bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TACI‐dependent APRIL signaling maintains autoreactive B cells in a mouse model of systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Tran Ngoc Lan , Schneider Pascal , Santiago‐Raber Marie‐Laure
Published: March 2017

Autoantibodies contribute to the development of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). APRIL (a proliferation‐inducing ligand), a member of the TNF superfamily, regulates plasma‐cell survival and binds to TACI (transmembrane activator CAML interactor) and BCMA (B‐cell maturation antigen). We previously showed that APRIL blockade delayed disease onset in lupus‐prone mice. In order to evaluate the role of APRIL receptors in the development of SLE, APRIL, TACI, BCMA, or double TACI.BCMA null mutations were introduced into the Nba2.Yaa (Y‐linked autoimmune acceleration) spontaneous lupus mouse model. Mortality as a consequence of glomerulonephritis (GN) was reduced in Nba2.APRIL−/−.Yaa, Nba2.TACI−/−.Yaa and double‐KO mice compared with Nba2.Yaa mice and correlated with lower levels of circulating antibodies, while splenic populations remained unchanged. In contrast, the appearance of symptoms was accelerated in BCMA‐deficient mice, in which TACI signaling was increased. Finally, lupus‐prone mice deficient for the APRIL‐TACI axis produced less pathogenic antibodies and developed less GN. Disease reduction was attributed to impaired T‐independent type 2 responses when the APRIL‐TACI signaling axis was disrupted. Collectively, our results have identified and confirmed APRIL as a new target involved in B‐cell activation, in the maintenance of plasma cell survival and subsequent increased autoantibody production that sustains lupus development in mice.
Listeria monocytogenes induces an interferon‐enhanced activation of the integrated stress response that is detrimental for resolution of infection in mice
Authors: Valderrama Carolina , Clark Amy , Urano Fumihiko , Unanue Emil R. , Carrero Javier A.
Published: March 2017

Type I interferons (IFNs) induce a detrimental response during Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) infection. We were interested in identifying mechanisms linking IFN signaling to negative host responses against L. monocytogenes infection. Herein, we found that infection of myeloid cells with L. monocytogenes led to a coordinated induction of type I IFNs and activation of the integrated stress response (ISR). Infected cells did not induce Xbp1 splicing or BiP upregulation, indicating that the unfolded protein response was not triggered. CHOP (Ddit3) gene expression was upregulated during the ISR activation induced by L. monocytogenes. Myeloid cells deficient in either type I IFN signaling or PKR activation had less upregulation of CHOP following infection. CHOP‐deficient mice showed lower expression of innate immune cytokines and were more resistant than wild‐type counterparts following L. monocytogenes infection. These findings indicate that L. monocytogenes infection induces type I IFNs, which activate the ISR through PKR, which contributes to a detrimental outcome in the infected host.
Development of a novel disposable filter bag for separation of biomolecules with functionalized magnetic particles
Authors: Shaikh Yonas S. , Kampeis Percy
Published: March 2017

The integration of disposable magnetic filters in combination with functionalized magnetic particles represents a fast and cost‐effective alternative for enzyme purification in comparison to solid/liquid separation by means of centrifugation followed by chromatographic purification. The main advantage of the particle‐based process is the solid/solid/liquid separation in one step combined with disposable equipment. Furthermore this combination provides the possibility to also process biocatalytic reactions in cell‐containing media into disposable equipment with preimmobilized enzymes onto the magnetic particles. The focus of the presented study is on the design and performance of a disposable filtration unit consisting of a plastic bag with an inlet and outlet and a stainless steel filter matrix. During magnetic separation, the magnetic particles selectively retard at the filter matrix due to the magnetic force, which counteracts the drag force. It was found that the length of a lengthwise aligned filter matrix should be longer than the magnetic pole surfaces in fluid flow direction. Hereby, a filtration capacity of 5.6 g magnetic particles was measured with a loss of below 0.5%. Introducing a two‐phase flow optimizes the cleaning of the bag after a magnetic filtration. The procedure offered a high cleaning efficiency. Herewith, the cleaned filter unit could be discarded with minimum losses of product and magnet particles.
Recommendations for the evaluation of complex genetic toxicity data sets when assessing carcinogenic risks to humans
Authors: Eastmond David A.
Published: March 2017

Genotoxicity testing plays an important role in the assessment of carcinogenic and heritable risks. In many cases, experts charged with assessing genotoxicity test results need to evaluate widely varying numbers and types of bioassays of differing quality, conducted in a variety of cells and species using a wide range of protocols. The recommendations in this article were initially prepared as general guidelines to assist experts involved in the 2016 Joint Food and Agricultural Organization and World Health Organization Meeting on Pesticide Residues (JMPR) in their evaluation of the human health risks associated with exposure to pesticide residues in the diet. A weight of evidence approach is recommended in which studies are evaluated based on quality, reproducibility and consistency, significance of the genetic alteration, phylogenetic relevance to humans, type (in vivo vs. in vitro), and relevance of the route of administration. Using the recommended approach, the most weight will generally be given to high quality in vivo studies of gene and chromosome mutations (including aberrations) in humans or mammals exposed to the chemical through a physiologically relevant route such as oral or dermal administration or by inhalation. The guidelines are intended to give reviewers flexibility in evaluating all relevant scientific information, and allow them to use their best scientific judgment in reaching conclusions about the significance of the genotoxicity results. The use of these guidelines and the associated weighting considerations should facilitate the evaluation of complex and sometimes contradictory data sets, and provide more consistency in evaluations across risk assessments. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 58:380–385, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Magnitude and factors associated with nonadherence to antiepileptic drug treatment in Africa: A cross‐sectional multisite study
Authors: Ibinda Fredrick , Odermatt Peter , Kariuki Symon M. , Kakooza‐Mwesige Angelina , Wagner Ryan G. , Owusu‐Agyei Seth , Masanja Honorati , Ngugi Anthony K. , Mbuba Caroline K. , Doku Victor C. K. , Neville Brian G. , Sander Josemir W. , Newton Charles R. J. C. ,   the SEEDS writing group
Published: March 2017

Objectives

The epilepsy treatment gap is large in low‐ and middle‐income countries, but the reasons behind nonadherence to treatment with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) across African countries remain unclear. We investigated the extent to which AEDs are not taken and associated factors in people with active convulsive epilepsy (ACE) identified in cross‐sectional studies conducted in five African countries.

Methods

We approached 2,192 people with a confirmed diagnosis of ACE for consent to give blood voluntarily. Participants were asked if they were taking AEDs, and plasma drug concentrations were measured using a fluorescence polarization immunoassay analyzer. Information about possible risk factors was collected using questionnaire‐based clinical interviews. We determined factors associated with nonadherence to AED treatment in children and adults, as measured by detectable and optimal levels, using multilevel logistic regression.

Results

In 1,303 samples assayed (43.7% were children), AEDs were detected in 482, but only 287 had optimal levels. Of the 1,303 samples, 532 (40.8%) were from people who had reported they were on AEDs. The overall prevalence of nonadherence to treatment was 63.1% (95% confidence interval [CI] 60.5–65.6%) as measured by detectable AED levels and 79.1% (95% CI 73.3–84.3%) as measured by optimal AED levels; self‐reported nonadherence was 65.1% (95% CI 45.0–79.5%). Nonadherence was significantly (p < 0.001) more common among the children than among adults for optimal and detectable levels of AEDs, as was the self‐reported nonadherence. In children, lack of previous hospitalization and learning difficulties were independently associated with nonadherence to treatment. In adults, history of delivery at home, absence of burn marks, and not seeking traditional medicine were independently associated with the nonadherence to AED treatment.

Significance

Only about 20% of people with epilepsy benefit fully from antiepileptic drugs in sub‐Saharan Africa, according to optimum AEDs levels. Children taking AEDs should be supervised to promote compliance.
Modeling the influence of individual and employment factors on musculoskeletal disorders in fabrication industry
Authors: R. R Mahesa. , Vinodkumar M. N. , Neethu V.
Published: March 2017

This study was designed to identify the individual and employment factors that influence highly frequent, less severe self‐reported musculoskeletal disorder pain incidences among welders. A self‐reporting questionnaire to measure two individual factors (age and experience), six employment factors (physical workload, working hours, shift work, nature of employment, mode of apprenticeship training, and association with present employer), along with a modified Nordic questionnaire response sheet was used to collect data. The survey was conducted among welders employed in a fabrication cluster in a southern part of India. A total of 987 completed questionnaires (response rate: 66%) were analyzed using the SPSS program. The analysis showed that two employment factors, “shift work” and “mode of apprenticeship training” significantly influence self‐reported musculoskeletal disorder pain. The mode of apprenticeship training was found to influence musculoskeletal disorder pain in the neck region for annual prevalence and causes annual disability in neck and upper back regions. Similarly, shift work was found to influence musculoskeletal disorder pain in the shoulder and neck regions for weekly and annual prevalence and causes annual disability in shoulder, wrist/hands, upper back, and hip/thigh/buttock regions among welders. These factors can be considered as points for targeting intervention efforts.
Adverse reactions to metal on polyethylene implants: Highly destructive lesions related to elevated concentration of cobalt and chromium in synovial fluid
Authors: Eltit Felipe , Assiri Ali , Garbuz Donald , Duncan Clive , Masri Bassam , Greidanus Nelson , Bell Robert , Sharma Manju , Cox Michael , Wang Rizhi
Published: March 2017

Adverse local tissue reactions (ALTR) are the primary cause of failure of metal on metal (MoM) hip implants, and fewer but not negligible number cases of nonmodular metal on polyethylene (MoP) implants. In this study, we analyzed 17 cases of MoP ALTR, and equal number of MoM, by histological observation, cobalt and chromium concentration in serum and synovial fluid and cytokine analysis in ALTR tissues. ALTRs in MoP are highly necrotic, affecting larger areas than MoM ALTRs. Degenerative changes in blood vessels' wall were seen in all MoP ALTRs. The concentration of cobalt and chromium was higher in synovial fluid but lower in serum of MoP patients compared to MoM patients. Elevated concentrations of chemokines were observed in ALTR tissues. We conclude that ALTRs in MoP systems are highly necrotizing lesions that seem to have a similar development to ALTRs in MoM. Alteration of vessels wall seems to have a role in the tissues necrosis, as well as the elevated concentration of cobalt and chromium in synovial fluid of MoP patients. Chemokines may be involved in the pathogenesis of ALTR and constitute possible diagnostic targets. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 1876–1886, 2017.
Polydatin inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in laryngeal cancer and HeLa cells via suppression of the PDGF/AKT signaling pathway
Authors: Li Haixia , Shi Baoyuan , Li Yanyun , Yin Fengfang
Published: March 2017

Polydatin (PD), a stilbene compound extracted from Polygonum cuspidatum, is suggested to possess anti‐cancer activities, including inhibition of cell proliferation, cell cycle arrest, and induction of apoptosis. The platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF)/AKT signaling pathway plays complex roles in tumor suppression. However, the effect of PD on the PDGF/AKT signaling pathway in laryngeal cancer and HeLa cells has not been explored. MTT assay and flow cytometry showed that PD inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in Hep‐2 and AMC‐HN‐8 cells. Western blot analysis indicated that PD inhibited the expression levels of PDGF‐B and phosphorylated AKT (p‐AKT) in both cells. Treatment of PDGF‐B siRNA or PDGFR inhibitor found that after the PDGF signaling was inactivated, p‐AKT expression was significantly decreased in Hep‐2 cells. Tumor xenograft experiment in nude mice indicated PD significantly inhibited the growth of Hep‐2 cells in vivo. In conclusion, PD inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in laryngeal cancer and HeLa cells via inactivation of the PDGF/AKT signaling pathway.
In vitro inhibition of human erythrocyte hexokinase by various hyperglycemic drugs
Authors: Aljamal Jalal A. , Badawneh Muwaffag
Published: March 2017

Hemolysis is the red blood cell abnormality most often associated with adverse effect of drug therapy. Drug‐induced or drug‐associated hyperglycemia could decrease the activity of hexokinase. The aim of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effects of some commonly used drugs that have hyperglycemic side effect on the human erythrocyte hexokinase enzyme in vitro. Hexokinase was purified from human erythrocytes using sequential chromatography, with a specific activity of 0.96 ± 0.18 U/g hemoglobin, and assayed in the presence of selected drugs that have hyperglycemic side effect. The IC50 were determined from the regression analysis graph. Correlation analysis showed that there was positive correlation between the hyperglycemic side effect of some of the tested drugs and decrease of hexokinase activity. This suggests that, at least in part, these drugs exert their hyperglycemic effect by inhibiting glucose phosphorylation by the hexokinase, which consequently causes the glucose accumulation.
Role of Wnt/β‐catenin signaling regulatory microRNAs in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer
Authors: Rahmani Farzad , Avan Amir , Hashemy Seyed Isaac , Hassanian Seyed Mahdi
Published: March 2017

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of cancer death worldwide. In more than 90% of all CRC patients, the master oncogenic Ras‐Wnt signaling axis is over‐activated. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are potential novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers as well as therapeutic targets for several cancers including lung, breast, gastric, and colorectal cancers. Oncogenic or tumor suppressor miRNAs modulate tumor cells proliferation, cell cycle progression, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis through regulating oncogenic pathways including Wnt/β‐catenin signaling. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the role of Wnt/β‐catenin signaling regulatory miRNAs in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer for a better understanding and hence a better management of this disease.
Subcubic Edge‐Chromatic Critical Graphs Have Many Edges
Authors: Cranston Daniel W. , Rabern Landon
Published: March 2017

We consider graphs G with such that and for every edge e, so‐called critical graphs. Jakobsen noted that the Petersen graph with a vertex deleted, , is such a graph and has average degree only . He showed that every critical graph has average degree at least , and asked if is the only graph where equality holds. A result of Cariolaro and Cariolaro shows that this is true. We strengthen this average degree bound further. Our main result is that if G is a subcubic critical graph other than , then G has average degree at least . This bound is best possible, as shown by the Hajós join of two copies of .
An Eco‐friendly Synthesis of Some Novel 4‐methyl‐4‐hetaryl Chromene and Pyrano[2,3‐c]pyrazole Derivatives
Authors: Abdelrazek Fathy M. , Metz Peter , Jäger Anne , Metwally Nadia H.
Published: March 2017

Some novel chromene and pyrano[2,3‐c]pyrazole derivatives could be achieved successfully by reacting cyclic β‐diketones with 2‐acetylfuran/2‐acetylthiophene and malononitrile in a one‐pot synthesis. Active methylene pyrazolones reacted with 2‐(1‐furan‐2‐yl‐ethylidene)‐malononitrile and 2‐(1‐thiophen‐2‐yl‐ethylidene)‐malononitrile derivatives to afford the desired pyrano[2,3‐c]pyrazole derivatives. Structures of all new compounds were established based on analytical and spectral data as well as X‐ray crystallography. A plausible mechanism for the reaction is suggested. The solvents and catalyst used are environmentally benign, and no hazardous solvents or heavy metals were involved.
A Comparative Study of Conventional and Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of Quinoxaline 1,4‐di‐N‐oxide N‐acylhydrazones Derivatives Designed as Antitubercular Drug Candidates
Authors: dos Santos Fernandes Guilherme Felipe , Moreno‐Viguri Elsa , Santivañez‐Veliz Mery , Paucar Rocio , Chin Chung Man , Pérez‐Silanes Silvia , dos Santos Jean Leandro
Published: March 2017

Quinoxaline 1,4‐di‐N‐oxide (QdNO) and N‐acylhydrazone subunit are considered privileged scaffolds in medicinal chemistry because of its wide spectrum of biological activities, such as antibacterial, antitubercular, antiviral, anticancer, and antifungal. Beirut's reaction is the mostly commonly employed synthetic method to obtain QdNO; however, extended time, low yields, and byproduct formation are common features observed during the synthesis. Microwave‐assisted organic synthesis (MW) has gained popularity as an effective way to speed up chemical reactions, increasing yields and selectivity of a variety of reactions. Therefore, in an effort to synthesize compounds with potential to tuberculosis treatment, we reported herein the use of MW as a tool to obtain new QdNO derivatives containing the N‐acylhydrazone subunit. Four different synthetic routes were evaluated by using different benzofuroxan derivatives in the Beirut's reaction. The synthetic route D, which employed a dioxolan‐benzofuroxan derivative, has shown to be the best condition to obtain the desired hybrid quinoxaline. MW drastically reduces the reaction time to obtain all compounds compared to conventional heating. For compound 13, for example, the use of MW instead of conventional heating was able to reduce the reaction time in 192‐fold. In conclusion, the use of a benzofuroxan derivative without additional electrophilic sites besides N‐oxide nitrogen and the employment of the microwave‐assisted synthesis have proved to be the optimum condition to obtain quinoxaline 1,4‐di‐N‐oxide N‐acylhydrazone derivatives.
Ultrahigh b‐values MRI in normal human prostate: Initial research on reproducibility and age‐related differences
Authors: Shi Changzheng , Zhang Dong , Xiao Zeyu , Wang Li , Ma Rong , Chen Hanwei , Luo Liangping
Published: March 2017

Purpose

To investigate the reproducibility of diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) with ultrahigh b‐values, and analyze the age‐related differences in normal prostates.

Materials and Methods

In all, 67 healthy participants were divided into three age groups (group A, 15–30 years; group B, 31–50 years; group C, ≥51 years), and underwent DWI scanning twice with 15 b‐factors from 0 to 3000 at 3.0T. Triexponential fits were applied to calculate the molecular diffusion coefficient (D), the pseudo‐diffusion coefficient (D*), the ultrahigh apparent diffusion coefficient (ADCuh), and perfusion fraction (f). The interobserver and short‐term interscan reproducibility were evaluated, and the change in these parameters with age were assessed.

Results

The D, ADCuh, and f values presented good to excellent reproducibility. With increasing age, a trend of increasing D values was observed, with significant difference in both peripheral zone (PZ, P = 0.01) and central gland (CG, P = 0.01) of normal prostate tissue. The f value increased in the CG beginning at 50 years of age while the ADCuh value decreased in the PZ after 50 years of age; all of them showed significant differences between groups A and C and groups B and C (P = 0.01/0.01).

Conclusion

The D, ADCuh, and f values have good to excellent reproducibility in the normal prostate, and these values change with age. The ultrahigh b‐values magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can provide additional information (ADCuh), which is different from the IVIM (intravoxel incoherent motion)‐derived parameters.

Level of Evidence: 1

Technical Efficacy: Stage 2

J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2017;46:801–812
Quantitative method for analysis of tobacco‐specific N‐nitrosamines in mainstream cigarette smoke by using heart‐cutting two‐dimensional liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Chen Min , Wang Leijun , Dong Huizhong , Shao Xi , Wu Da , Liu Baizhan , Zhang Xiangmin , Chen Chaoying
Published: March 2017

A heart‐cutting two dimensional liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry method was developed for the analysis of tobacco‐specific N‐nitrosamines (TSNAs) at low concentration level in Virginia‐type cigarette smoke. A strong cation exchange column was utilized for the first dimensional separation, which effectively removed acidic and neutral components in the smoke, followed by a reversed phase liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometric analysis. To capture components of the TSNAs in the effluent on the trapping column, a compensating pump was applied for online dilution and pH adjustment during the period of the TSNAs fraction transferring and enrichment. Highly sensitive determination of the TSNAs in mainstream cigarette smoke was achieved by isotope deuterated internal standards under the multiple reaction monitoring mode. Compared with traditional methodologies, the method was almost no matrix interference. Limits of quantity for the TSNAs were within 0.027–0.094 ng/mL, and the results showed good reproducibility and accuracy. Finally, the new method was applied for analysis of the Kentucky reference cigarettes and the results agreed well with joint experiments of Cooperation Centre for Scientific Research Relative to Tobacco.
Analysis of selected designer benzodiazepines by ultra high performance liquid chromatography with high‐resolution time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry and the estimation of their partition coefficients by micellar electrokinetic chromatography
Authors: Tomková Jana , Švidrnoch Martin , Maier Vítězslav , Ondra Peter
Published: March 2017

A new ultra high performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization time of flight mass spectrometry method for the selective and sensitive separation, identification, and determination of selected designer benzodiazepines (namely, pyrazolam, phenazepam, etizolam, flubromazepam, diclazepam, deschloroetizolam, bentazepam, nimetazepam, and flubromazolam) in human serum was developed. The separation of the studied designer benzodiazepines was achieved on C18 chromatographic column using gradient elution within 6 min without any significant matrix interferences. Liquid–liquid extraction with butyl acetate was applied for serum samples cleanup and preconcentration of studied designer benzodiazepines. The method was validated in terms of linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, matrix effects, specificity, precision, accuracy, recovery, and sample stability. The limit of detection values were 0.10–0.15 ng/mL. The method was applied to a spiked serum sample to demonstrate its applicability for systematic toxicology analysis. Furthermore, a capillary chromatographic method with micellar electrokinetic chromatography was used for the estimation of partition coefficients of studied designer benzodiazepines as important parameters to evaluate their pharmacological and toxicological properties.
A habitat model to aid the conservation of crested caracaras
Authors: Smith Jennifer A. , Dwyer James F. , Fraser James D. , Morrison Joan L.
Published: March 2017

Northern crested caracaras (Caracara cheriway) in south‐central Florida are threatened by habitat loss, which is ongoing at local and regional scales. A tool capable of predicting effects of habitat loss on caracaras, and whose predictions can inform conservation strategies at multiple scales is imperative. We coupled a resource selection function‐based habitat model with a geographic information system to predict the effects on the distribution of caracara nesting habitat as a result of a planned conversion of 143 km2 of agricultural land to sugarcane (local scale), and as a result of projected urbanization through 2060 (regional scale). Our model predicted a 100% decrease in the area classified as having a high or the highest relative probability of caracara nesting habitat (129.39 km2, or 13 average caracara home range equivalents) following completion of the local‐scale project, and a 34.9% decrease following urbanization projected by 2060 (3,641.52 km2, or 366 average caracara home range equivalents). Our model can help direct compensatory mitigation at the local scale by predicting the amount of habitat likely to be lost because of land conversion at project sites. Predictions from the model also identify 3 conservation areas within the species range in Florida that collectively contain 6,140 km2 and would aid in region‐wide conservation of this threatened raptor. © 2017 The Wildlife Society.
Family history of cancer and head and neck cancer survival
Authors: Getz Kayla R. , Rozek Laura S. , Peterson Lisa A. , Bellile Emily L. , Taylor Jeremy M. G. , Wolf Gregory T. , Mondul Alison M.
Published: March 2017

Objective

Patients with a family history of cancer may be genetically predisposed to carcinogenesis. This could affect risk of recurrence, second primary tumors, and overall outcomes after treatment of a primary cancer. We evaluated the association between family history of cancer and disease‐specific survival in a cohort of patients with primary head and neck squamous carcinoma (HNSCC).

Study Design

Six hundred and forty‐three incident HNSCC patients recruited through the University of Michigan Specialized Program of Research Excellence were followed for up to 5 years for survival. Participants were interviewed about personal and family cancer history, demographic information, and behavioral habits.

Methods

Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the association between family history of cancer in a first‐degree relative and disease‐specific survival.

Results

After multivariable adjustment, we found a nonsignificant inverse association between family history and HNSCC mortality (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.88, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.57–1.35). This association was stronger and statistically significant among patients who currently both drank alcohol and smoked cigarettes at diagnosis (HR = 0.46, 95% CI = 0.22–0.97); no association was observed among participants who did not both drink and smoke at the time of diagnosis (HR = 1.14, 95% CI = 0.68–1.91; p‐interaction = 0.046).

Conclusion

Results from this study suggest that having a family history of cancer may be associated with improved disease‐specific survival in patients who use tobacco and alcohol. Additional large studies, particularly in populations including nonwhites and women, are needed to confirm or refute the association and to elucidate the genetic factors that may underlie this potential association.

Level of Evidence

2b. Laryngoscope, 127:1816–1820, 2017
Existence results for asymmetric fractional ‐Laplacian problem
Authors: Pei Ruichang , Ma Caochuan , Zhang Jihui
Published: March 2017

We investigated a class of quasi‐linear nonlocal problems with a right‐hand side nonlinearity which exhibits an asymmetric growth at and . Namely, it is linear at and superlinear at . However, it needs not satisfy the Ambrosetti–Rabinowitz condition on the positive semiaxis. Some existence results for nontrivial solution are established by using variational methods combined with the Moser–Trudinger inequality.
“How much realism is needed?” — the wrong question in silico imagers have been asking
Authors: Badano Aldo
Published: March 2017

Purpose

To discuss the use of realism as a first approximation for assessing computational imaging methods.

Methods

Although in silico methods are increasingly becoming promising surrogates to physical experimentation for various stages of device development, their acceptance remains challenging. Realism is often considered as a first approximation for assessing computational imaging methods. However, realism is subjective and does not always ensure that key features of the methodologies reflect relevant aspects of devices of interest to imaging scientists, regulators, and medical practitioners. Moreover, in some cases (e.g., in computerized image analysis applications where human interpretation is not needed) how realistic in silico images are is irrelevant and perhaps misleading.

Results

I emphasize a divergence from this methodology by providing a rationale for evaluating in silico imaging methods and tools in an objective and measurable manner.

Conclusions

Improved approaches for in silico imaging will lead to the rapid advancement and acceptance of computational techniques in medical imaging primarily but not limited to the regulatory evaluation of new imaging products.
Urinary retention and catheter use among U.S. female Medicare beneficiaries: Prevalence and risk factors
Authors: Cohn Joshua A. , Ni Shenghua , Kaufman Melissa R. , Graves Amy J. , Penson David F. , Dmochowski Roger R. , Reynolds W. Stuart
Published: March 2017

AIMS

To identify the prevalence of and risk factors for urinary retention and catheterization among female Medicare beneficiaries.

METHODS

We identified women with a diagnosis of urinary retention in a 5% sample of Medicare claims in 2012. Women were categorized into three groups based on the occurrence and duration of urinary catheterization within a 1 year period: 1) no catheterization; 2) short‐term catheterization (ie, one or more catheterizations in less than 30 days); and 3) chronic catheterization (catheterizations in multiple 30 day periods within 1 year). We then identified a group of age‐matched controls without catheterization or a diagnosis of urinary retention in 2012. Clinical and demographic data were collected for each patient, and risk factors for retention and catheterization were compared across groups. We assessed factors associated with urinary retention using multivariable logistic regression.

RESULTS

We estimated the rate of retention to be 1532 per 100 000 U.S. female Medicare beneficiaries in 2012, with rates of short term and chronic catheterization estimated to be 160 and 108 per 100 000 women, respectively. Prior diagnoses of neurologic condition, urinary tract infection, and pelvic organ prolapse were positively associated with retention and catheterization in multivariable analyses.

CONCLUSIONS

We estimated the prevalence of urinary retention diagnoses among female Medicare beneficiaries to be 1532 per 100 000 women. Retention and catheterization were significantly associated with comorbid disease, with the strongest associations identified with a concomitant diagnosis of neurologic condition, UTI, and POP.
Household income and risk‐of‐poverty of parents of long‐term childhood cancer survivors
Authors: Mader Luzius , Roser Katharina , Baenziger Julia , Tinner Eva Maria , Scheinemann Katrin , Kuehni Claudia Elisabeth , Michel Gisela ,   for the Swiss Paediatric Oncology Group (SPOG)
Published: March 2017

Background

Taking care of children diagnosed with cancer affects parents’ professional life and may place the family at risk‐of‐poverty. We aimed to (i) compare the household income and risk‐of‐poverty of parents of childhood cancer survivors (CCS) to parents of the general population, and (ii) identify sociodemographic and cancer‐related factors associated with risk‐of‐poverty.

Methods

As part of the Swiss Childhood Cancer Survivor Study, we sent a questionnaire to parents of CCS aged 5–15 years, who survived ≥5 years after diagnosis. Information on parents of the general population came from the Swiss Household Panel (parents with ≥1 child aged 5–15 years). Risk‐of‐poverty was defined as having a monthly household income of <4,500 Swiss Francs (CHF) for single parents and <6,000 CHF for parent‐couples. We used logistic regression to identify factors associated with risk‐of‐poverty.

Results

We included parents of 383 CCS and 769 control parent households. Parent‐couples of CCS had a lower household income (Ptrend < 0.001) and were at higher risk‐of‐poverty (30.4% vs. 19.3%, P = 0.001) compared to control parent‐couples. Household income and risk‐of‐poverty of single parents of CCS was similar to control single parents. Parents of CCS were at higher risk‐of‐poverty if they had only standard education (ORmother = 3.77 [where OR is odds ratio], confidence interval [CI]: 1.61–8.82; ORfather = 8.59, CI: 4.16–17.72) and were from the German language region (OR = 1.99, CI: 1.13–3.50). We found no cancer‐related risk factors.

Conclusion

Parents of long‐term CCS reported lower household income and higher risk‐of‐poverty than control parents. Support strategies may be developed to mitigate parents’ risk‐of‐poverty in the long term, particularly among parents with lower education.
Ethnic disparities relative to disease features and outcomes in children with acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Gramatges M. Monica , Deshpande Aditya , Lupo Philip J. , Rau Rachel E. , Redell Michele L. , Horton Terzah M. , Scheurer Michael E. , Rabin Karen R.
Published: March 2017

Hispanics with acute leukemias have poorer outcomes than non‐Hispanic whites (NHWs), despite an increased likelihood of favorable prognostic features. We reviewed medical records from 167 children ages 0–18 years diagnosed with de novo AML over an 18‐year period at Texas Children's Cancer Center, among whom 129 self‐identified as Hispanic or NHW. Although Hispanics were significantly more likely to have the favorable prognostic cytogenetic feature t(8;21) (P = 0.04), the expected survival benefit was not observed. This lack of survival benefit was primarily due to significantly poorer event‐free and overall survival among Hispanics treated with upfront stem cell transplantation after achieving first clinical remission (P = 0.008).
Health‐related quality of life of children on treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A systematic review
Authors: Fardell Joanna E. , Vetsch Janine , Trahair T. , Mateos M. K. , Grootenhuis M. A. , Touyz L. M. , Marshall G. M. , Wakefield C. E.
Published: March 2017

Children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) undergo intense anticancer treatment. We systematically reviewed 22 studies evaluating 2,073 ALL patients’ health‐related quality of life (HRQL) and its clinical/demographic correlates during treatment. Overall HRQL was significantly reduced on treatment. Despite HRQL improvements over time, longitudinal studies reported a proportion of children continued to experience reduced HRQL after treatment completion. We found inconsistent associations between clinical/demographic factors and HRQL outcomes. Tentative evidence emerged for worse HRQL being associated with intensive phases of chemotherapy, corticosteroid therapy, experiencing greater toxicity, older age, and female sex. Longitudinal studies are needed to identify children at‐risk of reduced HRQL.
Der Ball ist unrund
Authors: Mathelitsch Leopold , Thaller Sigrid
Published: March 2017

Die Ellipsenform eines Footballs führt zu Bewegungen, die sowohl sportlich als auch physikalisch interessant sind. Obwohl die Spieler durch ihre Ausrüstung geschützt sind, gehört Ameri can Football zu den gefährlichsten Sportarten. Physikalische Überlegungen haben mitgeholfen, eine illegale Druckmanipulation des Balls nachzuweisen.
Und es werde Feuer – Teil 2: Feuerzeuge
Authors: Vollmer Michael , Möllmann Klaus‐Peter
Published: March 2017

Im Gegensatz zu Streichhölzern, bei denen die Brennstoffe und Chemikalien im Holz in fester Form vorliegen, verwenden heutige Feuerzeuge Oxidationsreaktionen von zumeist brennbaren Gasen oder Flüssigkeiten wie Benzin [1]. Hochgeschwindigkeits‐Videos machen die Vorgänge beim Zünden sichtbar.
Superatom schluckt einzelnes Photon
Authors: Tresp Christoph , Braun Christoph , Hofferberth Sebastian
Published: March 2017

Manipulation von Licht auf dem Level einzelner Photonen spielt in der Quanteninformationsverarbeitung und Quantensimulation eine zentrale Rolle. Mit der Realisierung eines Einzel‐Photonenabsorbers konnte unsere Gruppe an der Universität Stuttgart einen wichtigen Beitrag zu diesem Themengebiet leisten.
Kompaktes Fontänen‐Gravimeter auf einem Atomchip
Authors: Abend Sven , Rasel Ernst M.
Published: March 2017

Ultrakalte Gase ermöglichen es, inertiale Größen wie die Erdbeschleunigung mit hoher Genauigkeit zu messen. Hierbei wird der freie Fall der Atome im Gas relativ zum Laborsystem über die Interferenz von Materiewellen bestimmt. Kürzlich hat unsere Gruppe an der Universität Hannover ein neues Konzept für ein atomares Gravimeter entwickelt, das auf einem Atomchip basiert und eine besonders kompakte Realisierung des Atominterferometers innerhalb eines Würfels mit einer Kantenlänge von unter einem Zentimeter ermöglicht [1].
Enhanced atrazine degradation is widespread across the United States
Authors: Mueller Thomas C , Parker Ethan T , Steckel Larry , Clay Sharon A , Owen Micheal DK , Curran William S , Currie Randall , Scott Robert , Sprague Christy , Stephenson Daniel O , Miller Donnie K , Prostko Eric P , Grichar W James , Martin James , Kruz L Jason , Bradley Kevin , Bernards Mark L , Dotray Peter , Knezevic Stevan , Davis Vince , Klein Robert
Published: March 2017

BACKGROUND

Atrazine (ATZ) has been a key herbicide for annual weed control in corn, with both a soil and post‐emergence vegetation application period. Although enhanced ATZ degradation in soil with a history of ATZ use has been reported, the extent and rate of degradation in the US Corn Belt is uncertain. We show that enhanced ATZ degradation exists across much of the country.

RESULTS

Soils from 15 of 16 surveyed states had enhanced ATZ degradation. The average ATZ half‐life was only 2.3 days in ATZ history soils, compared with an average 14.5 days in soils with no previous ATZ use, meaning that ATZ degrades an average 6 times faster in soils with previous ATZ use.

CONCLUSION

When ATZ is used for several years, enhanced degradation will undoubtedly change the way ATZ is used in agronomic crops and also its ultimate environmental fate. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Self‐reduction process and enhanced blue emission in SrAl2Si2O8: Eu, Tb via electron transfer from Tb3+ to Eu3+
Authors: Xu Hongwei , Wang Lili , Li Minhong , Ran Weiguang , Deng Zhihan , Houzong Ruizhi , Shi Jinsheng
Published: March 2017

Eu, Tb co‐doped SrAl2Si2O8 luminescent materials were synthesized via a high‐temperature solid‐state reaction. Excitation spectra of SrAl2Si2O8: Eu2+ gives two broad excitation bands maximizing at 270 and 330 nm, resulting from splitting Eu2+ energy levels in octahedral crystal field. Eu single doped SrAl2Si2O8 luminescent material exhibits two emission bands at about 406 and 616 nm. Intensity of the blue emission from Eu2+ is always strong, compared with that of the red emission band of Eu3+. Reduction from Eu3+ to Eu2+ can be explained with the model of charge compensation. Blue emission in SrAl2Si2O8: xEu was strengthened after incorporation of Tb, which can be explained by electron transfer from Tb3+ to Eu3+ . Under 230 nm excitation, intensity of Tb3+ emission was nearly unchanged and that of Eu2+ was increased, obviously due to the delivery of more electrons to Eu3+. The strongest emission of Eu2+ in 0.09Eu/0.06Tb co‐doped SrAl2Si2O8 and excited at 270 and 330 nm was remarkably enhanced by about four times compared to that of 0.15Eu Single doped SrAl2Si2O8. All of the results indicate that SrAl2Si2O8: xEu, yTb are potential blue emitting luminescent materials for UV‐LEDs. More importantly, this research may provide a new perspective in designing broad band blue luminescent materials.
The Use of Subbottom Profiling in Refining Dredge Cuts for a Large‐Scale Sediment Remediation Project
Authors: Coles Jill , Graham Matthew , Riggs Brian
Published: March 2017

A number of different techniques were employed to locate the target dredge grade on a large‐scale Canadian sediment remediation project. These techniques included various coring events, Seabed Terminal Impact Newton Gradiometer (STING) testing, and geotechnical borings. Despite these techniques, the data set for interpolation of the dredge grade was widely spaced, and some of the investigations were not specifically intended to be used for defining the dredge grade. In order to reduce the risk of extra expenses from contractor claims resulting from differing sediment conditions, more precise planning was required. Due to the size of the area and the desired accuracy, subbottom profiling was identified as a potential tool to provide high‐density coverage across the site. As with any geophysical tool, ground truth data were required to verify and aid in interpretation. This article describes how subbottom profiling was used to refine the dredge grade for the target layer, the associated challenges related to signal loss in some areas, and how they were overcome. ©2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evolution and Innovation of Hydraulic Capture Analysis Methodology
Authors: Bailey Sam H. , Finegan Jim
Published: March 2017

An efficient program for assessing groundwater extraction system capture zones has been developed that can be run on any digitized potentiometric surface. The program was developed in response to the need to simulate particle capture by multiple remediation system elements (i.e., extraction wells, hydraulic barrier, etc.) at a hydrogeologically complex site in California (the Site). The method uses MODPATH software but does not otherwise require a groundwater model. The program called “CapZone FileBuilder” (Capture Zone File Builder) Version 1.0 was created to import digitized potentiometric surfaces and use them to create MODFLOW output files (using native USGS MODFLOW‐2005 codes). CapZone FileBuilder was created using the C# programming language with Visual Studio 2013 as the integrated development environment. The model was applied to a site that has a regulatory requirement for capture analysis as part of an annual remedy‐effectiveness evaluation for groundwater contamination. Previously, capture analysis was highly labor intensive and time consuming, performed using manual flow net analysis or calibration of highly discretized MODFLOW groundwater models. CapZone FileBuilder is now used to perform the capture analysis for this site and is universally applicable to any site with a groundwater potentiometric map. ©2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Emergent Writing in Preschoolers: Preliminary Evidence for a Theoretical Framework
Authors: Puranik Cynthia S. , Lonigan Christopher J.
Published: March 2017

Researchers and educators use the term emergent literacy to refer to a broad set of skills and attitudes that serve as foundational skills for acquiring success in later reading and writing; however, models of emergent literacy have generally focused on reading and reading‐related behaviors. Hence, the primary aim of this study was to articulate and evaluate a theoretical model of the components of emergent writing. Alternative models of the structure of individual and developmental differences of emergent writing and writing‐related skills were examined in 372 preschool children who ranged in age from 3 to 5 years, using confirmatory factor analysis. Results from the analyses provide evidence that these emergent writing skills are best described by three correlated but distinct factors: (1) Conceptual Knowledge, (2) Procedural Knowledge, and (3) Generative Knowledge. Evidence that these three emergent writing factors show different patterns of relations to emergent literacy constructs is presented. Implications for understanding the development of writing and assessment of early writing skills are discussed.
Modeling the Relationship Between Prosodic Sensitivity and Early Literacy
Authors: Holliman Andrew , Critten Sarah , Lawrence Tony , Harrison Emily , Wood Clare , Hughes David
Published: March 2017

A growing literature has demonstrated that prosodic sensitivity is related to early literacy development; however, the precise nature of this relationship remains unclear. It has been speculated in recent theoretical models that the observed relationship between prosodic sensitivity and early literacy might be partially mediated by children's vocabulary knowledge, phonological awareness, and morphological awareness, although such models have yet to be confirmed using advanced statistical techniques. The study reported here uses covariance structure modeling to provide the first direct test of the model proposed by Wood, Wade‐Woolley, and Holliman. We also test a modified version of this model that was designed to overcome some of the limitations in the original. Seventy‐five 5–7‐year‐old English‐speaking children completed a new measure of prosodic sensitivity and were also assessed for their vocabulary knowledge, phonological awareness, morphological awareness, word reading, and spelling. The results showed that Wood et al.'s model did not provide an adequate fit to our sample data; however, the new model, which permitted causal connections between the so‐called mediator variables, provided an excellent fit. We argue that prosodic sensitivity should be afforded greater importance in models of literacy development, and offer a new theoretical model of the prosody–literacy relationship for future attempts at replication.
Ambitious Teachers’ Design and Use of Classrooms as a Place of Science
Authors: STROUPE DAVID
Published: March 2017

This multicase study examines how three teachers enacting ambitious instruction purposefully designed and used their classroom as a “place of science” in which students participated in disciplinary practices. A place of science is a location that shapes the norms, values, and history of disciplinary practices. Each participant's classroom promoted unique forms of science, yet the participants’ enactment of ambitious instruction produced a common use of classrooms—science became a public practice in which an anchoring phenomenon was puzzled over, modeled, and explained over time. The results of this study have two implications for science educators. First, a teacher's pedagogical preparation and science background shape how they design classrooms as a place of science. Second, though each teacher enacted ambitious instruction, they used classrooms to promote different forms of science.