bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ovicidal and adulticidal effects of monoterpenoids against permethrin‐resistant human head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis
Authors: TOLOZA A. C. , VASSENA C. , PICOLLO M. I.
Published: November 2008

Abstract The improper use of pediculicides containing permethrin has led to the development of resistance. Thus, new alternatives for control are needed. Plant‐derived insecticides are attractive alternatives to common chemical insecticides because most of them are environmentally friendly and non‐toxic to mammals. The toxic activity of 23 monoterpenoids belonging to several chemical classes was tested against the eggs of permethrin‐resistant head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae). Significant differences in ovicidal action were observed among the tested substances. The most effective chemicals were hydrocarbons and ethers, followed by ketones, alcohols, phenols and esters. A linear relationship between egg mortality and knockdown time (KT50) on adults by the tested components revealed that most of the components were effective on both egg and adult stages. The monoterpenoids described herein are good candidates as effective pediculicides.
Control of phlebotomine sandflies in confined spaces using diffusible repellents and insecticides
Authors: SIRAK‐WIZEMAN M. , FAIMAN R. , AL‐JAWABREH A. , WARBURG A.
Published: November 2008

Abstract The control of phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae), the vectors of leishmaniasis, is directed mostly against adults as larvae develop in unknown or inaccessible habitats. In the current study we tested geraniol, a natural plant‐derived product, as a space repellent and the synthetic pyrethroid prallethrin as a diffusible insecticide. Geraniol was dispersed in the air using diffusers with an electric fan and prallethrin was evaporated using electrically heated evaporators. Both substances were tested in inhabited bedrooms and in tents. Geraniol failed to effect significant reductions in the numbers of either Phlebotomus papatasi Scopoli in rooms or Phlebotomus sergenti Parrot in tents. In laboratory experiments, geraniol proved ineffective in preventing sandflies from feeding. By contrast, prallethrin was highly effective in reducing the number of sandflies in rooms as well as in tents. Exposure of sandflies to prallethrin in laboratory experiments caused 97% mortality rates. Both prallethrin and, to a lesser extent, geraniol reduced the number of Culex mosquitoes captured in tents. Electric liquid‐vaporizers with 1.5% prallethrin are highly effective in protecting people from sandfly bites in confined spaces and may be useful in combating cutaneous leishmaniasis.
Rapid microtubule bundling and stabilization by the Streptococcus pneumoniae neurotoxin pneumolysin in a cholesterol‐dependent, non‐lytic and Src‐kinase dependent manner inhibits intracellular trafficking
Authors: Iliev Asparouh I. , Djannatian Jasmin Roya , Opazo Felipe , Gerber Joachim , Nau Roland , Mitchell Timothy J. , Wouters Fred S.
Published: November 2008

Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most frequent cause of bacterial meningitis, leading to permanent neurological damage in 30% and lethal outcome in 25% of patients. The cholesterol‐dependent cytolysin pneumolysin is a major virulence factor of S. pneumoniae. It produces rapid cell lysis at higher concentrations or apoptosis at lower concentrations. Here, we show that sublytic amounts of pneumolysin produce rapid bundling and increased acetylation of microtubules (signs of excessive microtubule stabilization) in various types of cells – neuroblastoma cells, fibroblasts and primary astrocytes. The bundling started perinuclearly and extended peripherally towards the membrane. The effect was not connected to pneumolysin's capacity to mediate calcium influx, macropore formation, apoptosis, or RhoA and Rac1 activation. Cellular cholesterol depletion and neutralization of the toxin by pre‐incubation with cholesterol completely inhibited the microtubule phenotype. Pharmacological inhibition of Src‐family kinases diminished microtubule bundling, suggesting their involvement in the process. The relevance of microtubule stabilization to meningitis was confirmed in an experimental pneumococcal meningitis animal model, where increased acetylation was observed. Live imaging experiments demonstrated a decrease in organelle motility after toxin challenge in a manner comparable to the microtubule‐stabilizing agent taxol, thus proposing a possible pathogenic mechanism that might contribute to the CNS damage in pneumococcal meningitis.
Quality of life in Jordanian children with asthma
Authors: Al‐Akour Nemeh , Khader Yousef S
Published: November 2008

The purpose of this study was to describe how Jordanian children with asthma experience their quality of life (QoL). Two hundred children with asthma (34% girls and 66% boys) participated in the study. The Paediatric Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire was used to measure how children with asthma disease impaired their daily life during the previous week on three domains: ‘activity limitations’, ‘symptoms’ and ‘emotional function’. The main finding of this study was that children with asthma scored their QoL towards the negative end of the scale, but they scored more limitations in the domain of activities than in emotions and symptoms. Children reported that the most restricted activity was their ability to run. Younger children, being a girl and living in the rural areas, were associated with lower QoL. The children in the present study might not comply with their health regimen, and this might gave a darker view of the daily life of children with asthma. Further studies of Jordanian children and their QoL were suggested to identify and support the factors which influence QoL of children with asthma and other chronic diseases in Jordan.
Older people with delirium: Worthless and childlike
Authors: Neville Stephen
Published: November 2008

Delirium occurs as a consequence of physiological imbalances resulting in alterations in consciousness and cognitive impairment. It is a serious cognitive disorder and one prevalent in older people. This paper presents a significant finding from a study that critically examined the major discourses circulating on delirium and the subject positions offered to older people who had been delirious. A qualitative research design utilizing a critical gerontological framework underpinned this study. Data sources included published documents on delirium and semi‐structured taped interviews. A discourse analytic approach interrogated the 20 sets of data collected. Textual analysis revealed the existence of an ageist discourse. Consequently, older people who had been delirious were offered the subject positions of ‘being old doesn't matter’ and ‘a second childhood’. However, results from this study identified times when people who had been delirious resisted the ageist discourse. Resistance to the dominant discourse, although subtle and occurring on a micro level, acted to destabilize and challenge ageist and discriminatory health practices.
Being an interviewer in a structured oral assessment process for selection of undergraduate nursing students: Motivations, expectations and reflections of the experience
Authors: Wilson Anne , Chur‐Hansen Anna , Donnelly Frank , Turnbull Deborah
Published: November 2008

There is a dearth of knowledge about individuals who interview candidates for nursing. Who are they and why do they volunteer to take part in an oral assessment process for selection of undergraduate nursing students? The aim of this study was to answer these questions, and to seek the perspectives of the assessors about the process.

Academic staff of the Faculty of Health Sciences, staff members of the Discipline of Nursing and registered nurses working in affiliated hospitals nominated for roles as oral assessors. All assessors received training and no payment was made.

Thirty‐nine of 45 (86.6%) oral assessors completed questionnaires on their experiences of being an assessor. The majority of assessors were female (69.2%) and from a clinical background (71.8% vs. 28.2% faculty‐based). The most commonly cited motivations included a desire to contribute to the development of the nursing profession (94.9% of responding); because they knew what was involved in a nursing career (79.5%); wanting to influence who becomes a nurse (76.9%); and because they understood the qualities needed to be a registered nurse (76.9%). Assessors spoke highly of the experience and in general found it enjoyable.
Detectability of colorectal neoplastic lesions using a narrow‐band imaging system: A pilot study
Authors: Uraoka Toshio , Saito Yutaka , Matsuda Takahisa , Sano Yasushi , Ikehara Hisatomo , Mashimo Yumi , Kikuchi Tsuyoshi , Saito Daizo , Saito Hiroshi
Published: November 2008

Background and Aim:  Flat and depressed colorectal neoplastic lesions can be difficult to identify using conventional colonoscopy techniques. Narrow‐band imaging (NBI) provides unique views especially of mucosal vascular network and helps in visualization of neoplasia by improving contrast. The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of using NBI for colorectal neoplasia screening.

Methods:  Forty‐seven consecutive patients, who underwent high definition colonoscopy (HDC) screening examinations revealing neoplastic lesions, were enrolled in our prospective study. No biopsies or resections were performed during the initial HDC, but patients in whom lesions were detected underwent further colonoscopies using NBI, with the results of the first examination blinded from the colonoscopist. They then received appropriate treatment. We compared diagnostic detection rates of neoplastic lesions for HDC and NBI procedures using total number of all identified neoplastic lesions as reference standard.

Results:  Altogether, 153 lesions were detected and analyzed in 43 patients. Mean diagnostic extubation times were not significantly different (P = 0.18), but the total number of lesions detected by NBI was higher (134 vs 116; P = 0.02). Based on macroscopic type, flat lesions were identified more often by NBI (P = 0.04). As for lesion size, only flat lesions < 5 mm were detected more frequently (P = 0.046). Lesions in the right colon were identified more often by NBI (P = 0.02), but NBI missed two flat lesions ≥ 10 mm located there.

Conclusions:  Narrow band imaging colonoscopy may represent a significant improvement in the detection of flat and diminutive lesions, but a future multi‐center controlled trial should be conducted to fully evaluate efficacy for screening colonoscopies.
Clinicopathological comparison of the World Health Organization/Wotherspoon score to the Groupe d’Etude des Lymphomes de l’Adult grade for the post‐treatment evaluation of gastric mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma
Authors: Shiozawa Eisuke , Norose Tomoko , Kaneko Kazuhiro , Yamochi‐Onizuka Toshiko , Takimoto Masafumi , Imawari Michio , Ota Hidekazu
Published: November 2008

Background and Aim:  The World Health Organization (WHO) has adopted criteria for the histological differential diagnosis of gastric extranodal marginal zone B‐cell lymphoma of mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue (GML) based on the criteria proposed by Wotherspoon in 1993 (WHO/Wotherspoon score). These histological criteria are commonly used by pathologists for initial diagnoses, but have not been adopted uniformly for the post‐treatment evaluation of GML. In 2003, the Groupe d’Etude des Lymphomes de l’Adult (GELA) proposed a new histological grading system (GELA grade) in preference to use of the WHO/Wotherspoon score for post‐treatment evaluation. In the present study, we compared the WHO/Wotherspoon and GELA systems to examine which histological criterion is better for post‐treatment evaluation.

Methods:  Fourteen cases of GML under long‐term follow up were initially diagnosed according to the WHO criteria with detailed immunohistology, and were periodically evaluated with both histological criteria after anti‐Helicobacter pylori treatment. They were also evaluated based on histological stromal changes accompanying the disappearance of lymphoma tissue.

Results:  The study showed strong similarities between the WHO/Wotherspoon and GELA systems and no clear advantage of either system for post‐treatment evaluation. The GELA grade could not be used for the evaluation of changes in the degree of lymphoma infiltration from pre‐ to post‐treatment because the four‐item scale is not comparable with the formal six‐point WHO/Wotherspoon scale. Stromal changes in the lamina propria, including an empty appearance and fibrosis, were correlated with lymphoma reduction after treatment and appear to be good indicators for post‐treatment evaluation.

Conclusion:  We propose the utilization of the WHO/Wotherspoon score accompanied by the assessment of stromal changes for the post‐treatment evaluation of GML.
Impaired liver regeneration following partial hepatectomy using the Pringle maneuver: Protective effect of mesna
Authors: Ypsilantis Petros , Lambropoulou Maria , Tentes Ioannis , Anagnostopoulos Konstantinos , Tsigalou Christina , Papadopoulos Nikolaos , Kortsaris Alexandros , Simopoulos Constantinos
Published: November 2008

Background and Aim:  We investigated the role of the prophylactic administration of the antioxidant 2‐mercaptoethane sulfonate (mesna) on the hepatocyte‐regenerating capacity following partial hepatectomy (PH) with concurrent Pringle maneuver.

Methods:  Wistar rats were subjected to PH (70% hepatectomy), 30 min Pringle maneuver, PH plus Pringle with or without mesna pretreatment (400 mg/kg, per os, 3 h before Pringle), or sham operation. At 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, and 1 week after operation, relative liver weight, hepatocyte mitotic activity (mitotic index), the histopathological score and serum aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase concentrations were assessed. At 1 h after operation, oxidative stress markers (glutathione to glutathione disulfide ratio, malondialdehyde concentration, and superoxide dismutase activity) and nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) activity were assessed.

Results:  Hepatectomy stimulated the regenerating process and induced mild oxidative stress and the activation of NF‐κB in hepatocytes, while causing tissue injury in the remnant liver. When PH was performed under Pringle maneuver, hepatocyte mitotic activity was substantially suppressed, although Pringle alone initiated a delayed regenerating response. Furthermore, Pringle maneuver deteriorated oxidative stress markers, markedly increased NF‐κB activity, and aggravated tissue injury, as compared to hepatectomy alone. Mesna pretreatment prevented the Pringle‐induced antimitotic effect and the induction of oxidative stress, inhibited the activation of NF‐κB, while attenuating liver injury after PH under Pringle.

Conclusion:  The excessive activation of NF‐κB is related to the suppression of hepatocyte‐regenerating activity following PH with concurrent liver ischemia. Mesna pretreatment protects the liver against the Pringle‐induced antimitotic effect after PH via the prevention of oxidative stress and the inhibition of NF‐κB activation.
Immediate acid‐suppressing effects of ranitidine hydrochloride and rabeprazole sodium following initial administration and reintroduction: A randomized, cross‐over study using wireless pH monitoring capsules
Authors: Ono Shouko , Kato Mototsugu , Ono Yuji , Imai Aki , Yoshida Takeshi , Shimizu Yuichi , Asaka Masahiro
Published: November 2008

Background and Aim: Histamine 2 receptor antagonists and proton‐pump inhibitors, drugs that are widely used for the treatment of acid‐related diseases, have different clinical characteristics. The objective of this study was to compare the acid‐suppressing effects of ranitidine hydrochloride and those of rabeprazole sodium at the first administration and re‐administration after withdrawal.

Methods: The study was designed as an open‐label, randomized, two‐way cross‐over trial. SevenHelicobacter pylori‐negative healthy volunteers were enrolled in this study. Ranitidine hydrochloride (300 mg/day) or rabeprazole sodium (20 mg/day) was administered from days 1 to 7 and from days 11 to 13. The percentage of time with gastric pH < 4 and the median gastric pH were evaluated for 15 consecutive days by a Bravo capsule fixed to the stomach.

Results: On day 1, there was no significant difference between the acid‐suppressing effects of the two drugs (ranitidinevsrabeprazole: not significant). Although rabeprazole sodium maintained a potent and stable effect from days 2 to 7 (ranitidinevsrabeprazole:P < 0.05), the effect of ranitidine hydrochloride was attenuated after day 4. In addition, the effect of ranitidine hydrochloride at re‐administration was attenuated (days 11, 12, and 13vspre‐administration: not significant).

Conclusion: In view of our observations, we expect symptoms associated with gastric acidity to be more adequately controlled with rabeprazole sodium in the short term when compared to ranitidine hydrochloride.
Seasonal rewiring of the songbird brain: an in vivo MRI study
Authors: De Groof Geert , Verhoye Marleen , Van Meir Vincent , Balthazart Jacques , Van der Linden Annemie
Published: November 2008

The song control system (SCS) of songbirds displays a remarkable plasticity in species where song output changes seasonally. The mechanisms underlying this plasticity are barely understood and research has primarily been focused on the song nuclei themselves, largely neglecting their interconnections and connections with other brain regions. We investigated seasonal changes in the entire brain, including the song nuclei and their connections, of nine male starlings (Sturnus vulgaris). At two times of the year, during the breeding (April) and nonbreeding (July) seasons, we measured in the same subjects cellular attributes of brain regions using in vivo high‐resolution diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) at 7 T. An increased fractional anisotropy in the HVC–RA pathway that correlates with an increase in axonal density (and myelination) was found during the breeding season, confirming multiple previous histological reports. Other parts of the SCS, namely the occipitomesencephalic axonal pathway, which contains fiber tracts important for song production, showed increased fractional anisotropy due to myelination during the breeding season and the connection between HVC and Area X showed an increase in axonal connectivity. Beyond the SCS we discerned fractional anisotropy changes that correlate with myelination changes in the optic chiasm and axonal organization changes in an interhemispheric connection, the posterior commissure. These results demonstrate an unexpectedly broad plasticity in the connectivity of the avian brain that might be involved in preparing subjects for the competitive and demanding behavioral tasks that are associated with successful reproduction.
HORMONE DEPENDENCY OF PROSTATIC CANCER STUDIED BY CELL‐CULTURE TECHNIQUE1
Authors: Roehl Lars
Published: November 2008

Methods and preliminary results of tissue culture studies on prostatic cancer are reported.

The application of the method to two cases of prostatic cancer is demonstrated.

The possibilities of approaching some problems of clinical interest concerning the management of prostatic cancer are mentioned and shortly discussed. Emphasis is laid on the importance of regarding prostatic cancers in the light of the “progression” theory of tuniour development.
ADENOMA OF THE KIDNEY
Authors: Shimshony Z. , Merismsky E. , Suprun H.
Published: November 2008

A case of papillary adenoma of the kidney is presented, which was diagnosed pre‐operatibvely by intravenous pyelography and by percutaneous needle biopsy. The surgical problems arising with it are discussed, as well as the behaviour of the tumour.
A HYPERNEPHROMA ASSOCIATED WITH ELEVATED LEVELS OF BLADDER CARCINOGENS IN THE URINE: CASE REPORT1
Authors: Kerr W. K. , Barkin M. , Todd I. A. D. , Menczyk Z.
Published: November 2008

A case of interest from two points has been presented. First, it represents the smallest hypernephroma encountered at nephrectomy for cancer in the Toronto General Hospital. Secondly, it is the first hypernephroma which, to our knowledge, has been associated with an elevation of carcinogenic metabolites of tryptophan previously thought to be exclusive with tumours of transitinal‐cell epithelium.
Some Observations and Theories on the Wide Ureter and Hydronephrosis
Authors: WHITAKER ROBERT H.
Published: November 2008

A simple but effective classification of the wide ureter is proposed. It separates ureters into two major groups of refluxing and non‐refluxing, but emphasises that not all non‐refluxing ureters are obstructed.

An analysis is made of normal and abnormal ureteric peristalsis and the part it plays in conducting a bolus through the pelviureteric and ureterovesical junctions. A theory is advanced to explain the poor emptying of the wide ureter and the abnormal pelviureteric junction. It is based on the inability of the circular and longitudinal muscles to form a bolus and it explains how the unopposed and inadvertent contraction of the circular muscle grips the orifice in each situation to aggravate the poor emptying.
Radiation Enteritis following Radiotherapy for Prostatic Carcinoma
Authors: JR. FRANCIS J. DUGGAN , SANFORD EDGAR J. , JR. THOMAS J. ROHNER
Published: November 2008

Two cases of radiation enteritis and small bowel obstruction are reported following supervoltage radiation therapy for carcinoma of the prostate.

The mechanisms of radiation injury to the small bowel and contributing factors are discussed.

It is suggested that lymph node staging procedures for carcinoma of the prostate be done extraperitoneally in order to avoid the enhanced sensitivity of small bowel to radiation injury following transperitoneal procedures.
Pathogenesis of Ureteric Reflux in Vesical Calculus Disease of Childhood: a Clinical Study
Authors: TANEJA O. P.
Published: November 2008

A clinical, radiographic and endoscopic study of 34 children suffering from vesical calculus disease and manifesting ureteric reflux has been presented.

The oedema and inflammatory changes from the vesical calculus and infection were responsible for the reflux in the majority of these children. The reflux was eradicated by simple removal of the stone.

The importance of detailed urological investigation of all the children presenting with lower urinary tract calculi has been emphasised.
Automatic Bladder Irrigation after Vaginal Surgery
Authors: CHAMBERLAIN GEOFFREY , HOLT EDMUND
Published: November 2008

Comparing Cystomatic irrigation of the bladder with conventional gravity drainage, there was no decrease in immediate urinary infection rates nor was there any obvious improvement in the speed of recovery of bladder function.
Urinary Gamma‐glutamyl Transpeptidase, an Indicator of Renal Ischaemic Injury and Homograft Rejection
Authors: WARD J. P.
Published: November 2008

Gammaglutamyl transpeptidase is an enzyme primarily located in the brush border of the proximal convoluted tubules of the kidney. Its unique localisation in the renal cells most easily damaged by ischaemia and its ease of assay provides the rationale for its use in the measurement of renal ischaemic injury.

Using a standard experimental animal model, canine urinary γ‐GT activity was shown to be increased up to 70‐fold following 90 min of unilateral renal ischaemia and was significantly raised following only 5 min ischaemia. The urinary γ‐GT was used as a measure of ischaemic injury associated with renal transplantation in man and 20 consecutive patients undergoing kidney transplant were studied by daily 24‐hour urinary γ‐GT estimations and excellent correlation was obtained between raised enzyme activity and the clinical diagnosis of transplant rejection.
The Painful Prostate
Authors: SMART C. J. , JENKINS J. D. , LLOYD R. S.
Published: November 2008

A clinical diagnosis of chronic prostatitis was made on 105 adult males who were subsequently admitted and investigated by Stamey localisation techniques, psychological questionnaires, urine flow studies, cystourethroscopy and prostatic biopsy or transurethral prostatectomy.

From the Stamey localisation studies and cultures of the tissue obtained at transurethral prostatectomy a diagnosis of bacterial prostatitis was made in 50%, of which half were Staphylococcus albus and half were well recognised urinary pathogens.

Other significant pathology was found in 25% and, particularly of note, were 2 patients who presented with chronic cystitis (biopsy negative) and subsequently developed carcinoma of the bladder. Also in this group were 5 unsuspected strictures and 5 patients with poor flow rates but normal endoscopy.

Investigations in the remaining 25 % were all negative except for a significantly higher incidence of neuroticism when compared with the other groups and controls.

Follow‐up over 18 months to 3 years shows that treatment results in improvement in 75%. Half of the patients with pathogenic bacterial prostatitis were asymptomatic compared with only a quarter of the group with negative findings. Transurethral prostatectomy is of particular value in patients with chronic bacterial prostatitis and evidence of outflow obstruction. Preoperative psychological screening is helpful in selecting patients suitable for surgery.
Short‐term Cadaver Kidney Preservation
Authors: BEWICK M. , MCCOLL I. , ELLIS F. G. , FARRAND C. I. , BURNETT V.
Published: November 2008

200 consecutive human cadaver kidneys were preserved using 6 different techniques.

Some attempt was made in the clinical situation to assess donor pre‐treatment and postoperative specific recipient treatment to encourage immediate renal function.

Provided the warm time was less than 60 min and the cold time less than 12 hours, intra arterial flushing with a crystalloid or colloid solution combined with pre‐treatment of the donor and postoperative fluid load/frusemide drive to the recipient gave the best results.
Urinary Tract Infection and Wound Infection in Kidney Transplant Patients
Authors: WALTER STEEN , PEDERSEN FRITZ B. , VEJLSGAARD RENE
Published: November 2008

The frequency of urinary tract and wound infections was studied in 53 patients most of whom had received kidneys from donors without heart action.

Urinary infection was demonstrated soon after the transplantation in 46 out of 47 with functioning kidneys. Recurrent infections took place during the first 3 months and still half of the patients were infected or under treatment 6 months after the operation. The urinary infection seems mainly to arise via indwelling catheters.

Wound infections were demonstrated in 18 out of the 53 patients and in addition abscess formation took place in 9 of these. In the majority of the infected wounds previous infected drains were demonstrated. In all, 36 of the patients had infected drains, the use of which therefore is to be avoided.
Trans‐uretero‐ureterostomy: British Experience*
Authors: SMITH IRVINE B. , SMITH JOE C.
Published: November 2008

158 replies to a questionnaire suggest that many British surgeons remain wary of using trans‐uretero‐ureterostomy, fearing to risk the opposite ureter and kidney or preferring to use a Boari flap or other operation.

141 (27 personal and 114 reported) cases are surveyed.

56 simple Y‐anastomoses performed by 27 surgeons gave very good results, with only 4 exceptions due to wrong indications or techniques. Complications were rare. No damage to any opposite ureter or kidney by the procedure was reported.

10 operations enabling a solitary kidney to drain via the opposite spare ureter were all successful. We recommend that during nephrectomy any spare healthy ureter should be preserved so that, if necessary, it can be used to drain the opposite kidney.
The Surgical Management of Tuberculous Lower Ureteric Stricture
Authors: O'BOYLE P. J. , GALLI E. M. , GOW J. G.
Published: November 2008

At the present time genito‐urinary tuberculosis is encountered infrequently in urological practice. 20 new cases of urinary tuberculosis were reported from the special unit at Wrightington Hospital in 1974, several of these being examples of advanced disease (O'Boyle and Cow, 1975). The low ureteric stricture is a common problem in the management of this infection. The use of effective chemotherapy and improved radiology services have reduced the necessity for open wrgical intervention, particularly in early cases. Consequently few urologists have the opportunity to evaluate the different surgical techniques of reimplantation of the ureter following excision of the tuberculous stricture. The series reported here covers a 25‐year period in the evolution of the operative treatment of lower ureteric stricture.
Composition of Bladder Stones in Rwanda
Authors: POPELIER G. , VAN DEN EECKHOUT E. , DEKEYSER W.
Published: November 2008

A small area of endemic bladder stone formation occurs in Rwanda, Central Africa.

The X‐ray diffraction of 13 of these stones revealed that they were mainly composed of calcium oxalate monohydrate. By X‐ray fluorescence the presence of considerable amounts of rubidium was demonstrated which was measured by atomic absorption spectrometry. The concentration of rubidium was about 2.5 times greater than that of zinc.

The hypothesis that rubidium is an important lithogenic element is formulated. I t might explain this endemic bladder stone formation which is exceptional for Central Africa.
The Urethral Pressure Profile recorded by means of CO2‐perfusion at High Flow Rates
Authors: TSCHOLL R. , TETTAMANTI F. , WÖRSDÖRFER O.
Published: November 2008

The urethral pressure profile (UPP) is recorded by CO2‐perfusion of the urethra at a rate of 120 ml/min. The curves are reproducible. Their features are practically identical with the shape of profiles written by liquid perfusion. The curves are absolutely calibrated.

High flow perfusion and calibration make it possible to compare CO2‐curves with each other and even with graphs executed by other methods.
Reversible Neuromyopathy in Hypernephroma
Authors: Fraser D. M. , Franks A. J. , Campbell I. W.
Published: November 2008

Neurological features, which are recognised complications of many types of neoplasm, are rare in renal carcinoma. We report a case of hypernephroma presenting as a neuromyopathy which was reversed by removal of the tumour.
The Urethral Closure Pressure Profile: A new technique using gas and simultaneous EMG‐recording from the urethra
Authors: ANDERSEN JENS T. , BRADLEY WILLIAM E.
Published: November 2008

A new technique for recording of the urethral closure pressure profile using gas‐inflation and simultaneous EMG‐recording from the urethra is described.

With the present technique, the parameters of the urethral closure pressure profile in healthy volunteers were in accordance with previous reports using water‐infusion.

The effect of α‐adrenergic blockade on the pressure profile was studied in a series of patients. Half of the patients showed a marked reduction of the intraurethral pressure in the presphincteric part of the profile after α‐adrenergic blockade. This indicated that sympathetic innervated smooth musculature gives a significant contribution to the total intraurethral pressure.
Serum Antibody in Patients with Prostatic Cancer1
Authors: ABLIN RICHARD J.
Published: November 2008

130 serum specimens were evaluated. None of 24 serum specimens from patients with prostatic cancer yielded precipitation or haemagglutination reactions with extracts of normal human prostatic tissue or with preparations of prostatic fluid. In 1 of 5 patients from whom autologous prostatic tissue was available, precipitation was observed. By indirect immunofluorescence 13 (54%) patients with prostatic cancer possessed antibodies reactive with the cytoplasmic membrane (intercellular area?) of primate prostatic secretory epithelium. Membranous autoantibodies were observed in 2 patients from whom autologous tissue was available as substrate. Antibodies to nuclei were observed but these have been considered in view of their ubiquitous nature, as perhaps being representative of non‐specific indicators of other immunologic aberrations. In contrast, only 11 (10%) of 106 patients with other than prostatic cancer possessed membranous antibodies: of these, 11 (73%) possessed a genito‐urinary disorder (5 benign prostatic hypertrophy, considered by some as predisposing to prostatic cancer and 3 carcinoma of the bladder). While not possessing sufficient specificity for diagnosis, the high incidence of this antibody, 92% positive in patients with advanced disease (Stage III), suggests it may be useful as a prognostic index of patients with metastatic disease.

Grateful acknowledgement is made to Joanne Danaher, Mary Guffner, Christine Kostrzewski and Linda Pfeiffer for their technical assistance; to Doctors Maurice J. Gonder and Ward A. Soanes, Millard Fillmore Hospital (Buffalo, NY) and the physicians of Memorial Hospital (Springfield, II.) for their assistance and cooperation in providing tissue and serum specimens and to Dr Abraham S. Markowitz for helpful discussion and counsel.
Urodynamic Studies in the District General Hospital
Authors: Crisp J. C. , Green N. A. , Ashken M. H.
Published: November 2008

The information given by urodynamic investigations has been of practical value in clinical practice and we feel that the time and money spent has been worthwhile.

The results are particularly useful in patients with neuropathic bladders, women with stress incontinence in whom detrusor instability is also suspected, young men with “obstructive” symptoms and in men with post‐prostatectomy problems.

Its value in the large group of women with frequency, urgency and nocturia is debatable given our present lack of satisfactory treatment for these patients.

Generous grants from the East Anglian Regional Hospital Authority and the Norfolk and Norwich Institute for Medical Education enabled the Department of Urology to purchase the equipment. We should also like to thank Mr G. Carvell of the Physics Department, Norfolk and Norwich Hospital for his invaluable help in commissioning the equipment and to Ms S. Green, Ms J. Birch and Miss F. Holdgate for their secretarial work.
Prednimustine Therapy for Advanced Prostatic Cancer
Authors: CATANE R. , KAUMAN J. H. , MADAJEWICZ S. , MITTELMAN A. , MURPHY G. P.
Published: November 2008

Summary— 23 patients with advanced, hormonal‐resistant, prostatic cancer were treated with daily oral prednimustine — a combination of prednisolone and chlorambucil. 8 patients (35%) subjectively responded with disappearance of skeletal pain and improvement in appetite, weight and sense of well being. 3 patients had objective evidence of tumour regression. Clinical toxicity was moderate, and only occasional myelosuppression was encountered.

The ease of administration and predictable toxicity of prednimustine make it a potentially useful agent, alone or in combination, for advanced prostatic cancer.
An Unusual Case of Persistent Renal Collar in a Human Adult Male
Authors: KRAMER BEVERLEY
Published: November 2008

Summary— There are relatively few reports in the literature on accessory renal veins, and particularly that anomaly described as a persistent renal collar.

The present paper describes a case in which a left renal vein is encountered in a human adult, both anterior and posterior to the abdominal aorta, though without a persistent left inferior vena cava.
Delayed Rupture of the Bladder
Authors: TURNBULL A. R. , SMART C. J. , JENKINS J. D.
Published: November 2008

Summary— Two cases of delayed rupture of the bladder are presented in which infected urine became extravasated and led to abscess formation with subsequent urinary fistulation.

The management of each case is described and the possible cause discussed.

A suitable radiological investigation of bladder injuries is outlined.
Has Bromocriptine a Place in the Treatment of the Unstable Bladder?
Authors: DELAERE K. P. J. , DEBRUYNE F. M. J. , MOONEN W. A.
Published: November 2008

Summary— A clinical study of bromocriptine in the treatment of 18 patients with an unstable bladder is reported. All patients had previously received drug therapy and/or vesical distension, without success.

Ten of the 18 patients had side‐effects, and 2 of these did not complete the study.

Only 2 patients noted moderate improvement in their urinary symptoms.

Bromocriptine appears to be of little value in the treatment of the unstable bladder.
The Value of Provocative and Acute Urography in Patients with Intermittent Loin Pain
Authors: DAVIES P. , WOODS K. A. , EVANS C. M. , GRAY W. M. , KULATILAKE A. E.
Published: November 2008

Summary— Twenty‐two patients with intermittent loin pain thought to be typical of primary pelvic hydronephrosis but with normal appearances at standard excretion urography were subjected to diuretic urography using Frusemide‐induced diuresis.

If this was normal, acute urography was performed when the patient had pain. Abnormal appearances were shown in only 15 patients. In 4, only the erect films revealed the hydronephrosis. Dilatation occurred in response to a diuretic load in 9 and the abnormality was shown at the time of an attack of pain in 4. The hydronephrosis was shown only during the attack of pain in 2, a diuretic urogram having been normal. In 2 patients the nephrographic signs of acute obstruction were shown to be due to occlusion of the pelvi‐ureteric junction at the time of an attanck of pain. The importance of sequential examination, the value of erect films and acute urography are stressed.
Biofeedback in the Treatment of Detrusor Instability
Authors: CARDOZO L. , STANTON S. L. , HAFNER J. , ALLAN V.
Published: November 2008

Summary— Detrusor instability has remained resistant to conventional forms of treatment. An attempt to use biofeedback methods in its management is described. Six female patients with symptoms of frequency, urgency and urge incontinence due to detrusor instability were conditioned to auditory and visual stimuli for 6 to 81 h sessions. They were assessed clinically and urodynamically. The results are presented as well as detailed case studies of 3 patients. Subjectively, 3 were cured, 2 improved and 1 remained the same; objectively, 3 were cured, 1 improved and 2 remained the same. No significant side effects were encountered.
The Mucosal Electrosensitivity Threshold (MST): A Test for use in Conjunction with Electronic Stimulation in Urinary Incontinence in Women
Authors: KIESSWETTER H. , FLAMM J.
Published: November 2008

Summary— A new test to select those patients most likely to respond to electronic stimulation of the pelvic floor muscles is described.
Technique and Results of the Colonic Conduit, Continent by Means of a New Magnetic Stoma Seal An Experimental Study
Authors: WILHELM E. , SIGEL A. , HAGER Th. , HENNIG G.
Published: November 2008

Summary— On the basis of satisfactory results with a new magnetic stoma seal in colostomy patients this seal, consisting of a magnetic ring and cap, was used in an experimental study to convert the colonic conduit into a continent reservoir.

Complete continence was obtained in all of the 12 animals which survived the operation. All rings were well accepted by the tissue when the procedure was staged by implanting the ring transperitoneally several weeks prior to fashioning of the conduit.

Residual urine was low, owing to an ideal energy‐balance pattern. Coloureteric reflux was successfully prevented in all cases where a long‐tunnel‐modification of the Leadbetter‐Clarke technique was used. Hyperchloraemic acidosis and deterioration in renal function were not observed. All conduits were infected.
Carcinoma of the Penis
Authors: KHEZRI A. A. , DUNN M. , SMITH P. J. B. , MITCHELL J. P.
Published: November 2008

Summary— Sixty‐three patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the penis have been reviewed. The 3 year survival was 77%, and the 5 year survival was 59%.

Prognosis was related to both clinical staging and histological grading. Stage I and II carcinomas were best treated by surgery alone. Stage III and IV carcinomas were best treated by local amputation of the penis combined with radiotherapy to the inguinal nodes.

Surgery as a primary treatment for clinically positive nodes was successful in less than half the cases treated, and in this series was always followed by wound infection and lymphoedema.

Tender, enlarged inguinal lymph nodes should be observed for up to 3 months following primary treatment, as a large percentage of these nodes are inflammatory and subside spontaneously.
The Incidence and Consequences of Damage to the Parasympathetic Nerve Supply to the Bladder after Abdominoperineal Resection of the Rectum for Carcinoma
Authors: FOWLER J. W. , BREMNER D. N. , MOFFAT L. E. F.
Published: November 2008

Summary— Fifty‐one patients undergoing abdominoperineal resection of the rectum for carcinoma were studied with regard to bladder function after surgery.

Fifty‐nine per cent had motor denervation of the bladder due to tumour or operative damage to the pelvic parasympathetic nerves and this produced symptoms of incomplete bladder emptying requiring treatment in 90% of this group.

The factors affecting the incidence of nerve damage were discussed.

The long‐term effect of parasympathetic nerve damage was investigated and the management is discussed.
Should Patients be Shaved Prior to Transurethral Surgery?
Authors: FRASER IAN , MACPHERSON SYMON , PANAGAKIS ANGELOS
Published: November 2008

Summary— In a prospective randomised trial no significant difference in urinary infection was found when routine pubic shaving prior to transurethral surgery was compared with no public shave. An argument based on financial and asethetic consideration is presented to support the abolition of this traditional policy.
Chyluria—a 10‐year Follow‐up
Authors: YU HENRY H. Y. , NGAN HENRY , LEONG C.H.
Published: November 2008

Summary— One hundred and sixty‐one cases of chyluria have been studied. The possible aetiological factors, the approach to investigation and the methods and results of treatment have been discussed.

In this series, the diagnosis was established by the presence of chyle in the urine.

Lymphography was carried out in 90 patients for the localisation of the site of lymphatic reflux while cystoscopic examination after fatty meal was useful in determining the side with the heavier leakage.

One hundered and ninteen cases responded to conservtive tretment and only 42 cases required operative treatment.

Stripping of the renal pedicle via the retroperitoneal route gave the best result.
Serum Alphafetoprotein (AFP) in Bilharziasis
Authors: ALSABTI ELIAS A. K.
Published: November 2008

Summary— Two hundred and eighty‐four patients of various ages from an endemic area, diagnosed as having bilharziasis by the presence of living Schistosoma haematobium's ova in the mid‐stream urine sample, have been investigated for the presence of alphafetoprotein (AFP) in the serum.

One hundred and forty‐one (49.6%), were positive; no false positives have occured.

Radioimmunoassay is capable of increasing the positivity rate still further.

The detection of AFP will be of limited value as screening test in countries where bilharziasis is endemic.
Adoptive Immunotheraphy adn Radiotherapy in the Treatment of Urinary Bladder Cancer
Authors: SYMES M. O. , ECKERT H. , FENELEY R. C. L. , LAI TERESA , MITCHELL J.P. , ROBERTS J. B. M. , TRIBE C. R.
Published: November 2008

Summary— Thirty‐one patients with invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder were treated either by infusion of tumour immune pig mesenteric lymph node cells into the tumour blood supply, followed 6 weeks later by 5500 rad, or by radiotherapy alone. The patients were paired prior to treatment, using 4 criteria: age (nearest decade), sex, clinical stage (T3 or T4) and histological grade (average or high). The first patient in each pari then received combined treatment and the second radiotheraphy alone. Adminstration of pig cells before radiotheraphy offered no advantage to the patient in terms of the incidence of remission or the length of survival after treatment.
Recanalisation of Vas after Vasectomy. Evaluation of Various Techniques in Dogs
Authors: TANEJA O. P. , TAGORE N. K. , TAGORE V. , GULATI S. M.
Published: November 2008

Summary— A critical study of various techniques for end‐to‐end vaso‐vasostomies without or with internal splints on 41 dogs is presented. The results of vaso‐vasostomy without any internal splint were significantly better than those with splints, both for primary as well as secondary repair after 6 weeks.

The presence of an internal splint was associated with a high incidence of severe infection in the vas, epididymis and testis. An end‐to‐end mucosa‐to‐mucosa anastomosis using either 6/0 silk or Prolene under magnification is recommended as a simple and successful method of recanalisation of the vas in clinical practice.
Renal Growth Following Reimplantation of the Ureters for Reflux
Authors: ATWELL J. D. , VIJAY M. R.
Published: November 2008

Summary— Renal growth after reimplantation of a refluxing ureter was measured in 17 patients (26 renal units). Measurements of renal length were made from intravenous pyelograms 1,3 and 5 years post‐operatively. Our findings showed that after successful antireflux surgery the rate of renal growth was greater than normal in the first post‐operative year but between 1 and 5 years post‐operatively was normal.
An Evaluation of Techniques Used for the Production of Temporary Renal Ischaemia*
Authors: McLOUGHLIN G. A. , HEAL M. R. , TYRELL I. M.
Published: November 2008

Summary— Five techniques of producing temporary renal ischaemia have been evaluated in the rat. Damage was assessed by measuring inulin clearance, change in renal cortical intracellular water and 125l‐fibrin deposition.

Continuous renal artery occlusion produces significantly less renal damage than the other techniques commonly used.
Reimplantation of the Wide Ureter
Authors: BISHOP M. C. , ASKEW A. R. , SMITH J. C.
Published: November 2008

Summary— A modification of the technique of Politano and Leadbetter for reimplantation of wide ureters is described. Nine patients with obstructive megaureter (10 ureters) and 6 with gross vesicoureteric reflux (9 ureters) were treated. A satisfactory result was obtained in 6 of the obstructed patients (7 ureters) and ultimately, after re‐operation, in 1 of the remaining ureters. Reflux was corrected in all 6 patients. This method requires less extravesical dissection than others involving extensive remodelling of the wide ureter. There is therefore less risk of damage to the distal ureteric blood supply and the natural flap valve mechanism at the ureteric orifice may be more effectively emulated.
An Assessment of Computerised Isotopic Renal Section Scanning
Authors: STEYN J. H. , MacDONALD A. F. , KEYES W. I. , BAYLISS A. P. , TOWLER J. M.
Published: November 2008

Summary— The basic non‐invasive investigation of renal space occupying lesions by excretion pyelography was coupled with ultrasonic scanning.

Forty‐one patients who have undergone isotopic section scanning as part of their investigative assessment were studied.

The conditions investigated included solitary cysts, polycystic kidneys, renal tumours, tumefactive xanthomatous pyelonephritis, renal infarct and non‐functioning kidneys. An analysis of the accuracy of isotopic section scanning in these different pathological states was made.

Computerised isotopic section renal scanning offers a new non‐invasive renal investigative technique.
Risk Factors in Calcium Stone Disease of the Urinary Tract
Authors: ROBERTSON W. G. , PEACOCK M. , HEYBURN P. J. , MARSHALL D. H. , CLARK P. B.
Published: November 2008

Summary— The concept that calcium stone formation may be explained on the basis of a number of risk factors is developed. The main risk factors involved are shown to be calcium, oxalate, pH, acid mucopolysaccharides and uric acid.

A method is described for calculating and combining the individual risk factors into a measure of the “relative probability” of forming stones (PSF).

PSF values are generally lower in normal subjects than in stone‐formers. Amongst the normals, PSF values are lower in children and women than in men.

Recurrent stone‐formers have the highest PSF values and these correlate well with the severity of the disease as defined by the stone episode rate of the patient. Single stone‐formers have PSF values intermediate between those of normal men and those of recurrent stone‐formers.