bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Duodenal Adenoma Removed by Endoscopic Polypectomy
Authors: TSUCHIGAME Tadatoshi , URATA Joji , MATSUKAWA Tetsuya , ARAKAWA Akihiko , SAITO Ryuichi , TSURUTA Junji , OGATA Yoshiya , TAKAHASHI Mutsumasa
Published: August 2007

Abstract: We report two duodenal adenoma cases treated by endoscopic polypectomy. Case 1, a 59‐year‐old male, visited our hospital for further examination of a duodenal polyp found elsewhere. X‐ray examination revealed a semi‐pedunculated polyp with an irregular surface in the second portion of the posterior wall of the duodenum. Case 2, a 68‐year‐old male, was admitted to our hospital for endoscopic polypectomy of a duodenal polyp. Upper GI series demonstrated a semi‐pedunculated round polyp with a shallow central depression. Endoscopic polypectomy was performed for both lesions and the polyps were successfully removed. The resected polyps were 11 × 10 mm and 13 × 12 mm in size, respectively. The polyps were histologically diagnosed as tubulovillous and tubular adenomas, respectively, with no evidence of malignancy. Endoscopic polypectomy provides histological confirmation of adenoma of the gastrointestinal tract, and it is frequently applicable to the duodenum.
Applicability of Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay for Detecting Helicobacter pylori in Gastric Juice Aspirates
Authors: SHIMOYAMA Tadashi , FUKUDA Shinsaku , MIKAMI Tatsuya , MIZUKI Ichiro , ENDO Tetsu , MUNAKATA Akihiro , YOSHIDA Yutaka
Published: August 2007

Abstract: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a useful method of detecting H. pylori from gastric juice, which can be obtained more safely and easily than gastric biopsies. We investigated the applicability of PCR assays of gastric juice aspirates to evaluate cure of H. pylori infection. Fifteen H. pylori positive patients with gastric ulcer or gastritis received anti H. pylori therapy. Four weeks after the cessation of treatment, endoscopy and the 13C‐urea breath test (13C‐UBT) were performed to evaluate the status of H. pylori infection. Gastric juice samples were collected and one biopsy specimen each was taken from the antrum and the body of the stomach. Results obtained from PCR of gastric juice aspirates were compared with those from PCR of gastric mucosae and 13C‐UBT. Fourteen of the 15 showed identical results. However, PCR assays of gastric juice aspirates were positive in one patient with negative results on the other two examinations. Restriction fragment length polymorphism of PCR products suggested that this discrepancy was due to detection of another strain passing through the stomach into the duodenum. Despite the detection of transient strains in gastric juice aspirates being infrequent, the results suggest the possibility of oral transmission of this organism.
Three Cases of Esophageal Granular Cell Tumor
Authors: URABE Motomichi , DAIBO Masashi , GONDA Hirofumi , SAKAKIBARA Noburu
Published: August 2007

Abstract: Although it has long been thought that granular cell tumor (GCT) is relatively uncommon in the esophagus, in recent years, reports of this disease have increased due to advances in endoscopic examination and endoscopic therapy. The authors recently experienced three cases of esophageal GCT, all of whom underwent endoscopic polypectomy. Endoscopic findings were consistent with Yamada's type I or II, the surface of the lesions being smooth and the color white or whitish‐yellow. These three cases were treated by endoscopic polypectomy. In case 1, the resection was made possible by raising the tumor with forceps under a 2‐channel‐scope. In case 2, the tumor was resectable following submucosal injection of physiological saline. In case 3, the tumor was resected via strangulation with a snare. The lesions described herein were diagnosed as benign and completely resected by polypectomy, though some showed differences in nuclear size or dyskaryosis. As numerous points remain to be clarified regarding the clinical characteristics of this tumor, and some tumors have been diagnosed as malignant despite being small, it appears that endoscopic polypectomy should be performed for the purpose of diagnosis as well as complete resection.
Efficacy of Endoscopic Esophageal Variceal Ligation in an Immunocompromised Host
Authors: ZENDA Takahiro , MASUNAGA Takaharu , TAKEDA Yasuo , MABUCHI Hiroshi
Published: August 2007

Abstract: We successfully treated esophageal varices by endoscopic variceal ligation (EVL) in a 50‐year‐old female patient with common variable immunodeficiency and liver cirrhosis secondary to hepatitis B. Under the existing disadvantageous conditions including the immunocompromised status, hyperal‐lergic reactions to several drugs, chronic pulmonary infection, and impaired hepatic function, we considered EVL to be of greater potential benefit than endoscopic injection sclerotherapy (EIS). This case highlights the possible merits of EVL over EIS, even in the presence of various restrictions, such as the immunocompromised condition of our patient.
Immunohistochemical Study of Colorectal Polyps with Antibodies against CEA, CA19‐9, CA125, CA15‐3 (DF3), PCNA and p53
Authors: SAITO Kenichi , OGAWA Akira , OHKI Ichiro
Published: August 2007

Abstract: We analyzed the expression of CEA, CA19‐9, CA125, CA15‐3 (DF3), PCNA and p53 immunohistochemically in 14 tissue specimens of mucosal cancers in adenoma, seven tubulovillous adenoma specimens, and 16 tubular adenoma specimens. The rates of positive staining for mucosal cancer in adenoma, tubulovillous adenoma and tubular adenoma specimens, respectively, were: for CEA: 100%, 85.7% and 75%; for CA19‐9: 71.4%, 71.4% and 56.2%; for CA125:0%, 0% and 0%;for CA15‐3 (DF3): 64.3 %, 0% and 0 %; for PCNA: 100%, 88.9% and 56.2%; and for p53: 35.7%, 0% and 0% . The results suggest that the expressions of CEA, CA19‐9, CA15‐3 (DF3), PCNA and p53 are related to colorectal tumorigenesis. None of the specimens studied showed staining for CA125, suggesting that CA125 is not involved in the early stages of colorectal carcinogenesis. There was no significant difference in the rates of positive staining for CEA and CA19‐9 among mucosal cancer in adenoma, tubular adenoma and tubulovillous adenoma specimens. However, the rates of positive staining for PCNA and p53 were significantly higher in mucosal cancer in adenoma specimens than for tubular adenoma specimens (p<0.05), and the rate of CA15‐3 (DF3) positive staining was significantly higher for mucosal cancer in adenoma than for tubulovillous adenoma (p<0.01) and tubular adenoma (p< 0.001) specimens. Therefore, the CA15‐3 (DF3) antigen is an immunohistochemical marker for colorectal carcinomas. The present results suggest that CA15‐3 (DF3), PCNA and p53 play important roles in the genesis of colorectal adenomas.
Changes in Colonoscopic Findings in Longstanding Ulcerative Colitis
Authors: ITSUNO Minoru , MAKIYAMA Kazuya , TSURUTA Hideo , YANO Yoshitsugu , MIZUTA Youhei , KOUNO Shigeru , INOUE Kenichirou , HARAGUCHI Masuho , TANIOKA Hajime , IMAMURA Kazuyuki
Published: August 2007

Abstract: A total of 44 patients with long‐standing ulcerative colitis were studied to elucidate changes over time in colonoscopic and histological inflammatory activity. More than two years of symptomatic remission without melena or bloody diarrhea was achieved in 63.6% (28/44). All patients underwent total colonoscopic examinations. Compared with findings of the previously involved area, 70.5% (31/44) showed a reduction or disappearance of the inflammatory area on endoscopic and histological examinations; however, the rectal inflammation disappeared in 31.8% (14/44) of patients. Moreover, it became apparent that the remaining active inflammatory area tended to show discontinuous spread with patchy inflammatory foci. Thus, the mucosal inflammation in long‐standing ulcerative colitis may be characterized by a reduction in both extent and degree.
Gastric Emptying and Gastroesophageal Reflux in Patients Fed via Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy: Effects of Erythromycin
Authors: OGAWA Shigehiko , KOICHI Katsuyuki , TAKIMOTO Hiroaki , WAKABAYASHI Tokio , KAWAURA Yukimitsu , TOFUKU Yohei
Published: August 2007

Abstract: Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) has been suggested to affect gastric emptying. The aims of this prospective study were to examine the effects of erythromycin, known to act as a motilin agonist, on gastroesophageal motility in nine patients fed via PEG tubes and nine fed via nasogastric tubes. The gastric emptying time and gastroesophageal reflux index were simultaneously measured in each patient after the intravenous administration of erythromycin (200 mg) or a placebo on different days, using a radioisotopic method. The alteration of gastric emptying time produced by intravenous erythromycin in the PEG group was smaller than that in the nasogastric group (p<0.05). However, gastroesophageal reflux indices in the two groups were similar. We conclude that PEG may impair gastric emptying subclinically without affecting gastroesophageal reflux.
“Para‐lesional” Saline Injection Method for Assessment of Small Gastric Cancers by Endoscopic Ultrasonography
Authors: BOKU Narikazu , OHTSU Atsushi , FUJII Takahiro , KOBA Ikuro , HOSOKAWA Koichi , ODA Yasushi , MURO Kei , CHIN Keisho , KANEKO Kazuhiro , TAJIRI Hisao , YOSHIDA Shigeaki , ONO Masahiro , KINOSHITA Taira , HASEBE Takahiro , MUKAI Kiyoshi , ABE Kaoru
Published: August 2007

Abstract: Accurately diagnosing the depth of invasion in small early gastric cancers is essential for determining whether endoscopic resection of a lesion is indicated. It is often difficult, however, to demonstrate such small lesions by conventional endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) which is considered to be a useful tool for assessing depth of invasion. To facilitate demonstration by EUS, we injected 2‐5 ml of saline into the submucosal layer at an appropriate point 1 ‐2 cm from the lesion. With the collection of saline serving as a guide, the lesion was demonstrable on the same EUS image (“para‐lesional” injection method). Using this method, we were able to evaluate all 12 of the small early gastric cancers we examined. Five of these lesions were endoscopically resected uneventfully after EUS examination. The accuracy of the diagnosis of vertical invasion with this method was 83% (10/12). Histologically, fibrotic changes were observed beside the lesion, but no EUS‐related effects were recognized beneath the lesion. The present results suggest that the “para‐lesional” injection method is useful for assessing small early gastric cancers by conventional EUS.
Endoscopic Clipping with a New Rotatable Clip‐Device and a Long Clip
Authors: HACHISU Tadashi , YAMADA Hideo , SATOH Shin‐ichi , KOUZU Teruo
Published: August 2007

Abstract: We developed a rotatable, highly durable clipping device (rotatable clip‐device) and a long clip which can be used to effectively grasp a large bite of tissue. However, application of the long clip required a special reinforced clipping device. The new rotatable clip‐device can be appropriately used in combination with the long clip because of its improved strength and rotatability. The rotatable clip‐device was used for endoscopic treatment of 133 patients, including 43 requiring hemostasis of gastrointestinal bleeding, 43 with prophylactic clipping following polypectomy, 39 with mucosal closure following endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR), and 10 undergoing prophylactic ligation of esophageal varices. The long clips were used mainly for mucosal closure after EMR. The rotatable clip‐device was found to be especially useful for hemostasis of soft bleeding lesions. Prophylactic clipping following polypectomy prevented complications in 40 out of 41 patients. Mucosal closure by means of clipping following EMR prevented complications in all 39 patients, and the rotatability of the rotatable clip‐device and the large bite capacity of the long clip greatly facilitated closing mucosal defects, especially large defects. In the 10 patients who underwent prophylactic clipping of esophageal varices, the rotatable clip‐device allowed the varices to be grasped securely and ligated effectively. During endoscopic treatment, three of the four clip‐devices functioned normally despite frequent auto‐claving and clipping procedures.
A New Instrument for Measurement of Gastrointestinal Mucosal Color
Authors: TANAKA Michio , KIDOH Yasuaki , KAMEI Masayuki , TERASAKI Teiichi , WATANABE Akiharu , SAKAMOTO Takashi , FUJIMAKI Masao
Published: August 2007

Abstract: We designed and produced a new instrument that measures the color of the gastrointestinal mucosa during conventional endoscopic examination. The instrument consists fundamentally of an optical fiber sensor and a light source. One end of the optical fiber sensor is connected to the light source and a commercially available spectrophotometric colorimeter, while the other end is passed through the biopsy channel of a commercially available endoscope and placed in contact with the gastrointestinal mucosa. The color of the mucosa is then measured. To evaluate the accuracy of color measurement, the instrument was used to measure the color of 108 color chips belonging to the color range of the gastrointestinal mucosa or surrounding regions, selected from the Munsell Book of Color. The instrument correctly determined the relative hue, chroma and value of all 108 color chips tested. It also had the advantages of consistently measuring the color chips under standardized conditions and of promptly displaying the color readings during endoscopic examination.

This instrument was also used to measure the color of the mucosa at different sites of the upper gastrointestinal tract in 20 patients. There were no noteworthy problems in using the instrument clinically. Mucosal color (hue, value and chroma) of the upper gastrointestinal tract was demonstrated to have specific characteristics according to the region measured.

The instrument provided highly accurate, objective information that facilitated the distinction of slight differences in mucosal color, an important factor in the endoscopic diagnosis of gastrointestinal diseases.
Granular Cell Tumor of the Cecum: Two Case Reports
Authors: TAKESHIMA Fuminao , ODA Hidetoshi , MIYAZAKI Junichi , TOKUNAGA Hideo , ITSUNO Minoru , MURASE Kunihiko , MAKIYAMA Kazuya , HARA Kohei
Published: August 2007

Abstract: We experienced two cases of cecal granular cell tumor. The site of occurrence and diagnosis are discussed in relation to the literature on granular cell tumor of the large intestine. Most granular cell tumors of the large intestine tend to remain constant in size, showing the morphology of a submucosal tumor. Endoscopic excision was considered a useful diagnostic procedure. S‐100 protein was positive in most cases, supporting the hypothesis that the tumor is derived from Schwann cells.
A Case of Bleeding Caused by Rectal Stone after Uretero‐ileoceco‐proctostomy
Authors: OTANI Setsuya , OTAKA Michiro , FUJIMORI Shusei , OKUYAMA Atsushi , JIN Mario , SATO Kazunari , KATO Tetsuro , MASAMUNE Osamu
Published: August 2007

Abstract: A rare case of anal bleeding caused by rectal stone after uretero‐ileoceco‐proctostomy is reported. A 66‐year‐old man was admitted to our hospital complaining of anal bleeding. He had a history of cystoprostatectomy with uretero‐ileoceco‐proctostomy for prostatic adenocarcinoma 25 months prior to the present admission. Mucosal bleeding from the point of stone formation around the staples at the uretero‐ileoceco‐rectal anastomosis was found by sigmoidoscopy and the bleeding was treated endoscopically by thrombin spraying and clipping. Furthermore, the stones and staples at the uretero‐ileoceco‐rectal anastomosis were endoscopically removed with forceps. To our knowledge, severe mucosal bleeding from the point of stone formation around the staples at the site of intestinal anastomosis has not previously been reported.
Gastric Varices due to Splenic Vein Occlusion with Left Renal Cell Carcinoma
Authors: SATO Takahiro , ASO Kazunobu , HIGASHINO Kiyoshi , KATO Shigeharu , TOYOTA Jouji , KARINO Yoshiyasu , MURASHIMA Yoshio , SUGA Toshihiro , YAOSAKA Toru , IMAMURA Akimichi , FUJINAGA Akira , TOCHIHARA Masahiro , ANBO Tomonori
Published: August 2007

Abstract: A 57‐year‐old man was admitted to our hospital in March 1994 with general fatigue and weight loss. Left renal carcinoma was diagnosed by ultrasonography and computed tomography (CT). The left renal carcinoma was too advanced to allow curative resection. Postoperatively, interferon therapy was administered for treatment of the renal cancer at the department of urology. In November 1994, he was admitted to our department with hematemesis. Recurrent left renal carcinoma and splenic vein occlusion were seen on CT. Endoscopic findings showed cardiofornical varices. We diagnosed rupture of gastric varices due to splenic vein occlusion with left renal carcinoma. Endoscopic injection sclerotherapy (EIS) was performed. After EIS, bleeding from the gastric varices resolved completely.
Endoscopic features ot Lipohyperplasia m the Large Intestine
Authors: YAMAMOTO Hitoshi , KUSUGAMI Kazuo , ANDO Takafumi , INA Kenji , SHINODA Masataka , YAMAGUCHI Takeo , KONAGAYA Toshihiro , ITOH Shingo , UCHIDA Kiyoshi , HAYASHI Nobuyuki , HAYASHI Ryuichi , SAITO Yuichiro , SUGIE Motohiko
Published: August 2007

Abstract: We reviewed 18 cases of large intestinal lipohyperplasia (LPH) to clarify the clinical and endoscopic features of this lesion. LPH was found in the ileocecal valve in 16 patients (88.9%). On colonoscopic examination, LPH showed a submucosal tumor‐like lesion with a smooth surface. The color was slightly yellowish or the same as that of the surrounding mucosa and the cushion sign was positive in all cases. According to endoscopic features, LPH in the ileocecal valve was classified into three types. The diffuse type showed a symmetrically swollen ileocecal valve. In contrast, the localized type displayed polypoid protrusion from the ileocecal valve. The intermediate type showed partial protrusion with asymmetrical swelling of the valve. Four patients had the diffuse type, three the intermediate type and nine the localized type. The upper lip of the ileocecal valve was more frequently involved in the localized and intermediate types. On rare occasion, LPH was recognized as hemispherical mucosal elevation in the ascending colon and rectum. Histological examination revealed infiltration of mature adipose tissue in the submucosal layer. It was noted that five of the 18 patients had associated malignancies of the gastrointestinal tract. As to therapy, six patients received endoscopic polypectomy and one underwent right hemicolectomy for associated advanced cancer in the cecum. In summary, this review shows that LPH is recognized primarily as focal or diffuse swelling of the ileocecal valve. On colonoscopic examination the possibility of such a lesion in the ileocecal valve should be kept in mind.
Experience with Laparoscopic Rectopexy for Rectal Prolapse
Authors: MIYAJIMA Nobuyoshi , OTAKI Shuji , YAMAKAWA Tatsuo
Published: August 2007

Abstract: A 48‐year old man was admitted to our hospital for rectal prolapse and anal bleeding. A diagnosis of type III complete rectal prolapse with two carcinomatous lesions had been made, based on examinations at his hospitalization. However, he refused abdominoperineal resection with colostomy, despite the probability of death due to carcinoma. Therefore, per anal local excision of the lesions was the method of first choice, as the patient hoped to maintain fecal continence for as long as possible. At the second operation, the rectum was fully mobilized with great care, so as to avoid injuring the testicular vessels, ureter and seminal vesicle, under laparoscopic control. The mobilized rectum was wrapped in a sheet of Teflon mesh which was fixed to the presacral fascia, and the rectum was fixed to the mesh by suturing. The front side of the rectum was not sutured to the Teflon mesh, with the aim of preventing subsequent stricture. There were no perioperative complications and the postoperative course was uneventful. Laparoscopic rectopexy for rectal prolapse is thought to be effective and worthy of trial in special situations such as that of the patient described herein.
Endoscopically Treated Angiodysplasia of the Ileum
Authors: TOKITA Kazuhiko , TATSUMI Yoshihide , TANAKA Saiyu , NAKAJIMA Tomoki , ITO Yoshito , SAKAMOTO Yoshikuni , KATO Masato , TSUJI Toshizo , AKASAKA Yuzo , NISHIOJI Ken‐ichi , SASABE Masato , MITSUFUJI Shoji , KODAMA Tadashi , KASHIMA Kei
Published: August 2007

Abstract: Angiodysplasia has been recognized as one of the main causes of gastrointestinal bleeding, but few such lesions have been found, or treated by an endoscopic procedure, in the ileum. We endoscopically identified angiodysplasia in the ileum of an 85‐year‐old female who had tarry stools. Because she had severe aortic stenosis, we treated the lesion endoscopically by combining polidocanol injection and electrocoagulation with hot biopsy forceps. This method was considered to be safe and efficient, especially for lesions in the thin walled intestine.
Rules of Engagement: Boys, Young Men and the Challenge of Effective Sex and Relationships Education
Authors: BIDDULPH MAX
Published: August 2007

Over the last decade, the relationship between boys, young men and sex and relationships education (SRE) is one that has been characterised by a history of problematising. One of the main difficulties lies with young men's engagement with the subject, and in this article I make a retrospective examination of recent classroom experience with young people and training with professionals who deliver SRE. In the exploration of how best to engage this client group, I argue that masculinity and sexuality are potent issues in their lives and an understanding of these helps explain patterns in young men's behaviour, sexual health and attitudes towards SRE. Autoethnography is used as a method of enquiry to produce short vignettes in which I evaluate my successes and failures with four different boys and young men in terms of engagement. From these primary data, I have distilled four key domains in the form of a framework that I offer as a springboard for researchers, policy‐makers and practitioners to consider more positive implications for future practice.
SRE and Young People in Further Education: A Review of Provision and Practice in England
Authors: EMMERSON LUCY
Published: August 2007

Many initiatives relating to young people's sexual health have focused on under 16s. Yet, most young people become sexually active between the ages of 16 and 19 and 80 per cent of under‐18 conceptions are to 16‐ and 17‐year‐olds. The shift from school to further education marks a time of transition in young people's lives. It is a time when information and support with sexual health issues is particularly relevant.

Reforms to the further education sector invite a fresh look at how every young person's health and well‐being can best be supported. This is in the context of the government teenage pregnancy strategy, which aims to reduce under‐18 conceptions. This paper reports on research conducted by the Sex Education Forum with young people and staff in further education settings across England. This research was used to write guidance on the provision of sexual health services for young people in further education settings, which was published by the Department for Education and Skills and with support from the Department of Health and ministerial backing in June 2007.
RGS9‐2 is a negative modulator of μ‐opioid receptor function
Authors: Psifogeorgou Kassi , Papakosta Paraskevi , Russo Scott J. , Neve Rachael L. , Kardassis Dimitris , Gold Stephen J. , Zachariou Venetia
Published: August 2007

Regulators of G‐protein signaling (RGS) 9‐2 is a striatal enriched protein that controls G protein coupled receptor signaling duration by accelerating Gα subunit guanosine triphosphate hydrolysis. We have previously demonstrated that mice lacking the RGS9 gene show enhanced morphine analgesia and delayed development of tolerance. Here we extend these studies to understand the mechanism via which RGS9‐2 modulates opiate actions. Our data suggest that RGS9‐2 prevents several events triggered by mu‐opioid receptor (MOR) activation. In transiently transfected PC12 cells, RGS9‐2 delays agonist induced internalization of epitope HA‐tagged μ‐opioid receptor. This action of RGS9‐2 requires localization of the protein near the cell membrane. Co‐immunoprecipitation studies reveal that RGS9‐2 interacts with HA‐tagged μ‐opioid receptor, and that this interaction is enhanced by morphine treatment. In addition, morphine promotes the association of RGS9‐2 with another essential component of MOR desensitization, β‐arrestin‐2. We also show that over‐expression of RGS9‐2 prevents opiate‐induced extracellular signal‐regulated kinase phosphorylation. Our data indicate that RGS9‐2 plays an essential role in opiate actions, by negatively modulating MOR downstream signaling as well as the rate of MOR endocytosis.
The experience of women with advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease of repeatedly relapsing to smoking
Authors: Jonsdottir Rosa , Jonsdottir Helga
Published: August 2007

Living with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) a smoking‐related disease and repeatedly relapsing to smoking is a complicated health problem, particularly for people expected to be at the peak of their productivity in life. As the prevalence of COPD among women is on the rise devoted attentiveness must be given to women's smoking. The purpose of this study is to illuminate the experience of women with COPD of repeatedly relapsing to smoking. The study draws on interpretive phenomenology. Seven women, aged 47–65 years, selected out of convenience, were interviewed twice, shortly after being hospitalized for an exacerbation of the disease. Data were analysed into themes emphasizing commonalities and differences in the lived experience. Results illustrate the intricacies between the lung disease, which controls life of participants on a very fundamental level and smoking cigarettes, which only augments the disease. Six not mutually exclusive themes emerged with one, being caught in a spider web, overarching. Other themes were: circumstances of the relapses, shame, the excuse, ambivalence and incomplete attempts to quit. The capacity of the women participating in this study to refrain from smoking was limited and they vacillated between wanting and not wanting to stop. This suggests that for women in similar situations an exhaustive and long‐term nursing care is necessary for them to be able to come to terms with what they really aspire to and to stay with that decision.
Adaptation and resiliency in Swedish families
Authors: Kiehl Ermalynn M. , Carson David K. , Dykes Anna‐Karin
Published: August 2007

A longitudinal research project began in 1993 of Norwegian, Swedish and American mothers’ perception of her family's dynamics and adaptation during childbearing and childrearing. Results indicated that Swedish mothers adapted better than other mothers. In 2003, a mixed design study was conducted with original Swedish mothers that aimed to describe the experience of motherhood, the meaning mothers attached to events in their lives that made adaptation necessary, and ways in which they achieved adaptation. Fourteen mothers completed quantitative instruments and 13 of those mothers were interviewed. Audiotaped interviews were transcribed and analysed for themes using a protocol based on a model of family resiliency. Quantitative findings revealed statistically significant findings in areas of children, mother's work outside the home and families in which a major illness had occurred. Qualitative findings revealed that protective factors far outweighed vulnerability and risk factors. Mothers’ satisfaction with life manifested itself in love of home, contentment with employment, fulfillment from an active and healthy life and support from a society that provides a wide range of social benefits for the family. Vulnerability occurred primarily when mothers were tired, lacked personal time or someone in the family was experiencing a serious illness. Results of this study enhance the scholarly scientific knowledge about the uniqueness of Swedish mothers, and increased understanding of family dynamics and adaptation. Many of the findings relate in some way to overall social benefits and supports available for families.
Admiral nursing and the family care of a parent with dementia: using autobiographical narrative as grounding for negotiated clinical practice and decision‐making
Authors: Keady John , Ashcroft‐Simpson Susan , Halligan Kath , Williams Sion
Published: August 2007

Background: Providing family care at home for a person with a long‐established diagnosis of dementia has been recognized for some time as a multifaceted and complex phenomenon where care roles alter during the course of the condition. Presently, the nursing response to meeting such need is currently poorly defined and documented in the literature and depends more upon descriptive illustrations of practice efficacy rather than any evaluated system of knowledge and skills transfer or framework utilization.

Aim: The aim of the study was to capture an autobiographical account of a family carer's (Kath, co‐author) journey through the experience of her mother's dementia and the reflexive dialogue and shared care planning that ensued with the Admiral Nurse*(Susan, co‐author).

Design: Kath's narrative was captured using practitioner‐research principles and 10 interview contacts; the autobiography was then used as the basis for therapeutic and clinical work, as reported and jointly negotiated between Kath and Susan.

Results: The findings demonstrate the importance of constructing care from an autobiographical perspective and integrating lay knowledge within an overall professional response to family/carer need in dementia caregiving situations. The negotiated clinical response to Kath's grief process (the death of Kath's father, the main carer support to her mother with dementia) and Kath's subsequent adaptation process is illustrated through a shared sessional plan and agreed measures of effective care.

Conclusion: Integrating narrative approaches into care practice demonstrates important new ways of working alongside families of people with dementia to help develop negotiated, transparent and shared systems of care.
Being a close relative of a person with severe, chronic heart failure in palliative advanced home care – a comfort but also a strain
Authors: Brännström Margareta , Ekman Inger , Boman Kurt , Strandberg Gunilla
Published: August 2007

Within previous research on family care of terminally ill people, studies have only rarely been carried out concerning heart failure care. This study aims to illuminate meanings of being a close relative of a person with severe, chronic heart failure (CHF) in palliative advanced home care (PAHC). Narrative interviews were conducted with three close relatives, tape‐recorded, transcribed verbatim and a phenomenological‐hermeneutic method was used to interpret the text. Meanings of being a close relative is to follow the life‐threatening ups and downs, the person with CHF is going through. This means being on primary call, always on standby to mediate security and pleasure. In the deepest downs it is also to call for the back‐up call i.e. the PAHC team, trusting their ability to show up on time to alleviate in the worst downs i.e. ease suffering. This study reveals that to be the close relative that the ill person is dependent on 24 hours a day is both a comfort and a strain.
SURFACE‐ENRICHMENT OF BURIED METALS
Authors: HALL E. T.
Published: August 2007

“Surface‐enrichment” is a term which is now commonly used to describe the composition changes which have taken place during the life of a buried noble metal alloy. In fact “surface depletion” might be a better term, since it seems likely that it is the leaching out of the less chemically stable elements which causes the surface composition to change. However, I have kept to the more frequently used term throughout the following discussion.
A STATISTICAL APPROACH TO THE CALIBRATION OF FLOATING TREE‐RING CHRONOLOGIES USING RADIOCARBON DATES
Authors: CLARK R. M. , RENFREW C.
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTS

The bristlecone pine tree‐ring calibration of radiocarbon dates, while necessitating changes of up to 700 years in Holocene chronology before 1000b.c., offers possibilities of very accurate dating when14C determinations from floating tree‐ring chronologies are utilized.

A statistical approach assuming linear regression is developed and used to position the floating tree‐ring chronologies at Swiss neolithic sites, using radiocarbon dates published by Ferguson, Huber and Suess and by Suess. The statistical method gives objective estimated dates with estimates of error related, in a consistent and explicit manner, to the inherent inaccuracies of the radiocarbon dates. Most of the method may readily be tested by standard statistical procedures. For the particular cases considered the assumptions of linearity and parallelism are investigated, and the precision of the estimated dates is comparable with that claimed by Suess and his co‐workers. A precise calibration is thus possible without utilizing the short‐term fluctuations in the Suess calibration curve. The analysis, while avoiding some assumptions of Suess and his collaborators, offers an explicit procedure for establishing controlled teleconnections with the Ferguson dendrochronology, and supports their emphasis on the importance of radiocarbon dates from floating tree‐ring sequences for the construction of precise prehistoric chronologies.
PROGRESS IN TL DATING AT RISÖ
Authors: MEJDAHL V.
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTS

This article outlines the thermoluminescent dating technique employed at Risö. The intensity of beta and gamma radiation is determined by means of the TL phosphors CaSO4:Mn and CaSO4:Dy, and the determination of accumulated exposure is based on quartz and feldspar inclusions with a size of 0.3–0.5 mm. Results are presented of a dating programme comprising sherds, bricks, burned stones and burned clay (from kilns) from seventeen excavation sites. The age of the sites ranged from a.d. 1600 to 4000 b.c.
THERMOLUMINESCENCE AND GLAZE STUDIES OF A GROUP OF T'ANG DYNASTY CERAMICS
Authors: FLEMING S. J.
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTS

The application of the recently developed thermoluminescent method of pre‐dose dating to thirty‐seven glazed ceramics, purporting to have been manufactured during the T'ang Dynasty in China (a.d. 618–906), is reported. The modern origin of eight of these pieces is established. The remaining twenty‐nine authentic pieces are discussed with respect to the accuracy of dating possible for such wares.

The criterion for authenticity judgement commonly used for this material, that of glaze crackleur, is discussed critically and shown to be of only limited reliability.
GEOMETRICAL FACTORS IN THE NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SPECIMENS
Authors: WARREN S. E.
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTS

In the neutron activation analysis of museum specimens, for which sampling is not permitted, corrections must be applied to measured activities to take into account the sample shape and its position relative to the detector. Correction factors are derived for samples of cylindrical shape such as segmented faience beads and a model technique is suggested for those of irregular shape such as flint and obsidian implements. These techniques used in gamma‐ray spectrometry with lithium‐drifted germanium detectors enable elemental concentrations to be determined from the measured count rates.
THE HISTORY OF SO‐CALLED EGYPTIAN FAIENCE IN ISLAMIC PERSIA: INVESTIGATIONS INTO ABŪ'L‐QĀSIM'S TREATISE
Authors: ALLAN J. W. , LLEWELLYN L. R. , SCHWEIZER F.
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTS

The glazes and bodies of fifteen Persian ceramic objects datable to c. A.D. 1300 were analysed by X‐ray fluorescent and optical emission spectroscopyin order to test the veracity of parts of Abū'l‐Qāsim's treatise on pottery manufacture. The results showed that the bodies of these pots were closely akin to so‐called Egyptian faience, and it is suggested on the basis of textual evidence that this body was used in Persia before the Seljuq period to imitate Chinese pottery, and may have been developed either from beads or glass.
THE SEGREGATION AND SURFACEENRICHMENT OF ARSENIC AND PHOSPHORUS IN EARLY IRON ARTIFACTS
Authors: TYLECOTE R. F. , THOMSEN R.
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTS

Previous work on iron‐arsenic alloys has shown that considerable superficial arsenic enrichment occurs during oxidation at high temperatures. This process is very likely to be the explanation for the layers of high arsenic concentration that have been observed in the microstructure of early iron artifacts by many workers.

Experiments have been made to determine how far the alternative theory of the use of Fe‐As alloys as joining media could be responsible. It has been shown that Fe‐As alloys can in some cases facilitate joining but that when they do the resulting joint is embrittled. When the arsenic concentration is reduced sufficiently to avoid this there is then no advantage over the normal hammer welding without an arsenic interlayer. Similar experiments have been carried out with phosphorus and similar conclusions have been drawn.
MÖSSBAUER SPECTRA OF IRON IN CERAMICS AND THEIR RELATION TO POTTERY COLOURS
Authors: HESS J. , PERLMAN I.
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTS

The chemical states of iron in a few selected clays and ceramics have been ascertained employing the technique of Mössbauer absorption. The effects upon the iron in firing the clays under different conditions have also been measured. Colour changes are correlated with the various chemical states of iron before and aftefiring.
HUNTITE, A MINERAL USED IN ANTIQUITY
Authors: BARBIERI M. , CALDERONI G. , CORTESI C. , FORNASERI M.
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTS

An unusual occurrence of huntite CaMg3(CO3)4, found in a wooden box pertaining to the cargo of a sunken Roman ship of imperial age in the Golfo di Procchio on the north coast of Elba is described. The huntite has been identified on the basis of chemical analysis, thermo‐gravimetric analysis, differential thermal analysis, X‐ray diffraction and electron microscope images. Having ruled out its origin by the reaction of sea water on some pre‐existing material it is concluded that the huntite represented the original content of the box. The origin and the provenance of huntite and its possible use are discussed.
THERMOLUMINESCENT DATING OF NEOLITHIC AND CHALCOLITHIC POTTERY FROM SITES IN CENTRAL PORTUGAL
Authors: WHITTLE E. H. , ARNAUD J. M.
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTS

Samples of Neolithic and Chalcolithic pottery from nine sites in the Upper Alentejo and Estremadura regions of Portugal have been dated by the thermoluminescence method (quartz inclusion technique). The project was designed to help establish an absolute chronology for the Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods in this area, and to try to elucidate the chronological relationships between settlement sites and burial sites (‘dolmens’) in the same area. Portugal was confirmed, together with Brittany, as being one of the earliest foci of megalith builders.
THE APPLICATION OF INSTRUMENTAL NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS TO A STUDY OF PREHISTORIC STEATITE ARTIFACTS AND SOURCE MATERIALS
Authors: ALLEN R. O. , LUCKENBACH A. H. , HOLLAND C. G.
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTS

A study of the trace and minor element content of steatite artifacts from the Eastern United States has been carried out. Samples from both quarry and habitation sites ranging from New York to North Carolina have been analyzed through the use of instrumental neutron activation analysis. The most successful method of evaluating data has involved the study of a very coherent group of elements known as the Rare Earths. Geological processes cause fractionation of this group and it is this fractionation which is of use in terms of characterizing the source deposits of this material. Promising but less definitive results have been obtained with the elements scandium, chromium, cobalt and others. Sufficient variations have been found to be present in the source deposits of steatite in this area to enable differentiation, and the successful linking of samples from habitation sites to their quarry deposits has been achieved in some cases.

This paper discusses the results of this study to date, the methods employed, and the potential value of this work in helping to reconstruct prehistoric trading systems.
CHARACTERIZATION OF PACIFIC NORTHWEST COAST OBSIDIAN BY X‐RAY FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS
Authors: NELSON D. E. , D'AURIA J. M. , BENNETT R. B.
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTS

Several geological sources of obsidian in the Pacific Northwest have been characterized by means of their trace element concentrations, as measured by X‐ray fluorescence analysis. The technique is fast and completely non‐destructive, making it well‐suited for identifying the sources of obsidian from which artifacts were fabricated.
THERMOLUMINESCENT DATING: ASSESSMENT OF ALPHA PARTICLE CONTRIBUTION
Authors: AITKEN M. J. , BOWMAN S. G. E.
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTS

A new system for specifying alpha source strength, in terms of track length per unit volume of sample, is proposed. It is based on the experimental observation that the TL induced per unit length of track is essentially independent of alpha particle energy. The new system avoids the need to make assumptions about sampple stopping power and it is shown to be consonant with the old system as long as up‐to‐date evaluation of alpha ranges is used. A revised table of dose‐rate data is given.
A PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF CHEMICAL DATA (TRACE ELEMENT) FROM CLASSICAL MARBLE QUARRIES IN THE MEDITERRANEAN
Authors: CONFORTO L. , FELICI M. , MONNA D. , SERVA L. , TADDEUCCI A.
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTS

Minor and trace elements (K, Sr, Ba, Al, Fe, Mn, Si, Ti) have been measured in marbles from classical mediterranean quarries (Afyon, Denizli, Aphrodisias, Ephesus, Marmara and Carrara). A distinctive characterization of the classical marble sources by means of such chemical parameters seems very difficult, although some distinctions can be attempted between a few different areas and zones, within an area.
THE EFFECT OF HF ACID ETCHING ON THE MORPHOLOGY OF QUARTZ INCLUSIONS FOR THERMOLUMINESCENCE DATING
Authors: BELL W. T. , ZIMMERMAN D. W.
Published: August 2007

The assumption of isotropic etching in hydrofluoric acid of quartz grains prepared for thermoluminescence dating has been tested by optical and scanning electron microscopy. We have found that the rate of etch is very irregular over the surface of many grains and that some grains are attacked much more severely than others. The uncertainty introduced into TL dating by this effect is discussed.
COMPARISON OF NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS FROM THE LAWRENCE BERKELEY LABORATORY AND THE HEBREW UNIVERSITY
Authors: YELLIN J. , PERLMAN I. , ASARO F. , MICHEL H. V. , MOSIER D. F.
Published: August 2007

Neutron activation measurements for Eu, Sc, Cs. Th, Ta, and Fe on 6 samples of pottery and rock by the Hebrew University and the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory have been compared. The average disagreement exclusive of counting errors was 1.1%. The practical importance of this study to archaeology is that data taken on source materials in one laboratory can be used by the other. Methods of determining the consistency of measurements within a laboratory and sources oferrors are also discussed.
UNDERGROUND DETECTION USING DIFFERENTIAL HEAT ANALYSIS
Authors: BENNER S. M. , BRODKEY R. S.
Published: August 2007

Field tests were conducted to determine if an object buried near the surface could be detected by monitoring the surface temperature of the soil. A series of tests using various object depths and thermal diffusivities were made with a portable infrared thermometer. In addition, a three‐dimensional, implicit computer simulation was used to model and normalize the data. The method of underground detection investigated appears to be effective not only in locating a buried object but also in estimating its thermal diffusivity. Furthermore, some idea of object shape and depth can be obtained.
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF FATTY MATERIAL FROM A THULE MIDDEN
Authors: MORGAN E. D. , TITUS L. , SMALL R. J. , EDWARDS C.
Published: August 2007

Fatty material from a Thule Eskimo site on Herschel Island, Yukon Territory, Canada was analysed by gas chromatography and thin layer chromatography. The fatty acid composition of the samples was then compared with published data for a number of marine species which could have been food sources for the Thule peoples. The samples appear to be derived from seal or whale, or a mixture of these, but what is more surprising is that the fats have changed so little over the 1000 year period of their burial.
THE APPLICATION OF ACETATE PEELS IN LITHIC USEWEAR ANALYSIS
Authors: KNUTSSON K. , HOPE R.
Published: August 2007

A technique for making acetate peels of tools using Triafol is outlined. A series of ‘blind tests’ is described where the suitability of this replica material for reproducing the details of usewear was tested. The advantages and disadvantages of the use of acetate peels are discussed with reference to examination of usewear traces.
POTTERY TECHNOLOGY AT THE CHALCOLITHIC SITE OF TELEILAT GHASSUL (JORDAN)
Authors: EDWARDS W. I. , SEGNIT E. R.
Published: August 2007

Sherds from the Chalcolithic levels at Teleilat Ghassul show evidence of a considerable degree of sophistication in pottery technology and design. The bodies are almost certainly made from a siliceous illitic clay which contained some calcium carbonate, and was obtained locally. Some unusual, yet common, sherds are composed of highly vitrified black bodies with a surface wash of a refractory white clay. These sherds indicate the production of one of the earliest known totally vitrified ceramic fabrics. The latter sherds have been examined in some detail by chemical, thermal and X‐ray analysis, and optical and scanning electron microscopy.
X‐RAY FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS OF MODERN AND RECENT CHINESE PORCELAINS
Authors: YAP C. T. , TANG S. M.
Published: August 2007

X‐ray fluorescence analysis of modern and recent Chinese porcelains shows that the Mn/Co ratio is about 2.5 and above for those made before World War II and less than 0.7 for those made after the war.
CORRECTIONS FOR DRILL‐BIT CONTAMINATION IN SAMPLING ANCIENT POTTERY FOR NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS
Authors: ATTAS M. , FOSSEY J. M. , YAFFE L.
Published: August 2007

The routine measurement of tungsten concentrations in pottery sampled with tungsten‐carbide drill bits has enabled the measured concentrations of cobalt, tantalum, and lutetium to be corrected for drill‐bit contamination. The corrected data, for cobalt at least, are sufficiently accurate that they regain their value as chemical indicators of pottery provenance.
ON THE COMPARISON BETWEEN MAGNETIC AND ELECTROMAGNETIC PROSPECTION METHODS FOR MAGNETIC FEATURES DETECTION
Authors: TABBAGH A.
Published: August 2007

A comparison is made using a 3D model between the response of the magnetic prospection (M.) response and the electromagnetic (E.M.) prospection one for the same feature. From this comparison the investigation depth of both methods is discussed. Three other main points are then studied: the influence of the shape of the feature and of the primary field, the significance of the measurements and the influence of parasites. Contrary to some preceding studies, the conclusion points out that the E.M. method is very valuable and more interesting to develop than the M. method.
IRON AND SULFUR RELATED COLORS IN ANCIENT GLASSES
Authors: SCHREURS J. W. H. , BRILL R. H.
Published: August 2007

Roman glass found at Jalame, in Western Galilee, and dating from the fourth century A.D., shows a variety of colors ranging from aqua blue to green to amber. It was found that the glasses are quite reduced and that the colors arise from absorptions by Fe2+ and a ferri‐sulfide chromophore. Small amounts of colorless and purple glass, which had been oxidized by adding MnO2, were also found.