bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Automatic quantification of microtubule dynamics enables RNAi‐screening of new mitotic spindle regulators
Authors: Sironi Lucia , Solon Jérôme , Conrad Christian , Mayer Thomas U. , Brunner Damian , Ellenberg Jan
Published: April 2011

The genetic integrity of every organism depends on the faithful partitioning of its genome between two daughter cells in mitosis. In all eukaryotes, chromosome segregation requires the assembly of the mitotic spindle, a bipolar array of dynamic microtubules. Perturbations in microtubule dynamics affect spindle assembly and maintenance and ultimately result in aberrant cell divisions. To identify new regulators of microtubule dynamics within the hundreds of mitotic hits, reported in RNAi screens performed in C. elegans, Drosophila and mammalian tissue culture cells [Sonnichsen et al., 2005; Goshima et al., 2007; Neumann et al., 2010], we established a fast and quantitative assay to measure microtubule dynamics in living cells. Here we present a fully automated workflow from RNAi transfection, via image acquisition and data processing, to the quantitative characterization of microtubule behaviour. Candidate genes are knocked down by solid‐phase reverse transfection with siRNA oligos in HeLa cells stably expressing EB3‐EGFP, a microtubule plus end marker. Mitotic cells are selected using an automatic classifier [Conrad et al., 2011] and imaged on a spinning disk confocal microscope at high temporal and spatial resolution. The time‐lapse movies are analysed using a multiple particle tracking software, developed in‐house, that automatically detects microtubule plus ends, tracks microtubule growth events over consecutive frames and calculates growth speeds, lengths and lifetimes of the tracked microtubules. The entire assay provides a powerful tool to analyse the effect of essential mitotic genes on microtubule dynamics in living cells and to dissect their contribution in spindle assembly and maintenance.
Circulating estradiol, but not testosterone, is a significant predictor of high‐grade prostate cancer in patients undergoing radical prostatectomy
Authors: Salonia Andrea , Gallina Andrea , Briganti Alberto , Suardi Nazareno , Capitanio Umberto , Abdollah Firas , Bertini Roberto , Freschi Massimo , Rigatti Patrizio , Montorsi Francesco
Published: April 2011

BACKGROUND:

The objective of this study was to assess the association between preoperative circulating levels of 17β‐estradiol (E2) and high‐grade prostate cancer (HGPCa) (Gleason grade ≥4 + 3) at the time patients underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP).

METHODS:

Serum total testosterone (tT), sex hormone‐binding globulin (SHBG), and E2 levels were measured the day before surgery (8‐10 AM) in a cohort of 655 consecutive Caucasian‐ European patients who underwent RRP at a single institution. Logistic regression models were used to test the association between predictors (including age, body mass index, prostate‐specific antigen [PSA], clinical tumor classification, biopsy Gleason sum, tT, SHBG, and E2) and HGPCa. Serum E2 was included in the model as both a continuous variable and a categorized variable (according to the most informative cutoff: 50 pg/mL).

RESULTS:

Pathologic HGPCa was identified in 156 patients (23.8%). Patients with HGPCa had significantly higher PSA, clinical tumor classification, and biopsy Gleason sum than those without HGPCa (all P < .001). No other significant differences were observed between groups. At univariate analysis, continuously coded E2 was not associated significantly with HGPCa (odds ratio [OR], 1.009; P = .25), whereas patients with E2 levels ≥50 pg/mL had a 3.24‐fold increased risk of HGPCa (P < .001). At multivariate analysis, E2 was associated significantly with HGPCa both as a continuous predictor (OR, 1.02; P = .04) and as a categorical predictor (OR, 3.94; P < .001) after accounting for other variables. Conversely, tT and SHBG levels were not associated significantly with HGPCa.

CONCLUSIONS:

E2 was associated significantly with pathologic HGPCa, whereas SHBG and tT failed to demonstrate any association with HGPCa in patients who underwent RRP. Cancer 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Performance analysis of multi‐level parallelism: inter‐node, intra‐node and hardware accelerators
Authors: Hackenberg Daniel , Juckeland Guido , Brunst Holger
Published: April 2011

The advent of multi‐core processors has made parallel computing techniques mandatory on mainstream systems. With the recent rise in hardware accelerators, hybrid parallelism adds yet another dimension of complexity to the process of software development. The inner workings of a parallel program are usually difficult to understand and verify. This paper presents a tool for graphical program flow analysis of hardware accelerated parallel programs. It monitors the hybrid program execution to record and visualize many performance relevant events along the way. Representative real‐world applications written for both IBM's Cell processor and NVIDIA's CUDA API are studied exemplarily. With our combined monitoring and visualization approach for hardware accelerated multi‐core and multi‐node systems we take the next step in tool evolution towards a highly improved level of detail, precision, and completeness. The contents of this paper is of interest to developers of hardware accelerated applications as well as performance tool architects. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid and cheap prototyping of a microfluidic cell sorter
Authors: Islam M. Z. , McMullin J. N. , Tsui Y. Y.
Published: April 2011

Development of a microfluidic device is generally based on fabrication‐design‐fabrication loop, as, unlike the microelectronics design, there is no rigorous simulation‐based verification of the chip before fabrication. This usually results in extremely long, and hence expensive, product development cycle if micro/nano fabrication facilities are used from the beginning of the cycle. Here, we illustrate a novel approach of device prototyping that is fast, cheap, reliable, and most importantly, this technique can be adopted even if no state‐of‐the‐art microfabrication facility is available. A water‐jet machine is used to cut the desired microfluidic channels into a thin steel plate which is then used as a template to cut the channels into a thin sheet of a transparent and cheap polymer material named Surlyn® by using a Hot Knife™. The feature‐inscribed Surlyn sheet is bonded in between two microscope glass slides by utilizing the techniques which has been being used in curing polymer film between dual layer automotive glasses for years. Optical fibers are inserted from the sides of chip and are bonded by UV epoxy. To study the applicability of this prototyping approach, we made a basic microfluidic sorter and tested its functionalities. Sample containing microparticles is injected into the chip. Light from a 532‐nm diode laser is coupled into the optical fiber that delivers light to the interrogation region in the channel. The emitted light from the particle is collected by a photodiode (PD) placed over the detection window. The device sorts the particles into the sorted or waste outlets depending on the level of the PD signal. We used fluorescent latex beads to test the detection and sorting functionalities of the device. We found that the system could detect all the beads that passed through its geometric observation region and could sort almost all the beads it detected. © 2011 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
The emergence of eating pathology after bariatric surgery: A rare outcome with important clinical implications
Authors: Marino Joanna M. , Ertelt Troy W. , Lancaster Kathy , Steffen Kristine , Peterson Lisa , de Zwaan Martina , Mitchell James E.
Published: April 2011

Objective:

The present review examines the extant literature regarding the post‐operative development of eating disorders (e.g., EDNOS) in bariatric surgery patients.

Method:

Internet, PsycINFO, Pubmed, and reference lists were examined to aggregate and compare literature from January 1985 to May 2010.

Results:

Several case studies and case series have investigated the emergence of eating disorders after bariatric surgery. Clinical considerations are outlined.

Discussion:

The development of classical eating disorders after bariatric surgery appears to be a rare occurrence; however, eating problems are far more common. Unfortunately no typology exists to classify such eating problems. Future research should examine the incidence, risk factors, symptomatology, course, and outcome of such eating disorders and eating problems. It is highly likely that such problems are underreported. © 2011 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2012)
Challenges in conducting a multi‐site randomized clinical trial comparing treatments for adolescent anorexia nervosa
Authors: Lock James , Brandt Harry , Woodside Blake , Agras Stewart , Halmi W. Katherine , Johnson Craig , Kaye Walter , Wilfley Denise
Published: April 2011

Objective:

To describe obstacles in the implementation of a controlled treatment trial of adolescent anorexia nervosa (AN).

Method:

The original aim was to enter 240 participants with AN to one of four cells: Behavioral family therapy (BFT) plus fluoxetine; BFT plus placebo; systems family therapy (SFT) plus fluoxetine; SFT plus placebo.

Results:

Recruitment was delayed pending a satisfactory resolution concerning participant safety. After 6 months of recruitment it became clear that the medication was associated with poor recruitment leading to a study redesign resulting in a comparison of two types of family therapy with a projected sample size of 160. One site was unable to recruit and was replaced.

Discussion:

Problems with the delineation of safety procedures, recruitment, re‐design of the study, and replacement of a site, were the main elements resulting in a 1‐year delay. Suggestions are made for overcoming such problems in future AN trials. © 2011 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2012)
Feeding disorders of infancy: A longitudinal study to middle childhood
Authors: Ammaniti Massimo , Lucarelli Loredana , Cimino Silvia , D'Olimpio Francesca , Chatoor Irene
Published: April 2011

Objective:

To evaluate over time feeding behavior and emotional–behavioral functioning in a sample of children diagnosed with Infantile Anorexia (IA) and a group of typically developing children; and to investigate the relationship between maternal psychological functioning and the children's feeding patterns and emotional‐behavioral functioning.

Method:

Seventy‐two children diagnosed with IA and 70 children in the control group were prospectively evaluated through several measures at two, five, and eight years of age.

Results:

Our findings revealed partial improvement in the nutritional status of the children with IA. However, they continued to show ongoing eating problems and, in addition, anxiety/depression and withdrawal, as well as rule‐breaking behaviors and social problems. There were significant correlations between the children's eating problems and their emotional difficulties and their mothers' increased emotional distress and disturbed eating attitudes.

Discussion:

Our longitudinal study points out that the natural course of untreated IA is characterized by the persistence of difficulties in eating behavior and emotional–behavioral adjustment in both, the children and their mothers. © 2011 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2012)
Micropolygyria in an infant born to a patient with severe anorexia nervosa: A case report
Authors: Takei Yuichi , Suda Masashi , Aoyama Yoshiyuki , Narita Kosuke , Kameyama Masaki , Uehara Toru , Fukuda Masato , Mikuni Masahiko
Published: April 2011

We report the case of an anorexia nervosa (AN) patient with extremely low body weight who became pregnant following ovulation induction and subsequently delivered an infant with micropolygyria. To the best of our knowledge, no previous report has described live birth for a patient with such low body weight. The patient underwent hMG‐hCG therapy for ovulation induction. Despite becoming pregnant, weight loss continued with extreme anemia occurring during the pregnancy. However, blood transfusion therapy was used for successful treatment. Despite the therapeutic and protective measures instituted, the child was born with micropolygyria. Pregnancy in an AN patient with extremely low body weight needs therapeutic intervention during early pregnancy with aggressive precautionary measures, particularly against anemia. On the basis of our experience, we consider that ovulation induction therapy should not be administered without sufficient caution for an AN patient with low body weight. © 2011 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2012
Characteristics of persons with an eating disorder and type 1 diabetes and psychological comparisons with persons with an eating disorder and no diabetes
Authors: Powers Margaret A. , Richter Sara , Ackard Diann , Gerken Stephanie , Meier Marcia , Criego Amy
Published: April 2011

Objectives:

Describe characteristics of patients who have both an eating disorder and type 1 diabetes and compare their responses on psychological tests with those with an eating disorder and no diabetes at time of initial assessment to an eating disorder facility.

Method:

A chart audit conducted on all 48 patients with ED‐DMT1 who were seen collaboratively by the diabetes and eating disorder treatment teams between 2005 and 2008 at Park Nicollet Health Services and 96 (1:2) matched eating disordered controls.

Results:

Diabetes was diagnosed an average of 10.2 years (SD = 9.4) before the diagnosis of an eating disorder; HbA1c at initial assessment was 11% (±3.2%). Those without diabetes reported greater depression (p = .048) and greater state and trait anxiety (p = .015 and p = .039, respectively) at initial assessment.

Discussion:

Persons with both an eating disorder and type 1 diabetes were less psychologically compromised than their matched cohorts with an eating disorder only. These findings may not remain constant during the course of treatment. © 2011 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2012)
TNF optimally activatives regulatory T cells by inducing TNF receptor superfamily members TNFR2, 4‐1BB and OX40
Authors: Hamano Ryoko , Huang Jiaqiang , Yoshimura Teizo , Oppenheim Joost J. , Chen Xin
Published: April 2011

TNF is a pleiotropic cytokine with intriguing biphasic pro‐inflammatory and anti‐inflammatory effects. Our previous studies demonstrated that TNF up‐regulated FoxP3 expression and activated and expanded CD4+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) via TNFR2. Furthermore, TNFR2‐expressing Tregs exhibited maximal suppressive activity. In this study, we show that TNF, in concert with IL‐2, preferentially up‐regulated mRNA and surface expression of TNFR2, 4‐1BB and OX40 on Tregs. Agonistic antibodies against 4‐1BB and OX40 also induced the proliferation of suppressive Tregs. Thus, TNF amplifies its stimulatory effect on Tregs by inducing TNF receptor superfamily (TNFRSF) members. In addition, administration of neutralizing anti‐TNF Ab blocked LPS‐induced expansion of splenic Tregs and up‐regulation of TNFR2, OX40 and 4‐1BB receptors on Tregs in vivo, indicating that the expansion of Tregs expressing these co‐stimulatory TNFRSF members in response to LPS is mediated by TNF. Altogether, our novel data indicate that TNF preferentially up‐regulates TNFR2 on Tregs, and this is amplified by the stimulation of 4‐1BB and OX40, resulting in the optimal activation of Tregs and augmented attenuation of excessive inflammatory responses.
Synthesis and Structures of Cadmium(II) Complexes with (η6‐Benzenecarboxylate)tricarbonylchromium
Authors: Murugesapandian Balasubramanian , Roesky Peter W.
Published: April 2011

The reaction of (benzoic acid)tricarbonylchromium [(η6‐C6H5COOH)Cr(CO)3] with cadmium acetate in methanol or DMF led to the formation of the dinuclear cadmium compounds [Cd2{(η6‐C6H5COO)Cr(CO)3}4(MeOH)4] (1) or [Cd2{(η6‐C6H5COO)Cr(CO)3}4(DMF)4] (2) containing four organometallic ligands with four methanol or DMF molecules coordinated to the cadmium atoms. The reaction of (benzoic acid)tricarbonylchromium [(η6‐C6H5COOH)Cr(CO)3] and cadmium acetate with 1,10‐phenanthroline (1,10‐phen) afforded the dinuclear cadmium complex [Cd2{(η6‐C6H5COO)Cr(CO)3}4(1,10‐phen)2] (3) with two 1,10‐phenanthroline and four organometallic ligands. The reaction of (benzoic acid)tricarbonylchromium [(η6‐C6H5COOH)Cr(CO)3] with cadmium acetate in the presence of 4,4′‐bipyridine (4,4′‐bipy) led to the one‐dimensional coordination polymer [Cd2{(η6‐C6H5COO)Cr(CO)3}4(4,4′‐bipy)2·3DMF]n (4) containing a dinuclear cadmium complex as a repeating unit. The solid‐state structures of all the compounds were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction.
Synthesis of switchable amphipathic molecules triggered by CO2 through carbonyl‐amine condensation
Authors: Qiao Weihong , Zheng Zhibo , Peng Huan
Published: April 2011

Five long‐chain alkyl amidines were synthesized by condensation of N,N‐dimethylacetamide with octylamine, decylamine, dodecylamine, tetradecylamine, and hexadecylamine, respectively. Synthesis conditions including solvent, pH, temperature, and ratio of reactants were studied. The series of long‐chain alkyl amidine compounds reacted with dry ice to produce amidinium bicarbonates cationic amphipathic molecules. The critical micelle concentration (cmc) and surface tension at cmc (γcmc) measured by drop volume method show that these amphipathic molecules have excellent surface activity. The changes of cationic content measured by two‐phase titration and conductivity before and after bubbling CO2, show different properties between amidines and amidinium bicarbonates cationic amphipathic molecules. The switchable function of the amidinium bicarbonate cationic amphipathic molecule in emulsification and demulsification was studied.

Practical applications: Our innovative work is synthesizing switchable amphipathic molecules, N′‐alkyl‐N,N‐dimethylacetamidines, by carbonyl‐amine condensation. Compared with a former way of synthesis, our work shows great potential advantages in industrial application. Our synthesis route is simpler with higher yield and is carried out at ambient temperature. Moreover, the products are environmentally friendly. Compared with traditional amphipathic molecules, our products, N′‐alkyl‐N,N‐dimethylacetamidines, show good switchable properties, which can be switched on and off, trigged by CO2.This means these products can be reused for several times, which is significant for environmental protection.
Recent Advances in the Synthesis of α‐Alkylidene‐Substituted δ‐Lactones, γ‐Lactams and δ‐Lactams
Authors: Albrecht Anna , Albrecht Łukasz , Janecki Tomasz
Published: April 2011

α‐Alkylidene‐substituted δ‐lactones and corresponding γ‐ and δ‐lactams constitute important classes of natural compounds that display diverse biological activities. This review gives a brief description of the occurrence and biological activities of the title compounds and then summarizes the methods available for their preparation. Attention is given mainly to the synthetic approaches developed during the last decade, including those from our own research group. The latest developments in the synthesis of nonracemic α‐alkylidene‐substituted δ‐lactones, γ‐lactams and δ‐lactams are also discussed.
1,2,3‐Triazoles in Peptidomimetic Chemistry
Authors: Pedersen Daniel Sejer , Abell Andrew
Published: April 2011

The ability to synthesise small peptidomimetics that mimic the secondary structure of proteins is an ever expanding area of research directed at sourcing new medicinal agents and biological probes. A significant current challenge is to mimic protein epitopes under physiological conditions using small peptidomimetics that are easy to prepare. The copper‐ and ruthenium‐catalysed Huisgen cycloaddition reactions provide such a general synthetic method, with the resulting 1,2,3‐triazoles being good peptide bond mimics. The ability to prepare both 1,4‐ and 1,5‐substituted 1,2,3‐triazoles under these chemically benign conditions provides both “linear” and “bent” peptidomimetics. Examples of the use of 1,2,3‐triazoles to define the geometry and properties of a peptidomimetic abound. This review highlights such successes but also describes a number of failures in order to guide and inspire future efforts of chemists in this area.
Intercalation of Tetrathiafulvalene between the Two Plates of a Copper(I)‐Complexed [4]Rotaxane (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 13/2011)
Authors: Sauvage Jean‐Pierre , Trolez Yann , Canevet David , Sallé Marc
Published: April 2011

The cover picture shows the encapsulation of tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) inside the cavity of a cyclic [4]rotaxane thanks to donor–acceptor interactions. The structure of the resulting complex is surrounded by its individual components: TTF (yellow), the axle of the rotaxane (red), the bismacrocycle (blue) and copper(I) ions (orange). The host–guest interaction has been studied by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Details are discussed in the article by J.‐P. Sauvage, M. Sallé et al. on p. 2413 ff.
Bioaccumulation of microcystins by fish associated with a persistent cyanobacterial bloom in Lago de Patzcuaro (Michoacan, Mexico)
Authors: Berry John P , Lee Elisha , Walton Katherine , Wilson Alan E , Bernal-Brooks Fernando
Published: April 2011

Lago de Patzcuaro is a historically important freshwater fishery in Mexico. The lake is presently characterized by a persistent bloom of cyanobacteria, specifically dominated by recognized producers of toxic microcystins (MCYSTs). We evaluated MCYSTs in sestonic and dissolved fractions of the water column, as well as representative fish species (silversides, Chirostoma spp.; Goodea sp.; and carp, Cyprinus carpio) obtained from local markets and small commercial catches during the bloom. Samples were evaluated primarily by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and secondarily by protein phosphatase (PPase) inhibition assay and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Sestonic MCYST concentration (0.02–0.36 µg/L) generally correlated inversely with distance from the bloom, supporting the bloom as the source of the toxin. Several MCYST variants, including MC-LR, -LA and -LY, as well as didemethyl variants, were identified by LC-MS/MS analysis. All three species of fish bioaccumulated MCYSTs in relevant tissues, and toxin content correlated with trophic level, with highest and lowest levels measured in phytoplanktivorous and zooplanktivorous representatives, respectively. Detection of MCYST in silversides and Goodea sp. is particularly relevant because both are consumed in their entirety, including viscera (e.g., liver) known to primarily accumulate MCYST. These results indicate that Lago de Patzcuaro is indeed characterized by a toxigenic bloom, and that commercially important fish species from the lake accumulate toxic MCYST in tissues relevant to human consumption. As such, this system may represent an ideal model of the trophic transfer of MCYSTs and its relevance to human and environmental health. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011; 30:1621–1628. © 2011 SETAC
On fair rate adaption in interference‐limited systems
Authors: Schmeink Anke
Published: April 2011

A fair allocation of scarce resources is crucial in systems where multiple entities compete for the same goods. General interference‐limited communication systems with rate adaption are investigated in this paper and the problem of fair resource allocation is addressed by two different approaches. First, a non game theoretic fairness approach is applied to the system model. Then bargaining theory is exploited to derive a game theoretic fairness concept. To compensate the information transmission necessary in the bargaining game, so‐called incentive parameters are introduced. The solution of the thereby obtained local problem coincides with the Nash bargaining solution of the global problem if the incentive parameters are properly chosen. Numerical results show the advantage of the game theoretical modelling with respect to fairness and efficiency. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Options on federal funds futures and interest rate volatility
Authors: Sultan Jahangir
Published: April 2011

This study examines the response of the spot and futures interest rates on the fed funds, Eurodollar, and Libor to the listing of CME fed funds options. With the exception of the Libor futures, the introduction of options is associated with a decrease in the conditional volatility of the interest rates in the sample. There is also evidence that the volume of options trading has a negative effect on the fed funds and the Eurodollar spot rates. In contrast, the fed funds and the Eurodollar futures rates respond positively to the volume of options trading. Overall, strong generalization of the effects of options listing and options trading across the markets is not possible. These results remain robust even after controlling for several exogenous variables including changes in the Fed's target for the fed funds rate, the TED spread, the 9/11 terrorist attacks, and day‐of‐the‐week effects.
Sialendoscopy for sialolithiasis: Early treatment, better outcome
Authors: Luers Jan Christoffer , Grosheva Maria , Reifferscheid Valentin , Stenner Markus , Beutner Dirk
Published: April 2011

Background

The objective of this study was to investigate whether patients with a short‐term and long‐term disease course of sialolithiasis show differences in the clinical picture and the outcome after sialendoscopy.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed the findings and clinical courses of 62 consecutive patients who received sialendoscopy for sialolithiasis.

Results

In 30 patients stones could be removed by pure endoscopic means. Stone size and stone mobility were significant predictors and the duration of symptoms was a marginally significant predictor for the endoscopic removability of stones. Patients with a good outcome had a significant shorter duration of symptoms than patients with a worse outcome.

Conclusions

The results of our study indicate an association between the duration of symptoms and the outcome after sialendoscopy for sialolithiasis. Early sialendoscopic treatment indicates a favorable outcome and is recommended for sialolithiasis after failure of conservative treatment. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2012.
Manufacturing of individual biodegradable bone substitute implants using selective laser melting technique
Authors: Lindner Markus , Hoeges Simon , Meiners Wilhelm , Wissenbach Konrad , Smeets Ralf , Telle Rainer , Poprawe Reinhart , Fischer Horst
Published: April 2011

The additive manufacturing technique selective laser melting (SLM) has been successfully proved to be suitable for applications in implant manufacturing. SLM is well known for metal parts and offers direct manufacturing of three‐dimensional (3D) parts with high bulk density on the base of individual 3D data, including computer tomography models of anatomical structures. Furthermore, an interconnecting porous structure with defined and reproducible pore size can be integrated during the design of the 3D virtual model of the implant. The objective of this study was to develop the SLM processes for a biodegradable composite material made of β‐tricalcium phosphate (β‐TCP) and poly(D, L)‐lactide (PDLLA). The development of a powder composite material (β‐TCP/PDLLA) suitable for the SLM process was successfully performed. The microstructure of the manufactured samples exhibit a homogeneous arrangement of ceramic and polymer. The four‐point bending strength was up to 23 MPa. The X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of the samples confirmed β‐TCP as the only present crystalline phase and the gel permeations chromatography (GPC) analysis documented a degradation of the polymer caused by the laser process less than conventional manufacturing processes. We conclude that SLM presents a new possibility to manufacture individual biodegradable implants made of β‐TCP/PDLLA. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A:, 2011.
Optimization of degumming process for soybean oil by phospholipase B
Authors: Jiang Fang‐yan , Wang Jin‐mei , Ju Li‐chen , Kaleem Imdad , Dai Da‐zhang , Li Chun
Published: April 2011

BACKGROUND: Enzymatic degumming, the ‘EnzyMax® process’, in which a phospholipase (type A1, A2 or B) was used to convert nonhydratable phospholipids into their hydratable forms. Compared with conventional methods, enzymatic degumming offers a safe biological route and eco‐friendly solution to industrial processes. To date, only phospholipases A1 and A2 have been used for enzymatic oil‐degumming. In this study, phospholipase B from Pseudomonas fluorescens BIT‐18 was applied for the first time in soybean oil degumming.

RESULTS: Three major factors (temperature, pH and PLB dosage) were screened out through Plackett–Burman design. Then, response surface modeling combined with central composite design and regression analysis were employed for optimization of the final degumming process. The optimum conditions for the minimum residual phosphorus content in the oil were achieved at 40 °C, pH 4.7 and with PLB dosage of 500 U kg−1. Under optimal conditions, the residual phosphorus content decreased to 4.9 mg kg−1, which was comparable with predicted response values.

CONCLUSION: These results suggested that Plackett‐Burman design combined with response surface modeling were proved effective in determining the optimum soybean oil degumming conditions. The results also revealed that phospholipase B from Pseudomonas fluorescens BIT‐18 was a good candidate for degumming various vegetable oils. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Analysis of particulate pollution on foodstuff and other items by environmental scanning electron microscopy
Authors: Giordano Cristiana , Bardi Ugo , Garbini Davide , Suman Michele
Published: April 2011

Combustion processes commonly create fine and ultrafine particles whose effects are often harmful to human health. The present study is aimed at providing more data in this field by testing the capability of environmental electron scanning microscopy of detecting and analyzing such particles. For this purpose, we examined a range of samples taken from everyday food items collected in Tuscany. The results showed that, within the examined samples, inorganic particles can be observed in the nano‐ and micrometer range. These particles are attributable mostly to natural processes and, in part, to food processing. Little evidence is found for particles whose origin could be attributed to industrial combustion processes, such as waste incineration. Microsc. Res. Tech. 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphology selection for cupric oxide thin films by electrodeposition
Authors: Dhanasekaran V. , Mahalingam T. , Chandramohan R.
Published: April 2011

Polycrystalline cupric oxide thin films were deposited using alkaline solution bath employing cathodic electrodeposition method. The thin films were electrodeposited at various solution pH. The surface morphology and elemental analyzes of the films were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X‐ray analysis, respectively. SEM studies revealed that the surface morphology could be tailored suitably by adjusting the pH value during deposition. Mesh average on multiple lattice mode atomic force microscopy image was obtained and reported. Microsc. Res. Tech. 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Minimum degree thresholds for bipartite graph tiling
Authors: Bush Albert , Zhao Yi
Published: April 2011

Given a bipartite graph H and a positive integer n such that v(H) divides 2n, we define the minimum degree threshold for bipartite H‐tiling, δ2(n, H), as the smallest integer k such that every bipartite graph G with n vertices in each partition and minimum degree δ(G)≥k contains a spanning subgraph consisting of vertex‐disjoint copies of H. Zhao, Hladký‐Schacht, Czygrinow‐DeBiasio determined δ2(n, Ks, t) exactly for all s⩽t and suffi‐ciently large n. In this article we determine δ2(n, H), up to an additive constant, for all bipartite H and sufficiently large n. Additionally, we give a corresponding minimum degree threshold to guarantee that G has an H‐tiling missing only a constant number of vertices. Our δ2(n, H) depends on either the chromatic number χ(H) or the critical chromatic number χcr(H), while the threshold for the almost perfect tiling only depends on χcr(H). These results can be viewed as bipartite analogs to the results of Kuhn and Osthus [Combinatorica 29 (2009), 65–107] and of Shokoufandeh and Zhao [Rand Struc Alg 23 (2003), 180–205]. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory
An efficient synthesis of 2,3‐dihydroquinazolin‐4(1H)‐one derivatives under catalyst‐free and solvent‐free conditions
Authors: Gao Lijiu , Ji Honglou , Rong Liangce , Tang Dan , Zha Yunyun , Shi Yanhui , Tu Shujiang
Published: April 2011

A simple, efficient and convenient one‐pot synthesis of 2,3‐dihydroquinazolin‐4(1H)‐one derivatives under solvent‐free and catalyst‐free conditions by the reaction of aromatic aldehydes, isatoic anhydride, and ammonium acetate was reported. The advantages of this protocol include short reaction time, mild reaction conditions, easy work‐up, high yields, and environmental friendliness. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2011).
Synthesis of heterocyclic substituted norcantharidin derivatives
Authors: Deng Liping , Yong Zhang , Tao Weifeng , Shen Jianfeng , Wang Wei
Published: April 2011

Twenty novel norcantharidin derivatives, which were substituted by thiazole ring, were synthesized in a single step by the [3+2] 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reaction with oxime or hydrazone in the presence of chloramine‐T when compared with the conventional method. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2011).
Dose‐ and volume dependent‐response to intramuscular injection of botulinum neurotoxin‐A optimizes muscle force decrement in mice
Authors: Stone Austin V. , Ma Jianjun , Callahan Michael F. , Smith Beth P. , Garrett Jeffrey P. , Smith Thomas L. , Koman L. Andrew
Published: April 2011

Botulinum neurotoxin‐A (BoNTA) is a potent neurotoxin used to alter muscle tone to manage spasticity and to provide tendon bioprotection; however, the appropriate dose and injection volume to administer is not defined. Male mice (n = 120) received BoNTA injections into one gastrocnemius with either a constant volume (10 µl) with a variable dose (1, 3, 6 U/kg) or a constant dose (3 U/kg) in a variable volume (2.5, 5, 10, 20, 30 µl). Electromyographic (EMG) examination, muscle force generation (MFG), and wet muscle mass were measured in the ipsilateral and contralateral limbs at 1, 2, 4, or 12 weeks post‐injection. MFG and EMG responses decreased to approximately 40% of contralateral after a 1 U/kg injection and 0% of contralateral by 3 and 6 U/kg injection at 1 week after injection. Neuromuscular blockade was greatest with a 10 µl injection volume. MFG, EMG examination, and wet muscle mass reached contralateral values 12 weeks after injection for all injection doses and volumes tested. Effective injection doses and volumes were identified for producing full and partial neuromuscular blockade in the mouse gastrocnemius. These findings have important clinical implications in the intramuscular administration of BoNTA to manage muscle tone. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 29:1764–1770, 2011
New age estimates and climatostratigraphic correlations for the Borrobol and Penifiler Tephras: evidence from Abernethy Forest, Scotland
Authors: Matthews I. P. , Birks Hilary H. , Bourne A. J. , Brooks S. J. , Lowe J. J. , MacLeod A. , Pyne‐O'Donnell S. D. F.
Published: April 2011

The emerging tephrostratigraphy of NW Europe spanning the last termination (ca. 15–9 ka) provides the potential for synchronizing marine, ice‐core and terrestrial records, but is currently compromised by stratigraphic complications, geochemical ambiguity and imprecise age estimates for some layers. Here we present new tephrostratigraphic, radiocarbon and chironomid‐based palaeotemperature data from Abernethy Forest, Scotland, that refine the ages and stratigraphic positions of the Borrobol and Penifiler tephras. The Borrobol Tephra (14.14–13.95 cal ka BP) was deposited in a relatively warm period equated with Greenland Interstadial sub‐stage GI‐1e. The younger Penifiler Tephra (14.09–13.65 cal ka BP) is closely associated with a cold oscillation equated with GI‐1d. We also present evidence for a previously undescribed tephra layer that has a major‐element chemical signature identical to the Vedde Ash. It is associated with the warming trend at the end of the Younger Dryas, and dates between 11.79 and 11.20 cal ka BP. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genetic defects in triacylglycerol and cholesterol uptake
Authors: Stanley John
Published: April 2011

Monogenic diseases of triacylglycerol and cholesterol uptake are comparatively rare. However, studying them has brought two benefits. First, studies of these diseases have clarified the different mechanisms whereby triacylglycerols and cholesterol are removed from the circulation. This is important as high circulating concentrations of both lipids are independent risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Second, knowledge of the mechanisms of triacylglycerol and cholesterol uptake has enabled nutritional and pharmaceutical approaches aimed at enhancing uptake to be developed. This has led to the development of statins a highly effective group of cholesterol lowering drugs although similarly effective drugs for lowering triacylglycerol levels have yet to be developed. While the majority of the population has benefited from these developments patients suffering from these monogenic diseases will probably have to await the development of gene therapy for an effective cure of their condition.
Mixed phenotype hepatocellular carcinoma after transarterial chemoembolization and liver transplantation
Authors: Zen Chikako , Zen Yoh , Mitry Ragai R. , Corbeil Denis , Karbanová Jana , O'Grady John , Karani John , Kane Pauline , Heaton Nigel , Portmann Bernard C. , Quaglia Alberto
Published: April 2011

We investigated the phenotype of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in livers removed during transplantation after local ablation therapy by transarterial chemoembolization (TACE). This study involved 80 HCC nodules (40 treated with TACE and 40 not treated with local ablation before transplantation) observed in 64 explanted livers and included clinicopathological evaluations as well as single and double immunohistochemistry and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for cytokeratin 19 (CK19), epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), and CD133. HCCs with complete necrosis post-TACE without viable tumors were excluded from the analysis. Cholangiolar, glandular, or spindle cell areas suggestive of a mixed hepatocholangiocellular phenotype were seen in 14 post-TACE HCCs and in none of the non-TACE HCCs (P < 0.001). According to single-epitope immunohistochemistry of post-TACE HCCs, CD133, CK19, EpCAM, and NCAM were expressed in 14 (35%), 8 (20%), 12 (30%), and 8 (20%), respectively. Only EpCAM was detected in 4 non-TACE HCC cases (10%). RT-PCR experiments using tissues obtained by laser microdissection showed that 4 of 5 investigated post-TACE HCCs expressed at least 1 of the markers, which were coexpressed in 3 of 5 tumors, whereas CD133 and EpCAM were individually expressed in 2 non-TACE HCCs. Double immunostaining showed that CD133+ cells frequently coexpressed CK19, EpCAM, or NCAM. Interestingly, the recurrence rate for patients with CD133+ post-TACE HCC was significantly higher than the rate for patients with CD133− post-TACE HCC (P = 0.025). In conclusion, HCC with the combined hepatocholangiocellular phenotype appears to be more frequent in post-TACE HCC versus untreated HCC. Further studies are needed to investigate the potential relationships between TACE and HCC subpopulations with a chemoembolization-resistant phenotype and their clinical significance. Liver Transpl 17:943–954, 2011. © 2011 AASLD.
Synthesis, Thermal‐Induced Phase Separation, and Solvent‐Induced Switching Behavior of Novel Ionic Polymer Based on Sulfonated Poly(Ethylene‐co‐Vinyl Alcohol) for Li Ion Recovery
Authors: Ko Young Gun , Lee Dong Seong , Lee Gil Sun , Choi Ung Su , Park Yong Sung , Yoo Ki Pung
Published: April 2011

The synthesis of ionic polymer, its solvent‐induced switching behavior, the fabrication of membranes with the thermal‐induced phase separation method (TIPS), and Li+ adsorption isotherm on the membranes are described. The polymer membranes prepared with TIPS method show various textures with polymer concentrations. The adsorption isotherm curves of Li+ on PEVSA samples show that good adsorption capacity is shown at high pH values, according to the S‐shape of the adsorption isotherm. The ionic polymer film displays the different wettability and morphology after treatments in DI water, dichloromethane, and toluene, and its solvent‐induced surface properties are reversible corresponding to solvents.

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Electromagnetism as a means for understanding materials mechanics phenomena in magnetic materials
Authors: Boller C. , Altpeter I. , Dobmann G. , Rabung M. , Schreiber J. , Szielasko K. , Tschuncky R.
Published: April 2011

Electromagnetic properties are an interesting means for monitoring a variety of materials' mechanical properties in ferro‐ and paramagnetic materials non‐destructively. Those properties include uni‐ und multi‐axial stress states as well as plasticity and fatigue damage and can be measured at macro‐ as well as at microscopic scales, depending on what measurement equipment will be used. The article describes the general electromagnetic phenomena to be considered as well as the equipment to be used before presenting a variety of different experimental results from which the materials mechanical properties mentioned above can be directly derived being an ideal means for monitoring the health of any magnetic metallic structure.
Clinical and molecular characterization of limb‐girdle muscular dystrophy due to LAMA2 mutations
Authors: Gavassini Bruno F. , Carboni Nicola , Nielsen Jørgen E. , Danielsen Else R. , Thomsen Carsten , Svenstrup Kirsten , Bello Luca , Maioli Maria Antonietta , Marrosu Giovanni , Ticca Anna Filomena , Mura Marco , Marrosu Maria Giovanna , Soraru Gianni , Angelini Corrado , Vissing John , Pegoraro Elena
Published: April 2011

Introduction:

In this study we describe the clinical and molecular characteristics of limb‐girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD) due to LAMA2 mutations.

Methods:

Five patients clinically diagnosed with LGMD and showing brain white matter hyperintensities on MRI were evaluated using laminin α2 genetic and protein testing.

Results:

The patients had slowly progressive, mild muscular dystrophy with various degrees of CNS involvement. Epilepsy was observed in 2, and subtle symptoms of CNS involvement (mild deficit in executive functions and low IQ scores) were noted in 3 patients. Novel LAMA2 mutations were identified in all patients. The amount of laminin α2 protein in the muscle biopsies ranged from trace to about 50% compared with controls.

Conclusions:

This study represents the largest series of LGMD laminin α2–deficient patients and expands the clinical phenotype associated with LAMA2 mutations. The findings suggest that brain MRI could be included in the diagnostic work‐up of patients with undiagnosed LGMD. Muscle Nerve, 2011
Exercise training improves the soleus muscle morphology in experimental diabetic nerve regeneration
Authors: Malysz Tais , Ilha Jocemar , Severo do Nascimento Patrícia , Faccioni‐Heuser Maria Cristina , De Angelis Kátia , D'agord Schaan Beatriz , Achaval Matilde
Published: April 2011

Introduction:

In this study we evaluate the effects of exercise training (10 weeks) on soleus muscle morphology in diabetic nerve regeneration after injury by sciatic nerve crush.

Methods:

Wistar rats were assigned to either a non‐diabetic (n = 6), non‐diabetic injured (n = 6), diabetic (n = 6), diabetic injured (DC; n = 9), or trained diabetic injured group (TDC; n = 7). Muscle transverse sections were used for morphometric and ultrastructural analyses.

Results:

Higher fiber density and smaller average myofiber area were observed in the DC and TDC (P < 0.05) groups compared with the other groups. This atrophic pattern was partially reversed in TDC. There was misalignment of the sarcomeres and structural alterations in the blood vessels, sarcolemma, nucleus, and mitochondria in the DC animals. The myofibers and blood vessels had a similar normal appearance in the TDC group. In addition, polyribosomes, rough sarcoplasmic reticulum, developed Golgi apparatus, and new myofibrils were observed.

Conclusions:

Sciatic nerve injury was found to promote soleus muscle atrophy and ultrastructural alterations in experimental diabetic nerve regeneration, which were partially reversed by exercise training. Muscle Nerve, 2011
Safety and efficacy of tandem 131I‐metaiodobenzylguanidine infusions in relapsed/refractory neuroblastoma
Authors: Johnson Kelsey , McGlynn Barbara , Saggio Jennifer , Baniewicz Diane , Zhuang Hongming , Maris John M. , Mosse Yael P.
Published: April 2011

Background

Targeted radiotherapy with 131I‐Metaiodobenzylguanidine (131I‐MIBG) is safe and effective therapy for patients with relapsed neuroblastoma, but anti‐tumor activity is sometimes transient. The goal of this study was to determine the safety and efficacy of early (<100 days) second 131I‐MIBG treatment following an effective initial treatment.

Procedures

After an initial infusion of 18 mCi/kg 131I‐MIBG, patients with tumor response or stable disease (SD), and available hematopoietic stem cell product, were eligible for additional 131I‐MIBG therapy. Residual thrombocytopenia did not preclude patients from receiving additional treatment. Subsequent treatment was administered a minimum of 6 weeks and maximum 100 days from initial infusion, and subjects could receive subsequent therapy if the same criteria were met.

Results

Seventy‐six heavily pretreated patients (median 4 prior chemotherapy regimens, range 1–8) with relapsed neuroblastoma were treated with 131I‐MIBG. Response rate to the first infusion was 30%, with 49% showing SD. Response rate among the 41 patients receiving a subsequent second infusion was 29%. After two treatments, 39% of patients experienced a reduction in overall disease burden. Four of five complete responses (CRs) to the initial infusion were maintained, despite all five having disease readily apparent on immediate post‐second treatment 131I‐MIBG scanning. Hematologic toxicity was managed with early PBSC support after the second therapy (median: 15 days).

Conclusions

Early second 131I‐MIBG safely reduces disease burden in patients with relapsed neuroblastoma. Patients with CR by conventional 123I‐MIBG scintigraphy may have substantial disease burden apparent on high‐dose 131I‐MIBG scintigraphy, supporting consolidation with subsequent 131I‐MIBG therapy in cases of apparent complete remission. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011; 57: 1124–1129. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.