bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Location of Domestic Rituals in the Roman Empire: An Interprovincial Comparison
Authors: Schörner Günther
Published: October 2017

Concerning the location of domestic cults a homogenous practice within the entire Roman empire is generally assumed. When the placement of domestic shrines and other cultic installations is discussed, it is usually in terms of conceptual differentiations like private or public spaces (atrium, peristyle vs. kitchen, cubicula). In so far, however, the problem arises, that ‘privateness’ as a modern concept is difficult to grasp in Roman houses. In contrast to that problem-laden approach the paper focuses on the physical setting of domestic shrines within the house. Based on methods of architectural sociology the location of these cultic installations, their accessibility and their integration into the domestic structure are analysed and measured. These quantifiable parameters enable interprovincial comparisons: Using the best-known structures in the Vesuvius area as a starting point and comparative basis the location and shape in different regions of the Roman Empire are examined with the result that the setting and design of domestic shrines and the ritual activities taking place there are characterized by the use of Italic models, the transmission of local traditions or even the development of new forms.
Household and Family in Diaspora Judaism
Authors: Lieu Judith
Published: October 2017

Any study of religiosity in the Graeco-Roman world must include an account of the Jewish experience, so often seen as precursor or shadowy reflection, of the Christian. Here the primary sources are archaeological and epigraphic, with literary texts reflecting the intentions of sometimes hostile observers. Exploring these sources affords more glimpses than might be expected of the impact of religious identity on social and domestic life, but also demonstrates the fluidity between the categories of domestic or family and institutional, provoking questions that are equally applicable to the ‘pagan’ and Christian contexts.
Re-envisioning Ekklēsia Space: Evidence of the Flexible Use of Household Space for Religious Instruction and Practice in the Pastoral Epistles
Authors: MacDonald Margaret Y.
Published: October 2017

While the Pastoral Epistles do not explicitly mention church groups meeting in houses, they are infused with household ethics and preoccupations. The purpose of the essay is to challenge dominant notions of religious instruction and practice being restricted to communal gatherings of the ekklēsia. Drawing especially on scholarship on education in the Roman world, it is argued that a much more flexible use of household space framed the life of early church communities involving a merging of aspects of home and school.
A Missing Sacrament? Foot-washing, Gender, and Space in Early Christianity
Authors: McGowan Andrew
Published: October 2017

Although the story recounted in John 13 has often been taken to suggest a communal foot-washing practice existed in some Christian communities, the actual evidence for foot-washing in earliest Christianity suggests not a communal ritual, but women and particularly widows washing the feet of prisoners and others confined and in need. This custom seems to have waned across the third and fourth centuries as expectations of gender roles, liturgical practice, and space shifted, while different readings of the John 13 story encouraged a variety of newer, communal, and more public foot-washing practices, including those connected to initiation, and the monastic communal washings that underlie the medieval and later pedilavium.
“When the Saints Go Marching in”. Gregory of Tours and his domestic Oratory
Authors: Greschat Katharina
Published: October 2017

In the Glory to the Confessors 20 Gregory of Tours describes how he establishes an oratory for the veneration of the relics of Martin of Tours, Julian of Brioude, Saturninus of Toulouse, and Illidius of Clermont in his own house. This paper will show that Gregory does not only establish his personal relic cult in honor of members of his family or their patron saints to promote his family and himself, but that he uses elements of the Roman domestic cult together with the ceremonies of dedication and adventus of the saints in order to demonstrate that he is the rightful bishop of Tours and a powerful aristocratic leader of his civitas.
Sacra Privata, Family Duties, and the Dead: Insights from the Fathers and Cultural Anthropology
Authors: Volp Ulrich
Published: October 2017

When discussing boundaries between domestic and public religion, society and family, a look at ancient rites and rituals proves to be illuminating despite the given difficulties in reconstructing non-verbal ritual acts through verbal texts and archeaological remains. Ever since the discipline’s origins in the 18th and 19th century, cultural anthropology has attempted to describe, analyse and systematize the ritual functions of defining and maintaining boundaries between different realms and stages of human life. The essay endeavours to investigate some more and some less successful attempts by the Church Fathers to come to terms with complicated ritual dynamics, and suggests ways to access critically historical plausibilities of claims made by the ancient sources.
The Cult in the Cell
Authors: Müller Andreas
Published: October 2017

Early monastic literature refers to a practice already mentioned for congregational Christians in the Didache: the prayers for different times a day. By late antiquity it is designated as something that could be practiced in the monk’s cell. Individual prayer was probably not restricted to hermits but seems to have been practiced in the cenobia, too. The synaxeis-that is, the individual psalmodising of the hermits-clearly corresponded to services in church settings: both, for example, are called synaxis. A general practice of the Christian cult, that is, was transferred to the cell, so to speak. This transferal was probably due to the rather strong individualization tendencies of early monasticism. Thus it is no surprise that, especially for monks, domestic religiousness played a particularly prominent role.
Shedding Light on Early Christian Domestic Cult: Characteristics and New Perspectives in the Context of Archaeological Findings
Authors: Fugger Verena
Published: October 2017

Focusing primarily on findings from late antique housing structures in Asia Minor this paper approaches the complex phenomenon of early Christian domestic cult from an archaeological perspective. In correlation to pagan house sanctuaries from the east and west of the Greco-Roman world, Christian domestic cult sites are analyzed according to architectural and decorative features as well as to their spatial distribution in the house. Thereby the synopsis of already well known monuments and recent archaeological findings reveals a great diversity of different characteristics of Christian domestic cult sites which has not been taken into account yet.
Theoi Soteres
Authors: Graf Fritz
Published: October 2017

Sōtēr is a frequently used cultic epithet of Greek gods, as is its feminine form, Sōteira. The epithets describe a superhuman agent who saves a human worshiper in a crisis that often involves a threat not just to one’s well-being, but one’s life. Both words are also used as simple names for a superhuman power, and there is a generalizing plural (theoi) sōtēres, “savior gods”. This study looks at the pre-Christian use of these terms and tries to answer a few basic questions: who were the divinities that received these epithets, how were they used, and what did they imply? The corpus of texts on which this study relies will be almost exclusively epigraphical.
‘Salvation’ (Soteria) and Ancient Mystery Cults
Authors: Suk Theodora , Jim Fong
Published: October 2017

In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, it was often held that ancient mystery cults were ‘religions of salvation’ (Erlösungsreligionen). Such interpretations have been criticised by Walter Burkert in Ancient Mystery Cults (1987), who argued against the other-worldly character of Greek mysteries. Burkert’s work remains one of the most important studies of mystery cults today; nevertheless it does not examine the actual use of the Greek word soteria (‘salvation’, ‘deliverance’, ‘safety’), which is central for determining whether Greek mystery cults were indeed ‘Erlösungsreligionen’. This article investigates the extent to which Greek mystery cults could offer soteria (‘salvation’) in the eschatological sense. By examining the language of soteria in the best-known mystery cults in ancient Greece, it will ask whether Greek eschatological hopes were ever expressed in the language of soteria or in other terms. It will be demonstrated that, even when used in relation to mysteries, soteria did not mean anything other than protection in the here-and-now, so that what was offered was predominantly a this-worldly ‘salvation’. If early Christianity indeed derived its most important concept (soteria) from Greek religion, it was a derivation with a significant adaptation and change in meaning.
King Osiris and Lord Sarapis
Authors: Cacace Nicolas
Published: October 2017

Osiris and Sarapis find their common origin in the funeral field. The articulation between the two gods has been demonstrated through another osirian form, Osiris-Apis. However, the two gods are not separated from each other following the cultural context of evocation. According to the bilingual funeral documentation of Greco-Roman Egypt, they appear jointly: Osiris can be pictured and listed, Sarapis only called. From these specific sources, it is possible to understand the link between Osiris and Sarapis, in particular through their divine sovereignty. This royal function is particularly linked with the osirian rites of Khoiak, the celebration of the divine burial of Osiris, and the renewal of his sovereign power over the world. Nevertheless, if “King Osiris” and “Lord Sarapis” are jointly present and can reach each other through some common ways, the relationships established between them in Coptos, Abydos and Terenouthis, appear as factors of separation. The living and the dead wished to reach the eternity, following Osiris’ example, or requested the divine justice; but using Egyptian or Greek vocabulary, they could not unite them. Osiris and Sarapis are jointly present, but always separated, because their cultural expressions reveal two dynamics opposed.
Morality, Emotions and Reason: New Perspectives in the Study of Roman Magic
Authors: Nuño Antón Alvar
Published: October 2017

Academic interest in magic has grown considerably during the last twenty years. Leaving aside the old stereotyped dichotomy between magic and religion, I consider magic a pragmatic subsystem of religion whose function is to alleviate or deal with daily life’s misfortunes. I suggest in this paper some possible approaches that might be interesting to deepen in the social study of Roman magic. This paper is divided in three sections. The first one deals with morality and magic: even if legal sanctions on magic can be influential in the individual’s decision to resort to magical practices, H. Versnel’s category of Prayers for Justice proved that some curses can be perceived as legitimate from the subjective point of view of the user; I suggest that subjective legitimation can in fact be applied to all Roman curses. The second section tackles the topic of emotions and magic: based on western conceptualisations of emotions, scholarly approaches on ancient magic have generally failed to see the evidence that make the choice of resorting to magic a rational option more than an emotional act. Finally, the third part of this paper analyses magic as rational choice in the individual’s strategies for decision taking.
On Hecke eigenvalues of Siegel modular forms in the Maass space
Authors: Gun Sanoli , Paul Biplab , Sengupta Jyoti
Published: October 2017

In this article, we prove an Omega result for the
Hecke eigenvalues

λ
F

⁢

(
n
)

{\lambda_{F}(n)}

of Maass forms F
which are Hecke eigenforms in the space of Siegel
modular forms of weight k, genus two for
the Siegel modular group

S
⁢

p
2

⁢

(
ℤ
)

{Sp_{2}({\mathbb{Z}})}

.
In particular, we prove

λ
F

⁢

(
n
)

=

Ω
⁢

(

n

k
-
1

⁢

exp
⁡

(

c
⁢

log
⁡
n

log
⁡

log
⁡
n

)

)

,

\lambda_{F}(n)=\Omega\biggl{(}n^{k-1}\exp\biggl{(}c\frac{\sqrt{\log n}}{\log%
\log n}\biggr{)}\biggr{)},

when

c
>
0

{c>0}

is an absolute constant.
This improves the earlier result

λ
F

⁢

(
n
)

=

Ω
⁢

(

n

k
-
1

⁢

(

log
⁡
n

log
⁡

log
⁡
n

)

)

\lambda_{F}(n)=\Omega\biggl{(}n^{k-1}\biggl{(}\frac{\sqrt{\log n}}{\log\log n}%
\biggr{)}\biggr{)}

of Das and the third author. We also show that
for any

n
≥
3

{n\geq 3}

, one has

λ
F

⁢

(
n
)

≤

n

k
-
1

⁢

exp
⁡

(

c
1

⁢

log
⁡
n

log
⁡

log
⁡
n

)

,

\lambda_{F}(n)\leq n^{k-1}\exp\biggl{(}c_{1}\sqrt{\frac{\log n}{\log\log n}}%
\biggr{)},

where

c
1

>
0

{c_{1}>0}

is an absolute constant.
This improves an earlier result of Pitale and Schmidt.
Further, we investigate the limit
points of the sequence

{

λ
F

⁢

(
n
)

/

n

k
-
1

}

n
∈
ℕ

{\{\lambda_{F}(n)/n^{k-1}\}_{n\in{\mathbb{N}}}}

and show that it has infinitely many
limit points. Finally, we show that

λ
F

⁢

(
n
)

>
0

{\lambda_{F}(n)>0}

for all n, a result proved earlier by
Breulmann by a different technique.
An Overview of the DDR Process Established in the Aftermath of the Revised Peace Agreement between the Colombian Government and the FARC: Finally on the Right Track?
Authors: Capone Francesca
Published: October 2017

The revised peace agreement between the Colombian Government and the FARC, officially approved by the Congress on 30 November 2016, covers several crucial issues, including the destiny of the FARC rebels in the aftermath of the world’s longest civil war. The establishment of an effective DDR process is an essential step to ensure that FARC's members will meaningfully transition into civilian life and it represents one of the most controversial aspects amongst those addressed during the four years peace negotiations that led to the signature of the current deal. The present article, after providing an overview of the essential features of DDR programmes and the context-specific factors that can either facilitate or hamper their implementation, will first look at Colombia’s past attempts to reintegrate former FARC combatants and then it will discuss the DDR process outlined in the peace deal under implementation, arguing that, in comparison to the previous efforts and at least on paper, it satisfies many of the key requirements for success, in primis being part of a comprehensive transitional justice process.
A shared substrate between Greek and Italic
Authors: Garnier Romain , Sagot Benoît
Published: October 2017

The Greek lexicon is known for its significant proportion of words lacking a clear etymology. Previous attempts to explain these words range from the socalled “Pelasgian” hypotheses, which resort to an unattested satem Indo-European language, to Beekes’s (2010; 2014) non-Indo-European “Pre-Greek”. In this paper, we reconsider this long-disputed question, and adduce Latin and even Proto- Romance data to unveil a centum language which possibly served as the basis for borrowing in both Common Greek and, at a later date, Common Italic. We analyse several dozen difficult Greek and Italic words as borrowings from this newly identified language, for which we provide a set of phonetic laws that model its development from Proto-Indo-European. Important methodological strengths of our proposal include the systematic correspondence between Greek and Italic forms, the semantic plausibility of our etymologies, and their consistency with what is known about Proto-Indo-European word-formation patterns. Moreover, a computer implementation of these phonetic laws ensures its formal consistency and validates the chronological ordering we put forward. This is all the more important since most of our etymologies involve more than one of these phonetic laws, which is an additional confirmation of the plausibility of our proposal.
The paradigm of the word for ‘house, home’ in Old Irish and related issues
Authors: Weiss Michael
Published: October 2017

Old Irish inherited the PIE root noun *doms ~ dm̥- ‘home’, which is reflected chiefly in the fixed locution [Verb of motion] dia daim ‘(go) to (one’s) home’. From the remnants of this ablauting, feminine root noun speakers created a somewhat anomalous i-stem, doim, doma. In addition Old Irish probably inherited a thematic masculine *domos continued mainly in the collocation dom/dam liac ‘house of stone, cathedral’, though the possibility of a Latin loan cannot be entirely excluded. A further trace of the root noun *dom- ~ *dm̥- is seen in déis ‘clientele’, which continues *dm̥-sth2i- ‘located in the house’. This proto-form, suggested by de Bernardo Stempel (NWÄI), has a close formal match in Lith. dimstis ‘courtyard’ and is reminiscent of Lat. domesticus ‘of the household’. This Latin form is shown to be of prehistoric origin despite its relatively late date of attestation. The possibility is explored that domesticus may be a remodeled reflex of the same compound inherited by Old Irish and Lithuanian, although domesticus may also be an inner- Latin formation.
Towards the prosodic structure of infinitive formations in Baltic and Slavic and its diachronic implications
Authors: Ackermann Katsiaryna
Published: October 2017

The distribution of stem and desinence allomorphs in PB.-Sl. infinitives reveals their initial dependence on syntactic function/semantics and verbal aspect. While constituting part of syntactic constructions, forerunners of infinitives adopted stem allomorphs fitting best the purposive semantics (as the most frequent usage) which correspond to the stems of Slavic aorists and Baltic s-futures. The distribution of the two ending variants in both language branches, the unaccented circumflex *-ti and the acute and partially stressed *-tí, shows that infinitives of originally telic roots (root aorists in PIE) took only the former, whereas infinitives of originally atelic roots (no root aorists in PIE) took the latter variant of the ending. In certain infinitive groups, due to their syllabic structure the prosody has been susceptible to further change, so that the distribution is not obvious at first sight. In the following analysis unstressed circumflex PB.-Sl. *-ti is associated with the dative case-ending of -ti- abstracts: *-tı̃ < *-téi̯-ei̯(with regular circumflexion in auslaut contraction), whereas stressed acute *-tí has been connected to the locative morphology, continuing the lengthened suffix allomorph of the PIE endingless locative: *-tí < *-tēi̯. Originally the dative case-ending best fit use as a purposive, whereas the locative case-ending best fit syntactic functions with concurrent adverbial semantics. Thus a coherent picture of all three components - meaning, form, and function - comes to light.
The development of the Proto-Indo-European instrumental suffix in Germanic
Authors: Kroonen Guus
Published: October 2017

It has long been acknowledged that Proto-Germanic *-dl- developed into *-ll- by a process of regular assimilation. Since long stops are regularly simplified in heavy and unstressed syllables in Proto-Germanic, some formations that superficially look like l-stems in this language are in reality to be derived from Proto-Indo-European instrumental nouns in PIE *-tl- and *-dʰl-. In this paper, I adduce a number of new cases focusing on those l-stems that have instrumental semantics, but also including some abstract nouns.
Position as a behavioral property of subjects
Authors: Mair Esther Le , Johnson Cynthia A. , Frotscher Michael , Eythórsson Thórhallur , Barðdal Jóhanna
Published: October 2017

A subject analysis of oblique subject-like arguments remains controversial even across modern languages where the available data are not finite: while such arguments are considered syntactic subjects in Icelandic, they have more often been analyzed as objects in Lithuanian, for example. This issue has been left relatively neglected for the ancient Indo-European languages outside of Sanskrit (Hock 1990), Gothic (Barðdal & Eythórsson 2012), and Ancient Greek (Danesi 2015). In this article, we address the status of oblique subject-like arguments in Old Irish, whose strict word-order enables us to compare the position (relative to the verb and other arguments) of nominative subject arguments of the canonical type to oblique subject-like arguments. We first establish a baseline for neutral word-order of nominative subjects and accusative objects and then compare their distribution to that of oblique subject-like arguments under two conditions: i) on a subject analysis and ii) on an object analysis. The word-order distribution differs significantly across the two contexts when the oblique arguments are analyzed as syntactic objects, but not when they are analyzed as syntactic subjects. These findings add to the growing evidence that oblique subject-like arguments should be analyzed as syntactic subjects, although their coding properties are non-canonical.
Between the historical languages and the reconstructed language
Authors: Danesi Serena , Johnson Cynthia A. , Barðdal Jóhanna
Published: October 2017

The “dative of agent” construction in the Indo-European languages is most likely inherited from Proto-Indo-European (Hettrich 1990). Two recent proposals (Danesi 2013; Luraghi 2016), however, claim that the construction contains no agent at all. Luraghi argues that it is a secondary development from an original beneficiary function, while Danesi maintains that the construction is indeed reconstructable. Following Danesi, we analyze the relevant data in six different Indo-European languages: Sanskrit, Avestan, Ancient Greek, Latin, Tocharian, and Lithuanian, revealing similarities at a morphosyntactic level, a semantic level, and to some extent at an etymological level. An analysis involving a modal reading of the predicate, with a dative subject and a nominative object, is better equipped to account for the particulars of the construction than the traditional agentive/passive analysis. The proposal is couched within Construction Grammar, where the basic unit of language is the construction, i. e. a form-function correspondence. As constructions are by definition units of comparanda, they can be successfully utilized in the reconstruction of a proto-construction for Proto-Indo-European.
Vocalic elements and prosody in Slavic comparatives
Authors: Szeptyński Rafał
Published: October 2017

The first part of the article deals with the ablaut pattern(s) that may be reconstructed on the basis of Slavic comparatives. It is claimed that three separate morphological categories (including comparatives) support the interpretation of the vowel o in some suppletive roots as derived from the ∅-grade, possibly within the amphikinetic pattern; thus a new sound law is suggested for Proto-Slavic. In the second part, it is illustrated how the remodeling of the Proto-Slavic comparative formative supports the interpretation of Proto-Indo-European comparatives as quasi-primary derivatives of change-of-state verbs; a parallel phenomenon is also described for Kashubian. Finally, accentual matters are briefly referred to. The paper includes some remarks on the vestiges of the Caland system in Slavic, too.
Luwic *mar-
Authors: Kimball Sara
Published: October 2017

Lycian mar- ‘authorize’ (in 3sg.pres. martti) and its derivatives, as well as Milyan mara- ‘law’ and possibly Heiroglyphic Luvian marat(i)- ‘order, request’, can be derived from the IE root *smer- ‘receive a portion’ (original active sense ‘divide up, distribute’ or ‘share) seen also in e. g. Greek μείρομαι ‘have a share in’ and Latin mereō, mereor ‘deserve.’ The Lycian verb can continue a root aorist beside a derived *-ye/o- present in Greek μείρομαι and an archaic stative perfect in Homeric ἔμμορε. Alternatively, the Greek present is from an earlier root present that is preserved in Lycian. In either case, the Lycian verb has a generalized *mar- < zero-grade *mr̥-. Lycian mara ‘laws’ and Milyan mara- ‘law’ are *ā- and *o-stem derivatives of the Luwic root, showing a semantic development comparable to that of Greek νόμος ‘custom, law’ beside νέμω ‘distribute, share out’ and, middle, ‘receive a share’. The similar-looking Heirogplyphic Luwian nouns marat(a)- = [marad(a)-] ‘statement, proclamation’, marata- = [marata-] ‘word’, and maratam(i)- = [maratam(i)-] ‘subordinate’, or ‘retainer’, may be related, or they may be derived from IE *(s)mer- ‘think of, remember’ in e. g. Vedic smarati ‘thinks of’, smṛti lit. ‘that which is remembered’.
Sidetic masara ↑ue[
Authors: Nikolaev Alexander
Published: October 2017

This paper argues that in the bilingual inscription S2 (Nollé) the Sidetic form ↑ue[ corresponds not to Greek ἀνέθηκεν ‘set up’, but rather to πᾶσι ‘all’. It is argued that this Sidetic word for ‘all’ is cognate with Lyc. huwedr(i) ‘all’ and that the spelling ↑ue[ represents something like [ʃwe(dri)] < *suwedri (cf. Luw. šuwatar ‘fullness’). The fricative interpretation of Sidetic ↑ is not contradicted by the personal name śdi↑s = Σιδιδος for which a new analysis is offered.
Armenian hołm ‘wind’, Greek πόλεμος ‘war’
Authors: Kölligan Daniel
Published: October 2017

Despite phonological and morphological uncertainties, Arm. hołm ‘wind’ has been explained as a cognate of Gk. ἄνεμος ‘id.’ This paper argues that hołm may be understood as a “transferred epithet” meaning ‘shaking’ that is formally identical to Gk. πόλεμος ‘warʼ.
Schimpfen und Fluchen im Luwischen
Authors: Rieken Elisabeth
Published: October 2017

The Cuneiform Luwian verb arraḫḫani(ya)- attested in both Luwian and Hittite context is interpreted here as ‘to curse’ following an early suggestion of Meriggi, which has been forgotten in current Luwian scholarship. A new etymology is proposed. The connection of the verb with the PIE root *reh₂(y)- ‘schreien, brüllen’ (LIV²: 501) makes possible the reconstruction of a neuter menstem *reh₂-mn̥, which lost the bilabial nasal by sound change and was derived with the reflex of denominative *-ye/o- in Luwian. Initial *r- is avoided by means of a prothetic vowel (*r- > *er- > *ér- > arr-).
Das Suffix *-u̯ó- im Indogermanischen und Anatolischen
Authors: Oettinger Norbert
Published: October 2017

The PIE suffix *-u̯o- was originally denominative and had oppositional function but was normally not used for space terms. After the PIE period, it became productive in the Northwest-Indo-European languages for the purpose of forming color terms. The socially distinctive function of the suffix in Anatolian discovered by Rieken and Sasseville is explained as a special development.
An agreement between the Sardians and the Mermnads in the Lydian language?
Authors: Yakubovich Ilya
Published: October 2017

This paper addresses the interpretation of a Lydian text inscribed on a stele which was placed in the precinct of Artemis in the Anatolian town of Sardis at some point in the 5ᵗʰ-4ᵗʰ centuries BC. Its linguistic analysis is conducive to the conclusion that it defines the status of a privileged group called the mλimna- vis-à-vis the Sardians and mandates payments or transfer of property to the mλimna- group. The improved interpretation of the text allows me to revive the old hypothesis according to which the mλimna- is the Lydian designation of the Mermnad clan, whose representatives held sway in Sardis before the Achaemenid conquest.
The Old Hittite and the Proto-Indo-European tense-aspect system
Authors: Kloekhorst Alwin
Published: October 2017

Building on Melchert’s observation that in Old Hittite narrative texts an aspectual system seems to be used that is different from the aspectual system found in the majority of Hittite texts (Melchert 1998), this article discusses the nature of the tense-aspect system of Proto-Indo-European, especially on the basis of a comparison between the Sanskrit and Hittite verbal systems (following observations and analyses by Pooth 2009). It is argued that the tense-aspect system of the Old Hittite narrative texts as described by Melchert may go back directly to the system that can be reconstructed for early Proto-Indo-European, namely one in which there was no distinction in tense, but rather a distinction between progressive and non-progressive aspect.
Die Pronominal‑ und Partikelkette in den altanatolischen Sprachen
Authors: Hajnal Ivo , Zipser Katharina
Published: October 2017

The Indo-European languages of Anatolia in the second and first millennium B. C. share the following typological particularity: The beginning of the sentence shows a chain containing sentential particles, pronominal elements and local particles (referred to as “PPC”). This PPC has a fixed inner order. Our aim is to explain the emergence of the PPC and to verifiably judge the question to which degree the PPC is inherited. Therefore, we investigate the structural differences within individual languages’ PPCs and try to reconstruct the basic PPC-structure common to all Ancient Anatolian languages. Our approach is fundamentally sustained by new considerations concerning the discrepancy between (1) the phonological realization of the PPC and (2) the potential diversity in the underlying syntactic structure, which hitherto has mostly been ignored. We succeed in presenting evidence that, for the potential formation of the basic PPC-structure, not only Wackernagel’s Law plays a crucial role, but at least two further mainly (morpho-)phonological processes are crucial. Our findings lead to a better understanding of Common Anatolian phrase structure.
Partitioning Behavior of Lysozyme and α-lactalbumin in Aqueous Two-Phase System Formed by Ionic Liquids and Potassium Phosphate
Authors: Sampaio Vanessa S. , Bonomo Renata C. F. , Veloso Cristiane M. , Sousa Rita C. S. , Júnior Evaldo C. S. , Fontan Rafael C. I. , Pignata Michelle C. , Santos Karine A. , Gandolfi Olga R. R.
Published: October 2017

Nowadays ionic liquids (ILs), because of their “green” characteristics, have been used for analytical and separation processes. Therefore the partitioning of lysozyme and α-lactalbumin using aqueous two-phase systems (ATPSs) composed of an ionic liquid (chloride 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium) and inorganic salts (K2HPO4, KH2PO4) was studied. Phase equilibrium diagrams were obtained to explore the effect of the different temperatures (293.15, 303.15, 313.15, and 323.15) K and pH (7.5, 8.0, and 8.5) used for the partitioning studies. For both proteins, partition coefficients decreased with increasing temperature. The pH influenced the partition coefficients of lysozyme and α-lactalbumin. The thermodynamic parameters (ΔH◦, ΔS◦, ΔG◦) indicate thermodynamic differences between the partitioning of lysozyme and α-lactalbumin in this system. The ΔH◦, ΔS◦, and ΔG◦ values of the process studied showed that this process is spontaneous. This work demonstrates the possible use of ATPSs with ILs and inorganic salts as a methodology for the partitioning of lysozyme and α-lactalbumin.
Semantische Gegensätze
Authors: Lühr Rosemarie
Published: October 2017

Dimensionsadjektive bezeichnen semantische Gegensätze. Sie sind mit Bierwisch (1987) einem + Pol und einem – Pol zuzuordnen. Die Etymologie dieser Adjektive zeigt, dass es sich in der Mehrzahl der Wörter um einen Wortbestand handelt, der für heutige Sprecher als unmotiviert gilt. Dennoch ist der Wortbildungsprozess, der Dimensionsadjektive ergibt, auch ein im Gegenwartsdeutsch geläufiger Typ.
Inverse source problem for parabolic equation with the condition of integral observation in time
Authors: Prilepko Aleksey I. , Kamynin Vitaly L. , Kostin Andrew B.
Published: October 2017

We consider the inverse problem of source
determination in nonuniformly parabolic equation under the
additional condition of integral observation. We investigate the
questions of existence and uniqueness of solution. Two types of
sufficient conditions for the unique solvability of the inverse
problem are obtained. Examples of inverse problems are given for
which the conditions of the proved theorems are fulfilled.
Kant’s Rejection of Leibniz’s Principle and the Individuality of Quantum Objects
Authors: Friebe Cord
Published: October 2017

Kant rejects Leibniz’s Principle of the Identity of Indiscernibles (PII). In quantum mechanics, Leibniz’s principle is also apparently violated. However, both ways of rejecting the PII differ significantly. In particular, Kant denies that spatiotemporal objects are unique individuals and establishes appearances as merely singular ones. The distinction between ‘unique’ and ‘singular’ individuals is crucial for the role that intuition plays in cognition: it will be shown that Kant’s way of rejecting the PII goes against the standard versions of conceptualism and non-conceptualism which, in turn, points out the relevance of this issue for the understanding of transcendental idealism. Finally, the systematic relevance will be checked by defending a Kantian interpretation of quantum individuality.
Kant on Demarcation and Discovery
Authors: Goldberg Nathaniel
Published: October 2017

Kant makes two claims in the Critique of Pure Reason that anticipate concerns of twentieth-century philosophy of science. The first, that the understanding and sensibility are constitutive of knowledge, while reason is responsible for transcendental illusion, amounts to his solution to Karl Popper’s “problem” of demarcating science from pseudoscience. The second, that besides these constitutive roles of the understanding and sensibility, reason is itself needed to discover new empirical knowledge, anticipates Hans Reichenbach’s distinction between the “contexts” of justification and discovery. Unlike Reichenbach, however, who thinks that there can be a “logic” only of justification, Kant provides what amounts to a logic of discovery. Though Kant’s broader concerns are not Popper’s or Reichenbach’s, using theirs as framing devices reveals two otherwise unnoticed things about the Critique of Pure Reason. First, besides its general epistemological and metaphysical aims, the Critique lays groundwork for the twentieth century’s specialized field of the philosophy of science. Second, Kant’s solution to the demarcation problem contradicts his logic of discovery, so in this instance the Critique is too ambitious.
What is this Thing Called ‘Scientific Knowledge’? – Kant on Imaginary Standpoints And the Regulative Role of Reason
Authors: Massimi Michela
Published: October 2017

In this essay I analyse Kant’s view on the regulative role of reason, and in particular on what he describes as the ‘indispensably necessary’ role of ideas qua foci imaginarii in the Appendix. I review two influential readings of what has become known as the ‘transcendental illusion’ and I offer a novel reading that builds on some of the insights of these earlier readings. I argue that ideas of reason act as imaginary standpoints, which are indispensably necessary for scientific knowledge by making inter-conversational agreement possible. Thus, I characterise scientific knowledge as a distinctive kind of perspectival knowledge. This novel reading can illuminate the role of reason in complementing the faculty of understanding and sheds light on the apparent dichotomy between the first and the second part of the Appendix. More to the point, this novel reading takes us right to the heart of what scientific knowledge is, according to Kant, and how it differs from bogus knowledge and opinion.
What is Chemistry, for Kant?
Authors: McNulty Michael Bennett
Published: October 2017

Kant’s preoccupation with architectonics is a characteristic and noteworthy aspect of his thought. Various features of Kant’s argumentation and philosophical system are founded on the precise definitions of the various subdomains of human knowledge and the derivative borders among them. One science conspicuously absent from Kant’s routine discussions of the organization of knowledge is chemistry. Whereas sciences such as physics, psychology, and anthropology are all explicitly located in the architectonic, chemistry finds no such place. In this paper, I examine neglected passages from Kant’s corpus as well as texts regarding chemistry that Kant himself read in order to unveil his views on the definition of chemistry and its relations with the other sciences. These considerations reveal chemistry to be the science that studies the changes of matter into new kinds. Yet Kant idiosyncratically believes that such a change requires an infinite division of matter, effected by chemical forces. Although this understanding of chemical change dovetails with Kant’s dynamical, continualist theory of matter, it implies that chemistry cannot be reduced to physics. Thus, although chemistry stands alongside empirical physics as an applied natural science in Kant’s architectonic, it remains a distinct, independent science.
Kant on the Science of Aesthetics and the Critique of Taste
Authors: McQuillan J. Colin
Published: October 2017

This article considers the reasons Kant rejects the possibility of a science of aesthetics throughout his career. It begins by surveying the background of Kant’s denial, focusing first on the introduction of aesthetics as a new science in the works of Alexander Baumgarten and Georg Friedrich Meier. After showing that there are numerous ambiguities in the way Baumgarten and Meier present their new science, the article considers Kant’s account of the differences between aesthetics and logic in the transcripts of his Lectures on Logic. Because Kant uses the differences between aesthetics and logic to explain why logic is and aesthetics is not a science, these discussions provide a great deal of insight into his conception of science as well as his views on aesthetics. Finally, the article addresses the reasons Kant continues to insist that aesthetics is not a science but “a mere critique of taste” after he announces his discovery of the a priori principles of aesthetic judgment.
How the Understanding Prescribes Form without Prescribing Content – Kant on Empirical Laws in the Second Analogy of Experience
Authors: Seide Ansgar
Published: October 2017

Kant claims that the understanding prescribes the existence and necessity of empirical laws to nature, while it does not prescribe which particular empirical laws hold. That is to say, the understanding prescribes the general form of nature (lawfulness) and the form of the empirical laws (necessity) without prescribing the material content. But how is this possible? How can the understanding guarantee that there are necessary empirical laws without prescribing particular empirical laws to nature? In this paper, I want to answer this question by analyzing Kant’s argument for the Second Analogy of Experience in combination with an analysis of his conception of actuality. As I want to show, an application of Kant’s conception of actuality to the argument for the Second Analogy not only fills a gap in this argument, but also leads to an explanation of how the understanding can prescribe lawfulness to nature without prescribing particular laws.
What Was Kant’s Contribution to the Understanding of Biology?
Authors: Shimony Idan
Published: October 2017

Kant’s theory of biology in the Critique of the Power of Judgment may be rejected as obsolete and attacked from two opposite perspectives. In light of recent advances in biology one can claim contra Kant, on the one hand, that biological phenomena, which Kant held could only be explicated with the help of teleological principles, can in fact be explained in an entirely mechanical manner, or on the other, that despite the irreducibility of biology to physico-mechanical explanations, it is nonetheless proper science. I argue in response that Kant’s analysis of organisms is by no means obsolete. It reveals biology’s uniqueness in much the same way as several current theorists do. It brings to the fore the unique purposive characteristics of living phenomena, which are encapsulated in Kant’s concept of “natural end” and which must be explicated in natural terms in order for biology to become a science. I maintain that Kant’s reluctance to consider biology proper science is not a consequence of his critical philosophy but rather of his inability to complete this task. Kant lacked an appropriate theoretical framework, such as provided later by modern biology, which would enable the integration of the unique features of biology in an empirical system. Nevertheless, as I show in this paper, the conceptual problems with which Kant struggled attest more to the relevance and depth of his insights than to the shortcomings of his view. His contribution to the biological thought consists in insisting on an empirical approach to biology and in providing the essential philosophical underpinning of the autonomous status of biology.
Open Access in the Economic Sphere or the Political Sphere: Evidence from Japan
Authors: Yu Guanghua
Published: October 2017

The article uses the case of Japan to argue that the theory of open access order advocated by North and his colleagues goes beyond what is necessary. Although their theory of open access order explains the West relatively well, it does not always apply to contemporary non-Western countries. Similar to the case of India examined elsewhere, the case of Japan reveals that what is more important to economic and human development is the open access in the economic sphere and the interconnected institutions in the areas of property rights protection and contract enforcement, financial market, rule of law, and human resource accumulation. In other words, countries without open access in the political sphere may also be able to achieve a great deal of success in terms of economic and human development if they ensure open access in the economic sphere and devote adequate resources to establishing the necessary interconnected institutions examined in this article. Further research elsewhere on Singapore and China will shed more light on this debate.
Elisha Coles and the Group of Entries: His Use of Linking Phrases and Search for Derivatives and Their Root Forms
Authors: Miyoshi Kusujiro
Published: October 2017

The first monolingual dictionaries of English shared a simple microstructural principle: each entry treated one word. Elisha Coles’s English Dictionary (1676) was the first to group related words together in linked entries. Concerning the point, I (2012) have shown that three quarters of the words in these linked entries had been registered in earlier English dictionaries, especially Thomas Blount’s Glossographia (1656). However, this leaves two crucial questions unexamined. First, how did Coles develop the technique of holding these entries together with linking phrases? Second, how did he search for the words which appear in his linked entries and not in previous English dictionaries? From an overall viewpoint, answers to the two questions are judged to lie in Coles’s fresh awareness of word classes, especially of the noun and the adjective, and creative use of the contents of English dictionaries in the 17th century before his.
Der Europäische Master für Lexikographie im Erasmus Mundus Joint Master Degree Programm
Authors: Hollós Zita , Schierholz Stefan J.
Published: October 2017

The following report reflects on the activities and changes of EMLex concerning the implementation of the programme as an Erasmus Mundus Joint Master Degree and gives a short overview over the international summer term which took place 2016 at the Károli Gáspár University of the Reformed Church in Hungary (Budapest).
Theory and applications of toroidal moments in electrodynamics: their emergence, characteristics, and technological relevance
Authors: Talebi Nahid , Guo Surong , van Aken Peter A.
Published: October 2017

Dipole selection rules underpin much of our understanding in characterization of matter and its interaction with external radiation. However, there are several examples where these selection rules simply break down, for which a more sophisticated knowledge of matter becomes necessary. An example, which is increasingly becoming more fascinating, is macroscopic toroidization (density of toroidal dipoles), which is a direct consequence of retardation. In fact, dissimilar to the classical family of electric and magnetic multipoles, which are outcomes of the Taylor expansion of the electromagnetic potentials and sources, toroidal dipoles are obtained by the decomposition of the moment tensors. This review aims to discuss the fundamental and practical aspects of the toroidal multipolar moments in electrodynamics, from its emergence in the expansion set and the electromagnetic field associated with it, the unique characteristics of their interaction with external radiations and other moments, to the recent attempts to realize pronounced toroidal resonances in smart configurations of meta-molecules. Toroidal moments not only exhibit unique features in theory but also have promising technologically relevant applications, such as data storage, electromagnetic-induced transparency, unique magnetic responses and dichroism.
All-integrated terahertz modulators
Authors: Degl’Innocenti Riccardo , Kindness Stephen J. , Beere Harvey E. , Ritchie David A.
Published: October 2017

Terahertz (0.1–10 THz corresponding to vacuum wavelengths between 30 μm and 3 mm) research has experienced impressive progress in the last few decades. The importance of this frequency range stems from unique applications in several fields, including spectroscopy, communications, and imaging. THz emitters have experienced great development recently with the advent of the quantum cascade laser, the improvement in the frequency range covered by electronic-based sources, and the increased performance and versatility of time domain spectroscopic systems based on full-spectrum lasers. However, the lack of suitable active optoelectronic devices has hindered the ability of THz technologies to fulfill their potential. The high demand for fast, efficient integrated optical components, such as amplitude, frequency, and polarization modulators, is driving one of the most challenging research areas in photonics. This is partly due to the inherent difficulties in using conventional integrated modulation techniques. This article aims to provide an overview of the different approaches and techniques recently employed in order to overcome this bottleneck.
Specialized directional beaming through a metalens and a typical application
Authors: Zhao Kangyi , Zhang Hui , Fu Yongqi , Zhu Shaoli
Published: October 2017

The anomalous beaming effect of the periodic metallic corrugations functioning as a special case of k
SP=2π/Λ is discussed and verified by means of both theoretical calculation and experimental probing. A metalens is designed on the basis of the special case. Unlike the conventional beaming of convergence or divergence, the metalens can realize beam collimating, which is useful for practical applications. As a typical application example of the metalens, we integrate the metalens together with a vertical cavity surface emission laser (VCSEL) on the top surface of the aperture area. Our experimental results demonstrate that the integrated metalens is capable of suppressing the divergence angle of the VCSEL for collimation use.
Color display and encryption with a plasmonic polarizing metamirror
Authors: Song Maowen , Li Xiong , Pu Mingbo , Guo Yinghui , Liu Kaipeng , Yu Honglin , Ma Xiaoliang , Luo Xiangang
Published: October 2017

Structural colors emerge when a particular wavelength range is filtered out from a broadband light source. It is regarded as a valuable platform for color display and digital imaging due to the benefits of environmental friendliness, higher visibility, and durability. However, current devices capable of generating colors are all based on direct transmission or reflection. Material loss, thick configuration, and the lack of tunability hinder their transition to practical applications. In this paper, a novel mechanism that generates high-purity colors by photon spin restoration on ultrashallow plasmonic grating is proposed. We fabricated the sample by interference lithography and experimentally observed full color display, tunable color logo imaging, and chromatic sensing. The unique combination of high efficiency, high-purity colors, tunable chromatic display, ultrathin structure, and friendliness for fabrication makes this design an easy way to bridge the gap between theoretical investigations and daily-life applications.