bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Etude de la structure du bassin d’Ouarzazate par sismique réflexion: Implications hydrogéologiques
Authors: Boummane Kh. , Jaffal M. , Kchikach A.
Published: January 2010

Les campagnes d’exploration pétrolière menées dans le bassin d’Ouarzazate ont permis l’acquisition d’une importante base de données de sismique réflexion. La présente étude concerne l’interprétation d’une partie de ces données dans l’objectif de caractériser la tectonique de l’Eocène et la structure de son système aquifère. Dans un premier temps, le réflecteur correspondant à la base de cet étage, représenté de grès et de calcaires, a été identifié, puis numérisé sur les différentes sections sismiques migrées-temps; ce qui nous a permis d’en établir une carte d’isochrones. Celle-ci montre que le secteur étudié est subdivisé en deux domaines très contrastés d’un point de vue structural. Le premier, septentrional, est affecté par une structuration intense de direction atlasique, tandis que le second, méridional, est faiblement plissé. Les résultats de la présente étude permettent une meilleure connaissance de la structure profonde du bassin d’Ouarzazate. Ceci permet de mieux appréhender le fonctionnement du système aquifère éocène et de rationaliser les futures campagnes de reconnaissance des eaux souterraines susceptibles d’être menées dans le bassin d’Ouarzazate.
Distribution and Life History of the Lodgepole Needle Miner (Recurvariasp.) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks
Authors: Stark R. W.
Published: January 2010

General. The life history of the lodgepole needle miner in Yosemite National Park, California, has been described (24). The Canadian outbreak was discovered in 1942 but intensive investigations were not commenced until 1948. Many differences have been noted between the Canadian and Californian life histories since the discovery of the outbreak.

It is the purpose of this paper to bring together all information collected by the author and staff of the Laboratory of Forest Zoology at Calgary, Alberta, concerning the life history of the lodgepole needle miner in the Canadian Rocky mountains.
Notes on the Genus Foersteria Szépl. and a Redescription of Foersteria laeviuscula Szépl. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)
Authors: Martin John C.
Published: January 2010

In preparing a revision of the triaspidine genera which occur in North America, the author has considered all the genera of this group from the world, and has found some shifting of species necessary. The genus Foersterin was created in 1896 by Szépligeti for the reception of two new species described from Europe. At that time, both the genus and the two included species were rather inadequately characterized. This situation has continued to the present day and several authors have incorrectly placed several new species from other zoogeographical regions in this genus. This paper is an attempt to clarify the concept of Szépligeti's genus, and gives a redescription of F. laeviuscula Szépl.
Canadian Species ofLatalus(Homoptera: Cicadellidae)
Authors: Beirne Bryan P.
Published: January 2010

Three North American species ofLatalusand four ofQuontuswere listed by Oman (1999). Two of these are conspecific with a third and three new species are described below. Two of the previously described species have not been found in Canada and are not discussed here. They areDeltocephalus latidensSanders and DeLong (1919, p. 234) andLatalus uncinatusBeamer and Tuthill (1934, p. 6). They are distinguished by genitalic characters described in the original descriptions.QuontusOman (1949) is treated here as a synonym ofLatalusDeLong and Sleesman (1929), as the distinctions given by Oman (1949) intergrade and do not always hold good. Canadian species ofLatalusapparently inhabit grasslands. The best specific characters are in the internal male genitalia, though the female seventh sternite shows valid characters in some species.
A Simple Method of Rearing Hylemya brassicae (Bouché) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae)
Authors: Sherwood R. C. , Pond D. D.
Published: January 2010

Investigations at Fredericton requiring specific instars of the cabbage maggot, Hylemya brassicae (Bouché), led to studies of laboratory methods for rearing this insect. Previous attempts to rear H. brassicae had proved unsuccessful since the species does not reproduce readily under artificial conditions. Slingerland (1894) was unable to obtain eggs of this species, though his cages contained hundreds of adults. Washburn (1906) reported that adults that had matured in the field would oviposit in cages. Schoene (1916) used adults that had emerged in the laboratory as well as some fresh-looking individuals captured at large. These were supplied with water and some cruciferous plants, as well as banana, sugar, water, and blossoms of weeds common in his community. Adults fed readily upon the sweetened mixture and decaying banana, and lived four to eight weeks. One female was dissected and found to contain 13 full-sized eggs, but no reference to oviposition was made.
Persistence of Radio-Activity in Grasshoppers (Acrididae) Tagged with Phosphorus-32
Authors: Fuller R. A. , Riegert P. W. , Spinks J. W. T.
Published: January 2010

With the increased availability of radioisotopes and their application to the study of insect behaviour and dispersal, the possibility of using a radio-active tag on grasshoppers was investigated. Preliminary studies on the distribution of radio-active phosphorus (P32) in Melanoplus mexicanus mexicanus (Sauss.) and Camnula pellucida (Scudd.) were carried out by Murray (1949) and Fuller (1950). The P32, in the form of phosphate ion, was placed on food plants in drop form, or the leaves were dipped in an aqueous solution containing the phosphate ion. When this was fed to the grasshoppers over 50 per cent of the activity was excreted, but the amount retained was distributed throughout the body. The highest activities were recorded for the thorax and the metathoracic legs. The radio-activity apparently had no ill effects on the grasshoppers. However, more specific data were required to determine how well the applied activity is taken up and how long it is retained.
Some Laboratory Investigations of the Light Reactions of the Larvae of Neodiprion americanus banksianae Roh. and N. lecontei (Fitch) (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae)
Authors: Green G. W.
Published: January 2010

This paper deals with two sawfly species, Neodiprion americanus banksianae Roh. and N. lecontei (Fitch), important defoliators of pines in eastern North America. It is concerned chiefly with the reactions of the larvae to light and forms part of an investigation of their behaviour in response to physical factors of the environment.
The Male of Ixodes signatus Birula (Acarina: Ixodidae)
Authors: Gregson J. D.
Published: January 2010

Ixodes signatus Birula, 1895, pp. 357-358, Pl. 1, Figs. 10-13.

Ixodes arcticus Osborn, 1899, p. 553. Synonym, fide Cooley and Kohls, 1945, p. 201.

Ixodes parvirostris Neumann, 1901, p. 284. Synonym, fide Banks, 1908, p. 21, and Nuttall et al., 1911, p. 261.

Ixodes eudyptidis var. signata [Birula], Neumann, 1904, p. 451. Synonym, fide Nuttall et al., 1911, p. 261.

Ceratixodes signatus (Birula), Banks, 1908, p. 21, Pl. II, Figs. 1-3.
A Key to the Females of Tenthredo of the Canadian Prairies. (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae).
Authors: Strickland E. H.
Published: January 2010

In certain years, adult sawflies constitute a conspicuous feature of the insect fauna which rests on foliage or visits flowers on the Canadian prairies and in neighbouring woodlands.

The most intense “outbreak” of these insects observed by the writer occurred in 1929 when they were by far the most conspicuous representatives of the insect fauna near Gull Lake, Alberta. In that year, in less than two weeks during early June, 53 species were taken in an area of about a half-mile square.
Carabid Beetles from Nova Scotia
Authors: Lindroth Carl H.
Published: January 2010

The literature dealing with the coleopterous fauna of Nova Scotia is extremely scanty, the old lists of Jones (1869) and Evans (1899) still being the most comprehensive treatments of the subject. Leng (19201, it is true, interested principally in limital records, indicated in his catalogue the presence in Nova Scotia of all species known by him to occur there. But a list compiled from his catalogue is far from complete. Of recent papers, two by Brown (1910, 1950) on introduced European species are the most interesting.
Atmospheric Circulation Processes and Insect Ecology
Authors: Wellington W. G.
Published: January 2010

There are many papers on the effects of meteorological factors on insects, but only a few state these effects in terms of large-scale weather processes. Even fewer report the logical condusion of such studies: prediction of the biological phenomena with the aid of modern methods of weather analysis and forecasting.
A Plastic Cage for Rearing Small Parasites
Authors: Arthur A. P.
Published: January 2010

The biologies of Zagrammosoma americanum Gir. and other small chalcid parasites are being studied at the Belleville laboratory. During these investigations a cage was required that would: (1) permit microscopic observation, with a minimum of disturbance to the insect, (2) allow ready introduction and removal of food and host material, without danger of the insects escaping, and (3) have aeration holes through which the interior could be sprayed. The description of a cage that satisfies the above requirements follows.
The Crow Flea, Ceratophyllus rossittensis Dampf, in North America (Siphonaptera: Ceratophyllidae)
Authors: Holland George P.
Published: January 2010

Ceratophyllus swansoni Liu, 1935, was described from one male and one female specimen collected from a long-eared owl, “Asio wilsonianus” [A. otus ssp.], at Fertile, Minnesota. The species is not well known in collections, and the writer
knows of only one other published record, from Beaverhead Co., Montana, reared from nests of the same owl (Jellison et al., 1943). The host affinities of C. swansoni have remained uncertain, as predatory birds are not usually normal hosts of fleas.
A Survey of Parasites of the Larch Sawfly (Pristiphora erichsonii (Hartig)) in Manitoba and Saskatchewan
Authors: Lejeune R. R. , Hildahl V.
Published: January 2010

Records indicate that the present outbreak of the larch sawfly in Manitoba and Saskatchewan began about 1938 in the Spruce Woods-Riding Mountain area of Manitoba. Since then, it has spread in all directions where the principal host tree, larch, Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch, occurs. It now includes nearly all of Manitoba and Saskatchewan, northwestern Ontario, part of northeastern Alberta, and northern Minnesota. In 1944, an annual survey of parasites that attack larvae of the larch sawfly was begun by the Forest Biology Laboratory, Winnipeg. The purposes of the survey were to determine (a) the principal species of parasites, (b) their abundance and effectiveness, and (c) .host-parasite population trends.
Descriptions of Larvae of Forest Insects: Syngrapha, Autographa (Lepidoptera: Phalaenidae)
Authors: McGuffin W. C.
Published: January 2010

The larvae of the plusiine genera Syngrapha and Autographa have but two pairs of ventral ahdominal legs; typical phalaenid larvae have four pairs of these legs. The setal arrangement seems to be fairly constant. Intraspecific variation in setal positions seems to be as great as interspecific. The patterns on the head (Figs. 2 and 3), thorax (Figs. 1, 6) and abdominal segments two and six (Fig. 5) are illustrated. The setal classification nf Hinton (3) has been used here.
The Functions of the Eyes and Antennae in the Orientation of Adults of Neodiprion lecontei (Fitch)
Authors: Green G. W.
Published: January 2010

A recent paper (2) described the light reactions of Sarcophaga aldrichi Parker when the eyes of the fly were treated in different ways. The present paper describes a similar series of observations on adults of the sawfly, Neodiprion lecontei (Fitch), and analyses the functions of their compound eyes, dorsal ocelli, and antennae.
Paper Partition Chromatography in Entomological Research
Authors: Auclair J. L. , Maltais J. B.
Published: January 2010

Paper partition chromatography is a physico-chemical technique that enables the investigator to separate inorganic and organic constituents of various kinds, e.g., amino acids, purines, pyrimidines and related substances, sugars and their derivatives, organic acids, vitamins, antibiotics, and chemical elemens, and measure them quantitatively.
Concerning Tomotaenia and Paraplanes, with the Description of a New Dignathodontid Centipede from Missouri (Chilopoda: Geophilomorpha: Dignathodontidae)
Authors: Crabill Ralph E.
Published: January 2010

Tomotaenia was proposed in 1895 by O. F. Cook (3, p. 866) for the reception of a number of Nearctic species; Strigamia parviceps Wood, 1862 (6, p. 49) was cited as the genotype. In 1953 (4, p. 172) I considered Tomotaenia a junior synonym of Strigamia chiefly because reliable information on the questionable type species, parviceps, was neither to be gained from a study of the unavailable type specimen nor from a perusal of the literature and because of the fact that the original description of parviceps in some ways suggests the typical Strigamia habitus. In addition, Attems and others have placed parviceps in Scolioplanes [=Strigamia]. However, in a paper recenrlv published Chamberlin (2) shows that dignathodontid [linotaeniid of Chamberlin] centipedes agreeing in many particulars with Wood's descriptions of parviceps and especially epileptica (loc. cit) inhabit the northwestern United States in some abundance. Perhaps the most striking characteristics of these specimens are their possession of undivided ultimate pedal pretergites, broad ultimate pedal sternites, and coxopleural pores restricted to an area immediately bordering the afore-mentioned sternites. These features, then, might be taken as justifiable bases for separating forms congeneric with epileptica from those properly referable to Strigamia.
Needle-Mining Habits and Larval Instars of the Spruce Budworm
Authors: McGugan Blair M.
Published: January 2010

Many of the early papers on the spruce budworm,Choristoneura fumiferana(Clem.), included accounts of the general habits and seasonal history of the insect (9, 13, 18, 10, 22). Later papers have heen concerned principally with ecological or pathological relations, current infestations and damage, or chemical control. There has not been, however, any detailed account of the salient features of the development of the spruce budworm.
Observations on the Duration of the Pupal Stage of Ten Species of Mosquitoes Reared at London, Ontario
Authors: Judd W. W.
Published: January 2010

The writer (Judd, 1954) reported upon the results of a survey of mosquitoes conducted at London, Ontario in 1952, during which seventeen species were found to occur. Larvae and pupae were taken from pools in six areas in London and its vicinity and were reared to the adult stage at room temperature in the laboratory. Each larva or pupa to be reared was placed in a separate small jar covered with cheesecloth and containing some of the water from the pool from which the specimen had been taken. As the insect went through its series of moults the exuviae were preserved and a record was kept of the dates on which moults occurred. One hundred and seven larvae, representing ten species, successfully passed through the pupal stage to produce adults. The data accumulated from these rearings thus give information concerning the length of the pupal period of the species represented. This information was not included in the publication referred to above and is presented herewith in Table 1.
New Records and New Synonymies for North American Leafhoppers (Homoptera: Cicadellidae)
Authors: Beirne Bryan P.
Published: January 2010

In this paper records are given for three species of leafhoppers described from Europe and not recorded previously for North America, and six names that have been applied to North American species are reduced to synonymy with the names of species described from Europe.
A New Pyralid of Palaearctic Affinities from Colorado (Lepidoptera)
Authors: Munroe Eugene
Published: January 2010

The genus Metaxmeste Hübner [1824-25] was erected for four nominal species. There was no original type designation, and so far as I know there has been no subsequent one; accordingly, I designate Pyralis phrygialis Hübner as type. This species, though included in Titanio Hübner by most authors, differs from normalis Hübner, the tvpe of Titanio, in the less prominent frons, in lacking specialized setae on the ddrsal surface of the antenna, and in having Sc+R completely free from Rs in the hind wing. I consider these characters to be of generic importance.
The Light Reactions of Larvae of the Spotless Fall Webworm, Hyphantria textor Harr. (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae)
Authors: Wellington W. G. , Sullivan C. R. , Henson W. R.
Published: January 2010

Recently, the light reactions of three species of tent caterpillars were described (3). The present paper contains a similar description of the responses of larvae of the spotless fall webworm, Hyphantria textor Harr. This species was chosen for comparative study because, like tent caterpillars, it is colonial through most of its larval stage, during which it forms extensive webs.

Larvae of all six instars were studied. Some of the behaviour described here was first observed during the summers of 1949-50 at Sault Ste. Marie, Ont. During July and August of 1953, several of the laboratory tests were repeated at Sault Ste. Marie, and, in addition, some new reactions were observed for the first time.
Euura salicis-nodus (Dalla Torre) (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) and its Hymenopterous Parasites Reared from Spindle-galls of Willow
Authors: Judd W. W.
Published: January 2010

In a communication previously published (Judd, 1952) the writer reported upon studies of insects reared from Pine Cone Willow galls collected near London, Ontario in 1951. At the time this collection was made numerous galls of another type were noted on the twigs of a growth of willow shrubs adjacent to those from which the Pine Cone galls were taken. These galls were spindle-shaped swellings of the twigs and branches and were from three-quarters to one and one-half inches long and, at their greatest width, two or three times as wide as the twigs (Fig. 1). They were confined to a growth of willow which formed a straggling band along the edge of a field, the individual bushes being shrub-like in stature, three or four feet tall. This willow was identified as the sandbar-willow (Salix interior Rowlee) by use of a key to foliage of Salix in Fernald (1950). Most of the galls were separate from one another, forming individual swellings along the twigs. Some twigs and branches bore only a few galls but some bore several, there being as many as eight separate galls along one foot of branch. In a few cases two galls were so closely adjacent that they formed a single bilobed swelling of the twig. In the key to insect galls of willow in Felt (1940) they were identified as spindle-galls caused by the sawfly Euura nodus Walsh.
Determination of the Constants Employed in Calculating the Surface Area of the GrasshopperMelanoplus bivittatus(Say) (Orthoptera: Acrididae)
Authors: Chefurka W. , Pepper J. H.
Published: January 2010

In a study of the effects of temperature on the evaporation from the cuticle of the grasshopper,Melanoplus bivittatus(3), it was essential to know the surface area of the insect. Because no such information is available for this species and because the surface area of insects rarely varies as the two-thirds power of the weight, an attempt was made to determine the constants of the Meeh formula, S=kWn(5) which would best correlate the surface area and the weight.
Avian Mallophaga from Quebec
Authors: Whitehead W. E.
Published: January 2010

Following the lead set by Dr. George M. Stirrett, (Canadian Entomologist, July, 1952), the following records of Mallophaga from avian hosts taken in the province of Quebec have been assembled. It is hoped that others will record collections made in their respective provinces, so that eventually records and the distribution of species may be available for the Dominion.

The following species were largely collected by the author, with some assistance from the late Dr. W. E, Swales. The specimens form part of the Macdonald College Collection.
Note on Occurrence of Agathis laticinctus (Cress.) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) as a Parasite of the Eye-Spotted Bud Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Nova Scotia
Authors: Stultz H. T.
Published: January 2010

Agathis laticinctus (Cress.), a parasite of the eye-spotted bud moth, Spilonota ocellana (D. & S.), is of particular interest because it has only recently become the most important one attacking this pest in Nova Scotia. Sanders and Dustan ( 1919) found it of minor importance and Gilliatt (1932) did not find it worthy of mention. An account of its life-history has been given by Dondale (1954).

As in most research projects of the Kentville laboratory (Pickett et al., 1946), attention has been given to the influence of spray practices on population densities of A. laticinctus.
Parasites and Insect Predators of the Larch Sawfly
Authors: Muldrew J. A.
Published: January 2010

Before the introduction of the parasite Mesoleius tenthredinis Morley into Canada in 1910, the larch sawfly had periodically caused devastating outbreaks that eventually resulted in the destruction of nearly all the mature larch east of the Rockies. The parasite at first gave control wherever it became established and, fallowing its release in Central Canada, the larch sawfly caused no serious damage there until 1938, when it again began to flare up, first in central Manitoba and then in Saskatchewan, Alberta, Ontario, Minnesota, and Wisconsin. Associated with the present resurgence is a loss of effectiveness on the part of M. tenthredinis and this appears to be related to the development of an immunity reaction on the part of the host (Muldrew, 1953a). The larch sawfly in British Columbia is, however, still highly susceptible to the parasite and, apparently, parasitism by N. tenthredinis keeps the level of abundance of the larch sawfly so low that at difficulty is experienced in obtaining host material for study purposes.
Small Mammals as Predators of Sawflies
Authors: Buckner C. H.
Published: January 2010

The greatest predatory effect of small mammals is exerted upon insects that spend a portion of their life cycle on the ground or in the soil. Sawflies afford ample opportunity for mammalian predation, since they drop to the ground as mature larvae and spin cocoons in the soil. Such sawflies as Neodiprion abietis Harr., which remain within the cocoon for about three weeks, undergo only moderate risk of being preyed upon by small mammal. However, Pristiphora erichsonii (Htg.) remains within the cocoon from about mid-August until the following June, or even over more than one year, thus greatly extending the vulnerable period. Earlier investigations suggest that small mammals may comprise the largest single biological control agent acting against this insect (Graham 1928, Lejeune 1951), but the exact role of mammalian predators of forest insects has yet to be established.
Virus Diseases of Sawflies
Authors: Bird F. T.
Published: January 2010

Although a virus disease of the larch sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (Htg.), has not been discovered, polyhedrosis viruses of several other Tenthredinids are known. They have been used to control infestations of two introduced species: the European spruce sawfly, Diprion hercyniae (Htg.), (Bird, 1954) and the European pine sawfly, Neodiprion sertifer (Geoffr.), (Bird, 1950, 1952, 1953; Dowden, 1953). Unfortunately, the viruses of these, as well as the viruses of several other species tested, are not pathogenic to the larch sawfly. Some viruses, however, appear to he pathogenic to more than one species. J. M. Burk of this laboratory found, for example, that a polyhedrosis virus affecting the native jackpine sawfly, Neudiprion americanus banksianae Roh., is pathogenic to N. sertifer, N. nanulus Schedl, and D. hercyniae.
Cytogenetics of Obligatory Parthenogenesis
Authors: Smith Stanley G.
Published: January 2010

The larch sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (Htg.), like the European spruce sawfly, Diprion (Gilpinia) hercyniae (Htg.), is an obligatoty parthenogenetic ‘species’, that is, it is endowed with the capacity of reproducing without recourse to mating. Wlde this absence of cross-fertilization with the attendant uniformity of progeny it assures renders such species ideally suited for experiments requiring the use of controls, it would at first sight appear ro preclude the adoption of conventional genetic procedures in studying them, other than by circuitous means: it is the main purpose of this contribution to suggest a possible means of circumventing the difficulty.
Studies on the Cuticle of the GrasshopperMelanoplus bivittatus(Say) (Orthoptera: Acrididae): I. General Properties of the Cuticle
Authors: Chefurka W. , Pepper J. H.
Published: January 2010

Numerous studies have shown that the cuticle of insects is complex and highly-differentiated and that the complexity varies from species to species (2, 8, 11, 13, 14, 17, 18).

The object of this study is to determine cuticular relationships between the grasshopper,Melanoplus bivittatus, and other insects already studied. This work was carried out by means of chemical tests and permeability measurements on fresh material rather than by methods of fixing and sectioning.
Note on Injury to Tree Fruits by Frankliniella tritici (Fitch) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)
Authors: Boyce H. R.
Published: January 2010

The thrips Frankliniella tritici (Fitch) occurred in great abundance early in May, 1954, in orchards of tree fruits in Essex County, Ontario.

Observations during the first three weeks of May showed that this insect was abundant on the foliage and blossoms of apple, sweet and sour cherries, plum, and peach. Sweet cherry, European plum, and peach suffered the greatest attack. On sweet cherry and plum large numbers of eggs were inserted in blossom stems, styles and apices of the ovaries. From 30 to 50 per cent of the blossoms of sweet cherry and plum were destroyed, apparently because of disruption of tender tissues by the large numbers of eggs inserted in them; a considerable number of the fruits remaining on the trees were injured by feeding of adults and immature stages of the thrips (Fig. 1).
Phytophaga tumidosae (Felt) (Diptera: Itonididae) and its Hymenopterous Parasites Reared from the Scarred Gall of Willow
Authors: Judd W. W.
Published: January 2010

On February 13, 1954 a heavy infestation of small galls was noted on a growth of willow shrubs (Salix sp.) in London Township about a mile north of London, Ontario. The exact location was on the north bank of the North Branch of the Thames River about 100 yards west of the bridge by which Adelaide Street crosses the river. The bushes were crowded along the bank and several of them had their lower branches under water and their roots extending well out into the mud of the river. The galls were one-eighth to three-eighths of an inch long (Fig. 1) and were roughly spherical to oval in shape. The bark of a gall was scarred by shallow furrows running along its length. At its upper end each gall bore the scales of a withered bud or an oval scar from which the scales had fallen. Flanking the scar were two rounded swellings of incipient buds. Many of the galls were separatelv developed along the twigs, being well apart from one another, hut in some cases they were crowded against one another so that three or four galls occupied one inch of the length of the twig, and in several instances a number of adjacent galls had coalesced to form an irregular swelling one or two inches long, along the length of a twig. In the key to insect galls of willow in Felt (1940) the galls were identified as scarred willow galls caused by the gall fly Phytophaga tumidosae (Felt).
Mortality Factors Acting in a Sequence
Authors: Thompson W. R.
Published: January 2010

In 1910 in a paper on the parasites of the Gypsy and Brown-tail moths, W. F. Fiske calculated the mortality necessary to stabilize the gypsy moth population and stressed the importance of a sequence of parasites and predators attacking successive stages of the insect host, in the establishment and maintenance of satisfactory control. In 1912, in the bulletin entitled “The Importation into the United States of the Parasites of the Gypsy Moth and Brown-tail Moth”, L. O. Howard and W. F. Fiske studied the problem of a sequence of parasites much more fully. They then made the very important point that aggregate percentage of kill necessary for the control of an insect pest could not be secured by simply adding together the figures representing the kills resulting through attack by each of two or more species. It was going to be necessary, they said, to combine these several aggregates in a different manner. Thus a 50% parasitism of the eggs if it could possibly be secured, followed by another 50% parasitism of the caterpillars, could not by any possibility be considered as resulting in 100% parasitism or complete extinction but only in 50% parasitism added to 50% of what remained which amounted in effectto 25% of the whole. In this manner an aggregate of 75% only is secured. They said further that any specific amount of parasitism as 20% of the eggs, was neither more nor less, but exactly as effective as 20% parasitism of the caterpillars and pupae, in so far as its value in constructing the final aggregate was concerned. The principle they thus established, though it may seem obvious enough, had not apparently been previously recognized by workers on biological control and it is of the very greatest importance.
Effect of Moisture on the Selection of Cocooning Sites by the Larch Sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (Hartig)
Authors: Ives W. G. H.
Published: January 2010

Mature larch sawfly drop to the ground and spin cocoons in the moss or duff. The ground snrface of tamarack bogs is usually uneven, and the moss is variable in moisture content. During hot dry weather the moss on the tops of hummocks in dry sites becomes dry, while that in the depressions remains moist. During periods of heavy rain, or in wet sites, the depressions may be filled with water, while the hummocks usually remain above the water.
The Bark Beetle Complex Associated with Lodgepole Pine Slash in Alberta: Part 1—Notes on the Biologies of some Scolytidae attacking Lodgepole Pine Slash
Authors: Reid R. W.
Published: January 2010

This investigation was carried out to determine and explain some of the major factors underlying the variability in concentration of certain bark beetles in slash laid down under different cutting systems. Little is known on the life histories and natural control factors of many of the bark beetles inhabiting lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. var latifolia Engelm.) and on the effect which different methods of logging have on the insects. Flash outbreaks in lodgepole pine stands frequently result from the breeding of certain bark beetles in slash remaining after logging operations. The opportunity to carry out this investigation was presented to the Calgary Laboratory in 1952, when the Federal Forest Service initiated studies on selectively cut lodgepole pine. This eventually became a co-operative project between the Federal Forest Service, Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources, and the Calgary Laboratories of Forest Zoology and Forest Pathology of the Division of Forest Biology.
A Nest of Heriades variolosus (Cress.); (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)
Authors: Fischer Roland L.
Published: January 2010

In working on the biology of Hoplitis producta (Cress.) and going through a large number of nests of that species, one nest was discovered which was quite distinct from the others. At first, it was thought that this nest was perhaps the nest of another species of Hoplitis; however, the subsequent rearing of the bees and their identification has shown the nest to belong to Heriades (Neotrypetes) variolosus variolosus (Cresson). This is the first record of the nesting habit of any member of the subgenus Neotrypetes, and while the record is far from complete, it seems that for sake of a more complete picture on the nesting habits of the Megachilidae that it be reported at the time. Rau (1) has recorded the emergence of two individuals of Heriades (Physostetha) carinata Cresson from a hollowed out stem of sumach, but gave no details on the nest construction.
Further Aphids of the Maritime Provinces (Homoptera: Aphidae)
Authors: MacGillivray M. E.
Published: January 2010

MacGillivray (1952) listed aphids of the genusAphisfrom the Maritime Provinces. Following are further records, from this region, of species of the tribes Aphini, including additional species ofAphis, Panaphini, and Lachnini. Slides of most of the material are at the Fredericton laboratory.
A New Method For Handling Insect Eggs
Authors: Backs R. H.
Published: January 2010

Occasions frequently arise in entomological work when it is necessary to handle large numbers of insect eggs. If the eggs are to be counted or treated, it is often necessary that they be held in a fixed position. A technique has been devised at the Ottawa laboratory by which many eggs can be handled and held with great ease. The eggs to be treated are placed on a sheet of Saran Wrap (Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Mich.). The static charge on the plastic is strong ennugh to hold the eggs securely. After treatment the eggs can be removed by means of a moist brush. This method is ideal for topical application studies and, if the Saran Wrap is backed with aluminum foil, it may be used to make excellent micro weighing dishes with adhesive qualities.
Sawflies Collected from Low-Bush Blueberry Fields in New Brunswick (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae)
Authors: Neilson W. T. A.
Published: January 2010

As part of a comprehensive investigation on insects affecting the low-bush blueberry in New Brunswick, a study has been made since 1950 of the saw-flies present in blueberry fields in Charlotte County. Of the 19 species collected by sweeping, onIv three Neopareophora litura (Klug), Pristiphora idiota (Nort.), and Pristiphora sp., feed on blueberry; the remainder feed on other plants growing in or near the blueberry fields. Blueberry sawflies are common in New Brunswick but do not cause any serious injury. However, in Maine, Phipps (1930, pp. 107-232) reported complete defoliation of 50 acres of blueberries by sawfly larvae.
Mites (Anoetidae), Fungi (Empusa spp.) and Pollinia of Milkweed (Asclepias syriaca) Transported by Calyptrate Flies
Authors: Judd W. W.
Published: January 2010

During the period April 13 to November 10, 1953 the writer conducted a survey of calyptrate flies of medical importance at London, Ontario, and its vicinity. The flies were trapped in twelve traps baited wit11 malt extract and set out in twelve localities such as garbage dumps, the border of swamps and the premises of meat packing plants, sewage disposal plants, dairies, restaurants and industrial properties. During the course of the survey 142,975 flies in the families Anthomyiidae, Muscidae, Calliphoridae and Sarcophagidae were collected. From these were chosen twenty species for counting. The daily catch of these flies from each of the twelve traps was kept separate and the flies were sorted according to species and sex and a record was kept of the numbers of each species captured in each trap. Tn making the identifications it was necessary to examine each specimen under a binocular microscope and during this process the specimen was also examined for the presence on it of parasites or other organisms clinging to it. Three such organisms mere found on several flies: mites, pollinia of milkweed and fungi of the genus Empusa.
A Record of an External Egg Parasite from Trinidad, B.W.I.
Authors: Bennett Fred D.
Published: January 2010

Wilted stems of Eupatorium odoratum L., (Compositae) in Trinidad were found to contain an egg or lama of a Curculionid. Each egg was deposited in a slit between two rows of punctures encircling the stem. This girdling made by the ovipositing female was obviously the cause of the wilting. Larvae hatching from the eggs fed for a few days ih the wilted portion of the stem and then tunnelled into the sound tissue below the punctures completing development a month later, and pupating in the stem near the base of the plant. The adults, which emerged ten days later, were identified as Rhodobaenus sp. nr. cariniventris by Mr. R. E. Warner of the U.S. National Museum.
Observations on the Mating Habits of Dasymutilla formicalia Rohwer (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae)
Authors: Linsley E. G. , MacSwain J. W. , Smith Ray F.
Published: January 2010

At a locality nine miles southwest of Fresnillo, Zacatecas, Mexico, a number of females of Dasymutilla formicalia Rohwer and males of D. pallida Mickel were observed around our campsite during the second week of August, 1954. However, all of the males and most of the females were active only in the early morning and late afternoon. On August 10th, in a dirt roadway about three-quarters of a mile from camp an unusually large concentration of these mutillids was discovered at about 6 p.m. Since but a single species of Dasymutilla appeared to be involved the following observations on the activities of the males and females were recorded.
Encyrtidae from Trinidad, B.W.I.: 1. Three Species of Pseudaphycus Reared from Mealybugs
Authors: Bennett Fred D.
Published: January 2010

In the come of the study of parasites of mealybugs for introduction into West Africa for the control of mealybug vectors of cocoa virus a number of undescribed Encyrtids have been discovered in Trinidad, B.W.I. Descriptions of these and new Encyrtids reared from other hosts will be published in a series of papers.

The present paper records three species of Pseudaphycus from Trinidad, two of which are described as new. I am indebted to Mr. H. Compere who stated (in litt.) that the species herein described were probably new and pointed out the characters that separated them from related species. Dr. B. D. Burks kindly compared specimens of these species with types of related species deposited in the United States National Museum and suggested slight alterations in the manuscript which have been duly made.
Synonymy of Nomada fowleri Cockerell with N. obscurella Fowler (Hymenoptera: Nomadidae)
Authors: Linsley E. G. , MacSwain J. W.
Published: January 2010

Nomada obscurella Fowler, 1902, was originally described from one male from Berkeley, California, March 18, from Ranunculus californicus, under the name N. obscura Fowler, 1899 (preoccupied). Nomada fowleri Cockerell, 1903, was described from a female from Corvallis, Oregon, April 15, 1897 (A. B. Cordley). In connection with a study of some interrelationships of some Ranunculus bees we have become convinced that the two are synonymous. Although in general we disapprove of the association of sexes by elimination, in this case we regard the circumstantial evidence so strong as to leave little doubt that they represent the two sexes of a strikingly sexually dimorphic species.
A New Species of Hilara from Arctic Canada (Diptera: Empidae)
Authors: Shewell G. E.
Published: January 2010

Black, uniformly dark brown- or grey-pollinose. Thorax obscurely quadrivittate. Legs short-haired. Wings milk-white in both sexes.

Head black; frons and occiput, viewed from above, velvety with dark-brown tinge; bristles and hairs fine, black, the former about as long as third antennal segment less style. Antenna black, slightly shorter than head; style about half as long as third segment. Palpus and proboscis black.
A Secondary Sex Character on the Male of the California Five-spined Engraver, Ips confusus (Lec.) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)
Authors: Lyon R. L.
Published: January 2010

A study of 2,500 adults of the California five-spined engraver, Ips confusus (Lec.), has shown that the sex of this beetle can be determined from a secondary sex character with an accuracy exceeding 99 percent. Insects often have secondary characters that indicite sex, and in species with concealed genitalia, reliable secondary characters are especially useful for rapidly separating the males and females. Where such characters are lacking, a dependable determination of sex can only be made by the laborious procedure of dissection for a check of genitalia.
The Experimental Study of the Chemotactic Basis of Host Specificity in Phytophagous Insects
Authors: Thorsteinson A. J.
Published: January 2010

The high degree of host specificity of many phytophagous insects is a commonplace, yet remarkable phenomenon. Nevertheless it has been relatively neglected as a field for experimental study.

The first beginning was made about 50 years ago when Grevillius (1905) found that the larvae of the browntail mothEuproctis chrysorrhoea(L.) which feeds on the chick weed,Stellaria, could be induced to feed on other plants by smearing the leaves with a paste containing tannin which is a constituent of chick weed. It is un1ikely that this work was highly critical with respect to the chemical purity of the test preparations, yet the basic principle inherent in all experimentation in this field was employed. That is to say, a relatively isolated chemical constituent of the host plant together with some ingestible substrate other than the host plant tissue was offered to the insects. Obviously, the induction of feeding indicated that the test material contains some substance that stimulates the appetite of the insect.
Notes on Mites of the Genus Typhlodromus Scheuten, 1857 (Acarina: Laelaptidae), with Descriptions of the Males of Some Species and the Female of a New Species
Authors: Chant D. A.
Published: January 2010

From 1952 to 1955 the author has been engaged in a study of the predacious mites of importance in controlling the European red mite, Metatetranychus ulmi (Koch), in southern England. During this time an opportunity was afforded to become familiar with many of the species in the genus Typhlodromus that are thought to be of some value in this regard (Gilliart, 1935; Nesbirt,
1951; Collyer, 1953).
Les associations de Gyrins dans les étangs et les lacs du parc du Mont Tremblant
Authors: Robert Adrien
Published: January 2010

L'étude monographique de H. C. Fall (1922), “The North American species of Gyrinus”, a permis à de nombreux entomologistes de reconnaîrre assez facilement les Gyrins des territoires inventoriés par eux-mêmes et a facilité la mise en ordre des collections existantes. Nous en voyons la preuve dans les quelques additions ou listes qui parurent durant les dix années suivantes. Wallis (1926) décrit le Gyrinus dubius et le G. hatchi; il restaure le G. piceolus Blatchley qui avait été réduit au rang de synonyme par Fall. Chamberlain (1929) décrit le G. gehringi, provenant de l'état du New Hampshire. Brown (1928) donne une liste des espèces canadiennes. Il énumère vingt espèces pour la seule province de Québec, dont la plupart proviennent de la région de Hull ou de Covey Hill. Le Gyrinus opacus n'est cependant mentionné que pour la baie James. En 1931, Fall donne la description de Gyrinus instabilis dont le type et les paratypes proviennent de l'Alaska. Depuis, très peu de travaux semblent avoir été faits sur ce genre d'insectes, soit au Canada, soit aux Etats-Unis.
The Influence of Spray Programs on the Fauna of Apple Orchards in Nova Scotia. VIII. Natural Enemies of the Eye-Spotted Bud Moth, Spilonota ocellana (D. & S.) (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae)
Authors: Stultz H. T.
Published: January 2010

The eye-spotted bud moth, Spilonota ocellana (D. & S.), has a long history as a pest in Nova Scotia apple orchards, serious damage by it being reported as early as 1891 (Fletcher, 1892). Its status has fluctuated considerably, the most notable outbreak reaching its peak in 1927. This outbreak occurred when dusts were being used for the control of orchard pests, and (Kelsall 1932) was one of the two main reasons for abandoning the general use of dusts after 1927. The bud moth declined rapidly after 1927 and by 1931 was rated a minor pest (Gilliatt, 1932a). After flutuating at relatively low levels for seven years, it increased in importance and by 1942 was again a major pest. From 1942 to 1952, there was little change in its general status although large fluctuations in population were observed in orchards in which certain insecticides had been used (Stultz, 1950). During 1953, there was a marked decline in the average population level although reductions did not occur in all orchards.
Moisture and Diapause in the Wheat Stem Sawfly,Cephus cinctusNort. (Hymenoptera: Cephidae)
Authors: Church Norman Stanley
Published: January 2010

Dryness of either an insect's habitat or its food has often been reported as inducing diapause. This has been well substantiated inPectinophora(8, 21, 22) andLoxostege(23). Also, a difference in body moisture between forms of the same species, in diapause and not in diapause, has been recorded inLeptinotarsa(9),Lucilia(11), andCarpocapsa(24), there being less water in the insects in diapause. It is significant, though, that in preparing for diapauseLeptinotarsaachieves a reduction in moisture content, even when there is an abundance of water outside, by excretion (4).
Systellogaster ovivora Cahan (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) Reared from Egg Capsules of the Wood-roach, Parcoblatta pennsylvanica (DeGeer), Collected at Rondeau Park, Ontario
Authors: Judd W. W.
Published: January 2010

On September 21, 1953 the writer collected several egg capsules of the wood-roach, Parcoblatta pennsylvanica (DeGeer), from beneath the bark of dead, fallen trees in Rondeau Park, Kent County, Ontario. The capsules were put in a jar for rearing. During December 7 and 8, 1953 eight chalcidoid wasps, two males and six females, emerged from the capsules. They were identified as Systellogaster ovivora Gahan (family Pteromalidae) by Dr. 0. Peck, Systematic Entomology, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, who pointed out that this was the first Canadian record of this genus. One male and three females from this collection are deposited in the Canadian National Collection.
Observations on the Distribution of Grasshopper Egg-pods in Western Canadian Stubble Fields
Authors: Putnam L. G. , Shklov N.
Published: January 2010

The egg-laying habits of the pest species of grasshoppers in Western Canada have been known, in their essential characteristics, since the work of Criddle (1920). Methods used in routine surveys in the Prairie Provinces have been based on this knowledge since 1932, when surveys as they are now known were first made. For example, the habit of the principal pest species, Melanoplus mexicanus mexicanus (Sauss.), of distributing its egg-pods widely in fields of ripening or harvested small grains, and not in native grasslands or highly restricted, selected sites, was known. Likewise, the habit of another important grasshopper, Camnula pellucida (Scudd.), of concentrating its eggs in areas of native sod adjoining cultivated fields was recognized.
Biology of the Superb Plant Bug, Adelphocoris superbus (Uhl.) (Hemiptera: Miridae), in Southern Alberta
Authors: Lilly C. E. , Hobbs G. A.
Published: January 2010

The superb plant bug, Adelphocoris superbus (Uhl.), is a serious pest in some alfalfa seed fields in southern Alberta. It feeds on the unopened bud clusters, causing them to whiten and die (bud-blasting). Under cages, it has also caused flower-drop, stunting of plants, and destruction of immature seed (Sorenson, 1954). When numerous it may prevent fields from producing enough bloom for the alfalfa pollinators in the vicinity, and in such numbers is of economic importance to the seed-growers. The number of bugs necessary for an economic population thus varies inversely with the pollinator population on the field.