bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interaction of self-assembled monolayers of oligo(ethylene glycol)-terminated alkanethiols with water studied by vibrational sum-frequency generation
Authors: Wang R. Y. , Himmelhaus M. , Fick J. , Herrwerth S. , Eck W. , Grunze M.
Published: April 2005

Vibrational sum-frequency generation (VSFG) was used to investigate the conformational changes in self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of (1-mercaptoundec-11-yl) hexa(ethylene glycol) monomethylether (EG6-OMe) on gold when exposed to liquid water. VSFG spectra of the EG6-OMe SAMs were recorded before, during, and after exposure of the films to water and after a subsequent evacuation step. While in contact with water the entire ethylene glycol chains are found in a random, solvated state, after removal from the fluid water molecules remain absorbed only at the terminal groups of the film giving rise to distinct conformational changes. After evacuation, the structure of the EG6-OMe SAM reverts to its original state, indicating that water has been removed from the monolayer. Our findings support recent ab initio calculations and Monte Carlo simulations on the interaction of ethylene glycol-terminated monolayers with water.
Multipole-multimode Floquet theory in nuclear magnetic resonance
Authors: Ramachandran Ramesh , Griffin Robert G.
Published: April 2005

In this paper, we present a new analytical approach for describing the spin dynamics of synchronous and asynchronous time-dependent modulations in solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance experiments. The approach, based on multimode Floquet theory, employs the multipole operator basis of Sanctuary for spin description and illustrates the time evolution in the Floquet–Liouville space using the effective Hamiltonians obtained from the contact (or van Vleck) transformation procedure. Since the Hamiltonian and the density operator are expressed in terms of irreducible tensor operators, extensions to higher spin magnitudes (I>1∕2) and multiple spins are quite straightforward and permit analytical treatments for many problems. We outline the general underlying principles involved in this approach with a brief mention of its potential application in other branches of spectroscopy.
Steady-state sustainment of high-β plasmas through stability control in Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute Tokamak-60 Upgrade
Authors: Isayama A. ,   the JT-60 Team
Published: April 2005

Recent results from steady-state sustainment of high-β plasma experiments in the Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute Tokamak-60 Upgrade (JT-60U) tokamak [A. Kitsunezaki et al., Fusion Sci. Technol. 42, 179 (2002)] are described. Extension of discharge duration to 65s (formerly 15s) has enabled physics research with long time scale. In long-duration high-β research, the normalized beta βN=2.5, which is comparable to that in the steady-state operation in International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) [R. Aymar, P. Barabaschi, and Y. Shimomura, Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 44, 519 (2002)], has been sustained for about 15s with confinement enhancement factor H89PL above 2, where the duration is about 80 times energy confinement time and ∼10 times current diffusion time (τR). In the scenario aiming at longer duration with βN∼1.9, which is comparable to that in the ITER standard operation scenario, duration has been extended to 24s (∼15τR). Also, from the viewpoint of collisionality and Larmor radius of the plasmas, these results are obtained in the ITER-relevant regime with a few times larger than the ITER values. No serious effect of current diffusion on instabilities is observed in the region of βN≲2.5, and in fact neoclassical tearing modes (NTMs), which limit the achievable β in the stationary high-βp H-mode discharges, are suppressed throughout the discharge. In high-β research with the duration of several times τR, a high-β plasma with βN∼2.9–3 has been sustained for 5–6s with two scenarios for NTM suppression: (a) NTM avoidance by modification of pressure and current profiles, and (b) NTM stabilization with electron cyclotron current drive (ECCD)∕electron cyclotron heating (ECH). NTM stabilization with the second harmonic X-mode ECCD∕ECH has been performed, and it is found that EC current density comparable to bootstrap current density at the mode location is required for complete stabilization. Structure of a magnetic island associated with an m∕n=3∕2 NTM has been measured in detail (m and n are poloidal and toroidal mode numbers, respectively). By applying newly developed analysis method using motional Stark effect (MSE) diagnostic, where change in current density is directly evaluated from change in MSE pitch angle without equilibrium reconstruction, localized decrease∕increase in current density at the mode rational surface is observed for NTM growth∕suppression. In addition, it is found that characteristic structure of electron temperature perturbation profile is deformed during NTM stabilization. Hypothesis that temperature increase inside the magnetic island well explains the experimental observations. It is also found that the characteristic structure is not formed for the case of ECCD∕ECH before the mode, while the structure is seen for the case with ECCD∕ECH just after the mode onset, suggesting the stronger stabilization effect of the early EC wave injection.
Modeling a tethered polymer in Poiseuille flow
Authors: Webster M. A. , Yeomans J. M.
Published: April 2005

We investigate the behavior of a tethered polymer in Poiseuille flow using a multiscale algorithm. The polymer, treated using molecular dynamics, is coupled to a solvent modeled by the stochastic rotation algorithm, a particle-based Navier–Stokes integrator. The expected series of morphological transitions of the polymer: sphere to distorted sphere to trumpet to stem and flower to rod are recovered, and we discuss how the polymer extension depends on the flow velocity. Backflow effects cause an effective increase in viscosity, which appears to be primarily due to the fluctuations of the free end of the polymer.
Reorganization of small Co particles on Al2O3 surfaces monitored by ferromagnetic resonance
Authors: Hill T. , Risse T. , Freund H.-J.
Published: April 2005

Changes of the magnetic properties of ferromagnetic Co particles deposited on the √31×√31R±9° reconstructed α-Al2O3(0001) as well as on a thin alumina film grown on a NiAl(110) substrate were investigated as a function of thermal annealing. On the thin film changes of the magnetic response were found above 500K which correlates with changes in the particle size distribution. Annealing to 870K leads to a permeation of the metal though the oxide film which causes significant changes in the ferromagnetic resonance response. On the α-Al2O3 single crystal sintering of particles requires temperatures above 600K being about 100K higher as compared to the thin alumina film. For large clusters intraparticle redistribution takes place already below 600K a phenomenon not observed for the small clusters. In addition, a significant dependence of the measured g values from the substrate as well as the thermal treatment is found which can be understood in terms of the structural properties of the systems.
Route towards optimization of the response times of a pi-cell liquid-crystal mode
Authors: Acosta E. J. , Towler M. J. , Tillin M. D.
Published: April 2005

A method to obtain and compare the relaxation times of pi-cells of equal brightness is presented. The method provides the means to investigate the effect of the device, drive, and material parameters on the relaxation times and hence provides a route to optimize the relaxation time without loss of brightness. The main results from the investigation are included.
The initial stage of the reaction between amorphous silicon and crystalline aluminum
Authors: He D. , Wang J. Y. , Mittemeijer E. J.
Published: April 2005

The initial stage of crystallization of amorphous silicon in Al∕Si and Si∕Al bilayers was investigated by x-ray diffraction analysis and Auger electron spectroscopy. The bilayers initially consist of amorphous silicon and crystalline aluminum, produced by sputter deposition. The microstructural and compositional changes occurring in the Al∕Si and Si∕Al bilayers were investigated extensively at 165 °C as a function of the time from half an hour to 30 days. Upon annealing, mass transport across the original bilayer interface occurred and amorphous silicon could crystallize into aggregates of nanocrystals with {111} planes oriented preferentially parallel to the surface. The kinetics of the process depends on the sublayer sequence in the bilayers. Residual stress, lattice microstrain, and crystallite size of both the Al phase and the crystallized Si phase were measured quantitatively. These data allowed the assessment of the Gibbs energy changes occurring upon annealing. It was shown that grain boundaries in the Al phase are the necessary agents for initiation of the crystallization of silicon. A model was proposed for the reaction between the amorphous silicon and the crystalline aluminum in the bilayers.
Lift-off process and rear-side characterization of CuGaSe2 chalcopyrite thin films and solar cells
Authors: Fuertes Marrón D. , Meeder A. , Sadewasser S. , Würz R. , Kaufmann C. A. , Glatzel Th. , Schedel-Niedrig Th. , Lux-Steiner M. Ch.
Published: April 2005

An alternative approach to the so-called “lift-off” technology is presented, in which a CuGaSe2 solar cell absorber film is detached from a Mo-coated glass substrate. The proposed lift-off takes advantage of an interfacial MoSe2 layer, acting as a sacrificial layer, which forms at the rear contact during the growth of the CuGaSe2 film. No additional processing step is thus required to proceed with the lift-off. The lift-off was carried out in ultrahigh vacuum for quality assessment, and the rear CuGaSe2 and top MoSe2 surfaces were characterized by means of surface-sensitive techniques, namely, Kelvin probe force microscopy and photoelectron spectroscopy. The cleanness of the CuGaSe2 rear surface was confirmed by the absence of Mo remnants, thus demonstrating the suitability of the proposed method for further processing of the absorber film onto alternative substrates. In addition, a quantitative analysis of surface photovoltage, doping concentration, and interface charge at grain boundaries on the absorber’s rear surface is presented, exploiting the convenience of the procedure for characterization purposes. Preliminary results regarding the device performance and identification of limiting factors are reported.
Effect of annealing on the magnetic, transport, and electronic properties of electron-beam evaporated Fe∕Al multilayers
Authors: Brajpuriya R. , Tripathi S. , Chaudhari S. M.
Published: April 2005

The effect of FeAl phase formation on magnetic, transport, and electronic properties of electron-beam evaporated Fe∕Al multilayer samples (MLS), with an overall atomic concentration ratio of Fe:Al=1:1, have been investigated and reported in the present paper using magneto-optical Kerr effect, four-probe resistivity, and valence-band photoelectron spectroscopy techniques. Grazing incidence x-ray diffraction results show that after annealing at 700 K, all the peaks due to Al disappear and those of Fe are slightly shifted with the appearance of new peak at 2θ=31.22° indicating the formation of new crystalline B2FeAl intermetallic phase. The magnetization measurements at this temperature show a large increase in coercivity (Hc) from 21 Oe to 90 Oe, saturation field (Hs) from 80 to 430 Oe, and drastic reduction in magnetization intensity as compared to as-deposited multilayer sample, indicating the precipitation of nonmagnetic B2FeAl phase at the interface. Resistivity increases linearly with temperature and found a maximum at this particular temperature. The corresponding valence-band photoemission measurements carried out on these MLS using hν=134eV, show that after annealing, the binding energy values of Fe 3d band are shifted towards lower binding energy with corresponding increase in Fe 3d and decrease in Al 3s density of states. These observed changes in the magnetization, resistivity, and valence band behavior after annealing are, therefore, attributed to the transfer of valence Al 3p and Al 3s electrons to minority 3d orbital of Fe, suggesting the strong hybridization of sp-d state at Fermi level forming B2FeAl intermetallic phase at the interface.
Recovery of noisy pyroelectric-detector signals through neural-network processing
Authors: González Martín G. , Peuriot Alejandro L. , Slezak Verónica B. , Santiago Guillermo D.
Published: April 2005

We introduce a neural-network-based filter devised to extend the dynamic range of pyroelectric detectors which otherwise would only be useful for medium-to-high energy measurements. To accomplish this task, we trained a multilayer perceptron through the back-propagation method using the theoretical signal derived from the detector equivalent electric circuit. We tested the performance of the neural-network filter both numerically and experimentally. In the former case we recovered theoretical signals corrupted with white and impulse noise and compared the results with those obtained through the use of standard filtering methods. In the latter case, we applied the filter to measure pulses from a Nd:YAG laser whose energy was below the detector noise-equivalent energy. With this processing technique in a standard PC we have been able to accurately measure laser energy values as low as one-tenth the detector’s noise-equivalent energy and at 10–20Hz repetition rate.
Effect of ion-temperature gradients on the formation of drift-Alfvén vortices in electron-positron-ion magnetoplasma with equilibrium flows
Authors: Azeem M. , Mirza Arshad M.
Published: April 2005

A set of coupled nonlinear equations which governs the dynamics of low-frequency electromagnetic waves in a nonuniform electron-positron-ion magnetoplasma with non-zero ion-temper-ature-gradients is derived and solved analytically under various approximations. In the linear limit, a local dispersion relation has been derived and analyzed in several interesting limiting cases. On the other hand, a quasi-stationary solution of the mode coupling equations in the absence of collisions can be represented in the form of dipolar and vortex-chain solutions. The results of the present investigation should be useful to understand the wave phenomena in laboratory and astrophysical plasmas.
Design and performance of a thin-film calorimeter for quantitative characterization of photopolymerizable systems
Authors: Roper Todd M. , Guymon C. Allan , Hoyle Charles E.
Published: April 2005

A thin-film calorimeter (TFC) was designed for the quantitative characterization of photopolymerizable systems. A detailed description of its construction indicates the ease with which a TFC can be assembled and the flexibility inherent in its design. The mechanics of operation were optimized to yield a significantly faster instrument response time than other calorimetric methods such as photodifferential scanning calorimetry (photo-DSC). The TFC has enhanced sensitivity, more than an order of magnitude greater linear response range to changes in light intensity than that of the photo-DSC, resulting in the ability to measure both smaller and larger signals more accurately. The photopolymerization exotherm curves are reproducible and can be collected over a broad range of film thicknesses.
Full characterization of an intense pulsed hyperthermal molecular beam
Authors: Watanabe D. , Che D.-C. , Fukuyama T. , Hashinokuchi M. , Teraoka Y. , Kasai T.
Published: April 2005

A molecular beam technique for generating an intense pulsed hyperthermal molecular beam (pulsed HTMB) was developed. The beam source consists of a pulse valve, a cooling-water bottle that protects the pulse valve from heat transfer of the high temperature nozzle, and a nozzle with a heater. The point was a pulse-valve operation with the high temperature nozzle which was 30-mm long and was made of pyrolytic boron nitride. The pulsed HTMB of HCl was practically generated. The total beam intensity of the pulsed HTMB was measured by a quadrupole mass spectrometer. It was determined that the beam intensity of the pulsed HTMB was two orders of magnitude larger than that obtained in continuous-HTMB conditions. The pulsed HTMB of HCl was fully characterized by means of (2+1) resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization and ion time-of-flight techniques. We found that the velocity distribution of the pulsed HTMB was well expressed as supersonic molecular beams. At the highest nozzle temperature of 1400 K, the mean translational energy value of HCl molecules was 1.38 eV. The translational energy distribution of the pulsed HTMB covered a range from 0.8 to 1.6 eV. The fraction of higher translational energy molecules greater than 1.0 eV was 80% in the 1400 K nozzle. The rotational state distributions of HCl molecules in the pulsed HTMB were expressed as the Boltzmann distribution. While the rotational temperature decreased by an adiabatic expansion of the beam, the vibrational temperature, which was determined by the ratio of the ground-state population to the excited state one, almost equaled the nozzle temperature.
Discharge flow tube coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry detection for kinetic measurements of interstellar and atmospheric interests
Authors: Loison Jean-Christophe , Sanglar Stéphane , Villenave Eric
Published: April 2005

An apparatus has been developed to study the kinetics of radical reactions of interstellar and atmospheric interests. It consists of a fast flow reactor in which atoms and radicals are initially produced by a microwave discharge. The gas mixture is ionized either using electron ionization or using single photon ionization (at 10.2 eV) or (1+1) resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization and is detected using time-of-flight mass spectrometry. In order to prove the reliability of the apparatus to perform kinetic measurements, the well-known reaction of H atoms with (E)-but-2-ene has been investigated at room temperature and found in very good agreement with previous measurements reported in the literature.
Measurements of rotational transform due to noninductive toroidal current using motional Stark effect spectroscopy in the Large Helical Device
Authors: Ida K. , Yoshinuma M. , Watanabe K. Y. , Kobuchi T. , Nagaoka K.
Published: April 2005

The change of rotational transform due to noninductive plasma current driven by a negative neutral beam, which has a value typically less than 10% of total rotational transform determined by the external current in the helical coils, is measured in the Large Helical Device with motional Stark effect spectroscopy. Radial profiles of rotational transform are derived from the radial profiles of the polarization angle of the σ component in the Hα line emitted from the high energy hydrogen atom of the beam with four sets of linear polarizers, spectrometers, and CCD detectors. The radial profile of the change in the rotational transform due to the noninductive toroidal current driven by the neutral beam is measured.
Two-dimensional Harris–Liouville plasma kinetic equilibria
Authors: Ceccherini F. , Montagna C. , Pegoraro F. , Cicogna G.
Published: April 2005

Isothermal stationary solutions of the self-consistent Vlasov equation can be constructed for arbitrary two-dimensional sheared magnetic field configurations by exploiting a complex function representation of the solutions of the nonlinear Liouville equation. All these solutions are shown to be locally equivalent to the well known Harris sheet pinch configuration. Solutions corresponding to different magnetic configurations are presented, including a double Y-point configuration reminiscent of a reconnection current layer. Lie point symmetries are used to elucidate the relationship between the different configurations and to investigate the structure of the linearized perturbations in the “quasistatic” approximation.
Modular multichannel surface plasmon spectrometer
Authors: Neuert G. , Kufer S. , Benoit M. , Gaub H. E.
Published: April 2005

We have developed a modular multichannel surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectrometer on the basis of a commercially available hybrid sensor chip. Due to its modularity this inexpensive and easy to use setup can readily be adapted to different experimental environments. High temperature stability is achieved through efficient thermal coupling of individual SPR units. With standard systems the performance of the multichannel instrument was evaluated. The absorption kinetics of a cysteamine monolayer, as well as the concentration dependence of the specific receptor-ligand interaction between biotin and streptavidin was measured.
Ion beams of carbon clusters and multiply charged fullerenes produced with electron cyclotron resonance ion sources
Authors: Maunoury L. , Manil B. , Rangama J. , Lebius H. , Huber B. A. , Pacquet J. Y. , Leroy R. , Pedersen U. V. , Hvelplund P. , Jensen J. , Tomita S. , Zettergren H. , Schmidt H. T. , Cederquist H. , Gustavo F.
Published: April 2005

The production of carbon cluster ions by injecting C60 fullerene vapor into different electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) ion sources (MONO1001/2.45GHz and CAPRICE∕14GHz) is described. The extracted ion mass spectra show a bimodal distribution, well known from collisions between electrons or ions and fullerenes. In addition to small carbon clusters and even-numbered fullerene ions, odd-numbered clusters with (n>30) are detected with low intensities. In particular, we have analyzed the mass spectra as a function of the rf power applied to the ECR plasma. Optimum power values are found for the production of individual carbon cluster ions, which increase with decreasing cluster size. Whereas at low power the production of fullerene ions dominates, the intensity of the very small carbon clusters is found to strongly increase with the injected power. This difference in the power dependence is used to vary and to determine the beam composition for ions with identical mass/charge ratios.
Optical modulation line for stereoscopic laser display
Authors: Kastelik J. C. , Pommeray M. , Slachciak M. , Gazalet M. G.
Published: April 2005

An original combination of two cascaded acousto-optic modulators and electro-optic polarization commutators for stereoscopic laser videoprojection is presented. It is based on the separation by orthogonal polarizations of the two left and right images of a stereoscopic pair. As four lines are scanned simultaneously, a quadrifrequency paratellurite acousto-optic modulator is detailed. The electro-optic cell acts like a commutator switching the polarization from the left state polarization state to the right one. This new architecture is then described and experimentally validated.
Origin of transition metal clustering tendencies in GaAs based dilute magnetic semiconductors
Authors: Mahadevan Priya , Osorio-Guillén J. M. , Zunger Alex
Published: April 2005

While isovalent doping of GaAs (e.g., by In) leads to a repulsion between the solute atoms, two Cr, Mn, or Fe atoms in GaAs are found to have lower energy than the well-separated pair, and hence attract each other. The strong bonding interaction between levels with t2 symmetry on the transition metal (TM) atoms results in these atoms exhibiting a strong tendency to cluster. Using first-principles calculations, we show that this attraction is maximal for Cr, Mn, and Fe while it is minimal for V. The difference is attributed to the symmetry of the highest occupied levels. While the intention is to find possible choices of spintronic materials that show a reduced tendency to cluster, one finds that the conditions that minimize clustering tendencies also minimize the stabilization of the magnetic state.
Using independent open-to-closed transitions to simplify aggregated Markov models of ion channel gating kinetics
Authors: Bruno William J. , Yang Jin , Pearson John E.
Published: April 2005

Deducing plausible reaction schemes from single-channel current traces is time-consuming and difficult. The goal is to find the simplest scheme that fits the data, but there are many ways to connect even a small number of states (>2 million schemes with four open and four closed states). Many schemes make identical predictions. An exhaustive search over model space does not address the many equivalent schemes that will result. We have found a canonical form that can express all reaction schemes for binary channels. This form has the minimal number of rate constants for any rank (number of independent open-closed transitions), unlike other canonical forms such as the well established “uncoupled” scheme. Because all of the interconductance transitions in the new form are independent, we refer to it as the manifest interconductance rank (MIR) form. In the case of four open and four closed states, there are four MIR form schemes, corresponding to ranks 1-4. For many models proposed in the literature for specific ion channels, the equivalent MIR form has dramatically fewer links than the uncoupled form. By using the MIR form we prove that all rank 1 topologies with a given number of open and closed states make identical predictions in steady state, thus narrowing the search space for simple models. Moreover, we prove that fitting to canonical form preserves detailed balance. We also propose an efficient hierarchical algorithm for searching for the simplest possible model consistent with a given data set.
Genetic Analysis of Lysosomal Trafficking inCaenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Hermann Greg J. , Schroeder Lena K. , Hieb Caroline A. , Kershner Aaron M. , Rabbitts Beverley M. , Fonarev Paul , Grant Barth D. , Priess James R.
Published: April 2005

The intestinal cells of Caenorhabditis elegans embryos contain prominent, birefringent gut granules that we show are lysosome-related organelles. Gut granules are labeled by lysosomal markers, and their formation is disrupted in embryos depleted of AP-3 subunits, VPS-16, and VPS-41. We define a class of gut granule loss (glo) mutants that are defective in gut granule biogenesis. We show that the glo-1 gene encodes a predicted Rab GTPase that localizes to lysosome-related gut granules in the intestine and that glo-4 encodes a possible GLO-1 guanine nucleotide exchange factor. These and other glo genes are homologous to genes implicated in the biogenesis of specialized, lysosome-related organelles such as melanosomes in mammals and pigment granules in Drosophila. The glo mutants thus provide a simple model system for the analysis of lysosome-related organelle biogenesis in animal cells.
Making Magic
Authors: Styers Randall G.
Published: April 2005

Since the emergence of religious studies and the social sciences as academic disciplines in the late nineteenth century, the concept of "magic" has played a major role in defining religion and in mediating religion's relation to science. Many of the most important scholars in these disciplines have debated the relation of magic to religion and science, yet traditional efforts to formulate distinctions among these categories have proved notoriously unstable, the subject of repeated critique and deconstruction. The notion of magic has remained stubbornly amorphous. This book seeks to account for the extraordinary vitality of scholarly discourse purporting to define and explain magic despite its failure to do just that. The book argues that the persistence of scholarly debates over magic can best be explained in light of the Western drive to establish and secure distinctive norms for modern identity--norms based on narrow forms of instrumental rationality, industrious labor, rigidly defined sexual roles, and the containment of wayward forms of desire. Magic has served to designate a form of alterity or deviance against which dominant Western notions of appropriate religious piety, legitimate scientific rationality, and orderly social relations are brought into relief. Scholars have found magic an invaluable tool in their efforts to define the appropriate boundaries of religion and science. On a broader level, magical thinking has served as an important foil for modernity itself. Debates over the nature of magic have offered a particularly rich site at which scholars have worked to define and to contest the nature of modernity and norms for life in the modern world.
Geometry, Space, and Transcendental Idealism
Authors: Dicker Georges
Published: April 2005

This chapter expounds Kant’s view of space in contrast to those of Newton and Leibniz, and explains how Kant was led to this view by an argument from geometry. It explains how his view of the ideality of space led to his broader doctrine of Transcendental Idealism. It offers criticisms of Transcendental Idealism in its strong form and proposes a philosophically more defensible “weak” form of Transcendental Idealism.
Introduction
Authors: Rosen Christine
Published: April 2005

This introductory chapter describes the main themes of the book, placing them within the context of the scientific and cultural milieu from which the eugenics movement and its religious supporters emerged. It describes the science of eugenics and its founder, Francis Galton, and the 19th century scientific discoveries upon which the eugenics movement would build, including Darwinian evolutionary theory and Lamarckianism, as well as a brief overview of the conflict between religion and science, as exemplified in the work of John William Draper and Andrew Dickson White. The chapter also discusses the influence of the Progressive Movement on American culture in the early 20th century, and an overview of liberal and modernist Protestantism, Reform Judaism, and liberal Catholicism.
The IT Organization of the Future
Authors: Brown Carol V.
Published: April 2005

IT governance is a critical factor for achieving strategic IT alignment. This chapter adopts a midrange definition of IT governance and discusses three dimensions: IT decision rights, IT coordination mechanisms, and IT sourcing arrangements. Each dimension is concerned with organizational design alternatives for achieving alignment across IT management, business partners, and IT service providers.
Keeping the Fixed Points Fixed
Authors: Chang Hasok
Published: April 2005

This chapter draws attention to the challenges faced by the early scientists in establishing the fixed points of thermometry such as the boiling and freezing points of water. It provides a historical account of the difficulties in establishing the boiling point of water. It then discusses the meaning and achievement of fixity.
Theory, Measurement, and Absolute Temperature
Authors: Chang Hasok
Published: April 2005

The precise measurement of temperature became possible by the middle of the 19th century. However, there were no theories of heat to direct the practice of thermometry in a useful way. This chapter discusses the difficulty of making a productive and convincing connection between thermometry and the theory of heat, and how such a connection was eventually made.
Introduction
Authors: FISHBANE MICHAEL
Published: April 2005

This chapter discusses myth and mythmaking in the Hebrew Bible on the basis of two thematic constellations: with reference to a paradigmatic divine action, specifically to a divine battle against the sea, adduced or invoked in conjunction with origin of the world or subsequent acts of divine power; and on the divine personalities themselves who provide sustenance, protection, or military assistance to their faithful subjects. It is argued that the logos model of creation marks a mythic perspective different from the one that views God’s suppression of sea monsters in ancient days a paradigm of His power to destroy the historical enemies of Israel, or otherwise bring salvation. Such a combative model gives a different type of hope to the faithful while showing a theological parallelism between a formative act of origins and ongoing expressions of divine sovereignty.
Myths of Participation and Pathos
Authors: FISHBANE MICHAEL
Published: April 2005

This chapter explores the divine acts performed in the course of Israel’s sacred history and beyond. It is argued that myth is present as the correlation between divine activity and events in history. The mythic fabulations of the rabbis constitute a midrashic register only partly disclosed at the level of biblical plain sense. The pattern of imagery or semantic structure of a given biblical verse or phrase often conditions the actions revealed in the midrashic myths. Such parallelism marks the complex interrelationship between myth and history in these rabbinic sources.
Divine Sorrow and the Rupture of Exile
Authors: FISHBANE MICHAEL
Published: April 2005

The themes of destruction, sorrow and exile recurring throughout midrashic literature are also found in Zoharic literature. Their reuse is distinguished by the drama and crisis in the supernal realms caused by the loss of the Temple in Jerusalem, and banishment of the nation from its homeland. In the new myth, the effect extends beyond the divine personality. Three expressions of this myth are examined: the first two provide terse teachings of two dimensions of the myth of divine rupture; the third provides an account of divine loss and longing.
2 Pillars of the Tradition
Authors: Rea Michael C.
Published: April 2005

Begins the defense of the conclusion that the characterization of naturalism that is most faithful to the tradition, and the one that best explains both the similarities and the differences one finds among contemporary naturalists, is one which takes naturalism to be not a view but a research programme. Provides a brief discussion of the pre‐history of naturalism, together with a more extended discussion of the relevant views of naturalism's two main spokesmen in the twentieth century – John Dewey and W. V. Quine. The purpose of this chapter is to give the reader a clear perspective on the core dispositions underlying the naturalistic tradition.
5 Proper Function
Authors: Rea Michael C.
Published: April 2005

In an earlier chapter, the author argues that naturalists can justifiably accept realism about material objects only if the methods of science justify belief in intrinsic modal properties. One suggestion as to how they might do this is as follows: beliefs attributing intrinsic modal properties to material objects are justified because their truth provides a good explanation for the existence of proper functions in nature. This examines this suggestion and argues that, except in the case of objects that are the products of design, proper functions are not empirically detectable.
6 Pragmatic Arguments
Authors: Rea Michael C.
Published: April 2005

Some philosophers think that the presupposition that there are intrinsic modal properties can be justified on pragmatic grounds; and some also think that, in light of this presupposition, we are justified in thinking that the properties that science takes as definitive of various natural kinds are essential to the things that have them. Argues that this way of explaining how we might be justified in attributing particular intrinsic modal properties to material objects is unsuccessful. Even if it is true that we have pragmatic justification for believing in intrinsic modal properties, it does not follow that we have epistemic justification for believing in them. The author goes on to note that, though one might argue for the conclusion that, for naturalists anyway, pragmatic considerations do confer epistemic justification upon our beliefs, the argument will be cogent only under theistic or anti‐realist assumptions. Theism is an unwelcome alternative for most naturalists; and to concede that naturalists must be anti‐realists is to concede one of the main conclusions that the author aims to defend.
8 Intuitionism
Authors: Rea Michael C.
Published: April 2005

Begins the third part of the book, in which the author discusses two important alternatives to naturalism. The alternative that is discussed is intuitionism, a research programme that takes the methods of natural science and rational intuition, but nothing else, as basic sources of evidence. Argues that, unless one has intuitions that support the view that our world is the product of intelligent design (or unless one has very unusual beliefs or intuitions), intuitionism is self‐defeating. Also argues that, though there might be empirical reason for thinking that intuition is reliable in some domains, this fact does not save intuitionism from self‐defeat, nor is it of any use to a naturalist in trying to avoid the ontological consequences described in earlier chapters of the book.
Makers of Modern Indian Religion in the Late Nineteenth Century
Authors: Brekke Torkel
Published: April 2005

This book presents three case studies on the construction and politics of religious identity in the Indian regions during the 19th century. It explores the leadership of three religions: the Hindus of Bengal, the Buddhists of Sri Lanka, and the Svetambara Jains of western India. Part 1 presents a discussion on Hinduism and focuses on Swami Vivekananda. Part 2 presents a discussion on Buddhism and focuses on Anagarika Dharmapala. Part 3 presents a discussion on Jainism and the history, archaeology, and politics of religion.
History, Archaeology, and the Politics of Religion
Authors: Brekke Torkel
Published: April 2005

The transformation in the religious identity of Svetambara Jains in the 19th century led to increasing demands for reform. Reforms meant abolishing boundaries that divided Jains into Svetambaras and Digambaras, and establishing Jainism as an Indian religion that preserved the valuable aspects of ancient Indian culture. Jain leaders became involved in historical and archaeological debates on the position of Jainism in India, and often allied with Western Jain researchers whose findings agreed with their own viewpoints.
War and Self-Defense
Authors: Rodin David
Published: April 2005

This book explores the moral response to war and aggression within the context of self-defence. Two main projects are undertaken: to explain defensive rights in their most general form, and determine whether this explanation can be used as grounds for a right of national self-defence. It contends that although a coherent account of self-defence can be built around the idea of personal rights, the attempt justify war based on the conception of self-defence faces significant obstacles and ultimately fails. Self-defence has significant consequences for the entire enterprise of normative international relations, given its position as the centrepiece of the modern jus ad bellum (the rules specifying the conditions for a just war).
War and Defense of Persons
Authors: Rodin David
Published: April 2005

This chapter examines the right to national-defence (as conceived by its supporters) where there is no right of personal self-defence; and that the right of national-defence, if it is a genuine right, cannot be grounded in the end of defending the lives of individuals. It is argued that the reductive strategy cannot provide a moral vindication of the right of national-defence. Although all acts of aggression involve at least conditional threats against the lives or central rights of persons, there is no general right to resist conditional threats against the central rights of persons with lethal force.
Motivational Humeanism 5
Authors: Shafer-Landau Russ
Published: April 2005

Discusses the role of motivational Humeanism is a classic anti‐realist argument. Provides some reasons to reject this theory of action, and then offers criticisms of the most powerful arguments favouring motivational Humeanism.
Ethical Non-naturalism 3
Authors: Shafer-Landau Russ
Published: April 2005

Defends ethical non‐naturalism. Presents G. E. Moore's open question argument as the basis for drawing a natural/non‐natural divide, and discusses various ways of marking the distinction between the natural and the non‐natural. Includes criticisms of ethical naturalism.
Moral Rationalism 8
Authors: Shafer-Landau Russ
Published: April 2005

Defends the idea that moral facts constitute excellent reasons for action, regardless of one's antecedent commitments. Provides some presumptive support for this claim, and then proceeds to criticize the best arguments against moral rationalism (the idea that moral duties entail powerful reasons for action), including a prominent argument by Philippa Foot. Ends by arguing that the idea of intrinsic normativity is not as implausible as many have thought.
The Sacraments
Authors: O'Collins SJ Gerald , Farrugia SJ Mario
Published: April 2005

From the rites of Christian initiation (baptism, confirmation, and the Eucharist), this chapter passes to the sacraments of the sick (penance and the anointing of the sick), and to the sacraments in the service of communion (holy orders and matrimony). The chapter ends by offering a descriptive definition of all seven sacraments.
John among the Orthodox, before c.150
Authors: Hill Charles E.
Published: April 2005

The period prior to c. 150 is of critical importance to the OJP as it is reported to be the period of nearly complete silence about the Fourth Gospel among orthodox sources. Ten writers or documents that show some probability of the use of the Fourth Gospel are reviewed. Particularly important are the Epistula Apostolorum, Papias of Hierapolis, the Elder John and other elders mentioned by Papias, the apologist Aristides, and Ignatius of Antioch. It appears that the Fourth Gospel was functioning as a trusted source for the life and teachings of Jesus with these and other orthodox (non-docetic) Christians from early in the second century, before any known use by ‘gnostic’ Christians and long before the rise of Valentinianism.
Conclusion
Authors: Hill Charles E.
Published: April 2005

Each of the orthodox Johannophobia paradigm’s three planks identified at the beginning of the study is now shown to be completely insecure. Orthodox Johannophobia and its correlative, gnostic Johannophilia, have been exposed as little better than scholarly myths, which now must be replaced with expositions more historically responsible. Such expositions should acknowledge the profound influence the Fourth Gospel had on the mainstream Church through most of the second century and that the story of its reception cannot be accurately told without recognizing the common perception of John as a member of a larger authorial corpus.
Hegel's Writings on Religion
Authors: Hodgson Peter C.
Published: April 2005

Hegel did not address the topic of religion only for the first time in his Berlin lectures of 1821 and following. There was no topic in which he had a deeper and more abiding interest, as evidenced from his days as a theological student in Tübingen through the years in Jena and Nuremberg. This chapter provides a survey of Hegel’s writings on religion from the 1790s to the early 1820s: Early Theological Writings, Faith and Knowledge, Jena system outlines, Phenomenology of Spirit, Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences, and Hegel’s Foreword to a book by Hinrichs. It is argued that differences between Hegel’s four series of lectures on the philosophy of religion (1821, 1824, 1827, 1831) are of significance, and that spoken lectures display his thinking at its best.
The Concept, Knowledge, and Worship of God
Authors: Hodgson Peter C.
Published: April 2005

God is the absolute truth and substance of all things, the universal in which everything subsists. As such God is also absolute subjectivity, or spirit. The concrete development of this idea of God yields the Christian doctrine of the Trinity. But Hegel first reflects on the concept of God in a more abstract philosophical sense, where he is at pains to distinguish an authentic panentheism (all things have their being in God) from a spurious pantheism (everything is God). The analysis then shifts from the being to the knowledge of God, of which, according to Hegel, there are four basic forms: immediate knowledge (faith), feeling, representation (Vorstellung), and thought. Each is valid, but each is also superseded by the next form. Thinking about God appears in the various religions as proofs of the existence of God (cosmological, teleological, ontological). If knowledge of God is the theoretical form of the religious relationship, the worship of God is the practical form—indeed the form in which the relationship is consummated by the participation of the believer in God through cultic acts such as devotion, sacrifice, and sacraments.
Spirit and Community
Authors: Hodgson Peter C.
Published: April 2005

With the passage from the sensible to the spiritual presence of Christ, the community formed by the outpouring of the Holy Spirit comprises a unique and unsurpassable intersubjectivity of self-divesting love for the other. The community necessarily takes on institutional forms: it becomes a church with doctrines, teachings, orders, and sacraments (the highest of which is the eucharistic sharing in the life and death of Christ). By this means reconciliation is realized in the world. Hegel identifies several stages in this process: the individual heart, the church as a worldly power, the ethical realm where the principle of freedom penetrates into the world, new forms of subjectivity (which are in danger of becoming subjectivistic), and speculative philosophy (which provides ‘refuge’ for religion in the modern world). Whether the community of faith will pass away in the process is one of the unresolved tensions in Hegel’s thought.
The Theological Significance of Hegel Today
Authors: Hodgson Peter C.
Published: April 2005

The thesis of this chapter is that Hegel’s philosophy of religion provides fruitful resources for theological reflection today. The first task is to consider those who question this assumption. Indeed, a strand of interpretation going back to Hegel’s own time claims that his philosophical reconstruction of religion is really a destruction (Kierkegaard), that the outcome of his thought is atheism (or humanism) rather than theism (Feuerbach). Along similar lines, William Desmond has recently argued that the God of Hegel’s system is a counterfeit rather than the true God of Christian faith. The chapter then turns to six sets of distinctions or contested sites in postmodernity and their Hegelian resolution: heterodoxy and ontotheology, totality and infinity, language and logic, tragedy and redemption, self and other, unity and diversity. The mediating categories of spirit, wholeness, narrative, Christ, community, and pluralism contribute to the project of theological reconstruction at the beginning of the twenty-first century.
1 Rationalizing the Commandments I: The Maimonidean Method
Authors: Rynhold Daniel
Published: April 2005

Maimonides’ method of rationalizing the commandments is examined, placing particular stress on his use of a quasi-Aristotelian method of scientific explanation. Maimonides’ use of Aristotle’s teleological structures for rationalizing the commandments, supplemented by historical explanations for those commandments known as huqqim, is discussed along with a number of well-known objections. Though the historical explanations are usually singled out for criticism, the central thrust of the chapter, building on Soloveitchik’s criticisms, is that these problems are usually symptoms of a deeper question about the adequacy of the whole explanatory approach to rationalizing the commandments.
An Introduction to Auction Theory
Authors: Menezes Flavio M. , Monteiro Paulo K.
Published: April 2005

This book presents an in-depth discussion of the auction theory. It introduces the concept of Bayesian Nash equilibrium and the idea of studying auctions as games. Private, common, and affiliated values models and multi-object auction models are described. A general version of the Revenue Equivalence Theorem is derived and the optimal auction is characterized to relate the field of mechanism design to auction theory.
Introduction
Authors: Menezes Flavio M. , Monteiro Paulo K.
Published: April 2005

This introductory chapter provides three examples to illustrate the importance of auction theory to modern economics. These are the problem faced by a regulator wanting to regulate a monopolist with unknown costs, the design of a mechanism that will establish competition for the market when there is none, and the design of a spot market for electricity. It discusses the current treatment of auctions in existing graduate microeconomics textbooks, and compares this book and that of Klemperer (2004). It describes the book’s intended audience and its contents.