bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Crises in Time
Authors: Seabrooke Leonard , Tsingou Eleni
Published: September 2022

Crises differ in their intensity, rhythm, and tempo. In order to analyze crisis dynamics, connecting crises to timelines is important if we wish to move beyond crisis management and urgency as primary tools for understanding political action and societal responses. This chapter locates Europe’s contemporary crises in the intellectual history of European crises, and reflects on why crisis intensity, rhythm, and tempo matter for how we distinguish, understand, and attempt to govern them. The contribution provides a framework to distinguish how authorities and publics perceive “fast-burning” and “slow-burning” crises. Fast-burning crises are urgent, and understood as times when ideational and material resources have to be rallied around issues with high political salience, where publics expect policy action from authorities. Slow-burning crises differ in that they are linked to specific policy issues of concern but lack the pressing critical elements to be addressed within established political and business cycles. This leaves space for experts to develop frames and strategies for addressing the issues along different timelines. Distinguishing how authorities and publics perceive crises is important for understanding how they can be tackled with appropriate policy tools, as well as the likely political and socioeconomic effects of ignoring them.
Linguistic Idealism and Human Essence
Authors: Wiseman Rachael
Published: September 2022

When Anscombe says in ‘Modern Moral Philosophy’ that we should jettison talk of ‘moral obligation’, ‘moral duty’, and ‘moral ought’, she is thinking in part about the ‘use of modal notions’ that is characteristic of a statement of a rule, right, or promise. She thinks that this use is associated with a kind of necessity that depends for its existence on human linguistic practice. The character of this dependence makes associated concepts of obligation and duty poor candidates for the role we want them to perform in moral philosophy when we speak of moral obligation and moral duty. Instead of using modal notions associated with these concepts, Anscombe suggests, we should look to modal notions a use of which is connected to human essence.
Anscombe’s Wittgenstein
Authors: Backström Joel
Published: September 2022

This chapter examines two closely intertwined themes: Anscombe’s understanding of Wittgenstein’s thinking, and his influence on hers. It first sketches Anscombe’s general sense of Wittgenstein’s thought and of his influence on her, and her view of his philosophical ‘method’, which she doesn’t want to call quite that. Then it traces his pervasive influence in her writings on intention, the first person, and certain problems about meaning, presenting these as unified by a Wittgensteinian critique of the subject-object paradigm of thought. After showing the connection between Anscombe’s seminal paper ‘Modern Moral Philosophy’ and Wittgenstein’s diagnosis of metaphysical illusions, it closes by discussing Anscombe’s and Wittgenstein’s respective approaches to the question of truth in religion, which may in some respects not be as far apart as they initially appear.
Gender and Family in Medieval Central Europe
Authors: Antonín Malaníková Michaela , Brzeziński Witold , Mogorović Crljenko Marija
Published: September 2022

This chapter recounts converging structures and patterns of familial exchange (marriage), as they were documented in diverse public records across Central Europe. It focuses on marital relations and social interactions that determined gender and familial roles, especially those of women, which modern historiographers have largely underestimated up until recently. A unifying model of marriage across all strata of medieval society, promoted by the Christian church, was a monogamous union analogously reflecting the relationship between Christ and his Church. As such it was sacred and the possibilities for separation were limited. Although the basic parameters of marriage were defined identically across the whole of medieval Europe, models of marital coexistence differed significantly depending mainly on social class and local customs. Medieval Istria presents an interesting example of variability in marriage patterns with diverse implications. Here, three marriage models were used simultaneously: the Istrian, the Venetian, and the Slavic.
Mining, Finances, and Commerce in Medieval Central Europe
Authors: Myśliwski Grzegorz , Nagy Balázs
Published: September 2022

This chapter highlights urban production and commerce in medieval Central Europe. It comparatively addresses the circumstances that prompted the region’s trade, such as minting, credit management, and monetary reforms. Mining and the extraction of mineral wealth had particular importance in the countries of medieval Central Europe, especially precious metal production in the Czech lands and Hungary and salt and lead production in Poland. Mining particularly faced technological challenges and was also a field for introducing technological innovations. Mining production required significant monetary investments, thus there are some examples of large-scale financial investors. Royal finances also derived an essential part of their income from activities connected to mining and salt production. The chapter then focuses on the flow of locally and trans-regionally exchanged goods, and touches upon long-distance routes that connected Central Europe with other parts of Europe. This raises some new questions, such as common difficulties in urban production and commerce, indicating some new types of primary sources that need to be scrutinized in future research.
Cultural Landscapes
Authors: Gábor Kiss Farkas , Doležalová Lucie
Published: September 2022

This chapter reviews the diverse landscapes of education and literacy in medieval Central Europe. It addresses education infrastructures and their relations to Western European models, as well as the emerging literary languages of Central Europe’s eastern areas, assessing the common elements of literacy and education as given by modern national literary histories. In the early period, substantial variability in the choice of languages and script eventually resolved itself into patterns similar to those in Western Europe. It seems clear that by the end of the Middle Ages the educational infrastructure in Eastern Central Europe had become similar to Western European models, although its complexity tended to be lower and the density less. Higher education was present in Bohemia and Poland at least, and by the fourteenth century this region produced literary works that raised the interest of medieval readers outside the region. The use of Czech as a literary language was prominent in the region, not only because of the sheer number of works written and the wide variety of genres and subjects for which it was used, but also because of the early use of printing to disseminate these texts.
The Papacy and the Region, Church Structure, and Clergy
Authors: Zielinska Agata , Razum Igor
Published: September 2022

This chapter evaluates the political aspects of the presence of the Roman Curia in medieval Central Europe. It reflects upon diverse forms of the Church’s power relations in Central Europe, and more liberty given in Poland or the Baltic region as opposed to more constraint put on Bohemia and its direct attachment to the papacy. Popes were not necessarily involved in the Christianization of the region from the beginning; lay and ecclesiastical powers already established in the neighboring provinces influenced the process. Missionary activity and the conversions of rulers were the first stages of the Christianization of Moravia, Bohemia, and Poland, which resulted in the creation of the first ecclesiastical structures in the second half of the tenth century. In Pomerania, Prussia, and further up the Baltic Coast, missionizing and conquest continued up to the thirteenth century and beyond, enabling the papacy to take an active role in the oversight of missionary work and, importantly, crusading. The minimal papal involvement in the initial Christianization of East Central Europe was followed by increasingly strong ties, illustrating how strongly the region desired papal involvement. Once episcopal structures had been introduced, clerics and rulers quickly sought papal backing.
Jews in Medieval Central Europe
Authors: Visi Tamás
Published: September 2022

This chapter focuses on the practices of the world of Jewish communities in medieval Central Europe. It compares their structures, legal frameworks, economy, rabbinic movements, intellectual life, and culture across the region, and sums up their influence on the key modern anti-Semitic and anti-Jewish views projected during the nineteenth and twentieth century. Textual sources suggest that the earliest Jewish inhabitants of medieval Central Europe were merchants. During the thirteenth century, the number of the Jewish communities in East Central Europe increased dramatically. This development was directly connected to the process of urbanization; the new towns offered opportunities for Jews to settle and earn a living. Several Central European monarchs issued letters of privilege that defined the basic legal framework of Jewish life. However, violent persecutions and expulsions reshaped the settlement structure of Jews in Austria, Moravia, and Silesia from the end of the fourteenth century on.
Government
Authors: Bak János M. , Miljan Suzana
Published: September 2022

This chapter examines central and local administration in medieval Central Europe. In the monarchies in Central Europe, government more and more came into the hands of the politically enfranchised nobility, just like law and politics in general. The more or less informal ducal and royal councils, initially probably consisting of the trusted men of the ruler, from around the thirteenth century came to comprise exclusively prelates and aristocrats. Throughout the Middle Ages, however, lesser nobles increasingly demanded to be included in government, and, in the later period, they occasionally succeeded, although with little influence, at least in Hungary and Bohemia. In Central Europe in general, the lesser office-holders at the court were the various “masters,” of the horse, the butlers, and so on, and these office-holders were, just as in Western European courts, ever less in charge of the tasks in their titles, but in fact members of what may be called the “central government.” These offices, though not formally hereditary, remained in the hands of quite a limited number of great landowning families.
Law and the Administration of Justice
Authors: Bak János M. , Zazuliak Yuriy
Published: September 2022

This chapter evaluates legal systems and jurisdictions in medieval Central Europe. Although case law of the type of English common law was never formally accepted in the region, there is no doubt that through the records of judgments such as the Czech zemské desky (land records), the Polish Metryka Koronna (the Records of the Crown), and formularies, precedent was an important source of judgments. Meanwhile, ducal or royal legislation’s place in the legal life of Central Europe was rather equivocal. When initiated by the ruler, statutes may have been seen as attempts at regulating the customary rights of elites, knightly, and urban dwellers alike and are opposed by them. Finally, another source of legal practice, especially for written law, was learned law (Roman and canon) or the ius commune of medieval Europe, which reached the region through students of law and the books compiled by glossators and legists.
Wars, Warfare, and Military Organization
Authors: Bárány Attila
Published: September 2022

This chapter focuses on medieval war and warfare in Central Europe. In the tenth and eleventh centuries, newly forming polities in Central Europe had common features: they were larger, more stable, and longer lasting than previous entities. Rulers consolidated their positions by incorporating rival chieftains and their followers and adopted Christianity. Strong personages such as St. Stephen, St. Wenceslaus, and Mieszko I headed princely families and convinced (or forced) their subjects to accept a new order. Political unity was well-served by the new religion, but still had to be protected. Military organization was based on earlier nomadic practices, with forces recruited and armed not much differently from tribal times, relying on such skills as the Hungarians’ refined equestrian expertise. The chapter highlights two distinct phases of conflict that dominated the region during the Middle Ages. The first was characterized by the tribal military organization of nomadic Hungarian and Slavic migrations, and the second, by warfare that developed in the period, which lasted until the Ottoman conquest of Hungary in 1526.
Changing Elites in Medieval Central Europe
Authors: Popa-Gorjanu Cosmin
Published: September 2022

This chapter addresses the nobility of Central Europe—first reviewing their self-perception and the modern understanding of what it meant to be noble in medieval Central Europe, then elaborating the stratification of the region’s aristocracies by their roles in administration and land-holding. The emergence of the nobility in medieval Central Europe, part of monarchical or princely administrative social structures, was a mark of increasing sociocultural complexity. It consolidated a hereditary category of landowners (called nobles or boyars) who dominated the exercise of power either on their own demesnes or as subordinates of the monarchs. The nobility, with access to varying economic resources, mainly landed property, were organized in hierarchical ranks, from a wealthy top layer to a low stratum of impoverished nobles barely able to maintain their status. The development of this category of the population in the societies of Central Europe was a phenomenon that began before the turn of the first millennium and lasted well into the modern times. The chapter pays special attention to the lesser nobility—a circle that has often been disregarded in twentieth-century historiography.
An Overview of Cross-Cultural Music Corpus Studies
Authors: Savage Patrick E.
Published: September 2022

The past few decades have seen a rapid increase in the availability and use of large music corpora. However, most music corpus studies remain limited to Western music, limiting our ability to understand the diversity and unity of human music throughout the world. I argue for the potential of cross-cultural corpus studies to contribute to comparative musicological studies in domains including music classification, evolution, universals, and human history. I highlight and discuss a number of important cross-cultural corpora, including the Berlin Phonogramm-Archiv, CompMusic Project, Essen Folksong Collection, Cantometrics Project, Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, Natural History of Song, and Deep History of Music projects. In the process, I discuss the pros and cons of music notation vs. recordings, automatic vs. manual analysis, regional vs. global analysis, and associated challenges regarding choosing appropriate analysis methods that can allow meaningful comparison across cultures. I argue for the need for bigger and better global music corpora and more emphasis on integration within and beyond academia, including to domains such as the music industry and cultural heritage organizations.
Introduction
Authors: Han JeongHun , Pacheco Pardo Ramon , Cho Youngho
Published: September 2022

South Korea is best known for its economic development, democratic consolidation, proactive civil society, and, more recently, for its emergence as a cultural powerhouse. The country has experienced various transitions including political, democratic, economic, societal, and demographic and, thus, its contemporary politics are considerably different from its traditional patterns through the process of responding to these transitions. Overall, South Korea and its politics are far distant from the outdated images and grand perspectives associated with them, which tended to underappreciate the complex and diversified nature of South Korean politics. By critically evaluating the contemporary politics of South Korea in their areas of expertise, contributors to this handbook point out that South Korean politics have been moving in the direction of introducing the principle of checks and balances over the South Korean presidential system. Different groups, including political parties and civil society, have diverse channels to make their voices heard. Strong state-led developmentalism has been replaced by a thriving market-driven economy with heterogenous demands. Instances and practices of international cooperation and mutual learning have eroded the unity of political elites, now divided into competing groups with different reference points behind their policy orientations.
Judicial Politics
Authors: Cha Dongwook
Published: September 2022

Currently, academic and practical interest in the role of the judicial branch is increasing throughout all of South Korean society. This phenomenon was triggered by public concern over the incapability of South Korea’s representative system to solve diverse political, economic, and social problems in South Korean society. Now the South Korean public is showing a tendency to turn towards the judicial branch, hoping that it will exercise its power to solve those problems. In any system of divided powers, there must be a disinterested institution to referee conflicts over the division of power. In South Korea, this task has been assigned especially to the Constitutional Court. Since its creation in 1988, the South Korean Constitutional Court has successfully introduced into the South Korean political system a new dimension of constitutional review and has substantially helped the democratic transition in South Korea. Nevertheless, currently, the South Korean Constitutional Court is facing unprecedented political and social pressures from highly polarised political forces.
Political Control AND Bureaucratic Autonomy
Authors: Kwon Huck-ju
Published: September 2022

South Korea has achieved great transformations of economic development and democratisation over the past six decades. In recent years, however, there have been growing concerns about the sustainability of South Korean democracy in general and the competence of the bureaucracy in particular. The South Korean bureaucracy has been criticised for not exercising professionalism or utilising its expertise: ‘The South Korean bureaucracy has lost its soul.’ With such observations and interpretations, an important question emerges: what is the relationship between democratically elected governors (in particular, the presidents and political appointees) and bureaucracy in the post-developmental and democratisation era? This chapter starts from the hypothesis that such problems are related to the balance between political control and bureaucratic autonomy. The chapter thus examines such relationships from the viewpoint of accountability. It defines accountability as the balance between political control and bureaucratic autonomy and professionalism. It examines government policies, including institutional arrangements and political measures, which were intended to enhance political control and accountability. The chapter also pays special attention to institutional arrangements that hold the bureaucracy accountable.
Tribal Sovereignty and the Limits of Race for American Indians
Authors: Small-Rodriguez Desi , Rocha Beardall Theresa
Published: September 2022

Circumscribed by more than five centuries of settler-colonial relations and concurrently straddling race, ethnicity, and nationality, American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) identity is one of the most complex and contentious identity formations in the United States. While the discipline of American sociology typically treats AIANs as a population of color similar to other racial and ethnic minorities, tribal nations and their citizens reserve a political status completely outside the realm of racial constructs. This chapter interrogates the relationship between race, law, and tribal sovereignty to reveal the significance of race as a social category for AIANs today. The chapter is interested in both the limits and possibilities of this lived reality. As a result, it examines how state mechanisms of racial classification have contributed to the erasure of Indigenous peoplehood and the silencing of tribal sovereignty in standard sociological narratives. Mindful of the inherent tensions between race and Indigenous peoplehood, the chapter considers how, and to what extent, the analytical framework of Tribal Critical Race Theory (TribalCrit) creates possibilities for American sociology to move beyond racializing social structures and toward scholarship that centers the political significance of tribal sovereignty.
The Novel in the Colonial Period
Authors: Chang-Rodríguez Raquel
Published: September 2022

This chapter offers information on how novels were developed and circulated in colonial Spanish America. It studies known works of the genre while bringing to the fore others rediscovered and printed contemporaneously. It discusses several obstacles to the production of novels: civil and religious censorship, a limited reading public, emphasis of colonial printing presses on publishing religious books, and competition from well-known Spanish authors whose books were distributed in the New World. Embedded in European literary traditions, novels were slowly marked by American contextual concerns, and their hybrid nature soon became apparent. With tensions between the old and the new, the friction of metropolitan taste and criollo wit, and the inclusion or exclusion of nuanced rhetorical patterns as well as of unique social subjects, a different literary sensibility began to develop. The ensuing cultural shifts paved the way for the development of the modern Spanish American novel.
Imagined Multitudes in the Spanish-Language Caribbean Novel
Authors: Bolívar Rubín Mariana
Published: September 2022

Examining the literary traditions and movements that have shaped the Spanish-language Caribbean novel and privileging discourses of cultural and national/regional identities, this article addresses the textual interruptions of such imagined communities. For that effect, the argument posits the multitude as a rhetorical device—a metaphorical axis—that brings to the foreground non-discursive elements, in particular the trans-historic, fugitive, and non-linear elements of the myth rooted in Afro-Caribbean histories and ontologies. The multitude—a model of resistance against global structures of power—emerges in these novels as a non-representational, elusive, political subject unsettling arrangements of colonial/imperial difference within hegemonic cultural paradigms grounded on mestizaje, and its derivates. The novels here examined rearrange racial/ethnic and sexual difference beyond totalizing cultural fictions, while reconfiguring forms of cultural practice and political organization around coming communities.
Form and Difference in the Latin American LGBTQ Novel
Authors: Venkatesh Vinodh
Published: September 2022

This chapter traces the connection between literary form and the writing of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) bodies, desires, and issues in the Latin American novel. Divided into two sections, the text first provides the reader with a broad overview of the state of the LGBTQ novel in Latin America, identifying key texts and concepts spanning from the late nineteenth century to the present day. Then, the chapter proceeds to examine a wide assortment of novels through specific groupings of discrete criteria, including the confessional monologue, the musical novel, new historical fiction, and the neofantastic novel. In this second section, the chapter studies the content of individual texts, but also teases out connections to their particular form.
The Latin American Historical Novel through the Lens of the Dictator(ship) Novel
Authors: Weldt-Basson Helene C.
Published: September 2022

There are many ways to trace the trajectory of the historical novel in Latin America. This genre is linked to one of its many subgenres: the dictator novel (which has also been called the dictatorship novel, the term used here to more broadly encompass novels that do not exclusively focus on the figure of the dictator, but portray dictatorship). One of the first historical novels in Latin America, Jorge Mármol’s Amalia (1851), is not coincidentally also Latin America’s first novel of dictatorship. This chapter analyzes the nature of historical fiction and how it has evolved in Latin America through the lens of the of the dictatorship novel. It shows how key dictatorship novels from the nineteenth to twenty-first centuries epitomize the main tendencies of historical fiction during each period. The chapter examines various novels of dictatorship to illustrate the major characteristics of Latin American historical fiction (e.g., exploration of national identity, magical realism, historical symbolism, and intertextuality) and the major changes in the genre of historical fiction (and dictatorship novel subgenre) since its inception (including the turn toward feminism and postcolonialism, and the transition from the portrayal of concrete dictatorships directly experienced to the memory of dictatorship by second-generation writers). The chapter also relates dictatorship novels to other historical novels that are outside the dictatorship novel subgenre to further illustrate the connection between the development of the dictatorship novel and that of the Latin American historical novel.
The Worldwide Influence of the Latin American Novel
Authors: Birns Nicholas
Published: September 2022

The emergence of Latin American literature to world prominence is on one level the story of a development from the peripheral to the central. But, read more subtly, it is the story of a Northern Hemisphere consensus that only asymmetrically and belatedly became able to recognize the literature that Latin America was producing from the colonial era onward. This chapter concentrates on the later twentieth century, with some attention to the nineteenth century and the Second World War era, when the creation of a global cultural perspective necessitated acknowledgment of so large a quotient of the world’s people and territory. Jorge Luis Borges, a writer evaluated almost totally in aesthetic and philosophical terms, was the first internationally celebrated Spanish American writer. This helped keep the world resonance of the later Boom writers away from a strictly referential or political treatment, even as they were valued most by the general public as ambassadors for the cultural grievances of the oppressed and marginalized. Even as Gabriel García Márquez was seen in this way in the United States, in the Soviet Bloc there was a disjuncture between his sympathetic politics and his more subjective aesthetics. In the twenty-first century, Latin American literature became seen as already-global rather than needing to be globalized. Throughout these series of changes, Brazilian literature was the object of even more intermittent and variable notice, even as classics such as Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis and Clarice Lispector finally began to receive more metropolitan notice.
Committed Action
Authors: McCracken Lance M.
Published: September 2022

Committed action is a fundamentally important facet of psychological flexibility and acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT). This article introduces committed action, reviews how definitions of it have evolved over time, presents a current definition, and summarizes current evidence. While the term itself has not always garnered great attention either in the clinic or in research, any research in behavioral activation and goal setting will directly relate to processes of committed action. Research explicitly into “committed action” is finally underway, beginning 14 years after publication of the first book on ACT. This was enabled by the appearance of adequate self-report measures of the process. A critical appraisal of the research around committed action shows that not all purported measures of committed action reflect this process with equal fidelity, and some fail to reflect key features. Nonetheless, evidence so far demonstrates that committed action from within the frame of psychological flexibility can be assessed in a theoretically consistent fashion. Measures of it correlate with measures of functioning and change when targeted with appropriate treatment methods; these changes in turn correlate with improvements in key clinical outcomes. These results, taken together with evidence from behavioral activation and goal-setting methods, provide substantial and growing evidence that committed action constitutes an evidence-based process of behavior change. It is recommended that methods to assess and promote this process continue to be developed and that they be included in future treatments.
ACT for Chronic Health Conditions
Authors: Dindo Lilian , Van Liew Julia R. , Arch Joanna J.
Published: September 2022

Chronic health conditions are the leading cause of disability, reduced quality of life, and death. For 20 percent of these patients, clinical anxiety and depression exacerbate existing disease. Despite the high prevalence of comorbidity, existing treatments and service delivery approaches largely reflect fragmented, disease-specific care. Traditional psychological interventions are often unfeasible or unappealing. Transdiagnostic, process-based, and flexibly delivered, acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) can meet the heterogeneous needs and treatment preferences of patients with physical, mental health, behavioral, and co-occurring difficulties. ACT directly addresses behavioral avoidance, a common problem in behavioral medicine. It attends to the values and goals of patients and teaches skills to flexibly pursue values despite obstacles, including those presented by serious chronic disease. ACT has been effectively implemented in hospital settings and primary care and specialty care clinics. A rapidly evolving literature supports the preliminary feasibility, acceptability, and efficacy of brief ACT treatments, including those in medical care settings. This therapy has been associated with improved medical, mental health, and behavioral outcomes, as well as overall functioning and quality of life. As medicine increasingly recognizes the importance of mental health, well-being, and health behavior change, ACT’s transdiagnostic, process-based approach and flexible delivery options ideally position it to address behavioral health care needs in diverse medical populations.
Clinical Behavior Analysis and RFT
Authors: Luciano Carmen , Törneke Niklas , Ruiz Francisco J.
Published: September 2022

Private events can have a dominant function in human behavior, especially with regard to the experience of self and selfing behavior. This article presents the building of selfing behavior throughout the early interactions of responding to others’ behaviors and discusses the impact of learning to relate (i.e., learning human language). Special focus is on the significant impact of deictic and hierarchical framing in building self-contents, overaching abstract motivations, the abstraction of I, and the subsequent derivation of more self-contents. Also covered are the patterns of responding in coordination with one’s own behavior (psychological inflexibility) and responding hierarchically (psychological flexibility); and hierarchical responding as the final common pathway for the many faces of therapeutic processes towards building psychological flexibility. Finally, the experimental evidence that has been signaling this path for years is summarized.
Broadcasting Opera to a Wide Audience
Authors: Heath Mary Jo
Published: September 2022

For almost a century, technology has made it possible to experience opera beyond the confines of the opera house. Since it opened in 1883, the Metropolitan Opera has always kept abreast of new technologies and seized on them when they saw that employing them would make opera more widely available. One of its earliest, and still most far-reaching reaching initiatives, is the radio broadcasts which began in 1931 and continue today, some on Saturday afternoons and others more recently added on SiriusXM, and the television “Live from the Met,” broadcasts which have evolved into the Live in HD broadcasts into movie theaters. This chapter discusses the history of the Met’s use of technology, focusing on the radio broadcasts. It delves further into them and discusses many of the aspects that are considered when the broadcasts are produced, including how to create a show whose listeners range from new audience members to more knowledgeable ones, the style of presentation, the scripts, intermission features, business and artistic considerations, and more.
Drama as Metaphor and Method for Public Music Theory
Authors: Mak Su Yin
Published: September 2022

One of the central aims of public music theory is the encouragement of active listener engagement; in “classical music appreciation,” or the introduction of Western art music’s compositional conventions and standard concert repertoire to the public, such engagement often involves the presentation of real-time music analyses in layman’s terms. This chapter presents an interactive approach to classical music appreciation that aims to show, rather than tell, lay listeners how music may depict actions, ideas, and feelings through the interplay of sounds. Based on the principle of dramatic enactment, the approach draws upon recent studies of gesture, embodiment, and agency as well as the author’s original research on metaphorical cognition, experience as a music theory teacher, and knowledge of theatrical practice. With reference to different types of music examples and interactive activities, the chapter illustrates how drama may serve as both metaphor and method for public music theory by highlighting the phenomenological and qualitative aspects of musicking. As metaphor, drama models the cross-domain conceptual mapping between musical and human agencies by representing musical phenomena and compositional processes in direct, visceral, and gestural terms; as method, it actualizes music’s metaphorical agency through embodiment and makes the listening experience tangible and physically empathetic. The chapter also includes discussion of the practical challenges of incorporating embodiment and dramatization activities into typical musical appreciation settings, a selection of audience feedback to the approach, reflections on its strengths and weaknesses, and suggestions for its further refinement.
Teaching Music Theory in Colonial Chiquitania
Authors: Grant Roger Mathew
Published: September 2022

During the eighteenth century, Jesuit mission communities among the Chiquitano Indigenous people fostered vibrant music making. Unlike the cathedral counterpoint written for Spanish colonial outposts elsewhere in South America, this music had French, Italian, and German influences. Indigenous leaders assumed the role of maestro de capilla and supervised training regimes for new young musicians. Music theory, in daily solfège lessons, was a vital part of their program. Because this type of training used novel methods to create a broad, civic musical literacy with the tools of solfège and notation, it has important resemblances to what now goes by the name of public music theory. Drawing a recent ebullient discourse into conversation with eighteenth-century colonialism, this paper asks what scholars might learn from an earlier moment when music theory was made public.
Role and Governance of Artificial Intelligence in the Public Policy Cycle
Authors: Valle-Cruz David , Sandoval-Almazán Rodrigo
Published: September 2022

Artificial intelligence (AI) opens many fronts in the public sector. Two main issues that have emerged are AI governance and the potential use of AI in the public policy cycle. AI techniques can improve the quality and efficiency of government decision-making by altering the perspective of public administration. This chapter aims to analyze public policy in the age of AI. To achieve this, the authors open the debate, analyzing the AI-powered public policy cycle to combat the COVID-19 pandemic, a contemporary wicked problem that triggers the emergent application of an AI-based public policy cycle. The conclusions offer recommendations to guide the debate on the role and governance of AI in the public policy cycle.
Adding Complexity to Advance AI Organizational Governance Models
Authors: McNealy Jasmine
Published: September 2022

This chapter examines the necessity of more adequate organizational governance schemes for artificial intelligence (AI) systems and processes. AI and its related industries and technologies are multifaceted, requiring more than the traditional and simple methods of governance. Networked and complex governance models—those mixing several governance schemes to achieve policy goals—offer a solution for intricate issues. Concentrations of power in one agency often fail to adequately offer the requisite regulatory oversight necessary for multifaceted issues like those of artificial intelligence and machine learning systems. The use of traditional governance strategies, such as transparency, does not produce the desired result of a better-informed public and more careful organizations. Multifaceted, complex issues demand equally complex solutions. This chapter, then, considers what a complexity-informed model of governance might look like for AI and ML systems.
Civil Society, NGOs, and Human Rights in Africa
Authors: El Hachimi Mohamed , Touhtou Rachid
Published: September 2022

This chapter discusses the involvement of African civil society with the thorny human rights issues that are emerging in various African societies. Western civil society has become one of the key factors in evaluating modern democracies, and Africa is not an exception in regarding the presence of thriving NGOs as a sign of a flourishing civil society. The region adopted the universally acknowledged human rights discourses to push for social change. Yet civil society in Africa operates in an environment that is not conducive to its thriving. The lack of democracy and the prevalence of authoritarianism and conservatism make it difficult for a genuine civil society to emerge. Even though Africa otherwise has a dynamic associational life, it could not give birth to a proper civil society. The chapter reflects on the diversity of African civil society activism in Africa and the various uses of human rights discourses to bring about policy reforms.
Inequality in Job Quality
Authors: Gallie Duncan
Published: September 2022

The issue of inequalities in job quality, and their trends over time, has been at the centre of theory and research in the sociology of work since its inception. In the first three decades of the post-war period the focus was primarily upon class inequality. In more recent decades, inequalities of gender and contract type have also become central concerns. It is notable that there have been marked differences in trends with respect to different types of disadvantaged employees. Women have improved not only their employment rates but also their level of access to higher-skilled jobs and their relative earnings, although they are still at a relative (albeit declining) disadvantage in terms of pay and entry into the highest-level jobs. In contrast, inequalities with respect to class and contract have been either stable or increasing. Class differences in earnings have diverged in recent decades, as have differences of skill and opportunities for skill development, while differentials in job control have been either stable or have increased. The job quality disadvantages of temporary work have been mainly stable, even with respect to job insecurity, but transition rates into permanent employment have been deteriorating.
Job Quality in the United States and Canada
Authors: Kalleberg Arne L. , Fuller Sylvia , Pullman Ashley
Published: September 2022

This chapter presents comparative empirical data on significant trends and developments in job quality in the United States and Canada. After discussing demographic, policy and institutional similarities and differences, key areas of job quality are compared, including nonstandard work arrangements, earnings quality, job polarization, labour market insecurity, work hours and overqualification and underemployment. Despite many similarities between these two liberal market economies, they exhibit a number of small differences in job quality and in the policies and institutions that produce them. There is evidence of greater levels of job polarization, earnings inequality, and long-term unemployment in the United States. A greater proportion of Canadian workers are in nonstandard employment arrangements, though there is greater earnings equality, labour market security and social protection in Canada. Distinct patterns of job quality connect to country differences in labour market, demographic and welfare institutions. For example, unions are more powerful in Canada as is the generosity of unemployment insurance. Despite these differences, flexible labour markets and weak regulation contribute to the rise in precarious work in both countries, pointing to the need for wage insurance, more generous unemployment insurance assistance, and more attention to active labour market policies.
The Changing Quality of Office Work
Authors: Baldry Chris
Published: September 2022

A recurring theme in popular media accounts of office work has been the office of the future’, in which an unconventional decor and ‘fun’ working environment allegedly reflects and supports the creative and knowledge-based work of employees. In this chapter this vision, with its implication of a paradigm shift from the routine ‘9–5’ office work stereotype, is held up to scrutiny by first looking at the scale and variety of work done in offices and then examining key dimensions of job quality in office work and assessing the evidence from contemporary research. The chapter takes the historical trends in the nature of office work, observed for over a century, such as routinization of work, mechanization and the diffusion of office technology, intensification of work and enhanced managerial control and a lowering of status (the ‘proletarianization’ thesis) and examines, in the context of current economic pressures, the degree to which the contemporary ‘creative’ office offers a radical break from such trends or whether, for most office workers, the experience is a continuation and even an acceleration, of such processes.
The Steady but Uneven Decline in Manufacturing Job Quality
Authors: Rothstein Jeffrey S.
Published: September 2022

Advanced manufacturing has long been associated with employment offering high wages, substantial benefits and job security. Since the middle of the twentieth century and to this day, this perception has motivated the implementation of policies intended to create or lure good manufacturing jobs. Through a comparison of the auto industries in different countries at various stages of economic development, this chapter demonstrates that in places as varied as the United States, Mexico and China, neoliberal policymaking has undermined the labour relations institutions that once empowered unions to negotiate the remuneration and working conditions associated with good jobs. Meanwhile, in the context of weakened shop-floor unionism, the advent of lean production has intensified the pace of work in the auto industry, further eroding the intrinsic quality of what were never very enjoyable jobs in the first place. In Germany, by comparison, unions have remained relatively strong and job quality has not diminished as elsewhere. Therefore, rather than attempting to attract manufacturers by undermining labour standards, policymakers should consider improving job quality across sectors by empowering labour.
Human Resource Management and Job Quality
Authors: Boxall Peter , Purcell John
Published: September 2022

The field of HRM, historically more focused on the managerial rather than the employee side of the employment relationship, has been changing over the last 30 years as researchers have investigated the opaque and troublesome links inside the ‘black box’ of the firm. A strong interest in employee motivation as a mediating variable between HRM and performance has provided the entrée for a range of theories that are relevant to an understanding of job quality. Researchers in HRM are increasingly assessing the impacts of HRM on employee well-being. Important lines of enquiry include research that targets the equity or fairness of employment relationships and assesses the balances between job demands and resources, between efforts and rewards, and between work and the rest of life. Studies of the interactions among these variables are critical to an assessment of job quality. When we look at the range of employer behaviour in reality, it is apparent that many types of jobs and organizations offer unattractive conditions. However, even in challenging circumstances, such as those that characterize low-paid work in the retail sector, studies suggest that it should be possible to find ways of enhancing the quality of working life.
Germany’s Political Parties—the Newcomers
Authors: Pautz Hartwig
Published: September 2022

Newcomer parties are additions to a country’s ‘original’ party system. Germany is an interesting case to study with respect to the emergence and demise of newcomer parties. While it had a famously stable party system for much of its post-war history, three newcomer parties which deserve attention have emerged since the 1990s. With Die Linke, Pirate party, and Alternative für Deutschland (AfD), this chapter discusses one newcomer party which is fully established, one which did not consolidate, and one whose fate is not clear yet, despite significant success, amidst programmatic shifts and leadership turmoil. The chapter details why and how these three parties emerged and alongside which conflict lines and cleavages and discusses their programmatic and policy developments. What the chapter demonstrates is that parties can appear and disappear, and that electoral volatility is both opportunity and lethal threat to newcomer parties.
Identity and Diversity in Post-Unification Germany
Authors: Layne Priscilla
Published: September 2022

Since at least the late nineteenth century, hegemonic German society has understood itself as a white, homogenous nation. However, despite white Germans’ anxiety around separating themselves from racialized Others, for centuries there have been several groups of racialized minorities whose presence in Germany constantly challenged this white self-image. This essay examines the diversity of post-unification Germany by focusing on five groups: Roma and Sinti, Jews, Black Germans, Turkish Germans, and Vietnamese Germans. By using examples from post-unification literature, it takes a closer look at how the presence and participation of these racialized groups in German society has both been challenged by and managed to challenge German national identity. Although each group has a very different historical trajectory within Germany, each one currently contributes to the mosaic of post-unification German society and each group faces discrimination, and acts of physical and verbal violence, while individual members within each group try to define themselves on their own terms.