bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fabrication and Analysis of Hydroxypropylmethyl Cellulose and Pectin‐Based Controlled Release Matrix Tablets Loaded with Loxoprofen Sodium
Authors: Zaman Muhammad , Rasool Shahid , Ali Muhammad Yasir , Qureshi Junaid , Adnan Sherjeel , Hanif Muhammad , Sarfraz Rai Muhammad , Ijaz Hira , Mahmood Asif
Published: December 2014

The basic purpose of the current study was to formulate controlled release matrix tablets loaded with loxoprofen sodium using pectin and hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC). The effect of these polymers on the release pattern of drug from the formulated matrix system was evaluated. Different concentrations of these polymers alone as well as polymeric blends were used in tablets formulation using wet granulation technique. The differential scanning calorimetric technique was used to detect the chemical interactions between ingredients. Precompression studies were done to assess fineness and flow properties of the granules. Hardness, friability, weight variations, and percentage drug contents were calculated for the evaluation of compressed tablets. F9 formulated in the combination of HPMC and pectin in the ratio of 30:10 showed better retardation during dissolution studies. Upon application of statistical models, the diffusion process was found to be dominant for drug release following the Higuchi model. HPMC and pectin were found suitable for the formulation of controlled release matrix tablets.
Total Synthesis of Ramonanins A–D
Authors: Harvey Ross S. , Mackay Emily G. , Roger Lukas , Paddon‐Row Michael N. , Sherburn Michael S. , Lawrence Andrew L.
Published: December 2014

The first total synthesis of the ramonanin family of lignan natural products is described. The short synthesis involves a 2,5‐diaryl‐3,4‐dimethylene tetrahydrofuran intermediate, which participates in an unexpectedly facile Diels–Alder dimerization, generating all four natural products. Insights into the reactivity and stereoselectivity of the key dimerization are provided through computational studies employing B3LYP/6‐31G(d) and M06‐2X/6‐31G(d) model chemistries.
Cationic RAFT Polymerization Using ppm Concentrations of Organic Acid
Authors: Uchiyama Mineto , Satoh Kotaro , Kamigaito Masami
Published: December 2014

A metal‐free, cationic, reversible addition–fragmentation chain‐transfer (RAFT) polymerization was proposed and realized. A series of thiocarbonylthio compounds were used in the presence of a small amount of triflic acid for isobutyl vinyl ether to give polymers with controlled molecular weight of up to 1×105 and narrow molecular‐weight distributions (Mw/Mn<1.1). This “living” or controlled cationic polymerization is applicable to various electron‐rich monomers including vinyl ethers, p‐methoxystyrene, and even p‐hydroxystyrene that possesses an unprotected phenol group. A transformation from cationic to radical RAFT polymerization enables the synthesis of block copolymers between cationically and radically polymerizable monomers, such as vinyl ether and vinyl acetate or methyl acrylate.
Cystobactamids: Myxobacterial Topoisomerase Inhibitors Exhibiting Potent Antibacterial Activity
Authors: Baumann Sascha , Herrmann Jennifer , Raju Ritesh , Steinmetz Heinrich , Mohr Kathrin I. , Hüttel Stephan , Harmrolfs Kirsten , Stadler Marc , Müller Rolf
Published: December 2014

The development of new antibiotics faces a severe crisis inter alia owing to a lack of innovative chemical scaffolds with activities against Gram‐negative and multiresistant pathogens. Herein, we report highly potent novel antibacterial compounds, the myxobacteria‐derived cystobactamids 1–3, which were isolated from Cystobacter sp. and show minimum inhibitory concentrations in the low μg mL−1 range. We describe the isolation and structure elucidation of three congeners as well as the identification and annotation of their biosynthetic gene cluster. By studying the self‐resistance mechanism in the natural producer organism, the molecular targets were identified as bacterial type IIa topoisomerases. As quinolones are largely exhausted as a template for new type II topoisomerase inhibitors, the cystobactamids offer exciting alternatives to generate novel antibiotics using medicinal chemistry and biosynthetic engineering.
The Dynamics of Satisfaction with Working Hours in Australia: The Usefulness of Panel Data in Evaluating the Case for Policy Intervention
Authors: Breunig Robert , Gong Xiaodong , Leslie Gordon
Published: December 2014

The case for policy intervention in social or economic problems should be based on incidence, severity and persistence of the problem. In this article, we show the usefulness of panel data in this regard by comparing preferred working hours to actual working hours, and examining the degree of mismatch between the two. Some individuals report working more hours than they would prefer, whereas others prefer working less. We examine the prevalence, severity and persistence of both types of problems. The case for policy intervention is weak as most working hour mismatch problems are resolved in a short time period.
Comparative Genomic Profiling of Synovium Versus Skin Lesions in Psoriatic Arthritis
Authors: Belasco Jennifer , Louie James S. , Gulati Nicholas , Wei Nathan , Nograles Kristine , Fuentes‐Duculan Judilyn , Mitsui Hiroshi , Suárez‐Fariñas Mayte , Krueger James G.
Published: December 2014

Objective

To our knowledge, there is no broad genomic analysis comparing skin and synovium in psoriatic arthritis (PsA). Also, there is little understanding of the relative levels of cytokines and chemokines in skin and synovium. The purpose of this study was to better define inflammatory pathways in paired lesional skin and affected synovial tissue in patients with PsA.

Methods

We conducted a comprehensive analysis of cytokine and chemokine activation and genes representative of the inflammatory processes in PsA. Paired PsA synovial tissue and skin samples were obtained from 12 patients on the same day. Gene expression studies were performed using Affymetrix HGU133 Plus 2.0 arrays. Confirmatory quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed on selected transcripts. Cell populations were assessed by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence.

Results

Globally, gene expression in PsA synovium was more closely related to gene expression in PsA skin than to gene expression in synovium in other forms of arthritis. However, PsA gene expression patterns in skin and synovium were clearly distinct, showing a stronger interleukin‐17 (IL‐17) gene signature in skin than in synovium and more equivalent tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interferon‐γ gene signatures in both tissues. These results were confirmed with real‐time PCR.

Conclusion

This is the first comprehensive molecular comparison of paired lesional skin and affected synovial tissue samples in PsA. Our results support clinical trial data showing that PsA skin and joint disease are similarly responsive to TNF antagonists, while IL‐17 antagonists have better results in PsA skin than in PsA joints. Genes selectively expressed in PsA synovium might direct future therapies for PsA.
Diagnostic Utility of Candidate Definitions for Demonstrating Axial Spondyloarthritis on Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Spine
Authors: Weber Ulrich , Zhao Zheng , Rufibach Kaspar , Zubler Veronika , Lambert Robert G. W. , Chan Stanley M. , Østergaard Mikkel , Pedersen Susanne J. , Maksymowych Walter P.
Published: December 2014

Objective

A recent consensus statement has suggested ≥3 corner inflammatory lesions (CILs) or several corner fatty lesions (CFLs) as candidate criteria indicative of axial spondyloarthritis (SpA) on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the spine. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic utility of these cutoffs in nonradiographic axial SpA and ankylosing spondylitis (AS).

Methods

One hundred thirty consecutive patients with back pain who were ≤50 years of age and newly referred to 2 university clinics (cohorts A and B) were classified according to rheumatologist expert opinion based on results of clinical examination and pelvic radiography as having nonradiographic axial SpA (n = 50), AS (n = 33), or nonspecific back pain (n = 47). Cohort A also included 20 age‐matched healthy controls. Four blinded readers assessed MRIs of the spine using the standardized Canada–Denmark module. Readers recorded CILs and CFLs in 23 discovertebral units. We tested the diagnostic utility (mean sensitivity and specificity over 4 readers) of the cutoff for the number of lesions on spinal MRI as proposed in the literature (≥2 or ≥3 CILs and ≥6 CFLs), and we tested for possible thresholds (from ≥1 CIL or CFL to ≥10 CILs or CFLs) for nonradiographic axial SpA and AS patients in both cohorts.

Results

None of the spinal thresholds (≥2 or ≥3 CILs and ≥6 CFLs) showed clinically relevant diagnostic utility (positive likelihood ratio [LR] range 1.38–2.36) when comparing patients with nonradiographic axial SpA to patients with nonspecific back pain. A threshold of ≥6 CILs had moderate to substantial diagnostic utility (positive LR 13.26 and 6.74 in cohorts A and B, respectively) in nonradiographic axial SpA, while ≥4 CILs showed small diagnostic utility (positive LR 3.83 and 2.72 in cohorts A and B, respectively) but specificities of >0.90.

Conclusion

None of the previously proposed candidate criteria for a positive spinal MRI finding of axial SpA showed clinically relevant diagnostic utility in nonradiographic axial SpA. These results question the value of proposed definitions for a positive finding of SpA based on MRI of the spine alone.
Stirring rate regulates the proliferation and metabolism of microencapsulated recombinant CHO cells
Authors: Wang Yu , Zhang Ying , Li Na , Chen Li , Zhang Demeng , Sun Dongsheng , Li Shen , Guo Xin , Ma Xiaojun
Published: December 2014

Stirred tank bioreactors are the most widely used method for the large‐scale culture of mammalian cells. However, the scale of stirred tank bioreactors is limited by insufficient oxygen/nutrient mixing and the accumulation of waste products in high cell density cultures. The most effective method to solve these problems is to increase the stirring rate; this usually leads to increased cell proliferation, but can decrease the utilization of nutrients for recombinant protein synthesis. To investigate the effects of stirring rate on the proliferation, metabolism, and recombinant protein yield of microencapsulated recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (rCHO) cells, the cells were cultured under different stirring rates, and cell viability, metabolic activity, and protein yield were measured. Microencapsulation promoted Desmodus rotundus salivary plasminogen activator expression, and higher stirring rates promoted increases in microencapsulated cell density and metabolic activity. However, the maximum yield of recombinant protein was obtained at a moderate stirring rate, whereas protein yield was decreased at the highest tested stirring rate. The stirring rate had a significant impact on the growth and protein expression of microencapsulated rCHO cells, and a specific stirring rate was identified to maximize the yield of recombinant protein.
siRNA targeting TCTP suppresses osteosarcoma cell growth and induces apoptosis in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Shen Jian‐Hui , Qu Cheng‐Bo , Chu Hai‐Kun , Cui Ming‐Yu , Wang Yu‐Lan , Sun Yuan‐Xin , Song Yin‐Dong , Li Gang , Shi Feng‐Jun
Published: December 2014

Osteosarcoma (OS) remains the most frequent primary malignant bone tumor in adolescents. However, the molecular cause of the disease is poorly elucidated. In the present study, we primarily found that translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP) was overexpressed in human OS tissues and cell lines. To investigate the function of TCTP in OS cell growth, an RNA interference lentivirus system was employed to deplete TCTP expression in Saos‐2 and U2OS cell lines. Specific knockdown of TCTP significantly impaired cell proliferation and colony‐formation capacity in both OS cell lines. Moreover, depletion of TCTP caused a significant accumulation of OS cells in the S phase and eventually induced cell apoptosis. Expression levels of the G2/M phase regulators cyclin B1 and Cdc25A were decreased, and apoptotic markers Bad and caspase‐3 were increased in both OS cell lines after depletion of TCTP. Furthermore, depletion of TCTP potently inhibited the growth of xenografts in nude mice. Our results indicate that inhibition of TCTP expression exerts potential antitumor activity and may be a novel therapeutic approach in human OS.
The neurophysiology of biological motion perception in schizophrenia
Authors: Jahshan Carol , Wynn Jonathan K. , Mathis Kristopher I. , Green Michael F.
Published: December 2014

Introduction

The ability to recognize human biological motion is a fundamental aspect of social cognition that is impaired in people with schizophrenia. However, little is known about the neural substrates of impaired biological motion perception in schizophrenia. In the current study, we assessed event‐related potentials (ERPs) to human and nonhuman movement in schizophrenia.

Methods

Twenty‐four subjects with schizophrenia and 18 healthy controls completed a biological motion task while their electroencephalography (EEG) was simultaneously recorded. Subjects watched clips of point‐light animations containing 100%, 85%, or 70% biological motion, and were asked to decide whether the clip resembled human or nonhuman movement. Three ERPs were examined: P1, N1, and the late positive potential (LPP).

Results

Behaviorally, schizophrenia subjects identified significantly fewer stimuli as human movement compared to healthy controls in the 100% and 85% conditions. At the neural level, P1 was reduced in the schizophrenia group but did not differ among conditions in either group. There were no group differences in N1 but both groups had the largest N1 in the 70% condition. There was a condition × group interaction for the LPP: Healthy controls had a larger LPP to 100% versus 85% and 70% biological motion; there was no difference among conditions in schizophrenia subjects.

Conclusions

Consistent with previous findings, schizophrenia subjects were impaired in their ability to recognize biological motion. The EEG results showed that biological motion did not influence the earliest stage of visual processing (P1). Although schizophrenia subjects showed the same pattern of N1 results relative to healthy controls, they were impaired at a later stage (LPP), reflecting a dysfunction in the identification of human form in biological versus nonbiological motion stimuli.
Emphasize student‐athletes' overall well‐being and long‐term success
Authors: McCarthy Claudine
Published: December 2014

TIM DOWNES, DIRECTOR, ATHLETICS AND RECREATION, EMORY UNIVERSITY
Benefits of later school start times
Authors: Boergers Julie
Published: December 2014

Sleep deprivation has become virtually epidemic among American teenagers. Research suggests that adolescents require about 8.5 to 9.5 hours of sleep, but according to the National Sleep Foundation, only 14% achieve this goal, and approximately 70% of adolescents obtain less than 8 hours of sleep on a typical weeknight. This chronic sleep debt can have very serious consequences for the developing brain and body. Adolescents who do not achieve sufficient sleep are more irritable and depressed, and are at greater risk for suicidal ideation and suicide attempts than their peers. Chronic sleep deprivation can also undermine health, particularly metabolic and immune function, and can predispose adolescents to obesity. In addition to the effects on physical and mental health, research has also shown that inadequate sleep has a major impact on learning, memory, motivation, and academic performance. Sleep deprivation is associated with deficits in executive function, which includes organizational skill, working memory, and ability to apply sustained effort. These deficits are especially apparent on more complex tasks, and those that require abstract thinking.
Cyberbullying linked to mental health problems in teens; protective factor seen in family dinners
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: December 2014

Bullying has been linked to health problems in teens, including anxiety, depression, suicidal ideation, self‐harm, and disruptive behaviors. With the proliferation of online social media, cyberbullying is also taking place, with about 20% of adolescents being victimized in the past year. Cyberbullying, like face‐to‐face bullying, also increases the risk of mental health problems, as well as substance misuse.
Provisional hybrid 2‐stent Strategy utilizing bioresorbable vascular scaffold and drug‐eluting metal stent: “T‐stenting and small protrusion” technique
Authors: Miyazaki Tadashi , Latib Azeem , Colombo Antonio
Published: December 2014

We present a case of side‐branch restenosis after T‐stenting and small protrusion (TAP) technique using a bioresorbable vascular scaffold and a drug‐eluting metallic stent. According to intravascular ultrasound imaging findings, the simultaneous balloon deflation after kissing balloon post‐dilatation was the likely cause of restenosis. In cases where bifurcation treatment requires the TAP technique, operators should pay particular attention to perform kissing balloon inflation with sequential deflation (main branch first, side branch last). © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Long‐term outcomes associated with the transaortic approach to transcatheter Aortic valve replacement
Authors: Lardizabal Joel A. , Macon Conrad J. , O'Neill Brian P. , Desai Harit , Singh Vikas , Martinez Claudia A. , Alfonso Carlos E. , Cohen Mauricio G. , Heldman Alan W. , O'Neill William W. , Williams Donald B.
Published: December 2014

Objective

We investigated the long‐term safety, efficacy and clinical outcomes associated with transaortic (TAO) transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) in the United States.

Background

We previously reported the technical feasibility and short‐term safety of TAO TAVR. Compared to transapical (TAP) access, the TAO approach was associated with shorter median intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay (LOS) and more favorable technical learning curve. However, outcomes data beyond 30 days were lacking and the longer‐term clinical consequences of this strategy were unknown.

Methods

Mortality outcomes at 1 year (and longer) of 44 consecutive patients who underwent TAO TAVR in our institution were compared with that of 76 consecutive patients who underwent TAP TAVR at our site. Risk‐adjusted analysis was performed in propensity‐matched patients (25 from each group) to account for baseline differences.

Results

TAO TAVR was associated with a trend towards lower all‐cause mortality at 1 year compared to TAP TAVR (18% vs. 34%, P=0.09 in the overall sample; 12% vs. 40%, P = 0.05 in the matched cohort). The higher probability of survival with TAO TAVR persisted after a median follow‐up period of 23 months (hazard ratio [HR]=1.96, P = 0.06 in the overall sample; HR = 3.4, P = 0.01 in the matched cohort). Cardiovascular mortality at 1 year was lower with TAO TAVR (2% vs. 22%, P = 0.01 in the overall sample; 4% vs. 28%, P = 0.05 in the matched cohort). ICU LOS (shorter in the TAO group) and implantation of second prosthetic valve (higher incidence in the TAP group) were independent predictors of long‐term mortality.

Conclusion

The outcomes associated with TAO TAVR compare favorably with TAP TAVR. Our results appear to corroborate the long‐term safety and efficacy of the TAO approach in TAVR patients with inadequate iliofemoral access. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide‐ratio predicts mortality after transcatheter aortic valve replacement
Authors: Stähli Barbara E. , Gebhard Cathérine , Saleh Lanja , Falk Volkmar , Landmesser Ulf , Nietlispach Fabian , Maisano Francesco , Lüscher Thomas F. , Maier Willibald , Binder Ronald K.
Published: December 2014

Objectives

We studied the prognostic value of plasma N‐terminal pro‐brain natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP)‐ratio, which is independent of individual cutoff levels, in predicting mortality in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). Background: Elevated levels of natriuretic peptides are associated with adverse outcomes across a wide spectrum of cardiovascular diseases. However, cutoff values differ according to age, gender, and body weight. Methods: 244 TAVR patients with preprocedural NT‐proBNP levels were analyzed, and the predictive value of NT‐proBNP‐ratio (measured NT‐proBNP/maximal normal NT‐proBNP values specific for age and gender) on all‐cause‐mortality was assessed in a multivariate model. Results: Median NT‐proBNP‐ratio was 4.2 [IQR 1.8–9.7]. All‐cause mortality at 30 days was 3.4% in patients with less than median NT‐proBNP‐ratio, and 14.0% in patients with more than median NT‐proBNP‐ratio (P = 0.02). All‐cause mortality at 1 year was 8.5% in patients with less than median NT‐proBNP‐ratio, and 32.1% in those with more than median NT‐proBNP‐ratio (P = 0.001). Cumulative survival declined with increasing quartiles of NT‐proBNP‐ratio (log rank P = 0.001). All patients with a NT‐proBNP‐ratio below 1.5 survived at 1‐year follow‐up. In ROC analysis, NT‐proBNP‐ratio significantly predicted 30‐day (AUC = 0.72; P = 0.002) and 1‐year all‐cause mortality (AUC = 0.72; P < 0.001). By multivariate Cox regression analysis, NT‐proBNP‐ratio, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and serum creatinine were the only independent predictors of all‐cause mortality. Conclusions: Elevated NT‐proBNP‐ratio was associated with increased short‐ and long‐term mortality after TAVR, and independently predicted all‐cause mortality. NT‐proBNP‐ratio should be considered in the risk stratification of patients undergoing TAVR. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Photoreactive G‐Quadruplex Ligand Triggered by Green Light
Authors: Nadai Matteo , Doria Filippo , Germani Luca , Richter Sara N. , Freccero Mauro
Published: December 2014

A photoreactive molecular dye targeting the G‐quadruplex nucleic acid (G4) of the human telomeric sequence Tel22, and several mutated analogues, was activated by green light (λ=532 nm). Highly selective covalent modification of G4 versus single‐stranded and double‐stranded DNA was achieved with efficiency up to 64 %. The phenoxyl radical was generated and detected by laser‐flash photolysis as a reactive intermediate that targeted loop thymine residues. These insights may suggest a non‐invasive tool for selective nucleic acid tagging and “pull‐down” cellular applications.
Chiral Separation of Four Stereoisomers of Ketoconazole Drugs Using Capillary Electrophoresis
Authors: Wan Ibrahim Wan Aini , Arsad Siti Rosilah , Maarof Hasmerya , Sanagi Mohd. Marsin , Aboul‐Enein Hassan Y.
Published: December 2014

This work aimed to develop a chiral separation method of ketoconazole enantiomers using electrokinetic chromatography. The separation was achieved using heptakis (2, 3, 6‐tri‐O‐methyl)‐β‐cyclodextrin (TMβCD), a commonly used chiral selector (CS), as it is relatively inexpensive and has a low UV absorbance in addition to an anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The influence of TMβCD concentration, phosphate buffer concentration, SDS concentration, buffer pH, and applied voltage were investigated. The optimum conditions for chiral separation of ketoconazole was achieved using 10 mM phosphate buffer at pH 2.5 containing 20 mM TMβCD, 5 mM SDS, and 1.0% (v/v) methanol with an applied voltage of 25 kV at 25 °C with a 5‐s injection time (hydrodynamic injection). The four ketoconazole stereoisomers were successfully resolved for the first time within 17 min (total analysis time was 28 min including capillary conditioning). The migration time precision of this method was examined to give repeatability and reproducibility with RSDs ≤5.80% (n =3) and RSDs ≤8.88% (n =9), respectively. Chirality 27:223–227, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Promising Candidate with D‐A‐A‐A Architecture as an Efficient Sensitizer for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Yang Li‐Na , Zhou Hong‐Yan , Sun Ping‐Ping , Chen Shi‐Lu , Li Ze‐Sheng
Published: December 2014

A series of metal‐free organic dyes with electron‐rich (D) and electron‐deficient units (A) as π linkers have been studied theoretically by means of density functional theory (DFT) and time‐dependent DFT calculations to explore the effects of π spacers on the optical and electronic properties of triphenylamine dyes. The results show that Dye 1 with a structure of D‐A‐A‐A is superior to the typical C218 dye in various key aspects, including the maximum absorption (λmax=511 nm), the charge‐transfer characteristics (D/Δq/t is 5.49 Å/0.818 e−/4.41 Å), the driving force for charge‐carrier injection (ΔGinject=1.35 eV)/dye regeneration (ΔGregen=0.27 eV), and the lifetime of the first excited state (τ=3.1 ns). It is thus proposed to be a promising candidate in dye‐sensitized solar cell applications.
Ecological opportunity and the adaptive diversification of lineages
Authors: Wellborn Gary A. , Langerhans R. Brian
Published: December 2014

The tenet that ecological opportunity drives adaptive diversification has been central to theories of speciation since Darwin, yet no widely accepted definition or mechanistic framework for the concept currently exists. We propose a definition for ecological opportunity that provides an explicit mechanism for its action. In our formulation, ecological opportunity refers to environmental conditions that both permit the persistence of a lineage within a community, as well as generate divergent natural selection within that lineage. Thus, ecological opportunity arises from two fundamental elements: (1) niche availability, the ability of a population with a phenotype previously absent from a community to persist within that community and (2) niche discordance, the diversifying selection generated by the adaptive mismatch between a population's niche‐related traits and the newly encountered ecological conditions. Evolutionary response to ecological opportunity is primarily governed by (1) spatiotemporal structure of ecological opportunity, which influences dynamics of selection and development of reproductive isolation and (2) diversification potential, the biological properties of a lineage that determine its capacity to diversify. Diversification under ecological opportunity proceeds as an increase in niche breadth, development of intraspecific ecotypes, speciation, and additional cycles of diversification that may themselves be triggered by speciation. Extensive ecological opportunity may exist in depauperate communities, but it is unclear whether ecological opportunity abates in species‐rich communities. Because ecological opportunity should generally increase during times of rapid and multifarious environmental change, human activities may currently be generating elevated ecological opportunity – but so far little work has directly addressed this topic. Our framework highlights the need for greater synthesis of community ecology and evolutionary biology, unifying the four major components of the concept of ecological opportunity.
Study on Downsizing Techniques for Conventional Motor with Solids Insulation System
Authors: Matsumoto Hironori , Ohtake Atsushi , Enomoto Yuji
Published: December 2014

Downsizing has become essential in the development of motors in order to meet requirements related to environmental issues such as resource depletion and energy shortages. To satisfy these demands, we propose downsizing techniques for a conventional motor where a solid insulation system is utilized and a large amount of insulation resin is employed to replace the structural metal materials used in conventional motors. This paper presents a feasibility study on a solid insulation system applied to a downsized motor. The optimal heat design, mechanically stable structure, and proper insulation resin are proposed and discussed. A prototype motor was manufactured, and the results of a basic insulation test, temperature rise test, and noise test are presented.
Computational Accuracy Enhancement in Magnetic Field Analysis by Using Orthogonalized Infinite Edge Element Method
Authors: Tsuzaki Kenta , Tawada Yoshihiro , Wakao Shinji , Kameari Akihisa , Tokumasu Tadashi , Takahashi Yasuhito , Igarashi Hajime , Fujiwara Koji , Ishihara Yoshiyuki
Published: December 2014

Electromagnetic phenomena intrinsically spread over an infinite region. Thus, efficient handling of open boundaries is one of the main issues in electromagnetic field computations. This paper deals with the orthogonalized infinite edge element method that efficiently performs precise analysis of the infinite region. In this method, several parameters are used to achieve high accuracy. As one of the parameters, we focus on the reference point and investigate the effect of its position setting on accuracy. We also evaluate the accuracy of the calculated magnetic field in the far region. By applying boundary element method as postprocessing, it is found that high computational accuracy in the region can be effectively achieved.
Improvement of Cogging Thrust in Permanent‐Magnet‐Type Linear Synchronous Motors
Authors: Miyamoto Yasuhiro , Tanabe Masahiko , Higuchi Tsuyoshi , Abe Takashi
Published: December 2014

This paper presents a method for reducing cogging thrust in permanent‐magnet‐type linear synchronous motors. A phase shift method and supplement tooth method are proposed. The methods do not affect the original thrust performance of the linear motor, nor do they greatly modify its basic shape. The methods are confirmed through experiments and FEM analysis. This paper also discusses the effect of construction errors on cogging thrust.
A Mild Radical Method for the Dimerzation of Dithiocarbamates
Authors: Chen Ning , Zhong Xin , Li Pingfan , Xu Jiaxi
Published: December 2014

A general, practical, and efficient method for the dimerization of dithiocarbamates has been developed that can be used to prepare the corresponding bis(1‐arylimino‐1‐alkyl/arylthiomethyl) disulfides with dilauroyl peroxide (DLP) as mild oxidant. Notably, a lauroyl radical, rather than an undecyl radical, was established as the radical hydrogen‐abstractor during the dimerization process. The amount of DLP impacts the dimerization yield, with 50 mol‐% DLP giving the disulfides in the highest yields. The use of an excess of DLP generates the undecyl radical, which decomposes the disulfides rapidly to the corresponding isothiocyanates.
A Novel Approach to Monitoring of the Diffusion Junction Potential in Speciation Studies by Polarography under very Acidic Conditions. Part II: The Quasi‐Reversible Cu(II)‐Picolinic Acid System
Authors: Billing Caren , Cukrowski Ignacy
Published: December 2014

The use of polarography to accurately determine stability constants of complexes formed under very acidic conditions (below pH 2) is demonstrated. The diffusion junction potentials, which must be accounted for below pH 2, were evaluated by applying protocols developed where Tl(I) is used as an internal reference. The Cu(II)‐picolinic acid (2‐pyridinecarboxylic acid) system studied was chosen since the CuL+ species only exists in solution below pH 2 under the conditions used and literature data exists to confirm the accuracy of procedure. Additionally, the reduction of Cu(II) was quasi‐reversible and procedures to determine the reversible half‐wave potentials were investigated. Average log β values of 7.75±0.09 for CuL+ and 14.8±0.1 for CuL2 were obtained, which compared well to literature data.
Paclitaxel production is enhanced in suspension‐cultured hazel (Corylus avellana L.) cells by using a combination of sugar, precursor, and elicitor
Authors: Rahpeyma Sara‐Alsadat , Moieni Ahmad , Jalali Javaran Mokhtar
Published: December 2014

Hazel (Corylus avellana L.) has recently been drawing attention as an alternative source of taxol. In the present study, the effects of sugar type, and different concentrations of phenylalanine (Phe) and vanadyl sulfate (V) on the production of taxol in C. avellana were investigated. A factorial experiment was used to optimize the concentrations of the precursor and elicitor. The cells were treated with Phe and V on the fourth day of culture and were harvested every 2 days until the 10th day. By increasing the Phe and V supply, taxol production increased during the culture period and the maximum level of 4.2 μg/g (dry weight) was obtained at day 10 by combining 3 μM of Phe and 0.05 and 0.1 mM of V in media supplemented with fructose (3%). The time course study on taxol production suggested that the appropriate time for using Phe is day 4 of culture, and day 8 for V. Overall, taxol production in C. avellana cell suspension culture was improved by the use of the combined strategy.
An Investigation of the Factor Structure of the Beck Depression Inventory‐II in Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Fuss Samantha , Trottier Kathryn , Carter Jacqueline
Published: December 2014

Symptoms of depression frequently co‐occur with eating disorders and have been associated with negative outcomes. Self‐report measures such as the Beck Depression Inventory‐II (BDI‐II) are commonly used to assess for the presence of depressive symptoms in eating disorders, but the instrument's factor structure in this population has not been examined. The purposes of this study were to explore the factor structure of the BDI‐II in a sample of individuals (N = 437) with anorexia nervosa undergoing inpatient treatment and to examine changes in depressive symptoms on each of the identified factors following a course of treatment for anorexia nervosa in order to provide evidence supporting the construct validity of the measure. Exploratory factor analysis revealed that a three‐factor model reflected the best fit for the data. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to validate this model against competing models and the three‐factor model exhibited strong model fit characteristics. BDI‐II scores were significantly reduced on all three factors following inpatient treatment, which supported the construct validity of the scale. The BDI‐II appears to be reliable in this population, and the factor structure identified through this analysis may offer predictive utility for identifying individuals who may have more difficulty achieving weight restoration in the context of inpatient treatment. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Acute toxicity of arsenic and oxidative stress responses in the embryonic development of the common South American toad Rhinella arenarum
Authors: Mardirosian Mariana Noelia , Lascano Cecilia Inés , Ferrari Ana , Bongiovanni Guillermina Azucena , Venturino Andrés
Published: December 2014

Arsenic (As), a natural element of ecological relevance, is found in natural water sources throughout Argentina in concentrations between 0.01 mg/L and 15 mg/L. The autochthonous toad Rhinella arenarum was selected to study the acute toxicity of As and the biochemical responses elicited by the exposure to As in water during its embryonic development. The median lethal concentration (LC50) value averaged 24.3 mg/L As and remained constant along the embryonic development. However, As toxicity drastically decreased when embryos were exposed from heartbeat-stage on day 4 of development, suggesting the onset of detoxification mechanisms. Given the environmental concentrations of As in Argentina, there is a probability of exceeding lethal levels at 1% of sites. Arsenic at sublethal concentrations caused a significant decrease in the total antioxidant potential but generated an increase in endogenous glutathione (GSH) content and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity. This protective response might prevent a deeper decline in the antioxidant system and further oxidative damage. Alternatively, it might be linked to As conjugation with GSH for its excretion. The authors conclude that toad embryos are more sensitive to As during early developmental stages and that relatively high concentrations of this toxic element are required to elicit mortality, but oxidative stress may be an adverse effect at sublethal concentrations. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015;34:1009–1014. © 2014 SETAC
The sperm structure of Cryptocercus punctulatus Scudder (Blattodea) and sperm evolution in Dictyoptera
Authors: Dallai Romano , Thipaksorn Apisit , Gottardo Marco , Mercati David , Machida Ryuichiro , Beutel Rolf Georg
Published: December 2014

Sperm of the dictyopteran key taxon Cryptocercus punctulatus was examined. It has largely maintained a blattodean groundplan condition, with a three‐layered acrosome, an elongate nucleus, a single centriole, a conspicuous centriole adjunct material, two connecting bands (=accessory bodies), and a long functional flagellum with a 9+9+2 axoneme provided with accessory tubules with 16 protofilaments and intertubular material. These sperm characters are shared with several other polyneopterans. The sperm of C. punctulatus is very similar to what is found in Periplaneta americana and species of other groups of roaches, including the sperm of Loboptera decipiens described here for the first time. The general sperm organization here described can be assumed for the groundplan of Insecta and Pterygota. The following evolutionary path can be suggested: after the split between Cryptocercidae and the common ancestor of Isoptera, the typical pattern of sperm formation was altered very distinctly, resulting in a duplication or multiplication (Mastotermitidae) of the centrioles. Mastotermes has maintained a certain sperm motility, but with a very unusual apparatus of multiple flagella with a 9+0 axoneme pattern. After the split into Mastotermitidae and the remaining Isoptera, sperm motility was completely abandoned, and different modifications of sperm components occurred, and even the loss of the sperm flagellum. J. Morphol. 276:361–369, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The usefulness of the stay suture technique in tracheostomy
Authors: Lee Sang H. , Kim Kyung H. , Woo Seung H.
Published: December 2014

Objective

Tracheostomy tube displacement may occur at any time in the course of patient management. Although an infrequent occurrence, such displacement is potentially serious. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the advantages and complications of the stay suture technique in tracheostomy.

Study Design

Prospective cohort study.

Methods

The SST involves the placement of sutures between the anterior tracheal wall and the skin in order to hasten the formation of a mature stoma. The study patients were divided into two groups. One group underwent tracheostomy with the SST (n =104), and the other group was treated with a conventional tracheostomy (n = 101). The postoperative complications for each group were then reviewed.

Results

The most common indication for tracheostomy was prolonged endotracheal intubation (79.3%), and the most common complication in each group was postoperative stoma infection. Unexpected decannulation occurred in three patients from the conventional tracheostomy group, causing death of the patients. However, the SST group did not show any occurrence of unexpected decannulation.

Conclusions

Unexpected decannulation was a fatal complication. Because this complication was not observed in any patients who underwent the SST, our study recommends use of this method as a countermeasure for unexpected decannulation.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 125:1356–1359, 2015
Clinical associations of incidentally detected parotid gland calcification on CT
Authors: Buch Karen , Nadgir Rohini N. , Fujita Akifumi , Tannenbaum Andrew D. , Ozonoff Al , Sakai Osamu
Published: December 2014

Objectives/Hypothesis

Parotid gland calcifications can be incidental findings on computed tomography (CT) and have been reported to be associated with chronic inflammatory conditions. Associations between parotid gland calcification and other common medical conditions have not been reported.

Methods

Following institutional review board approval, 1,571 patients who underwent noncontrast head CT with 1.25‐mm slice thickness on a 64‐detector row CT between January 2011 and July 2011 were retrospectively reviewed for parotid gland calcifications. Medical records were reviewed for chronic kidney disease, alcoholism, autoimmune conditions, endocrine disorders, elevated alkaline phosphatase, and HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) status. Statistical analyses were performed using Fisher's exact test and multiple logistic regression.

Results

Sixty‐three of 1,571 (4%) patients had parotid gland calcifications. Significant associations were observed between parotid gland calcifications and HIV infection (P = 0.002), chronic kidney disease (P < 0.0001), alcoholism (P < 0.0001), elevated alkaline phosphatase (P = 0.003), and autoimmune disease (P = 0.02).

Conclusion

Parotid gland calcifications were associated with HIV, alcoholism, chronic kidney disease, autoimmune disease, and elevated alkaline phosphatase.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 125:1360–1365, 2015
Investigation of unintentional indium incorporation into GaN barriers of InGaN/GaN quantum well structures
Authors: Massabuau F. C.‐P. , Davies M. J. , Blenkhorn W. E. , Hammersley S. , Kappers M. J. , Humphreys C. J. , Dawson P. , Oliver R. A.
Published: December 2014

High resolution transmission electron microscopy has been employed to investigate the impact of the GaN barrier growth technique on the composition profile of InGaN quantum wells (QWs). We show that the profiles deviate from their nominal configuration due to the presence of an indium tail at the upper interface of the QW. This indium tail, thought to be associated with a segregation effect from the indium surfactant layer, has been shown to strongly depend on the growth method. The effect of this tail has been investigated using a self‐consistent Schrödinger–Poisson simulation. For the simulated conditions, a graded upper interface has been found to result in a decreased electron‐hole wavefunction overlap of up to 31% compared to a QW with a rectangular profile, possibly leading to a decrease in radiative‐recombination rate. Therefore, in order to maximize the efficiency of a QW structure, it is important to grow the active region using a growth method which leads to QW interfaces which are as abrupt as possible. The results of this experiment find applications in every study where the emission properties of a device are correlated to a particular active region design.
Progress in Sustainable Remediation
Authors: Bardos Paul
Published: December 2014

In the past decade or so, management of historically contaminated land has largely been based on prevention of unacceptable risks to human health and the environment, to ensure a site is “fit for use” (i.e., achieves suitability for beneficial uses). More recently, interest has been shown in including sustainability as a decision‐making criterion. Sustainability concerns include the environmental, social, and economic consequences of risk‐management activities themselves, and also the opportunities for wider benefit beyond achieving risk‐reduction goals alone. This article provides a global roundup of progress by these initiatives and their key documentation. It reviews common themes and points of divergence. The information is based on a literature review and surveying the various networks involved, with a particular focus on recent developments in the United Kingdom. The global roundup updates a previous global roundup presented in Europe in 2013 at Aquaconsoil 2013 (Bardos et al., 2013a, 2013b). © 2014 Paul Bardos
Factor Graph Modeling of Rigid‐body Dynamics for Localization, Mapping, and Parameter Estimation of a Spinning Object in Space
Authors: Tweddle Brent E. , Saenz‐Otero Alvar , Leonard John J. , Miller David W.
Published: December 2014

This paper presents a new approach for solving the simultaneous localization and mapping problem for inspecting an unknown and uncooperative object that is spinning about an arbitrary axis in space. This approach probabilistically models the six degree‐of‐freedom rigid‐body dynamics in a factor graph formulation. Using the incremental smoothing and mapping system, this method estimates a feature‐based map of the target object, as well as this object's position, orientation, linear velocity, angular velocity, center of mass, principal axes, and ratios of inertia. This solves an important problem for spacecraft proximity operations. Additionally, it provides a generic framework for incorporating rigid‐body dynamics that may be applied to a number of other terrestrial‐based applications. To evaluate this approach, the Synchronized Position Hold Engage Reorient Experimental Satellites (SPHERES) were used as a testbed within the microgravity environment of the International Space Station. The SPHERES satellites, using body‐mounted stereo cameras, captured a dataset of a target object that was spinning at ten rotations per minute about its unstable, intermediate axis. This dataset was used to experimentally evaluate the approach described in this paper, and it showed that it was able to estimate a geometric map and the position, orientation, linear and angular velocities, center of mass, and ratios of inertia of the target object.
A Supramolecular Strategy to Leverage the Liquid‐Phase Exfoliation of Graphene in the Presence of Surfactants: Unraveling the Role of the Length of Fatty Acids
Authors: Haar Sébastien , Ciesielski Artur , Clough Joseph , Yang Huafeng , Mazzaro Raffaello , Richard Fanny , Conti Simone , Merstorf Nicolas , Cecchini Marco , Morandi Vittorio , Casiraghi Cinzia , Samorì Paolo
Published: December 2014

Achieving the full control over the production as well as processability of high‐quality graphene represents a major challenge with potential interest in the field of fabrication of multifunctional devices. The outstanding effort dedicated to tackle this challenge in the last decade revealed that certain organic molecules are capable of leveraging the exfoliation of graphite with different efficiencies. Here, a fundamental understanding on a straightforward supramolecular approach for producing homogenous dispersions of unfunctionalized and non‐oxidized graphene nanosheets in four different solvents is attained, namelyN‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidinone,N,N‐dimethylformamide,ortho‐dichlorobenzene, and 1,2,4‐trichlorobenzene. In particular, a comparative study on the liquid‐phase exfoliation of graphene in the presence of linear alkanes of different lengths terminated by a carboxylic‐acid head group is performed. These molecules act as graphene dispersion‐stabilizing agents during the exfoliation process. The efficiency of the exfoliation in terms of concentration of exfoliated graphene is found to be proportional to the length of the employed fatty acid. Importantly, a high percentage of single‐layer graphene flakes is revealed by high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy analyses. A simple yet effective thermodynamic model is developed to interpret the chain‐length dependence of the exfoliation yield. This approach relying on the synergistic effect of a ad‐hoc solvent and molecules to promote the exfoliation of graphene in liquid media represents a promising and modular strategy towards the rational design of improved dispersion‐stabilizing agents.