bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Non-Gaussian assembly bias from a semi-analytic galaxy formation model
Authors: Marinucci M , Desjacques V , Benson A
Published: June 2023

We produce z = 1 galaxy catalogues with the semi-analytic code galacticus to study the dependence on the assembly history of the host halos of the non-Gaussian bias parameter bϕ for galaxies selected by colour magnitude and emission line luminosities. Galaxies selected by g–r colour shows a large assembly bias consistent with previous analyses: a larger value of the normalization amplitude σ8 implies a faster mass assembly and therefore older and redder galaxies. For galaxies selected by H α luminosity, we do not detect a significant assembly bias for the redshift and the halo masses considered here. This indicates that the non-Gaussian assembly bias should be less of a concern for future emission line galaxy surveys. We investigate, for the first time, the sensitivity of the non-Gaussian assembly bias to a change in the parameters of the galaxy formation model: these induce variations up to order unity in the measured Δbϕ, but the overall trends with colour or luminosity remain the same. Since these results may be sensitive to the specific galaxy formation model, it will be prudent to extend this analysis to other semi-analytic models in addition to halo mass and redshift.
Time-series photometry and multiwavelength characterization of the young stellar cluster Mon R2
Authors: Orcajo Santiago , Cieza Lucas A , Gamen Roberto
Published: June 2023

Using the Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network (LCOGT), we have obtained multi-epoch photometry of the young cluster Mon R2. We have monitored over 6000 sources with i-band between 13 and 23 mag within a 26 × 26 arcmin2 field of view. For each star, we collected ∼1500 photometric points covering a temporal window of 23 d. Based on these data, we have measured rotation-modulated of 136 stars and identified around 90 additional variables, including 14 eclipsing binary candidates. Moreover, we found 298 other variables with photometric high-scatter. In addition, we have obtained r-band and Hα narrow-band photometry of the cluster with LCOGT and low-resolution optical spectroscopy of 229 stars with GMOS-Gemini. We used the Gaia data from the periodic stars and objects with Hα or IR-excesses, which are mostly low-mass pre-main sequence stars (<1 M⊙) in the cluster to estimate the distance (825 ± 51 pc) and the mean proper motions (μαcos(δ) = −2.75 mas yr−1 and μδ = 1.15 mas yr−1) of its members. This allows us to use the Gaia data to identify additional Mon R2 member candidates. We also used Pan-STARRS photometry from our LCOGT sources to construct a more precise H-R diagram, from which we estimate the mean age of the cluster and identify other possible members including eleven spectroscopy brown dwarf with M7 to M9 GMOS spectral types. Finally, we combined our membership lists with Spitzer infrared photometry to investigate the incidence of stars with discs and the effect these have on stellar rotation.
Magnetically dominated discs in tidal disruption events and quasi-periodic eruptions
Authors: Kaur Karamveer , Stone Nicholas C , Gilbaum Shmuel
Published: June 2023

The classical radiation pressure instability has been a persistent theoretical feature of thin, radiatively efficient accretion discs with accretion rates $\sim $ 1 per cent–100 per cent of the Eddington rate. But there is only limited evidence of its occurrence in nature: rapid heartbeat oscillations of a few X-ray binaries and now, perhaps, the new class of hourly X-ray transients called quasi-periodic eruptions (QPEs). The accretion discs formed in tidal disruption events (TDEs) have been observed to peacefully trespass through the range of unstable accretion rates without exhibiting any clear sign of the instability. We try to explain the occurrence or otherwise of this instability in these systems, by constructing steady state 1D models of thin magnetic accretion discs. The local magnetic pressure in the disc is assumed to be dominated by toroidal fields arising from a dynamo sourced by magneto-rotational instability (MRI). We choose a physically motivated criterion of MRI saturation, validated by recent magnetohydrodynamic simulations, to determine the disc magnetic pressure. The resulting magnetic pressure support efficiently shrinks: (1) the parameter space of unstable mass accretion rates, explaining the absence of instability in TDEs and (2) the range of unstable radii in the inner accretion disc, which can shorten the quasi-periods of instability limit-cycles by more than three orders of magnitude, explaining the short periods of QPEs. In addition to examining stability of strongly magnetized discs, we predict other observational signatures such as spectral hardening and jet luminosities to test the compatibility of our disc models with observations of TDE discs.
AGN feedback through multiple jet cycles in the Seyfert galaxy NGC 2639
Authors: Rao Vaishnav V , Kharb P , Rubinur K , Silpa S , Roy N , Sebastian B , Singh V , Baghel J , Manna S , Ishwara-Chandra C H
Published: June 2023

The Seyfert galaxy NGC 2639 was known to exhibit three episodes of active galactic nuclei (AGN) jet/lobe activity. We present here the upgraded Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (uGMRT) 735 MHz image of NGC 2639 showing a fourth episode as witnessed by the discovery of ∼9 kpc radio lobes misaligned with the previously known ∼1.5 kpc, ∼360 pc, and ∼3 pc jet features detected through the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) and the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA), respectively. Using the spectral ageing software brats, we derive the ages of the ∼9 kpc, ∼1.5 kpc, and ∼360 pc episodes to be, respectively, $34^{+4}_{-6}$, $11.8^{+1.7}_{-1.4}$, and $2.8^{+0.7}_{-0.5}$ Myr, and conclude that minor mergers occurred 9−22 Myr apart. NGC 2639 shows a deficit of molecular gas in its central ∼6 kpc region. The GALEX NUV image also shows a deficiency of recent star formation in the same region, while the star formation rate surface density in NGC 2639 is lower by a factor of 5−18 compared to the global Schmidt law of star-forming galaxies. This makes NGC 2639 a rare case of a Seyfert galaxy showing episodic jet activity and possible signatures of jet-driven AGN feedback.
Cumulative smoking dose is associated with subclinical renal injury: a pathological study in individuals without chronic kidney disease
Authors: Ataka Eri , Matsukuma Yuta , Ueki Kenji , Tsuchimoto Akihiro , Okabe Yasuhiro , Masutani Kosuke , Nakamura Masafumi , Nakano Toshiaki , Kitazono Takanari
Published: June 2023

Background

Epidemiological studies have identified smoking as an independent risk factor for development of chronic kidney disease. However, the early renal pathological lesions have not been clearly elucidated.

Methods

We investigated time-zero biopsy specimens from 547 living kidney donors and evaluated the relationships between smoking and renal histological changes, including arteriolar hyalinization, intimal thickening of small–medium arteries, global glomerulosclerosis, and interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy (IF/TA).

Results

A total of 199 subjects (36.4%) had smoking history; 92 (16.8%) and 107 (19.6%) subjects had <20 pack-years and ≥20 pack-years of smoking, respectively. Cumulative smoking dose was significantly associated with prevalence of arteriolar hyalinization: the multivariable-adjusted odds ratio (OR) per 20 pack-year increase was 1.50 (95% confidence interval 1.15–1.97). The ORs for smokers with <20 pack-years and ≥20 pack-years versus never-smokers were 1.76 (1.01–3.09) and 2.56 (1.48–4.44), respectively. Smoking was also associated with prevalence of >10% global glomerulosclerosis: the OR per 20 pack-year increase was 1.24 (0.96–1.59). The ORs for smokers with <20 pack-years and ≥20 pack-years versus never-smokers were 1.50 (0.98–2.78) and 2.11 (1.18–3.79), respectively. The ORs for these pathological changes increased significantly depending on cumulative smoking dose. Intimal thickening of small–medium arteries and IF/TA were not associated with smoking status. The prevalence of arteriolar hyalinization remained higher in patients with ≥10 years since smoking cessation than in never-smokers [OR 2.23 (1.03–4.83)].

Conclusions

Subclinical pathological injury caused by smoking is potentially associated with renal arteriolar hyalinization and glomerular ischaemia.
Definitions of Urinary Tract Infection in Current Research: A Systematic Review
Authors: Bilsen Manu P , Jongeneel Rosa M H , Schneeberger Caroline , Platteel Tamara N , van Nieuwkoop Cees , Mody Lona , Caterino Jeffrey M , Geerlings Suzanne E , Köves Bela , Wagenlehner Florian , Conroy Simon P , Visser Leo G , Lambregts Merel M C
Published: June 2023

Defining urinary tract infection (UTI) is complex, as numerous clinical and diagnostic parameters are involved. In this systematic review, we aimed to gain insight into how UTI is defined across current studies. We included 47 studies, published between January 2019 and May 2022, investigating therapeutic or prophylactic interventions in adult patients with UTI. Signs and symptoms, pyuria, and a positive urine culture were required in 85%, 28%, and 55% of study definitions, respectively. Five studies (11%) required all 3 categories for the diagnosis of UTI. Thresholds for significant bacteriuria varied from 103 to 105 colony-forming units/mL. None of the 12 studies including acute cystitis and 2 of 12 (17%) defining acute pyelonephritis used identical definitions. Complicated UTI was defined by both host factors and systemic involvement in 9 of 14 (64%) studies. In conclusion, UTI definitions are heterogeneous across recent studies, highlighting the need for a consensus-based, research reference standard for UTI.
Recasting the “Punishment Question”
Authors: Logan Wayne A.
Published: June 2023

This chapter focuses on perhaps the most problematic aspect of modern ex post facto doctrine: the “punishment question”—whether a provision is punitive (and hence criminal, as opposed to civil or regulatory) in nature, which since the court’s Calder decision is a sine qua non of an ex post facto challenge. Not only does the limit rest on questionable Framing Era historical evidence, but the modern court’s deferential, highly formalistic analytic framework for deciding whether a sanction qualifies is inconsistent with the framers’ disdain for burdensome retroactive laws and their concern over the “sudden and strong passions” driving their enactment. The chapter offers an alternative framework, tailored to the framers’ sensibilities and the structural constitutional role of the clause, a shift having particular importance today amid the penal populism that continues to affect legislatures and the increasing resort to nonphysical means of punitive restraint and laws of a quasi-criminal nature.
Global Perspectives
Authors: Logan Wayne A.
Published: June 2023

This chapter situates the Ex Post Facto Clause within the broader context of global human rights protection. It begins with perhaps the most high-profile attention historically paid to the ex post facto prohibition: the post-World War II trials of Nazi and Japanese authorities that took place in Nuremberg, Germany and in Tokyo, Japan. As a moral matter, holding the defendants to account for their wartime atrocities understandably enjoyed widespread support. At the time, however, many individuals maintained that the crimes alleged—including “crimes against humanity”—violated ex post facto principles because they did not technically exist when the prosecuted conduct occurred. In significant part due to this controversy, the ex post facto prohibition, and the associated principle of legality, grew in international stature, becoming a specified right in international declarations and national constitutions adopted after the trials, including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (adopted by the United Nations in 1948). The chapter examines the many ex post facto prohibitions contained in national constitutions throughout the world today and in the charters of modern-day war tribunals. The chapter concludes with discussion of yet another international human rights value emerging after the war, human dignity, and how it aligns with, and can inform, the understanding and enforcement of the Ex Post Facto Clause in the United States.
Staging the Sacred
Authors: Lieber Laura S.
Published: June 2023

This volume examines Christian, Jewish, and Samaritan liturgical poetry from late antiquity (ca. third–fourth c. ce) both within religious traditions of biblical interpretation and conventions of prayer and through the lenses of performance, entertainment, and spectacle. Because liturgical poets were as invested in engaging their listeners as orators and actors were, this study analyzes hymnody as a performative genre akin to oratory and theater, the two primary modes of public performance. Liturgical poetry’s “theatricality” draws attention to subjects ranging from adapting biblical stories to the liturgical stage, just as works of Greco-Roman antiquity were popularized in this period, to adapting physical techniques and material structures to augment the performers’ ability to engage audiences. Specific techniques of oratory and acting in antiquity offer concrete means for elucidating the affinities of liturgical presentations and other modes of performance: indications of direct address and apostrophe; creating character through speech (ethopoeia); and appeals to the audience’s senses, including vivid descriptions (ekphrasis), a popular technique. Serious consideration of performance demands a difficult leap to imagining the world beyond the page. While late antique hymnody has survived primarily in textual form, the written word is quite remote from the actual experience these scripts reflect. The authors consider more speculative but recognizably essential elements of these works’ reception, including ways that liturgical poetry could have borrowed from the gestures and body language of oratory, mime, and pantomime, and how poets may have used the physical spaces of performance and accelerated changes visible in the archaeological record.
The Stage is a World, the Body an Instrument: Hymns in Sacred Space
Authors: Lieber Laura S.
Published: June 2023

In this chapter, the diverse corpus of liturgical poetry from Late Antiquity—Jewish, Samaritan, and Christian—is scrutinized for trace evidence of specific techniques that suggest techniques of delivery and congregational reception, as well as engagement with space in both practical and conceptual terms. The analysis begins in close proximity to the body—with a study of oratorical gestures—and gradually widens the lens, to consider deixis (gestures that indicate specific items or sites), the physicality of delivery, audience participation as an embodied phenomenon, hymns as ritual scripts, and finally, the significance of imagined spaces and spatial imagination. A serious consideration of the physicality of hymnic performance—the individual embodiment and spatial dynamics—unifies these different facets of exploration. While much of this analysis is, of necessity, conjectural, the conclusion articulates how such studies help readers recover information encoded in the hymns. This data helps modern readers recover aspects of their delivery and listeners’ dynamic experience of performance.
Epilogue
Authors: Lieber Laura S.
Published: June 2023

In this chapter, the history of religious theater after late antiquity is delineated in brief. This is done with an eye toward highlighting elements of continuity from the preceding study that persisted in subsequent centuries. Issues of the interrelationship between the “secular” canon and religious concepts and conventions, as well as official ambivalence toward theater and performance, are considered. Also explored are issues such as performative style and relationships among genres of liturgical presentation. The Epilogue concludes with a discussion of the significance of the study of “religious theatricality” in the study of late antiquity and suggests directions for further research.
The Evolution of IMF Conditionality
Authors: Kentikelenis Alexandros , Stubbs Thomas
Published: June 2023

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is a central actor in global economic governance, often associated with bailout packages for countries in crisis. These packages mandate the introduction of far-ranging and intrusive policy reforms. But in recent years, IMF rhetoric suggests that the organization has radically changed the ways in which it offers financial assistance. This chapter examines to what extent the policy content has changed over time. This is based on archival material on the IMF’s lending operations between 1980 and 2019, covering 65,707 individual conditions across 132 countries in total. The chapter reveals little evidence of a fundamental transformation of IMF conditionality. The organization’s recent programs reincorporated many of the mandated reforms that the organization claims to no longer advocate, and the number of conditions has been increasing.
Conditionality and Health Policy
Authors: Kentikelenis Alexandros , Stubbs Thomas
Published: June 2023

In setting the fiscal priorities of borrowing countries via the practice of conditionality, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) has played an emphatic role in shaping the design and implementation of health policies and systems throughout the world. This chapter evaluates statistically the impact of IMF conditionality on government health spending and draws on IMF documents pertaining to West African countries to elucidate how IMF-supported policies impact health policy on the ground. The chapter finds clear evidence of adverse effects of IMF-mandated reforms on health systems. The higher the number of conditions in a lending program, the steeper the declines in public spending on health. Furthermore, pro-poor measures intended to safeguard such spending are mostly ineffective. They are implemented less than half of the time that they are included in programs, and when there is a tension between keeping up social spending or meeting strict targets for government budget cuts, the latter priority wins out.
Conditionality and Health Outcomes
Authors: Kentikelenis Alexandros , Stubbs Thomas
Published: June 2023

Apart from any impact of International Monetary Fund (IMF) conditionality on government health spending, scholars increasingly pay attention to the effect of broader public policies on the social determinants of health. In this context, market-oriented policies promoted by the IMF have long been argued to harm health outcomes, but systematic examinations on how these reforms impact population health remain limited. This chapter evaluates statistically the impact of IMF conditionality on a universal health coverage index and on neonatal mortality rates. It finds that IMF structural reforms—that is, policy conditions targeting fundamental changes in policy environment—adversely impact both proxies for health outcomes. The key drivers of these effects were conditions mandating SOE privatization, labor market deregulation, and trade liberalization. Additional analyses on the impact of these reforms on 23 health-related Sustainable Development Goal health targets and indicators revealed that 12 of these were negatively affected.
The Philosophy of Comics
Authors: Pratt Henry John , Shaffert Kurt F.
Published: June 2023

This book advances the field of comics studies by attending to some of its most notable problems. It begins with what comics are: a treatment of the history of comics, the contrast between comics and cartoons, the tenuous place of comics in the artworld, and what it is to be a comic in the first place. It turns next to how comics work: what the fundamental media that compose comics are, how they push comics toward specific kinds of representation and expression; how comics are related to film, nongraphic literature, and theater; and what those relations tell us about the possibility of adapting comics into other media. Finally, it takes up why comics matter: what the value of particular comics is and what makes some comics better than others; why comics have been the objects of long-standing cultural condemnation and censorship; and, last, whether the treatment that comics have received is merited.
Formal Definitions of Comics
Authors: Pratt Henry John , Shaffert Kurt F.
Published: June 2023

The focus of this chapter is whether a definition can be formulated that encompasses all and only comics. After explaining what essentialist definitions are, arguments are considered from Morris Weitz and Aaron Meskin to outline the case for why the category of comics cannot be defined using an essentialist strategy. It is responded that Meskin might well be right, but that attempting the project of definition is important and worthwhile nonetheless. Extant definitions from David Kunzle, Robert Harvey, Will Eisner, Scott McCloud, and Hayman and Pratt are surveyed, and from them various candidates for necessary conditions on the category of comics are extracted. Each condition is assessed in turn, moving from the less plausible to the more plausible. Ultimately, it is shown that the best strategy for an essentialist framework is to advert to comics’ pictorial representationality, the sequence of spatially juxtaposed images, narrativity, and historical considerations.
Narrative, Time, and Space
Authors: Pratt Henry John , Shaffert Kurt F.
Published: June 2023

This chapter addresses the ways in which the arrangement of media characteristic of comics exerts strong pressures toward narrativity: storytelling is perhaps the most natural organizing principle for a comic. The main media that comics use for storytelling produce a verbal dimension and a pictorial dimension. It is shown how each of these guides the reader’s perception and understanding of narratives. Comics employ a range of complex techniques in order to portray temporal and spatial relations within the diegetic world. During explanation of these techniques, it is shown how narrative is constructed within individual panels, in the gutter between panels, and through the layout of panels on the page. Finally, the impacts of serial publication on narrative structure in comics is investigated.
Trans Children in Today's Schools
Authors: Key Aidan
Published: June 2023

Authored by a seasoned diversity educator, Trans Children in Today’s Schools provides a pragmatic and thorough approach to creating inclusive, safe, and flexible environments for gender-diverse young people. The primary audience for this text is parents and K–12 educators, as well as the extended support network in a child’s life. This book goes well beyond the what and why of gender diversity to answer the questions of how—how do we create inclusive environments for all children, how do we continue to educate ourselves, and how do we successfully navigate controversy and confusion so that we may best support children in today’s schools? This text addresses pertinent issues of privacy and visibility and outlines best practices for teaching gender diversity in the classroom. The text contains standalone content that will guide parents and educators on their journey, including steps for creating a student support plan.
The Court of the Martyrs
Authors: Ployd Adam
Published: June 2023

This chapter explores the role of forensic rhetoric in Augustine’s dealings with the Donatists, who styled themselves the “church of the martyrs.” To deny them this claim, Augustine deploys the slogan non poena sed causa to argue that it is not the punishment but the cause that makes a martyr. This slogan and its subsequent denial of the title of martyr to the Donatists is best understood in terms of forensic status theory, especially a status of definition whereby the proper legal category of an act is disputed. Augustine similarly deploys forensic rhetoric against the charge of persecution, this time arguing, by way of a status of quality, that the persecution committed by Catholic officials is just because it is for the good of those persecuted.
Conditional reflexes in dogs after destruction of various parts of the cerebral hemispheres
Authors: Yokoyama Olga T.
Published: June 2023

The goal of this report is to present a preliminary summary of the experiments that have been carried out by my colleagues and me in the laboratories I supervise regarding the relationship between the conditional salivary reflexes and the cerebral hemispheres. First of all, we had to re-examine the existing claim (by Dr. Belitski?) that conditional salivary reflexes were connected with a certain area of the cerebral cortex and that they all disappear after extirpation of this area. The experiments by Dr. N. P. Tikhomirov described in his doctoral dissertation and the experiments by Dr. L. A. Orbeli, on which we shall report here today, completely refute the findings of Dr. Belitski?.
Influence of interruptions in the experiments with conditional reflexes in dogs
Authors: Yokoyama Olga T.
Published: June 2023

I would like to express my wholehearted gratitude for the high honor bestowed upon me (by electing me a member of your society) and for your delightful readiness to hear my presentation. I am convinced that sooner or later physiologists, with their study of the nervous system, and psychologists will have to be united in an intimate, friendly cooperation. For now, let each of us follow his own path, trying to utilize his own special resources. The more approaches, the greater the chances that we will finally happily converge, finding each other useful and indispensable.
Is Winter Coming?
Authors: Sandholtz Wayne
Published: June 2023

Chapter 3 by Wayne Sandholtz addresses the overall theme of value change from an IR perspective by exploring processes of change and decline in international norms. Sandholtz proposes to assess norm change by studying norm challengers’ and norm defenders’ beliefs regarding the validity of a norm over time. He urges readers not to conclude a tidal change too quickly, emphasizing that norms fluctuate over time and have built-in sources of resiliency. The posited resources are embeddedness in larger normative structures, domestic incorporation, and institutionalization in law. Finally, the chapter also outlines some of the challenges ahead.
Ideological Values and Norm Contestation in the ICC
Authors: Jorgensen Malcolm
Published: June 2023

Chapter 11 by Malcolm Jorgensen assesses the effect of various contestations of the norms of legal accountability and anti-impunity for which the ICC is the focal institution. Jorgensen focuses on the more recent contestations by the United States, notably its opposition to ICC jurisdiction over nationals of non-parties in the Afghanistan investigation. He identifies foreign policy preferences of the US as a primary driver of change in the accountability value. He examines alternative conceptions of the relationship between sovereignty and accountability in the global legal order, which continue to be structured by competing ideological beliefs, between American policymakers and global counterparts and among American policymakers themselves. Overall, he identifies possible signs that value change is already underway concerning the ICC and the value of accountability.
Authoritarian Regimes and Nuclear Nonproliferation Norms
Authors: Tokhi Alexandros
Published: June 2023

Chapter 12 by Alexandros Tokhi offers an IR perspective on the development of nuclear non-proliferation and nuclear non-use norms which protect the fundamental values of international peace and security. Tokhi focuses on the challenge of authoritarian states’ non-compliance or behavioural contestation. He argues that nonadherence to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT)—even by only a few states—may undermine essential confidence in security cooperation. He examines the Iranian nuclear crisis to probe the conditions under which norms and underlying values of the NPT remain resilient or are strengthened. Tokhi finds that norm defenders should strengthen domestic actors with interest in NPT compliance to avert a loss of the norm’s social or legal validity.
The Status of International Women’s Rights
Authors: Kuhlmann Lea Barbara
Published: June 2023

From a legal perspective, Chapter 15 by Lea Barbara Kuhlmann analyses the fate of gender equality norms. Kuhlmann cautions against the view that contestations have fundamentally changed women’s rights. She addresses examples of violence against women and gender-based violence as well as reproductive rights. She argues that states have signalled their opposition to women’s rights for over four decades, for instance, by formulating reservations—albeit impermissible ones—or interpretative declarations. Instead, she argues, soft law documents have anchored reproductive rights in human rights law. The subsequent monitoring and law-interpreting activity of the UN human rights treaty bodies have so far shielded these value-based legal norms and ensured their robustness.
Introduction
Authors: Petsalis-Diomidis Alexia
Published: June 2023

The introduction sets out the aims of the volume: first, to analyse two-dimensional images of Greek vases, both graphic and photographic, created from the seventeenth to the twentieth century, highlighting the range of their styles and functions in a variety of artistic and scholarly contexts; second, to demonstrate that images of archaeological objects are not just illustrations, reflecting or complementing texts, but are themselves active producers of knowledge. There is an outline of what the volume can offer to different audiences (archaeologists, art historians, and classical reception scholars). There then follows a brief sketch of the history of the reception of Greek vases in modernity, dealing in turn with the main trends in art history, archaeology, classics, and classical reception studies. This is designed to provide a broad landscape within which to place one form of classical reception—two-dimensional depictions—with which the volume is concerned.
Images of Greek Vases as a Basis for a Scientific Archaeology
Authors: Bernard Marie-Amélie
Published: June 2023

During the 1830s and 1840s, Eduard Gerhard (1795–1868) worked to establish archaeology as a scientific discipline. His approach to the study of antiquity was comprehensive in its combination of archaeology, art history, epigraphy, numismatics, and philology. He founded an international institution, the Instituto di corrispondenza archeologica, and later took up the post of archaeologist at the Königliches Museum in Berlin. During this time, he worked to create the Apparat, which would become an important scholarly tool for the study of the classical world. It featured thousands of drawings of Greek vases by a variety of artists. Some of these drawings were later engraved and published, thus finding a wider audience. The drawings reflect important changes in the tradition of depicting Greek vases, as Gerhard strove to distinguish them from those in earlier publications. The drawings of the Apparat were to be ‘scientific’ in their standardization, their avoidance of personal artistic styles and any obvious changes or corrections to the vessels.
Sources of the Earth’s Magnetic Field
Authors: Lowrie William
Published: June 2023

The internal structure of the Earth is known from the analysis of seismic waves that pass through its interior. A thin brittle crust covers a solid silicate mantle, which surrounds an iron core. The temperature in the core is high enough for the outer part to be liquid, but high pressure makes the inner core solid. The main part of the magnetic field at the Earth’s surface originates inside the liquid core. A small part of the surface field originates outside the Earth in an electrically charged part of the uppermost atmosphere called the ionosphere. Mathematical analysis of the internal field shows that it is dominated by a dipole component, which, along with additional nondipole fields, is generated in the liquid outer core. A short-wavelength part of the internal field has a shallower origin; it is produced by permanently magnetized rocks in the crust and lithosphere, the Earth’s hard outer shell.
The IP Profession over the Last Twenty Years
Authors: Cook Trevor
Published: June 2023

This chapter reviews the nature of the UK IP profession (and the various sub-professions within it) and the changes that have taken place in it over the last twenty years, although the origin of some of these changes can be traced back ten years earlier to the establishment of the Patent County Court, the precursor to the Intellectual Property Enterprise Court. It takes note of the expanding scope of rights of representation and rights of audience of both patent and trade mark attorneys in IP litigation, although it also notes that less use is made of these rights than might have been envisaged when they were introduced and that most IP litigation, irrespective of whether or not it is conducted within patent attorney firms or their associated law firms, is in fact done by solicitors and barristers. It discusses the success of the UK patent attorney profession within the wider European patent attorney profession, noting that this is the only UK IP profession which will be able directly to participate in the new Unified Patent Court, and it speculates on how it and some of the different national IP professions will fare in the new court.
Twenty Years of Change in IP Strategy and Litigation
Authors: Stone David
Published: June 2023

This chapter considers the many changes that have occurred to IP strategy and litigation over the last twenty years. Procedurally, there has been a real judicial drive to streamline IP cases, to manage litigation costs, to deal with issues proportionately, and to restrict evidence to what is necessary to decide disputes. More generally, the IP world has been impacted over the last two decades by trends such as globalization and digitization. IP practitioners now use a whole range of digital tools to work in global teams and to advise on IP issues across numerous jurisdictions. Moreover, new technologies have given rise to increased levels and novel types of IP infringements as well as difficult questions regarding interoperability and standardization. This summary highlights these important changes and introduces issues that are dealt with in greater depth in later chapters.
Twenty Years of US Digital Copyright: Adapting from Analogue
Authors: Ginsburg Jane C
Published: June 2023

This review of the period 2001–21 in US copyright law will summarize digital-dominated developments concerning the scope of exclusive rights and exceptions and liability regimes. It will address several developments, all related to the impact of the internet on the exploitation of works of authorship. Digital storage and communications have called into question the scope of the exclusive rights set out in the US Copyright Act, and they have considerably expanded the reach of the fair use exemption. They have strained statutory and common law regimes of secondary liability and prompted the development of a ‘volition’ predicate to primary liability. While case law concerning non-digital subject matter or scope of protection has also abounded—including the Supreme Court’s rejection of constitutional challenges to Congress’s power to extend the copyright terms of existing works and to restore copyright to certain foreign works that had fallen into the public domain in order to comply with international obligations; the court’s failure to clarify the impenetrable statutory standard for the protection of applied art; and the court’s interpretation of the first sale doctrine to establish a rule of international exhaustion—space constraints compel the choice to confine this overview to the digital domain.
Twenty Years After—the State of EU Copyright Law
Authors: Martin-Prat Maria
Published: June 2023

Between 2000 and 2020, we witnessed the expansion and consolidation of the harmonization of copyright and related rights law in the EU. This chapter provides a brief overview of key developments in those two decades, from the early years where legislative intervention was still guided by international harmonization (and a relative level of agreement), through the years where the debate about the need for a reform of the system was at its peak, until now. It examines the increasingly important role of the Court of Justice of the European Union and it concludes with an assessment of the system as it stands today and possible developments going forward.
The Gnostic Machine
Authors: Konior Bogna
Published: June 2023

As debates around artificial intelligence (AI) discourses beyond the West draw increased attention in media and technology studies, Eastern Europe remains a neglected territory. Eastern European scholars, having emerged from Soviet constraints on intellectuals, have only recently entered this discipline. This chapter, looking to expand the canon of media theory and philosophy, investigates the allusions to AI in Summa Technologiae, a unique work at the intersection of philosophy and popular science published in 1964 by Polish intellectual and science fiction writer Stanisław Lem. Lem’s futurology, focusing on the relationship between technology and human cognitive capacities and evolutionary trajectories, anticipates discussions around possible models of AI. The chapter contextualizes Summa within the Polish intellectual scene at the time, which uniquely combined Catholic theology with cybernetics, and proposes a reading of Lem’s imagination of AI as a ‘gnostic machine’; an evolutionary, existential technology that operates at the limit of human comprehension.
Fiery the Angels Fell
Authors: Cave Stephen , Dihal Kanta
Published: June 2023

This chapter aims to distinguish the themes distinctive of narratives about artificial intelligence (AI) from the United States. These works tend to be extreme: either utopian or (more often) dystopian. We illustrate the utopian strand with an analysis of Isaac Asimov’s ‘The Last Question’ (1956), situating it within an American ideology of technology that associates technological mastery with ontological superiority, the legitimation of settler-colonialism, and the pursuit of a ‘second creation’ on earth. We then examine the inherent instability of this vision, which explains why it can tip so readily to dystopia. These include fears of decadence and the slave-machine uprising, both of which revolve around loss of control. We then examine three degrees of loss of control: from willingly giving up autonomy to the machine in the 2008 film WALL-E, to value misalignment in Martin Caidin’s The God Machine (1968), to utter extermination in the Terminator franchise.
Imagining Indigenous AI
Authors: Lewis Jason Edward
Published: June 2023

The trajectory that artificial intelligence (AI) research and development is currently following recapitulates the extractive, exploitative, and environmentally excessive tendencies that characterize the evolution of mass technologies since the Industrial Revolution. If we are to keep AI from becoming yet another tool for imposing an impoverished understanding of the good life upon us all, we must look to ontologies and epistemologies that grow from roots different to those of the current mainstream. This chapter describes a series of conversations and resulting future imaginaries aimed at articulating a different trajectory for AI that is founded in Indigenous perspectives and provides tools to critically reconstruct our assumptions to centre computational technologies that enable abundance.
Engineering Robots with Heart in Japan
Authors: Katsuno Hirofumi , White Daniel
Published: June 2023

Japanese narratives of artificial intelligence (AI) and robots have long been characterized as the cultural antithesis to their anglophone counterparts. According to this model, whereas in the West intelligent machines signify a threat to humanity, in Japan machines are partners to humans. Such shorthand cultural distinctions circulating in anglophone imaginaries can feed back into robotics design practices in Japan. This phenomenon is especially prevalent within emotion-based AI research, where Japanese roboticists cite animacy as a distinctively ‘Japanese’ component of robotics design that fosters human–robot intimacy. Based on ethnographic fieldwork in Japan, this chapter analyses imaginaries of animacy among Japanese roboticists and animacy’s role in generating intimacy between humans and companion robots. It argues that, while an emphasis on emotionality in Japanese AI narratives challenges distinctions between reason and emotion in anglophone AI research, the complex cultural politics of these distinctions also challenges simplified notions of ‘culture’ in AI research more broadly.
Artificial Intelligence in Chinese Science Fiction
Authors: Wu Yan
Published: June 2023

Artificial intelligence (AI) is one of the core themes of current Chinese science fiction (SF). Its emergence can be traced back to the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods (770–221 bce). Chinese AI-related SF of the twentieth century can be divided into three stages: Stage I—AI-peripheral fiction, Stage II—quasi-AI fiction, and Stage III—AI fiction. In the Mao era (1949–1976), Stage I stories were the most common, with Stage II just beginning to emerge. Stage II fiction then dominated the period between the end of the Cultural Revolution and the early Deng Xiaoping era (1977–1982), when Stage III novels started to appear in largish numbers. There is no strong link between SF and the development of AI technology in China in the twentieth century. Throughout this period, AI novels aimed at children serve a didactic purpose, and they adopt a humorous attitude towards the future development of mechanical intelligence.
Algorithm of the Soul
Authors: Zhang Feng
Published: June 2023

As artificial intelligence (AI) has fundamentally changed technology and daily life in the past decade, portrayals of AI in Chinese science fiction (SF) have also seen seismic changes. On the one hand, young authors are aware that the ‘soul’ of AI comes, to a large extent, from machine learning algorithms, and, as a result, their works often highlight the existence and implementation of algorithms, lending credibility to their portrayals of AI. On the other hand, these authors prefer to focus on the conflicts and contradictions in emotions, ethics, and morality caused by AI systems that penetrate into human life. If previous AI-themed SF was like a distant robot fable, recent AI narratives assume contemporary and practical significance. This chapter focuses on exploring AI-themed SF by several young Chinese authors to delve into the breakthroughs and achievements in AI narratives.
Institutional Complexity and Political Agency in Polycentric Governance
Authors: Zelli Fariborz , Gerrits Lasse , Möller Ina , Widerberg Oscar
Published: June 2023

This chapter addresses the ways in which the complexity of global governance enables or constrains political agency. An increasingly complex global institutional system—with its growing level of unpredictability and uncertainties—challenges some of the classical institutionalist tenets in respect of conditions of power and agency. For instance, the capacities of central governance institutions and their key actors to shape other actors’ preferences and to bind them by lowering transaction costs may be significantly undermined by a growing number of institutional alternatives in their environment. This chapter therefore suggests that institutional complexity should be acknowledged theoretically as a structural characteristic inherent to polycentric global governance, which alters spaces for political agency. We hold that the ability to use these spaces depends inter alia upon core organizational and epistemic qualities of political actors. These include, for example, a central position or brokerage function in a policy network, or a relatively generalist and flexible knowledge of the governance system in question. Such qualities may serve different actors in attaining and upholding meaningful political agency under a state of complexity. With a view to the three core themes of this volume, we argue that these qualities may facilitate new forms of power (e.g. nodal power in a network), techniques (e.g. forum-shopping amongst institutional alternatives) and legitimacy (e.g. peer or mutual accountability) for navigating unpredictable and uncertain institutional systems. Examples from global environmental governance will be used to illustrate how these qualities are enacted.
Historical and Scientific Background to the Problem of Sea-Dumped Chemical Weapons
Authors: Dawson Grant
Published: June 2023

It is necessary to understand the scientific research efforts that have been conducted over the past several decades, as well as the nature and extent of the effects of sea-dumped chemical weapons upon the marine environment, in order to ground a discussion of the legal frameworks that may apply to the remediation of sea-dumped chemical weapons. The scope of the problem is a quintessential transboundary question, as the Ocean knows no geo-political boundaries. The effects of sea-dumped chemical weapons also cut across different sectors in the use of the Ocean, such as the fishing industry, oil and natural gas exploration, transportation of goods, port services, aquaculture, and tourism. The recent results of scientific research projects have now led to the scientifically proven conclusion, at least in the Baltic Sea, that the degradation of sea-dumped chemical weapons is adversely affecting the marine environment. The research experiments have necessarily been conducted on a site-by-site basis. Although further research is needed, the work in this area conducted over decades has demonstrated environmental harm and thus activates the legal machinery applicable to the protection of the marine environment.
Itinerary—Cartography—Census
Authors: Hindle Steve
Published: June 2023

Explains the nature, origins, and significance of the ‘census-type listing’ of households which forms the basis of the study, noting that it lay at the heart of a much larger seigneurial investigation of social and economic resources; discusses the relationship between the census and the manorial survey; summarizes the findings of the census and outlines the occupational structure of the village; explains the motivation for the survey and the census and outlines the working methods of the manorial jury who collected, compiled, and certified the information; offers a prosopography of the jurors and justifies a historiographical approach to the survey from the perspective of the jurors themselves (laterally, moving through the village) rather than from that of the landlord (vertically, looking down upon it).
The Mill on the Wem
Authors: Hindle Steve
Published: June 2023

A study of the village miller, Henry Clay, who was a newcomer to Chilvers Coton, having arrived from Tamworth only four years before the census was taken; reconstructs the social relations of production in milling and flour-making, and identifies Clay’s client base; analyses Clay’s role as a farmer holding furlongs in the common field system and his role as overseer of the poor; argues that the village miller occupied a unique and ambiguous position in the local community, looming large in its social imaginary as lecher and fraudster yet remaining indispensable to the mediation of its subsistence; describes the fate of the Clay family and of the mill which he rented.