bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Distant Rainbow
Authors: Chowdhury Debasish Roy , Keane John
Published: September 2021

This introductory chapter traces the origins and resilience of the idea of India as the world’s largest democracy. Democracy was neither a gift of the Western world nor uniquely suited to Indian conditions. India was in fact a laboratory featuring a first-ever experiment in creating national unity, economic growth, religious toleration, and social equality out of a vast and polychromatic reality, a social order whose inherited power relations, rooted in the hereditary Hindu caste status, language hierarchies, and accumulated wealth, were to be transformed by the constitutionally guaranteed counter-power of public debate, multiparty competition, and periodic elections. Efforts to build an Indian democracy are said to have done more than transform the lives of its people. India fundamentally altered the nature of representative democracy itself. India’s democratic credentials, however, face new scrutiny as a result of the executive excesses of a populist demagogue as governing institutions crumble. The chapter argues that India’s democratic decline actually goes back further. It looks at the destructive effects of the long-standing neglect of the social foundations of India’s democracy and considers the possible mutation of democracy into a strange new kind of government called despotism.
Health of a Democracy
Authors: Chowdhury Debasish Roy , Keane John
Published: September 2021

This chapter discusses India’s health system. The Indian Constitution upholds the right of its citizens to enjoy human dignity. The country’s Supreme Court has ruled that this means the right to health is integral to the right to life and the government has a constitutional obligation to provide health facilities. But healthcare is not a fundamental right in India. There is no universal healthcare system. Instead, it has a three-tiered health system, in which the poorest go to the notionally free and suitably ramshackle public hospitals; the rich and upper middle classes access super-specialty private hospitals with hotel-like lobbies and air-conditioned suites, respectful doctors, and state-of the-art equipment; and the rest resort to low-to-middle-end private nursing homes that are a scaled-down version of the five-star corporate hospitals. The Covid-19 outbreak laid bare the denial of decent medical attention to the poor by this long-tolerated caste system of public healthcare. The chapter then looks at the relationship between democracy and healthcare. The commonplace belief that representative democracy forces competition for popular support that in turn makes contenders for power more responsive to citizens’ healthcare needs is shown not to apply to India. India’s pathetic public healthcare system and its mercenary private healthcare sector present a troubling anomaly to statistical conclusions that democracy is the nurse of good health. The murderous inequity of its healthcare system speaks of a democracy that celebrates the equality of its people and their votes, even while treating their bodies as unequal.
Ground Realities
Authors: Chowdhury Debasish Roy , Keane John
Published: September 2021

This chapter investigates the widespread and unchecked environmental abuse in India. Nearly a third of India’s land area has been degraded through deforestation, over-cultivation, soil erosion, and depletion of wetlands. Reckless industrialization, mining, and urbanization, as well as deeply flawed agricultural policies and skewed land distribution have reaped a bitter harvest of dislocation and deprivation. This dispossession adds to India’s historically unequal land holdings. Along with the poisoning of life-giving water and air, land alienation and destruction create a hierarchy of citizens suffering unequal access to the fundamental ingredients of social life. The destruction of the elements by the entanglement of the state and big business, and the priority given to private profit over public good, have contributed to the systematic evisceration of democracy-defining social equality. The chapter raises the important question of whether people can be said to have the same right to vote and enjoy equal social dignity if they don’t have the same right to breathe or have equal access to water.
Vote, or Else
Authors: Chowdhury Debasish Roy , Keane John
Published: September 2021

This chapter explores political violence. Elections captured Indians’ imaginations from the moment of Independence. Since the first ever voting extravaganza, elections have come to dominate public life, to the point where some observers speak of India as a psephocracy, a political system in which elections become the end-all. But the belief that Indian elections are the greatest show on earth, and that they are proof positive of democracy as a living reality, is challenged by a second consideration: the violent side to the elections that is relatively less reported and understood. Elections are often distorted by money, violence, coercion, and intimidation, robbing them of their function as a fair means of democratic representation and accountability. Criminality is an asset, and the unmistakably despotic trend in Indian politics is that people who run for office and go on to wield power are both increasingly criminal.
Practical Microsimulation Modelling
Authors: O'Donoghue Cathal
Published: September 2021

The purpose of this book is to bring together for the first time a description, with examples, of the main methods used in microsimulation modelling, used in the field of income-distribution analysis. The book provides a practical complement to the Handbook of Microsimulation Modelling, published in 2014. It is structured to develop and use the different types of models used in the field, with a focus on household-targeted policy. The book aims to fill a gap in the literature in providing a greater degree of codified knowledge through a practical guide to developing and using microsimulation models. At present, the training of researchers and analysts that use and develop microsimulation modelling is done on a relatively ad-hoc basis through occasional training programmes and lecture series, built around lecture notes. This book would enable a more formalized and organized approach. Each chapter addresses a separate modelling approach in a similar, consistent way, describing in practical terms the key methodological skills for each approach: · It provides some policy context to each modelling approach so as to understand the modelling choices made and structures developed. · As a very data-intensive modelling approach, each chapter describes key data analysis and data-preparation methods. · As a modelling approach that is used extensively for deciding policy, often involving huge budgets, validation is key. Each chapter describes an approach to validating the model. · Depending upon the policy context, the analysis is assessed in different ways. Each chapter contains a section devoted to measurement issues and tabulating output from the models. · Last, each chapter contains an example simulation of a policy analysis using the chapter’s methodological approach.
Crossing the Mediterranean
Authors: Ozavci Ozan
Published: September 2021

This chapter discusses that the French invasion of Egypt in 1798 epitomized a discursive practice in the Levant. European Great Powers of the time looked to supply security beyond their imperial territories by military expeditions, allegedly for the benefit of the locals even if against the will of the regional sovereigns—in this case, the Ottoman imperial rulers. The architects of the 1798 occupation, Bonaparte and Talleyrand, portrayed their expedition as a ‘service’ the Ottoman Empire. But, in reality, the 1798 expedition was the outcome of decades long debates in France. It ultimately resulted from a diverse set of geostrategic, political, economic and financial determinants that defined the Eastern Question in the late eighteenth century. What exactly did the Eastern Question pertain to before the nineteenth century then? And how did 1798 relate to it?
The Russian Peace in the Levant
Authors: Ozavci Ozan
Published: September 2021

In 1833, the civil war between Istanbul and Cairo was brought to an end with an unexpected intervention. The Ottomans’ age-old enemies, the Romanovs, were involved in the war on the side of Sultan Mahmud II and Hüsrev Pașa. In the summer of 1833, Russia and the Ottoman Empire even signed a defensive alliance treaty, which transimperialized the civil war in the Ottoman world, as Britain and France strongly protested this treaty and strove to prevent its ratification. This chapter discusses how the civil war in the Levant came to an end with the Russian intervention, focusing on the previously unmentioned pull-factors that allowed for this intervention. It also shows how the Concert of Europe found itself in disconcert after the 1833 intervention as war preparations began in St Petersburg against a potential Anglo-French attack.
An Unusual Quest for Revenge
Authors: Ozavci Ozan
Published: September 2021

The literature on the latter phase of the Eastern Crisis in the 1830s usually concentrates on the policy of European ‘great men’, how they piloted bureaucratic and military reforms in Istanbul and then brought an end to the crisis by means of their shrewd diplomacy, commitment, or opposition to the Concert of Europe. This chapter places the emphasis elsewhere. With a prosopographical approach to the experience of the Ottoman statesman and diplomat Mustafa Reșid (1800–1858), it documents the decisive role the Ottoman agency played in ending the disconcert among the Powers in the 1830s and enabling the intervention of the Quadruple Alliance in the 1840s. The chapter discloses the unique roles played by the idea of civilization and the quest for security in the Ottoman decision to sign free trade agreements with the European Powers as of 1838, and the declaration of the Gülhane Edict of 1839, which allegedly inaugurated the Tanzimat era.
Beyond Weimar: The Long Crisis of Liberalism, the Political Economy of the Interwar Conjuncture and the Foundations of Neo-liberalism
Authors: Wilkinson Michael A.
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines authoritarian liberalism as a more general phenomenon ‘beyond Weimar’. It looks outside Weimar Germany and takes a longer historical perspective, revealing deeper tensions in liberalism itself, specifically its inability to respond to the issue of socio-economic inequality in a mass democracy. The major Weimar constitutional theorists—Hans Kelsen, Carl Schmitt, and Hermann Heller—had no answer to the social question as a matter of constitutional self-defence. The chapter then discusses the political economy of the various crises across Europe—in Italy, France, and Austria—revealing a similar quandary. As Karl Polanyi argued, in these contexts, the turn to authoritarian liberalism fatally weakened political democracy and left it disarmed when faced with the fascist countermovement. Later in the interwar period, proposals for neo-liberalism would be introduced, symbolized by the organization of the Walter Lippman Colloquium in 1938.
The Material Constitution: Ordoliberalism, Neoliberalism, and the Deradicalization of Political Opposition
Authors: Wilkinson Michael A.
Published: September 2021

This chapter considers how societal changes contributed to the reconstitution of post-war Europe in such a way as to restrain sovereignty, depoliticize the economy, and deradicalize politics. The chapter traces the re-foundation of an economic liberalism that had collapsed in the interwar period, attending to the influence of ordoliberalism and neo-liberalism in the constitutional imagination. It examines how economic liberalism was tempered in practice, as a result of social democratic and Christian democratic influences, the realpolitik of a programme of social market economy, and the process of European economic integration itself. It goes on to consider how the economic constitution was entrenched along with the ‘end of ideology’ in Europe, as even notionally communist parties turned towards the political mainstream and rescinded any revolutionary ambitions, long before the ‘end of history’ was proclaimed in the aftermath of the fall of the Soviet Union. The chapter concludes that the economic constitution does not signify the triumph of liberal democracy, but of technocratic managerialism, establishing a path that would be deepened, but also contested, after Maastricht.
The Post-sovereign Constitution or the Return of Sovereignty?
Authors: Wilkinson Michael A.
Published: September 2021

This chapter outlines how the political constitution after Maastricht developed into a paradoxical configuration, whereby EU constitutional authority was augmented in specific areas, but was subject to increasing domestic contestation. This generated heightened constitutional conflicts in formal arenas, particularly in the jurisprudence of the German Constitutional Court, which will be examined in this chapter, and social and political contestation and opposition in informal arenas (examined in the next chapter). The chapter outlines how issues of sovereignty and domestic constituent power resurfaced after their post-war sublimation, but without obvious practical moment, since the judicial practice and academic discourse of European constitutionalization continued apace, exacerbating their disconnect from popular support. The chapter concludes by considering how, in constitutional theory, the discourse of post-sovereignty becomes dominant yet highly ideological, given the concrete constitutional developments, a disconnect which is dialectically deconstructed to reveal a hollow authoritarianism.
Gnoseology and Intellectual Ethics
Authors: Sosa Ernest
Published: September 2021

Chapter 2 lays out a telic virtue epistemology that accommodates the distinctive knowledge and understanding of Chapter 1. Based on that telic account, the chapter distinguishes two sides of epistemology: the theory of knowledge (“gnoseology” for short), on one side, and intellectual ethics on the other. A telic virtue epistemology (TVE) was presupposed in our treatment of insight and understanding. What follows lays out the main elements of that telic theory and locates its place in epistemology broadly understood.
More on Suspension
Authors: Sosa Ernest
Published: September 2021

Suspending comes in many varieties, some of which are determined by two divides: one between occurrent and dispositional suspending; and another between judgmental and functional suspending. To suspend judgmentally is to consciously and intentionally forbear from judgment (either positive or negative) on a given question. Functional suspending, by contrast, is constituted rather by the agent’s subconsciously forbearing from teleologically functional (aimed) belief and disbelief. What follows takes up suspension generally, to include the teleologically functional and not just the judgmental, both in occurrent and in dispositional forms, and both the instantaneous and the deliberately stable and longstanding; and more.
Grades of Knowledge
Authors: Sosa Ernest
Published: September 2021

Sub-credal animal knowledge requires apt alethic affirmation, but judgment aims not just at success of such affirmation but at apt success. To succeed with this aim, as one affirms, it is required that one be able to tell that one would then get it right aptly (or at least that one would likely enough get it right aptly). The judgmental knower must have a second-order grasp—an affirmative thought or presupposition—that her first-order affirmation would then be apt (or would very likely be apt, or some such thought that would enable enhanced guidance).
Reflection and Security
Authors: Sosa Ernest
Published: September 2021

Chapter 9 introduces a metaphysical hierarchy of epistemic categories and defends in particular a category of secure knowledge. What unifies the various levels of our hierarchy, as distinct levels of human knowledge, is that on these levels the thinker attains an epistemic success (truth, or aptness) attributable to them, as really their own doing. Coordinately, such success corresponds decreasingly to adventitious external luck. This holds good all along the ascent of attitudes from the animal level of the merely apt, to the reflective-full-well level of the fully apt, to the securely reflective-full-well level attained through competences retained safely and not just by luck: i.e., competences that would not too easily have been missing.
Competence and Justification
Authors: Sosa Ernest
Published: September 2021

Chapter 10 explains how the expanded view makes room for a sort of “epistemic justification” constitutive of knowledge. Critics have argued repeatedly that no externalist epistemology can account for epistemic justification. Their main argument repurposes the celebrated Cartesian evil demon thought experiment. The conclusion is now that the beliefs of the demon’s victim can be about as well justified as are many of our perceptual and other beliefs, although it is hard to see how any externalist epistemology could account for this fact. This chapter seeks a way out for the externalist virtue epistemologist.
The Relevance of Moore and Wittgenstein
Authors: Sosa Ernest
Published: September 2021

Moore lays out his Defence of Common Sense in a paper so titled, and thought by Wittgenstein to be Moore’s best and that stimulated his own On Certainty. Wittgenstein there repudiates Moore’s epistemology and offers a radically different alternative. This chapter presents the gist of that alternative, while inviting the reader to compare that gist with supportive passages gather in the Appendix to the chapter. Wittgenstein is concerned with language games, with pragmatics of language use, with dialectical interplay, with what it is proper to say to someone, and with the effects of context on all of that. Moore in his relevant epistemology is largely unconcerned with such dialectical, linguistic, or contextual issues. This chapter also abstracts almost wholly from them, while remaining neutral on their substance and on their relation to more purely epistemological issues.
The World City
Authors: Dusenbury David Lloyd
Published: September 2021

In this chapter, we begin to reconstruct Nemesius’ anthropology, beginning with On Human Nature 1. And what we are meant to take from Nemesius’ prologue is something he calls a ‘familiar’ idea: that the world is a divine polity. The Platonic commentator Calcidius seems to have been a rough contemporary of Nemesius’ (and may have been a Syrian). In the first pages of his monumental Timaeus commentary, Calcidius refers to the ‘city or republic of this sensible world’. Nemesius never uses such precise terminology, but there is much to suggest that he structures his treatise with an eye to this archaic, yet philosophically sophisticated world-picture. It is in his prologue, too, that Nemesius sketches his theory of human origins—featuring a bold interpretation of the Fall which seems to turn upon his use of Galen’s medical vocabulary.
The Organization of Powers
Authors: Dusenbury David Lloyd
Published: September 2021

This chapter argues that the physiological and psychological chapters of Nemesius’ treatise are not random memoranda on the human organism or disjecta membra taken from a range of late-antique sources. On the contrary, it is claimed here that Human Nature 6‒28, where the medical anthropology of the Platonic–Galenic tradition comes to the fore, mark a decisive phase in Nemesius’ argument. The human is defined by the bishop as the only living being which is at once ruler (intellect) and ruled (body). In Human Nature 6‒28, this image of humankind is given an anatomical proof. Nemesius describes the parts of the human body as organs of the soul by means of which—by a divine logic which is obscured, but not negated by injury and pathology—the soul’s government of the body is realized.
Four-vectors in relativity
Authors: Brooker Geoffrey
Published: September 2021

“Four-vectors in relativity” gives a “soft” introduction to four-vectors by first setting up corresponding properties of three-vectors. These include the triangle rule for vector addition, and rotation of axes by a matrix multiplication. The physics of a three-dimensional system is unchanged by a rotation of the axes within which it is observed. Likewise the physics of a relativistic system is unchanged (“invariant”) under application of a Lorentz transformation.
The Lorentz transformation
Authors: Brooker Geoffrey
Published: September 2021

“The Lorentz transformation” derives the Lorentz transformation by an unusual route, from application of simple postulates: space is uniform and isotropic; inertial frames exist; physics is invariant under a change between inertial frames. The speed of light is an invariant, but this property is input last.
Helium: energies for singlets and triplets
Authors: Brooker Geoffrey
Published: September 2021

“Helium: energies for singlets and triplets” discusses rival explanations as to why helium's triplet states lie below corresponding singlets. Computations reported in the literature show that triplet states have more compact wave functions than do corresponding singlet states, even though this makes the electron–electron repulsion energy larger for triplets. A simplified variational method is applied to an attempted calculation of the energies, but is inadequate, showing how helium is numerically unfriendly.
The EinsteinAandBcoefficients
Authors: Brooker Geoffrey
Published: September 2021

The Einstein A and B coefficients for atom–photon reactions are defined: they describe absorption, stimulated emission, and spontaneous emission. We calculate B and consequently find A by the Einstein trick. The procedure is validated by application of detailed balance. Separating out frequencies permits introduction of the spectral lineshape function (normalized line profile). A reformulation describes transitions involving single atomic states and single field modes. This points to a link with quantum electrodynamics.
The Debye theory of solid-state heat capacities
Authors: Brooker Geoffrey
Published: September 2021

“The Debye theory of solid-state heat capacities” gives a careful account of the Debye cut-off. We start by looking at a monatomic linear chain, leading to degrees of freedom and the equipartition of energy at the high-temperature (classical) limit. Reasonable approximations lead more naturally to the Born–von Karman model than to Debye, but Debye follows via a further reasonable step.
Electrons and holes in semiconductors
Authors: Brooker Geoffrey
Published: September 2021

“Electrons and holes in semiconductors” applies band theory to electrons in the conduction band, and to holes in the valence band. Holes are described by an upside-down Fermi–Dirac distribution. An incorrect model (cinema-queue model) for a hole is discredited and replaced by a correct discussion. Both (conduction-band) electrons and (valence-band) holes are examples of quasi-particles. Both can be assigned their own group velocities and effective masses.
Quantization of waves: the stretched string
Authors: Brooker Geoffrey
Published: September 2021

“Quantization of waves: the stretched string” discusses waves in one dimension, in order to display the quantization procedure without the complication of three dimensions and of two polarization possibilities. Quantization goes via classical Lagrangian mechanics. The waves travel in both directions along the string, and we face up to disentangling these. The quantization procedure yields raising and lowering operators, their commutation rules, and their matrix elements.
Article 7—Common Provisions
Authors: Rosati Eleonora
Published: September 2021

This chapter discusses the common provisions in Article 7 of Directive 2019/790, the European directive on copyright. It explains the application of the Directive to special cases that do not conflict with the normal exploitation of works or other subject matter and do not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the rightholders. It also seeks to achieve a fair balance between the rights and interests of authors, other rightholders, and users. The chapter mentions the protection of technological measures established in Directive 2001/29/EC, which remains essential to ensure the protection and the effective exercise of the rights granted to authors and other rightholders under Union law. It stresses the maintenance of protection while ensuring the use of technological measures that do not prevent the enjoyment of the exceptions and limitations provided in Directive 2019/790.
Article 8—Use of Out-of-commerce Works and Other Subject Matter by Cultural Heritage Institutions
Authors: Rosati Eleonora
Published: September 2021

This chapter talks about Article 8 of Directive 2019/790, the European copyright directive in the Digital Single Market, which outlines provisions on the use of out-of-commerce works and other subject matter by cultural heritage institutions. It mentions the collective management organization that may conclude a non-exclusive licence for non-commercial purposes with a cultural heritage institution for the reproduction, distribution, and communication to the public or making available to the public of out-of-commerce works or other subject matter that are permanently in the collection of the institution. It also mentions the guarantee that all rightholders have equal treatment in relation to the terms of the licence. The chapter points out the liberty of rightholders to exclude their works or other subject matter from the licensing. It describes a work or other subject matter that is deemed to be out-of-commerce when it can be presumed that is not available to the public through customary channels of commerce.
Article 9—Cross-border Uses
Authors: Rosati Eleonora
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines Article 9 of Directive 2019/790, the copyright directive in Europe. It discusses licences that allow the use of out-of-commerce works or other subject matter by cultural heritage institutions in any Member State. It also clarifies the uses of works and other subject matter that are deemed to occur solely in the Member State where the cultural heritage institution undertaking that use is established. The chapter cites cultural heritage institutions that benefit from a clear framework for the digitisation and dissemination of works or other subject matter that are out-of-commerce for the purposes of Directive 2019/790. It describes characteristics of the collections of out-of-commerce works or other subject matter involved in mass digitisation projects, wherein obtaining the prior authorisation of the individual rightholders can be very difficult.
Article 14—Works of Visual Art in the Public Domain
Authors: Rosati Eleonora
Published: September 2021

This chapter highlights the works of visual art in the public domain stipulated in Article 14 of Directive 2019/790, copyright order in Europe. It discusses the term of protection of a work of visual art, which is not subject to copyright or related rights when deemed expired. It also reviews rapid technological developments that continue to transform the way works and other subject matter are created, produced, distributed, and exploited. The chapter cites the Commission Communication of 9 December 2015 entitled, which states that it is necessary to adapt and supplement the existing Union copyright framework, while keeping a high level of protection of copyright and related rights. It explains that cultural heritage institutions cover publicly accessible libraries and museums regardless of the type of works or other subject matter that they hold in their permanent collections.
Article 22—Right of Revocation
Authors: Rosati Eleonora
Published: September 2021

This chapter discusses Article 22 of Directive 2019/790, a European copyright directive in the Digital Single Market, which focuses on the right of revocation. It clarifies the right of the author or performer to revoke in whole or in part the licence or the transfer of rights where there is a lack of exploitation of that work or other protected subject matter. It also looks at specific provisions for the revocation mechanism in the national law that takes into account specificities of the different sectors and the different types of works and performances. The chapter cites the task of Member States to exclude works or other subject matter from the application of the revocation mechanism if such works or other subject matter usually contain contributions of a plurality of authors or performers. It explores the options of authors or performers to terminate the exclusivity of their contract instead of revoking the licence or transfer of the rights.
Article 23—Common Provisions
Authors: Rosati Eleonora
Published: September 2021

This chapter covers the common provisions in Article 23 of the copyright order in Europe, Directive 2019/790. It refers to Member States that are required to ensure that any contractual provision that prevents compliance with the transparency obligation and contract adjustment mechanism will be unenforceable in relation to authors and performers. It also looks at the legislation that causes non-compliance with the alternative dispute resolution procedure. The chapter points out that the provisions on the right of revocation do not apply to authors of a computer program within the meaning of Article 2 of Directive 2009/24/EC on the legal protection of computer programs. It emphasizes that the principle of appropriate and proportionate remuneration in Article 18 of Directive 2019/790 do not affect individuals involved in computer programs.
Introduction
Authors: Suteu Silvia
Published: September 2021

This chapter reviews the growing literature on constitutional unamendability and provides a unique analysis of unamendability in democratic constitutionalism. It looks at the democratic challenge of eternity clauses that goes beyond the old tension between constitutionalism and democracy. It also assesses unamendability in constitution-making and constitutional interpretation. This chapter reveals how eternity clauses are a far more ambivalent constitutional mechanism than hitherto understood, which has greater and more insidious potential for abuse. It offers a novel look at unamendability in democratic constitutions by placing the rise of eternity clauses in the context of other significant trends in recent constitutional practice, such as the rise of participatory constitutional change and the transnational embeddedness of constitution-making and constitutional adjudication.
Eternity and Democratic Precommitment
Authors: Suteu Silvia
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines eternity clauses as mechanisms of constitutional precommitment and as tools for defending democracy in the face of anti-democratic forces. It looks at two broad categories of eternity clauses: provisions protecting state fundamentals and provisions defending democratic pluralism. It also analyses understandings of unamendability as either merely descriptive or as preservative of a core of liberal constitutionalism by assessing the operation of eternity clauses in practice. This chapter discusses unamendable provisions as dealing in imponderables and enshrining values that need judicial specification. It shows how precommitment and militant promise are entirely dependent on other elements of the constitutional architecture, in particular constitutional review. The chapter explains how this results in court self-empowerment and unduly limiting the scope of permitted constitutional change in the name of democracy.
Eternity in Post-Conflict Constitutions
Authors: Suteu Silvia
Published: September 2021

This chapter analyses eternity clauses as drafting mechanisms that facilitate and safeguard post-conflict constitution-making. It discloses the constitutional bargaining dynamics specific to conflict-affected settings and reveals the largely ignored function of unamendability. It also highlights three distinctive roles played by post-conflict unamendability: signalling compliance with international norms, ensuring electoral turnover, and insulating political and military elites. This chapter shows how contested and sometimes incoherent the unamendable values in post-conflict constitutions can be, reflecting the messiness of constitution-making processes in certain contexts. It outlines the risks associated with expecting too much from eternity clauses in fraught state-building settings that are habitually characterized by institutional weakness and shifting political commitments.
Letter Forms and Distinctive Spellings
Authors: Minon Sophie
Published: September 2021

As a contribution to further study of the remarkable 'New Festival Calendar from Arkadia' jointly published in Kernos 2016 by James Clackson and Jan-Mathieu Carbon, this chapter proposes a comparative analysis of the letter forms on this bronze and on the most ancient Arcadian inscriptions already known, in accordance with the method developed by Jeffery in Local Scripts of Archaic Greece. The aim is to clarify the dating of the new inscription. The study of a set of specific spellings (in particular for [ts]) allows their geographical distribution to be highlighted. Confrontation with other dialectal specificities then allows the origin of the inscription to be established more clearly, as well as the conditions of writing what may be seen as rules regulating animal sacrifices and the calendar of local religious festivals. A note discusses the interpretation of Κορυνίτιον, LL. 3, 7.
Local Scripts on Archaic Coins
Authors: Meadows Andrew
Published: September 2021

This chapter provides a survey of the legends that appear on coins throughout the Mediterranean world before c.480 bc. It analyses them by purpose, geographical origin, and type, and compares their distribution to the overall patterns of production and circulation during the same period. It concludes (1) that after an early period of use for personal names, the overwhelming nature of the coin legend by the end of the Archaic period is to identify communities; and (2) that the Western Greek world of Italy and Sicily has a propensity for the use of such communal identifiers, and abbreviations thereof, somewhat greater than is found elsewhere in the Greek world. An appendix summarizes those coin legends discussed in Jeffery's Local Scripts and gathers legends not discussed. As far as possible all legends are illustrated.
Operation of a Discrete Communication System
Authors: Berber Stevan
Published: September 2021

In this chapter, based on definitions of signal synthesizers and analysers, a general and generic scheme of a discrete communication system is developed in order to deduce practical systems as its special cases. The synthesizer is transferred into a discrete transmitter, and the analyser is used as a correlation receiver followed by an optimum detector. The system structure is presented in terms of mathematical operators and supported by exact mathematical expressions based on the theory of discrete-time stochastic processes. The likelihood function is derived, and the maximum likelihood rule is applied to specify the decision process and construct the optimum detector. A multilevel system and a quadrature phase-shift keying system are deduced as special cases, and the bit error probability expression is derived. For the sake of continuity and completeness in presenting communication systems theory, a generic digital communication system is developed and related to its discrete counterpart.
Deterministic Discrete-Time Signal Transforms
Authors: Berber Stevan
Published: September 2021

Chapter 15 presents a detailed analysis of discrete-time signals and systems in the frequency domain, including the theory of the discrete Fourier series, the discrete-time Fourier transform, and the discrete Fourier transform, and key examples relevant for the analysis and synthesis of signals processed in the discrete transceiver blocks of a communication system. Amplitude spectra, magnitude spectra, phase spectra, and power spectra are defined and calculated for typical signals. Using a unique notation that distinguishes between energy signals and power signals, the correlation function and power or energy spectral density functions are inter-related by proving the Wiener–Khintchine theorem. A comprehensive analysis of linear-time-invariant systems, using the notions of impulse responses, correlation functions, and power spectral densities for both power and energy signals, is presented. The basic theory of the z-transform is also presented.
Multi-Rate Discrete-Time Signal Processing
Authors: Berber Stevan
Published: September 2021

Chapter 17 presents the multi-rate signal process, starting with explanations of the up-sampling and down-sampling procedures on a discrete signal in the time domain. The operations of a down-sampler (decimator) and an up-sampler (interpolator) are analysed in the frequency domain, emphasizing the problem of possible aliasing. Complex systems that include both up-sampling and down-sampling are analysed and the problem of complexity reduction is mentioned. The operation of systems that combine an interpolator and an interpolation filter, and a decimator and a decimation lowpass filter, is presented in the time and frequency domains. In particular, the problem of reducing the complexity of a multi-rate system is addressed, and a polyphase decomposition for both finite impulse response filters and infinite impulse response filters is offered as an efficient solution.
Multi-Rate Filter Banks
Authors: Berber Stevan
Published: September 2021

This chapter presents the theoretical description and the principle of the operation of analysis and synthesis filter banks. This is essential material for understanding the modern design of transceivers that are based on discrete-time signal processing. The structure of a quadrature mirror filter bank is presented and the operation of the analysis and synthesis component filters is explained. The condition for a perfect reconstruction of a two-channel filter bank is derived. Based on a two-channel quadrature mirror filter bank, the procedure of making a multichannel quadrature mirror filter bank is presented. A brief description of multilevel filter banks with equal or unequal passband widths is given.
Syntactic ergativity as absolutive movement in Tongic Polynesian
Authors: Clemens Lauren , Tollan Rebecca
Published: September 2021

We propose a unified account of the presence of syntactic ergativity and the availability of variable post-verbal word order in the Tongic branch of Polynesian languages. In Tongan, ergative subjects cannot freely extract, and both VSO and VOS word orders are possible. By contrast, ergative subjects in Niuean freely extract, but word order with two full DP arguments is strictly VSO. We argue that these differences stem from a single point of parametric variation in the syntax: the locus of absolutive case assignment (Bittner & Hale 1996; a.o.). In Tongan, absolutive is assigned by T0, such that the object must A-move past the ergative subject, giving rise to extraction restrictions and the availability of VOS word order. In Niuean, absolutive is assigned by v
0; as such, there is no object A-movement, hence no extraction restrictions, and VOS is not possible.
Apparent raising in Tongan and its implications for multiple case valuation
Authors: Otsuka Yuko
Published: September 2021

Apparent raising (AR) constructions in Tongan resemble raising constructions in that the thematic subject of the embedded clause seems to occur in the matrix subject position. Unlike regular raising, however, Tongan AR shows characteristics of A-bar movement such as long-distance dependency, sensitivity to islands, and syntactic ergativity. This chapter argues that Tongan AR involves three operations: (a) topic movement of a DP to the embedded [Spec, C], (b) cancelation of the previous valuation of the case feature on the DP in [Spec, C], and (c) subsequent case valuation under Agree with the matrix v. The proposed analysis calls for a parametric adjustment to the activity condition to allow for multiple case valuation: in languages like Tongan, a DP located at the edge of a phase not only remains active, but the valuation of its case feature gets undone upon completion of the CP phase.
Patrick Kavanagh
Authors: Grene Nicholas
Published: September 2021

Patrick Kavanagh is unique among modern Irish writers in that he spent the first half of his life as a largely self-educated small farmer in Monaghan, while struggling to find a voice for that experience as a writer. In his early poetry and his autobiography, The Green Fool, he sought to render the realities of farming and to escape romantic literariness; ‘Inniskeen Road’ and ‘Shancoduff’ are key breakthrough poems in this effort. While he was later to reject the didacticism of The Great Hunger, the achievement of this extraordinary long poem is the combination of inside and outside perspectives on the stunted life of the bachelor farmer Patrick Maguire. Moving away from Monaghan to Dublin allowed Kavanagh to re-create his farming world in the comic novel Tarry Flynn and later lyrics such as ‘Threshing Morning’, ‘A Christmas Childhood’ and ‘Art McCooey’.
Introduction
Authors: Swanton Christine
Published: September 2021

The Introduction summarizes the basic tenets of Target Centred Virtue Ethics. It begins with an account of the fundamental concepts of virtue ethics in general and shows that virtue ethics is a family of normative ethical theory with several genera and species. The target-centred version of virtue ethics developed in the book is one species of virtue ethics opposed to the orthodox neo-Aristotelian version in many respects. Central to all forms of virtue ethics is ‘Thick Concept Centralism’, and the ‘Centrality of Virtuousness’, whether the notion of virtuousness is applied to character, actions, rules or motives. The Introduction outlines these theses, and the notion of the targets of virtues, before summarizing the contents of the book, including the metaphysics of Target Centred Virtue Ethics, the nature of Target Centred Virtue Ethics, and broad issues surrounding the application of Target Centred Virtue Ethics.
A New Metaphysics for Virtue Ethics
Authors: Swanton Christine
Published: September 2021

This chapter proposes a new metaphysics for virtue ethics, hermeneutic ontology, that is opposed to the orthodox ‘natural goodness’ metaphysics of goodness owed to Foot, and developed in a virtue ethical direction by Hursthouse. This ‘new metaphysics’ is initially inspired by McDowell’s view that the stance of science is not the only mode of access to the real and in particular to ethical reality. But the notion of access is ambiguous between an ontological notion and an epistemological notion. The development of the ontological notion is the topic of this chapter and is owed to Heidegger. Central to this development is the idea that intentional access to the being of entities as, for example, ethical is through logos, a network of significance relations. Two key problems—the plurality of the logoi, and critique of the logos—are topics of later sections.
The Concealment of Ethics
Authors: Swanton Christine
Published: September 2021

To fully appreciate the worldhood of ethics it must be revealed through logos in the richest and most accurate way. According to Heidegger, phenomena can not only be intentionally accessed through a logos but also ‘covered up’ or ‘concealed’. Ways of covering up shed light indirectly on the logos of ethics. Until we see how ethics is covered up our ethical thought is liable to suffer from various forms of distortion. So to complete the discussion of the worldhood of ethics we need to not only expose the way ethics is opened up; we need also to be aware of the way it has been and is concealed.
Eudaimonistic versus Target Centred Virtue Ethics
Authors: Swanton Christine
Published: September 2021

This chapter distinguishes eudaimonistic virtue ethics (in contemporary forms) in terms of which virtue ethics as such is often defined, from Target Centred Virtue Ethics. This form of virtue ethics comprises two main theses: a target-centred account of what makes a trait of character a virtue and a target-centred account of right action. Target Centred Virtue Ethics is given a partial defence in this chapter. Part of this defence involves getting clear on what are the presuppositions of contemporary eudaimonistic virtue ethics, for these may be more or less controversial. Another part discusses the problems of indirection and egoism faced by eudaimonism, and the target-centred virtue ethical response.
Basic Virtue and Differentiated Virtue
Authors: Swanton Christine
Published: September 2021

This chapter argues that virtue ethics in traditional form has been overly simple, since it has not adequately integrated within its theoretical structures such important ethical features as role ethics, the narrative quality of our lives, cultural and historical location. It is important for Target Centred Virtue Ethics to offer a theoretical account of how such features can be accommodated within virtue ethics and how the targets of virtues can be more closely specified once that is done. The resulting view is not relativist but an objectivist realist position. This is achieved by a distinction between basic and differentiated virtue so that in role ethics, for example, a basic virtue such as generosity is role differentiated to form a virtue of generosity qua CEO which limits permitted acts of generosity.
Target Centred Virtue Ethics and Role Ethics
Authors: Swanton Christine
Published: September 2021

The development of ‘virtue jurisprudence’ (a neo-Aristotelian virtue ethics for law) has highlighted the importance of virtue in legal ethics. Yet it has been criticized because it cannot account for “robust” role differentiation. In this chapter I argue that Target Centred Virtue Ethics can account for two features which constitute the ‘Role Dilemma’: (a) There is robust role differentiation; that is, role differentiation as conceived by the Standard Conception of law (and, e.g., business).(b) Occupiers of legal roles are not permitted to act immorally (except perhaps in “tragic” dilemmas).Virtue ethics and Standard Conceptions of law (and, e.g., business) are standardly thought to be incompatible. This may be true where virtue ethics is conceived in “orthodox” neo-Aristotelian terms. I reject this version of virtue ethics for role ethics and show that Target Centred Virtue Ethics can subscribe to both horns of the dilemma (a) and (b) above.
Developmental Virtue Ethics
Authors: Swanton Christine
Published: September 2021

Post-Kohlbergian developmental psychology has recognized the philosophical contribution of virtue ethics to the reclamation of character as an object of study in developmental psychology. In recent times there has been a realization that there has to be a corresponding development in virtue ethics. Developmental Virtue Ethics recognizes the continuous development of humans throughout their various stages of maturation and decline and conceptions of virtue are informed by such features in a thoroughly interdisciplinary way. Virtue is differentiated according to stage of life. Since development is continuous, Developmental Virtue Ethics applies to development towards maturity as much as to maturity itself. In this chapter I consider the roots of virtue in babies, prosocial behaviour and its relation to virtue, virtue in children, virtue in the mature but improving agent, and virtue in the aged.
Has Virtue Ethics Sold Out?
Authors: Swanton Christine
Published: September 2021

This chapter discusses a contemporary criticism of virtue ethics as focusing too much on providing a criterion of right action. I claim that the criticism is off the mark on a variety of fronts, including a misinterpretation of Anscombe, a misguided view that what is offered is a criterion of right action as opposed to a framework, and that what is offered is a criterion of morally right action in a suspect sense of “moral.” I show how the important deontic notions can have a place in virtue ethics. The chapter explores also further problems with the notion of rightness in ethics: the essential contestedness of even core concepts of rightness and both combinatorial and degree vagueness in the relation between the thick concepts and rightness.