bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Archaeologies of Disadvantage in the Modern City
Authors: Murray Tim
Published: August 2023

This chapter discusses the broad outcomes of over twenty years of research into the archaeology of two key sites in Sydney and Melbourne. It outlines the development of the theory and the method that was used to unlock the material histories of areas that had been widely regarded as slums and the lairs of the disadvantaged, and sketches the consequences of a reconsideration of life at the margins of two major colonial cities during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Sites discussed in the chapter include a range of places in Sydney and Melbourne’s Little Lon, also known as the Commonwealth Block. The chapter also describes the process of developing documentary and archaeological datasets.
The Intimate Relationship Between Slums and Racial Segregation
Authors: Bickford-Smith Vivian
Published: August 2023

This chapter provides a chronological overview from the 1850s onward of when, how, and why areas of deprivation and poor housing in South Africa were imagined as “slums.” It argues that such imagining played a major role in the creation and maintenance of racial categorization and segregation, and that racialized pathologizing of inner-city places became central to demands for “slum clearance.” This led to the removal of inhabitants not deemed to be “white” to townships on the outskirts of South African cities, or compounds and labor barracks for single men sometimes closer to their center. However bad their condition, these segregated dormitory spaces were not condemned as slums, and indeed fell beyond the remit of the South African Slums Act introduced in 1934. Key to this process was the racialization of the distinction made by middle-class observers in metropolitan Britain between the deserving poor and a dangerous residuum.
Informality as Process and the Social Construction of Slums
Authors: King Ross
Published: August 2023

Crucially in Southeast Asian cities, the production of alleged “slums” relates to rural-to-urban migration (rural decline, the allure of the cities), also to political and economic flight (Burmese and Khmer in Bangkok, for instance), less so to urban displacement (the de-industrialization prevalent in the West). However, in more recent times these processes intersect with counter-forces of middle-class gentrification, dreams of urban beautification, and fears of rural-to-urban invasion. There are simultaneously waves of the informal and the formal seen as process in urban space, accounting for entirely new imaginings of slums. The chapter uses a series of case studies to illustrate these processes: in Thailand, Sukhumvit and the Khlong Toei Slums of Bangkok, the cannal communities in Bangkok’s northern Bangkhen district, and conflicts of the Chao Phraya riverbanks; in Indonesia, the kampung of Jakarta and the Kampung Improvement Programs of Surabaya; and in Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur’s Kampung Baru.
Slum Statistics in India
Authors: Kundu Amitabh
Published: August 2023

This discussion of the concept of slums is based on an overview of research studies and policy documents at global, national, and regional levels, and the problems that these reveal in analyzing trends and patterns using the available databases. It takes stock of the existing information on housing and slum conditions in India, identifies the data gaps, and proposes measures to remedy these for their greater usability. The key objective is to rescue the concept of “slum” from its hitherto negativist framework. This is attempted by introducing the concept of the tenability of slums, constructing slum vulnerability indices and designing strategies of inclusive urban development while making a strong case for in situ upgradation. It is argued that the inclusion of a positive indicator of tenability, replacing the negative indicators of illegality, immorality, and the like, would increase the coverage of deprived urban dwellers under state-sponsored slum improvement missions.
La Perla, Puerto Rico
Authors: Urban Florian
Published: August 2023

La Perla, Puerto Rico’s most famous “slum,” developed since the early 1900s outside the walls of Old San Juan, the historic Old Town of the Puerto Rican capital. By the mid-twentieth century, La Perla was a symbol of the poverty and deprivation that development and scientifically informed planning attempted to resolve. It became the subject of various improvement plans with varying degrees of inhabitant participation. Comparing building types, ownership structures, and municipal policies throughout La Perla’s history, this chapter questions the validity of the formal-informal distinction that is fundamental in recent literature on “slums,” and engrained in development and modernization ideologies. In terms of architecture, planning, and legal situation, the neighborhood has been characterized by a combination of formal and informal elements. There was both self-help construction and profit-driven development, stable and improvised buildings, unequal power relations, and strong economic ties to the rest of the city.
Censorship and Selective Support for the Arts
Authors: Soucek Brian
Published: August 2023

If works of art vary in their moral character or the moral effects they have on their audience, the government or private parties may want to take steps to restrict morally problematic art or promote art that ennobles. In the United States, direct governmental regulation of artistic expression is, for the most part, constitutionally prohibited—though obscenity, antidiscrimination, and historic preservation laws provide important exceptions. As or more important, though, in their effect on the arts are governmental choices about what and what not to subsidize, as well as private choices about what arts to promote or boycott, or to regulate by invoking protections such as copyright. Whether or not these examples should all be described as censorship, they all play a regulative role in what art gets made, seen, and preserved.
Ethics and Imagination
Authors: Shim Joy , Liao Shen-yi
Published: August 2023

This chapter identifies and presents predominant debates at the intersection of ethics and imagination. The authors begin by examining issues on whether imagination can be constrained by ethical considerations, such as the moral evaluation of imagination, the potential for morality’s constraining our imaginative abilities, and the possibility of moral norms’ governing our imaginings. In the next section, the authors present accounts that posit imagination’s integral role in cultivating ethical lives, both through engagements with narrative artworks and in reality. Finally, the chapter concludes with a focus on the possibility of imagination constituting or constructing new ethical or political frameworks.
Beyond “Stopping”
Authors: Whitlock Janis L. , Lloyd-Richardson Elizabeth E. , Woolsen Josie
Published: August 2023

This chapter considers recovery from nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) under the notion of healing and growth. It looks into how recovery has been operationalized in mental health and NSSI-specific literature. Historically, recovery originated from pathology-based paradigms that assume the need for intervention and are closely aligned with behavioral conformity to accepted norms and mores. Moreover, recovery includes dimensions of wellness, growth, dynamic, intentional, relational, policies, individually situated, community-supported, and spiritually supporting. The chapter discusses the clinical implications of recovery and practitioners using approaches such as identifying underlying psychological processes and creating short-term meetable goals. It highlights full cessation as a common therapeutic goal when concerned with self-injury.
Self-Care and the Music Educator
Authors: Sweet Bridget
Published: August 2023

Acts of self-care have rarely been more encouraged in the music education profession than today, as symptoms of burnout impact the wellbeing of music educators around the world. Not only may acts of self-care positively improve teachers’ relationships with their important work, but efforts may influence teachers’ lives beyond the music classroom. Intentional acts may also promote self-care for music students, infusing ideas about wellness into their developing crafts. Supported by recommendations of the Health Promotion in Schools of Music Project starting places for musician self-care include vocal hygiene, hearing health, musculoskeletal issues, and psychological health. As examination of teaching practices and personal wellness habits can be challenging, additional considerations of patience, vulnerability, and confidence may assist with efforts of self-care.
Music as a Vehicle for Caring for Students with Learning Differences
Authors: Hourigan Ryan M.
Published: August 2023

Students who have learning differences can be excluded from music-learning communities. Learning difference can be caused by neurological, physical, mental health, and other challenges that can obstruct a student from acquiring skills and knowledge. Because each student’s learning path may be different, connections between students, teachers, administrators, and community members may not be as strong. As a result, music educators do not often hear their story. The aim of this chapter is to provide a framework to care for differently abled students in music education from all stakeholders. This chapter will include how the essence of care should be applied to the music-learning community for differently abled members and those with learning differences in order to provide a safe and caring learning environment.
Reconsidering Musical Ability Development Through the Lens of Diversity and Bias
Authors: Hendricks Karin S. , McPherson Gary E.
Published: August 2023

This chapter addresses care by reconsidering overly simplified and potentially harmful conceptions of music ability development. It challenges common assumptions about “giftedness” and “talent,” and details the various social, environmental, and interpersonal factors that play a role in the development of musical abilities. It offers recommendations for supporting students with a diverse range of abilities, backgrounds, and interests. Self-determination theory is used to explain ways for supporting music students’ basic psychological needs. Finally, the chapter explores how music teachers’ implicit biases might affect the ways in which teachers interact with different students, in some cases unintentionally reinforcing inequities. We offer suggestions for how to exercise care by confronting and addressing implicit biases in music-learning settings.
Caring About Caring for Music Education
Authors: Silverman Marissa
Published: August 2023

Why should music teachers care for music education? Or, more fundamentally, why should music teachers care about caring for music education? This chapter examines how care ethics can frame potentials for our students, their worlds, and their communities through, fundamentally, a better understanding of ourselves as music educators. Additionally, this chapter argues that music education—holistically conceived—is an ethical engagement with/for communities of people. Thus relatedly, explanations of why and how music making, creating, listening, and sharing contribute to many kinds of identity formation—including musical, personal, social, cultural, gendered, and ethical identity development—should be framed from a “care”—caring, care-filled, and careful—perspective.
Posttraumatic Growth after Postpartum Psychosis
Authors: Beck Cheryl Tatano , Twomey Teresa
Published: August 2023

Purpose:

To explore positive changes in women's beliefs, emotions, and behaviors following their struggles with postpartum psychosis.

Study Design and Methods:

This is a descriptive qualitative study of women who experienced posttraumatic growth after postpartum psychosis. We recruited participants from postings on three Facebook groups. Participants sent their stories of posttraumatic growth after postpartum psychosis via email attachment. We used the following five domains from Tedeschi and Calhoun's (2004) posttraumatic growth model to guide our deductive content analysis: Relating to Others, Personal Strength, Appreciation of Life, New Possibilities, and Spiritual and Existential Change.

Results:

Thirteen women participated. Relating to Others was the posttraumatic growth domain most often described by the participants followed in order of frequency by Personal Strength, Appreciation of Life, New Possibilities, and Spiritual and Existential Change. Partners and family members' support was instrumental in recovery from postpartum psychosis.

Clinical Implications:

When considering the total sample, participants experienced all five domains of posttraumatic growth after postpartum psychosis though not every individual experienced growth in all five domains. Interventions can be tailored to meet the needs of women depending on which phase of recovery from postpartum psychosis women are in, acute, early recovery, or advanced recovery. Advanced recovery is the most appropriate phase to discuss the possibility of posttraumatic growth with women. Such discussion should be done with caution and sensitivity as not all women experience positive growth, and it can be harmful to frame this in a way that indicates or encourages expectation.
A Novel, Uniquely Efficacious Type of CFTR Corrector with Complementary Mode of Action
Authors: Marchesin Valentina , Monnier Lucile , Blattmann Peter , Chevillard Florent , Kuntz Christine , Forny Camille , Kamper Judith , Studer Rolf , Bossu Alexandre , Ertel Eric A. , Nayler Oliver , Brotschi Christine , Williams Jodi T. , Gatfield John
Published: August 2023

Three distinct pharmacological corrector types (I, II, III) with different binding sites and additive behaviour only partially rescue the F508del-CFTR folding and trafficking defect observed in cystic fibrosis. Here, we describe novel, uniquely effective, macrocyclic CFTR correctors that were additive to the known corrector types, thus exerting a new, complementary “type-IV” corrector mechanism. Macrocycles achieved wildtype-like folding efficiency of F508del-CFTR at the endoplasmic reticulum and normalized CFTR currents in reconstituted patient-derived bronchial epithelium. Using photo-activatable macrocycles, docking studies and site-directed mutagenesis a highly probable binding site and pose for type-IV correctors was identified in a cavity between lasso helix-1 (Lh1) and transmembrane helix-1 of membrane spanning domain-1 (MSD1), distinct from the known corrector binding sites. Since only F508del-CFTR fragments spanning from Lh1 until MSD2 responded to type-IV correctors, these likely promote co-translational assembly of Lh1, MSD1, and MSD2. Remarkably, previously corrector-resistant CFTR folding mutations were also robustly rescued, suggesting substantial therapeutic potential for this novel type-IV corrector mechanism.

Teaser

A novel type of macrocyclic CFTR corrector with new binding site, complementary mode of action and unique folding / trafficking efficacy is described.
Bromine versus chlorine substituent in breathing crystals of a copper(I) coordination compound with a triazolamine Schiff base
Authors: Ganczar Emilia , Białońska Agata
Published: August 2023

It is known that N-[4-(chlorobenzylidene)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-amine in reaction with copper(I) perchlorate(VII) forms metastable breathing crystals built up of X-shaped binuclear units containing copper(I) ions in a trigonal coordination sphere. Using trifluoromethanesulfonate instead of perchlorate(VII) affects the self-assembly of the X-shaped units and the breathing function of the resulting crystals. The latter are not breathing crystals. Copper(I) trifluoromethanesulfonate with N-[4-(bromobenzylidene)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-amine crystallizes in two forms: open (with the presence of 1D channels) and closed (without 1D channels). Both are characterized by the presence of X-shaped binuclear cationic units and the trigonal coordination sphere of copper(I) ions. The open form has the ability to engage in reversible sorption. The desorption process is associated with the large reorientation of the binuclear units and the reorganization of the intermolecular interactions leading to the closure of the channels. The post-synthetically obtained channel-less form differs from the channel-less form obtained by direct crystallization, the latter being incapable of sorption. The mechanism of the desorption process of the open form is governed by the general principle of dense packing, and the main reason for the sorption process is the formation of directional halogen–halogen interactions. The halogen atom in the para position of the ligands influences the formation of different crystalline forms and also a different mechanism for the desorption process.
Post-occupancy evaluation of residential properties: a case study on an organizational multistorey apartment building
Authors: Hassanain Mohammad A. , Al-Suwaiti Ibrahim , Ibrahim Ahmed M.
Published: August 2023

Purpose

This paper aims to provide an exemplary application of an indicative post-occupancy evaluation (POE) on an organizational multistorey residential apartment building.

Design/methodology/approach

This research comprises of mixed qualitative and quantitative approaches. The methodology commences with a review of the recent literature, identification of performance elements, conduct of walk-through, distribution and collection of users' surveys and the development of short and long-term recommendations, where an adequate sample of users were approached for conducting a focus group interview session.

Findings

The research identifies 74 performance elements that were clustered into technical, namely (thermal, acoustic and visual comforts, indoor air quality and safety and security), functional, namely (design adequacy, finishing, furnishing, fittings and equipment and building surroundings) dimensions and behavioral, namely (apartment building attributes and managerial and logistical support). The questionnaire survey aimed to solicit users' opinions upon the occupied case study residential facility.

Originality/value

The research identifies areas of occupants' satisfaction and dissatisfaction in a typical multistorey residential building, as a part of a community housings for a mega organization, located in Saudi Arabia. The identification of these areas serves as a lesson learned for future developments, design considerations and implications. Hence, improving the well-being and comfort of its employees.
Methods for calculating aerodynamics inside high-speed railway tunnel lining cracks and predicating stress intensity factors
Authors: Liu Yi-Kang , Liu Xin-Yuan , Deng E. , Ni Yi-Qing , Yue Huan
Published: August 2023

Purpose

This study aims to propose a series of numerical and surrogate models to investigate the aerodynamic pressure inside cracks in high-speed railway tunnel linings and to predict the stress intensity factors (SIFs) at the crack tip.

Design/methodology/approach

A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model is used to calculate the aerodynamic pressure exerted on two cracked surfaces. The simulation uses the viscous unsteady κ-ε turbulence model. Using this CFD model, the spatial and temporal distribution of aerodynamic pressure inside longitudinal, oblique and circumferential cracks are analyzed. The mechanism behind the pressure variation in tunnel lining cracks is revealed by the air density field. Furthermore, a response surface model (RSM) is proposed to predict the maximum SIF at the crack tip of circumferential cracks and analyze its influential parameters.

Findings

The initial compression wave amplifies and oscillates in cracks in tunnel linings, resulting from an increase in air density at the crack front. The maximum pressure in the circumferential crack is 2.27 and 1.76 times higher than that in the longitudinal and oblique cracks, respectively. The RSM accurately predicts the SIF at the crack tip of circumferential cracks. The SIF at the crack tip is most affected by variations in train velocities, followed by the depth and length of the cracks.

Originality/value

The mechanism behind the variation of aerodynamic pressure in tunnel lining cracks is revealed. In addition, a reliable surrogate model is proposed to predict the mechanical response of the crack tip under aerodynamic pressures.
Riding a bicycle while building its wheels: the process of machine learning-based capability development and IT-business alignment practices
Authors: Mucha Tomasz , Ma Sijia , Abhari Kaveh
Published: August 2023

Purpose

Recent advancements in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and, at its core, Machine Learning (ML) offer opportunities for organizations to develop new or enhance existing capabilities. Despite the endless possibilities, organizations face operational challenges in harvesting the value of ML-based capabilities (MLbC), and current research has yet to explicate these challenges and theorize their remedies. To bridge the gap, this study explored the current practices to propose a systematic way of orchestrating MLbC development, which is an extension of ongoing digitalization of organizations.

Design/methodology/approach

Data were collected from Finland's Artificial Intelligence Accelerator (FAIA) and complemented by follow-up interviews with experts outside FAIA in Europe, China and the United States over four years. Data were analyzed through open coding, thematic analysis and cross-comparison to develop a comprehensive understanding of the MLbC development process.

Findings

The analysis identified the main components of MLbC development, its three phases (development, release and operation) and two major MLbC development challenges: Temporal Complexity and Context Sensitivity. The study then introduced Fostering Temporal Congruence and Cultivating Organizational Meta-learning as strategic practices addressing these challenges.

Originality/value

This study offers a better theoretical explanation for the MLbC development process beyond MLOps (Machine Learning Operations) and its hindrances. It also proposes a practical way to align ML-based applications with business needs while accounting for their structural limitations. Beyond the MLbC context, this study offers a strategic framework that can be adapted for different cases of digital transformation that include automation and augmentation of work.
Rooting for the green: consumers and brand love
Authors: Hamouda Manel , Aissaoui Aroua
Published: August 2023

Purpose

This study aims to investigate the nature of relationships between consumers and green brands and notably their role in shaping green brand evangelism. More particularly, the study first focuses on the influence of green relational benefits (confidence, self-expression, socialisation and altruistism) on green brand loyalty and subsequently the direct effect of green brand loyalty on green brand evangelism.

Design/methodology/approach

Data were collected using an online survey administered to a sample of 101 graduated female consumers of green personal care and beauty brands. Partial least square structural equation modelling was used to test the hypothesized relationships of the proposed conceptual model.

Findings

The study results demonstrate the existence of a positive and direct impact of confidence, socialization and self-expression benefits on green brand loyalty, with a stronger influence of confidence compared to the other benefits. Green brand loyalty generates a positive green brand evangelism from consumers.

Practical implications

To promote green brand evangelism, managers should invest in actions that enhance consumer loyalty towards green brands through a combination of confidence, socialization and self-expression benefits.

Originality/value

Although previous studies have discussed how relational benefits contribute to the development of brand loyalty, the issue has not been examined from a green brand perspective. In addition, this paper explores the antecedents of green brand evangelism, which have not been sufficiently addressed in the existing literature.
Manual assembly actions segmentation system using temporal-spatial-contact features
Authors: Kang Zengxin , Cui Jing , Chu Zhongyi
Published: August 2023

Purpose

Accurate segmentation of artificial assembly action is the basis of autonomous industrial assembly robots. This paper aims to study the precise segmentation method of manual assembly action.

Design/methodology/approach

In this paper, a temporal-spatial-contact features segmentation system (TSCFSS) for manual assembly actions recognition and segmentation is proposed. The system consists of three stages: spatial features extraction, contact force features extraction and action segmentation in the temporal dimension. In the spatial features extraction stage, a vectors assembly graph (VAG) is proposed to precisely describe the motion state of the objects and relative position between objects in an RGB-D video frame. Then graph networks are used to extract the spatial features from the VAG. In the contact features extraction stage, a sliding window is used to cut contact force features between hands and tools/parts corresponding to the video frame. Finally, in the action segmentation stage, the spatial and contact features are concatenated as the input of temporal convolution networks for action recognition and segmentation. The experiments have been conducted on a new manual assembly data set containing RGB-D video and contact force.

Findings

In the experiments, the TSCFSS is used to recognize 11 kinds of assembly actions in demonstrations and outperforms the other comparative action identification methods.

Originality/value

A novel manual assembly actions precisely segmentation system, which fuses temporal features, spatial features and contact force features, has been proposed. The VAG, a symbolic knowledge representation for describing assembly scene state, is proposed, making action segmentation more convenient. A data set with RGB-D video and contact force is specifically tailored for researching manual assembly actions.
XPS™ Jensen lung as a low‐cost, high‐fidelity training adjunct to ex‐vivo lung perfusion
Authors: Gouchoe Doug A. , Shukrallah Basam , Eggeman Chad , Igoe David , Ralston James , Mast David , Ganapathi Asvin M. , Whitson Bryan A.
Published: August 2023

Background

Ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) enables lung resuscitation before transplantation, and training is key, particularly in low‐volume settings. To enable technique refinement and continuing education, we sought to demonstrate the value of a low‐cost, high‐fidelity EVLP simulator that would allow reproducible clinical scenarios.

Methods

In partnership with our EVLP manufacturer, we utilized the XPS™ Jensen Lung with our clinical system. The Jensen Lung has two simulated lung bladders and an in‐line polymethylpentene fiber oxygenator. It allows titration of ventilator support which aids in accurate clinical simulation. For simulations, blood gases (BGs) were obtained and compared with integrated in‐line perfusate gas monitors (PGMs). PaO2, PCO2, and pH were measured and compared.

Results

The PGM and BG values were not significantly different throughout the range of FiO2 and sweep gas flow rates evaluated. The “delta” PaO2 was measured between LA and PA and did not show any change between approaches. The pH measurement between BG and PGM was not significantly different.

Conclusions

The XPS™ Jensen Lung simulator allows for a high‐fidelity simulator of clinical EVLP. The correlation of the PGM and the BG measurement of the PaO2 and pH allow for a low‐cost simulation, as the PGMs are in line in the circuit, and enable real‐time tracking of perfusate gas parameters with the PGM. Implementation of a standardized clinical EVLP training program allows the maintenance of technique and enables clinical simulation training without the need for costly animal perfusions and the use of multiple BG measurements.
Performance of automated antimicrobial susceptibility testing for the detection of antimicrobial resistance in gram‐negative bacteria: a NordicAST study
Authors: Leegaard Truls M. , Justesen Ulrik S. , Matuschek Erika , Giske Christian G. ,   the NordicAST study group on automated AST
Published: August 2023

Automated testing of antimicrobial susceptibility is common in clinical microbiology laboratories but their ability to detect low‐level resistance has been questioned. This Nordic multicentre study aimed to evaluate the performance of commercially available automated AST systems. A phenotypically well‐characterised collection of gram‐negative bacilli (Escherichia coli (n = 7), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 6) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 7)) with and without resistance mechanisms was examined by Danish (n = 1), Finnish (n = 6), Norwegian (n = 16) and Swedish (n = 5) laboratories. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined for 12 antimicrobials with automated systems and compared with MICs obtained with gold standard broth microdilution. The automated systems used were VITEK 2 (n = 23), Phoenix (n = 4), MicroScan (n = 1), and ARIS (n = 1). Very major errors were identified for six antimicrobials; cefotaxime (6.9%), meropenem (0.4%), ciprofloxacin (0.7%), ertapenem (4.3%), amikacin (3.4%) and colistin (6.4%). Categorical agreement of MIC for the automated systems compared to broth microdilution ranged from 83% for imipenem to 100% for ampicillin and trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole. The analysis revealed several important antimicrobials where resistance was underestimated, potentially with significant consequences in patient treatment. The results cast doubt on the use of automated AST in the management of patients with serious infections and suggests that more work is needed to define their limitations.
Age at treatment initiation predicts response in children with chronic hepatitis B
Authors: Wu Xiaoli , Yao Zhenzhen , Lai Xin , Gu Yingping , Peng Songxu
Published: August 2023

Background

Accumulating evidence suggests that age has a significant impact on disease progression and outcome of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. However, its effect on treatment response has not yet been fully elucidated.

Aim

To investigate the associations of age at treatment initiation with clinical treatment outcomes in children with chronic hepatitis B (CHB).

Methods

This study included 306 treatment‐naïve children with CHB. Participants were divided into three groups based on the age at which they started antiviral treatment: 1–3 years, 4–6 years and 7–17 years. The primary outcome of this study was HBsAg loss; secondary outcomes included HBeAg clearance and DNA undetectability.

Results

Of the 306 subjects, 200 (65.4%) were male. Median (IQR) duration of follow‐up was 26 (17, 42) months. There were 139 (45.4%), 79 (25.8%) and 88 (28.6%) of participants in the 1–3 years, 4–6 years and 7–17 years groups, respectively. After adjusting for other covariates, age at treatment initiation was negatively associated with the occurrence of HBsAg loss (1–3 years: HR = 5.07, 95% CI = 2.91–8.82; 4–6 years: HR = 2.42, 95% CI = 1.31–4.46) and HBeAg clearance (1–3 years: HR = 1.73, 95% CI = 1.18–2.53). In addition, we observed linear dose–responses relationships between age at treatment initiation and the probability of HBsAg loss and HBeAg clearance.

Conclusions

In children with CHB receiving antiviral treatment, HBsAg loss and HBeAg clearance were frequently observed. Age at treatment initiation can predict treatment response, including HBsAg loss and HBeAg clearance.
Human blood metabolites and risk of severe COVID‐19: A Mendelian randomization study
Authors: Shang Weifeng , Qian Hang , Shen Xuan , Wen Zhenliang , Zhang Sheng , Chen Dechang
Published: August 2023

Background

Evidence supports the observational associations of human blood metabolites with the risk of severe COVID‐19. However, little is known about the potential pathological mechanisms and the analysis of blood metabolites may offer a better understanding of the underlying biological processes.

Methods

We applied a two‐sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to evaluate relationships between 486 blood metabolites and the risk of severe COVID‐19. The inverse‐variance weighted (IVW) model was used as the primary two‐sample MR analysis method to estimate the causal relationship of the exposure on the outcome. Sensitivity analyses were implemented with Cochran's Q test, MR‐Egger intercept test, MR‐PRESSO, leave‐one‐out analysis and the funnel plot.

Results

Four hunderd and eighty six metabolites were included for MR analysis following rigorous genetic variants selection. After MR analyses and sensitivity analysis filtration, we found weak evidence of an association between 3‐hydroxybutyrate (odds ratio [OR] = 1.21, 95% CI, 1.07–1.38, p = .0036) and the risk of severe COVID‐19. A series of sensitivity analyses have been carried out to confirm the rigidity of the above results.

Conclusion

This study suggested a causal relationship between 3‐hydroxybutyrate and the severity of COVID‐19, thus providing novel insights into biomarkers and pathways for COVID‐19 prevention and clinical interventions.
KOLONIALE GEOGRAFIE BEI DÖBLIN: DIE GRÜNDUNG DES BUNDES DER WAHRHAFT SCHWACHEN IM ZEICHEN DER KOHLE IM CHINESISCHEN ROMAN DIE DREI SPRÜNGE DES WANG‐LUN
Authors: Jiang Ying , Mardaus Frank
Published: August 2023

The article examines Döblin's novelistic treatment of geographical information with regard to China. By means of sketches and choice quotations, proof was found that Döblin not only adopted findings by Ferdinand Baron von Richthofen, but implicitly stressed the German geographer's intention to utilise China's large coal deposits for colonial interests. The example of the Nan‐ku mountains, where in the novel the political/religious movement of the ‘Truly Weak’ alliance first formed itself, serves to examine how Döblin makes use of geological and historical facts from von Richthofen's scientific studies. This reveals itself, for instance, in his only slightly differing description of the Nan‐ku mountain range from what von Richthofen had noted. In its attempted exactitude, the former notion can be considered a typical feat of literary Realism. We also further examine the crucial role this much sought‐after Chinese mineral wealth – coal – plays in the later rebellious upheaval. Our results contradict the current notion that Döblin depicted a historically divested, contrapuntal view of China as compared to the Western Hemisphere. Instead, the novel markedly deals with real geographical, social and political facts about China in the colonial era. A merely expressionist view on Döblin's novel does not seem to hold.
Effects of a mobile application on improving self‐management of adult patients receiving peritoneal dialysis: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Chae Yoon Jung , Kim Hee Sun
Published: August 2023

Aim

This study aimed to develop a mobile application for improving self‐management and to evaluate its effects in adult patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD).

Methods

This randomized controlled trial was registered with the Korean Clinical Research Information Service Registry (KCT0007267) and conducted at a tertiary hospital. A self‐management mobile application (SMA) was developed based on social cognitive theory and the ADDIE (analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation) model. The SMA includes information about disease management; self‐recording of data on diet, exercise, medication, and health behavior; and healthcare providers' support and feedback. Participants aged 19–65 years were randomly allocated to the intervention group (n = 27) using the SMA for 10 weeks, and the control group (n = 26) receiving usual care. PD‐related knowledge and self‐efficacy, PD‐related health behavior, biomarkers, and health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) were surveyed pretest/posttest and analyzed using SPSS 23.0.

Results

Compared to the controls, the intervention group showed significant improvement in PD‐related knowledge and health behavior, albumin, and hemoglobin. HRQoL domains of symptoms/problems of kidney disease and disease impact on daily activity were improved in the intervention group.

Conclusion

The SMA is an effective intervention for enhancing health behaviors as well as improving the HRQoL of patients with PD. Without any limitations on time or location, patients with PD can easily use the SMA to monitor their health conditions, efficiently manage their disease, and perform PD‐related behaviors. Nurses can implement high‐quality tailored healthcare by using patients’ lifelog data from the SMA.
Confused subcutaneous nodules in children: Differential diagnosis of pilomatricoma in children
Authors: Sun Juan , Fu Li Bing , Xu Jiao Sheng , Han Xiao Feng , Wei Li
Published: August 2023

Background

Pilomatricoma is a common but easily misdiagnosed tumor in children.

Aims

To differentiate pilomatricoma from other common subcutaneous nodules in children.

Patients/Methods

Misdiagnosed subcutaneous nodules in four children were recorded.

Results

A red mass on a 7‐year‐old boy's head which had been misdiagnosed pyogenic granuloma was proved to be pilomatricoma. A red mass on an 8‐month‐old boy's face which had been misdiagnosed infantile hemangioma also turned to be pilomotricoma. A red mass on a 21‐month‐old girl's breast, which had been misdiagnosed pilomatricoma, was proved to be infantile myofibroma. A subcutaneous nodule under a 13‐month‐old girl's armpit, which had been misdiagnosed pilomatricoma, turned to be BCG‐associated lymphadenitis.

Conclusions

When a child with a subcutaneous nodule attends, pilomatricoma, vascular tumors, fibrous tumors, and BCG‐associated lymphadenitis should be considered.
Mega‐events and human rights violations: Empirical evidence from the long‐term perspective
Authors: Ashyrov Gaygysyz , Ivanov Denis
Published: August 2023

As developing countries have started to host the mega‐events (e.g., FIFA, Olympics), the focus has shifted toward the human rights conditions in the host country rather than the competition itself. Up to now, far too little attention has been paid to the impact of mega‐events on human rights. This study aims to fill that gap by examining the relationship between mega‐events and human rights violations in hosting countries. By applying panel data techniques to a rich dataset, we find that hosting mega‐events has a positive impact on human rights. These findings remain statistically significant after several different specifications.
Foreign Ownership and Corporate Dividend Policy in Cameroon
Authors: Bene Marius Ayou
Published: August 2023

This article analyzes the relationship between foreign ownership and dividend policy in the Cameroonian context, based on a sample of 197 companies observed over the period 2015-2017. This relationship is estimated using simultaneous equations to account for endogeneity bias. The results show that foreign ownership negatively influences dividend policy, and vice versa. However, these bidirectional links are not linear, but they assume U-shape forms. That is, low levels of foreign ownership are associated with low dividends, while the dividend increases as foreign shares get higher. Similarly, companies paying low dividends attract few foreign shareholders. The latter increases their shareholding when the dividend payout is high. Furthermore, dividend policy is dynamic in Cameroonian companies, as the current dividend is determined by the previous year's.
Socializing Influences in the Careers of South Korean Female Physical Educators
Authors: Lee Okseon , Richards Kevin Andrew , Hong Yeri , Kim Youngjoon
Published: August 2023

Purpose: Grounded in the occupational socialization theory, this study explored how gender interacted with and influenced socialization experiences in the careers of South Korean female physical educators. Specific attention was directed toward the gendered experiences that female teachers experienced and the coping strategies to navigate them. Methods: The study adopted a qualitative case study design, and the participants were 15 female secondary school physical educators. Data were collected through life story timelines, critical incident writings, and individual interviews. Results: Four themes emerged: (a) unwelcomed and invisible; (b) experiencing a physicality-driven hierarchy; (c) dual marginalization as female physical educators; and (d) retreating, masking, redefining, or leaving to cope with challenges. Discussion/Conclusions: The findings indicated that female physical educators experienced being dual-marginalized due to the interplay between gender and subject matter. In response to the challenges, some conformed to their gender role to be safe; however, other teachers employed various strategies to overcome the status quo.
Experiences with an integrated screening programme targeted at women who had a hypertensive disorder or diabetes in pregnancy in the Netherlands: a qualitative study
Authors: van Smoorenburg Sam , Kist Janet M , Vos Rimke C , Vos Hedwig M M
Published: August 2023

Objectives

Pregnancy is a predictor of women’s health later in life. The risk of eventually developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) and/or type 2 diabetes (T2D) increases three to seven times, after pre-eclampsia, hypertension gravidarum or gestational diabetes. The Heart for Women in The Hague project was designed to offer targeted screening to this high-risk population. This research aimed to gather insight regarding the initial experiences of healthcare providers and women with pre-eclampsia, hypertension gravidarum or gestational diabetes.

Design and setting

This study applied a qualitative semistructured interview design using an interview guide based on ‘The Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR).’ Interviews were recorded, transcribed and coded in accordance with the five main CFIR themes. The setting of the study was primary and secondary care in The Hague, the Netherlands. Interviews were carried out from December 2021 until February 2022. The language was Dutch or English.

Participants

Participants (n=13) were women of the target population (n=7) and relevant healthcare professionals (n=6).

Results

Healthcare providers and women were generally positive concerning screening. Healthcare providers agreed that this forgotten group deserves attention and felt that the regional transmural agreement (RTA) provided a clear policy. Women stated that they would like screening to continue and were open-minded regarding lifestyle guidance. Reported barriers included current lack of an easy way of contacting the population after a year, lack of knowledge among the women concerning increased risk, unfamiliarity of new colleagues with the RTA and lack of evidence that screening actually prevents disease.

Conclusion

Implementation of screening programmes to prevent or delay the development of CVD and/or T2D after complicated pregnancies will likely improve awareness in both patients and healthcare providers. Healthcare providers considered the RTA important because it concerns a forgotten high-risk population. Future research should focus on the improved effectiveness of tailored interventions to delay or prevent CVD.
Effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy in patients who had a stroke: a systematic review protocol
Authors: Xu Ke , Zhang Xiao Yan , Ma Jun Yan , Guo Xin , Zhu Shan-Shan , Zhang Huimin , Sun Yu Yan
Published: August 2023

Introduction

Stroke is a common chronic disease with high rates of morbidity and disability and a great burden on patients. As a result, it affects daily activities of patients and causes negative emotions, which seriously affect their quality of life. As a new type of cognitive–behavioural therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) may be useful to improve the mental health of patients who had a stroke. This study aimed to systematically evaluate the intervention effect of ACT in patients who had a stroke, which may provide further clinical evidence.

Methods and analysis

A systematic search of databases, including CNKI, WanFang Data, VIP, CBM, PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, CINAHL and APA PsycArticles, will be conducted from their inception to 31 October 2022. All randomised controlled trials, quasi-experiments and case studies relevant to ACT will be included in English and Chinese. Two independent reviewers will conduct the review, with data extraction and quality evaluation. Review Manager V.5.4 will be used to assess the risk of bias and meta-analysis.

Ethics and dissemination

This systematic review does not require formal ethical approval, because all data will be analysed anonymously. The results will provide an overall review and evidence of the efficacy of ACT in patients who had a stroke. These findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications.

PROSPERO registration number

CRD42022355629.
Defining the capabilities and competencies of high-performing family physicians: a mixed methods study
Authors: Aggarwal Monica , Scott Geoffrey , Kokorelias Kristina Marie , Kulasegaram Kulamakan , Katz Alan , Upshur Ross E G
Published: August 2023

Introduction

High-performing primary care is recognised as the foundation of an effective and efficient healthcare system. Many medical graduates report they are not prepared for independent practice. To date, no research has been conducted to identify the key capabilities and competencies of high-performing family medicine graduates in Canada. This pilot project aims to identify the capabilities and competencies of high-performing early-career family physicians in Ontario, Canada, and explore opportunities for enhancing learning, teaching and assessment within family medicine residency programmes.

Methods and analysis

Employing a mixed-methods explanatory sequential study design, this research will use a theory-driven Professional Capability Framework, previously validated in studies across nine professions, to guide the investigation. The first (quantitative) phase involves surveying ~50 high-performing early-career family physicians identified as high performing by educators, colleagues and leaders. The objective of the survey is to identify the key competencies and personal, interpersonal and cognitive capabilities of high-performing family physicians. The second (qualitative) phase involves conducting workshops with stakeholders, including educators, professional associations, regulators and colleges, to test the veracity of the results. Quantitative data will be analysed using descriptive statistics, and qualitative data will be analysed using Braun and Clarke’s thematic analysis. The first and second phases will identify the key capabilities and competencies required to confidently adapt to the independent practice of comprehensive family medicine and inform fit-for-purpose educational strategies for teaching, learning and assessment.

Ethics and dissemination

The study is approved by the University of Toronto’s Health Sciences Research Ethics Board (#41799). Research findings will be discussed with professional bodies, educators responsible for family medicine curricula and universities. Study findings will also be disseminated through academic conferences and academic publications in peer-reviewed journals. Project summaries and infographics will be developed and disseminated to key stakeholders.