bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Persistent 5‐oxoprolinuria with normal glutathione synthase and 5‐oxoprolinase activities
Authors: Ruijter G. J. G. , Mourad‐Baars P. E. C. , Ristoff E. , Onkenhout W. , Poorthuis B. J. H. M.
Published: July 2006

5‐Oxoprolinuria is primarily associated with inborn errors of the γ‐glutamyl cycle. In addition, transient 5‐oxoprolinuria has been reported to occur in a variety of conditions, such as prematurity and malnutrition, and during medication. We report an unusual case of permanent 5‐oxoprolinuria. The patient presented 3 days after birth with acidosis, and metabolic screening revealed massive excretion of 5‐oxoproline. Following recovery, growth and psychomotor development were normal, but 5‐oxoprolinuria persisted. Primary defects in the γ‐glutamyl cycle were ruled out since glutathione synthase and 5‐oxoprolinase activities were normal. All known secondary causes of 5‐oxoprolinuria were also excluded, leaving the basis of the permanent 5‐oxoprolinuria in this patient unresolved.
Iliopsoas haematoma in Gaucher disease
Authors: Lešić Aleksandar , Suvajdzic Nada , Elezovic Ivo , Bumbasirevic Marko , Hadas‐Halpern Irith , Elstein Deborah , Zimran Ari
Published: July 2006

Extrapelvis or retroperitoneal haemorrhage has long been appreciated as having many causes and considerable variability in subsequent morbidity; however, to date only two cases have been reported in patients with Gaucher disease, the most common lysosomal storage disorder. It had been our assumption that these cases were unique and a consequence of severe disease in patients who had not been treated with enzyme (or other disease‐specific) therapy. Herein we present three more cases (as well as our first patient), which allow one to make some generalizations. Ultrasound was used in one centre and computed tomography in the second centre to make the definitive diagnosis. The trigger for the bleeding in all cases was muscle strain after activity. All patients were young with massive hepatosplenomegaly, anaemia, thrombocytopenia, and bone pain with skeletal involvement; the last was the most obvious commonality among these patients. Differential diagnosis is complicated by exquisite groin pain that is common to both Gaucher disease and extrapelvis haemorrhage, but not necessarily.
Random perturbations and statistical properties of Hénon-like maps
Authors: Benedicks Michael , Viana Marcelo
Published: July 2006

For a large class of non-uniformly hyperbolic diffeomorphisms, we prove stochastic stability under small random noise: the unique stationary probability measure of the Markov chain converges to the Sinai–Ruelle–Bowen measure of the unperturbed attractor when the noise level tends to zero.
Isolated periodic minima are unstable
Authors: Ureña Antonio J.
Published: July 2006

A classical result, studied, among others, by Carathéodory [C. Carathéodory, Calculus of Variations and Partial Differential Equations of the First Order, Chelsea, New York, 1989], says that, at least generically, periodic minimizers are hyperbolic, and consequently, unstable as solutions of the associated Euler–Lagrange equation. A new version of this fact, also valid in the nonhyperbolic case, is given.

Un résultat classique, étudié, entre autres, par Carathéodory [C. Carathéodory, Calculus of Variations and Partial Differential Equations of the First Order, Chelsea, New York, 1989], dit que, au moins génériquement, les minimiseurs périodiques sont hyperboliques et par conséquent, instables comme solutions de l'équation d'Euler–Lagrange associée. Une nouvelle version de ce fait, aussi valable dans le cas nonhyperbolique, est donnée.
On quasiconvex hulls in symmetric
\( 2\times2 \) matrices
Authors: Székelyhidi László
Published: July 2006

In this paper we study the quasiconvex hull of compact sets of symmetric

2 \times 2

matrices. We are interested in situations where the quasiconvex hull can be separated into smaller independent pieces. Our main result is a geometric criterion which is sufficient for the quasiconvex hull of the union of two compact sets

K_{1} \cup K_{2}

to separate in the sense that

(K_{1} \cup K_{2})^{\mathrm{qc}} = K_{1}^{\mathrm{qc}} \cup K_{2}^{\mathrm{qc}}

. The key point in the proof is a kind of directional maximum principle for second order elliptic equations in the plane in non-divergence form with measurable coefficients.

On étudie les enveloppes quasiconvexes des ensembles compacts de matrices symétriques

2 \times 2

. On s'intéresse aux situations où l'enveloppe quasiconvexe se laisse séparer dans des morceaux indépendants plus petits. Le résultat principal est un critère géométrique suffisant pour l'enveloppe quasiconvexe d'une union de deux ensembles compacts

K_{1} \cup K_{2}

pour se séparer comme

(K_{1} \cup K_{2})^{\mathrm{qc}} = K_{1}^{\mathrm{qc}} \cup K_{2}^{\mathrm{qc}}

. Le point essentiel dans la preuve est un principe du maximum directionnel pour les équations elliptiques de deuxième ordre dans le plan sous la forme non-divergence avec des coefficients mesurables.
On a Liouville phenomenon for entire weak supersolutions of elliptic partial differential equations
Authors: Kurta Vasilii V.
Published: July 2006

We study a new Liouville-type phenomenon for entire weak supersolutions of elliptic partial differential equations of the form

A(u) = 0

on

\mathbb{R}^{n}

,

n \geq 2

. Typical examples of the operator

A(u)

are the

p

-Laplacian for

p > 1

, the mean curvature operator, and their well-known modifications.

Ce travail est consacré à l'étude d'un nouveau phénomène de type de Liouville pour les sursolutions entières faibles d'équations aux derivées partielles elliptiques de la forme

A(u) = 0

sur

\mathbb{R}^{n}

,

n \geq 2

. Des exemples typiques de l'opérateur

A(u)

sont le

p

-laplacien pour

p > 1

, l'opérateur de courbure moyenne, et leurs modifications bien connues.
The gradient flow motion of boundary vortices
Authors: Kurzke Matthias
Published: July 2006

We consider the gradient flow of a family of energy functionals describing the formation of boundary vortices in thin magnetic films. We obtain motion laws for the singularities in all time scalings by using the method of

Γ

-convergence of gradient flows.

On considère le flot de gradient d'une famille de fonctionnelles d'énergie qui décrivent la formation de vortex dans les films magnétiques minces. Ces singularités se forment à la frontière, et nous obtenons leurs équations du mouvement, pour tous les scalings de temps, en utilisant la méthode de la

Γ

-convergence des flots de gradient.
Multi solitary waves for nonlinear Schrödinger equations
Authors: Martel Yvan , Merle Frank
Published: July 2006

We consider the nonlinear Schrödinger equation in

\mathbb{R}^{d}

for any

d \geq 1

, with a nonlinearity such that solitary waves exist and are stable. Let

R_{k}(t,x)

be

K

arbitrarily given solitary waves of the equation with different speeds

v_{1},v_{2},…,v_{K}

. In this paper, we prove that there exists a solution

u(t)

of the equation such that

\lim\limits_{t\rightarrow + \infty }\left\|u(t)−\sum \limits_{k = 1}^{K}R_{k}(t)\right\|_{H^{1}} = 0.

On considère l'équation de Schrödinger nonlinéaire dans

\mathbb{R}^{d}

pour tout

d \geq 1

, avec une nonlinéarité telle que des ondes solitaires existent et sont stables. Soit

R_{k}(t,x)

,

K

ondes solitaires de l'équation données arbitrairement, avec des vitesses différentes

v_{1},v_{2},…,v_{K}

. Dans ce papier, on démontre qu'il existe une solution

u(t)

de l'équation telle que

\lim\limits_{t\rightarrow + \infty }\left\|u(t)−\sum \limits_{k = 1}^{K}R_{k}(t)\right\|_{H^{1}} = 0.
A nonintersection property for extremals of variational problems with vector-valued functions
Authors: Zaslavski Alexander J.
Published: July 2006

In this work we study the structure of extremals of variational problems with vector-valued functions on

[\left. 0,\infty)\right.

. We show that if an extremal is not periodic, then the corresponding curve in the phase space does not intersect itself.
Ground states of nonlinear Schrödinger equations with potentials
Authors: Wang Zhi-Qiang , Zeng Jing , Li Yongqing
Published: July 2006

In this paper we study the nonlinear Schrödinger equation:

\left\{\begin{matrix} −\mathrm{\Delta }u + V(x)u = f(x,u), \\ u∊H^{1}\left(\mathbb{R}^{N}\right). \\ \end{matrix}\right.

We give general conditions which assure the existence of
ground state solutions
. Under a Nehari type condition, we show that the standard Ambrosetti–Rabinowitz super-linear condition can be replaced by a more natural super-quadratic condition.

Dans cet article nous étudions l'équation non-linéaire de Schrödinger :

\left\{\begin{matrix} −\mathrm{\Delta }u + V(x)u = f(x,u), \\ u∊H^{1}\left(\mathbb{R}^{N}\right). \\ \end{matrix}\right.

Nous donnons les conditions générales qui garantissent l'existence de solutions d'énergie minimale. Sous une condition de type Nehari, nous démontrons que la condition super-linéaire d'Ambrosetti–Rabinowitz peut être remplacée par une condition super-quadratique plus naturelle.
Toll‐like receptor 4 modulates myocardial ischaemia–reperfusion injury: Role of matrix metalloproteinases
Authors: Stapel Heidi , Kim Se‐Chan , Osterkamp Steffen , Knuefermann Pascal , Hoeft Andreas , Meyer Rainer , Grohé Christian , Baumgarten Georg
Published: July 2006

Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) mediates innate immune responses following endotoxemia and myocardial ischaemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury. Pre‐treatment with the major TLR4 ligand lipopolysaccharide (LPS) reduces infarct size. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs) play a crucial role in endotoxemia possibly also determining I/R injury.

Aims:

We investigated the influence of TLR4 on infarct size and assessed the influence of MMP and TIMP regulation on I/R injury.

Methods:

Left anterior descending artery (LAD) occlusion was performed on wild‐type (C3H/HeN) and TLR4‐deficient (C3H/HeJ) mice. Animals were stimulated with LPS (1mg/kg) or PBS 16h ahead of 60min LAD ligation. After 24h of reperfusion, triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining was performed and infarct size was measured by planimetry. MMP‐ and TIMP‐mRNA expression were determined by RPA after 3h of reperfusion. MMP zymographic activity was monitored 6h after occlusion.

Results:

TLR4‐deficient mice and LPS‐treated wild‐type mice showed significantly reduced infarct areas. LPS‐stimulation significantly increased the overall MMP/TIMP mRNA expression ratio due to elevated MMP‐3, −8, −9, and TIMP‐1 in wild‐type mice. I/R overall reduced the MMP/TIMP ratio due to increased MMP‐1, TIMP‐1, and −3 mRNA expression.

Conclusions:

LPS pre‐treatment and TLR4‐deficiency led to a decreased infarct size. However, infarct area and MMP/TIMP ratio were not correlated. This means that in TLR4‐deficient mice MMP/TIMP ratios are not determining the infarct size.
The effect of testosterone on insulin sensitivity in men with heart failure
Authors: Malkin Chris J. , Jones T. Hugh , Channer Kevin S.
Published: July 2006

Resistance to insulin occurs in chronic heart failure (CHF) and is related to prognosis. Studies of testosterone in non‐(CHF) males suggest that physiological testosterone therapy improves insulin sensitivity. This was a single‐blind placebo controlled crossover trial to determine the effect of testosterone replacement on insulin sensitivity in 13 men with moderate to severe CHF (ejection fraction 30.5±1.3). The primary outcome was the homeostatic model index (HOMA‐IR) of fasting insulin sensitivity and secondary outcomes were body composition as measured by bioelectrical impedance and glucose tolerance to a standard 75 g oral glucose load. Analysis was performed on the delta values with the treatment effect of placebo compared with that of testosterone.

At baseline HOMA‐IR correlated with measures of body fat [% fat mass (rP=0.84, p=0.0001) and body mass index (rP=0.79, p=0.01)] but not with CHF severity. Testosterone reduced HOMA‐IR (–1.9±0.8, p=0.03) indicating improved fasting insulin sensitivity. Testosterone also increased total mass (+1.5±0.5 kg, p=0.008) and decreased body fat (–0.8±0.3%, p=0.02).

Testosterone improves fasting insulin sensitivity in men with CHF and may also increase lean body mass, these data suggest a favourable effect of testosterone on an important metabolic component of CHF.
Mutational screening of phospholamban gene in hypertrophic and idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and functional study of the PLN –42 C>G mutation
Authors: Medin Maria , Hermida‐Prieto Manuel , Monserrat Lorenzo , Laredo Rafael , Rodriguez‐Rey Jose Carlos , Fernandez Xustox , Castro‐Beiras Alfonso
Published: July 2006

Background:

Phospholamban is an endogenous sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase inhibitor with a regulatory effect on cardiac contraction/relaxation coupling. Mutations in the phospholamban gene (PLN) have been associated with primary cardiomyopathies.

Aims:

To screen for PLN mutations in our population of patients with primary cardiomyopathies and to perform functional analysis of the mutations identified.

Methods:

We performed SSCP mutational screening and DNA sequencing of the PLN gene in 186 patients with either hypertrophic or dilated cardiomyopathy. To study promoter strength we constructed reporter plasmids containing the luciferase gene and performed transient transfection analysis in C6 and C2C12 cell lines.

Results:

The PLN –42 C>G mutation was found in one patient with late onset familial apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. This mutation decreased phospholamban promoter activity by 43% and 47%, in C6 and C2C12 cell lines respectively. One son had mild apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and carried the mutation, another son with normal ECG and echocardiogram also had the mutation.

Conclusion:

The PLN –42 C>G mutation is associated with a benign form of apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in this family, though the presence of a healthy adult carrier suggests that other genetic and environmental factors could be involved. Otherwise, mutations in the PLN gene are not a frequent cause of cardiomyopathies in our population.
Unexplained week‐to‐week variation in BNP and NT‐proBNP is low in chronic heart failure patients during steady state
Authors: Schou Morten , Gustafsson Finn , Nielsen Per H. , Madsen Lene H. , Kjaer Andreas , Hildebrandt Per R.
Published: July 2006

Background:

The usefulness of brain‐natriuretic‐peptide (BNP) and N‐terminal‐pro‐brain‐natriuretic‐peptide (NT‐proBNP) for monitoring of chronic heart failure (CHF) patients has been questioned because of high levels of unexplained variation.

Aims:

Week‐to‐week total variance (CVT), unexplained variation (CVI), reference change values (RCV), index of individualities (IOI) and number of samples (N) with week‐to‐week intervals needed to estimate the underlying homeostatic set point (15%) for BNP and NT‐proBNP were calculated in pre‐specified stable CHF patients.

Methods and results:

We measured plasma concentrations of BNP and NT‐proBNP, clinical and laboratory variables in 20 CHF patients with a 7‐days interval. Only patients considered to be in steady state were included. The CVI was 15% (BNP) and 8% (NT‐proBNP). CVT was 16% (BNP) and 8% (NT‐proBNP) and RCV was 43% (BNP) and 23% (NT‐proBNP). IOI was 0.14 for BNP and 0.03 for NT‐proBNP and N was 1 for BNP and 1 for NT‐proBNP.

Conclusions:

Our data demonstrate that unexplained variation of BNP and NT‐proBNP is low in CHF patients during steady state, which is a prerequisite for the use of these peptides for monitoring of the disease.
A systematic review: Effect of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition on left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction in patients with a myocardial infarction and in patients with left ventricular dysfunction
Authors: Abdulla Jawdat , Barlera Simona , Latini Roberto , Kjoller‐Hansen Lars , Sogaard Peter , Christensen Erik , Kober Lars , Torp‐Pedersen Christian
Published: July 2006

Background and aim

To summarize and quantify results of echocardiographic studies examining the effect of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition on left ventricular remodelling in patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI) and in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD).

Methods

Systematic review of the literature and meta‐analysis of eligible studies providing data on end‐diastolic and end‐systolic volumes and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) were performed.

Results

Data from 16 eligible studies were meta‐analysed. The results of studies including patients with MI and preserved LVEF (>45%) showed no significant benefit of ACE inhibition. Results of studies/subgroups with mean LVEF ≤45% demonstrated significant differences in diastolic and systolic volumes of 3.0 (0.1, 6.0) ml and 2.25 (0.04, 4.4) ml in short‐term (4–14 weeks) follow‐up in favour of ACE inhibitor, p=0.041 and p=0.046 respectively. In the long‐term (6–12 months) follow‐up, the differences in diastolic and systolic volumes were 4.2 (0.98, 7.4) ml and 3.3 (0.9, 5.8) ml in favour of ACE inhibitor, p=0.01 and p=0.007 respectively. LVEF improved in both short and long‐term follow‐up, p=0.034 and p=0.021, respectively.

Conclusion

Chronic use of ACE inhibition has a small but sustained and beneficial effect on remodelling in patients with myocardial infarction and patients with chronic left ventricular dysfunction.
Acetylcholine stimulated dilatation and stretch induced myogenic constriction in mesenteric artery of rats with chronic heart failure
Authors: Xu Y. , Henning R.H. , Lipsic E. , van Buiten A. , van Gilst W.H. , Buikema H.
Published: July 2006

Rats with chronic heart failure (CHF) develop increased myogenic constriction in mesenteric resistance arteries. Here we investigated increased myogenic constriction in relation to alterations in EDHF‐ and NO‐mediated dilatation in CHF‐rats.

Male Spraque–Dawley rats were subjected to myocardial‐infarction or sham‐surgery. At 9–10 weeks after surgery, isolated mesenteric artery ring preparations were studied in a wire‐myograph. Stretch‐induced myogenic constriction was obtained by stepwise increase of the internal circumference diameter (0.5–1.2 L100). Cyclooxygenase‐ and eNOS‐inhibitors were employed to study NO‐ and EDHF‐mediated dilatation in response to acetylcholine.

Rats with CHF (n=8), but not sham‐rats (n=6), developed significant myogenic constriction. In addition, the contribution of endothelial dilator mediators was significantly altered in CHF‐rats, with increased dependency on NO and decreased EDHF‐mediated dilatation. Moreover, EDHF‐mediated dilatation was inversely correlated with myogenic constriction in individual CHF‐rats (r=−0.74, p=0.04).

These data demonstrate increased myogenic constriction in mesenteric arteries of rats with CHF post‐MI to be correlated to decreased EDHF‐mediated dilatation. These findings extend the previous observation that myogenic constriction antagonizes EDHF‐mediated dilatation in rat coronary artery under normal conditions, and suggests this relationship also to become functional in mesenteric arteries under pathophysiological conditions of CHF.
Properties of copper‐free pig kidney amine oxidase: Role of topa quinone
Authors: Mura Anna , Padiglia Alessandra , Medda Rosaria , Pintus Francesca , Finazzi Agrò Alessandro , Floris Giovanni
Published: July 2006

Copper removal from pig kidney amine oxidase containing Cu/topaquinone (TPQ) has been obtained using CN− in the presence of the poor substrate p‐(dimethylamino)benzylamine. Upon removal of copper, the enzyme loses its activity while the TPQ cofactor remains in its oxidized form. The addition of copper to the apo‐form fully restores the active enzyme. The CN− treatment in the presence of sodium dithionite or good substrates (cadaverine or benzylamine) also removes copper but the TPQ cofactor is irreversibly reduced and the addition of copper does not regenerate the active enzyme. NiII and ZnII do not bind the apo‐protein in contrast to CoII which is incorporated to the same extent as CuII. However, Co‐reconstituted enzyme only shows a very low activity. These results demonstrate that copper is essential for the catalytic mechanism because it maintains the correct active site geometry.
A review of Pacific salmon hatchery programmes on Hokkaido Island, Japan
Authors: Morita Kentaro , Saito Toshihiko , Miyakoshi Yasuyuki , Fukuwaka Masa-aki , Nagasawa Toru , Kaeriyama Masahide
Published: July 2006

Hatchery programmes involving the mass release of cultured fish have been implemented worldwide to supplement wild populations and to increase harvests. Hokkaido Island is one of the most active regions for Pacific salmon hatchery programmes, with ca. 1.2 billion (109) juveniles released annually along a coastline of ca. 3000 km. During the last quarter of the 20th century, coastal catches of chum and pink salmon increased dramatically, whereas those of masu salmon did not. In addition to the development of hatchery technologies, several possible hypotheses may explain these catch trends, including climate change, closing of high-seas fisheries, rehabilitation of water quality, habitat loss caused by damming and channelling, and increased pressure from recreational fisheries. Even when these other factors have been accounted for, it is difficult to evaluate whether all hatchery programmes have actually increased net populations. To use these programmes more effectively, it is necessary to evaluate both their river- and species-specific benefits and compare hatchery programmes with other management tools, such as fishery controls and habitat rehabilitation. Future hatchery programmes should incorporate active, adaptive learning approaches to minimize the risks associated with artificial propagation and to promote sustainable salmon stocks.
Genetic history of the population of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., under restoration in the Connecticut River, USA
Authors: Ayllon Fernando , Martinez Jose L. , Juanes Francis , Gephard Stephen , Garcia-Vazquez Eva
Published: July 2006

The Connecticut River lost its Atlantic salmon population as a result of human activity 200 years ago. Cultured stocks, derived mainly from the Penobscot River, were employed to restore the population, and an annual run of salmon has been successfully re-established, although the population is not yet self-sustaining. We examined variation at microsatellite loci in historical scale and modern tissue samples to evaluate the degree and direction of any genetic changes that have occurred in the introduced population. The current genetic pattern of the Connecticut River population is very similar to that of its Penobscot River donor population. We found no differences in heterozygosity, mean number of alleles per locus, number of migrants, or FST values between the two populations, suggesting that no genetic bottlenecks had occurred during the restoration programme.
Evidence of temporal genetic change in wild Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., populations affected by farm escapees
Authors: Skaala Øystein , Wennevik Vidar , Glover Kevin A.
Published: July 2006

A large number of farmed Atlantic salmon escape from sea cages and hatcheries annually. Selection programmes and domestication have changed the genetic composition of farmed salmon to improve their performance in the culture environment, which apparently occurs at the cost of their fitness in the natural environment. Therefore, gene flow from farmed salmon to wild salmon populations may have altered the genetic composition of wild salmon populations. To investigate the temporal genetic stability in seven wild Norwegian salmon populations, genetic profiles were produced from historical and contemporary scale samples. Historical and contemporary samples of salmon from the Namsen, Etne, Opo, Vosso, Granvin, Eio, and Hå Rivers were genotyped at the following eight microsatellite loci: Ssa13.37, Ssa28, SsOSL85, Ssa197, Ssa20.19, SsaF43, Ssa202, and Ssa85. A significant change in genetic profiles was observed over time in the Opo, Vosso, and Eio Rivers, but no changes in genetic profiles were observed in the Namsen, Etne, Granvin, and Hå Rivers. A small reduction in FST values and genetic distances among populations was observed in the contemporary samples compared with the historical samples, indicating a eduction in population differentiation over time.
Exceptional marine survival of pink salmon that entered the marine environment in 2003 suggests that farmed Atlantic salmon and Pacific salmon can coexist successfully in a marine ecosystem on the Pacific coast of Canada
Authors: Beamish Richard J. , Jones Simon , Neville Chrys-Ellen , Sweeting Ruston , Karreman Grace , Saksida Sonja , Gordon Elysha
Published: July 2006

Juvenile pink salmon that entered a marine ecosystem along the eastern margin of Queen Charlotte Strait in 2003 and returned as adults in 2004 had very high marine survival. The early seaward migration and midsummer rearing in 2003 were in an area containing 16 active Atlantic salmon farms. Two species of sea louse, Lepeophtheirus salmonis and Caligus clemensi, were commonly found on farmed salmon and juvenile Pacific salmon during the early rearing period of the pink salmon. Mobile L. salmonis and C. clemensi were most abundant on farmed Atlantic salmon from February to May and on pink salmon in June. Chalimus stages were the dominant stages on pink salmon to the end of May. Mobile stages of C. clemensi were the dominant stages and species of sea louse on farmed Atlantic salmon and pink salmon at about the same time in June. DNA studies showed that local juvenile pink salmon were in the area until August. The exceptional returns of the brood year suggest that pink salmon populations and farmed Atlantic salmon coexisted successfully during 2003 within an environment that included sea lice and farmed Atlantic salmon. The processes responsible for the high marine survival cannot be identified with certainty, but they could include increased freshwater discharge in 2003, which may have resulted in lower salinity less favourable to sea louse production, increased inflow of nutrient-rich water to the study area, and the introduction of a Provincial Action Plan that required mandatory louse monitoring and established a fallowed migration corridor for pink salmon.
Survival and growth of sea-ranched Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., treated against sea lice before release
Authors: Skilbrei Ove T. , Wennevik Vidar
Published: July 2006

Cultured Atlantic salmon smolts were treated with Slice®, orally administered emamectin benzoate, before release in the Dale River, western Norway, to study the potential effects of sea lice during the early stages of their marine phase. In all, 10 470 treated and untreated (control) fish from ten family groups were adipose fin-clipped, coded-wire tagged, and released on three different dates in 2002 (11 May, 25 May, and 7 June), which coincided with the natural smolt run. The percentage of released smolts recaptured as one-sea-winter salmon in 2003 did not differ between the treated and untreated groups released on the two dates in May 2002, but the recapture rate of fish from the treated group released on 7 June 2002 was almost twice that of the controls. The weights of the recaptured one-sea-winter salmon tended to decline from the first to the third release date, and one-sea-winter salmon from the treated groups were approximately 15% heavier than the controls. The difference in recapture rate between the treated and untreated groups increased after inclusion of the two-sea-winter and three-sea-winter salmon recaptured in 2004 and 2005, respectively. We conclude that the infestation level of salmon lice changed from non-lethal to lethal levels during the period of the smolt migration in 2002 and that non-lethal infestation levels may adversely affect Atlantic salmon populations by reducing the growth rate of fish and, consequently, their size at spawning.
Fetal development of membrane water channel proteins aquaporin‐1 and aquaporin‐4 in the human brain
Authors: Gömöri Éva , Pál József , Ábrahám Hajnalka , Vajda Zsolt , Sulyok Endre , Seress László , Dóczi Tamás
Published: July 2006

Aquaporin‐1 and aquaporin‐4, water channel membrane proteins reported in both experimental animals and in adult humans, have been detected in different, non‐overlapping areas of the central nervous system. This immunohistochemical study describes the developmental expression pattern of the water channel membrane proteins, aquaporin‐1 and aquaporin‐4, in various structures of human fetal brain over the gestational period of 14–40 weeks.

Aquaporin‐1 immunostaining was exclusively found in the epithelial cells of the choroid plexus from the 14th gestational week, and the staining pattern altered slightly over time. At week 14, immunostaining appeared only in the apical cell membranes. By the 18th gestational week, the entire plasma membrane of these apical cells was immunopositive, as well as was the cytosol. These changes in immunoreactivity indicate an increasing production of aquaporin‐1 in the epithelial cells during the period between the 14th and 24th weeks of gestation.

Aquaporin‐4 immunostaining was first detected in the archicortex, from gestational week 14 and was detected in the neocortex, 6–7 weeks later. Immunostained structures were always astrocytes, particularly the astrocytic endfeet in the ventricular wall, at the developing ependymal lining, at the pial surface, and around the capillaries. Neuronal labeling was not observed.

These results in human fetal brain lend morphological support to the previous findings that aquaporin‐1 and aquaporin‐4 play different roles in the regulation of the water homeostasis of the brain.
Sublingual vs. vaginal misoprostol for induction of labor
Authors: Feitosa F.E.L. , Sampaio Z.S. , Alencar C.A. , Amorim M.M.R. , Passini R.
Published: July 2006

Objective: To compare sublingual with vaginal misoprostol for the induction of labor. Methods: This double‐blind clinical trial randomized 150 women to receive every 6 h 25 μg of sublingual misoprostol and vaginal placebo or 25 μg of vaginal misoprostol and sublingual placebo. Maternal and neonatal outcomes were analyzed and risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) calculated. The significance level was 5%. Results: Vaginal delivery rates were 57% in the sublingual group and 69% in the vaginal group (RR, 0.8; 95% CI, 0.6–1.1). There were 11 cases of fetal distress in the sublingual group and 4 cases in the vaginal group (RR, 2.7; 95% CI, 0.9–8.2). There were no significant differences in the number of doses needed, interval between first dose and delivery, incidence of contractility disturbances, or neonatal results. Conclusion: The administration of misoprostol 25 μg by the sublingual route was neither more effective nor safer than the same dose administered vaginally.
Four‐dimensional sonographic assessment of fetal facial expression early in the third trimester
Authors: Yan Fang , Dai Shu‐Yan , Akther Nasima , Kuno Atsushi , Yanagihara Toshihiro , Hata Toshiyuki
Published: July 2006

Objective: To evaluate the characteristic patterns of facial expression in fetuses aged from 28 to 34 weeks using 4‐dimensional (4‐D) ultrasonography.

Methods: The faces of 10 healthy fetuses aged from 28 to 34 weeks were recorded continuously for 15 min with a 4‐D ultrasonographic machine performing up to 25 frames per second. The occurrence rates of blinking, mouthing, yawning, tongue expulsion, smiling, scowling, and sucking were evaluated.

Results: Mouthing was the most frequent facial expression (median, 6.5; range, 2–19) whereas the least frequent were scowling (median, 1; range, 0–9) and sucking (median, 1; range, 0–2). Mouthing was evident in all fetuses and significantly more frequent than any other movement (P < .05). Yawning (median, 3; range, 0–6), smiling (median, 2; range, 0–9), and blinking (median, 1.5; range, 0–6) were observed in most cases. Tongue expulsion (median, 1.5; range, 0–5), scowling, and sucking were each observed in 6 cases.

Conclusion: 4‐D sonography provides a means of evaluating fetal facial expression early in the third trimester. It may be a key to predicting fetal brain function and well‐being and an important modality in future fetal neurophysiologic research.
Misoprostol and active management of the third stage of labor
Authors: Prata N. , Hamza S. , Gypson R. , Nada K. , Vahidnia F. , Potts M.
Published: July 2006

Objective To compare current practices for the active management of the third stage of labor (AMTSL) with the use of 600 μg of oral misoprostol.

Methods: An operations research study was designed to compare blood loss with current AMTSL practices and misoprostol use.

Results: Women in the misoprostol group were less likely to bleed 500 ml or more (adjusted odds ratio, 0.30; 95% confidence interval, 0.16–0.56) compared with those in the current practices group. In the current practices group 73% women required interventions because of postpartum hemorrhage, compared with 11% in the misoprostol group.

Conclusion: In situations where oxytocin and or ergometrine are not consistently and appropriately used during third stage of labor, misoprostol should be considered for inclusion in the AMTSL protocol.
Bedeutung sozialer Kompetenzen für die Kundenzufriedenheit: Zwei Studien
Authors: Kanning Uwe Peter , Bergmann Nina
Published: July 2006

Zusammenfassung. Zahlreiche Publikationen heben die Bedeutung sozialer Kompetenzen für die Arbeitswelt hervor. Die empirischen Belege hierfür sind jedoch weitaus seltener. Nachfolgend berichten wir von zwei Studien, in denen die Bedeutung der sozialen Kompetenzen von Mitarbeitern eines Dienstleistungsunternehmens in Hinblick auf die Zufriedenheit ihrer Kunden untersucht werden. In der ersten Studie dienen 351 Privatkunden eines Kreditinstitutes (externe Kunden), in der zweiten Studie 192 unternehmensinterne Kunden als Probanden. In beiden Studien erweist sich die soziale Kompetenz der Servicemitarbeiter als der bei weitem wichtigste Prädiktor der Kundenzufriedenheit.
Kinematic models of plate boundary deformation in southwest Iceland derived from GPS observations
Authors: Árnadóttir Thóra , Jiang Weiping , Feigl Kurt L. , Geirsson Halldór , Sturkell Erik
Published: July 2006

We use data from GPS campaign and continuous measurements from 1992 to 2004 in SW Iceland to map the surface velocity field from the Reykjanes Peninsula to the Eastern Volcanic Zone. We divide the time series into preseismic (July 1992 to June 2000) and postseismic (June 2000 to May 2004) time intervals, and we estimate GPS station velocities for each interval as well as coseismic offsets due to the June 2000 earthquake sequence in the south Iceland seismic zone (SISZ). In addition to the plate spreading, the preseismic velocity field shows the effects of inflation at Hengill and Hekla volcanoes, whereas the postseismic velocities show deformation following the June 2000 earthquakes. We consider several kinematic models to explain the preseismic velocities. Our preferred model includes several dislocations and point sources in an elastic half‐space, with left‐lateral slip along the plate boundary on the Reykjanes Peninsula and below the SISZ, opening across the Reykjanes Peninsula, and the Western and Eastern rift zones. The optimal model has a locking depth of about 8 km in the central and eastern part of the Reykjanes Peninsula with a deep slip rate of about 17 mm/yr and an opening of about 9 mm/yr. This locking depth is in agreement with the thickness of the seismogenic crust on the Reykjanes Peninsula, which appears to vary between 7 and 9 km. For the SISZ, we obtain a deep slip rate of about 19 mm/yr below 16 km depth, which is considerably deeper than the earthquake hypocenter depths in the area.
An analysis of the accuracy of Japanese Ocean Flux data sets with Use of Remote sensing Observations (J‐OFURO) satellite‐derived latent heat flux using moored buoy data
Authors: Tomita Hiroyuki , Kubota Masahisa
Published: July 2006

To analyze the accuracy of Japanese Ocean Flux data sets with Use of Remote sensing Observations (J‐OFURO) latent heat flux (LHF), comparisons with moored buoy data are conducted. In the tropical region, J‐OFURO LHF is characterized by large overestimations when buoy LHF has large values. On the other hand, in the midlatitudes, J‐OFURO LHF tends to be underestimated when buoy LHF has large values. We have concluded that these errors are mainly caused by the accuracy of surface air specific humidity. The large scatter between satellite and buoy products is due to the low accuracy of not only specific humidity data but also wind speed data in the midlatitudes. The J‐OFURO LHF bias errors are compared with the bias errors of selected satellite (GSSTF2 and HOAPS1) and reanalysis (NRA1, NRA2, ERA15 and ERA40) data sets.
Organosulfate formation during the uptake of pinonaldehyde on acidic sulfate aerosols
Authors: Liggio John , Li Shao‐Meng
Published: July 2006

Organosulfates are observed in studies of pinonaldehyde reactions with acidic sulfate aerosols using aerosol mass spectrometry, during which a significant fraction of the pinonaldehyde reaction products were found to consist of organosulfate compounds that account for 6–51% of the initial SO4= mass. Resultant aerosol mass spectra were consistent with proposed sulfate ester mechanisms, which likely form stable products. The existence of organosulfates was also confirmed in studies of the reaction system in bulk solution. The formation of organosulfates suggests that conventional inorganic SO4= chemical analysis may underestimate total SO4= mass in ambient aerosols.
Anomalous electron heating and its effect on the electron density in the auroral electrojet
Authors: Milikh G. M. , Goncharenko L. P. , Dimant Y. S. , Thayer J. P. , McCready M. A.
Published: July 2006

Measurements made with the Sondrestrom incoherent scatter radar during the April 17, 2002 magnetic storm are presented. The magnetic storm produced strong convection electric fields with no particle precipitation at Sondrestrom. The observed increase in the E‐region electron temperature was caused by the anomalous electron heating in the altitude range of 100–120 km, where Farley‐Buneman turbulence is localized. An model of anomalous electron heating was validated by comparison with the ISR data. Estimates of electron density perturbations during the strong electric fields show a good agreement with the model that accounts for suppression of the electron/ion recombination rate due to anomalous electron heating. The observed increase in the electron density leads to modification of the ionospheric conductivity. This effect is of importance for ionosphere–magnetosphere coupling, and should be included in global models that are developed for space weather forecast.
Importance of groundwater in the water balance of an alpine headwater lake
Authors: Hood Jaime Lynn , Roy James W. , Hayashi Masaki
Published: July 2006

The response of snow‐ and glacier‐fed mountain streams and lakes to climate warming is of growing concern. A full understanding of these systems must include the role of groundwater, but this is poorly understood, especially for high‐elevation lakes. This study addresses the role of groundwater in an alpine watershed, located at the continental divide of North America, with a focus on quantifying the groundwater exchange with Lake O'Hara in British Columbia, Canada. This is facilitated using a water balance approach and measurements of electrical conductivity in inflowing streams. The water balance indicates that groundwater inflow is substantial, as it was equivalent to at least 30–67% and 35–74% of the total outflow for the 2004 and 2005 field seasons, respectively. Hydrological and chemical data also suggest contributions from both deep and shallow groundwater flow paths.
Numerical study of swirling flow in a cylinder with rotating top and bottom
Authors: Shen Wen Zhong , Sørensen Jens Nørkær , Michelsen Jess A.
Published: July 2006

A numerical investigation of oscillatory instability is presented for axisymmetric swirling flow in a closed cylinder with rotating top and bottom. The critical Reynolds number and frequency of the oscillations are evaluated as function of the ratio of angular velocities of the bottom and the top (ξ=Ωbottom∕Ωtop). Earlier linear stability analysis (LSA) using the Galerkin spectral method by Gelfgat et al. [Phys. Fluids, 8, 2614 (1996)] revealed that the curve of the critical Reynolds number behaves like an “S” around ξ=0.54 in the co-rotation branch and around ξ=−0.63 in the counter-rotation branch. Additional finite volume computations, however, did not show a clear S behavior. In order to check the existence of the S shape, computations are performed using an axisymmetric finite volume Navier-Stokes code at aspect ratios (λ=H∕R) 1.5 and 2.0. Comparisons with LSA at λ=1.5 show that the S shape does exist. The S shape of the stability diagram predicted by LSA is thus confirmed by a finite-volume based Navier-Stokes solver. The additional computations at aspect ratio λ=2 show that the curve of critical Reynolds number has a wider S shape in the co-rotating branch for ξ about 0.7 whereas a sharp “beak” appears in the counter-rotating branch for ξ approximately −0.5.
Double Hopf bifurcation in corotating spiral Poiseuille flow
Authors: Avila Marc , Meseguer Alvaro , Marques Francisco
Published: July 2006

Nonlinear dynamics of the spiral Poiseuille problem for moderate axial through flow is investigated numerically within the corotating regime for medium gap geometry. The neighborhood of a double Hopf bifurcation point of the linear stability boundary, where spiral waves of opposite axial phase propagation compete, is explored by accurately solving time-dependent Navier-Stokes equations with a solenoidal spectral method. The mode interaction generates a quasiperiodic stable regime of interpenetrating spirals, which coexists with stable limit cycles associated with the aforementioned spiral waves of opposite helicoidal orientation. The spatiotemporal properties of the computed solutions are explained and discussed in terms of equivariant bifurcation and normal form theories. Similar flows have also been observed experimentally in the past within the corotating region.
Spatiotemporal properties of solitons excited on the surface of shallow water in a hydrodynamic resonator
Authors: Ezersky A. B. , Polukhina O. E. , Brossard J. , Marin F. , Mutabazi I.
Published: July 2006

We have investigated the spatiotemporal properties of solitons generated on the shallow water surface over a background of a large-scale mode in a hydrodynamic resonator when it is forced near the second frequency mode. We have used the space-time diagrams to highlight the spatiotemporal dynamics of nonlinear fields for two solitons colliding in a resonator and compared them to those of solitons occurring in an unbounded system. A state diagram of experimentally observed modes for different values of the excitation parameters has been obtained. In particular, we have evidenced period doubling and the multistability of nonlinear waves excited in the resonator. For a theoretical description of these experimental results, we have developed a phenomenological model, which leads to amplitude and phase equations of a soliton propagating over the background of a harmonic wave. To reproduce experimental results on the multistability, we have supplemented our analysis with a numerical simulation of a modified system of Boussinesq equations for shallow water, taking into account the dissipation effect
A pseudospectral method to evaluate the fluid velocity produced by an array of translating slender fibers
Authors: Shin Mansoo , Koch Donald L. , Subramanian Ganesh
Published: July 2006

A simulation method for the flow in a fiber suspension is developed based on slender-body theory and a pseudospectral solution of the Navier-Stokes equations. The method is applicable when the Reynolds number Rea=ρUa∕μ based on the fiber radius a is asymptotically small, but it takes account of the effects of fluid inertia on the scale of the fiber half-length l. Here ρ and μ are the fluid density and viscosity, respectively, and U is a characteristic relative velocity between the fiber and the fluid. The method is applied to computing the force and torque due to the translational motion of a cubic array of fibers relative to the fluid as functions of Rel=ρUl∕μ. A comparison of the simulation results with an analytical solution to Oseen’s approximation to the equations of motion verifies the validity of the simulation method.
Temperature, pressure, and concentration jumps for a binary mixture of vapors on a plane condensed phase: Numerical analysis of the linearized Boltzmann equation
Authors: Takata Shigeru , Aoki Kazuo , Yasuda Shugo , Kosuge Shingo
Published: July 2006

The half-space problem of the temperature, pressure, and concentration jumps for a binary mixture of vapors is investigated on the basis of the linearized Boltzmann equation for hard-sphere molecules with the complete condensation condition. First, the problem is shown to be reduced to three elemental ones: the problem of the jumps caused by the net evaporation or condensation, that caused by the gradient of temperature, and that caused by the gradient of concentration. Then, the latter two are investigated numerically in the present contribution because the first problem has already been studied [Yasuda, Takata, and Aoki, Phys. Fluids 17, 047105 (2005)]. The numerical method is a finite-difference one, in which the complicated collision integrals are computed by the extension of the method proposed by Sone, Ohwada, and Aoki [Phys. Fluids A 1, 363 (1989)] to the case of a gas mixture. As a result, the behavior of the mixture is clarified not only at the level of the macroscopic quantities but also at the level of the velocity distribution function. In addition, accurate formulas of the temperature, pressure, and concentration jumps are constructed for arbitrary values of the concentration of the background reference state by the use of the Chebyshev polynomial approximation. The solution of the corresponding problem of a vapor-gas mixture and that of the temperature-jump problem on a simple solid wall are also obtained as special cases of the present problem.
The role of coherent structures in subgrid-scale energy transfer within the log layer of wall turbulence
Authors: Natrajan V. K. , Christensen K. T.
Published: July 2006

The present effort documents the relationship between dominant subgrid-scale energy transfer events and coherent motions within the log layer of wall turbulence. Instantaneous velocity fields in the streamwise–wall-normal plane of a zero-pressure-gradient turbulent boundary layer acquired by particle-image velocimetry at Reτ≡u*δ∕ν=2350 are spatially filtered to generate an ensemble of resolved-scale velocity fields in the spirit of large-eddy simulation. The relationship between subgrid-scale dissipation and embedded coherent structures is then studied using instantaneous realizations and conditional averaging techniques. This analysis reveals that strong forward- and backward-scatter events occur spatially coincident to individual hairpin vortices and their larger-scale organization into vortex packets. In particular, large-scale regions of forward scatter are observed along the inclined interface of the packets, coincident with strong ejections induced by the individual vortices. The most intense forward-scatter events are found to occur when these ejections are opposed by sweep motions. Strong backward scatter of energy is observed at the trailing edge of the vortex packets and weaker backscatter is also noted locally around the individual heads of the hairpin structures. The collective observations presented herein demonstrate that hairpin vortices and their organization into larger-scale packets are important contributors to interscale energy transfer in the log layer of wall turbulence.