bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES OF 2,3-BUTANEDIOL: XXVIII. PILOT PLANT RECOVERY OF levo-2,3-BUTANEDIOL FROM WHOLE WHEAT MASHES FERMENTED BY AEROBACILLUS POLYMYXA
Authors: Wheat J. A. , Leslie J. D. , Tomkins R. V. , Mitton H. E. , Scott D. S. , Ledingham G. A.
Published: April 2011

Whole wheat mash fermented by Aerobacillus polymyxa was stripped of ethanol, screened, and concentrated. The resulting syrup was passed through a steam stripping column, and the levo-2,3-butanediol in the condensate was recovered by rectification. The composition of intermediate materials and products, performance of pilot plant equipment, and data and recommendations for the design of a large scale plant are given. Corrosive conditions are indicated and possible materials of construction suggested. A quantitative flow sheet and cost estimates for a commercial plant with a capacity of 1000 bu. of wheat a day are included. The daily output of such a plant is estimated to be 8460 lb. of diol (95.5% recovery), 675 gal. of 95% ethanol, 3900 lb. of dried bran, and 25,300 lb. of dried solubles. The initial cost of such a plant is estimated at $500,000. From estimates of raw materials and energy requirements the total cost of production of diol is calculated to be 17.3 cents per lb. when wheat costing $1.10 per bu. is fermented.
PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES OF 2,3-BUTANEDIOL: XXIX. PILOT PLANT STUDIES ON FERMENTATION OF BARLEY BY AEROBACILLUS POLYMYXA AND RECOVERY OF THE PRODUCTS
Authors: Tomkins R. V. , Scott D. S. , Simpson F. J.
Published: April 2011

Barley mashes were successfully fermented by Aerobacillus polymyxa on a pilot plant scale. In the laboratory a 12.5% mash appeared to be optimum but more concentrated mashes were efficiently fermented in the pilot plant. The hulls caused some mechanical difficulties, but these were overcome by eliminating right angle joints in the piping and by screening before recovery operations. Products were recovered by the same operations as for wheat. The lower raw material cost of barley resulted in an estimated reduction in the production cost of levo-2,3-butanediolof 7%, based on 1947 prices; or a reduction of 10%, based on a long-term average for 1908–1940.
SOME QUALITATIVE RESULTS ON THE ELECTRIFICATION OF SNOW
Authors: Currie B. W. , Pearce D. C.
Published: April 2011

This paper reports on observations of the electrical charges on falling and drifting snow, and gives the results of laboratory experiments designed to determine the relative importance of possible charge-producing mechanisms in the atmosphere when snow and ice crystals are present. These mechanisms include impacts of snow particles on one another, melting of snow as it falls, and condensation of water vapor and formation of rime on falling snow. Apparently a large fraction of the snowflakes falling during the cold part of the winter in Saskatchewan has a charge less than 2 × 10−4 e.s.u. per flake. During blizzards the snow particles blowing along or just above the hard surface of the drifted snow carry a net negative charge and the air at the 1 m. level has positive space charge densities that are from 10 to 100 times the normal, positive space charge density. Very large charge separations can occur when a snow surface is eroded by an air blast and when snow is blown against snow and metal surfaces, a resultant negative charge appearing on the heavier particles and the corresponding positive charge on either very small ice particles or ions This charge-producing mechanism is most effective at high air velocities and at low temperatures The melting of newly fallen snow under conditions favorable to the escape of air bubbles does not show a charge separation. Condensation of water vapor and formation of rime on snow surfaces result in only very small charge separations for the conditions readily obtained in laboratory experiments
THE GAMMA RAYS OF RADIUM (B + C)
Authors: Mann K. C. , Ozeroff M. J.
Published: April 2011

An experiment has been performed to verify the gamma-ray energy spectrum of Radium (B + C) as reported by Latyshev and associates. The spectrum was obtained by measuring the energies of photoelectrons ejected from a thin lead radiator by means of a thin-lens magnetic beta-ray spectrometer. The spectrum obtained failed to reveal the presence of transitions other than those reported by C. D. Ellis. Comparative results are presented.
THE SPECTRUM OF ATOMIC OXYGEN IN A HIGH CURRENT A-C. DISCHARGE
Authors: Petrie W. , Monaghan P. A. , Dolan P. A.
Published: April 2011

The atomic oxygen spectrum has been produced in an a-c. discharge of current densities between 50 m.a. per cm2 and 1.3 amp. per cm.2, and lines arising from the lower permitted levels of the atom are present in this spectrum. In view of the fact that the discharge is excited chiefly by electron collisions, and also that the aurora appears to be the result of collisional processes, the auroral spectrum should be examined carefully to determine whether or not these same permitted atomic oxygen lines are present.
UNE NOUVELLE SYNTHÈSE DE L'ACIDE AMINOADIPIQUE
Authors: Gaudry Roger
Published: April 2011

not available
MÉTHODE DE SYNTHÈSE DE CÉTONES À PARTIR DES DÉRIVÉS ORGANOMAGNÉSIENS ET DES ORTHOESTERS
Authors: Barré Roger , Ladouceur Benoit
Published: April 2011

not available
THE FORMATION AND PROPERTIES OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL POLYMERS: III. THE EFFECT OF NETWORK STRUCTURE ON ELASTIC PROPERTIES
Authors: Bardwell J. , Winkler C. A.
Published: April 2011

The tension exerted by stretched rubber at a given temperature and elongation is determined by the initial molecular weight and the concentration of cross-linkages. With the copolymer of butadiene and styrene (GR-S) the effect of molecular weight on elastic properties is identical with that found by Flory for butyl rubber and arises from the inactivity of terminal chains. When the molecular weight is fixed, the retractive force is approximately linear with the degree of cross-linking, in agreement with the statistical mechanics of rubber elasticity.
A NEW OCCURRENCE OF dl-METHYLISOPELLETIERINE
Authors: Marion Léo , Chaput Marcel
Published: April 2011

An investigation of Sedum sarmentosum Bunge has shown that this plant contains two liquid alkaloids which give rise to crystalline picrates. One of these bases proved to be dl-methylisopelletierine, identical with a synthetic specimen.
THE SYNTHESIS OF SOME PYRIDOCARBAZOLES
Authors: Manske Richard H. F. , Kulka Marshall
Published: April 2011

Three new pyridocarbazoles, namely, 11-pyrido(4,3-a)-, 11-pyrido(3.4-a)-, and 10-pyrido(3,4-b)- or 9-Pyrido(4,3-c)-carbazole have been synthesized from the hydrazones of cyclohexanone and 5-, 8-, and 7-hydrazinoisoquinoline respectively by ring closure and dehydrogenation of the resulting tetrahydropyridocarbazoles. In unsuccessful attempts to determine which of the two possible pyridocarbazoles is formed from the hydrazone of cyclohexanone and 7-hydrazinoisoquinoline, 11-metftyl-10-pyrido(3,4-b)carbazole was also synthesized. The hydrazone of cyclohexanone and 7-amino-8-chloroisoquinoline failed to undergo ring closure.
THE MECHANISM OF SULPHATE ATTACK ON PORTLAND CEMENT
Authors: Lea F. M.
Published: April 2011

Tests on the expansion of mortars in sulphate solutions indicate that the conversion of calcium hydroxide to gypsum is a contributory factor. The increased resistance to attack obtained by curing in steam under pressure appears primarily to be due to the suppression of this reaction and to the decreased permeability of the mortar.
A THEORY FOR CREEP OF CERAMIC BODIES UNDER CONSTANT LOAD
Authors: Gibbs Peter , Eyring Henry
Published: April 2011

The plastic flow and elastic behavior of ceramic materials is treated using a statistical mechanical relaxation theory. It is found necessary to treat creep as involving two, and, in some cases, three relaxation mechanisms. The methods necessary for treating such non-Newtonian Dow are developed here for creep for the first time. The results obtained are in accord with expectations on the basis of reports of others for flow at constant rate of loading and constant rate of strain for other materials.
HYDROGEN EXCHANGE REACTIONS OF PHENOL ETHERS IN ACETIC ACID SOLUTION. PROMOTIVE AND INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF STERIC ORIGIN
Authors: Brown Weldon G. , Wilzbach Kenneth E. , Urry Wilbert H.
Published: April 2011

As a means of avoiding side reactions which were encountered in earlier studies of hydrogen-deuterium exchange of phenol ethers with ethanol-sulphuric acid mixtures, a new procedure has been devised for the study of exchange reactions in acetic acid. The analysis for deuterium in the carboxyl group of acetic acid is performed by adding methyl magnesium iodide solution to the solution of phenol ether in acetic acid, combustion of the methane so produced, and finally, by determining the density of the water formed in the combustion. As compared with the former procedure, which required fractionation of the reaction mixture to recover the pure constituents, advantages in convenience and accuracy are claimed. Results are reported for the following ethers, reacting at 90 °C. in the presence of trace quantities of sulphuric acid: anisole, o-methylanisole, m-methylanisole, 3,5-dimethylanisole, 2-methylcoumarane, veratrole, di-isobutyl catechol ether, and the cyclic mono- (di-, tri-, and tetra) methylene ethers of catechol. The observed variations in rates are interpreted in part according to whether the conditions imposed by structural alterations favor or constrain the formation of an intermediate cation for which a quinoidal configuration of bonds is required. The role of steric factors is most strikingly demonstrated in the series of cyclic ethers of catechol, constraint being evident at a critical ring size (7-membered ring) and largely absent for either smaller or larger rings.
THE USE OF P32 LABELED GLYCEROPHOSPHATE IN THE STUDY OF YOLK PHOSPHOLIPIDS
Authors: Spinks J. W. T. , Lee C. C. , O'Neil J. B.
Published: April 2011

Labeled sodium glycerophosphate has been prepared by phosphorylating glycerol with sodium dihydrogen phosphate containing P32. After the labeled sodium glycerophosphate had been fed to a laying hen, radiophosphorus from glycerophosphate appeared in the shells, whites, and yolks of the eggs. The uptake in different eggs followed a pattern similar to that found for inorganic phosphate, the maximum occurring at the fourth or fifth egg. Comparative studies using P32 labeled sodium glycerophosphate and trisodium phosphate indicate that the rate of utilization of the phosphorus from glycerophosphate is less than the rate of utilization of the phosphorus from inorganic phosphate. The possibility of an enzymatic hydrolysis of glycerophosphate followed by the incorporation of the resulting phosphoric acid into the phospholipids and the phosphorylation of lower glycerides (partially hydrolyzed fat) by inorganic phosphate as a mechanism for phospholipid formation is discussed.
DINITRATION AND DEALKYLATION OF p-CYMENE
Authors: Nicholls R. V. V. , Allenby O. C. W.
Published: April 2011

An investigation of the dinitration of p-cymene (4-isopropyltoluene) has been carried out, with particular regard to determining the effects of varying the temperature, the nitric acid, sulphuric acid, and water contents of the system, the rate of addition of p-cymene, and the stirring time upon the yields of 2,6-dinitrocymene and 2,4-dinitrotoluene. Optimum nitrating conditions have been determined and the relative constancy of the dinitrocymene: dinitrotoluene ratio over a wide range of conditions has been established. Yields of the order of 55% dinitrocymene and 25% dinitrotoluene have been obtained. Various theories are offered with a view to explaining some of the more important observations.
NOTE ON THE THEORY OF ELECTROLYTIC DOUBLE LAYERS
Authors: Dekker A. J.
Published: April 2011

The mechanism suggested by Gurney for the formation of a double layer at the interface of a metal and a solution containing its ions is applied to a diffuse double layer. The diffuse part of the double layer is treated in a way that differs from Stern's method, leading to a more convenient formula for the potential ψδ of the diffuse part. Numerical values and a comparison with Stern's results are given.
SYNTHÈSE DES DÉRIVÉS ORGANOMAGNÉSIENS SANS ÉTHER
Authors: Barré Roger , Repentigny Jacques De
Published: April 2011

not available
APPLICATION OF DIFFUSION FLAME TECHNIQUE TO THE REACTION BETWEEN NITROGEN ATOMS AND ETHYLENE
Authors: Winkler C. A. , Greenblatt J. H.
Published: April 2011

Rate constants for the reaction between nitrogen atoms and ethylene have been obtained by diffusion flame technique over the temperature range 273° to 373 °C. An activation energy of about 3 kcal. has been obtained from the temperature coefficient of these rate constants, and using this value a steric factor of 10−2 has been calculated.
THE EXTRACTION AND PURIFICATION OF XENON AND KRYPTON ISOTOPES FROM NEUTRON IRRADIATED URANIUM
Authors: Arrol W. J. , Chackett K. F. , Epstein S.
Published: April 2011

Both long-lived and stable isotopes of krypton and xenon are formed as the result of the slow neutron fission of uranium 235. A method is described for the extraction of these gases from massive neutron irradiated uranium metal, for separating them from contaminating gases and from each other and measuring them in a McLeod gauge, the amounts of uranium being of the order of 50 gm. and the rare gases of the order of 10−3 cc. at N.T.P. An accurate value of the ratio of fission xenon to fission krypton is given. Further experiments concern Geiger–Müller counter measurements on the long-lived krypton isotope.
THE ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF SILICA GELS
Authors: Munro L. A. , McNab J. G. , Ott W. L.
Published: April 2011

The effect of age, concentration, and temperature on the Young's modulus of acid and alkaline silica gels bas been measured by a compression method. For the range of concentrations used the Young's modulus is not independent of load. The modulus increases with age of the gel and with concentration. Hurd's criterion of the time of set (tilted rod method) has been evaluated in terms of absolute units. The effect of temperature on the elastic properties is different for acid and alkaline gels. The Young's modulus values for the former (pH 5.6) increase, while for the alkaline gel (pH 8.2) of the same silicate concentration the values decrease with increasing temperature. The modulus for the alkaline gel is higher than for the acid gel at the lower temperatures. A mechanism is suggested to explain these differences.
THE IDENTIFICATION OF AZOXY COMPOUNDS
Authors: Gaudry Roger , Keirstead Karl F.
Published: April 2011

An azoxy compound can be treated with concentrated sulphuric acid to produce a nydroxyazo product consisting chiefly of the para isomer. This reaction, the Wallach rearrangement, is the basis for a suggested generic test for an azoxy compound. For the identification of a given azoxy compound, two derivatives are suggested: the hydrazo compound produced by the reduction of the azoxy compound by zinc dust, and the azo compound produced by the oxidation of the hydrazo compound. These compounds are described for the first time: 2,2′-dichloro-4-hydroxyazobenzene, 2,5′,2,5′-tetrachloro-4-hydroxyazobenzene, 2,2′-dimethoxy-5,5′-dichloroazobenzene, 3,3′,4,4′-tetrachlorohydrazobenzene, 2,2′-dimethyl-3,3′-dichlorohydrazobenzene, and 2,2′-dimethoxy-5,5′-dichlorohydrazo-benzene.
MEMBRANE EQUILIBRIA, THE GIBBS–DALTON LAW AND THE ENTROPY OF MIXING
Authors: Flood E. A. , Benson G. C.
Published: April 2011

When two pure fluids whose pressures are p1e and p2e, respectively, are separated by means of semipermeable membranes from a mixture of these fluids, and under equilibrium conditions the pressure of the mixture is P, then the net pressures sustained by the diaphragms are P − p1e and P − p2e respectively. The assumption that these net pressures are p2e and p1e, respectively, is equivalent to assuming the Gibbs–Dalton law, namely p1e + p2e = P. It is shown that the Gibbs–Dalton law when applied to fluids that are not ideal gases leads to consequences which are entirely contrary to experience and that as applied to ideal gases it has neither an experimental nor theoretical thermodynamic basis. It is shown that the Gibbs–Dalton law is only a special case of Dalton's law and that the classical thermodynamic paradox in the entropy of mixing of ideal gases is based on the erroneous assumption that the Gibbs–Dalton law necessarily holds when Dalton's law holds. It is shown that when two ideal gases obey Dalton's law of mixing, it is thermodynamically quite possible for the equilibrium pressure of one pure gas to be increased while that of the other is decreased, as well as the more familiar case of "chemical reaction", where the equilibrium pressures of both are decreased. It is shown that there is no purely thermodynamic requirement that different kinds of molecules in mixtures of ideal gases shall have the same mean translatory kinetic energy. The ideas underlying membrane equilibria are discussed in some detail. Some general condition equations which must be met are given, together with a few explicit solutions of these equations for special simple cases.
INTERVARIETAL CROSSES IN PUCCINIA GRAMINIS
Authors: Johnson T.
Published: April 2011

Crosses made in all possible combinations between varieties Tritici, Secalis, Avenae, Agrostidis, and Poae of Puccinia graminis Pers. have shown the existence of considerable intersterility in crosses between some of the varieties. Fertility was relatively high in crosses between vars. Tritici and Secalis, Avenae and Agrostidis, Avenae and Poae, and Agrostidis and Poae. Fertility was much lower in crosses between vars. Tritici and Avenae, Secalis and Avenae, and Secalis and Poae. In crosses between certain pairs of varieties the degree of fertility varied according to the direction of the cross. Tritici × Agrostidis, Tritici × Avenae, Tritici × Poae, Secalis × Agrostidis, and Secalis × Poae crosses succeeded much better than the reciprocal crosses. Sporidia from the F1 teliospores of Tritici × Secalis hybrids infected barberry with the production of normal pycnia and aecia. Sporidia of Tritici × Avenae and Secalis × Avenae hybrids produced, on barberry, infections with few pycnia and these excreted little nectar; no aecia were formed but urediospores and teliospores were occasionally produced in old infections. Generally, an F1 hybrid rust possessed a wider host range than did either of the parent varieties; but the pathogenicity of the hybrid on a given host was less than that of the parent variety that attacked that host. In hybrids of varieties that differed markedly in urediospore size the urediospores of the F1 hybrid rusts were intermediate in size between those of the parents. The pathogenic characteristics of the F2 (uredial) generation were studied only in Tritici × Secalis hybrids. Variation in pathogenicity was rather restricted. The races isolated were moderately pathogenic to barley and weakly pathogenic to wheat and rye.
TEMPERATURE AND CULTURAL STUDIES ON UROCYSTIS TRITICI KOERN.
Authors: Wu Yu-San
Published: April 2011

A study of the effect of temperature on the infection of wheat by Urocystis tritici was made using Petri dishes in incubators held at various temperatures from 9° to 26 °C. The seedlings were transferred to pots as soon as the plumules broke through the coleoptiles. The percentages of infection obtained at various temperatures were as follows:—10.8% at 9° to 14 °C., 13.8 at 16°, 21.1 at 18°, 26.1 at 20°, 15.7 at 22°, 6.9 at 24°, and 3.0% at 26 °C. Growth studies of three geographical isolates of U. tritici were made on 12 different artificial media. Cultures were obtained by plating bits of disinfected unbroken, fresh, smutted plant tissue. The smut organism was found to be culturable on various media, though its growth rate was rather slow. The three isolates grew well on potato dextrose agar, Thaxter's hard agar, 4% sucrose potato agar, wheat seedling agar, and Czapek's synthetic medium, and were found to differ characteristically on five different media.
THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF MARINE ALGAE
Authors: Macpherson Margaret G. , Young E. Gordon
Published: April 2011

Fourteen species of the commoner marine algae of Nova Scotia have been analyzed for their content of water, nitrogen, ash, calcium, phosphorus, and iron. These algae are remarkable for their consistently high ash content. The minimum value was 12.3% in Ahnfeltia plicata and the maximum 45.4% in Enteromorpha intestinalis. The average content was 24.9%. Differences in composition have been observed between the green, red, and brown classes or algae.
A STUDY OF TROUT STREAMSIDE COVER IN LOGGED-OVER AND UNDISTURBED VIRGIN SPRUCE WOODS
Authors: Cormack R. G. H.
Published: April 2011

In the present study of trout streams in mountainous headwater regions, the term "streamside cover" includes a wide strip of forest vegetation on both sides of the stream, rather than a narrow fringe of plants at the water's edge. Undisturbed stream margins in virgin spruce woods are compared with those in adjacent areas recently logged over in relation to shade production, water conservation, and protection against stream-bank erosion. Heavy, indiscriminate cutting along the stream margins has removed almost all the good shade producing trees, eradicated by exposure and mechanical means the former water conserving ground vegetation, and caused serious damage to the stream itself by logging operations. As the result of this study, the prohibition of all cutting along wide strips on both sides of the trout stream is strongly recommended in order to maintain suitable environmental conditions for trout and to preserve aesthetic values of fishing areas.
PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES IN PLANT METABOLISM: I. THE RESPIRATION OF THE SEEDLING WHEAT LEAF IN STARVATION AND ONTOGENY
Authors: Duff George H. , Forward Dorothy F.
Published: April 2011

Uniform conditions for the culture of the plants and for conducting starvation–respiration experiments upon the first seedling leaves permit the recapture and hence thorough investigation, of transitory physiological states. A standard sample of isolated, mature leaves, so produced and starved, is shown to be heterogeneous when tested by the tempo at which the tissues in different parts of the sample pass through the color changes that accompany starvation. These are correlated with respiration. Interleaf variation in tempo is relatively small. Intraleaf variation is maximal and the leaf is polarized at isolation but a complex redistribution of tempo within each leaf brings about depolarization and diminishes intraleaf heterogeneity as starvation progresses. The respiration of such a starving sample follows a time course of characteristic pattern, all the prominent features of which have their homologues in the corresponding patterns of younger and older leaves. The homologous characters undergo gradual modification with ontogeny. The respiration of the unstarved isolated leaf is very high and falls rapidly during growth but is low and declines slowly in maturity and senescence. At the transition from growth to maturity a slight, temporary rise in respiration occurs.
STUDIES OF CANADIAN THELEPHORACEAE: III. SOME NEW SPECIES FROM BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Jackson H. S. , Dearden Elizabeth Ruth
Published: April 2011

In the present contribution four species of Peniophora and five of Corticium, collected in British Columbia and presumed to be new to science, are described and illustrated.
THE INTERMEDIATE METABOLISM OF PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA: II. LIMITATIONS OF SIMULTANEOUS ADAPTATION AS APPLIED TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF ACETIC ACID, AN INTERMEDIATE IN GLUCOSE OXIDATION
Authors: Campbell Jack J. R. , Norris Flora C. , Norris Margaret E.
Published: April 2011

Acetic acid has been isolated as an intermediate compound in the oxidation of glucose or α-ketoglutaric acid by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Cells of this organism produced under conditions of intense aeration were found to have lost the ability to oxidize acetic acid and this compound was found in large quantities in the growth medium. When these cells were used to carry out the oxidation of glucose, it was found that the oxygen consumed was the amount needed to convert glucose to acetic acid, thus confirming the role of acetate as an intermediate in glucose oxidation. In contrast to the above-mentioned criteria the technique of simultaneous adaptation ruled out acetic acid as a possible intermediate in the oxidation of either glucose or α-ketoglutaric acid. The status of the theory of simultaneous adaptation is discussed in relation to the data obtained.
AN IRREVERSIBLE GENE-INDUCED PLASTID MUTATION
Authors: Arnason T. J. , Walker G. W. R.
Published: April 2011

When plants of a variegated barley are self-pollinated, they produce few variegated and many albino offspring. In different years the proportion of albino plants has ranged from 80.2 to 93.1% of the total population. Seed from heads having much green tissue gave rise to a much larger proportion of variegated plants than did seed from heads with more white tissue. Maternal inheritance of plastids is probably the cause of this difference. In crosses F1 plants are green, variegated, or albino if the ♂ parent is variegated, but if the ♂ parent is green all the progeny are green. The albino plastids thus apparently do not mutate back to normal in the presence of the normal gene. In some F2 populations deviation from a ratio of 3 green: 1 others is insignificant, in other populations significant deviations, attributed to irregularities of plastid mutation and segregation, occur. F3 results support the hypothesis that a single pair of genes affecting plastids is segregating in hybrids. The normal (green) gene is dominant if "green" proplastids are present in the egg but not dominant if the proplastids are all "white". From cytological observations on sperms and eggs as well as from the genetic results, it is considered likely that direct plastid transmission to zygotes is exclusively from the female parent.
A CONVENIENT METHOD OF OBTAINING ASCOSPORES FROM BAKERS' YEAST
Authors: Adams A. M.
Published: April 2011

The superiority of methods involving the use of sporulation media containing acetate, first introduced by Stantial and Elder, over several commonly employed methods is established. A new method for obtaining ascospores from bakers' yeast cultures is recommended involving the direct transfer of vegetative cells from a solid nutrient medium to a solid medium containing acetate. High yields of ascospores are consistently produced after seven days' incubation. This method should lend itself particularly to use in the preparation of ascospores for instructional work, and for genetic research in yeast, and may also find application in yeast taxonomy. The technique recommended is as follows: vegetative yeast cells are multiplied on tomato juice agar or on dextrose nutrient agar, and are then transferred to a solid sporulation medium containing 0.04% dextrose, 0.14% anhydrous sodium acetate, and 2% agar.
YIELD AND PROTEIN CONTENT OF WHEAT AND BARLEY: I. INTERRELATION OF YIELD AND PROTEIN CONTENT OF RANDOM SELECTIONS FROM SINGLE CROSSES
Authors: Grant M. N. , McCalla A. G.
Published: April 2011

Yield and protein content of 100 random selections from single crosses of wheat and barley were determined for three years. Results of each test showed highly significant differences in yield and protein content of selections. There was a highly significant negative correlation between yield and protein content in each test, the values for rpy varying from −.483 to −.806. In general, the relationship was improved when mean values from several tests were correlated. The behavior of individual selections under a wide range of environmental conditions was relatively constant even though wide differences occurred in both yield and protein content of individual selections.
THE INTERMEDIATE METABOLISM OF PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA: III. THE APPLICATION OF PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF GLUCONIC AND 2-KETOGLUCONIC ACIDS, INTERMEDIATES IN GLUCOSE OXIDATION
Authors: Norris Flora C. , Campbell Jack J. R.
Published: April 2011

The technique of paper chromatography has been adapted to the identification of gluconic, 2-ketogluconic, and α-ketoglutaric acids. Combinations of methyl and ethyl alcohol were found to be the most suitable solvents and ammoniacal silver nitrate was found to give the most satisfactory reaction. When grown under normal physiological conditions where glucose was metabolized to carbon dioxide and water, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 9027 was shown to have oxidized glucose by way of gluconic and 2-ketogluconic acids. Since a strong system for oxidizing both gluconic and 2-ketogluconic acids was demonstrated, the presence of these acids over at least an eight hour period of growth is taken as evidence of their importance as intermediates in the oxidation of glucose by this organism.
X-RAY TOLERANCE OF LIVING CELLS AS MEASURED BY CYTOPLASMIC STREAMING
Authors: Bishop Charles J. , McLaughlin Victor D. , Tapley Donald F.
Published: April 2011

An investigation was undertaken to determine the immediate effects of X radiation on living, nondividing cells using the rate of cytoplasmic streaming as a measure of cell vitality. The observations were carried out on stamen hairs and pollen tubes of Tradescantia paludosa (diploid) and Tradescantia virginiana (tetraploid). No significant variation in the rate of streaming of cytoplasm in either stamen hairs or pollen tubes was noted with low doses of X rays. In both diploid and tetraploid stamen hairs, 700,000 r. was required to stop all streaming. In the pollen tubes of diploid and tetraploid plants, all streaming was stopped by 250,000 r. and 200,000 r. respectively, a difference that was statistically significant. Greater sensitivity, as shown by resulting cell death, was found with an increased initial dosage of continuous irradiation.
STUDIES IN FOREST PATHOLOGY: VII. DECAY IN WESTERN HEMLOCK AND FIR IN THE FRANKLIN RIVER AREA, BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Buckland D. C. , Foster R. E. , Nordin V. J.
Published: April 2011

An investigation of decay in western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) and fir (mainly Abies amabilis (Loud.) Forb.) in the Juan de Fuca forest region of British Columbia has shown that the major organisms causing root and butt rots are the same in both species. These are Poria subacida (Peck) Sacc., Fomes annosus (Fr.) Cke., Armillaria mellea Vahl ex Fr., Polyporus sulphureus Bull. ex Fr., and P. circinatus Fr. Those organisms causing trunk rots of western hemlock, in decreasing order of importance, are Fomes pinicola (Sw.) Cke., F. Pini (Thore) Lloyd, Stereum abietinum Pers., Fomes Hartigii (Allesch.) Sacc. and Trav., and Hydnum sp. (H. abietis). These same organisms causing trunk rots of fir, in decreasing order of importance, are Fomes pinicola, Stereum abietinum, Hydnum sp. (H. abietis), Fomes Pini, and Fomes Hartigii. The logs of 963 western hemlock were analyzed in detail. Maximum periodic volume increment was reached between 225 and 275 years of age. Maximum periodic volume increment was reached between 275 and 325 years of age in the 719 fir that were analyzed. Scars were the most frequent avenue of entrance for infection. In 59% of the cases of infection studied the fungus had entered through wounds.
THE WEIGERT-PAL METHOD FOR PARAFFIN-EMBEDDED MATERIAL: I. BULK STAINING AND STAINING OF PARAFFIN SECTIONS
Authors: Nicol J. A. Colin , Paul Frank
Published: April 2011

Three methods of staining myelin sheaths by the Weigert-Pal method in paraffin sections are compared. Hyomandibular nerves and spinal cord of the ratfish (Hydrolagus colliei) and tibial and peroneal nerves of the white rat were used. Fixation and mordanting comprised: 10% neutral formol, 48 hr.; 2.5% potassium bichromate at 37 °C., 12 days; gliabeze, 2 days. The tissue was washed for 24 hr., and stained for 24 hr. either in bulk, or while in paraffin sections, or on the slide after coating with celloidin. Kulschitzky's haematoxylin, freshly prepared and artificially ripened, was used for staining. Differentiation was carried out by Pal's method. Bulk staining gave most satisfactory results, with the other methods as second and third alternatives, respectively. Treating the sections with safranin and dehydrating in dioxan was found to give a satisfactory counterstain.
A REDESCRIPTION OF CEPHALOBELLUS BREVICAUDATUM (LEIDY, 1851) CHRISTIE, 1933 (NEMATODA), WITH COMMENTS ON OTHER SPECIES OF THE GENUS CEPHALOBELLUS
Authors: Basir M. A.
Published: April 2011

A complete redescription of Cephalobellus brevicaudatum (Leidy, 1851) Christie, 1933, is given; its specific relationship is discussed, and a key to the species of the genus Cephalobellus is given. It is proposed that Thelastoma indiana Basir, 1940, and Cephalobellus lloydi Baylis, 1946, be regarded as synonymous with C. brevicaudatum.
THE STRUCTURE OF THE ASCIDIAN, PYCNOCLAVELLA STANLEYI N. SP., AND THE NATURE OF ITS TADPOLE LARVA
Authors: Berrill N. J. , Abbott D. P.
Published: April 2011

A new species of an ascidian, Pycnoclavella stanleyi, is described. It occurs in some abundance near low tide level at Pacific Grove, Calif. It differs from P. aurilucens Garstang, known only from the western end of the English Channel, mainly in the character of the colony rather than that of the individual zooid or tadpole larva. Colonies are flat, incrusting, heavily impregnated with sand, have a gelatinous matrix, and exhibit some orange pigmentation. Colonies of P. aurilucens are without sand, have a leathery texture, are green, and are not intertidal. Both species have zooids with seven rows of gill slits on each side, a posterior vascular budding stolon as in Clavelina, and a tadpole larva with an ocellus but not an otolith.
THE TWO TYPES OF EPITHELIUM OF THE FINEST BRONCHIOLES OF THE ALBINO MOUSE AS REVEALED BY SUPRAVITAL SILVERIZATION
Authors: Macklin Charles C.
Published: April 2011

Two definite types of cells, provisionally designated dark and light, in accordance with the degree of their superficial argyrophilism, are revealed in the terminal bronchiolar epithelium of the albino mouse by supravital silverization. The dark cells are ciliated, and scattered among the light unciliated cells as singles, pairs, triads, or larger groups to form a striking and characteristic surface pattern. The cuticles of the dark cells, far outreached by the neighboring light cells, appear en face as dense crowds of small uniform golden brown granules. Viewed laterally these show as pairs in vertical alignment, and make two layers with a thin lighter band between. The sides and bases are indicated by deposits of black grains. Near the sharply marked margin of the definitive epithelium the dark cells are shorter, more dispersed, and formed like truncated pyramids with narrow densely impregnated apices on some of which are single delicate points instead of discrete cilia. The light cells have bulging villuslike free ends and make flutings on the contiguous dark cells. Small silverized particles sparsely stipple their air surfaces and rounded plaques crown their summits. A similar dicellular picture is found in the terminal bronchiolar epithelium of the golden hamster.
THE EFFECT OF GONADAL HORMONES ON LIVER NUCLEIC ACIDS IN THE IMMATURE PULLET
Authors: Chapman D. G. , Hanson A. A. , Common R. H. , Maw W. A.
Published: April 2011

The ribonucleic acid, desoxyribonucleic acid, and the ratio of ribonucleic acid to desoxyribonucleic acid in the liver of immature pullets treated with 4.5 mgm. testosterone propionate over a 12-day period were all increased when this treatment was supplemented by treatment with estrogen. The possible significance of these effects in relation to other effects of similar gonadal hormone treatments is discussed.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF RADIOACTIVE ARSENIC IN THE ORGANS OF POISONED INSECT LARVAE
Authors: Morrison F. O. , Oliver W. F.
Published: April 2011

Radioactive arsenic trioxide, containing As76 injected in solution into the haemolymph of last instar Tenebrio molitor L. larvae, distributed itself throughout the haemolymph, body wall, fore-, mid-, and hindgut, and Malpighian tubules within one hour and showed little change in distribution after as much as 20 hr. even though most larvae remained alive. When injected into the gut it showed little sign of escaping. Fifty instar Phlegethontius quinoquemaculata Haw. larvae fed the dry active arsenic trioxide absorbed only very small amounts. The largest portion remained in the gut if the specimen died or was eliminated within 20 hr. if the specimen lived. As little as 10−11 gm. arsenic was detectable in the digested insect organs. The use of a dipping counter on aliquots of the acid tissue digest provides a simple and accurate means of counting samples and is to be recommended in studies of this nature.
SOME EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND OXYGEN PRESSURE ON THE METABOLISM AND ACTIVITY OF THE SPECKLED TROUT, SALVELINUS FONTINALIS
Authors: Graham J. M.
Published: April 2011

Two levels of oxygen uptake were measured at temperatures from 5 °C. to 24 °C. on yearling speckled trout having a mean weight of 27 gm. These levels were the minimum resting rate in the diurnal cycle (standard rate) and the rate when induced to activity in a rotating chamber (active rate). The trout were thermally acclimated to the temperatures at which the experiments were performed. The standard rate of oxygen uptake increased with increasing temperatures up to the ultimate upper lethal temperature (25.3 °C.). The active rate of oxygen uptake increased with increasing temperatures up to approximately 19 °C. Above this temperature it fell again. The consequence of this difference in the response of the standard and active rates of oxygen rate to temperature is that the difference between these two levels increases rapidly up to a temperature of 16 °C. and falls again thereafter. This is interpreted as indicating that the optimum temperature for the activity of the speckled trout is in the neighborhood of 16 °C. The activity of speckled trout in relation to temperature was measured in terms of the maximum speed that they can maintain indefinitely. This speed was also found to be a maximum at a temperature of 16° to 20 °C., at which region occurs the greatest difference between the standard and active rates of oxygen uptake.The oxygen uptake of active speckled trout was measured over decreasing partial pressures of oxygen, and was found to become dependent on the oxygen pressure below a certain critical level. These critical pressures change with temperature from 100 mm. Hg at 5 °C. to 150 mm. Hg at 24.5 °C. Water containing less than 75% air saturation of oxygen reduces the activity of speckled trout at all temperatures. Above 20 °C. fully saturated water is required to allow full scope to the activity of speckled trout. The minimum oxygen requirements for existence of the speckled trout at the standard metabolic level are estimated to vary from 30 mm. Hg at 5 °C. to 79 mm. Hg at 24.5 °C. It must be emphasized, however, that these values are conservative. The lethal levels of oxygen were measured for speckled trout and found to rise from 19 mm. Hg at 3.5 °C. to 45 mm. Hg at 23 °C.
FACTORS RELATING TO THE QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATION OF LOW LEVELS OF DIPHTHERIA ANTITOXIN BY THE RABBIT SKIN TEST
Authors: Greenberg L. , Gibbard J.
Published: April 2011

A simple method for the quantitative determination of small amounts of diphtheria antitoxin is presented. Toxin of known strength is mixed with various dilutions of serum. These are held at room temperature for two hours and 0.1 cc. of each dilution is injected intracutaneously into the back of a suitably prepared rabbit. The resulting skin reactions are compared with reactions obtained with control mixtures, containing known amounts of antitoxin, injected at the same time. Between 200 and 300 tests may be performed on the back of a single rabbit.
PLASMA MAGNESIUM IN DISORDERS OF THE THYROID GLAND
Authors: Cosgrove J. B. R. , Perry W. F.
Published: April 2011

There is a conflict of evidence concerning the alterations of nondiffusible plasma magnesium in disorders of the thyroid gland. In this investigation it was found in 12 normal individuals, 9 patients with hyperthyroidism, 10 with myxedema, 6 with nontoxic goiter, and 14 patients with miscellaneous diseases, that the nondiffusible plasma magnesium was relatively constant in a wide range of conditions and was not altered even in patients with marked thyroid dysfunction.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SERUM ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE AND DIETARY ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS
Authors: Tuba Jules , Cantor Max M. , Richards A. Gerald
Published: April 2011

It has been found that, when weanling rats are placed on a diet containing low protein barley (protein = 8.5%) or on diets containing low protein barley with supplements of casein or individual essential amino acids, with the exception of lysine and methionine, the level of serum alkaline phosphatase is related in an inverse fashion to the rate of growth. The addition to the basal low protein diet of methionine or casein, i.e., of labile methyl groups, results in the lowering of serum alkaline phosphatase activity towards normal levels. This is considered to reflect a return to normal of fat mobilization.
PROTECTION BY KILLED VOLE BACILLUS VACCINE AGAINST EXPERIMENTAL TUBERCULOSIS IN GUINEA PIGS
Authors: Paterson J. C. , Crombie D. W. , Coles J. C.
Published: April 2011

A vaccine made from vole bacilli killed by ultraviolet light has been shown to confer a significant degree of protection against experimental tuberculosis in guinea pigs. The degree of protection was comparable to that obtained from BCG. The results of this single experiment suggest that further work on this material should be carried out.
ACETYLCHOLINE AND NEURONAL ACTIVITY: II. ACETYLCHOLINE AND CHOLINESTERASE ACTIVITY IN THE CEREBROSPINAL FLUIDS OF PATIENTS WITH EPILEPSY
Authors: Tower Donald B. , McEachern Donald
Published: April 2011

Cerebrospinal fluid acetylcholine assays were done on 119 samples from 109 neurological and neurosurgical patients. Of these 56 were epileptic and 53 non-epileptic patients. Acetylcholine was present in the cerebrospinal fluids of eight (15%) of nonepileptics, six of whom were cases of craniocerebral trauma (previously shown to give positive assays). In contrast 44 (77%) of epileptic patients had positive cerebrospinal fluid acetylcholine assays in amounts of 0.02 to 5.0 μgm. % acetylcholine (average 1.0 μgm. %). The presence of acetylcholine in cerebrospinal fluids of epileptics was apparently related to the frequency of seizures, the occurrence of seizures, and the extent of electroencephalographic abnormalities in these patients. Factors of cerebrospinal fluid cholinesterase values, medications, thresholds of assay methods, and types of epilepsy (with the exception of focal seizures due to intracranial tumor) seemed to be of no significance for these results. This study does not indicate whether the acetylcholine recovered in epileptic cases was directly related to the occurrence of seizures or merely a coincidental finding. The presence of acetylcholine in cerebrospinal fluids in association with epileptic seizures is considered to be significant in the light of previous studies discussed.
SOME EFFECTS OF DHSOPROPYL FLUOROPHOSPHATE (DFP) AND FLUOROACETATE ON THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Authors: Kelen Andrew , McEachern Donald
Published: April 2011

Attempts were made to produce convulsions in cats by intracarotid and intracisternal injections of diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP). No convulsions were obtained in either instance. Systemic symptoms appeared, however, and plasma cholinesterase was sharply reduced. Intracarotid DFP produced prolonged ipsilateral myosis and salivation. E.E.G. changes on the side of the injection were found in one of two trials. Intracisternal DFP caused prolongation (threefold) of the pentothal anesthesia. The animals, upon awakening, showed a temporary loss of sensation in the forelimbs and cornea with weakness of the hind limbs and a waddling gait. Intracisternal fluoroacetate produced curious generalized seizures. These were classified as scissors spasms, scratching seizures, and myoclonic jerks. They appeared after about three-quarters of an hour, in contrast to the latent period of two to three hours after intravenous injection. Seizures persisted for hours unless stopped with nembutal. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was tested for acetylcholine (ACh), the minimum amount detectable during our experiments being 0.4 to 3.0 μgm. %. After intravenous injections of 1.5 mgm. per kgm. of DFP preceding convulsions produced by thujone, small amounts of ACh appeared in three out of four experiments. Intravenous injection of 5.0 mgm. per kgm. of DFP resulted in 3.0 μgm. % of ACh in the CSF. No ACh was found after the other procedures described.
THE EFFECT OF ANTITOXIN ON EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION WITH CLOSTRIDIUM NOVYI (OEDEMATIENS) IN GUINEA PIGS, WITH A NOTE ON ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION
Authors: Waters G. G. , Moloney P. J.
Published: April 2011

C. novyi antitoxin injected in divided doses (total 500 units) over a period of 12 days was more effective in saving guinea pigs inoculated with spores of Clostridium novyi than was the same total amount of antitoxin given in one dose. Of the infected animals, 60 to 80% could be saved by treatment with divided doses of antitoxin up to 12 hr. after inoculation with spores. If, however, treatment was deferred for 24 hr., none of the animals could be saved. Preliminary results on active immunization with novyi toxoid indicate that a relatively high titer of antitoxin (in the order of 1 μ per ml.) is required to protect guinea pigs against inoculation with novyi spores suspended in calcium chloride solution.
A SIMPLE GAS ANALYZER
Authors: Fry F. E. J.
Published: April 2011

The gas analysis apparatus described is similar to an enlarged version of Krogh's microapparatus. It consists of a 1 cc. burette calibrated in one-hundredths, enclosed in a water jacket joined above to a glass funnel through a short capillary and below to a mercury reservoir. The absorbing solutions are placed in the glass funnel above, and the gas sample is injected through a needle inserted into a rubber cap on a side arm of the mercury reservoir.The apparatus is simple in design and in use, is easy to clean, and the cost is low. Accuracy is approximately ± 0.5%. A modified analyzer has been used by students with satisfactory results.
ON THE ABO GENE AND Rh CHROMOSOME DISTRIBUTION IN THE WHITE POPULATION OF MANITOBA
Authors: Chown B. , Peterson R. F. , Lewis Marion , Hall Ann
Published: April 2011

In the Province of Manitoba, Canada, all men and women prior to marriage have their ABO and Rh blood groups determined. An analysis has been made of ABO and Rh data from blood samples of 3100 individuals of white race.The calculated O, A, B gene frequencies in per cent based on the sample of 3100 individuals were as follows: O, 65.77; A, 26.07; B, 8.48. The calculated frequencies of Rh chromosomes for the same sample in per cent were as follows: R1, 43.48; r, 39.55; R2, 12.87; R0, 1.91; R′, 1.24; R″, 0. 73; Rz, 0. 22; Ry 0.00.Frequencies of O, A, B genes and Rh chromosomes within the major national groups were also estimated and shown in comparison with the corresponding O, A, B gene frequencies for Great Britain and Rh chromosome frequencies for England.The major national groups were compared in pairs by means of the Test of Homogeneity, with respect to the distribution, first of the ABO phenotypes, and then of the major Rh phenotypes. In general the Hebrew, Ukrainian, and Polish differed significantly from the remaining groups in distribution of the ABO phenotypes, due to a comparatively high frequency of the B phenotype in the former. With respect to the distribution of the Rh phenotypes the Hebrew group differed significantly from all others, due to a comparatively low incidence of the r phenotype.