bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
توظيف تقنيتَي الاستشعار عن بُعد ونُظم المعلومات الجغرافية لتقييم مخاطر السيول في الجزء الأعلى من حوض وادي إبراهيم (مكة المكرمة)
Authors: درويش إبراهيم
Published: November 2023

الملخص

تكمن المشكلة في الجزء الأعلى من حوض وادي إبراهيم بمدينة مكة المكرمة في تغير أغطية الأرض الطبيعية التي كانت بمثابة متنفس لمياه الفيضان إلى استعمالات عمرانية؛ وهو الأمر الذي أدى إلى تقليص زمن الاستجابة وسرعة تولد الجريان وتضاعف أحجام المياه واتساع المنطقة المعرضة لمخاطر الفيضانات. وبالتالي يهدف البحث إلى تقييم حجم ومخاطر السيول في الجزء الأعلى لحوض وادي إبراهيم، بإتباع منهجية مصلحة صيانة التربة الأمريكية (CN)، وتعتمد هذه المنهجية في تقدير الجريان السطحي ومخاطره على أغطية واستعمالات الأرض والمجموعات الهيدرولوجية للتربة والرطوبة المسبقة للتربة والأمطار/24 ساعة، وتعتبر هذه الطريقة من أكثر طرق تقدير الجريان انتشاراً في الدراسات الهندسية ومشاريع إدارة الموارد الطبيعية في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية، وتكمن أهميتها في التوصل إلى نتائج دقيقة في تقدير السيول ومخاطرها بما يمكِّن المخطط وصانع القرار من اتباع كافة الطرق اللازمة لحماية المنشآت العمرانية في الأحواض الحضرية، ومنها حوض وادي إبراهيم، حيث توصلت النتائج إلى أن حجم الجريان في الحوض 6077339 م³، وبلغت ذروة التصريف 616.4 م3/ث، وكلاهما يشير إلى ضخامة كمية المياه التي يصرفها الحوض مقارنة بمساحته، ممَّا يعني خطر السيول على المنشآت في الحوض. 

الكلمات المفتاحية: مخاطر السيول؛ نظم المعلومات الجغرافية؛ الاستشعار عن بُعد؛ حوض وادي إبراهيم؛ مكة المكرمة.
ثقافة التَّسامُح لدى الشَّباب ونموذج مُستقبليّ لممارسة الخدمة الاجتماعية في تعزيزها
Authors: حجازي هدى محمود حسن
Published: November 2023

الملخص

هدفت الدراسة إلى التعرف على واقع ثقافة التَّسامُح لدى الشباب، والتعرف على الدور الفعلي للأسرة في تعزيز ثقافة التَّسامُح لدى الشباب، والتعرف على العلاقة بين مستوى وعي الشباب بمفهوم التَّسامُح ومستوى ممارستهم لقيمة التَّسامُح، وتحديد العلاقة بين دور الأسرة في تعزيز ثقافة التَّسامُح ومستوى وعي الشباب بمفهوم التَّسامُح، ومستوى ممارستهم له.

إنَّ نوع الدراسة دراسة وصفية، اعتمدت على المنهج الكمِّي والكيفيّ، باستخدام أداتي: الاستبيان، أسلوب دلفي، بالتطبيق على عينة قصديةٍ من الشباب، بلغ قوامها (204) و(10) خبراء، وتوصلت أهم نتائجها إلى: أن وعي الشباب بمفهوم التَّسامُح مرتفعٌ، وأن وعيهم بالمشكلات المترتبة عن ضعف ممارسة التَّسامُح في المجتمع مرتفعٌ، وأن ردَّ فِعْلهم تجاه المواقف المسيئة يتميز بالتَّسامُح والتوازن، وأن مستوى ممارستهم قيمةَ التَّسامُح مرتفعٌ، كما أن للأسرة دورًا في تعزيز ثقافة التَّسامُح لدى الشباب، وأن هناك علاقةً طردية بين مستوى وعي الشباب بمفهوم التَّسامُح ومستوى ممارستهم قيمةَ التَّسامُح، وهناك علاقةٌ طرديةٌ بين دور الأسرة في تعزيز ثقافة التَّسامُح ومستوى وعي الشباب بمفهوم التَّسامُح ومستوى ممارستهم له.

الكلمات المفتاحية: التَّسامُح؛ ثقافة؛ الشباب؛ نموذج؛ ممارسة الخدمة الاجتماعية.
Some Epistemological and Ontological Reflections on Concept of Causality: From Scientific Causality to Contextual Causality
Authors: S. Hassan Mohamed , H Abdel Hafez Engy
Published: November 2023

This research tries to present a critical analysis of the concept of scientific causality and the problems it entails within the scientific domain.  This study claims that scientific causality is not enough to understand the nature of relationships existing among the members of a chain and it is concerned with the possible action of correspondence apart from the context of action. It is argued here that all types of scientific causality fail to reflect the flexible nature of members of any possible correlation. This paper offers the concept "contextual causality" as a possible alternative perspective that reflects both the variable and elastic nature of the elements of correlation and discusses the relationship between the context and the process of correlation.  The introduction of the concept of contextual causality raises new metaphysical and epistemological issues that can be solved from the perspective of structural idealism. 

Keyword: Causality, Contextualism, Structuralism, Structural Idealism, Linear Causality, Epistemology.
تقييم فاعلية برامج كلية الآداب والعلوم الاجتماعية في تحقيق سمات خِرِّيجي جامعة السلطان قابوس من وجهة نظر طلبة السنة النهائية
Authors: عبدالله القدحات محمد , زكريا سليمان سليمان
Published: November 2023

هدفت الدراسة إلى تقييم فاعلية البرامج الأكاديمية بكلية الآداب والعلوم الاجتماعية في تحقيق سمات خِرِّيجي جامعة السلطان قابوس. وقد اعتمدت الدراسة على بيانات عينة عشوائية حجمها (233) من طلبة السنة النهائية خلال العام الأكاديمي 2019/2020. واستناداً إلى استخدام العديد من الأساليب الإحصائية الوصفية والاستدلالية، أظهرت الدراسة أن درجة تحقُّق سمات خِرِّيجي جامعة السلطان قابوس جاءت بدرجةٍ مرتفعةٍ على مستوى الكلية. أمَّا على مستوى الأقسام الأكاديمية، أمَّا على مستوى الأقسام الأكاديمية فقد أوضحت الدراسة أن سمات الخِرِّيجين تحققت بمستويات أعلى في أقسام دراسات المعلومات، والجغرافيا والتاريخ والسياحة مقارنة بأقسام الكلية الأُخَر. كما أوضحت الدراسة أن السِّمة الثانية (المتعلقة بالمهارات الشخصية، والدافعية للتعلُّم الذاتيّ، الانخراط في التعلم المستمر والاهتمام بالبحوث، ومهارات العمل الجماعي) قد حصلت على أعلى مستوى تقييم من قبل الطلبة مقارنة ببقية السِّمات. وأوصت الدراسة بضرورة أن تعمل الأقسام الأكاديمية على تضمين ومواءمة سمات خِرِّيجي جامعة السلطان قابوس مع استراتيجيات وطرق التدريس المتبعة.

الكلمات المفتاحية: جامعة السلطان قابوس؛ كلية الآداب والعلوم الاجتماعية؛ سمات الخِرِّيجين؛ المواطنة؛ طرق التدريس.
تحالُفات مملكة بيت المقدس والإمارات الصليبيّة في الشَّرق وأثرها على قوة وضَعْف هذه الإمارات خلال الفترة 490- 581هـ/ 1097-
Authors: خليل اسماعيل الشعيبات سعد
Published: November 2023

يهدف هذا البحث إلى بيان طبيعة علاقات مملكة بيت المقدس والإمارات الصليبيّة  مع القوى المحيطة بها في المشرق الإسلاميّ، وما نتج عن هذه العلاقات من تحالُفات عسكرية، أفضت إلى المحافظة على بقاء الإمارات الصليبيّة واستمرارها، من خلال تحليل هذه التحالُفات؛ للوصول إلى الاستنتاجات التي تؤدِّي إلى نجاح التحالُف أو فشله، سواء أكانت هذه  التحالُفات مع قوة صليبية لاتينية أم أرثوذكسية أم إسلامية، وذلك من خلال منهج البحث التاريخيّ والمنهج النقديّ والمنهج الوصفيّ، حيث خلُص البحث إلى عدة نتائج، من أبرزها أن التحالُفات الصليبيّة الناجحة كانت بسبب وجود قيادة مركزيةٍ، لها نفوذ على جميع الإمارات الصليبيّة، وقد تركز هذا في فترة حكم الملك بلدوين الأول وبلدوين الثاني، كما كانت عدم جدّية الصليبيّين في تحالفهم مع القوة البيزنطية راجع إلى تخوفهم من احتمالية سيطرة الإمبراطور البيزنطيّ على الإمارات الصليبيّة، وأن نجاح تحالُفات الصليبيّين مع بعض المدن والقوى الإسلاميّة كان بسبب حالة الانقسام والضَعْف التي كانت عليها المدن الإسلاميّة حيث بدأت هذه التحالُفات تفقد قيمتها عندما ظهرت قيادةٌ إسلاميةٌ مُسيطرة.

الكلمات المفتاحية: الصليبيّون؛ التحالُف؛ العلاقات؛ القيادة والسيطرة؛ الإمدادات.
آليات تعايش أفراد المجتمع العُمانيّ في ظل وجود جائحة كورونا COVID 19 المستجد من وجهة نظر الإخصائيّين الاجتماعيّين بسلطنة عمان
Authors: صوفي عثمان عبد الرحمن , بن حسن الحاج أمجد , بكري عبدالمجيد منى , زكريا عبد الله سليمان , بن مصطفى الفارسي عدنان
Published: November 2023

هدفت الدراسة إلى تحقيق هدفين رئيسيين، الأول هو التَّعرُّف على آليات التَّعايش الفرديّ والأُسْرِيّ والمؤسَّسيّ والمجتمعيّ في ظل وجود جائحة كورونا COVID-19، والهدف الثاني هو التَّعرُّف على آليات تفعيل دور الإخصائيّ الاجتماعيّ في التعامل مع الآثار المترتبة على انتشار هذه الجائحة. وقد اعتمدت الدراسة على منهج المسح الاجتماعيّ بطريقة المسح الشامل للإخصائيّين الاجتماعيّين العاملين في الميادين المختلفة على مستوى سلطنة عمان. وتم استخدام أداة رئيسية وهي الاستمارة الالكترونية لجمْع البيانات والمعلومات عن طريق برنامج (Google Forms)، نظرا للظروف الراهنة لجائجة كورونا وسهولة الوصول إلى مجتمع الدراسة. وقد توصلت الدراسة إلى مجموعة من النتائج كان أبرزها أن التَّعايش الفرديّ مع هذه الجائحة تمثَّل في حِرْص أفراد المجتمع على الالتزام بإتباع الإجراءات الوقائية والاحترازية التي تقررها السلطنة، وأن من أهم آليات التَّعايش الأُسْرِيّ لجائحة كورونا هو اكتساب بعض العادات الصِّحيّة الإيجابية التي من شأنها أن تساعد في التغلب على العدوى بالفيروس، كما أشارت النتائج إلى تركيز أجهزة الإعلام على توجيه كافة فئات المجتمع للأساليب السليمة للتعامل مع جائحة كورونا المنتشرة في المجتمع بوجه عام، كما كشفت الدراسة عن مجموعة من آليات تفعيل دور الإخصائيّ الاجتماعيّ الذي يعمل في المجال الصِّحيّ في التعامل مع الآثار المترتِّبة على انتشار جائحة كورونا (COVID-19) سواء أكانت خاصة بدور الإخصائيّ الاجتماعيّ مع أفراد المجتمع  أم خاصة بدوره مع الأسر أم آليات خاصة بدوره مع المؤسسات والمجتمع، وأخيرا قدمت الدراسة مجموعةً من المقترحات التي تفيد في مواجهة هذه الجائحة بما يضمن سلامة أفراد المجتمع وصحتهم.

الكلمات المفتاحية: التَّعايش، فيروس كورونا المستجد (COVID-19)، الآليات؛ الإخصائيّ الاجتماعيّ؛ المجتمع العُمانيّ.
Arabic Gastronomic Register: The Case of Moroccan Arabic Recipes
Authors: Alaoui Sakina
Published: November 2023

Food is vital to human existence, but perspectives about food have altered from food as an intrinsic exigency to food as a pleasurable luxury. This change runs in tandem with the birth and flourish of recipe writing. This paper looks at recipe writing in Arabic, an aspect that has been overlooked despite the ubiquitous nature of food and food preparation in the Arab world. It brings to light the verbal resources employed in Arabic culinary writing, such as the use of a type of modern standard Arabic which tolerates certain features not allowed in the “high” (or literary) variety of Arabic; the various tenses and voice, such as the present, the imperative in feminine form, and the passive; and the existence, rather than lack, of direct objects in the structure of sentences. The paper goes on to relate these linguistic features to cultural aspects of food preparation in Arab society.

Keywords: gastronomic register, recipe writing, linguistic analysis, Arabic recipe, Arabic language, Moroccan Arabic.
(Tableau Desktop)تصميم خريطة تفاعلية لمؤشرات التعليم الابتدائي في العراق باستخدام تطبيق
Authors: محمد جهاد الكبيسي أحمد
Published: November 2023

تهدف الدراسة إلى التعريف ببرنامج "Tableau Desktop" الذي هو أحد التقنيات الجغرافية لتصميم خريطة تفاعلية لمؤشرات التعليم الابتدائي في العراق للعام الدراسي "2018-2017" وفق بيانات حكومية، اعتمد على أدوات برنامج "ArcGis10.8" لتصميم خرائط "shp"، ولمَّا كان البحث مركِّزًا على رسم الخرائط وترميزها، فقد اشتمل على عدة جوانب، أولها: مدخل إلى التطبيقات مفتوحة المصدر، وثانيها: مؤشرات التعليم الابتدائي في العراق، وثالثها: تطبيقات تصميم الخريطة التفاعلية. وقد توصلت النتائج إلى إمكانية رسم الخرائط التفاعلية في التمثيل الكارتوغرافي للبيانات بطرائق مختلفة مع سهولة العمل ونشْر خريطة الموقع. والجدير بالذِّكر أن البحث سعى إلى تصميم خريطة تفاعلية للمؤشرات التعليمية (الأهلي والحكومي والديني) على مستوى الوحدات الإدارية (المحافظات)، وبرزت مشكلة البحث بتساؤلات أهمها: كيف يمكن تمثيل المؤشرات التعليمية وترميزها وخزنها وإخراجها لرسم خريطة تفاعلية؟ وما الخصائص التي يتمتع بها البرنامج المستخدم؟ وقد اعتمد البحث على منهج العرض والتحليل والاستنتاج، والمنهج التقاني المعاصر (Contemporary Technical Approach) بخطوات تطبيقية لتنفيذ العمل. وقد أظهرت نتائج البحث أن التطبيق المستخدم يسهم في نشر البيانات بسرعة، ويتمتع برموز كارتوغرافية متعددة اللون والحجم لإنتاج خرائط مؤشرات التعليم في العراق وإنشاء قاعدة بيانات مكانية، ومن ملاحظة الخرائط التي تم رسمها وتحليلها ولوحة المعلومات والأشكال البيانية الخاصة بالمؤشرات التعليمية أصبحت متاحة واضحة سهلة القراءة ومدركة بصريا، توضح التباين والاختلاف بين المحافظات، بحسب تلك المؤشرات وتكوين موقع الكتروني يمكن مشاركته مع الجميع.

الكلمات المفتاحية: خرائط تفاعلية- GIS- مؤشرات تعليمية- بيانات مفتوحة المصدر- جيومعلوماتية.
Water Dynamics, Urbanization and Organization of Areas in the Sultanate of Oman
Authors: Al Mukhtar Belqasim
Published: November 2023

Throughout the history of Oman, water has played a major role in the settlement and the subsistence economy of a limited number of Omanis. This has been manifested by the emergence of hundreds of hamlets, villages and towns around water springs and aflaj and along wadis and mountain wadi terraces. Despite low subsistence levels, the population was quite well distributed with close interdependency between the settlements especially in the north of the country and in Dhofar. However, this close dependency on the natural resources has not substantially permitted the development of these human concentrations or the expansion of small towns to reach the level of cities. They have remained very limited and unable to promote their urban functions. Thus, a traditional discordant and precarious settlement system has prevailed, which seems to reflect a geographical space subdivided into tribal entities and the like. With the Omani renaissance, which has witnessed socio- economic development, water has once again emerged as a main factor in population mobility and distribution. Different development processes have led to the emergence of a new urban system, which has assumed a major role in enhancing Oman?s geographical space and in the national territorial unity.
The Relationship between Local and International Organizations and Community Development
Authors: Sayed Ali Manal Farouk
Published: November 2023

Although there are numerous definitions and theories of the concept of development, many developing countries continue to suffer from problems associated with lack of development and environmental degradation. It seems that states in developing countries are not effectively facing the increasing requirements for development. In response, institutions and organizations of civil society stepped-up to promote the realization of social development and self-reliance among the citizens. In consequence, the past twenty years witnessed the birth of many national and international non-governmental organizations which started to deliver social services to the population. However, and with reference to Egypt, conflicting opinions questioning the relationship between these organizations and the development of civil society have started to emerge. This paper attempts to investigate first the role of these societies in the development of civil society and review the controversy over this role. The attempt will also touch upon and evaluate several studies which relate to the role of these organizations in the development of civil society in Egypt.
Globalization of the Economy, Labor Policies and Business Organizations: A Sociological Study
Authors: Abdel Fattah Aida Fouad
Published: November 2023

Globalization of economy, work policies and organizations are viewed from a sociological perspective and through three different aspects.[1] The contemporary changes in the frame of work and business organizations that took place in the globalization of economy.[2] The impact of contemporary changes on the national work policies and how to face their challenges.[3] The development that took place in the managerial ideologies of business organizations starting, in sequence, from the movement of industrial reform, scientific management, welfare capitalism or human relations, systems rationalism, organizational culture and quality and ending with contemporary business organizations. The study highlights some remarks on the business policies and the managerial ideologies of business organizations. It also communicates that the national business policies and organizations are confronted with a number of challenges.
Activating the Role of Women in Voluntary Work
Authors: Bader Al Mawali Yahya , Mohammed Emad Farouk
Published: November 2023

The current descriptive study aims at identifying possible ways for activating the role of volunteers in the Wafaa centers. It is to assist the volunteers to achieve their fundamental objectives. The study relied on the comprehensive social survey method involving all volunteers in the social centers located in the Al Batinah region in Oman. Although the most important results of the study show an awareness and understanding by the volunteers of the objectives of the centers, yet a few of these goals require focus upon during the training sessions for volunteers. The results also show the multiplicity and diversity of constraints that limit the effectiveness of the professional performance of the volunteers some of which are linked to aspects of self and artistic, including those associated with the financial aspect of management. And also revealed the constraints associated with the local community
The Archaeological Records of Oman: The Challenge of Information Management
Authors: Al-Belushi Mohammed Ali K.
Published: November 2023

Although Oman’s National Heritage Protection Law (NHPL) of 1980 explicitly emphasises the importance of recording the country’s archaeological resource, no major attempt has yet been made to quantify it in a truly comprehensive way. And what few attempts have been made to do so in consistent and standard ways have seen attention limited to specific geographical regions and usually with research objectives that did not include recording. With Oman’s accelerating pace of modernization since the 1970s, parts of the nation’s archaeological resource have become exposed to and endangered by both natural and human factors. Some components have been partially destroyed, others increasingly threatened. It is, therefore, beyond dispute that the establishment of a national archaeology record is an urgent need. In response to such a reality, this paper highlights the neglected role of the archaeological records in the practices of both researchers and management. It reviews the present practices of the relevant bodies when compiling, verifying, storing, managing and exploiting information related to the nation’s archaeological resources. The paper also examines existing records in terms of their aims, scope, development, usage, limitations and adequacy. Finally, it suggests ways to enhance current practice and establish a national record of archaeological resources.
Cultural Aspects of Arabicisation: Past and Present
Authors: Al-Ma’ani Musallam
Published: November 2023

The aim of this article is to examine the cultural dimensions of arabicisation, past and present. The article traces the rise and fall of arabicisation and its ramifications for science, knowledge, research and education in and through Arabic. Arabicisation has been at the heart of linguistic and cultural debate since the dawn of Islam, a debate intensified when the Arabs and their new religion came into contact with different civilizations and cultures. The rise of the Islamic empire in mediaeval times consolidated Arabic and Arab culture, attracting scholars from around the world to research different areas of science and knowledge through the medium of Arabic, which in turn became, and remained for centuries, the global donor language of knowledge and learning. With the decline of the Arab/Islamic empire, however, Arabic and Arab culture started to lose their world standing. Today, Arabic and its culture occupy a marginal position when compared to other languageslike English for instance. For different internal and external reasons, Arabic has lost its status as the major language of innovation and creative thinking. But this is not because it cannot handle the concepts of modern civilization or is unable to express them; rather the cultural position of Arabs seems to be the main reason. Instead of being the predominant language of science and technology, Arabic has been competed by other foreign languages in its own territories. The widespread use of European languages, the languages of the colonizing powers, has undermined its role. Furthermore, the lack of pan-Arab policies on language planning has contributed to the emergence of different and often disparate models of arabicisation. Transformation in the objectives and scope of the process reflects the historical developments and decline of Arab culture from medieval times to the present day.
When Literature Heals: Nasra Al Adawi’s Brave Faces
Authors: En-nehas Jamal
Published: November 2023

Unlike many writers who define literary creativity as a mere outlet for détente and self-indulgence, or perhaps as an escape from the self and its unbearable limitations and frustrations, Nasra Al Adawi, an emerging poet from the Sultanate of Oman, can be confidently ranked among those engaged writers who use their literary talent as a vehicle for altruistic expression and as an effective inspirational conduit for reaching out to those who need literature for its healing and “debrutalizing” power. She conceives of the act of writing as a complementary therapy, by no means as a substitute for mainstream medical treatment—a healing force that should not be ignored in dealing particularly with cancer patients.
Children Journalism and its Informational Role in the Arab World: An Analytical and Evaluation study
Authors: Abdulrahman Sanaa Galal
Published: November 2023

This research deals with the status of children’s journalism in the Arab world in the light of the information revolution, the obstacles they face, and the factors affecting its knowledge role. The research aims to describe and analyze the knowledge role of Arabic children’s magazines through the analysis of knowledge content provided by a sample of these magazines. The research revealed the lack of a clear concept of children journalism in the Arab literature. It also stressed the need to extend the concept of the children journalism to include all new types of media dealing with children. It also revealed a number of features that distinguish children journalism in the Arab world and affect its knowledge role. These features include the governmental nature of the children journalism, the limited market in which they operate seasonality of the market, and the fierce competition it faces from other media.
Rhetorical Tropes and Polysemy
Authors: Lahbacha Saber Mahmoud
Published: November 2023

There are many semantic ties which join polysemy with rhetorical tropes. While polysemy is a natural phenomenon in language, which does not denote any aesthetic dimension, rhetorical tropes denote clearly an aesthetic effect. Thus, there emerged many significant semantic relationships between polysemy and various rhetorical tropes as metaphor, zeugma and periphrasis. This study endeavors to focus on kinds of potential correlations and continuum between aesthetical and semantic levels, in hidden discussion between the Nazm theory and the linguistics` new methods.
Tolerance and Ways of Addressing the Other in Arab Press: An Analytical Study of Some Arab Daily Newspapers between 2011 - 2012
Authors: Al Dagher Magdy Mohamed Abdel Jawad
Published: November 2023

This study aims to identify how Arab press deals with issues of tolerance and ways of addressing the Other. The study traces this theme in some of the major Arab daily newspapers inside and outside the Arab world. These newspapers are: Al-Ahram, Al- Riyadh, Al-Sharq Al-Awsat, and Al-Hayat. The study argues that the media alone do not create the image or even attempt to change it. In fact, there are other institutions that strive to do this. In all societies, there are institutions that actually provide the raw material which is then used to form the desired stereotypical image of individuals, societies, countries, and institutions. The media then seize this material, forge it and integrate it with framed media packages that are then used as ready-made recipes to produce, alter or reinforce these stereotypes in which the Other is always an embedded element. The study recommends that Arab media need to develop awareness among Arab citizens through enhancing positive principles and values that contribute to the social cohesion of the society. They also need to stress the issue of identity and encourage an active role of individuals in issues of common social interest. They need to promote a culture of acceptance of the Other, however different that Other might be.
The Creation of the System of Heir-Apparent by Mu’awiyah bin Abu Sufian in (680 A.D) and Reactions against it
Authors: AL-Alawi Badar bin Hilal , Ba Hashwan Khalood bint Salim
Published: November 2023

The study highlights the political issue that played a major role in shaping the system of government in the Islamic state. This is the creation of the system of “heir apparent” by Mu’awiyah bin Abu Sufian, the Umayyad Caliph. The study follows a descriptive approach based on historical analysis and comparison of accounts, and then follows the reactions against that system. The findings of the study show that the system of “heir apparent” was one of the causes of bloody conflicts and violent strife experienced by the Islamic State, and was, in fact, a major cause of the fall of the Umayyad State in the East, in 132 AH / 750 AD.
The Role of Omani Mass Media in Political Socialization Exploratory Study
Authors: Al Rawas Anwar Mohmad
Published: November 2023

The study aims to explore the perspectives of Omani viewers on the role of Omani mass media in the political socialization process. The study uses a questionnaire with a sample of 300 respondents, divided into six categories: academics, members of the Council of Oman, media specialists, administrators in the public and private sectors, political and military leaders, and university students. The results of this exploratory study show that respondents generally rate mass media as the first institution of political socialization. The reason for this result may be attributed to the ability of mass media to influence and shape political views, due to their wide coverage and diversity of content. The results also indicate that forming intellectual and political perspectives represents the primary role of institutions concerned with political socialization. With respect to the various manifestations of political socialization practices, the results show that the elections are the main embodiment of such political socialization practices. This can perhaps be attributed to the citizens’ interest in the political process and their active participation in the elections. The results also show some differences in the views of the respondents regarding the role of the Omani mass media in political socialization.
A Book Review "خارج السرب: بحث في النسوية الإسلامية الرافضة وإغراءات الحرية"
Authors: Mohamad Al Haresi Jukhat Bent
Published: November 2023

This is a book Review of خارج السرب: بحث في النسوية الإسلامية الرافضة وإغراءات الحريةتأليف: فهمي جدعان
Jordanian Press’ Approach to the Crisis of General Secondary School Results of Winter Session 2010: An Analytical Study of a Sample of Al Raai, Al-Arab Al Yawm and Al Sabeel Newspapers
Authors: Nejadat Ali O.
Published: November 2023

The Jordanian General Secondary School Examination results of Feb. 2010 were very different compared to those of other years. There were a lot of mistakes, faults and discrepancies in these results, which caused panic and chaos among parents and students. The credibility of the ministry of education was lost as a result. This paper aims to examine the way Jordanian daily newspapers handled the coverage of this crisis and explore their attitudes towards the crisis. The content analysis of samples from three newspapers aims to examine the attitudes of these newspapers; i.e. whether they were actually agreeing, disagreeing or neutral vis a vis the crisis and the way it was handled. An analytical approach using content analysis of three major daily newspapers Al Raai, Al Arab Al Yawm and Al Sabeel is conducted. The paper concludes that news and reports published in the three daily newspapers were at the forefront of news patterns that treated the crises with a percentage of (39.2%) and (29%) respectively.The paper also shows that (17.4%), of the content of the articles published in the newspapers blamed the government for this crisis, while (17.1%) of the content of the articles was on the impact of the crisis on students and parents and their reaction to that crisis. The paper shows that the calls for rational handling of the crisis came in the first place in Al Raai with a percentage of (17%) while the issue of «government’s responsibility for the crisis» came first in Al Arab Al Yawm and Al Sabeel with a percentage of (26.6%) and (21.4%) respectively.
Classical Arabic Narratives and the Prospects of Interpretation
Authors: Bashir Masaalti Mohamed Abdul
Published: November 2023

The aim of this study is to propose an alternative methodology of reading classical Arabic narratives, which forgrounds the effect of reading such narratives on the readers, instead of the traditional concern with questions like : what is the context of classical Arabic narratives within an overall historical context of such texts. The focus in this new proposal is not on what these texts say, or how they say it. Rather the focus is on questions like: What happens to the Reader when he/she reads? In other words, what is the impact of the narrative text on the reader? In our attempt to answer these new questions, we will try to provide an answer to an everlasting question which is : is the narrative text that is critiqued or read good or bad? This question has always been addressed through the identification of reading patterns. This study, however, is not merely an approach to the reading of classical narrative texts. It is rather a study of some patterns of reception of such texts. The aim is to discover the significant role played by reading and reception in the creation of text and in determining its value and meaning.
The Competence of the Judicial Authority in Deciding the Validity of Parliamentary Membership
Authors: Shatnawy Faysal
Published: November 2023

The competence of the judicial authority in deciding the validity of parliamentary membership The law of the election defines the procedure related to the electoral process stage and relevant to voting, sorting and then declaration of the results. It is common for disputes to occur about the validity of the electoral process. Such disputes are called the validity of parliamentary membership, where it is necessary to state the competent authority which shall assume to examine and consider such disputes in the issues of the validity and legitimacy of the membership, so as to ensure non-occupancy of the seats therein the parliament by who does not actually and in fact represent the nation or who seized unlawfully its will. Just to give a chance for the voters to raise an appeal the validity thereof shall constitute an important guarantee for the true representation to the will of the nation, as this is shall be through investigating the appeal to reveal what is vitiating the election in terms of errors and defects conduced to have the unqualified candidate win the parliament membership, and therefore, shall rectify such errors and defect to invalidate the election made in the electoral district and to take action to cause the process of election once again in accordance to the procedures the election law requires. The study herein is an endeavor to define the controls that the Court of Appeal of Jordan is adopting while addressing the matter of the validity of the electoral appeals on the occasion of the parliamentary elections.
The Social Aspects of the Language Varieties in the Contemporary Omani Society: A Sociolinguistic Study
Authors: Salem Mashani Mohammed Bin
Published: November 2023

TThis paper discusses the social aspects of the language varieties in the contemporary Omani society as a critical dimension of this society, as a means of acquiring social behavior and as a symbol of the Omani social identity. The study underscores the importance of this diversity in contemporary society and its relationship with culture, thought and behavior. The paper gives an overview of the various aspects of this phenomenon and the interrelationship between these social aspects on the one hand and between them and the society on the other hand. The paper also discusses some common sociolinguistic terms and concepts which are used to describe the language varieties in Oman and the interrelationships between them. .
A Linguistic Study of Contemporary Efforts of Arabic Spelling (Orthography) System
Authors: Abu Eid Mohammed
Published: November 2023

This study aims at investigating the contemporary efforts of Arabic writing system from a linguistic perspective. The study is distinguished from previous studies by treating the writing system as a linguistic one with its own linguistic features. Thus, the study has revealed the consonant feature of Arabic writing and its relation to derivation, inflection, and dialectal variation. Therefore, the researcher concludes that proposals of replacing Arabic alphabet by Latin alphabet or modification of Arabic orthography are non-linguistic which are related to contemporary issues like learning, the printing, translation and culture. These efforts should have examined Arabic writing as a representative of a linguistic system. Consequently, the researcher concludes that Arabic orthography system can preferably represent the linguistic system
Omani Classical Poetry and Discourse Deviation
Authors: Al Hajri Hilal , Al Balushi Khalid
Published: November 2023

We argue in this paper that there are voices in Omani classical poetry that challenged the dominant cultural discourse and deviated from it. The paper is divided into two parts. Part one is mainly theoretical. We start by introducing Omani poetic discourse as one in which different voices compete. We then refer to literary theory to establish that poetry by definition challenges public discourse. Part two is practical. Taking what is established in Part 1 as our point of departure, we practically substantiate our claim by discussing excerpts from Omani classical poetry. We conclude by putting forward suggestions for further study.
The Other’s Image in Arabic Feminist Narrative
Authors: Qbilat Nizar , El-Faouri Awni
Published: November 2023

This study aims at shedding some light on the images of women in some feminist novels known as Feminist Literature. The research depicts a number of Arabic feminist writers concentrating on the structure of Feminist Literature generally, and Arabic women writers specifically. The study examines the characters, the narrative angle and the narrative sequence and its objective sensitivity at three levels: the woman as an author, a narrator, and the artistic character dealing with issues of justice, liberty and equality with man, considering the various humanitarian models: the striver, the lover and the educated within the borders of the forbidden, the fear, and the limitations. The popularity of Feminist Literature is one of the issues of modernity in the Arab world. The role of Jordanian women writers is apparent in literature. Their creative works compete with those of dominant men in terms of imagery and artistic presence. The inner persona of the woman writer is dominant even though her work represents a realistic view. The problematic issue of writing for women writers seems to be plunged in paradox and sharp in its novelistic representation. The novelistic modules studied indicate the success the Arab woman writer achieved in terms of the use of artistic tools, and the ability to confront and reveal the untold. Although the feminists’ novels seem to dwell in an anxious environment, they represent an arena of conflict representing the artistic and living realities.
The Relationship between Ecology and Law: Methodology for the Adoption of Scientific Standards for Pollution and their Application in Algerian Environmental Law
Authors: Yahia Ouinas
Published: November 2023

The pollution thresholds expressed in the different fields of experimental knowledge and technology are very difficult to adopt and apply because of their legal texts and inherent difficulties in their development and update of knowledge. To mitigate these difficulties between law and ecology, the research adopted a methodology that takes into account the changing scientific realities in the legal process by assigning technical committees of a holistic or sectoral nature the responsibility to develop and update the legal technical provisions. Despite these adopted solutions, and despite the purely scientific and technical nature of the technical rules, they face the difficulty of achieving scientific consensus, because of the development of scientific knowledge, which is characterized by a large number of rules governing the various elements, materials, and the medium. This makes it sometimes impossible to carry out the scientific consensus on those thresholds.
The Reality of Quality Management in Jordanian Media Institutions
Authors: Tweissi Basim.m. , Suleiman Raid Jameel
Published: November 2023

This study aimed at identifying the reality of quality management in twenty Jordanian media institutions with respect to the type of media outlet, and its size along with its ownership. Divided into six essential dimensions, this study identified the features of internal processes in those media institutions as follows: institutional selforganization; training and professional qualification; editorial policies along with newsroom management; media independency, media questioning; and sustainable improvement, development, and updating the infrastructure and means of production. The study adopted an analytical and descriptive approach. As the instrument of the study, a sampling survey, designed based on the related literature of the quality of service sector, and that of performance and media professionalism, measured sixty-four minor indicators, covering those six dimensions. The sample included interviews --three interviews were carried out in every institution. By way of concluding, this study revealed a decline in most indicators applying quality. In particular, among the most applicable quality dimensions were developing and updating the infrastructure structure and the means of production, and finally institutional self-organization. On the other hand, the lowest applicable dimensions were independency, editorial policies and newsroom management.
The Right to Litigation as a Prisoner Serving Sentence
Authors: Al Balushi Rashid Hamed
Published: November 2023

In the Sultanate of Oman, as well as many other countries around the world, the treatment of prisoners underwent many similar stages of change. The most popular form of punishment was inflicting bodily harm, a punishment solely based on condemning the convicted more than enforcing actual reform and change. This approach in return created an atmosphere of lack of education and knowledge in the prison system, however this situation changed when a new era dawned on the Sultanate, on the 23rd of November 1970, led by His Highness Sultan Qaboos bin Said, providing a new approach to the system of prisons and rule of punishments. This change was brought forth and delegated by the country’s Penal Code 1974/7, Prison Law 94/48, Penal Code Procedures 1999/97s and the Prison law implementing regulations guide 2009/56 on the enforcement of penalties. This research will shed light on the issue of claiming the right to litigate as a fundamental right for prisoners when serving their sentence as the right to bring forth a legal action is one of the most important civil rights a prisoner can have when serving their sentence; a right that is also embedded in the country’s basic statue for every citizen and resident. This involves giving the prisoner access to contact judicial authorities or a defense representative. The research will approach this matter as a whole by clarifying the main issue and factors involved with reference to the law. The research is divided into three main discussion areas, the first being the prisoner’s right to contact judicial authorities for defense during the enforcement of their penalty. The second area will study the prisoner’s right on interpleading in penal enforcement, whilst the third will examine the prisoner’s right to appeal Supreme Court, the right to judicial review made while the prisoner is still serving their current sentence. The research will conclude with my findings as well as recommendations.
The Effecting Factors in The Mass Media in the Sultanate of Oman: A field study on Omani Journalists
Authors: Al-Mashikhi Mohammed
Published: November 2023

The Effecting Factors in The Mass Media in the Sultanate of Oman: A field study on Omani Journalists This study aimed to look into the most important factors that affect the media in Oman; such as the Press and Publications Law (1984), Finance and Advertising as well as social environments such as cultural aspects. In order to answer the study questions, the researcher applied a questionnaire to more than 200 media professionals to find out journalists’ attitudes towards obstacles affecting media content in newsrooms within media establishments in the country The study concluded that; the Press and Publications law control all mass media content. Findings from the questionnaire points that this law is no longer suitable for the media in Oman, which has witnessed some development in recent years. Journalists’ self-censorship is one of the most serious problem affecting the development of the Omani media The study reveals a lack of adequate salary of broadcasters and journalists The study also points that local newspapers dedicate more space for advertising rather than cultural articles. The study found that social environments such as cultural aspects, perspectives towards media professionals do not create a good media-working environment in Oman.
The adequacy of the general rules on compensation for environmental damage According to the Jordanian civil law
Authors: Saleh Sarairah Ibraheim
Published: November 2023

Environmental damage is of a significant importance and a special nature, and therefore the general rules found in the Jordanian civil law cannot be adequate to estimate the value of compensation for damage caused by environmental pollution. The Jordanian legislator did not address in the Environment Protection Act No. 52 of 2006, the issue of compensation for environmental damage. This act only included some preventive and remedial measures with regard to environmental pollution. Thus, the general rules of the Jordanian Civil Law No 43, 1976 are usually referred to in relevant disputes. The Legislator addressed some of the issues related to environmental damage in the Aqaba Economic Zone Act No. 32 of 2000. To show the extent of adequacy of these rules, the researcher will first define and describe the nature of environmental damage and then the provisions of compensation for environmental damage will be discussed.
Carnab’s Confirmability Principle and Popper’s Objections
Authors: Almoallem Mohsen
Published: November 2023

This article deals with the work of the prominent philosopher and logician Rudolf Carnab in establishing the Confirmability Principle as a tool to distinguish scientific from metaphysical statements, and the objections raised by the philosopher of science Karl Popper to this principle. It also focuses on the philosophical and logical argumentation that lasted decades between them and its outcomes which had an influence on the contemporary shape of the philosophy of science in the twentieth century and how each one of them presented his own account for the nature of scientific methods that contemporary sciences must follow. While Carnab and the logical positivism group in general created the “verification principle” and then the “confirmability principle” as the proper way to eliminate metaphysical ideas from science that hindered its eventual progress for several decades, relying on the inductive method as a ground for scientific progress, Popper on the other hand, thought that in order to achieve such progress one must adhere to scientific theories and more specifically to the “Falsification Principle” in addition to relying on the “Virtual method” which grants the “Rational Hypothesis” a crucial role in contemporary sciences. The article concludes with the results of this argumentation and with how philosophy of contemporary science ended up giving more weight to the rational hypothesis and less to the confirmability principle due to the retreat of rigid empiricism in contemporary sciences, especially in physics. This led contemporary science to depend on philosophy once again.
Description of Number, Person and Tense Features in the Verbal Morphologies of Jibbāli and Lari
Authors: Al Aghbari Khalsa , Ourang Me. Muhammad
Published: November 2023

The study describes a few linguistic features in the verbal morphologies of two understudied languages: Jibbāli and Lari. Jibbāli, a Modern South Arabian language spoken in the southern part of the Sultanate of Oman and Lari, an Indo-Iranian language spoken in Iran, are at risk of being endangered due to the facts that (1) they lack a writing system, (2) they are not taught at schools, (3) they are not the official languages in Oman and Iran and, most importantly, (4) there is no effort recorded to preserve these languages. Therefore, the study aims at exposing the linguistic richness of Jibbāli and Lari through describing the tendencies of their verbal morphologies. This may help revitalize a substantial linguistic aspect of these languages. However, since this study is limited in space, it only focuses on certain morphological features which make these languages stand out. The researchers observe a few undocumented linguistic tendencies in Jibbāli and Lari which may attract attention for further studies. For example, Lari, unlike other Iranian languages, lacks an auxiliary on the progressive tense which is largely expressed via morphemes. Jibbāli also exhibits some linguistic tendencies manifested by having a pronoun that refers to the speaker and another (exclusive) person in the conversation. Jibbāli is also characterized by abundant verbs which exhibit internal change along with a few affixes. Where relevant, features from the verbal morphologies of the two languages are delineated with examples collected through fieldworks and personal communication. Findings revealed that Lari is, by and large, a linear language in which affixes dock on bases to express grammatical contrasts while Jibbāli is highly inflectional with verbal affixes (number, person and tense) and morpho-phonological changes. In addition, affixes were found to play a crucial role in marking tenses and mood in Lari while Jibbāli employed a dual system in marking number.
Alerters in Sudanese Arabic and English Requests
Authors: Tag-Eldin Khalid
Published: November 2023

This study aimed at investigating the alerters produced by 200 Sudanese university students in their written response to two Arabic and English Discourse Completion Tasks. The study attempted to classify the different types of alerters collected using the two tasks based on their nature. Then, it compared and contrasted the precursors used by the subjects in the two languages. The study also examined the different functions of alerters produced by the participants. Moreover, it explored the impact of social distance, power relation, and degree of request imposition on the participants’ choice of precursors. The study showed that Arabic utilizes precursors more often and with wider variety than English. Arabic displayed a total of sixteen types of alerters while English used eleven only. It was also found that the precursors were used to perform a variety of religious, social, and pragmatic functions. Moreover, it showed that different contextual factors influenced the subjects’ choice of alerters.