bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Screw Eccentricity on the Initial Stability of the Acetabular Cup in Artificial Foam Bone of Different Qualities
Authors: Hsu Jui‐Ting , Lin Dan‐Jae
Published: December 2009

Acetabular cup loosening is one of the major failure models of total hip replacement (THR), which is mostly due to insufficient initial stability of the cup. Previous studies have demonstrated that cup stability is affected by the quality of the host bone and the surgical skill when inserting screws. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects on the initial stability of the acetabular cup of eccentric screws in bone of different qualities. In this study, hemispherical cups were fixed into bone specimens constructed from artificial foam with three elastic moduli using one to three screws. The effects of two types of screw eccentricity (offset and angular) on the stability of the acetabular cup were also evaluated. The experimental results indicate that in the presence of ideal screwing, the cup was stable in bone specimens constructed from foam with the highest elastic modulus. In addition, increasing the number of ideal screws enhanced the cup stability, especially in bone specimens constructed from soft foam. Moreover, the cup stability was most affected by offset eccentric screw(s) in the hard‐foam bone specimens and by angular eccentric screw(s) in the soft‐foam bone specimens. The reported results indicate that the presence of screw eccentricity affects the initial stability of the acetabular cup. Surgeons should keep this in mind when performing screw insertions in THR. However, care is necessary when translating these results to the intraoperative situation due to the experiments being conducted under laboratory conditions, and hence, future studies should attempt to replicate the results reported here in vivo.
Hippocampal malrotation in pediatric patients with epilepsy associated with complex prefrontal dysfunction
Authors: Stiers Peter , Fonteyne Annick , Wouters Heidi , D’Agostino Emiliano , Sunaert Stefan , Lagae Lieven
Published: December 2009

Purpose:  The cognitive consequences of hippocampal malrotation (HIMAL) were investigated in a matched control study of children with epilepsy.

Methods:  Seven children with HIMAL were compared on a range of memory and attention tasks with 21 control children with epilepsy without temporal role pathology and 7 children with epilepsy and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)–documented hippocampal sclerosis. In addition, in a statistical morphometric analysis, MRI studies from four children with HIMAL were compared to similar images of 20 age‐matched typically developing control children.

Results:  Although the task battery was sensitive to the memory deficit of the children with hippocampal sclerosis, it did not reveal memory impairment in the patients with HIMAL. In contrast, the patients with HIMAL were impaired on the attentionally more demanding dual tasks, compared to both the control and the hippocampal sclerosis group. The structural MRI analysis revealed morphometric abnormalities in the tail of the affected hippocampus, the adjacent neocortex, and the ipsilateral medial thalamus. The basal forebrain was bilaterally affected. Abnormalities in remote cortex were found in the ipsilateral temporal lobe, the contralateral anterior cingulate gyrus, and bilateral in the dorsolateral and lateral‐orbitofrontal prefrontal cortex.

Discussion:  Because the prefrontal cortical regions have been shown to be active during dual‐task performance, the MRI results converge with the neuropsychological findings of impairment on these tasks. We conclude that HIMAL had no direct memory repercussions, but was secondary to subtle but widespread neurologic abnormalities that also affected morphology and functioning of the prefrontal cortex.
Successful Models of Comprehensive Care for Older Adults with Chronic Conditions: Evidence for the Institute of Medicine's “Retooling for an Aging America” Report
Authors: Boult Chad , Green Ariel Frank , Boult Lisa B. , Pacala James T. , Snyder Claire , Leff Bruce
Published: December 2009

The quality of chronic care in America is low, and the cost is high. To help inform efforts to overhaul the ailing U.S. healthcare system, including those related to the “medical home,” models of comprehensive health care that have shown the potential to improve the quality, efficiency, or health‐related outcomes of care for chronically ill older persons were identified. Using multiple indexing terms, the MEDLINE database was searched for articles published in English between January 1, 1987, and May 30, 2008, that reported statistically significant positive outcomes from high‐quality research on models of comprehensive health care for older persons with chronic conditions. Each selected study addressed a model of comprehensive health care; was a meta‐analysis, systematic review, or trial with an equivalent concurrent control group; included an adequate number of representative, chronically ill participants aged 65 and older; used valid measures; used reliable methods of data collection; analyzed data rigorously; and reported significantly positive effects on the quality, efficiency, or health‐related outcomes of care. Of 2,714 identified articles, 123 (4.5%) met these criteria. Fifteen models have improved at least one outcome: interdisciplinary primary care (1), models that supplement primary care (8), transitional care (1), models of acute care in patients' homes (2), nurse–physician teams for residents of nursing homes (1), and models of comprehensive care in hospitals (2). Policy makers and healthcare leaders should consider including these 15 models of health care in plans to reform the U.S. healthcare system. The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services would need new statutory flexibility to pay for care by the nurses, social workers, pharmacists, and physicians who staff these promising models.
Thoracoscopic Subphrenic Pericardectomy Using Double‐Lumen Endobronchial Intubation for Alternating One‐Lung Ventilation
Authors: MAYHEW KELLI N. , MAYHEW PHILIPP D. , SORRELL‐RASCHI LAURIE , CIMINO BROWN DOROTHY
Published: December 2009

Objective— To report the technique, complications, and effectiveness of thoracoscopic subphrenic pericardectomy (SPP) using double‐lumen endobronchial intubation for alternating 1‐lung (OLV) in healthy dogs.

Study Design— Prospective cohort study.

Animals— Mature purpose‐bred dogs (n=7).

Methods— Bronchoscope‐assisted placement of a left‐sided double‐lumen endobronchial tube, immediately before surgery, allowed intraoperative alternation of ventilation between lung fields. A camera portal was established in a subxyphoid location. Two instrument portals were established at the 4th–6th intercostal spaces on the right and left sides. A vessel‐sealing device was used to create the subphrenic pericardectomy. After termination of the procedure, dogs were humanely euthanatized under anesthesia and necropsy performed. In each dog, the extent of pericardectomy and any complications were evaluated.

Results—
Technical difficulties with tube placement occurred in 4 dogs, but alternating OLV was achieved in all dogs and SPP completed successfully. Median surgical time was 87.5 minutes (range, 80–105 minutes). At necropsy, 0.5–2 cm of pericardial tissue remained ventral to the intact phrenic nerve in 6 dogs; in 1 dog, the phrenic nerve was transected on the left side only.

Conclusions—
Thoracoscopic subphrenic pericardectomy is a technically feasible procedure in healthy dogs. Double‐lumen endobronchial intubation allowed alternating OLV without intraoperative bronchoscopically guided tube manipulation in all but 1 dog.

Clinical Relevance—
Thoracoscopic subphrenic pericardectomy could potentially be used for management of conditions where relief of pericardial constriction or access to intrapericardial structures is desired.
Hypophosphatemia in Cats After Renal Transplantation
Authors: PASTER ERIN R. , MEHL MARGO L. , KASS PHILIP H. , GREGORY CLARE R.
Published: December 2009

Objective—To report the prevalence of hypophosphatemia after renal transplantation in a historical cohort of cats.

Design—Case series.

Animals—Cats (n=86) that received a renal allograft.

Methods—Medical records (January 200–June 2006) were reviewed. Signalment, clinical signs, pre‐ and postoperative diet, pre‐ and postoperative clinicopathologic variables, renal histopathology, and outcome were retrieved. Prevalence, onset, duration, treatment and associated clinical signs of hypophosphatemia were recorded. A χ2test was used to compare hemolysis frequency between cats with normal serum phosphorus concentration or a single spurious low serum phosphorus concentration for <24 hours duration (group 1) and confirmed hypophosphatemia for >24 hours (group 2). A Cox proportional hazards model was used to evaluate the effects of hypophosphatemia on survival while controlling for other potentially confounding variables (age, sex, weight, body condition score, and pre‐ and 24 hours postoperative clinicopathologic variables).

Results—Eighty‐six cats (mean age, 7.7 years) were identified. Hypophosphatemia occurred in 32 cats (37%), with a median onset of 2 days and median duration of 4 days. Treatment was initiated in 48 (56%) of hypophosphatemic cats. Survival and hemolysis frequency was not significantly different between groups, and no risk factors were identified.

Conclusion—Hypophosphatemia occurs in cats after renal transplantation and does not affect survival.

Clinical Relevance—The clinical importance of hypophosphatemia in renal transplant recipients remains unknown.
Postoperative Race Performance is Not Correlated with Degree of Surgical Abduction After Laryngoplasty in National Hunt Thoroughbred Racehorses
Authors: BARAKZAI SAFIA Z. , BODEN LISA A. , DIXON PADRAIC M.
Published: December 2009

Objectives—To (1) assess the degree of arytenoid cartilage abduction lost after laryngoplasty (LP) in Thoroughbred National Hunt racehorses and (2) to correlate postoperative racing performance with degree of arytenoid abduction after LP.

Study Design—Case series.

Animals—National Hunt Thoroughbred racehorses (n=68).

Methods—Grade of postoperative arytenoid abduction for National Hunt racehorses that had LP with ventriculocordectomy was assessed at 1 day, 6 days, and 6 weeks after LP. Race records were analyzed to ascertain if there was correlation between the degree of arytenoid cartilage abduction and various measures of race performance (return to racing postoperatively, total earnings in 5 races immediately postoperatively, and lifetime number of starts postoperatively).

Results—Median postoperative arytenoid abduction was grade 2 on day 1 but had decreased to grade 3 by 6 weeks. Horses with grades 1, 2, and 3 abduction 1 day after surgery had median losses of 1, 1, and 0.5 abduction grades, respectively, at 6 weeks. Horses with grade 1 abduction on day 1 were significantly more likely to lose abduction by day 6 after surgery than horses with grade 3 abduction on day 1. There was no statistically significant correlation between the postoperative grade of arytenoid abduction at any time point and earnings in 5 races after surgery, likelihood of racing postoperatively, or total number of lifetime race starts postoperatively.

Conclusions—Horses with maximal (grade 1) surgical arytenoid abduction are significantly more likely to suffer postoperative loss of abduction than those with grade 3 abduction. Postoperative grade of abduction does not appear significantly correlated with markers of racing performance in National Hunt racehorses; however, very few horses with poor (grade 4 or 5) abduction were included and thus conclusions regarding racing performance in such horses cannot be drawn from this study.

Clinical Relevance—Seemingly, most horses with grade 3 laryngeal abduction can race successfully and perhaps surgeons should not be disillusioned by the appearance of only moderate (grade 3) abduction in the long term after LP in racehorses.
Grain‐Size Dependence of the Hardness of Submicrometer and Nanometer Hydroxyapatite
Authors: Wang Jiwen , Shaw Leon L.
Published: December 2009

Dense hydroxyapatite (HA) bodies (at 99% of the theoretical density or higher) with grain sizes ranging from 67 to 732 nm have been obtained via a process of morphology‐enhanced low‐temperature sintering at temperatures as low as 850°C. The Knoop indentation study reveals that the hardness of HA exhibits a linear dependence on the inverse square root of the grain diameter, consistent with the Hall–Petch relationship. This is the first report of the grain‐size dependence of the HA hardness in the nanometer range, and the phenomena observed suggest that the deformation of HA under indentation is dislocation mediated.
The effect of titanium topography features on mesenchymal human stromal cells' adhesion
Authors: Carneiro‐Campos Luis Eduardo , Fernandes Claudio P. , Balduíno Alex , Leite Duarte Maria Eugênia , Leitão Melissa
Published: December 2009

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of two kinds of dental implants surfaces with their own characteristics on human marrow stromal cells' adhesion.

Material and methods: Fifty‐six titanium discs (28 machined and 28 acid etched) were used. Machined (MS) and acid‐etched surfaces (ES) were analyzed using a scanning electron microscope, energy dispersing spectroscopy (EDS), contact angle analysis and human marrow stromal cells' culture.

Results: Significant differences were observed in the topography and wetability of the tested surfaces. However, etched surfaces presented a high level of wetability when compared with machined surfaces. Contact angles showed considerable differences between etched and machined surfaces (Friedman test P<0.05). EDS analysis showed the same composition on both the surfaces tested. Counting of adhered cells on both types of surfaces showed that there is no statistical significance in human marrow stromal cells' adhesion after 18 h (Mann–Whitney test P>0.05).

Conclusion: The present study concludes that modifications on the titanium implant surfaces roughness may promote differences in the morphology of bone marrow stromal cells. Nevertheless, in this microenvironment, no interference in the adhesion phenomenon was noted.

To cite this article:
 Carneiro‐Campos LE, Fernandes CP. The effect of titanium topography features on mesenchymal human stromal cells' adhesion. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 21, 2010; 250–254. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2009.01811.x
Gingival crevicular fluid levels of MMP‐8, MMP‐9, TIMP‐2, and MPO decrease after periodontal therapy
Authors: Marcaccini Andrea M. , Meschiari Cesar A. , Zuardi Leonardo R. , De Sousa Tiago Sampaio , Taba Mario , Teofilo Juliana M. , Jacob‐Ferreira Anna L.B. , Tanus‐Santos Jose E. , Novaes Arthur B. , Gerlach Raquel F.
Published: December 2009

Marcaccini AM, Meschiari CA, Zuardi LR, de Sousa TS, Taba M, Teofilo JM, Jacob‐Ferreira ALB, Tanus‐Santos JE, Novaes AB, Gerlach RF. Gingival crevicular fluid levels of MMP‐8, MMP‐9, TIMP‐2, and MPO decrease after periodontal therapy. J Clin Periodontol 2010; 37: 180–190. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐051X.2009.01512.x.

Background: This study aimed at comparing the levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐8, tissue Inhibitor of MMPs (TIMP)‐1 and TIMP‐2, Myeloperoxidase (MPO), and MMP‐9 in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of chronic periodontitis (CP) patients and controls at baseline and 3 months after non‐surgical therapy.

Materials and Methods: GCF was collected from one site of 15 control subjects and 27 CP patients. MMP‐8, MMP‐9, TIMP‐1, and TIMP‐2 were determined by Enzyme‐linked immunoabsorbent assay; different forms of MMP‐9, by gelatin zymography; and MPO, colorimetrically.

Results: At baseline, higher levels of MMP‐8, TIMP‐2, MPO, and the 87 kDa‐MMP‐9 were found in patients compared with controls (p<0.001), and these molecules decreased after therapy (p<0.03). There were no differences between the groups with respect to the higher molecular forms of MMP‐9 (180, 130, 92 kDa) or total MMP‐9 at baseline. No differences were observed in TIMP‐1 levels. In controls, decreased levels of TIMP‐2 and the higher molecular forms of MMP‐9 (180, 130, 92 kDa) were found 3 months after therapy compared with baseline (p<0.01).

Conclusions: Higher levels of MMP‐8, TIMP‐2, MPO, and 87 kDa MMP‐9 were found in the GCF of patients compared with controls, and these markers decreased 3 months after periodontal therapy.
PUFA – An index of clinical consequences of untreated dental caries
Authors: Monse B. , Heinrich‐Weltzien R. , Benzian H. , Holmgren C. , Van Palenstein Helderman W.
Published: December 2009

Monse B, Heinrich‐Weltzien R, Benzian H, Holmgren C, van Palenstein Helderman W. PUFA – An index of clinical consequences of untreated dental caries. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2010; 38: 77–82. © 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/S

Abstract –  Rationale:  Dental caries is a global public health problem, especially in children. Most caries in developing countries remains untreated. Only limited data are available on the clinical consequences of untreated dental caries because there is no measure to quantify the prevalence and severity of oral conditions resulting from untreated dental caries.

Objectives:  To present a new index to evaluate the prevalence and severity of oral conditions resulting from untreated dental caries. To validate the index within the Philippines National Oral Health Survey, 2006.

Methods:  The PUFA index records the presence of severely decayed teeth with visible pulpal involvement (P/p), ulceration caused by dislocated tooth fragments (U/u), fistula (F/f) and abscess (A/a).

Results:  Good kappa values show the reliability of the index. The prevalence of PUFA/pufa >0 was 85% and 56% for 6‐ and 12‐year‐olds, respectively. The mean number of teeth affected (PUFA/pufa) was 3.5 and 1.2 for 6‐ and 12‐year‐olds, respectively. In 6‐ and 12‐year‐olds, 40% and 41% of decayed teeth had progressed to odontogenic infections.

Conclusion:  The PUFA index complements classical caries indices with relevant information for epidemiologists and health care planners.
Impact of social and economic characteristics on orthodontic treatment among children and teenagers in France
Authors: Germa A. , Kaminski M. , Nabet C.
Published: December 2009

Germa A, Kaminski M, Nabet C. Impact of social and economic characteristics on orthodontic treatment among children and teenagers in France. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2010. © 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/S

Abstract –  Objectives:  This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of orthodontic treatment in France among children and teenagers aged 8–18 years, by sex and by age, and to investigate the specific role of social and economic characteristics on use of orthodontic treatment.

Methods:  We analyzed data from the cross‐sectional national health survey conducted in France in 2002–2003, which included a sample of 5988 children aged 8–18 years. All data were collected by interview including the question on orthodontic treatment. Other data used in our study were family social status and income, maternal educational attainment and place of birth, whether the child was covered by a supplementary health insurance and whether the residence was urban or rural. We also calculated the density of orthodontists in the district. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to study the relationships between these social and economic factors and orthodontic treatment.

Results:  The prevalence of orthodontic treatment was 14% of all children aged 8–18, 15% for girls, and 13% for boys, and 23% in the 12 to 15‐year age group. Children were less likely to have orthodontic treatment when parents were service or sales workers compared with children whose parents were managers or professionals (aOR = 0.50; 95%CI: [0.34;0.76]), when family income was in the lowest, compared with highest quartile (aOR = 0,62; 95% CI: [0.45;0.85]), when children had no supplementary insurance compared with children covered by private insurance (aOR = 0.53; 95% CI: [0.34; 0.81]), or when they lived in rural compared with urban areas (aOR = 0.70; 95% CI: [0.54; 0.91]).

Conclusion:  There are social inequalities in orthodontic treatment in France, associated mainly with social status, annual income, supplementary insurance, and the residence area.
HIV Infection and Fertility Preferences in Rural Malawi
Authors: Yeatman Sara
Published: December 2009

Although HIV‐prevalence and fertility rates in sub‐Saharan Africa are among the highest in the world, little is known about how HIV infection affects the fertility preferences of men and women in the region. A quasi‐experimental design and in‐depth interviews conducted in rural Malawi are employed to examine how and through what pathways learning that one is HIV positive alters a person's childbearing desires. Among rural Malawians, particularly men, the desire to have more children decreases after receiving a positive HIV‐test result. The motivations underlying this effect are greatly influenced by gender: women fear the physical health consequences of HIV‐positive pregnancies and childbearing, whereas men see childbearing as futile because they anticipate their own early death and the deaths of their future children. Considerable ambivalence remains, nevertheless, particularly among women who strategize to live normal lives in spite of their infection, but whose definitions of “normal” vary.
Use of Dual Protection in Botswana
Authors: Kraft Joan Marie , Galavotti Christine , Carter Marion , Jamieson Denise J. , Busang Lesego , Fleming Douglas , Kilmarx Peter H.
Published: December 2009

High rates of unintended pregnancy and of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections prompt calls for use of “dual‐protection” strategies, including consistent condom use or dual‐method use. This study examines the use of dual‐protection strategies in a sample of 15–49‐year‐old men and women in Botswana in 2003. Half of sexually active respondents reported consistent condom use in the past year; 2.5 percent reported dual‐method use. Multiple logistic regression analyses showed that urban residence, less than a ten‐year age difference between partners, discussing HIV and contraception with one's partner, not intending to have a child in the next year, having no children, being in a relationship where one or both partners have additional concurrent partners, and supportive condom norms were associated with dual protection—that is, with consistent condom or dual‐method use. In the context of high HIV prevalence, concerns about disease prevention likely influence contraception, and interventions should address childbearing desires and sexual risk simultaneously.
Mentoring Children With Incarcerated Parents: Implications for Research, Practice, and Policy
Authors: Shlafer Rebecca J. , Poehlmann Julie , Coffino Brianna , Hanneman Ashley
Published: December 2009

We investigated children and families who were participating in a mentoring program targeting children with incarcerated parents. Using multiple methods and informants, we explored the development of the mentoring relationship, challenges and benefits of mentoring children with incarcerated parents, and match termination in 57 mentor‐child dyads. More than one‐third of matches terminated during the first 6 months of participation. For those matches that continued to meet, however, children who saw their mentors more frequently exhibited fewer internalizing and externalizing symptoms. In monthly interviews with participants, themes emerged about challenges associated with mentoring and reasons for match termination. Implications for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers are discussed.
Lack of effect on blood alcohol level of swabbing venepuncture sites with 70% isopropyl alcohol
Authors: Tucker Alicia , Trethewy Christopher
Published: December 2009

Objective:  It is standard practice to clean the skin using a non‐alcohol‐containing swab before forensic blood alcohol sampling, because of the belief that the use of an alcohol‐containing swab will contaminate the sample. The present study aimed to determine whether cleaning the skin with 70% isopropyl alcohol swabs, before venepuncture, alters measured blood alcohol level (BAL).

Methods:  Volunteers aged >18 years had paired venous blood tests, which were drawn within 2 min of each other. One arm was swabbed with a 70% isopropyl alcohol swab and allowed to dry before venepuncture. The other was swabbed with saline, and these concurrent samples were used as controls. BAL was tested using the enzymatic method. Pathologists analysing the samples were blinded to the swabbing technique used. The mean differences and standard deviations of each of the paired samples were analysed using Student's t‐test.

Results:  Fifty‐six paired venous blood samples were obtained from volunteers. Mean BAL in the isopropyl alcohol‐swabbed group was 3.27 mg/dL with a standard deviation of 1.14 mg/dL. Mean BAL in the saline‐swabbed group was 3.41 mg/dL with a standard deviation of 1.11 mg/dL. The mean difference was 0.14 mg/dL, with a standard error of 0.157. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups.

Conclusions:  The present study demonstrated that the use of 70% isopropyl alcohol swabs does not significantly affect BAL when used before venepuncture. This has implications that challenge current forensic blood alcohol sample acquisition.
DETERMINATION OF FAT CONTENTS WITH SUPERCRITICAL CO2 EXTRACTION IN TWO COMMERCIAL POWDER CHOCOLATE PRODUCTS: COMPARISON WITH NP‐1719
Authors: MARQUES ANTÓNIO J.V. , COELHO JOSÉ A.P.
Published: December 2009

Fat content is an important variable in chocolate and cocoa powder production. Current Association of Official Analytical Chemists‐approved methods may require up to 18 h for determination of fat content data, like Portuguese Norma, NP ‐1719. Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC‐CO2) extraction of fats from chocolate products eliminates solvent and solvent disposal costs and exposure to hazardous reagents.

SC‐CO2 fluid extraction of extracts from samples of commercial powder milk chocolate, 5–6 g, was carried out in a modified commercial flow apparatus, at temperatures from 313.15 to 353.15 K, pressures up to 60.0 MPa and flow rates from 0.16 kg/h to 0.47 kg/h of CO2. Percent fat values were determined gravimetrically by collecting the extract into a preweighed trap.

Recoveries using a 20‐ to 25‐min supercritical fluid extraction method were between 98 and 100% of NP‐1719 values with standard deviations on replicates ranging from 0.4 to 0.6%. The main compounds identified in the extracts were palmitic acid (28–30%), stearic acid (30–33%), oleic acid (29–30%) and linoleic acid (2–4%).

The possibility of replacement of NP‐1719 method by a SC‐CO2 extraction was demonstrated.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Carbon dioxide is the most used supercritical solvent for application in the food and related industries (mainly because it is noninflammable, cheap and nontoxic). With this solvent, it is possible to obtain solvent‐free extracts and to avoid the degradation of thermally labile components; therefore, the natural odor and aroma of the starting material are retained. The operational optimization studies and the important properties of the extracts expected to be present are lines of research. In this case study, with applications to the industry as analytical technique, we can improve the time required to determine the total fat content and characterize the components present in two different commercial powder chocolate products.
SUPERMAX INCARCERATION AND RECIDIVISM*
Authors: MEARS DANIEL P. , BALES WILLIAM D.
Published: December 2009

Since the early 1980s, supermax incarceration has emerged as a common feature of the American corrections landscape. This special type of high‐cost housing, which involves extended isolation with little programming or contact with others, remains largely unevaluated and is of interest for three reasons. First, the study of supermax housing offers a unique opportunity to understand the factors related to the successful reentry of offenders back into society. Second, it affords an opportunity to test the claims, many of which are grounded in mainstream criminological theory, that have been made about the putative effects of supermax confinement. Third, it provides an empirical touchstone that can help inform policy debates about the merits of such confinement. Examining data from the Florida Department of Corrections, we test competing hypotheses about the effects of supermax housing on 3‐year recidivism outcomes. We find evidence that supermax incarceration may increase violent recidivism but find no evidence of an effect of the duration of supermax incarceration or the recency of such incarceration to the time of release into society. We discuss the findings and their implications for theory, research, and policy.
CRIMINAL BEWARE: A SOCIAL NORMS PERSPECTIVE ON POSTING PUBLIC WARNING SIGNS*
Authors: SCHULTZ P. WESLEY , TABANICO JENNIFER J.
Published: December 2009

Recent studies have suggested that crime‐prevention strategies tend to interact with characteristics of the community in such a way that what works in one community might not work in another. In this article, we extend this finding to fear of crime and residents' perceptions of crime using a Focus Theory of Normative Conduct framework. Data are reported from three experiments that examine the impact of publicly posted Neighborhood Watch signs on perceived crime rates and worry about victimization. The studies used a virtual community tour to assess the causal impact of Neighborhood Watch sign presence and content. Across the experiments, we consistently find the potential for publicly posted Neighborhood Watch signs to produce unintended consequences such as increased fear of crime and worry about victimization. Moreover, the outcomes associated with posting the signs are influenced not only by the information printed on the sign but also by an interaction between the signs themselves and the environmental context in which they are posted.
Evaluation of Larval Growth and Survival in Mexican Mojarra, Cichlasoma urophthalmus, and Bay Snook, Petenia splendida, Under Different Initial Stocking Densities
Authors: Jiménez‐Martínez Luis Daniel , Alvarez‐GonzÁlez Carlos A. , Contreras‐Sánchez Wilfrido M. , Márquez‐Couturier Gabriel , Arias‐Rodríguez Lenin , Almeida‐Madrigal José A.
Published: December 2009

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the initial stocking density in larvae of Bay snook, Petenia splendida, and Mexican mojarra, Cichlasoma urophthalmus, using a recirculation system. Five initial stocking densities (0.5, 1, 5, 10, and 20 larvae/L) were evaluated by triplicate for 45 d. Weight and total length (TL) were measured every 15 d, and fish production was calculated for each density. The larvae stocked at the lowest densities (0.5 and 1 larvae/L) presented the highest growth for both species: C. urophthalmus (0.78 g and 45‐mm TL, and 0.76 g and 45‐mm TL, respectively) and P. splendida (0.80 g and 52‐mm TL, and 0.79 g and 49‐mm TL, respectively). However, lowest fish production was recorded (35 and 69 fish per tank, respectively, for C. urophthalmus and 34 and 70 fish per tank, respectively, for P. splendida) compared with those at densities of 5, 10, and 20 larvae/L (336, 584, and 604 fish per tank, respectively, for C. urophthalmus and 341, 679, and 912 fish per tank, respectively, for P. splendida). The polynomial model for biomass production related to the stocking density shows that the optimum stocking densities for C. urophthalmus and P. splendida are 12 and 14 larvae/L, respectively.
Stocking Density and its Influence on Growth of Spotted Wolffish, Anarhichas minor, in Shallow Raceways
Authors: Imsland Albert K. , Gunnarsson Snorri , Foss A. , Sigur?sson Benedikt , Sigur?sson Sindri
Published: December 2009

We compared growth properties of spotted wolffish with initial mean weight (± SE) 3.65 (± 0.15) kg reared in shallow raceways at three different densities (50, 70, and 90 kg/m2, corresponding to approx. 170, 240, and 310 kg/m3) in a 447‐day‐long growth trial at ambient temperature (mean (± SD), 4.2 C ± 1.9). Growth in all three groups was comparable, but there was a trend toward higher growth at the highest density. Final mean weights (kg ± SE) were 4.90 (± 0.15), 4.80 (± 0.16), and 5.05 (± 0.11), at the 50, 70, and 90 kg/m2 density, respectively. Initially, growth rates were higher at the 90 kg/m2 density group compared to the two other densities, but overall growth rates were similar in all three groups. Feed conversion efficiency differed and was higher at the two highest densities compared to lowest density. The acid–base balance was influenced by the density treatment as there was a general trend toward higher partial pressure of CO2 and HCO

in the 90 kg/m2 group. Calculated productivity increased almost linearly with increasing stocking density and was found to be 24, 42, and 66 g/m2/day at 50, 70, and 90 kg/m2, respectively. The results show that the optimum density conditions for farming large spotted wolffish, both with respect to growth rate, feed conversion, and productivity are at densities equal to or higher than 90 kg/m2.
Sedation by Orally Administered Ketamine in Goldfish, Carassius auratus; Hybrid Striped Bass, Morone hybrid saxatilis×M. chrysops; and Ocellated River Stingray, Potamotrygon motoro
Authors: Raines Janis A. , Clancy Meredith M.
Published: December 2009

With the continued popularity of pet aquaculture and concurrent demands for advances in veterinary medicine of fish species, a need exists for a reliable, safe, and environmentally noncontaminating method of sedation. With appropriate sedation, fish can be more safely transported or handled for veterinary care. Sedation can minimize stress or physical damage caused by handling and capture, and prepare fish for the deeper planes of anesthesia necessary for more extensive handling, longer transport, or invasive procedures. This study assessed the efficacy of ketamine as a sedative when administered orally to three species of fish: common goldfish, Carassius auratus, ocellated river stingray, Potamotrygon motoro, and hybrid striped bass, Morone saxatilis×Morone chrysops. A practical application opportunity that became available at the end of the study demonstrated the use of oral ketamine in the transport of a single arapaima, Arapaima gigas.
Antioxidant Activity in Barley (Hordeum Vulgare L.) Grains Roasted in a Microwave Oven under Conditions Optimized Using Response Surface Methodology
Authors: Omwamba Mary , Hu Qiuhui
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACT:  Microwave processing and cooking of foods is a recent development that is gaining momentum in household as well as large‐scale food applications. Barley contains phenol compounds which possess antioxidant activity. In this study the microwave oven roasting condition was optimized to obtain grains with high antioxidant activity measured as the ability to scavenge 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical. Antioxidant activity of grains roasted under optimum conditions was assessed based on DPPH radical scavenging activity, reducing power and inhibition of oxidation in linoleic acid system. The optimum condition for obtaining roasted barley with high antioxidant activity (90.5% DPPH inhibition) was found to be at 600 W microwave power, 8.5 min roasting time, and 61.5 g or 2 layers of grains. The roasting condition influenced antioxidant activity both individually and interactively. Statistical analysis showed that the model was significant (P < 0.0001). The acetone extract had significantly high inhibition of lipid peroxidation and DPPH radical scavenging activity compared to the aqueous extract and α‐tocopherol. The reducing power of acetone extracts was not significantly different from α‐tocopherol. The acetone extract had twice the amount of phenol content compared to the aqueous extract indicating its high extraction efficiency. GC‐MS analysis revealed the presence of phenol acids, amino phenols, and quinones. The aqueous extract did not contain 3,4‐dihydroxybenzaldehyde and 4‐hydroxycinnamic acid which are phenol compounds reported to contribute to antioxidant activity in barley grain.
Removal of Cadmium and Lead from Aqueous Solution by Enterococcus faecium Strains
Authors: Topcu A. , Bulat T.
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACT:  Foods may be contaminated with heavy metals, which, even in small quantities, possess detrimental effects on human health. The aim of the present study was to investigate the uptake of cadmium or lead from an aqueous medium frequently found in foods, by 2 Enterococcus faecium strains (E. faecium EF031 and E. faecium M74). Also, the effects of the bacterial viability, incubation (contact) time, and pH on the binding capacities and binding stability were assessed. The results showed that both of the strains efficiently removed cadmium and lead. While EF031 removed 77.3% to 98.1% of cadmium and 66.9% to 98.9% of lead, M74 removed 53.5% to 91% of cadmium and 42.9% to 93.1% of lead throughout a 48 h incubation period at pH 5. It was found that, at 1 h, EF031 and M74 strains removed cadmium and lead, which was more than 60% of total removed cadmium and lead throughout the whole incubation period of 48 h. It suggests that the uptake of cadmium and lead by EF031 and M74 strains is a rapid process. The binding of both heavy metals increased with increasing pH of an aqueous medium and was the highest at pH 5. Also, the complexes formed between both heavy metals and bacterial cells were found to be stable. These findings indicate that E. faecium strains used in the study are able to bind the 2 heavy metals and may be used in the production of fermented functional foods, which will be healthy via its detoxification properties.
Identification and Quantification of Impact Aroma Compounds in 4 Nonfloral Vitis vinifera Varieties Grapes
Authors: Fan Wenlai , Xu Yan , Jiang Wenguang , Li Jiming
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACT:  The aroma compounds in grapes of Cabernet gernischt, Cabernet sauvignon, Cabernet franc, and Merlot have been studied by gas chromatography–olfactometry (GC–O). The GC–O study revealed the presence of 58 aroma compounds in which 53 odorants were identified. The most significant odor active volatiles in 4 grape berries were β‐damascenone, hexanal, (Z)‐3‐hexen‐1‐ol, (E,Z)‐2,6‐nonadienal, β‐ionone, and unknown (RI = 1612). The quantification of volatile aroma compounds in grapes was developed using headspace solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME) coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The influences of SPME fiber, extracting temperature, and time on the extraction of volatile compounds in grape were investigated. The aroma compounds in 4 grapes were quantified. According to the odor activity values (OAVs), (E,Z)‐2,6‐nonadienal (OAV from 334 to 777), β‐damascenone (OAV 245–790), β‐ionone (OAV 97–193), and acetic acid (OAV 7–165) had comparatively high OVA values.
Nutrigenomics in Cardiovascular Disease: Implications for the Future
Authors: Engler Mary B.
Published: December 2009

Cardiovascular disease (CVD), the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, is a complex multifactorial disease which is influenced by environmental and genetic factors. There is substantial evidence on the relationship between diet and CVD risk. An understanding of how genetic variation interacts with the diet to influence CVD risk is a rapidly evolving area of research. Since diet is the mainstay of risk factor modification, it is important to consider potential genetic influences on CVD risk. Nutrigenomics is the study of the interaction between diet and an individual's genetic makeup. Single nucleotide polymorphisms are the key factors in human genetic variation and provide a molecular basis for phenotypic differences between individuals. Whole genome and candidate gene association studies are two main approaches used in cardiovascular genetics to identify disease‐causing genes. Recent nutrigenomics studies show the influence of genotype on the responsiveness to dietary factors or nutrients that may reduce CVD risk. Nutrigenomics research is expected to provide the scientific evidence for genotype‐based personalized nutrition to promote health and prevent chronic disease, including CVD. It is imperative that healthcare providers, including cardiovascular nurses, are trained in genetics to foster delivery of competent genetic‐ and genomic‐focused care and to facilitate incorporation of this new knowledge into current clinical practice, education, and research.
An Ion Chromatography Method for the Determination of Major Anions In Geothermal Water Samples
Authors: Zeyrek Merve , Ertekin Kadriye , Kacmaz Sibel , Seyis Cemil , Inan Sedat
Published: December 2009

A single‐column suppressed ion chromatography technique was employed for the simultaneous determination of major and trace anions in sulfaterich groundwater samples. An analytical column, a self regenerating suppressor and sodium carbonate as the eluent were used to separate the anions. Method detection limits for the anions of interest were 10.4, 15.9, 36.8, 62, 60, 61 and 67 μg l−1 for F−, Cl−, NO2−, Br−, NO3−, PO43− and SO42− respectively. The precision of the method was tested at five different concentration levels for each anion reference sample to evaluate the effectiveness of the method for groundwater analysis. Recovery studies were performed between two successive months by adding reference samples to the geothermal groundwater and drinking water samples. Precision was also assessed as the relative standard deviation of both repeatability (within‐day) and reproducibility (between‐day and different concentrations) for groundwater samples. Standard deviation and RSD values of 220 groundwater samples acquired over 8 months were evaluated. The suppressed ion chromatography technique was found to be a suitable method for determining major anions in sulfate‐rich geothermal water samples.
PCR Detection of Shiga Toxins, Enterohaemolysin and Intimin Virulence Genes ofEscherichia coliO157:H7 Strains Isolated from Faeces of Anatolian Water Buffaloes in Turkey
Authors: Şeker E. , Kuyucuoğlu Y. , Sareyyüpoğlu B. , Yardımcı H.
Published: December 2009

The aim of this study was to detect Shiga toxins (stx1andstx2), enterohaemolysin (EhlyA) and intimin (eaeA) virulence genes of 11Escherichia coliO157:H7 strains isolated from faecal samples of 300 clinically healthy Anatolian water buffaloes by PCR. Multiplex PCR was used for the detection ofstx1andstx2, and singleplex PCRs were used for the detection ofEhlyAandeaeAvirulence genes respectively. A total of three (27.3%) strains were determined to harbour both of thestx1andstx2genes, of these, one (9.1%) only harboured these two genes alone, one (9.1%) also contained theEhlyAgene and one (9.1%) additionally contained theEhlyAand theeaeAgenes.EhlyAgene was obtained from eight (72.7%) strains, six (54.5%) of these were alone.eaeAgene was positive in only one (9.1%) strain. Only one (9.1%) of the 11E. coliO157:H7 strains harboured all the four virulence genes. Two (18.2%) of the isolates had none of the virulence genes. Enterohaemolysin was found to be the most common virulence factor. In conclusion, the virulence factors ofE. coliO157:H7 strains isolated from the faeces of Anatolian water buffaloes were investigated and detected for the first time in Turkey.
No Evidence of Transmission of Bacteria Between Reptiles and a CF Patient – A Case Report of a Young Adult CF Patient and Reptiles
Authors: Maeda Y. , Stanley T. , Stirling J. , Griffiths M. , Calvert A. , Stuart Elborn J. , Cherie Millar B. , Goldsmith C. E. , Rendall J. , Loughrey A. , Rooney P. J. , Moore J. E.
Published: December 2009

A microbiological study was undertaken to assess the risk of infection to a CF patient from a collection of pet reptiles, particularly atypical mycobacteria. This study helped to verify that the reptiles under the care of the CF patient did not harbour bacterial organisms that would normally be pathogenic to CF patients. However, the chronic carriage of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other pathogens in the CF patient may constitute a greater risk of infection to the animals being handled. Therefore, we recommend stringent infection control precautions by CF patients and their pets, particularly adherence to hand washing and disinfection, when handling the animals, their litter or when working with their immediate environment, to potentially minimize the spread of bacterial and other pathogens from animal to human and vice versa. Detailed risk assessments therefore need to be undertaken by clinicians and veterinarians to detail working models that protect both animals and patients from pathogens originating from the other.
Reducing Campylobacter and Salmonella Infection: Two Studies of the Economic Cost and Attitude to Adoption of On‐farm Biosecurity Measures
Authors: Fraser R. W. , Williams N. T. , Powell L. F. , Cook A. J. C.
Published: December 2009

To date there has been little research in the UK on farmer adoption of biosecurity measures to control food‐borne zoonoses that have little or no impact on animal health or production but which threaten public health. Campylobacteriosis and salmonellosis are the two most common causes of food‐borne infectious intestinal disease in people in Great Britain, causing approximately 57 000 and 13 000 reported cases in 2007 respectively (Anon 2008a) with an important cost to society. Poultry are an important source of both infections, while pigs may also contribute to human salmonellosis. However, these infections in poultry and pigs seldom cause disease. Research has shown that improved farm biosecurity may reduce the prevalence of these infections in livestock and if the majority of farmers were prepared to enhance biosecurity then there could be an important impact on public health. This article reports on the findings of two studies of farmer attitudes to and cost of the adoption of on‐farm biosecurity measures to reduce the risk of animal diseases and therefore enhance food safety. One study, of Campylobacter infection among broiler flocks, is based on a survey of farmers faced with a hypothetical biosecurity intervention, while the other study, of Salmonella infection among pigs, is based on the participation of a group of farmers in an intervention study. In both cases, the results show a clear inverse relationship between the willingness of farmers to adopt a biosecurity measure and its estimated cost. This finding has implications for the success of on‐farm biosecurity‐enhancement policies based on voluntary adoption by farmers. In particular, financial inducements or penalties to farmers could be necessary to facilitate adoption of these measures.