bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Past and Prologue
Authors: Hattem Michael D.
Published: May 2021

In Past and Prologue, Michael Hattem shows how colonists’ changing understandings of history shaped the politics of the American Revolution and the origins of American national identity. Between the 1760s and 1800, Americans stopped thinking of the British past as their own history and created a new historical tradition that would form the foundation for what subsequent generations would think of as “American history.” This change was a crucial part of the cultural transformation at the heart of the Revolution by which colonists went from thinking of themselves as British subjects to thinking of themselves as American citizens. Rather than liberating Americans from the past—as many historians have argued—the Revolution actually made the past matter more than ever. Past and Prologue shows how the process of reinterpreting the past and creating a new historical tradition played a critical role in the founding of the nation.
The Colonial Past in the Imperial Crisis
Authors: Hattem Michael D.
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines the explosion of historical writing that took place in the political literature of the imperial crisis. In their political rhetoric, patriots began creating a newly shared colonial past, particularly by forging a new historical memory of their colonial origins. This newly shared past contributed to both colonists’ sense of themselves as part of a community with their fellow colonies and their sense of cultural difference with Britain. It then shows how colonists’ cultural reverence for the authority of the past shaped the ways in which they understood the actions of Parliament and the rhetoric of its supporters, whereas British actions and rhetoric were based largely on the exigencies of the present. These different conceptions of the relationship between the past and present, I argue, contributed greatly to the intractability of the debate and colonists’ emerging sense of cultural difference with Britain.
Creating a Deep Past for a New Nation
Authors: Hattem Michael D.
Published: May 2021

This chapter explores the ways in which Americans sought, created, and promoted a “deep national past,” or American antiquity, for the new republic. The first half of the chapter explores how the use of Columbian, biblical, and epic
symbolism all contributed to Americans’ sense of a past deeper even than that of the colonial period. The second half of the chapter explores the nationalization of both natural history and the indigenous pasts of Native Americans and their expression in the nation’s first natural history museums.
The creation of a deep past grounded both in myth and the land was—like the simultaneously reimagined colonial past—part of a broader attempt to establish cultural independence from Britain, in this case by fostering a sense of national origins that transcended British imperialism and the British past altogether.
The Geography of Freedom in the Age of Revolutions
Authors: Cohen Ashley L.
Published: May 2021

This chapter explores a contradiction at the heart of the mainstream abolitionist movement: colonialism in India was promoted as a solution to the problem of slavery. It focuses on forms of unfreedom that trouble the geographical divide drawn in abolitionist discourse between slavery and freedom within the British empire. The chapter begins with a brief discussion of Marianna Starke's pro-imperialism/antislavery drama (set in India), The Sword of Peace (1788). It then turns to Maria Edgeworth's anti-Jacobin short-story collection Popular Tales (1804), which features nearly identical scenes of slavery set in Jamaica and India. Edgeworth's fiction might seem worlds away from actual colonial policy; but by contextualizing her writing amid debates about the slave trade and proposals for the cultivation of sugar in Bengal, the chapter shows that her stories were important and highly regarded thought experiments in colonial governance. Finally, the chapter discusses an important historical instantiation of the Indies mentality that falls outside the time frame of this study: the transportation of Indian indentured laborers to the Caribbean in the 1830s.
Surveillance and Black Life in Equiano’s Atlantic
Authors: Nicolazzo Sal
Published: May 2021

This chapter describes how Olaudah Equiano's Interesting Narrative (1789) critically resignifies some of the crucial narrative and formal tropes of vagrancy in order to articulate blackness as vulnerability to unpredictable violence under the purview of police — while also offering a critique of surveillance that exceeds the terms of the text's dominant investment in juridically recognized personhood as self-possession. Equiano theorizes police and blackness through his own wide-ranging mobility. It is his travel, especially around the Atlantic world, that allows him to aggregate a series of sudden, violent, and unpredictable encounters into something resembling a system. He rhetorically occupies much of the legal position named by “vagrant” except its naming of threat; he does not portray himself as a perpetrator of future unknowable harm, but instead, in his most powerful reversal of vagrancy's optic, places that capacity for threat in the world around him, and especially in the violence of police. Only by reading for vagrancy's narrative and legal forms, for its recurring figures, can one understand this text as part of vagrancy's legal and cultural archive — and as a crucial critique of the presumed legitimacy of police.
Creative Genius
Authors: Brummer Alex
Published: May 2021

This chapter focuses on the creativity in the UK, which manifests itself from the street music of Tottenham to the glamour of the Oscars and the James Bond movies. It focuses on the glittering successes of UK creativity as symbols of a much broader creative and inventive culture that make a muscular contribution to the UK's GDP, defy the usual rules of trading relations, and offer great hope for a rebooted UK. It also recounts how creativity in the shape of live performances and museum exhibitions was crushed by Covid-19, lockdown, and social distancing. The chapter highlights resilience as the glory of UK creativity, citing actor Bertie Carvel who took the initiative and organised a lockdown theatrical festival broadcast on Radio 3 in the summer of 2020. It looks at gaming, with its embrace of artifical intelligence, as a potent symbol of largely unseen achievements, such as the Google-owned machine 'AlphaGo.'
From the Mud to the Cosmos
Authors: Kreiner Jamie
Published: May 2021

This chapter demonstrates that the details about different animals also mattered because the post-imperial West was a largely Christian culture that viewed the complexity of the physical world as a kind of key to the logic of God’s creation. The more attentive a person was to the particular features of a certain animal, plant, wind pattern, or planetary cycle, the more that the structure of the cosmic system as a whole would come into focus. Even pigs could speak to hidden secrets about this divine structure.
Culture wars
Authors: Wheeler Michael
Published: May 2021

This chapter describes how the defining values and characteristics of the Athenæum are thrown into sharper relief during the First World War than in the previous ninety years. Like other clubs and institutions, the Athenæum suffered losses and contributed to the war effort as best it could, through corporate donations and by adhering to wartime regulations. More unusually, and possibly uniquely, its long-established tradition of attracting members who combined creative ability with a readiness to engage in some kind of administration or public service now bore fruit at a time of rapid development in many fields, not only through the work of its leaders and officials of Church and state, senior military men, armaments directors, engineers, and scientists, but also its intelligence officers and those writers and artists who worked in the penumbra of propaganda. Members of Britain's leading literary club not only helped to run the war, they also wrote it, often drawing upon a tradition of Hellenism and Arnoldian 'culture' in their opposition to German Kultur. Ultimately, the chapter considers how the history of the Athenæum relates to that of the nation over a short period of four tumultuous years.
A roomful of Owls
Authors: Wheeler Michael
Published: May 2021

This chapter explores how the Athenians' reputation for 'reserve and dignity' was sustained throughout the 1920s and 1930s, when a particular breed of highly educated and deeply serious members played leading roles in club life. Political decisions on national reconstruction were often based upon reports from advisory groups of the kind that had been needed during the war, and again many members of the club served as expert advisors in a wide range of fields. Athenians had always valued the opportunity to meet fellow members with different interests and from a wide variety of professions, and the freer spirits among them now enjoyed engaging with a generation of writers and artists who specialised in satire and caricature. Although the traditions of the club were still fiercely defended in the inter-war years, this was a period of innovation, with the ending of the ballot and the introduction of bedrooms for members, monthly Talk Dinners, and an annexe where ladies could be entertained. Change, or rather adaptation was under way, both inside and outside the Athenæum.
Ground Work
Authors: Lund Christian
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines the longue durée reproduction of the material agrarian structure and the violently and radically changing political regimes. It operates at two levels. First, on the large scale of time and space, the chapter shows how the political contexts over time have supported and undermined various land claims at different junctures — from the first Dutch land acquisition in the 1860s in North Sumatra through Japanese occupation, social revolution, “guided democracy,” the “New Order,” and reformasi. It also demonstrates how the patterns of claims and counterclaims, acquisitions and evictions, occupations and retreats, have emerged. Second, the chapter provides a detailed analysis of a single, emblematic, enduring conflict. The local case shows how legalization, in connection with the other nine-tenths of the law, allowed plantation agriculture to hold off smallholder challenges for decades. Some claims in this land struggle challenged the status quo, but proved to be ephemeral and short-lived. Other claims, however, reproduced effectively. They hardened and institutionalized, propped up by statutory law, regulation, force, and other practices.
Estudo Espectroscópico do Par de Galáxias Interagentes ESO 505-IG 030 e ESO 505-IG 031
Authors: Silva Sales Elis Cristina , Fernandes Martin Vera Aparecida , Da Rocha Poppe Paulo César , Costa Pinto Souza José Henrique , Do Carmo Carvalho Matheus , Cordeiro de Almeida Toni , Silva Freitas Raquel , Ramielly Bomfim de Jesus Bianca , Da Silva Lima Santos Mariana
Published: May 2021

Este trabalho apresenta os resultados das observações espectroscópicas de fenda longa realizadas para o par de galáxias peculiares interagentes ESO 505-IG 030 e ESO 505-IG 031. Os dados foram obtidos com o espectrógrafo Cassegrain acoplado ao telescópio Perkin-Elmer (1,60m) do Observatório do Pico dos Dias/Laboratório Nacional de Astrofísica (OPD-LNA/MCTI). Trata-se de um par interagente no Universo local (z $\approx$ 0,03957) classificadas como espirais do tipo morfológico Sc. Curvas de rotação, síntese espectral e alguns parâmetros físicos e geométricos são apresentados e discutidos para cada um dos objetos estudados.
Diffracting educational policies through the lens of young people’s experiences
Authors: Ivinson Gabrielle
Published: May 2021

This chapter attempts to connect the processes of education, inequality and poverty with children and young people’s experiences of living in areas of economic disadvantage. It explores young people’s everyday lived experiences of poverty with a focus on education. Schools alone cannot ameliorate the effects of poverty. Yet, worryingly, numerous reports of young people’s experiences suggest that schools often amplify the effects of poverty. There is, therefore, an urgent need to understand the subjective experiences of young people to appreciate how the structures of educational institutions further marginalise the more vulnerable. A series of case illustrations describe the lived experiences of schooling for some young people. The final section looks at what needs to be done and highlights the damage of refusing to take more explicit action to prevent education systems making matters worse.
The political, economic and cultural drivers of police corruption
Authors: Singh Danny
Published: May 2021

This is another theoretical chapter that generates a framework to thread through the context of Afghan policing. Theories related to a political economy approach to examine the interrelationship between bureaucratic agents and economic elites and the coping strategies of poorly waged public officials and police officers. This theoretical basis informs some aspects of the political and economic drivers of corruption. The political drivers specifically cover systemic corruption which is when corruption becomes institutionally embedded from the top to the lower levels. In addition, patronage, nepotism and ethnic favouritism forms a ‘moral economy’ to deter meritocratic recruitment. Moreover, state capture occurs when main parts of the state are infiltrated by narrow criminal and affiliated political interests for profit making, usually with illicit markets. The economic drivers are focused on corruption as a means of economic necessity, namely low pay, and opportunities to engage in corruption due to weak oversight or limited sanctions if detected for malpractice. The cultural drivers cover culture, motivation and the socialisation of behaviour within police forces and specific anti-corruption training that can help to mitigate police corruption.
Corruption in Afghanistan: External intervention and institutional legacy
Authors: Singh Danny
Published: May 2021

This chapter starts the process of examining the structural conditions that has embedded corruption in the majority of Afghan institutions. Moreover, trailing powerful figures – such as warlords – have cemented ties with political elites in exchange of securitising remote areas and attaining votes for those in power. The initial part of the chapter covers external intervention since late 2001 which conformed to the liberal peace doctrine. This democratisation process resulted in a rapid political arrangement at Bonn which inaugurated Hamid Karzai as the chair of the interim authority and anti-Taliban warlords – the Northern Alliance – were favoured to hunt the Taliban and al-Qaeda in the rugged mountains. Several Northern Alliance strongmen who held powerful militias were selected in the presidential cabinet and senior chief of military staff positions. This system formed patronage relations and forms of systemic corruption linked with illicit profit-making that trickled into the majority of state institutions, including the police sector. The subsequent parts of the chapter examine the several phases of regime changes within the Afghan police sector, the repercussions corruption has on the police sector and society and current anti-corruption efforts.
Social construction of corruption
Authors: Singh Danny
Published: May 2021

This short chapter unpacks the social construction of corruption which is then linked to the Afghan context. The morality of acts, corruption being deemed as an immoral act, evilness and dirtiness is contrasted with corruption forming the basis of a social contract or connections to get things done. This debate provides the contention between wickedness and undermining red tape to benefit political and economic integration under a functionalist model. In particular, examples derive from Afghan civil servants who are poorly paid and thus the public recognise that a gift is required to speed-up the service process which in turn engrains corruption in everyday interactions. Gift-giving is subsequently discussed in the contexts of China and Russia to maintain personal relationships and recognisable circles respectively. These contexts infer that gift-giving practices are practices to preserve business and social relations in a variety of contexts which differ from Western criminological literature deeming it as corruption or an integrity violation.
Conclusions
Authors: Singh Danny
Published: May 2021

The closing chapter of the book summarises the main arguments made. It commences with a critical assessment of statebuilding and neo-liberal police reconstruction in Afghanistan and a short comparison to the parallel study of Iraq. The Bonn political arrangement that resulted in the favouring of Northern Alliance warlords and anti-Taliban warlords and political elites enticed in the drug-industry seriously impedes law enforcement and interferes with anti-corruption investigations. Subsequently, the conditions of the Afghan state from several regimes of fighting, policing styles and pre-existing patronage systems have become embedded in contemporary Afghanistan. These structural conditions of patronage, institutionalised forms of corruption and post-2001 short-term peace bargaining with ruthless warlords make it extremely difficult to combat corruption and patronage. The final section reflects on the main challenges framed within the political, economic and cultural drivers of police corruption in the context of Afghanistan and how these traits can be carried forward to measure and deter instability in other war-torn states.
Exploring civil society through a lifecourse approach
Authors: Power Sally
Published: May 2021

This introductory chapter outlines why this book is important. Drawing on Glen Elder’s work, it outlines five of the key principles of the lifecourse approach and how these apply to civil and political participation. It also includes a discussion of the challenges of defining civic engagement and the relationship between civil participation and political participation. Finally, the chapter outlines the organisation of the book.
Graduating into civil society
Authors: Evans Ceryn , Muddiman Esther , Taylor Chris
Published: May 2021

In this chapter, Ceryn Evans, Esther Muddiman and Chris Taylor explore the relationship between participation in higher education and the formation of social and political attitudes and civic participation. Their interviews with graduates show that, in many cases, the university ‘experience’ simply confirms or reinforces prior attitudes. Nevertheless, for some students it is also clear that going to university triggers interest and participation in civil society. In particular, they find that studying arts, humanities and social science subjects, and the opportunity to participate in extra-curricular opportunities, appear to foster higher levels of social awareness and civic engagement.
Volunteering in later life
Authors: Hogerbrugge Martijn J.A.
Published: May 2021

In this chapter, Martijn Hogerbrugge uses data from the National Survey of Volunteering and Charitable Giving to reveal the complexity of patterns of volunteering undertaken by older people in England.  His detailed analysis shows that that older volunteers are far from a homogenous group. He shows how some characteristics, like marital status, education, and religious background, have a bearing not only on whether or not someone volunteers, but on the number of times and hours spent volunteering. The data also reveal the barriers that limit volunteering in later life.
Retiring into civil society
Authors: Jones Laura , Heley Jesse , Yarker Sophie
Published: May 2021

In this chapter, Laura Jones, Jesse Heley and Sophie Yarker focus on the life-course transitions in later life through exploring the ‘volunteering careers’ of retirees who ‘work’ in a range of different kinds of organisations. Three main themes emerge from their research. Firstly, they reveal that there is an increasingly blurred boundary between work and retirement, with many older people undertaking varying combinations of paid work and unpaid voluntary activity. Secondly, the decisions about the transition were contingent on a wide range of interrelated factors, such as health, finances and family. Thirdly, their interviewees’ experience of volunteering reflected their experiences of paid employment. The chapter concludes by considering whether the increasing professionalisation within civil society is in some cases placing unwanted pressure and burdens onto volunteers.
Civil society through the lifecourse
Authors: Power Sally
Published: May 2021

This chapter, Sally Power, has three main purposes. Firstly, it summarises the principal findings from each of the contributing chapters in order to identify any cross-cutting findings. Secondly, it reflects on the merits of understanding engagement with civil society from a lifecourse perspectives. Thirdly, the chapter concludes with a brief examination of the implications of the principal findings for policymakers and other key stakeholders trying to promote greater levels of civil and political participation.
Reviving Local Authority Housing Delivery
Authors: Morphet Janice , Clifford Ben
Published: May 2021

This book provides crucial insight into the fight back against austerity by local authorities through emerging forms of municipal entrepreneurialism in housing delivery. Capturing this moment within its live context, the book examines the ways that local authorities are moving towards increased financial independence based on their own activities to implement new forms and means of housebuilding activity. The book assesses these changes in the context of the long-term relationship between local and central government and argues that contemporary local authority housing initiatives represent a critical turning point, whilst also providing new ways of thinking about meting housing need. The book provides new ways of thinking about meeting housing need within and beyond the United Kingdom.
Austerity’s legacy: risk, opportunity and a new form of central–local relations?
Authors: Morphet Janice , Clifford Ben
Published: May 2021

This chapter reviews how local authorities in England have taken a range of initiatives to respond to super-austerity and face the twin crises of managing housing demand and supply. It discusses the restructuring of the form of local government and the creation of new unitary authorities or merging council administrations. It also explores the involvement of a range of direct activities for the local government to meet specific needs for housing and generate more income through property acquisition and investment. The chapter investigates the extent to which local authorities have engaged in asset- and income-generation approaches. It describes how councils have continued to extend their activities in a cumulative way, as they gain more confidence and learn from others.
Health and social care systems
Authors: Coleman Anna , Shields Jolanta , Gilling Tim
Published: May 2021

This chapter reviews the organisational changes in the delivery of health and social care. These significant system changes provide a backdrop to current challenges in moving towards an integrated system of health and social care. The chapter discusses challenges related to NHS services being free at the point of use and their integration with means-tested social care. Working in Greater Manchester, the authors show how one of the first UK regions in which health budgets have been devolved to the local authority has allowed the development of governance arrangements and agreed strategic plans across the health and social care sector to promote relationship building. These developments have been underpinned by politically driven reorganisation. The Greater Manchester Partnership has increased the possibility of dealing with the complexity of 'wicked issues' (related to individual and community needs), supported by a Transformational Fund. The wider determinants of health perspective, as proposed by Dahlgren and Whitehead's 'rainbow' model, have been useful in developing holistic responses; these include considerations of transport, housing, and unemployment, among other determinants.
Devolution and localism: metropolitan authorities
Authors: Dennett Paul , Russell Jacquie
Published: May 2021

This chapter explores the context for devolution in Greater Manchester, and why it matters in terms of residents' health and wellbeing. The authors set out some of the changes they have seen: the integration of health and social care, and the creation of local care systems; the bringing together of health and care commissioning; and the crucial role of partnerships across health, care, the voluntary and community sector, housing, police, fire, and others. One of the arguments for local authority leadership on devolution is that good health is about more than the National Health Service (NHS) — it is about good food, warm homes, decent jobs, good education, close friends, and open green and safe public spaces (to name just a few). Devolution is about connecting all these agendas through local leadership and local action. Devolution is complex, as are the relationships between Greater Manchester and local democratic leadership in each of the ten boroughs. The chapter then considers some observations about the future challenges for local leadership if good health for residents is to be sustained.
Inequalities in health and wellbeing across the UK: a local North-East perspective
Authors: Kunonga Edward , Gibson Gillian , Parker Catherine
Published: May 2021

This chapter identifies the challenges facing the North-East from a population health perspective, and the implications for the area of the contemporary context of the reductions in funding that widen health inequalities and create challenges in the labour market. It considers the potential benefits of building new approaches that address these challenges using community assets, place-based, targeted, collaborative approaches and are based heavily on community ownership, participation, and voice. The chapter then reviews the responses of local authorities in the North-East to reduced central government funding, examining key issues such as supporting vulnerable groups. It also highlights local authority and community responses and innovation approaches to supporting people via health and wellbeing strategies. This review takes account of the critical socio-economic issues arising from the Brexit process and during the 'end of austerity', particularly with respect to the North-East region of the United Kingdom.
The changing landscape of local authority commissioning
Authors: Ayre Dave
Published: May 2021

This chapter assesses the history of the relationship between public and private sectors and the extent to which the political and regulatory environment of governments and institutions such as the European Union (EU) can help or hinder the efforts of public bodies in seeking to deliver services that determine the health and quality of life for communities. The relationship of public and private sectors in the United Kingdom (UK) and the commissioning, procurement, and development of public–private partnerships is driven by the prevailing political and economic environment. However, rigorous academic research on the benefits of partnering to organisations, societies and between countries is limited. Evidence is needed to fill the policy vacuum. A bolder approach is necessary to work with public and private sectors to develop and implement successful partnering alternatives to the outsourcing of public services. The growing catalogue of outsourcing failures in construction, probation, rail franchising, health, and social care is creating an appetite for change, and the exit of the UK from the EU provides the opportunity.
The power and value of relationships in local authorities’ and central government funding encouraging culture change
Authors: Smith Richard
Published: May 2021

This chapter describes the emergence and development of the Centre for Partnering (CfP), a think tank that has been formed to explore the role and effect of partnering between different kinds of organisations from within the public, private, and voluntary sectors. The research projects that the CfP will undertake include an examination of the role that procurement and commissioning of services has played and could play in the future of partnering. The research agenda is also focused on the value of partnering as it could impact on large-scale infrastructure projects where social and other community (local and national) issues are addressed. The CfP agenda also addresses 'wicked issues', as identified as part of the consideration of the social determinants of health. The focus of this research is upon the value of establishing a legal framework through which prospective partners can enter into a dialogue to build trust and a relationship ahead of formal contract relationships.
The Human, Learning, Systems approach to commissioning in complexity
Authors: Lowe Toby , French Max , Hawkins Melissa
Published: May 2021

This chapter assesses what is required of commissioners in order to create positive social outcomes (such as improved wellbeing, increased employment, or reduced crime) in complex environments. It considers this question through the lens of public sector performance measurement and management (PSPMM), and how this has evolved towards increased complexity by moving from an output (activity) to an outcome (results) focus. The chapter then looks at the different aspects of complexity that arise when seeking to commission activity that creates positive outcomes for citizens and what a complexity-informed response requires. It also reflects on the way in which these requirements challenge existing public management arrangements, particularly in the field of PSPMM, as it applies to commissioning and performance management. Finally, the chapter identifies the emergent 'Human, Learning, Systems' approach to the funding, commissioning, and management of public service, and provides examples of this approach in action.
Commissioning and social determinants: evidence and opportunities
Authors: O’Leary Chris , Fox Chris
Published: May 2021

This chapter argues that local authorities can and should use their purchasing power strategically to address the social determinants of health that affect their local area. It examines commissioning and procurement as local authority functions, defining these concepts and exploring the conceptual confusion between the two. The chapter then looks at the evidence of current practice of local authorities (with a particular focus on local authorities in the UK) in strategic use of their purchasing power. Core to the argument is the role of local voluntary organisations and small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), so there is a particular focus on the commissioning experience of these types of organisations. Finally, the chapter makes the case for the role that voluntary sector organisations can play in addressing social determinants of health, before drawing some broad conclusions about the way forward.
Mutuality in the public, private and third sectors
Authors: Simmons Richard
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines the concept of mutuality and the ways in which it may be applied to the social determinants of health in local government. Mutuality is defined broadly as the sharing of a feeling, action, or relationship between two or more parties, upon which cooperation is based. In turn, cooperation may be defined as 'acting together, in a co-ordinated way, in social relationships, in the pursuit of shared goals, the enjoyment of the joint activity, or simply furthering the relationship'. With regard to governance, different expressions of mutuality and cooperation arise, but are often conflated, in the literature. The chapter looks at mutuality from these different perspectives for the social determinants of health in local government. It contends that mutuality is properly considered in conditions where its contribution may be productive, and that where mutuality meets this condition, it should be employed as productively as possible. The chapter starts from broad perspectives of governance, narrowing through the place and role of mutuality in modes of governance, to how it is expressed in specific governance arrangements.
Devolution and the health of Scottish housing policy
Authors: Anderson Isobel
Published: May 2021

This chapter assesses devolution and the Scottish housing policy. Home and housing represent a key sphere in which local authorities can contribute to the health and wellbeing of their residents, including the most marginalised groups in society. Prior to devolution, Scotland had some policy autonomy and Scots Law has long been distinct from the rest of the United Kingdom (UK). Nonetheless, devolution represented a step change in the capacity of the Scottish policy community to shape its own destiny. The chapter reviews key developments in housing policy under the devolved administrations led first by the Labour/Liberal Democrat coalition and then by the Scottish National Party. Implementation of housing policy remains heavily dependent on local authorities and their partners. The chapter then presents evidence from three examples of local housing as a social determinant of health in Scotland: the core benefits of moving from precarious to settled housing; meeting the housing needs of disabled people; and housing-led community regeneration.
Conclusion
Authors: Bonner Adrian
Published: May 2021

This concluding chapter explains that in order to develop interrelationships and interdependencies across the various domains within a social determinants of health rainbow model, there needs to be a good understanding and respect for each of these contributions to the health and wellbeing of people and their communities. In the ten-year period of austerity preceding the COVID-19 crisis, many local authorities have radically reduced their social and health services for children and families and young people, concentrating solely on those with the most acute need, those whom they have a legal obligation to support. Indeed, local government has 'retreated from its historical position as the front-line of defence against social evils'. There remain major concerns about local authorities' ability to support their communities in the post-COVID-19 period. Ultimately, although there are large numbers of reports and reviews aimed at local commissioning policies and practices, there is very little evidence to support the interrelated and interdependent approaches utilising a social determinants of health model that specifically addresses 'wicked issues'.
Case I.1: Mad People’s History and Identity: A Mad Studies Critical Pedagogy Project
Authors: Ballantyne Elaine , Maclean Kirsten , Collie Shirley-anne , Deeming Liz , Fraser Esther
Published: May 2021

Mad People’s History and Identity (MPHI) is a Mad Studies course delivered at Queen Margaret University (QMU), Edinburgh, Scotland. It aims to build a community of learners, activists and engaged academics in an educational space to analyse their lived experiences and critique the dominant ‘psy’ discourses. The course privileges the student’s experiential knowledge of mental distress, psychiatrisation and oppression and the perspectives of Mad Studies activists and scholars. ...
Case I.5: Public Sociology and the Invisibility of Class
Authors: Scandrett Eurig
Published: May 2021

The rationale for this chapter is different from the others in this collection. Firstly, as editor, I was struck by the paucity of explicit references to class – whether in terms of identity, structure or as a category of analysis – in the various cases in this collection. The authors of the various cases are practising public sociology focused on gender, ethnicity, refugee status, mental health, age, and issues ranging from alcohol to migration, environmental pollution to violence – and even around trade union organising – without explicit reference to class. Many of the people with whom our authors are practising public sociology are working class, yet class was not being explicitly referred to as a category of public. This struck me as surprising, especially since class is a major (and for some sociologists, ...
Case II.5: English Last: Displaced Publics and Communicating Multilingually as Social Act and Art
Authors: Phipps Alison , Sitholé Tawona , Tordzro Naa Densua , Tordzro Gameli
Published: May 2021

once in a while

i hear the comment

you speak good english

in my school days

it was a compliment

but at some point it got a bit complicated

Tawona Sitholé

None of the authors of this chapter are sociologists. All of them have featured in a major international, sociological keynote and public lecture. Each has been, and may still claim to be, an indigenous person (one, somewhat tenuously). Each is a migrant. Each is a multilingual. Each is an artist....
Introducing Ecological Justice
Authors: Wienhues Anna
Published: May 2021

This chapter provides an overview of ecological justice. Although the term ecological justice suggests that its focus lies on holistic systems rather than individuals, its scholarly discussions range from justice to individuals to justice to broader systems. The term 'interspecies justice' might imply a bidirectional justice relationship, but the book argues that it also should be seen to only focus on humans doing, or failing to do, justice to nonhuman beings; more accurately, individual nonhumans (and potentially also as groups) instead of attributing justice entitlements to species themselves. Even though the term ecological justice (sometimes referred to as ecojustice) has received slightly more attention than interspecies justice, the latter more accurately describes the author's relational and global understanding of the justice relationship between humans and nonhumans. In a nutshell, what is sought is an account of global distributive ecological justice to 'wild' living nonhuman beings.
Political Non-Ranking Biocentrism
Authors: Wienhues Anna
Published: May 2021

This chapter discusses political non-ranking biocentrism, the most defensible account of such sort in the context of justice. For this, the political constitutes a qualification and non-ranking is a specification of the biocentric focus. The chapter begins by explaining the political approach to biocentrism. It then turns to how the author understands biocentrism more generally. This is by no means a defence or full description of biocentrism, but the elaboration on a few grounding premises. Finally, the chapter explains why a non-ranking version of biocentrism that does not construct a hierarchy of moral significance is the most convincing account of such sort and considers what implications such a political non-ranking biocentrism has for theorising about justice.
Phosphatidylcholine mediates the crosstalk between LET-607 and DAF-16 stress response pathways
Authors: He Bin , Xu Jie , Pang Shanshan , Tang Haiqing
Published: May 2021

Coordinated regulation of stress response pathways is crucial for cellular homeostasis. However, crosstalk between the different stress pathways and the physiological significance of this crosstalk remain poorly understood. In this study, using the model organismC.elegans, we discovered that suppression of the transcription factor LET-607/CREBH, a regulator of cellular defense and proteostatic responses, triggers adaptive induction of DAF-16-dependent stress responses. Suppression of LET-607 improves stress resistance and extendsC.eleganslifespan in a DAF-16-dependent manner. We identified the sphingomyelin synthase SMS-5 to be a central mediator in the communication between LET-607 and DAF-16. SMS-5 reduces the contents of unsaturated phosphatidylcholine (PC), which activates DAF-16 through ITR-1-dependent calcium signaling and calcium-sensitive kinase PKC-2. Our data reveal the significance of crosstalk between different stress pathways in animal fitness and identify LET-607/CREBH and specific PC as regulators of DAF-16 and longevity.
Protection afforded by previous Vibrio cholerae infection against subsequent disease and infection: A review
Authors: Leung Tiffany , Matrajt Laura
Published: May 2021

Background

Cholera is an acute, diarrheal disease caused byVibrio choleraeO1 or 139 that is associated with a high global burden.

Methods

We analyzed the estimated duration of immunity following cholera infection from available published studies. We searched PubMed and Web of Science for studies of the long-term immunity following cholera infection. We identified 22 eligible studies and categorized them as either observational, challenge, or serological.

Results

We found strong evidence of protection at 3 years after infection in observational and challenge studies. However, serological studies show that elevated humoral markers of potential correlates of protection returned to baseline within 1 year. Additionally, a subclinical cholera infection may confer lower protection than a clinical one, as suggested by 3 studies that found that, albeit with small sample sizes, most participants with a subclinical infection from an initial challenge with cholera had a symptomatic infection when rechallenged with a homologous biotype.

Conclusions

This review underscores the need to elucidate potential differences in the protection provided by clinical and subclinical cholera infections. Further, more studies are warranted to bridge the gap between the correlates of protection and cholera immunity. Understanding the duration of natural immunity to cholera can help guide control strategies and policy.
COVID-19 pandemic and stability of stock market—A sectoral approach
Authors: Buszko Michał , Orzeszko Witold , Stawarz Marcin
Published: May 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic seems to be the most important phenomenon observed from March 2020 in virtually all countries of the world. The necessity to prevent the spread of COVID-19 and keep health care systems efficient resulted in the forced, drastic limitation of economic activity. Many service sectors were hit particularly hard with this but industry and agriculture were also affected. In particular, the pandemic substantially influenced financial markets and we can observe that some markets or instruments vary in stability since they have been affected in the different degree. In the paper, we present the problem of stability of stock markets during the COVID-19 pandemic. Due to the low number of works related to CEE countries during the pandemic, we analyze the Warsaw Stock Exchange, which is one of the most important markets in the CEE. Our main goal was to find how various industries represented by stock market indices have reacted to the COVID-19 shock and consequently which sectors turned out to keep stability and remained resistant to the pandemic. In our investigation, we use two clustering methods: the K-means and the Ward techniques with the criterion of maximizing the silhouette coefficient and six indicators describing stability in terms of profitability, volume, overbought/oversold conditions and volatility. The results of the research present that during the pandemic it was possible to identify 5 clusters of sector indices in the short term and 4 in the medium term. We found that the composition of the clusters is quite stable over time and that none of the obtained clusters can be univocally considered the most or the least stable taking into account all the analyzed indicators. However, we showed that the obtained clusters have different stability origins, i.e. they vary from each other in terms of the investigated indicators of stability.
Caliper navigation for craniotomy planning of convexity targets
Authors: Jägersberg Max , Kosterhon Michael , Ringel Florian
Published: May 2021

Introduction

A technique to localize a radiological target on the head convexity fast and with acceptable precision is sufficient for surgeries of superficial intracranial lesions, and of help in the setting of emergency surgery, computer navigation breakdown, limited resources and education.

We present a caliper technique based on fundamental geometry, with inexpensive and globally available tools (conventional CT or MRI image viewer, calculator, caliper).

Methods

The distances of the radiological target from two landmarks (nasion and porus acusticus externus) are assessed with an image viewer and Pythagoras’ theorem. The two distances are then marked around the landmarks onto the head of the patient with help of a caliper. The intersection defines the target.

We tested the technique in a saw bone skull model and afterwards in the operating room. Convexity targets were localized with the caliper navigation technique and then with computer navigation as ground truth.

Results

In the saw bone model, the mean offset between the caliper navigated target and the real target was 2.9 ± 2.8 mm, 95% CI (1.6 mm; 4.2 mm). The mean offset between computer navigated target and real target was 1.6 ± 0.9 mm, 95% CI (1.2 mm; 2 mm) (ns).

In 15 patients undergoing navigated cranial procedures, 100 targets were assessed in reference to computer navigation. The mean offset of the caliper navigation was 11 ± 5.2 mm, 95% CI (9.9 mm; 12 mm).

Conclusion

This is a low-tech approach for translation of a radiological target to the patient’s head in short time and with globally available inexpensive tools, with satisfying precision for many procedures.
Community-level women’s education and undernutrition among Indian adolescents: A multilevel analysis of a national survey
Authors: Shah Ankita R. , Subramanyam Malavika A.
Published: May 2021

Background

Little research has explored the influence of social context on health of Indian adolescents. We conceptualized community-level women’s education (proxy for value placed on women’s wellbeing) as exerting contextual influence on adolescent hemoglobin level and body mass index (BMI).

Methods

We derived our sample of more than 62,000 adolescent aged 15 through 17 years from the Indian National Family Health Survey 2015–16. The sample consisted of a total of 62648 adolescents (54232 girls and 8416 boys) for the hemoglobin, and 62846 adolescents (54383 girls and 8463 boys) for the BMI analysis. We fitted multilevel random intercepts linear regression models to test the association of village- and urban-ward-level-women’s education with hemoglobin level and BMI of adolescents, accounting for their own and their mother’s education; as well as relevant covariates.

Findings

Our fully adjusted model estimated that if the 52% of communities with less than 20 percent of women having a tenth-grade education in our sample were to achieve 100 percent tenth-grade completion in women, hemoglobin would be 0·2 g/dl higher (p<0·001) and BMI would be 0·62 kg/m2higher on average amongall adolescentsin such communities. Unexplained variance estimates at the contextual level remained statistically significant, indicating the importance of context on adolescent undernutrition.

Interpretations

Adolescents are deeply embedded in their context, influenced by contextual factors affecting health. Promoting adolescent health therefore implies altering social norms related to adolescent health and health behaviors; along with structural changes creating a health-promoting environment. Integrating our empirical findings with theoretically plausible pathways connecting community-level women’s education with adolescent undernutrition, we suggest that enhancing community-level women’s education beyond high school is necessary to facilitate these processes.

Implications

Addressing contextual determinants of adolescent undernutrition might be the missing link in India’s adolescent anemia and undernutrition prevention efforts, which are currently focused heavily on individual-level biomedical determinants of the problem.