bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The case for a supply-side climate treaty
Authors: Asheim G. B. , Fæhn T. , Nyborg K. , Greaker M. , Hagem C. , Harstad B. , Hoel M. O. , Lund D. , Rosendahl K. E.
Published: July 2019

The Paris Agreement can be strengthened by a treaty limiting global fossil fuel supply
Immune control of the microbiota prevents obesity
Authors: Wang Yuhao , Hooper Lora V.
Published: July 2019

Specialized T cells regulate the composition of the intestinal microbiota, with important consequences for obesity
Channel profiles through the active thrust front of the southern Barbados prism
Authors: Huyghe Pascale , Foata Michel , Deville Eric , Mascle Georges , Group Caramba Working
Published: July 2019

Submarine channels of the Orinoco River were analyzed using high-quality, dense- coverage bathymetric and seismic data provided by a recent marine survey on the southern Barbados prism. Analysis of the syntectonic sediments on seismic profiles shows that the four to five frontmost structures show evidence of recent tectonic movement. Slope analysis of the major channels was performed. From their headwaters to domains of little or no active tectonics, the channels display <0.2% slope and form levees. Slope and incision increase gradually in domains of moderate tectonics, but deep canyons with ∼2% mean slope form where the channels cross the active frontal folds of the prism. Detailed correlation between the active structures, their geometry, and canyon slope suggest that systematic variations in channel gradient highlight variations in substrate uplift rate. Steep slopes induced by uplift accelerate sediment flow and enhance incision. Nonetheless, such slope analysis is subject to complications introduced by variations in sediment flux and transient erosional conditions.
Deformed streams reveal growth and linkage of a normal fault array in the Canyonlands graben, Utah
Authors: Commins Deirdre , Gupta Sanjeev , Cartwright Joseph
Published: July 2019

We use the deformation of streams by the growth of active normal faults within the Canyonlands graben of southeastern Utah to constrain the displacement evolution of a fault array during segment interaction and linkage. Coupling fault displacement data with geomorphic analysis of present-day streams and paleostreams permits sequential reconstruction of a three-segment fault array from initial component segments to its final displacement geometry. Our results show that although segment interaction causes enhanced displacement addition at overlap zones, postlinkage displacement accumulation is significant and permits array equilibration to a displacement-length ratio characteristic of a single fault. Evidence of stream disequilibrium indicates that this postlinkage displacement addition was rapid compared to that during the fault interaction phase.
Terrestrial-marine carbon cycle coupling in ∼500-m.y.-old phosphatic brachiopods
Authors: Cowan Clinton A. , Fox David L. , Runkel Anthony C. , Saltzman Matthew R.
Published: July 2019

Carbon isotope compositions (δ13C) of inarticulate brachiopod shells from Upper Cambrian sandstone in the cratonic interior of Laurentia record a 5‰ positive excursion that correlates biostratigraphically with the global Steptoean positive isotopic carbon excursion. A consistent 6‰ negative displacement in brachiopod δ13C relative to carbonate values is interpreted to represent an onshore-offshore gradient in the isotopic composition of dissolved inorganic carbon in Cambrian seawater. Thus, these ∼500-m.y.-old chitinophosphatic brachiopod shells preserve evidence for carbon cycle coupling between the ancient atmospheric, oceanic, and terrestrial reservoirs in the time before embryophytic land plants.
Scoria cone construction mechanisms, Lathrop Wells volcano, southern Nevada, USA
Authors: Valentine Greg A. , Krier Don , Perry Frank V. , Heiken Grant
Published: July 2019

Scoria cones are commonly assumed to have been constructed by the accumulation of ballistically ejected clasts from discrete, relatively coarse-grained Strombolian bursts and subsequent avalanching such that the cone slopes are at or near the angle of repose for loose scoria. The cone at the hawaiitic Lathrop Wells volcano, southern Nevada, contains deposits that are consistent with these processes during early cone-building phases; these early deposits are composed mainly of coarse lapilli and fluidal bombs and are partially welded, indicating relatively little cooling during flight. However, the bulk of the cone is composed of relatively fine-grained (ash and lapilli) planar beds with no welding, even within a few tens of meters of the vent. This facies is consistent with deposition by direct fallout from sustained eruption columns of relatively well-fragmented material, primarily mantling cone slopes and with a lesser degree of avalanching than is commonly assumed. A laterally extensive fallout deposit (as much as 20 km from the vent) is inferred to have formed contemporaneously with these later cone deposits. This additional mechanism for construction of scoria cones may also be important at other locations, particularly where the magmas are relatively high in volatile content and where conditions promote the formation of abundant microlites in the rising mafic magma.
Reactive bulk assimilation: A model for crust-mantle mixing in silicic magmas
Authors: Beard James S. , Ragland Paul C. , Crawford Maria Luisa
Published: July 2019

Bulk assimilation of small (millimeters to ∼1 km) fragments of crust—driven and (ultimately) masked by reactions during xenolith melting and magma crystallization—is an important mechanism for crust-mantle mixing. Xenoliths containing mica or amphibole undergo dehydration melting when incorporated into a host magma, yielding mainly plagioclase, pyroxene, Fe-Ti oxides, and hydrous melt. The xenolith is physically compromised by partial melting and begins to disintegrate; xenolithic melt and crystals are mixed into the host magma. Xenocrystic zircon is liberated at this stage. The cryptic character of assimilation is greatly enhanced in any hydrous magma by hydration crystallization reactions (the reverse of dehydration melting). All pyroxenes and oxides (phenocrysts, xenocrysts, or crystals having a hybrid signature) will be subject to these reactions, producing feldspars, amphiboles, and micas that incorporate material from several sources, a particularly effective mixing mechanism. Implicit in the model is a reduced energy penalty for bulk assimilation—much of the assimilant remains in solid form—compared to melt-assimilation models. A large role for bulk assimilation supports stoping as a credible mechanism for the ascent of magmas. While the assimilation of low-density crust and concomitant fractionation provide the isostatic impetus for ascent, the wholesale incorporation and processing of crustal rocks in the magma chamber helps create the room for ascent.
Fluid density control on vapor-liquid partitioning of metals in hydrothermal systems
Authors: Pokrovski Gleb S. , Roux Jacques , Harrichoury Jean-Claude
Published: July 2019

Hot aqueous fluids, both vapor and saline liquid, are primary transporting media for metals in hydrothermal-magmatic systems. Despite the growing geological evidence that the vapor phase, formed through boiling of magmatic ore-bearing fluids, can selectively concentrate and transport metals, the physical-chemical mechanisms that control the metal vapor-liquid fractionation remain poorly understood. We performed systematic experiments to investigate the metal vapor-liquid partitioning in model water-salt-gas systems H2O-NaCl-KCl-HCl at hydrothermal conditions. Measurements show that equilibrium vapor-liquid fractionation patterns of many metals are directly related to the densities of the coexisting vapor and liquid phases. Despite differences in the vapor-phase chemistry of various metals that form hydroxide, chloride, or sulfide gaseous molecules of contrasting volatile properties, water-solute interaction is a key factor that controls the metal transfer by vapor-like fluids in Earth's crust. These findings allow quantitative prediction of the vapor-liquid distribution patterns and vapor-phase metal transport in a wide range of conditions. Our density model accounts well for the vapor-brine distribution patterns of Na, Si, Fe, Zn, As, Sb, and Ag observed in fluid inclusions from magmatic-hydrothermal deposits. For Au and Cu, the partitioning in favor of the liquid phase, predicted in a sulfur-free system, contrasts with the copper and gold enrichment observed in natural vapor-like inclusions. The formation of stable complexes of Cu and Au with reduced sulfur may allow for their enhanced transport by sulfur-enriched magmatic-hydrothermal vapors.
Dining in the Pleistocene—Who's on the menu?
Authors: Kohn Matthew J. , McKay Moriah P. , Knight James L.
Published: July 2019

The Camelot local fauna, a new fossil locality in southeastern South Carolina, has yielded a spectacularly abundant and well-preserved late Irvingtonian (ca. 400 ka) megafauna, including saber-toothed cat (Smilodon fatalis), wolf (Canis armbrusteri), cheetah (Miracinonyx inexpectatus), “camels” (Hemiauchenia macrocephala and Paleolama mirifica), tapir (Tapirus veroensis), deer (Odocoileus virginianus), sloth (Megalonyx jeffersoni), and horse (Equus sp.). Of particular interest is the number of well-preserved fossil teeth and the ability to decipher paleoecologies and paleodiets, especially for carnivores, by using carbon isotope compositions (δ13C) of these teeth. P. mirifica, M. jeffersoni, O. virginianus, and T. veroensis have the lowest δ13C values (−16‰ to −13‰, Vienna Peedee belemnite standard); C. armbrusteri, S. fatalis, and H. macrocephala have intermediate values (−13‰ to −8‰); and Equus sp. has the highest values (−7‰ to −1‰). High (>−5‰) vs. low (≤−9‰) δ13C values for herbivores indicate local habitats dominated by warm-climate grasses vs. trees and shrubs. The high δ13C values for Equus sp. indicate the presence of grasslands, whereas the low δ13C values for the other herbivores generally indicate the presence of forests. Although few data are available for carnivores, moderate δ13C values for C. armbrusteri indicate that it preyed mainly upon forest herbivores. S. fatalis appears to have preferred marginal woodland-grassland areas.
A general method for morphologic dating of hillslopes
Authors: Nash David B.
Published: July 2019

Morphologic dating of hillslopes is the determination of the age of a hillslope by its morphology. Current methods match the observed morphology with the morphology predicted by the diffusion-equation model for hillslope evolution. The morphologic dating method presented here requires no specific model for evolution, but is only applicable to transport-limited hillslopes on which the downslope debris flux is some scale- and time-independent function of slope angle. If these conditions are met, changes in morphology with scale (e.g., height) for a set of hillslopes of a fixed age are identical to changes in morphology with time for a hillslope of a fixed scale. This fact provides the basis for a simple, generally applicable method for morphologically dating such hillslopes with any initial morphology. This new dating method may be applied to a wide variety of vegetated hillslopes in temperate humid regions and is an improvement over previous morphologic dating methods that relied on the diffusion-equation model.
Termination of a fossil continent-ocean fracture zone imaged with three-dimensional seismic data: The Chain Fracture Zone, eastern equatorial Atlantic
Authors: Davies Richard J. , MacLeod Christopher J. , Morgan Richard , Briggs Sepribo E.
Published: July 2019

We describe the first three-dimensional imaging of the termination of a continent-ocean fracture zone (COFZ), the Chain Fracture Zone, located offshore of the Niger Delta. The COFZ marks the abrupt transition between extended continental crust, comprising multiple half-graben, and oceanic crust that has a pervasive seafloor-spreading fabric. It preserves a history of continent-continent shearing followed by oceanic crust accretion and continent-ocean shearing during the inception of Atlantic rifting. The termination is marked by steeply dipping faults with sigmoidal planform and thrusts that probably formed as a result of continent-continent or continent-ocean shearing. These are crosscut by the seafloor-spreading fabric that formed during the subsequent phase of oceanic crust accretion. The accreted oceanic crust is cut by listric and planar faults that curve in the direction of the COFZ, where they terminate. The transition from continental to oceanic crust across the COFZ is sharp and resolvable to ∼100–200 m. Complexes of lava flows emanate from volcanoes along the COFZ, bifurcating and trifurcating down the volcano flanks. The volcanoes are 2–5.5 km wide and 1.4 km in height relative to adjacent oceanic crust and were injected at the COFZ, probably as the spreading center migrated along it.
Resolving the Richat enigma: Doming and hydrothermal karstification above an alkaline complex
Authors: Matton Guillaume , Jébrak Michel , Lee James K.W.
Published: July 2019

The Richat structure (Sahara, Mauritania) appears as a large dome at least 40 km in diameter within a Late Proterozoic to Ordovician sequence. Erosion has created circular cuestas represented by three nested rings dipping outward from the structure. The center of the structure consists of a limestone-dolomite shelf that encloses a kilometer-scale siliceous breccia and is intruded by basaltic ring dikes, kimberlitic intrusions, and alkaline volcanic rocks. Several hypotheses have been presented to explain the spectacular Richat structure and breccia, but their origin remains enigmatic. The breccia body is lenticular in shape and irregularly thins at its extremities to only a few meters. The breccia was created during karst dissolution and collapse. Internal sediments fill the centimeter- to meter-scale cavities. Alkaline enrichment and the presence of Cretaceous automorphous neoformed K-feldspar demonstrate the hydrothermal origin of these internal sediments and their contemporaneity with magmatism. A model is proposed in which doming and the production of hydrothermal fluids were instrumental in creating a favorable setting for dissolution. The circular Richat structure and its breccia core thus represent the superficial expression of a Cretaceous alkaline complex with an exceptionally well preserved hydrothermal karst infilling at its summit.
What drives orogeny in the Andes?
Authors: Sobolev S.V. , Babeyko A.Y.
Published: July 2019

The Andes, the world's second highest orogenic belt, were generated by the Cenozoic tectonic shortening of the South American plate margin overriding the subducting Nazca plate. We use a coupled thermomechanical numerical modeling technique to identify factors controlling the intensity of the tectonic shortening. From the modeling, we infer that the most important factor was accelerated westward drift of the South American plate; changes in the subduction rate were less important. Other important factors are crustal structure of the overriding plate and shear coupling at the plates' interface. The model with a thick (40–45 km at 30 Ma) South American crust and relatively high friction coefficient (0.05) at the Nazca–South American interface generates >300 km of tectonic shortening during 30–35 m.y. and replicates the crustal structure and evolution of the high central Andes. The model with an initially thinner (<40 km) continental crust and lower friction coefficient (<0.015) results in <40 km of South American plate shortening, replicating the situation in the southern Andes. Our modeling also demonstrates the important role of the processes leading to mechanical weakening of the overriding plate during tectonic shortening, such as lithospheric delamination, triggered by the gabbro-eclogite transformation in the thickened continental lower crust, and mechanical failure of the sediment cover at the shield margin.
Selective calcareous nannoplankton survivorship at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary
Authors: Bown Paul
Published: July 2019

Calcareous nannoplankton underwent devastating diversity loss at the Cretaceous- Tertiary boundary (65.5 Ma), but recovered rapidly in the early Paleocene from a small number of survivor species. An understanding of this survivorship has been hampered by uncertainties introduced by reworking and mixing, but new high-resolution assemblage data from the northwest Pacific (Shatsky Rise, Ocean Drilling Program Site 1210) allow the unequivocal identification of 10 survivors. Evidence of shared adaptive strategies among these species provides the first indication that the extinctions were selective, with survival limited to a few neritic and/or opportunistic species, probably facilitated by hardiness and/or life-cycle escape strategies.
Time scale of magma differentiation in arcs from protactinium-radium isotopic data
Authors: Asmerom Yemane , DuFrane S. Andrew , Mukasa Samuel B. , Cheng Hai , Edwards R. Lawrence
Published: July 2019

Absolute chronology of magma differentiation processes has been a long-desired goal, given its importance in understanding magma chamber dynamics and its connection to a fundamental understanding of the style and frequency of volcanic eruptions. Broad estimates of the duration of magma differentiation and overall crustal residence times have been made based on a variety of indirect approaches, such as physical models of magma chamber cooling, rates of crystal growth and settling, and long-lived radiogenic isotopes. In contrast, combined 231Pa-235U data may provide a robust measure of the time scale of magma differentiation. Based on 231Pa-235U, 230Th-238U and 226Ra-230Th data from Taal volcano, Luzon Arc, Philippine Archipelago, we show that 231Pa-235U data may provide a robust direct measure of the time scale of magma differentiation. A closed-system magma fractionation model gives a 231Pa-235U differentiation time scale in the range of 30 k.y., while the 226Ra-230Th time scale is considerably younger. The time scales are reconciled if we consider either fluid-mixing or magma-mixing models. The fluid-mixing model gives a time scale of differentiation similar to the 231Pa-235U closed-system time scale and is supported by the 230Th-238U data. The magma-mixing model gives a considerably longer time, in the range of 55 k.y. The combined observations support the robustness of the 231Pa-235U chronology, indicating a differentiation time scale in the range of 30 k.y., although this time scale for other volcanoes may vary depending on size and thermal state of the magma chamber. The 226Ra-230Th closed-system model ages, which yield much younger estimates for magma differentiation, are not likely to reflect time scales of magma differentiation.
Rapid regression of neurological symptoms in patients with metastasised ALK+ lung cancer who are treated with lorlatinib: a report of two cases
Authors: Gafer Huda , de Waard Quincy , Compter Annette , van den Heuvel Michel
Published: July 2019

Oral anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) have shown significant benefit in the management of ALK-rearranged non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, almost all patients will experience disease progression after front-line ALK-TKIs such as crizotinib. Treatment with third generation ALK-TKI lorlatinib can have a significant clinical impact following disease progression, even in patients with a very poor performance status. Here, we review two clinical cases with metastatic ALK-rearranged NSCLC who had pulmonary disease control with first-generation ALK inhibitor. However, disease progressed rapidly in the central nervous system with severe neurological symptoms. Treatment with lorlatinib, a third-generation ALK-TKI, led to a rapid radiological and clinical cerebral response in both patients. Lorlatinib can overcome ALK resistance to crizotinib, and the presented cases suggest a potential role for lorlatinib in patients with rapidly progressive cerebral and leptomeningeal metastases.
Thoracic spine Langerhans cell histiocytosis in a child with achondroplasia
Authors: Chan Zoe , Simpson Lesley , Gallo Pasquale
Published: July 2019

Multifocal bone Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is usually treated with prednisolone and vinblastine. We present a case conservatively treated with indomethacin with good clinical and radiological response. A 7-year-old achondroplastic boy presented with worsening thoracic back pain and leg weakness. An admission MRI spine showed a pathological T1 vertebrae fracture with posterior soft tissue extension compressing and distorting the spinal cord. A CT guided biopsy revealed an LCH. Steroids were avoided to reduce osteopenia risk and further vertebral fragility. Considering the risk of a thoracic surgical approach in a child with this background, he was managed conservatively with indomethacin and a Sternal Occipital Mandibular Immobilizer (SOMI) Brace. Pain resolved completely within 6 months and the brace was discontinued. Serial follow-up scans showed progressive resolution of the pathological T1 fracture and complete resolution of the spinal cord compression.
Prevertebral neck abscess withSalmonella sandiego: a case presentation and literature review
Authors: Lipton Gareth , Tikka Theofano , Soulsby Hannah , Keh Siew
Published: July 2019

We describe an unusual case of a 58-year-old man with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) developing sepsis secondary to a prevertebral neck abscess. Following cross-sectional imaging, the patient underwent surgical drainage.Salmonella sandiegowas isolated from urine, blood and pus cultures.Salmonellaspecies neck infections represent a rare cause of focal salmonellosis, though have been reported in the literature. This is the first reported case ofS. sandiegocausing neck abscess. The case highlights an atypical presentation of salmonellosis, with the surprising finding of a neck abscess on cross-sectional imaging without evidence of co-existing significant discitis or osteomyelitis.
Oxford Video Informed Consent Tool (OxVIC): a pilot study of informed video consent in spinal surgery and preoperative patient satisfaction
Authors: Mawhinney Gerard , Thakar Chrishan , Williamson Victoria , Rothenfluh Dominique A , Reynolds Jeremy
Published: July 2019

Objectives

The British Association of Spinal Surgeons recently called for updates in consenting practice. This study investigates the utility and acceptability of a personalised video consent tool to enhance patient satisfaction in the preoperative consent giving process.

Design

A single-centre, prospective pilot study using questionnaires to assess acceptability of video consent and its impacts on preoperative patient satisfaction.

Setting

A single National Health Service centre with individuals undergoing surgery at a regional spinal centre in the UK.

Outcome measure

As part of preoperative planning, study participants completed a self-administered questionnaire (CSQ-8), which measured their satisfaction with the use of a video consent tool as an adjunct to traditional consenting methods.

Participants

20 participants with a mean age of 56 years (SD=16.26) undergoing spinal surgery.

Results

Mean patient satisfaction (CSQ-8) score was 30.2/32. Median number of video views were 2–3 times. Eighty-five per cent of patients watched the video with family and friends. Eighty per cent of participants reported that the video consent tool helped to their address preoperative concerns. All participants stated they would use the video consent service again. All would recommend the service to others requiring surgery. Implementing the video consent tool did not endure any significant time or costs.

Conclusions

Introduction of a video consent tool was found to be a positive adjunct to traditional consenting methods. Patient–clinician consent dialogue can now be documented. A randomised controlled study to further evaluate the effects of video consent on patients’ retention of information, preoperative and postoperative anxiety, patient reported outcome measures as well as length of stay may be beneficial.
Associations of school tobacco policies and legislation with youth smoking: a cross-sectional study of Danish vocational high schools
Authors: Andersen Susan , Pisinger Veronica , Rod Morten Hulvej , Tolstrup Janne
Published: July 2019

Background

In vocational high schools, the prevalence of smoking is high (nearly 40% daily smoking in Danish vocational high schools). Schools are increasingly adopting school tobacco policies (STPs) and a national law on smoke-free school grounds has been implemented. Our objective was to explore the extent of STPs in vocational schools and examine the association of STPs and smoke-free school grounds legislation with student smoking.

Methods

We used data from the cross-sectional Danish National Youth Study 2014, including 5013 vocational high school students (76% male) at 40 campuses. Implementation of STPs was measured by questionnaires to principals and field observations of smoking practices were conducted. Logistic regression models assessed whether STP characteristics were associated with students’ current smoking (ie, daily and occasional) compared with non-current smoking. Negative binominal regression models assessed cigarettes per day among daily smokers.

Results

Schools covered by the national law on smoke-free school ground had more comprehensive STPs than schools not covered by the law. Student smoking was observed on 78% of campuses, with less visibility of smoking in schools covered by the national law (69% vs 83%). Current smoking was lower for students attending a school covered by the national law (OR=0.86, 95% CI 0.75 to 0.97). Students who attended schools that allowed teacher–student smoking were more likely to smoke (OR=1.13, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.27).

Conclusions

A law on smoke-free school grounds was associated with less current smoking in vocational high schools, while school norms that are supportive of teacher-student smoking were associated with greater odds of current smoking. Visibility of student smoking was less prevalent at schools covered by the law on smoke-free school grounds; nevertheless, the visibility of smoking was high. Better enforcement or an extension of the current law on smoke-free school grounds is recommended.
Prevalence and determinants of hyperglycaemia among adults in Bangladesh: results from a population-based national survey
Authors: Islam Jessica Yasmine , Zaman Mohammad Mostafa , Bhuiyan Mahfuz Rahman , Haq Syed Atiqul , Ahmed Shamim , Al-Qadir Ahmad Zahid
Published: July 2019

Objectives

With the increasing burden of non-communicable diseases in low-income and middle-income countries, biological risk factors, such as hyperglycaemia, are a major public health concern in Bangladesh. Hyperglycaemia is an excess of glucose in the bloodstream and is often associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nationally representative data of hyperglycaemia prevalence starting from age ≥18 years are currently unavailable for Bangladeshi adults. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence and determinants of hyperglycaemia among adults in Bangladesh aged ≥18 years.

Study design

Cross-sectional, population-based study.

Setting and participants

Data for this analysis were collected in November to December 2015, from a population-based nationally representative sample of 1843 adults, aged ≥18 years, from both urban and rural areas of Bangladesh. Demographic information, capillary blood glucose, blood pressure, height, weight, waist circumference and treatment history were recorded.

Primary outcome measures

Hyperglycaemia was defined as a random capillary blood glucose level of ≥11.1 mmol/L (ie, in the diabetic range) or currently taking medication to control type 2 diabetes, based on self-report.

Results

Overall, the prevalence of hyperglycaemia was 5.5% (95% CI 4.5% to 6.6%) and was significantly higher among urban (9.8%, 95% CI 7.7% to 12.2%) than rural residents (2.8%, 95% CI 1.9% to 3.9%). The age-standardised prevalence of hyperglycaemia was 5.6% (95% CI 4.6% to 6.8%). Among both urban and rural residents, the associated determinants of hyperglycaemia included hypertension and abdominal obesity. About 5% of the total population self-reported have been previously diagnosed with type 2 diabetes; among these adults, over 25% were not taking medications to control their diabetes.

Conclusions

Our study found that about 1 in 20 Bangladeshi adults aged ≥18 years have hyperglycaemia. To control and prevent the development of type 2 diabetes, data from this study can be used to inform public health programming and provide descriptive information on surveillance of progress towards controlling diabetes in Bangladesh.
Experiences of how services supporting women with perinatal mental health difficulties work with their families: a qualitative study in England
Authors: Lever Taylor Billie , Billings Jo , Morant Nicola , Bick Debra , Johnson Sonia
Published: July 2019

Objectives

Partners and wider family members play a vital role in relation to women’s perinatal mental health. Clinical guidelines in the UK and internationally recommend that services supporting women with perinatal mental health difficulties involve and support their families too. However, little is known about family members’ needs and experiences, or whether they feel included by mental health services. This study set out to explore this.

Methods

This research formed part of a wider study exploring experiences of perinatal mental health care in England. The broader study included semi-structured interviews with 52 women across England who received treatment for a perinatal mental health difficulty, and 32 family members identified by the women as offering them some support. Data from these 84 interviews relating to how services work with partners and families were extracted and analysed thematically.

Results

Analysis identified three overarching themes: (1) the centrality of women’s families to their perinatal mental health/access to support, (2) experiences of partners and families being excluded by services and (3) ambivalence among women and their families about increasing family involvement/support. We found that partners and families appear to have an important influence on women’s perinatal mental health, access to care and interactions with services, but that services tend to focus on individual women (and babies) with little regard for their wider family context. The complexity of involving and supporting partners and families, coupled with anxiety about this among women and their families, reinforces the tendency to marginalise them.

Conclusion

Involving women’s families and providing the support they need is challenging, but important. Experiences of women and their families of services treating perinatal mental health difficulties suggests greater focus is needed on overcoming barriers to family inclusion and on challenging underlying gender roles and expectations, rather than allowing these to shape and guide practice.
Identifying and resolving the frustrations of reviewing the improvement literature: The experiences of two improvement researchers
Authors: Jones Emma , Furnival Joy , Carter Wendy
Published: July 2019

Background and aims

Summarising quality improvement (QI) research through systematic literature review has great potential to improve patient care. However, heterogeneous terminology, poor definition of QI concepts and overlap with other scientific fields can make it hard to identify and extract data from relevant literature. This report examines the compromises and pragmatic decisions that undertaking literature review in the field of QI requires and the authors propose recommendations for literature review authors in similar fields.

Methods

Two authors (EJ and JF) provide a reflective account of their experiences of conducting a systematic literature review in the field of QI. They draw on wider literature to justify the decisions they made and propose recommendations to improve the literature review process. A third collaborator, (WC) co-created the paper challenging author’s EJ and JF views and perceptions of the problems and solutions of conducting a review of literature in QI.

Results

Two main challenges were identified when conducting a review in QI. These were defining QI and selecting QI studies. Strategies to overcome these problems include: select a multi-disciplinary authorship team; review the literature to identify published QI search strategies, QI definitions and QI taxonomies; Contact experts in related fields to clarify whether a paper meets inclusion criteria; keep a reflective account of decision making; submit the protocol to a peer reviewed journal for publication.

Conclusions

The QI community should work together as a whole to create a scientific field with a shared vision of QI to enable accurate identification of QI literature. Our recommendations could be helpful for systematic reviewers wishing to evaluate complex interventions in both QI and related fields.
MyHEARTSMAP: development and evaluation of a psychosocial self-assessment tool, for and by youth
Authors: Virk Punit , Laskin Samara , Gokiert Rebecca , Richardson Chris , Newton Mandi , Stenstrom Rob , Wright Bruce , Black Tyler , Doan Quynh
Published: July 2019

Background

Paediatric mental health-related visits to the emergency department are rising. However, few tools exist to identify concerns early and connect youth with appropriate mental healthcare. Our objective was to develop a digital youth psychosocial assessment and management tool (MyHEARTSMAP) and evaluate its inter-rater reliability when self-administered by a community-based sample of youth and parents.

Methods

We conducted a multiphasic, multimethod study. In phase 1, focus group sessions were used to inform tool development, through an iterative modification process. In phase 2, a cross-sectional study was conducted in two rounds of evaluation, where participants used MyHEARTSMAP to assess 25 fictional cases.

Results

MyHEARTSMAP displays good face and content validity, as supported by feedback from phase 1 focus groups with youth and parents (n=38). Among phase 2 participants (n=30), the tool showed moderate to excellent agreement across all psychosocial sections (κ=0.76–0.98).

Conclusions

Our findings show that MyHEARTSMAP is an approachable and interpretable psychosocial assessment and management tool that can be reliably applied by a diverse community sample of youth and parents.
Family caregivers of children and adolescents with rare diseases: a novel palliative care intervention
Authors: Lyon Maureen E , Thompkins Jessica D , Fratantoni Karen , Fraser Jamie L , Schellinger Sandra E , Briggs Linda , Friebert Sarah , Aoun Samar , Cheng Yao Iris , Wang Jichuan
Published: July 2019

Objective

To develop and pilot test a palliative care intervention for family caregivers of children with rare diseases (FAmily-CEntered pediatric Advance Care Planning-Rare (FACE-Rare)).

Methods

FACE-Rare development involved an iterative, family-guided process including review by a Patient and Family Advisory Council, semistructured family interviews and adaptation of two evidence-based person-centred approaches and pilot testing their integration. Eligible families were enrolled in FACE-Rare (the Carer Support Needs Assessment Tool (CSNAT) Approach Paediatric sessions 1 and 2;plusRespecting Choices Next Steps pACP intervention sessions 3 and 4). Satisfaction, quality of communication and caregiver appraisal were assessed.

Results

Parents were mean age 40 years, and children 7 years. Children’s diseases were rare enough that description would identify patients. All children were technology dependent. Telemedicine, used with four of seven families, was an effective engagement strategy and decreased subject burden. Families found FACE-Rare valuable following a strategy thatfirstelicited palliative care needs and a support plan. Eight families were approached for pilot testing. Of the seven mothers who agreed to participate, six began session 1, and of those, 100% completed: all four FACE-Rare sessions, baseline and 2-week postintervention assessments, and a written pACP which described their preferences for medical decision-making to share with their providers. 100% reported FACE-Rare was helpful. The top three CSNAT concerns were: knowing what to expect in the future, having enough time for yourself and financial issues. Benchmarks were achieved and questionnaires were acceptable to parents and thus feasible to use in a larger trial.

Conclusions

FACE-Rare provides an innovative, structured approach for clinicians to deliver person-centred care.
Consensus standards of healthcare for adults and children with inflammatory bowel disease in the UK
Authors: Kapasi Rukshana , Glatter Jackie , Lamb Christopher A , Acheson Austin G , Andrews Charles , Arnott Ian D , Barrett Kevin J , Bell Graham , Bhatnagar Guaraang , Bloom Stuart , Brookes Matthew James , Brown Steven R , Burch Nicola , Burman Andy , Crook Kay , Cummings JR Fraser , Davies Justin , Demick Anne , Epstein Jenny , Faiz Omar , Feakins Roger , Fletcher Melissa , Garrick Vikki , Jaffray Bruce , Johnson Matthew , Keetarut Katie , Limdi Jimmy , Meade Uchu , Muhammed Rafeeq , Murdock Andrew , Posford Nick , Rowse Georgina , Shaw Ian , St Clair Jones Anja , Taylor Stuart , Weaver Sean , Younge Lisa , Hawthorne Antony Barney
Published: July 2019

Objective

Symptoms and clinical course during inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) vary among individuals. Personalised care is therefore essential to effective management, delivered by a strong patient-centred multidisciplinary team, working within a well-designed service. This study aimed to fully rewrite the UK Standards for the healthcare of adults and children with IBD, and to develop an IBD Service Benchmarking Tool to support current and future personalised care models.

Design

Led by IBD UK, a national multidisciplinary alliance of patients and nominated representatives from all major stakeholders in IBD care, Standards requirements were defined by survey data collated from 689 patients and 151 healthcare professionals. Standards were drafted and refined over three rounds of modified electronic-Delphi.

Results

Consensus was achieved for 59 Standards covering seven clinical domains; (1) design and delivery of the multidisciplinary IBD service; (2) prediagnostic referral pathways, protocols and timeframes; (3) holistic care of the newly diagnosed patient; (4) flare management to support patient empowerment, self-management and access to specialists where required; (5) surgery including appropriate expertise, preoperative information, psychological support and postoperative care; (6) inpatient medical care delivery (7) and ongoing long-term care in the outpatient department and primary care setting including shared care. Using these patient-centred Standards and informed by the IBD Quality Improvement Project (IBDQIP), this paper presents a national benchmarking framework.

Conclusions

The Standards and Benchmarking Tool provide a framework for healthcare providers and patients to rate the quality of their service. This will recognise excellent care, and promote quality improvement, audit and service development in IBD.
Two new genera and six other novelties in Heterochaete sensu lato (Auriculariales, Basidiomycota)
Authors: Mendes Alvarenga Renato Lúcio , Spirin Viacheslav , Malysheva Vera , Gibertoni Tatiana Baptista , Larsson Karl-Henrik
Published: July 2019

The genus Heterochaete (Auriculariales, Basidiomycota) is traditionally defined as comprising resupinate fungal species with sterile spines (hyphal pegs) that are distributed on hymenial surface. Recent DNA-based studies have indicated that Heterochaete is polyphyletic, although the correct taxonomic positions of many species under this genus remains unresolved. In this study, we revised the taxonomic assignments of some representatives of Heterochaete s.l., with special emphasis on neotropical taxa. Based on our results, two new genera, three new species, and three new combinations are proposed. Adustochaete is a new genus comprising two newly described species collected from dry hardwood twigs in the Neotropics; these two species are Adustochaete rava (the genus type) from Brazil and Adustochaete interrupta from Mexico. To date, the second genus, Proterochaete, comprises a single species, Proterochaete adusta comb. nov., which is widely distributed in the temperate Northern hemisphere. In addition, one new species, Tremellochaete cerradensis sp. nov., is described and one new combination, Tremellochaete ciliata comb. nov., is proposed in Tremellochaete, both recorded in Brazil. A neotype is selected for Heterochaetella ochracea, and this species was moved to Eichleriella based on morphological evidence and DNA analyses.
The Impact of Customer Orientation and Family Decision-Making Style on Family Business Performance
Authors: Woods Jeremy Alan , Danes Sharon M. , Uhalt Joshua
Published: July 2019

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of certain characteristics of family business decision-making processes (customer orientation and open and negotiating family decision-making styles) to business and family goal achievement as mediated by emotions (family supportiveness). We undertook this study to better understand why certain family businesses make consistently better decisions than others, leading them to earn more money and have family members who are happier in their home lives. Decision theory undergirded the study development. The sample consisted of 277 family business owners, and the data are from the National Family Business Panel data set. Our results showed that if the business owners focused on customer satisfaction and product quality when making decisions, they tended to make more money and tended to be happier at home. If families made business decisions in open and negotiating ways, their members were happier about their decisions because they felt supported by the other family members. Furthermore, family members who felt good about the support they got from their family members in their business decision-making were also happier in their home lives in general.
Open Innovation in SMEs: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Torchia Mariateresa , Calabrò Andrea
Published: July 2019

The aim of this article is to assess the current state of research on open innovation in SMEs to understand why and how SMEs do open innovation. Stemming from a systematic literature review of 73 articles published in peer-reviewed journals, from 1983 to 2017, we identify five main research focuses on open innovation in SMEs. Directions for future studies on open innovation in SMEs are provided in this article.
Parameter estimation for Gaussian mean-reverting Ornstein–Uhlenbeck processes of the second kind: Non-ergodic case
Authors: Alazemi Fares , Alsenafi Abdulaziz , Es-Sebaiy Khalifa
Published: July 2019

We consider a least square-type method to estimate the drift parameters for the mean-reverting Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process of the second kind [Formula: see text] defined as [Formula: see text], with unknown parameters [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] with [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text] is a Gaussian process. In order to establish the consistency and the asymptotic distribution of least square-type estimators of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] based on the continuous-time observations [Formula: see text] as [Formula: see text], we impose some technical conditions on the process [Formula: see text], which are satisfied, for instance, if [Formula: see text] is a fractional Brownian motion with Hurst parameter [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] is a subfractional Brownian motion with Hurst parameter [Formula: see text] or [Formula: see text] is a bifractional Brownian motion with Hurst parameters [Formula: see text]. Our method is based on pathwise properties of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] proved in the sequel.
Unconventional Monetary Policy in Japan: Empirical Evidence from Estimated Shadow Rate DSGE Model
Authors: Wang Rui
Published: July 2019

The Zero Lower Bound (ZLB) on short nominal interest rates has imposed serious constraint on stimulating and stabilizing economy of major central banks. Analysis of monetary policy by Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) models under the existence of ZLB has also been an important issue from both practical and academic views for central banks and macroeconomists. However, the nonlinearity of ZLB constraint makes linear solution and estimation techniques of DSGE models unreliable and impractical.

In many recent empirical works, it has been proved that the shadow rate can be used as an accurate proxy to represent the stance of unconventional monetary policy in the ZLB environment. We use shadow rate to estimate a medium-scale DSGE model based on the theoretical foundation proposed by Wu and Zhang (2016). A shadow rate New Keynesian model (No. w22856). National Bureau of Economic Research, and conduct counterfactual simulation exercises to quantify the macroeconomic effects of unconventional monetary policy implemented by Bank of Japan (BoJ). Compared with the estimation results of pre-ZLB sub-sample (1980Q1–1998Q4), the structural parameters estimated from full-sample (1980Q1–2016Q3) with the shadow rate still have very reasonable values that are consistent with most related medium-scale DSGE literature. The statistical properties of model dynamics implied by two groups of estimation are also very close. Counterfactual simulation shows that without the unconventional monetary policy, macroeconomic variables would have worse performance than their actual realizations.
Aerosol extraction and direct laser ablation ICP-MS analysis of the fine and ultrafine fractions of regolith
Authors: Morris Paul A. , Christ Alex , Mikucki Edward J.
Published: July 2019

The <10, <4, <2.5 and <1 µm fractions of eight regolith samples have been extracted as aerosols, then analysed for more than 60 elements by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). Precision and accuracy rivals that of conventional digestion and ICP-MS analysis for most elements, but the aerosol extraction and ablation approach can be completed within 30 min, avoids compromising the sample by screening, column settling, fusion and/or digestion, and includes data for elements such as Br, Cl, I and Se that are conventionally analysed by individual procedures. Major element chemistry and scanning electron microscope (SEM) imagery show that the aerosol fractions of regolith are dominated by kaolinite, with quartz in aeolian regolith. The aerosol fractions of Si- and Ca-rich regolith have higher trace element concentrations than the coarser fraction (0.45–2 mm), but chalcophile elements are depleted in the aerosols of Fe-rich regolith relative to the coarser fraction. Improvements in in-field analytical technology coupled with aerosol extraction mean that fine and ultrafine fraction chemistry can be used to guide mineral exploration programmes in close to real time.

Supplementary material
:
The results of the laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) analysis of filter papers are available at
https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4562807