bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determination and validation of six sunscreen agents in suncare products by UPLC and HPLC
Authors: Lee S.‐M. , Jeong H.‐J. , Hang I. S.
Published: October 2009

J. Cosmet. Sci.,
59, 469–480 (November/December 2008)

Synopsis

Methylene bis‐benzotriazolyl tetramethyl butylphenol and bis‐ethylhexyloxy phenol methoxyphenyl triazine are sunscreen agents that have hydrophobic behaviors in common. They were not normally assayed with the following four sunscreen agents that have hydrophilic behaviors in a single chromatographic run: ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate, isoamyl p‐methoxycinnamate, ethylhexyl salicylate, and ethylhexyl triazone. For that reason, methylene bis‐benzotriazolyl tetramethyl butylphenol and bis‐ethylhexyloxy phenol methoxyphenyl triazine require much time in order to assay products with those materials.

A rapid, selective, and reproducible determination method needs to be developed for the simultaneous examination of methylene bis‐benzotriazolyl tetramethyl butylphenol and bis‐ethylhexyloxy phenol methoxyphenyl triazine with the sunscreen agents, ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate, isoamyl p‐methoxycinnamate, ethylhexyl salicylate, and ethylhexyl triazone. This new technique could reduce time in examining the sunscreen agents and be effective for quality control of suncare products. In this paper, the HPLC and UPLC system is used for developing the determination of the sunscreen agents.

Several evaluations of some mixtures of eluents and columns were obtained for the optimal condition of separation. In HPLC, the optimal peak resolution was obtained through ethanol‐water gradient elution and a 75‐mm C18 column with a 3.5‐μm‐sized particle on a flow rate of 1.0 mL min‐1. In UPLC, the most distinctive peak resolution was obtained through methanol‐water gradient elution and a 50‐mm C18 column with a 1.7‐μm‐sized particle on a flow rate 0.4 mL min‐1. Both of those chromatographic determination methods could be used in the examination of six types of sunscreen agents without any interference from other product excipients in the agents.

The proposed determination methods were validated for specificity, linearity, repeatability, system stability, intermediate precision, and accuracy. Consequently, HPLC and UPLC determination methods could be rapid, selective, and proper applications for the assay of sunscreen agents in suncare products.
Changes in hair properties by Eucalyptus extract
Authors: Mamada A. , Ishihama M. , Fukuda R. , Inoue S.
Published: October 2009

J. Cosmet. Sci.,
59, 481–496 (November/December 2008)

Synopsis

A long‐term usage investigation of a scalp lotion containing Eucalyptus extract, which increases the amount of ceramide in the skin, was carried out to explore the change in physical properties of the hair fiber. Half‐head or whole‐head usage studies of a scalp lotion with Eucalyptus extract were carried out for the following groups: Japanese female, Japanese senior female, Japanese male, and Caucasian female panelists. As a result, the improvement in hair luster and bounce in the root part of the hair were recognized by the panelists after the long‐term application of the scalp lotion with Eucalyptus extract. Measurement of hair gloss intensity and bending stress at the root suggests that this improvement is based on changes in these physical properties. These results indicate that the recognition of panelists is based on an actual change in the hair fiber properties. The efficacy of Eucalyptus extract is expressed regardless of race, age, or gender, since similar results were confirmed in all panelist groups.

In order to investigate the cause of these phenomena, we measured the elasticity (Young's modulus) of the new‐growth part of the cortex in Eucalyptus extract‐treated hair and placebo hair by the nano‐indentation method of atomic force microscopy (AFM). These results suggest that the Young's modulus of the new‐growth part of the cortex in Eucalyptus extract treated‐hair increases in comparison with placebo hair. The IR spectra of treated samples of hair show changes that appear to confirm a decrease in the alpha‐helix structure and an increase in the beta‐sheet structure.
Assessment of human stratum corneum thickness and its barrier properties by in‐vivo confocal Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Bielfeldt Stephan , Schoder Volker , Ely Ulrike , Van Der Pol André , De Sterke Johanna , Wilhelm Klaus‐Peter
Published: October 2009

IFSCC Magazine, 12 (2009) (1) 9–15

Measurement of water concentration profiles across living human skin by confocal Raman spectroscopy has developed into a powerful tool for a better understanding of distribution and function of water in the epidermis. From the water profile across the epidermis the border between stratum corneum and stratum granulosum can be estimated. This is due to the steep drop in water concentration from the inner to the outer side of the stratum corneum. Water content drops from approximately 70% at the inner stratum corneum to only 30% at the skin surface. This slope of the curve becomes clearly flatter in the stratum granulosum. A second parameter is usually taken from confocal Raman spectroscopy to define the stratum corneum border. This is the content of natural moisturization factor (NMF), which should be present only in the stratum corneum. Located at the depth at which the NMF content levels off and the slope of the water profile curve changes is the stratum corneum border. The goal of this work was to develop stratum corneum thickness detection into a robust and semi‐automated measurement relying only on the water profile. Further, the aim was to base the empirical findings of water distribution in the epidermis on a well established theory, Fick's law of diffusion. A mathematical model was developed to fit the water profile curve for a robust and automated detection of the stratum corneum border. In addition, the new model automatically resulted in an accurately determined slope of the water concentration curve in the stratum corneum. This slope, or more exactly the gradient, is one of two parameters directly related to transepidermal water transport across the stratum corneum.

Keywords:  Barrier function, Fick's law, Raman spectroscopy, stratum corneum, transepidermal water loss
Successful treatment of three cases of primary extramammary Paget’s disease of the vulva with Imiquimod – proposal of a therapeutic schedule
Authors: Sendagorta E , Herranz P , Feito M , Ramírez P , Floristán U , Feltes R , Benito DM , Casado M
Published: October 2009

Background/aim  Extramammary Paget‘s disease (EMPD) is an intraepidermal adenocarcinoma of apocrine gland‐bearing skin. Although surgery remains the mainstay of treatment, loss of tissue function and high recurrence rates have been reported. Recently, topical Imiquimod has been shown as a safe and effective treatment option for extramammary Paget‘s disease.

Methods  Three patients diagnosed of EMPD of the vulva were treated with a daily application of 5% Imiquimod cream for three weeks, followed by an every other day application for an additional three weeks.

Results  Complete clinical and histological remission of the disease was achieved in the three patients. Mild irritation and tenderness were observed as the only side effects.

Conclusion  Based on our results, we consider that Imiquimod cream is a safe and effective therapeutic option for the treatment of vulvar EMPD. These promising results warrant further studies to determine the real efficacy and safety of Imiquimod 5% cream for the treatment of this uncommon disease.
Clinicopathological characteristics of lichen planus pigmentosus and its response to tacrolimus ointment: an open label, non‐randomized, prospective study
Authors: Al‐Mutairi N , El‐Khalawany M
Published: October 2009

Background  Lichen planus pigmentosus (LPP) is an uncommon variant of lichen planus, for which no effective treatment is available.

Objectives  The aim of this study was to determine the clinical, epidemiological and histopathological characteristics of LPP patients in Kuwait.

Methods  Thirty‐three LPP patients who attended the Dermatology outpatient clinics at Farwaniya Hospital, Kuwait from the year 2002 to 2008 were studied for clinical, epidemiological and histopathological findings. Thirteen of these patients were treated with topical tacrolimus 0.03%. Ointment applied topically twice daily for the duration varying from 6 to 12 weeks.

Results  Of the 33 patients, 21 were men and 12 were women. The duration of eruption ranged from 6 weeks to 3 years. The face and neck were the commonest sites, affecting 18 (54.5%) patients. The pattern of pigmentation was diffuse in 18 (54.54%) patients, reticular in seven (21.2%), blotchy in five (15.2%), linear in two (6.1%) and perifollicular in one (3%). Twenty patients had positive serology for hepatitis C virus (HCV), with significantly higher serum liver enzymes (ALT and AST). Of the 13 patients, who were treated with tacrolimus Ointment, seven (53.8%) showed appreciable lightening of the pigmentation after an average of 12 weeks.

Conclusions  We conclude that HCV may be one of the factors associated with LPP, in those who have a tendency to develop LPP. However, this possible association should be interpreted carefully. In addition, tacrolimus ointment could have a beneficial role in the treatment of LPP.
An outbreak of Mycobacterium fortuitum cutaneous infection associated with mesotherapy
Authors: Quiñones C , Ramalle‐Gómara E , Perucha M , Lezaun M‐E , Fernández‐Vilariño E , García‐Morrás P , Simal G
Published: October 2009

Objective  We describe an outbreak of Mycobacterium fortuitum cutaneous infections associated with mesotherapy in La Rioja, Spain.

Design  Descriptive epidemiology.

Setting  Private practice.

Patients or other participants  Case subjects were customers of a single beauty salon who were treated with mesotherapy injections.

Intervention(s)  Two skin biopsies were taken from each patient.

Results  Over the designated period, 138 women received mesotherapy. Of these women, 39, or 28.3%, developed lesions ultimately thought to be caused by Mycobacterium fortuitum infection. The number of lesions per patient varied from 3 to 20 in the most severe case. Most of the lesions were indurated, erythematous or violaceous papules, some progressing to become fluctuant boils with suppuration, fistulization and scarring. The individual lesions varied in diameter from 0.5 to 6 cm. Two patients (5.1%) developed inguinal or axillary adenopathy. Two others presented with fever. One reported muscular pain. In 12 of the 39 cases, M. fortuitum was isolated from the wound cultures. The patients were all successfully treated with clarithromycin and levofloxacin.

Conclusions  We identified a large outbreak of rapidly growing mycobacterial lesions among women who received mesotherapy injections in a single beauty salon.
The Drooling Impact Scale: a measure of the impact of drooling in children with developmental disabilities
Authors: REID SUSAN M , JOHNSON HILARY M , REDDIHOUGH DINAH S
Published: October 2009

Aim  To describe the development and clinimetric properties of a new scale to evaluate changes in the impact of drooling in children with developmental disabilities.

Method  After examining the properties of potential items, 10 items were retained for inclusion in the final Drooling Impact Scale. The clinimetric properties of the scale were evaluated using data from two convenience samples of children attending a saliva‐control clinic: a stable group (n=31, 22 males, nine females; mean age 10y 7mo, SD 4y 5mo, range 3y 6mo–18y 3mo; cerebral palsy [CP] n=17, intellectual disability n=10; non‐ambulatory n=13, nonverbal n=12) and an intervention group (n=49, 29 males, 20 females; mean age 11y, SD 3y 6mo, range 3y 4mo–16y 10mo; CP n=31, intellectual disability n=15; non‐ambulatory n=27, nonverbal n=28). To assess validity, changes in scores on the Drooling Impact Scale over time were compared with a carer’s global rating of change using Pearson’s correlations and t‐tests. A concordance correlation coefficient was used to compute the level of agreement between assessments 1 month apart in stable children. Effect size, standardized response mean, Guyatt responsiveness statistic, and an unpaired t‐test were used to estimate responsiveness.

Results  The correlation between the global rating and change in Drooling Impact Scale scores was 0.69 (p<0.001). The concordance correlation coefficient was 0.85. An effect size of 1.8, standardized response mean of 1.5, Guyatt responsiveness statistic of 1.4, and mean group difference of 23.5 (95% confidence interval 17.4–29.6) were obtained.

Interpretation  The Drooling Impact Scale is a valid and reliable subjective measure that is responsive to change.
Regulation of increased glutamatergic input to spinal dorsal horn neurons by mGluR5 in diabetic neuropathic pain
Authors: Li Ji‐Qing , Chen Shao‐Rui , Chen Hong , Cai You‐Qing , Pan Hui‐Lin
Published: October 2009

J. Neurochem. (2010) 112, 162–172.

Diabetic neuropathic pain is associated with increased glutamatergic input in the spinal dorsal horn. Group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are involved in the control of neuronal excitability, but their role in the regulation of synaptic transmission in diabetic neuropathy remains poorly understood. Here we studied the role of spinal mGluR5 and mGluR1 in controlling glutamatergic input in a rat model of painful diabetic neuropathy induced by streptozotocin. Whole‐cell patch‐clamp recordings of lamina II neurons were performed in spinal cord slices. The amplitude of excitatory post‐synaptic currents (EPSCs) evoked from the dorsal root and the frequency of spontaneous EPSCs (sEPSCs) were significantly higher in diabetic than in control rats. The mGluR5 antagonist 2‐methyl‐6‐(phenylethynyl)‐pyridine (MPEP) inhibited evoked EPSCs and sEPSCs more in diabetic than in control rats. Also, the percentage of neurons in which sEPSCs and evoked EPSCs were affected by MPEP or the group I mGluR agonist was significantly higher in diabetic than in control rats. However, blocking mGluR1 had no significant effect on evoked EPSCs and sEPSCs in either groups. The mGluR5 protein level in the dorsal root ganglion, but not in the dorsal spinal cord, was significantly increased in diabetic rats compared with that in control rats. Furthermore, intrathecal administration of MPEP significantly increased the nociceptive pressure threshold only in diabetic rats. These findings suggest that increased mGluR5 expression on primary afferent neurons contributes to increased glutamatergic input to spinal dorsal horn neurons and nociceptive transmission in diabetic neuropathic pain.
The loop between β‐strands β2 and β3 and its interaction with the N‐terminal α‐helix is essential for biogenesis of α7 nicotinic receptors
Authors: Criado Manuel , Mulet José , Castillo Mar , Gerber Susana , Sala Salvador , Sala Francisco
Published: October 2009

J. Neurochem. (2010) 112, 103–111.

Recently, we have shown that the α‐helix present at the N‐termini of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors plays a crucial role in their biogenesis. Structural data suggest that this helix interacts with the loop linking β‐strands β2 and β3 (loop 3). We studied the role of this loop as well as its interaction with the helix in membrane receptor expression. Residues from Asp62 to Val75 in loop 3 were mutated. Mutations of conserved amino acids, such as Asp62, Leu65 and Trp67 abolished membrane receptor expression in Xenopus oocytes. Others mutations, at residues Asn68, Ala69, Ser70, Tyr72, Gly74, and Val 75 were less harmful although still produced significant expression decreases. Steady state levels of wild‐type and mutant α7 receptors (L65A, W67A, and Y72A) were similar but the formation of pentameric receptors was impaired in the latter (W67A). Mutation of critical residues in subunits of heteromeric nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α3β4) also abolished their membrane expression. Complementarity between the helix and loop 3 was evidenced by studying the expression of chimeric α7 receptors in which these domains were substituted by homologous sequences from other subunits. We conclude that loop 3 and its docking to the α‐helix is an important requirement for receptor assembly.
Not so old Archaea – the antiquity of biogeochemical processes in the archaeal domain of life
Authors: BLANK CARRINE E.
Published: October 2009

Since the archaeal domain of life was first recognized, it has often been assumed that Archaea are ancient, and harbor primitive traits. In fact, the names of the major archaeal lineages reflect our assumptions regarding the antiquity of their traits. Ancestral state reconstruction and relaxed molecular clock analyses using newly articulated oxygen age constraints show that although the archaeal domain itself is old, tracing back to the Archean eon, many clades and traits within the domain are not ancient or primitive. Indeed many clades and traits, particularly in the Euryarchaeota, were inferred to be Neoproterozoic or Phanerozoic in age. Both Eury‐ and Crenarchaeota show increasing metabolic and physiological diversity through time. Early archaeal microbial communities were likely limited to sulfur reduction and hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis, and were confined to high‐temperature geothermal environments. However, after the appearance of atmospheric oxygen, nodes containing a wide variety of traits (sulfate and thiosulfate reduction, sulfur oxidation, sulfide oxidation, aerobic respiration, nitrate reduction, mesophilic methanogenesis in sedimentary environments) appear, first in environments containing terrestrial Crenarchaeota in the Meso/Neoproterozoic followed by environments containing marine Euryarchaeota in the Neoproterozoic and Phanerozoic. This provides phylogenetic evidence for increasing complexity in the biogeochemical cycling of C, N, and S through geologic time, likely as a consequence of microbial evolution and the gradual oxygenation of various compartments within the biosphere. This work has implications not only for the large‐scale evolution of microbial communities and biogeochemical processes, but also for the interpretation of microbial biosignatures in the ancient rock record.
EFFECTS OF MILLING: A POSSIBLE FACTOR INFLUENCING THE DURABILITY OF HISTORICAL MORTARS
Authors: MIRIELLO D. , BLOISE A. , CRISCI G. M. , BARRESE E. , APOLLARO C.
Published: October 2009

In their literary texts, some classical Roman authors such as Gaius Plinius Secundus and Marcus Vitruvius Pollio stress the importance of milling when preparing mortars. Following these indications, this work describes the effects of milling between lime (calcium hydroxide) and clay brick powder before and after the addition of water. Starting and resulting materials were investigated by XRPD, SEM/EDS, differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry (DSC/TC), colorimetry, densimetry and porosimetry. Prolonged milling changes the mineralogy of the starting materials and increases their reactivity. The final lime pastes, starting from materials milled for varying periods of time, had different mineralogical and physical characteristics. These results may help to clarify the reasons for the marked differences in durability of some historical mortars.
LEAD ISOTOPE ANALYSIS OF TANG SANCAI POTTERY GLAZES FROM GONGYI KILN, HENAN PROVINCE AND HUANGBAO KILN, SHAANXI PROVINCE
Authors: CUI J. F. , LEI Y. , JIN Z. B. , HUANG B. L. , WU X. H.
Published: October 2009

Through the use of MC–ICP–MS, this study analyses the lead isotope ratios of 19 Tang Sancai pottery glazes unearthed from the Gongyi and Huangbao kiln sites. According to their different lead isotope ratios, the two kilns can be grouped separately. The research also suggests that the Gongyi and Huangbao kilns are independent production centres of Tang Sancai in the Tang Dynasty. The data from the Huangbao kiln indicates that the lead in the glazes originates from the Northern China geochemical province, while the data from Gongyi kiln suggests its source as the Yangtze geochemical province. Furthermore, the results obtained for the Tang Sancai pottery indicate that the lead sources for glaze making of these two kilns were very consistent, which suggests that lead isotope analysis could be a helpful method to identify the kilns producing Tang Sancai artefacts.
Has Pay‐for‐Performance Decreased Access for Minority Patients?
Authors: Ryan Andrew M.
Published: October 2009

Objective. To examine whether the CMS and Premier Inc. Hospital Quality Incentive Demonstration (PHQID), a hospital‐based pay‐for‐performance (P4P) and public quality reporting program, caused participating hospitals (1) to avoid treating minority patients diagnosed with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), heart failure, and pneumonia and (2) to avoid providing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) to minority patients diagnosed with AMI.

Data Sources. One hundred percent Medicare inpatient claims, denominator files, and provider of service files from 2000 to 2006.

Study Design. We test for differences in the conditional probability of receiving care at PHQID hospitals for AMI, heart failure, and pneumonia before and after implementation of the PHQID between white and minority patients. We also test for differences in the conditional probability that white and minority patients diagnosed with AMI receive CABG in hospitals participating, and not participating, in the PHQID before and after the implementation of the PHQID.

Data Extraction Methods. Data were obtained from CMS.

Principal Findings. We find little evidence that the PHQID reduced access for minority patients: only “Other Race” beneficiaries had a significant reduction in adjusted admissions to PHQID hospitals in the postperiod, and only for AMI. Only marginally significant ( p<.10) evidence of a reduction in CABG was found, also occurring for Other Race beneficiaries.

Conclusions. Despite minimal evidence of minority patient avoidance in the PHQID, monitoring of avoidance should continue for P4P programs.
Recent Research into the History of Early Shi'ism
Authors: Gleave Robert
Published: October 2009

This article examines some of the scholarship on early published in the last decade in English, French and German. Particular emphasis is paid to the emergence of the majority trend, its self‐definition and the development of doctrinal unity. Any social or political history of early will inevitably be partial as the division between these categories of analysis and the intellectual development of dogma and doctrine is somewhat artificial when considering early Islam. The emergence of a dogmatic orthodoxy is linked with both the production of a distinctive identity and the subsequent or Twelver tradition of thought.
Gender and Sexuality in the North American Borderlands, 1492–1848
Authors: Little Ann M.
Published: October 2009

Borderlands history has traditionally been dominated by the masculine concerns of warfare, politics, and diplomacy, but in the past two decades, women’s and gender historians have produced studies that reveal that gender and sexuality were central to all colonial North American borderlands encounters among and between Native Americans and Europeans. This new scholarship argues not just for the importance of women in borderlands societies, but for the importance of looking at gender identities, work roles, and sexual and marriage practices, and the role all of these things played in intercultural contact and conflict. Scholars interested in gender and sexuality should take a broadly comparative approach in this field, because of the striking similarities as well as important differences that emerge with a continental perspective.
Transportation, Communication, and the Movement of Peoples in the Frankish Kingdom, ca. 500–900 C.E
Authors: Halfond Gregory I.
Published: October 2009

As historians and archeologists continue to debate the volume of commercial traffic in Western Europe following the disappearance of Roman imperial rule, it has become increasingly clear that an infrastructure of transportation and communication continued to facilitate travel and the movement of people in this period. This is particularly apparent in the Frankish Kingdom between the sixth and tenth centuries. Relying to a substantial degree on technology and routes inherited from the Roman past, the Franks employed this communication infrastructure for purposes dictated by entirely contemporary concerns. Recent scholarship has demonstrated conclusively that commerce was far from the only motivation for travel in the Frankish Kingdom, and that the diversity of means and motives for communication is indicative of a mobile society.
Immunomonitoring of graft‐versus‐host minor histocompatibility antigen correlates with graft‐versus‐host disease and absence of relapse after graft
Authors: Laurin David , Hannani Dalil , Pernollet Martine , Moine Agnès , Plumas Joël , Bensa Jean‐Claude , Cahn Jean‐Yves , Garban Frédéric
Published: October 2009

BACKGROUND: After HLA‐identical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, minor histocompatibility (mH) antigen alloreactivity plays a dominant role in the development of graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD) and graft versus leukemia (GVL).

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: We have analyzed the mH alloreactivity (enzyme‐linked immunospot [ELISpot] for interferon‐γ[IFN‐γ] assay) from 24 donor/recipient pairs over a period of 2 years of follow‐up and correlated such alloreactivity with the development of GVHD or absence of relapse. Circulating specific T cells anti‐mH with multimer HLA‐peptides were also studied.

RESULTS: We show by ELISpot IFN‐γ assay that alloreactivity during the first 3 months from donor versus recipient or donor versus mismatched identified mH antigens is associated with acute GVHD and GVL effect. In addition, we demonstrate that the donor‐versus‐recipient reactivity observed after the third month is highly associated with chronic GVHD and GVL (p = 0.0007). Finally, we show by multimer HLA‐peptide assay that mH epitope‐specific T cells present after 3 months are statistically related to the GVL effect.

CONCLUSIONS: Our results provide a robust method to monitor mH antigen graft‐versus‐host reaction and suggest that current identified mH have predictive value on GVHD and GVL.
Plasma and cryoprecipitate manufactured from whole blood held overnight at room temperature meet quality standards
Authors: Serrano Katherine , Scammell Ken , Weiss Sandra , Culibrk Brankica , Levin Elena , Gyöngyössy‐Issa Maria , Devine Dana V.
Published: October 2009

BACKGROUND: With buffy coat (BC) processing of whole blood (WB) donations, the preparation of plasma occurs within 24 hours rather than 8 hours of collection. The effect of this change on coagulation factor function in plasma and cryoprecipitate was evaluated during the validation of this production method and with routine production.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Plasma frozen after an overnight hold of WB was prepared via BC or whole blood filtration (WBF) methods and quality control (QC) variables were measured. Additionally, plasma prepared with the BC method was compared to plasma produced using the platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) method with an extended plasma factor analysis. Selected plasma factor levels were also measured in both cryoprecipitate and cryosupernatant plasma prepared using the WBF method from plasma frozen on the day of collection or after an overnight hold of WB.

RESULTS: When comparing BC plasma to PRP plasma, coagulation factors (F)II, VII, VIII, IX, X, and XI had somewhat lower levels, and fibrinogen and antithrombin levels were elevated. As expected the most sensitive to the prolongation of production time was FVIII with 72 and 78% of the activity of PRP plasma and cryoprecipitate, respectively. However, both still met QC standards. Similarly, products made in routine production show acceptable levels of FVIII.

CONCLUSION: Plasma and cryoprecipitate products, prepared using methods in which the plasma is frozen close to 24 hours after collection, meet current quality standards. The longer WB storage time has been implemented into general use in Canada.
Relative safety of first‐time volunteer and replacement donors in West Africa
Authors: Allain Jean‐Pierre , Sarkodie Francis , Asenso‐Mensah Kwame , Owusu‐Ofori Shirley
Published: October 2009

BACKGROUND: A significantly higher level of safety between nonremunerated volunteer and replacement donor blood is assumed. This is supported by global data without stratifying between genuine replacement and paid donors, for first‐time or repeat volunteer, or according to age.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: In 2008, first‐time volunteer and replacement donors were identified, and confirmed human immunodeficiency virus antibody (anti‐HIV), hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), and hepatitis C virus antibody (anti‐HCV)‐positive screening results were collated. Data were analyzed according to age and sex between the two types of donors.

RESULTS: In 6640 first‐time volunteer and 4360 replacement donors, the prevalence of anti‐HIV and HBsAg (1.03 and 13.8% vs. 1.1 and 14.9%, respectively) was not significantly different. Anti‐HIV prevalence was higher in replacement donors less than age 20 than in first‐time volunteers; the difference was not significant. HBsAg and anti‐HIV confirmed‐positive prevalence was significantly higher in first‐time volunteer donors over age 20.

CONCLUSION: In Kumasi, Ghana, viral safety of replacement and first‐time volunteer donors was similar, constituting a single population of donors. Safety increment is provided by repeat donation applicable to either group, through different approaches. A blood unit from replacement donor costs half or less than that from a volunteer donor; similar studies conducted elsewhere in sub‐Saharan Africa may lead to changes in current strategies.
Identity and Government Funding in Christian Nonprofits*
Authors: Scheitle Christopher P.
Published: October 2009

Objectives. This article aims to understand if and how the expressed religious identity of Christian nonprofit organizations varies between those receiving and not receiving government funding and whether there is evidence that government funding produces such differences.

Methods. I utilize a content analysis of narratives provided on tax forms of 1,900 of the largest national and international Christian nonprofits based in the United States.

Results. Christian nonprofits receiving government funding are less likely to express a religious identity and tend to use more inclusive language when doing so. However, receiving government funding does not seem to be the direct cause of changes in expressed religious identity.

Conclusions. Differences in expressed religious identity might better be understood as the result of long‐term changes that both alter the organization's identity and makes it more likely to acquire government funding.
Politics, Pragmatism, and Departures from the U.S. Courts of Appeals, 1954–2004*
Authors: Vining Richard L.
Published: October 2009

Objective. This article uses Cox proportional hazards models to explain departures from the U.S. Courts of Appeals from 1954–2004. I argue that reforms to pension eligibility and financial incentives in 1984 extended opportunities for voluntary departures and strategic behavior, and that reasons for quitting (whether political, personal, or institutional) differed among types of departures and over time.

Methods. The data represent all judge‐years from 1954–2004. Both the full period and 1954–1983 and 1984–2004 subperiods are examined.

Results. The effects of political factors are limited to partial retirements and suggest judges' recognition of contentious confirmation politics since the 1980s. Personal and institutional variables dominate outright departures.

Conclusions. Explanations for departures from the circuit bench differ both by type and over time. Scholars and policymakers should refine arguments regarding judicial turnover and its causes.
Asian‐Pacific‐American Partisanship: Dynamics of Partisan and Nonpartisan Identities*
Authors: Phan Ngoc , Garcia John A.
Published: October 2009

Objectives. This article seeks to understand the development of partisanship among Asian Americans since a significant portion do not choose either major party affiliation, but select an independent or a truly nonpartisan status. With a rapidly growing Asian‐American population, examining its pattern for both partisan and nonpartisan identification has been ignored. This research took a developmental process in which acquisition of any partisan affiliation/identification is a critical juncture for Asian‐American political incorporation. Therefore, considering contributing factors that affect the acquisition of any partisan affiliation as a precursor to specific Asian‐American partisan affiliation/behaviors is our direction.

Methods. Using a logistical regression model and data from the Pilot National Asian American Political Survey, a category of variables, including sociodemographic, Asian‐American subgroup status, U.S. political orientations and attitudes, and experiences with U.S. society, are used to understand a partisan and nonpartisan affiliation.

Results. This study reveals that aspects of socioeconomic status, political attitudes, and immigrant experiences are important, in varying degrees (especially Asian subgroup status) to understand partisan acquisition for Asian Americans. More so, Asian‐American subgroups, persons with lower educational and income levels, and participants in the labor force are less likely to assume a partisan affiliation. Levels of interest in U.S. politics and length of time in the United States do contribute to a partisan affiliation.

Conclusions. Viewing partisan affiliation as a developmental process is an important research avenue to approach the Asian‐American community. The inclusion of not only sociodemographic variables, but experiences and evaluation of the U.S. political system, as well as recognizing the political “culture” of Asian‐American subgroups, provides a more complete understanding of the partisan acquisition process.
The Link Between Voter Choice and Religious Identity in Contemporary Society: Bringing Classical Theory Back In*
Authors: Hirschl Thomas A. , Booth James G. , Glenna Leland L.
Published: October 2009

Objectives. In this article, we analyze voter choice data from six U.S. presidential elections for evidence of religious identity and sociodemographic effects on voter choice.

Methods. Voter choice is analyzed over the period 1980 to 2000 with multivariate statistical models.

Results. A link is found between voter choice and religious identity, where the effect of religious identity on voter choice is contingent on location within the stratification order defined by race, class, and gender. The article proposes a theory to explain the contingent link between voter choice and religious identity; the theory is derived from classical sociology.

Conclusion. In the United States, political behavior related to religious identity is contingent on the individual's location within the stratification order.
The Cost of Parenthood: Unraveling the Effects of Sexual Orientation and Gender on Income*
Authors: Baumle Amanda K.
Published: October 2009

Objectives. Prior research has repeatedly shown that parenthood affects employment outcomes; mothers have, on average, lower wages and are less likely to be hired than childless women. Some research indicates that this effect of parenthood on employment outcomes is dependent on sexual orientation. In particular, lesbian mothers might be treated more like childless women by those making employment decisions. This article examines the degree to which the lesbian wage advantage can be explained by lesbians avoiding the motherhood wage penalty experienced by heterosexual women.

Methods. Drawing on 2000 U.S. Census data, this issue is first explored via ordinary least squares regression equations that estimate the effect of having a child present in the household on income. The Blinder‐Oaxaca method is then employed to decompose the earnings differential between heterosexual and gay individuals.

Results. Results indicate that lesbians appear to experience a motherhood advantage that increases their wages by approximately 20 percent. Further, results support the notion that lesbians receive different returns to the presence of children in the household than do heterosexual women. Approximately 35 percent of the wage differential between lesbians and heterosexual women is attributable to differences in returns to child rearing.

Conclusion. These findings have relevance for state and federal anti‐discrimination laws and work/family policies, as they provide further insight into the role that gender, and gender‐based assumptions, play in determining employment outcomes.
Adolescent Weight and Depressive Symptoms: For Whom is Weight a Burden?*
Authors: Frisco Michelle L. , Houle Jason N. , Martin Molly A.
Published: October 2009

Objective. Adolescent weight and depressive symptoms are serious population health concerns in their own right and as they relate to each other. This study asks whether relationships between weight and depressive symptoms vary by sex and race/ethnicity because both shape experiences of weight and psychological distress.

Methods. Results are based on multivariate analyses of National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) data.

Results. There are no associations between adolescent girls' weight and depressive symptoms, but these associations vary considerably among boys. Underweight is associated with depressive symptoms among all boys and subpopulations of white and Hispanic boys. Among Hispanic boys, those who are overweight (vs. normal weight) have a lower probability of reporting depressive symptoms. Finally, among normal weight boys, Hispanics and blacks are more likely to report depressive symptoms than whites.

Conclusions. Findings are a reminder that understanding population health issues sometimes requires a focus on subpopulations, not simply the population as a whole.
Clinical reliability of non‐organoleptic oral malodour measurements
Authors: Vandekerckhove Betty , Van den Velde Sandra , De Smit Menke , Dadamio Jesica , Teughels Wim , Van Tornout Marie , Quirynen Marc
Published: October 2009

Aim: Measurement of volatile sulphur compounds (VSC) by portable sulphur monitors (Halimeter®, OralChroma™) is a common practice for diagnosis of oral malodour. In this study, the clinical value of these devices was examined.

Materials and Methods: Two hundred and eighty patients with bad breath complaints attending a halitosis consultation were enrolled. Organoleptic scores were given by a trained and calibrated judge, before measurement of the VSC levels (Halimeter®, OralChroma™), to avoid any bias.

Results: Significant correlations were found between the organoleptic assessment, the Halimeter®, and the OralChroma™ (R=0.74 for organoleptic versus Halimeter®; 0.66 for organoleptic versus OralChroma™; 0.63 for Halimeter®versus OralChroma™). The sensitivity and specificity (with regard to the organoleptic score) to detect patients with/without oral malodour for the Halimeter® were 63% and 98%, respectively, and for the OralChroma™ 69% and 100% when using the cutoffs suggested by the manufacturer. By lowering these values, sensitivity could be improved without a significant decrease in specificity (both devices).

Conclusions: We concluded that the measurement of the VSC levels can be used as an adjunct to the organoleptic assessment. Thresholds should be revisited in order to improve their clinical utility. These devices can prove the absence of malodour in case of pseudo‐halitosis.
Early‐onset lichenoid graft‐vs.‐host disease: a unique variant of acute graft‐vs.‐host disease occurring in peripheral blood stem cell transplant recipients
Authors: Magro Cynthia M. , Kerns Mary Jo , Votava Henry , Vasil Katherine E. , Dyrsen Molly E. , Morrison Carl D.
Published: October 2009

Background: A complication of stem cell transplantation is chronic graft‐vs.‐host disease (GvHD), developing months to years after transplant; the two commonest manifestations are lichenoid GvHD and scleroderma. The purpose of this study was to characterize early‐onset lichenoid GvHD.

Methods: A retrospective study identified patients diagnosed with early‐onset lichenoid GvHD. This diagnosis was correlated with type of transplant and concurrent or prior episodes of acute GvHD.

Results: Patients in whom a sex mismatch was present between donor and recipient were included, representing a study population of 17. All received an allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplant (PBSCT). All patients had biopsy proven lichenoid GvHD within 60 days or less following transplantation. All had concurrent gastrointestinal symptoms which was biopsy proven GvHD in thirteen of the cases. FISH XY studies revealed that the infiltrating lymphocytes were of donor origin in 12 of the cases, mixed in three and of host origin in two cases.

Conclusions: Early‐onset lichenoid GvHD is exclusive to the PBSCT setting and appears to be mediated by donor lymphocytes, reflecting the higher numbers of donor T cells encountered in PBSCT. We consider this reaction pattern a distinctive subtype of acute GvHD.

Magro CM, Kerns MJ, Votava H, Vasil KE, Dyrsen ME, Morrison CD. Early‐onset lichenoid graft‐vs.‐host disease: a unique variant of acute graft‐vs.‐host disease occurring in peripheral blood stem cell transplant recipients.
Fibrofolliculoma with ancient/pseudosarcomatous features
Authors: Cesinaro Anna Maria , Rusev Borislav Chavdarov , Kutzner Heinz
Published: October 2009

Fibrofolliculoma is a benign skin lesion that, when multiple, can be part of the Birt‐Hogg‐Dube syndrome. We report on a case of solitary fibrofolliculoma arisen on the nose of a 63‐year‐old woman, with peculiar histological and immunohistochemical features. The lesion was characterized by the presence of bizarre multinucleated perifollicular stromal cells, positive for factor XIIIa, in a background of CD34‐positive cells, and by a peripheral population of CD34‐positive spindle cells organized in fascicles haphazardly infiltrating the deep dermis, and surrounded by scattered factor XIIIa‐positive dendrocytes. We consider the bizarre perifollicular cellular component as an ‘ancient’ feature of fibrofolliculoma, hypothesis corroborated by the co‐expression of CD34 and factor XIIIa, whereas the peripheral spindle cell fascicles represent a pseudosarcomatous proliferation of CD34‐positive cells, normally surrounding adnexal structures, stimulated by factor XIIIa‐positive dendrocytes.

Cesinaro AM, Rusev BC, Kutzner H. Fibrofolliculoma with ancient/pseudosarcomatous features.
Propolis inhibits osteoclast maturation
Authors: Pileggi Roberta , Antony Kathryn , Johnson Kristie , Zuo Jian , Holliday L. Shannon
Published: October 2009

Abstract –  Propolis, a natural product produced by the honey bee, has been successfully used in medicine as an anti‐inflammatory and antimicrobial agent. Traumatic injuries to the teeth, especially avulsion injuries, present a challenging situation for the clinician because of post‐treatment complications, such as inflammatory and/or replacement resorption. Agents that reduce osteoclast numbers and activity may be useful in the treatment of traumatic injuries to the teeth. In this study, we evaluated propolis as an anti‐resorptive agent. Calcitriol‐stimulated mouse marrow cultures, which contain both osteoclasts and osteoblasts, were exposed to the ethanol extracts of propolis or vehicle control and stained for tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)‐activity to identify osteoclasts. A significant, dose‐dependent reduction in multinuclear TRAP+ cells was demonstrated, although the propolis treatment accommodated cell growth and survival (P < 0.05). Propolis also reduced the formation of actin rings in pure cultures of RAW 264.7 osteoclast‐like cells, suggesting that it exerts direct actions on osteoclast maturation. In summary, our data suggest that propolis inhibits late stages of osteoclast maturation including fusion of osteoclasts precursors to form giant cells and formation of actin rings. This supports the hypothesis that it may prove useful as a medicament to reduce resorption associated with traumatic injuries to the teeth.
Unilateral coronoid hyperplasia following trauma: a case report
Authors: Iqbal Syed , Hamid Abdul Latif Abdul , Purmal Kathiravan
Published: October 2009

Abstract –  This case describes surgical correction of unilateral coronoid hyperplasia in a 13‐year‐old boy due to trauma. Treatment included coronoidectomy by intraoral approach after the diagnosis was confirmed. Computed tomography scan and occipitomental view radiograph were utilized for investigation. The resected coronoid process was sent for histopathological study. The histopathological examination revealed decalcified sections showing osteochondroid hyperplasia at the expanded end. On clinical and radiographic review at 2 years postoperation, the patient was well, completely symptom free and had improved mouth opening. This case report demonstrates the management of sports injury related unilateral coronoid hyperplasia. Emphasis was also placed on postoperational rehabilitation to prevent any relapse.
Knowledge of the management of paediatric dental traumas by non‐dental professionals in emergency rooms in South Araucanía, Temuco, Chile
Authors: Díaz Jaime , Bustos Luís , Herrera Samira , Sepulveda Jaqueline
Published: October 2009

Abstract –  Aim: The objective of this study was to investigate the level of knowledge and attitudes regarding first aid for dental trauma in children (TDI) by non‐dental professionals and paramedical technicians of hospital emergency rooms in the South Araucanía Health Service, Chile, which was attained through application of a survey. Materials and methods: Samples were collected from people with occupations in the respective emergency rooms. The participants were 82 people that were interviewed using a questionnaire regarding management of dental trauma. Paramedic technicians, general and specialist doctors, and nurses were included in this survey. The appraisal covered diverse aspects: birth date, age, sex, years of experience in the emergency room, and questions regarding specific dental trauma topics, which focused on crown fractures, luxation injuries in permanent dentition, avulsion in primary and permanent teeth, and the respective emergency treatments. Results: Of the participants, 78.1% reported to have been presented with a TDI patient. The majority (90.2%) had not received formal training on TDI. These results revealed a wide distribution of responses. The overall dental trauma knowledge among the participants was relatively poor. For crown fractures management 54.9% indicated that they would ask the affected child about the crown remnants. In regard to transport and storage medium of avulsed permanent teeth, only 9.8% of the participants answered correctly and 43.9% of respondents stated that they would not replant an avulsed permanent tooth, since that procedure is considered the responsibility of a dentist. Conclusions: The majority of the respondents were not knowledgeable regarding TDI or the management and benefits of timely care, particularly in cases of avulsed permanent teeth. Therefore, formal education and training on the topic is suggested during undergraduate studies.