bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Role of Motivation, Ability, and Opportunity in Achieving Effective Knowledge-Work
Authors: Hosseingholizadeh Rezvan , Mahdi Somayyeh Ebrahimi Koushk , El-Farr Hadi
Published: February 2017

This study aims to empirically test the impact of the Motivation-Ability-Opportunity- (MAO) model on knowledge work. We propose that knowledge work is a function of employees' motivation, ability and opportunity. In this regard, the aim is to provide empirical support to explain the effects of motivation, ability and opportunity on knowledge-work, which we defined as a knowledge-centered behavior. Data was collected through a self-report questionnaire. A sample size of 350 employees of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad answered the questionnaire. Structural equation modeling techniques and hierarchical multiple regression analyses were conducted on hypothesis testing. The findings confirm that motivation, ability and opportunity independently influence knowledge-work behavior. Also, results revealed that both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation has significant influence on knowledge work; however intrinsic motivation has a higher effect than extrinsic motivation.
Investigation of Credit Risk based on Indian Firm Performance
Authors: Kumar Manoj
Published: February 2017

In this paper the author investigates whether technical efficiency is an important ex-ante predictor of business failure. The author uses samples of Indian textiles, wood, computers and related activities and R&D companies to obtain efficiency estimates for individual firms in each industry. These efficiency measures are derived from a directional technology distance function constructed empirically using non-parametric Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) methods. Estimating standard probit and logit regression models the author finds that efficiency has significant explanatory power in predicting the likelihood of default over and above the effect of standard financial indicators.
Spatial Residual Stress Distribution in Multi-Phase Steel
Authors: Filep Adám , Benke Márton , Mertinger Valéria
Published: February 2017

Residual stress measurements were carried out on duplex steel samples using X-ray diffraction technique. Directional residual stress was investigated on the surface of the heat effected zone of joints. Spatial residual stress distribution were examined in the ferrite and austenite phases separately, using different radiation-ray source. The different mechanical properties of each phases were taken into account during the stress calculations. Noticeable stress gradient was observed between ferrite and austenite phases.
Effects of Plastic Deformation, Heat Treatment and Molybdenum and Nickel Concentration on Lath Martensitic Microstructure
Authors: Hangyás Atanáz , Fábián Enikő Réka , Berecz Tibor
Published: February 2017

Lath martensitic microstructures were produced in steels containing 0.15% of carbon and various amounts of molybdenum and nickel. The behavior of the lath martensitic microstructure was studied during cold rolling in steels with six different chemical compositions. All materials have endured 75% deformation without damage. In addition, the effects of heat treatments on microstructures and hardness were investigated as well.
BWRA and Séférian Model for Preheating Temperature Calculation in Case of Low Alloyed and Unalloyed Steel
Authors: Kovács Tünde Anna , Pinke Peter
Published: February 2017

For the assurance of the welding quality is very important to choose an adequate welding process. In case of this procedure specification we have to take account of the chemical composition, plate thickness of the work pieces and the used welding process with its parameters. In case of quenched and tempered steel even that limited alloys content we have to calculate the carbon equivalent and the preheating temperature. The preheating temperature depends on the carbon equivalent, the plate thickness and the welding process too. To obtains correct process parameters, important to choose and use the appropriate model [1]. For calculate the suitable preheating temperature we used the BWRA and the Séférian model too. We compared the results and made welding tests to monitoring the effect of the different preheating temperature. We used two different steel in our welding experiments, it was a carbon steel (S235JR) and a low alloyed hardening steel (28Mn6). After the welding test we measured the hardness changing in the heat affected zone (HAZ). On the base of our test results we concluded that in case of the used steels the suitable method is the Séférian’s.
The Seebeck Effect on the Thermal Phenomena of Cutting and Tool Wear
Authors: Pálmai Zoltán , Csobod László
Published: February 2017

It is a well-known fact that thermoelectric currents, reaching even the scale of ampere, develop during chip formation in the workpiece-tool-chip-machine system. The impact of these currents on tool wear in continuous cutting was examined with a qualitative mathematical model, in which wear is described by an autonomous non-linear differential equation.The constants of the model were tailored to wear curves determined by experiments conducted with a P20 carbide tool on a C45 quality steel workpiece. The differences among the tool isolation measurement results obtained by various researchers may be justified by simulation calculations.According to the model, the thermoelectric system behaves in a chaotic way in certain cases. Further research is necessary to decide if this is only a special characteristic of the model or the model shows the actual processes.
Investigation of EN AW 5754 Aluminum Alloy’s Formability at Elevated Temperatures
Authors: Budai Dávid , Tisza Miklós , Kovács Péter Zoltán
Published: February 2017

Nowadays, mass reduction is the most often used term in the automotive industry. Car manufacturers are continuously working on getting ever lighter models than the previous ones, because of the global competition and the rigorous emission rules. A light car has many advantages: lower consumption, better handling, longer operating distance, etc. The emission rules forced the car brands to start new researches to find new solutions for mass reduction. The formula is relatively simple, using lighter or less materials or both and the car will be lighter. In the recent solutions there are three different ways: application of high strength steels, aluminum alloys, and carbon-composite elements. Our investigations are focusing mainly on aluminum, because of its high mass reduction potential. The biggest problem with the aluminum is its low formability. The formability of aluminum is lower than the steel, and it causes problems for the manufacturers. To increase the formability of the aluminum is a hot topic in the research and development area. Forming at elevated temperatures is one of the best solutions to increase the formability of aluminum. The relation between the formability and the forming temperature is not linear, furthermore beyond the optimum forming temperature the formability decreases. We need dozens of investigations to describe the perfect relation, but sometimes a good approximation is enough to form sheet products safely. In our work we investigated the EN AW 5754 aluminum alloy sheet at room temperature, 130°C, 200°C and 260°C. From these tests we could obtain FLC curves of the alloy at different temperatures. Using these curves, the process engineers could find the optimum parameters of their forming process.
Recommended Guidelines for Load/Deformation Testing of Elastomeric Components
Authors:   Materials, Processes and Parts Council
Published: February 2017

The purpose of this SAE Recommended Practice is to review factors that influence the behavior of elastomeric components under conditions of loading or deforming at a constant rate and to provide guidance concerning test procedures used to define or specify the load/deformation characteristics of elastomeric components. This characteristic is referred to as Static Stiffness. This is also referred to as a "Static Deflection Test."
Lane Departure Warning Systems: Information for the Human Interface
Authors:   Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Committee
Published: February 2017

The Lane Departure Warning (LDW) system is a crash-avoidance technology which warns drivers if they are drifting (or have drifted) out of their lane or from the roadway. This warning system is designed to reduce the possibility of a run-off-road crash. This system will not take control of the vehicle; it will only let the driver know that he/she needs to steer back into the lane. An LDW is not a lane-change monitor, which addresses intentional lane changes, or a blind spot monitoring system which warns of other vehicles in adjacent lanes.

This informational report applies to OEM and after-market Lane Departure Warning systems for light-duty vehicles (gross vehicle weight rating of no more than 8500 pounds) on relatively straight roads with a radius of curvature of 500 m or more, and under good weather conditions.
Use Cases for Plug-In Vehicle Communication as a Distributed Energy Resource
Authors:   Hybrid - EV Committee
Published: February 2017

This SAE Information Report establishes use cases for a Plug-in Electric Vehicle (PEV) communicating with an Energy Management System (EMS) as a Distributed Energy Resource (DER) which must be supported by SAE J2847/3. This document also provides guidance for updates to SAE J2847/2 to allow an inverter in an EVSE to use the PEV battery when operating together as either a DER or as a power source for loads which are not connected in parallel with the utility grid. Beyond these two specific communication objectives, this document is also intended to serve as a broad guide to the topic of reverse power flow.
Efeito do comprimento do corpo de prova nas propriedades mecânicas do carvão de Eucalyptus
Authors: Veiga Taís Regina Lima Abreu , Lima José Tarcísio , Monteiro Thiago Campos , Rocha Maria Fernanda Vieira , De Jesus Márcia Silva , Goulart Selma Lopes
Published: February 2017

As propriedades mecânicas do carvão são indicadoras de qualidade e influenciam no processo siderúrgico. Os ensaios de avaliação (queda e tamboramento), em geral, apresentam resultados variáveis, comprometendo sua confiabilidade. Por isso, é importante desenvolver metodologias que produzam resultados comparáveis. Esse trabalho objetivou analisar a influência do comprimento do corpo de prova na determinação da rigidez e resistência da madeira e do carvão. Foram utilizados clones de Eucalyptus urophylla, dos quais foram produzidos corpos de prova de seção transversal de 25 mm x 25 mm e comprimentos de 50 mm, 75 mm, 100 mm e 125 mm. Dez amostras de cada comprimento foram selecionadas para a realização do ensaio com madeira, e outras dez para os ensaios com carvão. O módulo de elasticidade e a resistência à compressão foram determinados em ensaio de compressão paralela às fibras. Houve efeito significativo do comprimento do corpo de prova sobre a rigidez e resistência da madeira e do carvão, sendo que os melhores resultados foram encontrados para as dimensões 25 mm x 25 mm x 75 mm. Apenas a dimensão de 25 mm x 25 mm x 50 mm se mostrou inadequada, apresentando resultados inferiores aos relatados em literatura.
Capacidade de recuperação do paricá após simulação de desfolha
Authors: Duarte Daiane Marques , Barretto Vitor Corrêa De Mattos , Ribeiro Raquel Menestrino , Rodrigues Fabrício
Published: February 2017

O paricá, Schizolobium parahyba var. amazonicum (Huber ex Ducke) Barneby, é uma espécie florestal largamente utilizada em reflorestamentos. Entretanto, os danos causados por insetos podem reduzir a área fotossintética, interferindo no crescimento. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a capacidade de recuperação de paricá em idades precoces, pela simulação de desfolha. Foi utilizado o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, divididos em quatro experimentos, com quatro repetições, separados em dois períodos (30 e 60 dias após emergência) e pela porcentagem de folhas e folíolos. Ao completar 30 e 60 dias após emergência foram realizadas as desfolhas e após mais 30 dias, nas duas fases, avaliou-se altura da planta, diâmetro do caule e recuperação foliar. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e regressão para os percentuais de desfolha. Sob desfolha artificial, o paricá apresentou baixa redução de crescimento e boa capacidade de recuperação de danos, sendo assim considerado tolerante às diferentes porcentagens de danos testadas.
Comparison of satellite imagery from LISS-III/Resourcesat-1 and TM/Landsat 5 to estimate stand-level timber volume
Authors: Berra Elias Fernando , Fontana Denise Cybis , Kuplich Tatiana Mora
Published: February 2017

Após a interrupção das atividades do Landsat 5, sensores a bordo do satélite ResourceSat-1 têm sido apontados como uma opção à série Landsat. O objetivo deste estudo é estimar volume de madeira de pinus (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) por meio de imagens dos sensores LISS-III/ResourceSat-1 e TM/Landsat 5, comparando suas performances. Valores de reflectância das quatro bandas espectrais equivalentes em ambos os sensores foram comparados quanto à sensibilidade a mudanças no volume de madeira. As tendências foram similares com relações diretas nas bandas do infravermelho próximo e relações inversas nas bandas do visível e infravermelho médio. Diferenças significativas foram encontradas somente nas bandas equivalentes do verde. Regressões lineares múltiplas foram aplicadas para selecionar as bandas espectrais que melhor explicariam as variações em volume de madeira. As equações com melhores ajustes para cada sensor foram invertidas para gerar mapas de volume de madeira, cujas estimativas foram comparadas à escala de pixel e de talhão. Nenhuma das escalas mostrou diferenças significativas entre as estimativas geradas pelos dois sensores. Concluiu-se que os sensores LISS-III e TM apresentam, em geral, desempenho muito similar para monitoramento de volume de madeira, e que o LISS-III poderia, consequentemente, ser usado em complemento ou em substituição à série Landsat.
Desenvolvimento inicial de Erythrina velutina sob restrição hídrica
Authors: Oliveira Mychelle Karla Teixeira de , Dombroski Jeferson Luiz Dallabona , Medeiros Rita De Cássia Araújo de , Medeiros Ana Santana de
Published: February 2017

Erythrina velutina Willd. é uma espécie arbórea, nativa do nordeste brasileiro, utilizada como ornamental e empregada em programas de reflorestamento. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi obter informações sobre o desenvolvimento de E. velutina sob restrição hídrica. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em parcelas subdivididas no tempo, com quatro repetições. Foram utilizados dois manejos de irrigação (sem e com estresse hídrico). Aos 56 dias após o transplantio, as mudas foram submetidas por 14 dias completos de restrição hídrica. Ao longo do experimento foram realizadas cinco coletas de mudas a serem avaliadas aos 28, 42, 56, 70 e 84 dias após o transplantio. As mudas foram analisadas quanto ao comprimento da parte aérea, número de folhas, diâmetro do coleto, área foliar e massa seca do caule, das folhas, das raízes, da parte aérea, da massa seca total e da relação entre a massa seca da parte aérea e das raízes. As mudas de E. velutina possuem potencial de desenvolvimento de características xeromórficas para o uso conservador de água por meio de diferentes adaptações morfológicas, como desfolha e maior desenvolvimento de raízes. As mudas de E. velutina devem ser produzidas sem restrição hídrica.
Inflamabilidade de espécies arbóreas para uso em cortinas de segurança na prevenção de incêndios florestais
Authors: Kovalsyki Bruna , Takashina Igor Kiyoshi , Tres Andressa , França Tetto Alexandre , Batista Antonio Carlos
Published: February 2017

Dentre as medidas silviculturais de prevenção contra incêndios florestais destacam-se as cortinas de segurança. Estas estruturas consistem em plantios com espécies de menor inflamabilidade em relação ao cultivo principal, que tem como objetivo reduzir e/ou prevenir a propagação do fogo. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a inflamabilidade de Psidium cattleianum Sabine., Ligustrum lucidum W. T. Aiton., Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi. e Bougainvillea glabra Choisy., para potencial uso em cortinas de segurança. Nesta pesquisa utilizou-se Pinus taeda L. como controle. As queimas foram realizadas em epirradiador, com temperatura de 250 °C a 350 °C, para as quais se utilizou 1 g de material fino (< 0,7 cm de diâmetro) recém-coletado. Para cada espécie, realizou-se 50 repetições, sendo analisados: frequência de ignição, tempo para ignição, duração da combustão, índice de combustão, além da determinação do valor de inflamabilidade. P. taeda apresentou uma intensidade de combustão muito alta e foi classificado como espécie inflamável. As demais espécies foram consideradas fracamente inflamáveis, sendo que S. terebinthifolius e B. glabra indicaram uma intensidade de combustão baixa, L. lucidum média e P. cattleianum, alta. Neste contexto, conclui-se que as espécies avaliadas apresentam potencial para uso em cortina de segurança na prevenção de incêndios florestais.
Propriedades tecnológicas do lenho de louro-preto
Authors: Moulin Jordão Cabral , Rodrigues Brunela Pollastrelli , Oliveira José Tarcísio Da Silva , Rosa Rafael Amorim
Published: February 2017

Os estudos de caracterização da madeira permitem a sua otimização nos diversos segmentos madeireiros, principalmente o beneficiamento da madeira. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo caracterizar as propriedades da madeira de Cordia glabrata (louro-preto), visando aumentar o conhecimento a respeito do potencial de espécies madeireiras menos tradicionais. Foi realizada a caracterização macroscópica e microscópica, análises químicas, físicas e avaliadas algumas propriedades mecânicas da madeira de C. glabrata. A madeira apresenta altos teores de lignina total, fibras longas e com espessura de parede média. Foi classificada como madeira de alta densidade e média estabilidade dimensional. A espécie também possui valores médios de resistência à compressão paralela e módulo de ruptura, altos valores de tensão de cisalhamento e valores considerados baixos pelos teste de fendilhamento. C. glabrata possui características adequadas para ser utilizada em diversas finalidades no setor madeireiro brasileiro, especialmente para o mercado de lâminas decorativas, pisos, em usos que requerem boa durabilidade natural e certa resistência mecânica.
Contributions of trans-boundary transport to summertime air quality in Beijing, China
Authors: Wu Jiarui , Li Guohui , Cao Junji , Bei Naifang , Wang Yichen , Feng Tian , Huang Rujin , Liu Suixin , Zhang Qiang , Tie Xuexi
Published: February 2017

Abstract. In the present study, the WRF-CHEM model is used to evaluate the contributions of trans-boundary transport to the air quality in Beijing during a persistent air pollution episode from 5 to 14 July 2015 in Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH), China. Generally, the predicted temporal variations and spatial distributions of PM2.5 (fine particulate matter), O3 (ozone), and NO2 are in good agreement with observations in BTH. The WRF-CHEM model also reproduces reasonably well the temporal variations of aerosol species compared to measurements in Beijing. The factor separation approach is employed to evaluate the contributions of trans-boundary transport of non-Beijing emissions to the PM2.5 and O3 levels in Beijing. On average, in the afternoon during the simulation episode, the local emissions contribute 22.4 % to the O3 level in Beijing, less than 36.6 % from non-Beijing emissions. The O3 concentrations in Beijing are decreased by 5.1 % in the afternoon due to interactions between local and non-Beijing emissions. The non-Beijing emissions play a dominant role in the PM2.5 level in Beijing, with a contribution of 61.5 %, much higher than 13.7 %, from Beijing local emissions. The emission interactions between local and non-Beijing emissions enhance the PM2.5 concentrations in Beijing, with a contribution of 5.9 %. Therefore, the air quality in Beijing is generally determined by the trans-boundary transport of non-Beijing emissions during summertime, showing that the cooperation with neighboring provinces to mitigate pollutant emissions is key for Beijing to improve air quality.
Evaluation of anthropogenic secondary organic aerosol tracers from aromatic hydrocarbons
Authors: Al-Naiema Ibrahim M. , Stone Elizabeth A.
Published: February 2017

Abstract. Products of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from aromatic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) – 2,3-dihydroxy-4-oxopentanoic acid, dicarboxylic acids, nitromonoaromatics, and furandiones – were evaluated for their potential to serve as anthropogenic SOA tracers with respect to their (1) ambient concentrations and detectability in PM2.5 in Iowa City, IA, USA; (2) gas–particle partitioning behaviour; and (3) source specificity by way of correlations with primary and secondary source tracers and literature review. A widely used tracer for toluene-derived SOA, 2,3-dihydroxy-4-oxopentanoic acid was only detected in the particle phase (Fp = 1) at low but consistently measurable ambient concentrations (averaging 0.3 ng m−3). Four aromatic dicarboxylic acids were detected at relatively higher concentrations (9.1–34.5 ng m−3), of which phthalic acid was the most abundant. Phthalic acid had a low particle-phase fraction (Fp =  0.26) likely due to quantitation interferences from phthalic anhydride, while 4-methylphthalic acid was predominantly in the particle phase (Fp = 0.82). Phthalic acid and 4-methylphthalic acid were both highly correlated with 2,3-dihydroxy-4-oxopentanoic acid (rs = 0.73, p = 0.003; rs = 0.80, p < 0.001, respectively), suggesting that they were derived from aromatic VOCs. Isophthalic and terephthalic acids, however, were detected only in the particle phase (Fp = 1), and correlations suggested association with primary emission sources. Nitromonoaromatics were dominated by particle-phase concentrations of 4-nitrocatechol (1.6 ng m−3) and 4-methyl-5-nitrocatechol (1.6 ng m−3) that were associated with biomass burning. Meanwhile, 4-hydroxy-3-nitrobenzyl alcohol was detected in a lower concentration (0.06 ng m−3) in the particle phase only (Fp = 1) and is known as a product of toluene photooxidation. Furandiones in the atmosphere have only been attributed to the photooxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons; however the substantial partitioning toward the gas phase (Fp  ≤  0.16) and their water sensitivity limit their application as tracers. The outcome of this study is the demonstration that 2,3-dihydroxy-4-oxopentanoic acid, phthalic acid, 4-methylphthalic acid, and 4-hydroxy-3-nitrobenzyl alcohol are good candidates for tracing SOA from aromatic VOCs.
Aerosols at the Poles: An AeroCom Phase II multi-model evaluation
Authors: Sand Maria , Samset Bjørn H. , Balkanski Yves , Bauer Susanne , Bellouin Nicolas , Berntsen Terje K. , Bian Huisheng , Chin Mian , Diehl Thomas , Easter Richard , Ghan Steven J. , Iversen Trond , Kirkevåg Alf , Lamarque Jean-François , Lin Guangxing , Liu Xiaohong , Luo Gan , Myhre Gunnar , van Noije Twan , Penner Joyce E. , Schulz Michael , Seland Øyvind , Skeie Ragnhild B. , Stier Philip , Takemura Toshihiko , Tsigaridis Kostas , Yu Fangqun , Zhang Kai , Zhang Hua
Published: February 2017

Abstract. Atmospheric aerosols from anthropogenic and natural sources reach the Polar Regions through long-range transport. Such transport is however poorly constrained in present day global climate models, and few multi-model evaluations of Polar anthropogenic aerosol radiative forcing exist. Here we compare the aerosol optical depth (AOD) at 550 nm from simulations with 16 global aerosol models from the AeroCom phase II model inter-comparison project with available observations at both Poles. We show that the annual mean multi-model median is representative of the observations in Arctic, but that the inter-model spread is large. We also document the geographical distribution and seasonal cycle of the AOD for the individual aerosol species; black carbon (BC) from fossil fuel and biomass burning, sulfate, organic aerosols (OA), dust and sea-salt. For a subset of models that represent nitrate and secondary organic aerosols (SOA), we document the role of these aerosols at high latitudes. The seasonal dependence of natural and anthropogenic aerosols differs with natural aerosols peaking in the winter (sea-salt) and spring (dust), whereas AOD from anthropogenic aerosols peaks during late spring/summer. The models produce a median annual mean (AOD) of 0.07 in the Arctic (defined here as north of 60° N). The models also predict a noteworthy aerosol transport to the Antarctic (south of 70° S) with a resulting AOD varying between 0.01–0.02. The models have also estimated the shortwave anthropogenic radiative forcing contributions to the direct aerosol effect (DAE) associated with BC and OA from fossil fuel and biofuel (FF), sulfate, SOA, nitrate, and biomass burning from BC and OA emissions combined. The Arctic modeled annual mean DAE is slightly negative (−0.12 W m−2), dominated by a positive BC FF DAE during spring and a negative sulfate DAE during summer. The Antarctic DAE is governed by BC FF. We perform sensitivity experiments with one of the AeroCom models (GISS modelE) to investigate how regional emissions of BC and sulfate and the lifetime of BC influence the Arctic and Antarctic AOD. A doubling of emissions in East Asia, result in a 33 % increase in Arctic AOD of BC. However, radical changes such as reducing the e-folding lifetime by half or doubling it, still fall within the AeroCom model range.
Long-distance electron transport occurs globally in marine sediments
Authors: Burdorf Laurine D. W. , Tramper Anton , Seitaj Dorina , Meire Lorenz , Hidalgo-Martinez Silvia , Zetsche Eva-Maria , Boschker Henricus T. S. , Meysman Filip J. R.
Published: February 2017

Abstract. Recently, long filamentous bacteria have been reported conducting electrons over centimetre distances in marine sediments. These so-called cable bacteria perform an electrogenic form of sulfur oxidation, whereby long-distance electron transport links sulfide oxidation in deeper sediment horizons to oxygen reduction in the upper millimetres of the sediment. Electrogenic sulfur oxidation exerts a strong impact on the local sediment biogeochemistry, but it is currently unknown how prevalent the process is within the seafloor. Here we provide a state-of-the-art assessment of its global distribution by combining new field observations with previous reports from the literature. This synthesis demonstrates that electrogenic sulfur oxidation, and hence microbial long-distance electron transport, is a widespread phenomenon in the present-day seafloor. The process is found in coastal sediments within different climate zones (off the Netherlands, Greenland, the USA, Australia) and thrives on a range of different coastal habitats (estuaries, salt marshes, mangroves, coastal hypoxic basins, intertidal flats). The combination of a widespread occurrence and a strong local geochemical imprint suggests that electrogenic sulfur oxidation could be an important, and hitherto overlooked, component of the marine cycle of carbon, sulfur and other elements.
Seasonal and inter-annual variations in carbon fluxes in a tropical
river system (Tana River, Kenya)
Authors: Geeraert Naomi , Omengo Fred O. , Tamooh Fredrick , Marwick Trent R. , Borges Alberto V. , Govers Gerard , Bouillon Steven
Published: February 2017

Abstract. Quantification of sediment and carbon (C) fluxes in rivers with strong seasonal and inter-annual variability presents a challenge for global flux estimates as measurement periods are often too short to cover all hydrological conditions. We studied the dynamics of the Tana River (Kenya) from 2012 to 2014 through daily monitoring of sediment concentrations at three sites (Garissa, Tana River Primate Reserve and Garsen) and daily monitoring of C concentrations in Garissa and Garsen during three distinct seasons. In wet seasons, C fluxes were dominated by particulate organic C (POC) and decreased downstream. Dry season fluxes of dissolved inorganic C (DIC) and POC had a similar share in total C flux at both locations while POC fluxes increased downstream. The dissolved organic C (DOC) flux did not show strong spatial nor temporal variations. The construction of constituent rating curves with a bootstrap method in combination with daily discharge data (1942–2014) provided potential sediment and C flux ranges as a function of annual discharge. At low annual discharge, our estimates generally predict a net decrease of sediment and C storage between the upstream and downstream site. As the annual discharge increases, our simulations shift toward net retention. This analysis allowed us to infer how variations in discharge regime, related to climate or human impacts, may affect riverine fluxes. Overall, we estimate that retention was dominant: integration over all simulations resulted in an average net retention of sediment (~2.9 Mt yr−1), POC (~18000 tC yr−1), DOC (~920 tC yr−1) and DIC (~1200 tC yr−1) over the 73 years of discharge measurements.
Quantifying the Influence of the Terrestrial Biosphere on Glacial-interglacial Climate Dynamics
Authors: Davies-Barnard Taraka , Ridgwell Andy , Singarayer Joy , Valdes Paul
Published: February 2017

Abstract. The terrestrial biosphere is thought to be a key component in the climatic variability seen in the paleo record. It has a direct impact on surface temperature through changes in surface albedo and evapotranspiration (so called biogeophysical effects) and in addition, has an important indirect effect through changes in vegetation and soil carbon storage (biogeochemical effects) and hence modulates the concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The biogeochemical and biogeophysical effects generally have opposite signs meaning that the terrestrial biosphere could potentially have played only a very minor role in the dynamics of the glacial-interglacial cycles of the late Quaternary. Here we use a fully-coupled dynamic atmosphere-ocean-vegetation General Circulation Model (GCM) to generate a set of 62 simulations spanning the last 120 ka. The analysis of these simulations elucidates the relative importance of the biogeophysical versus biogeochemical terrestrial biosphere interactions with climate. We find that the biogeophysical effects of vegetation account for up to an additional −0.84 °C global mean cooling, with regional cooling as large as −5 °C, but with considerable variability across the glacial-interglacial cycle. By comparison, while opposite in sign, our model estimates of the biogeochemical impacts are substantially smaller in magnitude. Offline simulations show a maximum of +0.33 °C warming due an increase of 25 ppm above our (pre-industrial) baseline atmospheric CO2 mixing ratio. In contrast to shorter (century) time-scale projections of future terrestrial biosphere response where direct and indirect responses may at times, cancel out, we find that the biogeophysical effects consistently and strongly dominate the biogeochemical effect over the inter-glacial cycle. In addition, depending on the assumptions about soil carbon under ice-sheets and sea level rise, we find a range in terrestrial carbon storage change from a reduction in LGM carbon storage of −440 PgC, to a gain of +37 PgC. We suggest that prevailing uncertainties allow for only a small net transfer of carbon between terrestrial biosphere and ocean atmosphere implying that explaining the observed CO2 ice core record could be rather simpler than previously thought.
The Global SMOS Level 3 daily soil moisture and brightness temperature maps
Authors: Al Bitar Ahmad , Mialon Arnaud , Kerr Yann , Cabot François , Richaume Philippe , Jacquette Elsa , Quesney Arnaud , Mahmoodi Ali , Tarot Stephane , Parrens Marie , Al-yaari Amen , Pellarin Thierry , Rodriguez-Fernandez Nemesio , Wigneron Jean-Pierre
Published: February 2017

Abstract. The objective of this paper is to present the multi-orbit (MO) surface Soil Moisture (SM) and angle binned Brightness Temperature (TB) products for the SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity) mission based on the a new multi-orbit algorithm. The Level 3 algorithm at CATDS (Centre de Traitement Aval des Données SMOS) makes use of multi-orbit (multi-revisits) retrieval to enhance the robustness and quality of SM retrievals. The motivation of the approach is to make use of the temporal auto-correlation of the vegetation optical depth (VOD) to enhance the retrievals when an acquisition occurs at the border of the swath. The retrieval algorithm is implemented in a unique operational processor delivering multiple parameters (e.g. SM and VOD) using angular signatures, dual polarization and multiple revisits. A subsidiary angle binned TB product is provided. In this study the L3 TB V300 product is showcased and compared to SMAP (Soil Moisture Active Passive) TB. The L3 SM V300 product is compared to the single-orbit (SO) retrievals from Level 2 SM processor from ESA (European Space Agency) with aligned configuration. The advantages and drawbacks of the Level 3 SM product (L3SM) product are discussed. The comparison is done at global scale between the two datasets and at local scale with respect to in situ data from AMMA-CATCH and USDA-ARS WATERSHEDS networks. The results obtained from the global analysis show that the MO implementation enhances the number of retrievals up to 9 % over certain areas. The comparison with the in situ data shows that the increase of the number of retrievals does not come with a decrease of quality. But rather at the expense of an increased lag of product availability from 6 hours to 3.5 days which can be a limiting factor for forecast applications like flood forecast but reasonable for drought monitoring and climate change studies. The SMOS L3 soil moisture and L3 brightness temperature products are delivered using an open licence and free of charge by CATDS (http://www.catds.fr).
Description and evaluation of the Multiscale Online Nonhydrostatic AtmospheRe CHemistry model (NMMB-MONARCH) version 1.0: gas-phase chemistry at global scale
Authors: Badia Alba , Jorba Oriol , Voulgarakis Apostolos , Dabdub Donald , Pérez García-Pando Carlos , Hilboll Andreas , Gonçalves María , Janjic Zavisa
Published: February 2017

Abstract. This paper presents a comprehensive description and benchmark evaluation of the tropospheric gas-phase chemistry component of the Multiscale Online Nonhydrostatic AtmospheRe CHemistry model (NMMB-MONARCH), formerly known as NMMB/BSC-CTM, that can be run on both regional and global domains. Here, we provide an extensive evaluation of a global annual cycle simulation using a variety of background surface stations (EMEP, WDCGG and CASTNET), ozonesondes (WOUDC, CMD and SHADOZ), aircraft data (MOZAIC and several campaigns), and satellite observations (SCIAMACHY and MOPITT). We also include an extensive discussion of our results in comparison to other state-of-the-art models. We note that in this study, we omitted aerosol processes and some natural emissions (lightning and volcano emissions). The model shows a realistic oxidative capacity across the globe. The seasonal cycle for CO is fairly well represented at different locations (correlations around 0.3–0.7 in surface concentrations), although concentrations are underestimated in spring and winter in the Northern Hemisphere, and are overestimated throughout the year at 800 and 500 hPa in the Southern Hemisphere. Nitrogen species are well represented in almost all locations, particularly NO2 in Europe (root mean square error – RMSE – below 5 ppb). The modeled vertical distributions of NOx and HNO3 are in excellent agreement with the observed values and the spatial and seasonal trends of tropospheric NO2 columns correspond well to observations from SCIAMACHY, capturing the highly polluted areas and the biomass burning cycle throughout the year. Over Asia, the model underestimates NOx from March to August, probably due to an underestimation of NOx emissions in the region. Overall, the comparison of the modeled CO and NO2 with MOPITT and SCIAMACHY observations emphasizes the need for more accurate emission rates from anthropogenic and biomass burning sources (i.e., specification of temporal variability). The resulting ozone (O3) burden (348 Tg) lies within the range of other state-of-the-art global atmospheric chemistry models. The model generally captures the spatial and seasonal trends of background surface O3 and its vertical distribution. However, the model tends to overestimate O3 throughout the troposphere in several stations. This may be attributed to an overestimation of CO concentration over the Southern Hemisphere leading to an excessive production of O3 or to the lack of specific chemistry (e.g., halogen chemistry, aerosol chemistry). Overall, O3 correlations range between 0.6 and 0.8 for daily mean values. The overall performance of the NMMB-MONARCH is comparable to that of other state-of-the-art global chemistry models.
Constraining DALEC v2 using multiple data streams
and ecological constraints: analysis and application
Authors: Delahaies Sylvain , Roulstone Ian , Nichols Nancy
Published: February 2017

Abstract. We use a variational method to assimilate multiple data streams into the terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycle model DALECv2. Ecological and dynamical constraints have recently been introduced to constrain unresolved components of this otherwise ill-posed problem. Here we recast these constraints as a multivariate Gaussian distribution to incorporate them into the variational framework and we demonstrate their benefit through a linear analysis. Using an adjoint method we study a linear approximation of the inverse problem: firstly we perform a sensitivity analysis of the different outputs under consideration, and secondly we use the concept of resolution matrices to diagnose the nature of the ill-posedness and evaluate regularisation strategies. We then study the non linear problem with an application to real data. Finally, we propose a modification to the model: introducing a spin-up period provides us with a built-in formulation of some ecological constraints which facilitates the variational approach.
Defining a mid-Holocene earthquake through speleoseismological and independent data: implications for the outer Central Apennines (Italy) seismotectonic framework
Authors: Di Domenica Alessandra , Pizzi Alberto
Published: February 2017

Abstract. A speleoseismological study has been conducted in the Cavallone Cave, located in the easternmost carbonate sector of the Central Apennines (Maiella Massif), in a seismically active region interposed between the post-orogenic extensional domain, to the west, and the contractional one, to the east. The occurrence of active silent normal faults, to the west, close to blind thrusts, to the east, raises critical questions about the seismic hazard for this transitional zone. Large collapses of cave ceilings, fractures, broken speleothems with new re-growing stalagmites on their top, preferential orientation of fallen stalagmites and the absence of thin and long concretions have been observed in many portions of the karst conduit. This may indicate that the cave suffered sudden deformation events likely linked to the occurrence of past strong earthquakes. Radiocarbon dating and, above all, the robust correspondence with other coeval on-fault and off-fault geological data collected in surrounding areas outside the cave, provide important constraints for the individuation of a mid-Holocene paleoearthquake around 4.6–4.8 kyr BP. On the basis of the available paleoseismological data, possible seismogenic sources can be identified with the Sulmona normal fault and other active normal fault segments along its southern prosecution, which recorded synchronous strong paleoevents. Although the correlation between speleotectonic observations and quantitative modeling is disputed, studies on possible effects of earthquake on karstic landforms and features, when corroborated by independent data collected outside caves, can provide a useful contribution in discovering past earthquakes.
Analysis of Affecting Factors on IFRS Adoption:Case Study in Iran
Authors: Paknejad Mehrnaz
Published: February 2017

IFRS adoption is mandatory for countries such as EU (Europe Union) listed countries while is voluntary for somecountries like Iran. But because the adoption benefits cannot be ignored, Thus, as the main objective of our paper, theeffect of some factors on the International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS) adoption is been considered foranalysis Therefore, Statistical population of this research is financial business managers and experts of companylisted on the Tehran Stock Exchange. This research with regard to objective is practical and with regard to researchdesign is descriptive survey, regarding the level of variable measurement, Pearson correlation test was used for theanalysis of relationship between variables and regression analysis was used for analysis of type and form of relation.The results of analysis show that there is a meaningful relationship between of some affecting factors and IFRSadoption in Iran.
Review of the Nassarius pauperus (Gould, 1850) complex (Nassariidae): Part 3, reinstatement of the genus Reticunassa, with the description of six new species
Authors: Galindo Lee Ann , Kool Hugo H. , Dekker Henk
Published: February 2017

In this review (third part), several species within the Nassarius pauperus complex from the eastern Indian Ocean and western Pacific are treated, including a revised concept of Nassa paupera Gould, 1850, type species of the genus Reticunassa Iredale, 1936. In the most recent taxonomic revision, several species had been synonymized with Nassarius pauperus (Gould, 1850), despite distinctive differences among these species in shell morphology. We sequenced a fragment of the mitochondrial COI and the nuclear 28S genes of all available Nassarius pauperus complex species. Automatic barcode gap discovery and reciprocal monophyly were applied to propose species delimitation hypotheses and to support a new concept of the genus. Using morphological and molecular characters, Reticunassa is elevated to full genus rank. Six new species are described: Reticunassa visayaensis sp. nov., R. poppeorum sp. nov., R. annabolteae sp. nov., R. goliath sp. nov., R. intrudens sp. nov. and R. thailandensis sp. nov., while R. tringa (Souverbie, 1864) is recognized as a valid species.
Do we have a sense for irrational numbers?
Authors: Obersteiner Andreas , Hofreiter Veronika
Published: February 2017

Number sense requires, at least, an ability to assess magnitude information represented by number symbols. Most educated adults are able to assess magnitude information of rational numbers fairly quickly, including whole numbers and fractions. It is to date unclear whether educated adults without training are able to assess magnitudes of irrational numbers, such as the cube root of 41. In a computerized experiment, we asked mathematically skilled adults to repeatedly choose the larger of two irrational numbers as quickly as possible. Participants were highly accurate on problems in which reasoning about the exact or approximate value of the irrational numbers’ whole number components (e.g., 3 and 41 in the cube root of 41) yielded the correct response. However, they performed at random chance level when these strategies were invalid and the problem required reasoning about the irrational number magnitudes as a whole. Response times suggested that participants hardly even tried to assess magnitudes of the irrational numbers as a whole, and if they did, were largely unsuccessful. We conclude that even mathematically skilled adults struggle with quickly assessing magnitudes of irrational numbers in their symbolic notation. Without practice, number sense seems to be restricted to rational numbers.
5 review articles
Authors: Nielsen et al. Martin
Published: February 2017

No abstract.
Presentation of a pedagogical sentence analysis system
Authors: Bache Carl
Published: February 2017

No abstract.
Nachdenken über Deutschgrammatiken für Ausländer
Authors: Fabricius-Hansen Cathrine
Published: February 2017

No abstract.
Procesos de Apropriación Espacial y Desigualdades Sociales En El Centro Histórico De Puebla / Processes of spatial appropriation and social inequalities in the Historic Center of Puebla
Authors: Alvarez Moura Alfonso , Valverde Díaz de León Francisco
Published: February 2017

RESUMENVinculación entre formas de intervención en la ciudad y procesos de apropiación socio-espaciales en el Centro Histórico de Puebla. Analizaremos casuísticas concretas de desposesión-apropiación espacial que ahondan en las desigualdades sociales. Con todo ello, pretendemos constatar la relación entre el uso que se hace del Centro Histórico y la apropiación social de clase de que está siendo objeto.Palabras clave: Centros Históricos, Patrimonio Urbano, Renovación Urbana. RESUMOLigando formas de intervenção na cidade e processos de apropriação socioespacial no centro histórico de Puebla. Discutimos o número de casos específicos de espaço desapropriação - apropriadora que mergulhar em desigualdades sociais . Com tudo isso , pretende-se verificar a relação entre a utilização do Centro Histórico e classe apropriação social que é o assunto. Palavras-chave: Centros históricos , património urbano , renovação urbana. ABSTRACTLinking forms of intervention in the city and processes of socio- spatial appropriation in the historic center of Puebla. We discuss specific caseloads of dispossession - appropriating space that delve into social inequalities. With all this, we intend to verify the relationship between the use made of the Historical Center and social appropriation class that is the subject.Keywords: Historic Centers, Heritage Urban, Urban Renewal.
Encuentros y Desencuentros de La Modernidad en Tegucigalpa, Siglo XIX y XX. / Agreements and disagreements of modernity in Tegucigalpa, Nineteenth and twentieth century
Authors: Navarrete Calix Daniela
Published: February 2017

RESUMENEste artículo analiza el impacto urbano que trajo la modernidad política aplicada a la ciudad de Tegucigalpa, capital de Honduras. Para ello comparamos diacrónicamente la transformación político-administrativa en este centro urbano: en el liberalismo del último cuarto del siglo XIX y principios del s. XX; y en el neoliberalismo de finales del siglo XX.  El discurso de los locutores de la modernidad liberal y neoliberal tendrá especial atención, pues vehicula los ideales de los gobernantes para alcanzar el progreso o desarrollo. Estos anhelos de modernidad se reflejan en el paisaje urbano encontrándose o no de los anhelos de los ciudadanos de esta capital centroamericana.Palabras clave: modernidad – (neo) liberalismo – modelos urbanos RESUMO Este artigo analisa o impacto urbano que trouxe modernidade política aplicada à cidade de Tegucigalpa, capital de Honduras. Para esta comparação diacronicamente a transformação político-administrativa neste centro urbano: no liberalismo do último quartel do século XIX e início do s. XX; eo neoliberalismo do final do século XX. O discurso dos oradores da modernidade liberal e neoliberal terá atenção especial, pois transmite os ideais dos governos para alcançar o progresso ou desenvolvimento. Esses anseios da modernidade são refletidos na paisagem urbana ou não corresponder às aspirações dos cidadãos desta capital centro-americana.Palavras-chave: modernidade - (neo) liberalismo – modelos Urbanos ABSTRACTThis article analyzes the urban impact that brought political modernity applied to the city of Tegucigalpa, capital of Honduras. For this we compare diachronically the political-administrative transformation in this urban center: during liberalism of the last quarter of the nineteenth century and early s. XX; and during the neoliberalism of the late twentieth century. The speech of the speakers of liberal and neoliberal modernity will have special attention, as conveys the ideals of governments to achieve progress or development. These yearnings of modernity are reflected in the urban landscape and of course meet and unmeet the aspirations of the citizens of this Central American capital.Keywords: modernity – (neo) liberalism – urban models