bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New alternative and complementary environmental policy instruments and the implementation of the Water Framework Directive
Authors: Gouldson Andy , Lopez‐Gunn Elena , Van Alstine Jamie , Rees Yvonne , Davies Miles , Krishnarayan Vijay
Published: November 2008

Based on a study conducted for the Environment Agency for England and Wales, we discuss the contribution that new alternative and complementary environmental policy instruments might make to the realization of the objectives of the EU's Water Framework Directive. Following a survey that identified nearly 100 examples where alternative and complementary instruments are currently being applied in the UK, we categorize such instruments as information‐based approaches, private and voluntary regulation or support and capacity building measures. Examples are given of each category of instrument before further findings on the preconditions for the successful application of such measures are presented. These preconditions relate to levels of commitment from key groups, levels of stakeholder understanding, the role of the lead actor, the importance of timing, the need to deliver a clear message, the importance of enforcement, the role of the media and the importance of social capital in key networks. We conclude that alternative and complementary measures have significant potential to contribute to the realization of the Water Framework Directive's objectives, but only where these preconditions are met. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Study on power system transient instability detection based on wide area measurement system
Authors: Guo Hao‐Zhi , Xie Huan , Zhang Bao‐Hui , Yu Guang‐liang , Li Peng , Bo Zhi‐qian. , Klimek A.
Published: November 2008

In this paper, a method, which is essential in initiating emergency control measures, is proposed for fast and accurate online detection of transient instability based on real‐time measurement. Under a certain disturbance, the candidate critical cluster (CC) of power system is predicted and refreshed at each sampling step. The method identifies the loss of synchronism at each time step by observing the geometric characteristic of the post‐fault trajectory of the generalized one‐machine equivalent system. Unlike the previous extended equal‐area criterion method, it is unnecessary to calculate the unstable equilibrium point (UEP) during instability detection in this method and some limitations caused by the time‐invariant assumption are also eliminated. Simulations are carried out on the IEEE 50 generator test system and a real power system. The simulation results indicate that the proposed method has the features of reliability and effectiveness in identifying the loss of synchronism with inter‐area mode. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Attention impairment in temporal lobe epilepsy: A neurophysiological approach via analysis of the P300 wave
Authors: Bocquillon Perrine , Dujardin Kathy , Betrouni Nacim , Phalempin Valérian , Houdayer Elise , Bourriez Jean‐Louis , Derambure Philippe , Szurhaj William
Published: November 2008

Purpose: Attention is often impaired in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). The P300 wave (an endogenous, event‐related potential) is a correlate of attention which is usually recorded during an “oddball paradigm,” where the subject is instructed to detect an infrequent target stimulus presented amongst frequent, standard stimuli. Modifications of the P300 wave's latency and amplitude in TLE have been suggested, but it is still not known whether the source regions also differ. Our hypothesis was that temporal lobe dysfunction would modify the P3 source regions in TLE patients. Methods: A comparative, high density, 128‐channel electroencephalographic analysis of the characteristics of P300 (P3b latency and amplitude) was performed in 10 TLE patients and 10 healthy controls during auditory and visual oddball paradigms. The P3b sources were localized on individual 3D MR images using the LORETA method and intergroup statistical comparisons were performed using SPM2® software. Results: Our main results (in both individual analyses and intergroup comparisons) revealed a reduction in temporal (and more particularly mesiotemporal) sources and, to a lesser extent, frontal sources in TLE patients, compared with controls. Discussion: This reduction may reflect direct, local cortical dysfunction caused by the epileptic focus or more complex interference between epileptic networks and normal attentional pathways. Hum Brain Mapp, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Receptor architecture of human cingulate cortex: Evaluation of the four‐region neurobiological model
Authors: Palomero‐Gallagher Nicola , Vogt Brent A. , Schleicher Axel , Mayberg Helen S. , Zilles Karl
Published: November 2008

The structural and functional organization of the human cingulate cortex is an ongoing focus; however, human imaging studies continue to use the century‐old Brodmann concept of a two region cingulate cortex. Recently, a four‐region neurobiological model was proposed based on structural, circuitry, and functional imaging observations. It encompasses the anterior cingulate, midcingulate, posterior cingulate, and retrosplenial cortices (ACC, MCC, PCC, and RSC, respectively). For the first time, this study performs multireceptor autoradiography of 15 neurotransmitter receptor ligands and multivariate statistics on human whole brain postmortem samples covering the entire cingulate cortex. We evaluated the validity of Brodmann's duality concept and of the four‐region model using a hierarchical clustering analysis of receptor binding according to the degree of similarity of each area's receptor architecture. We could not find support for Brodmann's dual cingulate concept, because the anterior part of his area 24 has significantly higher AMPA, kainate, GABAB, benzodiazepine, and M3 but lower NMDA and GABAA binding site densities than the posterior part. The hierarchical clustering analysis distinguished ACC, MCC, PCC, and RSC as independent regions. The ACC has highest AMPA, kainate, α2, 5‐HT1A, and D1 but lowest GABAA densities. The MCC has lowest AMPA, kainate, α2, and D1 densities. Area 25 in ACC is similar in receptor‐architecture to MCC, particularly the NMDA, GABAA, GABAB, and M2 receptors. The PCC and RSC differ in the higher M1 and α1 but lower M3 densities of PCC. Thus, multireceptor autoradiography supports the four‐region neurobiological model of the cingulate cortex. Hum Brain Mapp, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adaptive control of the false discovery rate in voxel‐based morphometry
Authors: Chen Sining , Wang Chi , Eberly Lynn E. , Caffo Brian S. , Schwartz Brian S.
Published: November 2008

Voxel‐based morphometry (VBM) is widely used as a high‐resolution approach to understanding the relationship between anatomical structures and variables of interest. Controlling for the false discovery rate (FDR) is an attractive choice for thresholding the resulting statistical maps and has been commonly used in fMRI studies. However, we caution against the use of nonadaptive FDR control procedures, such as the most commonly used Benjamini–Hochberg procedure (B‐H), in VBM analyses. This is because, in VBM analyses, specific risk factors may be associated with volume change in a global, rather than local, manner, which means the proportion of truly associated voxels among all voxels is large. In such a case, the achieved FDR obtained by nonadaptive procedures can be substantially lower than the nominal, or controlled, level. Such conservatism deprives researchers of power for detecting true associations. In this article, we advocate for the use of adaptive FDR control in VBM‐type analyses. Specifically, we examine two representative adaptive procedures: the two‐stage step‐up procedure by Benjamini, Krieger and Yekutieli (2006: Biometrika 93:491–507) and the procedure of Storey and Tibshirani ([2003]: Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:9440–9445). We demonstrate mathematically, with simulations, and with a data example that these procedures provide improved performance over the B‐H procedure. Hum Brain Mapp, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Are there theory of mind regions in the brain? A review of the neuroimaging literature
Authors: Carrington Sarah J. , Bailey Anthony J.
Published: November 2008

There have been many functional imaging studies of the brain basis of theory of mind (ToM) skills, but the findings are heterogeneous and implicate anatomical regions as far apart as orbitofrontal cortex and the inferior parietal lobe. The functional imaging studies are reviewed to determine whether the diverse findings are due to methodological factors. The studies are considered according to the paradigm employed (e.g., stories vs. cartoons and explicit vs. implicit ToM instructions), the mental state(s) investigated, and the language demands of the tasks. Methodological variability does not seem to account for the variation in findings, although this conclusion may partly reflect the relatively small number of studies. Alternatively, several distinct brain regions may be activated during ToM reasoning, forming an integrated functional “network.” The imaging findings suggest that there are several “core” regions in the network—including parts of the prefrontal cortex and superior temporal sulcus—while several more “peripheral” regions may contribute to ToM reasoning in a manner contingent on relatively minor aspects of the ToM task. Hum Brain Mapp, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Abnormal connectivity of the sensorimotor network in patients with MS: A multicenter fMRI study
Authors: Rocca Maria A. , Absinta Martina , Valsasina Paola , Ciccarelli Olga , Marino Silvia , Rovira Alex , Gass Achim , Wegner Christiane , Enzinger Christian , Korteweg Tjimen , Sormani Maria Pia , Mancini Laura , Thompson Alan J. , De Stefano Nicola , Montalban Xavier , Hirsch Jochen , Kappos Ludwig , Ropele Stephan , Palace Jacqueline , Barkhof Frederik , Matthews Paul M. , Filippi Massimo
Published: November 2008

In this multicenter study, we used dynamic causal modeling to characterize the abnormalities of effective connectivity of the sensorimotor network in 61 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) compared with 74 age‐matched healthy subjects. We also investigated the correlation of such abnormalities with findings derived from structural MRI. In a subgroup of subjects, diffusion tensor (DT) MRI metrics of the corpus callosum and the left corticospinal tract (CST) were also assessed. MS patients showed increased effective connectivity relative to controls between: (a) the left primary SMC and the left dorsal premotor cortex (PMd), (b) the left PMd and the supplementary motor areas (SMA), (c) the left secondary sensorimotor cortex (SII) and the SMA, (d) the right SII and the SMA, (e) the left SII and the right SII, and (f) the right SMC and the SMA. MS patients had relatively reduced effective connectivity between the left SMC and the right cerebellum. No interaction was found between disease group and center. Coefficients of altered connectivity were weakly correlated with brain T2 LV, but moderately correlated with DT MRI‐measured damage of the left CST. In conclusion, large multicenter fMRI studies of effective connectivity changes in diseased people are feasible and can facilitate studies with sample size large enough for robust outcomes. Increased effective connectivity in the patients for the simple motor task suggests local network modulation contributing to enhanced long‐distance effective connectivity in MS patients. This extends and generalizes previous evidence that enhancement of effective connectivity may provide an important compensatory mechanism in MS. Hum Brain Mapp, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cathepsins B and D drive hepatic stellate cell proliferation and promote their fibrogenic potential #
Authors: Moles Anna , Tarrats Núria , Fernández-Checa José C. , Marí Montserrat
Published: November 2008

Cathepsins have been best characterized in tumorigenesis and cell death and implicated in liver fibrosis; however, whether cathepsins directly regulate hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation and proliferation, hence modulating their fibrogenic potential, is largely unknown. Here, we show that expression of cathepsin B (CtsB) and cathepsin D (CtsD) is negligible in quiescent HSCs but parallels the increase of α-smooth muscle actin and transforming growth factor-β during in vitro mouse HSC activation. Both cathepsins are necessary for HSC transdifferentiation into myofibroblasts, because their silencing or inhibition decreased HSC proliferation and the expression of phenotypic markers of HSC activation, with similar results observed with the human HSC cell line LX2. CtsB inhibition blunted AKT phosphorylation in activated HSCs in response to platelet-derived growth factor. Moreover, during in vivo liver fibrogenesis caused by CCl4 administration, CtsB expression increased in HSCs but not in hepatocytes, and its inactivation mitigated CCl4-induced inflammation, HSC activation, and collagen deposition. Conclusion: These findings support a critical role for cathepsins in HSC activation, suggesting that the antagonism of cathepsins in HSCs may be of relevance for the treatment of liver fibrosis. (Hepatology 2009.)
Viral dynamics of hepatitis B virus DNA in human immunodeficiency virus-1–hepatitis B virus coinfected individuals: Similar effectiveness of lamivudine, tenofovir, or combination therapy #
Authors: Lewin Sharon R. , Ribeiro Ruy M. , Avihingsanon Anchalee , Bowden Scott , Matthews Gail , Marks Pip , Locarnini Stephen A. , Ruxrungtham Kiat , Perelson Alan S. , Dore Gregory J.
Published: November 2008

Following treatment of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection with nucleos(t)ide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), there is a biphasic clearance of HBV, similar to that seen following treatment of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) and hepatitis C virus. Little is known about the impact of combination NRTIs and HIV-1 coinfection on HBV viral kinetic parameters following the initiation of HBV-active highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). HIV-1–HBV coinfected patients (n = 21) were enrolled in a viral kinetics substudy of the Tenofovir in HIV-1–HBV Coinfection study (TICO). TICO was a randomized (1:1:1) trial of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF, 300 mg) versus lamivudine (LMV, 300 mg) versus TDF/LMV within an efavirenz based HAART regimen initiated in HIV-1-HBV coinfected antiretroviral naïve individuals in Thailand. HBV DNA was measured frequently over the first 56 days. To fit the viral load data, we used a model of HBV kinetics that allows the estimation of treatment effectiveness, viral clearance and infected cell loss. We observed a biphasic decline in HBV DNA in almost all patients. We did not observe any significant differences in HBV viral dynamic parameters between the three treatments groups. Overall, median (interquartile range) HBV treatment effectiveness was 98% (95%-99%), median HBV virion half-life was 1.2 days (0.5-1.4 days), and median infected cell half-life was 7.9 days (6.3-11.0 days). When we compared hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-positive and HBeAg-negative individuals, we found a significantly longer infected cell half-life in HBeAg-positive individuals (6.2 versus 9.0 days, P = 0.02). Conclusion: HBV viral dynamic parameters are similar following anti-HBV NRTI monotherapy and dual combination therapy in the setting of HIV-1–HBV coinfection. HIV-1 coinfection has minimal effect on HBV viral dynamics, even in the setting of advanced HIV-1–related immunosuppression. (Hepatology 2009.)
Phochinenins A – F, Dimeric 9,10‐Dihydrophenanthrene Derivatives, from Pholidota chinensis
Authors: Yao Sheng , Tang Chun‐Ping , Li Xi‐Qiang , Ye Yang
Published: November 2008

Six new compounds, phochinenins A–F (1–6), dimerized from 9,10‐dihydrophenanthrene and dihydrostilbene through direct coupling or an oxygen bridge, along with eight known compounds, were isolated from the whole plants of Pholidota chinensis. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic investigations (1D‐, 2D‐NMR, and HR‐EI‐MS).
Butyrate and vitamin D3 induce transcriptional attenuation at the cyclin D1 locus in colonic carcinoma cells
Authors: Maier Sandra , Daroqui M. Cecilia , Scherer Stefan , Roepcke Stefan , Velcich Anna , Shenoy Shailesh M. , Singer Robert H. , Augenlicht Leonard H.
Published: November 2008

In stimulating maturation of colonic carcinoma cells, the short chain fatty acid butyrate, and 1α,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3, were shown to attenuate transcription of the cyclin D1 gene, giving rise to truncated transcripts of this locus. Moreover, a sequence which is highly conserved in the human, mouse, rat, and dog genome was found in the 4 kb long intron 3 of the human cyclin D1 gene, and is capable of forming a hairpin structure similar to that of microRNA precursors. The expression of this sequence is also decreased by the attenuation. Thus, the transcriptional attenuation at the cyclin D1 locus not only down‐regulates the expression of this key gene in mucosal cell maturation and tumorigenesis, but may also abrogate the generation of a molecule that encompasses this conserved sequence in cyclin D1 intron 3. J. Cell. Physiol. 218: 638–642, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Firm value, managerial confidence, and investments: The case of China
Authors: Ye Bei , Yuan Jianguo
Published: November 2008

The purpose of this article is to test empirically the impact of Chinese managerial confidence on firm value through investment decisions. We use a simultaneous equation model, which treats firm value, investments, and managerial confidence as endogenous to the firm. With a sample of 329 Chinese listed firms and a confidence measure based on management shareholding, the 3SLS regression results show significant interactions among the three variables. Firm value has a positive impact on managerial confidence while the latter's impact on the former turns from positive to negative at a certain point. The results suggest a non‐monotonic relationship between managerial self‐confidence and firm value and imply an optimal level of managerial confidence. Therefore, while the leader selection process encourages confident talents to become decision‐makers, proper measures are required to prevent the confidence transformed into overconfidence.
Cypris morphology in the barnacles Ibla and Paralepas (Crustacea: Cirripedia Thoracica) implications for cirripede evolution
Authors: Høeg Jens T. , Achituv Yair , Chan Benny K.K. , Chan Karen , Jensen Peter Gram , Pérez‐Losada Marcos
Published: November 2008

We used scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to describe cypris morphology in species of the barnacles Ibla and Paralepas, both of which are pivotal in understanding cirripede evolution. In Ibla, we also studied late naupliar stages with video and SEM. Special emphasis was put on the lattice organs, the antennules and the thorax and telson. In Paralepas we had settled specimens only and could therefore only investigate the carapace with the lattice organs. Cyprids of Ibla quadrivalvis and Paralepas dannevigi have five sets of lattice organs, grouped as two anterior and three posterior pairs. The organs are of the pore‐field type and the terminal pore is situated anteriorly in the first pair, just as in the Rhizocephala and the Thoracica. In Ibla the armament of antennular sensilla resembles that found in the Thoracica but differs from the Rhizocephala. The absence of setules on the A and B setae sited terminally on the fourth antennular segment is a similarity with the Acrothoracica. The attachment disc is angled rather than facing distally and is encircled by a low cuticular velum. The thoracopods have two‐segmented endopods and exopods as in the Thoracica, but the number, shape, and position of thoracopodal setae differ somewhat from other species of that superorder. Both Ibla and Paralepas cyprids have a deeply cleaved telson, but no independent abdominal part. In cypris morphology, Ibla and Paralepas show several synapomorphies with the clade comprising Rhizocephala and Thoracica and there are no specific apomorphies with either the Acrothoracica, the Rhizocephala or any particular subgroup within the Thoracica. This is in agreement with recent molecular evidence that Ibla (Ibliformes) is the sister taxon to all other Thoracica and the ibliforms therefore become the outgroup of choice for studying character evolution within the superorder. Paralepas, and other pedunculated barnacles without shell plates, are apparently not primitive but are secondarily evolved and nested within the Thoracica. J. Morphol., 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cutaneous melanoma in Asian‐Americans
Authors: Shin Susanna , Palis Bryan E. , Phillips Jerri Linn , Stewart Andrew K. , Perry Roger R.
Published: November 2008

Background

There is little information available on melanoma in non‐white populations. Our objective was to characterize melanoma in Asian‐Americans (AsA) and compare patient demographics and tumor characteristics with the non‐Hispanic White (NHW) population.

Methods

483,050 cutaneous melanoma patients diagnosed between 1986 and 2005 were identified using the National Cancer Data Base (NCDB); 1,237 were AsA, and 409,564 were NHW. Age, gender, site, histologic type, tumor thickness, AJCC stage, and survival were compared.

Results

AsA were more likely to be diagnosed with acral lentiginous tumors (6.7%) than NHW (0.8%, P < 0.001). A greater proportion of AsA were diagnosed with T4 tumors (15.6%) than NHW (8.5%, P < 0.001). AsA presented with fewer early stage I–II tumors and more late stage III–IV tumors than NHW (P < 0.001). Survival was similar for AsA and NHW.

Conclusions

This is the largest study to date on melanoma in AsA. Compared to NHW, AsA are more likely to have acral lentinginous tumors, thick tumors, and higher stage. Despite this, their survival is similar to the NHW population. J. Surg. Oncol. 2009;99: 114–118. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Macromol. Biosci. 12/2008
Authors: Patel Trushar R. , Morris Gordon A. , de la Torre Jose Garcia , Ortega Alvaro , Mischnick Petra , Harding Stephen E.
Published: November 2008

Cover: The cover shows multi‐HYDFIT (Global) analysis for methylcellulose (bottom right). The methylcellulose conformation is best described by the minimum (Lp = 14 nm and ML = 340 g mol−1 nm−1) of the target function (Δ). This is consistent with Zone C (semi‐flexible coil) in the conformation zoning plot (top left). Further details can be found in the article by Trushar R. Patel, Gordon A. Morris, Jose Garcia de la Torre, Alvaro Ortega, Petra Mischnick, Stephen E. Harding* on page 1108.
Motor unit properties of biceps brachii in chronic stroke patients assessed with high‐density surface EMG
Authors: Kallenberg Laura A.C. , Hermens Hermie J.
Published: November 2008

The aim of this study was to investigate motor unit (MU) characteristics of the biceps brachii in poststroke patients using high‐density surface electromyography (sEMG). Eighteen chronic hemiparetic stroke patients took part. The Fugl‐Meyer score for the upper extremity was assessed. Subjects performed an isometric step contraction consisting of force levels from 5%–50% maximal voluntary contraction while sEMG of the biceps brachii was recorded with a two‐dimensional 16‐channel electrode array. This was repeated for both sides. Motor unit action potentials (MUAPs) were extracted from the EMG signals, and their root‐mean‐square value (RMSMUAP, reflecting MU size) and mean frequency of the power spectrum (FMEANMUAP, reflecting recruitment threshold) were calculated. FMEANMUAP was smaller on the affected than on the unaffected side, indicating an increased contribution of low‐threshold MUs, possibly related to degeneration of high‐threshold MUs. The ratio of RMSMUAP on the affected side divided by that on the unaffected side correlated significantly with the Fugl‐Meyer score. This ratio may reflect the extent to which reinnervation has occurred on the affected side. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Muscle Nerve 2008
Estimation of stresses required for exfoliation of clay particles in polymer nanocomposites
Authors: Borse Nitin K. , Kamal Musa R.
Published: November 2008

The dispersion of clay in a polymer matrix is influenced by two factors: the choice of organic treatment for the clay and the processing or mixing method. Maximum benefits are achieved when the platelets are well dispersed or exfoliated. Exfoliated nanocomposites are formed when the individual clay layers break off the agglomerated particles or tactoids and are either randomly dispersed in the polymer (a disordered nanocomposite) or left in an ordered array. It is suggested that size reduction of clay particles and platelet delamination occur by erosion or surface peeling. A model based on the classical theories of interparticle interactions was formulated for the exfoliation of the clay platelets in a polymer matrix. The model involves the estimation of the binding energy and the adhesive force between the platelets in a clay particle, which indicate the forces required for breaking apart or delamination of clay particles. Then, the shear force required for breakup or delamination of the tactoids is estimated and compared to the hydrodynamic shear forces available during processing. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2009. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers
Pressure solidification of amorphous thermoplastics
Authors: Rudolph N. , Kühnert I. , Schmachtenberg E. , Ehrenstein G.W.
Published: November 2008

It is assumed that solidification of a polymer melt is possible by applying pressure. Therefore, the influence of pressure on various properties of amorphous polymers was studied as reported in this article. Pressure‐volume‐temperature (pvT)‐measurements were made on liquid and glassy polycarbonate as well as polymethylmethacrylate and cycloolefin‐copolymer to calculate the thermal expansion coefficient and the shift of glass transition temperature with pressure. The existing pvT‐apparatus was modified to measure the compression heating and the temperature of the polymer during the isothermal solidification process. All results are in good agreement with literature and show the feasibility of the process approach of pressure solidification for amorphous thermoplastics. In addition, the flow temperature of the materials was measured in a plate‐plate‐rheometer to identify the lowest process temperature possible. In addition, the results of the isothermal vitrification are discussed. It is shown that solidification occurs due to compression and that it can be proven by a change in compressibility and the volume course. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2009. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers
Spatially resolved characterization of silicon as‐cut wafers with photoluminescence imaging
Authors: Giesecke Johannes A. , The Manuel , Kasemann Martin , Warta Wilhelm
Published: November 2008

The characterization of silicon as‐cut wafers is important for process control in solar cell production, since it can serve as starting material quality inspection and give information about a change of material properties caused by different process steps. In particular, spatially resolved characterization tools such as Photoluminescence Imaging (PLI) are useful as an information source. Due to the low signal in a luminescence image of an as‐cut wafer a major problem is superimposed laser reflection light if the detection occurs from the illuminated side of the wafer. We present a method which eliminates the spurious reflection contribution by a special image correction technique. The image correction is based on a separate measurement of a reflection topography of the as‐cut wafer surface. Additionally we show that for non calibrated luminescence images of as‐cut material the bulk lifetime in low quality areas can be estimated by relating PL‐intensity in these areas to a saturated PL‐intensity value that can be assigned to high quality areas via a simulated curve of relative PL‐intensity over minority carrier bulk lifetime. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Managerial Perceptions of Project Stability
Authors: Swartz Stephen M.
Published: November 2008

This research investigated the importance of stability (ability of schedules to absorb disruption) to project outcomes. Managers involved in aviation systems development were surveyed for their perceptions of importance and usefulness for project attributes and performance management measures. Traditional measures of cost, schedule, performance, and earned value were compared to proposed measures of stability. Stability and earned value had both importance and usefulness to the managers. Stability was perceived to be as important as the more common measures. Perceptions differed depending on program size, scope, and stage of completion and between managers depending on experience and certification level.
Developing an Effective Project: Planning and Team Building Combined
Authors: Thomas Michael , Jacques Paul H. , Adams John R. , Kihneman-Wooten Julie
Published: November 2008

In this article, the process of developing the project plan and the project planning and control (PP&C) is analyzed and compared to the process of developing the project team to identify opportunities for integrating these actions to produce more successful projects. Results of structured research across some 137 different organizations and representing a wide range of approaches to establishing projects are reported. The results of this cross-organizational research strongly support the proposed integration of project planning, PP&C development, and project team building. A recommended process for accomplishing this integration is proposed.
Analysis of the Front-End Loading of Alberta Mega Oil Sands Projects
Authors: Jergeas George
Published: November 2008

Recent large capital oil sands construction projects have all experienced significant cost overruns. There are a number of reasons for these overruns, some of which are listed in this article. This article provides a review of recent experiences and challenges in delivering mega oil sands projects in Alberta. In addition, this article focuses on the front-end loading (planning) phases 1, 2, and 3 and describes the effort needed to deliver mega projects, provides schedule comparisons of key engineering milestones, and analyzes scope changes and contingencies.
Systematic Biases and Culture in Project Failures
Authors: Shore Barry
Published: November 2008

Project success rates have improved, and much of the credit can be given to the knowledge, practices, and standards that have contributed to the professionalization of the field. Unfortunately, too many failures still occur. Because many of them can be traced to management and decision-making practices, it might be useful at this stage to explore a set of systematic biases to determine if understanding them can help diagnose and perhaps even prevent failures from occurring. This article begins with a framework identifying the influences on project outcomes, defines the systematic biases that may derail projects, summarizes eight project failures, uses the framework to diagnose those failures, and concludes by suggesting how organizational and project culture may contribute to these very common and natural biases.
The religiosity/spirituality of Latina breast cancer survivors and influence on health‐related quality of life
Authors: Wildes Kimberly A. , Miller Alexander R. , de Majors Sandra San Miguel , Ramirez Amelie G.
Published: November 2008

Objective: The study evaluated the association of religiosity/spirituality (R/S) and health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) among Latina breast cancer survivors (BCS) in order to determine whether R/S would be positively correlated with HRQOL and whether R/S would significantly influence HRQOL.

Methods: The cross‐sectional study utilized self‐report data from 117 Latina BCS survivors. R/S was measured with the Systems of Belief Inventory‐15 Revised (SBI‐15R) and HRQOL was measured with the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy‐General (FACT‐G). Analyses included calculation of descriptive statistics, t‐tests, bivariate correlations, and multivariate analyses.

Results: Latina BCS had very high levels of R/S and generally good HRQOL. The SBI‐15R total score was positively correlated with FACT‐G social well‐being (SWB) (r=0.266, p=0.005), relationship with doctor (RWD) (r=0.219, p=0.020), and functional well‐being (FWB) (r=0.216, p=0.022). Multivariate analyses revealed that SBI‐15R was a significant predictor of FACT‐G FWB (p=0.041) and satisfaction with the relationship with the doctor (p=0.050), where higher levels of R/S predicted higher levels of well‐being.

Conclusions: Latina BCS had very high levels of R/S, which were significantly, positively correlated with dimensions of HRQOL (SWB, FWB, RWD). Furthermore, these high levels of R/S predicted better FWB and satisfaction with the patient–doctor relationship while controlling for potentially confounding variables. Implications are discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantification of salsolinol enantiomers by stable isotope dilution liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric detection
Authors: Cai Min , Liu Yi‐Ming
Published: November 2008

Salsolinol, 1‐methyl‐6,7‐dihydroxy‐2,3,4,5‐tetrahydroisoquinoline (SAL), is a precursor of a Parkinsonian neurotoxin, N‐methysalsolinol (N‐methyl‐SAL). Previous studies have shown that individual enantiomers of N‐methyl‐SAL possess distinct neurotoxicological properties. In this work, a chiral high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric (ESI‐MS/MS) detection was developed for the quantification of (R/S)‐SAL enantiomers. Enantioseparation was achieved on a β‐cyclodextrin‐bonded silica gel column, and the resolved enantiomers were detected by ESI‐MS/MS operated in positive ion mode. The ESI collision‐induced dissociation (CID) mass spectrum of SAL was studied together with that of its deuterium‐labeled analog (i.e. salsolinol‐α,α,α,1‐d4, SAL‐d4) so that the fragmentation pathways could be elucidated. Further, using SAL‐d4 as internal standard in HPLC/MS/MS analysis of SAL improved significantly assay accuracy and reliability. Determination of (R/S)‐SAL enantiomers present in food samples such as dried banana chips was demonstrated. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Learning behaviours in the workplace: The role of high‐quality interpersonal relationships and psychological safety
Authors: Carmeli Abraham , Brueller Daphna , Dutton Jane E
Published: November 2008

Organizational learning is an important means for improving performance. Learning is a process, that is, often relational in the sense of relying on interactions between people to determine what needs improving and how to do it. This study addresses the question of how the quality of work relationships facilitates learning behaviours in organizations through the ways it contributes to psychological safety. Data collected from 212 part‐time students who hold full‐time jobs in organizations operating in a wide variety of industries show that capacities of high‐quality relationships (measured at time 1) are positively associated with psychological safety, which, in turn, are related to higher levels of learning behaviours (measured at time 2). The results also show that experiences of high‐quality relationships (measured at time 1) are both directly and indirectly (through psychological safety) associated with learning behaviours (measured at time 2). These findings shed light on the importance of quality relationships in the workplace for cultivating and developing perceptions of psychological safety and ultimately learning behaviours in organizations. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wind tunnel simulation of terrain effects on wind farm siting
Authors: Røkenes Kjersti , Krogstad Per‐Åge
Published: November 2008

The turbulent flow above a generic terrain model has been investigated in a wind tunnel. The rather large terrain model was split up into a set of smaller modules, which could be combined in various ways, and consisted of features inspired by the mountainous terrain along the Norwegian coastline. Several vertical velocity profiles were measured above each terrain module, using two‐component laser Doppler anemometry. The mean velocity, turbulence intensity and power spectrum in the simulated incoming atmospheric boundary layer were similar to wind in coastal areas. The flow above hills with sharp and rounded crests and various inclination angles, followed by a plateau, was compared. Results for a straight slope with a sharp crest was compared with a rounded hill with a similar slope, revealing large discrepancies. Flow above rounded hills was seen to be very advantageous for wind turbines, with increased mean velocities and reduced turbulence intensity, compared with the incoming flow. Separated flow occurred in the case with a sharp crest, resulting in highly increased levels of turbulence. Results from cases with two mountains of different heights are also reported. When the flow separated downstream of the first mountain, the flow above the second was affected to a varying extent, depending on the height of the upstream mountain compared to the one downstream. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dipole matrix for the 2D inclusions close to circular
Authors: Rylko N.
Published: November 2008

The macroscopic conductivity properties of 2D dilute composites are theoretically studied by using the dipole matrix. We estimate the influence of perturbations of the shape of the circular inclusion to the dipole matrix. Applying the method of complex potentials we solve a corresponding boundary value problem up to O(ε2), where εdenotes the ratio of the perturbations to the radius of the circular inclusion.
Magnetohydrodynamic experiments on cosmic magnetic fields
Authors: Stefani F. , Gailitis A. , Gerbeth G.
Published: November 2008

It is widely known that cosmic magnetic fields, i.e. the fields of planets, stars, and galaxies, are produced by the hydromagnetic dynamo effect in moving electrically conducting fluids. It is less well known that cosmic magnetic fields play also an active role in cosmic structure formation by enabling outward transport of angular momentum in accretion disks via the magnetorotational instability (MRI). Considerable theoretical and computational progress has been made in understanding both processes. In addition to this, the last ten years have seen tremendous efforts in studying both effects in liquid metal experiments. In 1999, magnetic field self‐excitation was observed in the large scale liquid sodium facilities in Riga and Karlsruhe. Recently, self‐excitation was also obtained in the French “von Kármán sodium” (VKS) experiment. An MRI‐like mode was found on the background of a turbulent spherical Couette flow at the University of Maryland. Evidence for MRI as the first instability of an hydrodynamically stable flow was obtained in the “Potsdam Rossendorf Magnetic Instability Experiment” (PROMISE). In this review, the history of dynamo and MRI related experiments is delineated, and some directions of future work are discussed.
Self‐efficacy and academic achievement in Australian high school students: The mediating effects of academic aspirations and delinquency
Authors: Carroll Annemaree , Houghton Stephen , Wood Robert , Unsworth Kerrie , Hattie John , Gordon Lisa , Bower Julie
Published: November 2008

Studies have shown that self‐efficacy, aspirational, and other psychosocial influences account for considerable variance in academic achievement through a range of mediational pathways, although no research to date has tested the mediational relationships identified. The present research investigated the structural relations among self‐efficacy, academic aspirations, and delinquency, on the academic achievement of 935 students aged 11–18 years from ten schools in two Australian cities. The Children's Self‐Efficacy Scale, Adapted Self‐Report Delinquency Scale (Revised), and Children's Academic Aspirations Scale were administered to participants prior to academic achievement being assessed using mid‐year school grades. Structural equation modeling was employed to test three alternative models for the relationships from academic, social, and self‐regulatory efficacy on academic achievement. A partial mediation model showed the best overall fit to the data. Academic and self‐regulatory efficacy had an indirect negative effect through delinquency and a direct positive effect on academic achievement. Academic and social self‐efficacy had positive and negative relationships, respectively, with academic aspiration and academic achievement; however, the relationship between academic aspiration and academic achievement was not significant in the final model.
Effect of NeuroD2 expression on neuronal differentiation in mouse embryonic stem cells
Authors: Sugimoto Yasutaka , Furuno Tadahide , Nakanishi Mamoru
Published: November 2008

A basic helix‐loop‐helix transcriptional factor, NeuroD2, plays important roles in neuronal differentiation and survival. We introduced the tetracycline‐dependent NeuroD2 expression system to embryonic stem (ES) cells and studied the role of NeuroD2 in the neuronal differentiation. The addition of doxycycline induced the expression of NeuroD2 after 24 h and the differentiation to neurons after 3 days in ES cells, which are transfected with vectors composed of reverse tetracycline‐controlled transactivator with cytomegarovirus promoter and NeuroD2 with tetracycline response element. Treatment with doxycycline for 3 days induced neuronal differentiation, but not within 1 day; furthermore NeuroD2 was detected in the nucleus 3 days after treatment, but also not within 1 day. The results suggest that the expression of NeuroD2 requires an appropriate period of about 3 days to elicit neuronal differentiation in ES cells.
Co‐clustering of Golgi complex and other cytoplasmic organelles to crescentic region of half‐moon nuclei during apoptosis
Authors: Nozawa Kazuhisa , Fritzler Marvin J. , Takasaki Yoshinari , Wood Malcolm R. , Chan Edward K.L.
Published: November 2008

Early apoptosis is defined by stereotypic morphological changes, especially evident in the nucleus, where chromatin condenses and compacts, and assumes a globular, half‐moon or crescent‐shaped morphology. Accumulating evidence suggests that cytoplasmic organelles such as mitochondria and the Golgi complex are major sites of integration of pro‐apoptotic signaling. In this study, cytoplasmic organelles including Golgi complex, mitochondria, endosomes, lysosomes, and peroxisomes were shown to condense at the same unique region adjacent to the crescentic nucleus during a relatively early stage of apoptosis induced by staurosporine or other agents. The co‐clustering phenomenon may be caused by shrinkage of cytoplasm during apoptosis although cytoskeletal markers actin and tubulin were not condensed and appeared excluded. These data suggest the co‐clustering of cytoplasmic organelles plays an interesting role during the progression of the apoptotic process. It is possible that modification of pro‐apoptotic proteins may arise as a result of the interplay of these cytoplasmic organelles.
Plasma and placental nitric oxide levels in women with and without pre‐eclampsia living at different altitudes
Authors: Teran Enrique , Chedraui Peter , Vivero Sandra , Villena Francisco , Duchicela Fabian , Nacevilla Luis
Published: November 2008

Objective

To investigate the nitric oxide (NO) levels in the plasma and the placentas of pregnant women with pre‐eclampsia and women without pre‐eclampsia, and to determine the effect of high or low altitude of residence.

Methods

NO was determined by chemoluminescence and group comparisons were performed.

Results

Women with pre‐eclampsia (n = 63) had higher plasma NO levels (38.6 ± 17.44 vs 30.6 ± 12.44 µmol/L, P = 0.004) and higher placental NO levels (38.5 ± 17.0 vs 24.3 ± 7.16 ng/mg protein, P < 0.05) compared with women without pre‐eclampsia. A similar trend was found when comparisons were made according to altitude of residence. NO levels were significantly higher in the plasma of pre‐eclamptic women living at sea level (41.11 ±18.78 vs 28.96 ± 9.57 µmol/L, P = 0.003), and in the placentas of women living at high altitude (39.51 ± 16.98 vs 21.91 ± 6.64 ng/mg protein, P < 0.0001).

Conclusion

Women with pre‐eclampsia had higher plasma and placental NO levels and the differences were associated with altitude of residence.
Obstetric fistula in low‐income countries
Authors: Zheng Alice X. , Anderson Frank W.J.
Published: November 2008

Objective

To identify, survey, and systematically review the current knowledge regarding obstetric fistula as a public health problem in low‐income countries from the peer‐reviewed literature.

Methods

The Medline and Science Citation Index databases were searched to identify public health articles on obstetric fistula in low‐income countries. Quantitative evidence‐based papers were reviewed.

Results

Thirty‐three articles met the criteria for inclusion: 18 hospital‐based reviews; 6 on risk factors/prevention; 4 on prevalence/incidence measurement; 3 on consequences of obstetric fistula; and 2 on community‐based assessments.

Conclusion

Obstetric fistula has received increased international attention as a public health problem, but reliable research on the burden of disease and interventions is lacking.
Maternal deaths due to eclampsia and HELLP syndrome
Authors: Vigil‐De Gracia Paulino
Published: November 2008

Objective

To evaluate maternal deaths associated with eclampsia, HELLP syndrome, and the concurrence of these conditions.

Method

A review of Medline studies reporting maternal deaths associated with eclampsia or HELLP syndrome published in English, Spanish, and Portuguese between 1995 and June 2008.

Results

A total of 304 deaths were identified: 100 due to eclampsia, 117 due to eclampsia/HELLP, and 87 associated with HELLP syndrome. Of the total deaths, 71.3% of women had seizures and 67.1% developed HELLP syndrome. In high‐income countries 3.9% of deaths were due to eclampsia without HELLP syndrome, while in low‐income countries this figure was 42.5% (P < 0.0001). The presence of HELLP syndrome in the women who died of eclampsia was 90.6% (29/32) in high‐income countries compared with 47.6% (88/185) in low‐income countries (P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Concurrent eclampsia and HELLP syndrome was diagnosed in 5–6 out of 10 deaths associated with eclampsia or HELLP syndrome in this review.
Increasing adiposity in normal ovulatory women affects adipocytokine expression in subcutaneous and visceral abdominal fat
Authors: Vardhana Pratibhasri A. , Dicken Cary , Tortoriello Drew V. , Chu Michelene , Carmina Enrico , Lobo Rogerio A.
Published: November 2008

Objective

To determine which adipocytokines are differentially expressed as a function of body mass index (BMI), to compare expression of adipocytokines in abdominal subcutaneous and omental fat, and to correlate these findings with serum levels, BMI, and parameters of insulin resistance.

Methods

Serum and subcutaneous (sc) and omental (om) tissue were obtained from lean and obese ovulatory women undergoing gynecologic surgery. We determined adipocytokine expression in sc versus om abdominal fat and related this to increasing BMI.

Results

Serum leptin was higher and adiponectin lower in overweight subjects. Adipocytokines had higher expression in sc abdominal versus om adipose tissue with the most significant difference observed for leptin (P = 0.01). As BMI increased, sc leptin expression increased and adiponectin expression decreased. The leptin/adiponectin ratio correlated significantly with BMI (R = 0.84, P = 0.0001).

Conclusion

Increased adipocytokine expression correlates with BMI. Abdominal sc tissue has greater adipocytokine expression overall. The serum leptin/adiponectin ratio is highly correlated with BMI. These data may help in our understanding of how obesity affects women in a variety of ways.