bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Satisfação no trabalho e rotatividade dos médicos do Programa de Saúde da Família
Authors: Campos Claudia Valentina de Arruda , Malik Ana Maria
Published: June 2008

Um dos problemas mais graves identificados na implantação do Programa de Saúde da Família no Brasil é a rotatividade do médico generalista. Já que o modelo se fundamenta no vínculo entre profissionais da equipe e população, a alta rotatividade dos médicos pode comprometer a efetividade do modelo. Pesquisa realizada no município de São Paulo para verificar a existência de correlação entre satisfação no trabalho dos médicos do programa e a rotatividade desses profissionais confirmou a hipótese da existência de correlação negativa. O prestígio da instituição parceira do município na implantação do programa foi o fator mais importante na determinação da rotatividade dos médicos. Outros fatores de satisfação no trabalho que apresentaram correlação com a rotatividade foram: capacitação, distância das unidades de saúde e disponibilidade de materiais e equipamentos para realização das atividades profissionais.
Association of the heart fatty acid-binding protein gene with quality of carcass and meat traits in pigs
Authors: Figueiredo F.C. , Lopes P.S. , Pinto A.P.G. , Paiva D.A.F. , Mendonça P.T. , Guimarães S.E.F.
Published: June 2008

The heart fatty acid-binding protein (HFABP) gene was sequenced in parental animals of a F2 crossing of boars of the Brazilian native Piau breed with commercial sows (Landrace x Large White Pietrain). Primers used for PCR were designed to amplify four exons of the gene. The PCR products were sequenced and compared with the GenBank sequences. Differences between the generated sequences and the GenBank sequences were observed for both genetic groups. A total of 246 F2 animals were genotyped using the Hinf I restriction enzyme. Two genotypes were identified, 198 being animals HH and 48 Hh. The Hinf I SNP was significantly associated with weights of loin (bone-in) (P<0.05), jowl (P<0.05), sirloin (P<0.10), and kidneys (P<0.01). These results showed the potential of the H-FABP gene in marker-assisted selection programs for carcass traits in pigs.
Consumo, desempenho e parâmetros econômicos de novilhos Nelore e F1 Brangus x Nelore terminados em pastagens, suplementados com mistura mineral e sal nitrogenado com uréia ou amiréia
Authors: Ítavo L.C.V. , Tolentino T.C.P. , Ítavo C.C.B.F. , Gomes R.C. , Dias A.M. , Silva F.F.
Published: June 2008

Avaliou-se o efeito da suplementação protéica (40% PB) com amiréia ou uréia sobre o consumo de suplemento, desempenho e características econômicas de novilhos terminados em pastagens. Foram utilizados 120 novilhos com 19 meses de idade e 358kg, sendo 60 Nelore e 60 F1 Brangus x Nelore, divididos em três tratamentos com 20 animais, alojados em piquetes de Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu de 10 hectares cada, totalizando 120 hectares, sendo dois piquetes por grupo genético e tratamento, pastejados alternadamente a cada pesagem (42 dias). Os tratamentos consistiram em mistura mineral com amiréia-150S (AM), mistura mineral com uréia+milho+enxofre (UR) e mistura mineral (MM). As médias de consumo de suplemento dos animais F1 foram de 206,1; 145,9 e 73,1g/dia, e as dos animais Nelore, 236,0; 205,1 e 94,3g/dia para os tratamentos AM, UR e MM, respectivamente. Para os novilhos Nelore, houve efeito (P<0,05) do suplemento sobre o peso de abate (PA), sendo a média do tratamento UR, 518,85kg, mais alta que a dos demais, 491,89 e 485,20kg, respectivamente, para AM e MM. Para os novilhos F1, foi significativo o efeito da suplementação protéica (P<0,05), com médias de 515,90 e 520,15kg, respectivamente, para os tratamentos UR e AM. A suplementação protéica proporcionou bom desempenho em animais F1 durante períodos de abundância de forragem. O uso de uréia apresentou melhor viabilidade econômica.
Performance and morphology of intestinal mucosa of broilers fed mannan-oligosaccharides and enzymes
Authors: Oliveira M.C. , Rodrigues E.A. , Marques R.H. , Gravena R.A. , Guandolini G.C. , Moraes V.M.B.
Published: June 2008

The performance and the morphology of intestinal mucosa of broilers fed mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS) and enzymes (E) from one to 21-day-old were evaluated using 750 one-day-old chicks, assigned to a 2 x 2 + 1 factorial design - two levels of MOS (0 and 0.1%), two levels of E (0 and 0.05%) plus an antibiotic positive control diet - performing five treatments of five replications each one. MOS x E interaction was significant for both duodenal (P<0.002 and P<0.002) and ileal (P<0.04 and P<0.05) perimeters and heights of villi, being the values lower in the mucosa of birds fed non-supplemented diets. MOS based-diet determined an increase on perimeter of jejunal villi (P<0.05). Compared with antibiotic treatment group, villi perimeter (P<0.02) and height (P<0.005), and crypt depth (P<0.02) of duodenum of broiler fed MOS were higher. Broilers fed MOS and/or E did not perform better, but higher villi perimeter and height were observed in the intestinal mucosa of those birds.
As contribuições do papel do pai e do irmão do indivíduo com necessidades especiais na visão sistêmica da família
Authors: Nunes Célia Cristina , Silva Nancy Capretz Batista da , Aiello Ana Lúcia Rossito
Published: June 2008

O presente artigo revê a literatura sobre as principais contribuições do pai e do irmão do indivíduo com necessidades especiais tendo como base a visão sistêmica da família. O objetivo é aprofundar o tema famílias de indivíduos deficientes, focalizando aqueles elementos que têm sido deixados em segundo plano nos estudos da área, pai e irmão, mostrando sua importância no desenvolvimento desses indivíduos. Assim, são discutidos aspectos da relação pai-indivíduo com necessidades especiais e irmão-indivíduo com necessidades especiais existentes na literatura, elucidando os desafios práticos e metodológicos de estudos investigando tais relações. Espera-se contribuir, nesta análise, para o aumento de interesse na referida área.
Barreiras à promoção da criatividade no ensino fundamental
Authors: Alencar Eunice M. L. Soriano de , Fleith Denise de Souza
Published: June 2008

O objetivo deste estudo é investigar a percepção de professores do ensino fundamental sobre barreiras que os dificultam a propiciar condições favoráveis ao desenvolvimento da capacidade criativa de seus alunos. Participaram do estudo 398 professores de 1ª a 4ª série do ensino fundamental, de escolas públicas e particulares localizadas no Plano Piloto de Brasília e em outras regiões administrativas do Distrito Federal, os quais responderam a uma checklist de barreiras à promoção da criatividade em sala de aula. As barreiras mais indicadas foram relativas ao aluno, como elevado número de alunos em sala de aula e alunos com dificuldades de aprendizagem. Um maior número de barreiras foi apontado por professores de escolas públicas localizadas em regiões administrativas do Distrito Federal distantes do Plano Piloto de Brasília e que lecionavam na 3ª série.
Avaliação de um modelo de intervenção psicológica para meninas vítimas de abuso sexual
Authors: Habigzang Luísa F. , Hatzenberger Roberta , Dala Corte Fabiana , Stroeher Fernanda , Koller Sílvia
Published: June 2008

O abuso sexual contra crianças e adolescentes é considerado um importante problema de saúde pública. Dessa forma, é necessário o desenvolvimento de estudos que avaliem a efetividade de modelos de intervenção psicológica. O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar um modelo de grupoterapia cognitivo-comportamental para meninas vítimas de abuso sexual. Participaram 10 meninas com idade entre 9 e 13 anos, vítimas de pelo menos um episódio de abuso sexual intrafamiliar. O tipo de abuso sexual variou entre os casos, sendo que, em sete, ocorreram manipulação de genitais e assédio e, em três, relações sexuais com penetração. O delineamento utilizado foi medidas repetidas, realizadas antes, durante e depois da intervenção. Foram avaliados sintomas de depressão, ansiedade, estresse e transtorno do estresse pós-traumático. O modelo avaliado é constituído por 20 sessões com atividades semi-estruturadas. Os resultados apontaram a redução significativa dos sintomas e a reestruturação de crenças disfuncionais relacionadas ao abuso.
Pharmacological restraint of captivity giant Amazonian turtle Podocnemis expansa (Testudines, Podocnemididae) with xylazine and propofol
Authors: Santos André Luiz Quagliatto , Bosso Andréa Cristina Scarpa , Alves Júnior José Roberto Ferreira , Brito Fernando Moraes Machado , Pachally José Ricardo , Ávila Junior Raul Henderson
Published: June 2008

PURPOSE: Identify a technique to induce brief sedation and hypnosis in Podocnemis expansa. METHODS: Twenty commercially bred P. expansa, weighing on average 1.2 ± 0.24 kg, were subjected to two protocols: G1 was given 1.5 mg/kg IM of xylazine and 5 mg/kg IV of propofol, while G2 received 1.5 mg/kg IM of xylazine and 10 mg/kg IV of propofol. The drugs were applied, respectively, in the left thoracic member and in the cervical vertebral sinus. Assessments were made of the anesthetic parameters of locomotion, muscle relaxation, response to pain stimuli in the right thoracic members, pelvic members and tail, easy handling and heartbeat, as well as ambient temperature and glycemic level. RESULTS: A consistent hypnotic effect was recorded 49.6 ± 22.1 seconds in G2 and after 58.2 ± 55.1 in G1. All the animals of G2 recovered in 198 minutes, and those of G1 in 156 minutes. CONCLUSION: The hypnosis achieved with these associations was satisfactory, and G1 was as efficient as G2, allowing for the pharmacological restraint for the collection of biological samples, physical examinations and minor surgeries on these species.
Ileostomy or colostomy for temporary decompression of colorectal anastomosis: systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Güenaga Katia Ferreira , Lustosa Suzana Angélica Silva , Saad Sarhan Sydney , Saconato Humberto , Matos Delcio
Published: June 2008

PURPOSE: The controversy regarding whether loop ileostomy or loop transverse colostomy is a better method for temporary decompression of colorectal anastomosis motivated this review. METHODS: Five randomized trials were included, with 334 patients: 168 in the loop ileostomy group and 166 in the loop transverse colostomy group. The outcomes analyzed were: 1. Mortality; 2. Wound infection; 3. Time of stoma formation; 4. Time of stoma closure; 5. Time interval between stoma formation and closure; 6. Stoma prolapse; 7. Stoma retraction; 8. Parastomal hernia; 9. Parastomal fistula; 10. Stenosis; 11. Necrosis; 12. Skin irritation; 13. Ileus; 14. Bowel leakage; 15. Reoperation; 16. Patient adaptation; 17. Length of hospital stay; 18. Colorectal anastomotic dehiscence; 19. Incisional hernia; 20. Postoperative bowel obstruction. RESULTS: Stoma prolapse was statistically significant (p = 0.00001), but with statistical heterogeneity; the sensitive analysis was applied, excluding the trials that included emergency surgery, and this showed: p = 0.02, with I² = 0% for the heterogeneity test. CONCLUSIONS: The outcomes reported were not statistically or clinically significant except for stoma prolapse. Better evidence for making the choice between loop ileostomy or loop colostomy requires large-scale randomized controlled trials.
Direito a saúde: o papel de diferentes sujeitos sociais no exercício da cidadania
Authors: Moura Erly Catarina
Published: June 2008

Além de poder refletir sobre a questão da cidadania e do poder institucional pretendo, neste trabalho, retratar as diferentes percepções que diferentes sujeitos sociais/institucionais, vinculados a uma unidade básica de saúde, têm sobre a saúde na perspectiva de contribuir para a consolidação do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), enquanto caminho para a Reforma Sanitária. Neste sentido, a teoria da problematização-ação foi aplicada à comunidade usuária do Centro de Saúde Escola Jardim Campos Elíseos, visando à eleição de determinadas ações para resolver parte dos problemas existentes. Este trabalho mostra que é possível manter a luta contra-hegemônica na busca da igualdade social mesmo em cenários não favoráveis.
Assistência integral à saúde da criança no Brasil: implicações para o ensino e a prática da enfermagem pediátrica
Authors: Rocha Semiramis Melani Melo , Lima Regina Aparecida Garcia de , Scochi Carmen Gracinda Silvan
Published: June 2008

Neste artigo, as autoras discutem o significado que vem sendo atribuído ao termo assistência integral a saúde da criança e do adolescente, apontando suas várias interpretações em busca de superar a fragmentação da assistência. Inicialmente, apresentam as articulações entre o movimento de proteção à criança e a sociedade em geral, em seguida, as diretrizes políticas da assistência à criança e ao adolescente no Brasil contemporâneo. Na segunda parte, discutem as estratégias da enfermagem para apreender a criança em seus aspectos biológicos, em sua subjetividade e em sua dimensão social. Concluem que as necessidades atuais de assistência à criança hospitalizada convergem para: - a apreensão da criança em seus aspectos orgânicos e em sua subjetividade;- o envolvimento dos pais e da família no processo de promoção, prevenção, diagnóstico, terapêutica, e de reabilitação; - organização do trabalho em equipes multidisciplinares e multiprofissionais; - compreensão das instituições de saúde como espaços de produção de serviços onde se estabelecem relações sociais complexas. Portanto, a assistência integral não pode ser tomada de uma forma idealizada, no plano teórico, como uma mistura de referenciais teóricos que vão desde a ecologia até biologia molecular. Ela implica em um árduo trabalho de construção concreta e cotidiana de interação, com determinação política de implementar mudanças.
O significado do trabalho em funerárias sob a perspectiva do trabalhador
Authors: Souza Kátia Cristina Caparroz de , Boemer Magali Roseira
Published: June 2008

A proposta do presente estudo foi buscar a essência do significado do trabalho em funerária, sob a perspectiva do trabalhador. Utilizando o referencial teórico-metodológico da fenomenologia foi possível, através da análise dos depoimentos dos trabalhadores, desvelar facetas que integram a essência do exercício de sua profissão. Os trabalhadores são conscientes do constrangimento e desconforto gerado pelo seu trabalho às pessoas de sua família e sociedade. Tal trabalho se mostra a eles como preocupante na medida em que os expõem à riscos de saúde e penoso, dado o lidar com o corpo humano afetado em sua integridade. Os resultados constituem-se em subsídios relevantes para a saúde do trabalhador.
A mudança, a resistência e a persistência dos técnicos do NEPI de um ex- distrito de saúde do município de São Paulo
Authors: Alexandre Lourdes Bernadete dos S. P. , Salum Maria Josefina Leuba
Published: June 2008

O trabalho tomou como objeto de estudo o trajeto dos Núcleos de Epidemiologia Pesquisa e Informação (NEPI) do antigo Distrito de Saúde Tucuruvi/ Jaçanã, período 1991-1996. Adotou como referência a categoria modelo tecno-assistencial, reconhecendo o objeto de estudo na relação dos sujeitos sociais com a gestão pública e desdobramentos na saúde e com os saberes/práticas nucleares inscritos na realidade estudada. Dois projetos políticos distintos nutriram a trajetória dos NEPIs. Os NEPIs nasceram, em 1991, na gestão Erundina, sob a experiência da distritalizaçâo. Cresceram, até 1993, em torno de experiências fundadas nas tradicionais atividades de vigilância epidemiológica na perspectiva de transitar para a vigilância à saúde. A interrupção formal da municipalização, no início da gestão Maluf, não foi suficiente para desviar a rota de estruturação dos NEPIs. Sobreviveram até 1996, resguardados pelos conteúdos e práticas construídos na gestão anterior. Mesmo limitados rumo à implantação da vigilância à saúde, aperfeiçoaram-se no processamento da informação, mantendo minimamente as atividades clássicas de Vigilância Epidemiológica. As evidências deste trajeto de "sobrevivência" estão demarcadas na Instrução Normativa 003/96, publicada no final da gestão Maluf, que privilegia atividades iniciadas na gestão Erundina. A trajetória destes NEPIs foi inquestionavelmente estruturada pela mudança e resistência de todos e de cada um. No limite de suas forças, ainda que por vezes confusos, mantiveram-se coesos e, num movimento de reação coletiva, não se frtaram a integrar "um novo modo de pensar e agir em saúde".
Habilidades de auto proteção acerca do abuso sexual em mulheres com deficiência mental
Authors: Barros Roberta Dias de , Williams Lúcia Cavalcanti de Albulquerque , Brino Rachel de Faria
Published: June 2008

Tendo em vista o crescente número de casos de abuso sexual que vêm sendo denunciados e a vulnerabilidade de algumas populações específicas, como por exemplo, a população de pessoas com Necessidades Educacionais Especiais, mais especificamente os deficientes mentais, esse estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar as habilidades de proteção contra o abuso sexual desses indivíduos. Para isso, foi realizada uma entrevista estruturada, que consistiu em um instrumento traduzido "What If Situation Test"( Teste de Situações "E Se"), com seis mulheres com idades entre 18 e 50 anos. Pôde-se perceber pela análise dos resultados que as participantes não tinham um repertório de habilidades de auto proteção adequado para se protegerem em situações potencialmente abusivas do ponto de vista sexual. De acordo com os dados obtidos, as participantes foram capazes de discriminar as situações apropriadas das situações inapropriadas, ou seja, elas reconheceram quais situações lhes colocam em risco de sofrer abuso sexual. Em contrapartida, elas não foram capazes de se retirar de uma situação inapropriada e não reportaram tal situação a pessoas de confiança, o que justifica afirmar que elas apresentam um déficit em seu repertório de habilidades de auto proteção. Esse estudo apóia a literatura ao confirmar que essa é uma população vulnerável em relação ao abuso sexual e permite ampliar a discussão sobre a necessidade de programas de prevenção para a mesma.
Localização especial de estímulos sonoros em indivíduos cegos congênitos: estudo comparativo da posição tridimensional da cabeça em adultos cegos congênitos e indivíduos videntes
Authors: Gerente Juliana Gonçalves da Silva , Pascoal Augusto Gil , Pereira Maria Leonor Moniz
Published: June 2008

A capacidade para localizar objetos fixos ou em movimento no espaço tridimensional depende da função visual. No indivíduo cego, as modalidades sensoriais remanescentes, nomeadamente a audição, poderiam compensar a visão na localização espacial. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o papel da audição no mecanismo de localização espacial por meio da habilidade de orientar de forma precisa a cabeça face à fonte sonora. Cinco adultos cegos congênitos foram comparados com cinco sujeitos videntes vendados. A tarefa consistiu na orientação da cabeça ao estímulo sonoro, emitido por sete fontes diferentes, com localização fixa. A posição tridimensional da cabeça e tronco foi registrada por um sistema de varredura eletromagnético (Flock of Birds System). Para cada som produzido foi calculado o "erro de localização". Esta medida correspondeu à diferença entre o registro da posição obtido durante o teste e durante uma posição de controle. Os resultados revelaram que nos indivíduos cegos congênitos a magnitude de erro de localização dos estímulos auditivos foi superior aos indivíduos videntes. Conclui-se que a representação mental formada com base na visão constitui um dos pré-requisitos para um bom desempenho nas tarefas espaciais.
Brazilian version of the Body Dysmorphic Disorder Examination
Authors: Jorge Renata Trajano Borges , Sabino Neto Miguel , Natour Jamil , Veiga Daniela Francescato , Jones Anamaria , Ferreira Lydia Masako
Published: June 2008

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Body image improvement is considered to be the main reason for undergoing plastic surgery. The objective was to translate the Body Dysmorphic Disorder Examination (BDDE) into Brazilian Portuguese and to adapt and validate this questionnaire for use in Brazil. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional survey, at the Department of Plastic Surgery of Universidade Federal de São Paulo. METHODS: The BDDE was first translated into Portuguese and then back-translated into English. These translations were then discussed by healthcare professionals in order to establish the final Brazilian version. In a second stage, the validity and reliability of the BDDE were assessed. For this, patients were initially interviewed by two interviewers and subsequently, by only one of these interviewers. On the first occasion, in addition to the BDDE, the body shape questionnaire (BSQ) and the Rosenberg self-esteem scale were also applied. These questionnaires were applied to 90 patients. RESULTS: Six questions were modified during the assessment of cultural equivalence. Cronbach's alpha was 0.89 and the intraclass correlation coefficients for interobserver and test-retest reliability were 0.91 and 0.87, respectively. Pearson's coefficient showed no correlation between the BDDE and the Rosenberg self-esteem scale (0.22), whereas there was a moderate correlation between the BDDE and the BSQ (0.64). CONCLUSIONS: The BDDE was successfully translated and adapted, with good internal consistency, reliability and construct validity.
Prophylaxis for iron deficiency anemia using ferrous sulfate among infants followed up at a primary healthcare unit in the municipality of Embu-SP (2003/2004)
Authors: Shibukawa André Fernando , Silva Edina Mariko Koga da , Ichiki Wilson André , Strufaldi Maria Wany Louzada , Puccini Rosana Fiorini
Published: June 2008

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Iron deficiency anemia is an important public health problem in Brazil. In the municipality of Embu, a population study in 1996 found anemia prevalence of 68.5% among children aged one to two years. From these data, prescription of prophylactic ferrous sulfate was instituted in 1998 for children under two years old followed up within the children's healthcare program. After five years of intervention, the prevalence of anemia and associated factors were investigated among children aged 12 to 18 months to whom guidance for prophylactic ferrous sulfate use had been given. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study covering October 2003 to June 2004 at a primary healthcare unit in Embu. METHODS: A randomized sample of children aged 12 to 18 months to whom guidance for prophylactic ferrous sulfate use had been given was obtained. Hemoglobin was measured in capillary blood, using HemoCue® apparatus. Hemoglobin < 11 g/100 dl was taken to indicate anemia. RESULTS: The sample comprised 118 children and anemia was found in 41.5%. There was no statistically significant association between anemia presence and the variables of sex, birth weight, neonatal intercurrences, chronic diseases, breastfeeding or iron supplementation use. There was a statistically significant association (p = 0.03) between anemia presence and per capita income, such that the higher the income was, the lower the prevalence of anemia was. CONCLUSION: The prophylaxis program against iron deficiency anemia did not achieve the expected results. New strategies must be considered in the light of the magnitude of the problem.
Labor analgesia with ropivacaine added to clonidine: a randomized clinical trial
Authors: Nakamura Giane , Ganem Eliana Marisa , Módolo Norma Sueli Pinheiro , Rugolo Ligia Maria Suppo de Souza , Castiglia Yara Marcondes Machado
Published: June 2008

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Previous studies have led to speculation that the association between ropivacaine and clonidine might be more effective than ropivacaine alone. We examined the maternal-fetal effects of two pharmacological approaches: a low dose of ropivacaine or a lower dose of ropivacaine plus clonidine for epidural analgesia during labor. DESIGN AND SETTING: Prospective study at Department of Anesthesiology, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista. METHODS: Thirty-two pregnant women in American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I and II randomly underwent epidural analgesia using 15 ml of ropivacaine 0.125% (R group) or 15 ml of ropivacaine 0.0625% plus 75 µg clonidine (RC group). Pain intensity, sensory block level, latency time, motor block intensity, duration of labor analgesia and duration of epidural analgesia were evaluated. The newborns were evaluated using Apgar scores and the Amiel-Tison method (neurological and adaptive capacity score). RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences between the groups regarding pain score, sensory block level, duration of epidural analgesia or Apgar score. The latency time, duration of labor analgesia and motor block were R group < RC group. The half-hour and two-hour neurological and adaptive capacity scores were higher in the R group. All of the R group newborns and 75% of the RC group newborns were found to be neurologically healthy at the 24-hour examination. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences between the groups regarding pain score, sensory block level, duration of epidural analgesia or Apgar score. The latency time, duration of labor analgesia and motor block were R group < RC group. The half-hour and two-hour neurological and adaptive capacity scores were higher in the R group. All of the R group newborns and 75% of the RC group newborns were found to be neurologically healthy at the 24-hour examination. CONCLUSION: Both low-dose ropivacaine and a lower dose plus clonidine relieved maternal pain during obstetric labor. Newborns of mothers who received only ropivacaine showed better neurological and adaptive capacity scores.
Late presentation of posterior urethral valve: two case reports
Authors: Jesus Carlos Márcio Nóbrega de , Trindade Filho José Carlos de Souza , Goldberg José
Published: June 2008

CONTEXT: Posterior urethral valve (PUV) is a widely known condition affecting males that generally presents prenatally or at birth. PUVs have also been occasionally described in literature in cases diagnosed during adolescence or adulthood. CASE REPORT: This report presents two late PUV cases, one in a teenager and the other in an adult. Both cases had had clinical signs of urinary tract infection and obstructive urinary symptoms. The diagnoses were made by means of voiding cystourethrography and urethrocystoscopy. Endoscopic valve fulguration was the treatment chosen for both. Their follow-up was uneventful.
The needs of members of the families of general hospital inpatients
Authors: Lucchese Ana Cecília , Citero Vanessa de Albuquerque , De Marco Mario Alfredo , Andreoli Sergio Baxter , Nogueira-Martins Luiz Antonio
Published: June 2008

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: The needs of members of the families of intensive care unit patients have been studied, but little is known about the needs of members of the families of general hospital inpatients, especially patients with chronic diseases. The aim of this study was to identify the needs of members of the families of general hospital inpatients and investigate associations between these needs and the patients' clinical and psychiatric profiles. DESIGN AND SETTING: Descriptive study, in a public teaching hospital. METHODS: A random sample of 47 patients and members of their families was studied. Family members' needs were investigated using the critical care family needs inventory and the patients' clinical profiles were investigated using the hospital anxiety and depression scale, confusion assessment method and Karnofsky performance status. The frequencies of family members' needs were described and the patients' clinical and psychiatric characteristics were correlated with the needs using the chi-squared test. RESULTS: Chronic patients predominated and the needs for reassurance and information were indicated as the most important by all members of their families. No associations were found between the patients' characteristics and the needs of members of their families during the hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS: The needs indicated by members of the families of general hospital inpatients were similar to those of members of the families of patients in intensive care units: they considered it very important to be reassured and kept informed throughout the hospitalization.
Evidence for benefits from treating cervical ectopy: literature review
Authors: Machado Junior Luís Carlos , Dalmaso Ana Sílvia Whitaker , Carvalho Heráclito Barbosa de
Published: June 2008

CONTEXT AND PURPOSE: Uterine cervical ectopy (cervical erosion) is today considered to be a physiological condition, but there still seems to be a strong tendency towards treating it. The purpose of this study was to review the medical literature for evidence regarding benefits from treating cervical ectopy. METHODS: The following databases were reviewed: Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (Medline), Excerpta Medica Database (Embase), Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (Lilacs) and Cochrane Library databases. In addition, six medical textbooks were consulted. RESULTS: The review showed that: 1) there is probably an association between ectopy and higher risk of Chlamydia trachomatis, human papillomavirus and human immunodeficiency virus infection; 4) there is probably an association between ectopy and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia; 5) there is an association between ectopy and mucous discharge and nocturia; and 6) there is no evidence of an association between ectopy and cervical cancer, or of protection against cervical cancer associated with ectopy treatment. CONCLUSIONS: 1) No data were found in the medical literature to support routine treatment for ectopy; 2) Treatment could be recommended for symptom relief, but more symptoms are attributed to ectopy than could be demonstrated in a controlled study; 3) Further studies to test the hypothesis of protection against cervical cancer associated with treatment are necessary.
A road safety management system for medium-sized towns
Authors: Carvalheira C. G. , Picado-Santos L.
Published: June 2008

Of all the EU countries, Portugal has one of the highest rates of fatalities and injuries per 1000 inhabitants as a result of road accidents. Most (60%) of the accidents involving personal injury occur in urban areas. The main reason for this is the chaotic road environment, resulting in complete confusion for vulnerable road users and vehicles. All users need a road network that they can better understand. A road safety management system has been developed in Coimbra, which is a medium-sized Portuguese town of 200 000 inhabitants. The system is basically a road accidents database that is linked to the road network model, the main piece of the geographical information system used to track road accidents. After identification of accident accumulation spots, infrastructure treatment is prioritised by the use of a ‘risk index’ for each site. Each spot is audited, focusing mainly on road layout and signs. As a result, low-cost countermeasures can be proposed to city councils as a way of reducing road accidents. The paper describes the relevant features of all the procedures and presents results for two spots, with a before/after effectiveness analysis.
Community road safety education: an international perspective
Authors: Bradbury A. , Quimby A.
Published: June 2008

The World Health Organisation forecasts that road crashes will be the third most frequent cause of death and disability worldwide by 2020. More than a million people are killed on the roads every year, with 85% of road traffic deaths and injuries occurring in low-income countries. Non-motorised road users are particularly at risk–500 children die every day in road crashes and in many developing countries 40–50% of those killed in road crashes are pedestrians. The UK Department for International Development (DFID) has a long history of commissioning research into improved road safety, including the development of road safety education (RSE) resource materials for use in the school curriculum. However, it is widely recognised that in developing countries not all children attend school, that parents and other members of the community have a significant influence on the behaviour of children and that adults themselves may not have benefited from any formal education. DFID’s developing emphasis on poverty, livelihoods and sustainability issues suggested the need for a broader ‘community’ approach to road user education. This paper provides a review of such programmes, comparing developed with developing country practices, and a summary of empirical research undertaken in Africa and Asia using ‘participatory’ research techniques to test the effectiveness and durability of community RSE programmes, especially among high-risk vulnerable road users.
A Primer on Copulas for Count Data
Authors: Genest Christian , Nešlehová Johanna
Published: June 2008

The authors review various facts about copulas linking discrete distributions. They show how the possibility of ties that results from atoms in the probability distribution invalidates various familiar relations that lie at the root of copula theory in the continuous case. They highlight some of the dangers and limitations of an undiscriminating transposition of modeling and inference practices from the continuous setting into the discrete one.
Credibility, Hypothesis Testing and Regression Software
Authors: Taylor Greg
Published: June 2008

It has been known since Zehnwirth (1977) that a scalar credibility coefficient is closely related to the F-statistic of an analysis of variance between and within risk clauses. The F-statistic may also be viewed as testing a certain regression structure, associated with credibility framework, against the null hypothesis of a simpler structure.

This viewpoint is extended to multi-dimensional credibility frameworks in which the credibility coefficient is a matrix (Sections 3 and 4), and to hierarchical regression credibility frameworks (Section 6). In each case the credibility coefficient is expressed in terms of the F-statistic that tests the significance of a defined regression structure against a simpler one.

Section 5 points out how the computation may be implemented in certain cases by means of regression software.
The potential of bio-methane as bio-fuel/bio-energy for reducing greenhouse gas emissions: a qualitative assessment for Europe in a life cycle perspective
Authors: Tilche Andrea , Galatola Michele
Published: June 2008

Anaerobic digestion is a well known process that (while still capable of showing new features) has experienced several waves of technological development. It was “born” as a wastewater treatment system, in the 1970s showed promise as an alternative energy source (in particular from animal waste), in the 1980s and later it became a standard for treating organic-matter-rich industrial wastewater, and more recently returned to the market for its energy recovery potential, making use of different biomasses, including energy crops. With the growing concern around global warming, this paper looks at the potential of anaerobic digestion in terms of reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.

The potential contribution of anaerobic digestion to GHG reduction has been computed for the 27 EU countries on the basis of their 2005 Kyoto declarations and using life cycle data. The theoretical potential contribution of anaerobic digestion to Kyoto and EU post-Kyoto targets has been calculated. Two different possible biogas applications have been considered: electricity production from manure waste, and upgraded methane production for light goods vehicles (from landfill biogas and municipal and industrial wastewater treatment sludges). The useful heat that can be produced as by-product from biogas conversion into electricity has not been taken into consideration, as its real exploitation depends on local conditions. Moreover the amount of biogas already produced via dedicated anaerobic digestion processes has also not been included in the calculations. Therefore the overall gains achievable would be even higher than those reported here.

This exercise shows that biogas may considerably contribute to GHG emission reductions in particular if used as a biofuel. Results also show that its use as a biofuel may allow for true negative GHG emissions, showing a net advantage with respect to other biofuels. Considering also energy crops that will become available in the next few years as a result of Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) reform, this study shows that biogas has the potential of covering almost 50% of the 2020 biofuel target of 10% of all automotive transport fuels, without implying a change in land use. Moreover, considering the achievable GHG reductions, a very large carbon emission trading “value” could support the investment needs.

However, those results were obtained through a “qualitative” assessment. In order to produce robust data for decision makers, a quantitative sustainability assessment should be carried out, integrating different methodologies within a life cycle framework. The identification of the most appropriate policy for promoting the best set of options is then discussed.
Real-time quantifications of dominant anaerobes in an upflow reactor by polymerase chain reaction using a TaqMan probe
Authors: Liang D. W. , Zhang T. , Fang H. H. P.
Published: June 2008

This study was conducted to demonstrate the application of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) for the quantification of dominant bacteria in an anaerobic reactor using a designed TaqMan probe. A novel group of uncultured thermophilic bacteria affiliated with Thermotogales was first found in a phenol-degrading sludge from a 55°C upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor, which effectively removed 99% of phenol at loading of 0.51 g-phenol l−1 d−1 h of hydraulic retention. A TaqMan probe was then designed targeting this group of Thermotogales affiliated bacteria (TAB), and used to monitor its concentration in the reactors. Results showed that the TAB population in the 55°C reactor increased proportional to the phenol degrading rate. Results also showed that the TAB population ranged 3.5–9.9% in the 55°C phenol-degrading sludge, but only 0.0044% in the 37°C sludge and 0.000086% in the 26°C sludge.
Problems of operation and main reasons for failure of membranes in tertiary treatment systems
Authors: Lazarova Valentina , Gallego Silvia , García Molina Verónica , Rougé Philippe
Published: June 2008

This paper presents the results of the long-term operation and monitoring of membrane fouling at several full-scale MF/RO water recycling facilities operated by Agbar in Spain. It was demonstrated that membranes give very reliable treatment enabling the production of high-grade recycled water, well disinfected and with the removal of all priority substances. The high organic and salt concentrations of raw wastewater combined to extremely high variations justified the implementation of sand filtration to protect MF/RO membranes. Membrane autopsy was used to better understand the predominant fouling mechanisms and optimise down-stream operation and membrane cleaning strategy. The main membrane pathologies are described with recommendation of an adequate cleaning strategy.
Nonpoint source pollution management for the multipurpose dam watersheds
Authors: Choi J.-Y.
Published: June 2008

Main pollution sources in multipurpose dam watersheds in Korea are highland fields, stream banks, livestock farms, roads, and construction sites. Specifically, highland fields are the major nonpoint pollution sources. Excessive organic chemicals such as fertilizer and pesticide can be exuded from the land, and the area is likely to be eroded by heavy rain. Fallow, conservative cultivation, and covering can be alternatives for soil protection and reinforcement. In addition to these, construction of detour waterways and improvement of irrigation method can minimize the impact of runoff. In the case of slope in 15% degree or more, prohibiting cultivation and restoring the surface is preferred to improving cultivation method in order to control nonpoint pollution sources efficiently.
Long-term eutrophication diagnosis of a high altitude body of water, Zimapán Reservoir, Mexico
Authors: Bravo-Inclán L. A. , Saldaña-Fabela M. P. , Sánchez-Chávez J. J.
Published: June 2008

Zimapán Reservoir is located in the central plateau of Mexico. Its main purpose is the generation of electric energy, and it has a high mean depth (52.40 m). The reservoir has two tributaries: the Tula River, which receives the wastewater of Mexico City, and agricultural run-off; and the San Juan River, with municipal and industrial wastewater. The population growth together with the dry climate are generating pressure on the water resource. The purpose of this study is to characterize the trophic state of Zimapán Reservoir and its trend on a five year study. It is warm with the presence of thermocline between 8 and 14 m. It was found hypereutrophic for the nutrient concentration (average TP and TN of 1,381 and 5,977 μg·L−1, respectively), and eu-hypereutrophic in case of the Secchi disk (1.94 m) and the chlorophyll concentration (38 μg·L−1). The trend analysis showed and increment of nutrients in the period, but a decrement in Secchi disk and chlorophyll results. Nutrients are present in a very high concentration. The reservoir is gradually increasing its trophic state condition.
Assessment of velocity fields through open-channel flows with an empiric law
Authors: Bardiaux J. B. , Vazquez J. , Mosé R.
Published: June 2008

Most sewer managers are currently confronted with the evaluation of the water discharges, that flow through their networks or go to the discharge system, i.e. rivers in the majority of cases. In this context, the Urban Hydraulic Systems laboratory of the ENGEES is working on the relation between velocity fields and metrology assessment through a partnership with the Fluid and Solid Mechanics Institute of Strasbourg (IMFS). The responsibility is clearly to transform a velocity profile measurement, given by a Doppler sensor developed by the IMFS team, into a water discharge evaluation. The velocity distribution in a cross section of the flow in a channel has attracted the interests of many researchers over the years, due to its practical applications. In the case of free surface flows in narrow open channels the maximum velocity is below the free surface. This phenomenon, usually called “dip-phenomenon”, amongst other things, raises the problem of the area explored in the section of measurements. The work presented here tries to create a simple relation making possible to associate the flow with the velocity distribution. This step allows to insert the sensor position into the flow calculation
Simulation of the wastewater temperature in sewers with TEMPEST
Authors: Dürrenmatt David J. , Wanner Oskar
Published: June 2008

TEMPEST is a new interactive simulation program for the estimation of the wastewater temperature in sewers. Intuitive graphical user interfaces assist the user in managing data, performing calculations and plotting results. The program calculates the dynamics and longitudinal spatial profiles of the wastewater temperature in sewer lines. Interactions between wastewater, sewer air and surrounding soil are modeled in TEMPEST by mass balance equations, rate expressions found in the literature and a new empirical model of the airflow in the sewer. TEMPEST was developed as a tool which can be applied in practice, i.e., it requires as few input data as possible. These data include the upstream wastewater discharge and temperature, geometric and hydraulic parameters of the sewer, material properties of the sewer pipe and surrounding soil, ambient conditions, and estimates of the capacity of openings for air exchange between sewer and environment. Based on a case study it is shown how TEMPEST can be applied to estimate the decrease of the downstream wastewater temperature caused by heat recovery from the sewer. Because the efficiency of nitrification strongly depends on the wastewater temperature, this application is of practical relevance for situations in which the sewer ends at a nitrifying wastewater treatment plant.
Quality of Web-Based Information on Cannabis Addiction
Authors: Khazaal Yasser , Chatton Anne , Cochand Sophie , Zullino Daniele
Published: June 2008

This study evaluated the quality of Web-based information on cannabis use and addiction and investigated particular content quality indicators. Three keywords (“cannabis addiction,” “cannabis dependence,” and “cannabis abuse”) were entered into two popular World Wide Web search engines. Websites were assessed with a standardized proforma designed to rate sites on the basis of accountability, presentation, interactivity, readability, and content quality. “Health on the Net” (HON) quality label, and DISCERN scale scores were used to verify their efficiency as quality indicators. Of the 94 Websites identified, 57 were included. Most were commercial sites. Based on outcome measures, the overall quality of the sites turned out to be poor. A global score (the sum of accountability, interactivity, content quality and esthetic criteria) appeared as a good content quality indicator. While cannabis education Websites for patients are widespread, their global quality is poor. There is a need for better evidence-based information about cannabis use and addiction on the Web.
Does the Impact of Anti-Drinking and Driving Public Service Announcements Differ Based on Message Type and Viewer Characteristics?
Authors: Santa Annesa Flentje , Cochran Bryan N.
Published: June 2008

The purpose of this study was to inform future Public Service Announcement (PSA) development by examining the potential effectiveness of different types of anti-driving under the influence (DUI) PSAs for persons with different characteristics. PSAs utilizing empathy, fear, and informational approaches were shown to persons recruited from psychology courses ( n = 137) and individuals that were mandated to treatment following a DUI offense ( n = 17). The empathy approach was perceived to be the most effective and evoked the most negative affect, followed by fear and informational approaches. Less experience with DUI, lower sensation seeking, higher motivation to change, and higher perception of dangerousness of DUI all emerged as good predictors of higher perceived effectiveness of anti-DUI PSAs. Gender differences in perceived effectiveness were examined for fear and empathy PSAs, with inconclusive findings.
Substitute Addiction: A Concern for Researchers and Practitioners
Authors: Sussman Steve , Black David S.
Published: June 2008

An understanding of the role of substitute addictions remains unclear. This article examines the range and possible reward functions of substitute addictions. We suggest that prevention education and treatment need to take into account substitute addictions as an influential aspect of recovery. Research is needed to better understand the prevalence and functions of, and solutions to substitute addictions.