bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
AVERAGE RUN LENGTHS FOR MOVING AVERAGE CONTROL CHARTS
Authors: Ross Sheldon M.
Published: July 2002

We are interested in E [N], the
mean time until the most recent k values of a sequence
of independent and identically distributed random variables
exceeds a specified constant. Using recent results, we present
a simulation procedure for determining E [N]. These results are also used to obtain upper and lower bounds for
E [N]. These bounds, however, are in
terms of a quantity ω that is not easily calculated.
A recursive procedure for evaluating ω when the data
distribution is Bernoulli is given. Efficient simulation
procedures for estimating ω in the cases of normal
and exponential population distributions are also presented,
as is a Markov chain monte carlo procedure when the distribution
is general.
ADULT ESL: POLITICS, PEDAGOGY, AND PARTICIPATION IN CLASSROOM
AND COMMUNITY.Trudy Smoke (Ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 1998. Pp. xv
+ 337. $71.95 cloth, $31.00 paper.
Authors: Todorovska Viktorija , Roen Duane
Published: July 2002

This collection explores recent developments in both community and college adult ESL
education to meet the needs of adult ESL learners in current social and political contexts in North
America. The 22 women and 2 men contributing to the volume argue persuasively and even
passionately for programs that prepare adult ESL learners for citizenry in a 21st-century
democracy. Collectively and individually the chapter authors argue eloquently that adult
education programs need to assist learners not only in their academic lives but also in their
professional, personal, and civic lives. These teacher-scholars demonstrate what it means to be a
knowledgeable, committed, and effective educator.
GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY ROUND TABLE ON LANGUAGES AND
LINGUISTICS 1994: EDUCATIONAL LINGUISTICS, CROSSCULTURAL
COMMUNICATION, AND GLOBAL INTERDEPENDENCE.James E. Alatis
(Ed.). Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 1994. Pp. 402. $35.00 paper.
Authors: Hall Joan Kelly
Published: July 2002

This collection of 28 papers was first presented at the 1994 GURT. The theme of the
conference was educational linguistics, crosscultural communication, and global
interdependence. The vastness of the theme is reflected in the diversity of the chapter topics.
Twelve of 28 deal with curricular issues. Of these, those by Kachru, Nyikos, D. Freeman, van
Lier, Loew, and Richards discuss issues and concerns broadly related to the preparation of
language teachers. D. Freeman's chapter is worthy of note because it offers an interesting
discussion on the various strands of scholarship, which he suggests comprise the knowledge base
of language teaching. Six of the 12 chapters center on curricular issues for the language
classroom. Matters relating to the teaching of culture are dealt with by Oxford and Bamgbose.
Brown discusses “responsive language teaching.” Citkina reports on innovative
foreign language methods recently introduced in the Ukraine. A good discussion on
computer-mediated communication and its usefulness to the language classroom is offered by
Stauffer. Pica provides an excellent overview of the research on task-related learning and an
equally useful discussion of its pedagogical implications.
INCIDENTAL VOCABULARY ACQUISITION IN THE FOREIGN LANGUAGE
CLASSROOM
Authors: Wode Henning
Published: July 2002

This paper is based on ongoing research on a recent low-dose, late partial English
immersion (IM) program in Germany. The evaluation compares English language outcomes of
IM groups, groups from non-IM schools, and non-IM groups from the same school as the IM
groups, at various points of their development. This paper focuses on whether English
vocabulary learning occurs incidentally while students are learning history or geography, or both,
taught in English and whether there is evidence to suggest that the learning abilities activated in
the IM classroom are the same as those found in traditional foreign language teaching and in
naturalistic (untutored) L2 acquisition. The data derive from a communicative group test. It is
shown that some of the lexical items cannot have come from the textbook or from other kinds of
teaching materials used during regular foreign language instruction in the program. This leaves
the teacher's oral use of English as the most likely source. Several implications for L2
acquisition theory and teaching practice are discussed.
How children build their morphosyntax: the case of French
Authors: PARISSE CHRISTOPHE , LE NORMAND MARIE-THÉRÈSE
Published: July 2002

Early morphosyntax is very rich and uniform in young French-speaking
children. The present study aims to give a thorough analysis of the
morphosyntax produced at the outset of multi-word speech, with a
classification of free language produced at 2;0 by 27 French-speaking
children. The corpus was fully tagged by an automatic part-of-speech
tagger. A classification performed with words taken in isolation shows a
clear difference between the categories used in single-word utterances
and those used in multi-word utterances. A classification performed
with word sequences reveals surprisingly adult-like sequences of syntactic
categories and words; the non-adult combinations are few in a
French child's language. The very successful use of the tagger demonstrates
the morphosyntactic coherence of the child's speech. When
compared with adult language, the quantitative results, and more
precisely the data concerning regularity and error types, contribute to
the documentation of all the specificities of the emerging morphosyntax
in normally developing French children.
The effect of perceptual similarity and linguistic
input on children's acquisition of object labels
Authors: DIESENDRUCK GIL , SHATZ MARILYN
Published: July 2002

This study investigated whether and when children
establish various
semantic relations between old and new words. Fifty
two-year-olds were
taught labels for objects previously referred to by an
overextended term.
We found that children were more likely to learn a new
label when (a)
it referred to a new object that was perceptually dissimilar,
rather than
similar, to a known one, and (b) when linguistic
information indicated it
had an inclusion, rather than a mutually exclusive, relation
to a known
label. Children were more likely to interpret a new label
as mutually
exclusive to a known one when their referents were perceptually
dissimilar. These findings are discussed in light of
theories of lexical
development, particularly with regard to conceptualizations
of constraints on the acquisition of word meaning.
Measure and dimension functions: measurability and densities
Authors: MATTILA PERTTI , MAULDIN R. DANIEL
Published: July 2002

During the past several years, new types of geometric measure and
dimension have been
introduced; the packing measure and dimension, see [Su],
[Tr]
and [TT1]. These notions are playing an increasingly
prevalent role in
various aspects of dynamics and measure theory. Packing measure is a sort
of dual of Hausdorff
measure in that it is defined in terms of packings rather than coverings.
However, in contrast
to Hausdorff measure, the usual definition of packing measure requires
two limiting procedures,
first the construction of a premeasure and then a second standard limiting
process to obtain
the measure. This makes packing measure somewhat delicate to deal with.
The question arises
as to whether there is some simpler method for defining packing measure
and dimension. In this
paper, we find a basic limitation on this possibility. We do this by determining
the
descriptive set-theoretic complexity of the packing functions. Whereas
the Hausdorff
dimension function on the space of compact sets is Borel measurable, the
packing dimension
function is not. On the other hand, we show that the packing dimension
functions are
measurable with respect to the σ-algebra generated by the analytic
sets. Thus,
the usual sorts of measurability properties used in connection with Hausdorff
measure,
for example measures of sections and projections, remain true for packing
measure.
Spaces with polynomial mod-p cohomology
Authors: NOTBOHM D.
Published: July 2002

In the early seventies, Steenrod posed the question: which polynomial
algebras
over the Steenrod algebra appear as the cohomology ring of a topological
space? For
odd primes, work of Adams and Wilkerson and Dwyer, Miller and Wilkerson
showed
that all such algebras are given as the mod-p reduction of the
invariants of a pseudo
reflection group acting on a polynomial algebra over the p-adic
integers. We show
that this necessary condition is also sufficient for finding a realization
of such a
polynomial algebra. We also show that, up to completion, every space with

polynomial mod-p cohomology is equivalent to the product of the
classifying space
of a connected compact Lie group and some spaces determined by irreducible
p-adic
rational pseudo reflection groups.
Mapping the ASFs of the Northwest European Loran-C System
Authors: Williams Paul , Last David
Published: July 2002

Loran-C receivers measure time delay differences in the signals they receive, compute
differences of distance, and hence determine the user's position. The conversion from time
to distance requires knowledge of the signals' velocities, which differ when propagating over
sea or land. Precise positioning requires the delays of land paths to be accurately mapped,
a procedure traditionally entailing expensive and time-consuming marine surveys. The
resulting data, in the form of Additional Secondary Factors (ASFs), may be stored in
Loran receivers. This paper introduces the concept of Loran-C Additional Secondary
Factors, and shows how it is possible to map them efficiently. It focuses on recent
advances, chiefly the development of powerful software for modelling the growth of ASFs
over mountainous terrain. This employs an implementation of an algorithm proposed
by Monteath. The modelling capability of the algorithm is demonstrated by examining
propagation along a route that crosses mountains and deep fjords. In addition, the ASFs
it predicts are compared with sample measurements made around the west coast of
Scotland.
Free-Flight in Europe, Problems and Solutions
Authors: Ratcliffe S.
Published: July 2002

Earlier papers, based on a computer model of European air traffic, deal with the probability
of conflicts arising between pairs of aircraft operating under free-flight rules. This paper
discusses the problems of resolving these conflicts. When a potential collision takes place in
the neighbourhood of other intruding aircraft, these must be taken into account when
choosing an escape manoeuvre. A suggestion is made that may ease the problem.
The Organisation of Hydrographic Information for English Navigators – Five Hundred Years of Sailing Directions and Charts
Authors: Fisher Susanna
Published: July 2002

This paper is based on the President's Invitational Address given by the author at
the 54th Annual General Meeting on 25 October 2000.

The paper outlines the changes in the physical form in which hydrographic information
has reached the chart tables of ordinary navigators over the last five hundred years and
traces its development from a purely verbal aid to a graphic one.
Technical Extracts from the Memoirs of Dr. J. A. Pierce
Authors: Blanchard Walter F.
Published: July 2002

The following is the first part of an extract from the memoirs of Dr. J. A. Pierce who was deeply involved in the development of radionavigation aids in the USA between 1941 and 1973. These are, of course, personal reminiscences, and some issues might be challenged by others working in the same field at the time. However, they give a remarkable insight into the problems faced by the scientists of the day and how they were overcome. The editing principle used here has been to rigorously preserve Dr. Pierce's own wording while eliminating those parts of a purely personal nature. The entire original document without cuts may be found on the Institute's website.
Decline of musk deer in China and prospects for management
Authors: Shusheng Geng , Shila Ma
Published: July 2002

In spite of the prominence that conservation of biodiversity has achieved in the world (McNeely 1992), the rate of decline of species with high commercial value is still increasing. The limited arable land and human demand for materials have become major factors contributing to declines in biological resources (Ma et al. 1997). Musk deer have long been famous for the musk that only the male produces. Due to the limited supply of natural musk, musk has been a major item of international trade and the object of smuggling from this region over a long period of time (Sheng 1987, 1992; Liu 1996). The population of wild musk deer has suffered heavy pressure, and the species is on the brink of extinction.
Different growth rates in amoeba of genotypically related environmental and clinical Legionella pneumophila strains isolated from a thermal spa
Authors: MOLMERET M. , JARRAUD S. , MORIN J. PIERRE , PERNIN P. , FOREY F. , REYROLLE M. , VANDENESCH F. , ETIENNE J. , FARGE P.
Published: July 2002

Two cases of legionellosis occurring 3 years apart were acquired in the same French thermal spa and were apparently due to the same strain of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1, as shown by genomic macrorestriction analysis. Minor differences between the two isolates were found by random amplification PCR profiling which showed an additional band with one of the isolates. Analysis of 107 L. pneumophila strains isolated from the spa waters by genome macrorestriction failed to identify the infective strain, but a closely related L. pneumophila serogroup 3 strain differing from the clinical isolates by only one band was found. To determine if the clinical L. pneumophila serogroup 1 isolates was better adapted for intracellular multiplication than related serogroup 3 environmental isolates, the growth kinetics of six isolates were determined in co-culture with Acanthamoeba lenticulata. One clinical isolate failed to grow within amoeba, while the other clinical isolate yielded the highest increase in bacterial cell count per amoeba (1200 %) and the environmental isolates gave intermediate values. Genetic analysis of L. pneumophila isolates by DNA macrorestriction does not therefore appear to reflect their growth kinetics within amoeba, and is not sufficiently discriminatory to identify potentially virulent strains.
Phages for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: an
international trial
Authors: RICHARDSON J. F. , ROSDAHL V. T. , van LEEUWEN W. J. , VICKERY A. M. , VINDEL A. , WITTE W.
Published: July 2002

An internationally agreed and validated set of phages is used worldwide for the typing of
strains of Staphylococcus aureus of human origin. However, because of the sometimes reduced
susceptibility of methicillin-resistant strains (MRSA) to these phages, some of the national
typing centres use locally isolated and characterized sets of experimental phages. In this trial,
42 such phages were distributed to 6 centres and tested against 744 isolates of MRSA with
the intention of defining a phage set to augment the international set. The use of these
experimental phages increased the percentage typability from 75% with the international set to
93% and the number of identifiable lytic patterns from 192 to 424. A subset of 10
experimental phages was selected. When this subset was compared with the experimental panel,
the typability rate was 91% and 370 distinct patterns were obtained. This subset of phages has
been distributed for international trial.
Molecular typing methods to investigate transmission of
Escherichia coli O157[ratio ]H7 from cattle to humans
Authors: LOUIE M. , READ S. , LOUIE L. , ZIEBELL K. , RAHN K. , BORCZYK A. , LIOR H.
Published: July 2002

The utility of phage typing, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and plasmid profile
analysis was compared, to differentiate between Canadian Escherichia coli O157[ratio ]H7 strains of
human (n = 27) and cattle (n = 24) origin. The diversity indices for phage typing, plasmid
analysis and PFGE were 0·85, 0·69 and 0·93, respectively. PFGE and phage typing were also
applied to study the role of direct transmission of E. coli O157[ratio ]H7 from cattle to humans on
isolates collected from two separate farm outbreaks. PFGE showed that more than one E. coli
O157[ratio ]H7 strain with varying PFGE DNA subtype profiles, may be responsible for an
outbreak, and that more than one E. coli O157[ratio ]H7 subtype may be circulating on a particular
farm at any one time. To our knowledge, this is one of the first reports where PFGE typing
was used to verify the direct transmission of E. coli O157[ratio ]H7 from cattle to humans.
Evaluation of antigen detection and antibody detection tests
for Trypanosoma evansi infections of buffaloes in Indonesia
Authors: DAVISON H. C. , THRUSFIELD M. V. , MUHARSINI S. , HUSEIN A. , PARTOUTOMO S. , RAE P. F. , MASAKE R. , LUCKINS A. G.
Published: July 2002

Two Ag-ELISAs, an IgG-specific antibody detection ELISA (IgG ELISA) and a card
agglutination test (CATT) for the detection of Trypanasoma evansi infections in buffaloes in
Indonesia, were compared. Diagnostic sensitivity estimates were obtained by testing sera from
139 Indonesian buffaloes which had been found to be infected by parasitological tests.
Diagnostic specificity was estimated by testing sera from 263 buffaloes living in Australia.
Response-operating characteristic curves were constructed, and optimal ELISA cut-off values,
which minimized the number of false–negative and false–positive results, were chosen. The IgG
ELISA had the highest sensitivity (89%) and the CATT had the highest specificity (100%).
There was a significant difference between the sensitivities (71 and 81%), but not between the
specificities (75 and 78%), of the two Ag-ELISAs. The four tests were further compared by
calculation of post-test probabilities of infection for positive and negative test results using a
range of prevalence values, and likelihood ratios. The results suggested that the CATT was the
best test to ‘rule-in’ infection (i.e. the highest probability of infection in test-positive animals)
and the IgG ELISA was the best test to ‘rule-out’ infection (i.e. the lowest probability of
infection in test-negative animals).
Different diagnostic methods for detection of influenza epidemics
Authors: REBELO-de-ANDRADE H. , ZAMBON M. C.
Published: July 2002

Linking continuous community-based morbidity recording of influenza-like illness (ILI) with
virological sampling has consistently proved its value as one of the earliest indicators of
circulating influenza activity. The clinical morbidity recording in the Portuguese national
surveillance network, during a 7-year period, and the contribution of different diagnostic
techniques, including virus isolation, multiplex RT–PCR, immunocapture enzyme linked
immunoassay (EIA) and complement fixation tests (CFTs) for the detection of influenza in
such a community-based setting is described and evaluated in this study. There was good
correlation between the increase of morbidity, total samples taken and the detection of
influenza virus by all the methods although this was less evident for virus isolation and EIA
than for RT–PCR or serology. From a total of 1685 throat swabs collected from cases of ILI,
43·6% were RT–PCR positive, 17·5% were positive by capture EIA and in 5% virus isolates
were made. The detection of influenza by RT–PCR occurred earlier than by any other method
and showed the best correlation with epidemic patterns of morbidity registration. We conclude
that in surveillance systems where virus culture is sub-optimal, RT–PCR provides a rapid,
sensitive, specific method for detecting influenza viruses from community-based sampling.
The reproductive behaviour of the Tasmanian cave spider Hickmania troglodytes (Araneae: Austrochilidae)
Authors: Doran N. E. , Richardson A. M. M. , Swain R.
Published: July 2002

Hickmania troglodytes, the Tasmanian cave spider, belongs to a relict group with a scattered world distribution, and is of both phylogenetic and zoogeographic interest. It belongs to the superfamily Austrochiloidea (infra‐order Araneomorphae) and shares characteristics with more advanced araneomorphs and primitive spiders in the infra‐orders Liphistiomorphae and Mygalomorphae. The reproductive behaviour of H. troglodytes (including courtship, mating, egg‐sac construction, brooding, emergence, and moulting behaviour) is described, providing the first such account for any member of the Austrochiloidea. Courtship in H. troglodytes is ritualized and involves distinct communicatory gestures (beating with the legs) by the male to identify and protect himself. Males use a pronounced curve in the metatarsus of the second leg to immobilize females during mating; this curve closely matches the contours of the female's cheliceral region. Both courtship and mating are protracted and each can last for over 5.5 h. The egg‐sac is large and unusual, with a rigid internal structure that separates the egg mass from the silk walls, while the silk itself seems to be exceptionally resistant to fungal degradation. The young emerge from the egg‐sac 8–10 months after laying, a period significantly longer than the typical emergence time of araneomorph spiders (4–8 weeks). It is suggested that the rigid internal structure and the silk of the egg‐sacs may help to buffer and protect the eggs and young from biotic and abiotic factors during this extended pre‐emergence period.
Sex discrimination and roostmate recognition by olfactory cues in the African bats, Mops condylurus and Chaerephon pumilus (Chiroptera: Molossidae)
Authors: Bouchard Sylvie
Published: July 2002

The ability of two species of African insectivorous bats (Angola free‐tailed Mops condylurus and little free‐tailed Chaerephon pumilus) to distinguish between males and females and roostmates from strangers in scent‐choice experiments was tested. Both sexes of M. condylurus and male C. pumilus discriminated between sexes based on odours collected from the interaural and muzzle glandular areas, whereas female C. pumilus did not show any preference in either trials. Female M. condylurus from intermediate sized colonies (c. 200–600 individuals) distinguished female roostmates from strangers. There is some indication that roostmate recognition may vary inversely with the colony size of the test‐subject suggesting that recognition is individually based, but further studies are necessary to determine if this is so. Histological work revealed that the interaural and muzzle area contain sebaceous glands and that the quantity of the glandular tissue is sexually dimorphic in both species for the interaural area, with males having more tissue, but not for the muzzle area. The presence of osmetrichia using SEM was also observed in the interaural area of both sexes of M. condylurus and in male C. pumilus. Their presence and association with sebaceous glands, as well as the results of the scent‐choice experiments are indirect evidences of use of chemical signals, possibly pheromones, by these bats.
Positioning at the hub: does it matter on which side of the web orb‐web spiders sit?
Authors: Herberstein M. E. , Heiling A. M.
Published: July 2002

Two orb‐web spider species, one diurnal and one nocturnal, were studied and shown to be highly flexible in their behaviour. Flexibility is discussed in relation to improving capture success and avoiding predation. Although earlier studies have revealed that spiders modify web design and web orientation according to light and wind direction, here we show that orb‐web spiders can further respond to light and wind direction by choosing a side of the web to reside on. The diurnal species, Argiope keyserlingi, tended to orient its dorsal side into vegetation gaps and towards light, whereas the nocturnal species, Larinioides sclopetarius, tended to expose its dorsal side into the oncoming wind. While orientation on the web had little affect on prey capture success, in A. keyserlingi, orientation into vegetation gaps may reduce attacks by praying mantids which approach the spiders by walking along the vegetation surrounding the web. In contrast, exposing the dorsal side into the wind may increase stability on the web for L. sclopetarius, preventing the spiders from being dislodged from the webs by strong gusty wind.
Change of stability for symmetric bifurcating
solutions in the Ginzburg–Landau equations
Authors: BOLLEY CATHERINE , HELFFER BERNARD
Published: July 2002

We consider the bifurcating solutions for the Ginzburg–Landau equations when the
superconductor is a film of thickness 2d submitted to an external magnetic field.
We refine some results obtained earlier [1] on the stability of bifurcating solutions
starting from normal solutions. We prove, in particular, the existence of curves
d [map ] κ0(d), defined for large d and tending to
2−1/2 when d [map ] +∞ and
κ [map ] d1(κ), defined for small κ and tending to
√5/2 when κ [map ] 0, which separate the sets of pairs
(κ, d) corresponding to different behaviour of the symmetric
bifurcating solutions. In this way, we give in particular a complete answer to the question of
stability of symmetric bifurcating solutions in the asymptotics ‘κ
fixed-d large’ or ‘d fixed-κ small’.
A predicative approach to the classification problem
Authors: CAPORASO SALVATORE , COVINO EMANUELE , PANI GIOVANNI
Published: July 2002

We harmonize many time-complexity classes DTIMEF(f(n))
(f(n) [ges ] n) with the PR functions
(at and above the elementary level) in a transfinite hierarchy of classes of functions
[Tscr ]α. Class [Tscr ]α is obtained by means of unlimited operators,
namely: a variant Π of the predicative or safe
recursion scheme, introduced by Leivant, and by Bellantoni and Cook, if α is a successor; and
constructive diagonalization if α is a limit. Substitution (SBST) is discarded because the time
complexity classes are not closed under this scheme. [Tscr ]α is a structure for the PR functions
finer than [Escr ]α, to the point that we have
[Tscr ]ε0 = [Escr ]3 (elementary functions). Although no explicit
use is made of hierarchy functions, it is proved that f(n) ∈ [Tscr ]α
implies f(n) [les ] nGα(n), where
Gα belongs to the slow growing hierarchy (of functions) studied, in particular,
by Girard and Wainer.
Editorial
Authors: Leivant Daniel , Constable Bob
Published: July 2002

This issue of the Journal of Functional Programming is dedicated to work presented at

the Workshop on Implicit Computational Complexity in Programming Languages,

affiliated with the 1998 meeting of the International Conference on Functional

Programming in Baltimore.

Several machine-independent approaches to computational complexity have been

developed in recent years; they establish a correspondence linking computational

complexity to conceptual and structural measures of complexity of declarative

programs and of formulas, proofs and models of formal theories. Examples include

descriptive complexity of finite models, restrictions on induction in arithmetic and

related first order theories, complexity of set-existence principles in higher order

logic, and specifications in linear logic. We refer to these approaches collectively as

Implicit Computational Complexity. This line of research provides a framework for

a streamlined incorporation of computational complexity into areas such as formal

methods in software development, programming language theory, and database

theory.

A fruitful thread in implicit computational complexity is based on exploring the

computational complexity consequences of introducing various syntactic control

mechanisms in functional programming, including restrictions (akin to static typing)

on scoping, data re-use (via linear modalities), and iteration (via ramification of

data). These forms of control, separately and in combination, can certify bounds

on the time and space resources used by programs. In fact, all results in this area

establish that each restriction considered yields precisely a major computational

complexity class. The complexity classes thus obtained range from very restricted

ones, such as NC and Alternating logarithmic time, through the central classes Poly-Time and Poly-Space, to broad classes such as the Elementary and the Primitive

Recursive functions.

Considerable effort has been invested in recent years to relax as much as possible

the structural restrictions considered, allowing for more exible programming and

proof styles, while still guaranteeing the same resource bounds. Notably, more

exible control forms have been developed for certifying that functional programs

execute in Poly-Time.

The 1998 workshop covered both the theoretical foundations of the field and steps

toward using its results in various implemented systems, for example in controlling

the computational complexity of programs extracted from constructive proofs. The

five papers included in this issue nicely represent this dual concern of theory and

practice. As they are going to print, we should note that the field of Implicit

Computational Complexity continues to thrive: successful workshops dedicated to

it were affiliated with both the LICS'99 and LICS'00 conferences. Special issues, of

Information and Computation dedicated to the former, and of Theoretical Computer

Science to the latter, are in preparation.
Meertens number
Authors: BIRD RICHARD S.
Published: July 2002

Meertens number is a number with a very peculiar property. I had
the idea in 1991,
when I was invited to celebrate the occasion of Lambert Meertens'
25 years at the
CWI, Amsterdam. Lambert has been a good friend and colleague for a number
of
years, and rather than bring the usual bottle of Glenlivet as a gift, I
decided to give
him a number.
Dilemmas in the management of neurosyphilis in elderly patients
Authors: Long Dagmar , Mulley Graham
Published: July 2002

The diagnosis of neurosyphilis is important but remains difficult because of variable
clinical features and an unpredictable course. Laboratory confirmation involves a
combination of serological tests, none of which alone provides a reliable indication
of current disease activity. Although in the UK the incidence of neurosyphilis has
fallen steadily, its many manifestations require clinicians to remain alert to the
diagnosis, particularly because incidental antibiotic therapy may modify the presenting
features. As a sexually-transmitted disease, the diagnosis of syphilis carries great
social stigma. The need for informed consent before routine testing, and the provision
of psychological support for the patient and carers in the event of a positive diagnosis,
must be considered.
The complementizer C with the WH-word quo in a Franco-Ontarian vernacular of south-western Ontario
Authors: Starets Moshé
Published: July 2002

In this article, we will examine the Complementizer Phrase (CP) involving the element quo in the oral expression of a small French community in the south-western tip of the province of Ontario in Canada, in an area historically known as La Petite-Côte (LPC) where French has been spoken for three centuries now. We will examine the various types of sentences in LPC that feature a CP: free relatives, partial direct questions, indirect questions and full relatives. The Complementizer in LPC can be simple or composite; it is more complex than its standard French (SF) counterpart. We will examine the various allomorphs of each one of these Complementizers. Contrary to Standard French, LPC French, like colloquial French and other French Canadian vernaculars, allows doubly filled CP. The aim of this article is to contribute to the descriptive information available about French Canadian varieties.
Type reconstruction in Fω
Authors: URZYCZYN PAWEŁ
Published: July 2002

We investigate Girard's calculus Fω
as a ‘Curry style’ type assignment system for pure
lambda terms. First we show an example of a strongly normalizable term
that is untypable
in Fω. Then we prove that every partial recursive
function is nonuniformly represented in Fω
(even if quantification is restricted to constructor variables of level
1).
It follows that the
type reconstruction problem is undecidable and cannot be
recursively separated from normalization.
Announcing the Establishment of the Central and East European
Association of Bioethics (CEEAB)
Authors: TICHTCHENKO PAVEL
Published: July 2002

The Central and East European Association of Bioethics,
CEEAB, was founded in the Hungarian city of Pecs, on 6
February 1999, at a meeting of scholars from Croatia, Hungry,
Lithuania, Slovakia, and Russia. The meeting was supported
by the Soros Foundation and the Albert Schweitzer Institute
for the Humanities.
Abstracts of Note: The Bioethics Literature
Authors: Iserson Kenneth V.
Published: July 2002

This section is meant to be a mutual effort. If you find
an article you think should be abstracted in this section,
do not be bashful—submit it for consideration
to Kenneth V. Iserson care of CQ. If you do not like the
editorial comments, this will igve you an opportunity
to respond in the letters section. Your input is desired
and anticipated.
Does the “Sanctity of Human Life” Doctrine Sanctify
Humanness, or Life?
Authors: KOCH TOM
Published: July 2002

No single principle is more critical to our ethical
stance than the one asserting the sanctity of human life.
In debates ranging from the care of anencephalic infants
to the maintenance of fragile seniors, the question is,
Where are the boundaries of sanctified human life? The
generally accepted assumption is that a once firm set of
principles and definitions is now eroding in the face of
“new realities”—a generation's stunning
scientific advance in medicine and medical technology.
“There is no doubt,” Joam Graf Haber writes,
for example, in a recent issue of Cambridge Quarterly,
“that the miracles of medical technology have brought
up ethical issues not contemplated by us until the very
recent past.”
Ethical Challenges in the Treatment of Infants of Drug-Abusing
Mothers
Authors: JAIN RENU , THOMASMA DAVID C. , RAGAS RASA
Published: July 2002

Nationwide, almost 11% of women abuse drugs during
their pregnancy. In some communities, these numbers are
as high as 25–30%. Drug abuse is not limited to the
poor or to African Americans, but is seen among affluent
and white Americans as well. It is widespread, irrespective
of race or social class. Annually, nearly 375,000 infants
are exposed to drugs in America. Because of the terrible
suffering caused by these births, and the conflicts caregivers
experience in the treatment of these infants, Trollope's
quote is very apropos. Although caregivers have good motives
in trying to rescue these babies and helping place them in a
nurturing environment, despair about this objective is always
close to the surface.
The Ethics of Competition in Liver Transplantation
Authors: THOMASMA DAVID C. , MICETICH KENNETH C. , BREMS JOHN , VAN THIEL DAVID
Published: July 2002

The behavior of people in the presence of scarce
resources has long been a source of ethical concern and
debate. Many of the responses, ranging from outright
brutality and cheating on the one hand to altruism,
nobility, and sacrifice on the other, were most recently
demonstrated in the movie Titanic. It should come
as no surprise, then, that rational efforts to allocate
the very scarce life-saving resource of organs are sometimes
circumvented by these natural human impulses and sheer
human creativity. This is especially true when the organs
in question are required for continued life and cannot
be temporarily or permanently replaced by technology. Thus
the focus of this paper will be on the competition for
livers.
First Choice
Authors: ANONYMOUS
Published: July 2002

When I was 19 years old, I fell crazily in love
with a hometown girl. This was very surprising for both
of us, as we had been acquainted since childhood but had
never really noticed each other until a certain amount
of maturing of mind and body took place. A second surprise,
maybe inevitable in retrospect, came along a few months
after we began spending virtually every possible hour in
each others' arms. She called me from the university
she was attending a few hours away and told me she was
fairly certain she was pregnant.
Concentration for Independent Permutations
Authors: McDIARMID COLIN
Published: July 2002

We give a concentration inequality involving a family of independent random permutations,
which is useful for analysing certain randomized methods for graph colouring.
Self-Affine Carpets on the Square Lattice
Authors: HUETER IRENE , PERES YUVAL
Published: July 2002

We explore the ‘Hausdorff dimension at infinity’ for

self-affine carpets defined on the square

lattice. This notion of dimension (due to Barlow and Taylor), which is
the

correct notion

from a probabilistic perspective, differs for these sets from more

‘naive’ indices of fractal dimension.
Connectedness, Classes and Cycle Index
Authors: BENDER E. A. , CAMERON P. J. , ODLYZKO A. M. , RICHMOND L. B.
Published: July 2002

This paper begins with the observation that half of all graphs containing no induced
path of length 3 are disconnected. We generalize this in several directions. First, we give
necessary and sufficient conditions (in terms of generating functions) for the probability
of connectedness in a suitable class of graphs to tend to a limit strictly between zero and
one. Next we give a general framework in which this and related questions can be posed,
involving operations on classes of finite structures. Finally, we discuss briefly an algebra
associated with such a class of structures, and give a conjecture about its structure.
Mapping the medieval city: plan analysis and urban history
Authors: Lilley Keith D.
Published: July 2002

This paper aims to provide a transferable methodology suitable for mapping the spatial development of medieval urban landscapes. Using the technique of ‘plan analysis’ the paper discusses some new evidence relating to the origins and development of Coventry, one of medieval England's more important provincial centres which rose to prominence during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. The case study provides an opportunity to show how the plan analysis technique works and how it is of benefit to urban historians, as well as archaeologists and geographers.
Soybean trypsin inhibitor as a probe for the acrosome reaction in motile cynomolgus macaque sperm
Authors: Tollner Theodore L. , Yudin Ashley I. , Cherr Gary N. , Overstreet James W.
Published: July 2002

Soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI) inhibits the catalytic activity of serine proteases, and has been shown to bind to acrosin, an acrosomal hydrolase which is not exposed on the surface of macaque sperm until after the acrosome reaction. Following activation with caffeine and dibutyryl cAMP, cynomolgus macaque sperm were induced to acrosome react with calcium ionophore A23187 in the presence of SBTI and were fixed for ultrastructural observation. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed secondary labelling of anti-SBTI-IgG with colloidal gold in association with the acrosomal matrix and fused membranes of sperm undergoing the acrosome reaction, but gold labelling was not observed on acrosome-intact sperm. When SBTI was conjugated with the fluorochrome Alexa 488, labelled (acrosome-reacted) sperm showed bright fluorescence that ranged from a patchy or punctate appearance to solid labelling over the region of the acrosomal cap. Following treatment with ionophore, the percentages of total acrosome-reacted sperm (motile and non-motile) as assessed with Alexa-SBTI, fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated Pisum sativum agglutinin (FITC-PSA), and TEM were 54.6%, 51.6% and 61.5%, respectively. Measures of acrosomal status with FITC-PSA and Alexa-SBTI were highly correlated (r = 0.94; n = 3). Macaque zonae pellucidae were co-incubated with activated sperm for 1 min and then rinsed in medium containing Alexa-SBTI and immediately observed with epifluorescence microscopy. The mean percentage of Alexa-SBTI-labelled (acrosome-reacted) motile sperm bound to the zona was 45.7 ± 14 (range: 22–80.4%; n = 4). Fewer than 1% of the motile sperm in suspension surrounding the zonae were acrosome-reacted. Alexa-SBTI had no effect on sperm motility, survival, or zona binding capability.
Financial innovation and the golden ages of international banking: 1890–1931 and 1958–81
Authors: BATTILOSSI STEFANO
Published: July 2002

Stefano Battilossi, Financial innovation and the golden ages of international banking:
1890–1931 and 1958–81

Throughout the twentieth century, the internationalisation of banking was both a factor for, and an ensuing aspect of, rising globalisation. During the period 1890–1931, commercial banks of industrialised countries promoted organisational and process innovations that successfully challenged the dominance of merchant banks in international financial intermediation. International banking re-emerged from interwar nationalistic retrenchment during the late 1950s,
when banks exploited regulatory asymmetries to foster the emergence of Eurocurrency markets. Eurobanks provided not only global liquidity redistribution but also portfolio transformation services to corporate and sovereign customers. Financial innovations related to Eurobanking mark a secular discontinuity as they proved to be vehicles of a banking revolution, based on competition, deregulation and wholesale-market funding.
The theft of happiness: new Russian drama and the theatre
Authors: CHEPUROV ALEXANDER
Published: July 2002

The Russian theatre has undergone several phases of development since the demarcation from the past, as represented by Alexander Vampilov. To begin with, the theatre preferred dramatization of modern literature, but this gave way to consideration of the paradoxes of life, often absurdist. Then, with the end of the Soviet system, there were the chernukha, black plays, particularly of Shipenko, Ugarov and Knjazev. More recently still, the ‘scenic reading’ of plays explored the suitability of various life-conflicts for drama. ‘August’ by Timophei Khmeljev concerned the inhabitants of an old dacha near Moscow. The pattern was related to Chekhov and Nietzsche. Kazantsev's ‘That this world’ and Razumovskaya's ‘Biography’ concerned life after death. Alexander Stroganov's ‘Ornithology’ relates human and bird life. Russian drama is in a very active and explorative phase, trying to catch a lost happiness.
From one photograph to the next or how to touch the spectator – Avignon 2000, skin-deep
Authors: PAVIS PATRICE
Published: July 2002

This paper critically reviews seven productions at Avignon 2000. The first was ‘Le chant perdu des petit riens’. This corresponds to visual and tactile perception bound to the hand and skin. ‘Le Petit Köchel’ is a story of Mozart devoured by the Heifetz sisters, two virtuoso violinists. The non-lyrical dry writing is made up of very dry statements that distance the observer; the result seems to resolve into an attractive ‘skin effect’ and a repulsive ‘bone effect’. In the ‘Ruines romaines’ relations between people are a field of ruins; individuals are obsessed by bad feelings and disgust. Bones stick out to signify the excessive fixity of ideals. In ‘Terres promises’ the enigma of textual and scenic images overwhelms the spectator; the subject wants to be guided by an organizing principle, the resemblances are explored at multiple levels. In ‘La Peau d'Elisa’ the relationship of flesh and clothing is emphasized; the main character can only communicate after eye contact. ‘Andromaque’ is a modern interpretation of a great classic. Finally ‘La Mouette’ shows the heroine immersed in feathers from a disembowelled pillow; the ambiguity of meaning is emphasized and the production is maintained between intellectuality and sensuality.
An intercomparison of results from three trajectory models
Authors: Stohl A , Haimberger L , Scheele M P , Wernli H
Published: July 2002

Three three‐dimensional trajectory models (LAGRANTO, TRAJKS and FLEXTRA), all driven with analysis wind fields from the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts, are intercompared. The comparison has three parts: first, a case study of strong ascent in a warm conveyor belt is performed; second, a large set of back trajectories from the tropopause region over Europe and the mid‐latitude Atlantic Ocean is investigated; third, a set of low‐level trajectories is compared. The intercomparison shows that all three models have been implemented correctly. The degree of model accordance depends on the interpolation methods used. Deviations between the results from a single model using different interpolation schemes are of the same magnitude as the deviations of different models. If all models use linear spatial interpolation, their respective trajectories closely agree with each other, with deviations of 2% or less for the average distance between the starting and the ending positions in the free atmosphere after 48 h. Close to the surface, where the differences in the model formulations are largest, average horizontal position deviations may be up to 10%. Compared with other sources of errors, such as inaccuracies in the wind fields or insufficient temporal and spatial resolution of the data set, these differences are much smaller. Non‐linear spatial interpolation leads to stronger vertical motions than linear interpolation and, in the case study, enhanced the quality of the results. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
Extratropical cyclones – a forecaster's perspective
Authors: Young Martin V
Published: July 2002

Despite considerable improvements in numerical models in recent years, weather events associated with extratropical cyclones continue to present forecasters with a challenge. For most cyclogenesis events model forecasts display, at the least, subtle errors in track and intensity of the system. Occasionally, errors can be significant –a depression can deepen suddenly and unexpectedly, with major implications for wind strength as well as other weather elements. Many of the weather events within extratropical cyclones are essentially mesoscale and, on occasions, a single cyclone can be associated with several simultaneous ‘severe’ events such as gales, heavy rain, snow and thunderstorms. This paper describes how the forecaster can add value to numerical model products by using information from a wide variety of sources such as satellite and radar imagery, as well as by monitoring hourly surface observations. Examples are shown in which the forecaster has to make adjustments to model predictions, reconcile conflicting model guidance, and add the all‐important mesoscale detail. Copyright © 1997 Royal Meteorological Society
It's Not Only About Sex
Authors: Hiscock Merrill
Published: July 2002

A few years ago, at the end of a lecture on handedness,
a neuropsychology graduate student asked, “Why should
I care about handedness? Left-handedness is not a disease.”
She had missed the main point of the lecture, namely that
left-handedness is an exciting experiment of nature. In the
left-hander we find the opportunity to study a healthy brain
that is organized differently from other healthy brains. Here
is a chance to study the effects of neural diversity without
the vagaries of pathology. The study of handedness differences
is not just about handedness.