bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Functional and structural alterations of dorsal attention network in preclinical and early‐stage Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Wu Huimin , Song Yu , Yang Xinyi , Chen Shanshan , Ge Honglin , Yan Zheng , Qi Wenzhang , Yuan Qianqian , Liang Xuhong , Lin Xingjian , Chen Jiu
Published: March 2023

Objectives

Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) and amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) are known as the preclinical and early stage of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The dorsal attention network (DAN) is mainly responsible for the “top‐down” attention process. However, previous studies mainly focused on single functional modality and limited structure. This study aimed to investigate the multimodal alterations of DAN in SCD and aMCI to assess their diagnostic value in preclinical and early‐stage AD.

Methods

Resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was carried out to measure the fractional amplitude of low‐frequency fluctuation (fALFF), regional homogeneity (ReHo), and functional connectivity (FC). Structural MRI was used to calculate the gray matter volume (GMV) and cortical thickness. Moreover, receiver‐operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to distinguish these alterations in SCD and aMCI.

Results

The SCD and aMCI groups showed both decreased ReHo in the right middle temporal gyrus (MTG) and decreased GMV compared to healthy controls (HCs). Especially in the SCD group, there were increased fALFF and increased ReHo in the left inferior occipital gyrus (IOG), decreased fALFF and increased FC in the left inferior parietal lobule (IPL), and reduced cortical thickness in the right inferior temporal gyrus (ITG). Furthermore, functional and structural alterations in the SCD and aMCI groups were closely related to episodic memory (EM), executive function (EF), and information processing speed (IPS). The combination of multiple indicators of DAN had a high accuracy in differentiating clinical stages.

Conclusions

Our current study demonstrated functional and structural alterations of DAN in SCD and aMCI, especially in the MTG, IPL, and SPL. Furthermore, cognitive performance was closely related to these significant alterations. Our study further suggested that the combined multiple indicators of DAN could be acted as the latent neuroimaging markers of preclinical and early‐stage AD for their high diagnostic value.
Speech and gait abnormalities in motor subtypes of de‐novo Parkinson's disease
Authors: Rusz Jan , Krupička Radim , Vítečková Slávka , Tykalová Tereza , Novotný Michal , Novák Jan , Dušek Petr , Růžička Evžen
Published: March 2023

Aim

To investigate the presence and relationship of temporal speech and gait parameters in patients with postural instability/gait disorder (PIGD) and tremor‐dominant (TD) motor subtypes of Parkinson's disease (PD).

Methods

Speech samples and instrumented walkway system assessments were acquired from a total of 60 de‐novo PD patients (40 in TD and 20 in PIGD subtype) and 40 matched healthy controls. Objective acoustic vocal assessment of seven distinct speech timing dimensions was related to instrumental gait measures including velocity, cadence, and stride length.

Results

Compared to controls, PIGD subtype showed greater consonant timing abnormalities by prolonged voice onset time (VOT) while also shorter stride length during both normal walking and dual task, while decreased velocity and cadence only during dual task. Speaking rate was faster in PIGD than TD subtype. In PIGD subtype, prolonged VOT correlated with slower gait velocity (r = −0.56, p = 0.01) and shorter stride length (r = −0.59, p = 0.008) during normal walking, whereas relationships were also found between decreased cadence in dual task and irregular alternating motion rates (r = −0.48, p = 0.04) and prolonged pauses (r = −0.50, p = 0.03). No correlation between speech and gait was detected in TD subtype.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that speech and gait rhythm disorder share similar underlying pathomechanisms specific for PIGD subtype.
Effect of antiplatelet therapy on the incidence, prognosis, and rebleeding of intracerebral hemorrhage
Authors: Li Yunjie , Liu Xia , Chen Shiling , Wang Jingyi , Pan Chao , Li Gaigai , Tang Zhouping
Published: March 2023

Objective

Antiplatelet medications are increasingly being used for primary and secondary prevention of ischemic attacks owing to the increasing prevalence of ischemic stroke occurrences. Currently, many patients receive antiplatelet therapy (APT) to prevent thromboembolic events. However, long‐term use of APT might also lead to an increased occurrence of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and affect the prognosis of patients with ICH. Furthermore, some research suggest that restarting APT for patients who have previously experienced ICH may result in rebleeding events. The precise relationship between APT and ICH remains unknown.

Methods

We searched PubMed for the most recent related literature and summarized the findings from various studies. The search terms included “antiplatelet,” “intracerebral hemorrhage,” “cerebral microbleeds,” “hematoma expansion,” “recurrent,” and “reinitiate.” Clinical studies involving human subjects were ultimately included and interpreted in this review, and animal studies were not discussed.

Results

When individuals are administered APT, the risk of thrombotic events should be weighted against the risk of bleeding. In general, for some patients’ concomitant with risk factors of thrombotic events, the advantages of antiplatelet medication may outweigh the inherent risk of rebleeding. However, the use of antiplatelet medications for other patients with a higher risk of bleeding should be carefully evaluated and closely monitored. In the future, a quantifiable system for assessing thrombotic risk and bleeding risk will be necessary. After evaluation, the appropriate time to restart APT for ICH patients should be determined to prevent underlying ischemic stroke events. According to the present study results and expert experience, most patients now restart APT at around 1 week following the onset of ICH. Nevertheless, the precise time to restart APT should be chosen on a case‐by‐case basis as per the patient's risk of embolic events and recurrent bleeding. More compelling evidence‐based medicine evidence is needed in the future.

Conclusion

This review thoroughly discusses the relationship between APT and the development of ICH, the impact of APT on the course and prognosis of ICH patients, and the factors influencing the decision to restart APT after ICH. However, different studies' conclusions are inconsistent due to the differences in quality control. To support future clinical decisions, more large‐scale randomized controlled trials are required.
European Habitats Directive has fostered monitoring but not prevented species declines
Authors: Engelhardt Eva Katharina , Bowler Diana E. , Hof Christian
Published: March 2023

Strong biodiversity declines have been reported across the European Union, especially in insects, despite conservation policy such as the Habitats Directive that aims to halt biodiversity loss. Using 50 years of observational data, we examined indicators for the goals of the Directive in terms of improving monitoring efforts and occupancy trends of butterfly and dragonfly annex species in a central European region. We quantified annual monitoring effort and used occupancy‐detection models to compare species trends for 18 years before and after legal implementation of the Directive. Monitoring efforts increased after implementation, while occupancy trends both improved and deteriorated. Contrary to its main goal, the European Habitats Directive did not prevent a worsening of all annex species’ occupancy trends in the studied region. While the increased monitoring efforts aid biodiversity assessments, more serious broad‐scale conservation measures are needed to halt biodiversity loss across Europe.
Hollow mesoporous organosilica nanoparticles reduced graphene oxide based nanosystem for multimodal image‐guided photothermal/photodynamic/chemo combinational therapy triggered by near‐infrared
Authors: Zhang Chenguang , Cai Yuting , Pengrui Dang , Wang Jiechen , Wang Lu , Xu Jiayun , Wu Yuhan , Liu Wenwen , Chen Lili , Luo Zhengtang , Deng Feilong
Published: March 2023

Developing a nanosystem that can perform multimodal imaging‐guided combination therapy is highly desirable but challenging. In this study, we introduced multifunctional nanoparticles (NPs) consisting of graphene oxide‐grafted hollow mesoporous organosilica loaded with the drug doxorubicin (DOX) and photosensitizers tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP). These NPs were encapsulated by thermosensitive liposomes that release their contents once the temperature exceeds a certain threshold. Metal oxide NPs grown on the graphene oxide (GO) surface served multiple roles, including enhancing photothermal efficiency, acting as contrast agents to improve magnetic resonance imaging, increasing the sensitivity and specificity of photoacoustic imaging, and catalysing hydrogen peroxide for the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). When locally injected, the HMONs‐rNGO@Fe3O4/MnOx@FA/DOX/TPP NPs effectively enriched in subcutaneous Hela cell tumour of mice. The photothermal/photodynamic/chemo combination therapy triggered by near‐infrared (NIR) successfully suppressed the tumour without noticeable side effects. This study presented a unique approach to develop multimodal imaging‐guided combination therapy for cancer.
Tumour‐derived exosomes in liver metastasis: A Pandora's box
Authors: Li Sini , Qu Yan , Liu Lihui , Wang Chao , Yuan Li , Bai Hua , Wang Jie
Published: March 2023

The liver is a common secondary metastasis site of many malignant tumours, such as the colorectum, pancreas, stomach, breast, prostate, and lung cancer. The clinical management of liver metastases is challenging because of their strong heterogeneity, rapid progression, and poor prognosis. Now, exosomes, small membrane vesicles that are 40–160 nm in size, are released by tumour cells, namely, tumour‐derived exosomes (TDEs), and are being increasingly studied because they can retain the original characteristics of tumour cells. Cell–cell communication via TDEs is pivotal for liver pre‐metastatic niche (PMN) formation and liver metastasis; thus, TDEs can provide a theoretical basis to intensively study the potential mechanisms of liver metastasis and new insights into the diagnosis and treatment of liver metastasis. Here, we systematically review current research progress about the roles and possible regulatory mechanisms of TDE cargos in liver metastasis, focusing on the functions of TDEs in liver PMN formation. In addition, we discuss the clinical utility of TDEs in liver metastasis, including TDEs as potential biomarkers, and therapeutic approaches for future research reference in this field.
Superior caval vein partially overriding the interatrial septum–A fetal echocardiographic sign of superior sinus venosus defect. Reporting its rare association with coarctation of aorta in a fetus and its outcome
Authors: Karmegaraj Balaganesh
Published: March 2023

Prenatal diagnosis of superior sinus venosus defect has never been reported in the literature. I describe here an echocardiographic sign which is helpful in diagnosing this defect in a 35 + 2 weeks fetus and its rare association with coarctation of aorta.
Dose‐adjusted EPOCH and rituximab (DA‐EPOCH‐R) in older patients with high‐risk aggressive diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma: A real‐life multicenter study by the Croatian Cooperative Group for Hematologic diseases (KroHem)
Authors: Mitrovic Zdravko , Dujmovic Dino , Jaksic Ozren , Kinda Sandra Basic , Gacina Petar , Perisa Vlatka , Prka Zeljko , Dreta Barbara , Galusic Davor , Holik Hrvoje , Pejsa Vlatko , Aurer Igor
Published: March 2023

Purpose

Dose‐adjusted EPOCH and rituximab (DA‐EPOCH‐R) is a regimen used for the treatment of high‐risk diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) designed to overcome resistance to standard R‐CHOP by combining prolonged exposure of lymphoma cells to cytotoxic agents and dose‐adjustment based on toxicity. Data on outcomes of older patients are scarce.

Patients and Methods

We collected data on patients with newly diagnosed high‐risk DLBCL older than 60 years treated with DA‐EPOCH‐R. High‐risk patients were defined by the age‐adjusted international prognostic index score 2 or 3.

Results

A total of 120 patients were included. Median age was 69 years (range 60–82). Response rate was 74%; with 59% complete responses. Dose of DA‐EPOCH‐R was escalated in 50 patients (42%). Three‐year progression‐free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) was 53% and 58%, respectively, with treatment‐related mortality (TRM) of 13%. In univariate analysis, favorable prognostic factors were performance status (PS) (0–2 vs. 3–4), age (<70 vs. ≥70 years), and center. In multivariate analysis, PS and center retained prognostic significance. Patients with PS 0–2 had 3‐year PFS and OS of 58% and 64%, respectively, with TRM of 6%.

Conclusion

DA‐EPOCH‐R is efficacious in sufficiently fit older high‐risk DLBCL patients. Patients with poor PS have unacceptable toxicity and require less intensive therapy.
Integration–segregation dynamics in functional networks of individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia
Authors: Iglesias‐Parro Sergio , Ruiz de Miras Juan , Soriano Maria Felipa , Ibáñez‐Molina Antonio J.
Published: March 2023

Schizophrenia has been associated with dysfunction in information integration/segregation dynamics. One of the neural networks whose role has been most investigated in schizophrenia is the default mode network (DMN). In this study, we have explored the possible alteration of integration and segregation dynamics in individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia with respect to healthy controls, based on the study of the topological properties of the graphs derived from the functional connectivity between the nodes of the DMN in the resting state. Our results indicate that the patients show a diminution of the modularity of the DMN and a higher global efficiency, in sparse graphs. Our data emphasise the interest in studying temporal changes in network measures and are compatible with the hypothesis of randomization of functional networks in schizophrenia.
Both perimenstrual and nonperimenstrual migraine days respond to anti‐calcitonin gene‐related peptide (receptor) antibodies
Authors: Verhagen Iris E. , de Vries Lentsch Simone , van der Arend Britt W. H. , le Cessie Saskia , MaassenVanDenBrink Antoinette , Terwindt Gisela M.
Published: March 2023

Background and purpose

Anti‐calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) (receptor) antibodies effectively reduce overall migraine attack frequency, but whether there are differences in effect between perimenstrual and nonperimenstrual migraine days has not been investigated.

Methods

We performed a single‐arm study among women with migraine. Participants were followed with electronic E‐diaries during one (pretreatment) baseline month and 6 months of treatment with either erenumab or fremanezumab. Differences in treatment effect on perimenstrual and nonperimenstrual migraine days were assessed using a mixed effects logistic regression model, with migraine day as dependent variable; treatment, menstrual window, and an interaction term (treatment × menstrual window) as fixed effects; and patient as a random effect.

Results

There was no interaction between the menstrual window and treatment effect, indicating that the reduction in migraine days under treatment was similar during the menstrual window and the remainder of the menstrual cycle (odds ratio for treatment = 0.44, 95% confidence interval = 0.38–0.51).

Conclusions

Our findings support prophylactic use of anti‐CGRP (receptor) antibodies for women with menstrual migraine, as this leads to consistent reductions in number of migraine days during the entire menstrual cycle.
Evaluation of outcomes with permanent vascular access in an elderly Korean population based on the National Health Insurance Service database
Authors: Kim Hyangkyoung , Park Hoon Suk , Ban Tae Hyun , Yang Seung Boo , Kwon Young joo ,   the vascular access working group of the Korean Society of Dialysis Access
Published: March 2023

Introduction

As nearly half of patients with end‐stage kidney disease (ESKD) who initiate hemodialysis (HD) are over 65 years old (commonly defined as elderly), the fistula first strategy is controversial even in HD patients ≥65 years.

Methods

In Korea's National Health Insurance Service database from 2008 to 2019, 41,989 elderly (≥ 65 years) HD patients were retrospectively reviewed to identify their clinical characteristics and outcomes. Vascular access (VA) patencies, risk factors associated with patencies and patient survival between arteriovenous fistula (AVF) and arteriovenous graft (AVG) were compared.

Results

Elderly AVF group (n = 28,467) had superior primary, primary assisted, and secondary patencies than elderly AVG group (n = 13,522) (all p values are <0.001). Patient survival was also better in the elderly AVF group than in the elderly AVG (p < 0.001). In multivariate Cox regression analyses for diverse outcomes, AVG (vs. AVF) was identified as a risk factor for all‐cause mortality (adjusted hazard ratio [HR]: 1.307; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.272–1.343; p < 0.001), primary patency (adjusted HR: 1.745; 95% CI: 1.701–1.790; p < 0.001), primary‐assisted patency (adjusted HR: 2.163; 95% CI: 2.095–2.233; p < 0.001), and secondary patency (adjusted HR: 3.718; 95% CI: 3.533–3.913; p < 0.001).

Conclusion

Our study demonstrated that as a permanent VA for HD, AVF should be strongly considered in elderly (≥ 65 years) ESKD Korean patients. The age limit for AVF creation in ESKD patients should be adjusted more upward.
Functional magnetic resonance imaging of headache: Issues, best‐practices, and new directions, a narrative review
Authors: Hranilovich Jennifer A. , Legget Kristina T. , Dodd Keith C. , Wylie Korey P. , Tregellas Jason R.
Published: March 2023

Objective

To ensure readers are informed consumers of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) research in headache, to outline ongoing challenges in this area of research, and to describe potential considerations when asked to collaborate on fMRI research in headache, as well as to suggest future directions for improvement in the field.

Background

Functional MRI has played a key role in understanding headache pathophysiology, and mapping networks involved with headache‐related brain activity have the potential to identify intervention targets. Some investigators have also begun to explore its use for diagnosis.

Methods/Results

The manuscript is a narrative review of the current best practices in fMRI in headache research, including guidelines on transparency and reproducibility. It also contains an outline of the fundamentals of MRI theory, task‐related study design, resting‐state functional connectivity, relevant statistics and power analysis, image preprocessing, and other considerations essential to the field.

Conclusion

Best practices to increase reproducibility include methods transparency, eliminating error, using a priori hypotheses and power calculations, using standardized instruments and diagnostic criteria, and developing large‐scale, publicly available datasets.
Undergraduates' orientations towards student–university relationships: Measurement and associations with student characteristics and engagement
Authors: Maloshonok Natalia , Shcheglova Irina , Zhuchkova Svetlana
Published: March 2023

This study explored students' orientations towards student–university relationships and how they differ with regard to student characteristics and engagement. We developed an instrument measuring student orientations and utilised it in a survey of Russian undergraduates. Using latent class analysis, we identified the following types of Russian students' orientations: instructivists, consumerists, constructivists, and students with mixed orientations. As the results showed, the majority of our respondents have consumerist or mixed orientations that mostly mismatch with the actual models of student–university relationships at Russian universities. We also found that students with these orientations are less engaged than instructivists and constructivists. These findings demonstrate the importance of seeking an optimal match between diverse undergraduate orientations and the actual educational model, which fits national and institutional contexts.
Pasting and retrogradation properties of rice starch with phenolics from three varieties of brown rice
Authors: Li Huan‐Huan , Li Ren , Wu Fei‐Fei , Zhai Xiao‐Tong , Qiao Cong‐Cong , Xiao Zhi‐Gang , Wu Na‐Na , Tan Bin
Published: March 2023

This work evaluated the influence of phenolics from Black, Indica and Japonica rice bran (2.5–10%) on pasting and retrogradation properties of rice starch. The breakdown, setback, enthalpy values and retrogradation percentage of rice starch were decreased, and the pasting temperature was enhanced with the phenolics from three varieties of brown rice. X‐ray diffraction results suggested that new V‐type crystal at 13.1° was formed and relative crystallinity of rice starch was decreased. The results from fourier transform infrared spectroscopy exhibited that the 1047/1022 cm−1 values of rice starch were decreased with the content increase of phenolics from three varieties of brown rice. The phenolics from three varieties of brown rice resulted in loose surface structure of rice starch. This work may provide evidences for utilisation of phenolics from different varieties of brown rice to improve quality of rice products and inhibit retrogradation of rice starch.
Radical prostatectomy trends between 2010 and 2020 in Ehime, Japan, identified using data from the Medical Investigation Cancer Network (MICAN) study
Authors: Hashine Katsuyoshi , Yamashita Natsumi , Tachou Takatoshi , Kan Masaharu , Yanagaki Takahiro , Oka Akihiro , Takeda Hajime , Shirato Akitomi , Watanabe Uichi , Miura Noriyoshi , Saika Takashi
Published: March 2023

Objectives

The use of radical prostatectomy is increasing with the rising incidence of prostate cancer. We assessed the surgical trends related to radical prostatectomy using data from a multi‐center, retrospective cohort study, the MICAN (Medical Investigation Cancer Network) study, which was conducted in all the urology‐related medical facilities in Ehime Prefecture, Japan.

Methods

We compared data from the MICAN study with prostate biopsy registry data collected in Ehime between 2010 and 2020 and recorded the surgical trends.

Results

There was a significant increase in the mean age of patients with positive biopsies, and the positivity rate increased from 46.3% in 2010 to 60.5% in 2020, while the number of biopsies obtained decreased. The number of radical prostatectomies performed increased over the years, with robot‐assisted radical prostatectomy becoming the predominant procedure. In 2020, robot‐assisted radical prostatectomies accounted for 96.0% of the surgeries performed. The age at surgery also gradually increased. Of the registered patients aged ≤75 years, 40.5% underwent surgery in 2010, compared with 83.1% in 2020. The prevalence of surgery also increased from 4.6% to 29.8% in patients aged >75 years. There was a gradual increase in the proportion of high‐risk cases, from 29.3% to 44.0%, but a decrease in that of low‐risk cases, from 23.8% in 2010 to 11.4% in 2020.

Conclusions

We have shown that the number of radical prostatectomies performed in Ehime is increasing in patients aged both ≤75 and >75 years. The proportion of low‐risk cases has decreased, while that of high‐risk cases has increased.
Trends in the age of hospitalized patients with urological cancers: A 17‐year experience
Authors: Ishii Noritaka , Hatakeyama Shingo , Miura Hikari , Tanaka Ryuma , Oishi Takuya , Horiguchi Hirotaka , Hosogoe Shogo , Fujita Naoki , Iwamura Hiromichi , Okamoto Teppei , Yamamoto Hayato , Yoneyama Takahiro , Hashimoto Yasuhiro , Ohyama Chikara
Published: March 2023

Objectives

To investigate the impact of global aging on the trends in the age of hospitalized patients with a urological cancer diagnosis.

Methods

We retrospectively evaluated a cumulative total of 10 652 cases of referred patients (n = 6637) with a urological disease who were hospitalized in our institution between January 2005 and December 2021. We compared age and the proportion of patients aged ≥80 years among patients who were hospitalized in the urological ward between the period of 2005–2013 and that of 2014–2021.

Results

We identified 8168 hospitalized patients with urological cancer. The median age was significantly increased in patients with urological cancer between the periods of 2005–2013 and 2014–2021. The proportion of hospitalized patients with urological cancer aged ≥80 years was significantly increased between the periods of 2005–2013 (9.3%) and 2014–2021 (13.8%). The median ages of the patients with urothelial cancer (UC) and renal cell carcinoma (RCC), but not the median age of those with prostate cancer (PC), were significantly increased between the study periods. The proportion of hospitalized patients with UC, but not the proportions of those with PC and RCC, aged ≥80 years was significantly increased between the study periods.

Conclusions

The age of patients with urological cancer who were hospitalized in the urological ward and the proportion of patients with UC aged ≥80 years significantly increased over the entire study period.
Comment on ‘Speaking up during the COVID‐19 pandemic: Nurses' experiences of organizational disregard and silence’
Authors: Magon Arianna , Caruso Rosario
Published: March 2023

Aim

We aimed to highlight some salient thoughts regarding the importance of addressing the challenges nurses face when speaking up, particularly in situations involving power, hierarchy, fear and threat, and boost scientific and professional debates around this timely topic, starting from the qualitative article published by Abrams et al. (Journal of Advanced Nursing; 2023).

Background

Although acknowledging the contribution of nurses to patient care and their ability to detect and manage potential safety hazards through observations and insights, nurses may encounter challenges in expressing their concerns, particularly in situations that involve power dynamics and hierarchical structures. In this regard, Abrams et al. (Journal of Advanced Nursing; 2023) studied nurse challenges in speaking up during COVID‐19, identifying key elements related to speaking up, consequences and responses. Discussing this topic may aid scientific and professional debate.

Design

Commentary on a qualitative design performed with a social constructionist approach to critically evaluate how nurses spoke up during the COVID‐19 pandemic and the resulting outcomes.

Method

Searching for relevant literature to support acknowledging and addressing obstacles nurses face when expressing concerns by speaking up and promoting scholarly and professional discussions on this topic.

Findings

The challenges faced by nurses when speaking up during the COVID‐19 pandemic might reflect broader social, cultural and academic trends: power dynamics, hierarchical structures, deference to authority in healthcare organizations and a lack of attention to nurses' experiences in the literature can make it difficult for nurses to raise their concerns.

Conclusion

Creating a supportive environment that values nurses' perspectives can help healthcare organizations tap into their knowledge and make data‐driven decisions leading to better patient outcomes, job satisfaction and organizational performance. Effective policies, best practices and research are necessary to understand nurses' experiences in speaking up and designing strategies to create healthy work environments.
Punishment, Public Safety, and Collateral Legal Consequences
Authors: Lippke Richard L.
Published: March 2023

What are termed the ‘collateral legal consequences’ (or CLCs) of criminal conviction have been defended in a variety of ways. The focus in this article is on efforts to justify the burdens and restrictions they involve as nonpenal measures designed to secure public safety. Zachary Hoskins' careful defense of such public‐safety CLCs is utilized as a point of departure. Although it is granted that such measures might be defensible, the many complications and problems of ensuring that they do not amount to further legal punishment and are kept within reasonable bounds are explored. I argue that the state is unlikely to deploy such public safety measures wisely and with sufficient restraint.
Phoxinus abanticus, a new species from the Lake Abant drainage in Türkiye (Teleostei: Leuciscidae)
Authors: Turan Davut , Bayçelebi Esra , Özuluğ Müfit , Gaygusuz Özcan , Aksu İsmail
Published: March 2023

Phoxinus abanticus, a new species, is described from the Lake Abant basin. It is distinguished from Phoxinus species in Türkiye and adjacent waters by the presence of fewer lateral line scales (60–69, vs. 75–91 in Phoxinus colchicus, 75–90 in Phoxinus strandjae); a deeper caudal peduncle (caudal peduncle depth: 1.8–2.3 times in length, vs. 2.4–2.9 in P. colchicus; 2.5–3.2 in P. strandjae); the absence of scales in the breast of males (vs. present); and ventral body reddish in nuptial colouration pattern for male (vs. brackish). The new species, P. abanticus, is also distinguished from its closest relative, P. strandjae, by a minimum of 3.40% genetic distance in the mtDNA cytochrome b (cyt b) gene.
A ray of hope? The re‐appearance of Irish Sea skate decades after local extinction
Authors: Moore Alec B.M.
Published: March 2023

A 2019 photograph of a blue skate Dipturus batis caught in Welsh waters is the first species‐specific evidence of the “common skate” complex occurring in its former range in the main body of the Irish Sea over four decades after it was considered to have been extirpated there. This possible precursor to recolonisation of former range adds to growing evidence for the recovery of skate species in the North Atlantic and highlights the valuable role of anglers and social media as a complement to important, yet costly, scientific surveys when monitoring rare fishes.
The efficacy of preharvest application of electrolyzed water and chemical sanitizers against foodborne pathogen surrogates on leafy green vegetables
Authors: Shang Hongshan , Huang Linxi , Stanley Roger , Deaker Rosalind , Bowman John P.
Published: March 2023

Preharvest control strategies, to reduce or eliminate pathogenic bacteria in leafy vegetables that may be consumed raw, may provide additional food safety protection and shelf life quality extension beyond what is possible to achieve with postharvest sanitation alone. The aim of this study was to characterize the efficacy and effect of contact time of electrolyzed water (e‐water), 1‐bromo‐3‐chloro‐5‐dimethylhydantoin (BCDMH), and peracetic acid (PAA) at 80 and 150 ppm against pathogen surrogates Escherichia coli M23 (E. coli M23)and Listeria innocua ATCC 33090 (L. innocua), and a representative spoilage microorganism Pseudomonas fluorescens (P. fluorescens) on leafy green vegetables (LGV) mizuna, rocket (arugula), and red chard. Each of the leafy vegetables has a distinctly different leaf architectures that could alter the effectiveness of preharvest sanitation treatments. e‐Water, BCDMH and PAA were equally effective in inactivating plant total viable count, E. coli M23, L. innocua and P. fluorescens (reduction compared to water control—0.5–4.0 log CFU/g). On average an additional 0.8 (0.4–1.1) log CFU/g inactivation was obtained by increasing sanitizer contact time from 30 min to 2 h, whereas increasing sanitizer concentrations produced, at maximum, an extra 0.5 log CFU/g inactivation. These findings suggest that e‐water, BCDMH, and PAA are all useful for in‐field preharvest application on a wide range of plants and increasing contact time rather than concentration improves sanitation efficacy.
CLO Performance
Authors: CORDELL LARRY , ROBERTS MICHAEL R. , SCHWERT MICHAEL
Published: March 2023

We study the performance of collateralized loan obligations (CLOs) to understand the market imperfections giving rise to these vehicles and their corresponding economic costs. CLO equity tranches earn positive abnormal returns from the risk‐adjusted price differential between leveraged loans and CLO debt tranches. Debt tranches offer higher returns than similarly rated corporate bonds, making them attractive to banks and insurers that face risk‐based capital requirements. Temporal variation in equity performance highlights the resilience of CLOs to market volatility due to their closed‐end structure, long‐term funding, and embedded options to reinvest principal proceeds.
The National School Lunch Program and Obesity: A Look at Economic Stability's Influence on the Relationship
Authors: Chavez Luis , Malik Neal , Kapella‐Mshigeni Salome
Published: March 2023

BACKGROUND

Approximately 20% of US children are obese and these rates are expected to increase. The National School Lunch Program (NSLP) provides meals to millions of students and may influence their body mass index (BMI). This study aimed to investigate whether students who participate in the NSLP have a higher BMI when compared to those that do not.

METHODS

Secondary data from the US Census Bureau were analyzed. Kruskal‐Wallis H tests were performed to find associations between NSLP participation and students' BMI. Race and economic stability were included as moderating variables.

RESULTS

NSLP participation and respondents that identified as White/Caucasian, African American, and Native American were positively associated with BMI. Lower economic stability was also positively associated with BMI.

CONCLUSION

Participation in the NSLP was significantly associated with participants' BMI, race, and economic stability. While a cause‐and‐effect relationship cannot be determined, these results are important given their potential influence on students' long‐term health.
Informativeness‐guided active learning for deep learning–based façade defects detection
Authors: Guo Jingjing , Wang Qian , Su Shu , Li Yiting
Published: March 2023

Annotation work is burdensome and challenging for developing a façade defects detector, especially when the raw data set is large but not all useful. To alleviate the problem, this study proposes an informativeness‐guided active learning methodology to effectively select informative data to train a robust façade defects detector. A novel data annotation workflow is developed to ensure the high quality of labels. Then, an active learning–based model training strategy is adopted to enable the model to have both the abilities of generalization and discrimination on different defect features. Besides, an innovative informativeness assessment method is proposed by flexibly combining the degree of uncertainty and the degree of representativeness. Through the proposed method, the performance of façade defects detection can be further boosted with the same amount but more informative training data so that the cost‐efficiency of human annotation work can be improved.
Self‐reported gastrointestinal disorders among veterans with gulf war illness with and without posttraumatic stress disorder
Authors: Malhotra D. , Boyle S. H. , Gifford E. J. , Sullivan B. A. , Nguyen Wenker T. H. , ABS Nono‐Djotsa , Ahmed S. T. , Upchurch J. , Vahey J. , Stafford C. , Efird J. T. , Hunt S. C. , Bradford A. , Sims K. J. , Hauser E. R. , Helmer D. A. , Williams C. D.
Published: March 2023

Background

Gulf War Illness (GWI) is a chronic, multi‐symptom disorder affecting 25%–32% of Gulf War veterans. Veterans with GWI disproportionately suffer from gastrointestinal (GI) disorders. Given the increasing evidence supporting a gut‐brain axis, we explore the relationship between post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), GWI, and self‐reported GI disorders among GW veterans.

Methods

Veterans from the Gulf War Era Cohort and Biorepository responded to a mail‐based survey (N = 1058). They were stratified by GWI (Centers for Disease Control definition) and PTSD status. This yielded three groups: GWI−, GWI+/PTSD−, and GWI+/PTSD+. Multivariable logistic regression adjusting for demographic and military characteristics examined associations between GWI/PTSD groups and GI disorders. Results were expressed as adjusted odds ratios (aOR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI).

Key Results

The most frequently reported GI disorders were irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and colon polyps (CP). The GWI+/PTSD+ group had a higher odds of these disorders than the GWI+/PTSD− group (aORIBS = 3.12, 95% CI: 1.93–5.05; aORGERD = 2.04, 95% CI: 1.44–2.90; aORCP = 1.85, 95% CI: 1.23–2.80), which had a higher odds of these disorders than the GWI− group (aORIBS = 4.38, 95% CI: 1.55–12.36; aORGERD = 2.51 95% CI: 1.63–3.87; aORCP = 2.57, 95% CI: 1.53–4.32).

Conclusions & Inferences

GW veterans with GWI and PTSD have significantly higher odds of specific self‐reported GI disorders than the other groups. Given the known bidirectional influences of the gut and brain, these veterans may benefit from a holistic healthcare approach that considers biopsychosocial contributors to the assessment and management of disease.
The ghrelin agonist, HM01 activates central vagal and enteric cholinergic neurons and reverses gastric inflammatory and ileus responses in rats
Authors: Yuan Pu‐Qing , Wu S. Vincent , Wang Lixin , Taché Yvette
Published: March 2023

Background

Electrical vagal stimulation alleviates abdominal surgery (AS)‐induced intestinal inflammation. Ghrelin receptors (GHS‐Rs) are expressed in the brain and peripheral tissues. We investigated the influence of HM01, an orally active ghrelin agonist crossing the blood–brain barrier, on AS‐induced gastric inflammation and emptying (GE) in rats.

Methods

HM01 (6 mg/kg) or saline pretreatment was administered per orally (po) or intraperitoneally (ip). We assessed GE, gastric cytokine mRNA, and Fos positive cells in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMN) and gastric corpus myenteric plexus (MP) in sham (anesthesia alone) and AS groups. The transcripts of GHS‐R1 variants were determined in the medulla oblongata and gastric corpus of naïve rats.

Key results

In vehicle pretreated rats, HM01 (ip) significantly increased the number of Fos immunoreactive cells in the MP and DMN in 55% and 52% of cholinergic neurons respectively. Hexamethonium did not modify HM01‐induced Fos expression in the DMN while reducing it in the MP by 2‐fold with values still significantly higher than that in control groups. AS upregulated gastric IL‐1β and TNFα expression and inhibited GE by 66.6%. HM01 (po) abolished AS‐induced gastric ileus and increased cytokine expression and elevated IL‐10 by 4.0‐fold versus vehicle/sham. GHS‐R1a mRNA level was 5.4‐fold higher than the truncated GHS‐R1b isoform in the brain medulla and 40‐fold higher in the gastric submucosa/muscle layers than in the mucosa.

Conclusions and inference

Peripheral HM0 activates central vagal and myenteric cholinergic pathways that may influence both central and peripheral targets to prevent AS‐induced gastric inflammatory and ileus.
Complex climate‐mediated effects of urbanization on plant reproductive phenology and frost risk
Authors: Park Daniel S. , Xie Yingying , Ellison Aaron M. , Lyra Goia M. , Davis Charles C.
Published: March 2023

Urbanization can affect the timing of plant reproduction (i.e. flowering and fruiting) and associated ecosystem processes. However, our knowledge of how plant phenology responds to urbanization and its associated environmental changes is limited.

Herbaria represent an important, but underutilized source of data for investigating this question. We harnessed phenological data from herbarium specimens representing 200 plant species collected across 120 yr from the eastern US to investigate the spatiotemporal effects of urbanization on flowering and fruiting phenology and frost risk (i.e. time between the last frost date and flowering).

Effects of urbanization on plant reproductive phenology varied significantly in direction and magnitude across species ranges. Increased urbanization led to earlier flowering in colder and wetter regions and delayed fruiting in regions with wetter spring conditions. Frost risk was elevated with increased urbanization in regions with colder and wetter spring conditions.

Our study demonstrates that predictions of phenological change and its associated impacts must account for both climatic and human effects, which are context dependent and do not necessarily coincide. We must move beyond phenological models that only incorporate temperature variables and consider multiple environmental factors and their interactions when estimating plant phenology, especially at larger spatial and taxonomic scales.
The eTM–miR858–MYB62‐like module regulates anthocyanin biosynthesis under low‐nitrogen conditions in Malus spectabilis
Authors: Meng Jiaxin , Wang Han , Chi Rufei , Qiao Yuhang , Wei Jun , Zhang Yuqin , Han Meiling , Wang Yu , Li Houhua
Published: March 2023

The anthocyanin content increases in Malus spectabilis leaves under low‐nitrogen conditions. Noncoding RNAs are indicated to play key regulatory roles in anthocyanin biosynthesis. However, the functional roles of noncoding RNAs in anthocyanin biosynthesis under low‐nitrogen conditions remain elusive.

In this study, miR858 was screened as a key regulator of anthocyanin biosynthesis under low‐nitrogen conditions through whole‐transcriptome sequencing. Then, we used miR858 as an entry point to explore the regulatory network of lncRNA–miRNA–mRNA by dual‐luciferase reporter assays and GUS histochemical staining assays, as well as to identify the mechanism of this regulatory network in anthocyanin biosynthesis by both transient and stable transformation experiments in Malus.

MiR858 overexpression increased total anthocyanin content. MiR858 acted by negatively regulating its target gene, MsMYB62‐like, under the low‐nitrogen condition. MsMYB62‐like inhibited the expression of MsF3′H, thereby negatively regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis. In addition, eTM858‐1 and eTM858‐2 were identified as endogenous target mimics of miR858 that bind to miR858 to prevent cleavage of MsMYB62‐like and thereby negatively regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis.

The results clarify the mechanism through which the eTM–miR858–MYB62‐like module regulates anthocyanin biosynthesis in Malus under low‐nitrogen conditions.
Factors affecting risk‐taking behaviors among sexually active adolescents tested for HIV/STD
Authors: Mahat Ganga , Kelly Sarah
Published: March 2023

Objective

The purpose of this secondary data analysis was to identify potential contributors to high‐risk sexual behaviors among sexually active adolescents who were tested for HIV and STDs compared to those who did not test for HIV and STDs.

Method

Data from the 2019 Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) was used to explore potential predictors of risky behaviors among those tested for HIV/STD. A sample size of 3226 from the YRBS data base was used to explore predictors using Chi‐square and logistic regressions analyses.

Results

Most adolescents reported not being tested for HIV (77.4%) and STD (83.9%). There were statistical differences between those tested for HIV and condom use, sexual intercourse before the age of 13 years, sexual intercourse with multiple people, and use of marijuana. Similar findings were found with adolescents tested for STDs.

Conclusion

Findings of this study support the recommendations for a better understanding of the associations between drug use, early initiation of sexual activity, and condom use. Development of appropriate public health educational interventions can help decrease risky behaviors among these adolescents.
Algorithm development to improve intervention effectiveness for parents with mental health signs and symptoms
Authors: Austin Robin R. , Van Laarhoven Elizabeth , Hjerpe Anna C. , Huling Jared , Mathiason Michelle A. , Monsen Karen A.
Published: March 2023

Objectives

In this study we aimed to describe and compare groups formed by a rules‐based algorithm to prospectively identify clients at risk of poor outcomes in order to guide tailored public health nursing (PHN) intervention approaches.

Design

Data‐driven methods using standardized Omaha System PHN documentation.

Sample

Clients ages 13–40 who received PHN home visiting services for both the Caretaking/parenting and Mental health problems (N = 4109).

Measurement

We applied a theory‐based algorithm consisting of six rules using existing Omaha System data. We examined the groups formed by the algorithm using standard descriptive, inferential statistics, and Latent Class Analysis.

Results

Clients (N = 4109) were 25.1 (SD = 5.9) years old and had an average of 7.3 (SD = 3.2) problems, 250 (SD = 319) total interventions, and 32 (SD = 44) Mental health interventions. Overall outcomes improved after PHN interventions (p < .001 for all) and having more Mental health signs/symptoms was negatively associated with outcome scores (p < .001 for all).

Conclusions

This algorithm may be helpful in identifying high‐risk clients during a baseline assessment who may benefit from more intensive mental health interventions. Findings show there is value using the Omaha System for PHN documentation and algorithm clinical decision support development. Future research should focus on algorithm implementation in PHN clinical practice.
Galactolipid composition of the star‐shaped dinoflagellate Asterodinium gracile (Kareniaceae): presence of hexadecatetraenoic acid (16:4(n‐3))‐containing monogalactosyldiacylglycerol as the predominant galactolipid and chemotaxonomic closeness to Karenia mikimotoi as the only other known Kareniacean producer of this fatty acid
Authors: Leblond Jeffrey D. , Hollingsworth Braedyn E. , Ayoub Daniel , Mckinnon Mackenzie B. , Myers Chelsea S. , Busari Tawakalit J. , Sabir Kyra
Published: March 2023

Asterodinium gracile is a morphologically distinct, star‐shaped member of the Kareniaceae with, like canonical Kareniaceae, a tertiary plastid of haptophyte origin. However, A. gracile's complement of carotenoid photosynthetic pigments has been shown to be chemotaxonomically atypical in that it possesses much less fucoxanthin when compared to that of other, canonical Kareniaceae in the genera Karenia, Karlodinium, and Takayama, also with a tertiary plastid of haptophyte origin. To date, Karenia mikimotoi, Karenia papilionacea, and Karenia selliformis are the only canonical Kareniaceae that have been shown to have a chemotaxonomically atypical carotenoid pigment composition in that they possess a gyroxanthin diester‐like carotenoid not observed in other species of Karenia, Karlodinium, or Takayama (recognizing that Karenia, in general, produces fucoxanthin derivatives not observed in Karlodinium or Takayama). As a photosynthetic organism, K. mikimotoi has been shown to resemble Karenia brevis such that both species possess the chloroplast‐associated galactolipids mono‐ and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG and DGDG, respectively) enriched with octadecapentaenoic acid (18:5(n‐3)) in the sn‐1 position, and hexadecenoic acid (16:0) and tetradecanoic acid (14:0) at the sn‐2 position. However, K. mikimotoi is chemotaxonomically atypical beyond its carotenoid composition in that it possesses MGDG and DGDG with hexadecatetraenoic acid (16:4(n‐3)), which has not been observed in any other members of the Kareniaceae, in the sn‐2 position as major galactolipids. The goal of this study was to characterize the galactolipids of A. gracile with the hypothesis that they would also be atypical when compared to other canonical Kareniaceae because of A. gracile's atypical carotenoid pigment composition. To this end, we report that like K. brevis and K. mikimotoi, A. gracile produces MGDG and DGDG enriched in 18:5(n‐3) at the sn‐1 position and C14 fatty acids, such as 14:0, at the sn‐2 position, and like K. mikimotoi, it produces 18:5(n‐3)/16:4(n‐3) MGDG, yet here as its most abundant galactolipid.