bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Helgoland Experiment – assessing the influence of methodologies on Recent benthic foraminiferal assemblage composition
Authors: Schönfeld Joachim , Golikova Elena , Korsun Sergei , Spezzaferri Silvia
Published: August 2013

Abstract. The aim of the present study was to compare preservation, staining and preparation techniques to assess the influence of different sample treatments and analyses on the accuracy of benthic foraminiferal assemblage data from NE Atlantic shelf seas. Replicate surface samples from the SE North Sea were preserved with ethanol–rose Bengal or formalin, some were stained after processing, or foraminifera were concentrated by flotation. Coloration of living specimens was different between samples treated with an ethanol–rose Bengal solution and those stained after washing. In the latter case, only the last two or three chambers were stained. The aliquot sample preserved with formalin showed dissolution features in agglutinated and porcellaneous species. Population density varied between different preservation, picking modes and investigators. The accuracy of picking was in the range of ±2 % (1σ), while external reproducibility ranged from −34 to +16 %. There was no significant difference between wet and dry picking. Samples that were concentrated by flotation generally yielded a lower number of specimens. Agglutinated species were under-represented in samples that were stained after washing and in the flotation concentrate. Size fractions showed a reduction of population density and Fisher alpha diversity index with increasing mesh size. Only half of the specimens and less than two-thirds of the species are captured if the >125 µm rather than >63 µm fraction is analysed. In oxygen minimum zones, where small-sized species dominate the assemblage, the recovery in larger size fractions could be lower.
On the Lower Cambrian biotic and geochemical record of the Hetang Formation (Yangtze Platform, south China): evidence for biogenic silica and possible presence of Radiolaria
Authors: Zhang Lei , Danelian Taniel , Feng Qinglai , Servais Thomas , Tribovillard Nicolas , Caridroit Martial
Published: August 2013

Abstract. Research on Lower Cambrian siliceous sedimentary rocks is important for understanding the origin and early involvement of polycystine Radiolaria in the silica cycle. During our study, thin sections and HF acid processing of black cherts and shales from the Hetang Formation that crops out in the Xintangwu section (west Zhejiang Province, south China) were made. We report on the presence of siliceous spherical microfossils (possibly Radiolaria) associated with sponge spicules and acritarchs. Their size and the presence of residual spines on some spherical siliceous microfossils observed in both residues and thin sections of cherts from the top of Member ‘a’ of the Hetang Formation argue for the possible presence of radiolarians. Based on the Small Shelly Fossil assemblages reported in previous studies, this interval should be considered as Qiongzhusian (Atdabanian–Early Botomian) in age. Finally, the values of the Ge/Si ratio measured on black cherts of the Hetang Formation point to a biogenic origin of the silica.
Predictions of settlement in peat soils
Authors: Long Michael , Boylan Noel
Published: August 2013

Predictions from laboratory tests of the compression behaviour of peat from 14 sites are compared with full-scale field loading at five sites. Data presented confirm the heterogeneous nature of the deposits. However, for typical engineering works, calculations based on laboratory test data are likely to give reasonable predictions of the magnitude of immediate and primary compression. Standard (20 mm thickness) samples may give misleading data on time for primary consolidation. Thicker samples (e.g. 50 mm) should be used. Sampling by conventional samplers, as used for mineral soils, can cause densification of the peat, resulting in underestimation of actual settlement. Block samples or sample tubes with serrated cutting edges are recommended for peat soils. It was found that the data presented follow the
C
α
/
C
c
law of compressibility. There is also is some evidence to suggest that the
H
2
scaling law may be applicable. Good correlations were found between vertical yield stress (
p
vy
′) and compression index (
C
c
) and index parameters such as water content (
w
i
). Conventional staged construction with surcharge loading may be successfully applied to peat soils as long as adequate drainage exists to permit consolidation over reasonable time intervals.
Pyrogeography and the Global Quest for Sustainable Fire Management
Authors: Bowman David M.J.S. , O'Brien Jessica A. , Goldammer Johann G.
Published: August 2013

Fire is an ancient influence on the Earth system, affecting biogeochemical cycles and ecosystems. Humans have had a profound influence on global fire activity through setting and controlling fires, modifying the flammability of landscapes, and, more recently, changing the climate through the combustion of fossil fuels. We review this web of complex direct and indirect effects of fire on Earth using the framework provided by the emerging discipline of pyrogeography that unites biological, atmospheric, and social perspectives on fire. We describe the transition from fire activity before humans evolved, through the hunter-gatherer and agricultural phases, to the current period in Earth history dominated by industrialization (Anthropocene). We illustrate how pyrogeography provides the necessary framework to understand fire in the Anthropocene, including the management of pyrogenic emissions, protection of human life, conservation of biodiversity, and provision of ecosystem services.
Environmental Tipping Points
Authors: Lenton Timothy M.
Published: August 2013

Tipping points—where a small perturbation triggers a large response—can occur in many complex environmental systems. They produce abrupt and sometimes irreversible change, are inherently difficult to predict, and thus pose considerable challenges to the occupants and managers of those systems. However, tipping points can also represent opportunities. Here, different mathematical types of tipping points and different environmental processes that can give rise to them are distinguished. Then, I chart the crucial role that tipping points played in creating the modern Earth system. Looking ahead, potential large-scale tipping points are briefly reviewed before highlighting systems that could harbor tipping points across mechanisms and scales. The prospects for anticipating tipping points, avoiding dangerous ones, and encouraging others are outlined. Finally, a series of virtuous tipping points are identified, which can help transform the relationships between human societies and the environmental systems we depend upon.
Numerical Simulation of Flowing Blood Cells
Authors: Freund Jonathan B.
Published: August 2013

The cellular detail of blood is an essential factor in its flow, especially in vessels or devices with size comparable to that of its suspended cells. This article motivates and reviews numerical simulation techniques that provide a realistic description of cell-scale blood flow by explicitly representing its coupled fluid and solid mechanics. Red blood cells are the principal focus because of their importance and because of their remarkable deformability, which presents particular simulation challenges. Such simulations must couple discretizations of the large-deformation elasticity of the cells with the viscous flow mechanics of the suspension. The Reynolds numbers are low, so the effectively linear fluid mechanics is amenable to a wide range of simulation methods, although the constitutive models and geometric factors of the coupled system introduce challenging nonlinearity. Particular emphasis is given to the relative merits of several fundamentally different simulation methods. The detailed description provided by such simulations is invaluable for advancing our scientific understanding of blood flow, and their ultimate impact will be in the design of biomedical tools and interventions.
Two-Neutrino Double-Beta Decay
Authors: Saakyan Ruben
Published: August 2013

Two-neutrino double-β decay is a radioactive process with the longest lifetime ever observed. It has been a subject of experimental research for more than 60 years and remains an important topic in modern nuclear and particle physics. This review examines the process in detail, covers its theoretical and experimental aspects, and describes the results obtained so far and future challenges.
Origin and Pathogenesis of Pelvic (Ovarian, Tubal, and Primary Peritoneal) Serous Carcinoma
Authors: Nik Niloofar N. , Vang Russell , Shih Ie-Ming , Kurman Robert J.
Published: August 2013

A new paradigm for the pathogenesis of female pelvic cancer helps explain persistent problems in describing the development and diverse morphology of these neoplasms. This paradigm incorporates recent advances in the molecular pathogenesis of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) with new insights into the origin of these tumors. Correlated clinicopathologic and molecular genetic studies gave rise to a dualistic model that divides the various histologic types of EOCs into two broad categories designated type I and type II. Because serous carcinomas are the most common EOC and account for the vast majority of deaths, they form the subject of this review. Recent studies indicate that the precursor of ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma appears to develop from an occult intraepithelial carcinoma in the fimbria of the fallopian tube and involves the ovary secondarily. Another possible mechanism is implantation of normal fimbrial epithelium on the denuded ovarian surface at the site of rupture when ovulation occurs, causing the development of cortical inclusion cysts. The dualistic model serves as a framework for the study of ovarian cancer and can help investigators organize this complex group of neoplasms. It also facilitates the development of novel approaches to prevention, screening, and treatment of this devastating disease.
Heat stroke activates a stress-induced cytokine response in skeletal muscle
Authors: Welc Steven S. , Clanton Thomas L. , Dineen Shauna M. , Leon Lisa R.
Published: August 2013

Heat stroke (HS) induces a rapid elevation in a number of circulating cytokines. This is often attributed to the stimulatory effects of endotoxin, released from damaged intestine, on immune cells. However, parenchymal cells also produce cytokines, and skeletal muscle, comprising a large proportion of body mass, is thought to participate. We tested the hypothesis that skeletal muscle exhibits a cytokine response to HS that parallels the systemic response in conscious mice heated to a core temperature of 42.4°C (TcMax). Diaphragm and hindlimb muscles showed a rapid rise in interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleuin-10 (IL-10) mRNA and transient inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) throughout early recovery, a pattern that parallels changes in circulating cytokines. IL-6 protein was transiently elevated in both muscles at ∼32 min after reaching TcMax. Other responses observed included an upregulation of toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) and heat shock protein-72 (HSP-72) mRNA but no change in TLR-2 or HSP25 mRNA. Furthermore, c-jun and c-fos mRNA increased. Together, c-jun/c-fos form the activator protein-1 (AP-1) transcription factor, critical for stress-induced regulation of IL-6. Interestingly, a second “late-phase” (24 h) cytokine response, with increases in IL-6, IL-10, IL-1β, and TNF-α protein, were observed in hindlimb but not diaphragm muscle. These results demonstrate that skeletal muscle responds to HS with a distinct “stress-induced immune response,” characterized by an early upregulation of IL-6, IL-10, and TLR-4 and suppression of IL-1β and TNF-α mRNA, a pattern discrete from classic innate immune cytokine responses.
Predicting metabolic rate across walking speed: one fit for all body sizes?
Authors: Weyand Peter G. , Smith Bethany R. , Schultz Nicole S. , Ludlow Lindsay W. , Puyau Maurice R. , Butte Nancy F.
Published: August 2013

We formulated a “one-size-fits-all” model that predicts the energy requirements of level human walking from height, weight, and walking speed. Our three-component model theorizes that the energy expended per kilogram per stride is independent of stature at mechanically equivalent walking speeds. We measured steady-state rates of oxygen uptake of 78 subjects who spanned a nearly twofold range of statures (1.07–2.11 m) and sevenfold range of body masses (16–112 kg) at treadmill speeds from 0.4 to 1.9 m/s. We tested the size independence of the model by deriving best-fit equations in the form of the model on four stature groups ( n ≥ 15): short, moderately short, moderately tall, and tall. The mean walking metabolic rates predicted by these four independently derived equations for the same set of reference subjects ( n = 16; stature range: 1.30–1.90 m) agreed with one another to within an average of 5.2 ± 3.7% at the four intermediate speeds in our protocol. We next evaluated the model's gross predictive accuracy by dividing our 78 subjects into 39 stature-matched pairs of experimental and validation group subjects. The model best-fit equation derived on the experimental group subjects predicted the walking metabolic rates of the validation group subjects to within an average of 8.1 ± 6.7% ( R2= 0.90; standard error of estimate = 1.34 ml O2·kg−1·min−1). The predictive error of the American College of Sports Medicine equation (18.0 ± 13.1%), which does not include stature as a predictor, was more than twice as large for the same subject group. We conclude that the energy cost of level human walking can be accurately predicted from height, weight, and walking speed.
Mathematical Modeling and Analysis of the Kinetics of Thermal Inactivation of Enzyme
Authors: Ananthi S. P. , Manimozhi P. , Praveen T. , Eswari A. , Rajendran L.
Published: August 2013

A theoretical model of Illeova et al. (2003) thermal inactivation of urease is discussed. Analytical expressions pertaining to the molar concentrations of the native and denatured enzyme are obtained in terms of second-order reaction rate constant. Simple and closed form of theoretical expression pertains to the temperature are also derived. In this paper, homotopy analysis method (HAM) is used to obtain approximate solutions for a nonlinear ordinary differential equation. The obtained approximate result in comparison with the numerical ones is found to be in satisfactory agreement.
On Convergence of Fixed Points in Fuzzy Metric Spaces
Authors: Shen Yonghong , Qiu Dong , Chen Wei
Published: August 2013

We mainly focus on the convergence of the sequence of fixed points for some different sequences of contraction mappings or fuzzy metrics in fuzzy metric spaces. Our results provide a novel research direction for fixed point theory in fuzzy metric spaces as well as a substantial extension of several important results from classical metric spaces.
Polypropylene Fibers as Reinforcements of Polyester-Based Composites
Authors: Martínez-Barrera Gonzalo , Vigueras Santiago Enrique , Hernández López Susana , Gencel Osman , Ureña-Nuñez Fernando
Published: August 2013

Effects of gamma radiation and the polypropylene fibers on compressive properties of polymer concrete composites (PC) were studied. The PCs had a composition of 30 wt% of unsaturated polyester resin and 70 wt% of marble particles which have three different sizes (small, medium, and large). The PCs were submitted to 200, 250, and 300 kGy of radiation doses. The results show that the compressive properties depend on the combination of the polypropylene fiber concentration and the applied radiation dose. The compressive strength value is highest when using medium particle size, 0.1 vol% of polypropylene fibers and 250 kGy of dose; moreover, the compressive modulus decreases when increasing the particle size.
Linear Transformations between Multipartite Quantum Systems That Map the Set of Tensor Product of Idempotent Matrices into Idempotent Matrix Set
Authors: Xu Jinli , Zheng Baodong , Yao Hongmei
Published: August 2013

LetHnbe the set ofn×ncomplex Hermitian matrices and𝒫n(resp.,𝒯n) be the set of all idempotent (resp., tripotent) matrices inHn. Inl-partite quantum systemHm1Tml=⊗1lHmi,⊗1l𝒫mi(resp.,⊗1l𝒯mi) denotes the set of all decomposable elements⊗1lAisuch thatAi∈𝒫mi(resp.,Ai∈𝒯mi). In this paper, linear mapsϕfromHm1⋯mltoHnwithn≤m1⋯mlsuch thatϕ⊗1l𝒫mi∈𝒫nare characterized. As its application, the structure of linear mapsϕfromHm1⋯mltoHnwithn≤m1⋯mlsuch thatϕ⊗1l𝒯mi∈𝒯nis also obtained.
Theoretical Study of Mixed Hydrogen and Dihydrogen Bond Interactions in BH4(NH3)n- Clusters
Authors: Zabardasti Abedien , Zare Nahid , Arabpour Masoumeh , Kakanejadifard Ali , Solimannejad Mohammad
Published: August 2013

Ab initio calculations were used to analyze interactions of with 1–4 molecules of NH3 at the MP2/6‐311++G(d,p) and the B3LYP/6‐311++G(d,p) computational levels. In addition to H3B–H⋯H–NH2 dihydrogen bond, the H2N–H⋯NH3 hydrogen bonds were also predicted in clusters. Negative cooperativity in clusters constructed from mixed H3B–H⋯H–NH2 dihydrogen and H2N–H⋯NH3 hydrogen bonds are more remarkable. The negative cooperativity increases with size and number of hydrogen bonds in cluster. The B–H stretching frequencies show blue shifts with respect to cluster formation. Greater blue shift in stretching frequencies was predicted for B–H bonds which did not contribute to dihydrogen bonding with NH3 molecules. The structures were analyzed with the atoms in molecules (AIM) methodology.
Physiotherapy Treatment in Patients with Hemophilia and Chronic Ankle Arthropathy: A Systematic Review
Authors: Cuesta-Barriuso Rubén , Gómez-Conesa Antonia , López-Pina José Antonio
Published: August 2013

Haemophilic arthropathy of the ankle causes pain and deterioration in gait, causing disability. Although some physiotherapy modalities are effective in the management of acute bleeding, the results are unknown in chronic arthropathy. Our objective was to determine the most effective physiotherapy procedures for treating the haemophilic arthropathy of the ankle and to assess the methodological quality of the studies. A systematic review was carried out in the Cochrane Database, PubMed, MEDLINE, ISI Web of Knowledge, PEDro, TESEO, and specialized journals (Haemophilia and Haematologica). It included articles with at least one group undergoing any kind of physiotherapy treatment and with pretest and posttest evaluation, published before April 2013. An analysis of variables was performed and assessed the methodological quality of studies. Five studies met the criteria for inclusion. Hydrotherapy treatments, strength training and balance strength, balance training, and sports therapy, have improved range of movement, pain, balance, and subjective physical performance. The proposed methodological analysis was not possible due to the low quality of the studies. Although the results are positive, they lack rigorous evidence on the effects of treatments. Studies are needed to establish the efficacy of the various forms of physiotherapy in the haemophilic arthropathy of the ankle.
Evaluation of Taurine by HPTLC Reveals the Mask of Adulterated Edible Bird’s Nest
Authors: Teo Peishan , Ma Fucui , Liu Daicheng
Published: August 2013

Detection of amino acid is an effective and common method to determine adulteration in edible bird’s nest. Therefore, a simple and sensitive method was developed to detect taurine for determining adulteration in edible bird’s nest in the future. Sample was separated on precoated silica gel GF254 high‐performance thin layer chromatographic plates. Separation of taurine was performed by n‐propyl alcohol : ethanol : water : glacial acetic acid (5.2 : 0.8 : 2 : 2, v : v : v : v). Densitometric analysis of taurine was carried out in the absorbance mode at 485 nm. The method was validated for precision, intra‐ and interday variation, and recovery. This study proved that high‐performance thin layer chromatography is a simple, rapid, precise, and selective method for qualitative and quantitative analysis of taurine in edible bird’s nest.
Asymptotic Stability for an Axis-Symmetric Ohmic Heating Model in Thermal Electricity
Authors: Xia Anyin , Fan Mingshu , Li Shan
Published: August 2013

The asymptotic behavior of the solution for the Dirichlet problem of the parabolic equation with nonlocal termut=urr+ur/r+f(u)/(a+2πb∫01‍f(u)rdr)2,for  0<r<1,  t>0,u1,t=u′(0,t)=0,for  t>0,  ur,0=u0r,  for  0≤r≤1. The model prescribes the dimensionless temperature when the electric current flows through two conductors, subject to a fixed potential difference. One of the electrical resistivity of the axis-symmetric conductor depends on the temperature and the other one remains constant. The main results show that the temperature remains uniformly bounded for the generally decreasing functionf(s), and the global solution of the problem converges asymptotically to the unique equilibrium.
Existence of PrescribedL2-Norm Solutions for a Class of Schrödinger-Poisson Equation
Authors: Huang Yisheng , Liu Zeng , Wu Yuanze
Published: August 2013

By using the standard scaling arguments, we show that the infimum of the following minimization problem:Iρ2=inf{(1/2)∫ℝ3|∇u|2dx+(1/4)∬ℝ3(|u(x)|2|u(y)|2/|x-y|)dx dy−  (1/p)∫ℝ3|u|pdx:u∈Bρ}can be achieved forp∈(2,3)andρ>0small, whereBρ:={u∈H1(ℝ3):∥u∥2=ρ}. Moreover, the properties ofIρ2/ρ2and the associated Lagrange multiplierλρare also given ifp∈(2,8/3].
Estimating Angstrom-Prescott Coefficients for India and Developing a Correlation between Sunshine Hours and Global Solar Radiation for India
Authors: Srivastava R. C. , Pandey Harsha
Published: August 2013

The amount of solar energy that reaches the earth in one hour is sufficient to supply the world's energy needs for one year. Harvesting this energy efficiently is a huge challenge. In most countries including India, the number of observing stations is inadequate. Therefore, it is essential that some reliable mathematical models be developed to estimate the solar radiation for places where measurements are not carried out and for places where measurement records are not available. In this paper, Angstrom-Prescott model parameters are estimated for seven different sites in India, and a correlation is developed for India, which is found to be a good fit. Also a correlation is developed for predicting the solar radiation using only sunshine hour data.
Comparison of Acupuncture Effect on Blood Perfusion between Needling Nonacupoint on Meridian and Needling Nonacupoint off Meridian
Authors: Zhang Wei-Bo , Wang Ling-Ling , Xie Heng-Hui , Li Hong , Tian Yu-Ying
Published: August 2013

To verify the ancient theory of rather missing the acupoint than missing the meridian, acupuncture at nonacupoint on meridian and acupuncture at nonacupoint off meridian were performed, respectively. The blood perfusion (BP) on the calf around bladder meridian area was measured with a laser Doppler perfusion imager before, during, and after acupuncture. The whole scanning field was divided into seven subareas, and mean BP on each area was calculated. The ratio of mean BP between a subarea and a reference subarea was gotten, and then the change rate was calculated as ratio change rate (RCR). The results showed that RCR on bladder meridian area and around Chengshan (BL57) during or after acupuncture at nonacupoint on meridian was significantly higher than that at nonacupoint off meridian, which supports the ancient theory. Such differences may be attributable to some factors that can facilitate the signals transmission and produce a better acupuncture effect, such as richer nerve terminals, blood vessels, and mast cells which can produce stronger signals on the acupoints and the low hydraulic resistance channel along meridians which plays a role of signal transmitting channel to get a better effect of acupuncture.
Maternal Rat Diabetes Mellitus Deleteriously Affects Insulin Sensitivity and Beta-Cell Function in the Offspring
Authors: Aref Abdel-Baset M. , Ahmed Osama M. , Ali Lobna A. , Semmler Margit
Published: August 2013

This study was designed to assess the effect of maternal diabetes in rats on serum glucose and insulin concentrations, insulin resistance, histological architecture of pancreas and glycogen content in liver of offspring. The pregnant rat females were allocated into two main groups: normal control group and streptozotocin-induced diabetic group. After birth, the surviving offspring were subjected to biochemical and histological examination immediately after delivery and at the end of the 1st and 2nd postnatal weeks. In comparison with the offspring of normal control dams, the fasting serum glucose level of offspring of diabetic mothers was significantly increased at the end of the 1st and 2nd postnatal weeks. Serum insulin level of offspring of diabetic dams was significantly higher at birth and decreased significantly during the following 2 postnatal weeks, while in normal rat offspring, it was significantly increased with progress of time. HOMA Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) was significantly increased in the offspring of diabetic dams at birth and after 1 week than in normal rat offspring, while HOMA insulin sensitivity (HOMA-IS) was significantly decreased. HOMA beta-cell function was significantly decreased at all-time intervals in offspring of diabetic dams. At birth, islets of Langerhans as well as beta cells in offspring of diabetic dams were hypertrophied. The cells constituting islets seemed to have a high division rate. However, beta-cells were degenerated during the following 2 post-natal weeks and smaller insulin secreting cells predominated. Vacuolation and necrosis of the islets of Langerhans were also observed throughout the experimental period. The carbohydrate content in liver of offspring of diabetic dams was at all-time intervals lower than that in control. The granule distribution was more random. Overall, the preexisting maternal diabetes leads to glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, and impaired insulin sensitivity andβ-cell function in the offspring at different postnatal periods.
Existence of Solutions in Some Interpolation Spaces for a Class of Semilinear Evolution Equations with Nonlocal Initial Conditions
Authors: Chang Jung-Chan , Liu Hsiang
Published: August 2013

This paper is concerned with the existence of mild and strong solutions for a class of semilinear evolution equations with nonlocal initial conditions. The linear part is assumed to be a (not necessarily densely defined) sectorial operator in a Banach spaceX. Considering the equations in the norm of some interpolation spaces betweenXand the domain of the linear part, we generalize the recent conclusions on this topic. The obtained results will be applied to a class of semilinear functional partial differential equations with nonlocal conditions.
Detailed Joint Region Analysis of the 7-Joint Ultrasound Score: Evaluation of an Arthritis Patient Cohort over One Year
Authors: Ohrndorf S. , Halbauer B. , Martus P. , Reiche B. , Backhaus T. M. , Burmester G. R. , Backhaus M.
Published: August 2013

Objective. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the 7-joint ultrasound (US7) score by detailed joint region analysis of an arthritis patient cohort.Methods. The US7 score examines the clinically most affected wrist, MCP and PIP II, III, MTP II, and V joints for synovitis, tenosynovitis/paratenonitis, and erosions. Forty-five patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (84.4%) and spondyloarthritis with polyarticular peripheral arthritis (PsA 13.3%; AS 2.2%) with a median disease duration of 6.5 yrs (range 7.5 mths–47.6 yrs) were included and examined at baseline and 3, 6, and 12 months after starting or changing therapy (DMARD/biologic). In this study, detailed US7 score joint region analysis was firstly performed.Results. The joint region analysis performed at baseline disclosed synovitis in 95.6% of affected wrists in the dorsal aspect by greyscale (GS) US where Grade 2 (moderate) was most often (48.9%) detected. Palmar wrist regions presented Grade 1 (minor) capsule elevation in 40% and Grade 2 (moderate synovitis) in 37.8%. Tenosynovitis of the extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) tendon was found in 40%, with PD activity in 6.6%. Most of the erosions in MCP II were detected in the radial (68.9%), followed by the dorsal (48.9%) and palmar (44.4%) aspects. In MTP V, erosions were seen in 75.6% from lateral.Conclusions. Synovitis in GSUS was more often detected in the wrist in the dorsal than in the palmar aspect. ECU tendon involvement was frequent. Most erosions were found in the lateral scan of MTP V and the medial (radial) scan of MCP II.
Effect of Heat Moisture Treatment Conditions on Swelling Power and Water Soluble Index of Different Cultivars of Sweet Potato (Ipomea batatas (L). Lam) Starch
Authors: Senanayake Suraji , Gunaratne Anil , Ranaweera KKDS , Bamunuarachchi Arthur
Published: August 2013

A study was done to analyse the change in swelling power (SP) and the water soluble index (WSI) of native starches obtained from five different cultivars of sweet potatoes (swp 1 (Wariyapola red), swp 3 (Wariyapola white), swp 4 (Pallepola variety), swp 5 (Malaysian variety), and swp 7 (CARI 273)) commonly consumed in Sri Lanka. Extracted starch from fresh roots, two to three days after harvesting has been modified using 20%, 25%, and 30% moisture levels and heated at 85°C and 120°C for 6 hours and determined the SP and WSI. Results were subjected to general linear model, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out by using MINITAB version 14. Overall results showed a significantly high level () of SP and WSI in all the cultivars of moisture—temperature treated starches than their native starch. Correlation analysis showed an effect on SP with the variation in the cultivar, temperature, and moisture; temperature combination and moisture alone had no significant effect. Significantly high levels of swelling power () were observed in 20%—85°C, and 30%—120°C and the highest amount of swelling in the modified starch than its native form was observed in swp 7 cultivar. Results revealed a nonlinear relationship in the WSI with the cultivar type, moisture level, and the lower moisture—temperature combinations but higher temperature—moisture combinations had a significant effect. SP and WSI had a slight positive linear relationship according to analysis. Based on the results, a significantly high level of swelling and water solubility of native starches of different cultivars of sweet potatoes can be achieved by changing the moisture content to 30% and heating at 120°C for 6 hours.
Distributed Impulsive Consensus of the Multiagent System without Velocity Measurement
Authors: Liu Zhi-Wei , Zhou Hong , Guan Zhi-Hong , Hu Wen-Shan , Ding Li , Wang Wei
Published: August 2013

This paper deals with the distributed consensus of the multiagent system. In particular, we consider the case where the velocity (second state) is unmeasurable and the communication among agents occurs at sampling instants. Based on the impulsive control theory, we propose an impulsive consensus algorithm that extends some of our previous work to account for the lack of velocity measurement. By using the stability theory of the impulsive system, some necessary and sufficient conditions are obtained to ensure the consensus of the controlled multiagent system. It is shown that the control gains, the sampled period and the eigenvalues of Laplacian matrix of communication graph play key roles in achieving consensus. Finally, a numerical simulation is provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Anticoagulation for Atrial Fibrillation: Is This the End of Warfarin? Not Just Yet
Authors: Mallouppas Michael , Vassiliou Vassilios
Published: August 2013

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia. Its prevalence is known to increase with age and with an aging population AF is likely to become even more common. Although sometimes patients with AF remain asymptomatic, it is now recognized that AF is far from “benign” conferring a significant risk increase in morbidity and mortality. Restoration of sinus rhythm and rate-limiting medication help with symptoms; however, anticoagulation remains essential in reducing thromboembolic risk. The uptake of appropriate anticoagulation with vitamin K antagonists has increased significantly in the last few decades and this review will analyze whether the new oral anticoagulants might prove to be even more effective than existing vitamin K antagonists.
Construction and Analysis of the Cell Surface’s Protein Network for Human Sperm-Egg Interaction
Authors: Fard Jahromi Soudabeh Sabetian , Shamsir Mohd Shahir
Published: August 2013

Sperm-egg interaction is one of the most impressive processes in sexual reproduction, and understanding the molecular mechanism is crucial in solving problems in infertility and failed in vitro fertilization. The main purpose of this study is to map the sperm-egg interaction network between cell-surface proteins and perform an interaction analysis on this new network. We built the first protein interaction network of human sperm-egg binding and fusion proteins that consists of 84 protein nodes and 112 interactions. The gene ontology analysis identified a number of functional clusters that may be involved in the sperm-egg interaction. These include G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway, cellular membrane fusion, and single fertilization. The PPI network showed a highly interconnected network and identified a set of candidate proteins: ADAM-ZP3, ZP3-CLGN, IZUMO1-CD9, and ADAM2-IZUMO1 that may have an important role in sperm-egg interaction. The result showed that the ADAM2 may mediate interaction between two essential factors CD9 and IZUMO1. The KEGG analysis showed 12 statistically significant pathways with 10 proteins associated with cancer, suggesting a common pathway between tumor fusion and sperm-egg fusion. We believe that the availability of this map will assist future researches in the fertilization mechanism and will also facilitate biological interpretation of sperm-egg interaction.
Downregulation of microRNA-515-5p by the Estrogen Receptor Modulates Sphingosine Kinase 1 and Breast Cancer Cell Proliferation
Authors: Pinho Filipa G. , Frampton Adam E. , Nunes Joao , Krell Jonathan , Alshaker Heba , Jacob Jimmy , Pellegrino Loredana , Roca-Alonso Laura , de Giorgio Alexander , Harding Victoria , Waxman Jonathan , Stebbing Justin , Pchejetski Dmitry , Castellano Leandro
Published: August 2013

Sphingosine kinase 1 (SK1) plays an important role in estrogen-dependent breast tumorigenesis, but its regulation is poorly understood. A subset of microRNAs (miRNA, miR) is regulated by estrogen and contributes to cellular proliferation and cancer progression. Here, we describe that miR-515-5p is transcriptionally repressed by estrogen receptor α (ERα) and functions as a tumor suppressor in breast cancer. Its downregulation enhances cell proliferation and estrogen-dependent SK1 activity, mediated by a reduction of miR-515-5p posttranscriptional repression. Enforced expression of miR-515-5p in breast cancer cells causes a reduction in SK1 activity, reduced cell proliferation, and the induction of caspase-dependent apoptosis. Conversely, opposing effects occur with miR-515-5p inhibition and by SK1 silencing. Notably, we show that estradiol (E2) treatment downregulates miR-515-5p levels, whereas the antiestrogen tamoxifen causes a decrease in SK1, which is rescued by silencing miR-515-5p. Analysis of chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-Seq) data reveals that miR-515-5p suppression is mediated by a direct interaction of ERα within its promoter. RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis of breast cancer cells after overexpressing miR-515-5p indicates that it partly modulates cell proliferation by regulating the Wnt pathway. The clinical implications of this novel regulatory system are shown as miR-515-5p is significantly downregulated in ER-positive (n = 146) compared with ER-negative (n = 98) breast cancers. Overall, we identify a new link between ERα, miR-515-5p, proliferation, and apoptosis in breast cancer tumorigenesis. Cancer Res; 73(19); 5936–48. ©2013 AACR.
Breast Tumor Kinase (Brk/PTK6) Is a Mediator of Hypoxia-Associated Breast Cancer Progression
Authors: Regan Anderson Tarah M. , Peacock Danielle L. , Daniel Andrea R. , Hubbard Gregory K. , Lofgren Kristopher A. , Girard Brian J. , Schörg Alexandra , Hoogewijs David , Wenger Roland H. , Seagroves Tiffany N. , Lange Carol A.
Published: August 2013

Basal-type triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) are aggressive and difficult to treat relative to luminal-type breast cancers. TNBC often express abundant Met receptors and are enriched for transcriptional targets regulated by hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), which independently predict cancer relapse and increased risk of metastasis. Brk/PTK6 is a critical downstream effector of Met signaling and is required for hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)–induced cell migration. Herein, we examined the regulation of Brk by HIFs in TNBC in vitro and in vivo. Brk mRNA and protein levels are upregulated strongly in vitro by hypoxia, low glucose, and reactive oxygen species. In HIF-silenced cells, Brk expression relied upon both HIF-1α and HIF-2α, which we found to regulate BRK transcription directly. HIF-1α/2α silencing in MDA-MB-231 cells diminished xenograft growth and Brk reexpression reversed this effect. These findings were pursued in vivo by crossing WAP-Brk (FVB) transgenic mice into the METMut knockin (FVB) model. In this setting, Brk expression augmented METMut-induced mammary tumor formation and metastasis. Unexpectedly, tumors arising in either METMut or WAP-Brk × METMut mice expressed abundant levels of Sik, the mouse homolog of Brk, which conferred increased tumor formation and decreased survival. Taken together, our results identify HIF-1α/2α as novel regulators of Brk expression and suggest that Brk is a key mediator of hypoxia-induced breast cancer progression. Targeting Brk expression or activity may provide an effective means to block the progression of aggressive breast cancers. Cancer Res; 73(18); 5810–20. ©2013 AACR.
Telomere Length in Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes Contributes to the Development of HPV-Associated Oropharyngeal Carcinoma
Authors: Zhang Yang , Sturgis Erich M. , Dahlstrom Kristina R. , Wen Juyi , Liu Hongliang , Wei Qingyi , Li Guojun , Liu Zhensheng
Published: August 2013

Sexual transmission of human papillomavirus (HPV), particularly HPV16, has been associated with an increasing incidence of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPC). Telomere shortening results in chromosomal instability, subsequently leading to cancer development. Given that HPV16 can affect telomerase activity and telomere length, we conjectured that telomere length in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) might affect the risk of HPV16-associated OPC and tumor HPV16 status in patients. Telomere length in PBLs and HPV16 serologic status were measured in peripheral blood samples in 188 patients with OPC, 137 patients with oral cavity cancer (OCC) and 335 controls of non-Hispanic Whites. Tumor HPV status was determined in 349 OPC cases. ORs and 95% confidence intervals were calculated in univariate and multivariable logistic regression models. Overall, as compared with the long telomere length, short telomere length was significantly associated with a moderately increased risk of OPC but not with increased risk of OCC. When we stratified the data by HPV16 serologic status, using long telomere length and HPV16 seronegativity as the reference group, we found that the risk associated with HPV16 seropositivity was higher among patients with OPC with short telomere length. Notably, such risk was particularly pronounced in never smokers, never drinkers, and those more than 50 years of age. Furthermore, short telomere length was also associated significantly with tumor HPV-positive OPC. Together, our findings suggest that telomere length in PBLs may be associated with higher risk of HPV16-associated OPC and tumor HPV16 status, particularly in certain patient subgroups. Larger studies are needed to validate these findings. Cancer Res; 73(19); 5996–6003. ©2013 AACR.
Dynamic and Nuclear Expression of PDGFRα and IGF-1R in Alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma
Authors: Aslam M. Imran , Hettmer Simone , Abraham Jinu , LaTocha Dorian , Soundararajan Anuradha , Huang Elaine T. , Goros Martin W. , Michalek Joel E. , Wang Shuyu , Mansoor Atiya , Druker Brian J. , Wagers Amy J. , Tyner Jeffrey W. , Keller Charles
Published: August 2013

Since the advent of tyrosine kinase inhibitors as targeted therapies in cancer, several receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) have been identified as operationally important for disease progression. Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a malignancy in need of new treatment options; therefore, better understanding of the heterogeneity of RTKs would advance this goal. Here, alveolar RMS (aRMS) tumor cells derived from a transgenic mouse model expressing two such RTKs, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGFR)α and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1R, were investigated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Sorted subpopulations that were positive or negative for PDGFRα and IGF-1R dynamically altered their cell surface RTK expression profiles as early as the first cell division. Interestingly, a difference in total PDGFRα expression and nuclear IGF-1R expression was conserved in populations. Nuclear IGF-1R expression was greater than cytoplasmic IGF-1R in cells with initially high cell surface IGF-1R, and cells with high nuclear IGF-1R established tumors more efficiently in vivo. RNA interference–mediated silencing of IGF-1R in the subpopulation of cells initially harboring higher cell surface and total IGF-1R resulted in significantly reduced anchorage-independent colony formation as compared with cells with initially lower cell surface and total IGF-1R expression. Finally, in accordance with the findings observed in murine aRMS, human aRMS also had robust expression of nuclear IGF-1R.

Implications: RTK expression status and subcellular localization dynamics are important considerations for personalized medicine. Mol Cancer Res; 11(11); 1303–13. ©2013 AACR.
Bilateral Asymmetry of Humeral Torsion and Length in African Apes and Humans
Authors: Barros Anna , Soligo Christophe
Published: August 2013

Few studies have directly compared human and African ape upper limb skeletal asymmetries despite the potential such comparisons have for understanding the origins of functional lateralization in humans and non-human primates. Here, we report the magnitude and direction of asymmetries in humeral torsion and humeral length in paired humeri of 40Gorilla gorilla, 40Pan troglodytesand 40Homo sapiens. We test whether absolute and directional asymmetries differ between measurements, species and sexes. Our results show that humans are unique in being lateralized to the right for both measurements, consistent with human population-level handedness patterns, while apes show no significant directionality at the species level in either measurement. However, absolute torsion asymmetries in apes occur in the same magnitude as in humans, suggesting the existence of functional lateralization at the individual level.
Comparison and Reproducibility of Nuchal Translucency Measurements Using Two-Dimensional and Volume Nuchal Translucency Ultrasound: A Prospective Study
Authors: Van Keirsbilck Joachim , Dewulf Veerle , Van Calsteren Kristel , De Catte Luc
Published: August 2013

Objective: To assess the reproducibility and feasibility of automated nuchal translucency (NT) measurement (Volume NT©) in comparison to the two-dimensional (2D) manual approach. The Volume NT technique reveals the correct midsagittal plane automatically and measures the NT at the maximum distance with minimal manipulation. Methods: In this prospective study, 70 patients underwent NT screening. All standard 2D (standard NT) images and 3D volumes were acquired with an Accuvix V20 Prestige. Off-line measurements of the 3D volumes, manual (manual box NT) and automated (Volume NT) were performed by experienced and nonexperienced operators. Intertechnique and intra- and interobserver agreement were evaluated. Results: Eleven of 70 cases were excluded due to missing data or aberrant position. The Volume NT program was successful in 83.8% of the cases. Acceptable levels of intraobserver agreement were found for all techniques. The Volume NT technique underestimated NT by 0.21 mm (p < 0.0001) in comparison to standard NT. Between-observer agreement for manual box NT was best for the experienced operators. For Volume NT, the results for between-observer agreement were more ambiguous. Conclusions: The Volume NT program improves standardization of NT measuring. The technique is reproducible and comparable to the 2D manual approach, particularly for inexperienced sonographers. Further technique refinement should reduce any underestimation.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Retroperitoneal Ectopic Pregnancy: Review of the Literature
Authors: Jiang Wei , Lv Shijian , Sun Li , Singer Gabriel , Xu Congjian , Lu Xin
Published: August 2013

Retroperitoneal ectopic pregnancies (REP) are extremely rare, and early diagnosis and treatment is very difficult. We completed an English literature search in MEDLINE through PubMed for articles on REP. We identified 14 articles (all case reports) but selected only 12 because of unavailable data in the other 2 articles. We also report the case of an REP which was misdiagnosed as ectopic choriocarcinoma. The 33-year-old woman was admitted via the outpatient department with a history of 54 days of amenorrhea and persistent elevated serum β-human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) levels. The presumed diagnosis ectopic choriocarcinoma was made based on imaging findings. Single-drug chemotherapy with methotrexate (MTX; 20-mg intramuscular injection daily for 5 consecutive days) was administered. An upper abdominal mass was noticed by the patient and laparotomy was performed. A retroperitoneal pregnant lesion was found and removed successfully. The diagnosis, treatment and mechanisms of REP are discussed. We believe REP should be considered in patients with elevated serum β-hCG levels when the uterus and adnexa appear to be normal. Systemic administration of MTX in nonruptured REP before operation may prove to be helpful.
Neuromotor Speech Impairment: It's All in the Talking
Authors: Ziegler Wolfram , Ackermann Hermann
Published: August 2013

The aim of this article is to explicate the uniqueness of the motor activity implied in spoken language production and to emphasize how important it is, from a theoretical and a clinical perspective, to consider the motor events associated with speaking as domain-specific, i.e., as pertaining to the domain of linguistic expression. First, phylogenetic data are reviewed demonstrating the specificity of the human vocal tract motor network regarding (i) the entrenchment of laryngeal motor skills within the organization of vocal tract movements, (ii) the evolution of a neural basis for skill acquisition within this system, and (iii) the integration of this system into an auditory-motor network. Second, ontogenetic evidence and existing knowledge about the experience-dependent plasticity of the brain are reported to explicate that during speech acquisition the vocal tract motor system is constrained by universal properties of speech production and by the specific phonological properties of the speaker's ambient language. Third, clinical data from dysarthria and apraxia of speech provide the background for a discussion about the theoretical underpinnings of domain-general versus domain-specific views of speech motor control. The article ends with a brief sketch of a holistic neurophonetic approach in experimental inquiries, assessment, and treatment of neuromotor speech impairment.