bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hypertrichosis as a side effect of inhaled steroids in children
Authors: de Vries T.W. , de Langen‐Wouterse J.J. , de Jong‐Van den Berg L.T.W. , Duiverman E.J.
Published: March 2007

Three spontaneous reports of patients in whom a relationship between hypertrichosis and inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) was suspected, were reported to Lareb, The Netherlands Pharmacovigilance Center. We sought evidence for and against a causal relationship between hypertrichosis and ICS in children. The relationship between hypertrichosis and ICS was studied mathematically by assessing the Reporting Odds Ratio (ROR) and by determining the Naranjo Score (NS). We also studied the reports sent to the Pharmacovigilance Database of the Uppsala Monitoring Centre (UMC) of the WHO and reviewed the literature. In the Dutch children, the ROR between hypertrichosis and ICS was 14.6 (95%CI 3.6–59.5), the NS was 4. In the database of the UMC 20 more reports on hypertrichosis and ICS were found, contributing to the results of the Dutch database. Taken together, 11 boys and 12 girls were involved with a mean age of 7 years (range 1–17). The time between the start of ICS and the occurrence of hypertrichosis varied between 1 month and 3 years. Besides the hypertrichosis, growth retardation was found in 5 children and adrenal suppression in 12. In 12 children the outcome after cessation was reported: in 6 children the hypertrichosis improved, whilst in 6 it did not. We found sufficient evidence to support the suspicion that hypertrichosis might be a true adverse effect of ICS. We found no simple dose‐effect relationship but obviously there is an individual susceptibility. After cessation of ICS the exaggerated hair growth will not disappear in all children. Hypertrichosis may be a useful clinical pointer to exogenous steroid excess. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2007; 42:370–373. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
λ‐transition of NH4Cl and ND4Cl at high pressures
Authors: Yurtseven H. , Salihoğlu S. , Şen S.
Published: March 2007

We predict in this study using the mean‐field theory, the phase‐line equation from the free energy expanded in terms of the order parameters of solid II and III phases of NH4Cl and ND4Cl close to the λ‐phase transitions at high pressures. Using the temperature and pressure dependence of the coefficients given in the phase‐line equation, it is shown that the experimentally observed T –P phase diagram for the solid II–solid III transition, can be predicted from the mean field model studied here for both crystalline structures. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Theoretical studies of sulbactam: Reactions after acylation
Authors: Zhu Feng , Li Rui , Feng Dacheng , He Maoxia , Cai Zhengting
Published: March 2007

DFT methods were used on the model molecular to determine the mechanism of β‐lactamase inhibitor. The results show that the thiazole ring can be opened as well as β‐lactam ring. The thiazole ring‐open product can be formed via β‐lactam ring‐open product or tetrahedral intermediate directly. Those products, in imine or enamine form, can tautomerize via hydrogen migration. The sulforious form products may be transformed into sulfonyl ones. Water or hydroxyl group in residues on active site will help lower the activation energy of above reactions, and if structure permitted, they also effect the route selection of whole reaction system. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
Powerful short‐cuts for multiple testing procedures with special reference to gatekeeping strategies
Authors: Hommel Gerhard , Bretz Frank , Maurer Willi
Published: March 2007

In this paper we present a general testing principle for a class of multiple testing problems based on weighted hypotheses. Under moderate conditions, this principle leads to powerful consonant multiple testing procedures. Furthermore, short‐cut versions can be derived, which simplify substantially the implementation and interpretation of the related test procedures. It is shown that many well‐known multiple test procedures turn out to be special cases of this general principle. Important examples include gatekeeping procedures, which are often applied in clinical trials when primary and secondary objectives are investigated, and multiple test procedures based on hypotheses which are completely ordered by importance. We illustrate the methodology with two real clinical studies. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cloning, sequencing and characterization of the α‐aminoadipate reductase gene (LYS2) from Saccharomycopsis fibuligera
Authors: Yan Hua , He Peng , Cheng Hai‐Rong , Shen An , Jiang Ning
Published: March 2007

The gene putatively encoding α‐aminoadipate reductase (AAR) was isolated successfully by degenerate PCR and chromosome walking, based on cassette PCR methods, from the dimorphous yeast Saccharomycopsis fibuligera PD70 and was named SfLYS2. Sequence analysis revealed that it contained a putative open reading frame (ORF) of 4161 bp and encoded a polypeptide of 1386 amino acids. The deduced translation product shared an identity of 53% and 51% to the Lys2p homologues of Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, respectively. An atypical TATA box and a GCN4‐box element were found in the 5′‐upstream region. Genomic Southern hybridization suggested the presence of a single locus of SfLYS2 in the S. fibuligera genome. Expression of the ORF of SfLYS2 in a lys2− strain of S. cerevisiae could functionally complement the lysine mutant of the S. cerevisiae strain. S. fibuligera could use lysine as the sole nitrogen source but its growth was inhibited on the α‐aminoadipate (AA) medium. Approximately 90% of the mutants of S. cerevisiae resistant to AA are lysine auxotrophs; in contrast all the mutants of S. fibuligera resistant to AA recovered in this work were not lysine auxotrophs. The GenBank Accession No. for SfLYS2 is DQ445618. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cloning, characterization and functionality of the orotidine‐5′‐phosphate decarboxylase gene (URA3) of the glycolipid‐producing yeast Candida bombicola
Authors: Van Bogaert Inge N. A. , De Maeseneire Sofie L. , De Schamphelaire Wouter , Develter Dirk , Soetaert Wim , Vandamme Erick J.
Published: March 2007

Candida bombicola is a yeast species known to synthesize glycolipids. Although these glycolipids find several industrial, cosmetic and pharmaceutical applications, very little is known about the genetics of C. bombicola. A basic tool for genetic study and modification is the availability of an efficient transformation and selection system. In order to develop such a system, the URA3 gene of Candida bombicola was isolated using degenerate PCR and genomic walking. The gene encodes for an enzyme of 262 amino acids and shows high homology with the known orotidine‐5′‐phosphate decarboxylases of several other yeast species. The functionality of the gene was proved by complementation of a URA3‐negative Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain. The GenBank Accession No. of the sequence described in this article is DQ916828. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Deciding orthogonal bisimulation
Authors: Vu Thuy Duong
Published: March 2007

Bergstra, Ponse and van der Zwaag introduced in 2003 the notion of
orthogonal bisimulation equivalence
on labeled transition systems. This equivalence is a refinement of branching bisimulation, in which consecutive tau’s (silent steps) can be compressed into one (but not zero) tau’s. The main advantage of orthogonal bisimulation is that it combines well with priorities. Here we solve the problem of deciding orthogonal bisimulation equivalence in finite (regular) labeled transition systems. Unlike as in branching bisimulation, in orthogonal bisimulation, cycles of silent steps cannot be eliminated. Hence, the algorithm of Groote and Vaandrager (1990) cannot be adapted easily. However, we show that it is still possible to decide orthogonal bisimulation with the same complexity as that of Groote and Vaandrager’s algorithm. Thus if
n
is the number of states, and
m
the number of transitions then it takes
O
(
n
(
m
 + 
n
)) time to decide orthogonal bisimilarity on finite labeled transition systems, using
O
(
m
 + 
n
) space.
Interferon gamma‐dependent transactivation of epidermal growth factor receptor
Authors: Burova Elena , Vassilenko Konstantin , Dorosh Victoria , Gonchar Ilya , Nikolsky Nikolai
Published: March 2007

The present report provides evidence that, in A431 cells, interferon γ (IFNγ) induces the rapid (within 5 min), and reversible, tyrosine phosphorylation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). IFNγ‐induced EGFR transactivation requires EGFR kinase activity, as well as activity of the Src‐family tyrosine kinases and JAK2. Here, we show that IFNγ‐induced STAT1 activation in A431 and HeLa cells partially depends on the kinase activity of both EGFR and Src. Furthermore, in these cells, EGFR kinase activity is essential for IFNγ‐induced ERK1,2 activation. This study is the first to demonstrate that EGFR is implicated in IFNγ‐dependent signaling pathways.
Cadmium activates CaMK‐II and initiates CaMK‐II‐dependent apoptosis in mesangial cells
Authors: Liu Ying , Templeton Douglas M.
Published: March 2007

Cadmium is a toxic metal that initiates both mitogenic responses and cell death. We show that Cd2+ increases phosphorylation and activity of Ca2+/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II (CaMK‐II) in mesangial cells, in a concentration‐dependent manner. Activation is biphasic with peaks at 1–5 min and 4–6 h. Cadmium also activates Erk, but this appears to be independent of CaMK‐II. At 10–20 μM, Cd2+ initiates apoptosis in 25–55% of mesangial cells by 6 h. Inhibition of CaMK‐II, but not of Erk, suppresses Cd2+‐induced apoptosis. We conclude that activation of CaMK‐II by Cd2+ contributes to apoptotic cell death, independent of Erk activation.
Survival and metabolic activity of selected strains ofPropionibacterium freudenreichiiin the gastrointestinal tract of human microbiota-associated rats
Authors: Lan Annaïg , Bruneau Aurélia , Philippe Catherine , Rochet Violaine , Rouault Annette , Hervé Christophe , Roland Nathalie , Rabot Sylvie , Jan Gwénaël
Published: March 2007

In addition to their use in cheese technology, dairy propionibacteria have been identified as potential probiotics. However, to have a probiotic effect, propionibacteria have to survive and to remain metabolically active in the digestive tract. The aim of the present study was to investigate the survival and metabolic activity ofPropionibacterium freudenreichiiwithin the gastrointestinal tract of human microbiota-associated rats, and its influence on intestinal microbiota composition and metabolism. Twenty-five dairyPropionibacteriumstrains were screened for their tolerance towards digestive stresses and their ability to produce propionate in a medium mimicking the content of the human colon. Three strains were selected and a daily dose of 2 × 1010colony-forming units was fed to groups of human microbiota-associated rats for 20 d before microbiological, biochemical and molecular investigations being carried out. These strains all reached 8-log values per g faeces, showing their ability to survive in the gastrointestinal tract. Transcriptional activity within the intestine was demonstrated by the presence ofP. freudenreichii-specific transcarboxylase mRNA. The probiotic efficacy of propionibacteria was yet species- and strain-dependent. Indeed, two of the strains, namely TL133 and TL1348, altered the faecal microbiota composition, TL133 also increasing the caecal concentration of acetate, propionate and butyrate, while the third strain, TL3, did not have similar effects. Such alterations may have an impact on gut health and will thus be taken into consideration for furtherin vivoinvestigations on probiotic potentialities ofP. freudenreichii.
Oestrogen replacement therapy reduces total plasma homocysteine and enhances genomic DNA methylation in postmenopausal women
Authors: Friso Simonetta , Lamon-Fava Stefania , Jang Hyeran , Schaefer Ernst J. , Corrocher Roberto , Choi Sang-Woon
Published: March 2007

Although oestrogen replacement therapy (ERT), which can affect the risk of major cancers, has been known to reduce total plasma homocysteine concentrations in postmenopausal women, the mechanisms and subsequent molecular changes have not yet been defined. To investigate the effect of ERT on homocysteine metabolism, thirteen healthy postmenopausal women were enrolled in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, cross-over study consisting of two 8-week long phases, placebo and conjugated equine oestrogen (CEE; 0·625 mg/d). Concentrations of total plasma homocysteine, vitamin B6and serum folate and vitamin B12were measured by conventional methods. Genomic DNA methylation was measured by a new liquid chromatography/MS method and promoter methylation status of the oestrogen receptor (ER)α,ERβandp16genes was analysed by methylation-specific PCR after bisulfite treatment. The CEE phase demonstrated a significantly decreased mean of total plasma homocysteine concentrations compared with the placebo phase (8·08 μmol/l (6·82–9·39)v.9·29 (7·53–11·35),P < 0·05) but there was no difference in the blood concentrations of the three B vitamins. The CEE phase also showed a significantly increased genomic DNA methylation in peripheral mononuclear cells compared with the placebo phase (2·85 (SD0·12) ng methylcytosine/μg DNAv.2·40 ± (SD0·15)P < 0·05). However, there was no difference in promoter methylation in theERα,ERβandp16genes. This study demonstrates that decreased homocysteinaemia by CEE therapy parallels with increased genomic DNA methylation, suggesting a potential new candidate mechanism by which ERT affects the risk of cancers and a possible new candidate biomarker for the oestrogen-related carcinogenesis through folate-related one-carbon metabolism.
Influence of organic diet on the amount of conjugated linoleic acids in breast milk of lactating women in the Netherlands
Authors: Rist Lukas , Mueller André , Barthel Christiane , Snijders Bianca , Jansen Margje , Simões-Wüst A. Paula , Huber Machteld , Kummeling Ischa , von Mandach Ursula , Steinhart Hans , Thijs Carel
Published: March 2007

The aim of the present study was to find out whether the incorporation of organic dairy and meat products in the maternal diet affects the contents of the conjugated linoleic acid isomers (CLA) andtrans-vaccenic acid (TVA) in human breast milk. To this purpose, milk samples from 312 breastfeeding mothers participating in the KOALA Birth Cohort Study have been analysed. The participants had documented varying lifestyles in relation to the use of conventional or organic products. Breast milk samples were collected 1 month postpartum and analysed for fatty acid composition. The content of rumenic acid (the main CLA) increased in a statistically significant way while going from a conventional diet (no organic dairy/meat products, 0·25 weight % (wt%),n186) to a moderately organic diet (50–90 % organic dairy/meat, 0·29 wt%,n33,P = 0·02) and to a strict organic diet (>90 % organic dairy/meat, 0·34 wt%,n37,P ≤ 0·001). The levels of TVA were augmented among the participants with a moderately organic diet (0·54 wt%) and those with a strict organic diet (0·59 wt%,P ≤ 0·001), in comparison with the conventional group (0·48 wt%). After adjusting for covariables (recruitment group, maternal age, maternal education, use of supplements and season), statistical significance was retained in the group of the strict organic dairy users (P < 0·001 for rumenic acid). Hence, the levels of CLA and TVA in human milk can be modulated if breastfeeding mothers replace conventional dairy and/or meat products by organic ones. A potential contribution of CLA and TVA to health improvement is briefly discussed.
Consumption of prebiotic inulin enriched with oligofructose in combination with the probiotics Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium lactis has minor effects on selected immune parameters in polypectomised and colon cancer patients
Authors: Roller Monika , Clune Yvonne , Collins Kevin , Rechkemmer Gerhard , Watzl Bernhard
Published: March 2007

Probiotics (PRO) modulate immunity in humans, while the effect of prebiotics (PRE) and synbiotics (SYN) on the human immune system are not well studied yet. The objective of this study was to investigate whether daily intake of a SYN modulates immune functions. In a randomised double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, thirty-four colon cancer patients who had undergone ‘curative resection’ and forty polypectomised patients participated. Subjects of the SYN group daily received encapsulated bacteria (1 × 1010 colony-forming units of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) and 1 × 1010 colony-forming units of Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 (Bb12)) and 10 g of inulin enriched with oligofructose. Controls received encapsulated maltodextrin and 10 g of maltodextrin. Prior to intervention (T1), and 6 (T2) and 12 weeks after the start of the intervention (T3), phagocytic and respiratory burst activity of neutrophils and monocytes, lytic activity of natural killer cells and production of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-10 and IL-12, as well as tumour necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) by activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were measured. In faeces, the concentrations of transforming growth factor-β1 and prostaglandin E2 were measured. IL-2 secretion by activated PBMC from the polyp group increased significantly between T1 or T2 and T3 (P < 0·05). In the cancer group, SYN treatment resulted in an increased capacity of PBMC to produce IFN-γ at T3 (P < 0·05). Other immunity-related parameters were not affected by SYN treatment, neither in the cancer nor in the polyp group. In conclusion, supplementation with this SYN has minor stimulatory effects on the systemic immune system of the two study groups. Further studies in humans should aim to focus on the gut-associated immune system.
Motivational effects of 12-week moderately restrictive diets with or without special attention to the Glycaemic Index of foods
Authors: Bellisle F. , Dalix A. M. , De Assis M. A. , Kupek E. , Gerwig U. , Slama G. , Oppert J. M.
Published: March 2007

Low glycaemic index (GI) diets may facilitate weight loss via behavioural and/or endocrine mechanisms. This study investigated whether the outcomes of the Weight Watchers POINTS®Weight-Loss System could be improved by encouraging dieters to select low GI, high-carbohydrate foods. Ninety-six women (age 20–72 years; BMI 25–40 kg/m2) were recruited as they started the Weight Watchers POINTS®programme for 12 weeks. Weekly classes were randomized so that seven (forty-five women) followed the regular programme while seven others (fifty-one women) followed a revised programme encouraging the selection of low GI foods. Anthropometric and biochemical parameters were measured before and after the 12-week diets. Participants rated hunger and desire to eat using visual analogue scales on 1 d per week, several times per d. Attrition was the same in both groups (32v. 30 %), as well as many benefits (5 % weight loss, decreases in insulinaemia and blood lipids, waist and hip circumferences, blood pressure). Hunger and desire to eat were rated consistently lower in the low GI group over the 12-week diet. Group differences in subjective sensations were especially large in the afternoon. The 12-week weight management yielded many significant anthropometric and biochemical benefits that were not improved by encouraging dieters to select low GI foods. The subjective benefits (lower hunger and desire to eat) of the low GI diet may be a worthwhile contribution to the motivation of dieters that might affect adherence to the diet over the long term.
Isolation and characterisation of new putative probiotic bacteria from human colonic flora
Authors: Raz Irit , Gollop Natan , Polak-Charcon Sylvie , Schwartz Betty
Published: March 2007

The present study describes a novel bacterial isolate exhibiting high ability to synthesise and secrete butyrate. The novel isolated bacterium was obtained from human faeces and grown in selective liquid intestinal microflora medium containing rumen fluid under microaerobic conditions. Its probiotic properties were demonstrated by the ability of the isolate to survive high acidity and medium containing bile acids and the ability to adhere to colon cancer cells (Caco-2)in vitro. Phylogenetic identity toEnterococcus duranswas established using specific primers for 16S rRNA (99 % probability). PCR analyses with primers to the bacterial gene encoding butyrate kinase, present in the butyrogenic bacteriaClostridium, showed that this gene is present inE. durans. Thein vivoimmunoprotective and anti-inflammatory effects ofE. duranswere assessed in dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis in Balb/c mice. Administration ofE. duransameliorated histological, clinical and biochemical scores directly related to intestinal inflammation whereas the lactic acid bacteriumLactobacillusdelbrueckiiwas ineffective in this regard. Colonic cDNA concentrations of IL-1β and TNF-α were significantly down regulated in DSS-treatedE. durans-fed mice but not in control or DSS-treatedL. delbrueckii-fed mice. Fluorescentin situhybridisation analyses of colonic tissue from mice fedE. durans, using a butyrate kinase probe, demonstrated thatE. duranssignificantly adheres to the colonic tissue. The novel isolated bacterium described in the present paper, upon further characterisation, can be developed into a useful probiotic aimed at the treatment of patients suffering from ulcerative colitis.
Impact of foods enriched withn-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on erythrocyten-3 levels and cardiovascular risk factors
Authors: Murphy Karen J. , Meyer Barbara J. , Mori Trevor A. , Burke Valerie , Mansour Jackie , Patch Craig S. , Tapsell Linda C. , Noakes Manny , Clifton Peter A. , Barden Anne , Puddey Ian B. , Beilin Lawrence J. , Howe Peter R. C.
Published: March 2007

Consumption of fish or fish oils rich in then-3 long chain PUFA EPA and DHA may improve multiple risk factors for CVD. The objective of this study was to determine whether regular consumption of foods enriched withn-3 long-chain PUFA can improven-3 long-chain PUFA status (erythrocytes) and cardiovascular health. Overweight volunteers with high levels of triacylglycerols (TG; >1·6 mmol/l) were enrolled in a 6-month dietary intervention trial conducted in Adelaide (n47) and Perth (n39), and randomised to consume control foods orn-3-enriched foods to achieve an EPA + DHA intake of 1 g/d. Test foods were substituted for equivalent foods in their regular diet. Erythrocyte fatty acids, plasma TG and other CVD risk factors were monitored at 0, 3 and 6 months. There were no significant differences between groups for blood pressure, arterial compliance, glucose, insulin, lipids, C-reactive protein (CRP) or urinary 11-dehydro-thromboxane B2(TXB2) over 6 months, even though regular consumption ofn-3-enriched foods increased EPA + DHA intake from 0·2 to 1·0 g/d. However, then-3 long-chain PUFA content of erythrocytes increased by 35 and 53 % at 3 and 6 months, respectively, in subjects consuming then-3-enriched foods. These increases were positively associated with measures of arterial compliance and negatively associated with serum CRP and urinary 11-dehydro-TXB2excretion. Sustainable increases in dietary intakes and erythrocyte levels ofn-3 long-chain PUFA can be achieved through regular consumption of suitably enriched processed foods. Such increases may be associated with reduced CV risk.
Orange juice vs vitamin C: effect on hydrogen peroxide-induced DNA damage in mononuclear blood cells
Authors: Guarnieri Serena , Riso Patrizia , Porrini Marisa
Published: March 2007

The intake of fruits rich in vitamin C seems to increase the antioxidant defence of the organism. However, it is still not clear whether vitamin C alone is responsible for this effect. The aim of the present investigation was to study the effect of the intake of a single portion of blood orange juice (BOJ, 300 ml, providing 150 mg vitamin C) on mononuclear blood cell (MNBC) DNA damage, compared with a drink supplemented with the same amount of vitamin C (C-drink) or sugars (S-drink). Seven young healthy subjects were randomised in a repeated-measures design in which they received each drink on different occasions, 2 weeks apart. Blood samples were collected at baseline, every hour for 8 h, and at 24 h after the intake of each drink. Vitamin C was analysed at each time point by HPLC, whereas H2O2-induced MNBC DNA damage was evaluated at 0, 3 and 24 h by means of the comet assay. Plasma vitamin C concentration increased similarly following BOJ or C-drink intake and was not affected by the S-drink. DNA damage significantly decreased 3 h after BOJ intake (about 18 %; P < 0·01) and remained constant at 24 h (about 16 %; P < 0·01). No effect of the C-drink and S-drink was observed. In conclusion, the intake of a single portion of BOJ provided an early protection of MNBC against oxidative DNA damage; however, the protective effect of BOJ was not explained by vitamin C alone, thus other phytochemicals could be involved.
Vitamin B6status assessment in relation to dietary intake in high school students aged 16–18 years
Authors: Chang Sue-Joan , Hsiao Li-Ju , Lee Yi-Chun , Hsuen Shou-Ying
Published: March 2007

The vitamin B6status of high school students and its relationship with dietary intake were investigated in this cross-sectional study by face-to-face interview. A total of 157 healthy students aged 16–18 years (eighty-three boys and seventy-four girls) were randomly recruited from two out of nineteen senior high schools in Tainan, Taiwan. Vitamin B6intakes were calculated from three 24-h dietary records. Direct and indirect vitamin B6status indicators were measured in plasma, erythrocytes and urine. The anthropometric data, being similar to those of the first Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan (1993–1996), showed the normal growth and development of these students. All students except one girl (28·7 nmol/l) had plasma pyridoxal-5′-phosphate (PLP) levels >35 nmol/l, indicating an adequate vitamin B6status. The mean dietary vitamin B6intakes of boys and girls were 1·04 (sd0·29) and 0·96 (sd0·27) mg/d, respectively. Vitamin B6status indicators, including plasma PLP, erythrocyte alanine aminotransferase activity coefficient (EALT-AC), aspartate aminotransferase activity coefficient (EAST-AC) and urinary 4-pyridoxic acid (4-PA), were correlated with vitamin B6intake. Students with adequate values of plasma PLP (>35 nmol/l), EALT-AC ( < 1·25), EAST-AC ( < 1·8) and urinary 4-PA (>3·0 μmol/d) had median intakes of 1·08 and 1·01 mg/d, respectively, for boys and girls. This study suggests that vitamin B6requirements for boys and girls aged 16–18 years were approximately 1·1 and 1·0 mg/d, respectively.
Petrogenesis of the Middle Devonian Gushan diorite pluton on the northern margin of the North China block and its tectonic implications
Authors: ZHANG SHUAN-HONG , ZHAO YUE , SONG BIAO , LIU DUN-YI
Published: March 2007

The Gushan diorite pluton, located at the northern margin of the North China block, was emplaced during Middle Devonian times (SHRIMP U–Pb zircon age of 390 ± 5 Ma). Rocks from the pluton are characterized by low SiO2 and high alkali contents, and they show monzodiorite compositions in a total alkali v. silica (TAS) plot. They exhibit light REE-enrichment, no to slightly positive Eu anomalies, strong depletion in Rb, Th, U, Nb, Ta, P, Zr, Hf and Ti, enrichment in Ba, K and Sr, low contents of Y and Yb, and high Sr/Y ratios. They have a relatively narrow range of isotopic compositions with initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios of ∼ 0.7050, εNd(T) values of −9.5 to −7.5 and zircon εHf(T) values from −11.8 to −5.8. These features are remarkably similar to another Middle Devonian intrusion, the Shuiquangou syenitic complex at the northern margin of the North China block. These similarities suggest that the two intrusions probably have a common origin. They were considered to be derived from a type I enriched mantle, ultimately with some involvement of ancient lower crustal components, and were likely emplaced in a back-arc extension environment related to southward subduction of the Palaeo-Asian oceanic plate or during the cessation of the subduction. Aluminium-in-hornblende barometry studies of the Middle Devonian Gushan pluton yielded emplacement depths of about 18 km. Combined with previous geobarometry results on the Carboniferous plutons within the Inner Mongolia Palaeo-uplift on the northern margin of the North China block, it is inferred that the uplift and exhumation of the plutons within the Inner Mongolia Palaeo-uplift during Middle Devonian to Late Carboniferous times were not as distinct as those during Late Carboniferous to Early Jurassic times, and the strong uplift and exhumation of the Inner Mongolia Palaeo-uplift were achieved during Late Carboniferous to Early Jurassic times.
THE NUMBERS IN THE MARGINS AND THE STRUCTURE OF CICERO'S PRO MURENA
Authors: FOTHERINGHAM LYNN S.
Published: March 2007

The numbers in the margins of Cicero's speeches are generally treated as a convenient referencing system and no more. The fact that there are two apparently independent sets of numbers, the shorter usually referred to as ‘sections’ (§§), and the longer as ‘chapters’ (cc.), can lead to confusion, and fashions have changed over the years as to which of the sets to use in references, without apparent discussion. Modern editors feel no obligation to follow them when deciding where to put their own paragraph-breaks. One scholar, Glucker, traced their origin out of curiosity, but then dismissed them as having no value other than as a referencing system, claiming that they often ‘ignore the beginning of proper new sections’. This article will test his claim by examining the placement of the numbers at various points in Cicero's Pro Murena.
Unemployment Revisited in Comparative Perspective: Labour Market Policy in Strasbourg and Liverpool, 1890–1914
Authors: Whiteside Noel
Published: March 2007

Many historical studies, some of them comparative, have explored the foundations of welfare states and the birth of unemployment policies in Europe in the late nineteenth century. Nearly all have focused on political debate at national level. This paper bases its analysis on labour market reforms initiated in Strasbourg and Liverpool in the decades preceding World War I. It explores how bona fide unemployed workers, the proper clients of official help, were distinguished from the mass of the poor and indigent. The labour market had to be defined and organized before policies for the unemployed could be put in place. The object is to demonstrate not only how this was done, but also how different perceptions of social justice and economic efficiency influenced both the process and the outcomes of public interventions, in this instance undermining attempts to transfer specific policies from one country to another.
Breadwinners and Dependants: Working-Class Young People in England, 1918–1955
Authors: Todd Selina
Published: March 2007

The prevailing image of twentieth-century English “youth” is as a triumphal signifier of affluent leisure consumption. By contrast, this article demonstrates the importance of young working-class people's economic role as wage-earners in the mid-twentieth century. This shaped their treatment by the family and the state and the life histories of the adults they became. Juveniles were crucial breadwinners in interwar working-class households. However, the consequences of high unemployment among adult males helped redefine youth as a period of state protection and leisure in the post-1945 decades. Nevertheless, personal affluence remained limited, and young people's economic responsibilities high, until at least the mid-1950s. The history of twentieth-century youth is best understood as one in which young working-class people's fortunes were closely linked to their family's circumstances and their importance as a supply of cheap labour. Social class thus formed, and was formed by, the experience and memory of being young.
Beyond the Atlantic: Connecting Migration and World History in the Age of Imperialism, 1840–1940
Authors: Bosma Ulbe
Published: March 2007

The age of mass migration that commenced in the 1840s has traditionally been conceived within the orbit of Atlantic history, and rendered as a narrative of modernity and industrialization. At an individual level the departure for the New World was propelled by rising expectations, which nicely fitted the macro-pattern of converging labour markets between North-America – as well as Australia for that matter – and Europe. Many of the assumptions that brought global migration under the aegis of modernization have been refuted, or at least seriously questioned. But that still leaves us with the important question whether there are alternative paradigms available that fit the realities both within and outside the North Atlantic world. Some have already answered the question negatively. According to Hatton and Williamson, it is impossible to find a unifying paradigm that would enable us to develop a global migration history. Their argument is too important not to be cited:
PAPER PRESENTED AT INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON INCREASING WHEAT YIELD POTENTIAL, CIMMYT, OBREGON, MEXICO, 20–24 MARCH 2006 Reduced nitrogen and improved farm income for irrigated spring wheat in the Yaqui Valley, Mexico, using sensor based nitrogen management
Authors: ORTIZ-MONASTERIO J. I. , RAUN W.
Published: March 2007

Wheat nitrogen-use efficiency in the Yaqui Valley has been estimated at about 0·31. The nitrogen that is not recovered by the crop has important environmental costs that have regional and global consequences. In addition, these nitrogen losses represent an important reduction in farm income. The objective of the present work was to validate a technology that includes the use of N-rich strips together with the GreenSeeker™ sensor and a crop algorithm in farmers' fields with the ultimate goal of improving nitrogen-use efficiency through site-specific nitrogen management in irrigated spring wheat. During the wheat crop cycle 2002/03 and 2003/04, 13 validation experiments of c. 1 ha each were established in farmers' fields in the Yaqui Valley. After the validation phase, during the wheat crop cycle 2005/06, eight technology transfer trials were established in farmers' fields; these had on an average an area of 10 ha each. Both the validation and technology transfer trials compared the farmers' conventional nitrogen management use v. the use of the N-rich strip together with the Green Seeker™ sensor and a crop algorithm to derive N recommendations for each individual field. The results of the validation trials showed that on an average over all locations, farmers were able to save 69 kg N/ha, without any yield reduction. At the price of US$0.9 per unit of N in the valley when these experiments were established, this represented savings to the farmers of US$62/ha. The technology transfer trials demonstrated that, in large commercial areas with an average size of 10 ha, farmers could improve their farm income by US$50/ha, when using sensor based N management. The combination of the N-rich strip, together with the use of the sensor and a crop algorithm to interpret the results from the sensor, allowed farmers to obtain significant savings in N use and thus in farm profits. Farm income was increased by US$56/ha, when averaged over all trials in all years.
PHYSICAL SPOUSAL VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN IN INDIA: SOME RISK FACTORS
Authors: JEYASEELAN L. , KUMAR SHUBA , NEELAKANTAN NITHYA , PEEDICAYIL ABRAHAM , PILLAI RAJAMOHANAM , DUVVURY NATA
Published: March 2007

Domestic spousal violence against women in developing countries like India, is now beginning to be recognized as a widespread health problem impeding development. This study aimed to explore the risk and protective factors for lifetime spousal physical violence. A cross-sectional household survey was carried out in rural, urban and urban-slum areas across seven sites in India, among women aged 15–49 years, living with a child less than 18 years of age. The sample was selected using the probability proportionate to size method. Trained field workers administered a structured questionnaire to elicit information on spousal physical violence. The main hypothesized variables were social support, witnessed father beating mother and experience of harsh physical violence during childhood, alcohol abuse by spouse and socioeconomic variables. The outcome variables included three physical violence behaviours of hit, kick and beat. Odds ratios were calculated for risk and protective factors of violence using logistic regression. Of 9938 women surveyed, 26% reported experiencing spousal physical violence during the lifetime of their marriage. Adjusted odds ratios calculated using multiple logistic regression analysis suggest that women whose husbands regularly consumed alcohol (OR 5·6; 95% CI 4·7–6·6); who experienced dowry harassment (OR 3·2; 95% CI 2·7–3·8); had reported experiencing harsh physical punishment during childhood (OR 1·6; 95% CI 1·4–1·8) and had witnessed their fathers beat their mothers (OR 1·9; 95% CI 1·6–2·1), were at increased risk of spousal physical violence (beat, hit and kick). Higher socioeconomic status and good social support acted as protective buffers against spousal physical violence. The findings provide compelling evidence of the potential risk factors for spousal physical violence, which in turn could help in planning interventions.
BIOSOCIAL COVARIATES OF ADULT MALE BODY MASS INDEX IN CENTRAL INDIA
Authors: GAUTAM RAJESH K.
Published: March 2007

Body mass index (BMI) is the ‘measuring rod’ of nutritional status. This study investigates the type and extent of correlation between adult male BMI and socioeconomic, cultural and bio-demographical variables using data from 11,496 individuals from 38 districts of Central India. For each individual, stature, body weight and sitting height data were collected, their Cormic index and BMI computed, and averages for each district calculated. Mean BMI was found to be lowest for the population of Tikamgarh (17·90±1·91 kg m−2) and highest for that of Durg district (19·33±2·16 kg m−2), whereas the mean BMI for the total population of Central India was 18·67±2·18 kg m−2, which is lower than that of well-to-do individuals in India as a whole. The F ratio indicates that there is inter-district variation in anthropometric characteristics of populations. District-wise biosocial indicators were obtained, namely population density per square kilometre, percentage urban population, percentage of population that is of scheduled caste/tribe, sex ratio, average rural population per PHC/CHC (primary or community health centre), literacy rate, life expectancy, total fertility rate, infant mortality rate, gender development index and human development index. Most of these variables were found to be significantly correlated with each other, but BMI was only significantly correlated with three of them, viz. gender development index (R2=0·211), life expectancy (R2=0·130) and infant mortality rate (R2=0·128). Gender development index and life expectancy were positively correlated with BMI, whereas infant mortality rate was negatively correlated. It is concluded that if BMI increases then life expectancy will also increase. Thus better nutritional status may be a helpful tool for reducing infant mortality rate, which is an indicator of socioeconomic status, health condition, health care and ultimately overall development of a region or population.
How well do we know northern land cover? Comparison of four global vegetation and wetland products with a new ground‐truth database for West Siberia
Authors: Frey Karen E. , Smith Laurence C.
Published: March 2007

An unprecedented collection of 2161 geolocated, irregularly spaced field observations of land cover spanning ∼106 km2 throughout West Siberia suggests that currently available land cover classification products are remarkably poor indicators of vegetation type and water body extent in this northern wetland environment. The ground‐truth data are compared with (1) the Global Land Cover Characteristics database derived from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer data (GLCC.AVHRR), (2) the Global Land Cover Classification derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer data (GLCC.MODIS), (3) the Global Lakes and Wetlands Database (GLWD), and (4) the West Siberian Lowland Peatland Database (WSLPD) using: (1) all land cover categories and (2) permanent wetland and water body categories only. Overall agreement with ground observations of land cover is only 21% for the GLCC.AVHRR database and 11% for the GLCC.MODIS database. However, at a much broader scale (one degree of latitude) there is improved qualitative agreement between vegetation classes, with some notable exceptions: (1) at low latitudes (∼54°N–58°N), both the GLCC.AVHRR and GLCC.MODIS databases underestimate woody savannas in favor of croplands; (2) at midlatitudes (∼58°N–64°N), the GLCC.AVHRR database underestimates evergreen needleleaf forest in favor of mixed forest; and (3) at high latitudes (∼64°N–68°N), both the GLCC.AVHRR and GLCC.MODIS databases underestimate deciduous needleleaf forest in favor of woody savannas or open shrublands, respectively. It is clear that all four data databases significantly underestimate permanent wetlands and water bodies, although those specifically developed for this purpose (GLWD and WSPLD) perform better than the more widely used, multiclass land cover products. For permanent wetlands, agreement with our ground data is only 2% for GLCC.MODIS, 23% for GLCC.AVHRR, 45% for GLWD and 56% for WSLPD. Agreement with open water bodies is even poorer (0–5%). These results raise into question the efficacy of incorporating currently available land cover products into terrestrial ecosystem models in northern wetland environments.
Modes of ejecta emplacement at Martian craters from laboratory experiments of an expanding vortex ring interacting with a particle layer
Authors: Suzuki A. , Kumagai I. , Nagata Y. , Kurita K. , Barnouin‐Jha O. S.
Published: March 2007

Ejecta morphologies of many Martian craters indicate fluidized emplacement which differs from ballistic emplacement in dry, airless environments. Double Layered Ejecta craters possess particularly interesting ejecta morphologies: two lobes and radial lineations on their surface, which probably result from gas‐dominated radial flow during the emplacement. To examine how a radial flow interacts with surface particles to generate some of the observed morphologies on Mars, we have conducted water tank experiments in which a vortex ring encounters a particle layer. The threshold of particle motion and three interaction modes are described by two dimensionless numbers: particle Shields' parameter and particle Reynolds number. Our results show that gas‐dominated flows are possible during cratering and could be used to constrain the ancient Martian environment from observations.
Direct polymerization of isoprene and α‐pinene on acidic aerosols
Authors: Liggio John , Li Shao‐Meng , Brook Jeffrey R. , Mihele Cristian
Published: March 2007

The direct polymerization of isoprene and α‐pinene on acidic sulfate aerosols has been studied in a reaction chamber utilizing aerosol mass spectrometry. Results indicated that both species can be directly taken up into acidic aerosols to a significant extent, forming polymers that contain at least 4 isoprene or 2 α‐pinene repeating units. Aerosol mass spectra indicate that double bonds in the polymers hydrate under acid catalysis, leading to partial oxygenation of the polymers. This reactive uptake depends highly upon relative humidity and particle acidity. This process is rapid and reaches equilibrium in less than 50 minutes, with effective partition coefficients (Kp,eff) between 1.2–14.1 × 10−6 m3μg−1, from which it is estimated <0.5–5 ng m−3 of polymers may be present from both species in acidic aerosols. The formation of biogenic polymers is an important mechanism for incorporating hydrophobic, unsaturated species into polar aerosols and enhanced SOA formation.
Evidence of a gravity wave breaking event and the estimation of the wave characteristics from sodium lidar observation over Fort Collins, CO (41°N, 105°W)
Authors: Li Tao , She C.‐Y. , Liu Han‐Li , Montgomery Michael T.
Published: March 2007

On the night of December 3rd, 2004 (UT day 338), we observed a significant acceleration of horizontal wind near 100 km between 0900 and 0915 UT accompanied by a temperature cooling at the same altitude and warming below it. The Lomb spectrum analysis of the raw dataset revealed that a gravity wave with 1.5 hr period was significant between 0500 and 0900 UT, but blurred after 0900 UT, suggesting the transfer of wave energy and momentum from wave field to mean flow. Most likely, this observed phenomenon is due to the breaking of an upward propagating gravity wave with an apparent period of ∼1.5 hr. Using linear saturation theory and assuming a monochromatic wave packet, we estimated the characteristics of breaking gravity wave, eddy diffusion coefficient, and a simple relation between Prandtl number and turbulence localization measure when the wave is breaking, from the experimentally determined heating rate, horizontal wind acceleration, and background temperature and winds.
Evaluation of the research version TMPA three‐hourly 0.25° × 0.25° rainfall estimates over Oklahoma
Authors: Villarini Gabriele , Krajewski Witold F.
Published: March 2007

This study involves the extensive evaluation of six years (January 1998–December 2003) of the research‐version TMPA three‐hourly 0.25° × 0.25° rainfall product over a pixel containing 23 rain gauges from the Micronet network in Oklahoma, United States. The network average rainfall is characterized by small (2%) error. The authors consider three seasons i.e. cold, warm, and hot, and the evaluation is based on scatterplots, comparison of the tail of the distributions, and different types of statistical measures of agreement, bias, disagreement, and categorical evaluation. Overall, the best agreement is for the hot season. This study reveals that the TMPA should be considered as a 100‐minute accumulation product, with the accumulation starting between 90 and 30 minutes before its nominal time, depending on the season.
Influence of snow cover and algae on the spectral dependence of transmitted irradiance through Arctic landfast first‐year sea ice
Authors: Mundy C. J. , Ehn J. K. , Barber D. G. , Michel C.
Published: March 2007

Extensive spatial and temporal observations of sea ice algae remain limited due in part to current destructive and time intensive sampling techniques. In this paper we examine the influence of snow cover and ice algal biomass on the spectral dependence of photosynthetically available radiation transmitted through the snow‐ice matrix using a data set collected in Resolute Passage, Canada, from 3 to 21 May 2003. The relationships between a normalized difference index (NDI) of transmitted irradiance with ice algal biomass and with snow cover provided a means to examine and compare observational and modeled data. In contrast to the dominant scattering properties of snow, absorption largely controls the spectral diffuse attenuation coefficient of algae. Our results show that snow has little effect on the distribution of transmitted spectral irradiance at wavelengths between 400 and 550 nm, whereas algae have a strong absorption peak near 440 nm that dominates changes in spectral transmission across this wavelength range. Up to 89% of the total variation in algae biomass was accounted for with a single NDI wavelength combination. Therefore the blue wavelength peak in algal spectral absorption lends particularly well to the remote estimation of algae biomass using transmitted irradiance. Deviations between observed and modeled data highlight the need for improvements to model inputs and therefore more detailed observations of processes controlling snow, ice, and algae in situ optical properties.