bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What’s trending in libraries from the internet cybersphere – digital clutter
Authors: Oyelude Adetoun A.
Published: April 2016

Purpose

This is the first edition of the column for 2016.

Design/methodology/approach

The vignettes from the Internet this year will be mainly from blogs.

Findings

This edition covers issues germane mainly to libraries, technology use and maintenance of digital devices used.

Research limitations/implications

Executives in the IT industry may be looking at three major issues in 2016.

Practical implications

More often than not, internal vulnerabilities exceed external security threats.

Social implications

Businesses must define and set the standards of what good and bad security practices look like.

Originality/value

IT teams should restrict the extent that outside devices can connect and roam around on proprietary corporate networks and also work to ensure that employees are educated on the company’s security policy.
Phase I study of pegylated interferon‐alpha‐2b as an adjuvant therapy in Japanese patients with malignant melanoma
Authors: Yamazaki Naoya , Uhara Hisashi , Wada Hidefumi , Matsuda Kenji , Yamamoto Keiko , Shimamoto Takashi , Kiyohara Yoshio
Published: April 2016

In the adjuvant setting for malignant melanoma, interferon (IFN)‐α‐2b and pegylated (PEG) IFN‐α‐2b were approved in several countries including the USA before these were approved in Japan. To resolve the “drug‐lag” issue, this phase I study was designed to evaluate the safety and tolerability in Japanese patients with stage II or III malignant melanoma who had undergone surgery, by treating with PEG IFN‐α‐2b. As with a previously reported phase III study, patients were to receive PEG IFN‐α‐2b 6 μg/kg per week s.c. during an 8‐week induction phase, followed by a maintenance phase at a dose of 3 μg/kg per week up to 5 years. Dose‐limiting toxicity and pharmacokinetics were assessed during the initial 8 weeks. Of the nine patients enrolled, two patients had dose‐limiting toxicities that resolved after discontinuation of treatment. The most frequently reported drug‐related adverse events (DRAE) included pyrexia, decreased neutrophil and white blood cell counts, and arthralgia. Grade 3 DRAE included decreased neutrophil count. No deaths, serious adverse events and grade 4 adverse events were reported. Distant metastasis occurred in one patient. No apparent differences in area under the concentration–time curve and maximum observed serum concentration were observed between Japanese and historical non‐Japanese pharmacokinetic data, suggesting no marked racial differences. No neutralizing antibody was detected in these patient samples. PEG IFN‐α‐2b was tolerated in Japanese patients, and eventually approved in Japan in May 2015 for adjuvant therapy in patients with stage III malignant melanoma. Because the number of patients was limited, further investigation would be crucial.
Destination Memory in Korsakoff's Syndrome
Authors: El Haj Mohamad , Kessels Roy P. C. , Matton Christian , Bacquet Jean‐Eudes , Urso Laurent , Cool Gaëlle , Guidez Florence , Potier Stéphanie , Nandrino Jean‐Louis , Antoine Pascal
Published: April 2016

Background

Context memory, or the ability to remember the context in which an episodic event has occurred (e.g., where and when an event took place), has been found to be compromised in Korsakoff's syndrome. This study examined whether a similar deficit would be observed for destination memory, that is, the ability to remember to whom an information was previously transmitted.

Methods

Patients with Korsakoff's syndrome and healthy controls were instructed to tell proverbs to pictures of celebrities. In a subsequent recognition test, they had to indicate to which celebrity they had previously told the proverbs. Participants also completed a neuropsychological battery including a binding task in which they were required to associate letters with their correspondent locations to assess context memory.

Results

Results showed worse binding and destination memory in patients with Korsakoff's syndrome than in controls. In the Korsakoff group, destination memory was significantly correlated with and predicted by performances on the binding task.

Conclusions

The binding process seems to be impaired in Korsakoff's syndrome, a deficit that may account for the destination memory compromise in the syndrome, and probably, for the difficulty to retrieve the “where and when” of an encountered event.
‘Is gestational diabetes a severe illness?’ exploring beliefs and self‐care behaviour among women with gestational diabetes living in a rural area of the south east of China
Authors: Ge Li , Wikby Kerstin , Rask Mikael
Published: April 2016

Objective

This study explores beliefs about illness and health and self‐care behaviour among women with gestational diabetes living in a rural area of the south east of China.

Design

A qualitative exploratory study using semi‐structured interviews and qualitative content analysis.

Setting

A hospital located in the outskirts of a city in the south east of China.

Participants

Seventeen women with gestational diabetes in 34–38th pregnant weeks.

Results

The beliefs about gestational diabetes among the women in the present study were found to be bidirectional. Some of them feared the illness and its negative influence on health, while others believed that it was not a severe illness and disbelieved the diagnosis of gestational diabetes. They related their illness and health to the individual, social and natural factors. They mainly sought help from the professional sector, but did not fully comply with the professionals’ advice. Diet control and exercise were their main self‐care measures, but none of them self‐monitored their blood glucose. They demonstrated their misunderstanding about diet control and self‐monitoring of blood glucose.

Conclusions

This study highlighted the serious lack of knowledge, lower level of risk awareness and poor self‐care behaviour among women in this group. Health professionals were found to be the most important source of knowledge about gestational diabetes for these women. The influence of Chinese culture was demonstrated. Gestational diabetes among these women can most likely be improved by training the health professionals and by health education involving individuals, families and the rural communities.
Endocrine control of benign prostatic hyperplasia
Authors: La Vignera S. , Condorelli R. A. , Russo G. I. , Morgia G. , Calogero A. E.
Published: April 2016

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is the most common benign proliferative disease among aging men. Androgens play a key role in the development and growth of the male genital tract favoring differentiation and proliferation of stromal and epithelial cells of the prostate gland. It is known that growth factors play a crucial role in the cross‐talk between stromal cells and epithelial cells. These factors, mainly secreted by stromal cells, act in an autocrine/paracrine manner to maintain prostate cellular homeostasis. A number of experimental studies support the interdependence between growth factors (IGF, FGF, TGF) and the steroid hormone milieu of the prostate. Alterations of these interactions may alter the balance between proliferation and cell death leading to the development of BPH. The onset of BPH is closely related to an inflammatory microenvironment. Chronic inflammation, which generally follows the acute inflammation because of infectious agents, is favored by hormonal or metabolic abnormalities. However, a close correlation between these mechanisms and metabolic or sexual hormones (androgen/estrogen ratio) alteration has been shown suggesting a key role of hypogonadism in the development of prostate inflammation. This review clear shows that the BPH pathogenesis and the subsequent onset of the lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) depends from different etio‐pathogenetic factors whose mechanism of action remains to be evaluated.
Low‐dose effects of bisphenol A on mammary gland development in rats
Authors: Mandrup K. , Boberg J. , Isling L. K. , Christiansen S. , Hass U.
Published: April 2016

Bisphenol A (BPA) is widely used in food contact materials, toys, and other products. Several studies have indicated that effects observed at doses near human exposure levels may not be observed at higher doses. Many studies have shown effects on mammary glands at low doses of BPA, however, because of small number of animals or few doses investigated these data have not been used by EFSA as point of departure for the newly assessed tolerable daily intake (TDI). We performed a study with perinatal exposure to BPA (0, 0.025, 0.25, 5, and 50 mg/kg bw/day) in rats (n = 22 mated/group). One of the aims was to perform a study robust enough to contribute to the risk assessment of BPA and to elucidate possible biphasic dose–response relationships. We investigated mammary gland effects in the offspring at 22, 100, and 400 days of age. Male offspring showed increased mammary outgrowth on pup day (PD) 22 at 0.025 mg/kg BPA, indicating an increased mammary development at this low dose only. Increased prevalence of intraductal hyperplasia was observed in BPA females exposed to 0.25 mg/kg at PD 400, but not at PD 100, and not at higher or lower doses. The present findings support data from the published literature showing that perinatal exposure to BPA can induce increased mammary growth and proliferative lesions in rodents. Our results indicate that low‐dose exposure to BPA can affect mammary gland development in male and female rats, although higher doses show a different pattern of effects. The observed intraductal hyperplasia in female rats could be associated with an increased risk for developing hyperplastic lesions, which are parallels to early signs of breast neoplasia in women. Collectively, current knowledge on effects of BPA on mammary gland at low doses indicates that highly exposed humans may not be sufficiently protected.
Characterisation of the gastrointestinal mucosa‐associated microbiota: a novel technique to prevent cross‐contamination during endoscopic procedures
Authors: Shanahan E. R. , Zhong L. , Talley N. J. , Morrison M. , Holtmann G.
Published: April 2016

Background

The mucosa‐associated microbiota appears to be highly relevant to host–microbe interactions in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Thus, precise characterisation of the mucosa‐associated microbiota may provide important insights for diagnostic and therapeutic development. However, for technical reasons, mucosal biopsies taken during standard endoscopic procedures are potentially contaminated by GI luminal contents.

Aim

To develop and validate a biopsy device that minimises contamination during sampling of the mucosa‐associated microbiota.

Methods

A new, encased biopsy forceps was developed, the Brisbane Aseptic Biopsy Device (BABD). This comprises sterile forceps encased by a sheath with a plug at the tip, allowing targeted, aseptic sampling of the mucosa. Matched duodenal biopsies were obtained using the BABD, standard biopsy forceps, and a sterile brush, from patients undergoing upper GI endoscopy for iron deficiency (n = 6). Total genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (gDNA) was extracted from samples and bacterial 16S rRNA gene libraries sequenced to investigate the mucosa‐associated microbiota.

Results

Microbial DNA was recovered from biopsies obtained by the BABD, confirming the presence of a duodenal mucosa‐associated microbiota. This microbiota was dominated by the genus Streptococcus, with lower levels of Prevotella, Veillonella and Neisseria. At the individual patient level, substantial differences were observed between matched samples obtained using the different devices. A greater degree of bacterial diversity was observed in samples collected using the standard forceps, indicating the BABD affords collection of samples more representative of the mucosa‐associated microbiota, by precluding luminal cross‐contamination.

Conclusions

Cross‐contamination can occur when mucosal biopsies are taken during standard endoscopic procedures. Utilising the novel Brisbane Aseptic Biopsy Device can reduce cross‐contamination, and it offers improved opportunities to more precisely examine host–mucosa‐associated microbiota interactions.
Subjective apnoea symptoms are associated with daytime sleepiness in patients with moderate and severe obstructive sleep apnoea: a retrospective study
Authors: Ryu H.S. , Lee S.A. , Lee G.H. , Chung Y.S. , Kim W.S.
Published: April 2016

Objectives

Most previous studies have failed to show a relation between daytime sleepiness and apnoea severity in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). We determined the relation between daytime sleepiness and subjective and objective apnoea severity in newly diagnosed patients with moderate‐to‐severe OSA.

Design

Retrospective cross‐sectional study.

Setting

Tertiary referral centre.

Participants

A total of 559 adults with newly diagnosed moderate and severe OSA.

Main outcome measures

Daytime sleepiness was evaluated using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). Subjective and objective apnoea severities were assessed using the Sleep Breathing Scale (SBS) and polysomnography respectively. Sleep quality and depressive symptoms were evaluated using Medical Outcomes Study‐Sleep Scale and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) respectively.

Results

The mean ESS score was 9.8 (SD 5.0). ESS score was correlated with SBS score (P < 0.001), apnoea−hypopnoea index (AHI) (P = 0.027), minimal oxygen saturation (MinSaO2) (P = 0.021), body mass index (BMI) (P = 0.007) and BDI score (P < 0.001). Linear regression analysis showed that higher SBS (P = 0.005) and BDI scores (P < 0.001) were associated with higher ESS score after controlling for gender, BMI and AHI. Apnoea−hypopnoea index, MinSaO2 and BMI were not independently related to ESS score.

Conclusions

Daytime sleepiness was related to subjective OSA symptoms but not objective apnoea severity measured by polysomnography in patients with moderate‐to‐severe OSA. These findings suggest the usefulness of the subjective apnoea severity as an indicator of OSA disease severity.
Expanding the spectrum of cognitive outcomes after temporal lobe epilepsy surgery: A prospective study of theory of mind
Authors: Giovagnoli Anna Rita , Parente Annalisa , Didato Giuseppe , Deleo Francesco , Villani Flavio
Published: April 2016

Objective

Because temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) can impair theory of mind (ToM), we examined the effects of anterior temporal lobectomy (ATL) by comparing the preoperative to postoperative ToM course with that of other cognitive functions characteristically impaired in TLE.

Methods

Eighty‐five patients with left (n = 39) or right (n = 46) drug‐resistant TLE and an age at epilepsy onset of >12 (n = 54) or ≤12 years (n = 31) were evaluated before and 1 year after surgery; 40 healthy controls were assessed at baseline. The participants' recognition and comprehension of faux pas (FPs) or correct rejection of nonexistent FPs was assessed using the Faux Pas task; and their language, memory, and planning were, respectively, assessed using the Boston Naming, Short Story, and Tower of London tests.

Results

Baseline ToM was impaired in the patients with left or right TLE in comparison with the controls, and significantly influenced by education and age at seizure onset, with more severe deficits being observed in those with less education and an age at onset of ≤12 years. After ATL, their recognition and comprehension of FPs was unchanged, whereas the rejection of nonexistent FPs improved in the patients with early seizure onset. Education, preoperative ToM, postoperative executive function, and fluid intelligence and the number of antiepileptic drugs predicted postoperative ToM. Postoperative naming and episodic memory were associated with ATL laterality and education, and planning was associated with age at seizure onset and chronological age.

Significance

After ATL, the components of ToM may be unchanged or slightly improved depending on cognitive reserve and age at seizure onset, thus suggesting that ATL does not further aggravate the deficits caused by TLE. Moreover, the course of ToM is distinct from that of other cognitive functions. These findings expand the spectrum of the cognitive phenotypes associated with TLE and ATL, and offer potential elements for individual prognoses.
Discrimination of edible fungi varieties and evaluation of their umami intensities by using an electronic tongue method
Authors: Feng Tao , Bing Fangling , Yang Yan , Zhuang Haining , Ye Ran , Li Xiaobei , Xu Zhimin , Wang Kai
Published: April 2016

The flavour and taste of edible fungi are highly associated with the presence of several umami substances. In this study, the different edible fungi are discriminated by an electronic tongue method. The response data are analysed by the PCA (principal component analysis), DFA (discriminant factor analysis) and PLS (partial least square) method. The results show that the two data analysis methods (PCA and DFA) could successfully distinguish the variety of edible fungi. Moreover, the umami intensities of the edible fungi solutions are evaluated and compared by an electronic tongue analysis with calibration by the responses of different monosodium glutamate (MSG) concentrations. The signals are also used to build up PLS models to estimate and predict the umami intensities of the edible fungi. The results of this study indicate that the electronic tongue has a great potential in qualitative and quantitative analysis of the sensory quality of edible fungi.
Extracts of common pulses demonstrate potent in vitro anti‐adipogenic properties
Authors: Reynolds Kyle , Wood Jenny , Wang Fang , Zhou Zhongkai , Blanchard Christopher , Strappe Padraig
Published: April 2016

Pulses are an important food source in many countries and also widely used as feed for livestock. Discovery of novel health benefits in pulses may contribute to improved diet and potential added value to crops. In this study, we examined the ability of extracts from faba bean, field pea and chickpea to inhibit the formation of fat droplets in an in vitro cell culture system that mimics the process of fat cell formation or adipogenesis. Both seed and hull extracts of all three pulses showed an inhibition of adipogenesis and the hull fraction and also contained higher levels of polyphenols compared with the seed extracts. At the molecular level, adipogenic inhibition was associated with a marked reduction in peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma (PPARG) gene expression. Furthermore, the field pea pulse extract was shown to inhibit pancreatic lipase activity at a similar level to the drug ‘orlistat’, which is commonly used to treat obesity.
Encapsulationof lycopene from watermelon in calcium‐alginate microparticles using an optimised inverse‐gelation method by response surface methodology
Authors: Celli Giovana B. , Teixeira Alyne G. , Duke Tamunoemi G. , Brooks Marianne Su‐Ling
Published: April 2016

Lycopene exhibits strong antioxidant activity due to its unsaturated molecular bonds, which also contributes to its susceptibility for degradation. Encapsulation techniques can reduce lycopene degradation, increasing its potential applications in functional foods and nutraceuticals. The objective of this study was to optimise the encapsulation of lycopene from watermelon in alginate microparticles using the inverse gelation method. Box–Behnken design was used for the optimisation of three variables: concentrations of alginate (w/v %) and CaCl2 (g L−1), and gelation time (min). Two types of alginate were investigated (low viscosity and high viscosity) and optimised separately using encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity as responses. Results indicated that the models had a good fit to the experimental data and the optimal conditions varied depending on the type of alginate. In general, particles prepared with low‐viscosity alginate exhibited higher encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity and could be used for further research.
T‐cell selection in the thymus: a spatial and temporal perspective
Authors: Kurd Nadia , Robey Ellen A.
Published: April 2016

The ability of T cells to respond to a wide array of foreign antigens while avoiding reactivity to self is largely determined by cellular selection of developing T cells in the thymus. While a great deal is known about the cell types and molecules involved in T‐cell selection in the thymus, our understanding of the spatial and temporal aspects of this process remain relatively poorly understood. Thymocytes are highly motile within the thymus and travel between specialized microenvironments at different phases of their development while interacting with distinct sets of self‐peptides and peptide presenting cells. A knowledge of when, where, and how thymocytes encounter self‐peptide MHC ligands at different stages of thymic development is key to understanding T‐cell selection. In the past several years, our laboratory has investigated this topic using two‐photon time‐lapse microscopy to directly visualize thymocyte migration and signaling events, together with a living thymic slice preparation to provide a synchronized experimental model of T‐cell selection in situ. Here, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the temporal and spatial aspects of T‐cell selection, highlighting our own work, and placing them in the context of work from other groups.
Development and developmental potential of cortical thymic epithelial cells
Authors: Ohigashi Izumi , Kozai Mina , Takahama Yousuke
Published: April 2016

The thymic cortex provides a microenvironment for the development and positive selection of immature T cells. Cortical thymic epithelial cells (cTECs), which structurally and functionally support the thymic cortical microenvironment, originate from endodermal epithelial progenitors that arise in the third pharyngeal pouch. Recent studies have revealed that thymic epithelial progenitors pass through a stage where the cells express cTEC‐associated molecules prior to lineage separation into cTECs and medullary TECs (mTECs). Here, we review the molecular signatures of cTECs and highlight the development and developmental potential of cTECs.
Medullary thymic epithelial stem cells: role in thymic epithelial cell maintenance and thymic involution
Authors: Hamazaki Yoko , Sekai Miho , Minato Nagahiro
Published: April 2016

The thymus consists of two distinct anatomical regions, the cortex and the medulla; medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) play a crucial role in establishing central T‐cell tolerance for self‐antigens. Although the understanding of mTEC development in thymic organogenesis as well as the regulation of their differentiation and maturation has improved, the mechanisms of postnatal maintenance remain poorly understood. This issue has a central importance in immune homeostasis and physiological thymic involution as well as autoimmune disorders in various clinicopathological settings. Recently, several reports have demonstrated the existence of TEC stem or progenitor cells in the postnatal thymus, which are either bipotent or unipotent. We identified stem cells specified for mTEC‐lineage that are generated in the thymic ontogeny and may sustain mTEC regeneration and lifelong central T‐cell self‐tolerance. This finding suggested that the thymic medulla is maintained autonomously by its own stem cells. Although several issues, including the relationship with other putative TEC stem/progenitors, remain unclear, further examination of mTEC stem cells (mTECSCs) and their regulatory mechanisms may contribute to the understanding of postnatal immune homeostasis. Possible relationships between decline of mTECSC activity and early thymic involution as well as various autoimmune disorders are discussed.
The lymphatic vasculature: development and role in shaping immunity
Authors: Betterman Kelly L. , Harvey Natasha L.
Published: April 2016

The lymphatic vasculature is an integral component of the immune system. Lymphatic vessels are a key highway via which immune cells are trafficked, serving not simply as a passive route of transport, but to actively shape and coordinate immune responses. Reciprocally, immune cells provide signals that impact the growth, development, and activity of the lymphatic vasculature. In addition to immune cell trafficking, lymphatic vessels are crucial for fluid homeostasis and lipid absorption. The field of lymphatic vascular research is rapidly expanding, fuelled by rapidly advancing technology that has enabled the manipulation and imaging of lymphatic vessels, together with an increasing recognition of the involvement of lymphatic vessels in a myriad of human pathologies. In this review we provide an overview of the genetic pathways and cellular processes important for development and maturation of the lymphatic vasculature, discuss recent work revealing important roles for the lymphatic vasculature in directing immune cell traffic and coordinating immune responses and highlight the involvement of lymphatic vessels in a range of pathological settings.
Hematopoiesis and T‐cell specification as a model developmental system
Authors: Rothenberg Ellen V. , Kueh Hao Yuan , Yui Mary A. , Zhang Jingli A.
Published: April 2016

The pathway to generate T cells from hematopoietic stem cells guides progenitors through a succession of fate choices while balancing differentiation progression against proliferation, stage to stage. Many elements of the regulatory system that controls this process are known, but the requirement for multiple, functionally distinct transcription factors needs clarification in terms of gene network architecture. Here, we compare the features of the T‐cell specification system with the rule sets underlying two other influential types of gene network models: first, the combinatorial, hierarchical regulatory systems that generate the orderly, synchronized increases in complexity in most invertebrate embryos; second, the dueling ‘master regulator’ systems that are commonly used to explain bistability in microbial systems and in many fate choices in terminal differentiation. The T‐cell specification process shares certain features with each of these prevalent models but differs from both of them in central respects. The T‐cell system is highly combinatorial but also highly dose‐sensitive in its use of crucial regulatory factors. The roles of these factors are not always T‐lineage‐specific, but they balance and modulate each other's activities long before any mutually exclusive silencing occurs. T‐cell specification may provide a new hybrid model for gene networks in vertebrate developmental systems.
Toddlers Help Anonymously
Authors: Hepach Robert , Haberl Katharina , Lambert Stéphane , Tomasello Michael
Published: April 2016

Young children are extremely motivated to help others, but it is not clear whether they do so in anonymous situations without social recognition. In two studies, we found that 18‐month‐old toddlers provided help equally in situations where an adult recipient was present and in situations where an adult recipient was not present. We included several control conditions to rule out that toddlers were simply unaware of their anonymity or were merely motivated to restore the physical order of things. Together, these findings suggest that early in ontogeny children are motivated to help others in need regardless of whether they can immediately be recognized for their prosocial intentions.
Mate choice and the operational sex ratio: an experimental test with robotic crabs
Authors: Hayes C. L. , Callander S. , Booksmythe I. , Jennions M. D. , Backwell P. R. Y.
Published: April 2016

The operational sex ratio (OSR: sexually active males: receptive females) predicts the intensity of competition for mates. It is less clear, however, under what circumstances, the OSR predicts the strength of sexual selection – that is, the extent to which variation in mating success is attributable to traits that increase the bearer's attractiveness and/or fighting ability. To establish causality, experiments that manipulate the OSR are required. Furthermore, if it is possible to control for any OSR‐dependent changes in the chosen sex (e.g. changes in male courtship), we can directly test whether the OSR affects the behaviour of the choosing sex (e.g. female choice decisions). We conducted female mate choice experiments in the field using robotic models of male fiddler crabs (Uca mjoebergi). We used a novel design with two females tested sequentially per trial. As in nature, the choice of the first female to mate therefore affected the mates available to the next female. In general, we detected significant sexual selection due to female choice for ‘males’ with larger claws. Importantly, the strength of sexual selection did not vary across five different OSR/density treatments. However, as the OSR decreased (hence the number of available males declined), females chose the ‘males’ with the largest claws available significantly more often than expected by chance. Possible reasons for this mismatch between the expected and observed effects of the OSR on the strength of sexual selection are discussed.
The 18th International Symposia on Chromaffin Cell Biology
Authors: Meunier Frederic A. , Keating Damien J.
Published: April 2016

The International Symposia on Chromaffin Cell Biology (ISCCB) have a very long history. In this issue of The Journal of Neurochemistry we have compiled a number of review articles that encompass some of the work presented during the sessions of the ISCCB meeting held in Australia in August 2015, covering aspects of chromaffin cell biology, the mechanisms of secretory vesicle biogenesis and exocytosis, and the physiological consequences of these mechanisms.

This is the Preface for the Mini Review Series: “ISCCB Meeting on Chromaffin Cells”.
Parental attitude, depression, anxiety in mothers, family functioning and breath‐holding spells: A case control study
Authors: Eliacik Kayi , Bolat Nurullah , Kanik Ali , Sargin Enis , Selkie Ellen , Korkmaz Nurhan , Baydan Figen , Akar Ebru , Sarioglu Berrak
Published: April 2016

Aim

This study aimed to identify differences in the antenatal stressful life events, parenting style, family functioning, depression and anxiety of mothers who have children with breath‐holding spells (BHS) compared with controls.

Methods

This case control study divided 66 children into a group of children with BHS and a control group, with the children's ages ranging between 6 months and 5 years of age. This study explored underlying anxiety and depression in mothers as well as functioning of their families. Socio‐demographical data and stressful life events that the mother experienced during pregnancy were analysed. In order to evaluate the effects of family structure, depression and anxiety in mothers on BHS in children, the Family Assessment Device, and both the Parental Attitude Research Instrument and the Beck Depression Inventory as well as the State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory were used to assess both groups.

Results

Exposure to stressful life events during pregnancy (P < 0.001), depressive traits (P < 0.001), state‐trait anxiety (P < 0.001), overprotective maternal characteristics (P = 0.027) and most of the family functioning subscales were found to be significantly different between BHS and control groups.

Conclusions

The association of anxiety, depression, prenatal stressful events and poor family functioning in mothers who have children with BHS is significantly higher than controls. An evaluation of these problems may be beneficial in the management of BHS.
Lung ultrasound accurately detects pneumothorax in a preterm newborn lamb model
Authors: Blank Douglas A , Hooper Stuart B , Binder‐Heschl Corinna , Kluckow Martin , Gill Andrew W , LaRosa Domenic A , Inocencio Ishmael M , Moxham Alison , Rodgers Karyn , Zahra Valerie A , Davis Peter G , Polglase Graeme R
Published: April 2016

Aim

Pneumothorax is a common emergency affecting extremely preterm. In adult studies, lung ultrasound has performed better than chest x‐ray in the diagnosis of pneumothorax. The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of lung ultrasound (LUS) examination to detect pneumothorax using a preterm animal model.

Methods

This was a prospective, observational study using newborn Border–Leicester lambs at gestational age = 126 days (equivalent to gestational age = 26 weeks in humans) receiving mechanical ventilation from birth to 2 h of life. At the conclusion of the experiment, LUS was performed, the lambs were then euthanised and a post‐mortem exam was immediately performed. We used previously published ultrasound techniques to identify pneumothorax. Test characteristics of LUS to detect pneumothorax were calculated, using the post‐mortem exam as the ‘gold standard’ test.

Results

Nine lambs (18 lungs) were examined. Four lambs had a unilateral pneumothorax, all of which were identified by LUS with no false positives.

Conclusions

This was the first study to use post‐mortem findings to test the efficacy of LUS to detect pneumothorax in a newborn animal model. Lung ultrasound accurately detected pneumothorax, verified by post‐mortem exam, in premature, newborn lambs.
Mathematical modeling and simulation in animal health – Part II: principles, methods, applications, and value of physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling in veterinary medicine and food safety assessment
Authors: Lin Z. , Gehring R. , Mochel J. P. , Lavé T. , Riviere J. E.
Published: April 2016

This review provides a tutorial for individuals interested in quantitative veterinary pharmacology and toxicology and offers a basis for establishing guidelines for physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model development and application in veterinary medicine. This is important as the application of PBPK modeling in veterinary medicine has evolved over the past two decades. PBPK models can be used to predict drug tissue residues and withdrawal times in food‐producing animals, to estimate chemical concentrations at the site of action and target organ toxicity to aid risk assessment of environmental contaminants and/or drugs in both domestic animals and wildlife, as well as to help design therapeutic regimens for veterinary drugs. This review provides a comprehensive summary of PBPK modeling principles, model development methodology, and the current applications in veterinary medicine, with a focus on predictions of drug tissue residues and withdrawal times in food‐producing animals. The advantages and disadvantages of PBPK modeling compared to other pharmacokinetic modeling approaches (i.e., classical compartmental/noncompartmental modeling, nonlinear mixed‐effects modeling, and interspecies allometric scaling) are further presented. The review finally discusses contemporary challenges and our perspectives on model documentation, evaluation criteria, quality improvement, and offers solutions to increase model acceptance and applications in veterinary pharmacology and toxicology.
Heterogeneous distribution of H2O in the Martian interior: Implications for the abundance of H2O in depleted and enriched mantle sources
Authors: McCubbin Francis M. , Boyce Jeremy W. , Srinivasan Poorna , Santos Alison R. , Elardo Stephen M. , Filiberto Justin , Steele Andrew , Shearer Charles K.
Published: April 2016

We conducted a petrologic study of apatite within 12 Martian meteorites, including 11 shergottites and one basaltic regolith breccia. These data were combined with previously published data to gain a better understanding of the abundance and distribution of volatiles in the Martian interior. Apatites in individual Martian meteorites span a wide range of compositions, indicating they did not form by equilibrium crystallization. In fact, the intrasample variation in apatite is best described by either fractional crystallization or crustal contamination with a Cl‐rich crustal component. We determined that most Martian meteorites investigated here have been affected by crustal contamination and hence cannot be used to estimate volatile abundances of the Martian mantle. Using the subset of samples that did not exhibit crustal contamination, we determined that the enriched shergottite source has 36–73 ppm H2O and the depleted source has 14–23 ppm H2O. This result is consistent with other observed geochemical differences between enriched and depleted shergottites and supports the idea that there are at least two geochemically distinct reservoirs in the Martian mantle. We also estimated the H2O, Cl, and F content of the Martian crust using known crust‐mantle distributions for incompatible lithophile elements. We determined that the bulk Martian crust has ~1410 ppm H2O, 450 ppm Cl, and 106 ppm F, and Cl and H2O are preferentially distributed toward the Martian surface. The estimate of crustal H2O results in a global equivalent surface layer (GEL) of ~229 m, which can account for at least some of the surface features on Mars attributed to flowing water and may be sufficient to support the past presence of a shallow sea on Mars' surface.
The Effect of Advice on Negotiations: How Advisors Influence What Negotiators Do
Authors: Salacuse Jeswald W.
Published: April 2016

Studies of negotiations often overlook, or at least do not fully account for, the important role played by people who advise negotiators. Often deliberately hidden from view, advisors have important but unrecognized influence on the negotiation dynamic. In this article, I explore the roles and methods of advisors in the negotiation process, drawing on role theory and survey research conducted in 2013 among approximately seventy advisors at the European Union Council of Ministers.

I define advice as “a communication from one person (the advisor) to another (the client) for the purpose of helping that second person determine a course of action for solving a particular problem” and consider the nature of this advice and the range of relationships that may exist between advisors and their clients. Advising is much more than the mere transmittal of information from advisor to negotiator and that for advice to be effective a relationship must exist between the two parties.

I then identify three models of the advisor–negotiator relationship. The first is the advisor as director, wherein the advisor tends to take control of the negotiating process, directing the negotiator toward actions that she or he should take to achieve success at the negotiation. The second is the advisor as servant, in which the advisor merely responds to the demands of the client for help and guidance in the negotiation. And the third is the advisor as partner, wherein advisor and negotiator jointly manage the process and solve the problem together. Finally, I explore the factors that lead advisors and negotiators to adopt each of these three models, the various advising styles that advisors use, and the differing effects on the negotiation process that these elements may have, drawing on historical examples as well as survey data from the EU Council of Ministers.
Influencing Negotiation Willingness in the Middle East: The Potential Contributions of Private Actors
Authors: Hofmann Claudia , Goerzig Carolin
Published: April 2016

Numerous efforts to solve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict through diplomacy have taken place over the last four decades. To shed light on this dilemma in this article, the role that private actors and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) can play to enhance the negotiation willingness of nonstate armed groups was examined. It was argued that the NGOs in particular could play key roles in promoting the negotiation willingness of nonstate actors and also in influencing their internal dynamics and increasing their cohesion.

Specifically, we examine two pairs of efforts to resolve the conflict in Israel and Palestine: the “Road Map” and the track two Geneva Initiative of 2003, and the Olmert Peace Plan and Jimmy Carter's visit to the Middle East in 2008. In the first pair, NGO efforts yielded unexpected results. The Palestinians were ready to compromise even though the deal offered by the Israelis did not seem very generous. In the second pair, the reaction of the Palestinians to Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert's generous peace offer seemed especially puzzling, illustrating, the internal dynamics between the Palestinian factions. Negotiation willingness was closely related to cohesion, and that cohesion plays an important role in conflict negotiations. President Jimmy Carter's efforts in 2008 to enhance cohesion among the Palestinians illustrated the potential that NGOs have to complement official negotiations.
Associations of sleep bruxism with age, sleep apnea, and daytime problematic behaviors in children
Authors: Tachibana M , Kato T , Kato‐Nishimura K , Matsuzawa S , Mohri I , Taniike M
Published: April 2016

Objectives

The aims of this study were to investigate the prevalence of sleep bruxism in children in Japan, and its relationships with sleep‐related factors and daytime problematic behavior.

Subjects and Methods

Guardians of 6023 children aged 2–12 years completed the Japanese Sleep Questionnaire. Multiple regression analysis and structural equation modeling were performed.

Results

Sleep bruxism was reported in 21.0% children (n = 1263): the prevalence was highest in the age group of 5–7 years (27.4%). Multiple regression analysis showed that sleep bruxism had significant correlations with age 5–7 years (OR: 1.72; P < 0.0001), ‘Moves a lot during sleep’ (OR: 1.47; P < 0.0001), ‘sleeps with mouth open’ (OR: 1.56; P < 0.0001), and ‘snores loudly’ (OR: 1.80; P < 0.0001). In structural equation modeling, sleep bruxism had a significant but weak direct effect on daytime problematic behavior, while sleep bruxism significantly correlated with obstructive sleep apnea, which had a higher direct effect on daytime problematic behavior.

Conclusions

Sleep bruxism was reported in 21.0% of Japanese children and had independent relationships with age, movements during sleep, and snoring. A comorbidity of sleep‐disordered breathing might be related to daytime problematic behavior in children with sleep bruxism.
The state of melanoma: challenges and opportunities
Authors: Merlino Glenn , Herlyn Meenhard , Fisher David E. , Bastian Boris C. , Flaherty Keith T. , Davies Michael A. , Wargo Jennifer A. , Curiel‐Lewandrowski Clara , Weber Michael J. , Leachman Sancy A. , Soengas Maria S. , McMahon Martin , Harbour J. William , Swetter Susan M. , Aplin Andrew E. , Atkins Michael B. , Bosenberg Marcus W. , Dummer Reinhard , Gershenwald Jeffrey E. , Halpern Allan C. , Herlyn Dorothee , Karakousis Giorgos C. , Kirkwood John M. , Krauthammer Michael , Lo Roger S. , Long Georgina V. , McArthur Grant , Ribas Antoni , Schuchter Lynn , Sosman Jeffrey A. , Smalley Keiran S. , Steeg Patricia , Thomas Nancy E. , Tsao Hensin , Tueting Thomas , Weeraratna Ashani , Xu George , Lomax Randy , Martin Alison , Silverstein Steve , Turnham Tim , Ronai Ze'ev A.
Published: April 2016

The Melanoma Research Foundation (MRF) has charted a comprehensive assessment of the current state of melanoma research and care. Intensive discussions among members of the MRF Scientific Advisory Council and Breakthrough Consortium, a group that included clinicians and scientists, focused on four thematic areas – diagnosis/early detection, prevention, tumor cell dormancy (including metastasis), and therapy (response and resistance). These discussions extended over the course of 2015 and culminated at the Society of Melanoma Research 2015 International Congress in November. Each of the four groups has outlined their thoughts as per the current status, challenges, and opportunities in the four respective areas. The current state and immediate and long‐term needs of the melanoma field, from basic research to clinical management, are presented in the following report.
Historical Perspectives on Atopic Dermatitis: Eczema Through the Ages
Authors: Bhattacharya Tanya , Strom Mark A. , Lio Peter A.
Published: April 2016

Throughout history, individuals have had a myriad of dermatologic conditions characterized as chronic pruritic dermatoses. The term atopic dermatitis was not coined until the early 20th century. Many diseases typical of this condition were reported using a variety of eponyms and descriptive terms. Even as the incidence of atopic dermatitis rises, it remains poorly understood in the modern era, and viewing the disease from a historical perspective provides useful insight into its nature. This article highlights the evolution of concepts related to the pathogenesis of and recommended treatments for atopic dermatitis.
Eczema Coxsackium Caused by Coxsackievirus A6
Authors: Horsten Hans‐Henrik , Fisker Niels , Bygum Anette
Published: April 2016

We present the first case of atypical hand, food, and mouth disease in our department with the distinct cutaneous morphology of eczema coxsackium. Clinicians should be aware of the possibility for more extensive cutaneous eruption related to coxsackievirus A6 infection and the diagnostic methods required to determine the diagnosis.
The origin of cytosolic ATP in photosynthetic cells
Authors: Gardeström Per , Igamberdiev Abir U.
Published: April 2016

In photosynthetically active cells, both chloroplasts and mitochondria have the capacity to produce ATP via photophosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation, respectively. Thus, theoretically, both organelles could provide ATP for the cytosol, but the extent, to which they actually do this, and how the process is regulated, both remain unclear. Most of the evidence discussed comes from experiments with rapid fractionation of isolated protoplasts subjected to different treatments in combination with application of specific inhibitors. The results obtained indicate that, under conditions where ATP demand for photosynthetic CO2 fixation is sufficiently high, the mitochondria supply the bulk of ATP for the cytosol. In contrast, under stress conditions where CO2 fixation is severely limited, ATP will build up in chloroplasts and it can then be exported to the cytosol, by metabolite shuttle mechanisms. Thus, depending on the conditions, either mitochondria or chloroplasts can supply the bulk of ATP for the cytosol. This supply of ATP is discussed in relation to the idea that mitochondrial functions may be tuned to provide an optimal environment for the chloroplast. By balancing cellular redox states, mitochondria can contribute to an optimal photosynthetic capacity.
Emotion regulation during threat: Parsing the time course and consequences of safety signal processing
Authors: Hefner Kathryn R. , Verona Edelyn , Curtin John. J.
Published: April 2016

Improved understanding of fear inhibition processes can inform the etiology and treatment of anxiety disorders. Safety signals can reduce fear to threat, but precise mechanisms remain unclear. Safety signals may acquire attentional salience and affective properties (e.g., relief) independent of the threat; alternatively, safety signals may only hold affective value in the presence of simultaneous threat. To clarify such mechanisms, an experimental paradigm assessed independent processing of threat and safety cues. Participants viewed a series of red and green words from two semantic categories. Shocks were administered following red words (cue+). No shocks followed green words (cue‐). Words from one category were defined as safety signals (SS); no shocks were administered on cue+ trials. Words from the other (control) category did not provide information regarding shock administration. Threat (cue+ vs. cue‐) and safety (SS+ vs. SS‐) were fully crossed. Startle response and ERPs were recorded. Startle response was increased during cue+ versus cue‐. Safety signals reduced startle response during cue+, but had no effect on startle response during cue‐. ERP analyses (PD130 and P3) suggested that participants parsed threat and safety signal information in parallel. Motivated attention was not associated with safety signals in the absence of threat. Overall, these results confirm that fear can be reduced by safety signals. Furthermore, safety signals do not appear to hold inherent hedonic salience independent of their effect during threat. Instead, safety signals appear to enable participants to engage in effective top‐down emotion regulatory processes.