bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Facile Purification of Porous Metal Terephthalates with Ultrasonic Treatment in the Presence of Amides
Authors: Haque Enamul , Khan Nazmul Abedin , Lee Ji Eun , Jhung Sung Hwa
Published: October 2009

A facile purification method for metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), especially the ones containing insoluble 1,4‐benzenedicarboxylic acid (terephthalic acid) in the pore, has been suggested. The purification method consists of the treatment of the MOF with amides such as N,N‐dimethylformamide, especially under ultrasound treatment. The purification is completed within 1 h at 70 °C as has been confirmed by XRD, nitrogen adsorption, FTIR and TGA measurements. The purification method proved to be simple, one‐step, fast and energy‐efficient. The MOFs purified by the proposed method show high surface area and micropore volume, confirming the efficiency of the method. The proposed method will lead to a new access to activate (for example, to remove carboxylic acids) MOFs that are unstable above around 100 °C. Additionally, the method may be used to transform a non‐porous MOF‐type material into a porous MOF structure. However, adequate solvents will be necessary for the facile purification of MOFs.
On minimum Hellinger distance estimation
Authors: Wu Jingjing , Karunamuni Rohana J.
Published: October 2009

Efficiency and robustness are two fundamental concepts in parametric estimation problems. It was long thought that there was an inherent contradiction between the aims of achieving robustness and efficiency; that is, a robust estimator could not be efficient and vice versa. It is now known that the minimum Hellinger distance approached introduced by Beran [R. Beran,Annals of Statistics1977;5:445–463] is one way of reconciling the conflicting concepts of efficiency and robustness. For parametric models, it has been shown that minimum Hellinger estimators achieve efficiency at the model density and simultaneously have excellent robustness properties. In this article, we examine the application of this approach in two semiparametric models. In particular, we consider a two‐component mixture model and a two‐sample semiparametric model. In each case, we investigate minimum Hellinger distance estimators of finite‐dimensional Euclidean parameters of particular interest and study their basic asymptotic properties. Small sample properties of the proposed estimators are examined using a Monte Carlo study. The results can be extended to semiparametric models of general form as well. The Canadian Journal of Statistics 37: 514–533; 2009 © 2009 Statistical Society of Canada
Virtual Screening against p50 NF‐κB Transcription Factor for the Identification of Inhibitors of the NF‐κB–DNA Interaction and Expression of NF‐κB Upregulated Genes
Authors: Piccagli Laura , Fabbri Enrica , Borgatti Monica , Bianchi Nicoletta , Bezzerri Valentino , Mancini Irene , Nicolis Elena , Dechecchi Cristina M. , Lampronti Ilaria , Cabrini Giulio , Gambari Roberto
Published: October 2009

Virtual screening against NF‐κB p50 using docking simulations was applied by starting from a three‐dimensional (3D) database containing more than 4.6 million commercially available structures. This database was filtered by specifying a subset of commercially available compounds sharing a (2E,Z)‐3‐(2‐hydroxyphenyl)‐2‐propenoate substructure and relevant druglike properties. Docking to p50 NF‐κB was performed with a test set of six known inhibitors of NF‐κB–DNA interactions. In agreement with docking results, the highest‐scored compound displayed a high level of inhibitory activity in electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) experiments (inhibition of NF‐κB–DNA interactions) and on biological functions dependent on NF‐κB activity (inhibition of IL‐8 gene expression in cystic fibrosis IB3‐1 cells). We found that this in silico screening approach is suitable for the identification of low‐molecular‐weight compounds that inhibit NF‐κB–DNA interactions and NF‐κB‐dependent functions. Information deduced from the discovery of the new lead compound and its binding mode could result in further lead optimization resulting in more potent NF‐κB inhibitors.
Leukocytosis at diagnosis and the risk of subsequent thrombosis in patients with low‐risk essential thrombocythemia and polycythemia vera
Authors: Gangat Naseema , Wolanskyj Alexandra P. , Schwager Susan M. , Hanson Curtis A. , Tefferi Ayalew
Published: October 2009

BACKGROUND:

Advanced age and a history of thrombosis were well‐established risk factors for thrombosis in essential thrombocythemia (ET) and polycythemia vera (PV); cytoreductive therapy was indicated in their presence. Recent studies have suggested leukocytosis as an additional risk factor; however, such an association would be treatment‐relevant in the context of low‐risk disease.

METHODS:

In this retrospective study, a Cox proportional hazards model was used to determine the impact of various clinical and laboratory variables, including leukocytosis, on thrombosis‐free survival (TFS). Arterial‐specific or venous‐specific TFS curves for different leukocyte count‐defined risk groups were constructed by the Kaplan‐Meier method and compared using the log‐rank test.

RESULTS:

A total of 407 low‐risk patients (254 with ET and 153 with PV) were considered. After a respective median follow‐up of 104 months and 130 months, respectively, 47 (19%) patients with ET and 41 (27%) with PV experienced a total of 55 (41 arterial and 14 venous) and 46 (22 arterial and 24 venous) thrombotic events, respectively. Leukocytosis at the time of diagnosis, defined by a cutoff level of either 15 or 9.4 × 109/L, did not appear to be predictive of either arterial or venous thrombosis during follow‐up; similar results were obtained when analysis was restricted to patients with platelet counts of <1000 × 109/L. Instead, advanced age was found to be significantly associated with arterial thrombosis in patients with PV and higher hemoglobin level with venous thrombosis in patients with ET.

CONCLUSIONS:

In the current retrospective study, leukocytosis at diagnosis did not appear to influence the risk of thrombosis in either ET or PV. However, a prospective study is required before leukocytosis is taken into account during treatment decisions in these disorders. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Clinical utility of postchemoradiation endoscopic brush cytology and biopsy in predicting residual esophageal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Peng Hong‐Qi , Halsey Kevin , Sun Chen‐Chih J. , Manucha Varsha , Nugent Summer , Rodgers William H. , Suntharalingam Mohan , Greenwald Bruce D.
Published: October 2009

BACKGROUND:

Esophageal adenocarcinoma generally carries a poor prognosis. Treatment with combination chemoradiation (CRT) followed by esophagectomy is becoming common. A pathologic complete response is uncommon but predicts improved survival. Identifying the subset of patients with residual carcinoma has potential management implications. Post‐CRT endoscopic brush cytology and biopsy may detect residual tumor; however, the accuracy and clinical value of these methods remain unclear.

METHODS:

Sixty‐seven patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma who underwent preoperative CRT and post‐CRT endoscopic brush cytology and biopsy followed by esophagectomy were identified. By using esophagectomy histology as the gold standard, the performance of cytology and biopsy was evaluated in diagnosing residual carcinoma. Two pathologists independently reviewed all false‐negative and false‐positive cases and resolved disagreements by consensus.

RESULTS:

The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy of cytology for diagnosing residual carcinoma were 26%, 95%, 92%, 35%, and 45%, respectively. For biopsy, these rates were 13%, 90%, 75%, 31%, and 36%, respectively. Sampling error accounted for false‐negative diagnoses in approximately 66% of cytology analyses and 98% of biopsy analyses. Approximately 33% of false‐negative cytology analyses and 1 false‐negative biopsy analysis were caused by the under–recognition of tumor cells. Major diagnostic pitfalls included obscuring acute inflammation, necrosis, tumor cells that mimicked benign cells with radiation/reactive atypia, and the under recognition of mucin‐containing adenocarcinoma cells.

CONCLUSIONS:

Brush cytology and biopsy were specific but not sensitive methods for predicting residual cancer after CRT. However, cytology was superior. The current results indicated that brush cytology can be used alone to diagnose residual esophageal carcinoma, and awareness of specific diagnostic pitfalls will help pathologists improve its accuracy. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Cancer size, histotype, and cellular grade may limit the success of fine‐needle aspiration cytology for screen‐detected breast carcinoma
Authors: Manfrin Erminia , Falsirollo Francesca , Remo Andrea , Reghellin Daniela , Mariotto Renata , Dalfior Daniela , Piazzola Elena , Bonetti Franco
Published: October 2009

BACKGROUND:

Fine‐needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) was adopted as the first‐line method to assess breast lesions in the Verona Breast Cancer Screening Program. The radiological and pathological factors relating to the success of FNAC in breast cancer series were evaluated.

METHODS:

Between July 1999 and June 2004, 418 breast cancers were submitted to FNAC in the Verona Breast Cancer Screening Program. The results of FNAC diagnoses were compared with final histology. The FNAC sensitivity rate, underestimation of malignancy rate, and inadequacy rate were correlated with histotype, size, grading, and radiologic imaging.

RESULTS:

Of the 418 cancers, 95 were in situ, and 323 were invasive. The sensitivity rate was higher in invasive cancers (P < .001), and the underestimation of malignancy rate was greater in in situ cancers (P = .002). Lobular type cancers had a lower sensitivity rate in invasive and in situ cancers. The sensitivity rate was 100% in medullary, mucinous, and papillary cancers, and no case had inadequate sampling. The underestimation of malignancy rate was higher in tubular carcinoma (18.2%); lobular carcinoma showed a higher inadequacy rate (10.4%). The sensitivity rate was lower and the underestimation of malignancy rate was higher in low‐grade carcinomas and in lesions <1 cm (P < .001). The performance of FNAC was not significantly influenced by mammographic imaging of lesions.

CONCLUSIONS:

Low‐grade cancer histotype, cancer size <1 cm, and lobular and tubular histotypes limit the possibility of obtaining positive results by FNAC. Operator experience and multidisciplinary consultation may help in overcoming these limitations. Pathologists must be aware of the limits of FNAC; results must be critically evaluated in light of the triple assessment. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Rotating elastic bodies in Einstein gravity
Authors: Andersson Lars , Schmidt Bernd G. , Beig Robert
Published: October 2009

We prove that, given a stress‐free, axially symmetric elastic body, there exists, for sufficiently small values of the gravitational constant and of the angular frequency, a unique stationary, axisymmetric solution to the Einstein equations coupled to the equations of relativistic elasticity with the body performing rigid rotations around the symmetry axis at the given angular frequency. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An Open Source performance tools software suite for scientific computing
Authors: Mucci Philip J. , Mohan Tushar
Published: October 2009

With the rapid replacement of closed, homogeneous, proprietary HPC systems by heterogeneous, Linux‐MPI cluster systems, the state of performance monitoring and analysis tools has become a cause for concern. Proprietary systems, despite their drawbacks, provided consistent tools of high quality. Modern Linux cluster systems, on the other hand, benefit from a wide variety of Open Source tools in differing stages of evolution. Recognizing that Linux clusters are here to stay, SiCortex has taken a unique approach of integrating and enhancing Open Source tools into a production‐quality suite. Further, as a tribute to the unrewarded Open Source community developers and for more pragmatic reasons, such as long‐term sustainability, changes made to the tools are fed upstream to the original tool developers. In this paper, we present an overview of the SiCortex tools' suite, and some of the challenges and successes we had in the process of realizing it. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intrinsic Neutral and Anionic Structures of Glutathione
Authors: Ko Yeon Jae , Wang Haopeng , Li Xiang , Bowen Kit. H. , Lecomte Frédéric , Desfrançois Charles , Poully Jean‐Christophe , Grégoire Gilles , Schermann Jean Pierre
Published: October 2009

Gas‐phase intrinsic structures of intact neutral and anionic glutathione (GSH) have been determined by means of a combination of negative ion photo‐electron spectroscopy and quantum chemistry calculations. The inferred structures of the neutral parents of those peptide anions are canonical (non‐zwitterionic). These intrinsic structures are compared to those already known in aqueous solution or determined by crystallography in binding sites of enzymes.
Child‐inclusive mediation in cases of domestic violence in Australia
Authors: Hart Amanda Shea
Published: October 2009

Domestic violence is a common driver of family dissolution. Cases involving domestic violence are core business in the Australian family law jurisdiction. Family mediation is growing as an alternative to litigation for separated families in dispute over parenting arrangements. The specialized intervention of child‐inclusive mediation is increasingly used to resolve family disputes in the best interests of the child. However, this child‐empowering practice is often avoided by mediators where domestic violence is an issue. This article identifies some complex factors that need to be addressed and researched for appropriate development and use of child‐inclusive mediation to enhance social justice for child subjects of parenting disputes from violent families.
Unofficial international conflict resolution: Is there a Track 1½? Are there best practices?
Authors: Nan Susan Allen , Druckman Daniel , Horr Jana El
Published: October 2009

Analysis of twenty‐four cases of unofficial international conflict resolution initiatives, done according to similarities across seven variables, shows that the practice of “Track 1½” diplomacy is distinct from Track 2 diplomacy. Furthermore, these initiatives are distinguished by their focus on process or diverse goals. Multidimensional scaling organized the cases into four groupings of similar initiatives: Track 1½ process‐focused, Track 1½ diversified, Track 2 process‐focused, and Track 2 diversified. The variety of approaches used in these twenty‐four cases of high‐quality international conflict resolution initiatives suggests best practices. These practices should be considered sensitive to context rather than a standard set of procedures used regardless of conflict environment.
Practice note: Challenging conventions in challenging conditions: Thirty‐minute mediations at Burning Man
Authors: Hedeen Timothy , Kelly Ron
Published: October 2009

For the past eight years, Ron Kelly has offered mediation services at the annual Burning Man festival. The process he designed appears to bring significant help to disputing couples in half an hour, and useful conflict coaching to individuals in fifteen minutes. It is tightly formatted—and uses a kitchen timer. This interview covers the origins of his process and explores how the creativity and generosity of the festival are available to all mediators.
Patterns of Wnt pathway activity in the mouse incisor indicate absence of Wnt/β‐catenin signaling in the epithelial stem cells
Authors: Suomalainen Marika , Thesleff Irma
Published: October 2009

The Wnt pathway is crucial for tooth development as shown by dental defects caused by impaired Wnt signaling in mouse and human. We investigated Wnt signaling in continuously growing mouse incisors focusing on epithelial stem cells. TenWntligands were expressed both in the dental epithelium and mesenchyme, and were associated mainly with odontoblast and ameloblast differentiation. Wnt/β‐catenin activity was detected in mesenchyme inBATgalandTOPgalreporter mice whileAxin2, also a reporter of Wnt/β‐catenin signaling, was expressed additionally in the epithelium.Axin2was, however, excluded from the epithelial stem cells in the cervical loop. Interestingly, these cells expressed specificallyLgr5, a Wnt target gene and stem cell marker in the intestine, suggesting thatLgr5is a marker of incisor stem cells but is not regulated by Wnt signaling in the incisor. We conclude that epithelial stem cells in the mouse incisors are not regulated directly by Wnt/β‐catenin signaling. Developmental Dynamics 239:364–372, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
CAZIP, a novel protein expressed in the developing heart and nervous system
Authors: Du Puy Leonie , Beqqali Abdelaziz , Monshouwer‐Kloots Jantine , Haagsman Henk P. , Roelen Bernard A.J. , Passier Robert
Published: October 2009

Recently, we have performed a whole genome micro‐array analysis on human embryonic stem cells differentiating toward cardiomyocytes, which resulted in the identification of novel genes that were highly up‐regulated during differentiation. Here, we describe one of these novel genes annotated as KIAA0774. The predicted protein contains a leucine‐zipper domain at the C‐terminus and has at least two isoforms (358 and 1354 amino acids). Whole‐mount in situ hybridization confirmed that the mRNA of both the mouse and chicken orthologs of KIAA0774 is expressed during early cardiac development. Hence, we named this protein CAZIP (cardiac zipper protein). Later during embryonic development, Cazip was also expressed in parts of the nervous system. Northern blot and real‐time polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that Cazip is expressed in heart and brain in adult mice. These results suggest a role for CAZIP in development and function of the heart and nervous system in vertebrates. Developmental Dynamics 238:2903–2911, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Different timings of dicer deletion affect neurogenesis and gliogenesis in the developing mouse central nervous system
Authors: Kawase‐Koga Yoko , Otaegi Gaizka , Sun Tao
Published: October 2009

MicroRNAs, processed by the RNAase III enzyme Dicer, are ∼22 nucleotide endogenous noncoding small RNAs. The function of Dicer in the mouse central nervous system (CNS) development is not well understood. Here, we show that specifically deleting Dicer expression in the CNS and in the cerebral cortex using two Cre lines results in reduced progenitor numbers, abnormal neuronal differentiation, and thinner cortical wall. Incomplete Dicer deletion during early embryonic stages contributes to normal development of early‐born neurons in the cortex and motor neurons in the spinal cord. However, at late embryonic stages when Dicer is completely ablated in the CNS, the migration of late‐born neurons in the cortex and oligodendrocyte precursor expansion and differentiation in the spinal cord are greatly affected. Our studies of different timings of Dicer deletion demonstrate the importance of the Dicer‐mediated microRNA pathway in regulating distinct phases of neurogenesis and gliogenesis during the CNS development. Developmental Dynamics 238:2800–2812, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expressed emotion in relatives of patients with Eating Disorders following skills training program
Authors: Sepulveda Ana R. , Todd Gill , Whitaker Wendy , Grover Miriam , Stahl Daniel , Treasure Janet
Published: October 2009

Objective:

The first aim of this work was to examine whether high expressed emotion (EE) would be associated with psychological distress and negative appraisal of caregiving. The second aim was to examine whether could replicate the findings of (Uehara et al., Compr Psychiatr, 42, 132–138, 2001) regarding a reduction in EE in association with a psycho‐educational intervention.

Method:

A prospective exploratory follow‐up assessment of 47 caregivers in which EE was measured by Five Minutes Speech Sample, Experience of Caregiving Inventory and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ‐12).

Results:

High EE ratings were found in 26/47 (55%) carers at baseline. The high EE group had a higher negative aspects of caregiving (high EE = 109.8 vs. low EE = 93.7, p = 0.04). The number of carers with high‐EE fell from 55% to 24% after intervention, and remained below at follow‐up. The levels of distress and caregiving burden of the caregivers were also reduced.

Discussion:

Fifty‐five percent of the caregivers have high EE. High‐EE relatives noted a higher caregiving burden than low‐EE relatives particularly on the ‘dimension of loss’. The level of EE was reduced following a skills training program. © 2009 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2010;)
The Borane Complexes Htbo·BH3 and Htbn·BH3 (Htbo = 1,4,6‐Triazabicyclo[3.3.0]oct‐4‐ene, Htbn = 1,5,7‐Triazabicyclo[4.3.0]non‐6‐ene): Synthesis and Dehydrogenation to Dinuclear Boron Hydrides
Authors: Schulenberg Nikola , Jäkel Mascha , Kaifer Elisabeth , Himmel Hans‐Jörg
Published: October 2009

Herein we report on the synthesis and characterization of the new borane adducts Htbo·BH3 and Htbn·BH3 (two isomers), where Htbo = 1,4,6‐triazabicyclo[3.3.0]oct‐4‐ene and Htbn = 1,5,7‐triazabicyclo[4.3.0]non‐6‐ene. Thermal treatment of these adducts leads to dihydrogen elimination and the formation of dinuclear boron hydrides with bridging guanidinate ligands, namely [BH2(μ‐tbo)]2 and [BH2(μ‐tbn)]2, which both adopt boat‐type conformations in the solid state. The experimental studies are accompanied by quantum‐chemical calculations, and we also analyse the possibility of further reductive dehydrogenation to give the double base‐stabilized diboranes(4) [BH(μ‐tbo)]2 and [BH(μ‐tbn)]2 or oligomeric H2B(μ‐tbn)2BH{BH(μ‐tbn)2BH}nBH(μ‐tbn)2BH2 (n = 0, 1, 2, ...). Furthermore we synthesized the dinuclear dicationic boron(II) compound [HMe2NB(μ‐tbn)]22+ featuring a long B–B bond length of 180.1(5) pm. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Ordering Phenomena in Complex Chalcogenides – the Showcase of A2In12Q19 (A = K, Tl, NH4; Q = Se, Te) and Pseudobinary In2Q3
Authors: Kienle Lorenz , Schlosser Marc , Manos Manolis J. , Malliakas Christos D. , Duppel Viola , Reiner Christof , Deiseroth Hans‐Jörg , Kanatzidis Mercouri G. , Kelm Klemens , Simon Arndt
Published: October 2009

A group of solids with the general composition A2In12Q19 (A = K, Tl, NH4; Q = Se, Te) is characterized by combined X‐ray single‐crystal and high‐resolution transmission‐electron microscopy (HRTEM). Similar nanosize domains with variable sizes and complex internal structures are common to all three compounds. Although a partial ordering of domains for the bulk of K2In12Se19 is dominating, the observed ordering patterns in microdomains range from total random orientation to a pattern with a ninefold superstucture (rare precursor phase not stable under HRTEM conditions). In spite of testing various synthesis conditions it was not possible to avoid these unusual structural features for K2In12Se19, which are apparently intrinsic. The formation of significantly larger domains is observed for K2In12Se19–xTex and K2–yTlyIn12Se19 and results in a twofold superstructure that can be observed with X‐ray diffraction also on a macroscopic scale. (NH4)2In12Se19 is a special case where an initial weak ordering is observed that is characterized by ring X‐ray reflections forming hexagons around certain reciprocal lattice positions. This pattern has apparent similarities to K2In12Se19 but is not stable in the HRTEM. Instead, it disappears rapidly and is finally replaced by a twofold superstructure similar to K2In12Se19–xTex and K2–yTlyIn12Se19. The reason was identified as a combined process of domain broadening and NH3 evaporation. As observed for K2In12Se19 at T > 473 K, the superstructure reflections disappear. Surprisingly, the pseudobinary phase In2Q3 (Q: chalcogen) shows strong structural similarities to K2In12Se19 with respect to the internal structure of the nanodomains. Their three‐dimensional arrangement, however, and the resulting superstructure are closer related to K2In12Se19–xTex and K2–yTlyIn12Se19.
Novel Antioxidant neo‐Clerodane Diterpenoids from Scutellaria barbata
Authors: Nguyen Van Hung , Pham Van Cuong , Nguyen Thi Thu Ha , Tran Van Hieu , Doan Thi Mai Huong
Published: October 2009

Four new neo‐clerodane diterpenoids, barbatines A–D (1–4), have been isolated from the whole plant of Scutellariabarbata (Lamiaceae), along with the known scutebarbatine A (5), and their structures determined by spectral analysis, including mass spectrometry and 2D NMR spectroscopy. The absolute configurations of 2 and 5 were established from their CD spectra by using the exciton chirality rule. A biogenetic pathway for these compounds is proposed based on their structures. Barbatine A (1) and scutebarbatine A (5) showed a significant ability to protect cells against H2O2 with ED50 values of 16.8 and 5.0 μM, respectively.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Solid‐State Chiral Supramolecular Organic Fluorophore Having a π‐Conjugated Phenylene Ethynylene Unit
Authors: Kinuta Takafumi , Kamon Kensaku , Harada Takunori , Nakano Yoko , Tajima Nobuo , Sato Tomohiro , Fujiki Michiya , Kuroda Reiko , Matsubara Yoshio , Imai Yoshitane
Published: October 2009

A solid‐state, chiral, helical, columnar, organic fluorophore having a π‐conjugated phenylene ethynylene unit was prepared by using 4‐[2‐(4‐methylphenyl)ethynyl]benzoic acid and 1‐phenylethylamine. Such a chiral π‐conjugated organic fluorophore can be obtained from achiral and racemic component molecules, and it exhibits circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) in the solid state.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Enantioselective Allylic Amination of Morita–Baylis–Hillman Carbonates Catalysed by Modified Cinchona Alkaloids
Authors: Zhang Shan‐Jun , Cui Hai‐Lei , Jiang Kun , Li Rui , Ding Zhen‐Yu , Chen Ying‐Chun
Published: October 2009

An efficient procedure for the asymmetric allylic amination of Morita–Baylis–Hillman carbonates with cyclic imides catalysed by commercially available cinchona alkaloids is reported. It proves to be a facile protocol that affords α‐methylene β‐amino esters with good‐to‐excellent enantioselectivities (up to 94 % ee) and in high yields (up to 97 %). (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Response of seismically isolated structures to rocking‐type excitations
Authors: Politopoulos Ioannis
Published: October 2009

In this paper, the origin of rocking‐type excitations and their effects on the response of base isolated structures are studied. In particular, the role of kinematic interaction in the determination of the rocking excitation is highlighted. The cases of surface foundations subjected to horizontally propagating waves, as well as of embedded foundations under vertically incident shear waves are examined. The validity of the kinematic interaction based on the rigid base mat assumption is discussed. It is shown that, in the case of classical horizontal isolation, rocking input may amplify significantly the response of the lower non‐isolated modes. The examination of full three‐dimensional isolation and active and semi‐active control methods demonstrates the efficacy of these methods to improve the performance of seismically isolated structures subjected to rocking excitations. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Body dissatisfaction across cultures: Findings and research problems
Authors: Holmqvist Kristina , Frisén Ann
Published: October 2009

This review had two aims. The first aim was to describe the existing literature regarding body dissatisfaction across cultures. Previous studies were organized and presented according to three general patterns found in the existing literature, patterns that were to some extent based on the differing degrees of affluence and type of lifestyles in the cultures examined. The review's second aim was to illuminate some of the specific problems that studies of body dissatisfaction across cultures deal with and to provide suggestions for improvement. The suggestions concern how future research may achieve a more inclusive and detailed picture of body dissatisfaction across cultures, for instance by using diversified measurements, providing detailed information about the cultural groups that are examined, investigating how different risk factors may influence the level of body dissatisfaction in different cultures and widening the research geographically. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Accuracy of high‐resolution photogrammetric measurements of gullies with contrasting morphology
Authors: Giménez R. , Marzolff I. , Campo M. A. , Seeger M. , Ries J. B. , Casalí J. , Álvarez‐Mozos J.
Published: October 2009

Field techniques allow accurate direct measurements on gully geometry, even in three‐dimensional (3D) coordinates. Accuracy and detail reproduction is limited mainly by experimental setup and density of measurements, and less so by the precision of the measuring equipment. In contrast, remote‐sensing techniques permit the coverage of large study areas with a minimum of time and effort. However, the indirect measurements from imagery are known to depend on factors like image resolution, quality of ground control, vegetation cover and image evaluation technique, which strongly influence the measurement accuracy. The objective of the present study was to investigate to what extent the accuracy of 3D gully measurement using photogrammetric techniques depends on gully morphology. At a study site in the Bardenas Reales (Navarre, Spain), field measurements of cross‐sections were taken for five gullies with contrasting morphology and dimensions and used as reference data for analysing the errors associated with a corresponding dataset obtained using small‐format aerial photogrammetry whose pixel size on the ground is 16 mm.

Results show that volumetric gully measurements by means of photogrammetric techniques are strongly affected by the gully morphology; in particular by its width/depth (W/D) ratio, because of the increasing sun‐shadowing and sight‐shadowing effects associated with narrower gullies. Only wide, shallow gullies are little affected by this problem. For gullies of an intermediate typology (W/D between 0·5 and 2·5), the accuracy of photogrammetric measurements will much depend on the time of day and the period of the year when the photographs are taken, and narrow/deep gullies (W/D < 0·5) will be likely to be highly inaccurate at any time. Although this study was conducted with a large measurement scale for small (mostly ephemeral) gullies, the W/D ratios judged challenging for photogrammetric analysis in this study are also common for larger‐sized gullies of the (permanent) bank gully type. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of land‐use changes in vegetation cover and sidewall erosion in a gully head of the Penedès region (northeast Spain)
Authors: Martínez‐Casasnovas José A. , Ramos M Concepción , García‐Hernández David
Published: October 2009

The present research addresses the effects of land‐use changes in the evolution of vegetation cover on gully erosion in the Penedès region of northeast Spain. The contribution of vegetation cover to gully wall stabilization is also discussed. The catchment area of the gully is 60·2 ha and is mainly composed of vineyards. In this area, large gullies have developed on Tertiary marls and unconsolidated sandstones. Detailed aerial photographs (1 : 5000 and 1 : 7000 scale) of three dates (1975, 1995 and 2002) were ortho‐rectified to derive land‐use information in the catchment, gully vegetation cover and height information to construct detailed digital elevation models. Land‐use and gully vegetation cover mapping of the most recent period was assisted by means of fieldwork and a photo‐interpretation key constructed to help map the older dates. Soil loss in the catchment was estimated for the 1975 and 2002 scenarios to determine the relations between land‐use changes to vegetation cover changes and gully sidewall erosion. The Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation was applied for that purpose. Sidewall mass movements were determined by subtraction of digital elevation models (1 m resolution) of each period. The results show important land‐use changes in the catchment due to field reorganization for the plantation of mechanized vineyards. It increased soil loss from agricultural fields by 26·5%, which influenced vegetation cover dynamics on gully walls, with an important development of scrubland to forest, and gully erosion, with sidewall retreat at rates of 0·025 to 0·50 ha y−1 and mass movements at rates of 16 to 63·2 Mg ha−1 y−1. These results indicate that vegetation cover on gully walls, although suggesting an improvement with respect to wall protection against splash, sheet and rill erosion, did not affect sidewall retreat and mass movements. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Implementation of physical boundary conditions into computational domain in modelling of oscillatory bottom boundary layers
Authors: Tiğrek Ş. , Yılmaz B.
Published: October 2009

This paper discusses the importance of realistic implementation of the physical boundary conditions into computational domain for the simulation of the oscillatory turbulent boundary layer flow over smooth and rough flat beds. A mathematical model composed of the Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes equation, turbulent kinetic energy (k) and dissipation rate of the turbulent kinetic energy (ε) has been developed. Control‐volume approach is used to discretize the governing equations to facilitate the numerical solution. Non‐slip condition is imposed on the bottom surface, and irrotational main flow properties are applied to the upper boundary. The turbulent kinetic energy is zero at the bottom, whereas the dissipation rate is approaching to a constant value, which is proportional to the kinematic viscosity times the second derivative of the turbulent kinetic energy. The output of the model is compared with the available experimental studies conducted in oscillatory tunnels and wave flume. It is observed that the irrotational flow assumption at the upper boundary is not realistic in case of water tunnels. Therefore, new upper boundary conditions are proposed for oscillatory tunnels. The data of wave flume show good agreement with the proposed numerical model. Additionally, several factors such as grid aspect ratio, staggered grid arrangement, time‐marching scheme and convergence criteria that are important to obtain a robust, realistic and stable code are discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of structural breaks and long memory on currency hedging
Authors: Lien Donald , Yang Li
Published: October 2009

Empirical evidence suggests that unconditional variance of exchange rate return series is subject to occasional structural breaks that may induce spurious phenomenon of high persistence and long memory of volatility processes. In this study, we investigate the effects of such breaks on estimated risk‐minimizing hedge strategies (ratios) and their performance in currency markets. Using bivariate GARCH (BGARCH) and fractionally integrated GARCH models, we estimate the hedge ratios for six foreign currencies in the full sample with and without controlling for breaks and each subsample of different unconditional variance regimes identified by a modified version of the Inclan C, and Tiao GC (1994) algorithm. Our findings suggest that daily currency risk can be better hedged with currency futures when controlling for unconditional variance breaks in the BGARCH model. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 30:607–632, 2010
Estimating financial risk measures for futures positions: A nonparametric approach
Authors: Cotter John , Dowd Kevin
Published: October 2009

This study presents nonparametric estimates of spectral risk measures (SRM) applied to long and short positions in five prominent equity futures contracts. It also compares these to estimates of two popular alternative measures, the Value‐at‐Risk and Expected Shortfall. The SRMs are conditioned on the coefficient of absolute risk aversion, and the latter two are conditioned on the confidence level. Our findings indicate that all risk measures increase dramatically and their estimators deteriorate in precision when their respective conditioning parameter increases. Results also suggest that estimates of SRMs and their precision levels are of comparable orders of magnitude as those of more conventional risk measures. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 30:689–703, 2010
Valuation of housing index derivatives
Authors: Cao Melanie , Wei Jason
Published: October 2009

This study analyzes the valuation of housing index derivatives traded on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME). Specifically, to circumvent the nontradability of housing indices, we propose and implement an equilibrium valuation framework. Assuming a mean‐reverting aggregate dividend process and a utility function characterized by constant relative risk aversion, we show that the value of a housing index derivative depends only on parameters characterizing the underlying housing index, the endogenized interest rate and their correlation. We also analytically and numerically examine risk premiums for the CME futures and options and obtain three important findings. First, risk premiums are significant for all contracts with maturities longer than one year. Second, the expected growth rate of the underlying index is the key determinant for risk premiums. Third, risk premiums can be positive or negative, depending on whether the expected growth rate of the underlying index is higher or lower than the risk‐free yield‐to‐maturity. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 30:660–688, 2010
A large collection of Presbyornis (Aves, Anseriformes, Presbyornithidae) from the late Paleocene and early Eocene of Mongolia
Authors: Kurochkin Evgeny N. , Dyke Gareth J.
Published: October 2009

We describe a large collection of fossil ‘waterfowl’ bones that are referable to the extinct clade Presbyornithidae (Anseriformes). All of these fossils were collected between 1971 and 1994 from Upper Paleocene and Lower Eocene sediments at the Tsagaan Khushuu site in the Gobi Desert of southern Mongolia. The collection includes specimens referred to a new small species within the genus Presbyornis Wetmore, 1926 as well as large numbers of bones that we place in the genus Presbyornis. On this basis of the Tsagaan Khushuu collection we suggest that several species of Presbyornis likely coexisted in this region; indeed, the presence of large numbers of middle‐sized, morphologically consistent but probably ecologically disparate species at the Tsagaan Khushuu site is consistent with the range of variation seen, for example, in taxa of extant dabbling ducks (Anatini). Although the anatomy and phylogenetic position of Presbyornithidae (in particular Presbyornis) are well known, this material from Mongolia further demonstrates the prevalence of these birds in aquatic and semi‐aquatic habitats by the earliest Paleogene. Because presbyornithids are also well documented from the late Cretaceous, their palaeoecology and morphological diversity provides a clue to selective avian survivorship across the Cretaceous‐Paleogene (K‐Pg) boundary. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diabetes incidence associated with depression and antidepressants in the Melbourne Longitudinal Studies on Healthy Ageing (MELSHA)
Authors: Atlantis Evan , Browning Colette , Sims Jane , Kendig Hal
Published: October 2009

Objective

Diabetes may be associated with depression and antidepressant medication (ADM) use, but published findings remain equivocal. The authors' aimed to determine the risk of diabetes incidence associated with baseline depression exposures (symptoms and/or ADM use).

Methods

A prospective cohort study was conducted in a regionally representative sample of non‐institutionalised older Australian people (N = 1000, aged 65 + year), who were followed up biennially between 1994 and 2004 (attrition was ≈24%). Analyses excluded participants for prevalent diabetes at baseline, determined by self‐report or specific medications. Diabetes incidence was ascertained by first self‐report at any follow‐up wave. Depression exposures (baseline predictors) were defined by the Psychogeriatric Assessment Scales (PAS) depression scale and ADM use, and classified as: (1) ‘symptomatic’ (PAS score 5+); (2) ‘ADM use’; (3) ‘symptomatic or ADM use’; (4) ‘symptomatic and no ADM use’; (5) ‘asymptomatic (PAS score <5) and ADM use’ and (6) ‘symptomatic and ADM use’. Covariates were demographic, lifestyle, functional health and chronic disease factors. Cox regressions were used to determined hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals (HR [95% CI]) for diabetes incidence according to depression exposures, adjusted for significant covariates.

Results

Baseline response rate was 70.3%. Depression predictors of diabetes incidence were ‘symptomatic’ (2.29 [1.28,4.10]), ‘symptomatic or ADM use’ (2.13 [1.32,3.44]) and ‘symptomatic and no ADM use’ (2.38 [1.28,4.45]), after adjustment for significant covariates. Being asymptomatic was not a protective factor among those prescribed antidepressants.

Conclusions

Older people with depressive symptoms are at least twice more likely to develop diabetes than those without depressive symptoms, regardless of antidepressants. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Depression in Dutch homes for the elderly: under‐diagnosis in demented residents?
Authors: Baller Menke , Boorsma Marijke , Frijters Dinnus HM , van Marwijk Harm WJ , Nijpels Giel , van Hout Hein PJ
Published: October 2009

Objective

Although community‐based studies reported an increased incidence of depression among demented persons compared with non‐demented persons, it is not clear whether this relationship also exists among institutionalised elderly persons. The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of diagnosed depressive disorders and mood symptoms between demented and non‐demented residents living in Dutch homes for the elderly.

Methods

Cross‐sectional analysis in 16 homes for the elderly of routine outcome measurements by trained nurse assistants using the Resident Assessment Instrument (RAI) between January 2007 and April 2008. Nurse assistants recorded all known medical diagnoses including dementia and depression, as well as a structured observation of the presence or absence of 11 mood symptoms over the last 3 days.

Results

313 demented and 463 non‐demented residents with complete data were included (99% of all residents, mean age 84 years). 24.6% of participants were diagnosed with a depressive disorder, with no statistically significant difference between demented and non‐demented persons (p = 0.237). Mood symptoms were more prevalent in demented residents (p < 0.001, OR 2.14, 95%CI 1.56–2.93). Among residents with mood symptoms, demented residents were less likely to be diagnosed with a depressive disorder than non‐demented residents (p = 0.039, OR 0.61, 95%CI 0.38–0.98).

Conclusions

The prevalence of diagnosed depressive disorders was comparable between demented and non‐demented residents. However, demented residents suffered more from mood symptoms and may be at risk of under‐diagnosis of depression. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The entorhinal cortex, but not the dorsal hippocampus, is necessary for single‐cue latent learning
Authors: Stouffer Eric M.
Published: October 2009

Two experiments were conducted to examine the roles of the entorhinal cortex (EC), dorsal hippocampus (DH), and ventral hippocampus (VH) in a modified Latent Cue Preference (LCP) task. The modified LCP task utilized one visual cue in each compartment, compared to several multimodal cues used in a previous version. In the single‐cue LCP task, water‐replete rats drink water in one compartment of the LCP box on 1 day, and then have no water in a second compartment of the LCP box the following day (one training trial), for a total of three training trials. Rats are then water‐deprived prior to a preference test, in which they are allowed to move freely between the two compartments with the water removed. Latent learning is demonstrated when water‐deprived rats spend more time in the compartment that previously contained the water. Experiment 1 demonstrated that the single‐cue LCP task results in the same irrelevant‐incentive latent learning as the multicue LCP task. In addition, Experiment 1 replicated the finding that a compartment preference based on this latent learning requires a deprivation state during the preference test, while a compartment preference based on conditioning does not. Experiment 2 examined the effects of pretraining neurotoxin lesions of the EC, DH, and VH on this single‐cue LCP task. Results showed that lesions of the EC and VH disrupted the irrelevant‐incentive latent learning, while lesions of the DH did not. These results indicate that a latent learning task that involves one discrete compartment cue, rather than several compartmental cues, does not require the DH. Therefore, the EC appears to play a central role in single‐cue latent learning in the LCP task. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hippocampal NMDA receptor subunits differentially regulate fear memory formation and neuronal signal propagation
Authors: Gao Can , Gill Martin B. , Tronson Natalie C. , Guedea Anita L. , Guzmán Yomayra F. , Huh Kyu Hwan , Corcoran Kevin A. , Swanson Geoffrey T. , Radulovic Jelena
Published: October 2009

Activation of NMDA receptors (NMDAR) in the hippocampus is essential for the formation of contextual and trace memory. However, the role of individual NMDAR subunits in the molecular mechanisms contributing to these memory processes is not known. Here we demonstrate, using intrahippocampal injection of subunit‐selective compounds, that the NR2A‐preferring antagonist impaired contextual and trace fear conditioning as well as learning‐induced increase of the nuclear protein c‐Fos. The NR2B‐specific antagonist, on the other hand, selectively blocked trace fear conditioning without affecting c‐Fos levels. Studies with cultured primary hippocampal neurons, further showed that synaptic and extrasynaptic NR2A and NR2B differentially regulate the extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1 and 2/mitogen‐ and stress‐activated protein kinase 1 (ERK1/2/MSK1)/c‐Fos pathway. Activation of the synaptic population of NMDAR induced cytosolic, cytoskeletal, and perinuclear phosphorylation of ERK1/2 (pERK1/2). The nuclear propagation of pERK1/2 signals, revealed by upregulation of the downstream nuclear targets pMSK1 and c‐Fos, was blocked by a preferential NR2A but not by a specific NR2B antagonist. Conversely, activation of total (synaptic and extrasynaptic) NMDAR engaged receptors with NR2B subunits, and resulted in membrane retention of pERK1/2 without inducing pMSK1 and c‐Fos. Stimulation of extrasynaptic NMDAR alone was consistently ineffective at activating ERK signaling. The discrete contribution of synaptic and total NR2A‐ and NR2B‐containing NMDAR to nuclear transmission vs. membrane retention of ERK signaling may underlie their specific roles in the formation of contextual and trace fear memory. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.