bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DAU‐Net: An unsupervised 3D brain MRI registration model with dual‐attention mechanism
Authors: Yang Tiejun , Bai Xinhao , Cui Xiaojuan , Gong Yuehong , Li Lei
Published: September 2022

Medical image registration plays an important role in clinical treatment. However, the convolution‐based registration frameworks fail to address the local excessive deformation between images. Furthermore, the folding point in the displacement vector field (DVF) reduces the reliability of registration results. In this study, we propose a dual‐attention mechanism‐based U‐shaped registration framework (dubbed DAU‐Net). Firstly, the multi‐scale attention mechanism is introduced to extract the long‐range dependence to deal with the local excessive deformation. Then, the channel attention mechanism is proposed to enhance the information fusion between channels, which not only fuses the features between different layers in the dual‐attention network but also improves the non‐linear mapping ability of the registration network. In the end, the objective function with the folding penalty regularization term is designed to improve the smoothness of the DVF. The model is evaluated on LPBA40 and Mindboggle101 open datasets. The registration accuracy in LPBA40 and Mindboggle101 datasets has been increased by 2.9% and 3.1%, respectively, while the folding rate is reduced by nearly 40 times compared with VoxelMorph. Combined multi‐scale attention mechanism with channel attention mechanism, the registration accuracy of DAU‐Net is improved. By utilizing the folding penalty regularization term, the folding rate is decreased significantly.
Deep eutectic solvent‐based gel electrolytes for flexible electrochromic devices with excellent high/low temperature durability
Authors: Sun Peiyan , Chen Jian , Li Yaowu , Tang Xueqing , Sun Hongzhao , Song Ge , Mu Xinyang , Zhang Taoyang , Zha Xiuling , Li Feifan , Gao Yanfeng , Cong Shan , Zhao Zhigang
Published: September 2022

With the increasing interest in the application of electrochromism to flexible and wearable electronics in recent years, flexible electrochromic devices (ECDs) that can function at extreme temperatures are required. However, the functionalities of flexible ECDs are severely hampered by the inadequate choice of electrolytes, which might ultimately result in performance fading during low‐ and high‐temperature operations. Here, we develop a deep eutectic solvent (DES)‐based gel electrolyte that can maintain its optical, electrical, and mechanical properties over a wide range of temperatures (−40 to 150°C), exhibiting an extremely high visible‐range transmittance over 90%, ion conductivity of 0.63 mS cm−1, and fracture strain exceeding 2000%. Owing to the excellent processability of the DES‐based electrolytes, provided by dynamic interactions such as the lithium and hydrogen bonding between the DES and polymer matrix, a directly written patterning in ECDs is realized for the first time. The fabricated ECDs exhibit an excellent electrochromic behavior superior to the behavior of the ECDs fabricated with traditional gel electrolytes. The introduction of such DES‐based electrolytes is expected to pave the way for a widespread application of electrochromic products.

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Search, technology choice, and unemployment
Authors: Angyridis Constantine , Zhou Haiwen
Published: September 2022

Technology variations among countries account for a significant part of their income differences. In this paper, a firm's technology choice is embedded in a search theoretic framework for unemployment. More advanced technology is assumed to have a higher setup cost, but it is more productive. The model is tractable and the following results are derived analytically. An increase in the unemployment benefit leads to an increase in the equilibrium wage rate, giving an incentive to firms to choose a more advanced technology. Thus, this result regarding unemployment insurance in models with wage posting carries through with Nash bargaining as well. As a consequence, the equilibrium unemployment rate increases. Furthermore, an increase in the bargaining power of workers increases the unemployment rate but has an ambiguous impact on the equilibrium level of technology and the wage rate. Finally, an increase in the exogenous job separation rate or the interest rate increases the unemployment rate and decreases the wage rate but does not affect the equilibrium level of technology.
Contraceptive implant use duration is not associated with breakthrough pregnancy among women living with HIV and using efavirenz: a retrospective, longitudinal analysis
Authors: Stalter Randy M. , Amorim Gustavo , Mocello A. Rain , Jakait Beatrice , Shepherd Bryan E. , Musick Beverly , Bernard Caitlin , Bukusi Elizabeth A. , Wools‐Kaloustian Kara , Cohen Craig R. , Yiannoutsos Constantin T. , Patel Rena C. ,   the Implant/Efavirenz Study Group and the East Africa IeDEA regional consortium
Published: September 2022

Introduction

Contraceptive implants containing etonogestrel and levonorgestrel have emerged as popular contraceptive options among women in areas of high HIV burden in sub‐Saharan Africa. However, recent pharmacokinetic data have shown drug–drug interactions between implants and efavirenz‐containing antiretroviral therapy (ART), reducing the effectiveness of the implants. Here, we evaluated pregnancy incidence in 6‐month intervals following implant initiation among women using efavirenz and contraceptive implants to assess whether the risk of breakthrough pregnancy is higher after specific periods of implant use.

Methods

We used data from a retrospective longitudinal analysis of women living with HIV ages 18–45 years in western Kenya who attended HIV‐care facilities between 2011 and 2015. We used Cox proportional hazard models to compute hazard ratios (HRs) for breakthrough pregnancy by implant type and ART regimen. Depending on the model, we adjusted for socio‐demographic and clinical factors, programme, site and interaction between calendar time and ART regimen. We utilized inverse probability weights (IPWs) to account for three sampling phases (electronic medical record [EMR], chart review and phone interview) and calculated overall parameter estimates.

Results

Women contributed 14,768 woman‐years from the largest sampling phase (EMR). The median age was 31 years. Women used etonogestrel implants for 26–69% of the time and levonorgestrel implants for 7–31% of the time, depending on the sampling phase. Women used efavirenz, nevirapine or no ART for 27–33%, 40–46% and 15–26% of follow‐ups, respectively. When combining sampling phases, there was little evidence to suggest that the relative hazard of pregnancy among efavirenz‐containing ART users relative to nevirapine‐containing ART changed with length of time on implants: IPW‐adjusted HR of 3.1 (CI: [1.5; 6.4]) at 12 months, 3.4 (CI: [1.8; 6.3]) at 24 months, 3.8 (CI: [1.9; 7.7]) at 36 months and 4.2 (CI: [1.6; 11.1]) at 48 months (interaction p‐value = 0.88). Similarly, no significant change in HRs over time was found when comparing women not using ART to nevirapine‐containing ART users (interaction p‐value = 0.49).

Conclusions

We did not find evidence to suggest implants being more fallible from drug–drug interactions with efavirenz at later time intervals of implant use. Thus, we would not recommend shortening the duration of implant use or replacing implants sooner when concomitantly used with efavirenz.
Rectal MRI Interpretation After Neoadjuvant Therapy
Authors: Horvat Natally , El Homsi Maria , Miranda Joao , Mazaheri Yousef , Gollub Marc J. , Paroder Viktoriya
Published: September 2022

In recent years, several key advances in the management of locally advanced rectal cancer have been made, including the implementation of total mesorectal excision as the standard surgical approach; use of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in selected patients with a high risk of local recurrence, and finally, adoption of organ preservation strategies, through either local excision or nonoperative management in selected patients with clinical complete response following neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. This review aims to shed light on the role of rectal MRI in the assessment of treatment response after neoadjuvant therapy, which is especially important given the growing feasibility of nonoperative management. First, an overview of current neoadjuvant therapies and response assessment based on digital rectal examination, endoscopy, and MRI will be provided. Second, the use of a high‐quality restaging rectal MRI protocol will be presented. Third, a step‐by‐step approach to assessing treatment response on restaging rectal MRI following neoadjuvant treatment will be outlined, acknowledging challenges faced by radiologists during MRI interpretation. Finally, research related to response assessment will be discussed.

Level of Evidence

4

Technical Efficacy

Stage 3
SARS‐CoV‐2 IgG “heritage” in newborn: A credit of maternal natural infection
Authors: Marchi Laura , Vidiri Annalisa , Fera Emanuele Arturo , Pallottini Marta , Perelli Federica , Gardelli Monica , Brunelli Tamara , Poggetto Paolo Dal , Martelli Elena , Straface Gianluca , Signore Fabrizio , Fusco Ismaele , Vasarri Pier Luigi , Scambia Giovanni , Cavaliere Anna Franca
Published: September 2022

Description of transplacental passage of specific SARS‐CoV‐2 IgG from mothers who contracted natural infection to their newborns. Retrospective cohort analysis including pregnant women diagnosed with SARS‐CoV‐2 and their newborns both tested for SARS‐CoV‐2 specific IgG and IgM with antibody titration at delivery. Nasopharyngeal swab were taken from both mothers and neonates, and tested for SARS‐CoV‐2 using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). IgM and IgG were analyzed in maternal and neonatal serum of 143 mother−infant dyads. 86% of women with a positive SARS‐CoV‐2 PCR >14 days before delivery developed specific IgG and 84% of their infants showed transplacental passage of IgG. Pregnant women infected with SARS‐CoV‐2 achieve antibody seroconversion following the kinetics described in the general population, and transplacental transfer of IgG specific antibodies occurs. No conclusion can be drawn on passive immunity efficacy or duration.
The protective effect of quinoa on the gastric mucosal injury induced by absolute ethanol
Authors: Wang Yansheng , Liu Xinnan , Liang Lipeng , Zhu Yanru , Zhang Jingze , Luo Lifei , Wang Ping , Liu Dailin
Published: September 2022

BACKGROUND

Gastric mucosal injury caused by ethanol is a common gastrointestinal disease. Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), as a nutrient‐rich grain, plays a significant role in preventing and treating gastric mucosal damage. The present study aimed to explore the protective effect of quinoa on alcohol‐induced gastric mucosal damage and its possible mechanism.

RESULTS

The ethanol‐induced gastric mucosal injury rat model was used for in vivo experiments and H2O2‐induced GES‐1 cells for in vitro experiments to elucidate the protective effect of quinoa. The results show that quinoa water extract can increase the superoxide dismutase level and decrease the malondialdehyde level in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, quinoa also reduced the bleeding point and bleeding area in rats with ethanol‐induced gastric mucosal injury and improved gastric histopathological changes. H2O2 significantly increased the levels of inflammatory factors in GES‐1 cells, which were markedly ameliorated by quinoa water extract. Likewise, quinoa water extract regulated the protein expression levels of Nrf2, Keap1, HO‐1, p‐IKK, and p‐NF‐κB through Nrf2 and nuclear factor‐κB signaling pathways, reducing the production of oxidative stress and inflammation, thereby repairing the damaged gastric mucosa.

CONCLUSION

The findings of this study demonstrated that quinoa shows protective effect against ethanol‐induced gastric mucosal injury through its anti‐inflammatory and anti‐oxidant effects. We propose that our research will provide a reference for quinoa as a functional food. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Comb and Branch‐on‐Branch Model Polystyrenes with Exceptionally High Strain Hardening Factor SHF > 1000 and Their Impact on Physical Foaming
Authors: Faust Lorenz , Röpert Marie‐Christin , Esfahani Masood K. , Abbasi Mahdi , Hirschberg Valerian , Wilhelm Manfred
Published: September 2022

The influence of topology on the strain hardening in uniaxial elongation is investigated using monodisperse comb and dendrigraft model polystyrenes (PS) synthesized via living anionic polymerization. A backbone with a molecular weight of Mw,bb = 310 kg mol−1 is used for all materials, while a number of 100 short (SCB, Mw,scb = 15 kg mol−1) or long chain branches (LCB, Mw,lcb = 40 kg mol−1) are grafted onto the backbone. The synthesized LCB comb serves as precursor for the dendrigraft‐type branch‐on‐branch (bob) structures to add a second generation of branches (SCB, Mw,scb ≈ 14 kg mol−1) that is varied in number from 120 to 460. The SCB and LCB combs achieve remarkable strain hardening factors (SHF) of around 200 at strain rates greater than 0.1 s−1. In contrast, the bob PS reach exceptionally high SHF of 1750 at very low strain rates of 0.005 s−1 using a tilted sample placement to extend the maximum Hencky strain from 4 to 6. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, SHF this high have never been reported for polymer melts. Furthermore, the batch foaming with CO2 is investigated and the volume expansions of the resulting polymer foams are correlated to the uniaxial elongational properties.
A stripline hybrid dual‐capacitively loaded SIW resonator and its filter implementation
Authors: Jing Huaishu , Zhang Yonghong , Qu Lili , Jing Shouzhao , Liu Jiawei , Bo Xiaole
Published: September 2022

A stripline hybrid dual‐capacitively loaded (DCL) substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) resonator is proposed and analyzed in this letter. First, the fundamental mode (TE101) and two higher order modes (TE102 and TE201) are shifted lower through the capacitive perturbation effect. Extra Striplines are then integrated with the proposed DCL triple‐mode resonator to generate transmission zeros both below and above the passband. Subsequently, the proposed stripline hybrid DCL SIW resonator is used to design an example fourth‐order filter with three transmission zeros. A step‐by‐step design guideline is then summarized under specified filter performance. Finally, to verify the proposed design method, an example fourth‐order bandpass filter at 5.5 GHz with an improved lower rejection band is designed, fabricated, and measured. The measured results indicate that this filter has the advantages of compact size, good selectivity, and easy three‐dimensional integration.
Quasi‐experimental quantitative study of training programme for nurses and midwives regarding provision of neonatal resuscitation in selected governmental hospital, (Sudan), 2018
Authors: Gidam Namarig Nasraldin , Abdelgair Widad Ibrahim
Published: September 2022

Aims

To measure the effectiveness of educational programmes for nurses regarding knowledge and practice of advanced resuscitation for newborn infants.

Design

This is a quasi‐experimental study in (Sudan, White Nile state), to evaluate the effectiveness of designed guidelines regarding advanced neonatal resuscitation for midwives during the period November 2020–January 2021.

Methods

Data were collected using two tools: semi‐structured questionnaire and checklist. The number of the respondents to the questionnaire is 75 nurses. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS (version 22). Data were expressed as percentages. The results show that the level of knowledge is improved significantly after training programme interventions, with safe practice reaching (98.70%) compared with a pre‐test percentage of (11.5%). This indicates a steep rise in safe practice after the simulation section, a sharp decrease in unsafe practice after the practical section, followed by subsequent decrease in neonatal mortality rate. This paper has been guided by (STROBE, cohort study) checklist.

Results

The study concluded that the majority of nurses and midwives have some knowledge regarding advanced neonatal resuscitation but still, there is a practice gap because of a shortage of facilities and lack of training, However, training programmes do add value on knowledge and practice for nurses and eventually decrease neonatal mortality rate.
The real experience with women's hysterectomy: A meta‐synthesis of qualitative research evidence
Authors: Li Na , Shen Chen , Wang Rao , Chu Zhiping
Published: September 2022

Aim

The aim of this meta‐synthesis was to identify and synthesize qualitative research evaluating the real feelings, inner needs and emotional experience of women undergoing hysterectomy.

Design

Meta‐synthesis.

Methods

The PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, Embase, Ovid Medline and Sino Med were systematically searched until November 2021 and updated until June 2022. Two reviewers independently extracted data into a Microsoft Excel sheet. Qualitative meta‐synthesis was performed by coding relevant citations, organizing codes into descriptive themes and developing analytical themes.

Results

Qualitative meta‐synthesis yielded three themes and nine sub‐themes: comprehensive consideration before hysterectomy (a. disease factors; b. fertility factors; c. opinions of others); emotions and experience after hysterectomy (a. postoperative physical condition; b. psychological resilience to the loss of the uterus; c. changes in the couple's relationship); coping strategies (a. self‐denial and avoidance; b. change of perception and self‐adjustment; c. seek help from others).
Self‐esteem and learning dynamics in nursing students: An existential‐phenomenological study
Authors: Dancot Jacinthe , Pétré Benoît , Voz Bernard , Detroz Pascal , Gagnayre Rémi , Triffaux Jean‐Marc , Guillaume Michèle
Published: September 2022

Aim

To describe nursing student self‐esteem changes over time and its impacts on learning strategies.

Design

Existential phenomenology.

Methods

Interviews were conducted in Spring 2018 in a purposive sample of 39 nursing students, exploring events critical to self‐esteem and their impacts. Transcriptions were analysed descriptively and interpretatively to decipher the process that links self‐esteem, events and learning behaviour.

Results

What led to self‐esteem changes were “relationships with nurses during internships” and “receiving evaluations.” The students interpreted events and drew conclusions about their aptitude for nursing, which in turn prompted proactive or defensive learning behaviours. Their interpretations both depended on their self‐esteem and impacted it, in a vicious or virtuous circle. Exploring self‐esteem allows a better understanding of the importance of students' relationships with nursing teams, and of some of their defensive behaviours. Understanding the role of nursing student self‐esteem in the learning process could help improve student well‐being and competence.
Preprints in Chemistry: a Research Team's Journey**
Authors: Ciriminna Rosaria , Pagliaro Mario
Published: September 2022

The benefits of publishing research papers first in preprint form are substantial and long‐lasting also in chemistry. Recounting the outcomes of our team's nearly six‐year journey through preprint publishing, we show evidence that preprinting research substantially benefits both early career and senior researchers in today's highly interdisciplinary chemical research. These findings are of general value, as shown by analyzing the case of four more research teams based in economically developed and developing countries.
Factors associated with health‐related quality of life in long‐stay inpatients with chronic schizophrenia
Authors: Oyama Hiroko , Oda Kouichi , Matsuo Ryu
Published: September 2022

Aim

Few studies have investigated the health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) in long‐stay inpatients with chronic schizophrenia in Japan. This study aimed to clarify the factors associated with HRQoL among these patients.

Methods

Out of 238 patients with chronic schizophrenia admitted to three hospitals, 101 inpatients provided informed consent to participate in the study. The patients' HRQoL was assessed using two instruments: the EuroQol 5 dimensions (EQ‐5D) as a generic index and the Subjective Well‐being Under Neuroleptic Treatment Scale, Japanese Version (SWNS‐J) as a disease‐specific index. We examined the factors associated with these HRQoL indices using multiple linear regression models.

Results

The patients' mean age was 62.9 years, and 51.5% were female. The mean (standard deviation) EQ‐5D score and SWNS‐J total score were 0.776 (0.177) and 83.5 (16.5), respectively. Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that the EQ‐5D score was significantly and negatively associated with the female sex, benzodiazepine use, and Drug‐Induced Extrapyramidal Symptoms Scale scores. In contrast, the SWNS‐J total score was significantly and negatively associated with first‐generation antipsychotics use, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale scores, Drug‐Induced Extrapyramidal Symptoms Scale scores, and Global Assessment of Functioning scale scores.

Conclusion

This study identified the factors associated with two HRQoL indices among long‐stay inpatients with chronic schizophrenia in Japan. Although the analyses showed differences in the associated factors between the generic EQ‐5D and the disease‐specific SWNS‐J, extrapyramidal symptoms as adverse effects of antipsychotic treatment were found to be associated with both indices.
Investigating teachers' job satisfaction, stress and working environment: The roles of self‐efficacy and school leadership
Authors: Jentsch Armin , Hoferichter Frances , Blömeke Sigrid , König Johannes , Kaiser Gabriele
Published: September 2022

This study investigates the relations between working environment and teachers' job satisfaction, perceived work‐related stress, as well as work‐related self‐efficacy. The sample consisted of 226 mathematics teachers from German secondary schools. About 55% were female and they had been teaching for 13 years on average. We used self‐reported measures to assess how teachers perceived their working environment (regarding autonomy, feedback, and social support by colleagues), administrative leadership and teachers' work‐related self‐efficacy, as well as job satisfaction and work‐related stress. Structural equation modeling demonstrates that teachers' job satisfaction and stress were significantly associated with self‐efficacy (moderate to large effects) and an administrative leadership at the corresponding schools (small to moderate effects). The effect of social support on teachers' job satisfaction and stress was fully mediated by teachers' self‐efficacy. Our findings underscore the importance of self‐efficacy and a positive working environment for teachers' job satisfaction and stress.
Symptom phenotypes in pulmonary arterial hypertension: The PAH “symptome”
Authors: Matura Lea Ann , Fargo Jamison D. , Boyle Kathleen , Fritz Jason S. , Smith Kerri A. , Mazurek Jeremy A. , Pinder Diane , Archer‐Chicko Christine L. , Palevsky Harold I. , Pack Allan I. , Sommers Marilyn S. , Kawut Steven M.
Published: September 2022

Women with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) experience multiple symptoms, including dyspnea, fatigue, and sleep disturbance, that impair their health‐related quality of life (HRQOL). However, we know little about phenotypic subgroups of patients with PAH with similar, concurrent, multiple symptoms. The objectives of this study were to define the “symptome” by symptom cluster phenotypes and compare characteristics such as biomarkers, cardiac structure and function (echocardiography), functional capacity (6‐min walk distance), and HRQOL between the groups. This cross‐sectional study included 60 women with PAH. Subjects completed an assessment battery: Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Symptom Scale, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Multidimensional Dyspnea Profile, Patient‐Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS®) Physical Function, PROMIS® Sleep‐Related Impairment, and the emPHasis‐10. Subjects also underwent transthoracic echocardiography, phlebotomy, 6‐min walk distance, and actigraphy. The three symptoms of dyspnea, fatigue, and sleep disturbance were used to define the symptom clusters. Other PAH symptoms, plasma and serum biomarkers, cardiac structure and function (echocardiography), exercise capacity (6‐min walk distance), sleep (actigraphy), and HRQOL were compared across phenotypes. The mean age was 50 ± 18 years, 51% were non‐Hispanic white, 32% were non‐Hispanic Black and 40% had idiopathic PAH. Cluster analysis identified Mild (n = 28, 47%), Moderate (n = 20, 33%), and Severe Symptom Cluster Phenotypes (n = 12, 20%). There were no differences for age, race, or PAH etiology between the phenotypes. WHO functional class (p < 0.001), norepinephrine levels (p = 0.029), right atrial pressure (p = 0.001), physical function (p < 0.001), sleep onset latency (p = 0.040), and HRQOL (p < 0.001) all differed significantly across phenotypes. We identified three distinctive symptom cluster phenotypes (Mild, Moderate, and Severe) for women with PAH that also differed by PAH‐related symptoms, physical function, right atrial pressure, norepinephrine levels, and HRQOL. These phenotypes could suggest targeted interventions to improve symptoms and HRQOL in those most severely affected.
Differential diagnoses of calcified nodules in pulmonary amyloidosis: A case report
Authors: Miura Hiroyuki , Miura Jun , Goto Shinichi , Yamamoto Tomoko
Published: September 2022

Key message

Pulmonary amyloidosis should be included in the differential diagnosis of calcified lung nodules, and more careful preparation for bleeding should be taken when performing bronchoscopy. While management does not require aggressive treatment, follow‐up is necessary to monitor for multiple myeloma and malignant lymphoma
Design and analysis of a wall‐climbing robot for passive adaptive movement on variable‐curvature metal facades
Authors: Jiang Ze , Ma Zhe , Ju Zhongjin , Wang Dianzheng , Xu Yundou
Published: September 2022

To facilitate the safe adsorption and stable motion of robots on curved metal surfaces, a wall‐climbing robot with a wheeled‐type mobile mechanism that can passively self‐adapt to walls with different curvature is proposed. The robot is composed of two relatively independent passive adaptive mobile mechanisms and overrunning permanent magnetic adsorption devices to achieve effective fitting of the driving wheels to the wall surface and adaptive surface motion. The overall design is based on a double‐hinged connection scheme and gap‐type permanent magnetic adsorption. The minimum adsorption force required for the robot to achieve stable climbing motion with no risk of slipping or capsizing is determined by developing a static analysis model. The effects of air‐gap size and wall thickness on the adsorption force are analyzed by means of magnetic circuit design studies and parametric simulations on the permanent magnet adsorption device, as well as design optimization of the permanent magnet device. The motion performance test of the fabricated prototype shows that the robot can achieve adaptive curvature motion with self‐attitude adjustment, and has a certain load capacity, obstacle crossing capability, and good surface adaptivity.
The effects of glucose addition and water table manipulation on peat quality of drained peatland forests with different management practices
Authors: Aaltonen Heidi , Zhu Xudan , Khatun Rikta , Laurén Annamari (Ari) , Palviainen Marjo , Könönen Mari , Peltomaa Elina , Berninger Frank , Köster Kajar , Ojala Anne , Pumpanen Jukka
Published: September 2022

Peatlands are globally significant C storage because waterlogged conditions slow down organic matter (OM) decomposition. Changes in the water table (WT) because of global warming or drainage, consecutive vegetation succession, and enhanced root exudation causing priming may transform peatlands from C sinks to sources. We studied how glucose addition, WT, and forest harvesting affect the chemical composition of peat and decomposition rate by incubating peat columns collected from drained clear‐cut (CC) and forested (FD) peatlands. Columns were divided into high or low WT, and half were labeled with 13C to study the priming effect on peat decomposition and peat chemical quality. We measured CO2 fluxes, peat OM, and water quality. There was no detectable priming effect after glucose addition. Lowering of the WT led to increased CO2 efflux, which during the measurements averaged between 39 and 291 μg m–2 s–1. Low WT also decreased the proportion of water‐soluble OM in CC areas but not in FD areas. The proportion of recalcitrant OM in surface peat was higher in forest than in clear cut. Forest management also affected the quality of dissolved OM in soil water, with CC showing higher concentrations of recalcitrant compounds. Decomposition and OM quality were governed by forest management practices and WT manipulation. In the future, the C sink capacity of forested peatlands will be regulated by changes in WT level, forest management, and quality of OM.
Path to sustainable development: Does digital economy matter in manufacturing green total factor productivity?
Authors: Hao Xiaoli , Wang Xinhui , Wu Haitao , Hao Yu
Published: September 2022

In the context of the outbreak of the COVID‐19 pandemic and China's “digital power” strategy, the realization of a green shift of manufacturing has become a necessary condition to promote the economy, and the digital factor has increasingly become a new driving force. The DEA‐Malmquist index and entropy method were used to measure the manufacturing green total factor productivity (GTFP) and the level of digital economy level from 2011 to 2018, respectively. This study then explored the impact of digital economy on manufacturing GTFP based on the system generalized method of moments (GMM) model, as well as the adjustment effects of talent aggregation and financial scale according to the moderating model. This research came to four conclusions. (1) The digital economy can significantly improve the manufacturing GTFP of China, and the influence shows the characteristic of a “marginal increase”; (2) notably, the perspective of manufacturing GTFP decomposition indicates that the digital economy exerts a significant positive effect on manufacturing technical efficiency during the current period but obviously hinders technical progress; (3) interestingly, a mechanistic test showed that the two dimensions of innovation environment—talent aggregation (0.385) and financial scale (0.359)—play critical moderating roles in the influencing process; and (4) the influence has evident regional heterogeneity—it is significantly positive in the east and negative in the central region and west. Finally, corresponding policy suggestions are suggested.
Temperature Effect on Formation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Acetylene Pyrolysis
Authors: Gao He , Tang Hao
Published: September 2022

The detailed chemical reaction mechanism of high temperature pyrolysis is constructed through the comparison of various current reaction mechanisms and sub‐models. This mechanism can better predict the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Through path analysis, the interrelationship of the growth mechanisms of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons is expounded. And the important contribution pathways of five‐membered/six‐membered rings at high temperatures are investigated. Through component flux analysis and sensitivity analysis, the results show that the main formation path of the external five‐membered ring is the acetylene addition of naphthalene. Its stability decreases with increasing temperature and is the main introduction route of molecular curvature during low temperature pyrolysis. However, the embedded five‐membered ring obtained by benzene cycloaddition is less affected by temperature and is the most important chemical reaction process introduced by high temperature molecular curvature. The hydrogen abstraction acetylene addition mechanism still plays a dominant role at different temperatures and is a classical pathway for the formation of six‐membered rings. By cooperating with multiple reaction mechanisms, the formation mechanism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at different temperatures can be well predicted.
Computational Studies on Antibody Drug Conjugates (ADCs) for Precision Oncology
Authors: Srivastava Ruby
Published: September 2022

After decades of technological research, the basic understanding of Antibody‐drug conjugates (ADCs) has resulted in the development of therapeutic agents for cancer patients. In this work, we have studied the mechanism of only nine FDA‐approved ADCs (Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2021;18(6):327‐344) by computational methods, while many more ADCs are in preclinical and clinical development. The biological and Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) risk prediction for cytotoxic payloads is estimated to predict their bioavailability as drugs for the treatment of cancer patients. Other potential targets for the cytotoxic payloads are accessed by SwissTargetPrediction. Docking for the optimized structures of drugs and linkers are carried out by AutoDock tools. CABS‐flex 2.0 web server is used for Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations of antigens and antibodies (IgG1, IgG4) and potential binding pockets for antibodies are searched by the PrankWeb server. HDOCK web server is used to find the docking of (Antigens‐ Antibodies‐ (linker‐payloads)) complexes. Protein‐ligand interaction profiler (PLIP) web server is used to find the noncovalent interactions in ADCs. Results indicated higher toxicity for the studied payloads, yet drug likeliness is observed for all studied cytotoxic payloads. The predicted targets for the payloads are mostly phosphodiesterase and protease electrochemical transporter. Strong Hydrogen bond Interactions have been observed for the ADCs. The cytotoxic payloads showed a specific binding location for the target antigens. Hopefully, these studies will help to improve the design patterns and facilitate the optimal allocation of ADCs for precision oncology in the future.
Synthesis of Thiosulfonates by I2/TBHP‐mediated the Ring‐opening/coupling Reaction of Benzothiazole
Authors: Chen Tianpeng , Tao Yuhui , Wu Ziliang , Xu Xiaoliang , Cheng Dongping
Published: September 2022

A novel I2/TBHP (tert‐Butyl hydroperoxide)‐mediated the ring‐opening/coupling reaction of benzothiazole with sulfonyl hydrazides is disclosed. Various aryl, heteraryl and alkyl sulfonyl hydrazides are applied for the reaction and the corresponding thiosulfonates are obtained in moderate to good yields. It provides a mild and convenient way for the synthesis of thiosulfonates.
A Triple Therapeutic Strategy with Antiexosomal Iron Efflux for Enhanced Ferroptosis Therapy and Immunotherapy
Authors: Wang Yu , Chen Qinjun , Song Haolin , Zhang Yiwen , Chen Hongyi , Liu Peixin , Sun Tao , Jiang Chen
Published: September 2022

Ferroptosis is a form of regulated cell death which can not only kill tumor cells but also enhance immunogenicity of tumor cells, and it is evidenced to be involved in a variety of tumor treatments, especially in cancer immunotherapy. Tumor cell‐derived exosomes are reported to influence the progression and metastasis process of tumors. In the process of ferroptosis, exosomes are also demonstrated as mediators to export iron under high intracellular iron concentration and resist ferroptosis. Under this regard, the combined application of ferroptosis inducer and the inhibitor of iron‐containing exosomes may enhance the ferroptosis. Herein, biocompatible hybrid nanoparticles composed of the iron oxide nanoparticles, polymers with oxaliplatin attached, and siProminin2 are constructed. The siProminin2 mediated exosomal inhibition can restore the intracellular iron concentration, which can also inhibit the secretion of tumor cell‐derived exosomes. The combination of immunotherapy with oxaliplatin, ferroptosis‐based cancer therapy and inhibition of tumor cell‐derived exosomes can enhance the immune activation effects. The nanoparticles represent an excellent triple therapeutic strategy for enhancing ferroptosis‐based cancer therapy and immunotherapy.
Efficiency Potential and Voltage Loss of Inorganic CsPbI2Br Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Grischek Max , Caprioglio Pietro , Zhang Jiahuan , Peña-Camargo Francisco , Sveinbjörnsson Kári , Zu Fengshuo , Menzel Dorothee , Warby Jonathan H. , Li Jinzhao , Koch Norbert , Unger Eva , Korte Lars , Neher Dieter , Stolterfoht Martin , Albrecht Steve
Published: September 2022

Inorganic perovskite solar cells show excellent thermal stability, but the reported power conversion efficiencies are still lower than for organic–inorganic perovskites. This is mainly caused by lower open‐circuit voltages (VOCs). Herein, the reasons for the low VOC in inorganic CsPbI2Br perovskite solar cells are investigated. Intensity‐dependent photoluminescence measurements for different layer stacks reveal that n–i–p and p–i–n CsPbI2Br solar cells exhibit a strong mismatch between quasi‐Fermi level splitting (QFLS) and VOC. Specifically, the CsPbI2Br p–i–n perovskite solar cell has a QFLS–e ·VOC mismatch of 179 meV, compared with 11 meV for a reference cell with an organic–inorganic perovskite of similar bandgap. On the other hand, this study shows that the CsPbI2Br films with a bandgap of 1.9 eV have a very low defect density, resulting in an efficiency potential of 20.3% with a MeO–2PACz hole‐transporting layer and 20.8% on compact TiO2. Using ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy measurements, energy level misalignment is identified as a possible reason for the QFLS–e ·VOC mismatch and strategies for overcoming this VOC limitation are discussed. This work highlights the need to control the interfacial energetics in inorganic perovskite solar cells, but also gives promise for high efficiencies once this issue is resolved.
Microstructure Evolution and Magnetic Properties of a 4.5 wt% Silicon Steel Produced by Twin‐Roll Casting
Authors: Müller Max , Bailly David , Hirt Gerhard
Published: September 2022

Herein, an alloy with 4.5 wt% Si is produced by twin‐roll casting and processed into a crack‐free electrical steel by warm rolling and final annealing. A comprehensive material characterization allows insight into the solidification structure, Si segregation, the microstructure, and texture evolution during the process chain, as well as into the soft magnetic properties of the produced electrical steel. A weak but favorableθ‐fiber is formed by twin‐roll casting and appears again in the final annealed state. Despite the high Si content, this leads to relatively high polarization values. Nevertheless, the expected low iron losses of the Fe–4.5Si alloy cannot be verified, which is probably related to impurities, insufficient flatness, and inhomogeneous grain size distribution.
Creating law to seek information and protect the public, part 6: States’ Registered Sex Offenders Registries 1
Authors: Rainsberger Richard
Published: September 2022

This column is different. I won't be discussing the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act as such but will spend most of the column on the states’ sex offender registries.
Review 10 things transcript evaluators should know
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: September 2022

Reviewing transcripts can feel really procedural, but there's a lot more to it than that, said Katie Schwienteck, Registrar at Penn State York. Schwienteck outlined 10 things transcript evaluators should know at a session of the American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers Technology & Transfer Summit, held online.
Adopt best practices to meet unique needs of adult learners
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: September 2022

“My interest in adult learners really comes from my own experience,” said Susan J. Barcinas, Ph.D., Associate Professor and Coordinator for the Adult, Workforce, and Continuing Education Program in the Department of Educational Leadership, Policy, and Human Development at North Carolina State University.
Psychiatric diagnosis and treatment in the 21st century: paradigm shifts versus incremental integration
Authors: Stein Dan J. , Shoptaw Steven J. , Vigo Daniel V. , Lund Crick , Cuijpers Pim , Bantjes Jason , Sartorius Norman , Maj Mario
Published: September 2022

Psychiatry has always been characterized by a range of different models of and approaches to mental disorder, which have sometimes brought progress in clinical practice, but have often also been accompanied by critique from within and without the field. Psychiatric nosology has been a particular focus of debate in recent decades; successive editions of the DSM and ICD have strongly influenced both psychiatric practice and research, but have also led to assertions that psychiatry is in crisis, and to advocacy for entirely new paradigms for diagnosis and assessment. When thinking about etiology, many researchers currently refer to a biopsychosocial model, but this approach has received significant critique, being considered by some observers overly eclectic and vague. Despite the development of a range of evidence‐based pharmacotherapies and psychotherapies, current evidence points to both a treatment gap and a research‐practice gap in mental health. In this paper, after considering current clinical practice, we discuss some proposed novel perspectives that have recently achieved particular prominence and may significantly impact psychiatric practice and research in the future: clinical neuroscience and personalized pharmacotherapy; novel statistical approaches to psychiatric nosology, assessment and research; deinstitutionalization and community mental health care; the scale‐up of evidence‐based psychotherapy; digital phenotyping and digital therapies; and global mental health and task‐sharing approaches. We consider the extent to which proposed transitions from current practices to novel approaches reflect hype or hope. Our review indicates that each of the novel perspectives contributes important insights that allow hope for the future, but also that each provides only a partial view, and that any promise of a paradigm shift for the field is not well grounded. We conclude that there have been crucial advances in psychiatric diagnosis and treatment in recent decades; that, despite this important progress, there is considerable need for further improvements in assessment and intervention; and that such improvements will likely not be achieved by any specific paradigm shifts in psychiatric practice and research, but rather by incremental progress and iterative integration.
Potential for prediction of psychosis and bipolar disorder in Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services: a longitudinal register study of all people born in Finland in 1987
Authors: Lång Ulla , Ramsay Hugh , Yates Kathryn , Veijola Juha , Gyllenberg David , Clarke Mary C. , Leacy Finbarr P. , Gissler Mika , Kelleher Ian
Published: September 2022

Current strategies to predict psychosis identify only a small proportion of individuals at risk. Additional strategies are needed to increase capacity for pre­diction and prevention of serious mental illness, ideally during childhood and adolescence. One possible approach would be to investigate systems in which psychosis risk factors are concentrated during childhood. One notable such system is represented by Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS). Although psychotic disorders are uncommon in CAMHS, many risk factors for psychosis are highly prevalent in young people who enter this system. We hypothesized, therefore, that youth attending CAMHS would be a high‐risk group for psychosis if followed into adulthood and, furthermore, that CAMHS systems would capture a substantial proportion of future psychosis cases. We constructed a total population cohort study of all Finns born in 1987 (N=55,875), linking together extensive register data on health care contacts from birth through age 28 years. We identified all individuals diagnosed with a psychotic or bipolar disorder by age 28 (N=1,785). The risk of psychosis/bipolar disorder by age 28 years was 1.8% for individuals who had not attended CAMHS during childhood or adolescence, whereas it was 12.8% for those with a history of any outpatient CAMHS contact (odds ratio, OR=7.9, 95% CI: 7.2‐8.7). Furthermore, the risk of psychosis/bipolar disorder by age 28 years was 2.3% for individuals without a history of inpatient CAMHS admission, whereas it was 24.0% for those with a history of inpatient CAMHS admission (OR=13.3, 95% CI: 11.9‐14.9), and 36.5% for those with a history of inpatient CAMHS admission in adolescence (age 13‐17 years) (OR=24.2, 95% CI: 21.2‐27.6). Individuals who attended CAMHS but received no mental disorder diagnosis had an equally high risk of subsequently developing a psychosis/bipolar disorder as individuals who did receive a diagnosis (OR=0.9, 99.5% CI: 0.7‐1.1). Compared to other CAMHS attendees, individuals who developed psychosis or bipolar disorder were more likely to have had an initial CAMHS diagnosis of depressive or other mood disorder (OR=2.3, 99.5% CI: 1.6‐3.0) and disruptive behaviour disorder (OR=1.7, 99.5% CI: 1.2‐2.5). Of all psychosis/bipolar diagnoses by age 28 years, 50.2% occurred in individuals who had, at some point in childhood or adolescence, attended CAMHS, indicating that CAMHS represent not only a high‐risk but also a high‐capacity system for prediction of psychosis/bipolar disorder. These findings suggest an enormous, untapped potential for large‐scale psychosis/bipolar disorder prediction and prevention research within existing specialist CAMHS.
Attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases: a nationwide population‐based cohort study
Authors: Li Lin , Chang Zheng , Sun Jiangwei , Garcia‐Argibay Miguel , Du Rietz Ebba , Dobrosavljevic Maja , Brikell Isabell , Jernberg Tomas , Solmi Marco , Cortese Samuele , Larsson Henrik
Published: September 2022

Accumulating evidence suggests a higher risk for cardiovascular diseases among individuals with mental disorders, but very little is known about the risk for overall and specific groups of cardiovascular diseases in people with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). To fill this knowledge gap, we investigated the prospective associations between ADHD and a wide range of cardiovascular diseases in adults. In a nationwide population‐based cohort study, we identified 5,389,519 adults born between 1941 and 1983, without pre‐existing cardiovascular diseases, from Swedish registers. The study period was from January 1, 2001 to December 31, 2013. Incident cardiovascular disease events were identified according to ICD codes. Hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using Cox proportional hazards regression model, with ADHD as a time‐varying exposure. After an average 11.80 years of follow‐up, 38.05% of individuals with ADHD versus 23.57% of those without ADHD had at least one diagnosis of cardiovascular disease (p<0.0001). ADHD was significantly associated with increased risk of any cardiovascular disease (HR=2.05, 95% CI: 1.98‐2.13) after adjusting for sex and year of birth. Further adjustments for education level, birth country, type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, dyslipidemia, sleep problems and heavy smoking attenuated the association, which however remained significant (HR=1.84, 95% CI: 1.77‐1.91). Further adjustment for psychiatric comorbidities attenuated but could not fully explain the association (HR=1.65, 95% CI: 1.59‐1.71). The strongest associations were found for cardiac arrest (HR=2.28, 95% CI: 1.81‐2.87), hemorrhagic stroke (HR=2.16, 95% CI: 1.68‐2.77), and peripheral vascular disease/arteriosclerosis (HR=2.05, 95% CI: 1.76‐2.38). Stronger associations were observed in males and younger adults, while comparable associations were found among individuals with or without psychotropic medications and family history of cardiovascular diseases. These data suggest that ADHD is an independent risk factor for a wide range of cardiovascular diseases. They highlight the importance of carefully monitoring cardiovascular health and developing age‐appropriate and individualized strategies to reduce the cardiovascular risk in individuals with ADHD.