bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genetic Variability and Association Analysis in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) for Seed Yield Characters
Authors: Viswanatha Reddy Yerasi , Lavanya G. Roopa , Bharathi Ch. Laasya
Published: February 2022

During Rabi, 2019-2020, the present trial was carried out at the field experimentation centre of the Genetics and Plant Breeding, Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad to assess genetic variability, correlation and path analysis in twenty-six chickpea genotypes, including one check variety Uday for twelve quantitative traits. The analysis of variance revealed significant variations across genotypes for all of the features under investigation, demonstrating a high level of genetic variability in the experimental material. The genotypes C-224, C-201, ICC-16693, C-1028, C-129, C-213, C-130 and C-1025 have been identified as the top performing lines among the genotypes studied. PCV values were found to be higher than GCV for all of the traits investigated, indicating that environmental variables influence the characters. The fact that biological yield per plant has a high PCV and GCV implies that there is a lot of genetic variability in the material for these qualities. Plant height, days to 50% flowering, harvest index, biological yield per plant, hundred seed weight, seed yield per plant and number of pods per plant were all found to have high heritability. For the traits of biological yield per plant, seed index, harvest index, number of pods per plant, seed yield per plant and plant height, high heritability was observed along with high genetic advance as percent of mean, indicating that these characters were primarily governed by additive gene effects. As a result of the accumulation of more additive genes, direct selection of these features using a simple selection strategy would be efficient, leading to further development of chickpea genotypes. Number of seeds per plant, number of pods per plant, biological yield per plant, number of primary branches per plant, number of secondary branches per plant and plant height all had positive significant genotypic and phenotypic associations with grain yield per plant. At the phenotypic level, biological yield per plant and number of seeds per plant both had a strong positive direct effect on grain yield per plant and contributed the most to yield per plant.
Chlorine Efficiency in the Reducing Coliforms in the Sanitary Effluent of Septic Tank Treatment Systems with Anaerobic Filter
Authors: Mirlei Rossi Eliandra , Luft Sara , Moehle Jéssica Pâmela , Honorato Jessica Fernanda Barreto , Preuss Jackson Fábio , Becker Kessler Shara Sakira , Brandão Ricardo
Published: February 2022

The lack of basic sanitation is still a problem in Brazil, only about half of all sewage produced undergoes treatment, due to difficulties in introducing sanitary effluent treatment plants considering that most Brazilian cities do not have financial resources for implementation and maintenance of these stations. In this way, many cities have been adopting different methods for treating sewage before discarding into the rain network. Thus, this work aimed to analyze the efficiency of chlorine in the reduction of coliforms in the sanitary effluent of a treatment system with septic tank, anaerobic filter and disinfection. Six sanitary sewage treatment systems were evaluated from different condominiums from august to december 2019. To check its efficiency, the following parameters were analyzed: pH, thermotolerant coliforms, free residual chlorine and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The results showed that of the six stations evaluated, only one (16,78%) presented the amount of thermotolerant coliforms within the permissible standards. Furthermore, of these only three stations (50%) presented the concentrations of free residual chlorine according to the required parameters. In addition, COD was high at four (66,66%) of the analyzed stations. These data allow us to conclude that the efficiency of chlorine in the reduction of coliforms in the sanitary effluent from a septic tank treatment system, anaerobic filter and disinfection unfortunately may not be happening, because this type of system needs to be well operated and inspected frequently, since the operation is mostly done by users.
Socio-Economic Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic on Health Status in Ekiti and Ondo States, Nigeria
Authors: Bosede Awoyemi Olanike , Bukola Falaju Elizabeth , Adeyiola Ayobami Ibidapo , Odiaka Keziah
Published: February 2022

Introduction: The coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) has become a serious threat to human existence and at the same time causing a lot of traumatic socio-economic losses to people and nations globally. To this effect, studies have examined the impact of the pandemic in Nigeria, but not much has been said on the socio-economic effects of the pandemic on health status. This research work therefore, examines the socio-economic effects of COVD-19 pandemic on health status of people in Ekiti and Ondo States in Nigeria. Data from 663 respondents was obtained from the cross-section of adults age 18-65, using a self-structured open and close-ended questionnaire. Variables such as health status, occupation, income, education among others were used.

Methods: Ordered Probit model was specified to investigate the effect of the pandemic on health status and the maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) was used as the estimation technique. Also, descriptive statistics was conducted to examine the demographic features of the respondents.

Results and Findings: The results show that COVID-19 pandemic has both negative and positive socio-economic effects on health status among the majority of the participants. A decrease in school closure and job loss/ business closure makes respondents more likely to be in good health with 6.562% and 7.194% probabilities respectively. However, the probability that a respondent will be in a good health as a result of a positive change in income is 0.463%. This indicates that a positive change in income has a positive effect on health status, while school closure and job loss/business closure during COVID-19 have negative effects on health status. The study recommends that welfare benefits, financial incentives, stimulus package to both individuals and firms, while remote learning strategies are implemented to rebalance and boost people’s welfare in both states.
Preparation of Ethanolic Extract of Cassia auriculata and Its Anti-Diabetic Activity
Authors: Sitaram T. Srinivasa Surya , Arivarasu Lakshminarayanan , Rajeshkumar S. , Thangavelu Lakshmi
Published: February 2022

Introduction: Diabetes has caused a major burden to the health sector in the developing countries and has shown an increasing trend among the urban population. It is estimated that most patients are with type II diabetes which could be easily treated with dietary changes, exercise, and medication. Sri Lanka carries a long history of ayurvedic medicine where it uses the plant for treating many diseases. Therefore it is important to screen medicinal plants scientifically so they could be used safely and effectively in the traditional medical system and also be used for further investigations. Cassia auriculata is a plant used in the Ayurvedic medical system in Sri Lanka for treating many diseases including diabetics. We evaluated the anti-diabetic properties and the antioxidant properties of Cassia auriculata leaves.

Methods: The methanol extract of the leaves was sequentially extracted with petroleum ether and thereafter was partitioned between EtOAc, and water. The α-amylase inhibition assay was performed using the 3,5- dinitrosalicylic acid method. The antioxidant activities were measured using the DPPH free radical scavenging activity and the total phenolic content using Folin-Ciocalteu’s reagent. The cytotoxicity of the extract was evaluated using the Brine shrimp bioassay.

Results: The extract shows very good anti-diabetic activity  for the Cassia auriculata extract by using BSA and EAA Assay.

Conclusion: The leaf extracts of cassia auriculata exhibit remarkable α-amylase inhibitory activity in the crude methanolic extract. Hence leaves of cassia auriculata have a potential to be used as a regular green vegetable and also be investigated further in isolating pure compounds with anti-diabetic activity.
Evaluation of Antitumour Activity of Ethanolic Extract from Tribulus terrestris in Human Breast Cancer Cells
Authors: Kamalli M. , Raghunandhakumar S. , Ezhilarasan D. , Lakshmi T.
Published: February 2022

Introduction: Breast cancer is the form of cancer that occurs in the breast cells. After skin cancer, breast cancer is considered to be the most common cancer diagnosed in women. The number of deaths associated with this disease was increased in case of lack of early detection. Tribulus terrestris is an annual herb belonging to the Zygophyllaceae family. Flavonoids, alkaloids, and saponins are some of the main phytoconstituents of the herb. They are known for their pharmacological actions such as anti carcinogenic, anti inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant properties.

Aim: The aim of the present study is to evaluate the antitumor activity of ethanolic extract from Tribulus terrestris in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells.

Materials and Methods: The effect of Tribulus terrestris on cell viability was measured by MTT assay carried against breast cancer cells and morphological changes were investigated with phase contrast microscopy to confirm its antitumor activity. 

Results: the cell viability assay results indicate that 24hrs treatment with ethanolic extract of significantly reduces the cell viability in dose dependent manner. At 40 μg/ml of the Tribulus terrestris extract inhibits 50% cell viability and it has been fixed as IC50 value for further Tribulus terrestris experiments.

Conclusion: From the results, the extracts were cytotoxic to the human breast cancer cell and it might be a good therapeutic value for further investigations needed to understand the mechanisms to develop antitumor agents.
Evaluation of Anti-Cancer Activity of Saraca asoca Flower Extract against Lung Cancer Cell Line
Authors: Dharshini A. Divya , Elumalai P. , Raghunandhakumar S. , Lakshmi T. , Roy Anitha
Published: February 2022

Lung cancer is the second most common type of cancer, affecting one out of every five men and one out of every nine women. Lung cancer treatment is dictated by the cell type of the cancer, the amount to which it has spread, and the patient's overall condition. It is well known that cancer cells, in part due to apoptotic pathway malfunction, confer resistance to chemotherapy drugs or radiation. Saraca Asoca (S. asoca) has been used as medicinal remedies for various ailments due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-tumor activity. The objective of the study was to evaluate the anti-cancer activity of S. asoca flower extract against lung cancer cell line. The cytotoxic effect of S. asoca flower extract was carried out by cell viability assay against the lung cell line (A549). Different concentrations of S. asoca flower ethanolic extract (20-120µg/ml) were treated for 24h. Furthermore, the morphological changes were analysed using inverted microscopy. The nuclear morphology of S. asoca flower ethanolic extract treated lung cancer was analyzed by DAPI staining. The cell viability assay clearly showed that the extract of S. asoca flower treatment has significantly reduced the lung cancer cell viability in a dose dependent manner. We observed the IC50 dose at 60 μg/ml concentration. The DAPI staining results showed increased apoptotic cells with condensed chromatin and nuclear fragmentation in ethanolic extract of S. asoca flower treatment in lung cancer cells. The present study shows ethanolic extract of S. asoca flower treatment inhibits cell growth and induces the apoptosis in lung cancer cells. Further research is needed to find out the active compounds and understand the mechanisms of anti-cancer effects of S. asoca flower.
Anti-Cancer Effects of Saraca asoca Flower Extract on Prostate Cancer Cell Line
Authors: Choudhary Apurva , Elumalai P. , Raghunandhakumar S. , Lakshmi T. , Roy Anitha
Published: February 2022

Background: Prostate cancer is the second most common cause of cancer deaths for men. The role of plants in the prevention and treatment of disease has been known from the dawn of civilization. Plants maintain the health and vitality of individuals and also cure diseases, including cancer without causing toxicity. More than 50% of all modern drugs in clinical use are of natural products, many of which have the ability to control cancer cells. Saraca Asoca (Roxb.), De. Wild or Saraca indica is one of the most ancient trees of India

Aim: Aim of this study is to investigate the anti-cancer effects of Saraca Asoca flower extract on prostate cancer cell line.

Materials and Methods: The anti-cancer effects of Saraca Asoca extract on prostate cancer cell lines was assessed by cell viability assay, cell and nuclear morphological studies. The multiple concentration of Saraca Asoca extract (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 µg/ml) was used and IC50 doses were calculated.

Results: The MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl]-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide) assay results showed the percentage of cell viability significantly decreased in treated cells compared to control groups without any treatment was represented as 100% and we observed inhibitory concentration was 60µg/ml. Morphologic changes observed showed cell shrinkage, and cytoplasmic membrane blebbing, were observed under phase-contrast microscope. The apoptotic nuclei (intensely stained, fragmented nuclei, and condensed chromatin) were viewed under a fluorescent microscope.

Conclusion: Overall, the present study results demonstrated the cytotoxic and proapoptotic effects of Saraca Asoca flower extract on prostate cancer cell line. However, more research is needed to understand the active prinsciple compounds present in the extract and molecular mechanisms of its anti-cancer effects.
Stevia and Peppermint Herbal Formulation Based Mouthwash and Its Efficacy in Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activities
Authors: Yuvashree C. S. , Varghese Sheeja S. , Kumar Rajesh
Published: February 2022

Background: Dental caries is a condition induced by the microbial fermentation of dietary carbohydrates in the biofilm that is connected to the teeth, which results in the disintegration of local chemical surfaces of the teeth. The predominant microbial pathogen in the aetiology of caries is Streptococcus mutans. Caries can be avoided by brushing and flossing regularly, as well as using antimicrobial mouthwash.

Aim: The aim of the study is to prepare the Stevia and Peppermint formulation mouthwash and evaluate the antimicrobial property and cytotoxic effect of the formulated mouthwash at varying concentrations.

Materials and Methods: A herbal mouthwash consisting of Stevia and Peppermint as the chief ingredients was prepared in the laboratory and its antimicrobial activity of various concentrations (25 µL, 50 µL,100 µL) against S. mutans, S. aureus, E. faecalis, C. albicans were tested by the agar well diffusion method.  The cytotoxic activity of the prepared herbal mouthwash was checked using lethality of the nauplii which hatched from brine shrimp eggs, which was inoculated for over 24 hours. The results obtained were statistically analysed using IBM SPSS software and the results interpreted in graphs and tables.

Results: The  antimicrobial activity of prepared mouthwash against different microorganisms at 25 µL was significantly lesser than the standard but there was a concentration  dependent  increase in the antimicrobial property. The cytotoxic effect of formulated mouthwash was found to be within limits at all concentrations. At low concentration the cytotoxic effect was found to be negligible and the cytotoxic effect also had a concentration dependent increase.

Conclusion: The formulated Stevia and Peppermint mouthwash was ound to have effective antimicrobial properties and negligible cytotoxic effect. The antimicrobial property against different microorganisms at 25 µL is significantly less than the standard but the antimicrobial property increases as the concentration increases
Green Synthesis and Characterisation of Mucuna Pruriens Mediated Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Using Transmission Electron Microscope
Authors: Ram V. Vamshi , Arivarasu Lakshminarayanan , Rajeshkumar S. , Thangavelu Lakshmi
Published: February 2022

Introduction: Nanoscience and nanotechnology are the investigation and utilization of minuscule things and can be used over the different science fields, for instance, biology, chemistry, physical science, material science, and designing. In spite of the fact that advanced innovation requests the improvement of nanotechnologies in multidisciplinary science, including the creation of nanoparticles (NPs), it goes back from the Before-Christ time. Nanoparticles can be combined utilizing numerous techniques like physical, substance or organic, otherwise called green synthesis. Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) semiconductor nanoparticles are one sort of significant and promising photocatalysts in photocatalysis as a result of their extraordinary optical and electronic properties. Mucuna pruriens, broadly known as velvet bean or cowhage is a leguminous plant that has been utilized for quite a long time in Ayurvedic medication.

Aim: The main aim of the present study is to evaluate the green synthesis and characterisation of Mucuna pruriens mediated titanium dioxide nanoparticles using transmission electron microscope.

Materials and Methods: The titanium dioxide was synthesised using the seed extract of Mucuna pruriens. Analytical tools like UV-Visible spectrophotometer and Transmission Electron microscope were used to understand the surface chemistry of the TiO₂ nanoparticles.

Results: UV-vis spectroscopic analysis of TiO₂ nanoparticles synthesized using Mucuna pruriens showed the peak at 280 nm and confirms the TiO₂ nanoparticles formation. Under transmission electron microscopes, the nanoparticles were spherical and some were in undefined shapes. The average size of the nanoparticles was 25-76 nm.

Conclusion: The present study concludes that the TiO₂ nanoparticles synthesised showed spherical shape.
Abies webbiana Ethanolic Extract Based Mouthwash and Its Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Effect
Authors: Timothy Chris Noel , Nandhini J. S. Thaslima , Varghese Sheeja S. , Rajeshkumar S.
Published: February 2022

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial and cytotoxic effect of Abies webbiana ethanolic extract based preparation of mouthwash and to compare these effects between different concentrations.

Background: Abies webbiana leaves have been used in traditional siddha and ayurveda systems of medicine for common ailments such as cough, loss of appetite, indigestion, mental disorders, rheumatism, bronchitis, pulmonary infection, asthma, antiseptic and decongestant. Abies webbiana commonly known as talispatra belongs to family Pinaceae. The plant is distributed throughout India, mostly in the Himalayan region from Kashmir to Assam states.

Materials and Methods: The preparation of Abies webbiana extract was done and antimicrobial activity of Abies webbiana were tested with Streptococcus mutans, Candida albicans, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus through agar well diffusion method. Each bacterial culture was spread on the Luria-Bertani agar plates. Dried extract of Abies webbiana, dissolved in autoclave distilled water to make 25mg/mL, 50mg/mL, 100mg/mL. Incubated for 24 hours at 37o C and diameter of zone of inhibition were recorded in millimeter and compared with standard amoxicillin. Cytotoxic activity of Abies webbiana was assessed using brine shrimp lethality assay. A total of 10 nauplii were added into the three replicates of each concentration of the prepared extract. After the period of 24 hours the remaining brine shrimp were counted.

Results: The results of the study revealed that the the Abies webbiana formulation based mouthwash is having significantly higher antimicrobial activity than the antibiotic against S. aureus at all the tested concentrations whereas against E. faecalis the antimicrobial effect was significantly lower than the antibiotic. Against S. mutans, higher concentrations of the mouthwash had the antimicrobial effect comparable to that of the antibiotic. The antimicrobial effect against C. albicans was very less for all the tested concentrations of the mouthwash and the antibiotic. This mouthwash also possessed cytotoxic effects on nauplii which were within normal limits and it was found that the nauplii alive was directly proportional to the concentrations except in the concentration of 40μl.

Conclusion: Within the limitations of the current study, ethanolic extract of Abies webbiana based preparation of mouthwash shows the antimicrobial activity almost comparable to amoxicillin. It was also revealed that it possesses less cytotoxic effect against brine shrimp which are within normal limits.
Prevalence of Caries Secondary to the Orthodontic Treatment in Patients Visiting a Private Dental Hospital-A Retrospective Study
Authors: Ashritha M. , Ramani Pratibha
Published: February 2022

Introduction: Orthodontic treatment involving fixed appliance is a long term process. This treatment has a maximum risk of development of caries as proper oral hygiene maintenance would not be noticed. This increases the number of streptococcus mutans and lactobacillus which would form a biofilm. The armamentarium used in this treatment like molar band, brackets etc. are plaque stagnant areas, which over a period of time leads to caries, gingivitis etc. Thus, proper oral hygiene should be maintained by patients.

Aim: The main objective of the study is to assess the prevalence of caries secondary to the orthodontic treatment in patients visiting a private dental hospital.

Materials and Methods: A descriptive study which was performed under a university setting where all the patients reported to Private Dental college and hospital, Chennai. The data was collected by reviewing patients records and analysed the data of 140 patients who underwent orthodontic appliance treatment between May 2019- December 2020. The population size of the study was found to be n=80. Data was collected, tabulated, statistical analysis was done using SPSS-          IBM.

Results and Discussion: From the statistical analysis, it is observed that the total number of caries that could be seen after the orthodontic appliance treatment was more in males (58.23% ) when compared to females and the most commonly affected age is between 18-25 years with 49.37%. Moreover, the common tooth that affected were molars with 49.37%.

Conclusion: Within the limitations of the current study, it is found that molars are the most commonly affected teeth and the age group which is affected the most is between 18-25 years. Thus, it is the imperative for dentists to provide preventive resin restorations, fluoride varnish and also proper instructions for maintenance of oral hygiene during the orthodontic treatment.
Effect of Chlorhexidine, Ozonated Olive Oil and Olive Oil Mouthwash on Oral Health Status of Patients with Gingivitis: A Randomised Controlled Trial
Authors: Akash N. , Rajasekar Arvina
Published: February 2022

Background: Effective plaque control is important to prevent gingival and periodontal diseases. In recent years, Olive oil and Ozonated olive oil are gaining paramount importance in dentistry because of its minimal side effects as compared to chemical agents.

Aim: To assess the effect of olive oil, ozonated olive oil, and chlorhexidine mouthwash on oral health status of patients with gingivitis.

Materials and Methods: The present double blinded, parallel designed, randomized clinical trial was carried out among 66 gingivitis patients in the Department of Periodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Chennai, India. Participants were assigned to three groups: 22 participants in each group [Group A (CHX mouthwash), Group B (OOO - Ozonated olive oil) and Group C (OO - olive oil)]. Complete ultrasonic scaling was done and subjects were asked not to use any oral hygiene aids and recalled after three days and the gingival index and OHI(S) were noted (baseline). Then subjects were provided with respective mouthwash and instructed to use them for 15 days. Again, gingival index and OHI(S) were noted after 15 days. The data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS Software, Version 23.0). One-way ANOVA was used to compare the mean values of gingival index between the groups. Tukey’s HSD post hoc test was done to find means that are significantly different from each other.Also, student’s paired t-test was used to compare the mean values of gingival index within the groups.

Results: A statistically significant difference was obtained between group A and C (p=0.000) and between Group B and C (p=0.000). However, there was a non-significant difference between mouthwash A and B (p>0.05) showing that OOO and chlorhexidine mouthwashes were equally effective in reducing gingivitis.

Conclusion: The present study suggests that efficacy of OOO was equally effective in reducing plaque and gingivitis as compared to chlorhexidine mouthwash. Therefore, oil pulling using OOO can be a better alternative to chlorhexidine mouthwash.
Pro-Apoptotic Effect of Lippia nodiflora Leaf Extract against the Skin Cancer Cell Line
Authors: Thariny E. , Elumalai P. , Raghunandhakumar S. , Lakshmi T. , Roy Anitha
Published: February 2022

Background: Skin cancers are cancers that develop on the surface of the skin. They occur as a result of the formation of irregular cells with the potential to infiltrate or migrate to other areas of the body. Natural medicinal resources, such as the traditional herbal remedy Lippia nodiflora, have long been used to treat dermatological disorders including skin inflammation and melanogenesis. Apoptosis serves as a promising pathway in controlling cancer. However there are minimal amounts of studies exploring its proapoptotic activity of Lippia nodiflora in skin cancer  cells.

Aim: The aim of this present study was to evaluate the pro-apoptotic effect of Lippia nodiflora leaf extract against the skin cancer cell line.

Materials and Methods: MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assays were used to determine the cytotoxic effect of Lippia nodiflora leaf extract against skin cancer cells (B16-F10). The skin cancer cells were treated with different concentration Lippia nodiflora leaf extract for 24h. We calculated the optimum (IC-50; 20µg/ml) using the MTT assay, which was then used for further analysis. A phase-contrast microscope is used to analyse changes in cell morphology. AO/EtBr dual staining under a fluorescence microscope was used to determine the effect of Lippia nodiflora on B16-F10 cell death.

Results: In our research, the cell viability of the B16-F10 skin cancer cell line was dramatically decreased after treatment with different concentrations (5-60 µg/ml) of Lippia nodiflora for 24 hours. 50% inhibition was detected at a concentration of 20 µg/ml, which was determined to be an inhibitory concentration (IC-50) value and used in subsequent studies. The viable cell will possess a uniform bright green nucleus. Early apoptotic cells will have bright orange areas of condensed or fragmented chromatin in the nucleus. Late apoptotic cells will have uniform bright red nucleus.

Conclusion: The findings of this analysis revealed that Lippia nodiflora leaf extract inhibits the cell viability and indces apoptosis of skin cancer cells. Thus, Lippia nodiflora exhibits anti-cancer effects against skin cancer cells, therefore it raises new hope for anti-cancer therapy.
Anticancer effect of Digera muricata Leaf Extract against Prostate Cancer Cell Lines
Authors: Vidyashri S. , Elumalai P. , Raghunandhakumar S. , Lakshmi T. , Roy Anitha
Published: February 2022

Background: Prostate cancer has become a major health problem globally during the last few decades. It is the second most frequently diagnosed cancer in men worldwide and the fifth most common cancer overall. Chemotherapy or other cancer treatments including androgen depletion therapy, show high toxicity and cause serious side effects in cancer patients. Thus, there have been many studies conducted to find various natural products as potential anticancer drug candidates with low toxicity and fewer side effects for the treatment and prevention of prostate cancer. The Digera muricata of the genus Digera Forssk and family Amaranthaceae Juss. is a wild edible plant. The  presence  of  phenol,  flavonoids, alkaloids,  terpenes,  sterols,  tannins,  glycosides  and  lignins is seen in Digera muricata leaf extract, which are reported to have cytotoxic activities.

Aim of the Study: The aim of this study is to assess the cytotoxic effects of Digera muricata leaf extract on prostate cancer cell line.

Materials and Methods: The cytotoxic potency of Digera muricata leaf extract was carried out by MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl]-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide) assay against the prostate cancer (PC-3) cell line. PC-3 cells were treated with different concentrations of Digera muricata leaf extract (25-150μg/ml) for 24h. Furthermore, the morphological changes were analysed using phase contrast microscopy and nuclear morphological changes examined using DAPI (4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) staining under the fluorescence microscopy

Results: The MTT assay showed decreased cell vitality with increased concentration of Digera muricata leaf extract. The morphological study showed that the number of cells decreased after treatment and the cells exhibited cell shrinkage and cytoplasmic membrane blebbing. The treated cells also showed condensed chromatin and nuclear fragmentation

Conclusion: Within the limits of this study it can be demonstrated that the leaf extract of Digera muricata were cytotoxic and induced apoptosis to the cancer cells.
Evaluation of Cytotoxic Potential of Digera muricata Leaf Extract on Lung Cancer Cell Line
Authors: Deepthi S. , Elumalai P. , Raghunandhakumar S. , Lakshmi T. , Roy Anitha
Published: February 2022

Lung cancer is the second most frequent cancer, accounting for one out of every five male cancers and one out of every nine female cancers. Treatment for lung cancer is determined by the disease's cell type, the extent to which it has spread, and the patient's overall health. It is common knowledge that tumours impart resistance to chemotherapeutic medicines or radiation in part owing to apoptotic pathway dysfunction in cancer cells. Digera muricata (D.muricata) has been used as medicinal remedies for various ailments due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-tumor activity. The objective of the study was to examine the cytotoxic activity of ethanolic leaf extract of D.muricata on lung cancer cell lines. The cytotoxic potency of D.muricata leaf extract was carried out by MTT assay against the lung cancer cell line (A549). Different concentrations of D.muricata ethanolic leaf extract (25-150µg/ml) were treated for 24h. Furthermore, the morphological changes were analysed using phase contrast microscopy. Pro-apoptotic and nuclear morphological changes in D. muricata ethanolic leaf extract treated cells were examined using DAPI staining. The ethanolic leaf extract of D.muricata showed the dose dependent cytotoxic potency against the A549 cell line which confirmed with greater morphological changes upon 24 hrs treatment. The MTT assay clearly showed that the D.muricata treatment has significantly reduced the cell viability when the concentration was increased for 24hrs. We observed IC-50 dose at 50 μg/ml concentration. DAPI staining clearly showed condensed chromatin and fragmented nuclei in treated lung cancer cells. All these results clearly showed that ethanolic extract of D. muricata treatment significantly inhibited the cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in lung cancer cells.
Automated Blood Analysers and Their Testing Principles: A Comparative Study
Authors: Ragav N. V. Hemanth , Sinduja Palati , Priyadharshini R.
Published: February 2022

Computerized hematology analyzers are the absolute most significant instruments in the present clinical laboratory.  Hematology analyzers are the principal supplies in clinical labs. A very good quality, high-volume analyzers convey dependable red platelet checks, platelet tallies, and 5-section differentials of white platelets, recognizing lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. CELL-DYN SapphireTM is a very good quality hematology analyzer made by Abbott Technologies. The UniCel® DxH 800 Analyzer is a quantitative, automated hematology analyzer developed for use in clinical laboratories for in vitro diagnostic screening of patient populations. XE-5000 is an automated hematology analyzer used in clinical laboratories for in vitro diagnostic. XE-5000 can examine and can give output for 67 parameters. The XN-2000 platform combines two investigative components that can be customized to suit a specific clinical application. Without the need for large track-based structures, costly stains, or reflexive testing, the ADVIA® 2120i Hematology Machine will fully simplify your hematology lab. Photometry is the method used in hemoglobin measurement. The traditional method for counting cells is electrical impulse, otherwise called as Coulter Principle. It is used in most hematology analyzers. In optical light scatter measurement, through a diluted blood spectrum a beam of laser light is passed and that is projected into the flow cell by hydrodynamic focusing. This review aimed to overview the working principle of various Hematological analyzers in common use.
Production of Protease Enzyme and Antimicrobial Activities from Marine Actinobacterium of Streptomyces SP
Authors: Ananya R. , Sivaperumal P. , Roy Anitha , Lakshmi T.
Published: February 2022

Introduction: Actinobacteria are Gram-positive bacteria that have traits of both bacteria and fungus. They are found in both terrestrial and aquatic habitats and aid in the breakdown of deceased species' organic matter. Marine actinobacteria are unusual in that they have antibacterial, anticancer, antiviral, insecticidal, and enzyme inhibitory activities. The biggest genus of Actinobacteria is Streptomyces. They create more than two-thirds of all-natural antibiotics that are therapeutically relevant (e.g. Neomycin, Cypemycin, Grisemycin, Bottromycins, and Chloramphenicol). Alkaline proteases are generated by a variety of microorganisms, including yeast, bacteria, and plants. The process of destroying or suppressing disease-causing bacteria is referred to as antimicrobial activity. This is accomplished using a variety of antimicrobial potential as well as antiviral properties.

Aim: To find out the antimicrobial activity of protease enzymes produced by the Streptomyces sp of marine actinobacterium.

Materials and Methods: A sediment sample was collected and marine Actinobacteria were isolated in Kuster’s Agar Medium (KUA) and were identified based on their chemotaxonomical characteristics.

Results: Screening for protease was carried out to assess enzyme production and enzyme assay was carried out to assess the enzymatic activity. The effect and pH on enzyme production were observed. Then the antimicrobial potential of protease enzymes was tested against a few bacterial strains at optimum temperature and pH.

Conclusion: From the above study, we conclude that the protease enzyme obtained from Streptomyces shows a potential antimicrobial (antibacterial) effect.
Preparation of Methanolic Crude Extract of Padina Gymnospora Seaweed and their Anticancer Activities against Cancer Cell Line
Authors: Suresh Charanya , Roy Anitha , Sivaperumal P. , Thangavelu Lakshmi
Published: February 2022

Background: Cancer is a major health problem worldwide and still lacks fully effective treatments. As a result, natural-products-based alternative medicines have been developed. Marine algae are a vital part of the marine environment, with high biodiversity and contain a diverse range of useful chemicals.

Aim: Aim of the study was to assess the anticancer activity of Padina gymnospora crude extract against lung cancer cell line

Materials and Methods: The Seaweed P. gymnospora was evaluated for its anti-cancer activity via MTT assay, further, morphological study of the cells was done to check its efficacy. Finally, the results were analyzed by Student's-t-test using MS-Excel, represented as mean ± SD for triplicates. The results were computed statistically (SPSS/10 Software Package; SPSS Inc., Chicago) using one-way ANOVA. The level of statistical significance was set at p<0.05.

Results and Discussion: The results of this study indicate that P. gymnospora has significant anticancer activity. At the highest concentration, 500μl, methanolic crude extracts of P. gymnospora showed the maximum anticancer activity, where the cell viability was only 16.41+7.15. The morphological study also revealed that maximum cell death had occurred in the maximum concentration of the methanolic crude extract of P. gymnospora.

Conclusion: Despite the widespread use of algae-derived compounds and extracts in the food industry, there are still limited anticancer drugs available in the industry. Thus, it is imperative that new drug discovery programs using seaweeds with a much more mechanistic approach are needed.
Antiproliferative Efficacy of Centella asiatica Aqueoues Leaf Extract on Human Lung Cancer Cell Line
Authors: Varshini Amirtha , Arivarasu Lakshminarayanan
Published: February 2022

Aim: To assess the anti proliferative efficacy of Centella asiatica queoues leaf extract on human lung cancer cell line

Introduction: Centella asiatica (family Apiaceae), commonly known as Indian Pennywort, is an ethnomedical plant that is widely used in India for treating skin problems and for revitalizing the brain and nervous system. It has been reported to have various pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, neuroprotective, cardioprotective, skin protective, radioprotective, immunomodulatory, memory-enhancing, and wound-healing properties. Asiatic acid and its derivatives possess a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities, such as anticancer, wound healing, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic ,hepatoprotective and neuroprotective activities. The aim of the study is to assess the antiproliferative efficacy of Centella asiatica queoues leaf extract on human lung cancer cell line.

Materials AND Methods: Human lung adenocarcinoma-A549  cell line was procured from National Centre for Cell Science (NCCS, Pune), India.

The effect of Centella asiatica on cell viability was measured by MTT assay following the method by Mosmann  Briefly, the cells (1 × 105 cells per ml) were seeded in a 96 well micro titre plate (100 μl per well) with replications. Treatment was conducted for 24 with different concentrations (50,100,150,200,250 and 300 μM) of Centella asiatica .After incubation, 20 μl of 5 mg/ml MTT stock solution was added to each well and incubated for 4 h at 37 °C. The obtained formazan crystals were solubilized with DMSO and the absorbance was measured at 570 nm using a microplate reader (SpectraMax M5, Molecular Devices, USA). Cell viability (%) has been shown as a ratio of absorbance (A570) in treated cells to absorbance in control cells (0.1 % DMSO) (A570). The IC50 was calculated as the concentration of sample needed to reduce 50 % of the absorbance in comparison to the DMSO-treated control. Percent cell viability was calculated following the equation: Cell viability (%) = {A570od of ( sample)/A570 od of (control)} x 100

Results and Discussion: Results show that centella asiatica has an  antiproliferative effect on human lung cancer cell line. The characterisation of morphological changes in human lung cancer cells treated with Centella asiatica leaf extract  compared to their respective controls were observed under phase contrast microscope.Visible destruction of the cancer cells were observed at the initial concentration of 25 microgram/ml. Further concentrations however showed increased antiproliferative activity proving it to be a potent anticancer drug.

Conclusion: This research concludes that centella asiatica leaf extract has a potent antiproliferative effect on human lung cancer cell lines.However further research is needed to understand the mechanisms of cytotoxicity of the plants.
Preparation and Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Mint and Green Tea Formulation
Authors: Akshaya R. , Arivarasu Lakshminarayanan
Published: February 2022

Background: Antioxidants are an essential defence mechanism to protect our body against free radical damage. They balance the production of free radicals and detoxify them when in excess. Green tea manufactured from dried leaves of camellia sinensis. Mint belongs to the genus mentha which is pungent in taste with post ingestive effects. A number of health benefits have been attributed to green tea, including prevention or control of atherosclerosis, hypertension, CHD, DM and Obesity.

Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the preparation and free radical scavenging activity of mint and green tea formulation.

Materials and Methods: To 100ml of distilled water, 1g of green tea leaves and 1g powdered mint is added. This Mixture was heated for about 15-20 minutes and then filtered using filter paper. The mixture was again heated and concentrated from 70ml to 20ml. And then free radical scavenging activity was done and % of inhibition value was calculated.

Results: This shows that 50μl concentration of DPPH activity shows 86% of inhibition. Higher concentration of DPPH activity shows higher percentage of inhibition.

Conclusion: From the study, it has been concluded that high concentration(in μl) exhibits a higher percentage of inhibition. The highest percentage of inhibition of antioxidant property in mint and green tea formulation is about 86%. It shows that green tea and mint formulation shows better antioxidant activity.
Organophosphorous Compounds in Assessment of Histomorphological Alterations of Natural Tooth
Authors: Thamilselvan Snega , Arthanari Abirami , Abilasha R. , Ramani Pratibha
Published: February 2022

Background: Pesticide poisoning has indeed been recognized as a significant global health problem, and it is the most common cause of morbidity and mortality.Organophosphorus compounds (OP) are extensively used in agriculture, domestic pest control, and biological agents. Each year, an estimated 25 million farmers in developing countries are poisoned by pesticides, commonly OP, which is known to cause serious health ill effects.

Aim: The aim of this study is to assess the histomorphological alterations in natural tooth due to exposure to different organophosphorous compounds.

Materials and Methods: This research was carried out with organophosphorous compound - ANUFURAN 3G, carbofuran 3% CG purchased from local commercial market. The OP was available as solid crystals which made into a solution by adding 1g of OP compounds to 100ml of distilled water. The natural tooth was immersed in the respective solution for an hour and assessed for morphological &histological alterations through ground sections (200μm).

Results: Visually, there were very mild purplish tint on the cervical and apical 1/3rd of the tooth. Histologically, there were increased enamel lamellae which may have propagated to crack. The dentinal tubules were prominent and the pulpal tissue was completely dissolved.

Conclusion: The OP compounds did not prove to show any morphological or histological alterations to natural tooth.
Cytotoxicity Activity of Green Tea and Mint Formulation
Authors: Pushpaanjali G. , Arivarasu Lakshmi Narayanan
Published: February 2022

Background: Cytotoxicity refers to a substance or process which results in cell damage or cell death. The prefix ‘cyto’ refers to a cell and ‘toxic’ to poison. The  term is often used to describe chemotherapy drugs that kill cancer cells, but it may also be used to describe toxins, such as venom. Within our own immune system , we have cells that are considered cytotoxic, such as the T cell that kills bacteria, viruses, and cancer cells.

Materials and Methods:  100ml of distilled water, 1 gram of green tea leaf and 1 gram of powdered mint is added and the mixture is heated for 15 to 20 minutes and then filtered with the help of filtered paper. The mixture was again heated and concentrated from 70ml to 20ml.  2 grams of iodine free salt was weighed and dissolved in 200ml of distilled water. 6 well ELISA plates were taken and 10-12ml of saline water was filled. To that 10 nauplii were added to each well( 5μl, 10μl, 20μl, 40μl, 80μl). Then the nanoparticles were added according to the concentration level. The plates were incubated for 24 hours. After 24 hours, the elisa plates were observed and noted for the number of live nauplii’s present.

Results and Discussion: The cytotoxicity activity of green tea with mint formulation shows that all the introduced shrimps were alive in the control whereas it is shows that the lethality of 5μl is 60%, 10μl is 70%, 20μl is 70%, 40μl is 70% and 80μl is 100%.

Conclusion: Based on the result of the study it is finally concluded that cytotoxic activity of green tea and mint formulation has better effect.
In vitro Anti Inflammatory Activity of Abies webbiana Using Albumin Denaturation Assay
Authors: Anjum A. Shamaa , Varghese Sheeja S. , Rajeshkumar S.
Published: February 2022

Background: In ayurveda, many natural plant components are used to treat inflammatory conditions for centuries with less side effects. Different parts of Abies webbiana plant are used in ayurveda for many diseases. However, very few studies have been conducted to evaluate pharmacological effects of Abies webbiana.

Aim: The objective of this in vitro study was to analyse and compare the anti-inflammatory properties of A. webbiana at various concentrations using albumin denaturation assay.

Methodology: A ready made powder of A. webbiana was mixed with 100 ml of distilled water and boiled for 10 mins the extract was obtained by filtration. The anti-inflammatory activity was done using albumin denaturation assay and Diclofenac sodium was used as a positive control. Serial dilution from 10 µL, 20 µL, 30 µL, 40 µL and 50 µL was performed for A. webbiana and the reference drug reaction mixture was prepared for albumin denaturation assay. All the data was analysed statistically using SPSS version 23 (IBM). Unpaired t test was used for comparison with the positive control and one-way Anova followed by Tukey’s post hoc test were used for the comparison between different concentrations.

Results: The current study revealed that A. webbiana extract had potent anti-inflammatory activity at all the tested concentrations but was significantly lesser when compared to the standard (p<0.05). It was also evident that the absorbance rate of A. webbiana significantly increased with the increase in concentration of the extract (p<0.05). However, the absorbance rate at 50 µL of both standard and A. webbiana were almost similar.

Conclusion: It can be concluded from the present findings that the leaves of A. webbiana possess concentration-dependent anti-inflammatory property but is comparatively lesser than Diclofenac sodium.