bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Macular Holes: Main Clinical Presentations, Diagnosis, and Therapies
Authors: Premi Elias , Donati Simone , Azzi Lorenzo , Porta Giovanni , Metrangolo Cristian , Fontanel Liviana , Morescalchi Francesco , Azzolini Claudio
Published: April 2022

Macular holes are a spectrum of retinal diseases that comprehends full-thickness macular holes (FTMHs), refractory/recurrent macular holes, lamellar macular holes (LMHs), myopic macular holes (MMHs), traumatic macular holes, and macular holes secondary to other retinal pathologies or injuries. There are various classifications of the subtypes of macular hole, and only in recent times researchers defined a common nomenclature, especially thanks to the evolution in retinal imaging, offered by new instruments like the swept-source OCT. The proposed therapies for macular holes are different and range from a “wait-and-see” approach to the vitrectomy, with different results in each subtype of macular hole. This narrative review has the purpose to investigate the available evidence in literature to give a summary of the knowledge about these retinal pathologies.
Educational Information Refinement with Application Using Massive-Scale Data Mining
Authors: Song Cai
Published: April 2022

In the manuscript, we propose a novel online learning mechanism based on educational data mining. By leveraging the computer-assisted information-based learning guidance platform, we collect the relevant information of students’ login platform and resource browsing. Subsequently, we preprocess these students’ login data based on which the statistical analysis of students’ login and resource browsing habits are learned through a decision-making mechanism. The decision tree algorithm discovers the underlying factors that influence it from million-scale real-world instructors/students. In this way, instructors and teaching staff can effectively grasp the learning process of students according to the analyzing results. Based on this, the target teaching content integration and teaching model construction can be realized accordingly. This can substantially improve the effectiveness and quality of online learning. In the evaluation stage, we observe that the strategy to deploy a virtual lab environment vigorously brings greater flexibility in the allocation of computing resources to educational institutions. In an ideal sandboxed laboratory context, students can obtain and create an internal network and then have accession to all the computers conveniently. By doing so, gathering savvy skills gives them the workability to build architectures based on mined data. In this work, we adopt the so-called EDUCloud to provide a personal cloud network connection that can flexibly deploy the mined laboratory-related data to facilitate online learning between instructors and students.
Sensor Selection for Hybrid AOA-TOA Localization with Correlated Measurement Noise in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Zhou Rongyan , Chen Jianfeng , Tan Weijie , Yuan Haobo , Cai Chang
Published: April 2022

Underwater target localization is the most crucial part of the underwater wireless sensor network (UWSN). Due to limited communication range and energy constraints in underwater scenarios, only a subset of sensors can be selected to localize. This paper investigates the sensor selection schemes for hybrid angle-of-arrival (AOA) and time-of-arrival (TOA) localization in the underwater scenario. We first develop the Cramér-Rao lower bound (CRLB) for the hybrid AOA-TOA localization with correlated measurement noise model with Gaussian priors, and a Boolean vector is introduced to denote the selected sensors for hybrid measurement. Secondly, the sensor selection schemes are formulated as an optimization problem, and the optimality criterion is to minimize the trace of CRLB. The original nonconvex problem has been modified to the semidefinite problem program (SDP) by convex relaxation, and then, a randomization algorithm is chosen to advance the result of the SDP method. Finally, simulations verify that the proposed algorithm approaches the exhaustive search algorithm, and the effect of correlated measurement noise on the estimation performance in the hybrid localization system is proved.
Effects of EMG-Controlled Video Games on the Upper Limb Functionality in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis: A Feasibility Study and Development Description
Authors: Oña Edwin Daniel , Marcos-Antón Selena , Copaci Dorin-Sabin , Arias Janeth , Cano-de-la-Cuerda Roberto , Jardón Alberto
Published: April 2022

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common inflammatory neurological disease in young adults, with a high prevalence worldwide (2.8 million people). To aid in the MS treatment, using VR tools in cognitive and motor rehabilitation of such disease has been growing progressively in the last years. However, the role of VR as a rehabilitative tool in MS treatment is still under debate. This paper explores the effects of VR training using EMG activation in upper limb functionality. An experimental training protocol using video games controlled using an MYO armband sensor was conducted in a sample of patients with MS. Results support the use of EMG-commanded video games as a rehabilitative tool in patients with MS, obtaining favorable outcomes related to upper limb functionality and satisfaction.
Extraction of Radix trichosanthis Polysaccharides for Potential Antihyperlipidemic Application
Authors: Chen Fujia , Xu Yilin , Ding Nana , Li Hongyan , Li Tongbiao , Liu Fengyun , Liang Mengxue , Song Li , Liu Junhe , Li Enzhong , Liu Jiayang
Published: April 2022

This study focused on the optimization of ultrasound‐assisted compound enzyme extraction for polysaccharides (RTPs) from Radix trichosanthis by orthogonal experiment and response surface methodology, and then its extraction kinetics model and antihyperlipidemic activities were studied. The optimum extraction process was as follows: cellulase—1.0%, papain—1.0%, pectase—0.5%, pH—5, extraction temperature—50°C, and liquid‐to‐solid ratio—30 mL/g; prediction value of RTPs was 7.54%; the experimental yield of RTPs was 7.22%, while 50 minutes was optimized in Weibull kinetics model. Then high‐dose groups of RTP extract could reduce the TC, TG, and LDL‐C levels and increase the level of HDL‐C in high‐fat mice, with the ability to lower the MDA content and enhance SOD level.
Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles Fabricated by Euphorbia granulata Forssk’s Extract: Investigating the Antimicrobial, Radical Scavenging, and Catalytic Activities
Authors: Periyasami Govindasami , Palaniappan Selvakumar , Karuppiah Ponmurugan , Rahaman Mostafizur , Karthikeyan Perumal , Aldalbahi Ali , Al-Dhabi Naif Abdullah
Published: April 2022

The plants of Euphorbiaceae have high medicinal values and their phytochemical composition plays a major role in metal ion reduction. In this research, Euphorbia granulata (EG) the “spurge family” plant extract was used to reduce silver ions to silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). This nanoparticle formation was observed by UV‐VIS spectrophotometric analysis at different times and temperatures to achieve the most optimal conditions. The synthesized biogenic silver nanoparticles (EG‐AgNPs) were subjected to FTIR studies. The obtained low‐intensity bands of fingerprint region bands (612 cm-1) and aromatic OH bands (3385 cm-1) are identified that the reduction of silver ions (Ag+) into metallic silver (Ag0) nanoparticles. Further, the charge, size, and morphology of the synthesized EG‐AgNPs were studied using various spectroscopic methods including powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD), high‐resolution scanning electron microscope (HRSEM), FESEM‐EDX elemental mapping, and high‐resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM). The notable efficacy of the EG‐AgNPs in antimicrobial activity including minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) suggested the EG‐AgNPs are noteworthy material for biomedical applications. EG‐AgNPs exhibited an efficient photocatalytic activity by degrading environmental pollutants, methylene blue (MB), and methyl orange (MO) dyes. The antioxidant property by radical scavenging (DPPH) assay of synthesized AgNPs was studied. Furthermore, the studied antioxidant behavior of EG‐AgNPs by DPPH assay strongly supports that the EG‐AgNPs are highly suitable materials for anticancer agents.
On Stackelberg Leader with Min-Max Followers to Solve Fuzzy Continuous Static Games
Authors: Khalifa Hamiden Abd El Wahed , Pamucar Dragan , Alburaikan Alhanouf , Afifi W. A.
Published: April 2022

This study attempts to introduce continuous static games with fuzzy parameters. Piecewise quadratic fuzzy numbers (PQFNs) are used to represent the fuzzy parameters. The close interval approximation of the PQFNs, which is one of the most accurate approximations, is applied. To overcome the problem, Stackelberg leaders with min-max follower’s solutions are examined. The given solution is accompanied by a parametric analysis. An algorithm for identifying the first-kind stability set is presented. Finally, to demonstrate and clarify the method’s steps, a numerical example is given
Awareness of Being at Risk of Stroke and Its Determinant Factors among Hypertensive Patients in Banyumas, Indonesia
Authors: Setyopranoto Ismail , Upoyo Arif Setyo , Isworo Atyanti , Sari Yunita , Vidyanti Amelia Nur
Published: April 2022

Background. The global burden of stroke is still high, particularly in developing countries, with hypertension serving as the main risk factor. The awareness of stroke among hypertensive patients is crucial for stroke prevention. This study was aimed at identifying the awareness of being at risk of stroke and its determinant factors among hypertensive patients in Banyumas, Indonesia. Methods. This was a cross-sectional study conducted in Primary Health Centers (PHCs) in Banyumas Regency, Indonesia, from April to August 2019. A simple random sampling technique was used to select the representatives’ PHCs. Hypertensive patients who came regularly to the PHCs were consecutively recruited. Data were collected through a self-reported questionnaire and medical records. The main outcome was the level of participants’ awareness of being at risk of stroke. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to measure determinant factors associated with the level of awareness. Results. Out of 457 patients investigated, 77.46% had a low level of awareness. Low knowledge of hypertension, low income, and no history of previous stroke were associated with a low-level of awareness (odds ratio (OR) 1.942, 95% CI 1.195-3.158,

p

0.007; OR 2.321, 95% CI 1.326-4.064,

p

0.003; and OR 6.033, 95% CI 2.450-14.858,

p
<
0.001

, respectively). Conclusion. Majority of hypertensive patients were unaware of being at risk of stroke. Knowledge of hypertension, income, and history of previous stroke are factors that may influence the awareness of being at risk of stroke among them. This emphasizes the need to provide better campaigns and education programs to raise the awareness of stroke in a community setting, particularly for the population at risk.
Application of Vagus Nerve Branch Preservation in Thoracoscopic Surgery for Early‐Stage Lung Cancer
Authors: Liu Xiangzheng , Chen Zhimao , Zhang Shijie
Published: April 2022

Background. In this study, we introduced a novel surgical strategy to protect vagal nerve branches during radical thoracoscopic surgery in right lung cancer and explored the effects of vagal nerve branch preservation. Methods. We retrospectively studied 53 patients with right‐sided lung cancer with clinically staged T1N0M0 between 2019 and 2020. All 53 patients were treated with total thoracoscopic lobectomy and mediastinal lymph node dissection in the same number of lymph node stations. Of these, 22 patients adopted a vagus nerve branch protection strategy during lymph node dissection. Another 31 patients were treated with traditional lymph node dissection as the control group. Results. The characteristics of the patients were similar between the two groups. The operation time and intraoperative bleeding in the protection group were longer than those in the control group. However, the protection group had a lower average postoperative pain score and average postoperative hospital stay. The above difference was not statistically significant. Three cases of arrhythmia occurred in the protection group, including 1 case of tachycardia and 2 cases of atrial fibrillation. In the control group, 13 cases of arrhythmia occurred after the operation, including 8 cases of tachycardia and 5 cases of atrial fibrillation. We also tracked changes in the patients’ heart rates throughout the treatment process (excluding patients with arrhythmias). An increased heart rate was observed postoperatively in both groups, but the increase of heart rate of the protection group was smaller than that of the control group; however, the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusions. A vagus nerve branch preservation‐based approach to radical surgery is a safe and feasible strategy for right lung cancer treatment, which could significantly reduce the risk of postoperative arrhythmia in patients and may also have a potential role in reducing the length of hospital stay and maintaining heart rate stability in the postoperative period.
Fuzzy SEIR Epidemic Model of Amoebiasis Infection in Human
Authors: Mpeshe Saul C.
Published: April 2022

Amoebiasis is a disease caused by the protozoan Entamoeba histolytica. It is often asymptomatic but may cause dysentery and invasive extraintestinal infection in humans. To gain an understanding of the disease, a fuzzy SEIR model of amoebiasis infection is presented with the fuzziness introduced in the disease transmission rate, the disease-induced death rate, and the rate of recovery from infection. The basic reproduction number

ℛ

0

v

is computed and used to make a comparison with the fuzzy basic reproduction number

ℛ
0
f

at different amounts of cysts as well as to analyse the stability of equilibrium points. Stability results indicate that the disease-free equilibrium and the endemic equilibrium are locally and globally asymptotically stable. Further, numerical simulations are carried out to illustrate the analytical results of the fuzzy model system. The result shows that whenever there is an outbreak, the disease is likely to persist in the first month and thereafter it will start to slow down to disease-free equilibrium.
Big Data Analysis of Water Saving Standard Based on Bibliometrics
Authors: Bai Xue , Hao Meng , Hu Mengting , Yang Liu
Published: April 2022

At present, water-saving standard is an important technical means to implement national water-saving actions and the strictest water resources management system. In order to analyze the development process and research fields of water-saving standards in China, this paper makes quantitative statistics and qualitative analysis on seven aspects of water-saving standards, such as annual publication, drafting unit, research fields, and progress. The results show that the annual release of water-saving standards generally showed a trend of first rising and then declining, and the release reached its peak in 2017. The contribution of China National Institute of Standardization to the development of water-saving standards is dominant. From the point of view of water department, the water-saving standards in the industrial field are comprehensive. Our finding are helpful to better understand the development process of water-saving standards and provide reference for further improving the water-saving standard system and building a water-saving society.
Bacterial Atlas of Mouse Gut Microbiota
Authors: Chu Mengqi , Zhang Xiaobo
Published: April 2022

Background. Mouse model is one of the most widely used animal models for exploring the roles of human gut microbiota, a complex system involving in human immunity and metabolism. However, the structure of mouse gut bacterial community has not been explored at a large scale. To address this concern, the diversity and composition of the gut bacteria of 600 mice were characterized in this study. Results. The results showed that the bacteria belonging to 8 genera were found in the gut microbiota of all mouse individuals, indicating that the 8 bacteria were the core bacteria of mouse gut microbiota. The dominant genera of the mouse gut bacteria contained 15 bacterial genera. It was found that the bacteria in the gut microbiota were mainly involved in host’s metabolisms via the collaborations between the gut bacteria. The further analysis demonstrated that the composition of mouse gut microbiota was similar to that of human gut microbiota. Conclusion. Our study presented a bacterial atlas of mouse gut microbiota, providing a solid basis for investing the bacterial communities of mouse gut microbiota.
Prophylactic Use of Antibiotics for Postsurgical Infection in c-TACE and DEB-TACE High-Risk Patients: A Case-Control Study
Authors: Li Baojian
Published: April 2022

Objectives. According to recent reports, prophylactic use of antibiotics is not always required in conventional transarterial chemoembolization (c-TACE). However, clinical evidence of prophylactic antibiotics in drug-eluting beads transarterial chemoembolization (DEB-TACE) to prevent postsurgical infection is limited. This study is aimed to evaluate the correlation between the preoperative prophylactic application of antibiotics and postoperative infection in c-TACE or DEB-TACE, especially in a population with a high risk for postsurgical infection. Methods. In this retrospective study, TACE patients diagnosed with hepatic carcinoma (between January 2019 and May 2021) were examined. The case group was given 1.5 g cefuroxime sodium 0.5–1 hour before TACE, while there was no intervention in the control group. The outcomes analyzed were leukocyte count >9.5 × 109/L on the second day after the operation and the diagnosis of infection within one month after the operation. We applied univariate, multivariate logistic regression, trend analysis, and subgroup analysis to find potential risk factors and the necessity of prophylactic antibiotics. Results. Among 142 eligible cases, 72 received antibiotics while 70 were kept as control, 113 cases were treated with c-TACE, and 29 were treated with DEB-TACE. Multivariate analysis showed that the increase in white blood cell count after the operation was related to diabetes (OR 5.112, 95% CI 1.229–21.264, p = 0.025). The occurrence of postoperative infection was negatively correlated with preoperative albumin value (＜25 g/L) (OR 153.118, 95% CI 1.631–14372.331, p = 0.030). Trend analysis showed that the risk of postoperative infection increased with a decrease in serum albumin level (P < 0.05). Subgroup analysis showed that there were no significant differences in the incidence of increased leukocyte count and postoperative infection between the prophylactic and nonprophylactic treatment groups, in the case of diabetes, preoperative albumin levels, and operation mode (P > 0.1). Conclusions. Prophylactic antibiotic treatment before the c-TACE or DEB-TACE had no significant correlation with postoperative leukocyte increase and postoperative infection. Diabetes history and serum albumin levels were the prominent risk factors associated with an increase in postoperative leukocyte count and postoperative infection. Future large-scale studies and randomized-controlled trials are required to confirm and validate this association.
Mechanical Analysis of Posterior Pedicle Screw System Placement and Internal Fixation in the Treatment of Lumbar Fractures
Authors: Mu Shengkai , Wang Jingxu , Gong Shuyi
Published: April 2022

Objective. Image segmentation technology is applied to separate a single vertebra from the three-dimensional model of the spine, so as to separate a single vertebra image with smaller error, higher degree of automation, and better results. The objectives are to study the biomechanical characteristics of posterior short-segment pedicle screw fixation by three-dimensional finite element method, analyze the mechanical characteristics of posterior pedicle screw rod fixation system under different factors, and demonstrate the feasibility of its application in the treatment of lumbar fracture. Methods. The authors searched the database for articles about the treatment of lumbar spine fracture, screw rod internal fixation system, and its mechanical parameters. The threshold segmentation method based on region segmentation method was used to segment the image, and the three-dimensional finite element model was used to analyze the biomechanical characteristics of different posterior internal fixation for lumbar spine fracture. Results. The posterior pedicle internal fixation system for the treatment of multilevel spinal fractures is a mature surgical technique and has fewer postoperative complications. Transpedicle fixation is effective and reliable. It can effectively restore the coronal and sagittal curvature of the vertebral body and restore the stability of the spine better. But the choice of internal fixation method should be individualized based on fracture type, identification of critical and secondary injury sites, and stability assessment. Only after mastering the biomechanical characteristics of the posterior screw rod system for the treatment of lumbar fracture, selecting the appropriate method, and fixing the appropriate movement unit can the best fixation be achieved. Conclusion. Threshold method is the most direct and simple image segmentation method. The core technology of thresholding is the selection of threshold, which will affect the final segmentation effect. The most common segmentation method is to calculate the segmentation threshold by histogram. The threshold method has less computation and good segmentation effect for the image with large contrast between background and target. Posterior pedicle screw rod system internal fixation has the advantages of less trauma, good reduction, reliable fixation, and less complications. The design, placement angle and depth of various internal fixation systems, and the number of fixed segments all show different mechanical characteristics. As long as we master the above characteristics, choose the appropriate method and fix the appropriate motor unit, and we can get the best fixation; it can be used as an effective treatment for lumbar fracture.
Improvement of the Parameter Distribution of TiN/HfO2/CeOx/TiN Memristors by Rapid Thermal Annealing
Authors: Yao Guihua , Qu Zhaozhu , Li Changfang , Peng Yuntao , Li Qixin , Zeng Zhaohui , Dong Jianghui , Zhang Baolin
Published: April 2022

TiN/HfO2/CeOx/TiN memristors were prepared by magnetron sputtering. To further improve their performance, the devices were rapidly thermally annealed at different temperatures for different times. Compared with those of unannealed devices, the coefficients of variation (CVs) of the set voltage (VSET) and the reset voltage (VRESET) were reduced by 35.1% and 59.4%, respectively, and the CVs of the resistances in low and high resistance states (RLRS and RHRS) were reduced by 70.2% and 52.7%, respectively, after annealing at 400°C for 2 min in air. Through X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and I‐V curves of the devices before and after annealing, we propose that the combined effect of grain growth (i.e., grain boundary reduction) and decreased oxygen vacancy content in the switching film resulting from annealing is responsible for the improvement in the switching parameter distribution of TiN/HfO2/CeOx/TiN devices. This work presents a simple way to enhance the performance of memristors.
Expression of Serum sLOX-1 in Patients with Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer and Its Correlation with Lipid Metabolism
Authors: Hao Fangfang , Chen Jinliang , Wu Jinnan , Ge Xin , Lv Xuedong , Zhang Dongmei , Chen Jianrong
Published: April 2022

Objective. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression level of soluble LOX-1 (sLOX-1) in the serum of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients and its correlation with lipid metabolism. Methods. 99 inpatients with NSCLC and 81 healthy controls were enrolled in this study. The levels of serum sLOX-1 were compared between the two groups, and the correlation of sLOX-1 with clinicopathological characteristics, blood lipid indices, and carcinoembryonic antigen was analyzed. Results. Compared with the healthy controls, sLOX-1, low-density lipoprotein, triglyceride, and carcinoembryonic antigen in the patients with NSCLC were significantly higher (

p

 < 0.05), while the expression level of high-density lipoprotein was lower (

p

 < 0.05). The expression level of sLOX-1 in the serum of patients with healthy controls was positively correlated with low-density lipoprotein (r = 0.72,

p

 < 0.05). The levels of sLOX-1 and low-density lipoprotein in the serum of patients with NSCLC were closely related to the lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, and TNM stage (

p

 < 0.05). Compared with a single index, when the sLOX-1 was combined with the CEA, its specificity increased significantly to 97.5% (AUC = 0.995,

p

 < 0.01, 95% CI: 0.989–1.000). Conclusion. sLOX-1 and low-density lipoprotein were overexpressed in the serum of patients with NSCLC, positively correlated, and closely related to the TNM stage and metastasis. This result suggested that lipid metabolic disorders may promote the progression of NSCLC through sLOX-1, which could be a potential serological marker with diagnostic value for NSCLC.
Metoprolol Improves Myocardial Remodeling and Cardiac Function in Patients with Permanent Pacemaker Implantation
Authors: Ye Li , Hu Guofen , Yu Huamin , Sun Jindong , Yuan Hong
Published: April 2022

In China, the incidence of arrhythmia has also increased to approximately 20% of all cardiovascular diseases. The incidence of cardiovascular diseases in China has certain characteristics, which are generally low in the south and high in the north, and they tend to be younger and growing. Permanent pacemaker implantation is currently the most effective means of treating arrhythmia and preventing sudden death. To explore the clinical application value of metoprolol in patients after permanent pacemaker implantation. Ninety patients with permanent dual-chamber pacemaker implantation in our hospital are selected and divided into a metoprolol group and a control group according to whether metoprolol is used one week after the operation and 45 patients in each group. After one postoperative week, the LVEF%, LVEDd, LAD, and E/A of the metoprolol and the control groups had no statistically significant differences

p
>
0.05

. Twelve months postoperatively, the E/A of the metoprolol group is higher than that of the control group

p
<
0.05

, and LVEDd and LAD are lower than those of the control group (P < 0.05). The NT-proBNP and hs-CRP levels between the metoprolol and control groups had no significant differences

p
>
0.05

in the values recorded immediately postoperatively. The NT-proBNP of the metoprolol group is lower than that of the control group

p
<
0.05

at 12 months following pacemaker implantation. At one week after surgery, QTd, Pd, and Tp-Te are not significantly different (P > 0.05) between the metoprolol group and the control group, whereas the QTd and Pd times in the metoprolol group are lower than those in the control group

p
<
0.05

at the 12-month follow-up. At one week postoperatively, the SDNN, SDANN, and RMSSD between the metoprolol and control groups did not show any statistically significant differences

p
>
0.05

. The SDANN of the metoprolol group is higher than that in the control group

p
<
0.05

in the 12-month evaluation. One week after the operation, the serum IL-6 and TNF-α levels are not significantly different between the metoprolol and control groups

p
>
0.05

. At 12 months after surgery, the serum IL-6 and TNF-α levels in the metoprolol group are lower than those in the control group

p
<
0.05

. The incidence of adverse events in the metoprolol group is 9.30% lower than 26.83% in the control group within 12 months after the operation

p
<
0.05

. The use of metoprolol in patients with permanent pacemaker implantation after surgery can reduce the expansionary remodeling of the left atrium and have less impact on the QT-dispersion and Pd time.
Research on the Design of Interactive Children’s Vocal Enlightenment Toys Based on Audiovisual Association Experience
Authors: Bai Quan
Published: April 2022

This paper examines the characteristics and current situation of children’s vocal enlightenment toy design, studies how to design children’s verbal enlightenment toys based on audiovisual associative experience, and develops appropriate optimization strategies and approaches. This paper analyzes the theoretical basis involved in design practice, summarizes the generation and concept of audiovisual association and the significance of associative experience for children’s vocal enlightenment, explores the application and characteristics of interaction design in children’s toys, and summarizes the creation of interactive toys. The triggered form of associative experience is determined according to the physical and mental development characteristics, interaction behavior, and experimental research of children at this stage. By summarizing the typical design elements of existing children’s interactive toys with good sales and reputation and designing a questionnaire, the Kano model was used to obtain the design element priorities to guide design practice. We used audiovisual association as an entry point to writing a sound and picture interactive program through processing and the Arduino platform to develop the interactive toys. “Sound fun” is an interactive toy that extracts the characteristics of children’s voices to correspond to the changes of picture elements and can provide real-time feedback of dynamic pictures through the user’s voice to achieve the purpose of triggering a synesthetic experience. Interaction design applied to toy design is a new direction in terms of traditional toy design, which enhances the interactivity of toys and enhances the user’s sense of experience and participation in the use of toys; it can improve the affinity and fun of toys.
[Retracted] Exploration on the Effect of Nonselective β‐Receptor Blockers (NSBBs) on Hemodynamic Parameters in Complicated Liver Cirrhosis
Authors: Mao Gang , Li Cong , Wang Haiyan , Jv Yong Hong , Zhang Yungui , Liu Lei
Published: April 2022

Esophageal‐gastric variceal bleeding occurs in 5–15% of patients with liver cirrhosis annually, and the mortality rate is as high as 20% within 6 weeks of the first bleed. The more compromised the liver function, the higher the mortality. Effective control of bleeding is pivotal for reducing mortality in patients with liver cirrhosis. To explore the effect of nonselective β‐receptor blockers (NSBBs) on hemodynamic parameters in liver cirrhosis complicated with esophageal‐gastric variceal bleeding and the association with hepatorenal syndrome (HRS), this retrospective study assessed the clinical data of 248 patients with liver cirrhosis and esophageal‐gastric variceal hemorrhage admitted to our hospital for research. 112 patients are treated with somatostatin (control group) and 136 with somatostatin+propranolol (study group). The success rate of hemostasis, changes of hemodynamic parameters before and after treatment, and incidence of HRS are compared between the groups. Logistic regression analysis is used to explore the use of propranolol when HRS occurred. NSBBs combined with somatostatin are more effective than somatostatin alone in the treatment of liver cirrhosis complicated with esophageal‐gastric variceal bleeding; NSBBs may be associated with the occurrence of HRS.
Therapeutic Dilemmas Faced When Managing a Life-Threatening Presentation of a Myocardial Bridge
Authors: Falconer Debbie , Yousfani Sariha , Herrey Anna S. , Lambiase Pier , Captur Gabriella
Published: April 2022

Background. Myocardial bridges are congenital abnormalities, where a segment of coronary artery travels intramyocardially, rather than the typical epicardial course. The overlying muscle segment is termed “the bridge”. Most myocardial bridges are asymptomatic, but some can result in myocardial ischaemia, arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac death. Case Presentation. A 31-year-old male with no past medical history presented to our tertiary cardiac centre following an out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation arrest. Coronary angiography and computed tomography of the coronary arteries revealed a 2 cm myocardial bridge overlying the left anterior descending (LAD) artery. An exercise echocardiogram demonstrated severe apical ballooning and hypokinesis during peak exercise, with corresponding ST-segment elevation, resolving on rest. Options for medical therapy of a symptomatic myocardial bridge include beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, ivabradine, or a combination thereof. Surgical interventions include deroofing the bridge and revascularisation of the affected region with bypass grafting. However, a lack of trial data comparing medical regimens and surgical interventions makes it difficult to ascertain the most effective management strategy for each patient. There was disagreement between experts at different tertiary centres over the optimal management of this patient. He was treated with multiple regimes of medical therapy with ongoing ischaemia on stress testing, before undergoing a negative stress test on amlodipine, diltiazem, and isosorbide mononitrate. It was felt that no further intervention was necessary at this time given his exercise test was now negative for ischaemia. However, after seeking a second opinion, he underwent surgical intervention with bypass grafting of his left anterior descending artery, followed by implantation of an implantable cardiac defibrillator. Subsequently, an angiogram postsurgery demonstrated concomitant spasm of the LAD and he was resumed on medical therapy with calcium channel blockers and nitrates. Discussion. Without randomised trials, it is impossible to determine the optimal management strategy for each patient. It is possible that some patients with myocardial bridges are not being trialled on optimal medical therapy prior to undergoing invasive and irreversible interventions.
Spontaneous Dissections of Bilateral Internal Carotid and Vertebral Arteries due to Intractable Vomiting
Authors: Echefu Gift , Mahat Rameela , Vatsavai Raju , Zuckerman Steven
Published: April 2022

In young adults, spontaneous craniocervical arterial dissections (sCAD), which involve the major arteries of the head and neck, are associated with an increased risk of stroke. sCAD occurs in the absence of major trauma as seen in traumatic craniocervical artery dissection. It may affect unilateral or bilateral carotid or vertebral arteries. Cases of spontaneous bilateral carotid and vertebral artery dissections occurring simultaneously are extremely rare. We present a case of a 49-year-old female with no history of arteriopathy who presented with aphasia and right upper extremity weakness and was found to have dissections in bilateral extracranial and intracranial carotid arteries, as well as the bilateral vertebral arteries. She had symptomatic improvement with antithrombotic therapy and aggressive outpatient rehabilitation.
The Influence of Intelligent Visual Sensing Technology on Online English Teaching in Wireless Network Environment
Authors: Yang Jiliang
Published: April 2022

The study is aimed at improving the quality of online English teaching and enhancing students’ English learning ability and effect. First, the current situation of online English teaching is analyzed. Second, the image recognition algorithm in artificial intelligence (AI) visual sensing technology is used to process the image, and the effects of illumination and image acquisition angle are analyzed. Finally, AI image recognition technology is applied to online English teaching, and its impact on online English teaching is analyzed. The results show that AI visual sensing technology can accurately recognize students’ facial information. Therefore, it can confirm the identity of students, help to count the number of students in online English teaching, and improve students’ autonomous learning ability. In addition, it can also record students’ facial information in real time and analyze students’ emotional changes in the learning process to adjust the teaching process and improve the teaching quality in an all-round way. The results provide technical support for improving online English teaching and contribute to English teaching reform.
Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Reveals the Interaction of Injected ADSCs with Lung-Originated Cells in Mouse Pulmonary Fibrosis
Authors: Rahman Mamatali , Wang Zhao-Yan , Li Jun-Xiang , Xu Hao-Wei , Wang Rui , Wu Qiong
Published: April 2022

Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a severe chronic lung disease with little effective treatment options other than lung transplantation. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) have been shown to exert therapeutic effects on PF, but the underlying mechanisms remain to be further elucidated. Here, we show the interaction of ADSCs and lung-originated cells at the single-cell level, using bleomycin- (BLM-) induced mice PF model and green fluorescent protein– (GFP–) labeled mouse ADSCs. The intratracheally injected ADSCs were successfully recollected with flow cytometry and, together with lung-originated cells, were subjected to single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). The ADSC treatment drastically changed the transcriptomic profile and composition of lung cells, especially macrophages. We explored the signal pathway interactions between ADSCs and lung-originated cells, showing potentially regulative pathways including NGR, ANNEXIN, HGF, and PERIOSTIN. Our data indicate that the injected ADSCs increased the number of Trem2+ antiinflammatory lung macrophages and lowered further inflammation and fibrosis in the lung. Our work realized the direct analysis of injected ADSCs to explore its in vivo interaction with the lung environment under PF and may provide critical information for future engineering of ADSCs to achieve better therapeutic effects in PF.
Research on the Mechanism of HMGB1 Regulating Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by Regulating NF-κB
Authors: Liu Lijuan , Pang Jingtao , Yuan Hui , Qiu Shengnu , Zhang Wei , Shang Zhenzhu , Liu Xiaoting
Published: April 2022

Background. Autoimmune encephalomyelitis is a clinical condition in which memory and cognition is affected badly and is also associated with lower levels of consciousness or even coma in worse scenarios. It is a noninfectious condition which involves immune oriented inflammation. Objective. The study’s goal was to figure out what was causing the problem HMGB1 involved in regulating the autoimmune encephalomyelitis by regulating NF-κB. Materials and Methods. The expressions of HMGB1, miR-129-5p, and TLR4/NF-κB signalling pathway-related proteins were measured by qRT-PCR. To explore the differences among its control, models, and all groups, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence tests were performed. Results. According to the findings, miR-129-5p is in charge of suppressing HMGB1 production and inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB signalling pathway. On development of autoimmune encephalomyelitis, neurons in the hippocampus area got injured in the miR-129-5p inhibitors class. In the miR-129-5p inhibitor class, expression of miR-129-5p reduced and HMGB1 elevated, increasing neuronal inflammation and damage. Impairment in the hippocampus, on the either side, was shown to be reduced in HMGB1 shRNA, miR-129-5p mimics, and TLR4/NF-κB classes. Conclusion. According to the study’s findings, there is indeed a link among increased miR-129-5p and decreased HMGB1 expression and also suppression of the TLR4/NF-κB signal transduction pathway in autoimmune encephalomyelitis in the miR-129-5p inhibitors group. As a result, we may assume the autoimmune disease illness has progressed once concentrations of HMGB1, TLR4/NF-κB, and miR-129-5p have decreased.
A Mobile Teaching Method of Ideological and Political Education in Colleges and Universities Based on Android Platform
Authors: Peng Yu , Zeng Yan
Published: April 2022

With the advent of mobile Internet technology, mobile teaching platforms have emerged as the times require and are actively applied in the teaching platform, which greatly enhances the effectiveness of teaching. However, many concerns remain in the integrated development of ideological and political education and mobile teaching platforms, such as improving instructors’ information literacy and improving classroom-platform coordination. The integration of teaching and platforms is not high, the main role of students is not paid enough attention, and platform functions need to constantly improve the lack of fusion effect evaluation mechanism, etc. In order to address these issues, it is necessary to investigate the integration and development of the two from the perspectives of improving teachers’ information literacy, strengthening online and offline interaction, creating a platform with ideological and political characteristics, implementing the “education-oriented” concept, continuously optimizing platform functions, and developing a scientific evaluation mechanism. Only by following the road will we be able to continue to develop their deep integration and, as a result, increase the teaching quality platform.
Activity of Adagrasib (MRTX849) in Brain Metastases: Preclinical Models and Clinical Data from Patients with KRASG12C-Mutant Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Sabari Joshua K. , Velcheti Vamsidhar , Shimizu Kazuhide , Strickland Matthew R. , Heist Rebecca S. , Singh Mohini , Nayyar Naema , Giobbie-Hurder Anita , Digumarthy Subba R. , Gainor Justin F. , Rajan Anant P. , Nieblas-Bedolla Edwin , Burns Aaron C. , Hallin Jill , Olson Peter , Christensen James G. , Kurz Sylvia C. , Brastianos Priscilla K. , Wakimoto Hiroaki
Published: April 2022

Purpose:

Patients with KRAS-mutant non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with brain metastases (BM) have a poor prognosis. Adagrasib (MRTX849), a potent oral small-molecule KRASG12C inhibitor, irreversibly and selectively binds KRASG12C, locking it in its inactive state. Adagrasib has been optimized for favorable pharmacokinetic properties, including long half-life (∼24 hours), extensive tissue distribution, dose-dependent pharmacokinetics, and central nervous system penetration; however, BM-specific antitumor activity of KRASG12C inhibitors remains to be fully characterized.

Experimental Design:

A retrospective database query identified patients with KRAS-mutant NSCLC to understand their propensity to develop BM. Preclinical studies assessed physiochemical and pharmacokinetic properties of adagrasib. Mice bearing intracranial KRASG12C-mutant NSCLC xenografts (LU99-Luc/H23-Luc/LU65-Luc) were treated with clinically relevant adagrasib doses, and levels of adagrasib in plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and brain were determined along with antitumor activity. Preliminary clinical data were collected from 2 patients with NSCLC with untreated BM who had received adagrasib 600 mg twice daily in the phase Ib cohort of the KRYSTAL-1 trial; CSF was collected, adagrasib concentrations measured, and antitumor activity in BM evaluated.

Results:

Patients with KRAS-mutant NSCLC demonstrated high propensity to develop BM (≥40%). Adagrasib penetrated into CSF and demonstrated tumor regression and extended survival in multiple preclinical BM models. In 2 patients with NSCLC and untreated BM, CSF concentrations of adagrasib measured above the target cellular IC50. Both patients demonstrated corresponding BM regression, supporting potential clinical activity of adagrasib in the brain.

Conclusions:

These data support further development of adagrasib in patients with KRASG12C-mutant NSCLC with untreated BM.

See related commentary by Kommalapati and Mansfield, p. 3179
Type I but Not Type II Calreticulin Mutations Activate the IRE1α/XBP1 Pathway of the Unfolded Protein Response to Drive Myeloproliferative Neoplasms
Authors: Ibarra Juan , Elbanna Yassmin A. , Kurylowicz Katarzyna , Ciboddo Michele , Greenbaum Harrison S. , Arellano Nicole S. , Rodriguez Deborah , Evers Maria , Bock-Hughes Althea , Liu Chenyu , Smith Quinn , Lutze Julian , Baumeister Julian , Kalmer Milena , Olschok Kathrin , Nicholson Benjamin , Silva Diane , Maxwell Luke , Dowgielewicz Jonathan , Rumi Elisa , Pietra Daniela , Casetti Ilaria Carola , Catricala Silvia , Koschmieder Steffen , Gurbuxani Sandeep , Schneider Rebekka K. , Oakes Scott A. , Elf Shannon E.
Published: April 2022

Approximately 20% of patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) harbor mutations in the gene calreticulin (CALR), with 80% of those mutations classified as either type I or type II. While type II CALR-mutant proteins retain many of the Ca2+ binding sites present in the wild-type protein, type I CALR-mutant proteins lose these residues. The functional consequences of this differential loss of Ca2+ binding sites remain unexplored. Here, we show that the loss of Ca2+ binding residues in the type I mutant CALR protein directly impairs its Ca2+ binding ability, which in turn leads to depleted endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ and subsequent activation of the IRE1α/XBP1 pathway of the unfolded protein response. Genetic or pharmacologic inhibition of IRE1α/XBP1 signaling induces cell death in type I mutant but not type II mutant or wild-type CALR-expressing cells, and abrogates type I mutant CALR-driven MPN disease progression in vivo.

Significance:

Current targeted therapies for CALR-mutated MPNs are not curative and fail to differentiate between type I- versus type II-driven disease. To improve treatment strategies, it is critical to identify CALR mutation type–specific vulnerabilities. Here we show that IRE1α/XBP1 represents a unique, targetable dependency specific to type I CALR-mutated MPNs.

This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 265
Cerebrospinal Fluid Homeostasis and Hydrodynamics: A Review of Facts and Theories
Authors: Theologou Marios , Natsis Konstantinos , Kouskouras Konstantinos , Chatzinikolaou Fotios , Varoutis Panagiotis , Skoulios Nikolaos , Tsitouras Vassilios , Tsonidis Christos
Published: April 2022

Background and Purpose: According to the classical hypothesis, the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is actively secreted inside the brain’s ventricular system, predominantly by the choroid plexuses, before flowing unidirectionally in a cranio-caudal orientation toward the arachnoid granulations (AGs), where it is reabsorbed into the dural venous sinuses. This concept has been accepted as a doctrine for more than 100 years and was subjected only to minor modifications. Its inability to provide an adequate explanation to questions arising from the everyday clinical practice, in addition to the ever growing pool of experimental data contradicting it, has led to the identification of its limitations. Literature includes an increasing number of studies suggesting a more complex mechanism than that previously described. This review article summarizes the proposed mechanisms of CSF regulation, referring to the key clinical and experimental developments supporting or defying them. Methods: A non-systematical literature search of the major databases was performed for studies on the mechanisms of CSF homeostasis. Gray literature was additionally assessed employing a hand-search technique. No restrictions were imposed regarding the time, language, or type of publication. Conclusion: CSF secretion and absorption are expected to take place throughout the entire brain’s capillaries network under the regulation of hydrostatic and osmotic gradients. The unidirectional flow is defied, highlighting the possibility of its complete absence. The importance of AGs is brought into question, potentiating the significance of the lymphatic system as the primary site of reabsorption. However, the definition of hydrocephalus and its treatment strategies remain strongly associated with the classical hypothesis.