, is renowned for its complexity. Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) are the second most prevalent musculoskeletal affliction, causing pain and disability, underscoring their impact on well-being.

Objective:

To assess the efficacy of the Brief Pain Inventory and McGill Pain Questionnaire in TMD pain evaluation.

Material and Methods:

This study included 100 patients diagnosed with TMD who were asked to complete two questionnaires: the Brief Pain Inventory and the McGill Pain Questionnaire; the responses provided by the patients were collected and subjected to statistical analysis.

Results:

Among a cohort of 100 patients, the mean values for the duration and intensity of pain associated with TMD using Brief Pain Inventory manifested statistical significance, underscored by a P value of 0.001. The mean values of the Pain Rating Index and Present Pain Intensity, as determined through the McGill Pain Questionnaire across the study population, exhibited statistical significance, registering a P value of 0.001.

Conclusion:

The Brief Pain Inventory is most useful when compared with the McGill pain questionnaire in assessing the pain in patients with TMD.
A Rare Case Report of Multisystem Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis in a Young Adult
Authors: Malhotra Kajal , Vohra Puneeta , Arya Varun , Yadav Anuradha
Published: January 2025

This is a rare case report of a young adult with oral manifestations of Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH). The initial symptom was localized severe bone loss in the mandible. Subsequently, thorough investigations led to a definitive diagnosis of multisystem LCH, a very rare histiocytic neoplasia. The relevance of more recent imaging modalities in the timely diagnosis and treatment of these uncommon lesions is also highlighted in our case study.
Morphometry of the Bicipital Groove Revisited: A Radiographic Study
Authors: Alslehat Ruba Ahmad , Alshatarat Amjad T. , Samara Osama A. , Badran Darwish H.
Published: January 2025

Background:

With increased prevalence of proximal humeral fractures, providing a precise assessment of different measurements for the bicipital groove and testing the gender differences on the same side bicipital groove in addition between different sides on the same gender become mandatory.

Methodology:

Three hundred and ten shoulder magnetic resonance imaging scans were used in this study, these scans obtained from January 2020 to December 2021. These images include; 155 for males and the same number for females, 190 for the right side in addition 120 for the left side. Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) were used to analyze the data, independent t-test was conducted, P < 0.05 was decided to be statistically significant.

Results:

There was significant difference (P < 0.05) between different genders in terms of depth and width of bicipital groove, distance between greater and lesser tubercles. In addition, significant difference found between different sides in terms of depth of intertubercular groove and the distance between tubercles.

Conclusion:

As a result of variations among different population, obtaining an accurate morphometry of proximal humerus has become important to mimic the anatomy of the proximal humerus. Moreover, the difference between the intertubercular groove among different genders could be helpful in forensic medicine.
Circumcision: A Blessing or a Curse in the Light of Structural and Functional Analysis of Prepuce of Penis
Authors: Bhat Ghulam Mohammad , Farah Syed , Hassan Ashfaq Ul
Published: January 2025

Introduction:

The prepuce is a double layer of skin and fascia covering the glans penis to a variable extent. The neuroanatomical details of the prepuce of the penis are inadequately described in literature and there are ubiquitous but confusing structural and functional details. The aim of the present study was to understand the functional significance of the prepuce of the penis by examining different types of cutaneous receptors, in particular the Meissner’s corpuscle (MC).

Methodology:

This prospective observational study used the skin of 18 boys and men (aged 3–72 years) from prepuce. Based on their age, the participants were split into three groups: <12 years (n = 10), adults between the ages of 12 and 50 years (n = 04), and more than 50 years (n = 04). Stains for cytology, such as hematoxylin-eosin and Von Gieson’s stain, and neuronal tissue stains, such as silver impregnation, were applied to 5 mm thick sections. Sensory receptors like MCs were identified and counted and Meissner’s index (MI) was calculated for the three age groups. MCs were studied for structural details and compared with the MCs of other sites.

Results:

With cytological stains, the preputial skin consisted of usual layers of glabrous skin. With silver impregnation, the nerve plexus in the dermis was observed and some fibers went to innervate the dermal papillae to form globular structures resembling MCs of other sites. The MCs were simple in structure consisting of a core of nerve fibers surrounded by a capsule. The size of the MCs ranged from 2584 mm to 3680 mm. There was no significant difference in the size of the three age groups as revealed by analysis of variance (ANOVA). The MI ranged from 0.34 to 0.44 and ANOVA did not show any significant difference between the three age groups. Other sensory receptors such as Pacinian, genital corpuscles of Krause, and Ruffini corpuscles were scarce or absent in prepuce.

Conclusion:

Functionally, the prepuce may not be considered an important structure as it lacks most of the sensory receptors present in other parts of sensitive skin of the body. MCs are scanty in number and simple in structure. The prepuce has some protective role in maintaining moisture, preventing infections, and providing a barrier against irritants. However, the impact of circumcision on penile sensitivity and sexual arousal is likely minor.
Study of Normal and Variant Anatomy of Superior Cerebellar Arteries on Cadaver Brains and Angiograms with Clinical Significance
Authors: Nadeem Mohammed Faizan , Nanjundaiah Komala , Furtado Sunil V.
Published: January 2025

Background:

The superior cerebellar arteries (SCAs) supply blood to the cerebellum, and their anatomical variations can contribute to conditions such as trigeminal neuralgia and vascular malformations. They also significantly impact surgical approaches. The aim of the study was to investigate the normal and variant anatomy of SCAs in cadaver specimens and radiographic images.

Methodology:

This study included 44 formalin-preserved brain specimens. The origins of the SCAs were classified, and their outer diameters and lengths of proximal segments were measured using Vernier calipers. A total of 91 angiograms from the neurosurgery department were analyzed. A one-way ANOVA test was done to analyze the results.

Results:

Of the 44 specimens, 59.1% (26) of the SCAs originated from the basilar artery, 25% (11) from a common trunk, and 15.9% (7) from the posterior cerebral artery (PCA). Variations included duplication (15.9%), triplication (2.3%), and quadruplication (2.3%). The length of the proximal segment was insignificant regarding the origin, while a significant reduction in outer diameter was observed when the artery originated from the PCA. Among the 91 angiograms studied, 9 displayed pathologic findings, including 6 aneurysms.

Conclusions:

Understanding the morphometry and variations of SCAs is vital for radiologists, enhancing the diagnosis of neuroendovascular pathologies such as aneurysms and hemorrhages.
A function field analog of Jacobi’s theorem on sums of squares and its moments
Authors: Kuo Wentang , Liu Yu-Ru , Totani Yash
Published: January 2025

In this article, we establish a function field analog of Jacobi’s theorem on sums of squares and analyze its moments. Our approach involves employing two distinct techniques to derive the main results concerning asymptotic formulas for the moments. The first technique utilizes Dirichlet series framework to derive asymptotic formulas in the limit of large finite fields, specifically when the characteristic of

$\mathbb {F}_q[T]$

becomes large. The second technique involves effectively partitioning the set of polynomials of a fixed degree, providing asymptotic formulas in the limit of large polynomial degree.
Rarity of pseudo-null Iwasawa modules for p-adic Lie extensions
Authors: Kataoka Takenori
Published: January 2025

In this article, we obtain a necessary and sufficient condition for the pseudo-nullity of the p-ramified Iwasawa module for p-adic Lie extensions of totally real fields. It is applied to answer the corresponding question for the minus component of the unramified Iwasawa module for CM-fields. The results show that the pseudo-nullity is very rare.
Evaluating the anticonvulsant potential of kaurenoic acid isolated from Annona senegalensis leaves in pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures: behavioral, cognitive, and cellular insights in Wistar rats
Authors: Dare S.S. , Folarin R.O. , Fakunle P.B. , Odubela O.O. , Oluwatunase G.O. , Ekanem P.E. , Shallie P.D.
Published: January 2025

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Understanding seizure behavior is crucial for accurate diagnosis, effective treatment, and improved patient quality of life. While many antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can suppress seizures, they often do not address the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. They may adversely affect memory, mood, and cognition, as seen with phenobarbital (PB). This study aimed to characterize pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizures, assess locomotor and exploratory behavior, evaluate hippocampal neuronal impact, and compare the therapeutic effects of kaurenoic acid (KNA) to phenobarbital.
METHODOLOGY: Thirty adults male Wistar rats (150–250 g) were assigned to five groups (n = 6): Group 1 (vehicle control, water, 1 ml/kg, body weight), Group 2 (PTZ 40 mg/kg, body weight), Group 3 (PTZ 40 mg/kg, body weight + KNA 400 mg/kg, body weight), Group 4 (PTZ 40 mg/kg, body weight + KNA 800 mg/kg, body weight), and Group 5 (PTZ 40 mg/kg, body weight + PB 10 mg/kg, body weight). Rats' behavior was assessed and were anesthetized with Halothane, the whole brain was extracted and fixed with 10% formalin for histological analysis.
RESULTS:The results demonstrated a significant delay in the onset of the first neck muscle jerk (F = 19.29, p < 0.0001) and clonic-tonic seizures (p < 0.0001 and p < 0.01) in KNA- and PB-treated groups compared to PTZ-only controls. Both KNA and PB improved anxiety-related behavior, locomotor activity, and hippocampal cellular condition, although these improvements were not statistically significant (p > 0.05).
CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that KNA, like PB, can mitigate PTZ-induced behavioral and cellular disruptions, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic agent for seizure management.
Chronic sleep deprivation induces spatial memory impairment, chromatolysis, and histoarchitectural changes in the CA3 region of the hippocampus
Authors: Ochai J. , Umana U.E. , Musa S.A. , Oladele S.B.
Published: January 2025

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Sleep is a vital bodily function involving the activity of brain networks. Disruption in sleep patterns can lead to problems with memory and even changes in brain structure. Hence, this study aimed to assess the effects of chronic sleep deprivation on spatial memory and histopathological changes in the CA3 region of the hippocampus of adult male Wistar rats.
METHODOLOGY: 12 male rats were divided into two groups of six rats each. Group (I) received 2ml/kg of distilled water, while Group II were sleep-deprived for 18 hours daily for 21 consecutive days using the modified multiple platform method. The Morris water maze test was conducted to assess spatial learning and memory. At the end of the experiment, the rats were euthanized using 75mg/kg of ketamine hydrochloride intraperitoneally, and the brain tissues were harvested.  Hippocampal tissue homogenate of some rats were used to assess glutamate levels, whereas, the whole brains of the remaining rats were fixed, and processed using Haematoxylin & Eosin, and Cresyl Fast Violet stains to demonstrate the general histoarchitecture and Nissl substance expression in the hippocampal CA3 regions respectively. Cavalieri’s principle was employed for estimation of the number of pyramidal cells in the CA3 region of the hippocampus of Wistar rats.
RESULTS: There was a significant increase (p<0.001) in the time spent locating the escape platform in the sleep-deprived group compared to the control group in the MWM test. No significant difference (p>0.05) was observed in hippocampal glutamate activity levels when the sleep deprived group was compared with the control group. Histological findings revealed degenerative changes such as cytoplasmic vacuolation, karyorrhexis and pyknosis in the pyramidal cells of the CA3 region of the hippocampus of Wistar rats. Additionally, the number of pyramidal cells in the CA3 region was significantly decreased (p>0.05) in the sleep-deprived group compared to the control. Furthermore, the Nissl substance in the hippocampal sections of the sleep-deprived group exhibited a significant (p>0.05) decrease in staining intensity compared to the control group, suggesting disruptions in neuronal function and protein synthesis.
CONCLUSION: The findings of this study revealed spatial memory impairment, histological alterations, reduced pyramidal cell count, and protein depletion in the CA3 region of the sleep-deprived rats.
Photogrammetric Evaluation of Some Normative Facial Indices of Young Adults of Igbo Ethnic Group, Nigeria
Authors: Nwofor P.N. , Fawehinmi H.B. , Okoh P.D. , Oghenemavwe L.E. , David L.K. , Amadi M.A. , Oparaocha C.A. , Ebieto C.E.
Published: January 2025

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Evaluation of facial indices (nasal, canthal, and facial index) has always been of great interest because of its use in forensic science, plastic surgery, orofacial surgery, and population studies. The study aims to evaluate the normative facial indices of young adults of the Igbo ethnic group of Nigeria.
METHOD: The study adopted a descriptive cross-sectional study design where 300 respondents participated in the study (150 males and 150 females) between the ages of 18 - 37 years with BMI of 18 – 29 were randomly selected. Subjects whose BMI fell within the category of slightly underweight (≤18.4) and slightly overweight (>24.9) according to conventional BMI classification, looked seemingly healthy and were included in the study. Minimum sample size was determined using the Cochran’s formula. Linear facial parameters and facial indices were calculated using the standard formula, and data obtained were analyzed using IBM SPSS version 23. Continuous variables were presented as mean±SD. Age was grouped into 18-21, 22-25, 26-29, 30-33 and 34-37. Data was presented as mean ± standard deviation. Independent T-test was used to test for significance in the variables between genders, one way ANOVA was used to test for significance in age and variables. A probability less than 0.05 (P<0.05) was considered statistically significant.   
RESULTS: Facial indices (canthal, nasal and facial index) were 37.67±5.14, 78.85±15.08 and 54.65±5.01 respectively among the males while among the females; 0.23±7.47, 61.26±12.44 and 46.22±14.04 respectively. The study parameters were found to be higher in males (p<0.05).  The study analyzed respondents aged 18-21, 22-25, 26-29, 30-33 and 34-37 and found no significant association between canthal, nasal, and facial index and age. The Canthal index was higher in 22-25 years. nasal index values were higher in 34-37 years and facial index in ages 26-29 years.
CONCLUSION: Facial indices show significant sex differences and would serve as a reference to clinical anatomists and forensic anthropologists.
Percutaneous clavicular length among Nigerian students of Delta State University: Clinical and forensic implications
Authors: Ominde B.S. , Enaohwo M.T. , Omohwo O.G. , Jeremiah O. , Omoro O.F. , Igbigbi P.S.
Published: January 2025

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Evaluating the clavicle’s length in forensic investigations can aid in sex determination and estimation of stature. It is also useful in ensuring successful surgical reduction of clavicular fractures. This study’s goal was to determine the percutaneous length of the clavicle and elucidate their clinical and forensic applications.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four hundred students from a university in Delta State Nigeria were recruited after seeking ethical approval. We sought informed consent from the participants before the measurements of percutaneous clavicular length and height were taken. Using the statistical package for social sciences, the comparison of mean variables based on side, sex and age-groups was done. We employed linear regression analysis to derive equations that incorporated the percutaneous clavicular lengths to aid in estimating stature.
RESULTS: Males had longer clavicles than females (P<0.05). The clavicles demonstrated positive correlation with stature (P<0.05). The left percutaneous clavicular length was a better predictor of height than the right (P<0.05).
CONCLUSION: The study provides clavicular length data useful to orthopaedic surgeons and forensic experts in Delta State, Nigeria.
Protective effects of Moringa oleifera oil on permethrin-induced toxicity in the prefrontal cortex of young male Wistar rats
Authors: Lewu F.S. , Omotoso A.B. , Sylvester J.O. , Odey N.R. , Alabelewe M.T. , Kolo R.M. , Ayodeji A.O. , Omoboye L.T. , Mutholib N.Y. , Gbadamosi I.T. , Omotoso G.O.
Published: January 2025

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Permethrin is a type I pyrethroid commonly used as an insecticide in pest control. Although it is intended for use in agricultural and textile settings, including residential areas, its extensive use poses a probable risk of human exposure. This study was conducted to determine the changes in the prefrontal cortex following permethrin exposure and the possible protective effects of Moringa oleifera oil.
METHODOLOGY: Sixteen young male Wistar rats were randomly selected and divided into four (4) groups (n=4). Group A (Control group) received a normal rat diet, while Group B received a permethrin diet (0.6% Permethrin) at the dose of 1000 mg/kg. Group C received a normal diet and was administered 0.5 ml/kg of Moringa oleifera oil, while Group D received both the permethrin diet and Moringa oleifera oil simultaneously. Animals underwent behavioural analysis on the final day of treatment. The rats were then anesthetized and sacrificed, followed by transcardial perfusion with normal saline and 4% paraformaldehyde. The prefrontal cortex was excised from the brain and processed for tissue histochemistry and biochemical analysis.
RESULTS: Results revealed reduced locomotory and exploratory activities and increase anxiety level in rats, as well as cytoarchitectural distortion, cell vacuolation, and redox imbalance in the prefrontal cortex. Administration of Moringa oleifera oil led to significant improvement in neurobehavioral deficits, a comparatively normal cytoarchitectural profile, and oxidative status caused by permethrin in prefrontal cortex of male rats.
CONCLUSION: Findings in this study indicated that Moringa oleifera could ameliorate the damage caused by permethrin in prefrontal cortex of male Wistar rats.
Anthropometric evaluation and significance of waist circumference, hip circumference and waist-hip ratio among 16-25 years old females in Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
Authors: Nnamani W.C. , Omotoso D.R.
Published: January 2025

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Anthropometry of the waist and hip, which are among the most clinically relevant include waist circumference used to assess abdominal adiposity and the waist-to-hip ratio used to assess central obesity. These parameters are of importance in the assessment of non-communicable diseases which are currently serious global health burden. The study was aimed at evaluating the waist and hip anthropometry among the female Yorubas between 16-25 years in Ede, Osun State, Nigeria and elucidating their significance.
METHODOLOGY: This cross-sectional study involved 120 undergraduate female students in Ede, Osun State, Nigeria, aged between 16 to 25 years, randomly selected to participate in the study. The waist circumference and the hip circumference were measured using the standard guidelines while the waist-to-hip ratio was calculated by dividing the waist circumference by the hip circumference. The study data was statistically analyzed using the SPSS version 22.
RESULTS: The average age of the subjects was 18.15 ± 1.35 years. The mean WC, HC and WHR for the study population were 78.90 ± 9.35, 98.55 ± 8.75 and 0.79 ± 0.05 respectively. In addition, the WC and HC showed significant increase with increasing age in the study population while the WHR showed no significant difference. The findings of this study further revealed similarity or variation when compared to other proximate and distant population.
CONCLUSION: The findings of this study provided the reference values of the study parameters among the study population which offer immense significance during various diagnostic and clinical procedures.
Modulatory role of cannabidiol and sleep recovery on hepato-renal functions and histological alterations triggered by sleep deprivation in adult male Wistar rats
Authors: Ema E. , Usman U.Z. , Abdulquadri A.O. , Ekpo U.U. , Oderinde G.P. , Usman A. , Umana U.E.
Published: January 2025

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Sleep deprivation is a significant health concern, affecting various physiological systems, including hepatic and renal functions. Cannabidiol, a compound found in cannabis plants, has gained attention for its therapeutic potential through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. This study aimed to investigate the effect of cannabidiol and recovery sleep on hepatorenal functions and histological changes in the kidneys and liver of adult male Wistar rats.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty adult male Wistar rats were divided into five groups (n=6) and were given the following treatments for 21 days: the control group (1ml/kg body weight distilled water), group II [1ml/kg body weight distilled water + 18 hours of sleep deprivation (SD)], group III [10mg/kg body weight of cannabidiol (CBD) + 18 hours SD], group IV [20mg/kg body weight of CBD + 18 hours SD] and group V [1ml/kg body weight distilled water +  18 hours SD + 7 days sleep recovery (SR)]. The modified multiple-platform method was used to induce rapid eye movement sleep deprivation. On completion, the animals were euthanized, and the blood samples were collected via cardiac puncture for biochemical analysis (Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) & Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)], kidney electrolyte, urea and creatinine, serum proteins and oxidative stress biomarker [malondialdehyde (MDA)]. The kidney and liver were harvested, processed, and stained with haematoxylin & eosin for general histoarchitecture.
RESULTS: Results from this study showed no notable differences in CBD and SR groups in the liver enzyme concentrations of AST, ALT and ALP], kidney electrolytes and proteins [potassium ions (K+), urea and creatinine] and oxidative stress biomarker (MDA), but there was a remarkable ameliorative effect in the histology of the kidneys and liver of CBD-treated and SR groups compared to the SD-alone group.
CONCLUSION: Findings from this study showed that seven days of sleep recovery and treatment with CBD alleviated the detrimental effects of chronic sleep deprivation on the kidneys and liver of the Wistar rats.
Ameliorative effect of Vernonia amygdalina on lead-induced neurotoxicity on the premotor cortex of adult Wistar rats
Authors: Muhammed A.G. , Bauchi Z.M. , Tanko M. , Omoniyi A.A. , Muhammed M.S. , Shuaib M.Y. , Lawal M.O.
Published: January 2025

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Lead toxicity affects different body systems including the nervous system, resulting in brain damage, neuromuscular weakness, and impaired cognitive functions. This study evaluated the ameliorative effect of aqueous leaf extract of Vernonia amygdalina (AEVA) on lead acetate-induced neurotoxicity of the premotor cortex of adult Wistar rats.
METHODOLOGY: Thirty adult male Wistar rats were divided into six groups of five each. The rats were accessed for neurobehavioral studies using a foregrip strength test apparatus. Group I received 1ml/kg body weight of distilled water. Group II received only 120 mg/kg body weight of lead acetate. Group III received 120 mg/kg body weight of lead acetate for 1 week and 2 weeks of natural recovery. Group IV received 120mg/kg body weight of lead acetate and 10mg/kg body weight of Succimer. Group V and VI received 120mg/kg body weighr of lead acetate with 1000mg/kg, and 1500mg/kg body weight of AEVA respectively. Administration lasted for 21 days. At the end of the experimentation, the rats were euthanized and brains harvested for oxidative stress, and histological (H&E) assessments.
RESULTS: A decrease in muscular strength of Wistar rats treated with lead acetate was observed, however,  improvement was seen in all the treatment groups, although, it was statistically significant  Oxidative stress was induced in rats exposed to lead acetate as indicated by decreased superoxide dismutase, and catalase respectively. However, 1500mg/kg AEVA treatment ameliorated these changes with a significant increase.  The results revealed histopathological changes such as karyorrhexis, cytoplasmic vacuolations, pyknosis and karyolysis in the premotor cortices of lead acetate-exposed rats which were ameliorated when treated with AEVA at 1000 and 1500 mg/kg body weight.
CONCLUSION: This study therefore concludes that aqueous leaf extract of Vernonia amygdalina ameliorated lead-induced neurotoxicity of the premotor cortex of adult Wistar rats, and may be beneficial to people living in lead endemic areas.
Sub-acute toxic effects of methanol root extract of Carpolobia alba G. Don on testes of adult Wistar rats
Authors: Oluwatunase G.O. , Otulana O.J. , Odubela O.O. , Fakunle B.P. , Folarin R.O. , Enemali F.U. , Asafa O. , Adebisi K. , Ogunmiluyi O.E. , Jesuye J. , Bukola A. , Badmus B. , Dare S.S.
Published: January 2025

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Over 80% of the populations in some Asian and African countries depend on traditional medicine for primary health care. For centuries men and women have attempted to enhance their sexual performances by using substances derived from plant-based natural sources known as aphrodisiacs. Carpolobia alba G. Don is a popular natural recreational aphrodisiac plants commonly used in Nigeria. In this study, we assessed the effects of sub-acute administration of methanol root extract of Carpolobia alba on the testes of adult Wistar rats.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty adult male rats (weighing 200g-250g) were randomized into four groups consisting of five animals each. Each group was treated daily with distilled water, 100, 200 and 400mg/kg body weight respectively of methanol root extract Carpolobia alba G. Don for 30 days. The animals were sacrificed via cervical dislocation. Histological examination (Hematoxylin and Eosin stain), hormonal profile [Testosterone (T), Leutinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)], Oxidative stress biomarkers (MDA, SOD, CAT) and sperm analysis were done.
RESULTS: Daily administration of the extract resulted in marked degeneration and shrunken seminiferous tubules, degeneration and vacuolization of germinal epithelium, reduction in spermatogenic cells population, absence of late stage germ cells and significant reduction (<0.05) in T, LH, FSH, sperm parameters(sperm count, motility and morphology) and induction of oxidative stress in a dose-dependent manner
CONCLUSION: This result indicate anti-fertility potential of sub-acute consumption of methanol root extract of Carpolobia alba G.Don in male Wistar rats.
Framing Indian federalism
Authors: Khosla Madhav
Published: January 2025

This article focuses on a set of historical and contemporary developments in Indian constitutionalism that implicate the question of democracy and the question of federalism. Its goal is to connect the design and application of federal powers with what many regard as an important telos of federalism, namely, the promotion of democracy. Towards this end, it holds up for consideration India’s federal model, which, it is suggested, focuses on the presence of a subnational demos rather than the political identity of subnational units. Such an understanding of federalism de-emphasizes the territorial aspect of federalism and allows federal design to accommodate different kinds of cultural and ethnic realities. This vision proceeds on the premise that the more layered the constitution of a demos, the more democratic the overall arrangement can be. Importantly, such a framework allows us to appreciate when central interventions in subnational authority might and might not be justified. The exercise of central power can occur in both pro-democracy and anti-­democracy ways, as well as in pro-federal and anti-federal ways. And these sets of possibilities are related in important respects.