bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hippocampal Subfields in Mild Cognitive Impairment: Associations with Objective and Informant-Report of Memory Function
Authors: O’Shea Deirdre M , de Wit Liselotte , Tanner Jared , Mejia Kurasz Andrea , Amofa Priscilla , Perez Lao Ambar , Levy Shellie-Anne , Chandler Melanie , Smith Glenn
Published: March 2022

Background

Evidence suggests that select hippocampal subfields are implicated in the initial stages of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and are selectively involved in objective memory. Less is known whether subfields are associated with informant-reported memory difficulties of individuals with a diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment (MCI).

Method

Data from 56 participants with a diagnosis of amnestic MCI were included in the present study. To test whether FreeSurfer derived hippocampal subfields (CA1–4, subiculum, presubiculum, and dentate gyrus) were associated with objective (learning and delayed recall) and informant-reports of memory difficulties, we used multiple linear regression analysis. Subfields were adjusted for total intracranial volume, and age, sex, and years of education were included as covariates in all models.

Results

Larger presubiculum, subiculum, and CA4/dentate gyrus volumes were associated with higher delayed recall scores, and larger subiculum and CA4/dentate gyrus volumes were associated with fewer informant-reports of memory difficulties. There were no statistically significant associations between subfields and learning scores.

Discussion

Findings from the present study support the idea that difficulties with memory-dependent everyday tasks in older adults with MCI may signal a neurodegenerative process while increasing understanding of subfields correlates of these memory-specific functional difficulties. Continued investigations into identifying patterns of subfield atrophy in AD may aid early identification of those at higher risk of dementia conversion while advancing precision medicine.
Analysing high-throughput sequencing data in Python with HTSeq 2.0
Authors: Putri Givanna H , Anders Simon , Pyl Paul Theodor , Pimanda John E , Zanini Fabio
Published: March 2022

HTSeq 2.0 provides a more extensive application programming interface including a new representation for sparse genomic data, enhancements for htseq-count to suit single-cell omics, a new script for data using cell and molecular barcodes, improved documentation, testing and deployment, bug fixes and Python 3 support.

Availability and implementation

HTSeq 2.0 is released as an open-source software under the GNU General Public License and is available from the Python Package Index at https://pypi.python.org/pypi/HTSeq. The source code is available on Github at https://github.com/htseq/htseq.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
LPTD: a novel linear programming-based topology determination method for cryo-EM maps
Authors: Behkamal Bahareh , Naghibzadeh Mahmoud , Pagnani Andrea , Saberi Mohammad Reza , Al Nasr Kamal
Published: March 2022

Topology determination is one of the most important intermediate steps toward building the atomic structure of proteins from their medium-resolution cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) map. The main goal in the topology determination is to identify correct matches (i.e. assignment and direction) between secondary structure elements (SSEs) (α-helices and β-sheets) detected in a protein sequence and cryo-EM density map. Despite many recent advances in molecular biology technologies, the problem remains a challenging issue. To overcome the problem, this article proposes a linear programming-based topology determination (LPTD) method to solve the secondary structure topology problem in three-dimensional geometrical space. Through modeling of the protein’s sequence with the aid of extracting highly reliable features and a distance-based scoring function, the secondary structure matching problem is transformed into a complete weighted bipartite graph matching problem. Subsequently, an algorithm based on linear programming is developed as a decision-making strategy to extract the true topology (native topology) between all possible topologies. The proposed automatic framework is verified using 12 experimental and 15 simulated α–β proteins. Results demonstrate that LPTD is highly efficient and extremely fast in such a way that for 77% of cases in the dataset, the native topology has been detected in the first rank topology in <2 s. Besides, this method is able to successfully handle large complex proteins with as many as 65 SSEs. Such a large number of SSEs have never been solved with current tools/methods.

Availability and implementation

The LPTD package (source code and data) is publicly available at https://github.com/B-Behkamal/LPTD. Moreover, two test samples as well as the instruction of utilizing the graphical user interface have been provided in the shared readme file.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
(Re)-Emerging Challenges in Christian Bioethics: Leading Voices in Christian Bioethics
Authors: Iltis Ana
Published: March 2022

This is the third installment in a Christian Bioethics series that gathers leading voices in Christian bioethics to examine the themes and issues they find most pressing. The papers address fundamental theoretical questions about the nature of Christian bioethics itself, long-standing ethical issues that remain significant today, including physician-assisted suicide, euthanasia, the definition of death, the allocation of scarce resources, and finally, more futuristic questions regarding transhumanism. The contributions underscore the enduring significance of Christian engagement in bioethics.
Tragic Choices, Revisited: COVID-19 and the Hidden Ethics of Rationing
Authors: Ryan Maura A
Published: March 2022

Early in the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, concern that there could be a shortage of ventilators raised the possibility of rationing care. Denying patients life-saving care captures our moral imagination, prompting the demand for a defensible framework of ethical principles for determining who will live and who will die. Behind the moral dilemma posed by the shortage of a particular medical good lies a broad moral geography encompassing important and often unarticulated societal values, as well as assumptions about the nature and purpose of health care and the consequences of long-standing choices about health care as a social good. This article explores what COVID-19 has exposed concerning values and choices around health care in the United States. Employing the lens of Catholic Social Thought, it argues for an approach to rationing that is grounded in respect for human dignity, committed to distributing social goods in light of the common good, and self-conscious about the construction of vulnerability to illness and death.
Evolution of anticipatory effects mediated by epigenetic changes
Authors: Kronholm Ilkka
Published: March 2022

Anticipatory effects mediated by epigenetic changes occur when parents modify the phenotype of their offspring by making epigenetic changes in their gametes, guided by information from an environmental cue. To investigate when do anticipatory effects mediated by epigenetic changes evolve in a fluctuating environment, I use an individual-based simulation model with explicit genetic architecture. The model allows for the population to respond to environmental changes by evolving plasticity, bet hedging, or by tracking the environment with genetic adaptation, in addition to the evolution of anticipatory effects. The results show that anticipatory effects evolve when the environmental cue provides reliable information about the environment and the environment changes at intermediate rates, provided that fitness costs of anticipatory effects are rather low. Moreover, evolution of anticipatory effects is quite robust to different genetic architectures when reliability of the environmental cue is high. Anticipatory effects always give smaller fitness benefits than within-generation plasticity, suggesting a possible reason for generally small observed anticipatory effects in empirical studies.
Multisystem inflammatory syndrome-related refractory cardiogenic shock in adults after coronavirus disease 2019 infection: a case series
Authors: Tonon David , Landrieux Clementine , Van Den Plas Soline , Harlé Jean-Robert , Lepidi Hubert , Bourenne Jérémy , Jaussaud Nicolas , Lagier David
Published: March 2022

Background

A novel multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) temporally associated with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection has been reported, arising weeks after the peak incidence of COVID-19 infection in adults. Patients with MIS-C have been reported to have cardiac involvement and clinical features overlapping with other acute inflammatory syndromes such as Kawasaki disease, toxic shock syndrome, and macrophage activation syndrome. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children may follow COVID-19 infection, most of the time after its asymptomatic form, even though it can lead to serious and life-threatening illness.

Case summary

In this case series, we discuss two cases of young adults with no former medical history who fit with the criteria defined in MIS-C. They both developed a refractory cardiogenic shock and required intensive care treatment including mechanical circulatory support, specifically the use of venous–arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. They were both treated early with intravenous immune globulin and adjunctive high-dose steroids. They recovered ad integrum in less than 2 weeks.

Discussion

Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children occurs 2–4 weeks after infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Patients with MIS-C should ideally be managed in an intensive care environment since rapid clinical deterioration may occur. It would be preferable to have a multidisciplinary care to improve outcomes. Patients should be monitored for shock. Elucidating the mechanism of this new entity may have importance for understanding COVID-19 far beyond the patients who have had MIS-C to date. The pathogenesis seems to involve post-infectious immune dysregulation so early administration intravenous immune globulin associated with corticosteroids appears appropriate. It implies early recognition of the syndrome even in young adults.
An unusual pair: coronary artery fistula and coronary sinus ostium stenosis as a cause of refractory angina
Authors: Stefanescu Schmidt Ada C. , Redwood Tahira , Alonso-Gonzalez Rafael , Mezody Melitta , Horlick Eric M.
Published: March 2022

Background

Coronary fistula are rare and often present in early adulthood with symptoms of right heart overload from left to right shunting or ischaemia in the distal coronary bed due to coronary steal.

Case summary

A 73-year-old lady with prior history of supraventricular tachycardia, dyslipidemia and a right coronary artery (RCA) to coronary sinus (CS) fistula, presented with progressive angina. She did not have evidence of ischaemia in the RCA territory on nuclear imaging, and cardiac computed tomography (CT) did not show coronary artery disease but revealed a significantly dilated CS and coronary venous tree. She was found to have CS ostial stenosis and, under transesophageal echocardiographic guidance, underwent successful balloon angioplasty of the CS ostium, with decompression of the coronary venous circulation and resolution of her angina.

Discussion

Coronary fistula draining to the CS are rare, and association with CS ostial stenosis has been reported very infrequently. CS ostial stenosis can cause elevated coronary venous pressure, leading to decreased global coronary perfusion and symptoms of angina or heart failure. Previous case reports of coronary fistula and CS ostial stenosis were treated with either medical therapy or surgery, and our case is the first to our knowledge to report successful percutaneous treatment.
Rapid resolution of severe pericardial effusion using anakinra in a patient with COVID-19 vaccine-related acute pericarditis relapse: a case report
Authors: Perna Francesco , Verecchia Elena , Pinnacchio Gaetano , Gerardino Laura , Brucato Antonio , Manna Raffaele
Published: March 2022

Background

Pericarditis, along with myocarditis, is being increasingly reported after the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine, but the best treatment strategy in this specific setting is still unclear.

Case summary

We report a case of acute pericarditis after the second dose of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine with recurrence of large pericardial effusion after a previous pericardiocentesis and anti-inflammatory drugs tapering. The patient was successfully treated with the recombinant interleukin-1 receptor antagonist anakinra, with full reabsorption of the pericardial effusion and an abrupt drop of the inflammatory markers within 72 h. The patient was discharged a few days later, with a further decrease of the inflammatory markers and no residual symptoms.

Discussion

Anakinra is being increasingly used in the treatment of recurrent pericarditis due to its capability to interrupt the autoinflammatory response leading to deleterious cytokine storms. On account of its high efficacy and rapid onset, it has been reported to rapidly reverse large inflammatory pericardial effusions. Pericarditis and myocarditis have been reported after the COVID-19 vaccine, but this is the first case of COVID-19 vaccine-related pericarditis and pericardial effusion successfully treated with anakinra, avoiding a second pericardiocentesis.
Case report: paradoxically reversible perfusion defects on vasodilator stress imaging in a case of metastatic coronary compression
Authors: Kwiatkowski Sara G , Aulakh Vikrant S , Kapoor Kunal , Wei Xin , Grizzard John D , Hundley W Gregory , Gordon Sarah W , Trankle Cory R
Published: March 2022

Background

Patients with malignancy who experience metastasis to cardiac structures may exhibit ST-segment elevations and acute coronary syndrome (ACS) through poorly understood pathophysiologic mechanisms. We present a case in which vasodilator stress cardiovascular magnetic resonance provides unique insight into one such patient who suffered from recurrent episodes resembling ACS.

Case summary

A 58-year-old male with metastatic lung adenocarcinoma presented with refractory angina and dynamic inferior electrocardiogram changes. The patient was referred for adenosine stress cardiovascular magnetic resonance, revealing multiple territories of abnormal perfusion during rest with improvement during adenosine infusion. Subsequent computed tomography displayed tumour encasement of the right coronary artery. Taken together, vasodilator-responsive extrinsic compression of multiple epicardial coronary arteries was suspected. Outpatient oncology follow-up for chemoimmunotherapy initiation was arranged with the hope that reducing tumour burden might alleviate coronary compression. However, in the ensuing months, the patient’s disease advanced beyond the point of which his symptoms could be controlled medically, and he was ultimately enrolled in hospice care.

Discussion

Encasement of coronary arteries can result in anginal symptoms if their position impairs coronary arterial flow. The presented case highlights the unique manner in which these lesions might behave on stress cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Clinicians who encounter such unusual findings on vasodilator stress imaging should consider metastatic lesions to the cardiac structures on the differential diagnosis.
An SPS Dispute without Science? The Fukushima Case and the Dichotomy of Science/Non-Science Obligations under the SPS Agreement
Authors: Lin Ching-Fu , Naiki Yoshiko
Published: March 2022

The interface between science and law has been much debated in various fields of international law and the World Trade Organization (WTO) has been one of the main forums. Notably, WTO disputes, such as EC – Hormones and EC – Biotech, have drawn controversies and criticisms over the role of science in WTO law. Korea – Radionuclides – also known as the Fukushima case – calls upon us to reconsider an under-analysed perspective regarding science and law. While the Fukushima accident marked the first massive radionuclide release into the ocean with significant uncertainties and complexities, Korea – Radionuclides did not touch upon any ‘science-based’ obligations under the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement). Thus, it stands out as a unique dispute in the 25 years of the SPS case law. This article unpacks Korea – Radionuclides, challenging and rethinking the assumed dichotomy between science-based and non-science-based obligations under the SPS Agreement. Our critical examination of Korea – Radionuclides suggests that science plays an important role even in the discussions of non-science-based obligations. In contrast to the conventional wisdom of the science/non-science dichotomy, we further argue that the normative integrity and raison d’être of the SPS Agreement in fact rest upon the inextricable nexus and integration between science-based and non-science-based obligations.
The intestinal microbiota influences the microenvironment of metastatic colon cancer by targeting miRNAs
Authors: Zhou Shihai , Zhu Canhua , Jin Shaoqin , Cui Chunhui , Xiao Linghui , Yang Zhi , Wang Xi , Yu Jinlong
Published: March 2022

This study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanisms through which the intestinal microbiota and microRNAs (miRNAs) participate in colon cancer metastasis. Intestinal flora data, and the GSE29621 (messenger RNA/long non-coding RNA [mRNA/lncRNA]) and GSE29622 (miRNA) datasets, were downloaded from The Cancer Gene Atlas and Gene Expression Omnibus databases, respectively. Immune-related cells in M1 vs. M0 samples were analyzed using the Wilcoxon test. Furthermore, an lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA (competing endogenous RNA [ceRNA]) network was constructed, and survival analysis of RNAs in the network was performed. A total of 16 miRNA-genus co-expression pairs containing eight microbial genera and 15 miRNAs were screened; notably, Porphyromonas and Bifidobacterium spp. were found to be associated with most miRNAs, and has-miR-3943 was targeted by most microbial genera. Furthermore, five immune cell types, including activated natural killer cells, M1 macrophages, resting mast cells, activated mast cells and neutrophils, were differentially accumulated between the M1 and M0 groups. Enrichment analysis suggested that mRNAs related to colon cancer metastasis were mainly involved in pathways related to bacterial and immune responses. Survival analysis revealed that TMEM176A and PALM3 in the ceRNA network were significantly associated with the prognosis of patients with colon cancer. In conclusion, this study revealed a potential mechanism by which the intestinal microbiota influences the colon cancer microenvironment by targeting miRNAs.
Intestinal microbiota research from a global perspective
Authors: Wallenborn Jordyn T , Vonaesch Pascale
Published: March 2022

The intestinal microbiota plays a crucial role in health and changes in its composition are linked with major global human diseases. Fully understanding what shapes the human intestinal microbiota composition and knowing ways of modulating the composition are critical for promotion of life-course health, combating diseases, and reducing global health disparities. We aim to provide a foundation for understanding what shapes the human intestinal microbiota on an individual and global scale, and how interventions could utilize this information to promote life-course health and reduce global health disparities. We briefly review experiences within the first 1,000 days of life and how long-term exposures to environmental elements or geographic specific cultures have lasting impacts on the intestinal microbiota. We also discuss major public health threats linked to the intestinal microbiota, including antimicrobial resistance and disappearing microbial diversity due to globalization. In order to promote global health, we argue that the interplay of the larger ecosystem with intestinal microbiota research should be utilized for future research and urge for global efforts to conserve microbial diversity.
Insights into the underlying mechanisms and clinical management of microscopic colitis in relation to other gastrointestinal disorders
Authors: Liu Yuanbin , Chen Mingkai
Published: March 2022

Microscopic colitis (MC) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the large intestine and as a relatively late recognized condition, its relationship with other disorders of the gastrointestinal tract is gradually being understood and investigated. As a multifactorial disease, MC interacts with inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, and irritable bowel syndrome through genetic overlap, immunological factors, and gut microflora. The risk of colorectal cancer was significantly lower in MC, gastrointestinal infections increased the risk of developing MC, and there was an inverse association between Helicobacter pylori infection and MC. A variety of associations are found between MC and other gastrointestinal disorders, where aspects such as genetic effects, resemblance of immunological profiles, and intestinal microecology are potential mechanisms behind the relationships. Clinicians should be aware of these connections to achieve a better understanding and management of MC.
Development of an Electronic Frailty Index for Hospitalized Older Adults in Sweden
Authors: Mak Jonathan K L , Hägg Sara , Eriksdotter Maria , Annetorp Martin , Kuja-Halkola Ralf , Kananen Laura , Boström Anne-Marie , Kivipelto Miia , Metzner Carina , Bäck Jerlardtz Viktoria , Engström Malin , Johnson Peter , Lundberg Lars Göran , Åkesson Elisabet , Sühl Öberg Carina , Olsson Maria , Cederholm Tommy , Jylhävä Juulia , Religa Dorota
Published: March 2022

Background

Frailty assessment in the Swedish health system relies on the Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS), but it requires training, in-person evaluation, and is often missing in medical records. We aimed to develop an electronic frailty index (eFI) from routinely collected electronic health records (EHRs) and assess its association with adverse outcomes in hospitalized older adults.

Methods

EHRs were extracted for 18 225 patients with unplanned admissions between 1 March 2020 and 17 June 2021 from 9 geriatric clinics in Stockholm, Sweden. A 48-item eFI was constructed using diagnostic codes, functioning and other health indicators, and laboratory data. The CFS, Hospital Frailty Risk Score, and Charlson Comorbidity Index were used for comparative assessment of the eFI. We modeled in-hospital mortality and 30-day readmission using logistic regression; 30-day and 6-month mortality using Cox regression; and length of stay using linear regression.

Results

Thirteen thousand one hundred and eighty-eight patients were included in analyses (mean age 83.1 years). A 0.03 increment in the eFI was associated with higher risks of in-hospital (odds ratio: 1.65; 95% confidence interval: 1.54–1.78), 30-day (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.43; 1.38–1.48), and 6-month mortality (HR: 1.34; 1.31–1.37) adjusted for age and sex. Of the frailty and comorbidity measures, the eFI had the highest area under receiver operating characteristic curve for in-hospital mortality of 0.813. Higher eFI was associated with longer length of stay, but had a rather poor discrimination for 30-day readmission.

Conclusions

An EHR-based eFI has robust associations with adverse outcomes, suggesting that it can be used in risk stratification in hospitalized older adults.
Using a Nature-Based Virtual Reality Environment for Improving Mood States and Cognitive Engagement in Older Adults: A Mixed-Method Feasibility Study
Authors: Kalantari Saleh , Bill Xu Tong , Mostafavi Armin , Lee Angella , Barankevich Ruth , Boot Walter R , Czaja Sara J
Published: March 2022

Background and Objectives

Exposure to nature and nature-based imagery has been shown to improve mood states and stave off cognitive decline in older adults. Even “micro-doses” of natural scenery can provide beneficial effects in situations where more extensive interactions with nature are not feasible. In the current study, we evaluated the use of virtual reality (VR) for delivering interactive nature-based content with the goal of prompting active engagement and improving mood states in older adults.

Research Design and Methods

The researchers developed a novel VR environment that combined 360-degree videos of natural areas and botanical gardens with interactive digital features that allowed users to engage with aspects of the environment. We recruited 50 older adults to try out this VR environment and measured changes in mood states and attitudes toward VR from before versus after the sessions. We controlled for variables such as age, education level, and exposure to nature in everyday life, and we looked for differences in responses to the VR among participants with cognitive impairments (CIs) versus without, and participants with physical disabilities versus without.

Results

The findings indicated significant improvements in “good” mood and “calm” mood dimensions after exposure to the VR, as well as improvements in attitudes toward the technology. These positive outcomes were significantly greater for participants with physical disabilities compared to those without disabilities. No differences were found in the responses of participants with CIs versus those without. Exit interviews provided a variety of helpful suggestions about ways to improve the VR equipment design and content to meet the needs of an older adult population.

Discussion and Implications

The study demonstrates that VR can provide a cost-effective, noninvasive, and nonpharmaceutical approach for improving the lives of older adults in both clinical and recreational settings, particularly when real-world access to nature is limited.
Examining Adult Protective Services Outcomes: Services Associated With the Decrease of Mistreatment Differed by Elder Mistreatment Type
Authors: Liu Pi-Ju , Hass Zachary , Stratton Sara K , Conrad Karen M , Conrad Kendon J
Published: March 2022

Background and Objectives

Adult Protective Services (APS) are the frontline agencies investigating elder mistreatment and providing/coordinating postinvestigation services. Yet, their effectiveness in reducing different types of mistreatment in relation to services is unknown. This study aimed to address the knowledge gap by identifying services provided by mistreatment type, and examining the associations of services with mistreatment reduction.

Research Design and Methods

A pretest–post-test design was implemented using the Identification, Services, and Outcomes (ISO) Matrix to assess mistreatment levels during case investigation and at case closure after services were provided. San Francisco and Napa APS participated in a 6-month data collection.

Results

The 4 most prevalent types of mistreatment were examined: emotional, physical, financial abuse, and neglect by others. On average, level of mistreatment decreased across mistreatment types after APS intervention. Care/case management, mental health, and other services were most common, while specific services differed depending on type of mistreatment. Care/case management services were associated with physical and emotional abuse reduction, legal services further correlated with emotional abuse reduction; financial planning services were associated with financial abuse reduction; care/case management and other services were associated with neglect reduction.

Discussion and Implications

This is the first study to address APS services by mistreatment type and the outcomes of services. Adoption of the ISO Matrix by APS programs opens the possibility of research and practice collaboration in APS outcomes research using a standardized approach.
Control of

E

.

Hirtipennis

and

M

.

Persicae

on Tobacco, 1975
Authors: Pless C. D. , Shamieyh N. B.
Published: March 2022

Dark fire-cured tobacco ‘T-911’ was transplanted on June 6. The two Furadan treatments were applied as a broadcast and tilled to a depth of 4 to 6 inches one day prior to transplanting. All other treatments were applied using 2.5 gal compressed air sprayers at 20 gal/acre. Portable CO2 tanks supplied a constant sprayer tank pressure of 30 psi. Spray treatments were applied on 7 or 14-day schedules for a total of 10 or 5 applications, respectively, beginning June 18. Plots were 20 ft long, 3 rows wide. Rows were spaced 42 inch apart. Plants were spaced 36 inches witfiin rows. Four randomized complete blocks were separated by 4 ft alleys. Flea beetle damage was evaluated as feeding holes per leaf. Counts were made on the fifth leaf of width greater than 2 inches from the top of the plant. Results in the data table are averages of bi-weekly 40-leaf counts, beginning July 1 and ending August 22. Aphid damage ratings ranged from 0 (no evident infestation) to 5 (heavy infestation with severe necrosis of lower leaf bases). Ratings in the data table, made September 7, are averages for 52 plants. The ‘T-911’ tobacco was grown on Sango silt loam.
Poinsettia,

Erinnyis

Ello

Control, Florida, 1975
Authors: Schuster David J. , Wilfret Gary J.
Published: March 2022

‘Dark Red Annette Hegg’, ‘White Annette Hegg’, and ‘Annette Hegg Diva’ were transplanted August 14, 1975, in 15.2 cm pots containing a sand, peat, perlife and vermiculite (2:2:1:1) soil mixture with 140 g dolo-mite, 80 g hydrated lime, 100 g Superphosphate, 257 g 14-14-14 Osmocote, and 80 g Perk added per .03 m3. Plots consisted of one plant/pot with five pots/cultivar for each of four replications in a split plot design. Pots were arranged five across in a 180 cm wide plastic trough filled with 5 cm of methyl bromide fumigated Leon fine sand and irrigated by two Via-flo tubes running the length of the trough. Treatments were applied November 7, 14, 21, 28, December 5, 12, 19, 1975, and January 2, 1976. Whole plant inspections for ello sphinx larvae were made November 11, 17, 26, and December 1. Data were combined for varieties and transformed for analysis.
Pyracantha

L

.

Kunoensis

Control Walnut Creek, California, 1973-74
Authors: Koehler C. S.
Published: March 2022

Park planting of pyracantha shrubs, 6 to 8 feet in height, were sprayed with compression sprayers to point of runoff in spring-summer of 1973. Peak of crawler emergence occurred about June 1. Single plant plots were used with 4 replications of all treatments in a randomized complete block design. On May 27, 1974, 5 twig samples, each about 11 inches long, were cut from each plot and females of the 1973 generation which survived the treatments were counted.
Evaluation of Several Insecticides Against Stored-Product Insects
Authors: Strong R. G.
Published: March 2022

All test insects were reared at 26.7±1°C and 50 to 60% RH, except Trogodermavariobile Ballion reared at 29.4 to 32.2°C and 45 to 50% RH. Young adults of the Indian meal moth and the Angoumois grain moth were not more than 2 days old, the granary weevil and the confused flour beetle ranged from 1 to 14 days in the adult stage, but most specimens were 7 days old; and young, active sawtoothed grain beetles were of undetermined age. Larvae of T. variabile had passed through 4 or 5 molts. Insects were anesthetized with CO2, then placed on filter paper in the lid of a disposable petri dish before being sprayed. Insecticide solutions were made up in a 19:1 (vol/vol) acetone-olive oil solvent mixture. These were applied to insects in a Potter laboratory spray tower in a room kept at 24±1°C. Air pressure was maintained at 5 psi for the first 15 sec of the spray operation, but the 5-ml aliquots of spray solutions used for each application were delivered within 10 sec through the “rich” nozzle of the Potter apparatus. An additional 15-sec settling period was allowed before insects were removed and placed in holding containers; 6-oz waxed paper cups vented with pinholes in the bottom were used for moths, and beetles were put in small plastic cups. The test insects were maintained at 26.7±1°C and 50 to 60% RH for 24 hr before mortalities were recorded, except 48 hr for T. variabile larvae. Insects unable to stand or move about were judged to be dead. Groups of 20 specimens were sprayed in each test, and duplicate tests were made for each species. Data were pooled to calculate mean results, and corrections were made for natural mortality, although only an occasional specimen died in control samples. Three series of tests were made. The first was concerned with organophosphates and a few other organic compounds sprayed directly on insects at concentrations of 0.01, 0.1 , 1.0, and 10.0 mg/ml (Table 1).
Apple Insect Control, 1975
Authors: Hall Franklin R.
Published: March 2022

Experimental insecticides were evaluated for control of several fruit insect pests using four (4) Cortland apple trees/treatment. Insecticides were applied to run-off with the use of a truck-mounted Myers hydraulic sprayer operating at 450-500 psi. Applications were made on May 22 (petal-fall), June 2, 17, July 1, 15, and 31. One additional cover spray was added on August 26 to all Lannate plots. Cyprex 65 WP at 0.5 lbs/100 was added to all plots (except the check) on all application dates. Apple aphid counts were made by walking around each replicate tree and counting the total number of infested terminals per tree. Infested terminals consisted of those with over 25 aphids/terminal. Fruit infestation ratings were obtained by picking (at random) 2 bushels of fruit per replicate tree (8/treatment) at normal fruit harvest dates and counting fruit injury by specific insects.
Pears, Pear Psylla Control, Hudson Valley, 1975
Authors: Weires R. W. , Smith G. L.
Published: March 2022

Experimental insecticides were evaluated for control of pear psylla in a five year old Bartlett pear block. Plots were arranged in a randomized block design with three replicates of three tree plots. Treatments were applied dilute to runoff with a handgun sprayer at 450 psi on May 29, and Juliy 11. Counts were made by sampling five spurs per plot and counting all pear psylla nymphs on each spur under a binocular scope. Pre-treatment counts were made May 27, and July 9, while post-treatment counts were made June 4 and July 15. Control was evaluated by calculating the percent reduction which occurred between pre-treatment and post-treatment counts for each material.
Pecan Nut Casebearer Control with Selected Insecticides in Hamilton Co., Texas, 1974, 1975
Authors: Harris Marvin K.
Published: March 2022

Each insecticide treatment was applied to a single block of about 1 hectare of native pecan trees (each 12 meters high and a canopy 12 meters in diameter) using a speed sprayer with the insecticides applied in a dilute solution sprayed to drip. The timing of applications was determined primarily by periodic examination of pecan nutlets for pecan nut casebearer (PNC) eggs and evidence of larval hatch. Environmental conditions from budbreak to the time of PNC oviposition may prolong larval hatch and thus require 2 insecticide treatments 7-10 days apart to manage the 1st summer generation. Treatment evaluations were made about 3 weeks after treatment by analyzing nut damage.
Green Peach Aphid Control on Celery
Authors: McCalley Norman F.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were evaluated in two separate tests following identical experimental procedures and design at Salinas, California in 1975. Plots were one bed (40 inches between centers) x 25 ft, replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Both tests were established with transplants of the cultivar ‘Tall Utah 5270’, planted two rows per bed on July 23. Sprays were applied August 29, by CO2 sprayer equipped with a hand held boom covering one bed and fitted with 6 Spraying Systems T-[et 8001 flat fan nozzles operated to deliver 60 gal/A at 60 psi. On September 3, five days after spraying, apterous aphids were counted from five plants per plot utilizing aphid shakers to separate aphids from excised plants.
Foliar Sprays to Control the Corn Earworm, European Corn Borer and Corn Earworm in Sweet Corn
Authors: Hofmaster R. N.
Published: March 2022

‘N & K 199’ sweet corn was planted, 10 inch spacing in 3 ft rows, on June 1, 1975. Treatment plots were replicated 3 times and arranged in a randomized block design. Each plot consisted of three 25 ft long rows with a single untreated row adjacent to each treatment plot. Insecticides were applied to the ear area with a D. B. Smith 5 gallon knapsack, hand-operated compressed air sprayer at the rate of 25 gal/A (40 psi), using a Spraying Systems ConeJet Y8 nozzle. Treatments were initiated just prior to first silk on July 28 and continued at 2 to 3 day intervals through August 13-8 treatments in all. On August 20, twenty-five ears from each treatment replicate were checked for earworm, European corn borer and fall armyworm injury. Earworm damaged ears were divided into 2 classes: 1) Medium - Damage to 1.5 inches from tip, ear could be clipped; and 2) Severe - Damage well beyond ear tip and of such nature that ear could not be clipped or salvaged for use. Corn borer and fall armyworm infested ears were not graded into classes but merely recorded as infested or uninfested. A measure of the overall effectiveness against the 3 pests was determined by recording the number of unmarketable ears per 25 ears examined.
Corn Earworm Control, Royal Slope, 1975
Authors: Johansen Carl , Mayer Dan
Published: March 2022

Five chemical treatments were applied to corn ‘Jubilee’ using fixed-wing aircraft. Four applications were made at 5-day intervals beginning August 30-31, 1975 (10% silk). Plots were one acre each, replicated four times in randomized blocks. Ten days after the last application, 100 ears were sampled from the centers of each plot. Each sample was checked for number with one or more living earworms and number with earworm damage. Materials tested were also evaluated for toxicity to honey bees. They are rated by using an index of 0 to 5 where 0 has no hazard, 1 has a short residual hazard and 5 has a long residual hazard.
Control of Major Lettuce Insects in the Hudson Valley, Orange County, New York
Authors: Straub R. W.
Published: March 2022

The test was conducted on ‘Iceberg type’ lettuce grown in organic muck. Plots were four rows, 40 ft long with four replications in randomized blocks. Treatments were applied through a CO2 pressurized knap-sack sprayer equipped with a four-row boom and operated at 37 psi delivering 50 gpa through one overhead nozzle/row. Applications were on July 25 and August 1, with evaluations August 5 to 8. Data were taken from the two center rows of each plot. For cabbage looper, samples consisted on 10 randomly selected heads/treatment and heads were considered infested if larvae or fresh larval feeding were observed. For green peach aphid, apterae from the three bottom leaves of 10 randomly selected heads/treatment were counted.
Lima Beans,

E.

Varivestis

Control
Authors: York Alan C.
Published: March 2022

Bean seed was planted using a Planet Jr in 25 foot rows on 30 inch centers on June 5, 1975 near French Liclc, Indiana. Five treatments including a check were arranged in a randomized block design with 3 replicates. Each treated row was separated from the next by an untreated row. Soil type was silt loam with fragipans, moderate to poorly drained. Insec-ticides were applied on 5 dates (June 18, June 27, July 2, July 16, July 30) with a compressed air sprayer at the rate of 100 gallons spray per acre, 40 psi. Mexican bean beetles (egg masses, larvae, and adults) were counted on 3 occasions: the first 2, entire plants were examined; on the third, 10 trifoliate leaves were examined. Plots were harvested by hand on August 14 (10 row feet per repl), shelled, and weighed.
Control of Alfalfa Looper Larvae on Pea, 1975
Authors: Halfhill J. E. , Treat T. L.
Published: March 2022

All insecticides were applied at 4.2 kg/cm2 (air pressure) and 380 l/ha through D2-13 “TEEJET” hollowcone nozzles mounted 28 cm apart on a rear-mounted boom sprayer fitted to a JD-420 tractor travelling at 4.4 km/hr. The boom height was adjusted to provide maximum coverage of the foliage as the plants grew. There were 4 replications of each treatment. Treatments were applied to 1.5 x 6 m, 8-row beds (18 cm interrow spacing). The crop was planted on April 2 and was sprinkler irrigated (2.5 cm/irrigation) weekly until June 1. Treating was begun on May 30. Temperatures ranged from 10 to 30°C during the test period. The afternoon prior to each treatment, two, 1.2 x 1.5 m sites at the ends of each bed were stocked with 2nd to 5th stage larvae from the laboratory culture to ensure populations of uniform size and stage. The percentage control obtained at harvest on June 15 was determined by cutting and examining the foliage, and the soil beneath at each site.
Potato Leafhopper and Green Peach Aphid Control with Foliar Insecticidal Sprays, 1975
Authors: Cancelado Rafael , Radcliffe Edward B.
Published: March 2022

‘Russet Burbank’ potatoes were planted May 17, at Rosemount, Minnesota. Foliar insecticidal sprays were applied July 15, July 29, August 12, August 26, and September 9, in 90 gal water/acre at 250 psi. A tractor drawn boom sprayer with drop nozzles, 3 nozzles/row, was used. Plots were 4 rows, 60 ft long, randomized in complete blocks with 3 replications. Fungicidal sprays of Dithane M-45, Bravo, or Difolatan were applied weekly from June 20. Counts were made of the nymphs of potato leafhopper and apterae of the green peach aphid. The counts consisted of sampling 35 randomly selected, mid-plant leaves from the center 2 rows of each plot. Counts were made 1 day prior to spraying and 1 day after spraying.
Laboratory Insecticide Screening,

L.

Canus

, Yakima, Washington, 1971
Authors: Toba H. H. , Landis B. J. , Foiles L. L.
Published: March 2022

L. canus larvae were collected in the fall of 1970 from Grandview, Washington, and held at 40°F until the tests were conducted. The soil used was “river-bottom soil”, sandy loam, <O.5% organic matter, sifted with 8-mesh sieve. The bioassays were conducted as follows: insecticides were mixed with air-dry soil in a Twin shell dry blender for 15 min, after which water was added to the soil (2.7% moisture), and the treated soil was placed in 0.5-pt Mason fruit jars. The dosage rates simulated broadcast treatments, and the incorporation of materials to 6 inch in depth. Two boiled wheat grains were pushed down ca. 1 inch into the soil of each jar. One wireworm was placed in each jar; if the wireworm did not borrow into the soil within 1 min, the wireworm was replaced. Regular jar lids were used, but they were not secured tightly. Each treatment consisted of 10 jars. The jars were held in a laboratory maintained at ca. 20 to 25°C. The jars were checked once weekly to determine mortality, which included any dead or moribund larvae. At the weekly checks, moisture was added to the soil as required, two new boiled wheat grains were added, and the same live larvae were replaced in the corresponding jars. Three separate tests were conducted, and the results are summarized in the table.
Control of Alfalfa Looper Larvae on Fall Spinach, 1974
Authors: Halfhill J. E. , Treat T. L.
Published: March 2022

Each treatment was applied in 400 liter/ha water to four, 1.5x6 m, 4-row beds (35 cm inter-row spacing) of spinach grown on the experimental farm of Birds Eye Division, General Foods Corporation at Walla Walla, Washington. The treatments were applied 3 and 10 days prior to harvest with a Holder knapsack-mistblower sprayer. Tem-peratures during the treatment period ranged from -2 to 28 and averaged 13°C. Three days prior to each treatment, two, 1.2 x 1.5 m sites at the ends of each bed were stocked with 2-3rd stage larvae from the laboratory culture to ensure populations of uniform size and stage. The percentage control obtained at harvest on October 10 was determined by cutting and examining the foliage and the soil beneath at each site. The crop was sprinkler irrigated (2.5 cm) weekly (2 to 3 days prior to the treatments).
Insecticides as Seed Treatments for Seed Corn Maggot Control
Authors: Lange W. Harry
Published: March 2022

Sugarbeet ‘USH 10B’, field dry bean ‘Red Kidney’, baby lima ‘Mezcla’, cotton ‘Acala’, large lima ‘Fordhook’ and sweet corn ‘Golden Beauty’ were treated in a rotating laboratory mixer on May 10, 1975. Each treatment consisted of 4 replications of 25 seeds, uniformly spaced and enclosed in plastic screen (324 mesh) strips. Fifty lb of fish meal was scattered evenly over the tops of buried (4 inch deep) seed strips to attract adults to the test sites to insure oviposition. In addition, 100 seeds per treatment and replication (4 replications, complete randomized block) were planted at normal planting depths relative to each crop on May 22, 1975 to record emergence. The soil was classified as Yolo Silt Loam, with a pH of 7.1 (46.8% silt, 27.1% clay, and 26.1% sand). The seed strips were dug on May 29, 1975 and inspected for numbers of maggots, extent of maggot damage and decay. A fly trap was used to time planting date. A range of 35 to 99 adults collected per trap per day indicated the test was put out at a time of peak activity. The technique of enclosing the seed in screen strips assisted in seed recovery and maggot count evaluation.
Bee Poisoning Hazard, Pullman, 1975
Authors: Johansen Carl , Mayer Dan
Published: March 2022

Six series of tests were conducted with insecticides applied to 0.01 acre plots of alfalfa. Treatments were made with a hand sprayer, using 25 psi pressure and applying 25 gal/acre. Residual test exposures were replicated 4 times by caging 50-100 honey bees (HB), 15-30 alkali bees (AB), or 20-40 alfalfa leafcutting bees (LB) with each of 4 samples per treatment and time interval. HB were placed in petri dish cages with screen inserts, fed sugar syrup, and held at 75-78°F. AB and LB were placed in petri dish bottoms covered with screened plates, fed honey syrup, and held at 85-88°F.
Corn -

D

.

Longicornis

Control, Experimental Insecticides, 1975
Authors: Musick G. J. , Szatmari-Goodman Gary
Published: March 2022

Corn, variety OYO 220, was planted at Wooster, Ohio, on several dates (see tables for exact date). Soil insecticides were applied at planting in a 7-inch band in front of the presswheel or in the seed furrow with Gandy granular insecticide boxes mounted on a 2-row John Deere corn planter. All applications were made at a ground speed of 3 mph. Plots were 1 or 2 rows wide, 40 ft long, with 2 border rows between replications that were contiguous and 25 ft alleyways between replicates that were not. Because of variation in larval population, the number of rows in a replication is usually less than 30. A randomized complete block design was used. Soil was a silt loam. Rainfall for May was near normal with June and July below normal. Soil temperatures were typical for this period. Treatments were evaluated by removing 24 root systems from each treatment and rating the rootworm damage to each root system on a scale of 1-6 (1 = no damage; 4 = 1 node of roots (or equivalent) destroyed; 6 = 3 or more nodes of roots destroyed). These ratings were made July 28 to August 5.