bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of Bimodal/Bidirectional Characteristics of Campos Basin Sea-States on Riser Fatigue Damage Results
Authors: Torres Ana Lu´cia F. Lima , de Siqueira Marcos Queija , Dantas Claudio Marcio Silva , de A´vila Gabriela Grisolia , Nunes Luis Manoel Paiva
Published: January 2009

Petrobras R&D Center developed feasibility studies of the lazy-wave configuration of steel catenary risers (SLWR) connected to a turret-moored FPSO and to the border of a spread-moored FSO, in Campos Basin, at water depths of 1290m and 1800m, respectively. In both projects the fatigue analysis considered the bimodal/bidirectional characteristics of sea-states. Special methodologies for environmental data statistical treatment and riser fatigue analysis were developed. This paper presents the study performed to evaluate the importance of considering the bimodal/bidirectional characteristic of Campos Basin sea-states in the steel catenary risers (SCR) fatigue damage verification.
Parametric Study of Operability for a Tourist Submarine
Authors: Paein Koulaei R. T. , Rad M. , Mousaviraad S. M. , Sadathosseini S. H.
Published: January 2009

These days, tourist submarine industry has become of increasing interest and prosperity. A tourist submarine operating beneath a seaway suffers different undesired motions which may cause difficulty in operability for the vehicle and habitability of its passengers. From this point of view, this paper studies the hydrodynamic problem of submarine operability in waves. In this investigation strip theory has been used and effects of different parameters of sea state, sea direction, depth, speed and duration of operation have been considered. Results of presented case study indicate that speed effect is insignificant while the operating depth role seems more important.
Out-of-Plane Vibration of Nonprismatic Curved Beam Structures Considering the Effect of Shear Deformation Solved by DQEM
Authors: Chen Chang-New
Published: January 2009

The development of differential quadrature element method out-of-plane vibration analysis model of curved nonprismatic beam structures considering the effect of shear deformation was carried out. The DQEM uses the differential quadrature to discretize the governing differential eigenvalue equation defined on each element, the transition conditions defined on the inter-element boundary of two adjacent elements and the boundary conditions of the beam. Numerical results solved by the developed numerical algorithm are presented. The convergence of the developed DQEM analysis model is efficient.
Gender moderates the relationship between mania spectrum and serotonin transporter polymorphisms in depression
Authors: Rucci P. , Nimgaonkar V.L. , Mansour H. , Miniati M. , Masala I. , Fagiolini A. , Cassano G.B. , Frank E.
Published: January 2009

The short (s) variant of the serotonin transporter gene linked functional polymorphic region (5‐HTTLPR) is associated with depression. Stressful life events, gender, and race have been shown to moderate this association. Because features of mania/hypomania seem to constitute an indicator of higher severity of depression, we examined the relationship between 5‐HTTLPR genotype and symptoms of mania‐hypomania spectrum occurring over the lifetime in patients with major depression. The possible moderating role of gender in this relationship was taken into account. Two hundred twenty‐two patients with unipolar major depression were genotyped for 5‐HTTLPR and nine other representative polymorphisms, and were administered the Mood Spectrum Questionnaire, Lifetime Version (MOODS‐SR). The manic‐hypomanic (MH) component score was used for analysis. Using a linear model of the MH score as a function of genotypes and gender, controlling for age, severity of depression, and site, we found significant effects of gender (F = 8.003, df = 1, P = 0.005), of the interaction gender × genotype (F = 4.505, df = 2, P = 0.012), and of the baseline Hamilton score (F = 5.404, df = 1, P = 0.021), non‐significant effects of genotype (F = 1.298, df = 2, P = 0.275), age (F = 0.310, df = 1, P = 0.578) site (F = 0.504, df = 1, P = 0.479). Significant associations were also detected at three other SNPs. The association between the manic/hypomanic component of the MOODS‐SR and the polymorphisms of the 5‐HTTLPR is moderated by gender. This finding is intriguing from a clinical point of view because women with unipolar disorder and the “ss” genotype seem to constitute a sub‐group with higher severity of depression. These results should be considered tentative pending replication in other samples. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
ChemInform Abstract: [1,2]‐Wittig Rearrangement of (Benzyloxy)acetamides.
Authors: Hameury Thomas , Guillemont Jerome , Van Hijfte Luc , Bellosta Veronique , Cossy Janine
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Conversion of Acetophenones into 1,3,5‐Triarylbenzenes Catalyzed by Bismuth(III) Trifluoromethanesulfonate Tetrahydrate.
Authors: Ono Fumiaki , Ishikura Yuichi , Tada Yuusuke , Endo Masato , Sato Tsuneo
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Iron/Copper‐Catalyzed C—C Cross‐Coupling of Aryl Iodides with Terminal Alkynes.
Authors: Volla Chandra M. Rao , Vogel Pierre
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 3‐Alkyl Naphthalenes as Novel Estrogen Receptor Ligands.
Authors: Fang Jing , et al. et al.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Ring‐Opening Alkynylation of Azabenzonorbornadienes.
Authors: Nishimura Takahiro , Tsurumaki Eiji , Kawamoto Takahiro , Guo Xun‐Xiang , Hayashi Tamio
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Intermolecular Sequential [4 + 2]‐Cycloaddition—Aromatization Reaction of Aryl‐Substituted Allenes with DMAD Affording Phenanthrene and Naphthalene Derivatives.
Authors: Jiang Xuefeng , Kong Wangqing , Chen Jie , Ma Shengming
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Remote Induction of Asymmetry in [13]‐Macro‐dilactone Topology by a Single Stereogenic Center.
Authors: Fyvie W. Sean , Peczuh Mark W.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Vanadium‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Desymmetrization of meso Secondary Allylic Alcohols and Homoallylic Alcohols.
Authors: Li Zhi , Zhang Wei , Yamamoto Hisashi
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Functionalized Pyroglutamic Acids. Part 1. The Synthetic Utility of N‐Acylindole and the Ugi Reaction with a Chiral Levulinic Acid.
Authors: Buller Matthew J. , Gilley Cynthia B. , Nguyen Brian , Olshansky Lisa , Fraga Breena , Kobayashi Yoshihisa
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Simple and Efficient Synthesis of 2‐Aryl‐Substituted Benzimidazoles.
Authors: Han Xiangming , Ma Huiqiang , Wang Yulu
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal‐Free Michael Addition Initiated Multicomponent Oxidative Cyclodehydration Route to Polysubstituted Pyridines from 1,3‐Dicarbonyls.
Authors: Lieby‐Muller Frederic , Allais Christophe , Constantieux Thierry , Rodriguez Jean
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Cyclization via Carbolithiation of α‐Amino Alkyllithium Reagents.
Authors: Bahde Robert J. , Rychnovsky Scott D.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: K‐10 Clay‐Catalyzed Enol‐Driven Decarboxylative Ring‐Transformation Approach to Dihydro‐ and Tetrahydroquinolines from Carbohydrates.
Authors: Yadav Lal Dhar Singh , Awasthi Chhama , Rai Vijai Kumar , Rai Ankita
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Enhancement of the Antibacterial Activity of Ciprofloxacin Against Staphylococcus aureus by 3‐Alkyl Esters and 3‐Aryl Esters of Hexahydroquinoline Derivatives.
Authors: Lak Parnia , Amini Mohsen , Safavi Maliheh , Shafiee Abbas , Shahverdi Ahmad Reza
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Optimized Palladium‐Based Approaches to Analogues of PK 11195.
Authors: Guillou Sandrine , Janin Yves L.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Silver(I) versus Gold(I) Catalysis in Benzannulation Reaction: A Versatile Access to Acridines.
Authors: Godet Thomas , Belmont Philippe
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Synthesis of 2,3‐Diaryl (3H)‐Quinazolin‐4‐ones via Imidoyl Chlorides.
Authors: Kalusa Andrew , Chessum Nicola , Jones Keith
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Improved Preparation of 4,6,6‐Trimethyl‐1,3,2‐dioxaborinane and Its Use in a Simple [PdCl2(TPP)2]‐Catalyzed Borylation of Aryl Bromides and Iodides.
Authors: PraveenGanesh Nageswaran , Chavant Pierre Yves
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Biomimetic Synthesis and Structural Revision of (.+‐.)‐Tridachiahydropyrone.
Authors: Sharma Pallavi , Griffiths Nicholas , Moses John E.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Elemental Fluorine. Part 22. Fluorination of 3β‐Acetoxy‐5α‐androstan‐17‐one Using Fluorine and Selectfluor®.
Authors: Chambers Richard D. , Nakano Takashi , Parsons Mandy , Sandford Graham , Batsanov Andrei S. , Howard Judith A. K.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Facile Synthesis of N‐Carbamoylamino Acids.
Authors: Bogolubsky Andrey V. , Ryabukhin Sergey V. , Pakhomov Gennadiy G. , Ostapchuk Eugeniy N. , Shivanyuk Alexander N. , Tolmachev Andrey A.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Practical Synthesis of 4‐Fluoroprolines.
Authors: Chorghade Mukund S. , Mohapatra Debendra K. , Sahoo Gokarneswar , Gurjar Mukund K. , Mandlecha Manish V. , Bhoite Nitin , Moghe Santosh , Raines Ronald T.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Two Tetra‐ and Four Pentasaccharide Fragments of Shigella flexneri Serotypes 3a and X O‐Antigens from a Common Tetrasaccharide Intermediate.
Authors: Boutet Julien , Mulard Laurence A.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Synthesis of (+)‐Trachyspic Acid.
Authors: Morokuma Kenji , Taira Yuko , Uehara Yumiko , Shibahara Setsuya , Takahashi Keisuke , Ishihara Jun , Hatakeyama Susumi
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Glycoarrays — Tools for Determining Protein—Carbohydrate Interactions and Glycoenzyme Specificity
Authors: Laurent Nicolas , Voglmeier Josef , Flitsch Sabine L.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Trends in the Chemistry of Molecular Complexes of Heteroaromatic N‐Oxides
Authors: Ryzhakov Alexander V. , Rodina Ludmila L.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Thiol‐Mediated Radical Cyclizations.
Authors: Majumdar Krishna C. , Debnath Pradip
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Risk Factors for Nodal Metastasis and Recurrence Among Patients with Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma: Differences in Clinical Relevance Between Nonincidental and Incidental Tumors
Authors: Pisanu Adolfo , Reccia Isabella , Nardello Oreste , Uccheddu Alessandro
Published: January 2009

Background

Papillary microcarcinoma (PMC) is a subgroup of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) measuring 1.0 cm or less in diameter. Herein we focused on the search for risk factors predicting nodal metastasis and recurrence in PMCs, analyzing differences in presentation, treatment, and prognosis between nonincidental and incidental tumors.

Methods

From January 1998 to May 2007, 149 patients had a diagnosis of PMC in our department. A cross‐sectional study of 76 patients with nonincidental and 73 patients with incidental PMC was carried out. Demographic data, diagnostic results, tumor characteristics, risk assessment, surgical treatment, and postoperative and follow up results were evaluated.

Results

Cytology detected thyroid cancer and nodal involvement in nonincidental PMC. Mean tumor size was significantly larger in nonincidental PMC (7.5 vs. 4.2 mm), which was commonly found within a normal thyroid gland or Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, while incidental PMC was associated with a multinodular goiter. TNM staging system showed a higher cancer stage (IVA) in nonincidental. At multivariate analysis, capsular invasion and a nonincidental diagnosis were the two independent factors significantly affecting nodal metastasis. All patients with nonincidental PMC underwent iodine‐131 ablation therapy after surgery compared with 49 patients with incidental. Nodal metastasis at diagnosis was the only factor influencing recurrence which was found in three nonincidental cases: two in the lateral and one in the central neck compartments.

Conclusions

Several PMCs presented with risk‐free clinical courses. Some nonincidental tumors had a more aggressive behavior and a tendency to recurrence. In these cases, early detection and aggressive treatment are mandatory as for conventional PTC according to risk stratification and cancer stage.
Nest height, nest concealment, and predator type predict nest predation in superb fairy‐wrens (Malurus cyaneus)
Authors: Colombelli‐Négrel Diane , Kleindorfer Sonia
Published: January 2009

Three factors and their interaction effects are increasingly recognized as important determinants of nest predation: nest concealment, nest height, and predator type. The risk of nest predation is predicted to vary across these variables because of nest detectability and accessibility. In general, however, few studies examine how these three variables interact in relation to nest predation, focusing instead on either nest concealment or nest height (whereby predator identity is usually not known). In this study, we examine the role of nest concealment and nest height for nest survival using both artificial and natural nests in the superb fairy‐wren (Malurus cyaneus). We indirectly identified potential predators through marks left on artificial eggs and footprints left on tracking tunnels. Predation level at artificial nests was lower than at natural nests, and this could be due to a failure of some nest predators to locate cryptic nests in the absence of cues provided by parental activity. Our results supported the prediction that exposed and concealed nests have different levels of nest predation, which can be explained by variation in predator type. Visual predators were only detected at exposed nests, and survival from visual predators was lower for high nests that were also exposed. However, olfactory predators were detected irrespective of nest height or nest concealment. Because rodents use olfaction to locate nests, this could explain the lack of association between nest concealment and predation outcome at low nests. In addition, rodent footmarks near nests were significantly associated with rodent tooth marks on eggs.
Physicochemical Studies on the Interfacial and Bulk Behaviors of Sodium N‐Dodecanoyl Sarcosinate (SDDS)
Authors: Ray Gargi Basu , Ghosh Soumen , Moulik Satya P.
Published: January 2009

Sodium N‐dodecanoyl sarcosinate (SDDS), a novel amino‐acid based surfactant, has immense biological and industrial importance. Although it is being used in a number of cosmetic formulations, systematic analysis of the bulk and interfacial properties of the surfactant is scarce in the literature. In this study, effects of salt, temperature, and pH on the self‐association and related properties of SDDS have been examined in detail using methods such as tensiometry, conductometry, fluorimetry, pH‐metry, spectrophotometry, calorimetry, and circular dichroism. The nature of amphiphilic packing and the aggregation numbers of the assemblies have been deciphered. Properties of the acid form of the surfactant have also been explored. The results have been conceptually rationalized and systematically presented together with associated energetics of the interfacial adsorption and self‐aggregation of the surfactant in the bulk.
Two‐Stage Countercurrent Enzyme‐Assisted Aqueous Extraction Processing of Oil and Protein from Soybeans
Authors: de Moura Juliana Maria Leite Nobrega , Johnson Lawrence A.
Published: January 2009

Enzyme‐assisted aqueous extraction processing (EAEP) is an increasingly viable alternative to hexane extraction of soybean oil. Although considered an environmentally friendly technology where edible oil and protein can be simultaneously recovered, this process employs much water and produces a significant amount of protein‐rich aqueous effluent (skim). In standard EAEP, highest oil, protein and solids yields are achieved with a single extraction stage using 1:10 solids‐to‐liquid ratio (extruded flakes/water), 0.5% protease (wt/g extruded flakes), pH 9.0, and 50 °C for 1 h. To reduce the amount of water used, two‐stage countercurrent EAEP was evaluated for extracting oil, protein and solids from soybeans using a solids‐to‐liquid ratio of 1:5–1:6 (extruded flakes/water). Two‐stage countercurrent EAEP achieved higher oil, protein and solids extraction yields than using standard EAEP with only one‐half the usual amount of water. Oil, protein and solids yields up to 98 and 96%, 92 and 87%, and 80 and 77% were obtained when using two‐stage countercurrent EAEP (1:5–1:6) and standard single‐stage EAEP (1:10), respectively. Recycling the second skim obtained in two‐stage countercurrent EAEP enabled reuse of the enzyme, with or without inactivation, in the first extraction stage producing protein with different degrees of hydrolysis and the same extraction efficiency. Slightly higher oil, protein and solids extraction yields were obtained using unheated skim compared to heated skim. These advances make the two‐stage countercurrent EAEP attractive as the front‐end of a soybean biorefinery.
On the Role of Equality and Inequality in the History of Mathematics
Authors: Tanner R. C. H.
Published: January 2009

The following essay is adapted from one with the same title read to the British Society for the History of Science on 20 October 1958—the anniversary, by a striking coincidence, of the birth of W. H. Young (1863–1942). To his memory I dedicated the talk, and now rededicate its publication, not only because I am his daughter and of all that means, but because he invented a method, the method of monotone sequences, which shows the powerfulness of inequalities as a mathematical tool supremely.
Galileo and the Science of Motion
Authors: Hall A. Rupert
Published: January 2009

Synopsis

The simple belief that Galileo ‘invented’ dynamics or kinematics was destroyed long ago. Yet there can be no doubt of the revolution in ideas of motion associated with his name. The paper examines some recent work in this field and evaluates the nature and extent of Galileo's contributions.
The Mendel Centenary
Authors: Olby R. C.
Published: January 2009

Johann Gregor Mendel read his paper, “Versuche über Pflanzenhybriden”, to the Naturforschender Verein in Brno, in two parts, the first at the Society's meeting on 8 February 1865, and the second at the next meeting a month later. It was subsequently published in the Society's proceedings for the year 1865 which appeared in print in 1866.
Babbage and Moll on the State of Science in Great Britain: A Note on a Document
Authors: Reingold Nathan
Published: January 2009

Charles Babbage'sReflections on the Decline of Science in England… is very well known to historians of science who are aware of its role in the movement to found the British Association for the Advancement of Science and to reform the Royal Society. The work is probably responsible, in large measure, for the assumption that science in Great Britain was in a marked decline in the early decades of the last century, an assumption rarely subject to exact analysis although fairly widely held. Not as widely known is a reply to Babbage written by Gerard Moll of Utrecht and presented to the English reading public by Faraday, one of the men attacked in Babbage's volume. To the best of my knowledge, Babbage's only published rejoinder to Moll appeared in 1851, dismissing Moll and other critics as not having challenged his facts.
Presidential Address: Can the History of Science be History?
Authors: Hall A. Rupert
Published: January 2009

It was in the closing year of the nineteenth century that Paul Tannery organized at an international historical congress the first international meeting devoted to the history of science. If antiquity would make a scholarly subject respectable, scholarship in the history of science must be beyond reproach; still earlier than Tannery and his colleagues in many European countries were the German historian of chemistry Kopp, and William Whewell, Master of Trinity; the eighteenth century had produced substantial works like those on mathematics and astronomy of Montucla and Delambre; Isaac Vossius and others virtually take these studies back to the Renaissance and Polydore Vergil. Just as in our day such classical scholars as Heiberg, Bailey, Housman, Drachman or Peck have chosen scientific texts as their subjects, so in the past, too, learning and science have met on this common ground. Few creative mathematicians of the seventeenth century thought that attention to the writings of Euclid or Archimedes was a waste of time.
Organic Synthesis and the Unification of Chemistry—A Reappraisal
Authors: Brooke John Hedley
Published: January 2009

Proclaiming Louis Pasteur as the “Founder of Stereochemistry”, the distinguished Scottish chemist, Crum Brown, addressing a late nineteenth-century audience of Edinburgh savants, drew attention—as Pasteur had incessantly done—to the intimate relationship between living organisms and the optical activity of compounds sustaining them. It seemed to Crum Brown “that we must go very much further down in the scale of animate existence than Buridan's ass, before we come to a being incapable of giving practical expression to a distinct preference for one of two objects differing only in being one to the right and the other to the left”. Crum Brown's lecture must have been entertaining, but it was also motivated by a serious desire to do justice to a particular assertion of Pasteur—an assertion which had, moreover, been misunderstood and dismissed by no less a chemical genius than Wilhelm Ostwald. Writing at a time when the majority of his colleagues were stressing the resemblances between inorganic and organic compounds, Pasteur had insisted that he “could not point out the existence of any more profound distinction between the products formed under the influence of life and all others” than that “artificial products have … no molecular asymmetry”. Pasteur was obliged to concede that the chemist might produce enantiomorphic pairs of isomers, but without resorting to a manual separation of crystals he was powerless to imitate Nature's performance, powerless to fabricate by chemical means a separate optical isomer, divorced from its partner. Now it was not only Crum Brown who felt that chemists had brushed aside this proposition of Pasteur. In his 1898 Presidential Address to the chemical section of the British Association, Professor F. R. Japp also complained that the possible vitalistic implications of Pasteur's distinction between natural and artificial products had been misapprehended or tacitly ignored.
Science in Rome, 1675–1700, and the Accademia Fisicomatematica of Giovanni Giustino Ciampini
Authors: Middleton W. E. Knowles
Published: January 2009

In Italy the physical sciences had several decades of prosperity during the first half of the seventeenth century, largely because of the genius of Galileo Galilei and the efforts of a small constellation of his talented followers. But Galileo died in 1642, and before the end of the 1640s three of the most gifted of his disciples, Castelli, Renieri, and Torricelli, had also gone to a better life, to use the favourite euphemism of the time. Thereafter Tommaso Cornelio at Naples, Giovanni Alfonso Borelli at Messina and later at Pisa, as well as some lesser men, carried on the new science, and in 1657 the scientific enthusiasm of the Grand Duke Ferdinand II of Tuscany and his talented brother Leopold led to the short-lived Accademia del Cimento (1657–67), whose clear-cut and totally empirical programme of experimentation, reported on in 1667 but carried out mainly before 1662, was the last Tuscan flame to rise from the Galilean embers. Physiology and anatomy continued to develop, and north of the Apennines there was activity in astronomy and in optics, but the last was an isolated spark in the general gloom.
G. N. Lewis's Views on Bond Theory 1900–16
Authors: Kohler Robert E.
Published: January 2009

In a recent paper on the origin of G. N. Lewis's concept of the shared electron pair bond, I argued that the sources of Lewis's novel conception were certain ideas of J. J. Thomson and Alfred Parson. Yet the only influence that Lewis explicitly acknowledged was neither of these, but Alfred Werner's. The following statement appears in his book, Valence (1923):

I still have poignant remembrance of the distress which I and many others suffered some thirty years ago in a class in elementary chemistry, where we were obliged to memorize structural formulae of a great number of inorganic compounds. Even such substances as the ferricyanides and ferryocyanides were forced into the system, and bonds were drawn between the several atoms to comply with certain artificial rules, regardless of all chemical evidence. Such formulae are now believed to be almost, if not entirely devoid of scientific significance. Such abuse of the structural formula inevitably led to a reaction which found its best expression in the publications of Werner. His Neuere Anschauungen … (1905) marked a new epoch in chemistry; and in attempting to clarify the fundamental ideas of valence, there is no work to which I feel so much personal indebtedness as to this of Werner's.
Action and Reaction before Newton
Authors: Russell John L.
Published: January 2009

The concepts of action and reaction before Newton have received so little attention from historians that the unwary student might easily get the impression that Newton was the first to concern himself seriously with the problem. In fact, the subject had a long prehistory extending back to Aristotle and it was actively discussed by physicists during the half-century preceding the publication of Principia mathematica in 1687. Although there is no evidence that Newton himself was much influenced by the views of others on the subject, they formed a part of the intellectual background of the Principia which should not be ignored.
Humphry Davy as Geologist, 1805–29
Authors: Siegfried Robert , Dott R. H.
Published: January 2009

When Charles Lyell was writing his Principles of geology early in 1830, he interpolated five chapters between a recently written historical account of the science and the main body of textual material whose structure had long been determined. These added chapters contained not only Lyell's effort ‘to express the consequences of the uniformity of nature in the history of the earth’, but also his general arguments against the catastro-phic-progressionist interpretation, which he felt obliged to refute. In Chapter IX, the final one in the introductory sections, Lyell chose as representative of the progressionist view, Sir Humphry Davy, ‘a late distinguished writer’ who had ‘advanced some of the weightiest of these objections’ to Lyell's own steady-state view of the earth. No other defender of the progressionist history of the earth was named in Lyell's chapter, and we might well ask, why Humphry Davy? Was he merely an easy target for Lyell's refutations, a straw man set up by Lyell for his own rhetorical convenience?
The Ohm-Seebeck Dispute, Hermann von Helmholtz, and the Origins of Physiological Acoustics
Authors: Turner R. Steven
Published: January 2009

The term ‘Ohm's law’ traditionally denotes the formula of Georg Simon Ohm relating voltage, current, and resistance in metallic conductors. But to students of sensory physiology and its history, ‘Ohm's law’ also denotes another relationship: the fundamental principle of auditory perception that Ohm announced in 1843. This aspect of Ohm's science has attracted very little attention, partly because his galvanic researches so thoroughly eclipsed it in success and importance, and partly because Ohm's work in physiological acoustics had so little immediate impact on the science of his time. On announcing his hypothesis in 1843, Ohm found himself drawn into a bitter dispute with the physicist August Seebeck, who successfully discredited the hypothesis and forced Ohm to withdraw from the field.
From Renaissance Mineral Studies to Historical Geology, in the Light of Michel Foucault'sthe Order of Things
Authors: Albury W. R. , Oldroyd D. R.
Published: January 2009

In this paper we examine the study of minerals from the Renaissance to the early nineteenth century in the light of the work of Michel Foucault on the history of systems of thought. In spite of a certain number of theoretical problems, Foucault's enterprise opens up to the historian of science a vast terrain for exploration. But this is the place neither for a general exegesis nor for a general criticism of his position; our aim here is the more modest one of taking certain points from Foucault's study,The order of things, and seeing how far they can be extended into an area not explicitly considered in that work.
The Inter-Relations Between Social, Biological, and Medical Thought, 1750–1850: Saint-Simon and Comte
Authors: Haines Barbara
Published: January 2009

In a paper which examined the ‘simultaneous emergence of evolutionary theories in biology and sociology in the nineteenth century’, J. C. Greene said of Comte that ‘it was not from biology that his inspiration [the inspiration of his evolutionary view] was drawn; his writings and letters in the formative period sing the praises of Bichat and Gall but not of Lamarck. His intellectual debt in social theory lay in a different direction—to Condorcet'sSketch of an historical picture of the progress of the human mind, to the historical writings of Hume and Robertson, and to the ideas of Saint-Simon’. This statement from a paper published almost twenty years ago as an exploratory reconnaissance of virgin territory is representative of the kind of confused judgements which still surround a discussion of the inter-relations between social, biological and medical thought in the century 1750 to 1850. It makes some valid points which a critical examination should not be allowed to overwhelm, the most significant being that Comte is unequivocally identified with the Enlightenment tradition represented here by Condorcet, Robertson and Hume. But since it is a very condensed statement about a complex set of relationships, it invites interpretations which the author did not necessarily intend.
From Design to Dissolution: Thomas Chalmers' Debt to John Robison
Authors: Smith Crosbie
Published: January 2009

The claim that the nineteenth century was a period of major transition for the relation between theology and natural science has become a historical truism. With its implications for the design argument and the doctrines of divine providence, Darwin's theory of evolution has rightly attracted the attention of scholars of Victorian science. Yet so much emphasis not only on Darwin himself, but on the life sciences generally, has tended to obscure some important issues concerning the relation of theology to natural science in the first half of the nineteenth century. As John Brooke has argued recently, natural theology in this pre-Darwinian period was far from being an essentially static, autonomous, and monolithic set of presuppositions about the existence of design in nature, but was, for various reasons, in a fragmented and disordered state. The general aim of the present note is to suggest some further dimensions to historical debates about the nature of natural theology, and in particular to emphasize the need for an examination of the physical sciences as well as the life sciences in this period.
On a Suggestion Concerning the Work of J. P. Joule
Authors: Mendoza E. , Carowell D. S. L.
Published: January 2009

A recently published book,James Prescott Joule and the concept of energy, by H. J. Steffens, includes a chapter entitled ‘Conjectures on J. R. Mayer and J. P. Joule’. In it the author raises an intriguing possibility.
Matter and Spirit as Natural Symbols in eighteenth-century British natural philosophy
Authors: Wilde C. B.
Published: January 2009

During the course of the eighteenth century important changes occurred in the conception of matter held by British natural philosophers. Historians of science have described these changes in different ways, but certain common features can be abstracted from the more recent accounts. First, there was a movement away from Newtonian matter theory, which saw all matter as the various organizations of homogeneous particles and the forces of attraction and repulsion acting between them. In place of this theory increasing favour was shown towards a more empirical or ‘chemical’ approach to matter which assumed the existence of several essentially distinct types of matter each endowed with different specific qualities or properties. Second, there was an increasing tendency to accept activity as a property of matter itself rather than to ascribe it to immaterial forces.
German academic science and the mandarin ethos, 1850–1880
Authors: Paul Robert
Published: January 2009

During the nineteenth century an intellectual elite formed in Germany which owed its status primarily to educational qualifications rather than to hereditary rights or wealth. With the ascendency of this elite, which Fritz Ringer has called the German ‘mandarins’, came their acceptance as the spiritual bearers of culture in German life. Politically they controlled the life of the Reichstag and hence were the spokesmen of the nation. As an intellectual elite they fed a diet of German idealistic philosophy to the educational class. The university professors, as the most influential members of this class, spoke for the mandarin elite as a whole; and most cultivated Germans looked to the academicians for their understanding of political and cultural issues. Hence, German academic opinion became a sort of ‘mandarin ideology’.
The physical interpretation of the wave theory of light
Authors: James Frank A. J. L.
Published: January 2009

There existed essentially two theories of light during the early nineteenth century: the particulate theory and the wave theory. This we realise today is a gross over-simplification, since there were many varieties of each theory. But to the supporters of one theory the other theory had faults so fundamental that no distinction between varieties of the same theory was sufficient to placate opposition to that theory. This meant that opponents of either the wave or the particulate theory seldom, in their attacks, distinguished between different varieties of either theory.
Formation of a research school: Theoretical solid state physics at Bristol 1930–54
Authors: Keith S. T. , Hoch Paul K.
Published: January 2009

In June 1930 the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR) of the British Government awarded a modest research grant to J. E. (later Sir John) Lennard-Jones, Professor of Theoretical Physics at the University of Bristol, in response to a proposal submitted under the title of ‘A theoretical investigation of the physical properties of the solid state of matter’. This initiative marked the first notable recognition by public funding bodies in Great Britain of the potential contribution to be made by the new theoretical ideas in physics to a deeper understanding of the properties of industrially important materials, particularly metals and their alloys. The possible technological relevance of such a study was, indeed, a central factor in the decision to support it. The research arising out of this initial award provided the impetus for the first stage of Bristol theoretical research on the solid state of matter, an enterprise initially associated with the name of Lennard-Jones, and later with Nevili Mott who succeeded him as Professor of Theoretical Physics in 1933.
On the transformation of the Ecole Polytechnique archives
Authors: Grattan-Guinnes I.
Published: January 2009

The important role played by the Ecole Polytechnique in the resurgence of science in France after the French Revolution, and its progress ever since, has led to much historical work on its foundation and development. Some of these studies have brought historians to the school's archives; and there chaos has awaited them, for they found the main collections of documents sorted into containers which were nominally classified by calendar year but in fact could contain materials pertaining to various other times. In addition, very many other documents were stored without classification. Thus exhaustive study of the school's history has been difficult, not to say impossible.
Hooke on Earthquakes: Lectures, Strategy and Audience
Authors: Rappaport Rhoda
Published: January 2009

Much has been written about Robert Hooke's so-called ‘Discourse of Earthquakes’, the series of lectures he delivered before the Royal Society of London over the years 1667–1700. The chief points of the lectures are thus well known: fossils (the word is used here in its modern meaning) are the remains of once-living organisms, and their burial in rather odd places within the earth's crust can be explained by the dislocations of land and sea resulting from earthquakes.
Grassland Management and the Early Development of British Ecology
Authors: Sheail John
Published: January 2009

Worster depicted ecology as ‘a stranger who has just blown into town’ — it had ‘a presence without a past’. In seeking to remedy this deficiency, historians have drawn attention to the fact that an interest in the relationship of wild species to their environment, and to one another, can be discerned well before the theory of evolution by natural selection was enunciated by Charles Darwin in theOrigin of Species.
Pierre-Jean-Baptiste Chomel (1671–1740): A Case Study in Problems Relating to the Social Status of Scientists in the Early Modern Period
Authors: Sturdy David
Published: January 2009

Consider this statement: the practice of science influences and is influenced by the civilization within which it occurs. Or again: scientists do not pursue their activities in a political or social void; like other people, they aspire to make their way in the world by responding to the values and social mechanisms of their day. Set in such simple terms, each statement probably would receive the assent of most scholars interested in the history of science. But there is need for debate on the nature and extent of the interaction between scientific activity and the civilization which incorporates it, as there is on the relations of scientists to the society within which they live. This essay seeks to make a contribution mainly to the second of these topics by taking a French scientist and academician of the eighteenth century and studying him and his family in the light of certain questions. At the end there will be a discussion relating those questions or themes to the wider debate. There is an associated purpose to the exercise: to present an account of the social origins and formation of Pierre-Jean-Baptiste Chomel (botanist, physician and member of the Academic des Sciences) which will augment our knowledge of this particular savant.
Early Science at the Newberry Library: An Introduction
Authors: Gottlieb Jean S.
Published: January 2009

The Newberry Library of Chicago is an independent history and humanities research library. Its 1.5 million printed books and 4500 linear feet of manuscripts on European and American history, English and American literature, travel and discovery in the New World, and music were, until recently, not thought to include much material on the sciences. A search of the card catalogue has already yielded over 1500 scientific titles, with the likelihood that 700–1000 more will be found, scattered among the Library's collections.