bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficiency of Scalar-Parameterized Mechanisms
Authors: Johari Ramesh , Tsitsiklis John N.
Published: May 2009

We consider the problem of allocating a fixed amount of an infinitely divisible resource among multiple competing, fully rational users. We study the efficiency guarantees that are possible when we restrict to mechanisms that satisfy certain scalability constraints motivated by large-scale communication networks; in particular, we restrict attention to mechanisms where users are restricted to one-dimensional strategy spaces. We first study the efficiency guarantees possible when the mechanism is not allowed to price differentiate. We study the worst-case efficiency loss (ratio of the utility associated with a Nash equilibrium to the maximum possible utility), and show that Kelly's proportional allocation mechanism minimizes the efficiency loss when users are price anticipating. We then turn our attention to mechanisms where price differentiation is permitted; using an adaptation of the Vickrey-Clarke-Groves class of mechanisms, we construct a class of mechanisms with one-dimensional strategy spaces where Nash equilibria are fully efficient. These mechanisms are shown to be fully efficient even in general convex environments, under reasonable assumptions. Our results highlight a fundamental insight in mechanism design: when the pricing flexibility available to the mechanism designer is limited, restricting the strategic flexibility of bidders may actually improve the efficiency guarantee.
Revenue Optimization for a Make-to-Order Queue in an Uncertain Market Environment
Authors: Besbes Omar , Maglaras Costis
Published: May 2009

We consider a revenue-maximizing make-to-order manufacturer that serves a market of price- and delay-sensitive customers and operates in an environment in which the market size varies stochastically over time. A key feature of our analysis is that no model is assumed for the evolution of the market size. We analyze two main settings: (i) the size of the market is observable at any point in time; and (ii) the size of the market is not observable and hence cannot be used for decision making. We focus on high-volume systems that are characterized by large processing capacities and market sizes, and where the latter fluctuate on a slower timescale than that of the underlying production system dynamics. We develop an approach to tackle such problems that is based on an asymptotic analysis and that yields near-optimal policy recommendations for the original system via the solution of a stochastic fluid model.
Optimal Capacity Overbooking for the Regular Treatment of Chronic Conditions
Authors: Lee Donald K. K. , Zenios Stefanos A.
Published: May 2009

Patients suffering from a chronic condition often require periodic treatment. For example, patients with End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) require dialysis three times a week. These patients are also frequently hospitalized for complications from their treatment, resulting in idle capacity at the clinic. These temporary patient absences make overbooking at the clinic attractive. This paper develops a semiclosed migration network to capture patient flow into the clinic and between the clinic and hospital. We consider a simple class of stationary control policies for patient admissions and provide algorithms for selecting one that maximizes long-run average earnings. Local diffusion approximations were constructed to provide square-root loading formulas for the optimal capacity level and patient overbooking level: as the total patient arrival rate increases, the deviation between the optimal and fluid-limit capacity and overbooking levels scale up with the square root of the total arrival rate. We find that high hospitalization rates and long inpatient stays allow for more overbooking. Numerical examples based on the typical dialysis clinic in the United States suggest an increase in earnings of 11%–14% over policies derived from traditional M/M/N models that do not account for hospitalizations and do not allow overbooking, while keeping the probability of capacity shortage arbitrarily small.
Exploration and engineering of biosynthetic pathways in the marine actinomycete Salinispora tropica
Authors: Nett Markus , Moore Bradley S.
Published: May 2009

In recent years, members of the marine actinomycete genus Salinispora have proven to be a precious source of structurally diverse secondary metabolites, including the potent anticancer agent salinosporamide A and the enediyne-derived sporolides. The tremendous potential of these marine-dwelling microbes for natural products biosynthesis, however, was not fully realized until sequencing of the Salinispora tropica genome revealed the presence of numerous orphan biosynthetic loci besides a plethora of rare metabolic pathways. This contribution summarizes the biochemical exploration of this prolific organism, highlighting studies in which genome-based information was exploited for the discovery of new enzymatic processes and the engineering of unnatural natural products. Inactivation of key genes within the salinosporamide pathway has expanded its inherent metabolic plasticity and enabled access to various salinosporamide derivatives by mutasynthesis. New insights into the biosynthesis of the sporolides allowed us to increase production titers of these structurally complex molecules, thereby providing the means to search for the DNA cleaving presporolide enediyne.
Recent aspects of chemical ecology: Natural toxins, coral communities, and symbiotic relationships
Authors: Uemura Daisuke , Kita Masaki , Arimoto Hirokazu , Kitamura Makoto
Published: May 2009

The discovery of new ecologically active compounds often triggers the development of basic scientific concepts in the field of biological sciences, since such compounds have direct physiological and behavioral effects on other living organisms. We have focused on the identification of natural key compounds that control biologically and physiologically intriguing phenomena. We describe three recent aspects of chemical ecology that we have investigated: natural toxins, coral communities, and symbiotic relationships. Blarina toxin (BLTX) is a lethal mammalian venom that was isolated from the short-tailed shrew. Duck-billed platypus venom shows potent Ca2+ influx in neuroblastoma cells. The venom of the solitary wasp contains arginine kinase-like protein and is used to paralyze its prey to feed its larva. The ecological behaviors of corals are controlled by combinations of small molecules. The polyol compound symbiodinolide may serve as a defense substance for symbiotic dinoflagellates to prevent digestion of their host animals. These compounds reveal the wonder of nature, in both terrestrial and marine ecological systems.
Newly isolated marine Bacillus pumilus (SP21): A source of novel lipoamides and other antimicrobial agents
Authors: Berrue Fabrice , Ibrahim Abdelnasser , Boland Patricia , Kerr Russell G.
Published: May 2009

A screening of marine bacteria for antimicrobial activity resulted in the isolation ofBacillus pumilus(SP21) from a sediment sample collected in the Bahamas. A bioassay-guided fractionation led to the isolation of five surfactin analogs, glycocholic acid, amicoumacins A and B in addition to three new compounds named lipoamides A-C. The chemical structure of all the bioactive compounds was elucidated using spectroscopic methods including 2D NMR and MS. The antimicrobial activity of each compound was evaluated against a panel of pathogens and is reported herein.
Discovery of anticancer agents of diverse natural origin
Authors: Kinghorn A. Douglas , Carcache de Blanco Esperanza J. , Chai Hee-Byung , Orjala Jimmy , Farnsworth Norman R. , Soejarto D. Doel , Oberlies Nicholas H. , Wani Mansukh C. , Kroll David J. , Pearce Cedric J. , Swanson Steven M. , Kramer Robert A. , Rose William C. , Fairchild Craig R. , Vite Gregory D. , Emanuel Stuart , Jarjoura David , Cope Frederick O.
Published: May 2009

A collaborative multidisciplinary research project is described in which new natural product anticancer drug leads are obtained from a diverse group of organisms, constituted by tropical plants, aquatic cyanobacteria, and filamentous fungi. Information is provided on how these organisms are collected and processed. The types of bioassays are indicated in which crude extracts of these acquisitions are tested. Progress made in the isolation of lead bioactive secondary metabolites from three tropical plants is discussed.
Isolation and characterization of jadomycin L from Streptomyces venezuelae ISP5230 for solid tumor efficacy studies
Authors: Jakeman David L. , Dupuis Stephanie N. , Graham Cathy L.
Published: May 2009

Precursor-directed biosynthesis offers opportunities to modify natural products and obtain structurally complex metabolites without the need for chemical synthesis. However, such opportunities are limited owing to the inherent substrate specificity of biosynthetic enzymes. The jadomycins are a family of natural products produced by the soil microbe Streptomyces venezuelae ISP5230. Their biosynthesis contains one step that is potentially non-enzymatic, namely, the condensation of a biosynthetic aldehyde and an amino acid that leads to a uniquely substituted oxazolone ring. Variation of amino acids in the culture media enables the production of a wide array of substituted oxazolones. These analogs have been shown to have a variety of biological activities against cancer cell lines and also against Gram-positive bacteria. Herein, we report the first isolation and characterization of jadomycin L and jadomycin L aglycone from 8 L of bacterial culture for solid tumor efficacy studies.
Glossary of class names of polymers based on chemical structure and molecular architecture (IUPAC Recommendations 2009)
Authors: Barón Máximo , Hellwich Karl-Heinz , Hess Michael , Horie Kazuyuki , Jenkins Aubrey D. , Jones Richard G. , Kahovec Jaroslav , Kratochvíl Pavel , Metanomski W. Val , Mormann Werner , Stepto Robert F. T. , Vohlídal Jiří , Wilks Edward S.
Published: May 2009

This document defines class names of polymers based on the class names of starting monomers and characteristic features of the chemical constitution of polymer molecules (macromolecules), i.e., class names that have gained general acceptance in the polymer and material literature, science and technology as well as in public. The glossary is divided into three parts: Source-based class names, which identify common classes of starting monomers such as "acrylic", "diene", "phenolic", "vinylic". Class names based on chemical structure, which identify characteristic groups in the main chains (backbones) of the polymer molecules such as (i) inter-unit groups derived from functional groups, e.g., "amide", "ester", "ether"; (ii) a specific group of atoms, e.g., "alkenylene", "siloxane", "sulfone"; (iii) ring structures, e.g., "benzimidazole", "benzoxazole", "quinoxaline". Class names based on molecular architecture, which identify mainly the overall shapes of polymer molecules through the type of their graphical representation such as "linear", "branched", "dendritic", "comb". Each part of the glossary is arranged in a non-hierarchical alphabetical order. Each entry provides: (a) the polymer class name; (b) its definition; (c) specific or generic examples including IUPAC names and a structure or graphical representation; (d) relations to other polymer classes and subclasses; (e) notes on the inclusion or exclusion of borderline cases. An alphabetical index of all class names is included.
Product Development Strategy, Product Innovation Performance, and the Mediating Role of Knowledge Utilization: Evidence from Subsidiaries in China
Authors: Zhang Junfeng , Di Benedetto C. Anthony , Hoenig Scott
Published: May 2009

This study examines the interplay of product development strategy, knowledge utilization, and product innovation performance in the context of Chinese subsidiaries of multinational companies. When firms strive to develop highly innovative products (breakthrough focus), the amount of resources allocated has a U-shaped relationship to subsequent product innovation performance (i.e., market rewards of new products). When the aim of product development activity is to reinforce and maintain moderately innovative products (platform focus), increased resource allocation shows a positive relationship to product innovation performance. The amount of resources allocated to minor revisions (incremental focus) shows no significant relationship to product innovation performance. Knowledge utilization is an important predictor of the benefits of developing highly and moderately innovative products. Moreover, it helps to mitigate the drawbacks of a breakthrough focus and strengthens the positive impact of a platform focus.
In Search of Platforms to Increase Market Responsiveness: Evidence from Foreign Subsidiaries
Authors: Lee Ruby P. , Chen Qimei , Lu Xiongwen
Published: May 2009

Market responsiveness is one of several important outcome consequences that denote a foreign subsidiary's success. The authors examine how foreign subsidiaries can improve their market responsiveness through understanding the different roles of information system integration and knowledge codification in connection with related market knowledge that resides in their headquarters. The authors test hypotheses on data collected from 140 foreign subsidiaries in China. The results indicate that knowledge codification plays a key role in influencing market responsiveness directly and further acts as a critical mechanism that mediates the impacts of knowledge relatedness and information system integration on market responsiveness. The authors discuss the implications of these results for research and practice.
Challenging the Conceptualization and Measurement of Distance and International Experience in Entry Mode Choice Research
Authors: Dow Douglas , Larimo Jorma
Published: May 2009

Although international entry mode choice has been extensively studied, the empirical results regarding two key antecedents—various forms of distance and international experience—have been equivocal. The authors argue that the conceptualization and measurement of these variables may be contributing to the ambiguous results. They demonstrate that a broader conceptualization of the underlying factors driving the distance construct substantially increases the ability to predict entry mode. Furthermore, when a refined interpretation of international experience is employed, only experience in similar countries affects entry mode selection. Experience in dissimilar countries seems to have no predictive power. These results call for a radical change in how these two key constructs should be operationalized in further entry mode research.
Analysis of microwave vs. thermally assisted grafting of poly(methyl-vinyl ether co-maleic acid)-polyethylene glycol to birch kraft pulp
Authors: Goetz Lee A. , Sladky Jessica P. , Ragauskas Arthur J.
Published: May 2009

Alternative methods of enhancing water absorption of birch pulp fibers by crosslinking poly(methyl vinyl ether-co-maleic acid) and polyethylene glycol are briefly explored. While thermal initiated crosslinking is common, microwave initiated crosslinking of lignocellulosics is less studied. The thermal and microwave initiated crosslinking were compared through water absorption and retention. The microwave conditions were optimized to 105 s at 1600 W, while the thermal samples were placed in a 130°C oven for 6.5 min. Both methods resulted in successfully creating new superabsorbent fibers. The microwave initiated crosslinked fibers absorbed 45–413% more water and the thermal initiated fibers absorbed 210–582% more water than the control fibers (37.3 g/g and 29.4 g/g, respectively). This study demonstrated that it is possible to utilize microwave technology to enhance water absorption properties of lignocellulosics fibers and to reduce reaction times.
Selective enzyme impregnation of chips to reduce specific refining energy in alkaline peroxide mechanical pulping
Authors: Hart Peter W. , Waite Darrell M. , Thibault Luc , Tomashek John , Rousseau Marie-Eve , Hill Christopher , Sabourin Marc J.
Published: May 2009

Eucalyptus wood chips were impregnated with various blends of fiber modifying enzymes prior to preconditioning refiner chemical-alkaline peroxide mechanical pulp processing. The process includes chemical pretreatment and two stages of refining. The energy consumption was compared at the same Canadian standard freeness level of 350 ml. Some enzyme treatments were found to reduce specific refining energy (SRE) by at least 24%. The enzyme hydrolysis within the cell wall was observed by transmission electron microscopy of impregnated chips with high spatial resolution. The enzyme blends that successfully reduced SRE requirements were found to selectively loosen the bonds between the S1 and S2 layers of the fiber wall. Enzymes which selectively attached the S2 layer did not impart any SRE reduction. All experiments for impregnation and pulp processing were conducted at the Andritz Pilot Plant in Springfield, OH.
High-yield kraft pulping of Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden biotreated by Ceriporiopsis subvermispora under two different culture conditions
Authors: Vicentim Marcos Paulo , de Almeida Faria Robson , Ferraz André
Published: May 2009

In the present study, it was evaluated how two different culture conditions for the biotreatment of Eucalyptus grandis by Ceriporiopsis subvermispora affect a subsequent high-yield kraft pulping process. Under the varied culture conditions investigated, different extracellular enzyme activities were observed. Manganese-peroxidase (MnP) secretion was 3.7 times higher in cultures supplemented with glucose plus corn-steep liquor (glucose/CSL) as compared to non-supplemented (NS) cultures. The biotreated samples underwent diverse levels of wood component degradation as losses of weight and lignin were increased in glucose/CSL cultures. Mass balances for lignin removal during kraft pulping showed that delignification was facilitated when both biotreated wood samples were cooked. Delignification efficiency did not correlate positively with MnP levels in the cultures. On the other hand, biopulps from NS and glucose/CSL cultures saved 27% and 38% beating time to achieve 28° Schopper-Riegler freeness during refining, respectively. Biopulps disposed of decreased tensile and tear resistances, thus easier refining of the biokraft pulps seems to be a consequence of less resistant fiber walls. Improved beatability of biopulps was tentatively related to short fibers and fines formation during refining. We suggest that to some extent polysaccharide depolymerization occurred during the biotreatment, which also resulted in diminished pulp yields in the case of glucose/CSL cultures.
Revisiting the transition between juvenile and mature wood: a comparison of fibre length, microfibril angle and relative wood density in lodgepole pine
Authors: Mansfield Shawn D. , Parish Roberta , Di Lucca C. Mario , Goudie James , Kang Kyu-Young , Ott Peter
Published: May 2009

In an attempt to examine the dynamic inter-relationship among wood density and fibre traits [tracheid length and microfibril angle (MFA)] in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), 60 trees were sampled in three age classes from four sites in central British Columbia. Breast height discs were taken and relative wood density was measured along two radii. Tracheid length was assessed on isolated 5-year increments from pith to bark at breast height for each tree. MFA was determined every 50 μm and the 5-mm composite intervals from pith to bark per disc at breast height were used in the analysis. Segmented regression was employed to identify the “juvenile to mature wood” transition point, which revealed transition ages of 31, 18 and 15 for wood density, fibre length and MFA, respectively. These traits were related to primary growth, expressed as area increment, ring width, percent earlywood and height increment during the juvenile wood phase. Comparisons of wood and fibre traits showed a higher congruence between the time of transitions for fibre length and MFA (Pearson correlation coefficient 0.52) than that between fibre length and wood density (0.07), and MFA and wood density (0.16). The cessation of early rapid radial increment growth terminated before wood and fibre transitions to mature wood occurred. Fibre length was significantly, but not strongly, related to ring width and percent earlywood (0.35 for both). The duration of juvenile fibre production was not significantly related to height growth.
2D-NMR (HSQC) difference spectra between specifically 13C-enriched and unenriched protolignin of Ginkgo biloba obtained in the solution state of whole cell wall material
Authors: Terashima Noritsugu , Akiyama Takuya , Ralph Sally , Evtuguin Dmitry , Neto Carlos Pascoal , Parkås Jim , Paulsson Magnus , Westermark Ulla , Ralph John
Published: May 2009

In the structural analysis of lignins by 13C-NMR, signal overlap limits definitive assignment and accurate intensity measurement. Selective labeling by 13C-enrichment of a specific carbon in lignin enhances its signal intensity in the spectrum. Further enhancement of the specifically labeled carbons can be realized via difference spectra created from the enriched and unenriched samples. Difference 2D 13C-1H correlation (HSQC) NMR spectra, derived from the spectra of specifically 13C-enriched lignin model polymers (so-called dehydrogenation polymers) and their unenriched counterparts, take advantage of the enhanced dispersion afforded by both 13C and 1H chemical shifts, diminishing the difficulties arising from the signal-overlap problem and aiding in definitive signal assignments. In this research, protolignin in xylem cell walls was specifically 13C-enriched at all of the individual phenylpropanoid side-chain carbons by feeding 13C-enriched coniferins to growing stems of Ginkgo biloba. The whole xylem fractions containing 13C-enriched and unenriched protolignins were dissolved in a mixture of N-methylimidazole and DMSO, and then acetylated. Solution state 2D-NMR (HSQC) spectra of the acetylated whole cell wall were acquired. Difference spectra between the walls containing 13C-enriched and unenriched lignins afforded simplified 2D spectra in which well-separated signals were assigned exclusively to the specifically enriched carbons. This novel NMR technique provides a useful tool for elucidation of entire protolignin in the cell wall of ginkgo xylem.
An improved drying model for highly-impermeable hardwoods
Authors: Herritsch Alfred , Nijdam Justin James
Published: May 2009

Previously reported drying experiments on highly impermeable hardwoods have shown that bell-shaped within-board moisture content profiles develop as drying proceeds, with a change in concavity around the fibre saturation point. However, drying models based on Fick's second law of diffusion with an Arrhenius temperature dependency for the diffusion coefficient predict a parabolic form. The present work showed that the influence of moisture content on the diffusion coefficient must also be considered to improve these drying predictions. A drying model that includes both temperature and moisture content effects on the diffusion coefficient was developed. This model is able to accurately predict the drying rates and within-board moisture content profiles of New Zealand's indigenous red and hard beech timbers for various timber thicknesses over a range of temperatures, relative humidities and air velocities used in practice.
Radical chain reactions in pyrolytic cleavage of the ether linkages of lignin model dimers and a trimer
Authors: Watanabe Toshihiro , Kawamoto Haruo , Saka Shiro
Published: May 2009

β-Ether-type dimers, [1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)-1-propanol and 1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)-1-propanol], and an α,β-diether-type trimer [1-(4-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyloxy)-3-methoxyphenyl) -2- (2-methoxyphenoxy) -1-propanol] were pyrolyzed in a closed ampoule reactor (N2/250–400°C/2 min). 1-Phenylpropenes (Cα=Cβ) and 1-phenylpropanones (Cα=O) were obtained as the major β-ether-cleaved products. Radical chain mechanisms are proposed in which hydrogen abstraction at the phenolic O-H and Cα-Hs occurs, respectively. The former reaction which gives rise to three radical species was much more effective than the latter. As the effective reaction increases the radical concentration, cleavage of the β-ether linkage in the phenolic dimer is achieved at a much lower temperature (260°C) than that of the non-phenolic type (360°C). Radical chain reactions are initiated in the case of the trimer with a weak Cα-O bond at lower temperature (320°C) than those of the non-phenolic (methylated) dimer, since homolysis of the Cα-O bond produces the phenoxy type dimer and 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl radicals as initiators. However, some of the dimer phenoxyl radical was stabilized by H-abstraction (to form dimer) or by recombination with a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl radical (to form C-benzylated products) so that the chain depolymerization via quinone methide intermediate was suppressed.
Characterization of the wood quality of pernambuco (Caesalpinia echinata Lam) by measurements of density, extractives content, microfibril angle, stiffness, color, and NIR spectroscopy
Authors: Schimleck Laurence R. , Espey Charles , Mora Christian R. , Evans Robert , Taylor Adam , Muniz Graciela
Published: May 2009

A total of 30 Caesalpinia echinata (pernambuco) sticks were ranked based on their suitability for making high quality bows and were assigned to one of the three following categories: 0=very poor to poor, 1=good to very good, and 2=excellent. From the end of each stick a sample was cut for wood property and near infrared (NIR) spectroscopic analysis. Wood properties measured included air-dry density, extractives content, microfibril angle, stiffness and wood color. NIR spectra were evaluated by principal component analysis (PCA) and on the PC scores. Poor quality samples were discriminated from those of good to very good and excellent quality; however, samples from the two higher quality groups were mixed. Based on relationships observed between PC scores and wood properties, we suggest that, of the measured properties, density and stiffness were the most important in sample discrimination based on quality. Samples ranked in the excellent category had high average density (1119 kg m-3) and stiffness (25.2 GPa) and relatively low extractives content (21.2%) compared to samples in the very poor to poor category (density= 938 kg m-3, stiffness=18.9 GPa and extractives content=24.9%).
Marktpotenzial von Point-of-Care-Testing / Market potential of point-of-care testing
Authors: Ehrentreich-Förster Eva , Andresen Dennie
Published: May 2009

Die In-vitro-Diagnostik nimmt aufgrund der Erkenntnisse der molekularen Medizin und Genomforschung der letzten Jahre in der medizinischen Versorgung eine zunehmend zentrale Rolle ein. Gleichzeitig gibt es einen Trend, nach der Zentralisierung der Diagnostik in großen Laboratorien, näher an den Patienten heranzurücken und eine Analyse, auch komplexer Parameter, vor Ort durchzuführen. In einer aktuellen Frost & Sullivan Studie wurde der sogenannte „Point-of-Care“-Markt mit einem Marktvolumen von ca. 5 Mrd. US$ bei einer durchschnittlichen jährlichen Wachstumsrate von 10,5% bis 2012 beziffert. Das Point-of-Care-Segment wird zusammen mit dem Teilmarkt für molekulare Diagnostik als das am schnellsten wachsende Segment im In-vitro-Diagnostik-Markt (Weltmarktvolumen in 2007 circa 30 Mrd. US$) angesehen.
The monologic Self as first-person narrator: Nadine Gordimer's “Good Climate, Friendly Inhabitants”
Authors: Berg Mari-Ann
Published: May 2009

There are many types of unreliable first-person narrators. This article shows that there is a certain kind of unreliable I-narrator who could be termed monologic in the Bakhtinian sense of the term. Bakhtin (1895–1975) saw monologism as closed, static and finalized in the sense that it is limiting in its denial of an Other. In her short story, “Good Climate, Friendly Inhabitants” (Gordimer, Gollancz, 1983 [1965]), Nadine Gordimer has created a first-person narrator whose unreliability is prominently active in the construction of meaning. The analysis focuses on this narrator's mind style, which is shown to be self-contradictory, faulty and limiting in such a way that it can be called monologic. Monologism is seen as a quality of the discourse and, it is argued, a monologic Self can be distinguished from other unreliable Selves by means of how they relate to other people and by their degree of stasis, closure and lack of development.
Connoting, associating and inferring in literary translation
Authors: Dahlgren Marta
Published: May 2009

This study draws on elements from linguistics (pragmatics), literature and translation studies in order to analyze the use of the expressions “connotations” and “associations” and the pragmatic notion of “inference”. Existing definitions have been found to be confusing, and therefore an attempt is made at separating out the elements of connotation from those of association, with the aid of a comparison between translations from English into Swedish and Spanish. The study has its origin in an analysis of inference in literary translation which has broadened into an empirical study on what is generally called “associations” in a variety of genres, such as the translation of “serious” fiction, bestsellers and film titles.
“How could you tell how much of it was lies?” The controversy of truth in George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four
Authors: Chapman Siobhan
Published: May 2009

This article considers the controversial nature of truth in George Orwell's Nineteen Eight-Four, both within the novel itself and in critical responses to it. It suggests a new account of the nature of the control exercised by the Party and the resultant schizophrenia induced by “doublethink”; the Party imposes two different and competing attitudes to truth on the people of Oceania. These might be described as “truth-committed” and “non truth-committed” attitudes (Routledge and Chapman, Forum for Modern Language Studies 39: 1–14, 2003). When we are free to choose between these two attitudes, both can form part of our everyday, non-pathological encounters. The non truth-committed approach is typical of encounters with literary texts, and this article argues that such an approach can enable the reader to dispense with too strong a concern for the factual veracity of Orwell's apparent predictions, and to concentrate on the literary qualities of his novel.
Survival, Growth, and Feed Utilization of Pre- and Postmetamorphic American Shad Exposed to Increasing Salinity
Authors: Jia Yanju , Liu Qinghua , Goudie Cheryl A , Simco Bill A
Published: May 2009

The American shad Alosa sapidissima is currently an emerging aquaculture species in China, and establishing conditions required for optimal growth will play a key role in future development of American shad culture. We evaluated the effects of increasing salinity concentrations on survival, growth, and feed utilization of American shad in two separate 30-d experiments. In experiment 1, 25-d-old, premetamorphic fish (mean weight ± SD = 0.07 ± 0.04 g) were exposed to 0, 10, 20, and 30-ppt salinity (26–29°C). In experiment 2, 80-d-old, postmetamorphic fish (1.46 ± 0.52 g) were exposed to 0, 5, 10, 20, and 30-ppt salinity (21–26°C). Mortality was markedly higher at salinities of 20 ppt (52% and 74%, respectively, for pre- and postmetamorphic fish) and 30 ppt (100% and 90%, respectively) than at 0 and 5 ppt (<1%). Specific growth rate (SGR) and feed conversion efficiency (FCE) were highest at 0-ppt salinity for premetamorphic fish (SGR = 8.81% per day; FCE = 1.12) and at 5-ppt salinity for postmetamorphic fish (SGR = 4.59% per day; FCE = 0.87). The SGR and FCE were lowest at 30-ppt salinity, and a significant negative relationship was demonstrated between salinity and SGR and between salinity and FCE. In both experiments, SGR and FCE were positively correlated. Our observations demonstrate that culture of young American shad may be possible at salinities up to 10 ppt, but 0–5-ppt salinity produced the best growth.
Tank Culture of Sunshine Bass Fingerlings without Using Rotifers
Authors: Ludwig Gerald M , Lochmann Steve E
Published: May 2009

A previously reported protocol for culture of larval sunshine bass (female white bass Morone chrysops × male striped bass M. saxatilis) to fingerling size in tanks involved an initial feeding of rotifers for several days before the larvae were weaned to nauplii of brine shrimp Artemia spp. and prepared feed. Maintaining rotifer cultures requires space, time, equipment, supplies, and trained culturists. The rotifer cultures are often unstable, which increases risk of poor sunshine bass fingerling production in tanks. Elimination of the use of rotifers would greatly enhance the feasibility of reliable tank culture of fingerlings and should reduce production cost. This experiment compared three treatments with three replicates per treatment. In one treatment, larvae were initially fed rotifers Brachionus plicatilis and then were weaned to brine shrimp nauplii (0.48 × 0.19 mm). In a second treatment, larvae were fed brine shrimp nauplii throughout the experiment. In a third treatment, larvae were fed microcyst brine shrimp nauplii (0.43 × 0.18 mm) for the entire experiment. At 4 d posthatch (dph), sunshine bass larvae were stocked into 100-L tanks at 75 larvae/L. Larvae were fed according to the three treatments to 14 dph. Survival was significantly higher for larvae fed rotifers plus brine shrimp nauplii and for larvae fed microcyst brine shrimp nauplii (93.6% and 37.9%, respectively) than for larvae fed only brine shrimp nauplii (4.3%). Larvae (7.13 mm standard length [SL]) that were fed rotifers plus brine shrimp nauplii and larvae (7.26 mm SL) that were fed microcyst nauplii were significantly longer than those (6.86 mm SL) fed brine shrimp nauplii. This experiment is the first time that sunshine bass have been cultured to 14 dph on brine shrimp nauplii without rotifers at first feeding.
Evaluation of Various Feeding Regimens in a Multiple-Batch Cropping System of Channel Catfish Production
Authors: Li Menghe H , Robinson Edwin H , Bosworth Brian G , Oberle Daniel F , Lucas Penelope M
Published: May 2009

A 4-year pond study was conducted to compare net production, feed conversion, processing yield, and body composition of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus that were fed once daily, fed every other day (EOD) to satiation, or fed an amount not exceeding 110 kg·ha−1·d−1 in a multiple-batch cropping system. The greatest amount of feed administered was observed for the daily satiation group, followed by the 110-kg·ha−1·d−1 group and the EOD group (P ≤ 0.05). Net production of fish fed daily to satiation did not significantly differ from that of fish fed up to 110 kg·ha−1·d−1, but that of fish fed daily (satiation or ≤110 kg/ha) was significantly higher than that of fish fed EOD to satiation. Feed conversion ratio was significantly lower in fish fed up to 110 kg·ha−1·d−1 or EOD to satiation than that of fish fed daily to satiation. Carcass, fillet, and total meat yields did not differ among feeding regimens. Fish fed EOD to satiation had lower fillet fat and higher fillet moisture than fish fed daily to satiation. Feed restriction to no more than 110 kg·ha−1·d−1 did not significantly affect fillet composition of channel catfish compared with fish fed daily to satiation. It appears that limiting the feeding rate to 110 kg·ha−1·d−1 at a stocking density of 14,830 fish/ha would improve feed efficiency without causing significant reduction in weight gain, net production, or processing yield and would thus increase farm profits. Feeding channel catfish EOD to satiation may be acceptable as a short-term strategy when economic conditions justify it. However, it may not be economical for the long term because of lower production, increased length of the production cycle, and reduced processing yield.
Toxicity of Common Aquaculture Disinfectants to New Zealand Mud Snails and Mud Snail Toxicants to Rainbow Trout Eggs
Authors: Oplinger Randall W , Wagner Eric J
Published: May 2009

The New Zealand mud snail (NZMS) Potamopyrgus antipodarum is an invasive species that threatens North American fish populations. Establishment of NZMS in fish hatcheries is a concern because fish stocking practices could expedite the spread of the species. We evaluated the potential use of chemicals to remove snails that are inadvertently collected during egg take operations involving wild broodstock from the field. We exposed green eggs of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss for 5 min to several chemicals that have been proven lethal to NZMS: 1,940-ppm Hyamine 1622; Clorox Commercial Solutions 409 Cleaner, Degreaser, and Disinfectant (full strength; hereafter, Clorox Commercial 409); Pine-Sol (50% dilution); household ammonia (full strength); and a 504-ppm copper solution (as copper sulfate). All of the eggs exposed to Hyamine 1622, Clorox Commercial 409, and ammonia died within 24 h. Among eggs treated with Pine-Sol and copper sulfate, hatch and cripple rates did not differ from the control (water); however, eye-up rates among eggs treated with copper sulfate were lower than those for the control. Thus, while more research is needed, it is possible that a 50% dilution of Pine-Sol could be used to kill NZMS that are inadvertently collected during egg take operations. In a second experiment, a probit analysis provided 15-min LD50 and LD90 values for several common fish therapeutic chemicals (formalin, iodine, hydrogen peroxide, and potassium permanganate). For all chemicals, we estimated that concentrations of at least 7,500 ppm are required in 15-min treatments to kill 100% of NZMS. While these chemicals could be used to remove NZMS from hatchery facilities, concentrations required for complete mortality in 15-min exposures exceed concentrations that are considered safe for most fish species. Even though the best method for averting accidental introduction is to prevent the transportation of water from the wild into the hatchery, we feel that hydrogen peroxide may be the most effective chemical for killing NZMS that are inadvertently collected.
Morphological, Physiological, and Genetic Techniques for Improving Field Identification of Steelhead, Coastal Cutthroat Trout, and Hybrid Smolts
Authors: Kennedy Benjamen M. , Baumsteiger Jason , Gale William L. , Ardren William R. , Ostrand Kenneth G.
Published: May 2009

In streams with sympatric populations of steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss and coastal cutthroat trout O. clarkii clarkii (hereafter, cutthroat trout), life history descriptions and smolt production estimates may be hampered by misclassification of hybrids as steelhead or cutthroat trout. Additionally, important morphological and physiological differences between hybrid and non-hybird smolts are often unknown. Therefore, we assessed field classification and created classification models to quantify and reduce misclassification rates among migrating steelhead, cutthroat trout, and hybrid smolts. Field misclassifications of smolts with steelhead or cutthroat trout genotypes were low (1% and 2%, respectively). However, field misclassification of fish with hybrid genotypes was high, with 11% of the hybrids being misclassified as steelhead and 42% of the hybrids being misclassified as cutthroat trout. Hybrid smolts were larger, had lower gill Na+, K+-ATPase activities, and lower condition factors than steelhead but were similar to cutthroat trout smolts in these same measurements. Additionally, statistical classification analyses using morphological traits including subterminal jaw slash intensity, hyoid teeth presence, maxillary length, breaks of pigment along outer margin of adipose fin, condition factor, and migration date improved classification error rates of hybrids from 53% to 21%. In systems with sympatric populations of steelhead and cutthroat trout, we recommend a thorough evaluation of field-based identification methods with genetic techniques to assess the effectiveness of field-based classification in addition to examining important life history differences among steelhead, cutthroat trout, and their hybrids.
Marine Distribution, Life History Traits, and the Accumulation of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Chinook Salmon from Puget Sound, Washington
Authors: O'Neill Sandra M. , West James E.
Published: May 2009

Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) levels and the factors affecting PCB accumulation in subadult and maturing Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha from Puget Sound were characterized. Specifically, we (1) determined PCB levels in Chinook salmon from Puget Sound and compared them with levels in Chinook salmon from other West Coast populations, (2) determined whether PCB accumulation mainly occurred in the freshwater or marine habitats, and (3) quantified the relative importance of fish age, fish size (fork length), lipid content, and saltwater age (the number of winters spent in saltwater) on PCB concentration. The average PCB concentration measured in skinless muscle tissue samples of subadult and maturing Chinook salmon collected from Puget Sound was 53 ng/g (wet weight), which was 3‐5 times higher than those measured in six other populations of Chinook salmon on the West Coast of North America. Concentrations in the Puget Sound samples varied from 10 to 220 ng/g. A comparison of PCB body burdens between subyearling smolts and returning adults revealed that almost all of the PCBs (>96%) were accumulated in the marine habitats. Surprisingly, although PCBs were mostly accumulated in marine habitats, PCB exposure was lowest in the largest fish that spent the most time in saltwater. Collectively, saltwater age, fish size, and lipids only accounted for 37% of the observed variation in PCB concentration, indicating that some other attribute of the fish's marine ecology accounted for the variation in PCB levels among Puget Sound Chinook salmon and for their elevated PCB levels relative to other West Coast populations. We hypothesized that residency in the contaminated Puget Sound environment was a major factor contributing to the higher and more variable PCB concentrations in these fish. This hypothesis was supported with an independent data set from a fishery assessment model, which estimated that 29% of subyearling Chinook salmon and 45% of yearling out‐migrants from Puget Sound displayed resident behavior.
Recent and Historical Spatial Distributions of Juvenile Rockfish Species in Rocky Intertidal Tide Pools, with Emphasis on Black Rockfish
Authors: Studebaker Rebecca S. , Cox Karah N. , Mulligan Timothy J.
Published: May 2009

Understanding the full complement of habitats used by juvenile fish is essential for species management and the protection of habitat. This study evaluated the distribution of juvenile rockfish Sebastes spp. in northern Pacific rocky intertidal habitats. Observations were made along the northern California and Oregon coasts in an attempt to better define the geographical extent of intertidal habitat use. Juvenile rockfish were observed in rocky intertidal habitats ranging from MacKerricher State Park, California, to Ecola State Park, Oregon. Museum collections were also searched to examine the historical ranges of rocky intertidal use by juvenile rockfish. A total of 12 species of juvenile rockfish were identified in rocky intertidal habitats, black rockfish S. melanops being the dominant species identified. Our observations, along with museum records, showed that juvenile rockfish, especially black rockfish, use rocky intertidal habitats over a large geographic range.
The Genetic Legacy of Stocking Muskellunge in a Northern Minnesota Lake
Authors: Miller Loren M. , Mero Steven W. , Younk Jerry A.
Published: May 2009

The effects of stocked fish on native populations of the same species are poorly understood. During the 1960s‐1980s, the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (MNDNR) stocked muskellunge Esox masquinongy derived from Shoepack Lake in the Hudson Bay drainage of northern Minnesota into Moose Lake in the Upper Mississippi River drainage. In the mid‐1980s, the MNDNR recognized that stocked Shoepack Lake‐strain fish (hereafter, Shoepack strain) were not attaining large sizes, and sources were switched statewide; subsequently, muskellunge from a Wisconsin hatchery were stocked once into Moose Lake. We used 14 microsatellite DNA markers to estimate the genetic contribution by each source population to muskellunge sampled in four different years from 1981 to 2004, and we evaluated the effects of Shoepack‐strain ancestry on fish size. Two samples in the 1980s had mostly fish with a single ancestry; thus, these fish were probably Shoepack‐strain fish stocked a few years earlier or native fish. By 2004, when most fish would have been naturally produced in the lake, contributions from all three source populations were detected, including admixed individuals from crosses among all ancestral sources. The estimated ancestry by source was 52% native Moose Lake ancestry, 29% Wisconsin strain, and 19% Shoepack strain, with 24% of the individuals having pure Moose Lake ancestry. Fish without Shoepack‐strain ancestry had a greater median length than did those with Shoepack‐strain ancestry and had a greater proportion of legal‐sized individuals (total length ≥ 1,016 mm) in the population. In contrast, Moose Lake and Wisconsin‐strain descendents were common among all sizes of fish. Management options include doing nothing, accepting that extensive introgression has already occurred, or manipulating the population by either stocking to dilute Shoepack‐strain ancestry or genetic screening to purge the population of Shoepack‐strain ancestry.
Effect of Hook Removal on Recapture Rates of 27 Species of Angler‐Caught Fish in Australia
Authors: Wilde Gene R. , Sawynok William
Published: May 2009

We used data from a cooperative angler tagging program to assess the potential benefit of leaving hooks in fish captured and released by anglers. We assembled 248,010 records of angler catches of 27 species of Australian fish. Hooks were left in only 1.1% of released fish, and the overall recapture rate was 8.8%. We used relative risk, that is, the probability of an event (recapture) in a treatment group (those with hooks not removed) divided by the probability of that event in a control group (those with the hook removed), to assess the potential effects of leaving hooks in released fish. Relative risk ranged from 0.30 to 7.6 and differed from 1.0 in only 3 of the 27 species studied. Thus, there was little evidence that hook removal affected recapture probability. Similarly, there was no evidence of any difference in relative risk among fish species grouped by habitat type. Pooling results across all species and habitats yielded an overall relative risk of 1.18 (95% confidence interval, 1.02‐1.36), which suggests that the recapture rate of fish from which hooks were not removed before release was 18% greater than that for fish from which the hooks were removed. Overall, our results indicate that not removing hooks benefits recapture rate, which can be considered as a surrogate measure of the survival of released fish.