bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Morphological and Microstructural Alterations of the Articular Cartilage and Bones during Treadmill Exercises with Different Additional Weight-Bearing Levels
Authors: Gao Jiazi , Fang Juan , Gong He , Gao Bingzhao
Published: July 2017

The aim of this study was to investigate the morphological and microstructural alterations of the articular cartilage and bones during treadmill exercises with different exercise intensities. Sixty 5-week-old female rats were randomly divided into 10 groups: five additional weight-bearing groups (WBx) and five additional weight-bearing with treadmill exercise groups (EBx), which were subjected to additional weight bearing of x% (x = 0, 5, 12, 19, and 26) of the corresponding body weight of each rat for 15 min/day. After 8 weeks of experiment, the rats were humanely sacrificed and their bilateral intact knee joints were harvested. Morphological analysis of the cartilages and microcomputed tomography evaluation of bones were subsequently performed. Results showed that increased additional weight bearing may lead to cartilage damage. No significant difference was observed among the subchondral cortical thicknesses of the groups. The microstructure of subchondral trabecular bone of 12% and 19% additional weight-bearing groups was significantly improved; however, the WB26 and EB26 groups showed low bone mineral density and bone volume fraction as well as high structure model index. In conclusion, effects of treadmill exercise on joints may be associated with different additional weight-bearing levels, and exercise intensities during joint growth and maturation should be selected reasonably.
Obesity Increases Prevalence of Colonic Adenomas at Screening Colonoscopy: A Canadian Community-Based Study
Authors: Shapero Theodore F. , Chen Grant I. , Devlin Tim , Gibbs Alison , Murray Iain C. , Tran Stanley , Weigensberg Corey
Published: July 2017

Background and Aims. Obesity is a risk factor for colorectal neoplasia. We examined the influence of obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS) on prevalence of neoplasia at screening colonoscopy. Methods. We evaluated 2020 subjects undergoing first screening colonoscopy. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated at enrolment. Hyperlipidemia (HL), hypertension (HT), and diabetes mellitus (DM) were identified. Details of colonoscopy, polypectomy, and histology were recorded. Odds for adenomas (A) and advanced adenomas (ADV) in overweight (BMI 25.1–30) and obese (BMI > 30) subjects were assessed by multinomial regression, adjusted for covariates. Analyses included relationships between HL, HT, DM, age, tobacco usage, and neoplasia. Discriminatory power of HT, HL, DM, and BMI for neoplasia was assessed by binary logistic regression. Odds were calculated for neoplasia in each colonic segment related to BMI. Results. A and ADV were commoner in overweight and obese males, obese females, older subjects, and smokers. HL, HT, and DM were associated with increased odds for neoplasia, significantly for A with hypertension. BMI alone predicted neoplasia as well as HT, HL, DM, or combinations thereof. All segments of the colon were affected. Multiple polyps were particularly prevalent in the obese. Conclusions. Obesity and MetS are risk factors for colonic neoplasia in a Canadian population.
Vascular Occlusions following Ocular Surgical Procedures: A Clinical Observation of Vascular Complications after Ocular Surgery
Authors: Fischer Charlotte , Bruggemann Anne , Hager Annette , Callizo Planas Josep , Roider Johann , Hoerauf Hans
Published: July 2017

Background. Ocular vascular occlusions following intraocular procedures are a rare complication. We report a case series of patients with retinal vascular occlusions or anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION) after anterior and posterior segment surgery and demonstrate possible risk factors.Methods. Observational case series.Results. In ten patients, vascular occlusions were observed within ten weeks after intraocular surgery: branch retinal arterial occlusion (BRAO) (n=2), central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) (n=2), central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) (n=1), branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) (n=1), anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION) (n=3), and combined central artery and vein occlusion (n=1). AION occurred later (27–69 d) than arterial occlusions (14–60 d) or venous occlusions (1-2 d). In all cases, either specific surgical manipulations or general vascular disorders were identified as risk factors. In addition to general cardiovascular risk factors (arterial hypertensionn=6, diabetes mellitusn=4), internal workup disclosed bilateral stenosis of the carotid arteries (n=1) and myeloproliferative syndrome (n=1).Conclusion. Vascular occlusions after surgical ocular procedures seem to be more frequent when cardiovascular diseases coexist. Surgical maneuvers and intra- or postoperative pressure changes may act as a triggering mechanism in patients with underlying systemic cardiovascular disorders. Affected patients should undergo thorough internal examination to identify possible underlying diseases.
MEnDiGa: A Minimal Engine for Digital Games
Authors: Boaventura Filipe M. B. , Sarinho Victor T.
Published: July 2017

Game engines generate high dependence of developed games on provided implementation resources. Feature modeling is a technique that captures commonalities and variabilities results of domain analysis to provide a basis for automated configuration of concrete products. This paper presents the Minimal Engine for Digital Games (MEnDiGa), a simplified collection of game assets based on game features capable of building small and casual games regardless of their implementation resources. It presents minimal features in a representative hierarchy of spatial and game elements along with basic behaviors and event support related to game logic features. It also presents modules of code to represent, interpret, and adapt game features to provide the execution of configured games in multiple game platforms. As a proof of concept, a clone of the Doodle Jump game was developed using MEnDiGa assets and compared with original game version. As a result, a new G-factor based approach for game construction is provided, which is able to separate the core of game elements from the implementation itself in an independent, reusable, and large-scale way.
Association of Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome and Transient Apical Ballooning Syndrome (Takotsubo): First Case Report of a Man and Review of the Literature
Authors: Grimaldi Stephan , Doche Emilie , Rey Caroline , Laksiri Nadia , Boussen Salah , Quilici Jacques , Robinet Emmanuelle , Devemy Fabien , Pelletier Jean
Published: July 2017

Introduction: An association of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) and takotsubo is rare. We present the first case of a male patient. Case Report: A 69-year-old man presented to the hospital in a persistent comatose state following a generalized tonic-clonic seizure with high blood pressure. The electrocardiogram revealed transient left bundle branch block. Troponin and BNP were elevated. Cardiac ultrasound showed large apical akinesia with altered left ventricular ejection fraction, and the left ventriculogram showed characteristic regional wall motion abnormalities involving the mid and apical segments. Brain MRI showed bilateral, cortical, and subcortical vasogenic edema predominant in the posterior right hemisphere. The lumbar puncture and cerebral angiography were normal. Paraclinical abnormalities were reversible within 2 weeks with a clinical recovery in 3 months, confirming the takotsubo and the PRES diagnoses. Discussion: Several theories hypothesize the underlying pathophysiology of takotsubo or PRES. Circulating catecholamines are up to 3 times higher in patients with takotsubo causing impaired microcirculation and apical hypokinesia. An association of both takotsubo and asthma crisis and PRES and asthma crisis underlines the role of catecholamines in the occurrence of these disorders. Conclusion: Early recognition of this rare association, in which heart and neurological damage may require rapid intensive care support, is needed.
Spatially Resolved Spectral Sensitivities as a Potential Read-out Parameter in Clinical Gene Therapeutic Trials
Authors: Lorenz Birgit , Wegscheider Erika , Hamel Christian , Preising Markus N. , Stieger Knut
Published: July 2017

Purpose: Spatially resolved functional assessment of rods and cones under photopic and scotopic conditions is desirable to evaluate the treatment outcome of gene therapeutic applications in inherited retinal disorders, such as early- onset severe retinal dystrophy (EOSRD) or achromatopsia. Methods: A sample of 3 healthy subjects, 6 patients with RPE65 deficiency (aged 11-45 years), and 3 patients with cone dysfunction disorders underwent spectral sensitivity testing (SST) under conditions of dark and light adaptation using a Humphrey Field Analyzer modified perimeter. Results: SST in healthy subjects revealed sensitivity curves corresponding well with the CIE (International Commission on Illumination) standard fundamentals. Absence of cone function was observed in patients with cone dysfunction disorders. In patients with RPE65 mutations, SST under conditions of both dark and light adaptation revealed similar curves at typical cone sensitivities. S cone-related thresholds were diminished in young patients (11-14 years) and absent in adults (19 years and over). Conclusion: In the present study, residual vision was cone mediated both under photopic and scotopic conditions in young patients with EOSRD associated with RPE65 mutations, but S cone function was severely reduced early on. In rod monochromats, vision was rod mediated both under conditions of dark and light adaptation. These observations are important for ongoing and future clinical trials employing gene therapeutic strategies in both rod-cone dystrophies and achromatopsia.
The Influence of Blood Pressure on Fetal Aortic Distensibility: An Animal Validation Study
Authors: Wohlmuth Christoph , Moise Jr. Kenneth J. , Papanna Ramesha , Gheorghe Ciprian , Johnson Anthony , Morales Yisel , Gardiner Helena M.
Published: July 2017

Background/Aims: Aortic distension waveforms describe the change in diameter or cross-sectional area over the cardiac cycle. We aimed to validate the association of aortic fractional area change (AFAC) with blood pressure (BP) in a fetal lamb model. Methods: Four pregnant ewes underwent open fetal surgery under general anesthesia at 107-120 gestational days. A 4-Fr catheter was introduced into the fetal femoral artery and vein, or the carotid artery and jugular vein. The thoracic aorta was imaged using real-time ultrasound; AFAC was calculated using offline speckle tracking software. Measurements of invasive BP and AFAC were obtained simultaneously and averaged over 10 cardiac cycles. BP was increased by norepinephrine infusion and the association of aortic distensibility with BP was assessed. Results: Baseline measurements were obtained from 4 lambs, and changes in aortic distensibility with increasing BP were recorded from 3 of them. A positive correlation was found between AFAC and systolic BP (r = 0.692, p = 0.001), diastolic BP (r = 0.647, p = 0.004), mean BP (r = 0.692, p = 0.001), and BP amplitude (r = 0.558, p = 0.016) controlled for heart rate. No association was found between BP and maximum or minimum aortic area. Conclusion: AFAC provides a quantifiable measure of aortic distensibility and correlates with systolic BP, diastolic BP, mean BP, and BP amplitude in a fetal lamb model.
Erdheim-Chester Disease: The Importance of Information Integration
Authors: Nikonova Anna , Esfahani Khashayar , Chausse Guillaume , Probst Stephan , Petrogiannis-Haliotis Tina , Knecht Hans , Gyger Genevieve
Published: July 2017

Background: Erdheim-Chester disease (ECD) is a rare non-Langerhans cell histiocytosis disorder that utilizes the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK pathway. It has a highly variable clinical presentation, where virtually any organ can be involved, thus having the potential of posing a great diagnostic challenge. Over half of the reported cases have the BRAF V600E mutation and have shown a remarkable response to vemurafenib. Case Presentation: We describe herein a patient with a history of stroke-like symptoms and retroperitoneal fibrosis that on initial pathology raised the possibility of IgG4-related disease. However, the patient was refractory to high-dose steroids and progressed further, developing an epicardial soft tissue mass and recurrent neurological symptoms. Integration of the above findings with new information at another hospital about a radiological history of symmetrical lower extremities long bone lesions raised the differential diagnosis of ECD. Molecular analysis of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue of both of the patient’s retroperitoneal biopsies (the second one of which had shown a small focus of foamy histiocytes, CD68+/CD1a–) was positive for BRAF mutation, confirming the diagnosis of ECD. The patient demonstrated a dramatic and sustained metabolic response to vemurafenib on follow-up positron emission tomography scans. Conclusion: This case highlights the need for developing a high index of suspicion for presentations of retroperitoneal fibrosis that could represent IgG4-related disease but fail to respond to steroids. When unusual multisystem involvement occurs, one should consider a diagnosis of a rare histiocytosis. Vemurafenib appears to be an effective treatment for even advanced cases of both ECD and Langerhans histiocytosis bearing the BRAF V600E mutation.
Scaffold Proteins in Gastrointestinal Tumors as a Shortcut to Oncoprotein Activation
Authors: Li Chushu , Wang Huanbin , Yao Han , Fang Jing-Yuan , Xu Jie
Published: July 2017

Background: The development of cancer involves uncontrolled cell proliferation, and multiple signaling pathways that regulate cell proliferation have been found to be dysregulated in cancers. Extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) is one of three major subtypes in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) families. The MAPK/ERK pathway (RAS/RAF1/MEK/ERK) plays an important part in promoting cell proliferation in response to growth factors, thereby serving as a driving signal in gastrointestinal (GI) tumors. In contrast, the p53 tumor suppressor functions as a “guardian of the genome” and stops cell proliferation when oncogenic signaling is activated. Summary: Both pathways constrain each other in healthy GI epithelium, facilitating controlled proliferation that is essential for tissue repair and regeneration. However, in GI tumors, the MAPK/ERK and p53 pathways are commonly dysregulated, in part due to abnormal posttranslational modifications. Hyperphosphorylation of the ERK protein causes sustained activation of cell proliferation, whereas hypoacetylation of the p53 protein impairs its transcriptional function and blocks cell apoptosis. Multiple scaffold proteins have been found to regulate the posttranslational modifications of ERK and p53 proteins in GI tumors. Key Message: Abnormal expression of scaffold proteins may contribute to the dysregulation of the MAPK and p53 signaling pathways and thereby contribute to the development of GI tumors. Practical Implications: Scaffold proteins are potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets in GI tumors.
Effect of Histone Deacetylase HDAC3 on Cytokines IL-18, IL-12 and TNF-α in Patients with Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy
Authors: Shao Yong , Chen Jing , Zheng Jiao , Liu Cai-Ru
Published: July 2017

Background/aims: The pathogenesis of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) is poorly understood. Objective: This study aimed to explore the possible effect of HDAC3 (histone deacetylase) on cytokines IL-18, IL-12 and TNF-α in ICP. Methods: Serum levels of cytokines IL-18, IL-12 and TNF-α, bile acids and hepatic function parameters were measured. The expression of HDAC3 in the placenta was determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC), western blotting and RT-PCR. Results: IL-18, IL-12 and TNF-α serum levels were significantly higher in the severe ICP group than in the mild ICP group and the control group, and the difference between the mild ICP group and control group was not significant. HDAC3 protein expression was identified in the nucleus of the placental trophoblast by IHC. HDAC3 mRNA and protein expression were significantly lower in the ICP groups (mild ICP and severe ICP groups) than in the control groups, and no significant difference was found between the mild ICP and severe ICP groups. Conclusions: The low expression of HDAC3 and overexpession of inflammatory cytokines (IL-18, IL-12 and TNF-α) in ICP may be involved in liver cell apoptosis. We suspect that HDAC3 may play an important role in the pathophysiology of ICP.
INFRAESTRUTURA VERDE EM ÁREA DE MANANCIAL: UM ESTUDO PARA A REPRESA BILLINGS
Authors: Bonzi Ramón Stock , Luccia Oliver De , Almodova Mayra Menossi
Published: July 2017

Embora sirva ao abastecimento de água desde a década de 1950 e seja protegida por leis desde a década de 1970, a represa Billings teve seu entorno ocupado de maneira inadequada, o que comprometeu significativamente a qualidade de suas águas.  Com a “crise hídrica” de 2014-2015 tornou-se evidente a sua importância estratégica já que possui potencial para triplicar a população atendida. Para que isso se torne viável é preciso evitar que o reservatório continue sendo degrada pelo despejo de esgoto não tratado e pela carga de poluição difusa trazida pelo escoamento superficial das chuvas em áreas urbanizadas. Este trabalho investiga como a infraestrutura verde pode ajudar a conciliar a ocupação do entorno da Billings com a produção de água de boa qualidade.  Apresenta um método, diretrizes e ensaio projetual para uma sub-bacia do Ribeirão Cocaia, curso d’água afluente da Billings.
The Superstition, Secularism, and Religion Trinary: Or Re-Theorizing Secularism
Authors: Josephson-Storm Jason Ānanda
Published: July 2017

While a generation of theorists assumed that secularization was a necessary outcome of modernization, a newer group of scholars have argued that Western Christendom constructed a normative binary opposition between the “religious” and the “secular,” which it then attempted to impose globally. This putative binary has been interrogated in a number of ways. This paper articulates a productive recent line of approach, I initially proposed inThe Invention of Religion in Japan, 2012, which was to introduce a third term—“superstition”—into the model. Succinctly put, “superstition” was often seen as both the false double of “religion” and a crucial enemy of scientific truth and the secular state. Thus, I argue focusing on the excluded term in this trinary can provide insights into the way in which all three categories are mutually constituted. It also opens the door for the re-theorization of “secularism” and its historic ideological features.
A new species of Megalaria (Ascomycota, Ramalinaceae) and M. laureri new to mainland China
Authors: SU QING-XIA , REN QIANG
Published: July 2017

Megalaria hainanensis is described as new to science. It occurs on bryophytes over rock, and is characterized by its large apothecia, light-brown to brown-red proper exciple, an epithecium containing cinereorufa-green, arnoldiana-brown in the hypothecium, ascospores of (22) –24– (25) × (9) –10 µm, and the presence of atranorin and zeorin in the thallus. Megalaria laureri is also reported from mainland China for the first time.
Pilea nonggangensis (Urticaceae), a new species from Guangxi, China
Authors: FU LONG-FEI , HUANG SHI-LIAN , MONRO ALEX K. , LIU YING , WEN FANG , WEI YI-GANG
Published: July 2017

Pilea nonggangensis Y. G. Wei, L. F. Fu & A. K. Monro, a new species from Guangxi, China is described and illustrated. The new species is morphologically most similar to P. basicordata from which it differs by being dioecious, having peltate leaf blades, membranous stipules, paired inflorescences and larger bracts. Nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and plastid trnL-F intron spacer (trnL-F) DNA sequence data from the new species and 20 local congeneric species are used to resolve the systematic position of the new species within Pilea. Despite vastly different morphology the molecular evidence suggests that P. nonggangensis is most closely related to P. pseudonotata. A Global Species Conservation Assessment classifies P. nonggangensis as Vulnerable (VU).
Species limits in the genus Thamnistes (Aves: Passeriformes: Thamnophilidae): an evaluation based on vocalizations
Authors: ISLER MORTON L. , WHITNEY BRET M.
Published: July 2017

The monotypic genus Thamnistes, consisting of the Russet Antshrike, T. anabatinus, is primarily a resident of foothills forests of the northern Andes and Middle America, extending to adjacent lowlands especially on the Pacific slope. Its vocalizations are somewhat poorly recorded as it is a participant in noisy mixed flocks of the lower canopy to the upper understory. In recent years, however, vocalizations of the Russet Antshrike have been recorded sufficiently to permit geographic analysis. Vocalizations supply valuable measures of species limits for antbirds because they are not learned. Our analysis revealed that the southernmost population was vocally distinct and is more appropriately considered a biological species: T. rufescens (Rufescent Antshrike). An additional population of the Russet Antshrike, T. a. aequatorialis, awaits further evaluation pending the acquisition of additional vocal recordings, morphological study, and genetic analysis.
Hurricane Imaging Radiometer (HIRAD) Wind Speed Retrievals and Validation Using Dropsondes
Authors: Cecil Daniel J. , Biswas Sayak K.
Published: July 2017

Surface wind speed retrievals have been generated and evaluated using Hurricane Imaging Radiometer (HIRAD) measurements from flights over Hurricane Joaquin, Hurricane Patricia, Hurricane Marty, and the remnants of Tropical Storm Erika—all in 2015. Procedures are described here for producing maps of brightness temperature, which are subsequently used for retrievals of surface wind speed and rain rate across a ~50-km-wide swath for each flight leg. An iterative retrieval approach has been developed to take advantage of HIRAD’s measurement characteristics. Validation of the wind speed retrievals has been conducted, using 636 dropsondes released from the same WB-57 high-altitude aircraft carrying HIRAD during the Tropical Cyclone Intensity (TCI) experiment. The HIRAD wind speed retrievals exhibit very small bias relative to the dropsondes, for winds of tropical storm strength (17.5 m s−1) or greater. HIRAD has reduced sensitivity to winds weaker than tropical storm strength and a small positive bias (~2 m s−1). Two flights with predominantly weak winds according to the dropsondes have abnormally large errors from HIRAD and large positive biases. From the other flights, the root-mean-square differences between HIRAD and the dropsonde winds are 4.1 m s−1 (33%) for winds below tropical storm strength, 5.6 m s−1 (25%) for tropical storm–strength winds, and 6.3 m s−1 (16%) for hurricane-strength winds. The mean absolute differences for those three categories are 3.2 m s−1 (25%), 4.3 m s−1 (19%), and 4.8 m s−1 (12%), respectively, with a bias near zero for winds of tropical storm and hurricane strength.
Association of Neutrophil–Lymphocyte Ratio and the Presence of Noncalcified or Mixed Coronary Atherosclerotic Plaques
Authors: Li Tiewei , Gu Chun , Wang Fang , Lv Bin , Zhang Changlin , Peng Rui , Cong Xiangfeng , Chen Xi
Published: July 2017

The neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is an emerging cardiovascular risk factor. Patients with mixed plaques (MPs) or noncalcified plaques (NCPs) have a higher risk of poor outcomes. However, there are few published data on the relationship between the NLR and the presence of NCP or MP (NCP/MP). We retrospectively collected the clinical and laboratory data of 598 patients with chest pain. According to whether they had coronary atherosclerotic plaques and the characteristics of the most stenotic plaque, we divided them into no plaque, calcified plaques, NCP, and MP. Those with NCP/MP had significantly elevated neutrophil count and NLR ( P < .05). The proportion of NCP/MP was significantly increased from 28.6% in the NLR < 1.55 to 42.7% in the NLR > 2.21 group ( P = .013). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that NLR was an independent risk factor for the presence of NCP/MP (odds ratio = 1.195; 95% CI: 1.020-1.400; P = .028). The present study demonstrated that the NLR was independently associated with the presence of NCP/MP.
Cochlear Implantation in Siblings With Refsum’s Disease
Authors: Stähr Kerstin , Kuechler Alma , Gencik Martin , Arnolds Judith , Dendy Meaghan , Lang Stephan , Arweiler-Harbeck Diana
Published: July 2017

Objectives:

Whether the origin of severe hearing loss in Refsum’s syndrome is caused by cochlear impairment or retrocochlear degeneration remains unclear. This case report aims to investigate hearing performance before and after cochlear implantation to shed light on this question. Also, identification of new mutations causing Refsum’s syndrome would be helpful in generating additional means of diagnosis.

Methods:

A family of 4 individuals was subjected to genetic testing. Two siblings (56 and 61 years old) suffered from severe hearing and vision loss and received bilateral cochlear implants. Genetic analysis, audiological outcome, and clinical examinations were performed.

Results:

One new mutation in the PHYH gene (c.768del63bp) causing Refsum’s disease was found. Preoperative distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPAOEs) were absent. Postoperative speech perception in Freiburger speech test was 100% for bisyllabic words and 85% (patient No. 1) and 65% (patient No. 2), respectively, for monosyllabic words. Five years after implantation, speech perception remained stable for bisyllabic words but showed decreasing capabilities for monosyllabic words.

Discussion:

A new mutation causing Refsum’s disease is presented. Cochlear implantation in case of severe hearing loss leads to an improvement in speech perception and should be recommended for patients with Refsum’s disease, especially when the hearing loss is combined with a severe loss of vision. Decrease of speech perception in the long-term follow-up could indicate an additional retrocochlear degeneration.
How Do Individuals Judge Organizational Legitimacy? Effects of Attributed Motives and Credibility on Organizational Legitimacy
Authors: Jahn Johannes , Eichhorn Melanie , Brühl Rolf
Published: July 2017

This experimental study examines individuals’ legitimacy judgments. We develop a model that demonstrates the role of attributed motives and corporate credibility for the evaluation of organizational legitimacy and test this model with an experimental vignette study. Our results show that when a corporate activity creates benefits for the firm—in addition to social benefits—individuals attribute more extrinsic motives. Extrinsic motives are ascribed when a corporation is perceived as being driven by external rewards as opposed to an altruistic commitment to a social cause. Extrinsic motives negatively affect corporate credibility and organizational legitimacy judgments. This article contributes to a better understanding of the complex process of organizational legitimacy judgment by shedding light on the individual’s perspective and expounding the relationship between attributed motives, corporate credibility, and organizational legitimacy.
Quants and Poets: Advancing Methods and Methodologies in Business and Society Research
Authors: Crane Andrew , Henriques Irene , Husted Bryan W.
Published: July 2017

Business and society research has increasingly moved from the margins to the mainstream. Although this progression has benefited from advances in empirical research, the field continues to suffer from considerable methodological challenges that hamper its development. In this introductory article to the special issue, we review how far our field has come in advancing methods and methodologies in business and society research. We also highlight the methods and methodologies covered by the contributors to this special issue and how they help address key shortcomings in our field. Finally, we suggest some promising research methodologies that can address important business and society research challenges going forward.
Doing Identity Work and Risky Endeavors? A Qualitative Research Synthesis of Predominantly White, Middle-Class Parents’ Decision Making in the Context of Urban School Choice
Authors: Ellison Scott , Aloe Ariel M.
Published: July 2017

The inversion hypothesis popularized by Ehrenhalt posits that recent urban migration trends in the United States constitute a reversal of the late 20th-century model of middle-class White flight to the suburbs and an urban core inhabited by a mostly working-class, minority population. The hypothesized blurring of the urban–suburban divide has led to calls that policymakers must seize the opportunity to foster racially and economically diverse urban schools before the inversion process is complete with the assumption that doing so will lead to more equitable educational opportunities. The aim of this study is to gain insight into the possibility of fostering racially and economically integrated urban schools in the context of school choice through a qualitative research synthesis of the decision making processes of predominantly White, middle-class families in the urban core as they make school choices. Findings from this research indicate that the decision making of parents in the studies sampled for this synthesis are bound up with their identity work as “city people”; that parents who go “against the grain” in choosing an urban public school perceive that choice to be a risky decision; and that those risks are mitigated by their access to cultural, social, and economic capital.
On Lagrange Multiplier Tests in Multidimensional Item Response Theory: Information Matrices and Model Misspecification
Authors: Falk Carl F. , Monroe Scott
Published: July 2017

Lagrange multiplier (LM) or score tests have seen renewed interest for the purpose of diagnosing misspecification in item response theory (IRT) models. LM tests can also be used to test whether parameters differ from a fixed value. We argue that the utility of LM tests depends on both the method used to compute the test and the degree of misspecification in the initially fitted model. We demonstrate both of these points in the context of a multidimensional IRT framework. Through an extensive Monte Carlo simulation study, we examine the performance of LM tests under varying degrees of model misspecification, model size, and different information matrix approximations. A generalized LM test designed specifically for use under misspecification, which has apparently not been previously studied in an IRT framework, performed the best in our simulations. Finally, we reemphasize caution in using LM tests for model specification searches.
A Short Note on Estimating the Testlet Model With Different Estimators in Mplus
Authors: Luo Yong
Published: July 2017

Mplus is a powerful latent variable modeling software program that has become an increasingly popular choice for fitting complex item response theory models. In this short note, we demonstrate that the two-parameter logistic testlet model can be estimated as a constrained bifactor model in Mplus with three estimators encompassing limited- and full-information estimation methods.
Helping Gifted Children
Authors: Barbe Walter B.
Published: July 2017

The first portion of Dr. Barbe's article described reasons for the neglect of the gifted in the past, as - distrust of that which is not understood, the desire to emulate the average, and the belief that if a gifted child is gifted he can care for himself.
Increasing Children's Creativity Through a Combination of Teacher Training Approaches
Authors: Bruch Catherine B.
Published: July 2017

With current educational emphasis on releasing children's creativity as a national concern, a summer institute of four weeks was designed for this specific purpose. This institute was held in August of 1964 on the campus of San Fernando State College in Northridge, California. The primary objective was that of training teachers for encouraging children's creativity. An associated objective was the release of creativity within gifted children.
Effects of Training On Teachers' Accuracy in the Identification of Gifted Children
Authors: Gear Gayle Haywood
Published: July 2017

Teachers are frequently asked to assist in the identification of intellectually gifted children. Their referrals, however, are relatively inaccurate, as they overlook many gifted children and nominate others who will not achieve the criterion for intellectual giftedness. This experimental study sought to determine if appropriate instruction would improve the accuracy of teacher-judged giftedness. The investigation was conducted in several rural schools in a region which was designated economically disadvataged. Teachers who were provided appropriate instruction were significantly more effective in their referrals, and equally efficient as those teachers in the control who had not been given instruction.
Do Highly Unionized Companies Compensate Their CEOs Less in Periods of Financial Distress? Evidence from Canada
Authors: Boodoo Muhammad Umar
Published: July 2017

In this article, the author studies the strategic interaction between employee stakeholders, in particular labor unions, and top management, and he evaluates the effect of the two parties’ inherent competitive rent-seeking behavior on CEO pay. Using a panel of firms listed on the S&P/TSX Composite Index, the author shows that CEO compensation withstood the financial crisis (2008–2011) despite lower and even negative corporate performance. Further, highly unionized companies were associated with higher CEO pay in terms of non-equity elements such as salary and pension allocations. The presence of unions had no observed effect in reducing bonuses, stock options, and restricted stock units. These findings have implications for the debate on income inequality and the power of unions to bring about change.
Compound Mechanism of the Endo-Exothernic and Exo-Endothermic ± Balanced Blowing Agent
Authors: Zhou Qiong , Weiping Gao , Wu Juntao , Wang Jakun , Zhen Hong Yui , Wu Qiyie
Published: July 2017

The effects of auxiliary blowing agent were investigated. Based on the results, new combined blowing agents were studied. The difference between the kinetics and thermodynamics of decomposition of the typical blowing agents were compared. Compared with the typical single blowing agents, the new combined blowing agents had the below characteristics: (1) The endothermic enthalpy equals exothermic-enthalpy; (2) The rate of gas evolution of the combined blowing agents is relatively rapid but not abrupt to form more regular and small cell structure; (3) They comprised of blowing agent, nucleation agent and blowing auxiliary agent. The blowing fratures in actual processing by Brabender extruder were verified. The data and the results are valuable to flowing research and can provide the theoretical basis for producing cellular PVC material by extruding.
Zero ODP, Zero GWP, Halogen-Free, and Low K-factor Azeotropes as Blowing Agents for Isocyanate-Based Foams
Authors: Ashida K. , Morimoto K. , Yufu A.
Published: July 2017

Due to the ozone depletion potential (ODP) problem of CFCs and HCFCs, a number of alternative physical blowing agents for isocyanate-based foams are being investigated. Among them, two representative candidates are HFCs (hydrofluorocarbons) and halogen-free, aliphatic hydrocarbons in which the major hydrocarbons are n-pentane and cyclopentane. Another accompanying problem of CFCs and HCFCs is global warming potential (GWP).

This paper describes azeotropic blowing agents (hereinafter referred to as AZBs [32,33]) having no halogens. The AZBs employed in this study comprise a C5-C7 hydrocarbon and a compound selected from the group consisting of C2-C4 carboxylic acid esters, C3-C4 ketones, and C4 ethers. These halogen-free azeotropes have advantages of zero ODP, zero GWP, and lower K-factor.

The AZBs have the following advantages over HFCs and hydrocarbons: (a) they have a minimum boiling point and thus give more efficient blowing action than that of the respective individual components, resulting in lower density foams; (b) the AZBs-blown foams have lower K-factor than that of the foams blown with the respective individual blowing agents; (c) the adequate polarity of the AZBs exhibits better compatibility with foaming ingredients and results in finer celled foams than by the use of a single hydrocarbon blowing agent, e.g., cyclopentane; (d) due to the similarity of boiling points and polarity of the AZBs with those of CFC-11, the AZBs are a direct replacement for CFC-11 without any change of CFC-11-based formulations and without the use of special raw materials; (e) in general, the foam density is roughly proportional to the number of moles of blowing agent; the AZBs have lower molecular weights than CFC-11 and therefore, smaller amounts can be used. Also their costs are far less than that of CFCs or HCFCs; (f) the AZBs have zero ODP, zero GWP, and are halogen-free; therefore, there are no environmental problems.

A number of the AZBs can be used as blowing agents, for example a blend of n-pentane/methyl formate at a weight ratio of 47/53. The blend has a boiling point of 21.8°C, which is almost equal to that of CFC-11.

The AZBs can be used for various isocyanate-based foams, eg., flexible and rigid urethane foams, modified isocyanurate foams, urea foams, flexible and rigid integral skin foams.
Factors Influencing the FR-Performance of Polyurethane Slabstock Foams
Authors: Weier A. , Burkhart G. , Zellmer V.
Published: July 2017

The ever increasing amount of legislation on fire performance tests in many parts of the world indicates the decisive roll of FR-performance on the further development of the polyurethane-foam business in general. Because of this, the use of flame retardants is imperative for many applications but attempts were made to evaluate other factors which also influence the FR-performance of the polyurethane foam, as well.

The focusing point of our work was the question whether there are practical ways to implement results into actual production processes.

For example the influence of foam porosity on FR-performance is well known. Nevertheless, it may not be a factor to be changed under production conditions due to foam specifications.

In this paper research will be shown regarding the question in which way FR-performance and production safety can affect formulation changes without changing foam porosity.

Other topics of special interest to us are the melting performance and the influence of surface morphology on the burning of flexible slabstock foam. This also relates to the use of fillers in slabstock formulations and their effects on the flammability of foams.

Another important aspect that has been considered is the influence of the silicone surfactant structure, especially with regard to the ethylene oxide content of the utilized polyethers in the surfactant. The dependence among silicone surfactant structure, the amount of silicone surfactant within a foam and the resulting influence on FR-performance is another very important aspect to consider for optimum FR-properties. Differences between the use of conventional, universal and FR-surfactants will be shown and explained.

Based on the results of our work the parameters to design surfactants with enhanced FR-performance will be discussed.
Study of the Effect of Polyol and Isocyanate Viscosities Upon the Processing and Properties of Rigid Polyisocyanurate Foams Blown with HCFC-141b
Authors: Schiff D. E. , Koehler C. E. , Parsley K. D. , Bhattacharjee D.
Published: July 2017

The mandated switch from CFC-11 (trichlorofluoromethane) to HCFC-141b (1,1-dichloro-1-fluoroethane) as a blowing agent for polyisocyanurate insulation foams has required producers of these foams to make numerous formulation changes. The changes have been warranted due to the differing physical properties of HCFC-141b versus CFC-11. These differences include higher boiling point, higher latent heat of vaporization, increased polymer solubility and decreased viscosity of the polyol and isocyanate blends which contain HCFC-141b compared to CFC-11. These differences have led to concerns with the ultimate physical properties of polyisocyanurate foams blown with HCFC-141b as compared to those with CFC-11 blown foams. In particular, the increased solubility of HCFC-141b in the foam's polymer matrix has led to a reduction in compressive strength and problems with dimensional stability. This paper deals with Dow's efforts at improving foam processing and dimensional stability of these foams with the use of high functional, low equivalent weight polyols and increased viscosity and higher functionality Polymeric MDI (PMDI).
Study of Cell Opening in Flexible Polyurethane Foam
Authors: Yasunaga K. , Neff R. A. , Zhang X. D. , Macosko C. W.
Published: July 2017

The time to onset of cell opening and the modulus around the event were measured using a parallel-plate rheometer for flexible polyurethane foams. Cell opening time was compared with the visual blow-off time. The onset of cell opening occurs several seconds after phase separation, and the visual blow-off occurs several seconds (sometimes more than ten seconds) after the onset. Two series of formulations were studied, one in which the factors other than surfactant (tin catalyst level, TDI index, polyol type) were changed, and the second series in which only the surfactant was changed. In the first series, the modulus at cell opening did not change much with different formulations. However, the modulus development rate during the cell opening period (between the onset and the visual blow-off) changed significantly. Air flow was lower with higher modulus development rate. In the second series, the modulus development rate or the timing of onset of cell opening did not change even when the air flow changed considerably. The fact that the timing did not change and it is several seconds after the phase separation implies that the cell opening is triggered by sudden urea precipitation.

Light interferometry showed that the average value of the remaining cell window thicknesses in low air flow foam is higher than that of the high air flow foam. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the final foam products showed that the cell windows are in a variety of stages. The windows were classified into four stages-fully open, partially open, pin holes and closed. Air flow is directly proportional to the effective fraction of open windows. SEM also showed that the cell windows are in several different states. Some window films were totally missing and others have left torn-off films. The possible mechanism of cell window rupture is discussed with respect to the results.
Characterization of Microcellular Foamed PVC/Cellulosic-Fibre Composites
Authors: Matuana-Malanda L. , Park C. B. , Balatinecz J. J.
Published: July 2017

A microcellular plastic is a foamed polymer of a cell size in the range of 0.1 to 10 μm and a cell density in the range of 109 to 1015 cells/cm3. Typically, microcellular plastics have been shown to possess superior impact strength, toughness, and fatigue life to solid polymers. Polymer/cellulosic-fibre composites make use of cellulosic-fibres as a reinforcing filler in the polymer matrix and are known to be advantageous over the neat polymers in terms of the material cost and some mechanical properties such as stiffness and specific strength. These polymer/cellulosic-fibre composites are microcellular processed to create a new class of materials with unique properties. In this paper, the feasibility of the production of microcellular PVC/cellulosic-fibre composites and the effect of the fibre content on the cell morphology are studied. Particular emphasis is given to the fibre surface treatment to investigate its effect on the microcellular morphology. Each step of microcellular PVC/cellulosic-fibre composite processing is addressed including the treatment of the cellulosic-fibre surface, the manufacture of the composite by the mixing of PVC and cellulosic-fibre, the saturation of the composite with gas, and the bubble nucleation and growth. The preliminary experimental results indicate that the surface modification of cellulosic-fibre plays a strong role in determining the interface between the polymer and fibre as well as the cellular morphology of the foamed composites.
A New Era for MDI: Flexible Polyurethane Slabstock Foam
Authors: Knaub Philippe M. A. , Wiltz E. P. , Wuilay Herve
Published: July 2017

In the past few years, much effort was put into developing new technologies for high resilience (HR) slabstock foam applications involving the use of MDI-based prepolymers. The main advantages claimed were better feel of the foam and enhanced physical properties over standard HR foams. However, those HR technologies have been developed to be used in the high quality HR market segment at densities generally ranging from 2 to 4 lb/ft3.

Little work has been reported so far in the area of conventional slabstock foams produced with MDI, i.e., using high potency surfactants and polyols with secondary hydroxyls. By carefully selecting the MDI component, it has been possible to manufacture slabstock foams at densities ranging from 3 to 1.5 lb/ft3 with acceptable processing latitude. The main advantage of those foams over TDI based ones are: (1) the possibility to make very firm foams without the need for any filler, (2) the use of low vapor pressure MDI, (3) very fine cell structure and resulting good feel of the foam, (4) very fast skin curing and final curing and (5) the possibility to manufacture non-shrinking low breathability foams. The challenges for these MDI-based foams include the lower NCO% of MDI, poorer blowing efficiency relative to TDI, compromised mechanical properties and narrow processing latitude, which may be a concern at the lowest densities especially on trough-like machines.

This paper will discuss the influence of the nature of the isocyanate upon the formulation parameters and the final properties of the foam. A more fundamental look towards key parameters such as compatibility of the ternary (polyol/water/isocyanate) system, reactivity and viscosity, build-up of the reactive mixture, as well as polymer structure-foam properties relation characterized by means of DSC, DMS and FTIR will be presented.
In-Line NIR Monitoring of Composition and Bubble Formation in Polystyrene/Blowing Agent Mixtures
Authors: Thomas Yannig , Cole Kenneth C. , Daigneault Louis E. , Caron Louis Michel
Published: July 2017

The composition of mixtures of polystyrene (PS) and blowing agent (HCFC 142b) was monitored by means of near infrared (NIR) transmission probes located in the die at the end of an intermeshing co-rotating twin-screw extruder. The PS resin was extruded while the HCFC was injected at high pressure and various concentrations. Using chemometrics techniques like PLS to model the differences in the NIR spectra, the composition of PS/HCFC mixtures could be predicted accurately with a standard error of prediction (SEP) below 0.2 wt%. Accurate composition prediction was still possible in the presence of a small amount (<5% wt) of nucleating agent like talc. In-line NIR spectroscopy was also an effective technique to detect bubble formation in the die as a function of HCFC concentration and pressure.