bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RESPIRATION OF THE TISSUES OF SOME INVERTEBRATES AND ITS INHIBITION BY CYANIDE
Authors: Robbie W. A.
Published: May 2004

A study of the metabolism of Bermuda marine invertebrates at 25°C. shows that the respiratory rates of many of the tissues approximate those of vertebrate tissues at the same temperature. There is no apparent correlation between respiratory rate and phylogenetic development: tissues from some of the simpler forms use as much oxygen per unit weight as those from certain of the more highly developed animals.

Cyanide inhibition experiments reveal a great variation in the amount of oxygen consumption which is dependent upon sensitive heavy metal systems. Three types of tissues, the jellyfish Cassiopea frondosa, the branchial tree of the sea cucumber, Stichopus möbii, and two kinds of tunicates, were completely unaffected by even 10–2M HCN. Other tissues such as sea urchin sperm, squid gills, and lobster nerve and muscle were almost completely inhibited by much lower concentrations. Most of the materials retained 20 to 40 per cent of the normal respiratory rate in 10–2M HCN. The possibility that vanadium may play a part in the oxidation-reduction systems of the completely resistant animals is discussed.

There is a thousandfold variation in the concentration of cyanide required to produce 50 per cent inhibition of respiration in the different tissues. Sea urchin sperm is 50 per cent inhibited by 10–6M HCN: the sea fan requires 10–3M for the same effect. Other tissues lie at intermediate points.

When the logarithm of the ratio of the inhibited to the uninhibited respiration is plotted against the concentration of cyanide the resulting line has a slope which in most cases approximates 1. This indicates that one mole of enzyme ordinarily combines with one mole of inhibitor.

Eggs of the sea urchin, Tripneustes esculentus, show a three- to fivefold increase in the rate of oxygen uptake on fertilization. The respiration of both the fertilized and unfertilized eggs is almost entirely inhibited by 10–4M HCN. Cell division in the fertilized eggs is blocked by somewhat less than 10–5M cyanide, a concentration which reduces respiration to 40 per cent of the normal level.
CRYSTALLINE PNEUMOCOCCUS ANTIBODY
Authors: Northrop John H. , Goebel Walther F.
Published: May 2004

1. The immune precipitate formed by antipneumococcus horse serum and the specific polysaccharide is not hydrolyzed by trypsin as is the diphtheria toxin-antitoxin complex, and purified pneumococcus antibody cannot be isolated by the method used for the isolation and crystallization of diphtheria antitoxin.

2. Type I pneumococcus antibody, completely precipitable by Type I polysaccharide, may be obtained from immune horse serum globulin by precipitation of the inert proteins with acid potassium phthalate.

3. The antibody obtained in this way may be fractionated by precipitation with ammonium sulfate into three main parts. One is insoluble in neutral salts but soluble from pH 4.5 to 3.0 and from pH 9.5 to 10.5. This is the largest fraction. A second fraction is soluble in 0.05 to 0.2 saturated ammonium sulfate and the third fraction is soluble in 0.2 saturated ammonium sulfate and precipitated by 0.35 saturated ammonium sulfate. The second fraction can be further separated by precipitation with 0.17 saturated ammonium sulfate to yield a small amount of protein which is soluble in 0.17 saturated ammonium sulfate but insoluble in 0.25 saturated ammonium sulfate. This fraction crystallizes in poorly formed, rounded rosettes.

4. The crystallization does not improve the purity of the antibody and is accompanied by the formation of an insoluble protein as in the case of diphtheria antitoxin.

5. None of the fractions obtained is even approximately homogeneous as determined by solubility measurements.

6. Purified antibody has also been obtained by dissociating the antigen-antibody complex.

7. The protective value of the fractions is quite different; that of the dissociated antibody being the highest and that of the insoluble fraction, the lowest.

8. All the fractions are immunologically specific since they do not precipitate with Type II polysaccharide nor protect against Type II pneumococci.

9. All the fractions give a positive precipitin reaction with antihorse rabbit serum. The dissociated antibody gives the least reaction.

10. Comparison of the various fractions, either by their solubility in salt solution or through immunological reactions, indicates that there are a large number of proteins present in immune horse serum, all of which precipitate with the specific polysaccharide but which have very different protective values, different reactions with antihorse rabbit serum, and different solubility in salt solutions.
PHAGE FORMATION IN STAPHYLOCOCCUS MUSCAE CULTURES
Authors: Price Winston H.
Published: May 2004

1. The total nucleic acid synthesized by normal and by infected S. muscae suspensions is approximately the same. This is true for either lag phase cells or log phase cells.

2. The amount of nucleic acid synthesized per cell in normal cultures increases during the lag period and remains fairly constant during log growth.

3. The amount of nucleic acid synthesized per cell by infected cells increases during the whole course of the infection.

4. Infected cells synthesize less RNA and more DNA than normal cells. The ratio of RNA/DNA is larger in lag phase cells than in log phase cells.

5. Normal cells release neither ribonucleic acid nor desoxyribonucleic acid into the medium.

6. Infected cells release both ribonucleic acid and desoxyribonucleic acid into the medium. The time and extent of release depend upon the physiological state of the cells.

7. Infected lag phase cells may or may not show an increased RNA content. They release RNA, but not DNA, into the medium well before observable cellular lysis and before any virus is liberated. At virus liberation, the cell RNA content falls to a value below that initially present, while DNA, which increased during infection falls to approximately the original value.

8. Infected log cells show a continuous loss of cell RNA and a loss of DNA a short time after infection. At the time of virus liberation the cell RNA value is well below that initially present and the cells begin to lyse.
PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES
Authors: Grob David
Published: May 2004

1. Serum proteinase precursor was found in plasma protein fractions I and III of Cohn. Inhibitors of serum proteinase, leucoproteinase, trypsin, and papain were found in fractions IV-1 and IV-4, and to a lesser extent in fractions V and I.

2. Pancreatic, soy bean, lima bean, and egg white inhibitors inhibited trypsin stoichiometrically. Pancreatic inhibitor had comparable inhibitory activity against serum proteinase; soy bean inhibitor had somewhat less, lima bean inhibitor even less, and egg white inhibitor very little. None of these inhibitors appreciably inhibited leucoproteinase or papain.

3. Serum and fractions IV - 1 and IV - 4 had marked inhibitory activity against trypsin and leucoproteinase, and somewhat less against serum proteinase and papain. The inhibitory activity of the plasma proteins against trypsin and leucoproteinase was due almost entirely to fractions IV - 1 and IV - 4; against serum proteinase and papain fraction V was slightly more important. The "reconstituted plasma proteins" accounted for 8 to 25 per cent of the proteinase-inhibitory activity of whole serum or plasma.

4. The proteinase-inhibitory activity of serum, plasma protein fractions, and soy bean inhibitor was heat labile, while that of pancreatic, lima bean, and egg white inhibitors was relatively heat stable.

5. Reducing and oxidizing agents, in very high concentration, inhibited serum proteinase, as well as trypsin and leucoproteinase. These proteinases were not influenced by mercurial sulfhydryl inhibitors, indicating that free sulfhydryl groups do not play an important part in their activity.
THE DYNAMIC NATURE OF THERMOPHILY
Authors: Allen Mary Belle
Published: May 2004

1. Evidence for a close relation between thermophilic and mesophilic bacteria is discussed.

2. It is shown that in the absence of nutrients thermophilic bacteria at 55°C. die as rapidly as mesophilic bacteria, and that enzyme systems of the thermophils are rapidly inactivated at this temperature.

3. It is concluded that the thermophils can live at high temperatures because they can synthesize enzymes and other cellular constituents faster than these are destroyed by heat.

4. In order to account for this great synthetic capacity at high temperatures, and for the high minimum temperatures observed for many thermophils, it is postulated that these organisms have a higher temperature coefficient of enzyme synthesis than mesophils.
METHYL GREEN-PYRONIN
Authors: Kurnick N. B. , Mirsky A. E.
Published: May 2004

Study of the stoichiometry of the DNA-methyl green reaction by dialysis, precipitation of stain-nucleic acid mixtures, and the staining of nuclei of known DNA content, indicate that the compound consists of one dye molecule per 10 P. The significance of this result was discussed in the preceding paper (1). Histone and lanthanum (and probably other multivalent cations (3)) compete with the dye for the nucleic acid molecule, indicating a common site of attachment, presumably the phosphoric acid groups.

With care in the avoidance of procedures which might depolymerize DNA, and the use of a buffer at about pH 4.1, a quantitative histochemical method for DNA by the use of methyl green is possible. Pyronin staining appears to be of qualitative significance only. Slight differences in degree of polymerization, as between the shad and mammalian DNA appear to have no effect on methyl green staining. It may be that a critical level of polymerization for DNA staining exists. This level must exceed 20 nucleotides to account for the 10 P to 1 dye molecule and the effect on the methyl green absorption spectrum; but it may be considerably greater. Beyond this critical level, whatever it may be, further polymerization probably has no influence on staining.
THE LYTIC ACTION OF TYROTHRICIN AND ITS DERIVATIVES ON STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
Authors: Fong J. , Krueger A. P.
Published: May 2004

A tyrothricin concentration of 0.01 mg. per ml. causes rapid lysis of Staphylococcus aureus; this lyric action is not enhanced by phage. A concentration of 0.001 mg. per ml. of tyrothricin is likewise capable of lysing staphylococci, and the addition of phage does not appreciably alter the rate of lysis. A concentration of 0.0001 mg. per ml. of tyrothricin is unable to effect lysis though it enhances the lytic activity of phage. The tyrocidine fraction of tyrothricin appears to be responsible for the latter's lytic action.
TISSUE CULTURE STUDIES
Authors: Signorotti Betty , Hull Wayne , Kirk Paul L.
Published: May 2004

Reproducible conditions have been described for quantitative tissue culturing in which all constituents including the tissue itself are added in known quantities to the culture.

The conditions for transfer, cutting, and manipulation of tissue are also described. The data show that such culturing can be performed without loss or significant alteration of the nitrogen and phosphorus content of the tissue.
TISSUE CULTURE STUDIES
Authors: Hull Wayne , Kirk Paul L.
Published: May 2004

The content of ribo- and desoxyribonucleic acids in chick heart cultures at regular intervals after implanting has been determined both with standard culture medium and with Tyrode's solution alone.

With an inadequate medium, both nucleic acids dropped in a consistent manner but ribonucleic acid was affected to a much greater extent.

When the medium was adequate for growth, both fractions rose smoothly and paralleled each other closely, after an initial drop. The final content of each fraction was markedly higher than the amount present in the original implant.

The fundamental definition of growth and the relationship of these data to it are discussed.
INTERNAL CONVERSION IN THE PHOTOSYNTHETIC MECHANISM OF BLUE-GREEN ALGAE
Authors: Arnold William , Oppenheimer J. R.
Published: May 2004

1. In Chroococcus a quantum of light absorbed by phycocyanin has 90 per cent the chance of doing photosynthesis that a quantum absorbed by chlorophyll has.

2. By a process analogous to internal conversion in radioactivity (but with the linear dimensions and the wave length 104 times larger) there will be transferred from phycocyanin to chlorophyll

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(a number of the order of 100) quanta for every one emitted as fluorescent light by the phycocyanin in the Chroococcus cell.

3. The yield of fluorescent light in Chroococcus is between 1 and 2 per cent.

4. The transfer of energy by internal conversion can account for the photosynthesis by phycocyanin observed by Emerson and Lewis.
THE POLYMERIZATION OF PROTEINS
Authors: Laki Koloman , Bowen William J. , Clark Ariel
Published: May 2004

It was found that actin solutions contain ATP. Experiments in which hexokinase and creatine were added to actin show that the ensuing dephosphorylation of ATP affects actin so that it will not polymerize.
TWO-PHASE FORMATION IN SOLUTIONS OF TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS AND THE PROBLEM OF LONG-RANGE FORCES
Authors: Oster Gerald
Published: May 2004

In a nearly salt-free medium, a dilute tobacco mosaic virus solution of rod-shaped virus particles of uniform length forms two phases; the bottom optically anisotropic phase has a greater virus concentration than has the top optically isotropic phase. For a sample containing particles of various lengths, the bottom phase contains longer particles than does the top and the concentrations top and bottom are nearly equal. The longer the particles the less the minimum concentration necessary for two-phase formation. Increasing the salt concentration increases the minimum concentration.

The formation of two phases is explained in terms of geometrical considerations without recourse to the concept of long-range attractive forces. The minimum concentration for two-phase formation is that concentration at which correlation in orientation between the rod-shaped particles begins to take place. This concentration is determined by the thermodynamically effective size and shape of the particles as obtained from the concentration dependence of the osmotic pressure of the solutions measured by light scattering. The effective volume of the particles is introduced into the theory of Onsager for correlation of orientation of uniform size rods and good agreement with experiment is obtained. The theory is extended to a mixture of non-uniform size rods and to the case in which the salt concentration is varied, and agreement with experiment is obtained.

The thermodynamically effective volume of the particles and its dependence on salt concentration are explained in terms of the shape of the particles and the electrostatic repulsion between them. Current theories of the hydration of proteins and of long-range forces are critically discussed.

The bottom layer of freshly purified tobacco mosaic virus samples shows Bragg diffraction of visible light. The diffraction data indicate that the virus particles in solution form three-dimensional crystals approximately the size of crystalline inclusion bodies found in the cells of plants suffering from the disease.
MIXING RATE OF PHOSPHATE BETWEEN PLASMA AND INTERSTITIAL BODY FLUID OF COWS
Authors: Kleiber Max , Smith Arthur H. , Ralston N. P.
Published: May 2004

Radiophosphate was injected into the left jugular vein of dairy cows. Blood samples were taken frequently from the right jugular vein during the first hour after injection. Between 20 minutes and 1 hour after injection, the decrease in plasma radioactivity could be formulated as a first order process, designated as "process 3," with a turnover time of 50 minutes. From 5 to 20 minutes after injection the decrease in plasma activity could be interpreted as the result of mixing plasma phosphate with another phosphate pool, designated as the second pool. The capacity of this second pool was derived as a constant in a kinetic equation, so chosen that the resulting mixing rates were independent of time.

For two cows the capacity of the second pool was 5 and 8 times, respectively. the phosphate content of the plasma. This result led to the working hypothesis that the major part of the second pool was the phosphate in the interstitial tissue fluid.

The turnover time of the plasma phosphate in the mixing process with the second pool amounted to an average of 14 minutes for 5 lactating cows, and an average of 21 minutes for 2 dry cows. This result was obtained under the assumption that the slow first order process 3 is parallel to the mixing process. The assumption that the slower first order process is in series with the mixing process reduces the resulting mixing time to about four-fifths of that reported above. The calculation of process 2 which deviates from first order may be applicable to numerous turnover processes in which both exchange pools have a limited capacity.
POTASSIUM RETENTION IN CRAB NERVE
Authors: Shanes Abraham M.
Published: May 2004

Spectrophotometric determinations of the potassium content of small volumes of sea water brought into contact with crab nerves over half-hour intervals demonstrate (a) a continuous loss of potassium from the fibers while at rest in oxygen; (b) an appreciable increase in the leakage during anoxia; (c) a reabsorption of potassium during postanoxic recovery; and (d) a reduction in the amplitude of the anoxic and postanoxic changes in the presence of glucose.
EFFECT OF NEUROTOMY ON THE INORGANIC CATION CONTENT OF SKELETAL MUSCLE
Authors: Humoller Fred L. , Griswold Barbara , McIntyre A. R. ,   With the Technical Assistance of Jean Allison
Published: May 2004

1. A study of the effect of denervation on the inorganic cation content of muscle has been carried out. In this study 69 rats were employed.

2. By using the flame photometer for the estimation of sodium and potassium and increasing the sensitivity of previous methods for the estimation of calcium and magnesium, it has been possible to carry out analyses for all these ions on as little as 0.5 gm. of tissue.

3. It was observed that following neurotomy the concentration of sodium and calcium in the whole muscle increased significantly while at the same time the potassium content decreased. The magnesium content remained unchanged during the period studied.

4. The significance of these results has been discussed.
DRUG AND ION EFFECTS IN FROG MUSCLE
Authors: Shanes Abraham M.
Published: May 2004

Procaine, cocaine, pyribenzamine, antistine, and phosphate decrease the uptake of water by frog sartorii in a Ringer solution in which potassium has been substituted for sodium; all but the last two leave the swelling in hypotonic Ringer practically unaltered. They also decrease the depolarizing action of potassium. These effects are considered indicative of reduced membrane permeability to potassium.
THE ELECTRICAL RESPONSE OF THE LATERAL LINE SYSTEM OF FISH TO TONE AND OTHER STIMULI
Authors: Suckling E. E. , Suckling J. A.
Published: May 2004

1. The lateral line of Fundulus heteroclitus and Fundulus majalis is shown to react to tone at an intensity level of 20 dynes per sq. cm. at frequencies up to 200 or 300 cycles per second.

2. Evidence is given that the nerve can reproduce the stimulating tone frequency up to at least 180 cycles per second.

3. The response of the lateral line to the swimming movements of nearby fish is demonstrated.

4. Fundulus and several other species are shown to give strong spontaneous activity of the lateral line nerve.
EXCITATION CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SQUID GIANT AXON: A TEST OF EXCITATION THEORY IN A CASE OF RAPID ACCOMMODATION
Authors: LeFevre Paul G. ,   With the Technical Assistance of Marian E. LeFevre
Published: May 2004

1. The characteristics of the threshold excitation behavior of the squid giant axon were investigated with condenser discharges, exponentially blunted D. c. shocks, sinusoidal currents, and brief condenser-discharge test shocks superimposed at either electrode at controlled brief intervals following the closing of a constant current.

2. Data obtained by the use of condenser discharges and exponentially blunted currents followed theoretical patterns separately, but could not be mutually reconciled, under the system of the two-factor theories of excitation, since the accommodation was so rapid that the apparent ratio between the two time factors was incompatible with certain previously neglected theoretical limitations.

3. Data obtained with the other procedures indicated similarly rapid accommodation, but usually showed an imaginary component in the values of the time constants, associated with a capacity of the threshold to exhibit damped oscillatory behavior.

4. The anodal threshold behavior did not parallel that at the cathode, showing neither oscillation nor accommodation at ordinary current intensities.

5. The digressions from predictions of the two-factor theories of excitation are partly analyzed and compared with other reported deviations.
TISSUE CULTURE STUDIES
Authors: Hull Wayne , Kirk Paul L.
Published: May 2004

The effect of horse serum alone, and of embryo extract alone, was compared with that of "complete medium" on the content and synthesis of ribo- and desoxyribonucleic acids and uptake of tracer P32 by chick heart cultures in vitro.

The factors mentioned are influenced by embryo extract in a manner similar to the effect in complete medium. Horse serum produced little synthesis of nucleic acids or uptake of tracer, giving only slightly more effect than Tyrode's solution alone.

Cutting the tissue into smaller pieces caused considerably greater synthetic effects, and retarded necrosis of the implant.
PHAGE FORMATION IN STAPHYLOCOCCUS MUSCAE CULTURES
Authors: Price Winston H.
Published: May 2004

1. A substance is present in autolyzed pepsin solutions which stimulates the release of phage by some strains of S. muscae when added to Fildes' synthetic medium.

2. The substance is assayed by determining the quantity necessary to increase the phage yield to one-half the maximum value, using the one-step growth curve technique.

3. The substance has been concentrated and partially purified (500-fold) by heavy metal precipitation, butyl alcohol extraction, and absorption on norit.

4. No known amino acid or accessory growth substance tested could replace this substance.
PHAGE FORMATION IN STAPHYLOCOCCUS MUSCAE CULTURES
Authors: Price Winston H.
Published: May 2004

1. Four strains of Staphylococcus muscae have been isolated which differ in their growth rates and phage syntheses in Fildes' synthetic medium.

2. Two of the strains when singly infected cannot release phage in Fildes' synthetic medium unless a substance present in certain acid-hydrolyzed proteins is added to the medium. One of these strains also requires other substance(s) present in acid-hydrolyzed proteins in order to grow in Fildes' medium.

3. The two strains which do not require the addition of the phage-stimulating factor have been found either to synthesize this substance, or one similar to it. One of these strains will not grow in Fildes' medium unless substance(s) present in acid-hydrolyzed proteins is added to the medium.

4. The purified acid-hydrolyzed protein factor necessary for virus liberation does not affect the multiplication rate of uninfected S. muscae cells in Fildes' synthetic medium.

5. The substance is not needed for the adsorption or the invasion of the host cell by the virus. In the absence of the factor, the virus is adsorbed to the cell and "kills" it.

6. An analysis carried out by means of the one-step growth curve technique has indicated that the substance is not concerned simply with the mechanism of virus release, but is necessary for some initial stage in virus synthesis.

7. With one bacterial strain not requiring the AHPF, aspartic acid had to be present at least during the minimum latent period for the cell to form virus.

8. In the absence of aspartic acid, the virus was adsorbed to the cell and killed it, but no virus was released from singly infected bacteria.

9. If the cells were grown in a medium containing aspartic acid and then resuspended in the medium minus aspartic acid, no virus was released, although such cells contained at least two times the amount of aspartic acid necessary for the burst size in the complete medium.

10. Aspartic acid, a constituent of the virus particle, appears from an analysis of one-step growth curves to take part in the initial phase of phage synthesis.

11. The effect of amino acids on virus formation is discussed in relation to the time sequence of virus protein and desoxyribonucleic acid synthesis.
A RAPID SLIDE PLAQUE TECHNIC FOR BACTERIOPHAGE ASSAY
Authors: Jones D. , Krueger A. P.
Published: May 2004

1. A modified rapid plaque-counting procedure is described, whereby staphylococcal phage host-cell suspensions in agar are spread over constant areas on glass slides and are incubated in moist chambers.

2. Statistical analysis indicated a precision of ±8.2 for means of sets of eight slides incubated at 37°C. and ±7.6 for means of sets of eight incubated at 28°C.

3. With the staphylococcus system, a temperature of 28°C. yielded significantly higher counts than at 37°C.

4. Counts made after 4 hours may be used as an estimate of the final plaque count bearing in mind the fact that the yield at this time is significantly less than at 24 hours.

5. The data presented compared favorably with the results obtained by the plate method used by Hershey, and suggest that a greater precision may be obtained by this method—at least for the staph. K phage system.
ANOMALOUS FEATURES OF THE LOSS OF K FROM HUMAN RED CELLS: RESULTS OF EXTENDED OBSERVATIONS
Authors: Ponder Eric
Published: May 2004

1. The anomalous course of the curves relating K loss to time in systems containing human red cells in isotonic NaCl, and particularly the high positions of the asymptotes to which the curves apparently proceed, are due to the population of red cells consisting of at least two components, one of which loses K more readily than the other.

2. Since large K-Na exchanges can occur between red cells and an isotonic suspension medium without there being large volume changes, a restatement of the "dual mechanism of hemolysis" hypothesis, which takes account of the cell's being slowly permeable to cations, is required. If some approximations of minor consequence are allowed, the hypothesis can be restated in a quantitatively satisfactory way.

3. The general features of K-Na exchanges, including prolytic exchanges are summarized.
THE AMINO ACID COMPOSITION AND SOME PROPERTIES OF HISTONES
Authors: Daly Marie M. , Mirsky A. E. , Ris Hans
Published: May 2004

Some of the properties and the amino acid compositions of the histones of calf thymus, calf liver, fowl erythrocytes, and of a protamine-like material isolated from rooster sperm were described.

The amino acid compositions of the histones were rather similar except that no methionine was found in the fowl erythrocyte histone.

In the fowl, histones are found in the somatic chromosomes and protamines are found in the sperm chromosomes. This shows that great variations in chromosome composition can exist in an organism.

Histone is digested by pepsin both when isolated and when in the chromosome.
FREQUENCY OF SEEING FUNCTIONS FOR INTENSITY DISCRIMINATION AT VARIOUS LEVELS OF ADAPTING INTENSITY
Authors: Mueller Conrad G.
Published: May 2004

1. The percentage of times a human subject detects an increment (ΔI) in intensity was determined as a function of the magnitude of the increment and the magnitude of the stimulus (I) to which the increment is added.

2. Foveal stimulation was used, and five frequency of seeing curves were obtained at each of nine values of adapting intensity covering the range from –1.45 to 4.45 log photons. Each frequency of seeing curve shows the percentage of times an increment in intensity is detected as a function of the logarithm of the increment.

3. The slope of the frequency of seeing curve increases slightly with an increase in I and finally becomes independent of I at medium to high intensities.

4. The implications of the results for quantum theories of visual excitation are considered.
ACTIVE TRANSPORT INTO THE HUMAN ERYTHROCYTE: EVIDENCE FROM COMPARATIVE KINETICS AND COMPETITION AMONG MONOSACCHARIDES
Authors: LeFevre Paul G. , Davies Robert I.
Published: May 2004

1. Applicability of the previously postulated active transport system for conveying glucose into the human red cell was tested in connection with a number of related substances, comprising 6-carbon aldoses and ketoses, 5-carbon aldoses, and 5- or 6-carbon polyhydric alcohols.

2. The alcohols did not perceptibly penetrate the cells; all the sugars penetrated, the rates differing, but all of the same order of magnitude.

3. All the aldoses penetrated according to the pattern previously reported for glucose, in that the rate of penetration was not directly related to the gradient, but subject to some limiting factor.

4. The ketoses penetrated approximately according to the pattern of passive diffusion.

5. When present in equal concentrations, any aldose prevented or greatly delayed the entrance of a ketose, while the ketose did not perceptibly alter the rate of aldose uptake. Within each class, similar inhibitory relations were observed.

6. Penetration of all the sugars showed a high temperature coefficient and was inhibited by the mercuric ion or p-chloromercuribenzoate; certain of the sugars showed a residual degree of penetration not thus inhibitable.

7. Penetration of the ketoses was selectively inhibited by barbital.

8. These observations are interpreted in terms of simple equilibria between the various sugars and a hypothetical carrier molecule in the membrane, with which the sugars form a complex during their passage through the membrane. Comparisons between the sugars in relation to their reactions with the carrier system are indicated.
TISSUE HEMOLYSINS AS LYSIN-INHIBITOR COMPLEXES
Authors: Ponder Eric
Published: May 2004

1. Lytic substances are enzymatically produced at 37°C. from tissue slices or homogenates (mouse liver, kidney, etc.) and appear in the medium in which the tissue fragments are suspended. Their concentration increases with the time during which the tissue is kept at 37°C. (preincubation), and is accompanied by pH changes, so that the lytic activity as finally measured is a function of both the time of preincubation and of the pH. The optimum pH for lysin production is above 7.0, but the lysins, once produced, hemolyze red cells more rapidly at low pH's than at high ones. The enzyme system which produces the lysins is inactivated by heating to 100°C. for 5 minutes. Sodium iodoacetate and fluoride interfere with lysin production principally by reducing the concomitant pH shift; KCN accelerates the production of lytic material in mouse liver homogenates.

2. Comparison of the lytic activity of the supernatant fluid of a preincubated homogenate with the much greater lytic activity of the substances which can be extracted from the same supernatant fluid by alcohol and ether points to these extractable substances existing in the supernatant fluid as lysin-inhibitor complexes of relatively low lytic activity. These complexes are formed enzymatically during preincubation from non-lytic complexes in the tissue. The latter may be lipoproteins, and the highly lytic ether-extractable substances may be fatty acids or their soaps.

3. The diffusibility of the lysin-inhibitor complexes is small.

4. Lytic substances which are ether-insoluble can be extracted with alcohol from tissues as well as from serum. These "lysolecithin-like" substances exist in the supernatant fluids of homogenates as lysin-inhibitor complexes.

5. Lysis of mouse red cells by substances contained in mouse tissue (liver and kidney) is often accompanied by the formation of methemoglobin and choleglobin. Mouse red cells containing choleglobin are abnormally fragile both osmotically and mechanically, and it is possible that a process involving the production of choleglobin, accompanied or followed by globin denaturation, is one which contributes towards the hemolysis which occurs in systems containing tissue slices or homogenates.
DIFFRACTOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS OF THE TONICITY-VOLUME RELATIONS OF HUMAN RED CELLS IN HYPOTONIC SYSTEMS
Authors: Ponder Eric
Published: May 2004

Red cell volumes in media sufficiently hypotonic to produce partial hemolysis have been measured with a high speed hematocrit and by an improved diffraction method. A comparison of the results shows that the upward departures from the linear relation based on the van't Hoff-Mariotte law are not observed when the volumes are measured diffractometrically. Downward departures are observed at low tonicities by both methods. These results provide strong evidence that the upward departures are due to the inclusion of semirigid ghosts in the column of packed red cells which is measured when the volumes are found with the hematocrit.
ENZYME ACTIVITY AND BACTERIOPHAGE INFECTION
Authors: Pardee Arthur B.
Published: May 2004

Experiments have been performed on the apyrase activity of E. coli, strain B. Although the dependence on pH and substrate is similar to that of rat tissue, the bacterial extracts are inhibited by Ca++ and stimulated by Mg++. In bacterial extracts the rate of phosphate release decreases in the course of the reaction, possibly owing to product inhibition. With multiple bacteriophage infection, the apyrase activity of the intact cells increased several fold, and the activity of extracts increased about 30 per cent. It is suggested that the changes could be attributed to an increase in the amount of enzyme although other alternatives cannot be precluded at present.
SULFHYDRYL GROUPS IN RELATION TO THE METABOLISM AND MOTILITY OF HUMAN SPERMATOZOA
Authors: MacLeod John
Published: May 2004

1. The motility and metabolism of human spermatozoa are inhibited by substances which have an affinity for sulfhydryl groups.

2. These inhibitions can be prevented, and in part, reversed, by the addition to the cell + inhibitor system of sulfhydryl compounds such as cysteine or glutathione.

3. Cysteine and glutathione, under aerobic conditions or in a system in which these substances can be oxidized, show widely different effects on the motility of the spermatozoa. Cysteine destroys the motility of the spermatozoa, whereas glutathione has no effect upon it.

4. Possible mechanisms of these effects are discussed.
UPTAKE AND RETENTION OF FIXED CARBON IN ADULT MICE
Authors: Buchanan Donald L. ,   With the Technical Assistance of Alberta DiVittorio and Akira Nakao
Published: May 2004

1. Mice were continuously exposed to air containing C14O2. The specific radioactivities of urea carbon, total fecal carbon, and numerous components of tissue carbon were compared as a function of the duration of exposure with the radioactivity of the air CO2.

2. The data indicate that the total CO2 fixed from the air is proportional to its concentration in the air.

3. When the CO2 concentration in the air is normal (0.03 per cent) about 0.34 per cent of the carbon of urea originates from air CO2. A lesser proportion of the non-urea carbon of urine has its origin from air CO2.

4. Only about 0.0054 per cent of the total fecal carbon is derived from air when the CO2 concentration is 0.03 per cent. The constituents, which are extractable with alcohol and water, contain considerably higher proportions of fixed carbon than either the insoluble residue or the ether-extractable material.

5. The rates of uptake at the beginning of the exposure and the rates of loss at the termination of the exposure differed strikingly among the tissues studied.

6. However, the ultimate ratio of fixed air CO2 carbon to total carbon in these tissues seemed to be approaching limiting values which would not vary by more than a factor of 3 from one another. It appears that of the total organic carbon in an adult mouse approximately 0.01 per cent may originate directly from the CO2 of the air when the animal respires in air having a CO2 concentration of 0.03 per cent, and that 1.8 per cent or more of the total carbon may originate from CO2 within the animal.

7. Data are presented which indicate the life span of the mouse erythrocyte to be 49 days.

8. Calculations made on the basis of these experimental data and the accepted standard for permissible radiation in the human would allow mice to be continuously exposed to air containing 31 µc. per c.m. without ever exceeding the accepted permissible level for humans.
POTASSIUM MOVEMENT IN RELATION TO NERVE ACTIVITY
Authors: Shanes Abraham M.
Published: May 2004

The depolarization of crab nerve during repetitive stimulation is unaffected by the presence of glucose or by an increase in the calcium content of the medium. It is increased in both amplitude and rate by veratrine; in the presence of this alkaloid mixture the rate but not the magnitude of the depolarization is increased by an elevation in the calcium concentration. Repolarization following stimulation is unaltered by glucose and accelerated by a greater calcium concentration. Veratrine increases both the amplitude and the time constant of repolarization; its effect on the time constant is counteracted by an elevation of the calcium in the medium.

Potassium released during stimulation and its reabsorption following activity have been observed by analyses of small volumes of sea water in contact with crab nerve. Under the conditions employed 3 x 10–8 µM potassium is liberated per impulse per gm. wet weight of nerve. This loss is increased by low concentrations of veratrine, which also increase the amount reabsorbed during recovery. The depletion of potassium from the medium is appreciably less if the potassium previously released during activity has not been removed.

Inexcitability resulting from anoxia can be washed away with oxygen-free solution—rapidly and completely in the case of the squid axon, slowly and incompletely in crab nerve.

The potassium shifts are in the proper direction and of the correct order of magnitude to account for the negative and positive after-potentials in terms of potassium accumulation or depletion in the extracellular space.
STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF ACETATE OXIDATION BY BACTERIA
Authors: Ajl Samuel J.
Published: May 2004

The data presented in this paper indicate operation of different mechanisms for acetate oxidation by A. aerogenes, depending on the carbon source used for growth. The mechanism for citrate-grown cells appears to involve a conventional citric acid cycle, whereas acetate-grown cells appear to incorporate acetate carbon more readily via a dicarboxylic acid cycle.
THE ACTION OF SOME HEMOLYSIS ACCELERATORS UPON LIPID AND PROTEIN MONOLAYERS
Authors: Chen Helen L. , Collier H. B.
Published: May 2004

The effect of three accelerators of hemolysis—acetylphenylhydrazine, 9-aminoacridine, and phenothiazone—upon protein and lipid monolayers has been examined. These compounds, in low concentration, cause marked expansion of monolayers of plasma albumin, but have no apparent effect upon cholesterol films. It is suggested that these accelerators may affect the protein component of the erythrocyte membrane, thus enhancing the action of hemolytic agents.
THE HEMOGLOBIN OF THE SEA LAMPREY, PETROMYZON MARINUS
Authors: Wald George , Riggs Austen
Published: May 2004

The blood hemoglobin of the sea lamprey presents a curious mixture of primitive and highly specialized properties. Like muscle hemoglobin, it has a molecular weight of about 17,000, and apparently contains a single heme. Its isoelectric point is like that of a typical invertebrate hemoglobin. Its amino acid composition is partly characteristic of invertebrate) partly of vertebrate hemoglobins (Pedersen; Roche and Fontaine).

In the present experiments, the oxygen equilibrium curve of this pigment was measured at several pH's. As expected, it is a rectangular hyperbola, the first such function to be observed in a vertebrate blood hemoglobin.

Other hemoglobins known to possess this type of oxygen dissociation curve—those of vertebrate muscle, the worm Nippostrongylus, and the bot-fly larva—appear to serve primarily the function of oxygen storage rather than transport. Lamprey hemoglobin on the contrary is an efficient oxygen-transporting agent. It achieves this status by having, unlike muscle hemoglobin, a relatively low oxygen affinity, and a very large Bohr effect. In these properties it rivals the most effective vertebrate blood hemoglobins.
FRACTIONATION OF PLASMA GLOBULIN FOR PROTHROMBIN, THROMBOKINASE, AND ACCESSORY THROMBOPLASTIN
Authors: Milstone J. H.
Published: May 2004

1. Crude globulin from more than 1,000 liters of citrated bovine plasma has been used in developing a procedure for moderately large scale separation of clotting factors. Fraction A, prothrombin, kinase, and thrombin fractions were prepared. Fraction A contained both kinase and accessory thromboplastin, the latter predominating when fraction A was diluted.

2. When prothrombin was activated by kinase, the rate of thrombin production was enhanced by the addition of platelets, or brain lipid, or dilute fraction A. These accessory thromboplastins caused this acceleration only when calcium chloride was added. Even with calcium, they were not effective unless kinase was present.

3. In contrast, the action of kinase was not entirely dependent on either ionic calcium or accessory thromboplastin. The concentrated kinase fraction activated prothrombin in the presence of excess oxalate. Although kinase often contaminates highly purified thrombins, it is probably distinct from thrombin. The ratio of kinase to thrombin was 100 times as great in the kinase fraction as in the thrombin fraction.

4. The kinase fraction, diluted 45,000-fold, to protein-nitrogen concentrations as low as 0.02 microgram per ml., accelerated the conversion of crude prokinase in three-stage tests.

5. The findings are consistent with the following concept of the basic enzymatic mechanism:

See PDF for Structure

It is now added that calcium and accessory thromboplastin exert their effects by impinging on the basic mechanism, in a chemically secondary or indirect manner.
ON THE EFFECT OF COCAINE UPON SODIUM-DEFICIENT FROG NERVE
Authors: Lorente de Nó R.
Published: May 2004

Cocaine diffuses through the epineurium with remarkable rapidity. The coefficient of diffusion of cocaine in the epineurium cannot be less than 0.44 x 10–4 cm.2/min.; it probably is not less than 1.22 x 10–4 cm.2/min.

Lack of sodium markedly sensitizes the nerve fibers to the anesthetic action of cocaine.

With sodium-deficient A fibers the action of cocaine develops in two phases. During the first phase cocaine substitutes for sodium and restores to A fibers the ability to conduct impulses; during the second phase cocaine produces anesthesia.

It is suggested that cocaine anesthetizes the nerve fibers through the sodium mechanism; i.e., by interfering with some of those chemical reactions in which, directly or indirectly, the internal sodium takes part.
CRYSTALLINE INORGANIC PYROPHOSPHATASE ISOLATED FROM BAKER'S YEAST
Authors: Kunitz M.
Published: May 2004

Crystalline inorganic pyrophosphatase has been isolated from baker's yeast. The crystalline enzyme is a protein of the albumin type with an isoelectric point near pH 4.8. Its molecular weight is of the order of 100,000. It contains about 5 per cent tyrosine and 3.5 per cent tryptophane. It is most stable at pH 6.8.

The new crystalline protein acts as a specific catalyst for the hydrolysis of inorganic pyrophosphate into orthophosphate ions. It does not catalyze the hydrolysis of the pyrophosphate radical of such organic esters as adenosine di- and triphosphate, or thiamine pyrophosphate.

Crystalline pyrophosphatase requires the presence of Mg, Co, or Mn ions as activators. These ions are antagonized by calcium ions. Mg is also antagonized by Co or Mn ions.

The rate of the enzymatic hydrolysis of inorganic pyrophosphate is proportional to the concentration of enzyme and is a function of pH, temperature, concentration of substrate, and concentration of activating ion. The approximate conditions for optimum rate are: 40°C. and pH 7.0 at a concentration of 3 to 4 x 10–3 M Na4P2O7 and an equivalent concentration of magnesium salt. The enzymatic hydrolysis of Na4P2O7 or K4P2O7 proceeds to completion and is irreversible under the conditions at which hydrolysis is occurring.

Details are given of the method of isolation of the crystalline enzyme.
ULTRACENTRIFUGE, ELECTROPHORESIS, AND VISCOSITY STUDIES ON CRYSTALLINE PYROPHOSPHATASE
Authors: Schachman H. K.
Published: May 2004

Ultracentrifuge and electrophoresis studies on one preparation of crystalline pyrophosphatase showed the presence of one major component which accounted for more than 90 per cent of the protein. Combination of viscosity, diffusion, and ultracentrifuge data leads to a model of low asymmetry with an anhydrous molecular weight of about 60,000.
THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS CULTURE MEDIA ON INFECTION, GROWTH, LYSIS, AND PHAGE PRODUCTION OF B. MEGATHERIUM
Authors: Northrop John H.
Published: May 2004

B. megatherium cells were grown in various culture media, centrifuged and washed, and suspended in other culture media containing "C" or "T" phage.

The per cent of infection, rate of growth, lysis, and phage production were determined.

The behavior of the system depends on the culture medium in which the cells were grown and also on the culture medium in which they were mixed with phage.

With the T phage it is possible to set up systems which yield the following results:

1. No infection, normal growth, no phage production.

2. Infection, normal growth, no lysis) phage production.

3. Infection, growth for several hours, lysis, and phage production.

4. Infection, no growth, lysis, and phage production.

The C phage system is less affected by changes in the culture medium.

The change in the behavior of the cells with T phage probably is not due to selection since it occurs without much growth of the culture, and is readily reversible.