bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Complex Ureas with Brominated Heterocyclic Intermediates
Authors: Vargas Darío A. , Santiago Cintia C. , Cánepa Alicia S.
Published: February 2023

Herein we present an efficient method to synthesize novel complex ureas from simple ureas, with potential pharmacological activity. First, 3‐methylindole ketones are protected via a two‐phase N‐tosylation reaction catalyzed by NBu4HSO4 as the PTC. Second, an NBS bromination of the terminal methyl group is performed with high selectivity and very good yields. Finally, complex novel and promising ureas are synthesized in 46 %–92 % yields using non‐base‐catalyzed substitution reactions with simple monosubstituted and disubstituted ureas. All products were easily purified through column chromatography and/or crystallization. The overall procedure produces very high yields and selectivity for bromination.
Sulfated Polyborate Catalyzed Improved Synthesis of Enamines and Enaminones Based Intermediates of Imatinib, Nilotinib and Ocinaplon**
Authors: Bandivadekar Priyanka V. , Gavali Kanchan D. , Chaturbhuj Ganesh U.
Published: February 2023

An activation of methyl ketones or active methylenes and N, N‐dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal at 110 °C by sulfated polyborate under solvent‐free conditions has been developed for enamines and enaminones synthesis. Selected Brønsted acid, optimized reaction conditions, and easy separation method lead to 82–97 % yield, making this process cost‐effective and eco‐friendly. We chose boric acid for scale‐up activity in the interest of readers and industries. The optimized reaction condition was applied to demonstrate a 10 gram scale for the intermediate of Imatinib and Nilotinib with an 80 % from 3‐acetylpyridine. This method is extendable to produce Ocinaplon intermediate with 80.6 % yield using 4‐acetyl pyridine as starting material.
Direct C−H Arylation of Quinoxalin‐2(H)‐ones with Arylhydrazine hydrochlorides
Authors: Liang Yue‐Pei , He Ya‐Nan , Jiang Ze‐Qun , Yang Li‐Hua , Xie Long‐Yong
Published: February 2023

A convenient and base promoted methodology for the synthesis of 3‐arylquinoxalin‐2(1H)‐ones through direct C−H arylation of quinoxalin‐2(H)‐ones with arylhydrazine hydrochlorides was developed. Preliminary studies suggest that the reaction undergoes an aryl radical participation process generated via oxidative denitrogenation of arylhydrazine under ambient air atmosphere.
Synthesis of Tris[2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl]amine with Regiospecific Deuterium Labels
Authors: Sobieski Julian , Ruzhylo Illia , Szczepaniak Grzegorz , Gorczyński Adam , Matyjaszewski Krzysztof , Manoury Eric , Poli Rinaldo
Published: February 2023

Simple synthetic routes to regioselectively deuterated tris[2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl]amine (Me6TREN) variants are described. Imine formation with formaldehyde‐d2 from tris(2‐aminoethyl)amine (TREN) and subsequent reductions with NaBD4 afforded N[CH2CH2N(CD3)2]3 or d18‐Me6TREN in 79 % yield. A trisubstitution protocol from 2‐bromo‐N,N‐dimethylacetamide and ammonium carbonate and subsequent reduction of the N(CH2CONMe2)3 intermediate by lithium aluminum deuteride has afforded N[CH2CD2N(CH3)2]3 or (d6‐arm)‐Me6TREN in three steps and 52 % overall yield. A similar protocol from 2‐bromo‐N,N‐dimethyl‐d2‐acetamide, obtained in two steps from d4‐acetic acid, with reduction of the N(CD2CONMe2)3 intermediate by lithium aluminum hydride has afforded N[CD2CH2N(CH3)2]3 or (d6‐cap)‐Me6TREN in four steps and 13 % overall yield from CD3COOD.
A Magneto‐Heated Silk Fibroin Scaffold for Anti‐Biofouling Solar Steam Generation
Authors: Xing Hanye , Song Yonghong , Xu Hao , Chen Sheng , Li Kangkang , Dong Liang , Wang Bao , Xue Jingzhe , Lu Yang
Published: February 2023

Macroscopic 3D porous materials are ideal solar evaporators for water purification. However, the limited sunlight intensity and penetrating depth during solar‐driven evaporation cannot prevent the biofouling formation by photothermal effect, thus leading to the deterioration of evaporation rate. Herein, a magnetic heating strategy is reported for anti‐biofouling solar steam generation based on a magnetic silk fibroin (SF) scaffold with bi‐heating property. Under one sun, the solar‐heated top surface of magnetic SF scaffolds accelerates water evaporation at 2.03 kg m−2 h−1, while the unheated inner channels suffer from the formation of biofilm. When exposed to alternating magnetic field (AMF), the magnetic SF scaffold can be integrally heated, leading to an efficient inner temperature to prevent biofouling in channels for water transportation. Accordingly, magneto‐heated scaffolds show steady water evaporation rates after exposure to S. aureus and E. coli, which maintained 93.6–94.6% of original performance. In contrast, the evaporation rates of the scaffolds without AMF treatment are reduced to 1.31 (S. aureus) and 1.32 (E. coli) kg m−2 h−1, decreased by 35.5% and 35.0%, respectively. In addition, the magneto‐heated scaffold inhibits biofouling formation in natural lake water, maintaining 99.5% original performance.
The Dual‐Site Adsorption and High Redox Activity Enabled by Hybrid Organic‐Inorganic Vanadyl Ethylene Glycolate for High‐Rate and Long‐Durability Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Xiao Wei , Kiran Gundegowda Kalligowdanadoddi , Yoo Kisoo , Kim Jong‐Hoon , Xu Hengyue
Published: February 2023

Transition metal oxides (TMOs) have attracted considerable attention owing to their strong anchoring ability and natural abundance. However, their single‐site adsorption toward sulfur (S) species significantly lowers the possibility of S species reacting with Li+ in the electrolyte and increases the reaction barrier. This study investigates molecular modification by coupling the TMO structure with Li+ conductive polymer ligands, and vanadyl ethylene glycolate (VEG) is successfully synthesized by introducing organic ligands into the VOx crystal structure. In addition to the strong interaction between the VOx and lithium polysulfides via the V–S bond, the groups in the VEG polymer ligands can reversibly couple/decouple with Li+ in the electrolyte. Such dual‐site adsorption enables a smooth dynamic adsorption‐diffusion process. Accordingly, the VEG‐based Li–S cells exhibit excellent rate reversibility, cyclic stability, and a long cycle life without the addition of conducting agents. Encouragingly, the VEG‐based cells also exhibit close and excellent capacity decays of 0.081%, 0.078%, and 0.095% at 0, 25, and 50 °C (1 C for 200 cycles), respectively. This work provides a novel approach for developing advanced catalysts that can realize Li–S batteries with long‐term durability, fast charge‐discharge properties, and applications in a wide temperature range.
Intersectionality and solidarity in racial justice activism
Authors: Sun Jonathon C. , Wong Kristen N. , Yu Victoria
Published: February 2023

This article explores intersectionality and solidarity in racial justice activism. Intersectionality is important for building solidarity and critiquing the structures that make racial justice activism necessary. Through framing intersectionality, situating students’ role in racial justice activism, and exploring challenges to forge solidarity, we offer considerations and recommendations for practice.
An examination of institutional response to racial justice activism
Authors: Woods Lindsey , Smith Shanna E.
Published: February 2023

In this article, we discuss several recent examples of racial justice activism that has taken place within higher education, and what institutional response has looked like to those experiences. We offer recommendations for institutional leaders and administrators to consider when engaging with students focused on racial justice activism.
Human factors hazard modeling in the systems modeling language
Authors: Birch Dustin S. , Narsinghani Jayesh , Herber Daniel , Bradley Thomas H.
Published: February 2023

An ongoing challenge within the field of Systems Engineering is the application of a right‐scoped and consistent approach to modeling human functions and risks within a system lifecycle. Humans interacting with a system can be modeled along a continuum from passive agents with not well‐defined interfaces with the system operations, to essential personnel who are responsible for dynamic interactions that ensure the safety and correct function of the system. This paper seeks to contribute to the integration of a model of human function, response, and reliability into the systems engineering of a complicated system through translation of a Human Factors Hazard Model (HFHM) into the Systems Modeling Language (SysML). The HFHM is constructed as a sequential event tree model of human response to triggering events, where each event's likelihood of failure is modeled by a set of fault trees predicting human failure probabilistically using Human Error Probabilities (HEP). Implementation of this model in SysML is demonstrated through a set of stereotyped structural, behavioral, and parametric diagrams. Integration of the HFHM within SysML demonstrates the benefits of human factors modeling and integration into Model‐Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) processes illustrating executability, reusability, and traceability.
Behavioural disorder in a dog with congenital agenesis of the vomeronasal organ and the septum pellucidum
Authors: Muñiz‐de Miguel Susana , Barreiro‐Vázquez José Daniel , Sánchez‐Quinteiro Pablo , Ortiz‐Leal Irene , González‐Martínez Ángela
Published: February 2023

A 1.5‐year‐old, entire male mongrel dog with a bifid nose and primary cleft palate showed aggressiveness towards unknown dogs despite having adequate canine socialisation and the absence of previous traumatic experiences; furthermore, he does not exhibit sexual behaviour towards females in heat. He was previously treated for fear‐related aggression towards unknown people and environmental phobia due to poor human socialisation. Pharmacological treatment with fluoxetine and trazodone, together with behaviour modification, was started without success. Therefore, it was decided to repeat medical tests. CT and MRI revealed a rostral middle raphe ossification defect incompatible with the presence of the vomeronasal organ (VNO) and the absence of the septum pellucidum (SP). The dog was presumptively diagnosed with aggressiveness towards unknown dogs due to an organic cause, a congenital anomaly with agenesis of the VNO and SP. This case shows the importance of both structures in the regular intraspecific interactions of dogs.
The use of multiplex imaging techniques to characterize tuberculous granuloma heterogeneity
Authors: Xu Ruiyao , Xiao Wei , Ding Guanggui , Zeng Jiang , Liu Hui , Cai Yi , Chen Xinchun
Published: February 2023

Caseous granulomas are pathological hallmarks of tuberculosis (TB), and increasing evidence suggests that TB granuloma composition is highly temporally and spatially heterogenous in both animal models and humans. Traditional pathological techniques are limited in their ability to reveal the heterogeneity present in TB granulomas. Multiplex tissue imaging tools combined with powerful, high resolution spatial analysis have enabled the detection of various cell phenotypes, aiding in the visualization of the granuloma complex and revealing the interactions between immune cells and nonimmune cells. This updated understanding of tuberculous granuloma heterogeneity offers vital insights for researchers aiming to uncover the immunoregulatory mechanisms underlying granuloma formation during TB pathogenesis. More detailed granuloma classification systems will also be of use for precision medicine, and for identifying biological targets for host‐directed therapeutics in TB patients.

This article is categorized under:

Infectious Diseases > Genetics/Genomics/Epigenetics

Infectious Diseases > Biomedical Engineering

Infectious Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology
The Kernelized Taylor Diagram
Authors: Wickstrøm Kristoffer , Johnson J. Emmanuel , Løkse Sigurd , Camps-Valls Gustau , Mikalsen Karl Øyvind , Kampffmeyer Michael , Jenssen Robert
Published: February 2023

This paper presents the kernelized Taylor diagram, a graphical framework for visualizing similarities between data populations. The kernelized Taylor diagram builds on the widely used Taylor diagram, which is used to visualize similarities between populations. However, the Taylor diagram has several limitations such as not capturing non-linear relationships and sensitivity to outliers. To address such limitations, we propose the kernelized Taylor diagram. Our proposed kernelized Taylor diagram is capable of visualizing similarities between populations with minimal assumptions of the data distributions. The kernelized Taylor diagram relates the maximum mean discrepancy and the kernel mean embedding in a single diagram, a construction that, to the best of our knowledge, have not been devised prior to this work. We believe that the kernelized Taylor diagram can be a valuable tool in data visualization.
An Overview of Artificial Intelligence Used in Malware
Authors: Fritsch Lothar , Jaber Aws , Yazidi Anis
Published: February 2023

Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) methods are increasingly adopted in cyberattacks. AI supports the establishment of covert channels, as well as the obfuscation of malware. Additionally, AI results in new forms of phishing attacks and enables hard-to-detect cyber-physical sabotage. Malware creators increasingly deploy AI and ML methods to improve their attack’s capabilities. Defenders must therefore expect unconventional malware with new, sophisticated and changing features and functions. AI’s potential for automation of complex tasks serves as a challenge in the face of defensive deployment of anti-malware AI techniques. This article summarizes the state of the art in AI-enhanced malware and the evasion and attack techniques it uses against AI-supported defensive systems. Our findings include articles describing targeted attacks against AI detection functions, advanced payload obfuscation techniques, evasion of networked communication with AI methods, malware for unsupervised-learning-based cyber-physical sabotage, decentralized botnet control using swarm intelligence and the concealment of malware payloads within neural networks that fulfill other purposes.
Axion dark matter from frictional misalignment
Authors: Papageorgiou Alexandros , Quílez Pablo , Schmitz Kai
Published: February 2023

Abstract

We study the impact of sphaleron-induced thermal friction on the axion dark-matter abundance due to the interaction of an axion-like particle (ALP) with a dark non-abelian gauge sector in a secluded thermal bath. Thermal friction can either enhance the axion relic density by delaying the onset of oscillations or suppress it by damping them. We derive an analytical formula for thefrictional adiabatic invariant, which remains constant along the axion evolution and which allows us to compute the axion relic density in a general set-up. Even in the most minimal scenario, in which a single gauge group is responsible for both the generation of the ALP mass and the friction force, we find that the resulting dark-matter abundance from the misalignment mechanism deviates from the standard scenario for axion massesma≳ 100 eV. We also generalize our analysis to the case where the gauge field that induces friction and the gauge sector responsible for the ALP mass are distinct and their couplings to the axion have a large hierarchy as can be justified by means of alignment or clockwork scenarios. We find that it is easy to open up the ALP parameter space where the resulting axion abundance matches the observed dark-matter relic density both in the traditionally over- and underabundant regimes. This conclusion also holds for the QCD axion.
Does orthodontic treatment need have an impact on oral health-related quality of life?
Authors: Bekes Katrin , Kuhr Kathrin , Ohm Cristiana , Frenzel Baudisch Nicolas , Jordan Andreas Rainer
Published: February 2023

Objectives

The aims of this study were to determine the frequency of oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) impairment in a national representative sample of 8 to 9 year olds in Germany and to evaluate the impact of orthodontic treatment need.

Methods

Data were collected in the Sixth German Oral Health Study (Sechste Deutsche Mundgesundheitsstudie, DMS 6) and subjects were sampled using a multistage sampling technique. OHRQoL was measured with a modified version of the 5‑item Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-5) which was administered in a computer-assisted personal interview. Children were also examined for malocclusion and orthodontic treatment need.

Results

In all, 1892 children aged 8–9 years were invited to take part. Finally, data of 705 children (48.6% female) could be included in the analysis. The OHIP‑5 mean was 1.3 (±2.0). There was no relevant influence from age and gender on the OHIP‑5 summary scores (r < 0.10), but the summary scores differed when analyzed separately regarding orthodontic treatment need or no orthodontic treatment need (1.5 ± 2.0 vs. 1.2 ± 1.9, p = 0.020). Nevertheless, the level appears to be low.

Conclusions

Malocclusions with orthodontic treatment need have an influence on OHRQoL.
Soil water extract and bacteriome determine N2O emission potential in soils
Authors: Highton Matthew P. , Bakken Lars R. , Dörsch Peter , Tobias-Hunefeldt Sven , Molstad Lars , Morales Sergio E.
Published: February 2023

Soil chemical properties and microbiome composition impact N2O emission potential, but the relative importance of these factors as determinants of N2O emission in denitrifying systems is rarely tested. In addition, previous linkages between microbiome composition and N2O emission potential rarely demonstrate causality. Here, we determined the relative impact of bacteriome composition (i.e., soil extracted bacterial cells) and soil water extract (i.e., water extractable chemicals and particles below 0.22 µm) on N2O emission potential utilizing an anoxic cell-based assay system. Cells and water extract for assays were sourced from soils with contrasting N2O/N2O + N2 ratios, combined in various combinations and denitrification gas production was measured in response to nitrate addition. Analysis of 16S amplicon sequencing data revealed similarity in composition between extracted and parent soil bacteriomes. Average directionless effects of cell and water extract on N2O/N2O + N2 (Cell: ∆0.17, soil water extract: ∆0.22) and total N2O hypothetically emitted (Cell: ∆2.62 µmol-N, soil water extract: ∆4.14 µmol-N) across two assays indicated water extract is the most important determinant of N2O emissions. Independent pH differences of just 0.6 points impacted N2O/N2O + N2 on par with independent water extract differences, supporting the dominance of this variable in previous studies. However, impacts on overall N2O hypothetically emitted were smaller, suggesting that soil pH manipulation may not necessarily be a successful approach to mitigate emissions. In addition, we observed increased N2O accumulation and emission potential at the end of incubations concomitant with predicted decreases in carbon (C) availability, suggesting that C limitation increases N2O emission transiently with the magnitude of emission dependent on both chemical and bacteriome controls.
Genetische Befunde in der Versorgungspsychiatrie
Authors: Frenzel Florian , Aigner Martin
Published: February 2023

In der Psychiatrie kommt es aufgrund der fortschreitenden medizinischen Diagnostik zunehmend zur Vorstellung von Patienten mit genetischen Befunden, als Beispiele seien hier genannt und kurz beschrieben: die TLK2-Mutation (Tousled-Like-Kinase-2), der Morbus Canavan, die familiäre Creutzfeldt-Jakob-Krankheit (CJK), das Prader-Willi-Syndrom (Mikrodeletionssyndrom am Chromosom 15) und das Pätau-Syndrom (Trisomie 13). Psychiatrische Therapien, wie das Lithium, erscheinen dadurch in neuem Licht.
A web-based distributed system for integrating mobile music in choral performance
Authors: Turchet Luca , De Cet Martina
Published: February 2023

This paper presents an Internet of Musical Things system designed to enhance the singing practices of conventional vocal ensembles with electronic sounds generated by smartphones. The system comprises a small loudspeaker connected to a smartphone running a web-based app that generates sounds locally to the chorister, who uses it while singing. An evaluation of the user experience was conducted through three experiments involving a small choir of 9 choristers and a conductor. In the first experiment, the system was utilized in a co-located setting, where choristers shared the same physical space. In the second experiment, the system was employed in a remote setting, where geographically displaced choristers were connected through a networked music performance system. In the third experiment, a hybrid condition was implemented where part of the choir was co-located and part was remotely connected. Overall, results show that the application can be successfully utilized to augment the practice and experience of choir singing, leading to novel forms of musical expression. We provide a critical reflection where we discuss the lessons learned, strengths, limitations, and possible future developments.
Exteriority as Law: Revisiting the Masochean turn within Levinas
Authors: Carias Reuben
Published: February 2023

Adopting Kantor’s Masochean turn within Levinas, this article challenges the anthropocentrically limited purview of Levinas’s ethical relation. Incorporating Kantor’s legalistic reading of Levinas, informed through his literary analysis of Sacher-Masoch’s ‘Venus in Furs’, the article details the inescapable, legalistic plight that is to be the Levinasian ethical subject. Extending upon Kantor’s introductory conceptualisation of the Levinasian subject through Masoch, reveals a subject for whom suffering and sacrifice must be embraced; necessary acts of penitence before an irrepressible Other who they adore. The Other is presented through Masoch’s text as an insatiable, inescapable deity of Law who cannot be refused and demands subservience. A god manifest in Exteriority whose influence upon the subject extends beyond the frame of the interhuman relation and is a necessary component of the subject’s existence and, more broadly, their world. The Levinasian subject’s relation with alterity poetically portraying all the potency, affirmation and urgency of dear Severin’s with his Venus, a relation which destroys, haunts and affirms the subject completely as only Law can.
MoPeD meets MITO: a hybrid modeling framework for pedestrian travel demand
Authors: Zhang Qin , Moeckel Rolf , Clifton Kelly J.
Published: February 2023

Transport demand models were initially designed for simulating car trips. Nowadays researchers and planners are considering pedestrian travel and its health and safety impacts in the regional transport models. However, the existing transport models lack the knowledge and experience in pedestrian modeling for health assessment. This paper contributes to the modeling practice by developing an integrated model called the MITO/MoPeD. The model builds upon previous model development and integrates the fine-grained pedestrian modeling tool into the agent-based transport model. The MITO/MoPeD model is applied to the Munich metropolitan area. Model performances are analyzed based on travel measures (e.g., walk share, trip length distribution, and pedestrian flow) and physical activity volumes. Results show that the MITO/MoPeD model can better represent pedestrian travel behavior than the existing Munich Model. It performed better in simulating the spatial distribution of walk shares and the distribution of walk trip lengths. Moreover, it overcomes the issue of overestimating physical activity volumes. These findings suggest that the MITO/MoPeD model can deliver more precise travel outcomes. More importantly, it is valuable for addressing pedestrian planning issues such as transportation infrastructure investments, land use planning, assessment of safety and health outcomes, and evaluation of environmental impacts.
Colonialism versus independence—the role of entrepreneurial ecosystems in Azerbaijan over time
Authors: Ibrahimova Ganira , Moog Petra
Published: February 2023

Entrepreneurial activity, its emergence, and development are considered important for the well-being of nations, especially for those in transition from one economic system or industrial setting into another. A crucial question is, why countries with similar basic resources develop differently regarding entrepreneurial activities over time? This study delivers new insights on ecosystems developing during different historical eras, and why some ecosystem factors have an impact not only during one point in time but also in the long term. The paper focuses on Azerbaijan, a country with a turbulent history, and volatile formal institutions, endowed with natural resources, and now heavily dependent on the export of oil and gas. To transform the economy and overcome this resource dependency, entrepreneurial activities could provide one solution; however, the contribution of entrepreneurship to the economic development and growth remains low. This paper provides an analysis of why the promise of entrepreneurship remains quite elusive in Azerbaijan. The study contributes to the literature on entrepreneurship by drawing on archival data to gain insights on how the historical role of entrepreneurship and the underlying ecosystem have imprinted their long-term development of current entrepreneurial activities. It proposes a framework for a systematic and long-term analysis of the factors and mechanisms comprising the ecosystem approach and shaping entrepreneurial outcomes across a broad spectrum of historical and contemporary contexts.
Impact of protein supply on the productive performance of growing lambs drinking natural saline water and fed low-quality forage under semi-arid conditions
Authors: Gabr Amr A. , Farag Mona E. , Shahin Gamal F. , El-Kotamy Essam M.
Published: February 2023

Consuming saline water causes animals salinity stress, which leads to many adapting metabolic changes that could negatively affect its performance and the quality of the derived products. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of increasing diet protein level on the productive performance of growing lambs drinking natural saline water in Egyptian semi-arid region. Twenty-four growing Barki lambs (4–5 months old) with an initial body weight of 20.7 ± 0.25 kg were randomly distributed into four similar groups for 150 days. Two diets were formulated: low protein and high protein levels (concentrate feed mixture containing 14% and 20% crude protein (CP) on dry matter basis, respectively). Within each level of CP, natural saline water was represented by low saline (LS) and high saline (HS) water, containing 658 and 2100 mg/L of total dissolved solids, respectively. Results showed that the HS water increased (p = 0.02) water intake by about 18% and had adverse effect (p < 0.001) on dry matter intake, nutrient digestibility, and growth performance. The ruminal pH values, total volatile fatty acids, and ammonia–N concentrations were not affected by drinking the HS water. However, the protein supplementation enhanced the HS lambs’ nutrients digestion and showed greater growth performance. The HS water decreased (p < 0.001) the serum concentrations of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and increased (p = 0.03) the urea-N by about 9%. The protein supplementation amended the serum ALT and AST concentrations of HS lambs. It is concluded that the dietary protein supply was affective sustainable management strategy against the deleterious effect of drinking high saline water on growing lambs.
Duurzame inzetbaarheid van de urologische beroepsgroep onder druk
Authors: de Vries A. Heleen , Hendrikx Ad J. M. , van Bezooijen Bart P. J. , Brinkman Willem M. , van Moonen Paula M. J. , van Vuuren Tinka
Published: February 2023

Samenvatting

De verwachting is dat het urologische patiëntenaanbod de komende jaren met 40% zal stijgen. Daarom hebben wij, met een enquête, de duurzame inzetbaarheid van urologen (i.o.) in Nederland onderzocht. De werktevredenheid is hoog (78%), maar ook de werkdruk wordt als hoog ervaren (56%). 45% van de urologen wil minder werken en 20% van de urologen overweegt te stoppen. 16% stopt tijdelijk (gedeeltelijk) met werken vanwege tekenen van burn-out. Vrouwen ervaren meer werkdrukgerelateerde klachten dan mannen. Ondanks de hoge werktevredenheid staat de duurzame inzetbaarheid van urologen onder druk. Aandacht voor de preventie van burn-out en een betere regulering van de werkdruk is gewenst.
Effect of Mo in Ni-30Cr filler metal on the eutectic phases of weld metal
Authors: Guo X. , Xu K. , Wei C. , Jiang Y. L. , Lv X. C. , Xu Y. J.
Published: February 2023

The effects of Mo content on the microstructure and solidification path of gas tungsten arc welding deposited Nb-bearing nickel-based alloy welding wire were studied. The Mo entered the matrix γ phase as a solid solution and was precipitated in the form of the eutectic phases including Laves, σ, and MC carbides. In Ni-30Cr weld metal, Mo plays a leading role in the eutectic σ formation, while a relatively minor role in the eutectic MC carbides and Laves formation compared with Nb. The addition of Mo could reduce the content of Nb in the dendrite arm, interdendritic region, and Laves phase. With the increasing Mo content, the Laves phase changed from a rod-like shape to a blocky shape. When the Mo content exceeded 4%, σ + Laves + γ eutectic structure was formed. When the Mo content was about 5.0%, there were microcracks in the σ and Laves phases, and at the σ/MC interface. To avoid the formation of the σ phase due to the segregation of Mo, the Mo content had to be controlled below 4%.
Optimal control of the coronavirus pandemic with both pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical interventions
Authors: Oke Segun I. , Ekum Matthew I. , Akintande Olalekan J. , Adeniyi Michael O. , Adekiya Tayo A. , Achadu Ojodomo J. , Matadi Maba B. , Iyiola Olaniyi S. , Salawu Sulyman O.
Published: February 2023

Coronaviruses are types of viruses that are widely spread in humans, birds, and other mammals, leading to hepatic, respiratory, neurologic, and enteric diseases. The disease is presently a pandemic with great medical, economical, and political impacts, and it is mostly spread through physical contact. To extinct the virus, keeping physical distance and taking vaccine are key. In this study, a dynamical transmission compartment model for coronavirus (COVID-19) is designed and rigorously analyzed using Routh–Hurwitz condition for the stability analysis. A global dynamics of mathematical formulation was investigated with the help of a constructed Lyapunov function. We further examined parameter sensitivities (local and global) to identify terms with greater impact or influence on the dynamics of the disease. Our approach is data driven to test the efficacy of the proposed model. The formulation was incorporated with available confirmed cases from January 22, 2020, to December 20, 2021, and parameterized using real-time series data that were collected on a daily basis for the first 705 days for fourteen countries, out of which the model was simulated using four selected countries: USA, Italy, South Africa, and Nigeria. A least square technique was adopted for the estimation of parameters. The simulated solutions of the model were analyzed using MAPLE-18 with Runge–Kutta–Felberg method (RKF45 solver). The model entrenched parameters analysis revealed that there are both disease-free and endemic equilibrium points. The solutions depicted that the free equilibrium point for COVID-19 is asymptotic locally stable, when the epidemiological reproduction number condition$$(R_{0}<1)$$(R0<1). The simulation results unveiled that the pandemic can be controlled if other control measures, such as face mask wearing in public areas and washing of hands, are combined with high level of compliance to physical distancing. Furthermore, an autonomous derivative equation for the five-dimensional deterministic was done with two control terms and constant rates for the pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical strategies. The Lagrangian and Hamilton were formulated to study the model optimal control existence, using Pontryagin’s Maximum Principle describing the optimal control terms. The designed objective functional reduced the intervention costs and infections. We concluded that the COVID-19 curve can be flattened through strict compliance to both pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical strategies. The more the compliance level to physical distance and taking of vaccine, the earlier the curve is flattened and the earlier the economy will be bounce-back.
Strength and Stiffness Properties of Laboratory-Improved Soft Swedish Clays
Authors: Hov Solve , Larsson Stefan
Published: February 2023

The dry deep mixing method using lime and cement-based binders is widely used in the Nordic countries to improve soft and sensitive clays. Increasing the usage of industrial by-products is needed to reduce climate impact, and this requires thorough knowledge on engineering properties using these binders. A lot of research has been done on this topic; however, tests are often performed on fabricated soils, and there is also a lack of studies on cement kiln dust in organic clays. This paper presents a large database of laboratory-improved soft inorganic and organic natural Swedish clays using quicklime, cement and cement kiln dust. It is shown that many properties and relationships between strength and stiffness, strength development over time and strain to failure are in practice similar for both quicklime and cement kiln dust when combined with cement, but that the strength depends both on the water-binder ratio and soil type. Further, it is shown that cement kiln dust performs well also in organic clay. The data also shows that the Youngs' modulus on average is around 100 times the unconfined compressive strength. For strength development over time, it is seen that the strength increases on average 60% from 7 days of curing to 28 days of curing. The correlations presented herein will serve as a useful guidance in engineering practice.
Das Verständnis von digitaler Grundbildung in Erwachsenenbildungseinrichtungen
Authors: Weber Johanna
Published: February 2023

Durch die zunehmende Digitalisierung gilt digitale Grundbildung heutzutage als Voraussetzung zur Teilhabe am gesellschaftlichen Leben. Anknüpfend an den Diskurs um Grundbildungsverständnisse in der Erwachsenenbildung arbeitet dieser Beitrag das Verständnis von digitaler Grundbildung in Erwachsenenbildungseinrichtungen heraus. Befunde aus Interviews mit Programmplanenden und Lehrenden zeigen, dass ein durch Relationalität und Dynamik geprägtes Verständnis vorherrscht, welches durch ein Kontinuum aus Inhalten, Zielen und Zielgruppen geprägt ist.
Rheology and microstructure effects of waste spent coffee grounds in modifying asphalt binder
Authors: Xie Mingjun , Xu Linglin , Wu Kai , Wen Yutong , Jiang Hongmi , Jiang Zhengwu
Published: February 2023

Herein the biowaste by-product spent coffee grounds (SCGs) from coffee industry were incorporated into asphalt binders for performance enhancement. From the analysis of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic shear rheometer (DSR), and Brookfield viscosity rheometer, it is confirmed that SCGs have potential prospects as bio-waste modifiers in the application of sustainable pavements. Results demonstrated that the modification process was mainly based on physical reinforcement. Compared with that of the neat asphalt, the shearing stress-resistant ability and high-temperature performance of the SCGs modified binders with the appropriate addition presented a bit of improvement; whereas the binders with 1% and 3% SCGs exhibited remarkably enhanced low-temperature stability. However, notable weaknesses of practical performance were shown for the binder with excessive content of SCGs, indicating the necessity of proportion selecting before application.
Repeated Biting by a Mediterranean Loggerhead Sea Turtle
Authors: Boga Bircan , Asma Suheyl
Published: February 2023

Mediterranean loggerhead sea turtles ( Caretta caretta) are very large. During spawning season, they land on the beaches of Turkey and Greece at night, which are frequently visited by humans, and lay their eggs. Typically, they suck feed in deep water. It is uncommon for C caretta, which have strong mouths and jaws, to attack people. We report a case of a 44-y-old female patient who was attacked by a turtle on the Mediterranean beach in September 2020. She was brought to the emergency department, where she was noted to have a deep cut on the thumb and large bruises on the left side of her waist. The patient was discharged with appropriate wound care, antibacterial drug, and tetanus vaccine. The wound healed within a few months by developing granulation tissue. However, this report draws attention to the fact that, under some circumstances, C caretta can become aggressive toward people swimming off heavily populated beaches.
Who Counts in Business Ethics
Authors: Martin Kirsten
Published: February 2023

The discipline of business ethics has been slow to include Big Tech as a worthwhile object of examination. My goal in this presidential address is to make the case that the discipline of business ethics is overlooking novel harms and marginalized stakeholders in emerging and impactful technology industries. Furthermore, although the discipline is improving, the persistent narrowness of our field inhibits our ability to identify and examine novel issues in these important industries. I use standpoint theory to suggest one reason why we remain narrow in what we think counts in business ethics as valid objects of concern: because we are similarly narrow in who counts as a business ethicist. As scholars, we are a lens that we train on the world to identify who counts as a scholar, what we study, and who matters.
The Uneasy Case for a Ransom Tax
Authors: Nieuwesteeg Bernold , Faure Michael
Published: February 2023

The goal of our paper is to demonstrate the potential effects of a tax on paying a ransom on the incentives of stakeholders involved: both the perpetrators (the attackers placing the ransomware) as well as the potential victim. We do think that there is a case for a ransom tax, but we do also realise that it is not easy to make that case, and hence we express this doubt in our title. A tax could stimulate ex ante cybersecurity and also (when price elasticity is not too low) reduce ex post ransom payments. In addition, a tax in combination with a smartly designed subsidy could have benefits.
Association between total dietary antioxidant capacity and food groups and incidence of depression in a cohort of Brazilian graduates (CUME Project)
Authors: Pereira Sol Gabriela Amorim , Hermsdorff Helen Hermana Miranda , Leal Arieta Carla Gualandi , Pimenta Adriano Marçal , Bressan Josefina , Moreira Ana Paula Boroni , de Aguiar Aline Silva
Published: February 2023

This study aims to evaluate the association between Dietary Total Antioxidant Capacity (dTAC) and Total Antioxidant Capacity of food groups (fgTAC) with the incidence of depression in Brazilian graduates participating in the Cohort of Universities of Minas Gerais (CUME Study). The sample consisted of 2572 participants without a medical diagnosis of depression at baseline who responded to at least one follow-up questionnaire from the CUME Project. The Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power assay was used to determine dTAC. Incidence of depression was estimated by self-reported medical diagnosis of depression during the years of cohort follow-up. Cox regression models were used to relate dTAC and fgTAC to the incidence of depression. The mean follow-up time was 2·96 (1·00) years, and 246 cases of depression were observed (32·3/1000 person-years). The mean dTAC was 11·03 (4·84) mmol/d. We found no associations between higher dTAC and lower risk of developing depression after adjusting for possible confounders. The incidence of depression was inversely associated with fgTAC of the beans and lentils group (hazard ratio (HR): 0·61; 95 % CI 0·41, 0·90). The fgTAC of the junk food group was positively associated with higher incidence of depression after all adjustments (HR: 1·57; 95 % CI 1·08, 2·26). Our findings do not support an association between dTAC and the incidence of depression in a highly educated Brazilian population. However, associations of fgTAC show the importance of analysing the food matrix in which these antioxidants are inserted. We highlight the need for more prospective studies with different nationalities to confirm these results.
Free sea or territorial waters? The Sino-Japanese Xiongyue fishing dispute, 1906–1912
Authors: Shen Jiaying
Published: February 2023

Following victory in the Russo-Japanese War, the Meiji government sought to expand its maritime influence in Northeast Asia by developing pelagic fisheries in the newly acquired Kwantung leased territory, but it encountered immediate resistance from the Qing court, which had just embarked upon ambitious reform to strengthen maritime defence through the building of a national fishing industry. The dispute first emerged as a clash between Japanese and Chinese fishery protection companies on the seas adjacent to the Chinese city of Xiongyue. It then gave rise to a protracted Sino-Japanese legal debate on the question of whether the Xiongyue fishing ground was in the free sea or part of Chinese territorial waters. However, the 1912 settlement agreement made no mention of the legal status of the fishing ground. By examining this oft-neglected dispute, this article not only provides a rare East Asian case that illustrates the tension between the requirements of national sea borders and the principle of navigational freedom, but also explores how the Meiji and Qing governments perceived and practised international maritime law at the turn of the twentieth century. It argues that neither government viewed international maritime law as the only referential framework to solve the dispute, especially when it contributed little to the conflict settlement and contradicted their perceptions of the historical relations between East Asian countries.
Early detection of local SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks by wastewater surveillance: a feasibility study
Authors: Nauta Maarten , McManus Oliver , Træholt Franck Kristina , Lindberg Marving Ellinor , Dam Rasmussen Lasse , Raith Richter Stine , Ethelberg Steen
Published: February 2023

Wastewater surveillance and quantitative analysis of SARS-CoV-2 RNA are increasingly used to monitor the spread of COVID-19 in the community. We studied the feasibility of applying the surveillance data for early detection of local outbreaks. A Monte Carlo simulation model was constructed, applying data on reported variation in RNA gene copy concentration in faeces and faecal masses shed. It showed that, even with a constant number of SARS-CoV-2 RNA shedders, the variation in concentrations found in wastewater samples will be large, and that it will be challenging to translate viral concentrations into incidence estimates, especially when the number of shedders is low. Potential signals for early detection of hypothetical outbreaks were analysed for their performance in terms of sensitivity and specificity of the signals. The results suggest that a sudden increase in incidence is not easily identified on the basis of wastewater surveillance data, especially in small sampling areas and in low-incidence situations. However, with a high number of shedders and when combining data from multiple consecutive tests, the performance of wastewater sampling is expected to improve considerably. The developed modelling approach can increase our understanding of the results from wastewater surveillance of SARS-CoV-2.
Awards of the khudadad sarkar: medals from Tipu Sultan's Mysore
Authors: Rashid Adnan , Olikara Nidhin
Published: February 2023

The collection of the Asiatic Society, Calcutta, preserves a manuscript titled Risala-i-Padakah which was formerly in the library of the ruler of Mysore, Tipu Sultan (d. 1799). This manuscript has descriptions of medals with drawings illustrating their forms. We investigate the design of these medals and assert that Tipu Sultan understood the importance of rewarding his loyal subordinates with medals, thus transferring his authority down to them. The ‘People's Medals’ given to non-combatants, a novel award for those times, are also covered here in detail. We show that some of these medals, reflecting Deccan jewellery traditions, were actually awarded by Tipu Sultan himself to his men, who wore them; and we draw attention to the plunder of these medals, along with other treasures, during the sack of Seringapatam. The authors also view this as a demonstration of Tipu Sultan's regard for loyalty, rank, as well as good governance in opposition to estimates of him by contemporary British biographers. This article is the first documentation of these medals, which were the earliest to be awarded by any state in pre-modern India.
A note on variable markup, knowledge spillover, and multiple steady states in the variety expansion model
Authors: Morita Tadashi
Published: February 2023

This paper incorporates the variable elasticity of substitution preferences in the variety expansion model developed by Grossman and Helpman [(1991) Innovation and Growth in the Global Economy, MIT Press]. There exists a balanced growth path when the elasticity of substitution is constant with knowledge spillover. When the elasticity of substitution is variable and the knowledge spillover is sufficiently small, a unique and stable steady state exists. When the knowledge spillover is sufficiently large, the steady state is unique and unstable. When the size of the knowledge externality is moderate, multiple equilibria exist.
The end of Late Glacial in north-eastern Iberia: the small mammal assemblage from Cudó cave (Mont-Ral, Tarragona)
Authors: ARJANTO Dama Q. , FERNÁNDEZ-GARCÍA Mónica , LÓPEZ-GARCÍA Juan Manuel , VERGÈS Josep Maria
Published: February 2023

One of the markers of the Late Pleistocene is highly fluctuating climatic conditions, with the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, 26.5–19 ka cal before present (BP)) known to be one of the coldest periods. This work explores how the environment of north-eastern Iberia changed in relation to global climatic changes experienced during the Late Pleistocene, specifically around the LGM. Small mammal assemblages from Cudó cave (Tarragona, Spain) were used considering their well-known reliability for palaeoenvironmental reconstructions. Based on the taxonomic identification and the taphonomic analysis, several methodologies covering both qualitative and quantitative approaches were used to obtain the palaeoenvironmental information corresponding to level 107 and level 105 of Cudó cave (31.2–24.4 and 15.5–10.2 ka cal BP, respectively). The taphonomic results obtained point out owls (category 3) as the main accumulator of the small mammals. The palaeoenvironmental reconstruction shows that both levels experienced colder (−7.2oC/–4.4 °C) and wetter (+848 mm/ + 586 mm) climatic conditions than nowadays. However, in level 107 the environment was dominated by mid-European species and rocky landscape, while in level 105 it was dominated by Mediterranean species and woodland habitat. These conditions are consistent with the trend in north-eastern Iberia following several climatic events before and after the LGM coinciding with the period of Cudó cave assemblages.