bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Curious Case of Plagiarism in the Nineteenth Century: James Platt Jr and the Philological Society
Authors: van Baalen Amos
Published: September 2018

James Platt Jr (1861–1910) is not often mentioned in relation to Anglo-Saxon studies. The main reason for his elusiveness is his involvement in a plagiarism case in the early 1880s that resulted in a reprimand from the Philological Society. While the affair has been discussed before on the basis of the correspondence of Pieter Jacob Cosijn (1840–1899) (see Bremmer 1991: xxi–xxiv), this article calls attention to other documents that shed a new light on the particulars of the case. These sources include a biography of Platt written by his brother, correspondence between Platt, Eduard Sievers (1850–1932), and Henry Sweet (1845–1912), as well as the minutes of the Philological Society meetings in which the case was discussed. Combined, these sources not only reveal the exact details of Platt’s plagiarism, but also highlight the role of correspondence in knowledge exchange and scholarly misconduct in the nineteenth century.
The Factual Belief Fallacy
Authors: Van Leeuwen Neil
Published: September 2018

This paper explains a fallacy that often arises in theorizing about human minds. I call it the Factual Belief Fallacy. The Fallacy, roughly, involves drawing conclusions about human psychology that improperly ignore the large background of mostly accurate factual beliefs people have. The Factual Belief Fallacy has led to significant mistakes in both philosophy of mind and cognitive science of religion. Avoiding it helps us better see the difference between factual belief and religious credence; seeing that difference in turn enables us to pose interesting normative questions about various mental states labeled “belief.”
What Cognitive Science of Religion Can Learn from John Dewey
Authors: Van Eyghen Hans
Published: September 2018

I use three ideas from philosopher John Dewey that are of service for Cognitive Science of Religion (CSR). I discuss how Dewey’s ideas on embodied cognition, embedded cognition can be put to work to get a fuller understanding of religious cognition. I also use his ideas to criticizeCSR’s reliance on the modularity of mind thesis
First record of the family Schizodactylidae (Orthoptera: Ensifera) from Thailand, with the description of a new species
Authors: DAWWRUENG PATTARAWICH , PANITVONG NONN , MOOLTHAM KANIN , MEEBENJAMART PONGPIPAT , JAITRONG WEEYAWAT
Published: September 2018

A new species of dune cricket in the family Schizodactylidae, Schizodactylus salweenensis sp. nov. is described from Salween River, Mae Hong Son Province, northwestern Thailand based on both males and females. The Schizodactylidae is recorded for the first time in Thailand. The new species is most similar to Schizodactylus tuberculatus Ander, 1938 and Schizodactylus burmanus Uvarov, 1935 in the morphology of male subgenital plate, but mainly differs in the shape of subgenital plate apex, and the spurs of hind tibiae. The type series was collected from sand dunes along the river. This cricket reaches adulthood during the rainy season.
A new genus of oak gallwasp, Protobalandricus Melika, Nicholls & Stone (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) from California
Authors: NICHOLLS JAMES A. , STONE GRAHAM N. , MELIKA GEORGE
Published: September 2018

We describe a new genus of cynipid oak gallwasp, Protobalandricus Melika, Nicholls & Stone (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini). Protobalandricus gen. nov. includes one previously described species, Disholcaspis spectabilis (Kinsey), which induces stem swelling-like galls on golden cup oaks, Quercus section Protobalanus. Descriptions of the genus and diagnostic characters, including DNA sequence data, are presented.
Study of Electrospinning Parameters and Collection Methods on Size Distribution and Orientation of PLA/PBS Hybrid Fiber Using Digital Image Processing
Authors: Abudula Tuerdimaimaiti , Saeed Usman , Salah Numan , Memic Adnan , Al-Turaif Hamad
Published: September 2018

The Canny Edge-Based Distance Transform and Hough Transform algorithms were successfully implemented to analyze the size distribution and the orientation of the electrospun PLA/PBS hybrid fiber. The effect of polymer concentration, voltage, feed rate and needle-collector distance were
studied. It was found that feed rate of 0.5 ml/h and needle-collector distance of 12 cm is required to generate smooth and uniform hybrid fibers in the smallest size electrospinning with 6 wt.% polymer at voltage of 20 kV. The stationary flat collector with a swaying needle and fast rotating
drum disc with a stationary needle were used for the fiber alignment. In order to improve the size distribution and the orientation of the hybrid fibers it is proposed that the fibers should be collected on the rotary drum disc at 700 rpm or higher speed.
Facile Synthesis of GdF3:Yb3+, Er3+, Tm3+@TiO2–Ag Core–Shell Ellipsoids Photocatalysts for Photodegradation of Methyl Orange Under UV, Visible, and NIR Light Irradiation
Authors: Gao Yu , Ren Xiaodong , Shi Cheng , Zhao Guiyan , Bi Yanfeng , Huang Liangliang , Ding Fu , Sun Yaguang , Xu Zhenhe
Published: September 2018

To enhance solar energy utilization efficiency, goal-directed design of architectures by combining nanocomponents of radically different properties, such as plasmonic, upconversion, and photocatalytic properties may provide a promising method to utilize the most energy in sunlight.
In this work, a new strategy was adopted to fabricate a series of plasmonic Ag nanoparticles decorated GdF3:Yb3+, Er3+, Tm3+-core@porous-TiO2-shell ellipsoids, which exhibit high surface area, good stability, broadband absorption from
ultraviolet to near infrared, and excellent photocatalytic activity. The results showed that photocatalytic activities of the as-obtained photocatalysts was higher than that of pure GdF3:Yb3+, Er3+, Tm3+ and GdF3:Yb3+, Er3+,
Tm3+@TiO2 samples through the comparison of photodegradation rates of methyl orange under UV, visible, and NIR irradiation. The possible photocatalytic mechanism indicates that hydroxyl radicals and superoxide radical play a pivotal role in the photodegradation. Furthermore,
the materials also showed exceptionally high stability and reusability under UV, visible, and NIR irradiation. All these results reveal that core–shell hierarchical ellipsoids exhibit great prospects for developing efficient solar photocatalysts.
Simultaneous Detection of Hydroquinone and Catechol Using Platinum Nanoparticles Decorated Graphene/Poly-Cyclodextrin/Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) Nanocomposite Based Biosensor
Authors: Huang Xiaomei , Deng Xiang , Qi Wenjing , Wu Di
Published: September 2018

Graphene cyclodextrin prepolymer (pre-CD)-multiwall carbon nanotubes (Gr-CDP-MWCNTs) nanocomposites modified on glassy carbon electrode (Gr-CDP-MWCNTs/GCE) are prepared and then platinum particles (PtNPs) are electrodeposited on it. The simultaneous determination of hydroquinone (HQ)
and catechol (CC) at PtNPs/Gr-CDP-MWCNTs/GCE is reported in the present work. Synergistic effect of nanomaterials, host-guest chemical reaction ability of CDP, the stacking interaction between detected molecules and Gr-MWCNTs surface are considered as the main reasons of successfully simultaneous
detection of HQ and CC. Cyclic voltammetry (CV), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and different pulse voltammetry (DPV) are employed to characterize the proposed PtNPs/Gr-CDP-MWCNTs electrochemical biosensor. The prepared PtNPs/Gr-CDP-MWCNTs sensor shows linear response ranges of 0.05–27.2
μM and 0.1–27.2 μM and have low detection limits (S/N = 3) of 0.015 μM and 0.03 μM for simultaneous electrochemical determination of HQ and CC, respectively. It is also applied for the measurement of HQ and CC in local river water samples with
recoveries from 98.0 to 102.0% and from 99.3 to 101.5%.
One-Step Pyrolysis Transformation of Mulberry Leaves Followed by Electrochemical Treatment: Preparing of M (M = Pt, Au) Nanoparticles Incorporated Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanoporous Structures as Efficient Electrocatalyst for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Guan Lihao , Li Changqing , Sun Fengzhan , Hu Lianglu , Gao Feng , Lin Yuqing
Published: September 2018

To facilely develop low-cost and efficient hydrogen evolution electrocatalysts, catalyst with low content of platinum on nitrogen-doped carbon nanoporous structures were prepared for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). This study firstly demonstrated the one-step pyrolysis transformation
of conveniently accessible mulberry leaves to obtain nitrogen-doped nanoporous carbons (N-NPCs) for hydrogen evolution reaction. After electrochemical treatment, the obtained N-NPCs-ET with Pt as counter electrode exhibited an unexpected high hydrogen evolution activity, which had low onset
overpotential of 100 mV and a Tafel slope of 60 mV dec−1. N-NPCs-ET maintained catalytic activity for at least 10 h in 0.5 M H2SO4 solution. The enhanced HER performance was relevant to the incorporation of Pt nanoparticles, which were dissolved from
anodic Pt counter electrode in acid media and precipitated into cathodic N-NPCs surface again. Moreover, for the first time, we found that with a gold electrode as the counter electrode, Au nanoparticles could be incorporated into N-NPCs by electrochemical treatments and the formed Au nanoparticles
decorated N-NPCs possessed efficient catalytic activity toward HER.
A Review on NanoPCR: History, Mechanism and Applications
Authors: Ali Zeeshan , Jin Gang , Hu Zhili , Wang Zhifei , Khan Muhammad Ammar , Dai Jianguo , Tang Yongjun
Published: September 2018

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is one of the most common technologies used in many laboratories to produce millions of copies of targeted nucleic acid under in vitro conditions. However, PCR faces multiple challenges including limited availability of DNA in the sample, high
GC contents of the template, low efficiency, and specificity in amplification. Moreover, some DNA fragments are very difficult to amplify due to their secondary structure and high melting temperature requirement. To overcome these challenges, many approaches including the application of PCR
additives in PCR mixture; change in instrument design; optimization of PCR system by using the accurate concentration of magnesium ions, primers, and cycle number; enzyme modification; and setting up the new touchdown and nested PCR strategies have been adopted. Although these approaches have
enriched the output of PCR, they are not all-purpose and optimization can be case dependent. Nanometer-sized materials (nanomaterials) have offered a possible solution to these problems as these materials have exceptional physio-chemical properties as compared to macroscopic materials. Among
these nanomaterials, silicon-based materials, carbon-based materials, semiconductor quantum dots (QDs), and some metals are well-known PCR enhancer. Hence, new PCR has been designed to utilize the unique properties of nanomaterial and is known as nanomaterial-assisted PCR or simply nanoPCR.
Results of many studies have shown that the combination of these nanomaterials and biomolecules can mimic the DNA replication process successfully as present in the living organism. In this review, we have discussed the role of these different nanomaterials one by one and also discussed the
mechanisms through which these nanomaterials enhance the efficiency of PCR.
Uniform and Well-Dispersed LuBO3 Hollow Microspheres: Synthesis, Formation and Photoluminescence Properties
Authors: Gao Yu , Xu Baotong , Ai Feixue , Zhao Guiyan , Bi Yanfeng , Huang Liangliang , Ding Fu , Sun Yaguang , Xu Zhenhe
Published: September 2018

A hard template strategy is developed to fabricate the LuBO3: Eu3+/Tb3+ hollow microspheres using a novel multi-step transformation synthetic route for the first time with polystyrene (PS) spheres as the template, followed by the combination of a facile
homogeneous precipitation method, an ion-exchange process, and a calcination process. The results show that the as-obtained LuBO3: Eu3+/Tb3+ hollow spheres have a uniform morphology with an average diameter of 1.8 μm and shell thickness of about 80
nm. When used as luminescent materials, the emission colors of LuBO3: Eu3+/Tb3+ samples can be tuned from red, through orange, yellow and green–yellow, to green by simply adjusting the relative doping concentrations of the activator ions under the excitation
of ultraviolet (UV) light, which might have potential applications in the field such as light display systems and optoelectronic devices.
High-Performance Supercapacitors Based on ɛ-MnO2/RGO Fiber Electrodes for Wearable Energy Storage
Authors: Liu Xibin , liao Gaohua , Qi Xiang , Mei Xiaoan , Wang Jifei , Wei Yong , Qian Kun , Li Chang , Tao Wei , Tao Jiayou
Published: September 2018

Hybrid fibers based on MnO2/reduced graphene oxide have been fabricated for flexible energy storage devices. Graphene oxide nanoflakes were reduced in a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) pipeline under the appropriate condition to develop a fiber current collector, which also provides
the possibility of weaving. The RGO fiber with the radius of about 35 μm has a resistance of 150 Ω · cm. MnO2 nanoflakes directly grow on the RGO fiber surface acting as the electrode material of the device. The MnO2/RGO hybrid fibers provide excellent
energy storage performances. The as-fabricated SC exhibits a high areal capacitance of 1.37 F·cm−2 at the scan rate of 1 mV·s−1, and outstanding long-term cycling stability of 93.75% retention after 5000 cycles. This work demonstrates a cost-effective
and versatile strategy for wearable energy storage devices.
Ultrashort Lipopeptides Self-Assembled with Gold Nanoparticles as Potent Antimicrobial Agents
Authors: Fan Dongxiao , Yao Chen , Zhou Wenya , Li Xinsong
Published: September 2018

To develop new antimicrobial synthetic lipopeptides with optimizing peptide length, cationic tripeptides RWR/WRR were N-terminal fatty acylated, and self-assembled with 1-dodecanethiol-anchored gold nanoparticles (Au-DT NPs) via hydrophobic interaction. The ultrashort lipopeptides and
their nano-assemblies were effective against a variety of microorganisms, with minimal inhibitory concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 8 μg/mL. Hemolysis analysis and in vitro cytotoxicity assay revealed that self-assembling with Au-DT NPs would improve biological toxicity of
lipopeptides, especially for the most active lipopeptides (Palmitoyl-RWR, Palmitoyl-WRR) with long lipid tails. As lipopeptides/ Au-DT NPs displayed slower bactericidal kinetics compared with free lipopeptides, the mode of action was further investigated. Difference in membrane targeting mechanism
between lipopeptides and their nano-assemblies may be attributed to the structural architecture. The simple composition and diverse specificities of lipopeptides/Au-DT NPs, as well as their biocompatibility could make them as economically available potent antimicrobial agents for various applications.
Ordered Silica Nanosphere Templates: Large-Area Assembly and Characterization
Authors: Su Qianqian , Liu Chang , Dong Ao , Xu Pengfei , Qian Weiping
Published: September 2018

Ordered silica nanosphere templates, which are usually known as colloidal crystals, are most widely used to prepare ordered porous nanostructure materials among the templates to fabricate nanostructure materials. We present here a method for the simultaneous assembly of multiple ordered
silica nanosphere templates with same quality, in which a glass trough together with a stand was used as the experimental cell. Two different diameters of silica colloidal particles were selected for our experiments, namely ∼190 nm and ∼280 nm. The growth process, thickness and optical
properties of films of silica nanospheres on substrates were studied. The particle sedimentation and solvent evaporation both play a role in determining particle volume fractions. In addition, the standard deviation of the diameter of the particles affects the optical properties of the films
along the growth direction. There was almost no difference observed in our measurements of the film thickness and optical properties for both the same regions of different films and different regions of the same film along the direction perpendicular to the growth direction. The elucidation
of the growth process and characterization of the film properties achieved in this study could help us to obtain better quality templates. This is the first systematic study of the evolution of the thickness and optical properties of ordered silica nanosphere films formed by a simultaneous
assembly process.
A Numerical Study of the Effects of Nano-Biological Scaffolds on Inflammatory Vascular Wall
Authors: Xiong Yonggang , Tian Wanpeng
Published: September 2018

This research investigated the effect of different nano-biological scaffolds on blood vessel walls by numerical analysis. The dynamics behavior of fluids and the mechanical property of vessel wall were studied when the blood vessel wall was in the state of inflammation. Employing straight
and bent blood vessels as 3D models, this research simulated the blood flow in the inflammatory blood vessels and put forward the mathematical method to analyze mechanical characteristics of the vessel walls under the condition of the bi-directional coupling. At the same time, the impact of
the nano-biological scaffolds was explored. The results showed that the thrombus in the inflammatory blood vessels significantly influenced the dynamics behavior of blood fluids. The blood velocity in the rectangular mesh nano-biomaterials was greatly decreased. It concluded that the numerical
method was feasible to estimate signal feedbacks. Simulating the fluid dynamics behavior in the inflammatory blood vessels, the mechanical characteristics of the vessel wall under the condition of the two-way coupling was consistent with the medical facts. Moreover, the clogging degree had
significantly influence on the inflammation of vessel wall. These findings facilitated health care workers to employ proper nano-biological scaffolds in the thrombosis treatment.
Controllable Synthesis of Marks Decahedral Pd Nanoparticles via Etching
Authors: He Jieting , Wang Tianran , Qi Weihong , Li Yejun
Published: September 2018

Marks decahedral nanoparticles have attracted significant attention in recent years. In this work, a method of synthesizing Marks decahedron via etching regular decahedral nanoparticles is proposed and verified by Pd nanoparticles, which shows a high yield of Marks decahedron. The present
work suggests that one can tune the concave size of Marks decahedral via controlling the etching time and the amount of Poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP). The thermal stability of Marks nanoparticles is explained by Bond-Energy model, which predicts the largest groove to be the most stable configuration.
Moreover, the present method can be extended to synthesize Marks decahedral nanoparticles of other elements, and is of great significance for further studies and applications of Mark decahedral nanoparticles.
On the Problem of Atmospheric Perturbations
Authors: Baur Franz
Published: September 2018

The following short paper was read by Dr. Baur at the Edinburgh Meeting of the Meteorology Association of the International Geodetic and Geophysical Union in July 1936; it gives his views on two of the Themes (A and B) on the Agenda of the meeting (see Bulletin, Feb., 1936, p. 53–4). Dr. C. F. Brooks and Mr. I. I. Schell have rendered the translation from the original German MS, loaned us by Mr. R. H. Weightman of the U. S. Weather Bureau, Washington. Appended to the article are some abstracts and comments on Dr. Baur's paper on the importance of the stratosphere in the broad-weather situations in Western Europe published in 1936 (Met. Zts., p. 237) which shows the same ideas used in application to long-range (10-day) forecasting. We print the article with the kind permission of Dr. Baur. See also Dr. Baur's latest paper in Met Zts., Dec. 1937.
Circulation of Ozone in the Upper Atmosphere
Authors: Coblentz W. W.
Published: September 2018

A description is given of measurements of the spectral quality of ultraviolet solar radiation, of wave lengths shorter than about 3300Å, made with a Ti-photoelectric cell and filter radiometer. A close parallelism is noted in the variation in filter transmission with variation in barometric pressure, in agreement with the well-known variation in the amount of atmospheric ozone that accompanies changes in air pressure.

A notable example is described where the wave of low barometric pressure preceded, by 5 to 6 hours, an appreciable increase in atmospheric ozone, apparently indicating which was cause and which was effect and suggesting a method of studying air circulation in the stratosphere.
Prosocial Identities and Youth Violence
Authors: Na Chongmin , Paternoster Ray
Published: September 2018

Objective:

Despite a recent surge of interest in the important role that identity change plays in the desistance process, much of the empirical work has been qualitative and conducted with small samples, usually of serious adult offenders. Drawing on a nationally representative sample of adolescents in South Korea, this study explores how the development of their prosocial identity is related to their own social bond and network and collectively how this process relates to a downward trend in violent behavior.

Method:

Negative binomial random effects models were estimated to assess the within-individual effects of the proposed predictor and mediators on the outcome variable. Then, longitudinal path analyses were conducted to explore the overall and specific mediation processes.

Conclusion:

First, there is an inverse relationship between prosocial identity and violent behavior across time. Second, our own identity of self might not be entirely a social construction based on others’ appraisals but is intimately connected to the actions that we intentionally take. Third, positive effects of a prosocial identity on subsequent violence are mediated primarily by the avoidance of association with delinquent peers. Theoretical implications and limitations are discussed.
Preparing Preservice Music Teachers to Teach in PreK Settings through the Use of Service Learning
Authors: Legette Roy M.
Published: September 2018

Teacher education programs have long recognized field experience as an essential part of the professional development of aspiring teachers. While much attention has been given to providing preservice music teachers with rich and varied field experiences in grades K through 12, experiences in prekindergarten field settings are much less common. This article discusses the need for preK field experiences in music teacher education programs, the value of service learning as an integral part of these experiences, and preservice music teachers’ perceptions regarding their experiences in a prekindergarten service-learning practicum. While the challenges of service learning are acknowledged, its capability of promoting student growth while providing service to the community is underscored.
Oikopolitics, regulation and privacy: An essay on the governmental nature of the right to private life
Authors: Nasir Muhammad Ali
Published: September 2018

This essay focuses on the interrelationship of regulation and private life in human rights. It argues three main points. (1) Article 8 connects the question of protection of private lives and privacies with the question of their management. Thus, Article 8 orients regulatory practices to private lives and privacies. (2) Article 8’s holders are autonomous to the extent that laws respect their private lives and privacies. They are not autonomous in a ‘pre-political’ sense, where we might expect legal rules to protect an already autonomous private life or privacy. (3) Article 8 does not simply prohibit or permit acts. In certain cases, it also ‘enables’ acts. Then, this essay introduces the idea of oikopolitics. This idea allows us to capture these three points in a useful manner. By this idea, this essay means the context (a) where the interpretation of privacy reaches out to broader social practices and norms and (b) where the status of rights-holders living their private lives makes them objects of attention.
Cisplatin Effects in Lung Adenocarcinoma-bearing Mice, Alone and in Combination with Erlotinib
Authors: Sharp Cierra N.
Published: September 2018

Cisplatin causes nephrotoxicity that can lead to the development of acute kidney injury or chronic kidney disease. However, the current mouse model of cisplatin nephrotoxicity is neither physiologically nor clinically relevant. Our goal was to improve upon these deficits by developing a repeated, low-dose regimen of cisplatin and combining it with a transgenic mouse model of lung adenocarcinoma. This overview details how addressing these deficits have improved our understanding of cisplatin-induced kidney injury.
Solid-State Polyimide Foaming from Powder Precursors: Effect of Morphology and Process Parameters on the Diffusive Phenomena
Authors: Cano Camilo I. , Weiser Erik S. , Pipes R. Byron
Published: September 2018

Solid poly(amic acid) (PAA) precursor is used for foaming into microspheres or foams depending on whether the powder particles are free or confined inside a mold. Solid-state foaming of powder precursors is studied by examining concurrent and competitive phenomena that determine the morphology and physical properties of the foam unit cell. Simultaneous analysis through thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) and modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC) is proposed for the characterization of important transitions during the blowing process. Effects of particle size and shape on bubble growth will be addressed.
Acoustics and Forming of Novel Polyolefin Blend Foams
Authors: Subramonian Suresh , Remy Laurent , Schroer Dan
Published: September 2018

Novel acoustical materials have been developed for sound absorption and insulation. The materials are macrocellular thermoplastic foams made from blends of polyethylene and polypropylene. The closed cell foams exhibit good acoustic performance over a broad frequency range and are especially effective at low frequencies. The foams are able to withstand high service temperature environments in industrial applications. Other advantages, relative to conventional acoustic media, include resilience, structural integrity, ease of fabrication, moisture resistance and recyclability. Techniques to improve the acoustical performance by profiling the foam with Helmholtz resonators and quarter wave attenuators are discussed.

Forming is the shaping of thermoplastic foams by the application of heat and pressure. This process is used to make acoustic parts with the desired shape and size for space constrained applications such as appliance and automotive. This process can also be used to modify the skin quality and surface aesthetics of the foam. Studies were conducted in laboratory scale equipment to determine the process conditions for forming polyolefin foam and to evaluate the effect on cell structure, foam properties and acoustics. Techniques to preserve the acoustical performance of the foam during the forming process are reviewed.
Mass Transport of Cell Gases in Carbon Dioxide Blown PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) Foam Insulation
Authors: Mangs Sara , Ramnäs Olle , Jarfelt Ulf
Published: September 2018

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) foam is a possible replacement option for polyurethane (PUR) foam as insulation material in district heating pipes. In this study, the diffusion coefficients and activation energies of cell gases in carbon dioxide blown PET foam (densities 148–157 kg·m−3) were determined at temperatures between 23 °C and 90 °C. The foam thermal ageing due to the mass transport of air into and carbon dioxide out of the foam was about ten times slower in PET foam than in PUR foam. The thermal conductivities of the PET foam boards were determined in a heat flow meter apparatus. The contribution to the foam thermal conductivity due to conduction in the solid polymer and radiation within the cell voids was determined to 17 mW·m−1·K−1 at 20 °C. This is higher than the value estimated for PUR foam in district heating pipes, 12 mW·m−1·K−1. This contribution can probably be reduced by developing low density PET foam and reducing the cell size.
Influence of Mould Temperature on the Thickness of a Skin Layer and Impact Strength in the Microcellular Injection Moulding Process
Authors: Lee Jung Joo , Cha Sung Woon
Published: September 2018

The thickness of a skin layer on the parts made by a microcellular injection moulding process may influence its properties, including impact and tensile strength, density and sound transmission. Therefore it is necessary to study the variations in skin layer thickness with processing parameters.

In this paper, the influences of temperatures in the mould cavity on the skin layer's thickness are addressed. In addition, the relationship between the temperature distributions across the cavity of the mould, with impact strength on parts made using a microcellular injection moulding process, was addressed. *TSL, the temperature at which the skin layer forms, was proposed. According to previous studies, TSL is expected to be similar to the polymer melting point for semi-crystalline polymer and the glass transition temperature for amorphous materials. In addition, a method to predict variations in skin layer thickness with mould temperature is discussed.
Effect of Weld Lines on the Injection Moulding of Structural Foams. I. Foam Morphology
Authors: Leduc Simon , Rodrigue Denis
Published: September 2018

The effect of weld lines on the morphology of injection moulded structural polymer foams was studied. In this first part, the effect of processing conditions on density and morphology of high density polyethylene foams is reported. In particular, the effect of density reduction and injection speed was investigated. The results indicate that for lower density foams, skin thickness decreases substantially along flow path and cells collapse is present. At the weld line, local reduction of skin thickness and cell size is related to the formation of a V-notch prior the final expansion and to higher pressures generated by the difficulty to expulse the entrapped air inside the mold. As of the effect of injection speed, cell size and skin thickness differences between samples with or without weld lines were observed and explained by time and gravity effects.
Mechanical, Morphological and Thermal Properties of Rigid Polyurethane Foam: Effect of the Fillers
Authors: Thirumal M. , Khastgir Dipak , Singha Nikhil K , Manjunath B.S. , Naik Y.P.
Published: September 2018

Rigid polyurethane foam (PUF) having different fillers such as precipitated silica (SiO2), precipitated calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and glass powder (GP) were prepared by blowing with distilled water. The effect of filler loading on different properties of PUF was studied. In this investigation, the filler content was varied from 5 to 50 parts per hundred of polyol (phr) by weight. The properties such as density, mechanical, morphological, water absorption, thermal conductivity and thermal properties of the filled PUF were compared with the neat PUF. The density of silica filled PUF decreases with an increase in the filler loading. In case of calcium carbonate and glass powder the density initially decreases with filler loading, but after a certain concentration of fillers there is an increase in density with filler content. The mechanical properties such as compressive stress at 10% strain, compressive modulus and hardness of the filled PUF decrease in comparison with the neat PUF, due to the reaction between isocyanate and surface functional group present in filler.

In all cases, the water absorption of the PUF increases with the increase in filler loading, due to the decrease in the closed cell content. The thermal conductivity analysis of PUF shows that the insulation properties decrease with the increase in silica as well as CaCO3 loading. This is mainly due to formation of open and damaged cell structure. However, when glass powder is used as filler the thermal conductivity first decreases, but later increases with filler loading.
Effect of Saturation Pressure on Equivalency of Decompression Time and Foaming Temperature on Cell Density of Foamed Polystyrene
Authors: Nakano Susumu , Shimbo Minoru , Misawa Akihiro
Published: September 2018

In this paper, the effect of saturation pressure on the time-temperature equivalent law of the decompression rate (decompression time) and foaming temperature of the cell density, the number of cells per unit volume remaining in foamed plastic was discussed. The foaming was carried out in the method described be by using batch foaming process. The blowing agent was soaked into the resin as a solid state at various high saturation pressures under temperatures higher than the glass transition temperature of the resin. After foaming agent reached its saturation state, cell nucleation and cell growth were accelerated by decompression. Finally, cell growth was halted by cooling. The polystyrene (PS) specimens were foamed under the various saturation pressures, foaming temperatures and decompression rates. The following results were obtained. (1) Cell density of foamed PS shows time and temperature dependence as follows. The cell density increases when the decompression rate is quick, i.e. the decompression time is shortened at the condition of low foaming temperature, and cell density decreases when the decompression rate is slow, i.e. decompression time is lengthened at the condition of high foaming temperature under various saturation pressures. (2) The time-temperature equivalent law is maintained between the time dependence and temperature dependence of the cell density of foamed PS, and it can expressed with the same time-temperature shift factor if the decompression rate is the same even if saturation pressure changes.
High Strength and High Thermal Conductivity Carbon Foam Reinforced with Graphite Nanoparticles
Authors: Wang Yong , Xu Zhi , An Qingqing , Wang Yimin
Published: September 2018

A novel carbon foam with high strength and high thermal conductivity was prepared through the incorporation of graphite nanoparticles into coal tar based mesophase pitch precursor. Carbon foam was obtained after carbonization and graphitication of pitch foam formed by the pyrolysis of coal tar based mesophase pitch mixed with graphite nanoparticles in a high pressure and temperature chamber. The foam had possessed high strength and exceptional high thermal conductivity. SEM observation showed that less micro cracking appeared on the cell wall of foam by the addition of graphite nanoparticles. The test of thermal conductivity and mechanical properties shows that the thermal conductivity of modified carbon foam could reach 195 W/m.K. The mechanical properties were improved markedly, and compressive strength was increased from 2 MPa to 18.8 MPa when the additive amount of graphite nanoparticles was 8%.
Perception and experience of musical emotions in schizophrenia
Authors: Kerkova Barbora
Published: September 2018

The schizophrenic disturbance of affective processing has seen a welcome revival in academic inquiry. However, laboratory research on emotion in schizophrenia has largely drawn on facial and prosodic stimuli and the suitability of this practice has been questioned. This article aims to explore the utility of musical material, and to motivate its use in research on emotion in schizophrenia. The article lists some of the empirical advantages of musical material and describes key auditory and affective deficits which could alter musical emotions in schizophrenia. Existing findings pertaining to the perception and experience of musical arousal and valence in schizophrenia are reviewed and compared with nonmusical findings. Results suggest that schizophrenia affects the recognition of both musical and nonmusical emotions. However, musical and nonmusical emotions appear to differ in that: 1) musical emotions are more arousing, 2) negative musical emotions stimulate approach tendencies, and 3) both the perception and experience of musical emotions share these characteristics. These differences are presently unexplained and warrant further investigation. An improvement in the use of musical material in research on emotion in schizophrenia is justified.
What helps jazz musicians name tunes from harmony? The relationship between work with harmony and the ability to identify well-known jazz standards from chord progressions
Authors: Jimenez Ivan , Kuusi Tuire
Published: September 2018

Research has shown that musical training is associated with a greater ability to aurally connect chord progressions to specific pieces of music. However, it is unclear what specific aspects of musical training contribute to that ability. The present study investigated the effects of various aspects of professional and amateur jazz musicians’ formal training and work with harmony on their ability to identify well-known jazz standards from chord progressions. For participants who were able to identify songs from commercial recordings in this experiment, general long-term involvement with activities believed to increase awareness of harmony, such as playing a harmonic instrument, playing chords by ear, and transcribing harmonic progressions was often not enough to enable them to identify songs from their chord progressions alone. Additionally, the ability to identify songs from chord progressions was most strongly correlated with having played and being able to write out the chord labels of the target pieces from long-term memory. Implications of these and other results of this experiment for our understanding of jazz musicians’ processing and memory of harmonic information are discussed.
Evaluation of Mix Designs for Rapid Construction of Bonded Concrete Overlays on Asphalt
Authors: Fernandez Julio Paniagua , Fernandez Fabian Paniagua , Harvey John , Mateos Angel
Published: September 2018

Road users in California have a low tolerance for delays during pavement rehabilitation. Therefore, the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) is interested in evaluating bonded concrete overlays on asphalt (BCOA) as a potential rehabilitation alternative for distressed asphalt pavement. The use of high early strength concrete to facilitate rapid construction of BCOA has not been used in other U.S. states. This paper summarizes a complete study for the evaluation of concrete mix designs for rapid construction of BCOA that were placed on a set of full-scale test sections for accelerated pavement testing. Two types of mixes were created according to selected targets for opening times (OT) to traffic. The concrete mixes for use in night closures require an opening time of four hours, and the mixes for use in 55-hour weekend closures require an OT of 10 hours. Type III Portland cement and calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) cement were used to design the 4H-OT mixes. Two 10H-OT mixes were designed using the same Type II/V portland cement. One of the 10H-OT mixes included light weight aggregate instead of a portion of conventional sand to evaluate the effects of this approach for internal curing to reduce drying shrinkage stresses.
Is There a Pathological Gait Associated With Common Soft Tissue Running Injuries?
Authors: Bramah Christopher , Preece Stephen J. , Gill Niamh , Herrington Lee
Published: September 2018

Background:

Previous research has demonstrated clear associations between specific running injuries and patterns of lower limb kinematics. However, there has been minimal research investigating whether the same kinematic patterns could underlie multiple different soft tissue running injuries. If they do, such kinematic patterns could be considered global contributors to running injuries.

Hypothesis:

Injured runners will demonstrate differences in running kinematics when compared with injury-free controls. These kinematic patterns will be consistent among injured subgroups.

Study Design:

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods:

The authors studied 72 injured runners and 36 healthy controls. The injured group contained 4 subgroups of runners with either patellofemoral pain, iliotibial band syndrome, medial tibial stress syndrome, or Achilles tendinopathy (n = 18 each). Three-dimensional running kinematics were compared between injured and healthy runners and then between the 4 injured subgroups. A logistic regression model was used to determine which parameters could be used to identify injured runners.

Results:

The injured runners demonstrated greater contralateral pelvic drop (CPD) and forward trunk lean at midstance and a more extended knee and dorsiflexed ankle at initial contact. The subgroup analysis of variance found that these kinematic patterns were consistent across each of the 4 injured subgroups. CPD was found to be the most important variable predicting the classification of participants as healthy or injured. Importantly, for every 1° increase in pelvic drop, there was an 80% increase in the odds of being classified as injured.

Conclusion:

This study identified a number of global kinematic contributors to common running injuries. In particular, we found injured runners to run with greater peak CPD and trunk forward lean as well as an extended knee and dorsiflexed ankle at initial contact. CPD appears to be the variable most strongly associated with common running-related injuries.

Clinical Relevance:

The identified kinematic patterns may prove beneficial for clinicians when assessing for biomechanical contributors to running injuries.
Greater Laxity in the Anterior Cruciate Ligament–Injured Knee Carries a Higher Risk of Postreconstruction Pivot Shift: Intraoperative Measurements With a Navigation System
Authors: Yamamoto Yuji , Tsuda Eiichi , Maeda Shugo , Naraoka Takuya , Kimura Yuka , Chiba Daisuke , Ishibashi Yasuyuki
Published: September 2018

Background:

The presence of pivot shift after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is correlated with worse clinical outcomes. An orthopaedic navigation system is a useful tool for quantifying laxity in the ACL-deficient knee.

Purpose:

To investigate the relationship between preoperative knee laxity measured by a navigation system and postoperative pivot shift (PPS) after ACL reconstruction.

Study Design:

Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

One hundred patients who underwent primary ACL reconstruction (62 hamstring tendon grafts, 38 patellar tendon grafts) were grouped according to the presence or absence of pivot shift at the 2-year follow-up, and the groups were compared retrospectively. Before surgery, knee laxity was assessed with a navigation system to quantify posterior tibial reduction (PTR) during pivot-shift tests and anterior tibial translation (ATT) during Lachman tests. PTR and ATT cutoff values were determined by receiver operator characteristic (ROC) analysis.

Results:

Preoperative PTR and ATT were significantly larger for patients with PPS (PPS-positive group) than those without (PPS-negative group). In the ROC analysis, the PTR had an area under the curve of 0.871 (95% CI, 0.763-0.979; P < .0001) for predicting a PPS; this was larger than that obtained for the ATT, which had an area under the curve of 0.825 (95% CI, 0.705-0.946; P = .001). Because the ROC curve of the ATT had 2 peaks, the ATT alone was not a suitable predictor for PPS. Based on the ROC curve, the optimal PTR cutoff value was 7 mm, with 88.9% sensitivity and 71.4% specificity for PPS (adjusted odds ratio = 19.7; 95% CI, 2.1-187.9; P = .009). Setting the cutoff value as a combination of the PTR (≧7 mm) and ATT (≧12 mm) improved the specificity (88.9% sensitivity and 84.6% specificity; adjusted odds ratio = 149.8; 95% CI, 5.9-3822.7; P = .002) over that with the PTR alone.

Conclusion:

ACL injuries in knees with a large PTR had a higher risk of PPS. When reconstructing the ACL in a knee with a high degree of laxity, surgeons may need to adopt strategies to prevent PPS.
NGO—Business Collaboration: A Comparison of Organizational, Social, and Reputation Value From the NGO Perspective in Poland
Authors: Mirońska Dominika , Zaborek Piotr
Published: September 2018

Based on a representative sample of Polish nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) collaborating with firms this study explores the nature of NGO-business relationships and perceived benefits for NGOs. The focus is on how relationship factors (alignment, trust, and commitment) influence three groups of benefits: organizational, social, and reputation related. Both trust and alignment appear to have similar total effects on all types of collaboration value. In contrast, commitment in collaboration is positively correlated only with organizational value, while social and reputational benefits show negative links. This suggests that stronger relationship commitment enhances the amount of resources acquired from the business collaborator, but at the same time it can lower the reputation of the NGO and decrease its capacity to achieve social goals. The article offers interpretations of the findings and recommendations for further research.
Evaluation of setting time and compressive strength of a new bone cement precursor powder containing Mg–Na–Ca
Authors: Esnaashary Mohammad Hossein , Rezaie Hamid Reza , Khavandi Alireza , Javadpour Jafar
Published: September 2018

Taking the advantage of a novel magnesium phosphate precursor containing Na and Ca, the cementation rate of the cement, including only Mg/Mg–Na–Ca, was studied. Besides, two effective parameters, that is, calcination temperature, 650 °C and 800 °C, and powder-to-cement liquid ratio, 1 and 1.5 g/mL, were assessed. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, ion chromatography, particle size analyser, Vicat needle and compression test were used to characterize the powders and obtained cements. The sample containing Mg–Na–Ca, calcined at 800 °C with powder-to-cement liquid ratio of 1.5, obtained the highest compressive strength, 20 MPa, but set fast. To control the kinetics of cementation, the powder containing Mg–Na–Ca calcined at 950 °C with powder-to-cement liquid ratio of 1.5 and 2 g/mL was assessed and the one with 2 g/mL set in 9 min possessing 22 MPa compressive strength was selected as optimal condition to be used as a candidate, injectable bone cement.
The Effects of Chlorine Depletion of Antioxidants in Polyethylene
Authors: Dear John P. , Mason Nick S.
Published: September 2018

For many polyethylene products, their working life-span depends on retention by the material of its antioxidant. In dry air, when the working and environmental stresses remain within defined limits, the life-span of the material can be many decades. Immersed in water, for example, the diffusion and loss of antioxidant from the material's surface can increase. Also, some types of aggressive agents, if in the water, can enter the material's surface and migrate into the material to increase the depletion of the antioxidant population. Researched in this study, is the depletion of antioxidants in polyethylene when exposed to water containing different chlorine concentrations. This research relates to the world-wide use of polyethylene pipes in water treatment and distribution networks.
Stress Analysis of Failures in Cord-Rubber Composites
Authors: Pidaparti R.M.V. , May A. W.
Published: September 2018

Stress analysis of two different types of cracks due to fatigue of cord-rubber composites has been carried out using micromechanical 2D and 3D finite element analysis. The von-Mises/Tresca stresses that characterize the severity of crack tips in rubber composites has been computed from the finite element analysis. Numerical results of von-Mises/Tresca stress values are presented for two crack types and crack sizes under transverse strain and shear strain loading conditions. The results presented demonstrate that crack type, loading, and crack size have a strong effect on the values of von-Mises/Tresca stresses. The results of the von-Mises/Tresca stress should help in estimating the severity of local failures in cord-rubber composites.