bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Next Experimental Confirmation of Validity of the Phenomenon of Phase Formation Through a Stage of Liquid State in Metals Being Electrodeposited
Authors: Girin Oleg B
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Templated Electrodeposition of Metal Nanorods Into TiO2 Nanotubes
Authors: Liu Ning , So Seulgi , Schmuki P.
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Wide pH Range Electroless Copper Deposition At Room Temperature. Eqcm and CV Study of Autocatalytic Copper(II) Reduction By Cobalt(II)-Pentaethylenehexamine Complexes
Authors: Norkus Eugenijus , Stankeviciene Ina , Tamasauskaite-Tamasiunaite Loreta , Stalnionis Giedrius , Prusinskas Kestutis , Jagminiene Aldona
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Self-Healing Electrostatic Shield Mechanism for Dendrite Control During Electrodeposition
Authors: Zhang Ji-Guang , Ding Fei , Xu Wu , Chen Xilin , Zhang Yaohui , Nasybulin Eduard N , Graff Gordon L , Sushko Maria
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Extreme Bottom-Up Filling of Through Silicon Vias: Cu and Au
Authors: Josell Daniel , Moffat Thomas P.
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Electrodeposition of Macroporous Materials and of Free Standing Nanowires From Ionic Liquids
Authors: Endres Frank
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Electrochemical Processing of Carbon Nanostructures
Authors: Vereecken Philippe M. , Radisic Aleksandar , Cott Daire J
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Superconformal Deposition of Au in a Sulfite Electrolyte
Authors: Josell Daniel , Moffat Thomas P.
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Electrodeposition of Cobalt-Tungsten Alloys From An Alkaline Citrate-Containing Bath As Barrier Layers in Electronic Application
Authors: dadvand Nazila , jarjoura G , kipouros G. J.
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Cu Electroless Deposition By Using Cu Nanoparticles As Catalysts for a Printed Circuit Board Metallization
Authors: Chung Yi-Chun , Dow Wei-Ping
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Electroless Co-B-P-W Deposition Using Dmab As reducing Agent
Authors: Norkus Eugenijus , Jagminiene Aldona , Stankeviciene Ina , Tamasauskaite-Tamasiunaite Loreta , Sukackiene Zita
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Towards An Atomistic Understanding of the Activation of Plating Additives At the Copper/Electrolyte Interface
Authors: Nguyen Hai , Huynh Thi Mien Trung , Flügel Alexander , Arnold Marco , Mayer Dieter , Broekmann Peter
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Effects of Anodizing Parameters On the Formation of Titanium Dioxide Nanotubes
Authors: Bolukoglu Zeynep , Karakaya Ishak , Erdogan Metehan
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Self-Sustainable Production Of Hydrogen and Chemicals From Renewable Alcohols By Alkaline Electrolysis
Authors: Miller Hamish Andrew , Vizza Francesco , Lavacchi Alessandro , Filippi Jonathan , Oberhauser Werner , Bevilacqua Manuela , Marchionni Andrea , Innocenti Massimo , Wang Lianqin
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Well-Defined NiFeAlO4 Inverse Spinel As Efficient Alkaline Water Oxidation Catalyst
Authors: Chen Jamie Yung Chieh , Serov Alexey , Atanassov Plamen , Stahl Shannon S.
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Towards Accurate Ab-Initio Prediction of ORR/ Oer Activity of LaBO3 (B=Cr,Mn) Perovskites – Role of Hubbard U and Stable Surface Coverage
Authors: Gadre Milind , Lee Yueh-Lin , Shao-Horn Yang , Morgan Dane
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Durability and Activity of Modified Nickel Anode for Alkaline Water Electrolysis
Authors: Ichikawa Hiroki , Matsuzawa Koichi , Kohno Yuji , Sunada Yoshio , Nagashima Ikuo , Nishiki Yoshinori , Manabe Akiyoshi , Mitsushima Shigenori
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Oxide Semiconductors for Water Purification Using Sunlight
Authors: Atanacio Armand J. , Bak Tadeusz , Ionescu Mihail , Nowotny Janusz
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Energy Minimization in the Electrochemical Disinfection of Human Liquid Waste Using Boron-Doped Diamond Electrodes
Authors: Raut Akshay S. , Klem Ethan J. D. , Cunningham Garry B. , Parker Charles B. , Stoner Brian R. , Deshusses Marc A. , Glass Jeffrey T.
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
The Wedge Scheme, a General Framework for Incorporating H-Bonding Into Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer Reaction Mechanisms
Authors: Smith Diane K , Clare Laurie A. , Pham An
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Investigating the Mechanism of Thylakoid Direct Electron Transfer for Photocurrent Generation
Authors: Rasmussen Michelle J , Minteer Shelley D.
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Effects of Axial Ligation and Electron Donors On Oxygen Reduction Catalysis By Metalloporphyrins
Authors: Chlistunoff Jerzy , Sansiñena José-María
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Electrochemical Analysis of Antioxidants Using Bicontinuous Microemulsion
Authors: Kuraya Eisuke , Nagatomo Syota , Sakata Kouhei , Uemura Shinobu , Kunitake Masashi
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Quinone Electrochemical Mysteries: Thick Cyclic Voltammograms and Tiny Redox Waves
Authors: Staley Patrick Andrew , Clare Laurie A. , Lopez Eric M , Smith Diane K
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Directed Immobilization of a Heme Protein On Nanostructured Electrodes
Authors: Walgama Charuksha , Nerimetla Rajasekhara , Krishnan Sadagopan
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
At 80: The Joy of Uncovering Truths and Building People-Serving Products
Authors: Heller Adam
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Electrochemical Tuning of Metabolisms of Photosynthetic Microbes
Authors: Hashimoto Kazuhito , Lu Yue , Nakanishi Shuji
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Electrochemical/Enzymatic Amplification Schemes for the Sensitive Detection of Pathogens in Electrochemically Activated Capillaries
Authors: Msehli Oumaya , Molina Sonia , Teixeira-Dias Bruno , Katakis Ioanis
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
(2013 ECS Europe Section Heinz Gerischer Award Lecture) Multiple Exciton Generation from Single Photons in Semiconductor Nanocrystals, Quantum Dot Solar Cells, and via Singlet Fission in Molecular Chromophores: Applications to Next Generation Solar Photon Conversion to PV and Solar Fuels
Authors: Nozik Arthur J.
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Enzyme-Catalyzed Direct Electron Transfer: An Inspiration for Electrocatalyst Design
Authors: Atanassov Plamen
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Impedance Biosensors: Remaining Technical Challenges
Authors: Suni Ian Ivar , Radhakrishnan Rajeswaran
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Wired Microbe Electrodes
Authors: Boyd Darryl , Erickson Jeffrey , Lebedev Nikolai , Roy Jared , Snider Rachel M , Strycharz-Glaven Sarah , Tender Leonard , Tsoi Stanislav
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Composite WO3/TiO2 Nanotubes for Solar Photo-Conversion and Electrochromic Applications
Authors: Robinson David B. , Reyes Karla
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
(Invited) High Bandgap Copper Indium Gallium Disulfide Materials For Solar-Assisted Water Splitting
Authors: Gaillard Nicolas , Prasher Dixit , Kaneshiro Jess , Chong Marina , Hu Jian , Weir Michael , Heske Clemens
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Solar Hydrogen Production With Epitaxial III-V Tandem Absorber Structures
Authors: Döscher Henning , Deutsch Todd G , Geisz John F , Weir Michael , Alexander Sarah L , Blum Monika , Weinhardt Lothar , Meyer Frank , Yang Wanli , Bär Markus , Wang Heli , Dameron Arrelaine , France Ryan M , Heske Clemens , Turner John A
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Critical Factors of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell Using TiO2 Nanotubes
Authors: So Seulgi , Liu Ning , Schmuki P.
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Photo/Electrocatalytic Properties of the Hydrogenated TiO2
Authors: Bienkowski Krzysztof , Kulesza Pawel J.
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
High Surface Area Transparent Conductive Oxide As Effective Scaffolds for Nanostructured Metal Oxide Photoelectrochemical Electrodes
Authors: Chakthranont Pongkarn , Forman Arnold J. , Pinaud Blaise A , Jaramillo Thomas Francisco
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Solution Phase Growth and Photoelectrochemical Energy Conversion of Indium Phosphide Nanowires
Authors: Nikolay Kornienko Nikolay , Yang Peidong
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
‘Polymeric Ionic Liquid/Carbon Black’ composite as a Green Supporting Electrolyte
Authors: Yoo Seung Joon , Little R. Daniel
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Electrocatalytic Oxygen Reduction and Water-Oxidation On Transition Metal Ions-Doped MnO2, RuO2 and IrO2 in Alkaline Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Jeevagan Arcokiam John , Saravanan Govindachetty , Onobuchi Toshiaki , Suzuki Yukiko , Murakoshi Erika , Kaneko Shingo , Kobayashi Genki , Matsumoto Futoshi
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Response Characteristics of Fuel Cell Type Alcohol Sensor Using Nafion Membrane
Authors: Sudoh Masao , Kamiya Kazuhiro
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Tuning and Control of Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensing Using Grating-Based Nanostructures
Authors: Hillier Andrew Campion , Yeh Wei-Hsun , Petefish Joseph W
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Voltammetric Determination Of Dipyrone Using Graphite Paste Electrode Modified With Nanoparticles Of Nickel Hexacyanoferrate
Authors: Bicalho Urquisa Oliveira
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Effect of Hydrogen Treatment On Characteristics of Titanium Oxide Nanotube Micro Hydrogen Gas Sensors
Authors: Tobe Tsubasa , Kojima Ryota , Kimura Yasuo , Niwano Michio
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Toxic Gas Sensors Using Ionic Liquids
Authors: Nauber Andreas , Tschuncky Peter
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Impedance Analysis of Copper Alloys At the Corrosion Potential in Seawater
Authors: Frateur Isabelle , Torres Bautista Blanca Estela , Carvalho Maria Leonor , Tribollet Bernard
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Mixed Ion and Electron Conducting Ceramics for Gas Sensors
Authors: Thangadurai Venkataraman , Mulmi Suresh , Kannan Ramaiyan
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Immobilization of Protein Aptamers On Binary SAM for Protein Sensing Applications
Authors: Feyzizarnagh Hamid , Reaver Nathan , Kim Dong Shik , Cameron Brent D
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Development of Phosphors for White Emitting Near UV LEDs
Authors: Han Jinkyu , Hannah Mark E , Choi Jae Ik , Piquette Alan , Anc Maria , Talbot J. B. , Mishra Kailash C. , McKittrick Joanna
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Blue-Emitting Metal Chloride Phosphor: High Color Purity Phosphor in Near-UV for White LED Applications
Authors: Gwak Sun Joong , Im Won Bin
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Three Dimensional Simulation and Optimization of Microbatteries
Authors: Lange Kyle , Trembacki Brad , Stadermann Michael , Merrill Mathew , Duoss Eric
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Model Reformulation for Lithium-Ion Battery Simulation
Authors: Northrop Paul W. C. , Suthar Bharat Kumar , Subramanian Venkat R
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Structure-Property Relationships of Naphthalene Diimide Based Organic Electrodes
Authors: Maloney Ryan P , Vadehra Geeta , Dunn Bruce , García-Garibay Miguel
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Analysis of Composite Electrolytes for Stability With Li Metal Anodes
Authors: Kalnaus Sergiy , Tenhaeff Wyatt , Sakamoto Jeff , Sabau Adrian S , Daniel Claus , Dudney Nancy J
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
SnO2-Carbon Composite Based Anodes for Li-Ion Batteries
Authors: Yang Junbing , Ren Jianguo , Amine Khalil
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Overpotential Measurements With Reference Electrodes in Redox Flow Batteries
Authors: Langner Joachim
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Mechanism of Dioxovanadium(V) Ion Reduction On Oxygen-Enriched Carbon Surface
Authors: Maruyama Jun , Hasegawa Takahiro , Iwasaki Satoshi , Fukuhara Tomoko , Nogami Mitsuzo
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Hydrogen Production in a Steam-Carbon Fuel Cell
Authors: Steinberger Kevin D. , Johnson David U. , Alexander Brentan R. , Mitchell Reginald E. , Gür Turgut M.
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
RFID Corrosion Sensors
Authors: Smyrl William H
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Design and Simulation of Sensors to Detect Methanol
Authors: Chittur Krishnaswamy Subramaniam , S Muthuraja , Guruviah Velayutham , Bollepalli Sri
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Fabrication and application of world’s smallestpolymer bonded permanent rare earth micro-magnetsfor MEMS/NEMS Devices
Authors: Khosla Ajit , Kassegne Sam , Hirabayashi Mieko , Silvestro Matt
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Rapid Detection of Total Coliform and E.Coli in Contaminated Water Using Chemically Modified Microwells
Authors: Gunda Naga Siva , Naicker Selvaraj , Ghoraishi Maryam , Bhattacharjee Subir , Thundat Thomas , Mitra Sushanta
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Fabrication of Nano-Biosensors Using Nano-Sized Magnetostrictive Resonator
Authors: Cheng Z.-Y.
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Highly Selective VOCs Sensor Fabrication Via Combinatorial ZnO and Graphene Oxide Solution
Authors: Ahn Hosang , Joo Jin Chul , Park Hyejin , KIM Dong-Joo
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Citrus Greening (huanglongbing): Fast Electrochemical Detection and Phytomonitoring of Tree Diseases
Authors: Volkov Alexander George , Brown Corydon R
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
SiO2-Coated Magnetostrictive Biosensors for Campylobacter Jejuni Detection
Authors: Zhang Lin , Wang Ou , Huang Tung-Shi , Cheng Z.-Y.
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Ordering in Na-Ion Intercalation Materials Studied By TEM and DFT Computations
Authors: Li Xin , Toumar Alexandra J. , Ma Xiaohua , Ong Shyue Ping , Ceder Gerbrand
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Intermediate Temperature Molten Salts for Use in Na-Based Liquid Metal Batteries
Authors: Spatocco Brian L , Aziz Kimberly , Burke Paul J , Sadoway Donald R.
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Visualization of O2 On Aqueous Li-Air Battery By Using Microfocus X-Ray CT
Authors: Uemura Suguru , Tsushima Shohji , Imanishi Nobuyuki , Hirai Shuichiro
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Stability of Electrolyte Solutions for Non-Aqueous Li-O2 Cells and Effect of Impurities On Cell Cycling Behavior
Authors: Schwenke K. Uta , Meini Stefano , Piana Michele , Herranz Juan , Gasteiger Hubert
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Quantifying Polarization Losses At Liquid Electrolyte / Single Ion Conductor (SIC) Interface
Authors: Mehrotra Amal , Srinivasan Venkat
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Hierarchically Meso-Macroporous LaMnO3 Electrode Prepared By Surfactant-Templated Method
Authors: Chang Wen-Sheng , Haung Chao-Ming , Lee Yi-Cheng , Peng Po-Yang , Lu Ming-Hsiu , Hsueh Kan-Lin
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Inverse Opal Carbons As Cathodes in Lithium/Oxygen Batteries
Authors: Olivares-Marín Mara , Aklalouch Mohamed , Eduardo Enciso Eduardo , Tonti Dino
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Fabrication and Electrical Characteristics of Graphite Composite Materials With Resin Binder for Bipolar Plate of Redox Flow Battery
Authors: Kim Min-Young , Kim Ho-Sung , Noh Hee-Sook
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Electrochemical Properties of Sulfone-Based Electrolytes for Rechargeable Lithium-Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Yoon Sukeun , Jung Kyu-Nam , Shin Kyung-Hee , Jin Chang-Soo , Kim Youngchul
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Electrochemical Properties of Na4Co3-XMx(PO4)2P2O7 [M = Ni and Mn] for Sodium-Ion Battery
Authors: Nose Masafumi , Nakayama Hideki , Nobuhara Kunihiro , Nakanishi Shinji , Iba Hideki
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
α-MnO2 Nanorods Decorated With Ag Nanoparticles As a Bifunctional Catalyst for Lithium Air Battery Application
Authors: Zahoor Awan , Nahm KeeSuk , Hwang YunJu , Jang HoSaeng , Jeon JeongSook , Christy Maria
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Modeling Lithium Plasticity in Lithium-Metal Batteries
Authors: Ferrese Anthony , Newman John
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Tunable Electrolytes for Studies On Dendrite Growth in Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Schaefer Jennifer L. , Archer Lynden A.
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Thermodynamic Theory and Simulation of Transport and Intercalation of Solvated Ions in Li Ion Batteries
Authors: Latz Arnulf , Zausch Jochen
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
First-Principles Calculations Study On the Electrochemical Activity and Structural Stability of the Li2MnO3
Authors: Lee Eunseok , Persson Kristin
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
First-Principles Study On Doping and Defect Chemistry in LiCoO2
Authors: Koyama Yukinori , Arai Hajime , Tanaka Isao , Uchimoto Yoshiharu , Ogumi Zempachi
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
First-Principles Thermodynamic Analysis of Hydrogen-fluoride Scavenging Cathode Coatings for Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Aykol Muratahan , Wolverton Chris
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Dilute Mixing Thermodynamics in LixMA
1-YMB
yPO4 (M=Mn,Fe,Ni) From First Principles Calculations
Authors: Snydacker David , Wolverton Chris
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
DFT Study On Effects of CO2 Contamination in Non-Aqueous Li-Air Batteries
Authors: Mekonnen Yedilfana Setarge
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Simulation of Electrolyte Composition Effects On High Energy Lithium-Ion Cells
Authors: Spotnitz Robert , Gering Kevin L. , Hartridge Steve , Damblanc Gaetan
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Effects of Delithiation On Lithium Manganese Oxides: A Combined DFT and NMR Based Study
Authors: Seymour Ieuan David , Middlemiss Derek Stewart , Leskes Michal , Grey Clare P.
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Methods for Enhancing the Flowable Electrode Capacitance in the Electrochemical Flow Capacitor
Authors: Hatzell Kelsey B. , Beidaghi Majid , Boota Muhammed , Dennison Christopher R , Kumbur Emin Caglan , Gogotsi Yury
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Electrodeposited Thin Films of Carbon for Use in Electrical Double Layer Capacitors
Authors: Donne Scott W , Dupont Madeleine F
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Pretreatment Effects On Charge Storage of Early Transition-Metal Carbides and Nitrides
Authors: Djire Abdoulaye , Pande Priyanka , Sleightholme Alice , Deb Aniruddha , Penner-Hahn James , Rasmussen Paul , Thompson Levi T
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Fabrication of Novel Hierarchical Hollow Manganese Oxide Nanospheres for High-Voltage Stability Supercapacitors in Aqueous Electrolyte
Authors: Weng Yu-Ting , Pan Hsiao-An , Lee Rung-Chuan , Wu Nae-Lih
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Fabricating and Testing 100 F Electrochemical Capacitors: Case Capacitor Prototyping Facility
Authors: Antloga Mirko , Savinell Robert F. , Butler Sue M. , Dix JOHN , Zeigler Todd , Miller John R.
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Comparing Symmetric and Asymmetric Electrochemical Capacitors: A Modeling Approach
Authors: Staser John , Weidner John W.
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Moving Reaction Fronts in Supercapacitors With Pseudocapacitance
Authors: Kadyk Thomas , Eikerling Michael
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
A Comparative Study of Solid Pseudocapacitive Electrochemical Capacitors
Authors: Lian Keryn , Gao Han , Lee Kayeung , Wu Haoran , Genovese Matthew , Naguib Hani
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Enhanced Rate Capability of Hybrid Capacitors in Terms of Electrode Density of Graphite
Authors: Yang Sunhye , Yun Sungdo , Choi In-Sik , Kim Ick-Jun
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Ion Insertion Into Porous Carbon Electrodes Investigated By in-Situ AFM Measurements
Authors: Black Jennifer , Fulvio Pasquale , Hillesheim Patrick , Heon Min , Beidaghi Majid , Feng Guang , Cummings Peter , Dai Sheng , Gogotsi Yury , Kalinin Sergei , Balke Nina
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
ZrO2-WO3 Mixed Anodic Oxide Nanotubular Arrays As Electrochemical Capacitors
Authors: Raja Krishnan S. , Whitman Stuart R.
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Manganese Oxide/Graphene Aerogel Composites As An Outstanding Supercapacitor Electrode Material
Authors: Wang Chun Chieh , Chen Hsuan Ching , Lu Shih Yuan
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
"On Recent Work Related to Super and Pseudo Capacitors"
Authors: Aurbach Doron , Noked Malachi , Okashi Sivan , Borenstein Arie
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Electrical Explosion Synthesis of Si/C Nanocomposites for Li Secondary Batteries
Authors: Kim Doohun , Ha Yoon-Cheol , Cho Chuhyun , Doh Chil-Hoon
Published: February 2020

A novel technique of electrical explosion has been used for nanomaterial synthesis by a single-step process [1-5]. However, it was known that in principle the electrical explosion of Si is not possible due to the fact that applying a high voltage on Si wire having relatively high electrical resistance leads to a current flow through surface plasma formed along the wire which disables the resistive heating of Si. In this presentation, we will show the successful application of electrical explosion to silicon nanoparticle synthesis and the electrochemical properties of Si/C nanocomposites derived from the nanoparticles.

The electrical explosion of Si was successfully applied using a liquid media to suppress the unfavorable surface plasma generation. The physical and chemical properties of the produced materials were analyzed by XRD, FE-SEM, HR-TEM and the performances of the Si/C composites as an anode for Li ion batteries were investigated by electrochemical charge/discharge measurements. The Si/C composites obtained under the explosion in hexane and ethanol consist of a core-shell structure with a compact graphitic carbon on the Si particle surface which cause detrimental effects against Li ion diffusion. However, we found that Si explosion in methanol minimized the formation of the carbon phase on the surface of nano-sized Si. The Si/C nanocomposite after a simple pyrolysis with carbon precursor showed a high capacity with an excellent cycle performance.

References

[1] Cho, C., Choi, Y.W., Kang, C., Lee, G.W. Effects of the medium on synthesis of nanopowders by wire explosion process (2007) Applied Physics Letters, 91 (14), p. 141501.

[2] Cho, C., Ha, Y.-C., Kang, C., Jin, Y.-S., Rim, G.-H. Preparation of a nickel nanopowder by wire explosion in liquid media (2010) Journal of the Korean Physical Society, 57 (61), pp. 1807-1810.

[3] Ha, Y.-C., Cho, C. Production of highly-dispersed nano-sized Sn powders in a liquid medium by using a high-energy electrical explosion (2010) Journal of the Korean Physical Society, 57 (61), pp. 1574-1576.

[4] Cho, C., Ha, Y.-C., Kang, C., Jin, Y.-S., Rim, G.-H. Electrical explosion of silicon rod in distilled water (2011) Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 50 (10 PART 1).

[5] Ha, Y.-C., Kang, C., Cho, C., Kim, Y.-U., Park, C.-M., Sohn, H.-J. Wire explosion synthesis of a Sn/C nanocomposite as an anode material for Li secondary batteries (2011) Journal of the Korean Physical Society, 59 (61), pp. 3458-3462.
Modeling of the Thermal Behavior of an Ultracapacitor
Authors: Kim Changmin , YI Jaeshin , Lee Jeongbin , Shin Chee Burm , Min Kyung-Seok , Lee Ha-Young
Published: February 2020

Ultracapacitors, also known as supercapacitors, have the potential to meet the increasing power requirements of energy-storage systems for automotive applications. As compared to batteries, ultracapacitors offer a higher power density, higher efficiency, and longer shelf and cycle life. Because the performance of an ultracapacitor depends on temperature, it is important to calculate accurately the thermal behavior of an ultracapacitor for the efficient and reliable systems integration in automotive applications.

In this work, modeling is performed to study the thermal behavior of 2.7V/650F ultracapacitor from LS Mtron Ltd. The validation of the modeling approach is provided through the comparison of the modeling results with the experimental measurements.

In Fig. 1, the variation of surface temperature with time from the experiment during the charge-discharge cycles with constant current of 180 A is compared with that from modeling. Fig. 2 shows the comparison between the surface temperature distributions based on the experimental IR image and the modeling after 30 min during cycles. Model predictions reasonably reproduce the experimental data.
Combination of Electrochemical-Calorimetric Studies on Cylindrical Lithium Ion Cells and Thermal Modelling By Comsol Multiphysics Software
Authors: Ziebert Carlos , Ossipova Anna , Rohde Magnus , Seifert Hans Jürgen
Published: February 2020

In this study, commercial cylindrical 18650 lithium ion cells with LiMn2O4 (LMO) cathodes were tested under isoperibolic and adiabatic conditions in an accelerating rate calorimeter (ES-ARC, Thermal Hazard technology with integrated battery cycler) to investigate the heat effects during cycling in more details. These experimental results were compared with simulations by FEM-based thermal modeling using COMSOL Multiphysics software.

The isoperibolic investigations were performed at specific temperatures in the range from 25 to 60 °C. The results show that the applied environmental temperature did not largely influence the battery thermal behavior. Generally, an overall exothermic behavior for discharging half cycles and an overall endothermic behavior for charging half cycles was observed. At 1 C rate the maximum temperature increase over three cycles was 4 °C almost independent of the environmental temperature. Additionally, the heat capacity and calorimeter constant were measured after calibration using cylindrical dummy cells made of AlMgSi0.5 (EN AW-6060 F22) with the same dimensions as the cells. By integrating over the heat dissipation rate and the enthalpy accumulation rate the total generated heat was determined ion dependence of discharge C-rate. Tests under adiabatic conditions, i.e. under negligible heat loss, more accurately simulate the actual operating environment if several cells are put in a battery pack and the neighboring cells hinder or prevent the heat transfer to the ambient. The cells were studied in the adiabatic mode at starting temperatures between 20 °C and 40 °C. The cell temperature was largely increasing at 1 C rate over three cycles by more than 40 °C rate before reaching the safety limit temperature of 75 °C.

For the modeling of the cells the existing lithium ion battery model in COSMOL Multiphysics was combined with the coupled thermal and electrochemical 2D-model proposed in [1]. As input data the available experimental cell data, cycling parameters and literature data have been used. A good qualitative agreement between the experimental and the simulation results was found both for isoperibolic and adiabatic conditions.

The next step will be the assignment of the heat effects found both in simulation and experiments to electrochemical processes and the different cell components. This could be done by separating the heat effects into reversible and irreversible parts and fitting their ratio in the simulation to the experiment. An improved understanding of the heat effects will help to improve the thermal management of the cells and prevent from thermal runaway.

[1] L. Cai, R.E. White, Journal of Power Sources 196 (2011) 5985-5989.
Non-Uniformity Behaviors of Commercial Large-Format Batteries: Performance and Durability
Authors: Bi Wu , Fau Christian , Feng Zhili , Ren Yang , An Ke
Published: February 2020

Coin cells and small pouch cells are commonly fabricated in laboratory to study performance and degradation mechanisms of battery materials. However, for real world applications such as hybrid electric vehicles large-format Li-ion based batteries are used currently. Performance, durability, and safety are more complex in these large-format batteries than in small ones. For example, temperature spatial profile can be significantly varied in large-format batteries during high-rate charging and discharging periods. In addition, non-uniform battery material distribution, small local defects, and inappropriate cell assembly designs may magnify the non-homogeneous behaviors in large-format batteries. Better understanding of large-format commercial batteries is essential to ensure safety and performance reliability.

Both in-situ and ex-situ techniques utilizing synchrotron X-ray diffraction and Neutron diffraction are being developed at Argonne National Laboratory and Oak Ridge National Laboratory, respectively. Under various operating conditions, 3-D profiles of temperature, internal stress, and electrode SOC% can be collected on large-format Li-ion based prismatic cells. Both techniques, complementary to each other, will be briefly described. We will focus on discussing non-uniformity behaviors of local battery performance and changes of local material structure and chemistry before and after storage tests and charge-discharge cycles. These results will be correlated to the diffraction data, to understand the effects of non-uniform profiles of temperature, internal stress, and electrode SOC% on battery life-time durability. Important implications on battery quality, safety, and controls will also be mentioned.

Acknowledgement

This project is partially funded by US-CHINA Clean Energy Research Center (CERC)-Clean Vehicles Consortium.
Ionic Liquid Electrolytes for Alkali Metal Electrochemical Devices: Low Melting Chloroaluminate Binary Solutions and the Alkali Trapping Problem
Authors: Tucker Telpriore Gregory , Angell Charles Austen
Published: February 2020

With an interest in developing low temperature versions of electrochemical energy storage and generation systems, like the ZEBRA (chloroaluminate electrolyte) cell, we have repeated and extended earlier studies of sodium chloroaluminate electrolytes whose liquidus temperatures have been lowered by mixing with chloroaluminates of weak-‐field, low-‐melting, chloroaluminate ionic liquids. We consider both organic and inorganic cations of low charge intensity, and here report on the case of dialkylimidazolium cations. The non-‐additive effects seen in conductivity, due to asymmetric cation-‐anion interactions and alkali cation trapping, are quantified and discussed in terms of cation competition models. Finally, the importance of these effects in controlling the kinetics of cell performance (to be reported separately) is assessed.
Molten Air - a New Class of Rechargeable Batteries
Authors: Stuart Jessica , Lau Jason , Cui Baochen , Licht Stuart
Published: February 2020

A new class of high-energy batteries, the molten air battery, is presented. These batteries use a molten electrolyte, are quasi-reversible (rechargeable), and have amongst the highest intrinsic battery storage capacities available.

In today’s society there exists a need for higher energy capacity, cost effective batteries for a range of electronic, transportation and large-scale power storage devices. The molten air battery overcomes these problems. For example, these batteries address the “range anxiety” of electric vehicles as a result of energy density limitations, and offer increased energy storage capacity for the electric grid.

The electron charge transfer chemistry of the molten air battery is demonstrated through three examples. These examples utilize metal, carbon and vanadium diboride as reactive material each containing the respective intrinsic volumetric energy capacities of 10,000 Wh liter-1 for Fe to Fe(III), 19,000 Wh liter-1 for C to CO2
- and 27,000 Wh liter-1 for VB2 to B2O3 + V2O5, compared to 6,200 Wh liter-1 for the lithium air battery.
H2-Br2 Fuel Cell Performance with High Surface Area Bromine Electrode Materials
Authors: Yarlagadda Venkata , Nguyen Trung Van
Published: February 2020

The hydrogen electrode in a H2-Br2 fuel cell (Figure 1) has high active surface area because of the nano catalyst particle on carbon support material that is used. Current electrodes used for the bromine reactions are made of high porosity carbon fiber based gas diffusion media that have very low surface area. Currently, to obtain high surface area, multiple layers of this material are used. While this leads to an increase in the surface area, it also leads to high ionic and molecular transport resistance. To overcome this problem, our research group has developed a high surface area carbon diffusion material. This material is made by growing multiwall carbon nanotubes directly on the carbon fiber substrate (Figure 2). In this presentation, we will discuss the advantages of this material and compare the discharge/charge performance of an acid-based H2-Br2fuel cell with this material versus that with conventional electrode materials.

Acknowledgements

This work was funded by NSF through grant number EFRI-1038234 and DOE/ARPA-E under award number DE-AR0000262.
The Effect of SnO2-Sb Interlayer on the Physicochemical Properties of Electrodeposited Ti/PbO2 Electrodes
Authors: Bi Hailian , Yu Changzhou , Cao Peng
Published: February 2020

Lead dioxide (PbO2) coated titanium (Ti) anodes have been extensively investigated owing to its well-proven advantages such as low cost compared to those based on precious metals, good electrical conductivity that is comparable to metals, ease of preparation, high oxygen evolution potential and good stability in corrosive media [1]. However, traditional PbO2 deposited Ti electrodes suffer from poor adhesion problem, due to the formation of an insulating TiO2 between the coating and Ti substrate during anodic polarization in aqueous media. SnO2, as an interlayer, has been recently applied on Ti substrate to prepare PbO2anodes to improve the stability and electro-catalytic activity. The application of such doped interlayer is reported to have increased electrode’s chemical stability, enhanced electro-catalytic activity and greatly prolonged service life of the electrodes [2, 3,4].

In the present work, we explored the electro-deposition process of PbO2 on the Ti substrate with a Sb-doped SnO2 interlayer, from a traditional acidic nitrate solution. By varying electro-deposition temperature, time and current density, we are able to synthesise PbO2 coatings with various morphologies (as can be seen in Figure 1.), microstructures and crystallite sizes. The surface morphology and phase structure were characterized by SEM and XRD. Voltammetric studies were performed using a conventional three-electrode cell system and a CHI604D (Chenhua, Shanghai) electrochemical workstation. It is found that an interlayer SnO2-Sb on Ti substrate can significantly promote the electro-deposition of PbO2 coatings. The preliminary results revealed that the electrochemical performance of deposited PbO2 largely depends on their morphologies and microstructures. The deposition temperature, deposition time and current density affect the PbO2 coatings in a synergic manner.

It is our purpose to establish a correlation between electrolyte temperature, deposition time, current density and phase structure, morphological features on the Ti/SnO2-Sb substrate. This information may shed light on a further understanding of electro-crystallisation and also provide a perspective on further possible improvement of the electrochemical performance of PbO2coatings in terms of service lifetime and electro-catalytic activity.

Keywords: Lead dioxide; Electro-deposition; Surface characterisation; SnO2 interlayer

References

[1] X. Li, D. Pletcher, F.C. Walsh, Chem. Soc. Rev., 40 (2011) 3879.

[2] S. Song, L. Zhan, Z. He, L. Lin, J. Tu, Z. Zhang, J. Chen, L. Xu, J. Hazard. Mater., 175 (2010) 614.

[3] Y. Wang, B. Gu, W. Xu, L. Lu, Rare Metal Mat. Eng., 36 (2007) 874.

[4] H. An, Q. Li, D. Tao, H. Cui, X. Xu, L. Ding, L. Sun, J. Zhai, 258 (2011) 218.
Computational Investigations of Charge Transport in Non-Aqueous Li-O
2
Batteries
Authors: Viswanathan Venkatasubramanian , Nørskov Jens , Luntz Alan C
Published: February 2020

Despite their great promise, there are significant challenges to developing practical Li−air batteries. One is the electrical passivation of the cathode during discharge.[1,2] This occurs because insoluble and insulating Li2O2 produced during discharge builds up as a deposit on the cathode surface and ultimately inhibits charge transfer to the Li2O
2
−electrolyte interface where the electrochemistry occurs. This manifests itself as a “sudden death” (rapid drop in the output potential U) of the discharge at some maximum discharge capacity, Qmax.

In this talk, we will discuss the dependence of the maximum discharge capacity Qmaxon the current density, j.[3] We show that a wide range of experiments can be rationalized using a model that accounts for charge transport through tunneling and polarons. We further show that tunneling dominates at the current density of interest.

References

[1] P. Albertus, G. Girishkumar, and B. McCloskey, J. Electrochem. Soc. (2011) 158, A343-A351.

[2] V. Viswanathan, K. Thygesen, J.S. Hummelshøj, J. K. Nørskov, G. Girishkumar, B. D. McCloskey, and A. Luntz, J. Chem. Phys., (2011) 135, 214704.

[3] A. C. Luntz, V. Viswanathan, J. Voss, J. Varley, J. K. Nørskov, R. Scheffler and A. Speidel, J. Phys. Chem. Lett., (2013) 4, 3494-3499.

Fig 1: (a) Experimental Li−O2 galvanostatic discharge curves (U versus capacity) observed in a bulk electrolysis cell on a ∼1 cm2 area GC cathode with 1 M LiTFSI in DME as the electrolyte, ∼1 bar O2 pressure, and at T = 20 and 40 °C. The various curves for different discharge currents and T are labeled at the side. (b) Theoretical galvanostatic discharge curves (U versus the average thickness of the film d) under the same conditions as (a) and based on the simple model described in ref. [3].
Oxygen Bubble Nucleation Modeling in a PEM Electrolyzer Electrode
Authors: Arbabi Faraz , Montazeri Hanif , Abouatallah Rami , Wang Rainey , Bazylak Aimy
Published: February 2020

The polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) electrolyzer is a promising technology that reduces water into hydrogen and oxygen, from which the hydrogen is captured and stored for use in fuel cells. One of the challenging issues in PEM electrolyzers is flow inhibition of liquid water within the porous gas diffusion layer (GDL), due to the formation of oxygen bubbles (1). The bubbles block pores within the GDL, limiting the transport of liquid water to the catalyst layer, which in turn negatively affects the electrolyzer performance (2). Moreover, the presence of the oxygen bubbles can increase the solution resistance, inhibit electron transfer, and consequently increase ohmic losses, leading to efficiency reduction (1).

Investigation of the oxygen bubbles behavior generated at the anode side of the PEM electrolyzer in operational pressure and temperature can give us a more accurate insight for predicting its influence on the performance. A number of promising studies on bubble nucleation and detachment have been done over the past few years. Various numerical techniques were introduced and improved to increase the accuracy of the bubble interface tracking such as volume-of-fluid (VOF) (3), moment-of-fluid (MOF) (4), and level-set (LS) methods (5).

In this study, a numerical simulation has been performed to mimic the nucleation, growth and detachment of the oxygen bubbles in electrolyzers. Utilizing a state-of-the-art multiphase algorithm (6), a three-dimensional, two-phase computational algorithm was developed using the LS method to track the oxygen bubble interface expansion. To simulate the multiphase system more precisely, the thermodynamic free energy of the system has been taken into account by employing the Gibbs free energy function. The behavior of the oxygen bubble through the GDL as a function of the geometrical properties of the GDL was then studied and compared to the experimental results presented by Arbabi et al. (7).

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC).

References

1. H. Matsushima, T. Nishida, Y. Konishi, Y. Fukunaka, Y. Ito and K. Kuribayashi, Electrochimica Acta, 48, 4119 (2003).

2. H. Ito, T. Maeda, A. Nakano, C. M. Hwang, M. Ishida, A. Kato and T. Yoshida, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 37, 7418 (2012).

3. C. W. Hirt, J. L. Cook and T. D. Butler, Journal of Computational Physics, 5, 103 (1970).

4. V. Dyadechko and M. Shashkov, Journal of Computational Physics, 227, 5361 (2008).

5. S. Osher and J. A. Sethian, Journal of Computational Physics, 79, 12 (1988).

6. H. Montazeri and C. A. Ward, Journal of Computational Physics, 257, Part A, 645 (2014).

7. F. Arbabi, A. Kalantarian, R. Abouatallah, R. Wang, J. Wallace and A. Bazylak, ECS Transactions, 58, 907 (2013).
(Invited) Increased Oxide Ion Diffusivity and Surface Exchange on Pr2NiO4 Base Oxide by Au Dispersion
Authors: Hyodo Junji , Tominaga K. , Ju Young-Wan , Ida Shintaro , Ishihara Tatsumi
Published: February 2020

Mass transport property in nano-size structure controlled materials are attracting much interest because such effects have a possibility to improve the performance of the electrochemical solid state devices such as Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs). There are many approaches and ideas for the improvement of oxide ion conductivity in electrolyte by nano size effects. In this study, we demonstrated the 3 dimension (3D) tensile strain in Pr2NiO4, mixed conductor, was successfully introduced by dispersing Au particles in grain. The maximum lattice distortion estimated from X-ray diffraction measurement was 0.23 % at 2 mol% Au dispersion. Au dispersed Pr2NiO4 shows a large positive effect on oxide ion diffusivity and surface exchange coefficient.

The doubled oxygen permeation flux was achieved with dispersing 2 mol% Au in PNCG at 873 K, indicating the tensile strain in PNCG lattice positively works for the oxygen permeation property. Since oxygen permeation is controlled by interstitial oxygen concentration and its mobility, further details study on effects of tensile strain on oxygen diffusivity were studied by using 18O tracer diffusion. The depth profiles of x mol% Au/PNCG (x=0, 1, 2, 3) are studied with SIMS analysis, and the estimated oxygen tracer diffusivity (D*) and the surface exchange coefficient (k*) are much increased with dispersing Au, and the enhancement in D value was well agreed with that in oxygen permeation rate. Redox titration measurement suggests that 3D tensile strain increased amount of excess oxygen. Interstitial oxygen in Pr2NiO4 is introduced in Rock salt layer of K2NiF4 structure, and this is origin for the fast oxygen diffusivity and high surface activity for oxygen dissociation.

Recently, there is much attention of surface composition in oxide ionic conductors using the low-energy ion scattering (LEIS) technique to understand the surface reaction and degradation. LEIS analysis was also performed on Au dispersed Pr2NiO4 and it was found that surface of Pr2NiO4 was enriched with Pr. However, Pr segregation was prevented by introduction of Au and so tensile strain also positively works for preventing Pr segregation. On the other hand, surface oxygen content is also decreased by Au dispersion and so surface oxygen vacancy seems to be much enriched. Therefore, increased surface exchange coefficient by Au dispersion could be assigned to the high concentration of oxygen vacancy on surface of Pr2NiO4 dispersed with Au.

In summary, although Au dispersion was not uniform, effect of tensile strain on oxide ion mobility could be observed in Pr2NiO4 by Au dispersion. Furthermore, tensile strain affected the surface composition, which may enhance the k* values. If the better dispersion state with fine particles could be achieved, there is a possibility to develop the higher oxide ionic conductor with uniform strained material.
The Effect of Sulfurization on the CuIn(Se,S)2 Photovoltaic Cell Synthesized By Electrodeposition
Authors: Kwon Youngim , Yoo Bongyoung
Published: February 2020

Photovoltaic is one of the most fascinating ways for direct solar energy conversion. The demand for photovoltaic is mainly covered by crystalline silicon; substantial cost reductions are necessary for large scale applications. A big challenge for thin film PV is the development of large area semiconductor thin films. The main candidate semiconductor materials for thin film solar cells at present are amorphous silicon, CdTe and Cu(In,Ga)(Se,S)2.

Generally, even though physical vapor deposition (PVD) methods have been widely used for making the CIGS thin film 1-3, its high process cost because of the vacuum system and difficulty on the large scale up still remained to overcome for mass production.

Non-vacuum methods, such as hydrazine-based solution process, paste coating, and electrodeposition have been studied to achieve the low cost process with high efficiency 4-7. Electrodeposition could substitute for PVD methods because it has several advantages in cost competitiveness, easily scaled up, convenience control in room temperature and atmosphere pressure. Recently, the efficiency of CIGS solar cell manufactured by electrodeposition method exceeds 11% 8.

In this study, the effects of sulfurization temperature on CuIn(Se,S)2 (CISeS) thin film solar cell have been investigated. Unlike well-known CIGS absorber, we adjusted the bandgap by controlling the ratio of Se and S, which could simplify the deposition process for obtaining absorber layer. 1㎛-CuInSe2 layer was deposited on Mo/SLG (soda lime glass) at room temperature by electrodeposition method. To form CuIn(Se,S)2 thin film, thin films were annealed in 5% H2S-95% Ar atmosphere at 425-600℃. As the sulfurization temperature increased, the grain growth of CISeS films was improved and the ratio of Se/S decreased, then the optical bandgap was close to ideal value for solar cell (~1.4eV). However, MoS2layers appeared at high temperature (≥500℃) and the film morphology was getting more porous with increasing temperature. As a result, the conversion efficiency decreased as the sulfurization temperature increased, and the maximum value of the conversion efficiency was 2.32% at 425℃.

To improve the cell efficiency, the effects of sulfurization time on grain growth have been investigated. CuInSe2 thin films were annealed in 5% H2S-95% Ar atmosphere at 425℃ for 20-60min. When the sulfurization time increased, the crystallinity of CuIn(Se,S)2 film improved. As a result, the conversion effieciency increased to 3.48% without anti-reflection coating layer.