bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The influence of connectivity in forest patches, and riparian vegetation width on stream macroinvertebrate fauna
Authors: Valle IC , Buss DF , Baptista DF
Published: August 2013

We assessed two dimensions of stream connectivity: longitudinal (between forest patches along the stream) and lateral (riparian vegetation), using macroinvertebrate assemblages as bioindicators. Sites representing different land-uses were sampled in a lowland basin that holds a mosaic of protected areas. Land-use analysis, forest successional stages and riparian zone widths were calculated by the GIS analysis. Macroinvertebrate fauna was strongly affected by land-use. We observed a continuous decrease in the number of sensitive species, %Shredders and IBE-IOC biotic index from the upstream protected area to highly deforested sites, increasing again where the stream crosses a Biological Reserve. When analysing buffer strips, we found aquatic fauna responding to land-use alterations beyond the 30 m riparian corridor (60 m and 100 m wide). We discussed the longitudinal connectivity between forest patches and the riparian vegetation buffer strips necessary to hold high macroinvertebrate diversity. We recommend actions for the increase/maintenance of biodiversity in this and other lowland basins.
Diadema ascensionisMortensen, 1909 (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) is not restricted to Oceanic Islands: evidence from morphological data
Authors: Gondim AI , Dias TLP , Christoffersen ML
Published: August 2013

The genus Diadema presently consists of seven species, two of which are known from the Brazilian coast: D. antillarum and D. ascensionis. The first is usually known for shallow coastal areas, while the second was apparently restricted to oceanic islands. In February 2011, a dense population of D. ascensionis was observed on the coastal reefs of Praia do Francês (Alagoas State, northeastern Brazil). Five specimens were collected and transported to the laboratory where morphological studies of the test and pedicellariae were conducted. Subsequently, visits were made to scientific collections in order to compare and confirm species identifications. Our observations confirm the presence of tridentate pedicellariae with narrow and strongly curved valves. The axial cavity in the tips of the spines is filled with dense nonreticular tissue. This taxonomic data confirms the occurrence of D. ascensionis in coastal areas. On the coastal reefs of Praia do Francês, animals were observed from the beach to the reef formations about 200 m offshore in areas with a sandy substrate and in reef cavities, usually in clear and well illuminated waters. Solitary individuals or groups of up to 15 individuals formed dense populations in the area. We stress the importance of pedicellariae for the specific identification of the Diadematidae, considering that they are quite constant and reliable at this taxonomic level. Our results demonstrate that D. ascensionis is not restricted to insular environments and that this species may be common in shallow coastal habitats.
Combined MI + CBT for Depressive Symptoms and Binge Drinking Among Young Adults: Two Case Studies
Authors: Pedrelli Paola , Borsari Brian , Palm Kathleen M. , Dalton Elizabeth , Fava Maurizio
Published: August 2013

There are high rates of comorbidity between heavy drinking and depressive symptoms among college students, often resulting in severe alcohol-related consequences. No empirically supported treatment exists that concurrently addresses both of these problems in this population. Research with college students has demonstrated that brief motivational interventions (BMIs) reduce heavy drinking and alcohol-related consequences, and that cognitive behavioral therapy for depression (CBT-D) is effective in reducing depressive symptoms. Thus, a program combining BMI and CBT-D appears ideal for college students with co-occurring binge drinking and depressive symptoms. This manuscript presents the rationale and format of a BMI + CBT-D treatment protocol for this population, and provides a case example of a female college student who received the protocol and experienced improvement in depressive symptoms, a reduction in alcohol use and alcohol-related negative consequences, and an increase in readiness to change alcohol consumption. We discuss theoretical and clinical implications of these findings, and suggest directions for future research.
Toward a Cognitive Conceptualization of Dysthymia: Cognitive Behavioral Identification and Treatment of Patients with Dysthymia
Authors: Kriger Sara Finn
Published: August 2013

Archival records of three groups of outpatients, seen in a U.S. behavioral health clinic during 2009 and 2010, were examined. All had taken a battery of tests and measures at admission, including both the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III (MCMI-III) and a questionnaire representing beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors, believed to be prototypical of dysthymia. The groups, identified on the basis of their MCMI-III profiles, were Dysthymia (n = 84), nonchronic Depression (n = 58), and Control (n = 120). Significant differences were found among the groups, in that the Dysthymia group had the highest level of agreement on 25 items of the questionnaire; the nonchronic Depression group had the second highest; and the Control group had the lowest level of agreement. Conceptual and therapeutic implications are discussed, as are various modalities considered to be effective in the treatment of patients with dysthymia.
Treatment of Gambling Problems in Asia: Comprehensive Review and Implications for Asian Problem Gamblers
Authors: Raylu Namrata , Loo Jasmine , Oei Tian P. S.
Published: August 2013

Much research has been conducted in the treatment of gambling problems. However, very little is reported specifically on treating Asian problem gamblers. Thus, this article reviewed the general problem gambling treatment literature as well as the limited Asian problem gambling treatment literature to provide a discussion of interventions that can be used with Asian problem gamblers. The general literature showed that behavioral, cognitive, and combined cognitive behavioral treatments (CBT) have the most treatment outcome literature and appear to be the most effective in treating gambling problems. Although, pharmacotherapy also looks promising, it may be more suitable for problem gamblers with comorbid mood problems or impulsivity. Research on other forms of treatments also exists (e.g., 12-step and psychodynamic treatment approaches) but are not as robust. Only three studies have reported on the effectiveness of treatment with Asian problem gamblers. The first study is case study. The second study presents data from a treatment program for Asian problem gambling and the last one presents preliminary findings of a telephone delivered treatment program with eight Asian American gamblers. These studies support the general treatment literature in showing that CBT and pharmacotherapy have a role to play in treating Asian problem gamblers. Based on the general and Asian problem gambling treatment literature, a discussion of treatment of Asian problem gamblers is provided including the use of CBT and other forms of treatment, issues to address in treatment, and variables that can assist treatment.
Psychometric Properties of a Prediabetes Instrument to Assess Perceived Susceptibility and Perceived Severity in Appalachians
Authors: Della Lindsay J. , King Kristi M. , Ha Jae-Pil
Published: August 2013

Background and Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop an instrument that assesses perceived susceptibility and perceived severity for individuals at risk but not yet diagnosed with type 2 diabetes living in Appalachia. Methods: From 168 surveys, Cronbach’s alpha and item-total correlations assessed reliability, confirmatory factor analysis confirmed construct validity (convergent and discriminant), and multiple linear regression determined concurrent criterion-related validity of perceived susceptibility and perceived severity scales. There were 22 in-depth interviews conducted to triangulate meaning of the scales’ results. Results: Discriminant validity was demonstrated via low interfactor covariation. Concurrent criterion-related validity was also established via significant regression coefficients and supplemental qualitative data. Conclusions: This prediabetes screening instrument provides a strong foundation for measuring perceived susceptibility and perceived severity in Appalachian individuals who have prediabetes.
Occupational Stress in Remote Area Nursing: Development of the Remote Area Nursing Stress Scale (RANSS)
Authors: Opie Tessa , Dollard Maureen , Lenthall Sue , Knight Sabina
Published: August 2013

Background and Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop a measure that would adequately and sensitively measure the occupational stress experience of nurses working in very remote health care facilities. Because no existing nursing stress tool is suitable to assess the unique stressors of remote nursing practice, the aim was to address this gap in psychometric measurement capacity and develop the Remote Area Nursing Stress Scale (RANSS). Method: A focus group (n = 19) of remote area nurses identified potential questionnaire items through open discussion and by later listing the stressors they experienced individually in their day-to-day functioning. Subsequently, the Delphi method was employed to further refine the questionnaire (n = 12 experts). The RANSS was successfully pilot tested and was afterward administered to nurses working in very remote Australia in 2008 (n = 349) and in 2010 (n = 433). Results: Principal components analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were performed for both waves of survey administration, demonstrating a robust 7-factor structure consistent across samples and accounting for significant variance in dependent measures. Conclusion: The development and validation of the RANSS is a significant advancement in remote area nursing research. The RANSS should be administered on an ongoing basis to monitor occupational stress among nurses working in very remote Australia. The RANSS should also be administered internationally in countries that also accommodate remote health care facilities. This would determine whether the RANSS is a psychometrically valid stress measure beyond the context of very remote Australia.
Buurtzorg: Nurse-Led Community Care
Authors: Monsen Karen A. , De Blok Jos
Published: August 2013

Buurtzorg is a nurse-led, nurse-run organization of self-managed teams that provide home care to patients in their neighborhoods. Championing humanity over bureaucracy, autonomous teams work with primary care providers, community supports, and family resources to bring patients to optimal functioning as quickly as possible. The award-winning organization grew out of a common sense approach based on principles of trust, autonomy, creativity, simplicity, and collaboration. These organizational principles translate into highly effective and efficient care, satisfied patients, and enthusiastic nurses. The model is being replicated worldwide, with teams starting in Minnesota, Sweden, Japan, and other countries.
Social Media in Health Care: Benefits, Concerns, and Guidelines for Use
Authors: Suby ChrysMarie
Published: August 2013

The use of social media and other electronic communication has exploded as the number of social media outlets and applications continue to increase. These are exciting and valuable tools when used wisely, but pose risks when inappropriately used. The purpose of this article is to consider what comprises social media, its benefits and concerns, and guidelines for use that protect patients, employees, and organizations.
Hourly Rounding for Falls Prevention: A Change Initiative
Authors: Dyck Daryl , Thiele Tracy , Kebicz Rodney , Klassen Michelle , Erenberg Carly
Published: August 2013

Fall-related injuries are a particular concern within the elderly population, and trends toward an aging demographic will keep this issue at the forefront in health care. We are challenged to develop creative strategies to significantly reduce harm and fall rates among the elderly. This article describes the process of establishing an hourly rounding initiative in a health care facility. Hourly rounding is supported by the literature as an effective strategy for falls prevention and patient safety. When the initiative was not successfully adopted initially, the implementation process was critically examined and an innovative sustainability plan was developed to ensure that the change would be embedded in the organization's culture. Through this opportunity, nurses and allied health members from all levels were able to collaborate on strategies for this patient safety initiative.
Reserves Booking in Upstream Fiscal Environments: Inconsistencies and a Proposal for Revised Guidelines
Authors: Demirmen Ferruh
Published: August 2013

The lack of consistency has long hampered regulatory reserves booking in upstream fiscal systems, particularly in foreign jurisdictions. The root cause is ambiguity in reporting standards that leave much room for interpretation. Currently, no clear guidelines are issued by the US regulatory agencies for the recognition of reserves in different fiscal systems. Standards used by the industry go back to 1977, and they cater mostly to US situations. Oil companies use their own interpretive judgment to book reserves from across the spectrum of fiscal settings. Some of the reserves reported appear to be overstated.

Separate from inconsistency, reserves that are currently reported from foreign operations may bear little relationship to what the investment community generally perceives as reserves. Investors need better transparency and better comparability.

This paper addresses problems in the current reserves recognition practices in fiscal environments, and it proposes revised guidelines aimed to bring transparency and consistency in reserves recognition. We also provide relevant formulation. A key criterion for reserves recognition under the proposed scheme is ownership in kind. We exclude from consideration some of the practices currently used in the industry. It is hoped that this paper will stimulate further discussion on the subject and prompt the regulatory agencies to issue official guidance.
Bone-Targeting Endogenous Secretory Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products Rescues Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Takahashi Tatsuo , Katsuta Sayaka , Tamura Yusuke , Nagase Nozomi , Suzuki Keita , Nomura Masaaki , Tomatsu Shunji , Miyamoto Ken-ichi , Kobayashi Shinjiro
Published: August 2013

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory synovitis that leads to the destruction of bone and cartilage. The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is a multiligand membrane-bound receptor for high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) associated with development of RA by inducing production of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-6. We developed a bone-targeting therapeutic agent by tagging acidic oligopeptide to a nonmem-brane-bound form of RAGE (endogenous secretory RAGE [esRAGE]) functioning as a decoy receptor. We assessed its tissue distribution and therapeutic effectiveness in a murine model of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Acidic oligopeptide-tagged esRAGE (D6-esRAGE) was localized to mineralized region in bone, resulting in the prolonged retention of more than 1 wk. Weekly administration of D6-esRAGE with a dose of 1 mg/kg to RA model mice significantly ameliorated inflammatory arthritis, synovial hyperplasia, cartilage destruction and bone destruction, while untagged esRAGE showed little effectiveness. Moreover, D6-esRAGE reduced plasma levels of proinflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-6, while esRAGE reduced the levels of IL-1 and IL-6 to a lesser extent, suggesting that production of IL-1 and IL-6 reduced along the blockade of HMGB1 receptor downstream signals by D6-esRAGE could be attributed to remission of CIA. These findings indicate that D6-esRAGE enhances drug delivery to bone, leading to rescue of clinical and pathological lesions in murine CIA.
Lupus Nephritis: Enigmas, Conflicting Models and an Emerging Concept
Authors: Seredkina Natalya , van der Vlag Johan , Berden Jo , Mortensen Elin , Rekvig Ole Petter
Published: August 2013

Autoantibodies to components of chromatin, which include double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), histones and nucleosomes, are central in the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis. How anti-chromatin autoantibodies exert their nephritogenic activity, however, is controversial. One model assumes that autoantibodies initiate inflammation when they cross-react with intrinsic glomerular structures such as components of membranes, matrices or exposed nonchromatin ligands released from cells. Another model suggests glomerular deposition of autoantibodies in complex with chromatin, thereby inducing classic immune complex-mediated tissue damage. Recent data suggest acquired error of renal chromatin degradation due to the loss of renal DNasel enzyme activity is an important contributing factor to the development of lupus nephritis in lupus-prone (NZBxNZW)F1 mice and in patients with lupus nephritis. Down-regulation of DNasel expression results in reduced chromatin fragmentation and in deposition of extracellular chromatin-IgG complexes in glomerular basement membranes in individuals who produce IgG anti-chromatin autoantibodies. The main focus of the present review is to discuss whether exposed chromatin fragments in glomeruli are targeted by potentially nephritogenic anti-dsDNA autoantibodies or if the nephritogenic activity of these autoantibodies is explained by cross-reaction with intrinsic glomerular constituents or if both models coexist in diseased kidneys. In addition, the role of silencing of the renal DNasel gene and the biological consequences of reduced chromatin fragmentation in nephritic kidneys are discussed.
Large-scale brackish water desalination plants in Gaza Strip: assessments and improvements
Authors: Mogheir Yunes , Foul Ahmad A. , Abuhabib A. A. , Mohammad A. W.
Published: August 2013

Water scarcity is a serious challenge in the Gaza Strip, a region that is mostly considered to be semi-arid. In this region, the population's options for provision of potable water are limited to desalination of saline groundwater. Six large brackish water desalination plants (BWDPs) and one seawater desalination plant are operating and providing drinking water along with small private plants. The BWDPs were assessed in terms of operational conditions and quality of their feed and permeate with the aim of estimating essential improvements required as well as performance significance. All these plants are reverse osmosis plants and their operational conditions are similar in terms of production, recovery rate, and energy consumption. The quality of the plants’ feed was found not to comply with WHO and Palestinian Standards in most cases, unlike the permeate from all plants. The assessment made through this study assists in better understanding of the current situation of the large-scale desalination plants in Gaza and recommending essential improvements needed to increase water production of these plants without increasing abstraction and feed quantities. In addition, multi-criteria analysis used to evaluate BWDPs performance may assist in prioritizing improvements application.
Studies on phenol removal from wastewater with CTAB-modified bentonite supported KMnO4
Authors: Wang Jing , Ma Hongzhu , Yu Jie , Wang Shanshan , He Wenyan , Huang Xiaoli
Published: August 2013

Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) modified bentonite supported KMnO4 (KMnO4/CTAB-bent) was prepared by solid-phase grinding method, and applied to phenol removal from wastewater. Factors affecting efficiency, such as activated temperature, initial solution pH, KMnO4/CTAB-bent dosage, phenol initial concentration and reaction temperature on degradation were investigated. It was found that pH significantly affected the degradation and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency. The results show that over 92% degradation and 60.58% COD removal efficiency can be obtained in 30 min. The surface properties and structure of KMnO4/CTAB-bent were measured by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. However, it was demonstrated that the KMnO4/CTAB-bent was deactivated quickly during phenol degradation after the second cycle, indicating that the stability of KMnO4/CTAB-bent needs to be further improved.
The Potential of Community-Wide Initiatives in the Prevention of Childhood Obesity
Authors: Canterbury Marna , Hedlund Sue
Published: August 2013

In Brief

PowerUp is a community-wide initiative to make better eating and physical activity easy and fun for youths and the entire community as part of an effort to prevent childhood obesity. PowerUp works in partnership and on multiple levels to change the food and activity environment, engage the community, deliver programs, and support clinical interventions throughout the health care system and the community. Early results show promise that the initiative is inspiring community-level change.
Detection of the change point in the winter wheat experiment
Authors: Szczepańska Anna , Bakinowska Ewa
Published: August 2013

This paper concerns detection of the change point, which is treated as an abrupt change in the response function or one of its derivatives. The change point is identified using the semiparametric model and the theory given by Speckman (1994). The theory is illustrated by a real experiment in wchich the dry biomass of winter wheat is studied.
A geographical perspective on the Aral Sea crisis: three interpretations of an image
Authors: White Kristopher D.
Published: August 2013

The Aral Sea crisis has gained global notoriety as a human-induced environmental disaster. This paper contextualizes this crisis within a broad geographical framework. Three interpretations of a single photographic image emblematic of the desiccation of the Aral Sea are related to general foci within the academic discipline of geography. These interpretations serve to guide a framing of the Aral Sea crisis within a geographical context. This is presented as a geographical problem, incorporating elements and processes salient to physical geography, human geography, and human-environment interaction. With ecological and societal sustainability in the immediate Aral Sea region still a pressing concern, geographers are well positioned to contribute relevant, research-driven insights.
Mini Cooper: Marketing Strategy, Digital Marketing, Brand & Ethics
Authors: Moiseieva Mariia
Published: August 2013

The report is designed to examine, analyse, and evaluate where appropriately the current Mini Cooper’s marketing strategy, its digital marketing initiative, branding, and the importance of ethical values in Mini Cooper as well as other organisations. That is important for understanding of the practical applications of marketing is achieved by applying theory to them.

It is determined that Mini’s marketing strategy has shifted in terms of targeting and brand positioning. As previously it was an affordable iconic British car, now it has become a cool luxury car dominantly for a young segment. Its international marketing strategy is differentiated in a way that a brand is built up on the historical iconic image of Mini for the UK and associated market, but it is not associated with any values in the past for the US customers. Overall, Mini’s marketing strategy is considered to be innovative, creative, and sometimes ‘silly’, which is of great value for its young energetic target audience.

Digital marketing initiative also corresponds to the latest IT and social trends worldwide by ‘digitalising’ marketing initiatives and active social networking with the consumers. Brand is a core competence and ‘everything’ for Mini. Marketing is centered on its brand, not vice versa. An analysis of the Mini’s strategy shows that it is efficient in terms of its branding strategy.

Ethical values also play an important role for Mini as well as the other organisations. It is important to pursue them nowadays as it helps to support the communities and the organisations both in the same direction and with dynamic progress.
Dexamethasone, but not meloxicam, suppresses proliferation of bovine CD25+CD4+ and CD25-CD4+ T cells
Authors: Maślanka T. , Jaroszewski J.J.
Published: August 2013

Recently, we found that dexamethasone caused a depletion of CD25-CD4+ T cells, but it increased the number of CD25highCD4+ and CD25lowCD4+ T cells. We also determined meloxicam-induced increase in the number of CD25highCD4+ T cells. In view of this, and taking into consideration the latest reports indicating that meloxicam shows an anti-proliferative effect on bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells, it was considered purposeful to determine the effect of both drugs on proliferation of bovine CD25highCD4+, CD25lowCD4+ and CD25-CD4+ T cells. Flow cytometry analysis and 5-bromo-2’-deoxyuridine incorporation assay were applied to detect the cell proliferation. It was demonstrated that dexamethasone, but not meloxicam, significantly reduced cell proliferation within all three evaluated CD4+ T cell subpopulations. Thus, the depletion of CD25-CD4+ T cells by treatment with dexamethasone can partly be the effect of the anti-proliferative action of the drug, however, dexamethasone-induced increase in the number of CD25highCD4+ and CD25lowCD4+ T cells cannot be the result of enhanced proliferation of these cells.
Strongly Large Module Extensions
Authors: Ungor B. , Halicioglu S. , Kamal M.A. , Harmanci A.
Published: August 2013

In this paper, we introduce strongly large submodules and investigate their properties. A submodule N of a right R-module M is said to be strongly large in case for any m ∈ M, s ∈ R with ms ̸= 0 there exists an r ∈ R such that mr ∈ N and mrs ̸= 0. In this note, we also define and study strongly large closed submodules and strongly large complement submodules
Control Affine Systems on Semisimple Three-Dimensional Lie Groups
Authors: Biggs R. , Remsing C.C.
Published: August 2013

We classify the full-rank left-invariant control affine systems evolving on (real) semisimple three-dimensional Lie groups. This is accomplished by reducing the problem to that of classifying the affine subspaces of the Lie algebras so (2; 1) and so (3).
On Semi-P-Reducible Finsler Metrics
Authors: Tayebi A. , Najafi B. , Peyghan E.
Published: August 2013

The class of semi-P-reducible manifolds contains the class of Randers manifolds and Landsberg manifolds as special cases. In this paper, we prove that every semi-P-reducible manifold with P-reducible metric reduces to a Landsberg manifold. Then we show that there is not exists P2-like Randers metric.
Attractors of Infinite Iterated Function Systems Containing Con
Authors: Dumitru Dan
Published: August 2013

We consider a complete ε-chainable metric space (X, d) and an infinite iterated function system (IIFS) formed by an infinite family of (ε, φ)-functions on X. The aim of this paper is to prove the existence and uniqueness of the attractors of such infinite iterated systems (IIFS) and to give some sufficient conditions for these attractors to be connected. Similar results are obtained in the case when the IIFS is formed by an infinite family of uniformly ε-locally strong Meir-Keeler functions.
Two Characterizations of Antimatroids
Authors: Mao Hua
Published: August 2013

NextClosure algorithm is a fast and good algorithm in formal concept analysis. With the assistance of NextClosure algorithm, this article provides a characterization of antimatroids. Additionally, this article introduces a characterization of k- truncated antimatroids. The characterization can be realized by an algorithm which works with polynomial time delay.
Continued slowing of the Ross Ice Shelf and thickening of West Antarctic ice streams
Authors: Thomas R. , Scheuchl B. , Frederick E. , Harpold R. , Martin C. , Rignot E.
Published: August 2013

As part of the Ross Ice Shelf Geophysical and Glaciological Survey (RIGGS), ice velocities were measured on the Ross Ice Shelf (RIS) during 1973–78. Comparisons of these with velocity estimates at the same locations derived from RADARSAT synthetic aperture radar (SAR) measurements in 1997 and 2009 show velocity reduction in the southeast quadrant of the ice shelf by almost 200 m a−1, with deceleration rates increasing with time. Large areas of ice shelf in this region are lightly grounded, forming an ‘ice plain’ that increases local buttressing of the ice streams. ICESat measurements show this ice plain to be thickening. The observed decrease in ice-shelf velocities implies a total reduction in the mass of ice flowing into the RIS from the West Antarctic ice sheet (WAIS) by ∼23 Gt a−1, shifting the mass balance of the WAIS drainage basin from strongly negative in the 1970s to strongly positive in 2009. The resulting decrease in ice advection should lead to ice-shelf thinning further seaward of the ice plain. This thinning would reduce the lateral drag and back-stress of the shelf ice, further contributing to thinning through an increase in spreading rate. ICESat measurements show recent thinning of most of the freely floating ice shelf.
Energy-based binary segmentation of snow microtomographic images
Authors: Hagenmuller Pascal , Chambon Guillaume , Lesaffre Bernard , Flin Frédéric , Naaim Mohamed
Published: August 2013

X-ray microtomography has become an essential tool for investigating the mechanical and physical properties of snow, which are tied to its microstructure. To allow a quantitative characterization of the microstructure, the grayscale X-ray attenuation coefficient image has to be segmented into a binary ice/pore image. This step, called binary segmentation, is crucial and affects all subsequent analysis and modeling. Common segmentation methods are based on thresholding. In practice, these methods present some drawbacks and often require time-consuming manual post-processing. Here we present a binary segmentation algorithm based on the minimization of a segmentation energy. This energy is composed of a data fidelity term and a regularization term penalizing large interface area, which is of particular interest for snow where sintering naturally tends to reduce the surface energy. The accuracy of the method is demonstrated on a synthetic image. The method is then successfully applied on microtomographic images of snow and compared to the threshold-based segmentation. The main advantage of the presented approach is that it benefits from local spatial information. Moreover, the effective resolution of the segmented image is clearly defined and can be chosen a priori.
Replication Checkpoint: Tuning and Coordination of Replication Forks in S Phase
Authors: Hustedt Nicole , Gasser Susan , Shimada Kenji
Published: August 2013

Checkpoints monitor critical cell cycle events such as chromosome duplication and segregation. They are highly conserved mechanisms that prevent progression into the next phase of the cell cycle when cells are unable to accomplish the previous event properly. During S phase, cells also provide a surveillance mechanism called the DNA replication checkpoint, which consists of a conserved kinase cascade that is provoked by insults that block or slow down replication forks. The DNA replication checkpoint is crucial for maintaining genome stability, because replication forks become vulnerable to collapse when they encounter obstacles such as nucleotide adducts, nicks, RNA-DNA hybrids, or stable protein-DNA complexes. These can be exogenously induced or can arise from endogenous cellular activity. Here, we summarize the initiation and transduction of the replication checkpoint as well as its targets, which coordinate cell cycle events and DNA replication fork stability.
The Role of Australian Mosquito Species in the Transmission of Endemic and Exotic West Nile Virus Strains
Authors: Jansen Cassie , Ritchie Scott , Van den Hurk Andrew
Published: August 2013

Recent epidemic activity and its introduction into the Western Hemisphere have drawn attention to West Nile virus (WNV) as an international public health problem. Of particular concern has been the ability for the virus to cause outbreaks of disease in highly populated urban centers. Incrimination of Australian mosquito species is an essential component in determining the receptivity of Australia to the introduction and/or establishment of an exotic strain of WNV and can guide potential management strategies. Based on vector competence experiments and ecological studies, we suggest candidate Australian mosquito species that would most likely be involved in urban transmission of WNV, along with consideration of the endemic WNV subtype, Kunjin. We then examine the interaction of entomological factors with virological and vertebrate host factors, as well as likely mode of introduction, which may influence the potential for exotic WNV to become established and be maintained in urban transmission cycles in Australia.
Characterization and Bioactivity of Polysaccharides Obtained from Pine Cones of Pinus koraiensis by Graded Ethanol Precipitation
Authors: Zou Pan , Yang Xin , Huang Wei-Wei , Zhao Hai-Tian , Wang Jing , Xu Ren-Bo , Hu Xing-Long , Shen Si-Yan , Qin Di
Published: August 2013

Pinus koraiensis polysaccharides (PKP) were extracted by hot water from P. koraiensis pine cones. Five polysaccharide fractions named PKP-A, PKP-B, PKP-C, PKP-D and PKP-E were successfully separated at final ethanol concentrations of 30%, 50%, 60%, 70% and 80%, respectively. HPLC, FT-IR, GC-MS and automatic amino-acid analysis were applied to investigate their chemical characteristics. Monosaccharide component analysis indicated that the five fractions were all composed of d-ribose, l-rhamnose, l-arabinose, d-xylose, d-mannose, d-glucose and d-galactose, but their molar ratios were quite different. HPLC results revealed that the polysaccharides precipitated by higher concentrations of ethanol solution had lower molecular masses. Moreover, the antioxidant activities of the five fractions were studied on the basis of hydroxyl radical and ABTS radical scavenging tests. The five graded polysaccharide fractions exhibited good inhibitory power, and MTT tests in vitro showed the IC50 of PKP-A and PKP-E were 1,072.5 and 2,070.0 μg·mL−1, respectively. These results demonstrated that the PKP could be a potential source of natural antioxidants or dietary supplements.
Inhibition of Novel Reassortant Avian Influenza H7N9 Virus Infection in vitro with Three Antiviral Drugs, Oseltamivir, Peramivir and Favipiravir
Authors: Cao Rui-Yuan , Xiao Jun-Hai , Cao Bin , Li Song , Kumaki Yohichi , Zhong Wu
Published: August 2013

Background:

A novel reassortant avian-origin influenza A (H7N9) virus was isolated from respiratory specimens obtained from three patients and was identified as H7N9 in China. Antiviral agents are required to treat patients with avian influenza H7N9 virus infection.

Methods:

In this study, we assessed the antiviral potential of oseltamivir, peramivir, favipiravir (T-705), amantadine and rimantadine against novel reassortant avian-origin influenza H7N9 virus in vitro.

Results:

All three avian influenza H7N9 virus strains were sensitive to oseltamivir, peramivir and favipiravir (T-705), but resistant to amantadine and rimantadine.

Conclusions:

Our data show a pattern of antiviral sensitivity for this novel H7N9 strain of influenza that suggests the compounds oseltamivir, peramivir and favipiravir should be useful for therapy.
Oropharyngeal candidiasis and Candida colonization in HIV positive patients in northern India
Authors: Maurya Vijeta , Srivastava Ashutosh , Mishra Jyoti , Gaind Rajni , Marak Rungmei S.K. , Tripathi Anil Kumar , Singh Mastan , Venkatesh Vimala
Published: August 2013

Introduction: Oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC) is the most common opportunistic fungal infection reported in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive patients worldwide. This prospective study was undertaken to investigate OPC and Candida colonization (CC) and their correlation with CD4+ cell counts and antiretroviral therapy (ART) in HIV-positive patients. Methodology: In total, 190 HIV-positive patients were enrolled for study in three groups as follows: Group A, 90 patients without ART; Group B, 100 patients undergoing treatment with ART; and Group C, 75 HIV-negative control patients. All HIV patients underwent clinical examination and were subjected to CD4+ cell counts. Swabs were collected from the oral cavity of all individuals and plated on Sabouraud’s dextrose agar. Identification of Candida species was performed by conventional methods. Results: Candida species were isolated in 84/190 (44.2%) and 20/75 (26.6%) of the HIV-positive subjects and controls respectively (p<0.01). OPC was noted in 21/190 (11%) of the HIV-positive patients. Candida albicans was the most frequently isolated species. Patients with CD4+ cell counts ≤ 200 cells/mm3 were significantly (p<0.001) more frequently colonized (37/63; 58.7%) and infected (18/21; 85.7 %) with Candida species. Candida species was seen in patients with CC and OPC with CD4+cell counts between 201 and 500 (21/63; 33.4% vs 3/21; 14.3%) and > 500 cell/mm3 (5/63; 7.9% versus 0/21 0%) respectively. Conclusion: OPC and Candida colonization occur more frequently in HIV-positive patients with CD4+ cell counts ≤200 cell/mm3. ART significantly reduces OPC. C. albicans is the most frequently isolated species in both OPC and colonization, suggesting endogenous infection.
Faecal carriage of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae and carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacilli in community settings
Authors: Villar Hugo Edgardo , Baserni Marisa Noemí , Jugo Monica Beatriz
Published: August 2013

Introduction: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of intestinal carriage of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae and carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacilli in the community in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Methodology: Faecal samples from 164 non-hospitalized patients were cultured on CHROMagar KPC and CHROMagar ESBL plates. Isolates resistant to third-generation cephalosporins or carbapenems were selected for further study. The minimal inhibitory concentration ( MIC) of the isolates was determined using the E-test method. The phenotypic detection of ESBLs and carbapenemases was performed using the double-disc synergy test. Results: The rate of faecal carriage of Enterobacteriaceae resistant to third-generation cephalosporins was 26.8%. Escherichia coli represented a large majority (75%) of the isolates recovered. Thirty-three ESBL-producing isolates were detected from 31 faecal samples (18.9% of the collected specimens). Eight carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacilli were recovered from eight specimens (4.9%). Conclusions: This study revealed a high prevalence of faecal carriage of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, including ESBLs, in Buenos Aires. Therefore, the use of surveillance cultures will be helpful for tracking and monitoring the spread of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae within community settings.
Detection of extended spectrum beta-lactamases-producing isolates and effect of AmpC overlapping
Authors: Hassan Manal I , Alkharsah Khaled R , Alzahrani Alhusain J , Obeid Obeid E , Khamis Amar H , Diab Asim
Published: August 2013

Introduction: Few reports about the prevalence and genetic basis of extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) are available from Saudi Arabia. We sought to determine the prevalence of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae in a university hospital in eastern Saudi Arabia and to characterize the ESBLs produced by these isolates at the molecular level. Methodology: All clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., and Proteus spp. collected over two years were evaluated for susceptibility to a panel of antimicrobials and were analyzed for the ESBL phenotype using screening and confirmatory tests. ESBL-positive isolates were then screened for the presence of genes encoding CTX-M, SHV, and TEM beta-lactamases by PCR. Results and conclusions: The overall prevalence of ESBL-producing isolates was 4.8% (253/5256). Most isolates (80%) were from the inpatient department. The ESBL phenotype was more frequently detected in K. pneumonia. CTX-M genes were the most prevalent ESBL genes, detected in 82% of the studied isolates. The ESBL producers demonstrated a high multidrug resistance rate (96.6%). In transconjugation assay, the same ESBL gene pattern was transmitted from 29.7% of K. pneumoniae donors to the recipient strain, and the latter exhibited concomitant decreased aminoglycosides and co-trimoxazole susceptibility. We observed the presence of ESBL screen-positive but confirmatory-negative isolates (8.9%). Phenotypic tests for the production of AmpC β-lactamase tested positive in 52% of these isolates. Further studies are needed for appropriate detection of concomitant ESBL and AmpC enzyme production among such isolates. Continued surveillance and judicious antibiotic usage together with the implementation of efficient infection control measures are absolutely required.
Children and cutaneous leishmaniasis: a clinical report and review
Authors: Layegh Pouran , Moghiman Toktam , Ahmadian Hoseini Seyed Amir
Published: August 2013

Introduction: Mashhad, located in north-east Iran, is one of the most important regions for cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) due to Leishmania tropica. Children account for 7-10% of the infected population in the endemic areas. Despite the high sensitivity and susceptibility of this age group, no comprehensive study has yet investigated the clinical characteristics and demographic data in children in our region. Therefore, we aimed to study the clinical features and demographic information in children visiting the Leishmania clinic of two main teaching hospitals. Methodology: In a cross-sectional study all the required data were gathered from the children’s records available at the cutaneous leishmaniasis clinics of Ghaem and Imam Reza hospitals during October 2008 to September 2011. Data included the patient’s age, sex, lesion chronicity and distribution, the clinical features, and the involved body parts. Descriptive statistical tests and SPSS version 11.5 were used for data analyses. Results: Among the 8,801 studied files, 689 (7%) were related to children under the age of 13. Female to male ratio was 0.9 with the highest prevalence in the 6-9 year age group. Regarding disease chronicity, the most common types were acute cases with a 71% prevalence rate. The face was the most involved body part (77.2%) and papules with 37% prevalence were the most common type of lesions seen. Conclusion: Childhood cutaneous leishmaniasis accounts for a major portion of CL in north-east Iran, has no apparent sex preference, and its clinical spectrum does not remarkably differ from that of adult CL.
Surveillance of post-caesarean surgical site infections in a hospital with limited resources, Cambodia
Authors: Srun Sok , Sinath Yin , Seng An Thoun , Chea Meas , Borin Mony , Nhem Somary , Daniel Amanda , Chea Nora , Asgari Nima , Rachline Anne , Reed Za , Hoff Rodney , Cavailler Philippe , Goyet Sophie
Published: August 2013

Introduction: In Cambodia, we implemented a pilot surveillance of superficial surgical site infections (SSSI) following caesarean deliveries (CD) in a provincial hospital, to estimate their incidence, describe their clinical management, and determine their causative pathogens. Methodology: Between October 2010 and February 2011, all women admitted for CD were included in the surveillance. Their clinical condition was monitored for a post-operative period of 30 days, including two assessments performed by surgeons. Cases were clinically diagnosed by surgeons, with bacterial cultures performed. Results: Of the 222 patients admitted for CD, 176 (79.3%) were monitored for 30 days. Of these, 11 were diagnosed with a SSSI, giving an incidence rate of 6.25% (95% CI 3.2-10.9). Four of the cases (36.4%) were detected after hospital discharge.  Length of hospitalization was significantly longer for the SSSI cases. All 222 patients were prescribed antibiotics.  Ampicillin was administered intravenously to 98.6% of them, with subsequent oral amoxicillin given to 82.9%. Three of six pus samples collected were positive on culture: two with Staphylococcus aureus and one with Staphylococcus lugdunensis. One S.aureus was methicillin resistant (MRSA). The other was clindamycin and erythromycin resistant. Conclusion: Surveillance of health-care associated infections in a setting with limited resources is challenging but feasible. Effective post-discharge surveillance was essential for the estimation of the incidence rate of SSSI following caesarean deliveries.   This surveillance led to a peer-review of medical practices.
Teaching for Critical Thinking
Authors: Brookfield Stephen
Published: August 2013

This chapter reviews the core process of critical thinking—hunting assumptions—and explains how this process differs according to the context of what is being taught and the different intellectual traditions that inform teachers’ backgrounds. It outlines a basic protocol of critical thinking as a learning process that focuses on uncovering and checking assumptions, exploring alternative perspectives, and taking informed actions as a result. Three different categories of assumptions—paradigmatic, prescriptive, and causal—are defined, and the teaching methods and approaches that most help students to think critically are explored. The chapter examines in detail the fact that critical thinking is best experienced as a social learning process, and how important it is for teachers to model the process for students.
The Impact of K-20 Policies on Teachers
Authors: Sedivy-Benton Amy L.
Published: August 2013

The publication of A Nation at Risk in 1983 as well as the progression to a global society has created a national concern for the quality of education in the United States. There has been a shift in education, from hands off from the national government to a move for a national curriculum that will assist in the improvement of our schools. Policies around education are ever changing, and this has an impact on the teachers who are currently in the profession as well as those who educate pre-service teachers. The chapter provides an overview of the unfolding of educational policy within the United States, discusses the current policies being implemented and their impact on the field of teaching. The chapter concludes with consideration of the impact of these policies and recommendations for future implementation.
Democratizing Classroom Discussion
Authors: Brookfield Stephen
Published: August 2013

This chapter analyzes the way Jurgen Habermas, the German critical theorist, connects the development of democracy to the educational use of discussion. It proposes an understanding of democracy that regards it as an ever widening, inclusive conversation, in which teachers (as well as students) exercise their power as educators. The authors explore three specific dialogic methods that can be used to democratize classrooms along the lines suggested by Habermas: the circle of voices, circular response, and chalk talk techniques. Each of these is designed to create an inclusive conversation where no one voice dominates, to hold back the reaching of a premature consensus, and to integrate the widest possible number of perspectives.
Teaching through Film
Authors: Brookfield Stephen
Published: August 2013

Film can be used for multiple educational purposes in the support of students’ learning. It can be used at the beginning of a unit to generate avenues for discussion or exploration, at the end of a unit to illustrate ideas that have already been studied through other formats, or to integrate multiple themes that have been considered across the curriculum. Some of its functions are to encourage the exploration of multiple perspectives, to teach specific histories, to provide guides for action, and to illustrate complex concepts. This chapter explores the ways these different functions can advance learning by focusing on one particular scene in particular. The scene is “The Decision” in Ken Loach’s Land and Freedom, a dramatization of the Republican forces’ struggle against General Franco’s coup in the Spanish Civil War.