bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Physicochemical characteristics of oil from coroba (Jessenia polycarpa Karst) mesocarp.
Authors: Alemán Rafael , Belén C Douglas R. , Zorrilla Maigualidad , Bastardo Lisandro , Alvarez Francisco , Moreno Alvarez Mario J.
Published: October 2008

Mature fruits of coroba (Jessenia polycarpa Karst), a wild palm from Cedeño municipality (Bolívar estate, Venezuela), harvested on July 1999, were washed, scalded, decorticated and then the mesocarp was separated. It was dried (70 ºC by 12 h), grounded and extraction process with n-hexane was applicated. The extract was distilled for to obtain the crude oil free of solvent. Physicochemical characteristics of crude oil from Coroba mesocarp were determined by means of Venezuelan official methods (COVENIN). The results showed: free acidity 0.72 % (as oleic acid); iodine index 48.2 (cgI2/g); peroxid value 2.32 (meq O2/kg); refraction index 1.4465 (at 25ºC); saponification number 198 (mg KOH/g); phosporus content 183 (mg/kg). The fatty acids composition was determined by gas chromatography. The major fatty acids found were: oleic acid (46.06 %), palmitic acid (28.56%) and linoleic acid (18.04%). The Coroba mesocarp is a potential raw material for Venezuelan oil industry.
Phosphatides content in soybean oil in function of bean moisture content-at-harvest and storage-time
Authors: Tosi Enzo A. , Cazzoli Ampelio F. , Ré Edmundo D. , Tapiz Luis M.
Published: October 2008

The influence of soybean moisture content-at-harvest and storage time upon total and non-hydratable phosphatides content in oil and bean phospholipase D activity was evaluated. Tests were performed upon soybeans harvested with moisture contents between 14.4 and 33.3% weight wet basis (wb). They were air dried at 25ºC until achieving safe storage moisture contents between 12.8 and 13.5 % wb and were stored at the same temperature for 245 days. Periodically they were analyzed for total and non-hydratable phosphatides content and phospholipase D activity. Total phosphatides initial content was high in soybeans with higher initial moisture levels and decreased slightly with time. Total phosphatides content remained constant at their initial levels in soybeans with lower initial moisture content. Non-hydratable phosphatides content was related to the phospholipase D activity, which decreased 30–35 days after harvest, and then stabilized, with values between 3.0 x 10-4 and 3.8 x 10-4 choline mmol/(min • soybean g).
Total and free fatty acids content during the ripening of artisan and industrially manufactured “Chorizo de cebolla”
Authors: Franco Inmaculada , Martínez Amalia , Prieto Bernardo , Carballo Javier
Published: October 2008

“Chorizo de cebolla” is a traditional sausage made in the north west of Spain. In four batches manufactured by artisanal methods and 4 manufactured by industrial ones the contents of total and free fatty acids were assessed throughout ripening, taking from every batch samples of the mass before stuffing (0 days) and of the sausage after 2, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 42 days of ripening. The profile of total fatty acids of the two types of sausage basically coincide with that found by other authors in pork fat. However, both types of sausage (artisanal and industrial) differ significantly (p< 0.05) in the percentage of totally saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. The artisanal manufactured sausages showed percentages of saturated fatty acids significantly superior to those found in industrial sausages. The content of total free fatty acids underwent throughout ripening a significant increase (p< 0.05) from average values of 459 ± 243 mg/100 g of fat in the mass up to 3687 ± 1670 mg/100 g of fat in the sausage of 42 days in the artisanal sausage, and from 560 ± 317 mg/100 g of fat up to 5157 ± 3673 mg/100 g in the industrial ones. Owing to the great variation between the different batches, significant differences were not found in the contents of total free fatty acids between both types of sausages, though at the end of ripening the average content was 1.4 times superior in the industrial sausages. In both types of sausages, the main free fatty acids at the end of ripening were, in this order, oleic, linoleic and palmitic, whose addition represented 83 % of total free fatty acids.
The isolation and quantification of the components from olive leaf: hexane extract
Authors: Guinda Á. , Lanzón A. , Rios J. J. , Albi T.
Published: October 2008

The principal components of the hexane extract from olive leaves are analysed, following an analytical procedure based on the extraction with hexane and the later separation of groups of compounds, according to their polarity, by means of column and thin-layer chromatographies. The following components are separated and identified: hydrocarbons, ester waxes, triglycerides, tocopherols, esterols, lineal and terpenic alcohols and terpenic dialcohols. The olive leaves from five different varieties were analyzed: Picual, Arbequina, Hojiblanca, Empeltre and Cornicabra; the concentration of some compounds ranged between: 2.057-3.400 ppm saturated hydrocarbons; 38-152 ppm squalene; 915-1.874 ppm ester waxes; 28-100 ppm β-carotene; 832-1.396 ppm triglycerides; 41-125 ppm α-tocopherol; 614-2.500 ppm β-sitosterol; 95-311 ppm alcohols and 342-837 ppm terpenic dialcohols.
Study of the triglyceride content in monovariety oils elaborate as of olives produced in the extremeña region
Authors: Osorio Bueno Emilio , Sánchez Casas Jacinto J. , Martínez Cano Manuel , Montaño García Alfonso M.
Published: October 2008

Main triglyceride composition from 315 samples of virgin olive oils originating in olive of the varieties Extremeñas: Carrasqueña, Cacereña, Cornezuelo, Corniche, Morisca, Picual and Verdial de Badajoz, were evaluated. The identification of 16 peaks has been carried out, grouped according to the ECN, which correspond to the different triglyceride found. Variability has been found in the content of triglyceride depending on the variety and state of ripening. The stepwise discriminant analysis explains more than the 88 % of the variance with the two first functions. Using this model, 83´5 % of the 273 observations were correctly classified. The validated method with 42 samples reduces the classification at 69 %.
Isomeric fatty acid composition of spanish commercial ice-creams
Authors: Griguol V. , Vicario I. M. , León M.
Published: October 2008

Eight samples of different varieties of commercial ice-creams sold in Spain were analysed for their fatty acid composition, with relevance on their trans-fatty acid profile. Saturated fatty acids occurred in the largest proportions in all samples (mean=68,1%), followed by monounsaturated (mean=21,1%) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (mean=5,2%). Trans fatty acids were detected in all samples ranging from 0,5%-19%, mean value 5,7%. Statistical analysis (cluster analysis) based on their fatty acid profile (saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated and trans fatty acids) showed three groups of samples, depending on the main source of fat employed.
Fatty acids and sterols of Griffonia seeds oil
Authors: Petkov Georgi , Ramazanov Zakir
Published: October 2008

Lipids, fatty acids and sterols of Griffonia simplicifolia seeds oil were studied. Fatty acid composition is 18:2 - 60 %, 16:0, 18:0, 18:1 - 9-18 %, and 20:0 - 3-4 %. The main sterol is β-sitosterol - 60 %, stigmasterol is 29 %, and campesterol is 11 %. Linoleic acid can be relatively simply enriched to 95 % separating the other fatty acids as urea adducts.
Nutritional and sensorial evaluation of Proboscidea parviflora (cat´s claw) oil.
Authors: Ortega-Nieblas M. , Robles-Burgueño M. R. , Vázquez-Moreno L.
Published: October 2008

The seed of Proboscidea parviflora (cat´s claw) has shown a great nutritional potential due to the good nutritional quality presented by its flour. In order to integrate the study of the seeds and to know a use for the oil, it was considered of interest to valuate biologically the crude oil and to sensory evaluate the patatoes fried in oil P. parviflora refined. Seeds of Proboscidea parviflora have shown a great potential due to the good nutritional quality of its flour. As part of the integral study, here is presented a crude oil biological evaluation and a sensorial evaluation of potatoes fried in refined P. parviflora oil. Diets were prepared adding 8, 11 and 16 % of crude oil and PER, NPR and the apparent digestibilty were determinated. PER values for each percentage were 2.7, 3.1 and 3 % respectively. While digestibilities were of 97, 98 and 97 % for each level of oil addition (there was not significative difference of P< 0.05). Sensorial analysis of fried potatoes presented enough good acceptability in the scale hedonic (1 to 9 with a value of 8) in flavor, odor, color and to me likes enough, with level of significance of P< 0.05. According to these results, oil of Proboscidea parviflora presented good digestibility and high PER values comparable to the corn oil.
Enzymatic treatment in the grapeseed oil extraction, Vitis vinifera, by cold pressing
Authors: Guerra E. G. , Zúñiga M. E.
Published: October 2008

The effect of enzyme incorporation is analyzed over the yield of grapeseed oil extraction by cold pressing. By this type of process the objective is to preserve grapeseed active compounds and to diminish the environmental impact in comparison to oil extraction conventional methods which use higher temperatures. The enzymatic hydrolysis takes place with a commercial enzyme previous to pressing stage. Its effectiveness is compared to a control without the biocatalyst. An oil extraction yield of 72 % d.b. is obtained with an enzymatic pre-treatment for 4 hours at 50 ºC, and 60 % of moisture, increasing in 26 % the control result. It is concluded that the incorporation of an enzymatic processing would be a feasible alternative to extract grapeseed oil under softener process conditions improving the yield of extraction in comparison to the same type of methodology without an enzyme.
Application of the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) system in a bottling line of virgin olive oil
Authors: Pardo J. E. , Pérez J. I. , Sánchez J. E. , Andrés M. , Alvarruiz A.
Published: October 2008

The Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) is a preventive system which serves for ensuring consumer’s food safety by identifying the hazards associated to a food or drink. In this work, the specific hazards found in a bottling line of virgin olive oil are described, as well as the preventive measures which should be taken in the plant, the surveillance systems to implement, the corrective actions which eventually could be necessary to apply and the control records which should be registered. The implementation of this knowledge will provide any oil bottling line –specially those installed in the olive mill, complementing the processing line of virgin olive oil- with a self-control of their products based on the HACCP system.
Fatty acid composition and nutritional relevance of most widely consumed margarines in Spain
Authors: Larqué Elvira , Garaulet Marta , Pérez-Llamas Francisca , Zamora Salvador , Tebar F. Javier
Published: October 2008

This study examines the fatty acid composition of margarines of major consumption in Spain in 2000. All the margarines contained at least 20% of linoleic acid, the average content of this fatty acid being 38%. Saturated fatty acids (lauric and miristic acids) did not exceed 4 % of the total fatty acid content. Most of the margarines analyzed contained less than 5% trans C18:1, although this content varied greatly among margarines (coefficient of variation: 112%) being median value 2.5%; polyunsaturated trans C18:2 and trans C18:3 did not represent more than 1 %. Nutritionally important ratios like saturated/unsaturated fatty acids, thrombogenicity and atherogenicity indexes were lower than 0.5. The findings suggest that Spanish margarines have moved to becoming products with a potentially healthier distribution of fatty acids. Even so, the great variability shown in fatty acid composition of margarines and poor labeling, highlight the importance of greater consumer information to avoid upsetting the traditional Mediterranean diet of Spain
Enzymatic aqueous technology for simultaneous coconut protein and oil extraction
Authors: Sant’Anna Beatriz P.M. , Freitas Suely P. , Coelho Maria A. Z.
Published: October 2008

In this study, the following commercial enzymes were evaluated in the enzymatic extraction of oil and protein from coconut: Celluclast, Termamyl, Viscozyme, Neutrase y Protease. Preliminary experiments were carried out for selection of enzymes, enzyme concentration and incubation time. In order to verify the effects of pH and water/substrate ratio, a response surface methodology was applied based in a 32 full factorial experimental design. The pH is the most meaningful parameter on oil and protein extraction yields, with a significance level higher than 90%. The maximal extraction yields of oil and protein emulsion (83%) was reached using Viscozyme L and subsequently Neutrase 1.5 MG at concentrations of 0.6% (w/w) and 0.3% (w/w), respectively, total incubation time of 60 minutes, substrate/water ratio 1:6 and pH around 7 (no adjustment).
Physical properties of mutton tallow
Authors: List G. R. , Steidley K. R. , Neff W. E. , Snowder G. D.
Published: October 2008

The physical properties of mutton tallows isolated from the kidney, back and intestinal regions were determined by pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance and Mett ler dropping point techniques. Kidney fat showed the highest amounts of solid fat measured over a temperature range of 10-50 ºC followed by intestinal fat and back fat showed the least amount of solid fat. Mutton tallows contain 52-64% saturated acids, have iodine values ranging from 34-44 and contain small amounts (3-4%) of trans fatty acids.
Consistency of structured lipids from fish oil and palm kernel fat
Authors: Díaz Gamboa Oscar , Gioielli Luiz Antonio
Published: October 2008

Through interesterification of oils and fats is possible to obtain structured lipids (SL), which are considered functional foods, due their potential effects on the prevention of diseases. For this reason, there is great interest in the production of SL. The objective of this paper was to obtain structured lipids from chemical interesterification from palm kernel fat and fish oil and to analyse the interactions that occur in the binary mixtures of these lipids. Six samples consisting of two individual samples and four binary mixtures were studied. The samples were analyzed for fatty acid composition and consistency at the range temperature from 5 to 25ºC. A mathematical model of multiple regression of the quadratic type was applied. The results showed that the interactions between the two components were significant. The consistency depended on the palm kernel fat and on the binary interactions between palm kernel fat and fish oil. The negative coefficients to the consistency showed an antagonic effect which is characteristic of eutectic interactions between fats.
Kinetics of the elaidization’s reaction of oleic acid in the deodorization and/or physical refining of edible fats
Authors: León Camacho M. , Ruiz Méndez Mª V. , Graciani Constante E.
Published: October 2008

A detailed study has been made of cis-trans isomerization of the oleic acid in the discontinuous physical refining of olive, soybean and sunflower oils in pilot plant of 250 Kg using nitrogen as stripping gas in place of steam. In each experimental assay, the expression of the analytical results have been made as molar fraction of different isomers of the acid 18:1: 18:1(9c), 18:1(9t), 18:1(w7c). The order of the reaction of formation of elaidic acid has been studied (zero or can be considered zero for the time taken in an industrial deodorization and/or physical refining, five hours). The kinetic constants “specific rate”, “activation energy” and “response factor” were determined. The analytical method used (GLC of the methyl esters and determination molar fraction) is appropriate for direct application of results in edible fats industry.
Study of the quality of virgin olive oil from Aragón (Spain)
Authors: Pérez-Arquillué C. , Juan T. , Valero N. , Estopañan G. , Ariño A. , Conchello P. , Herrera A.
Published: October 2008

The chemical composition of virgin olive oils (95 samples) from Aragón (Spain) from two successive crop seasons (1997/98 and 1998/99) and its relationship with quality and oxidative stability is examined. The main characteristics were: free acidity 0.5 (% oleic acid), peroxide value 11.8 meq/kg, K232 1.92, K270 0.13, oxidative stability 51.4 h (Rancimat method), and antioxidant phenolic substances 168.5 mg/kg (as caffeic acid). From the distribution of fatty acids, a high percentage of linoleic acid (9.46 %) and a low level of stearic (2.10 %) and arachidic (0.36 %) acids, is worth noting. The effect of sample origin (7 productive regions from Aragón), olive variety (Empeltre and Arbequina), and the different steps through processing are also investigated. However, the major factor affecting results was the plague of olive flies during 1997/98 crop season.
Structured lipids obtained by chemical and enzymatic interesterification from fish oil and palm kernel fat
Authors: Díaz Gamboa Oscar , Gioielli Luiz Antonio
Published: October 2008

Through the structured lipids is possible to obtain fatty acids which are used as nourishings or therapeutics on specific diseases or on abnormal metabolic conditions. They are also synthesized to improve or alter the physic and/or chemical characteristics of the triacylglycerols. The objective of this study was to obtain structured lipids by chemical and enzymatic interesterification from palm kernel fat and fish oil. The samples were analyzed for the solid fat content at the temperatures from 10 to 30 ºC. A mathematical model of multiple regression of the quadratic type was applied. The solid fat content depended on the palm kernel fat and on the binary interactions between palm kernel fat and fish oil. The negative coefficients to the solid fat content showed an antagonic effect, which is characteristic of eutectic interactions between fats. The solid fat content after chemical and enzymatic interesterification was very similar.
Recovery of sugar cane cuticular wax by mechanical separation and solvent extraction
Authors: García Alberto , García Miguel A. , Ribas Mauricio , Brown Adolfo
Published: October 2008

The industrial experience in the extraction and refining of sugar cane crude wax in Cuba from filter mud confirms the feasibility of such technologies for the production of waxes addressed to the pharmaceutical market, to high price drugs such as policosanol. With the aim of develop a new technology for the recovery the natural wax that covers the cane stalk, the present paper shows a new achievement, the recovery of the wax that occurs in the fraction DERMAX, a cuticular layer that remains after the mechanical processing of the sugar cane in a blade separator INTERCANE®, 5 ton/h, which was tested at the sugar mill. La Reforma, Veracruz state in Mexico. Two extraction systems, soxhlet and soxtec were tested and three different kind of organic solvents were evaluated. The waxy material was analysed by gas chromatography. A brief data about the chemical composition of the new quality of wax is disclosed.
Improved method for the determination of triacylglycerols in olive oils by high performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Moreda W. , Pérez-Camino M. C. , Cert A.
Published: October 2008

The analysis of triacylglycerols has great importance as quality control and origin determination aid in olive oils analytical methodologies. New improvements in the analysis of triacylglycerols by high-performance liquid chromatography in olive oils are developed in order to increase the separation between LLL/OLLn and OLL/OOLn critical pairs used for detection of seed oils in olive oils. Elution with acetone/acetonitrile (55:45) using gradient temperature and isothermal elution with propionitrile were investigated, in comparison with the European Union official method. The best resolution was achieved using propionitrile at 20 ºC. Although the HPLC profile was similar using propionitrile and acetone/acetonitrile, differences in minor triacylglycerols contributing to each HPLC peak were encountered. The precision of the method was good.
Production of high quality castile soap from high rancid olive oil
Authors: Girgis Adel Y.
Published: October 2008

Non-edible olive oil, characterized by high acid and peroxide values as well as deep in color and unpleasant odor, was used to produce a fine castile soap (soap sample nº. 1). Semi-fine virgin olive oil was also used to produce the standard castile soap (soap sample nº. 2). The obtained results illustrated that the unpleasant odor was disappeared in soap nº. 1 compared to the standard soap (weakly like oil). Also, there were remarkable that no high differences were observed in all physical and chemical properties (appearance, smooth surface, erosion from hand-washing, consistency, moisture content, total fatty acids, free alkali and salt content) in the two fresh soap samples. Whilst, the color in soap sample nº. 1 was fuscous green color compared to the standard soap (which was white to pale yellow). Soap samples were stored on a shelf at room temperature for 6 months showed some changes in their chemical properties. On the other hand, physical properties of the above two samples were improved after the storage period (6 months) where their structures became very firm with high lather volume and rates of their erosions from hand-washing were retrenched except, the color in soap sample nº. 1 was not improved which was dark green color. Therefore, the present study recommend to use non-edible olive oil as unusually fatty material to produce a fine castile soap (high smooth surface, fairly lather and high glossy appearance) as an alternative to edible olive oil (which is very expensive) and also to reduce the cost of castile soap manufacturing.
Important chemical and physical traits and variation in these traits in 'tombul' hazelnut cultivar at different elevations
Authors: Zeki Bostan S.
Published: October 2008

This study was conducted on ‘Tombul’ hazelnut growing at four elevations (0-50 m, 100-150 m, 200-250 m and 300-350 m) in Persembe (Ordu/ Northern Turkey) province in 1999 and 2000 years. Sixteen traits (oil, protein and ash contents as chemical; nut weight, nut size, shell thickness, kernel weight, kernel size, percent kernel, internal cavity, shriveled kernels, good kernels as physical; pH, organic matter, phosphorus and potassium in soil) were examined at each elevation. Interrelationships among important soil, nut and kernel characteristics were examined. There were significant correlation and interrelationships among the traits. The correlation between oil-nut size, oil- protein positively; protein-kernel size, protein- shriveled kernel negatively; organic matter- shell thickness, organic matter-good kernel negatively; pH- shell thickness, pH-good kernel negatively; good kernel-shell thickness positively; shriveled kernel-kernel weight, shriveled kernel-percent kernel negatively; internal cavity-nut weight positively and internal cavity-nut size negatively; percent kernel-kernel weight, percent kernel-kernel size positively; kernel size-kernel weight positively, and kernel weight-nut weight positively were significant. Significant differences among elevations were observed for shell thickness, ash content in kernel, and pH value in soil. The highest coefficients of variation were observed for phosphorus, shriveled kernels, potassium, internal cavity and organic matter, respectively
Formulation of fats using neural networks: commercial products and pilot-plant production
Authors: Block Jane Mara , Barrera-Arellano Daniel , Almeida Rodrigo , Gomide Fernando C. , Book Moretti Roberto
Published: October 2008

In the present work, trials were carried out to verify the range of application of a neural network, designed to formulate fats from 3 raw materials from soybean. For evaluation, 17 randomly selected commercial products, originally formulated with unknown raw materials, were used. Apart from the commercial products, 3 different table margarines were formulated using conventional methods and the neural network, and produced in pilot-plant scale. According to the results obtained, the neural network presented a success index of 64.7% in the formulation of commercial products. With respect to the products formulated and produced in pilot-plant scale, the results obtained using the network were similar to those obtained using the conventional formulation methods.
Physical interactions between cupuassu and cocoa fats
Authors: Lannes S. C. S. , Medeiros M. L. , Gioielli L. A.
Published: October 2008

Cupuassu (Theobroma grandiflorum, Sterculiaceae) is an Amazonian native fruit and nowadays is cultivated only in Amazonian region. The seeds that come to about 16% of the dry weight can be used to derive a cocoa butter like product and the content of fat in the seeds is about 60% dry weight. In general, these fats are similar to those of cocoa, although they show difference in some physical properties. The objective of this study was to analyse some physical and crystallization properties of the cupuassu fat, cocoa butter and some mixtures between the two fats. The analyses performed were: dropping point, solid fat content, hardness index and Jensen cooling curve. The results suggested some advantages of the use of cupuassu fat, as lower crystallization time and smoothness than cocoa butter. The mixtures showed compatibility, cocoa butter showed bigger solid fat content at room temperature than cupuassu fat and the mixtures. Cupuassu fat had a lower dropping point than cocoa butter. The possible use of cupuassu fat and the mixtures could be in fillings and cold weather chocolate products
Physicochemical characteristics and fatty acids composition of crude oil extracted from blackberry (Rubus glaucus Benth) residues
Authors: García David , Viloria-Matos Alfredo , Belén Douglas , Moreno-Álvarez Mario José
Published: October 2008

In this research the physicochemical characteristics and fatty acids composition of oil extracted from blackberry (Rubus glaucus Benth) residue were determined. Mature fruits from ‘‘La Colonia Tovar’’, Aragua state, Venezuela harvested on April 2001, were processed to obtain seeds and residues of pulp. This residue was extracted with n-hexane (Soxhlet method). The crude oil was assayed by means of COVENIN and AOCS methods. The results showed: Iodine index 160.16 cg I2/g, refraction index to 25ºC 1.4780 , saponification value 193.76 mg K0H/g, peroxide value 30.40 meq 02/kg, free fatty acidity 2.83% (oleic acid), insaponifiable value 2.77%, phosphorus content 0.22% and stability 3.09 h (AOM). The major fatty acids found were oleic acid (55.39%) and linoleic acid (29.51%).
Characteristics of the growth of table olive yeasts at low temperature
Authors: Durán Quintana M. C. , García García P. , Garrido Fernández A.
Published: October 2008

The behaviour of Picchia anomala, Picchia membranaefaciens, Pichia minuta, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida diddensii, Candida famata y Debaryomyces hansenii, isolated form olive fermentations at low temperature was studied. The response, growth rate, at increasing time intervals, was studied by means of a General Linear Model (GLM) repeated measures, paying special attention to interactions. The most vigorous yeasts in YMGP were P. anomala, C. diddensii, y Deb. hansenii, who were able to grow at 7ºC and 8% salt. In brine, in addition to the main effects, the interactions salt-yeast, time-pH, time-yeast-species were also significant. P. membranaefaciens showed greater salt tolerance in brine than in YMPG. S. cerevisiae, P. minuta and C. famata were inhibited of both pH 3,5 and pH 4 at 7ºC. A sinergistic effect of salt and pH can inhibit yeast growth at 7ºC.
The crystallization prediction of tripalmitin in triolein: an artificial neural network (ann) approach
Authors: Gallegos-Infante José-Alberto , Rico-Martínez Ramiro , Rocha Guzmán Nuria E. , González-Laredo Rubén F. , Morales Castro Juliana
Published: October 2008

The use of classical theories in lipid crystallization (i.e. Avrami model), give only a partial fit of the experimental data. This fact was explained because its was shown a drastic drop in the values of the interfacial free energy of the blends, but in the tripalmitin pure not. An alternative to the modeling to this type of systems was demonstrated with a one type of ANN. It compares the predictions of the ANN Vs the predictions of the Avrami model. The predictions of the ANN were good in all cases in the levels of cooling was low, but Avrami cannot fit the experimental data. The analysis of the ANN shown the possibility of the presence of two mechanism of crystallization associated to the cooling.
Olive fly damage and olive storage effects on paste microflora and virgin olive oil acidity
Authors: Torres-Vila L. M. , Rodríguez-Molina M. C. , Martínez J. A.
Published: October 2008

The effects of olive fly damage, olive storage, harvest date, olive grove plot and their interactions on the microflora associated with olive paste and oil acidity were studied. Microflora and oil acidity were significantly affected by the four studied factors and by several interactions between them. Fly damage and olive storage interacted sinergically increasing oil acidity. The relationship between fly damage and oil acidity was lineal although sometimes it was not significant depending on microflora populations. The relationship between microflora populations and oil acidity fitted to a logarithmic model. Major microorganisms in olive paste were bacteria (Xanthomonas), yeasts (mostly Torulopsis and Candida) and in a smaller measure moulds (mainly Fusarium and Penicillium). Results overall suggest that a qualitative damage threshold based on the percentage of damaged fruits in order to infer oil acidity may be unfeasible in most instances.
Natural antioxidants in functional foods: from food safety to health benefits
Authors: Valenzuela B Alfonso , Sanhueza Julio , Nieto Susana
Published: October 2008

Oxygen is essential for metabolism but it may be highly damaging for both organisms and foods unless properly controlled. Among uncontrolled detrimental processes lipid oxidation (or oxidative rancidity) is one of the most relevant. Oxidative rancidity of foods is initiated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS are also formed in living organisms as consequence of metabolic activity with potentially sided effects, though a certain physiological level of ROS is crucial for the regulation of cell functions. Oxidative stress is defined as a disturbance in the pro-oxidant/anti-oxidant balance and antioxidants of synthetic or natural origin may have an important role in the maintenance of this balance. Synthetic antioxidants are widely used in the food industry, however concerns about their safety have changed the interest to natural antioxidants which are presumed to be safe. Natural antioxidants such as tocopherols, ascorbic acid, rosemary extracts, lycopene and some flavonoids are now available to be added to foods in replacement of synthetic products. These antioxidants may reinforce the activity of the endogenous antioxidant systems providing extra protection against oxidative stress. Food preserved with added natural antioxidants can be considered as functional foods because these products can provide better health conditions to consumer.
Variables affecting lipid oxidation in dried microencapsulated oils
Authors: Velasco Joaquín , Dobarganes Carmen , Márquez-Ruiz Gloria
Published: October 2008

Dried microencapsulated oils are powdery foods or ingredients, prepared by drying natural or formulated emulsions, wherein the oil globules are dispersed in a matrix of saccharides and/or proteins. The study of lipid oxidation in microencapsulated oils is a very difficult task since, in addition to the numerous variables normally involved in lipid oxidation, mainly unsaturation degree, oxygen, light, temperature, prooxidants and antioxidants, other factors exert an important influence in these heterophasic lipid systems. In this paper, the present state of the art on lipid oxidation in dried microencapsulated oils is reviewed, focused on the variables specifically involved in oxidation of these lipid systems. Such variables include those pertaining to the preparation process (type and concentration of the matrix components and drying procedure) and those related to the physicochemical properties of microencapsulated oils (particle size, oil globule size, lipid distribution, water activity, pH and interactions between matrix components).
Study of the composition of Pyracantha crenulata roem seed, oil and meal
Authors: Quiroga Olinda E. , Bou Soledad M. , Sarlingo Carlos I. , Nolasco Susana M.
Published: October 2008

Seeds from Pyracantha crenulata Roem, harvested in Olavarría (Buenos Aires, Argentine) were defatted with hexane, obtaining raw oil with a yield of 5.5 % dry basis. The physicochemical characteristics of crude oil were: refractive index: 1.4770 (at 25ºC), iodine value: 121; saponification index: 203, unsaponifiable matter: 7.4 %, peroxide value: 8.7. The fatty acid composition of seed oil was studied by gas-liquid chromatography. Major fatty acids of seed oil were: linoleic (61.1 %), oleic (17.3 %) and palmitic acid (17.4 %). The residual seed meal contained low level of crude protein (13%, dry basis), considerable content of crude fiber and a relativity high value of neutral detergent fiber, that matching with the low digestibility observed. Metals, ash, sugar and polysaccharides contents are reported.
Changes occurring in vegetable oils composition due to microwave heating
Authors: Hassanein Minar M. , El-Shami Safinaz M. , Hassan El-Mallah M.
Published: October 2008

The effect of microwave heating on three vegetable oils having different lipid compositions was studied. Sunflower, soybean and peanut oils in comparison with oil admixture of soybean and peanut oil (1:1, w/w), were selected for this study. Each oil was heated for 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15 and 18 minutes in microwave oven. Peroxide value, free acidity and colour absorbance (at 420 nm) were proportionally increasing with the increase of heating period. Colour absorption threw light on the formation of browning products arising from phospholipids during microwave heating. Total tocopherol contents were determined by preparative thin layer chromatography, whereas the fatty acid compositions and formed epoxy acid were analyzed by capillary gas liquid chromatography. The formed conjugated dienes and trienes were determined by UV spectrophotometry. It was found that the total tocopherols of the microwave heated oils, decreased depending on the type of the predominating tocopherols. Also a relation of peroxide formation, during microwave heating, with changes in total tocopherol composition was discussed. It was found that polyunsaturated fatty acids generally decreased by increasing the heating period. The results obtained from the heated oil admixture helped interpret the results obtained from other heated individual oils.
Effects of oxidized lipids (4,5 (E)-epoxy-2(E)-heptenal and 4,5 (E)-epoxy-2 (E) -decenal) and lysine reaction products on zinc and calcium utilization: assays in Caco-2 cells
Authors: Seiquer Isabel , Navarro María Pilar
Published: October 2008

The influence of the presence of brown products from the reaction between two oxidized lipids (4,5 (E)-epoxy-2(E)-heptenal, EH, and 4,5 (E)-epoxy-2 (E)-decenal, ED) and lysine (EH-L and ED-L) on zinc and calcium utilization was studied, and compared with a fructosyl-lysine mixture (F-L). Assays were carried out in Caco-2 cells grown in bicameral chambers. The Zn transported across the cell monolayer was significantly lower in the presence of the EH-L, ED-L and F-L samples, specially with EH-L. Significant decreases in Zn uptake were also observed, with no differences between samples. However, calcium transport was no modified. Thus, the assayed lipid-aminoacid brown products seem to have negative effects on Zn availability, whereas Ca availability appears to be unaffected.
Sodium diffusion in green olives during the debittering. I: Effect of lye concentration.
Authors: Maldonado Mariela B. , Zuritz Carlos A. , Gascón Alejandro D. , Rey Enrique
Published: October 2008

The diffusion of sodium in green olives, variety Arauco/Criolla was quantitatively measured during the debittering process with lye of 1,50; 2,25 y 3,00%, at 20 ºC. With lye of 1,50%, the diffusion is apparently controlled by skin resistance resulting in smaller sodium concentrations and a more uniform debittering. With lye of 3,00%, the diffusion is more affected by flesh resistance, resulting in greater sodium concentrations and less uniform debittering. With lye of 2,25%, the diffusion of sodium is controlled by skin resistance at first and by flesh resistance thereafter. From this study, a final average concentration of 0,20 meq-Na/g-olive could be inferred as an appropriate treatment value. The experimental data were correlated with the equation: C=Ci+A*t-B (t=diffusion time), then A and B were correlated with sodium penetration distances.
Sodium diffusion in green olives during the debittering. II: effect of lye temperature
Authors: Zuritz C. A. , Maldonado M. B. , Gascón A. D.
Published: October 2008

The diffusion of sodium in green olives, variety Arauco/Criolla was quantitatively measured during the debittering process with lye of 2,25%, at 15, 20 y 25 ºC. The experimental data were correlated with the equation: C=C1 + P0 x e -P1X x senh (P2t) x eP3Te (X=diffusion distance, t=time, Te=treatment temperature) and this equation was used to calculate the sodium concentration gradients (dC/dX). Were required 23 hours at 15 ºC and 7 hours a t 25 ºC in order to attain the same final concentration gradient. Matching the final concentration gradients with that of the treatment at 20 ºC, the treatments at 15 and 25 ºC could be ended at 15 and 4,5 hours respectively. These findings quantitatively corroborate the significance of controlling the lye temperature.
Pattern recognition of acorns from different Quercus species based on oil content and fatty acid profile
Authors: Ferreira-Dias Suzana , Valente Dina G. , Abreu José M.F.
Published: October 2008

The aim of this study was (i) to characterize different species of Quercus genus and (ii) to discriminate among them on the basis of the content and fatty acid composition of the oil in their fruits and/or their morphological aspects via pattern recognition techniques (Principal Component Analysis, PCA, Cluster Analysis, CA, and Discriminant Analysis, DA). Quercus rotundifolia Lam., Quercus suber L. and Quercus pyrenaica Willd., grown in the same stand in the centre of Portugal, were investigated. When oil content and respective fatty acid composition were used to characterize samples, well-separated groups corresponding to each of the species were observed by PCA and confirmed by CA and DA. The ‘‘width’’ and ‘‘length’’ of acorns exhibited a low discriminant power. Acorns from Q. rotundifolia showed the highest average oil content followed by Q. suber and Q. pyrenaica acorns (9.1, 5.2 and 3.8%, respectively). Fatty acid profiles of Q. rotundifolia and Q. suber oils are similar to olive oil while the oil from Q. pyrenaica acorns is more unsaturated.
Colorimetric characterization and classification of the virgin olive oil from the spanish-moroccan mediterranean area
Authors: Pérez M. M. , Yebra A. , Melgosa M. , Bououd N. , Asselman A. , Boucetta A.
Published: October 2008

Colour measurements by reflection of 200 virgin olive oil samples from the southern zone of Spain and the northern one of Morocco were made. Acidity measurements of these oils were made as well, and a cluster analysis was employed for their classification. Results show that, generally, Moroccan oils present a hue more greenish (hº average of 87.3º) than the Spanish ones (85.1º), and those are less saturated (C* average of 91.7 and 105.3, respectively). On the other hand, acidity is remarkably different for these two geographic zones, having average values of 0.31 for Spanish oils and 2.87 for Moroccan ones. From these experimental measurements, the cluster analysis shows that it is possible to classify these oils according to their geographic production zones (Spanish-Moroccan area) depending on the acidity or the hue angle.
Detailed studies on some lipids of Silybum marianum(L.) seed oil
Authors: Hassan El-Mallah M. , M. El-Shami Safinaz , Hassanein Minar M.
Published: October 2008

Eight lipid patterns of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn seed oil, not hitherto reported, (20%) have been elucidated in this laboratory using capillary GLC and HPLC as main tools of analysis. The oil is rich in linoleic acid (53.3%) and oleic acid (21.3%). Five major triacylglycerols containing linoleic acyls namely LLL, LLO, LLP, LOO and LOP were detected by HPLC using FID detector, these triacylglycerols are also predominating in both cottonseed and sunflower oils but in different proportions. The total tocopherols content (260 ppm) was determined directly in the oil by HPLC. It was found that the oil contains alpha -tocopherol as a major constituent (84.5%) resembling sunflower oil. The whole sterols pattern, as determined as their trimethylsilyl derivatives by GLC, includes campesterol, 5-stigmasterol, beta-sitosterol, 7-stigmasterol, avenasterol and spinasterol. The four sterols lipid clases of free and acylated sterols and sterylglycosides have been determined as their 9- and 1- anthroylnitrile derivatives by fluorescence and UV- HPLC respectively.
Application of Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) at the characterization of the virgin olive oil
Authors: Jiménez Márquez A. , Beltrán Maza G.
Published: October 2008

Application of Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) to Virgin Olive Oil has been evaluated. Thermal profile of olive oil from six cultivars were analysed by DSC. Crystallization and melting curves were obtained between -100ºC and 50ºC, at 5ºC/min, showing profiles differentiated according to each. Temperature peak (Pt) from exothermic and endothermic transitions show a good correlation with the triacylglycerol composition. Oxidation DSC curves were obtained between 50ºC to 300ºC, under air flow rate of 100 mL/min. The oxidation times (To) obtained from each oil show a high correlation, r>0.95, with the oxidative stability measured by Rancimat method.
Keeping the quality of cows’ butter by γ-irradiation
Authors: Rady A. H. , Badr H. M.
Published: October 2008

This investigation aims to study the use of gamma irradiation for keeping the quality of cows’ butter. Fresh butter samples were exposed to gamma irradiation at doses of 0, 2.5 and 5 kGy followed by refrigerated storage and the effects of these treatments on the microbiological aspects and lipid characteristics of butter samples were studied. Moreover, fatty acid profiles and unsaponifiable matter constituents were determined by gas chromatographic analysis, while the stability of butter was determined by rancimat. The results indicated that gamma irradiation at 2.5 kGy dose reduced the counts of total bacteria, lipolytic bacteria, coliforms, molds and yeasts, however, these counts gradually increased during cold storage. Also irradiation at 5 kGy dose greatly reduced the total bacterial count which gradually increased upon storage, while completely eliminated the other determined microorganisms. Irradiation treatments increased the acid value and peroxide value of butter, while the iodine number was not altered. Moreover, gas chromatographic analysis showed that gamma irradiation slightly increased the total volatile fatty acids, total saturated fatty acids and total hydrocarbons, while slightly decreased the total unsaturated fatty acids and total sterols. In addition, irradiation of butter decreased its stability as determined by rancimat and upon storage of both irradiated and non irradiated butter samples, the acid value gradually increased, while a flexuous changes in the peroxide value were observed. The present study proved that 2.5 and 5 kGy gamma irradiation doses could keep the quality of cows’ butter and increased its shelf life at 4±1ºC for 8 and 12 weeks as compared to 4 weeks for non irradiated butter (based on the visual appearance of mold growth on the surface of samples) without any effects on its sensory properties.
Digestion and absorption of olive oil
Authors: Bermúdez Beatriz , Pacheco Yolanda M. , López Sergio , Abia Rocío , Muriana Francisco J.G.
Published: October 2008

Olive oil is a monounsaturated (oleic acid)-rich fat, mainly constituted by triglycerides (>98 %) and minor compounds. As other macronutrients, dietary triglyceride digestion and absorption are a complex processes involving enzyme activities and physicochemical changes. In humans, hydrolysis of olive oil triglycerides begins in the stomach where it is catalyzed by an acid-stable gastric lipase. Triglyceride hydrolysis continues in the duodenum, by the synergetic actions of gastric and colipase-dependent pancreatic lipases and bile secretion. Gastric lipolysis leads to the hydrolysis of 10-30 % of ingested triglycerides, generating mainly diglycerides (DG) and free fatty acids. This facilitates subsequent triglyceride hydrolysis by pancreatic lipase by allowing fat emulsification. Pancreatic lipase cleaves the sn-1 and sn-3 positions of triglycerides and/or DG obtaining sn-2 monoglycerides. Different lipid metabolites are quickly absorbed along the epithelial cells of the small intestine, acting olive oil as a supplier of oleic-acid-rich hydrocarbon skeletons for cellular synthesis of triglycerides and phospholipids. Absorption of mostly minor compounds of (extra virgin) olive oil takes place in the small intestine, as native or derivatives. Compared to diets rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, olive oil suppresses gastric acid secretion and is a potent releasing factor of cholecystokinin peptide, which consistently indicate that the consumption of olive oil might be beneficial in digestive diseases.
Blood transport and genomic effects of olive oil components
Authors: Pacheco Yolanda M. , Bermúdez Beatriz , López Sergio , Abia Rocío , Muriana Francisco J.G.
Published: October 2008

Epidemiological studies suggest that consuming diets rich in (extra virgin) olive oil is associated with a low incidence of chronic disease, including cardiovascular disease and cancer. Recent evidence has emerged which implicates raised concentrations of plasma triglycerides in the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease (CAD). It has been demonstrated that olive oil contributes to modulate metabolic processes related to secretion and transport of triglycerides. Intestinal triglyceride-rich lipoproteins from olive oil are very efficiently cleared during postprandial metabolism compared to other oils. Then, there is a massive interaction of nascent and remnant triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, as well as lipid metabolites and fat-soluble components, with hepatic and non-hepatic tissues. A diet-related response involves a multitude of gene products, including proteins implicated in lipid synthesis, oxidation and cell differentiation. Particularly, it has been reported a health beneficial effect of several components from (extra virgin) olive oil (fatty acids and minor compounds), which are functioning as regulators of gene transcription . This review reaffirm that a diet rich in extra virgin olive oil is of vital importance in the prevention of cardiovascular and other diseases.