bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Maximum fault-free enforcement in Petri nets using supervisory control
Authors: Zheng Juhong , Zhang Lei , Zhang Jingbo , Lv Meibo
Published: September 2024

Fault diagnosis and maximum fault-free execution are essential for the development and operation of computer-integrated systems covering aircraft systems, power grid systems, production processes, etc. This paper focuses on the problem of fault diagnosis and maximum fault-free enforcement of systems modeled by labelled Petri nets. Given a system modeled by a labelled Petri net that may enter deadlocks, an extended basis reachability graph that contains sufficient information to characterize deadlocks is used to compress the state space and verify the diagnosability for the considered system. Furthermore, the proposed graph offers sufficient and necessary conditions for fault-free enforcement and deadlock-free enforcement. Finally, a lock-free event set and a supervisor are designed for a system such that any possible fault or dead behaviour is prohibited in the controlled system.
Mechanical circulatory support as bridge to recovery in an 8-year-old girl with tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy due to atypical atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia: a case report
Authors: Kahl Béatrice Susanne , Marx Manfred , Gass Matthias , Wiedemann Dominik , Michel-Behnke Ina
Published: September 2024

Background

Incessant tachycardias can severely impair cardiac function, which is known as tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy (TIC). The cornerstone of successful therapy is heart rate control. Otherwise, heart failure requiring mechanical circulatory support (MCS) and ultimately heart transplantation may evolve. We report a case of successful weaning from MCS after severe TIC due to the very rarely incessant atypical atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia (aAVNRT) with subsequent successful radiofrequency ablation (RFA).

Case summary

An 8-year-old girl was transferred to our unit with severely impaired cardiac function and went into circulatory collapse, including cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Stabilization was possible only by MCS, first by venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, switched to long-term MCS (Berlin Heart EXCOR® Pediatric). However, pharmacological control of heart rate allowed myocardial recovery and finally the device was successfully explanted. As TIC was causative for the cardiomyopathy, the patient underwent invasive electrophysiological mapping and subsequent curative ablation of an aAVNRT.

Discussion

This case report describes technical considerations of both the special electrophysiological aspects of this rare tachycardia and the weaning protocol from a pulsatile ventricular assist device in a young child who finally recovered from TIC. Pharmacological heart rate control delayed curative RFA until explantation of the MCS.
Impact of antiresorptive agents on mortality risk in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: insights from a nationwide cohort study
Authors: Kim Kyoung Jin , Ahn Seong Hee , Park So Young , Choi Jimi , Bae Gi Hwan , Kim Ha-Young , Kim Kyoung Min ,   KSBMR Epidemiology Study Group, Kim Kyoung Min , Kim Tae-Young , Kim Kyoung Jin , Park Jung Wee , members Committee , Kim Ha-Young , Suh Hae Sun , Chung Hoejeong , Nho Jae-Hwi , Yoo Jun-Il , Jang Miso , Ahn Seong Hee , Park So Young , Lee Seunghyun , Lee Young-Kyun
Published: September 2024

Importance

Osteoporosis-related fractures are associated with increased mortality risk among postmenopausal women, yet the impact of antiosteoporotic medications on mortality is not fully understood.

Objective

This study evaluates the effect of antiresorptive agents (ARs) on mortality risk in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis.

Design

This is a nationwide cohort study using data from the National Screening Program for Transitional Ages (2008-2017).

Setting

Data were derived from a national cohort of postmenopausal women in South Korea.

Participants

This study included 117 871 postmenopausal women diagnosed with osteoporosis. Of them, 15 895 patients who used ARs, such as bisphosphonates or selective estrogen receptor modulators, for at least 1 year were matched 1:1 with nonusers using propensity scores.

Exposures

Exposure to ARs for at least 1 year was compared with no AR use.

Main Outcomes and Measure

Mortality outcomes were assessed using multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression models, focusing on all-cause mortality and cause-specific mortality, particularly cardiovascular disease (CVD) and injury-/fracture-related deaths.

Results

In AR users, there were 102 deaths (mortality rate 1.41 per 1000 person-years), compared with 221 deaths in non-users (mortality rate 3.14 per 1000 person-years), yielding a hazard ratio (HR) of 0.43 (95% CI, 0.34-0.54). Antiresorptive agent users showed a 52% reduction in CVD mortality risk (HR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.34-0.69) and a 54% reduction in injury-/fracture-related mortality risk (HR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.27-0.76). The analysis indicated a consistent decrease in all-cause and CVD mortality risks with longer durations of AR use.

Conclusions and Relevance

The use of ARs in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis is associated with significantly lower risks of all-cause mortality, especially from cardiovascular events and fractures. The mortality reduction benefits appear to be enhanced with prolonged AR therapy, highlighting the potential importance of sustained treatment in this population.
Birth and household exposures are associated with changes to skin bacterial communities during infancy
Authors: Manus Melissa B , Savo Sardaro Maria Luisa , Dada Omolola , Davis Maya , Romoff Melissa R , Torello Stephanie G , Ubadigbo Esther , Wu Rebecca C , Dominguez-Bello Maria Gloria , Melby Melissa K , Miller Emily S , Amato Katherine R
Published: September 2024

Microbial exposures during infancy shape the development of the microbiome, the collection of microbes living in and on the body, which in turn directs immune system training. Newborns acquire a substantial quantity of microbes during birth and throughout infancy via exposure to microbes in the physical and social environment. Alterations to early life microbial environments may give rise to mismatches, where environmental, cultural, and behavioral changes that outpace the body’s adaptive responses can lead to adverse health outcomes, particularly those related to microbiome development and immune system regulation.

This study explored the development of the skin microbiome among infants born in Chicago, USA. We collected skin swab microbiome samples from 22 mother-infant dyads during the first 48 hours of life and again at six weeks postpartum. Mothers provided information about social environments and hygiene behaviors that may impact infants’ microbial exposures. Analysis of 16S rRNA bacterial gene sequencing data revealed correlations between infant skin bacterial abundance shortly after birth and factors such as antibiotic exposure and receiving a bath in the hospital. The composition of the infant microbiome at six weeks of age was associated with interactions with caregivers and infant feeding practices. We also found shifts in maternal skin microbiomes that may reflect increased hygiene practices in the hospital. Our data suggest that factors related to the birth and household environment can impact the development of infant skin microbiomes and point to practices that may produce mismatches for the infant microbiome and immune system.
Accelerated Phenotypic Aging Associated With Hepatitis C Infection: Results From the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2015–2018
Authors: Tao Meng-Hua , Lin Chun-Hui , Lu Mei , Gordon Stuart C
Published: September 2024

Background

Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is associated with early onset of chronic diseases and increased risk of chronic disorders. Chronic viral infections have been linked to accelerated biological aging based on epigenetic clocks. In this study, we aimed to investigate the association between HCV infection and clinical measures of biological aging among 8 306 adults participating in the 2015–2018 waves of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).

Methods

NHANES 2015–2018 participants aged 20 years and older who had complete data on clinical blood markers and HCV-related tests were included in the current study. We estimated biological age using 2 approaches including phenotypic age (PhenoAge) and allostatic load (AL) score based on 9 clinical biomarkers.

Results

After adjusting for demographic and other confounding factors, HCV antibody-positivity was associated with advanced PhenoAge (β = 2.43, 95% confidence interval: 1.51–3.35), compared with HCV antibody-negativity. Additionally, both active HCV infection (HCV RNA (+)) and resolved infection were associated with greater PhenoAge acceleration. The positive association with the AL score was not statistically significant. We did not observe any significant interactions of potential effect modifiers, including smoking and use of drug/needle injection, with HCV infection on measures of biological aging.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that HCV infection is independently associated with biological aging measured by phenotypic age in the U.S. general population. Further studies are warranted to confirm the findings.
Temporary Setback or Lasting Challenge? The Impact of Transient and Persistent Functional Disability on Later-Life Well-Being
Authors: Köhler Thibault , Vanhoutte Bram
Published: September 2024

Objectives

Although most people spend the last years of their life with health limitations, these do not arise at the same time point for everyone or have the same consequences for our well-being. The aim of this study is to investigate how well-being trajectories evolve after the onset of functional disability, comparing affective, cognitive, and eudemonic dimensions, while also assessing how they are influenced by temporary functional disability, distinguishing between persistent and transient cases.

Methods

We reordered longitudinal panel data from Waves 4 to 8 of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe, from more than 3,500 Europeans to align on the transition from no limitation to at least 1 limitation in activities of daily living. We used linear spline growth models separately for each of the 3 well-being measures used (EURO-D, CASP, life satisfaction) to examine trajectories.

Results

We observed a substantial decline in all 3 well-being measures at functional disability onset, with life satisfaction less affected (standardized mean differences = −0.11) than quality of life (−0.23) and depression (−0.27). Short-term disability on average led to a return to the initial well-being level within, whereas long-term disability led to a pronounced decline during the transition with much less adaptation.

Discussion

Our findings highlight the significant impact that functional disability can have on well-being, revealing distinct patterns across various dimensions. Persistent disability often marks a crucial stage in the well-being of older people, whereas transient cases are characterized by a subsequent return to previous levels of well-being.
Exploring the geospatial variations in the public health workforce: implications for diversifying the supply of potential workers in governmental settings
Authors: Onal Sezen O , Martin Skky , Weiss Nicole M , Leider Jonathon P
Published: September 2024

The US public health workforce has markedly declined, falling from 500 000 individuals in 1980 to 239 000 by 2022, a trend exacerbated by economic instability and an aging demographic. There was a temporary surge in staffing through emergency hires during the COVID-19 pandemic, but the permanence of these positions remains uncertain. Concurrently, public health degree conferrals have sharply increased, creating a mismatch between the growing number of graduates and the actual needs of health departments. This study analyzes the distribution of the potential public health labor supply within a 50- and 150-mile radius of health departments, revealing a significant regional imbalance. Most regions experience substantial differences in the concentration of public health graduates when accounting for population size, reflecting geographic disparities in workforce distribution. These findings underscore the necessity for structured partnerships between health departments and educational institutions and advocacy for adaptive policy changes to align educational outputs with labor market demands, essential for a resilient public health workforce.
A roadmap for generating annual bycatch estimates from sparse at-sea observer data
Authors: Yin Yihao , Bowlby Heather D , Benoît Hugues P
Published: September 2024

To support ecosystem-based fisheries management, monitoring data from at-sea observer (ASO) programs should be leveraged to understand the impact of fisheries on discarded species (bycatch). Available techniques to estimate fishery-scale quantities from observations range from simple mean estimators to more complex spatiotemporal models, each making assumptions with differing degrees of support. However, the resulting implementation and analytical trade-offs are rarely discussed when applying these techniques in practice. Using blue shark (Prionace glauca) bycatch in the Canadian pelagic longline fishery as a case study, we evaluated the performance of seven contrasting approaches to estimating total annual discard amounts and assessed their trade-offs in application. Results demonstrated that simple approaches such as mean estimator and nearest neighbors are feasible to implement and can be as efficient for prediction as complex models such as random forest and mixed-effects models. The traditionally used catch-ratio estimator consistently underperformed among all tested models, likely due to misspecified correlative relationships between target and bycatch species. Overall, efforts in model-based approaches were rewarded with very small gains in predictive ability, suggesting that such models relying on environmental, biological, spatial, and/or temporal patterns to improve prediction of bycatch may lack sufficient foundation in data-limited contexts.
Assessing the value of harmful algal bloom forecasts in the Pacific Northwest
Authors: Jin Di , Kourantidou Melina , Weir Michael J , Horstmann Isabella
Published: September 2024

Over the past three decades, fisheries and livelihoods on the coasts of Washington and Oregon have been severely impacted by the presence of harmful algal blooms (HABs) that produce domoic acid, a neurotoxin that accumulates in shellfish and endangers public health. Among others, recreational razor clams and commercial Dungeness crab fisheries along the Pacific Northwest (PNW) have been negatively affected, jeopardizing the economies of coastal communities that depend on tourist revenues and income generated through visits of harvesters in the region. The PNW HAB Bulletin, launched in 2008, publishes forecasts on incoming HAB events, which has enabled managers to increase toxin monitoring in high-risk locations and proceed with selected harvesting at safe beaches and delays or closures of fishing seasons, as required. In light of the value of the HAB Bulletin to local managers and communities and the occasional challenges of securing sufficient resources to ensure its continuation, this study attempts to assess the value of information (VOI) for the predictions provided by the Bulletin. Results of the study show that ongoing financial support of the Bulletin is economically justifiable. The value of HAB forecast is positively related to three primary factors: the frequency of HAB events, the precision of forecast, and the number of social and economic sectors benefiting from the forecast. The expected increase in HAB frequency and intensity due to climate change, coupled with advancements in forecasting accuracy through technological development, is anticipated to enhance the value of the forecast program.
Totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass grafting: experience in 1500 patients
Authors: Claessens Jade , Packlé Loren , Oosterbos Hanne , Smeets Elke , Geens Jelena , Gielen Jens , Van Genechten Silke , Heuts Samuel , Maessen Jos G , Yilmaz Alaaddin
Published: September 2024

OBJECTIVES

Totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass grafting (TECAB) is a minimally invasive approach to achieve surgical revascularization through a minimally invasive approach. Still, data regarding non-robotic TECAB are limited. This report presents the results of a TECAB technique using long-shafted instruments, defined as Endo-CABG, from a single-centre experience in 1500 consecutive patients.

METHODS

One thousand and five hundred patients underwent Endo-CABG between January 2016 and February 2023. Data were collected retrospectively, and patients were followed up for 1 year. The primary outcome of this study was major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE)-free survival. Secondary efficacy outcomes were graft failure and mortality. Furthermore, we analysed factors influencing long-term freedom from MACCE and all-cause mortality.

RESULTS

The mean age was 68 [61–75] years, of which 193 (12.87%) were octogenarians. Multivessel disease was present in 1409 (93.93%) patients, and the mean EuroSCORE II was 1.64 [1.09–2.92] %. All patients underwent full arterial revascularization with bilateral internal mammary grafting in 88.47%. Graft failure occurred in 1.80% of cases after 1 year (n = 27). Thirty-day mortality was 1.73% (n = 26), 1-year survival was 94.7% (95% CI: 93.5–95.9%; n = 26) and 1-year MACCE-free survival was 91.7% (95% CI: 90.2–93.2%). Age, left ventricular ejection fraction, arterial hypertension and urgency were significantly associated with 1-year MACCE-free survival.

CONCLUSIONS

Endo-CABG appears to be a safe procedure, achieves surgical revascularization and provides good outcomes regarding graft failure and MACCE at 1 year, while age, left ventricular ejection fraction, arterial hypertension and urgency were associated with 1-year outcomes.
Smart grid line fault detection based on deep learning image recognition algorithm
Authors: Huang Jianfeng , Wan Qiang
Published: September 2024

Amid the rapid evolution of smart grids, stringent demands for reliability, safety, and efficiency have escalated for transmission lines. Nevertheless, given their extensive coverage and the complexity of their environments, traditional inspection techniques struggle to meet the rigorous standards of real-time monitoring and precision. This paper introduces a novel fault detection approach for smart grid transmission lines, leveraging advanced deep-learning image recognition algorithms. This method improves the YOLOv5 series models by combining the Convolution Attention Module (CBAM), Bidirectional Feature Pyramid Network (BiFPN), and MobileNet-V3 as the feature extraction network of YOLOv5 to achieve defect detection of hardware on transmission lines. CBAM improves the model’s sensitivity to tiny defects by focusing on key areas and features. BiFPN improves detection accuracy and robustness through efficient fusion of multi-scale features. Furthermore, the integration of MobileNet-V3 enhances both the efficiency and precision of feature extraction, ultimately elevating the overall model’s performance. Experimental results show that compared with the original YOLOv5 model, the improved algorithm can achieve 92.89% accuracy and 84.10% recall, which is better than other mainstream target detection algorithms. Especially in the detection of defects in small targets and complex backgrounds, the improved model shows stronger robustness and adaptability. This provides strong technical support for the efficient operation and maintenance of smart grids.
Stability Conditions on Degenerated Elliptic Curves
Authors: Karube Tomohiro
Published: September 2024

We study stability conditions on reducible Kodaira curves obtained from degenerations of elliptic curves. We describe connected components of the spaces of stability conditions and compute the groups of deck transformations of those connected components.
Impact of transferable β-lactamases and intrinsic AmpC amino acid substitutions on the activity of cefiderocol against wild-type and iron uptake-deficient mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: González-Pinto Lucía , Blanco-Martín Tania , Alonso-García Isaac , Rodríguez-Pallares Salud , Outeda-García Michelle , Gomis-Font María Antonia , Fraile-Ribot Pablo Arturo , Vázquez-Ucha Juan Carlos , González-Bello Concepción , Beceiro Alejandro , Oliver Antonio , Bou Germán , Arca-Suárez Jorge
Published: September 2024

Objectives

We aimed to analyse the interplay between impaired iron uptake and β-lactamases on cefiderocol resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Methods

Thirty-one transferable β-lactamases and 16 intrinsic P. aeruginosa AmpC (PDC) variants were cloned and expressed in wild-type (PAO1) and iron uptake-deficient (PAO ΔpiuC) P. aeruginosa backgrounds. MICs of cefiderocol and antipseudomonal β-lactams were determined by reference broth microdilution.

Results

Relative to PAO1, deletion of piuC caused a specific 16-fold decrease in cefiderocol activity but negligible effects on the activity of other β-lactams. Among transferable β-lactamases, SHV-12, KPC Ω-loop mutants, NDMs and OXA-15 showed cefiderocol MIC values above the clinical breakpoint (2 mg/L) when expressed in PAO1. When expressed in PAO ΔpiuC, these and the transformants harbouring PER-1, VEB-1, KPC-2, KPC-3, VIM-1, CMY-2, OXA-2 and OXA-14 showed increased MIC values from 16 to >256 mg/L. The PDC variants carrying the Ω-loop changes ΔP215-G222 (PDC-577), E219K (PDC-221 and PDC-558) and the H10 helix change L293P (PDC-219) had the greatest impact on cefiderocol resistance, with MICs of 2–4 mg/L in PAO1 and of up to 32–64 mg/L in PAO ΔpiuC. Widespread enzymes such as GES, CTX-M-9, CTX-M-15, VIM-2-like enzymes, IMPs, DHA-1, FOX-4, OXA-10, OXA-48 and the other PDC variants tested had weaker effects on cefiderocol resistance.

Conclusion

We add evidence about the effect of the interplay between iron uptake and β-lactamases on the acquisition of cefiderocol resistance in P. aeruginosa. These findings may help to anticipate the emergence of resistance and optimize the use of cefiderocol against P. aeruginosa infections.
Susceptibility of Gram-negative pathogens collected in Israel to ceftolozane/tazobactam, imipenem/relebactam and comparators: SMART 2018–22
Authors: Wise Mark G , DeRyke C Andrew , Alekseeva Irina , Siddiqui Fakhar , Young Katherine , Motyl Mary R , Sahm Daniel F
Published: September 2024

Objectives

To assess the in vitro antimicrobial activity of ceftolozane/tazobactam, imipenem/relebactam and comparator agents against clinical isolates of Gram-negative bacilli collected in Israel from 2018 to 2022.

Methods

Six clinical laboratories each collected up to 250 consecutive Gram-negative isolates per year from patients with bloodstream, intra-abdominal, lower respiratory tract and urinary tract infections. MICs were determined by CLSI broth microdilution and interpreted with 2024 EUCAST breakpoints. Acquired β-lactamase gene carriage was investigated for most ceftolozane/tazobactam- and imipenem/relebactam-resistant isolates.

Results

Among the full collection of Enterobacterales (n = 4420), 95.1% were susceptible to ceftolozane/tazobactam, including 95.3% of putative AmpC/ESBL-positive, non-carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) phenotype Escherichia coli and 86.6% of AmpC/ESBL-positive, non-CRE phenotype Klebsiella pneumoniae. Overall, 99.8% of non-Morganellaceae Enterobacterales (n = 3723) were imipenem/relebactam susceptible including 98% of the MDR isolates. Most Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates (n = 1182) were inhibited by ceftolozane/tazobactam (93.9% susceptible) and imipenem/relebactam (94.7%). Imipenem/relebactam retained activity against ≥78% of cefepime-resistant, ceftazidime-resistant, and piperacillin/tazobactam-resistant P. aeruginosa, while ceftolozane/tazobactam inhibited the greatest percentage of meropenem-resistant P. aeruginosa (67.4%) among comparator β-lactam antimicrobials. Molecular characterization showed the majority of imipenem/relebactam-resistant Enterobacterales harboured a metallo-β-lactamase, while half of the ceftolozane/tazobactam-resistant Enterobacterales carried an acquired ESBL or AmpC. Most of the imipenem/relebactam- and ceftolozane/tazobactam-resistant P. aeruginosa characterized did not possess acquired β-lactamases.

Conclusions

Recent clinical isolates of Enterobacterales and P. aeruginosa collected in Israel were highly susceptible to ceftolozane/tazobactam and imipenem/relebactam.
Comparison of Roka Atlas® System Performance and Health Canada Reference Method for Listeria Detection From Plastic, Sealed Concrete, and Stainless-Steel Surface Samples
Authors: Forghani Fereidoun , Themeli Eni , Mai Tam , Samadpour Mansour
Published: September 2024

Background

There is a high demand in the food industry and in public health for rapid automated methods capable of high-volume sample processing.

Objective

In an unpaired study, Roka Atlas® System performance was compared with Health Canada reference method MFHPB-30 for Listeria spp. (LSP Roka assay) and Listeria monocytogenes (LmG2 Roka Assay) detection on plastic (PL), sealed concrete (SC), and stainless-steel (SS) surfaces (45 samples each per candidate or reference method).

Methods

Seeking shorter enrichment time for the candidate method, R2 medium pre-enrichment for 14, 16, and 24 h at 35°C was combined with the Roka assay. Listeria welshimeri, L. innocua, and L. monocytogenes were employed to individually inoculate each of the three surfaces, with two competing microorganisms within the 10–100-fold higher concentration range.

Results

False negative, false positive, sensitivity, and specificity were 0, 0, 100, and 100%, respectively, for the plastic, sealed concrete, and stainless-steel surfaces, regardless of inoculation level (high, low, and uninoculated) and enrichment time. Candidate method detected 10, 7, and 9 true positives, versus 10, 6, and 10 by the reference method in individually inoculated SS, PL, and SC, respectively.

Conclusions

Probability of detection for all the three surfaces for the Roka Atlas System was comparable to the reference method in this unpaired study.

Highlights

The Roka Atlas System detected targets after as little as 14 h enrichment. Surface type did not negatively affect assay sensitivity or specificity. The Roka Atlas System was comparable to the reference method.
Zearalenone triggers programmed cell death and impairs milk fat synthesis via the AKT-mTOR-PPARγ-ACSL4 pathway in bovine mammary epithelial cells
Authors: Ma Zifeng , Li Qiao , Xu Hongmei , Li Yueyue , Wang Shujin , Xiong Yan , Lan Daoliang , Li Jian , Xiong Xianrong , Fu Wei
Published: September 2024

Zearalenone (ZEN), a mycotoxin from Fusarium fungi, impairs fertility and milk production in female animals; however, the mechanisms remain poorly understood. Using the bovine mammary epithelial cells (MAC-T) as the model, this study investigated the impacts of ZEN on programmed cell death (PCD) and milk fat synthesis and explored the underlying mechanism. We found that 10 ng/mL prolactin (PRL) notably enhanced the differentiation of MAC-T cells, promoting the expression of genes related to the synthesis of milk fat, protein, and lactose. Next, the toxic effects of different doses of ZEN on the differentiated MAC-T with PRL treatment were determined. 10 and 20 μM ZEN significantly reduced cell viability, induced oxidative stress, and triggered PCD (e.g., apoptosis and necrosis). Notably, ZEN exposure downregulated the mRNA/protein levels of critical factors involved in milk fat synthesis by disrupting the AKT-mTOR-PPARγ-ACSL4 pathway. Interestingly, melatonin (MT), known for its antioxidant properties, protected against the above ZEN-induced effects by enhancing the binding of PPARγ to the promoter regions of ACSL4, which led to the upregulated expression of the ACSL4 gene. These results underscored the potential of MT to mitigate the adverse effects of ZEN on mammary cells, highlighting a way for potential therapeutic intervention.
Fighting a New Front on an Old Battlefield: Examining the Development of Topical Antimicrobial Care to Control Burn Wound Sepsis
Authors: Tejiram Shawn , Shupp Jeffrey W
Published: September 2024

Recognition of invasive burn wound sepsis as a major cause of morbidity and mortality in burn-injured patients has profoundly changed the management of burn wounds and its associated complications. The development of effective topical antimicrobial therapy is one of the last major developments of modern burn care and has been driven by major world events and scientific breakthroughs. Topical antimicrobial burn care has evolved from the use of anecdotal remedies to scientific breakthroughs such as Moyer’s successful dilution of silver nitrate solution, Fox’s described benefit of silver sulfadiazine use in animal models, and Pruitt’s dramatic improvement in post-burn mortality using topical mafenide acetate in burn wounds. The objective of this manuscript is to review the definition of burn wound sepsis and highlight the major developments and breakthroughs in topical burn wound care throughout history. This includes historical events like major wars or domestic fires that have influenced or impacted the understanding and treatment of burn wounds. Newer advances in topical antimicrobial care such as nanosilvers and dressing technologies that improve the morbidity and mortality associated with burn wound sepsis and novel approaches to management will also be discussed. To improve burn care, it is prudent to look to the past and learn from the experiences of those who contributed to the control of burn wound sepsis.
Friction Burns: Defining the Rub of Road Rash After Motorcycle Trauma
Authors: Perkins Louis A , Munter Sadie , Johnston William , Lee Jeanne G , Haines Laura N , Doucet Jay J , Smith Alan , Santorelli Jarrett E
Published: September 2024

There is a paucity of literature on friction burn epidemiology, injury characteristics, and management after trauma. This study aims to characterize friction burns resulting from motorcycle accidents, evaluate the role of specialized burn surgery teams, and assess the need for operative intervention. The trauma registry of a Level 1 Trauma Center was queried for all admissions after motorcycle accidents between January 2018 and December 2022. Patients were included if there was an external cause of injury code for an abrasion. Chart review was conducted to confirm a road rash injury, identify burn consultation, wound care recommendations, need for operating room (OR) procedure and skin grafting, and outcomes. Among the 810 patients meeting inclusion criteria, the cohort was 92% male and 46% Hispanic, with a median age of 33 (IQR 26-44) and a median injury severity score of 8 (IQR 5-14). The extremities were most affected by friction burn, followed by the abdomen, thorax, and face. Burn surgery was consulted in 7% (n = 57) of cases which had a median TBSA of 4% (IQR 2%-6%); 23% (n = 13) of these patients underwent excision in the OR, 16% (n = 9) required autografting, and 61% (n = 35) were referred for burn follow-up on discharge. On multivariable regression, consults to burn were more likely in female patients (OR 3.40, P = .002) and those with involvement of the upper extremity, abdomen, or thorax. Friction burns are common after motorcycle-related trauma. Local wound care is sufficient for a vast majority of these injuries and the need for specialized burn care and operative intervention is rare.
Burn Care in the Street: A Survey of the Current Landscape of Burn Care Provided by Street Medicine Teams
Authors: Ross Erin E , Coulourides Kogan Alexis , Johnson Maxwell B , Yenikomshian Haig A
Published: September 2024

People experiencing homelessness are at increased risk for serious burn injuries and face additional barriers to care such as inability to perform wound care and difficulty with follow-up. Although not burn-specific, street medicine (SM) programs provide direct medical care to people experiencing unsheltered homelessness in their own environment and may be well positioned to bridge this gap in burn care for this population. We conducted a cross-sectional survey to characterize the burn care experience of SM teams with providing burn care for people experiencing homelessness. The 60 respondents included 18 (30%) physicians, 15 (25%) nurse practitioners or physician assistants, 15 (25%) registered nurses, 6 (10%) medical students, and 6 (10%) other team members. The most common reported barriers to care were prior negative experiences with emergency departments, and transportation to burn centers. There was regional variability in frequency of providing burn care, which was reflected in respondent comfort with assessing and treating burns. Burns were most often dressed with daily dressings such as a non-adherent dressing over silver sulfadiazine or bacitracin. Silver-based contact dressings were rarely used. Street medicine teams in the United States are treating burn injuries among people experiencing homelessness, though management practices and experience treating burns was variable. As SM programs continue to grow, burn-related education, training, and connections to local burn centers for team members is important. Through strengthened partnerships between burn centers and street medicine teams, these programs may be well positioned to bridge the gap in burn care for people experiencing homelessness.
Differential microRNA expression patterns between TallyHo/JngJ mice and non-diabetic Swiss Webster Random/Jackson mice
Authors: Carro Vázquez David , Emini Lejla , Rauner Martina , Hofbauer Christine , Skalicky Susanna , Wagner Alisia , Grillari Johannes , Diendorfer Andreas B , Hofbauer Lorenz C , Hackl Matthias
Published: September 2024

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) increases the susceptibility of bone fragility. The underlying mechanisms have, however, remained largely unknown. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short single-stranded non-coding RNA molecules with utility as biomarkers due to their easy accessibility and stability in bodily fluids. Here, we aimed to use an unbiased approach to identify miRNAs dysregulated in a polygenic mouse model of T2DM. Genome-wide analysis of miRNAs in serum, BM, and bone from the polygenic TallyHo/JngJ (TH) mice, which recapitulate T2DM in humans, was performed. This analysis was compared to the recommended control Swiss Webster Random/Jackson (SWR/J) and a strain-matched non-diabetic control (TH-ND). When comparing TH mice with TH-ND using an adjusted p-value false discovery rate (FDR) cut-off of 0.2 to identify differentially expressed miRNAs, mmu-miR-466i-5p and mmu-miR-1195 were found to be up-regulated in both serum and in BM. Dysregulated miRNAs were not found in bone tissue. When comparing TH-ND mice with SWR/J using the same FDR cut-off, mmu-miR-351-5p, and mmu-miR-322-3p were upregulated in both BM and serum, while mmu-miR-449a-5p and mmu-miR-6240 were downregulated in BM and serum. Dysregulated miRNAs in BM or cortical bone compared to serum between TH-ND mice and SWR/J were investigated for their cell-type enrichment to identify putative donor cells and their gene target networks. Gene target network analysis revealed genes involved in diabetes-related signaling pathways as well as in diabetic bone disease. Cell-type enrichment analysis identified hsa-miR-449a enriched in immune cells, hsa-miR-592 in hepatocytes and endothelial cells, while hsa-miR-424-3p, hsa-miR-1-3p, and hsa-miR-196b-5p were enriched in mesenchymal stem cells and their derived tissues. In conclusion, our comparative miRNA profiling sheds light on differential expression patterns between SWR/J and both subgroups of TH. No differences were observed between TH and TH-ND, suggesting the genetic background of SWR/J may be responsible for the change of dysregulated miRNA.
Nutrition affects larval survival and the development of morphological traits in male and female flour beetles, but genital size and shape remains canalised
Authors: House Clarissa M , Rapkin James , Janicot Bale Mathilda , Hunt John , Hosken David J
Published: September 2024

The caloric content and macronutrient ratio of diet consumed is a major source of phenotypic variation in most animal populations. While these nutritional effects have been well-documented for a variety of life-history and morphological traits, the effects of nutrition on male genitals are poorly understood but genitals are thought to be more canalised than general morphology and hence less susceptible to variation in nutrition. Even less is known about the effects of nutrition on female genital form, which to our knowledge, have never been investigated. Here we tested for effects of juvenile dietary macronutrients (protein and carbohydrate) on larval survival, adult morphology, including genital size and shape in male and female flour beetles (Tribolium castaneum). We found there was nutritionally induced plasticity in larval survival and morphology, although the latter effect was variable, with body size being most responsive to dietary macronutrients and genital size and shape being least responsive. Functionally equivalent morphological traits in the sexes responded similarly to nutrition. Previously, we showed that the genitalia of male and female T. castaneum are subject to strong stabilising sexual selection, and our current findings suggest that developmental mechanisms reduce the nutritional sensitivity of male and female genitals, possibly to ensure matching during mating.
Linking divergence in phenotypic selection on floral traits to divergence in local pollinator assemblages in a pollination-generalized plant
Authors: Torres-Vanegas Felipe , Temesvári Vanda , Hildesheim Laura S , Rodríguez-Otero Cristina , Müller Vilhelmina , Aukema Easger , Friberg Magne , Opedal Øystein H
Published: September 2024

Divergent patterns of phenotypic selection on floral traits can arise in response to interactions with functionally distinct pollinators. However, there are a limited number of studies that relate patterns of phenotypic selection on floral traits to variation in local pollinator assemblages in pollination-generalized plant species. We studied phenotypic selection on floral traits of Viscaria vulgaris, a plant that interacts with a broad range of diurnal and nocturnal pollinators, and related divergence in phenotypic selection on floral traits to the expected level of divergence in local pollinator assemblages. We detected phenotypic selection on floral traits involved in the attraction of pollinators and the mechanics of pollen removal and deposition, and demonstrated that floral traits are subject to spatiotemporal variation in the strength and direction of phenotypic selection. We revealed that diurnal and nocturnal pollinators, when considered in isolation, mediated divergent patterns of phenotypic selection on floral traits. Consistent with the Grant–Stebbins model, we observed that divergence in phenotypic selection on floral traits increased with the expected level of divergence in local pollinator assemblages. Thus, generalized plant–pollinator interactions can mediate phenotypic selection on floral traits, and distinct local pollinator assemblages can generate a geographic mosaic of divergent patterns of phenotypic selection. We underscore that these outcomes are not exclusive to specialized plant–pollinator interactions and can emerge at a local geographic scale.
Invasive wild boar affected feral hog skull evolution over 25 years in Brazilian Pantanal wetland
Authors: Sicuro Fernando L , de Oliveira Luiz Flamarion B , Ferreira Eduardo , Rocha-Barbosa Oscar
Published: September 2024

The morphological plasticity of the Sus scrofa wild–domestic species complex is evident in both free-ranging morphotypes and domestic breeds. The Brazilian Pantanal feral hog (“porco-monteiro”) evolved after a long-term feralization process and represents a significant proportion of the mammalian biomass in the region. Its coexistence with native fauna brings several ecological impacts, which are mitigated by the Brazilian Pantanal wetland vastness and resource availability. They are a local subsistence game resource but also impact crops and pastures. Around the 2000s to mid-2010s, numerous European wild boar were introduced in Brazil to fulfill a demand for gourmet meat. Wild boar was also introduced to the Brazilian Pantanal as a game species and to breed with porco-monteiro feral hogs in a commercial venture to produce an even more exotic meat. The craze for wild boar meat has since dwindled, but their populations remain widespread and uncontrolled. Moreover, the full impact of the wild boar introduction on feral hog populations is still unknown. This study analyzes the skulls of porco-monteiro feral hogs from the 1990s, 2000s, and 2010s to assess possible morphological and functional variations along with skulls of wild boar and hybrids from Argentina, Uruguay, and Southern Brazil. The results indicate a trend of broadening of feral hog skulls at the coronal plane and a progressive reduction of the semispinalis capitis muscle scars over the decades. Biomechanical analysis denoted a decrease in head-elevation force that could affect the rooting performance of the latest feral hog morphotypes. Taken together, results show that wild boars likely influenced the evolution of the Pantanal feral hog skull. The magnitude of ecomorphological implications of these morphofunctional changes is unknown, as well as its effects in the Brazilian Pantanal wetland ecology.
County-level jail and state-level prison incarceration and cancer mortality in the United States
Authors: Zhao Jingxuan , Kajeepeta Sandhya , Manz Christopher R , Han Xuesong , Nogueira Leticia M , Zheng Zhiyuan , Fan Qinjin , Shi Kewei Sylvia , Chino Fumiko , Yabroff K Robin
Published: September 2024

This study examined the association of county-level jail and state-level prison incarceration rates and cancer mortality rates in the United States. Incarceration rates (1995-2018) were sourced from national data and categorized into quartiles. County- and state-level mortality rates (2000-2019) with invasive cancer as the underlying cause of death were obtained from the National Vital Statistics System. Compared with the first quartile (lowest incarceration rate), the second, third, and fourth quartiles (highest incarceration rate) of county-level jail incarceration rate were associated with 1.3%, 2.3%, and 3.9% higher county-level cancer mortality rates, respectively, in adjusted analyses. Compared with the first quartile, the second, third, and fourth quartiles of state-level prison incarceration rate were associated with 1.7%, 2.5%, and 3.9% higher state-level cancer mortality rates, respectively. Associations were more pronounced for liver and lung cancers. Addressing adverse effects of mass incarceration may potentially improve cancer outcomes in affected communities.
Prescribing a Green Future: A Review of Antimicrobial Waste in Pediatric Hospitals and Practices to Promote Healthcare Sustainability
Authors: Plattner Alexander S , Davidge Karen N , Schweiger Jennifer A , MacBrayne Christine E
Published: September 2024

Pediatric hospitals are uniquely positioned to be impacted by antimicrobial waste. To explore this issue, we reviewed the current literature to identify the reasons, costs, and potential solutions to waste. Identified reasons for waste included weight-based dosing, medication order changes due to changing patient status, loss or expiration of doses, and medication errors. The cost of waste included financial costs, promotion of antimicrobial resistance, and generation of greenhouse gases. Proposed interventions to reduce waste included an early switch from intravenous to oral administration, required stop dates, standardized dosing times, and optimization of the pharmacy batching process. However, additional studies are needed to assess the potential correlation between these proposed interventions and waste reduction. Antimicrobial stewardship programs have been identified as a group that can play a crucial role in partnering to implement these interventions to potentially reduce antimicrobial waste and promote better healthcare sustainability.
Caregiver Adverse Childhood Experiences and Pediatric Infection-Related Outcomes
Authors: Day Melissa E , Duan Qing , Burkhardt Mary Carol , Klein Melissa , Schlaudecker Elizabeth P , Beck Andrew F
Published: September 2024

Background

Higher caregiver-adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been associated with multiple adverse pediatric outcomes. However, no studies have examined links between caregiver ACEs and infectious outcomes like antibiotic prescriptions or infection-related clinical encounters.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective cohort study including patients from 2 pediatric primary care sites, serving predominantly non-Hispanic Black, publicly insured populations. Our outcomes were antibiotic prescriptions and infection-related ambulatory clinical encounters for children 0-3 years old. We captured these outcomes and additional covariates (demographics, health-related social risk screen results, and Socioeconomic Deprivation Index scores linked to geocoded street addresses) from the electronic health record. High (≥4) or low (≤3) caregiver ACEs, and individual ACE question answers, were our exposures. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine associations with any antibiotic use. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to assess the time to first antibiotic exposure and first infection-related visit.

Results

A total of 1465 children 0-3 years were included (50.0% female, 75.0% Black, and 2.6% Hispanic). High caregiver ACEs were not associated with pediatric antibiotic exposure. The presence of caregiver-witnessed parental abuse was associated with a higher likelihood of any antibiotic exposure (odds ratio [OR 1.90]; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2, 3.2) and time to first antibiotic exposure (hazard ratio [HR] 1.77; 95% CI 1.23, 2.56). Sexual abuse of the caregiver was associated with time to first infection-related clinical visit (HR 1.27; 95% CI 1.05, 1.53).

Conclusions

Certain caregiver ACEs were associated with pediatric antibiotic use and infection-related visits. Future studies need to evaluate underlying mechanisms and test effective clinical responses.
Targeting the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway with PNU120596 protects against LPS-induced acute lung injury
Authors: Hou Zixin , Yang Fengrui , Zhang Qiang , Wang Yuxia , Liu Junwen , Liang Feng
Published: September 2024

Objectives

This study investigated the potential therapeutic benefits of PNU120596, a positive allosteric modulator of the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR), in mitigating acute lung injury (ALI) induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in a mouse model. Specifically, we sought to examine the impact of PNU120596 on the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in the context of ALI.

Methods

ALI was induced in mice by LPS administration, and the protective effects of PNU120596 were assessed. Lung injury, lung function, and the inflammatory response were evaluated. Additionally, the activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway was examined, along with the levels of inflammatory factors and oxidative stress markers.

Key findings

PNU120596 significantly ameliorated LPS-induced lung injury, improved lung function, and reduced the inflammatory response in the mouse model of ALI. Furthermore, we observed that PNU120596 inhibited the activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, which was associated with decreased levels of inflammatory factors and oxidative stress markers.

Conclusions

PNU120596 exhibits promising therapeutic potential for the treatment of acute lung injury, potentially by targeting the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. These findings suggest that modulation of the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor with PNU120596 may offer a viable strategy for the management of ALI, warranting further investigation and potential clinical applications.