bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The myofibroblast in wound healing and fibrocontractive diseases
Authors: Gabbiani G
Published: July 2003

The demonstration that fibroblastic cells acquire contractile features during the healing of an open wound, thus modulating into myofibroblasts, has open a new perspective in the understanding of mechanisms leading to wound closure and fibrocontractive diseases. Myofibroblasts synthesize extracellular matrix components such as collagen types I and III and during normal wound healing disappear by apoptosis when epithelialization occurs. The transition from fibroblasts to myofibroblasts is influenced by mechanical stress, TGF‐β and cellular fibronectin (ED‐A splice variant). These factors also play important roles in the development of fibrocontractive changes, such as those observed in liver cirrhosis, renal fibrosis, and stroma reaction to epithelial tumours. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Functional structure and composition of the extracellular matrix
Authors: Bosman Fred T , Stamenkovic Ivan
Published: July 2003

In this brief introductory paper the general structure and the molecular composition of the extracellular matrix are outlined. Ultrastructural morphology of the extracellular matrix is introduced and subsequently the molecular structure of each of the main protein families, which together make up the extracellular matrix, is reviewed. Collagens, laminins, tenascins, and proteoglycans are addressed. An important common feature is the domain structure of these in general very large proteins. Several families have domains in common, which favours extensive interactions. Integrins play an important role in these interactions and also in the communication between cells and the matrix. The extracellular matrix appears to be a very dynamic structure, which has a prominent role in normal development as well as in a variety of disease processes. Matrix metalloproteinases are essential actors in this complex interplay between cells and the extracellular matrix. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The clinical pathology of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS): a report from China
Authors: Ding Yanqing , Wang Huijun , Shen Hong , Li Zhuguo , Geng Jian , Han Huixia , Cai Junjie , Li Xin , Kang Wei , Weng Desheng , Lu Yaodan , Wu Dehua , He Li , Yao Kaitai
Published: July 2003

In order to investigate the clinical pathology of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), the autopsies of three patients who died from SARS in Nan Fang Hospital Guangdong, China were studied retrospectively. Routine haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining was used to study all of the tissues from the three cases. The lung tissue specimens were studied further with Macchiavello staining, viral inclusion body staining, reticulin staining, PAS staining, immunohistochemistry, ultrathin sectioning and staining, light microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The first symptom was hyperpyrexia in all three cases, followed by progressive dyspnoea and lung field shadowing. The pulmonary lesions included bilateral extensive consolidation, localized haemorrhage and necrosis, desquamative pulmonary alveolitis and bronchitis, proliferation and desquamation of alveolar epithelial cells, exudation of protein and monocytes, lymphocytes and plasma cells in alveoli, hyaline membrane formation, and viral inclusion bodies in alveolar epithelial cells. There was also massive necrosis of splenic lymphoid tissue and localized necrosis in lymph nodes. Systemic vasculitis included oedema, localized fibrinoid necrosis, and infiltration of monocytes, lymphocytes, and plasma cells into vessel walls in the heart, lung, liver, kidney, adrenal gland, and the stroma of striated muscles. Thrombosis was present in small veins. Systemic toxic changes included degeneration and necrosis of the parenchyma cells in the lung, liver, kidney, heart, and adrenal gland. Electron microscopy demonstrated clusters of viral particles, consistent with coronavirus, in lung tissue. SARS is a systemic disease that injures many organs. The lungs, immune organs, and systemic small vessels are the main targets of virus attack, so that extensive consolidation of the lung, diffuse alveolar damage with hyaline membrane formation, respiratory distress, and decreased immune function are the main causes of death. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation mass spectrometry in the analysis of barbiturates by high‐speed analytical countercurrent chromatography
Authors: Jones Jonathan J. , Kidwell Huw , Games David E.
Published: July 2003

Four barbiturates (barbital, allobarbital, phenobarbital and butalbital) were analysed using high‐speed analytical countercurrent chromatography (HSACCC) and high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) interfaced with mass spectrometry, using negative mode atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation (APCI). The polar biphasic solvent system of butyronitrile/acetonitrile/water (1:1:1) was used, in the upper‐stationary, lower‐mobile mode of operation, at a flow rate of 1 mL/min and a rotational speed of 1200 rpm, equating to an applied ‘g’‐field of 177 g. The fractional stationary phase retention (SF) was 0.58. Representative mass spectral data are presented from the HPLC and the HSACCC analyses. Structural information was obtained using source‐induced fragmentation at increased source block voltages. The effect of increasing g‐field on chromatographic resolution is illustrated using the binary base system of butyronitrile/water (1:1), under electrospray ionisation. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrochemical oxidation and cleavage of peptides analyzed with on‐line mass spectrometric detection
Authors: Permentier Hjalmar P. , Jurva Ulrik , Barroso Begoña , Bruins Andries P.
Published: July 2003

An on‐line electrochemistry/electrospray mass spectrometry system (EC/MS) is described that allows fast analysis of the oxidation products of peptides. A range of peptides was oxidized in an electrochemical cell by application of a potential ramp from 0 to 1.5 V during passage of the sample. Electrochemical oxidation of peptides was found to occur readily when tyrosine was present. Tyrosine was found to be oxidized between 0.5 and 1.0 V to various oxidation products, including peptide fragments formed by hydrolysis at the C‐terminal side of tyrosine. The results confirm earlier knowledge on the mechanisms and reaction products of chemical and electrochemical peptide oxidation. Methionine residues are also readily oxidized, but do not induce peptide cleavage. At potentials higher than about 1.1 V, additional oxidation products were observed in some peptides, including loss of 28 Da from the C‐terminus and dimerization. The tyrosine‐specific cleavage reaction suggests a possible use of the EC/MS system as an on‐line protein digestion and peptide mapping system. In addition, the system can be used to distinguish phosphorylated from unphosphorylated tyrosine residues. Four forms of the ZAP‐70 peptide ALGADDSYYTAR with both, either or neither tyrosine phosphorylated were subjected to a 0–1.5 V potential ramp. Oxidation of, and cleavage adjacent to, tyrosine was observed exclusively at unphosphorylated tyrosine residues. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proton affinity of proline and modified prolines using the kinetic method: role of the conformation investigated by ab initio calculations
Authors: Mezzache S. , Afonso C. , Pepe C. , Karoyan P. , Fournier F. , Tabet J.‐C.
Published: July 2003

The proton affinities of proline, cis‐3‐methylproline and cis‐3‐ethylproline have been measured by the kinetic method using an ion trap instrument; the values obtained are 936, 940.5, and 943 kJ mol−1, respectively. The experimental values are consistent with those obtained by high‐level ab initio calculations (B3LYP/6−31+G*//B3LYP/6−31G* and B3P86/6−31+G*//B3LYP/6−31G*). Several conformations of neutral and protonated proline were considered, in particular the endo and exo ring structure and the position of the carboxyl group. These results show the importance of the position of the hydrogen atom of the carboxyl group in determining the most stable protonated proline structure. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mass spectral fragmentation of (S,S)‐2‐substituted 4,4‐diphenyl‐3,1‐oxazabicyclo[3.3.0]octanes: ring contraction of pyrrolidine and 1,3‐oxazolidine in mass spectrometry
Authors: Xu Jiaxi , Zuo Gang
Published: July 2003

The mass spectral behaviour of (S,S)‐2‐substituted 4,4‐diphenyl‐3,1‐oxazabicyclo[3.3.0]octanes has been studied with the aid of mass‐analyzed ion kinetic energy spectrometry and accurate mass measurements under fast atom bombardment (FAB) and electron impact (EI) ionization conditions. Under FAB ionization, all compounds show a tendency to form protonated aldehyde or benzophenone ions and to form protonated 1‐azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane ions, which can further lose an ethylene or cyclopropane from the pyrrolidine ring to produce protonated 1‐azabicyclo[1.1.0]butane ions and 3H‐azirine ions, respectively. Under EI ionization, a similar fragmentation to that under FAB ionization was observed. The title compounds also show a tendency to yield oxirane ions and oxirenium ions by loss of pyrrolidine and pyrrolidine plus H. Ring contractions of 1,3‐oxazolidine by loss of an aldehyde or ketone and of pyrrolidine by loss of an ethylene or cyclopropane were observed under both FAB and EI ionization conditions. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of an unknown β‐agonist in feed by liquid chromatography/bioassay/quadrupole time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry with accurate mass measurement
Authors: Nielen M. W. F. , Elliott C. T. , Boyd S. A. , Courtheyn D. , Essers M. L. , Hooijerink H. H. , Bennekom E. O. van , Fuchs R. E. M.
Published: July 2003

A new approach to the search for residues of unknown growth promoting agents such as anabolic steroids and β‐agonists in feed is presented. Following primary extraction and clean‐up, samples are separated using gradient liquid chromatography (LC). The effluent is split towards two identical 96‐well fraction collectors and an optional electrospray quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (QTOFMS) system for accurate mass measurement. One 96‐well plate is used for a bioassay (enzyme‐immuno assay, receptor assay) and will detect the bioactivity and position of the relevant peak in the chromatogram. The positive well in the second 96‐well plate is used for identification by LC/QTOFMS/MS. The value of this LC/bioassay/QTOFMS/MS methodology is highlighted by the finding and structure elucidation of a new β‐agonist in a feed extract. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An approach to quantitative proteome analysis by labeling tryptophan residues
Authors: Kuyama Hiroki , Watanabe Makoto , Toda Chikako , Ando Eiji , Tanaka Koichi , Nishimura Osamu
Published: July 2003

This report describes a method for quantification and sequence identification of individual proteins in complex mixtures. The method is based on labeling with the chemical reagent 2‐nitrobenzenesulfenyl chloride (NBSCl) in conjunction with tandem mass spectrometry. In this method, selective introduction of the 2‐nitrobenzenesulfenyl (NBS) moiety onto tryptophan residues is achieved, and a 6 Da mass differential is generated using 13C6‐labeled NBSCl (NBSCl‐13C6) and 12C6‐labeled NBSCl (NBSCl‐12C6). The 6 Da mass differential between the NBS‐12C6‐labeled and the NBS‐13C6‐labeled peptides assigns a mass signature to all tryptophan‐containing peptides in any pool of proteolytic digests for protein identification through peptide mass mapping. Using this strategy, we compared the protein expression in rat sera using a normal (control) rat (Crj:Wistar) and a hyperglycemic rat (GK/Crj). The stable isotope dilution techniques used in this method provide highly accurate relative quantification. The NBS approach offers a widely applicable means of analyzing protein mixtures derived from biological samples, and the method described here presents an effective and simplified approach to proteome analysis. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
‘I Am Not a Refugee’: Rethinking Partition Migration
Authors: Rahman Md. Mahbubar , Van Schendel Willem
Published: July 2003

In the wake of Partition—the break-up of British India in 1947—millions of people moved across the new borders between Pakistan and India. Although much has been written about these ‘Partition refugees,’ a comprehensive picture remains elusive. This paper advocates a rethinking of the study of cross-border migration in South Asia. It argues especially for looking at categories of cross-border migrants that have so far been ignored, and for employing a more comparative approach. In the first section, we look at conventions that have shaped the literature on Partition refugees. The second section explores some patterns of post-Partition migration to East Pakistan (now Bangladesh), and the third uses oral evidence from cross-border migrants to present a number of case studies. The concluding section underlines that these cases demonstrate the need for re-examining historiographical conventions regarding Partition migration; it also makes a plea for linking South Asia's partition to broader debates about partition as a political ‘solution’ to ethnic strife.
Tuberculosis, Housing and the Colonial State: Hong Kong, 1900-1950
Authors: Jones Margaret
Published: July 2003

As Tak-Wing Ngo has argued, the ‘dominant’ view of colonial rule in Hong Kong is one of a state which governed through ‘a deliberate policy of indirect rule—a combination of economic laissez-faire and political non-intervention’. It depicts a government which was disengaged from the population, preferring to see the colony as a trading opportunity, whilst leaving the condition of the peoples it held sway over to the philanthropy and humanitarianism of the colony's Chinese elites. This view of British rule was even supported by the primary representative of the imperial state when Sir David Trench admitted in 1970 that social policy, in the sense of responding to the needs of the populace, only began in the colony in 1953. But as Tak-Wing Ngo has argued, these ‘established narratives’ of Hong Kong's colonial history need to be reassessed and a more nuanced approach adopted to reveal the complexity of even Hong Kong's seemingly simple ‘colonial state-society’ relations.
The Politics of Anti-Nuclear Protest in Taiwan: A Case of Party-Dependent Movement (1980–2000)
Authors: HO Ming-Sho
Published: July 2003

This essay tries to understand a particular pattern of the relation between social movement and political party. By
analyzing the development of the anti-nuclear protest in Taiwan, the author puts forth the concept of party-dependent
movement. This term denotes an awkward situation where the fate of a social movement is bound to the electoral
performance of a certain political party. In Taiwan, the rise of anti-nuclear voice is closely related to the democratic
opening. The Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) adopted an unequivocal anti-nuclear stand ever since its founding
in 1986, thus helped to collect the increasing support from the broad movement constituents. But the growing DPP
has other political priorities, which means the anti-nuclear goal is often shelved to the disappointment of movement
activists. As a consequence of the early convergence, the movement has not been able to re-assert its autonomy.
The Making of a Dream: The Sino-American Expedition to Mount Amne Machin in 1948
Authors: Chen Shiwei
Published: July 2003

For centuries, China has remained as a place in many Americans' shadowy dreams where fortunes and careers could be made through commerce, industry, religion, education, and adventure. American businessmen and their domestic backers appreciated China's richly endowed natural resources and its untapped market of 400 million customers, looking forward to making immense profits from business investment and commercial establishments. Since the arrival of the first American merchant ship, Empress of China, in Canton in 1784, generation after generation of American businessmen and adventurers landed in the Middle Kingdom to begin their enterprises by foreseeing a promising future for mercantile advantage. In this China drive, individual businessmen outside the U.S. government played a significant role in linking the two countries and peoples through a variety of activities. Some of them were particularly responsible for conveying their ideas, directly or indirectly, to government policy makers in Washington, exerting profound influence on the U.S. foreign policy toward East Asia. Some of them made great efforts to assist in the modernization of China by devoting their lives and resources, turning themselves into friends of China. Some of them, however, played games as adventurers seeking power and wealth in a fraudulent way and creating unexpected occasions for political confrontations and diplomatic conflicts in Sino-American relations. In all of these multi-dimensional interactions, China, a country too weak to control its own affairs in the nineteenth-century and the first half of the twentieth-century, provided a fantastic place for Americans to range freely, exercising their talents for good or evil to the fullest.
Vehicle crashworthiness and the older motorist
Authors: MORRIS ANDREW , WELSH RUTH , FRAMPTON RICHARD , CHARLTON JUDE , FILDES BRIAN
Published: July 2003

This study examines the relationship between age and the injury outcomes for belted drivers in road vehicle crashes in the United Kingdom. The sample of 1,541 drivers was divided into three age groups: 889 drivers were aged 17–39 years (young drivers); 515 were 40–64 years (middle-aged), and 137 aged 65–84 years (older drivers). Both frontal and side impact crashes in which the vehicles sustained sufficient damage to be towed away from the scene are considered. In-depth information obtained from examinations of the crashed vehicles was combined with clinical data obtained from hospitals to throw light on the mechanisms that led to the injuries. Results show that in crashes of approximately equal severity, older drivers were significantly more likely than middle-aged and young drivers to be fatally injured in both frontal (p<0.001) and side (p<0.05) impact crashes. The results also show that older drivers sustained more injuries to the chest (p<0.0001) and that this body region is particularly problematic. The main sources of the chest injuries were found to be the seat belt in frontal crashes and the door in side impact crashes. As the number of older car users will increase rapidly in most OECD countries in the coming decades, the results suggest that vehicle re-designs are required, including in-vehicle crashworthiness systems, to take into account older people's relatively low tolerance of crash impacts.
‘Making the best of things’: relatives' experiences of decisions about care-home entry
Authors: DAVIES SUE , NOLAN MIKE
Published: July 2003

Despite the growing awareness of the significance of helping a relative to relocate to a care home as a key phase in the care-giving career, relatively few British studies have explored this experience in depth. Informed by a constructivist perspective, this study sought a better understanding of nursing home placements from the viewpoint of relatives. Data were collected in 37 semi-structured interviews involving 48 people who had assisted a close relative to move into a nursing home. Analysis revealed three perceived phases to the transition: ‘making the best of it’, ‘making the move’ and ‘making it better’. The relatives' experiences through these phases had five perceived elements, all of which were continua, from absent to very strong, reflecting the extent to which they were felt. They were: operating ‘under pressure’ or not; ‘in the know’ or ‘working in the dark’; ‘working together’ or ‘working alone’; ‘in control of events’ or not, and ‘supported’ or ‘unsupported’ both practically and emotionally. This paper reports findings about the first phase of the transition, ‘making the best of it’, and documents the experiences of decision-making about nursing home placements. It is argued that health and social care practitioners have enormous potential to influence whether or not helping a relative to move into a nursing home is perceived as a positive choice.
The influence on carer wellbeing of motivations to care for older people and the relationship with the care recipient
Authors: LYONETTE CLARE , YARDLEY LUCY
Published: July 2003

This paper reports an analysis of the relative influence of work-related, care-related and personal factors on carer outcomes among 204 working female carers. To examine the importance of personal factors, the ‘Motivations in Elder Care Scale’ (MECS) and the ‘Relationships in Elder Care Scale’ (RECS) were developed. In a qualitative pilot study, interviews with working-age carers were drawn on to form the items for inclusion. The MECS included items for external pressures to care, e.g. guilt, the older person's expectation of care, and perceived disapproval of others, and for internal desires to adopt the caring role, e.g. carer's resistance to other forms of care, living up to one's principles and caring nature. Psychometric tests revealed that two subscales had greater reliability, the EXMECS (extrinsic motivations to care) and the INMECS (intrinsic motivations). The RECS included both positive items, e.g. respect, admiration for the older person, and lack of generational differences, and negative relationship items, e.g. struggle for power, and older person's resistance to caring efforts, and had good reliability. Measures of carer stress and carer satisfaction were included as outcome variables. Multiple regression analyses showed that the RECS and the MECS were the most significant predictors of carer outcomes. Greater extrinsic motivations to care and poorer quality of the relationship with the older person were the most significant predictors of carer stress. Better relationship quality and greater intrinsic motivations to care were the most significant predictors of carer satisfaction.
A Realist critique of the English School
Authors: Copeland Dale
Published: July 2003

Over the past decade, the English School of International Relations (IR)
has made a remarkable resurgence. Countless articles and papers have been written on the
School. Some of these works have been critical, but most have applauded the
School's efforts to provide a fruitful ‘middle way’ for IR theory, one that
avoids the extremes of either an unnecessarily pessimistic realism or a naively optimistic

idealism. At the heart of this via media is the idea that, in many periods of history,
states exist within an international society of shared rules and norms that conditions their
behaviour in ways that could not be predicted by looking at material power structures alone. I
f the English School (ES) is correct that states often follow these rules and norms even when
their power positions and security interests dictate alternative policies, then American realist
theory – a theory that focuses on power and security drives as primary causal forces in
global politics – has been dealt a potentially serious blow.
Blurred affinities: tracing the influence of North Indian classical music in Keith Jarrett's solo piano improvisations
Authors: Blume Gernot
Published: July 2003

In the first forty years of his career, American pianist Keith Jarrett has established a reputation in multiple stylistic directions. Jarrett has typically incorporated influences as varied as bebop, country, rock, gospel, minimalism, baroque and classical styles into his often lengthy improvisations. Vital to his musical persona, but less obvious, is the influence North Indian classical music has had in shaping Jarrett's improvisatory strategies. Although he never formally studied Indian music, and although his instrument – the piano – is far removed from the conceptual backdrop of North Indian raga performance, Indian music was a central component in the artistic climate out of which his improvised solo recitals grew.

A cultural climate of global influences was the backdrop to the development of Jarrett's solo concerts. Therein, perhaps, lies one key to understanding the spell that this music has cast on large and international audiences. With this format, Jarrett tapped into the ambiance of a particular historic moment, which combined a desire for change with the discovery of spiritual and musical traditions outside the Western world.

In this paper I will demonstrate how explicit and implicit references to classical Indian principles of music making helped shape Jarrett's unique free solo concerts.
Between globalisation and localisation: a study of Hong Kong popular music
Authors: Ho Wai-chung
Published: July 2003

Popular music in Hong Kong is the production of a multi-faceted dynamic of international and local factors. Although there has been much attention to its growth from different perspectives, there has been no single study that systematically addresses the complicated interplay of the two interrelated processes of globalisation and localisation that lie behind its development. The main aim of this paper is to explore how social circumstances mediate musical communication among Hong Kong popular artists and audiences, and contribute to its growing sense of cultural identity – how locality emerges in the context of a global culture and how global facts take local form. Firstly, I propose a conceptual framework for understanding the cultural dynamics of popular music in terms of the discourse of globalisation and localisation. Secondly, I consider local practices of musical consumption and production. Thirdly, this paper discusses the impact of the global entertainment business on local popular music. I conclude with a summary of the effects of the interaction between globalisation and localisation on Hong Kong popular music.
Gesturing elsewhere: the identity politics of the Balinese death/thrash metal scene
Authors: Baulch Emma
Published: July 2003

This essay explores the political significance of Balinese death/thrash fandom. In the early 1990s, the emergence of a death/thrash scene in Bali paralleled growing criticism of accelerated tourism development on the island. Specifically, locals protested the increasing ubiquity of Jakarta, ‘the centre’, cast as threatening to an authentically ‘low’, peripheral Balinese culture. Similarly, death/thrash enthusiasts also gravitated toward certain fringes, although they rejected dominant notions of Balinese-ness by gesturing elsewhere, toward a global scene. The essay explores the ways in which death/thrash enthusiasts engaged with local discourses by coveting their marginality, and aims to demonstrate how their articulations of ‘alien-ness’ contributed in important ways to a broader regionalism.
Where in the world is the hip hop nation?
Authors: Templeton Inez H.
Published: July 2003

The ‘Hood Comes First: Race, Space and Place in Rap and Hip-Hop. By Murray Forman. Middletown: Wesleyan University Press, 2002. 400 pp.

Global Noise: Rap and Hip-Hop Outside the USA. Edited by Tony Mitchell. Middletown: Wesleyan University Press, 2001. 352 pp.
J. M. Synge and the Pitfalls of National Consciousness
Authors: MURPHY PAUL
Published: July 2003

An exploration of the repressed issues of class and gender which inhabit the Irish national unconscious, also seeks to intervene in the essentialism/constructionism debate concerning national identity which has preoccupied post-colonial scholars and Irish studies academics over the last few decades. The argument focuses on Synge's plays and culminates in an examination of his magnum opus The Playboy of the Western World (1907), while analysing Declan Kiberd's appropriation of Frantz Fanon's theories of decolonization in his critique of Synge's play. The objective is not only to trace the Möbius strip of national essence qua cultural construct, but also to analyse the dialectic of desire which energizes cultural and political identification.
Reconsidering Joyce's Exiles in its Theatrical Context
Authors: SHEPHERD-BARR KIRSTEN
Published: July 2003

James Joyce's one extant play, Exiles, has never been held in great critical esteem. But rather than viewing it as an aberration in the Joyce canon, a fairer reading of the play takes into consideration the play's own theatrical context: what contemporary dramatists were doing both in print and on stage, what evidence there is of Joyce's own theatrical interests and what models he may have used in his own playwriting. The conclusion is that Joyce, surprisingly, wrote neither a ‘bad’ Edwardian play nor a slavishly Ibsenist one, but a pastiche of Victorian and Symbolist drama that roots the play firmly in the theatrical currents of the 1890s. In addition, Harold Pinter's landmark productions of the play in 1970 and 1971 revealed affinities with postmodernist drama, so that the play looks forward as well as back – it is simply not of its own time. If Exiles seems out of step with the developments of modernism, that is largely because it takes its inspiration from the European experimental theatre of the fin de siécle – not from the theatrical world of the Dadaists, Joyce's contemporaries. While this realization may not rehabilitate Exiles into the modernist canon or indeed the theatrical one, looking at the play's context and history raises key questions about the role of theatre and performance in the historiography of modernism.
Pikapika – the collaborative composition of an interactive sonic character
Authors: Hahn Tomie , Bahn Curtis
Published: July 2003

Pikapika is a collaborative solo performance by Bahn and Hahn that presents a simple model of composition, choreography and collaboration in an interactive context. The piece offers the possibility of a new kind of interactive theatre/costume design –an interactive sonic character. This essay is a case study of a design process for interactive performance. While we include some details of our specific interface, these are primarily employed as examples to suggest our principles for creating personal, idiosyncratic interactive systems. Our collaboration integrates elemental sound and movement relationships with an awareness of the embodied cultural knowledge of the performer and with a specific sensing scheme to capture her particular gestural vocabulary. The combination of individual ‘atoms’ of movement and sound leads to a complexity that must be practised until they can be performed with ease as an embodied interaction. We find the process of collaboration and its articulation as a dynamic interactive structure fascinating and enduring beyond the specific technologies employed. The terms meta-composition, composed instrument and composed character are used to describe the interactive structure of the piece.
RTMix – towards a standardised interactive electroacoustic art performance interface
Authors: Bukvic Ivica Ico
Published: July 2003

The following article offers an analytical overview of the currently available software technologies designed to assist in creation, dissemination, and most importantly performance of interactive electroacoustic art. By grouping the software into two basic groups based on their interfaces, my aim is to provide a comprehensive list of two groups' strengths and shortcomings, therefore exposing common issues that arise whenever a composer utilises such software interfaces in performance settings. Finally, as an incentive in solving a number of given problems, the author will present RTMix, his own software creation that has been designed primarily as a standardised interface for the purpose of easier production, performance and dissemination of the interactive electroacoustic artwork.
On space, listening and interaction: Words on the streets are these and Still Life
Authors: Fells Nick
Published: July 2003

This article discusses space and interactivity in relation to some of the author's compositions for performers and computer. It outlines approaches to musical space relevant to those works arising from the realms of acousmatic, instrumental/acoustic and soundscape composition, and explores the conflict arising when a variety of listening practices are employed by the spectator-listener. This conflict challenges the perceived boundaries that differentiate genres, and also challenges the significance of existing ‘instrumental’ definitions of interactive computer music to the author's work. The author's approach to investigating this issue through composition is discussed, using two pieces as examples: Words on the streets are these (2001), an interactive installation, and Still Life (2002), a concert piece for string quartet and live electroacoustics. Technical and aesthetic aspects are outlined, specifically in relation to the experience of the spectator-listener. The overall aim is to emphasise the importance of considering spatial issues in composing interactive music, and to examine how the interplay of spatial concepts might be explored in practice.
Cultural evolution, the postbiological universe and SETI
Authors: Dick Steven J.
Published: July 2003

The Biological Universe (Dick 1996) analysed the history of the extraterrestrial life debate, documenting how scientists have assessed the chances of life beyond Earth during the 20th century. Here I propose another option – that we may in fact live in a postbiological universe, one that has evolved beyond flesh and blood intelligence to artificial intelligence that is a product of cultural rather than biological evolution. MacGowan & Ordway (1966), Davies (1995) and Shostak (1998), among others, have broached the subject, but the argument has not been given the attention it is due, nor has it been carried to its logical conclusion. This paper argues for the necessity of long-term thinking when contemplating the problem of intelligence in the universe. It provides arguments for a postbiological universe, based on the likely age and lifetimes of technological civilizations and the overriding importance of cultural evolution as an element of cosmic evolution. And it describes the general nature of a postbiological universe and its implications for the search for extraterrestrial intelligence.
Heavy petroleum fractions as possible analogues of carriers of the unidentified infrared bands
Authors: Cataldo Franco , Keheyan Yeghis
Published: July 2003

The Fourier-transform infrared spectra and the electronic spectra of a series of petroleum fractions of different composition and origins have been studied. Furthermore, these fractions have been modified through the Scholl reaction, a reaction that causes an increase in the aromatic content of the fractions by causing the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) or larger PAHs if they were already present in the pristine samples. It is shown that some heavily aromatic petroleum fractions are able to match the emission spectra of the protoplanetary nebula IRAS 22272+5435. Additionally, it is shown that the modified petroleum fractions are able to match the infrared spectrum of anthracite, a high-rank type of coal that has been proposed as the material responsible for the emission of the unidentified infrared bands (UIBs), but which can also be thought of as a model of the kerogen found in meteorites or assumed to be present in cometary nuclei. It is shown that the petroleum fractions considered in this work can be considered even better candidates than coal as a model for the matter present in protoplanetary nebulae and the carrier of the UIBs.
Marketisation and Residualisation – Recent Reforms in the Medical Financing System in Hong Kong
Authors: Chau Ruby C.M. , Yu Sam W.K.
Published: July 2003

The aim of this paper is to study the Hong Kong government's attempt to promote residualism and market principles in medical services through changing its fee and charge policy, strengthening the principle of selectivity at the expense of the universalist principle and proposing compulsory saving measures. It is argued that these reform measures are related to the government's mixed attitude towards medical services – that is, whilst providing medical services in response to political demands and the requirements of capitalism, the government wants to reduce the challenges these services pose to capitalism and its financial policy.
Wing kinematics of avian flight across speeds
Authors: Tobalske Bret W. , Hedrick Tyson L. , Biewener Andrew A.
Published: July 2003

To test whether wing shape affects the kinematics of wing motion during bird flight, we recorded high‐speed video (250 Hz) of four species flying in a variable‐speed wind tunnel. The birds flew at intervals of 2 m s−1, ranging from 1 m s−1 up to their respective maximum flight speed, which varied from 14 to 17 m s−1 depending on the species. Kinematic data obtained from two synchronized, high‐speed video cameras were analyzed using 3D reconstruction. Three species with relatively pointed, high‐aspect ratio wings changed wingbeat styles according to flight speed (budgerigar, Melopsittacus undulatus; cockatiel, Nymphicus hollandicus; ringed turtle dove, Streptopelia risoria). These species used a wing‐tip reversal upstroke, characterized by supination of the distal wing at mid‐upstroke, at equivalent airspeeds ≤7 to 9 m s−1. In faster flight, they used a swept‐wing upstroke, without distal wing supination. At mid‐upstroke at any speed, wingspan in these species was greater than wrist span. In contrast, at all steady flight speeds, the black‐billed magpie Pica hudsonia with relatively broad, low‐aspect ratio wings, used a flexed‐wing, feathered upstroke in which wrist spans were equal to or greater than wingspans. Our results demonstrate that wing kinematics vary gradually as a function of flight speed, and that the patterns of variation are strongly influenced by external wing shape.
Inter‐annual variability in the breeding performance of seabirds in relation to oceanographic anomalies that affect the Crozet and the Kerguelen sectors of the Southern Ocean
Authors: Inchausti Pablo , Guinet Christophe , Koudil Malik , Durbec Jean‐Pierre , Barbraud Christophe , Weimerskirch Henri , Cherel Yves , Jouventin Pierre
Published: July 2003

Global warming is expected to increase the frequency and intensity of inter‐annual variation in Sea‐Surface Temperatures (SST) associated with a latitudinal shift of frontal structures in the Southern Ocean. However, the long‐term consequences of these major climatic events on the biotic environment remain poorly understood. We studied the effect of SST anomalies in the southern Indian Ocean on the breeding success of eight seabird species, and found these temperature anomalies to have different effects depending on the foraging habitat of the species. The breeding success of four seabird species foraging mainly south of the Polar Front in Antarctic waters was significantly depressed by warm SST occurring mainly in winter and spring, prior to breeding. Conversely, warm SST anomalies were associated with a higher breeding success for species foraging mainly north of the Polar Front, while no significant effect was found for two species that forage on the Kerguelen plateau. These different responses to changes in the SST were also observed for two closely related species (sooty albatross Phoebetria fusca and light‐mantled sooty albatross P. palpebrata) breeding at Kerguelen. These observations highlight the importance of multi‐species long‐term monitoring programs for understanding the ecological consequences of environmental variability. Our results suggest that the predicted southward shift of the Polar Front caused by oceanic warming could lead to an important decrease in the breeding performance of top predator seabirds depending on the location and changes of their foraging habitat in relation the Polar Front.
Redshank Tringa totanus flocking behaviour, distance from cover and vulnerability to sparrowhawk Accipiter nisus predation
Authors: Whitfield D. Philip
Published: July 2003

Over 11 winters I examined the interactions between sparrowhawk Accipiter nisus attack behaviour, the gregariousness of redshanks Tringa totanus and local geography to test hypotheses that suggest birds should flock to reduce their risk of predation and that predation risk should decline with the prey's distance from cover. Sparrowhawk attacks on redshanks feeding on beaches around the high tide mark (the strandline zone) were more frequent and more successful than attacks on redshanks feeding seaward of the strandline zone (in the intertidal zone). The results therefore confirmed hypothetical expectations that predation risk should decline with distance from cover. Flocking only appeared to influence the outcome of hawk attacks at shorter distances from cover on the strandline, with attacks on singletons and small flocks being more successful than attacks on larger flocks. Distance from cover had a stronger influence on the likelihood of attack success than did flock size. Mid‐range flock sizes (6–45 birds) were attacked more frequently than expected, but singletons and large flocks were attacked less than expected. Despite these differences an individual redshank's likelihood of predation by a sparrowhawk declined with increasing flock size, thereby confirming the ‘dilution effect’ and ‘vigilance’ hypotheses for the evolution of flocking in birds. Food intake rates of redshanks declined with increasing flock size, further indicating that redshanks flocked to avoid predation rather than to increase their food intake rates. The strong interaction between two influences on predation risk revealed by the present study suggests other studies should take great care when considering a single influence on predation risk in isolation from others.
Satellite tracking of male rockhopper penguins Eudyptes chrysocome during the incubation period at the Falkland Islands
Authors: Pütz Klemens , Smith Jeremy G. , Ingham Rebecca J. , Lüthi Bernhard H.
Published: July 2003

The foraging patterns of ten male rockhopper penguins Eudyptes chrysocome from the Falkland Islands were recorded during the incubation period by using satellite telemetry. Irrespective of study site and year, two different foraging areas could be identified. Three foraging trips were directed towards the slope of the Patagonian Shelf c. 140 km to the northeast of the breeding colony and these trips had a duration of 11–15 days. The seven other rockhopper penguins travelled c. 400 km towards the edge of the Falkland Islands’ waters; all these foraging trips followed an anti‐clockwise direction and lasted 16–27 days. The calculated mean daily travelling speed, based on the time spent underwater and the distance covered between two positions, was significantly higher in birds travelling to the edge of the Falkland Islands’ waters compared with those foraging at the shelf slope (4.4±1.6 km/h vs. 3.4±2.0 km/h, respectively). The consistent foraging patterns exhibited during the long trips may be linked to the Falklands current, allowing the penguins to reach remote areas while reducing their energy expenditure. Potential interactions between commercial fisheries and hydrocarbon exploration are discussed.
Body frontal area in passerine birds
Authors: Hedenström Anders , Rosén Mikael
Published: July 2003

Projected body frontal area is used when estimating the parasite drag of bird flight. We investigated the relationship between projected frontal area and body mass among passerine birds, and compared it with an equation based on waterfowl and raptors, which is used as default procedure in a widespread software package for flight performance calculations. The allometric equation based on waterfowl/raptors underestimates the frontal area compared to the passerine equation presented here. Consequently, revising the actual frontal areas of small birds will concomitantly change the values of the parasite drag coefficient. We suggest that the new equation (m2) where mB is body mass (kg) should be used when a value of frontal area is needed for passerines.
Calcineurin inhibitors exert rapid reduction of inflammatory pain in rat adjuvant‐induced arthritis
Authors: Magari Katsue , Miyata Susumu , Ohkubo Yoshitaka , Mutoh Seitaro , Goto Toshio
Published: July 2003

FK506 and cyclosporin A (CsA) are immunosuppressive drugs, that specifically inhibit T‐cell activation via calcineurin inhibition. This study was undertaken to investigate whether calcineurin inhibitors exert analgesic actions in rat adjuvant‐induced arthritis (AIA), an animal model of rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

AIA was induced in female Lewis rats. Single doses of FK506 and CsA were orally administered to arthritic rats 17 days after arthritis induction. Intensity of hyperalgesia was assessed by measuring the pain threshold of hind paws. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, IL‐1β and PGE2 levels in paw extracts were determined by ELISA. TNF activity was measured by L929 cell cytotoxicity assay. IL‐1β and cyclooxygenase (COX) mRNA expression in arthritic paws were measured by RT–PCR.

Single doses of FK506 and CsA markedly reduced joint hyperalgesia 24 h after drug administration, without affecting inflammation in an advanced stage of AIA.

The calcineurin inhibitors partially reduced the elevated level of TNF‐α in arthritic paws, however, the analgesic effects of these drugs were not associated with the reduction in TNF‐α level.

Moreover, treatment with anti‐rat TNF‐α antibody did not affect the hyperalgesia, when TNF‐α activity was suppressed in arthritic paws by that treatment.

Both calcineurin inhibitors reduced the elevated level of IL‐1β in arthritic paws to a normal level, 24 h after drug administration.

FK506 reduced IL‐1β and COX‐2 mRNA expression and PGE2 level in arthritic paws.

In conclusion, calcineurin inhibitors rapidly reduce joint hyperalgesia probably by downregulating IL‐1β, but not TNF‐α, in AIA. Our findings may provide a new strategy for the treatment of pain in RA.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2003) 139, 927–934. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705310
Changes in functional and histological distributions of nitric oxide synthase caused by chronic hypoxia in rat small pulmonary arteries
Authors: Shirai Mikiyasu , Pearson James T , Shimouchi Akito , Nagaya Noritoshi , Tsuchimochi Hirotsugu , Ninomiya Ishio , Mori Hidezo
Published: July 2003

Chronic hypoxia (CH) increases lung tissue expression of all types of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in the rat. However, it remains unknown whether CH‐induced changes in functional and histological NOS distributions are correlated in rat small pulmonary arteries.

We measured the effects of NOS inhibitors on the internal diameters (ID) of muscular (MPA) and elastic (EPA) pulmonary arteries (100–700 μm ID) using an X‐ray television system on anaesthetized rats. We also conducted NOS immunohistochemical localization on the same vessels.

Nonselective NOS inhibitors induced ID reductions in almost all MPA of CH rats (mean reduction, 36±3%), as compared to ∼60% of control rat MPA (mean, 10±2%). The inhibitors reduced the ID of almost all EPA with similar mean values (∼26%) in both CH and control rats. On the other hand, inducible NOS (iNOS)‐selective inhibitors caused ID reductions in ∼60% of CH rat MPA (mean, 15±3%), but did so in only ∼20% of control rat MPA (mean, 2±2%). This inhibition caused only a small reduction (mean, ∼4%) in both CH and control rat EPA. A neuronal NOS‐selective inhibitor had no effect.

The percentage of endothelial NOS (eNOS)‐positive vessels was ∼96% in both MPA and EPA from CH rats, whereas it was 51 and 91% in control MPA and EPA, respectively. The percentage for iNOS was ∼60% in both MPA and EPA from CH rats, but was only ∼8% in both arteries from control rats.

The data indicate that in CH rats, both functional and histological upregulation of eNOS extensively occurs within MPA. iNOS protein increases sporadically among parallel‐arranged branches in both MPA and EPA, but its vasodilatory effect is predominantly observed in MPA. Such NOS upregulation may serve to attenuate hypoxic vasoconstriction, which occurs primarily in MPA and inhibit the progress of pulmonary hypertension.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2003) 139, 899–910. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705312