bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
T cell–derived exosomes induced macrophage inflammatory protein‐1α/β drive the trafficking of CD8+ T cells in oral lichen planus
Authors: Yang Jing‐Ya , Zhang Jing , Lu Rui , Tan Ya‐Qin , Du Ge‐Fei , Zhou Gang
Published: October 2020

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a T cell–mediated chronic inflammatory disease with uncertain aetiology. Exosomes are nanosized particles with biological capacities. Here, we aimed to study the effects of T cell–derived exosomes (T‐exos) on the pathogenesis of OLP and its mechanism. T‐exos were incubated with Jurkat cells for 48 hours, and 26 cytokines in the supernatant were measured by luminex assay. The expression of macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)‐1α/β was detected using immunohistochemistry and ELISA; that of CCR1/3/5 on peripheral T cells was determined by flow cytometry. Transwell assay was performed to investigate the chemotactic effect of MIP‐1α/β, and cells in the lower chambers were examinated by flow cytometry. As a result, OLP T‐exos elevated the production of MIP‐1α/β, which were highly expressed in OLP tissues and plasma. CCR1/5 were markedly expressed on OLP peripheral T cells, and the majority of CCR1/5+ T cells were CD8+ T cells. Besides, MIP‐1α/β promoted the migration of OLP mononuclear cells, while inhibiting CCR1/5 significantly decreased the trafficking of mononuclear cells, especially that of CD8+ T cells. Conclusively, OLP T‐exos‐induced MIP‐1α/β may drive the trafficking of CD8+ T cells after binding with CCR1/5 in OLP, contributing to the development of OLP.
The long‐term association between social activity, cognitive function and life satisfaction in Korean older adults: Analyzing 10 years of data using multivariate latent growth modeling
Authors: Bae Sung‐Man , Kim Jae‐Hyun
Published: October 2020

Aim

The aim of this study was to verify the long‐term effect between social activity, cognitive function and life satisfaction in Korean older adults after adjusting for gender, age, and education. In addition, we test the mediating impact of cognitive function on the relationship between social activity and life satisfaction.

Methods

This study used the data from Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging survey, which was conducted biennially from 2006 to 2016. Data of 4,164 adults aged 65 years and older (mean age = 73.0 years) were analyzed with multivariate latent growth modeling.

Results

Results indicate that increases in social activity were related to increases in cognitive function and life satisfaction. Increases in cognitive function were associated with increases in life satisfaction. Finally, social activity indirectly impacted life satisfaction through cognitive function.

Conclusion

Results suggest that efforts to maintain social activity and cognitive function are needed to improve life satisfaction in older adults.
Correlates of Reproductive Coercion among College Women in Abusive Relationships
Authors: Grace Karen Trister , Perrin Nancy A. , Clough Amber , Miller Elizabeth , Glass Nancy E.
Published: October 2020

Introduction

Reproductive coercion (RC) describes coercive and controlling behaviors that interfere with a woman's autonomous reproductive health decision‐making. College aged (18‐24 years) women are known to experience the highest prevalence of intimate partner violence (IPV) and sexual violence, and RC may be an important facet of such violence exposure, with significant impact on reproductive health and well‐being. The purpose of this study was to examine correlates of RC among a sample of college women in abusive relationships.

Methods

This study examines baseline data from a randomized controlled trial to test the effectiveness of an interactive safety decision aid app (myPlan) designed to assist IPV survivors. Three hundred and fifty‐four women‐identified college students aged 18 to 24 years in Oregon or Maryland who reported a recent history of IPV were enrolled. Descriptive statistics (means, standard deviations, and frequencies) were used to describe the characteristics of the sample. Chi square and t‐tests were used to examine differences between those who had and had not experienced RC on risk factors and covariates. Multivariable linear regression was used to examine the relationship between RC and depression.

Results

One‐fourth (24.3%) of the sample reported RC. Associated factors included races other than white (P = .019), relationship instability (P = .022), missing class due to relationship problems (P = .001), IPV severity (P<.001), technology abuse (P<.001), traumatic brain injury‐associated events (P<.001), and depression (P = 0.024).

Discussion

RC may be an indicator that a young woman is experiencing more severe violence and is at risk for severe sequelae such as traumatic brain injury. RC remained a significant predictor of depression after adjusting for severity of IPV, which indicates that RC is independently associated with depression. This finding has important implications for midwives working with college‐aged women, regarding the need for depression screening and referral to mental health services concurrent with providing services related to IPV and RC. A larger proportion of women who experienced RC sought help from a health care provider for contraception, which indicates an important opportunity for midwives to intervene when women are experiencing RC.
Exploring Experiences of Structural Racism and its Influence on Maternal and Child Health
Authors: Bower Kelly , Robinson Kelley , Alexander Kamila , Weber Brielle , Hough Keyona , Summers Amber
Published: October 2020

Introduction

Systematic racism and racial discrimination have been proposed as significant risk factors that contribute to health disparities in maternal and child health outcomes for African American families. There is evidence to suggest that racism is associated with poor birth outcomes. Most studies have examined the role of interpersonal racism, whereas few explore the role of systemic racism. Additionally, few studies have examined the mechanisms by which systemic racism impacts health from the perspective of those affected. This study explored the systems and aspects of structural racism affecting racial inequities in birth outcomes in Baltimore City.

Results

In this qualitative study, we conducted 3 focus groups with Baltimore City residents (n = 20) and 2 focus groups with maternal, infant, and early childhood home visiting program staff (n = 18). Participants were asked to identify and unpack the systems external to the community that create the current realities of racial inequities in birth outcomes in Baltimore City. Focus groups were recorded, transcribed, and coded to identify themes.

Methods

A variety of systems were identified as playing a role in the health of pregnant and postpartum people and infants including: medical, justice, government, neighborhood environment, schools, and commercial/retail. For most systems, racism was described as acting by way of: the quality and availability of goods and services; bias, stereotyping, and racial profiling; and power imbalance. Within the health care system, participants commonly reported experiencing disrespectful medical care and described the ways in which it impacts their health.

Discussion

Midwives, nurses, and other health care professionals have a role to play in undoing systemic racism. Understanding the sources and mechanisms by which systemic racism affects the lives of childbearing families is foundational to that work.
TGF‐β1 induces amoeboid‐to‐mesenchymal transition of CD44high oral squamous cell carcinoma cells via miR‐422a downregulation through ERK activation and Cofilin‐1 phosphorylation
Authors: Yokoyama Sho , Shigeishi Hideo , Murodumi Hiroshi , Sakuma Miyuki , Kato Hiroki , Higashikawa Koichiro , Ohta Kouji , Sugiyama Masaru , Takechi Masaaki
Published: October 2020

Background

The objective of this study was to clarify the molecular mechanism of amoeboid‐to‐mesenchymal transition (AMT) of CD44high oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells.

Methods

Morphology and expression of mesenchymal genes were investigated in CD44high OSCC cells (CD44high OM‐1 cells) cultured on laminin‐coated soft silicone gel. Additionally, microarray analysis was performed to investigate microRNA (miRNA) expression inhibited by transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1) in CD44high OM‐1 cells.

Results

When CD44high OM‐1 cells were cultured on 2.0‐kPa laminin‐coated silicone gel, the cells exhibited an amoeboid‐like round morphology. Cofilin‐1 expression was found in the nucleus and cytoplasm of amoeboid‐like CD44high OM‐1 cells. The invasive capacity was significantly reduced after Cofilin‐1 knockdown. Additionally, Cofilin‐1 knockdown cells had an irregularly extended shape. Phosphorylated Cofilin‐1 was significantly upregulated by TGF‐β1. Additionally, TGF‐β1 enhanced N‐cadherin and Snail mRNA expression and induced a spindle‐shaped morphology. ERK1/2 phosphorylation was induced by TGF‐β1. Microarray analysis revealed that miR‐422a exhibited the greatest downregulation (fold change: 0.22) in the presence of TGF‐β1. Importantly, TGF‐β1‐inhibited miR‐422a expression was recovered by the ERK inhibitor or ERK1/2 knockdown. Additionally, miR‐422a inhibitor‐transfected CD44high OM‐1 cells exhibited high N‐cadherin and Snail mRNA expression. Furthermore, Cofilin‐1 knockdown and miR‐422a inhibition induced a spindle cell morphology.

Conclusion

Cofilin‐1 is involved in the invasive ability of CD44high OSCC cells. TGF‐β1 contributes to AMT by downregulation of miR‐422a via ERK activation and Cofilin‐1 phosphorylation. Our findings suggest that miR‐422a and Cofilin‐1 play major roles in the maintenance of amoeboid‐like CD44high cells.
Administration of nitrofurantoin in dogs with lower urinary tract infections: 14 cases (2013‐2019)
Authors: Leuin A. S. , Hartmann F. , Viviano K.
Published: October 2020

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to describe the clinical use of nitrofurantoin in client‐owned dogs with lower urinary tract infections. The primary aim was to describe the patient population, dosage, treatment duration, outcome and side effects.

Materials and Methods

Medical records in an institution were retrospectively reviewed from July 2013 to January 2019.

Results

Nitrofurantoin was prescribed in this clinical population of 14 client‐owned dogs for lower urinary tract infections. Recurrent urinary tract infection was the clinical diagnosis in all dogs. Each dog's urinary tract infection was associated with a nitrofurantoin‐susceptible, multidrug‐resistant uropathogen. The median dosage and duration of nitrofurantoin treatment was 4.3 mg/kg by mouth every 8 hours for 14 days. Twelve of the 14 dogs had successful outcomes including bacteriologic cure (n = 9), clinical cure (2) and resolution of target bacteria (1). Treatment failures (n = 2) were associated with uropathogens developing progressive nitrofurantoin resistance.

Clinical Significance

In some dogs with recurrent lower urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin may be an effective antibiotic for treatment of nitrofurantoin‐susceptible uropathogens. Treatment failures were associated with progressive uropathogen resistance. Urine bacterial culture and quantitative susceptibility testing are essential to initiating and monitoring treatment due to the multidrug‐resistant isolates and, in some cases, persistent bacteriuria in the face of treatment.
Sleep differentially impacts involuntary intrusions and voluntary recognitions of lab‐analogue traumatic memories
Authors: Zeng Shengzi , Lau Esther Yuet Ying , Li Shirley Xin , Hu Xiaoqing
Published: October 2020

Despite the critical role of sleep in memory and emotion processing, large remains unknown regarding how sleep influences trauma‐related symptoms arising from maladaptive memory/emotional processes, such as those among patients with post‐traumatic stress disorder. Employing a trauma film paradigm, we investigated how post‐trauma sleep versus sleep deprivation influenced involuntary intrusions and voluntary recognition of traumatic memories. Sixty participants were randomly assigned to sleep or total sleep deprivation group following experimental trauma induction. Participants were assessed with: (a) lab‐based and 7‐day diary‐based involuntary intrusions; (b) voluntary recognitions of traumatic memories 12‐hr and 7‐day post‐trauma induction; and (c) post‐traumatic stress disorder‐like symptoms measured by the Impact of Event Scale‐Revised. We found that compared with sleep deprivation, slept participants experienced fewer traumatic intrusions across 7 days, reported lower emotional hyperarousal, and showed more accurate recognition of trauma‐related stimuli. Moreover, higher subjective sleep quality was associated with fewer intrusions only in the sleep group, while a reversed pattern emerged in the sleep deprivation group. These results provide novel evidence supporting the therapeutic benefits of sleep in protecting mental well‐being from trauma exposure. To the extent that sleep modulates trauma‐related symptoms, sleep can be conceived as the potential target for early interventions among trauma victims.
Enrofloxacin and its major metabolite ciprofloxacin in green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas): An explorative pharmacokinetic study
Authors: Poapolathep Saranya , Chomcheun Thanaphan , Giorgi Mario , Jualaong Suthep , Klangkaew Narumol , Phaochoosak Napasorn , Udomkusonsri Pareeya , Marin Pedro , Poapolathep Amnart
Published: October 2020

The present study aimed to assess the pharmacokinetic features of enrofloxacin (ENR) and its major metabolite, ciprofloxacin (CIP) in green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) after single intravenous (i.v.) and intramuscular (i.m.) administration at two dosages of 5 and 7.5 mg/kg body weight (b.w.). The study used 10 animals randomly divided into equal groups. Blood samples were collected at assigned times up to 168 hr. The concentrations of ENR and CIP in turtle plasma were quantified by a validated high‐performance liquid chromatography equipped with fluorescence detector (HPLC‐FLD). The concentration of ENR in the experimental turtles with respect to time was pharmacokinetically analyzed using a noncompartment model. The concentrations of ENR in the plasma were quantified up to 144 hr after i.v. and i.m. administrations at dosages of 5 and 7.5 mg/kg b.w., whereas CIP was quantified up to 96 and 144 hr, respectively. The elimination half‐life values of ENR were 38.7 and 50.4 hr at dose rates of 5 and 7.5 mg/kg b.w. after i.v. administration, whereas CIP was 33.6 and 22.6 hr, respectively. The maximum concentration (Cmax) values of ENR were 2.07 and 2.59 μg/ml at dose rates of 5 and 7.5 mg/kg b.w., respectively. The value of area under the curve from 0 to 24 hr (AUC0–24)/minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ratio of ENR was >125 for bacteria with MIC of 0.12 and 0.13 μg/ml after the administration of 5 mg/kg by i.m. and i.v. administration, respectively. Based on the pharmacokinetic data, susceptibility break‐point and pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic (PD) indices, i.m. single administration of ENR at a dosage of 5 mg/kg b.w. might be clinically appropriate for treatment of susceptible bacteria in green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas).
Body growth of North Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena glacialis) revisited
Authors: Fortune Sarah M. E. , Moore Michael J. , Perryman Wayne L. , Trites Andrew W.
Published: October 2020

Knowing size‐at‐age is important for determining food requirements and making inferences about the nutritional status of individuals and their populations. Accurate growth curves are also needed to quantify drug dosages to treat wounded or entangled animals. However, body sizes are often based on small numbers of measured animals that must be improved as new data become available. We updated an existing body growth model for North Atlantic right whales (NARWs) using new data from dead animals and from older individuals. Our models indicate that NARWs attain mean lengths and weights of 4.3 m and 1.0 mt at birth, and 13.1 m and 31.7 mt when sexually mature. Calves more than double their length and attain nearly three‐quarters of their asymptotic adult size during their first year of life. Overall, our length estimates agreed well with previous estimates, but our mass‐at‐age values were considerably higher. These differences revealed that necropsy data used alone in allometric models underestimate mass due possibly to several of the stranded animals in the database having been chronically entangled and in poor body condition. Augmenting the database with healthier individuals, such as harvested North Pacific right whales, yielded mass predictions that reflect both healthy and unhealthy individuals.
Mindsets Matter for Linguistic Minority Students: Growth Mindsets Foster Greater Perceived Proficiency, Especially for Newcomers
Authors: LOU NIGEL MANTOU , NOELS KIMBERLY A.
Published: October 2020

Growth language mindsets (i.e., beliefs that language ability can be improved) are found to sustain learners’ motivation and resilience in challenging situations. Considering that migrants who are speakers of languages other than the dominant ones often face challenging daily communications, we examined important but understudied questions of ‘how’ and ‘when’ growth language mindsets predict migrants’ language experiences, including language anxiety, language use, and perceived English proficiency. In 3 studies, we surveyed 2,163 foreign‐born university students in Canada who indicated English as their second language. We found that growth language mindsets positively predicted self‐assessed English proficiency, even 4 months after the initial assessment of mindsets. Answering ‘how,’ we found that migrants with stronger growth mindsets were less anxious, were more likely to use English, and reported higher proficiency, even after accounting for baseline proficiency. Concerning ‘when,’ we found that mindsets have significant and moderate association with language use, anxiety, and perceived proficiency for only more recently arrived students (who lived in the receiving country for less than 7 years). Although newly arrived migrants are more anxious about using English and less likely to use English, they are resilient when they envision growth in their new language. Growth mindsets may help English as a second language (ESL) students thrive in intercultural communication and succeed in language development.
Palliative care in adult intensive care units: A nationwide survey
Authors: Eltaybani Sameh , Igarashi Ayumi , Yamamoto‐Mitani Noriko
Published: October 2020

Background

There are no data on the provision of palliative nursing care in Egyptian adult intensive care units (ICUs). The Palliative and End‐Of‐Life (PEOL) Care Index is reliable and content valid; however, its construct and criterion validities have not been examined.

Aims and objectives

First, to assess palliative care education, practice, and perceived competence among adult ICU nurses in Egypt. Second, to explore factors related to palliative care nursing practice and perceived competence. Third, to assess the construct and criterion validities of the PEOL Care Index.

Design

A cross‐sectional survey.

Methods

Nurse managers and staff nurses in 33 adult ICUs completed self‐administered questionnaires. The questionnaires assessed nurses' palliative care practice and perceived competence. A multilevel regression analysis was used to determine the best predictors of palliative care practice and perceived competence. Theory evidence construct validity and predictive criterion validity of the PEOL Care Index were examined.

Results

Thirty‐three nurse managers and 403 staff nurses participated in the study—response rate = 100% and 72.5%, respectively. On a 0‐100 scale, the mean scores of undergraduate education, practice, and perceived competence were 54.0 ± 18.7, 49.7 ± 18.1, and 54.5 ± 17.0, respectively. Palliative care practice was significantly related to receiving in‐service training on palliative care or end‐of‐life care (regression coefficients: 3.39), higher job satisfaction (0.97), and higher organizational support (1.85). Palliative care perceived competence was significantly related to older nurses' age (0.20), higher job satisfaction (0.97), and higher palliative care undergraduate education (0.63).

Conclusions

Palliative care education, practice, and perceived competence among adult ICU nurses in Egypt are inadequate, especially in terms of spiritual and cultural care. The PEOL Care Index is construct and criterion valid.

Relevance to clinical practice

Palliative care education should begin in nursing schools and extend through clinical in‐services. Guidelines should be developed to maximize staff collaboration and the utilization of chaplains in ICUs.
Striving to be in close proximity to the patient: An interpretive descriptive study of nursing practice from the perspectives of clinically experienced registered nurses
Authors: Lundin Gurné Frida , Lidén Eva , Jakobsson Ung Eva , Kirkevold Marit , Öhlén Joakim , Jakobsson Sofie
Published: October 2020

This paper explores essential characteristics of current nursing practice from the perspectives of clinically experienced registered nurses in various fields of health care in Sweden. Nursing practice has been the subject of much debate in the past and because of its complexity as well as continuous changes in society it is important to continue the debate. A qualitative study, including 16 group interviews with altogether 74 participants, was conducted. Nursing practice was viewed as a multifaceted field. The participants struggled to define nursing but were able to describe it using concrete examples. The analysis, using interpretive description, identified current practice as essentially consisting of: ‘A practice pervaded by comprehensive responsibility’, ‘A practice that recognises a patient's unique needs’, ‘A practice based on multifaceted knowledge’ and ‘A practice that mediates between traditional values and changing demands’. Current nursing practice can be understood as striving to be in close proximity to the patient, but in tension with pervasive requirements and societal changes. Going forward, it is necessary to continue to reflect on and discuss the nature of nursing practice in an interprofessional context. Studies from primary and home care are also needed to broaden the understanding of nursing practice.
Structural insights into long‐distance signal transduction pathways mediated by plant glutamate receptor‐like channels
Authors: Grenzi Matteo , Bonza Maria Cristina , Alfieri Andrea , Costa Alex
Published: October 2020

In recent years, studies have shed light on the physiological role of plant glutamate receptor‐like channels (GLRs). However, the mechanism by which these channels are activated, and in particular, what is the physiological role of their binding to amino acids, remains elusive. The first direct biochemical demonstration that the Arabidopsis thaliana GLR3.3 isoform binds glutamate and other amino acids in a low micromolar range of concentrations was reported only recently. The first crystal structures of the ligand‐binding domains of AtGLR3.3 and AtGLR3.2 isoforms also have been released. We foresee that these new experimental pieces of evidence provide the basis for a better understanding of how GLRs are activated and modulated in different physiological responses.
Screw Those Guys: Polarization, Empathy, and Attitudes About Out‐Partisans
Authors: Allamong Maxwell B. , Peterson David A. M.
Published: October 2020

Empathic ability is the ability to interpret the emotional state of others. In today's highly partisan and polarized environment, empathic ability may play a key role in determining how partisans respond emotionally to changes in public policy and those helped or harmed by the policy. Utilizing Baron‐Cohen et al.'s (Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 42, 241–251, 2001) “Reading the Mind in the Eyes” test to measure empathic ability, we conduct a survey experiment where we asked participants to read about a partisan individual who may lose their health insurance if the Affordable Care Act were to be repealed. We show that empathic ability shapes attitudes about people and policies, but that the effects are contingent upon the respondent's partisanship, the target's partisanship, and an interaction of the two. Empathic ability produces more positive affect and policy support among Democrats but reduces positive affect among Republicans. The divergent effects of empathic ability on Democrats and Republicans are further exacerbated when the target is an out‐partisan.
Analysis of elements that support implementation of high‐quality engineering design within the elementary classroom
Authors: Tank Kristina M. , DuPont Michael , Estapa Anne T.
Published: October 2020

One model of engineering integration that has shown promise is the use of engineering design as a context to support teachers as they conceptualize and plan integrated STEM lessons. However, integrating engineering into science instruction presents a number of challenges, especially at the elementary level, and the implementation of high‐quality engineering design‐based instruction is not often what is actualized in the classroom. This study investigated how teachers operationalized an engineering design‐based lesson in their classroom by examining what elements of engineering teachers chose to include within in their lesson plan and enact in the classroom. Participants included 20 triads composed of teachers, student teachers, and engineering graduate students. Utilizing a multiple case study approach, this study found that there were four main groupings related to how teachers operationalized engineering design‐based instruction in their classrooms. Results suggest that even though there were several engineering design elements that were included in a majority of the lesson plans, such as context, constraints, materials exploration, and building, and testing solutions, some characteristics were found to be more influential than others when looking at how to help teachers to implement high‐quality engineering design‐based instruction.
Imports and credit rationing: A firm‐level investigation
Authors: Nucci Francesco , Pietrovito Filomena , Pozzolo Alberto Franco
Published: October 2020

Firm performance is known to benefit from participation in import markets. For this reason, understanding whether credit constraints hamper firms’ ability to purchase foreign inputs is a relevant issue. In this paper, we investigate the relationship between financial constraints and imports of intermediate inputs using a large sample of small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises from 66 developing countries. To measure credit constraints, we use information from a firm's in‐depth self‐assessment of its difficulties in having access to external finance. Furthermore, to tackle the endogeneity problems in the estimation, we rely on an instrumental variable approach that allows us to establish more directly the impact of financial constraints on importing activities. We provide statistically and economically significant evidence that credit‐constrained firms have a lower probability of importing intermediates (the extensive margin) and a smaller share of imported intermediates in their total input expenditure (the intensive margin). Moreover, we show that the impact on these margins of import is stronger for firms operating in countries where the financial system is less developed, the quality of institutions poorer and the overall level of economic freedom lower.
Arithmetic diagonal cycles on unitary Shimura varieties
Authors: Rapoport M. , Smithling B. , Zhang W.
Published: October 2020

We define variants of PEL type of the Shimura varieties that appear in the context of the arithmetic Gan–Gross–Prasad (AGGP) conjecture. We formulate for them a version of the AGGP conjecture. We also construct (global and semi-global) integral models of these Shimura varieties and formulate for them conjectures on arithmetic intersection numbers. We prove some of these conjectures in low dimension.
Effect of Precipitates on Plastic Deformation Behavior of High Entropy Alloy Al0.3CoCrFeNi Under High Strain Rate Loading
Authors: Das Prasanta K. , Kumar Vishal , Khanikar Prasenjit
Published: October 2020

High entropy alloys (HEAs) are primarily known for their high strength and high thermal stability. These alloys have recently been studied for high strain rate applications as well. HEAs have been observed to exhibit different properties when subjected to different strain rates. Very few published results on HEAs are available for high strain rate loading conditions. In addition, modeling and simulation work of microstructural details, such as grain boundary and precipitates of HEAs have not yet been investigated. However, at an atomistic length scale, molecular dynamics simulation works of HEAs have already been published. In this study, a detailed microstructural analysis of plastic deformation of the material under high strain rate loading has been performed using dislocation density based crystal plasticity finite element modeling. The primary objective is, therefore, to assess the strengthening effects due to precipitates on a particular high entropy alloy Al0.3CoCrFeNi with ultrafine grains having randomly distributed NiAl precipitates.
Combined Numerical and Experimental Study on the Use of Gurney Flaps for the Performance Enhancement of NACA0021 Airfoil in Static and Dynamic Conditions
Authors: Balduzzi Francesco , Holst David , Melani Pier Francesco , Wegner Felix , Nayeri Christian Navid , Ferrara Giovanni , Paschereit Christian Oliver , Bianchini Alessandro
Published: October 2020

Power augmentation devices in wind energy applications have been receiving increasing interest from both the scientific and the industrial community. In particular, Gurney flaps (GFs) showed a great potential thanks to the passive functioning, the simple construction, and the possibility to add them as a retrofit to existing rotors. Within this context, the authors have performed an extended investigation on the lift increase capabilities of GFs for the well-known NACA 0021 airfoil, which has been used in several wind energy applications up to now. This paper shows the results of a combined experimental and numerical analysis considering different geometrical configurations of the flaps under both static and dynamic conditions. Experimental data were first obtained for the AoA range of 180 degrees at a Reynolds number of 180 k to analyze the impact of three different geometrical configurations of the GF on the aerodynamic behavior. The geometrical configurations were defined by varying the length of the flap (1.4% and 2.5% of the chord) and its inclination angle with respect to the blade chord (90 deg and 45 deg). The experimental investigation involved also dynamic sinusoidal pitching movements at multiple reduced frequencies to evaluate the stall hysteresis cycle. An unsteady computational fluid dynamics (CFD) numerical model was calibrated against wind tunnel data and then exploited to extend the investigation to a wider range of Reynolds numbers for dynamic AoA rates of change typical of vertical-axis wind turbines, i.e., characterized by higher reduced frequencies with a nonsinusoidal motion law.
Pore Scale Numerical Investigation of Mixed Convection From an Isolated Heat Source in a Channel With a Porous Insert
Authors: Yerramalle Vijayalakshmi , Premachandran B. , Talukdar Prabal
Published: October 2020

Mixed convection heat transfer in a channel filled with porous medium and containing an isolated heat source at the bottom wall is studied in this work. The porous medium is assumed to be made of circular cylinders and is placed only on the heater surface. Three different configurations of porous medium are considered in this study. Pore-scale numerical simulations are carried out using the exact geometry of porous medium. The same configuration is also investigated using the volume-averaged approximation. The temperature distribution of the heater surface obtained from the pore-scale numerical simulation is compared with the results obtained from the volume-averaged numerical simulation. Parametric studies are carried out by varying the material of the cylinders, the porosity, and the height of the porous medium. The effects of Grashof number and Reynolds number of the flow are also studied as part of this investigation. The results obtained from the pore-scale numerical simulations show that the presence of the porous medium leads to reduction in heat transfer, while the results obtained from the volume-averaged numerical simulations show an enhancement of heat transfer due to the presence of the porous medium on the heater surface. However, the pore-scale numerical simulation results show that the heat transfer enhancement is only possible if the channel height is completely filled with the selected porous medium.
Thermo-viscous acoustic modeling of perforated micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS)
Authors: Naderyan Vahid , Raspet Richard , Hickey Craig
Published: October 2020

An analytical model based on the low reduced-frequency method is developed for the damping and spring force coefficients of micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) structures. The model is based on a full-plate approach that includes thermal and viscous losses and hole end effects, as well as inertial and compressibility effects. Explicit analytical formulas are derived for damping and spring forces of perforated circular MEMS with open and closed edge boundary conditions. A thermo-viscous finite-element method (FEM) model is also developed for the numerical solution of the problem. Results for the damping and spring coefficients from the analytical models are in good agreement with the FEM results over a large range of frequencies and parameters. The analytic formulas obtained for the damping and spring coefficients provide a useful tool for the design and optimization of perforated MEMS. Specifically, it is shown that for a fixed perforation ratio of the back-plate the radius of the holes can be optimized to minimize the damping.
ACOUSTICAL STANDARDS NEWS
Authors: Blair-DeLeon Nancy A. , Struck Christopher J.
Published: October 2020

American National Standards (ANSI Standards) developed by Accredited Standards Committees S1, S2, S3, S3/SC 1, and S12 in the areas of acoustics, mechanical vibration and shock, bioacoustics, animal bioacoustics, and noise, respectively, are published by the Acoustical Society of America (ASA). In addition to these standards, ASA publishes a catalog of Acoustical American National Standards. To browse the latest copy of our catalog, visit our website at https://acousticalsociety.org/download-catalog/.

Comments are welcomed on all material in Acoustical Standards News.

This Acoustical Standards News section in JASA, as well as the National Catalog of Acoustical Standards and other information on the Standards Program of the Acoustical Society of America, are also available via the ASA Standards home page: https://acousticalsociety.org/acoustical-society-standards/.
Exploring the Possibilities of Outdoor/Adventure Education
Authors: Griffin Kent
Published: October 2020

Physical education in recent years has undergone modifications in order to meet the changing demands of students. The traditional paradigm has been to teach physical education from a sport- and skill-based approach, whereby traditional teams and individual sports are emphasized (e.g., basketball, volleyball, flag football). However, this curriculum may be less impactful on student learning than alternatives and is not viewed favorably by administrators because it is perceived as lacking relevance to broader educational goals. The purpose of this paper was to reintroduce a curriculum that has the potential to address student learning in physical education and broader educational goals. The outdoor/adventure education curriculum, while neglected in recent years, is demonstrating promising gains as a viable model.
Secretion of and Self-Resistance to the Novel Fibupeptide Antimicrobial Lugdunin by Distinct ABC Transporters in Staphylococcus lugdunensis
Authors: Krauss Sophia , Zipperer Alexander , Wirtz Sebastian , Saur Julian , Konnerth Martin C. , Heilbronner Simon , Torres Salazar Benjamin O. , Grond Stephanie , Krismer Bernhard , Peschel Andreas
Published: October 2020

Lugdunin is the first reported nonribosomally synthesized antibiotic from human microbiomes. Its production by the commensal
Staphylococcus lugdunensis
eliminates the pathogen
Staphylococcus aureus
from human nasal microbiomes. The cycloheptapeptide lugdunin is the founding member of the new class of fibupeptide antibiotics, which have a novel mode of action and represent promising new antimicrobial agents. How
S. lugdunensis
releases and achieves producer self-resistance to lugdunin has remained unknown.
Low Tenofovir Plasma Exposure in HIV Oral Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Recipients with Gastrointestinal Disorders
Authors: Calcagno Andrea , Dal Conte Ivano , Cattaneo Dario , Testi Roberto , Mistrangelo Massimiliano , Gervasoni Cristina , de Nicolò Amedeo , Bonora Stefano , D’Avolio Antonio , Di Perri Giovanni , Calcagno Andrea , Dal Conte Ivano , Cattaneo Dario , Testi Roberto , Mistrangelo Massimiliano , Gervasoni Cristina , Nicolò Amedeo de , Bonora Stefano , D’Avolio Antonio , Di Perri Giovanni
Published: October 2020

Four pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) users with gastrointestinal disorders (sleeve gastrectomy, terminal ileitis, celiac disease, or chronic diarrhea) and receiving oral tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine (TDF/FTC) were included. Despite self-reported high adherence, trough plasma tenofovir concentrations (after supervised intake) were significantly lower in these patients than in PrEP recipients without gastrointestinal disorders (21 ± 9.1 versus 138 ± 85 ng/ml). PrEP users with gastrointestinal disorders may need increased TDF doses or alternative prophylactic measures.
Structure-Function Characterization of the Conserved Regulatory Mechanism of the Escherichia coli M48 Metalloprotease BepA
Authors: Bryant Jack A. , Cadby Ian T. , Chong Zhi-Soon , Boelter Gabriela , Sevastsyanovich Yanina R. , Morris Faye C. , Cunningham Adam F. , Kritikos George , Meek Richard W. , Banzhaf Manuel , Chng Shu-Sin , Lovering Andrew L. , Henderson Ian R.
Published: October 2020

M48 metalloproteases are widely distributed in all domains of life.
E. coli
possesses four members of this family located in multiple cellular compartments. The functions of these proteases are not well understood. Recent investigations revealed that one family member, BepA, has an important role in the maturation of a central component of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biogenesis machinery. Here, we present the structure of BepA and the results of a structure-guided mutagenesis strategy, which reveal the key residues required for activity that inform how all M48 metalloproteases function.
Evaluation of Surrogate Tests for the Presence of
mecA
-Mediated Methicillin Resistance in Staphylococcus capitis, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus hominis, and Staphylococcus warneri
Authors: Humphries Romney M. , Magnano Paul , Burnham Carey-Ann D. , Dien Bard Jennifer , Dingle Tanis C. , Callan Katrina , Westblade Lars F.
Published: October 2020

Testing of staphylococci other than
Staphylococcus aureus
(SOSA) for
mecA
-mediated resistance is challenging. Isolates of
Staphylococcus capitis
,
Staphylococcus haemolyticus
,
Staphylococcus hominis
, and
Staphylococcus warneri
were evaluated by cefoxitin and oxacillin broth microdilution (BMD), disk diffusion (DD), and PBP2a immunoassay, and the results were compared to
mecA
PCR results.
Enhancement of HIV-1 Env-Specific CD8 T Cell Responses Using Interferon-Stimulated Gene 15 as an Immune Adjuvant
Authors: Gómez Carmen Elena , Perdiguero Beatriz , Falqui Michela , Marín María Q. , Bécares Martina , Sorzano Carlos Óscar S. , García-Arriaza Juan , Esteban Mariano , Guerra Susana
Published: October 2020

Our study described the potential role of ISG15 as an immunomodulatory molecule in the optimization of HIV/AIDS vaccine candidates. Using a DNA prime–MVA boost immunization protocol, our results indicated an increase in the potency and the quality of the HIV-1 Env-specific CD8 T cell response. These results highlight the adjuvant potency of ISG15 to elicit improved viral antigen presentation to the immune system, resulting in an enhanced HIV-1 vaccine immune response. The DNA-ISG15 vector could find applicability in the vaccine field in combination with other nucleic acid-based vector vaccines.
Shared Mechanisms Govern HIV Transcriptional Suppression in Circulating CD103
+
and Gut CD4
+
T Cells
Authors: Yukl Steven A. , Khan Shahzada , Chen Tsui-Hua , Trapecar Martin , Wu Frank , Xie Guorui , Telwatte Sushama , Fulop Daniel , Pico Alexander R. , Laird Gregory M. , Ritter Kristen D. , Jones Norman G. , Lu Chuanyi M. , Siliciano Robert F. , Roan Nadia R. , Milush Jeffrey M. , Somsouk Ma , Deeks Steven G. , Hunt Peter W. , Sanjabi Shomyseh
Published: October 2020

The ability of HIV to establish a reversibly silent, “latent” infection is widely regarded as the main barrier to curing HIV. Most HIV-infected cells reside in tissues such as the gut, but it is unclear what mechanisms maintain HIV latency in the blood or gut. We found that circulating CD103
+
CD4
+
T cells are enriched for HIV-infected cells in a latent-like state. Using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), we found that CD103
+
T cells share a cellular transcriptome that more closely resembles that of CD4
+
T cells from the gut, suggesting that they are homing to or from the gut. We also identified the cellular genes whose expression distinguishes gut CD4
+
or circulating CD103
+
T cells from circulating CD103
−
T cells, including some genes that have been implicated in HIV expression. These genes may contribute to latent HIV infection in the gut and may serve as new targets for therapies aimed at curing HIV.
Virome of Bat Guano from Nine Northern California Roosts
Authors: Li Yanpeng , Altan Eda , Reyes Gabriel , Halstead Brian , Deng Xutao , Delwart Eric
Published: October 2020

Characterizing the bat virome is important for understanding viral diversity and detecting viral spillover between animal species. Using an unbiased metagenomics method, we characterize the virome in guano collected from multiple roosts of common Northern California bat species. We describe several novel viral genomes and report the detection of viruses with close relatives reported in other bat species, likely reflecting cross-species transmissions. Viral sequences from well-known carnivore and rodent parvoviruses were also detected, whose presence are likely the result of contamination from defecation and urination atop guano and which reflect the close interaction of these mammals in the wild.
Replication of Small Ruminant Lentiviruses in Aluminum Hydroxide-Induced Granulomas in Sheep: a Potential New Factor for Viral Dissemination
Authors: Echeverría Irache , de Miguel Ricardo , Asín Javier , Rodríguez-Largo Ana , Fernández Antonio , Pérez Marta , de Andrés Damián , Luján Lluís , Reina Ramsés
Published: October 2020

Granulomas are inflammation-derived structures elicited by foreign bodies or certain infections. Aluminum adjuvants included in vaccines induce granulomas in many species. In sheep, these are persistent and consist of activated macrophages. Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV), which are macrophage-tropic lentiviruses, cause a chronic wasting disease affecting animal welfare and production. Here, we studied the occurrence of SRLV in postvaccination granulomas retrieved from naturally infected ewes after vaccination or inoculation with aluminum only. SRLV infection was confirmed in granulomas by identification of viral proteins, genomic fragments, and enzymatic activity. The infecting SRLV strain, previously found exclusively in carpal joints, reached the central nervous system, suggesting that occurrence of SRLV in postvaccination granulomas may broaden tissue tropism. SRLV recombination was detected in inoculated animals, a rare event in sheep lentiviruses. Potentially, virus-host interactions within granulomas may modify viral pathogenesis and lead to more widespread infection.
Raman Spectroscopy-Based Measurements of Single-Cell Phenotypic Diversity in Microbial Populations
Authors: García-Timermans Cristina , Props Ruben , Zacchetti Boris , Sakarika Myrsini , Delvigne Frank , Boon Nico
Published: October 2020

Microbial cells that live in the same community can exist in different physiological and morphological states that change as a function of spatiotemporal variations in environmental conditions. This phenomenon is commonly known as phenotypic heterogeneity and/or diversity. Measuring this plethora of cellular expressions is needed to better understand and manage microbial processes. However, most tools to study phenotypic diversity only average the behavior of the sampled community. In this work, we present a way to quantify the phenotypic diversity of microbial samples by inferring the (bio)molecular profile of its constituent cells using Raman spectroscopy. We demonstrate how this tool can be used to quantify the phenotypic diversity that arises after the exposure of microbes to stress. Raman spectroscopy holds potential for the detection of stressed cells in bioproduction.
Seismicity and active faulting associated with the North America–Caribbean plate boundary in Chiapas, Mexico: A review
Authors: Guzmán-Speziale* Marco , Meneses-Rocha Javier
Published: October 2020

We present a summary of information on seismically active faulting in Chiapas, Mexico, related to North America–Caribbean plate-boundary zone deformation. We collected data from published works, and we also present new data collected from reporting agencies. Several active structures were identified as part of the deformation of the plate-boundary zone in the states of Chiapas and Veracruz, including 18 large (up to 175-km-long) strike-slip faults belonging to three tectonic realms: the Tonalá realm, the Depresión Central, and the strike-slip fault province. Available fault-plane solutions indicate left-lateral, strike-slip displacement along these faults. The reverse-fault province is also found to be part of the plate-boundary zone and seismically active, with thrust-faulting fault-plane solutions. Deformation extends to the northwest, along the Veracruz coastal plains region, which is also seismically active.