A Comparative Study of Plasma Cell Detection By Peripheral Smear and Peripheral Blood Flow Cytometry
Authors: Bohra Arwa , Hassan Rafla , Zanwar Saurabh , Jevremovic Dragan , Olteanu Horatiu , Gonsalves Wilson I. , Otteson Gregory , Horna Pedro , Rajkumar S. Vincent , Kumar Shaji 
Published: December 2024

Introduction:

The current definition of plasma cell leukemia (PCL) is based on peripheral blood smear (PBS) demonstrating ≥5% plasma cells. However, PCL cases are enriched in translocation t(11;14), which often has a lympho-plasmacytoid appearance. Detection and quantification of circulating tumor plasma cells (CTC) through peripheral blood flow cytometry (PBF) has emerged as a promising approach for assessing disease burden and prognosis in multiple myeloma (MM) patients. While PBF is more sensitive, the potential threshold values on PBF that correspond with the PBS detection of circulating plasma cells (PBS-PC) remain undetermined. It is important to understand this comparison better to categorize PCL based on PBF.

Patients and Methods:

This is a retrospective cross-sectional diagnostic accuracy study. We reviewed results of patients diagnosed with plasma cell dyscrasia at the Mayo Clinic from January 2011 to December 2020. The presence of circulating tumor plasma cells (CTC) in encounters was evaluated using peripheral blood flow cytometry (PBF) and peripheral blood smear (PBS) for plasma cells (PBS-PC). PBS-PC was measured as a percentage of plasma cells (PC) in a 100-cell manual differential smear count, and PBF was expressed as the number of plasma cell events per 150,000 peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) (Ficoll-isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells using antibodies to CD38, CD138, CD19, CD45, kappa, lambda, sensitivity (Sn)=6.7x10-5). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of PBS with respect to PBF were calculated.

For threshold analysis, four groups were defined: A = absent PBS-PC, C = ≥1% and &lt;5%, D = ≥5%. Sensitivity and specificity of detecting PBS-PC (y-axis) for groups A vs. B, B vs. C, and C vs. D were plotted against CTC levels on PBF (x-axis) to determine the best cut-off. Area Under the Curve (AUC) was calculated to determine accuracy. Agreement analysis was done for internal validation and reliability assessment.

Results:

6066 test records of CTC were reviewed. Circulating tumor plasma cells (CTC) by peripheral blood flow cytometry (PBF) were reported in 1610 (26.5%) instances, and peripheral blood smear for plasma cells (PBS-PC) in 226 (3.7%) tests. Peripheral blood smear (PBS) demonstrated a sensitivity of 9.3%, specificity of 99.5%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 86.7%, and negative predictive value (NPV) of 75.3% when compared to peripheral blood flow cytometry (PBF). The correlation between PBS-PC% and CTC was weakly positive (Spearman's rho=0.27, p&lt;0.01).

The median (Q1, Q3) of circulating tumor plasma cells (CTC) for group A (n=5840) was 0 (0, 0), group B (n=82) was 780 (97.75, 4012.75), group C (n=67) was 1801 (61.50, 8723.50), and group D (n=77) was 20518 (2296, 41349) (p-value &lt;0.001). On post-hoc analysis, all pairs had significant differences in CTCs. To distinguish between A and B, a threshold of 32.5 for CTC demonstrated a sensitivity of 81.8% (AUC=87.8%), and to distinguish B and C, 1125 demonstrated a sensitivity of 59.4% (AUC=63.2%). To distinguish between C and D, 5875 for CTC demonstrated a sensitivity of 68.8% (AUC=74.6%).

Agreement Analysis: The Bland-Altman plot demonstrates a slight positive bias between the Clonal Event % and %PBS-PC values (mean of difference = 0.28). The variability of differences increases with higher mean values, indicating a potential proportional bias. All predicted thresholds lie within the limits of agreement (LoA) (upper: 6.13, lower: -5.58) and are therefore reliable. The precision range (upper: 0.35, lower: 0.2) is narrower for the predicted thresholds. The methods should not be compared beyond a circulating tumor plasma cell (CTC) count of 9,195.

Conclusion: Detection of circulating tumor plasma cells (CTC) by peripheral blood smear (PBS) is very specific but not sensitive and can be improved by peripheral blood flow cytometry (PBF) detection of CTC. Important clinical cutoffs by morphology (presence and ≥5%) have their counterparts by PBF (32 and 5875 out of 150,000 peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), respectively). The predicted thresholds are reliable. The study is retrospective and may not be generalizable across all demographics and disease severity. Circulating tumor plasma cell (CTC) values aren't absolute counts and may not be generalizable for low white blood cell (WBC) counts.