bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative Evaluation of the Efficacy of Hydrocortisone Suppository and Durvadi gudavarti in Raktarsha: A Management Protocol
Authors: Nitin Biswas , Suhas Jajoo , Reena Jaiswal , Kapse S. R.
Published: January 2022

The most common diagnosis for any anorectal complaint particularly of rectal bleeding in adults is haemorrhoidal disease. Regardless of grading conservative treatment is used primarily in symptomatic haemorrhoids. In Ayurveda, Sthanik Chikitsa (Local application) in the management of Arsha (Hemorrhoids) includes pralepa/pratisaran (Paste application). Instead of applying the lepa in the clinics by the clinician/proctologist, those formulations could be developed into Gudavarti (traditional suppository) & used in the management of Raktarsha (bleeding piles) for better compliance. Hence, development of ‘Durvadi Gudavarti’ using the indigenous medicinal herbs mentioned in Charaka Sanhita (Classical Ayurveda text) for pratisaran/pralepa in Raktarsha & its efficacy will be evaluated.

Objectives: To study & compare the efficacy in patient treated with standard- Hydrocortisone suppository group & interventional- Durvadi Gudavarti group in the management of Raktarsha (Bleeding piles).

Methodology: 130 patients of 2nd grade hemorrhoids will be selected and will be allocated into two equal groups by computer randomization. Experimental group will be treated with Durvadi Gudavarti & control group with Hydrocortisone based suppository for 2 weeks. Following Symptoms- PR Bleeding, Anal Pain, Prolapse of Pile mass/Lump, Anal pruritus, Mucous discharge & Constipation will be assessed subjectively and Size/ (Volume in cubic millimeter) of pile mass will be the objective parameter for study. Clinical evaluation will be done at Baseline and 3rd, 5th, 10th, 15th day after treatment onset. Proportion of patients that would respond clinically on 10th day will be the main end point, determined via disappearance of the clinical symptoms & more than or equal to 50 % reduction in the initial size of pile mass/lump. Time to response & need for any oral/ parenteral medication for pain, bleeding and constipation would be the secondary variables. Side effects (type, duration & severity) will be registered carefully.

Expected Results: Durvadi Gudavarti contains indigenous herbs having anti-inflammatory, analgesic, haemostatic, wound healing, astringent, & laxative properties. Hence, it is expected to be as efficacious as Hydrocortisone suppository with lesser side effect in the management of Raktarsha. Results will be assessed on the basis of clinical assessment criteria using proper statistical values and tools. Changes will be observed in objective outcomes.

Conclusion: Durvadi Gudavarti will be efficacious in the management of Raktarsha.
A Descriptive Study of Under-five Mortality
Authors: Rahemi Mohammad Haroon , Masih Masihullah
Published: January 2022

Introduction: The under-five mortality is a global problem, which is an important indicator to, demonstrate the quality of health services in a region or a country. The under-5 mortality rate is the probability of dying before five years of age (per 1,000 live births). In the 1990s under-five mortality rate was 12,7 million, but it decreased to 6,2 million in 2015. In Afghanistan due, to more than forty years of war and internal conflict, low socio-economic status, and high level of illiteracy, the under-five mortality rate is very high. 

Objective: This study aimed to determine the mortality rate and it’s causes in children under the age of five in Nangarhar Province.

Methods: This is a descriptive study conducted from 2018-2019 in Nangarhar University Teaching Hospital (NUTH). According to Health Management Information System (HMIS) data reports in the mentioned period, 9164 under five patients were admitted in the different wards of Nangarhar University Teaching Hospital.

Results: The mortality of 824 patients were recorded (824/9164) due to different causes, which contribute 9% of total mortality. Of the 824 deaths, 371 consisted of neonatal deaths, which make 45% of total mortality, the 55% (453/824) deaths have occurred between the age of 28 days and five years. The principal causes of neonatal deaths were 35 percent prematurity, 27 percent birth asphyxia, 24 percent sepsis, 8 percent malformation, and 6 percent was consisting of other diseases such as neonatal jaundice, neonatal tetanus, neonatal diarrhea, birth trauma, etc. In this, study the causes of death occurred in the age of 28 days to five years were 30 percent due to malnutrition, 22 percent pneumonia, 20 percent Diarrhea, 10 percent Measles, 6 percent Malaria, 8 percent Meningo-encephalitis and 4 percent due to other diseases like pertussis, poisoning, trauma, burns, pediatric cardiac disease, neoplastic disease, and others.

Conclusion: The data of our study has taken from the Health Management Information System (HMIS) department of the 2018-2019 years which was collected from different wards of Nangarhar University Teaching Hospital. The rate of under-five mortality was about 8.99 ~ 9%. The result of our study was different from other countries and the mortality rate may be changed from time to time. These changes belong to several factors such as variable definition, promotion of socio-economic status, risk factors, geographical situation, peoples’ education level, availability of health services, and preventive measures.
Controlling Oral Pathogens using Ficus Benghalensis Mediated Silver Nanoparticles
Authors: Thirumagal K. , Jeevitha M. , Rajeshkumar S. , Jayaraman Selvaraj
Published: January 2022

Aim: To find antimicrobial property of Ficus benghalensis mediated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)

Introduction: Nanoparticles have been studied in recent years because of certain properties like physical, chemical, electronic, thermal, magnetic, optical, dielectric and biological. This study was conducted in order to evaluate antimicrobial properties of F. benghalensis mediated                      AgNPs.

Materials and Methods: In this study, extract of F. benghalensis was used to synthesize silver nanoparticles characterized using UV- visible spectrophotometer, Fresh F. benghalensis mediated AgNPs show excellent antimicrobial activity against oral pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, Enterococcus faecalis. and Candida albicans.

Results: F. benghalensis mediated AgNPs showed antimicrobial activity against gram positive S. aureus with a zone of inhibition of 16.22 ± 0.31 mm at the concentration of 100 μl. The zone of inhibition against S. mutans was 12.14 ± 0.21 mm followed by zone of inhibition against E. faecalis was 12.12 ± 0.2 mm and antimicrobial activity against C. albicans showed a zone of inhibition of 14.02 ± 0.24 mm at the concentration of 100 μl. The zone of inhibition of the nanoparticles was shown to be increased with increase in concentration against all the pathogens and the maximum inhibition was shown against S. aureus.

Conclusion: Overall, antimicrobial activity was seen to be increased with increase in concentration. Thus there was potent antimicrobial activity in F. benghalensis mediated AgNPs which could be beneficial when applied in treatment of infectious oral diseases in future.
Dynamics of Changes in Quality of Life and Local Levels of TNF-α and IL-1β in Patients with Acute Viral Rhinitis
Authors: Grebeniuk Dmytro , Hrytsun Yaroslav , Nazarchuk Halyna , Mashevska Oksana , Levytska Lidiia , Chepel Liliia , Melnychenko Mykola , Pallii Iryna , Bobyr Vitalii
Published: January 2022

Introduction: Acute viral rhinitis is one of the most common pathologies among the population of the globe. Although, at first glance, this pathology seems simple and well-studied, but due to the high incidence, the load it creates on the health care system encourages in-depth study.

Aims: To examine the dynamics of changes in quality of life and local levels of TNF-α and IL-1β in patients with acute viral rhinitis in different treatment regimens.

Methodology: The prospective study included 84 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of acute viral rhinitis. In accordance with the purpose and objectives of the study, all patients on days 1, 5 and 10, in addition to routine studies, were determined by local levels of TNF-α and IL-1β, as well as to determine the quality of life.

Results: In patients of the study group, only partial recovery of local levels of TNF-α and IL-1β and indicators of the physical component of quality of life was observed during 10 days of treatment. The emotional and functional components of quality of life in patients of this study were more correlated than with the physical component and local levels of proinflammatory cytokines, which are objective indicators of the activity of the inflammatory process. Complementing the traditional treatment regimen with 0.25% oxolin in the form of an ointment has reduced the duration of the disease, reduced the incidence of bacterial complications and improved the quality of life of patients with acute viral rhinitis in the short term.

Conclusions: The dynamics of local levels of TNF-α and IL-1β reflects the nature of the inflammatory process in the nasal mucosa and clearly correlates with the physical component of quality of life.
Evaluation of Oral Health Condition among the Pregnant Females at Tertiary Care Hospital of Hyderabad, Sindh
Authors: Palwasha . , Rai Yaswant , Javaid Maria , Khokhar Nisar Ahmed , Nigar Roohi
Published: January 2022

Background: Gestational is special and interesting period for every woman that covers the physiological hormonal changes and leads to the development of new healthy life. Changes in hormones during pregnancy may alter the physiological conditions that impose the bad impact of different body parts including gastric and oral health of the mother. Oral health plays an important role for maintaining normal and healthy life of human being and if any disease or disorder appeared within the oral cavity, it may leads to severity of disease and disturbed normal routine life.

Aims and Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the condition of oral health during gestational period.

Materials and Methods: Descriptive cross sectional study was carried out for the period of six months at Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics ward, Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences, Jamshoro and females with positive pregnancy were included in the study and total 146 females were selected, after the signature on informed consent form. Medical history was taken in order to ensure any major disease or medication affecting oral health.

Results: After collection of proper data from all participants, the results were finalized, 19 females were belonging to age group of 18-21years, and 51 females belong to 26-29 years. 47 females had good OHI-S score, 59 had fair OHI-S score. 31 female had 1st trimester, 81 females had 2nd trimester and 34 had 3rd trimester. 19 females had normal PI index, 94 had simple gingivitis and 33 females had periodontitis.

Conclusion: It was important to maintain good oral hygiene before and during pregnancy, so as to prevent the occurrence of periodontal disease and to avert the irreparable damage that may arise during the period of pregnancy.
ASEAN Economic Community (AEC): An Empirical Impact Analysis
Authors: Anis Tahsin Binta , Mamun Mohammad , Rahman Md. Mizanur
Published: January 2022

Regional Economic Integration is considered the most powerful method of ensuring productivity and attaining economic prosperity. ASEAN Economic Community established to achieve one vision, one identity, and one community is one of Asia's most promising regional economic integration. It aims to emerge as a leading integrated economy in the world. To establish this community, ASEAN adopted Blueprint-2015 in 2007; after implementing the community, it enhanced this blueprint and adopted Blueprint-2025 in 2015. The Blueprint-2025 mentioned five characteristics as the target for ASEAN Economic Community to be undertaken for 2016-2025. Besides, the blueprint also mentioned some significant elements associated with the characteristics. This study focused on the empirical analysis of these characteristics of Blueprint-2025. Therefore, this work used the data of the ten ASEAN countries from 2010 to 2019 by selecting some indicators representing the elements of these characteristics. The finding of this analysis suggested that a large number of the indicators have experienced a decent level of progress, whereas only a few failed to achieve the expected trend.
Doune Roman fort, Stirlingshire
Authors: Hatherley Candy , Evans Jeremy , Goldberg Martin , Hartley Kay F , Hastie Mhairi , Holmes Nicholas , Hunter Fraser , Lochrie Julie , Monteil Gwladys , Photos-Jones Effie , Timpany Scott , Williams David F , Willis Steven H
Published: January 2022

Three archaeological excavations were undertaken by Headland Archaeology (UK) Ltd within the grounds of Doune Primary School in Stirlingshire, each located on the site of Doune Roman fort (NGR: NN 7272 0130). These excavations revealed sections through triple-ditched defences, elements of the turf rampart and the perimeter road (via sagularis) on both the west and east sides of the fort. Within the interior of the fort the partial foundations of seven buildings were recovered, including barracks blocks, a corridored building that may represent a workshop (fabrica) and a stable-barracks to accommodate a cavalry squadron (turma). The everyday life of the fort was also revealed, with a series of ovens and an iron-smelting shaft furnace, a first for Roman Scotland. A range of pits were also identified, including some which are likely to be related to the demolition of the fort as it was decommissioned. Artefacts confirm that the fort was built and occupied during the Flavian occupation of Scotland between AD 80 and 86–7.
References
Authors: Hatherley Candy
Published: January 2022

Three archaeological excavations were undertaken by Headland Archaeology (UK) Ltd within the grounds of Doune Primary School in Stirlingshire, each located on the site of Doune Roman fort. These excavations revealed sections through triple-ditched defences, elements of the turf rampart and the perimeter road (via sagularis) on both the west and east sides of the fort. Within the interior of the fort the partial foundations of seven buildings were recovered, including barracks blocks, a corridored building that may represent a workshop (fabrica) and a stable-barracks to accommodate a cavalry squadron (turma). The everyday life of the fort was also revealed, with a series of ovens and an iron-smelting shaft furnace, a first for Roman Scotland. A range of pits were also identified, including some which are likely to be related to the demolition of the fort as it was decommissioned. Artefacts confirm that the fort was built and occupied during the Flavian occupation of Scotland between AD 80 and 86–7.
Background to the fort
Authors: Hatherley Candy
Published: January 2022

Three archaeological excavations were undertaken by Headland Archaeology (UK) Ltd within the grounds of Doune Primary School in Stirlingshire, each located on the site of Doune Roman fort. These excavations revealed sections through triple-ditched defences, elements of the turf rampart and the perimeter road (via sagularis) on both the west and east sides of the fort. Within the interior of the fort the partial foundations of seven buildings were recovered, including barracks blocks, a corridored building that may represent a workshop (fabrica) and a stable-barracks to accommodate a cavalry squadron (turma). The everyday life of the fort was also revealed, with a series of ovens and an iron-smelting shaft furnace, a first for Roman Scotland. A range of pits were also identified, including some which are likely to be related to the demolition of the fort as it was decommissioned. Artefacts confirm that the fort was built and occupied during the Flavian occupation of Scotland between AD 80 and 86–7.
Coinage, Byzantine
Authors: Lianta Eleni
Published: January 2022

Byzantine coins, being legitimate and official objects with a fixed and recognized value, issued by a competent authority and of a public character, help us to reconstruct aspects of the Byzantine economy that the written record fails to reveal.
Sentences of Sextus
Authors: Ramelli Ilaria L. E.
Published: January 2022

The so‐calledSextii Sententiaeseem to be, in their present form, a Christian collection, probably dating to the second centuryce, of mostly moral sentences ascribed to the Pythagorean Sextus. It shows how Stoic, Cynic, Platonic, and Pythagorean asceticism was absorbed by a Christian author – not only sexual restraint, but also voluntary poverty. I will explore the most important aspects of this collection, concerning asceticism and the relation between the worship of God and the renunciation of committing injustice against other people, as well as the link between these sentences and Origen of Alexandria.
Qumran
Authors: Babkina Svetlana V.
Published: January 2022

Khirbet Qumran is a small ruined settlement on the northwest shore of the Dead Sea (Israel) excavated soon after the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls in 1947. It was occupied mainly during the Greco‐Roman period (ca. 150
bce
–68
ce
) by the community generally identified with the Essenes. The settlement is highly structured and consists of many different rooms, a pottery production center, an elaborate water system, and a nearby cemetery with more than a thousand ancient Jewish and nineteenth to twentieth century Bedouin graves.
Kom Ombo
Authors: Ikram Salima
Published: January 2022

Kom Ombo, located north of Aswan, is best known for its Ptolemaic temple dedicated to Horus and Sobek, a temple that still stands at the site, and for an associated necropolis of crocodile mummies. The site itself contains remains from the Old Kingdom onward; the town probably served as the administrative center of the area.
Soul, Greece and Rome
Authors: Ramelli Ilaria R. E.
Published: January 2022

Soul is a pivotal concept in the philosophical and religious landscape of the ancient Greco‐Roman world. This entry investigates its main developments, from antiquity to late antiquity, in the light of recent research.
Bucellarii
Authors: Whately Conor
Published: January 2022

This entry is about the
bucellarii
, bodyguards and semi‐private soldiers in the later Roman Empire.
Lancearii
Authors: Whately Conor
Published: January 2022

This entry is about the lancers, who fought in the Roman army.
Theon of Alexandria
Authors: Tihon Anne
Published: January 2022

Theon of Alexandria was a Greek geometer and astronomer who lived in Alexandria in the fourth century
ce
. Of his life, we know almost nothing, except that he was the father of Hypatia, the famous feminist philosopher who was murdered in 415 by the Christian crowd, during a riot in Alexandria.
Lilitu
Authors: Scurlock Joann
Published: January 2022

Lilitu was a member of a class of ghost‐demons of young people who died unmarried. They victimized young persons of the opposite sex from themselves. They were believed to be a cause of personality disorders.
What is the source of preschool children's memories of events from their own lives?
Authors: Nicoladis Elena , Svob Connie , Smithson Lisa
Published: January 2022

In experimental tasks, preschool children sometimes mistakenly attribute memories to themselves rather than external sources, with decreasing source errors between 4‐ and 5‐years of age. In this research, we tested whether these developmental changes are also observed in spontaneously generated memories of personal life events. 4‐ and 5‐year olds generated life event memories and provided age estimates for when they took place. The children at both ages most often mentioned events that they could plausibly remember and some memories from external sources, including vicarious memories and events beyond their lifespan. Parents affirmed the accuracy of their children's memories and reported that some events were only told to or were imagined by the children. Our findings suggest that preschool children most often report events that they themselves remember and occasionally include events likely originating from external sources. These results add to the evidence showing that children's memories for events can be accurate.
Development of a Highly Specific, Selective, and Sensitive Fluorescent Probe for Detection of Mycobacteria in Human Tissues
Authors: Gupta Siddhi , Mishra Deepak Kumar , Khan Mehak Zahoor , Saini Varsha , Mehta Devashish , Kumar Sandeep , Yadav Aditya , Mitra Madhurima , Rani Parul , Singh Mukesh , Nandi Chayan Kanti , Das Prasenjit , Ahuja Vineet , Nandicoori Vinay Kumar , Bajaj Avinash
Published: January 2022

Tuberculosis (TB), including extrapulmonary TB, is responsible for more than one million deaths in a year worldwide. Existing methods of mycobacteria detection have poor sensitivity, selectivity, and specificity, especially in human tissues. Herein, the synthesis of a cholic acid‐derived fluorescent probe (P4) that can specifically stain the mycobacterium species is presented. It is shown that P4 probe specifically binds with mycobacterial lipids, trehalose monomycolate, and phosphatidylinositol mannoside 6. P4 probe can detect mycobacteria in polymicrobial planktonic cultures and biofilms with high specificity, selectivity, and sensitivity. Moreover, it can detect a single mycobacterium in the presence of 10 000 other bacilli. Unlike the probes that depend on active mycobacterial enzymes, the membrane‐specific P4 probe can detect mycobacteria even in formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded mice and human tissue sections. Therefore, the ability of the P4 probe to detect mycobacteria in different biological milieu makes it a potential candidate for diagnostic and prognostic applications in clinical settings.
Governing Factors for Carbon Nanotube Dispersion in Organic Solvents Estimated by Machine Learning
Authors: Nonoguchi Yoshiyuki , Miyao Tomoyuki , Goto Chigusa , Kawai Tsuyoshi , Funatsu Kimito
Published: January 2022

The insolubility of single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) in most common organic solvents has been the cause of a bottleneck in their practical utilization. Aqueous SWCNT inks containing amphiphilic surfactants are widely used for processing including coatings and composite fabrication. Most practical processes are, however, designed to be compatible with organic solvents, generating a technological mismatch between production and utilization. This work reports on the surfactant‐assisted dispersion of SWCNTs in useful organic solvents, at up to quantitative yields. A feature extraction based on machine learning offers seemingly important, highly intuitive physicochemical factors that lead to efficient dispersion. These elucidated factors are associated not only with solvents–surfactant, but also solvent–SWCNT interactions. The organic SWCNT dispersion as well as its research methodology developed here may find widespread applications ranging from nanofluidics to functional materials design.
Electrospun Carbon Nanofibers Loaded with Atomic FeNx/Fe2O3 Active Sites for Efficient Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Both Acidic and Alkaline Media
Authors: Wang Minkang , Liao Tianhao , Zhang Xinglong , Cao Jinlong , Xu Shuangquan , Tang Hui , Wang Ying
Published: January 2022

Renewable energy storage systems based on oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) call for high‐performance, durable, and low‐cost electrocatalysts. However, practical applications of ORR catalysts available today are hampered by the inability to load accessible catalytic sites efficiently. Herein, a novel and efficient ORR electrocatalyst (Fe2O3/FeNx@CNF) with atomic FeNx sites and neighboring Fe2O3 nanoparticles embedded in interconnected carbon nanofibers prepared via electrospinning is reported. Detailed material characterizations confirm that the as‐prepared catalysts possess a well‐defined fibrous structure with hierarchical pores, large specific surface area, and uniformly distributed Fe2O3/FeNx active sites. Further, it exhibits excellent ORR performance with high onset potential, half‐wave potential, and current density in both alkaline and acidic media. And these electrocatalysts show excellent long‐term performance and tolerance to methanol, exceeding the properties of commercial platinum catalysts. Additionally, the Fe2O3/FeNx@CNF electrocatalyst prepared in this study exhibits high discharge voltage, excellent power density, and cycling durability in Zn–air batteries. Notably, the detailed analyses demonstrate the co‐existence of Fe2O3 nanoparticles and FeNx active sites boost the ORR catalytic activity of the hybrid catalyst. These new findings, particularly the enhancement of intrinsic activity of FeNx sites brought about by Fe2O3 nanoparticles, provide insights into the rational design of hybrid single‐atom ORR electrocatalysts.
Environment Adaptable Nanocomposite Organohydrogels for Multifunctional Epidermal Sensors
Authors: Yu Yang , Xie Fengjin , Gao Yanan , Gao Xinpei , Zheng Liqiang
Published: January 2022

Electronic skins, as a revolution in artificial intelligence, have drawn intensive attention in smart prosthetic devices, wearable health monitors and intelligent robot manufacturing. Conductive hydrogels as building blocks have been highlighted in artificial skin research. Nevertheless, the main challenges of hydrogel‐based electronics are poor temperature tolerance, weak mechanical robustness and limited stretchability. Herein, an organohydrogel is fabricated with “soft and hard” synergistic networks by combining “soft” polyacrylamide (PAM) and catechol‐modified hyaluronic acid (HA‐CA) polymer network with “hard” Laponite nanoparticles. The obtained organohydrogels exhibit excellent environment‐adaptability, super stretchability (>8000%), superior adhesion to various substrates, superfast self‐healing efficiency (<10 s), excellent conductivity (63 mS m−1) even at −0 °C and good biocompatibility. These outstanding properties render the organohydrogels as epidermal flexible sensors. The fabricated sensor exhibits wide strain sensing range (0−300%), super sensitivity (gauge factor, GF = 8.38−133.94) which can effectively detect and discriminate various human activities, and maintain their functions at extremely cold conditions. This versatile organohydrogel offers a platform for practical application of flexible wearable devices in extreme environments.
Darkening of Laser‐Induced Graphene in Wet for Readable In Situ Real Time Sweating Rate Analysis
Authors: Niu Pengfei , Liu Yiye , Wang Xiaohe , Yu Bo , He Anwei , Chen Mengyuan , She Xiang
Published: January 2022

Developing a simple technique for in situ monitoring of sweating rate can provide real time feedback of individual's dehydration status and further assist in human health management. This work demonstrates the visible darkening of laser‐induced graphene (LIG) after wetting and its wearable practicability in monitoring sweating rate. LIGs with various porous morphologies are generated and their color differences are quantitatively assessed with hue‐saturation‐value model, correlated with the sheet resistance and the porous architecture. Embedding LIG pattern within microchannel enables the direct readout of water‐filled region and arranging length scale marks along microchannel allows direct readout of fluid volume with human eye for more simple measurements. Flexible design of length scale resolution can balance the detection frequency (i.e., real time ability) and its accuracy. The in situ and real time flow rate monitoring performance is successfully adopted on‐body for sweating rate analysis with reasonable accuracy. Apart from the simplicity and low cost, compared to other flow rate sensing methods, the proposed platform is reusable with no special cleaning needed for the microchannel but just drying, and no visible decline of the performance occurs. LIG's darkening strategy endows an avenue for the development of powerful in situ and real time sweating analytical platform.
Full‐Polarization Frequency Controlled Multimode Spoof Surface Plasmon Polaritons Excitation via Anisotropic Metastructure
Authors: Yuan Qi , Meng Yueyu , Li Yongfeng , Wang He , Cheng Yang , Ma Hua , Liu Tonghao , Wang Jiafu , Qu Shaobo
Published: January 2022

Surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) have great applications in imaging, sensing, waveguide, and communication. Especially in the trending of electromagnetic (EM) metastructure field, researchers used the phase gradient design to achieve the efficient surface wave propagating performance ranging from GHz to THz. However, due to the intrinsic coupling interference from the current structure design, the phase and amplitude of different polarization are hard to freely manipulate simultaneously, making the design of multifunctional channels SPPs still a challenging project. Here, an anisotropic structure is proposed to realize independent control of both polarization and amplitude along different component of the wavefront. By analyzing the polarization dependent mechanism, the hexagon and half‐hexagon meta‐atom are introduced to the coupler structure to tailor the desired phase gradient along different directions under different polarized EM waves. Then the dispersion of coupler is further coupled with the propagating patch metasurface by optimization algorithm. As a result, the multifunctional SPP is achieved, and the multimode excitation can be generated under both linear and circular polarized incidence. Both simulation and experiment validate the effectiveness and wideband of spoof SPPs excitation performance, verifying that this method reduces the excitation condition of surface wave and improves the multiplexing effect of propagation channel.
How to Obtain Anti‐Thermal‐Quenching Inorganic Luminescent Materials for Light‐Emitting Diode Applications
Authors: Dang Peipei , Wang Wei , Lian Hongzhou , Li Guogang , Lin Jun
Published: January 2022

Phosphor‐converted light‐emitting diode (pc‐LED) has drawn much interest due to the efficient light in solid‐state lighting, backlight display, security, and electronic devices. Thermal quenching (TQ) induced by nonradiative relaxation is one of the vital challenges that limits the widespread use of phosphors. Much efforts are devoted to designing different approaches to solve the emission loss at increasing temperature. Here, the mechanism of TQ and recent advances of anti‐TQ‐phosphor‐involved 5d–4f, 4f–4f, 6p–6s, 3d–3d transitions are discussed. Several important design strategies for anti‐TQ phosphors are summarized as follows: 1) defect engineering; 2) energy transfer; 3) structural modulation; 4) enhancing crystallinity; 5) layer structural design; 6) negative/zero thermal expansion; 7) surface coating and glass technology. Additionally, some future challenges and opportunities in this field are proposed. This review promotes the discovery of novel anti‐TQ phosphor materials for LED applications.
In Vivo Assessment and Monitoring of Burn Wounds Using a Handheld Terahertz Hyperspectral Scanner
Authors: Osman Omar B. , Harris Zachery B. , Zhou Juin W. , Khani Mahmoud E. , Singer Adam J. , Arbab M. Hassan
Published: January 2022

The accuracy of clinical assessment techniques in diagnosing partial‐thickness burn injuries has remained as low as 50–76%. Depending on the burn depth and environmental factors in the wound, such as reactive oxygen species, inflammation, and autophagy, partial‐thickness burns can heal spontaneously or require surgical intervention. Herein, it is demonstrated that terahertz time‐domain spectral imaging (THz‐TDSI) is a promising tool for in vivo quantitative assessment and monitoring of partial‐thickness burn injuries in large animals. We used a novel handheld THz‐TDSI scanner to characterize burn injuries in a porcine scald model with histopathological controls. Statistical analysis (n = 40) indicates that the THz‐TDSI modality can accurately differentiate between partial‐thickness and full‐thickness burn injuries (1‐way ANOVA,p < 0.05). THz‐TDSI has the potential to improve burn care outcomes by helping surgeons in making objective decisions for early excision of the wound.
Ultra‐Steep‐Slope High‐Gain MoS2 Transistors with Atomic Threshold‐Switching Gate
Authors: Lin Jun , Chen Xiaozhang , Duan Xinpei , Yu Zhiming , Niu Wencheng , Zhang Mingliang , Liu Chang , Li Guoli , Liu Yuan , Liu Xingqiang , Zhou Peng , Liao Lei
Published: January 2022

The fundamental Boltzmann limitation dictates the ultimate limit of subthreshold swing (SS) to be 60 mV dec−1, which prevents the continued scaling of supply voltage. With atomically thin body, 2D semiconductors provide new possibilities for advanced low‐power electronics. Herein, ultra‐steep‐slope MoS2 resistive‐gate field‐effect transistors (RG‐FETs) by integrating atomic‐scale‐resistive filamentary with conventional MoS2 transistors, demonstrating an ultra‐low SS below 1 mV dec−1 at room temperature are reported. The abrupt resistance transition of the nanoscale‐resistive filamentary ensures dramatic change in gate potential, and switches the device on and off, leading to ultra‐steep SS. Simultaneously, RG‐FETs demonstrate a high on/off ratio of 2.76 × 107 with superior reproducibility and reliability. With the ultra‐steep SS, the RG‐FETs can be readily employed to construct logic inverter with an ultra‐high gain ≈2000, indicating exciting potential for future low‐power electronics and monolithic integration.
A “Valve‐Closing” Starvation Strategy for Amplification of Tumor‐Specific Chemotherapy
Authors: Li Xianglong , Jiang Cong , Wang Qinghua , Yang Shaobo , Cao Yuanyuan , Hao Ji‐Na , Niu Dechao , Chen Yan , Han Bo , Jia Xin , Zhang Peng , Li Yongsheng
Published: January 2022

Starvation‐dependent differential stress sensitization effect between normal and tumor cells provides a potentially promising strategy to amplify chemotherapy effects and reduce side effects. However, the conventional starvation approaches such as glucose oxidase (Gox)‐induced glucose depletion and nanomedicine‐enabled vascular embolism usually suffer from aggravated tumor hypoxia, systemic toxicity, and unpredictable metabolic syndrome. Herein, a novel “valve‐closing” starvation strategy is developed to amplify the chemotherapy effects via closing the “valve” of glucose transported into tumor cells, which is accomplished by a glucose transporters 1 (GLUT1, valve of glucose uptake) inhibitor (Genistein, Gen) and chemotherapeutic agent (Curcumin, Cur) coloaded hybrid organosilica‐micelles nanomedicine (designated as (Gen + Cur)@FOS) with controllable stability. In vitro and in vivo results demonstrate that (Gen + Cur)@FOS can effectively reduce glucose/adenosine triphosphate levels in tumor cells by inhibiting GLUT1 expression (i.e., “valve‐closing”) to induce the starvation of tumor cells, thus weakening the resistance of tumor cells to apoptosis caused by chemotherapy, and consequently contributing to the remarkably improved antitumor efficiency and minimized side effects based on the stress sensitization effect mediated by GLUT1 inhibition‐induced starvation. This “valve‐closing” starvation strategy provides a promising paradigm for the development of novel nanotherapeutics with amplified chemotherapy effect.
Rehabilitation of Total Knee Arthroplasty by Integrating Conjoint Isometric Myodynamia and Real‐Time Rotation Sensing System
Authors: Luo Jianzhe , Li Yusheng , He Miao , Wang Ziming , Li Chengyu , Liu Di , An Jie , Xie Wenqing , He Yuqiong , Xiao Wenfeng , Li Zhou , Wang Zhong Lin , Tang Wei
Published: January 2022

As the world population structure has already exhibited an inevitable trend of aging, technical advances that can provide better eldercare are highly desired. Knee osteoarthritis, one of the most common age‐associated diseases, can be effectively treated via total knee arthroplasty (TKA). However, patients are suffering from the recovery process due to inconvenience in post‐hospital treatment. Here, a portable, modular, and wearable brace for self‐assessment of TKA patients’ rehabilitation is reported. This system mainly consists of a force transducer for isometric muscle strength measurement and an active angle sensor for knee bending detection. Clinical experiments on TKA patients demonstrate the feasibility and significance of the system. Specifically, via brace‐based personalized healthcare, the TKA patients’ rehabilitation process is quantified in terms of myodynamia, and a definite rehabilitation enhancement is obtained. Additionally, new indicators, that is, isometric muscle test score, for evaluating TKA rehabilitation are proposed. It is anticipated that, as the cloud database is employed and more rehabilitation data are collected in the near future, the brace system can not only facilitate rehabilitations of TKA patients, but also improve life quality for geriatric patients and open a new space for remote artificial intelligence medical engineering.
Hepatic Suppression of Mitochondrial Complex II Assembly Drives Systemic Metabolic Benefits
Authors: Wang Xueqiang , Lv Weiqiang , Xu Jie , Zheng Adi , Zeng Mengqi , Cao Ke , Wang Xun , Cui Yuting , Li Hao , Yang Meng , Shao Yongping , Zhang Fang , Zou Xuan , Long Jiangang , Feng Zhihui , Liu Jiankang
Published: January 2022

Alternate day fasting (ADF), the most popular form of caloric restriction, has shown to improve metabolic health in preclinical subjects, while intrinsic network underpinning the process remains unclear. Here, it is found that liver undergoes dramatic metabolic reprogramming during ADF, accompanied surprisingly with unique complex II dysfunction attributing to suspended complex II assembly via suppressing SDHAF4, a recently identified assembly factor. Despite moderate mitochondrial complex II dysfunction, hepatic Sdhaf4 knockout mice present intriguingly improved glucose tolerance and systemic insulin sensitivity, consistent with mice after ADF intervention. Mechanistically, it is found that hepatocytes activate arginine‐nitric oxide (NO) biosynthesis axle in response to complex II and citric acid cycle dysfunction, the release of NO from liver can target muscle and adipocytes in addition to its autocrine action for enhanced insulin sensitivity. These results highlight the pivotal role of liver in ADF‐associated systemic benefits, and suggest that targeting hepatic complex II assembly can be an intriguing strategy against metabolic disorders.
Redox Mediator with the Function of Intramolecularly Disproportionating Superoxide Intermediate Enabled High‐Performance Li–O2 Batteries
Authors: Sun Zongqiang , Lin Xiaodong , Dou Wenjie , Tan Yanyan , Hu Ajuan , Hou Qing , Yuan Ruming , Zheng Mingsen , Dong Quanfeng
Published: January 2022

The large charge overpotential and poor cycling stability triggered by sluggish Li2O2 oxidation kinetics and severe superoxide‐related side reactions greatly restrict the development and application of lithium–oxygen batteries. Finding out high‐efficiency catalysts that can effectively facilitate a highly reversible formation/decomposition of lithium peroxide is still a crucial challenge in the field of Li–O2 batteries. Herein, a soluble catalyst of 2,2'‐Azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) that can promote highly reversible formation and decomposition of Li2O2 during discharge and charge processes is reported for the first time. During discharge, it can capture and couple two LiO2 intermediates via its sulfonate and ammonium ions, and induce the intramolecular disproportionation reaction to produce Li2O2 through ionic microenvironment, which not only prompts the solution‐phase growth of Li2O2, but also restricts the reactivity of LiO2 intermediate, thus significantly alleviating the electrode surface passivation issue and suppressing the superoxide‐related side reactions. During charge, it can quickly transport electrons between the electrode and Li2O2 by serving as a new kind of redox mediator (RM), thus greatly facilitating the Li2O2 oxidation kinetics. As a result, the Li–O2 batteries that incorporate ABTS exhibit outstanding electrochemical performance, low charge overpotential, high discharge capacity, and high cycling stability.
Device Variation Effects on Neural Network Inference Accuracy in Analog In‐Memory Computing Systems
Authors: Wang Qiwen , Park Yongmo , Lu Wei D.
Published: January 2022

In analog in‐memory computing systems based on nonvolatile memories such as resistive random‐access memory (RRAM), neural network models are often trained offline and then the weights are programmed onto memory devices as conductance values. The programmed weight values inevitably deviate from the target values during the programming process. This effect can be pronounced for emerging memories such as RRAM, PcRAM, and MRAM due to the stochastic nature during programming. Unlike noise, these weight deviations do not change during inference. The performance of neural network models is investigated against this programming variation under realistic system limitations, including limited device on/off ratios, memory array size, analog‐to‐digital converter (ADC) characteristics, and signed weight representations. Approaches to mitigate such device and circuit nonidealities through architecture‐aware training are also evaluated. The effectiveness of variation injection during training to improve the inference robustness, as well as the effects of different neural network training parameters such as learning rate schedule, will be discussed.
Bis(pyrazolyl)thioether/amine‐chromium(III) catalysts bearing pendantO‐ andN‐donor group for oligomerization and polymerization of ethylene
Authors: de Oliveria Lucilene L. , Oliboni Robson S. , Stieler Rafael , Casagrande Adriana C. A. , Casagrande Osvaldo L.
Published: January 2022

In this work, a new family of chromium complexes supported by bis(pyrazolyl)thioether/amine ligands containing pendantO‐ andN‐donor groups CrCl3{S‐bis[(3,5‐DMPz)methyl]sulfide} (2a), CrCl3{N‐bis[(3,5‐DMPz)benzylamine]} (2b), CrCl3{N‐bis[(3,5‐DMPz)butylamine]} (2c), [CrCl2{N‐bis[(3,5‐DMPz)methyl][(2‐pyridinyl)methyl]amine}]Cl (2d), [CrCl2{N‐bis[(3,5‐DMPz)methyl][quinoline]amine}]Cl (2e), [CrCl2{N‐bis[3,5‐DMPz‐methyl][EtNMe2]amine}]Cl (2f), CrCl3{N‐bis[(3,5‐DMPz)methyl][2‐methoxyphenyl]amine} (2g), and CrCl3{N‐bis[2‐(3,5‐DMPz)methyl][(2‐pyridyl)ethyl]amine} (2h) were synthetized and characterized by elemental analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectroscopy. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations demonstrated that the pendant group as well as the spacer between theN‐donor group and the central amine nitrogen have strong influence on the coordination motif of the ligand. Thus,1d–1fact as tetradentate ligands while1gand1hpreferably coordinated to the chromium metal center in a tridentate [N,N,N] mode fashion. The catalytic performance of2a–2his strongly influenced by the nature of the central bridging atom (S, N) as well as the pendantO‐ andN‐donor group. Upon activation with methylaluminoxane (MAO), chromium precatalysts2a–2c,2e, and2fgenerated active systems producing oligomers ranging from C4to C12+with a high selectivity for α‐olefins (>82.4%). On the other hand, precatalysts bearing pyridine (2dand2h) and methoxy (2g) functionalized amine bis (pyrazolyl) ligands exclusively produce polyethylene (PE) with activities in the range of 107.2–372.0 kg of PE·mol[Cr]−1 h−1.
Preparation, characterization and fire resistance evaluation of a novel ceramizable silicone rubber composite
Authors: Yu Jiangjiang , Qu Linlin , Min Yuanyuan , Hong Ling , Chen Dongliang
Published: January 2022

In order to improve fire resistance performances of sealant for pipe penetration, a novel ceramizable silicone rubber (CSR) composite was developed. The CSR composite was prepared by glass frits (GF), aluminum hydroxide (ATH), phosphorus‐nitrogen flame retardant (NH2C) as functional fillers to get a silicone rubber with reinforced char residues. The effects of ATH, GF, and NH2C content on the mechanical and flame retardant properties were studied by orthogonal designed experiments. The scanning electronic microscopy and X‐ray diffraction were used to characterize the microstructure and phase composition after the sintering test, and subsequently to explore the fire resistance mechanism of the CSR composite. Experimental results indicated the optimum composition of CSR (by weight percent) was 18% GF, 18% ATH, and 25% phosphorus‐nitrogen flame retardant. The surface flammability and marine A class pipe penetration fire tests were untiled to evaluate the fire resistance of the CSR with optimal proportion. The results show the optimal CSR can achieve the A‐60 grade in the pipe penetration fire test and possess superior low flame spread flammability. Its application in pipe penetration sealing would be an effective strategy to prevent the flame propagation.
The effect of different quantity promotion discounts on inaction inertia: The internal mechanisms of perceived closeness and mental accounting
Authors: Liu Hsin‐Hsien , Chou Hsuan‐Yi , Yeh Yun‐An
Published: January 2022

Inaction inertia is the phenomenon in which people are less likely to accept an opportunity after having previously missed a relatively superior one. Based on previous studies of inaction inertia, psychological distance, and quantity promotions, the current research explores how missing different quantity promotion discounts (multiple discount vs. single large discount vs. single small discount) influences inaction inertia and relevant mediators. The results of three experiments demonstrate a missed quantity promotion with a single small discount (e.g., “buy 3, get 25% off”), compared with a missed single large discount (“buy 5, get 40% off”) or a multiple discount (e.g., “buy 3, get 25% off, or buy 5, get 40% off”), inducing higher inaction inertia through enhanced perceived closeness, upward counterfactual thinking, and perceived regret. Compared with missing a multiple‐discount promotion, missing a single large‐discount promotion enhances inaction inertia. However, the effect is only mediated through the number of upward counterfactual thoughts and perceived regret. These findings indicate perceived closeness, and assignments to specific mental accounts are important internal mechanisms activating inaction inertia.
Ecocentric leadership and voluntary environmental behavior for promoting sustainability strategy: The role of psychological green climate
Authors: Biswas Shetu Ranjan , Uddin Md. Aftab , Bhattacharjee Swadip , Dey Mouri , Rana Tarek
Published: January 2022

Sustainability is not just a “buzzword” but refers to the ideal business strategy for encouraging sustainable behavior for remaining relevant and competitive. Managers of organizations are increasingly expected to duly consider and demonstrate the desired social and environmental intentions of translating leadership strategies into sustainable practices. Studies on employees' voluntary environmental behavior (VEB) are increasing in number, in that it is believed that behavior can contribute to achieving organizational sustainability strategy. However, despite the studies being published on this emerging field, leadership is a missing link regarding the psychological mechanism through which VEB can be defined and refined. Drawing on the theories of social learning and social exchange, this study seeks to establish the impact of ecocentric leadership (EL) on VEB and the mediating role of psychological green climate (PGC) in this nexus. Data were collected from wide‐ranging business organizations in Bangladesh through a self‐administered survey questionnaire. The results indicate that EL wields a significant direct influence on VEB. Moreover, EL through the mediating effect of PGC indirectly shapes VEB. The study contributes original insights to the discussions and debates on strategic leadership and climate accountability. Implications of ecocentric strategic leadership and recommendations for future research are discussed.
Campus responds to tragedy by creating off‐campus safety director
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: January 2022

Kerry Jackson was planning on retiring from his role as a police officer at the University of Akron on October 31, 2021, after more than 13 years of service on campus. But those retirement plans were derailed when Jackson received a call from the President of UA, Gary L. Miller, asking him to take over the newly created role of Director of Off Campus Safety.