bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Carcinoma of the Female Urethra
Authors: Corlette P. M. C.
Published: March 2008

After a review of the anatomy, aetiology and symptomatology of urethral carcinoma in the female, the treatment, with particular reference to radiotherapeutic methods, is discussed. Five cases are presented which have all been treated by radon implantation, and the author considers that this represents the most hopeful form of conservative therapy at present available. The high incidence of inguinal gland involvement is pointed out, and it is felt that there is a strong argument for their dissection in all cases.
The Pathology of Ulccrativc Colitis
Authors: Mcgovern V. J.
Published: March 2008

The initial lesion in ulcerative colitis, whether in the large bowel or small, seems to be congestion and oedema of the submucosa followed by ulceration in a characteristic pattern. Deep ulceration is characteristic of the acute form, while in chronic ulcerative colitis the ulcers are superficial to the muscularis mucosae. While the patterns are characteristic, there is often some degree of overlap and, indeed, one variety can be converted into the other.
Preliminary Experience with Percutaneous Transaxillary Arteriography
Authors: Syme James
Published: March 2008

A study is presented of the use of a percutaneous transaxillary approach for various types of arteriographic investigation in 57 patients over a period of 14 months, using equipment identical with that long in use at the Royal Melbourne Hospital for renal arteriography. Technical difficulties likely to be encountered in certain groups of patients in whom the method may be required are emphasized, and suggestions offered for coping with them. The nature and incidence of complications are noted. Indications for the method are defined in light of these potential difficulties and complications.
Lymphoedema Praecox: A Case Report
Authors: Callander J. D. , Tucker W. G.
Published: March 2008

A case of lymphoedema praecox is presented with a discussion of its clinical and lymph‐angiographic features.
Immediate Intravenous Urography For Urinary Tract Colic
Authors: Southwell P. B.
Published: March 2008

Immediate intravenous urography is presented as a valuable means of assessing suspected acute urinary tract colic.

One instance of renal extravasation of contrast is noted.
The Department of Medical History in the University of Melbourne and the First Australian Seminar on Medical History
Authors: Owen Morris D.
Published: March 2008

Two notable “firsts” are described: the opening of the Department of Medical History in the University of Melbourne, the first such department in an Australian medical school and coinciding with this event there was arranged the first seminar on Medical History to be held in this country.
Pulmonary Stenosis: Plain Films and Fluoroscopy
Authors: McMyn J. K.
Published: March 2008

Summary

The plain film findings in pulmonary valvular stenosis are mentioned with particular reference to the frequent finding of unilateral enlargement of the left branch of the pulmonary artery.

Unilateral expansile pulsation of the left lower lobe branch or left descending branch of the left pulmonary artery is a valuable and pathognomic sign of pulmonary valvular stenosis in the absence of similar expansile pulsation of the descending branch of the right pulmonary artery.
The Use of an Anal Stimulator for Barium Enema Examinations
Authors: Harvey A. J. , Robertson Angus , Hille R.
Published: March 2008

The use of an anal stimulator as a simple adjunct to maintaining rectal continence during barium enemas is discussed and has Ix‐en found to be a practical and useful proposition at the Repatriation General Hospital, Adelaide.
Traumatic Aneurysms and Traumatic Arteriovenous Fistulae
Authors: Tucker W. G. , Perrett L. V.
Published: March 2008

The literature on traumatic aneurysms and traumatic arteriovenous fistulae has been reviewed, the aetiology and pathogenesis discussed. Seven cases are described illustrating various types, including an unusual complication of cervical disc surgery resulting in a vertebral arteriovenous fistula.
Cystic Myxomatous Degeneration of the Popliteal Artery
Authors: Weston T. S. , Thompson H. T. , Ardagh J. W.
Published: March 2008

The disease is a rare one of dubious pathogenesis. The clinical presentation is usually one of the sudden onset of intermittent claudication in a young adult male. Arteriography may reveal a stenosis, with or without displacement, or complete occlusion of the popliteal artery, which otherwise appears normal. Treatment is either by incision of the cysts with extrusion of their contents in stenotic lesions or resection of the artery with autogenous vein replacement in complete occlusion.

A search of the literature has revealed 31 documented cases of the disorder, and this paper describes two further cases.
The Optimum Measurement of Selenium‐75 for Pancreas Scanning
Authors: Steven L. W. , Andrews J. T. , Arkles L. B.
Published: March 2008

A simple experiment has been performed in order to determine the most accurate way of measuring the gamma, ray spectrum of 23Se for pancreatic scanning The technical protocol for pancreas scanning in this department is also described.
The Olecranon Bursa
Authors: Weston W. J.
Published: March 2008

The olecranon bursa is a potential cavity in the normal subject and is represented by two layers of synovial membrane and extrasynovial fat. It is only the extrasynovial fat that is seen on the normal lateral view of the elbow.

When the cavity of the bursa is distended at post‐mortem examination with 1 ml. of barium sulphate suspension, a smooth‐walled sac that fits like a cap over the tip of the olecranon process is outlined. The bursa is noted to be separated from the ulna by a thin layer of translucent extrasynovial fat.

A 21‐gauge scalp vein needle forms a useful cannula when performing bursography. The tip of the needle must be in contact with the ulna to give satisfactory filling of this potential cavity.
The Bursae Deep to Gluteus Medius and Minimus
Authors: Weston W. J.
Published: March 2008

The radiographic anatomy of the bursae deep to the gluteus medius and minimus has been described.

These bursae have been filled by barium sulphate at post‐mortem examination. A scalp vein set is a useful cannula in the thin subject.

The extrasynovial fat is well shown between the barium‐filled bursa deep to gluteus medius and the great trochanter.
Carcinoma of the Larynx—Radiology*
Authors: Ryan James
Published: March 2008

Summary

Radiology is of paramount importance in cancer of the larynx. The radiologist is in a position to give accurate delineation of the tumour and to assess muscle involvement by showing loss of normal movement. An adequate examination includes positive contrast tomo‐grams with films taken in quiet respiration and in expiratory and inspiratory phonation.

Thermography provides a simple way of detecting gland metastases in the neck.

After operation, by radiology we can help in the rehabilitation of these patients by showing how well they can speak and how they provide the required column of air for speech. The limitations of speech imposed by the operation can be shown. It may be possible to advise surgeons of a better operation if this upper oesophageal muscle is in fact required for useful speech after operation.
Intravenous Pyelography in Burkitt's Tumour
Authors: Whittaker Leslie R.
Published: March 2008

Summary

The radiological findings at intravenous pyelography in patients with renal tract involvement of Burkitt's tumour are described.
Cardiac Catheterization: I. Indications, Current Techniques, and Complications
Authors: O'Brien K. P. , Glancy D. L. , Brandt P. W. T.
Published: March 2008

Summary

The indications for cardiac catheterization are discussed. Currently available techniques of right and left heart catheterization are described, and the particular advantages and disadvantages of each technique are summarized. Complications of cardiac catheterization are discussed both in general and in relation to each individual procezure. The most commonly used methods of measuring cardiac output and Of detecting the presence and magnitude of intracardiac shunts are outlined.
Cardiac Catheterization: II. Detection and Assessment of Common Cardio‐vascular Abnormalities
Authors: Glancy D. L. , O'Brien K. P. , Brandt P. W. T.
Published: March 2008

Summary

The haemodynamic parameters used in detecting and assessing each of several common cardio‐vascular abnormalities are presented, and the pertinent catheterization techniques are described. Methods for studying patients with the more common congenital cardiac malformations are for the most part well standardized, and when adequate data are obtained, these are usually easily interpreted. Acquired valvular lesions, especially stenotic ones, can also be evaluated by standard techniques and the severity of such lesions accurately determined. In contrast, methods for studying myocardial function are less satisfactory. The parameters usually employed in assessing myocardial performance are also influenced by extra‐myocardial factors, and some of the more meaningful methods of studying myocardial contractility are still too complex and time‐consuming for routine use. Except for selective angiocardiography, cardiac catheterization techniques are likewise of only limited help in evaluating patients with ischaemic heart disease.
Cloverleaf Skull and Thanatophoric Dwarfism
Authors: Bloomfield J. A.
Published: March 2008

Summary

A case is described in which these abnor malities coexisted in a stillborn male foetus o normal parents. Radiological and autopsy findings are recorded and illustrated. The enlarged head caused obstructed labour.

This is apparently the twenty‐fourth case of cloverleaf skull reported, and the first from Australasia.

Available literature is reviewed, and the frequent association of limb bone deformities with cloverleaf skull is again noted. The differential diagnosis of these conditions is discussed, with particular reference to confusion with achondroplasia.

It is postulated that the basic fault is a gross retardation of foetal skeletal development before 10 weeks (40 mm. embryo).
A Review of the Physical Data Used in Radium and Radon Dosimetry
Authors: Sofer D. H.
Published: March 2008

Summary

This review makes available up‐to‐date values of the physical data upon which the dosimetry of sealed radium and radon sources is based. It is hoped that the values recommended will become the accepted values for use in Australia.

The information is supplied in the form of point source functions which give the exposure in roentgens at r cm. in soft tissue from a point source of m mg. of radium or A mCi. of radon surrounded by d mm. of platinum. The application of the functions to line sources is considered in an Appendix, so that comparisons may be made with dosage systems now in general use.
Cerebral Calcification following Pseudomonas Meningitis in an infant“
Authors: Chongwah A. , Masel J. P.
Published: March 2008

Intracranial calcification in a young infant, following meningitis in association with Pseudo‐monas septicaemia, is reported. This calcification, most likely in the cerebral cortex, developed in 3 weeks and later largely resolved over a period of 9 months.
Experience with Orbital Venography
Authors: Cala L.
Published: March 2008

Four cases have been extracted from a larger series, representing assorted conditions producing unilateral proptosis.

It has been found that the venogram is of no value used alone; it is always complementary to the carotid angiogram.

The procedure of orbital venography has been described by Lombardi and Passerini (1969), McNulty (1969) and Lloyd (1970)
The Posterior Capsule of the Flexed Knee Joint in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Weston W. J.
Published: March 2008

The lateral view of the knee was taken in full flexion in this patient with active seropositive rheumatoid arthritis.

The thickened capsule posteriorly was noted to have the shape of a reversed three and ran parallel to the extra synovial fat.

To my knowledge, this appearance of the capsule in the flexed lateral view of the knee joint has not been previously described.
Relative Hazards to Radiation Workers in Various Classes o Diagnostic X‐ray Procedures, with Special Reference to Ward and Theatre Radiography*
Authors: Williamson B. D. P. , Paris N. F. , Samsen L.
Published: March 2008

A classification of diagnostic X‐ray procedures according to degree of radiation hazard to the radiation worker is presented. It is based on an analysis of published radiation injury cases, on theoretical considerations and on experience in routine radiation protection surveys. The classification is qualitative rather than rigorous and procedures are grouped and ranked according to the following basic protection situations: radiography with all staff excluded from the “radiation area”, radiography with staff in the radiation area, fluoroscopy, and dangerous obsolete techniques.

A suggested code of practice for diagnostic X‐ray work in wards and operating theatres is appended.
X‐Ray Diagnosis of Protruding Lesions of the Stomach
Authors: Ohtake Hisashi , Tarusawa Teruo , Nishiki Tsunehiro , Hoshino Tehchi , Mukose Yoshito
Published: March 2008

The X‐ray diagnosis of protruding lesions of the stomach has been discussed. As long as the shape, size, and properties of the surface and margin of the lesion are correctly ascertained, the diagnosis of a benign or malignant lesion is possible. An effort towards demonstrating the shape of the protruding lesion on X‐ray film as correctly as possible–close to the macroscopic findings–is necessary.
Thanatophoric Dwarfism
Authors: Southion C. L.
Published: March 2008

A case of Thanatophoric Dwarfism is described in which the foramen magnum was found to be grossly reduced in size. The distance between the petrous temporal bones was also reduced in size but were anatomically normal.

It is thought that the size of the foramen magnum may be associated with areflexia and hypotonia and the lethal nature of the disease.

Radiography forms the basis of accurate diagnosis. From this, reporting, precise classification and incidence follow.
Treatment of Cancer of Maxilla
Authors: Singh DR. A. D. , M.Joseph DR. L. B. , Simon DR. G. T.
Published: March 2008

The aim of this presentation has been mainly three:

Full course of supervoltage radiation‐therapy combined with palatal fenestration gives the best result in the treatment of the carcinoma of the maxillary antrum.

Modified wedge technique to be a satisfactory technique.

It needs a team of radiotherapist, surgeon and dentist along with their colleagues to fight this disease.
The Use of “Gallium Citrate Scanning to Stage Malignancies of the Head and Neck
Authors: Hurst W. B. , Andrews J. T. , Chmiel R. L. , Martin J. J. , Sephton R. G. , Budd R. S.
Published: March 2008

The inaccuracy of palpation to detect cervical metastatic lymph node disease is emphasised. Approximately one third of patients with head and neck carcinoma will be diagnosed incorrectly with respect to metastatic disease in the neck regardless of the presence or not of palpable nodes. Normal but palpable nodes or anatomical prominences may cause difficulty in interpretation.

This report gives details of experience with 67Gallium citrate scanning in 14 patients with cervical masses, which were initially assumed to be metastatic in origin.

The primary lesion was well demonstrated in two cases, and in four other cases positive e7Ga scans corresponding with metastatic cervical lymph nodes were obtained. In six cases however the scan was negative; moreover there were two instances where chronically‐inflamed submandibular salivary glands gave “false positive” scans. On the basis of this experience, the f, TGa scan appears to be of no help in staging head and neck malignancy.
Unclassified Osteochondrodysplasia in a 21‐Year‐Old Woman
Authors: Kozlowski K. , Sherbon K. J.
Published: March 2008

A 21‐year‐old woman with unusual bone changes is described. The disease may have been present at birth but only facial abnormalities were recognised in infancy. Later, bilateral hip dislocation and stunted growth became apparent. X‐ray examination during childhood showed microepiphyses of all the long bones, small round bones, dislocation of the hips and kyphoscoliosis. These changes showed little variability with growth. Unusual changes in the shape of the vertebral bodies took place during late childhood or adolescence.

In the authors' opinion this is a previously undescribed type of spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia or an allied disorder.
Combined Treatment of Malignant Tumor with Irradiation and Bleomycin
Authors: Yamashita Hisao , Nagase Tetsuya , Amino Saburo , Gomi Makoto , Kamata Rikisaburo , Kaneta Koichi , Mikuriya Shuichi
Published: March 2008

Systematic studies were made on combined treatment with irradiation and Bleomycin. Tumor doses of 5,000–7,000 rads were given, mostly with gamma rays or X‐rays of a 4–6 MeV Linear Accelerator, and Bleomycin was given simultaneously during irradiation with daily doses of 15 mg twice a week. The total dose was usually 100–150 mg. Side effects were fever in 22 cases (28%), dermatitis in 13 cases (17%), pneumonitis and fibrosis of the lung in 9 cases (11%). In 43 cases (55%) there were no side effects. Complete disappearance of the tumor was seen in 42 cases (53%), shrinkage of the tumor in 27 cases (34%), and non‐effective results in 10 cases (13%). Primary cure rate was 53% in all cases, 72% in Stage 1 and 5 cases, and 45% in Stage 3 and 4 cases. The 1 year survival rate has been found to be 73% and the 1–5 year's survival rate to be 56% Caution should be taken to avoid side effects especially fever and pulmonary changes.
The Value Of The Frusemide (Lasix) Washout Test During Pyelography As An Indicator Of Renovascular Hypertension
Authors: Hare William , Sprague Paul L.
Published: March 2008

Fifty‐seven hypertensives underwent renal arteriography selected on the basis of an abnormal Lasix washout response during urography, all other criteria being normal. Forty‐five patients had normal arteriograms, 7 patients over 40 years showed minor arterial tapering, 4 had minimal fibromuscular hyperplasia, and 1 a small asymptomatic hypernephroma. It is concluded that as a screening test for renovascular hypertension the Lasix washout response by itself is of no real value because of the frequency of false positives. With the current interest in reduced distensibility of the kidney as a sign of renal artery stenosis Lasix will be assessed as a simple way of eliciting this.
On The Use Of Bradykinin In Arteriography Of The Arm
Authors: Erikson Uno , Helmius Gunnar , Hemmingsson Anders
Published: March 2008

Bradykinin injected intra‐arterially immediately prior to arteriography of the arm increases the contrast filling of both arteries and veins of the arm and hand, if the vessels still have a capacity for dilatation. If an appropriate dose is used in relation to the size and location of the examination area, no side‐effects are obtained.
Histological Classification of Lymphomas (NISBET SYMPOSIUM, OCTOBER 1972)
Authors: Hanson T. A. S.
Published: March 2008

Pathological classification in the group of malignant lymphomas has changed over the past 20 years.

The modern classifications of both the Hodgkin's and non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas are presented, together with some relevant historical background.

Attention is drawn to the remarkable increase in the incidence of nodular sclerosing Hodgkin's disease in the past ten years, an increase which appears due to changing histological criteria alone, rather than an absolute increase in Hodgkin's disease in general.
Dystrophic Dwarfism
Authors: Kozlowski K. , Barylak A.
Published: March 2008

Two cases of diastrophic dwarfism in early school age children and a variant of diastrophic dwarfism in an infant are described. One of the children, a 61/2 year old girl, showed a rare but dangerous complication—cervical spine kyphosis.

The importance of early diagnosis and the difficulties in management of the condition are stressed.
Tancho's Nodules1
Authors: Sundaravej Kunthon , Suchato Chirotchana
Published: March 2008

Special glass beads buried subcutaneously in die male sexual organs were discovered in Bangkok, Thailand. Some cases showed secondary infection but were not reported here. Roentgenograms were taken and illustrated. Diagnostic radiologists when reading films suggestive of bullets or urethral stones should have the Tancho's Nodules in mind for differential diagnosis.
Radionuclide Studies of Posterior Fossa Lesions in Children
Authors: Andrews J. T. , Klug G. L. , McKay W. J.
Published: March 2008

A series of 480 children was investigated by scintiscanning between 1966 and 1975 by rectilinear scanning or by gamma camera imaging. Of this group 39 were reported abnormal in the posterior fossa region–10 were reported as normal but were found subsequently by other investigations or by operation to have a lesion in this region. Of the 39 reported abnormal 37 were subsequently found to have a lesion, either benign or malignant. There were 2 false positives. The overall accuracy of diagnosis in the posterior fossa was 75.5%.

The value of cerebral radionuclide imaging in the study of posterior fossa lesions in children has been upheld. The investigation is non invasive, safe and reasonably accurate and is an important screening test in this area.
The Pseudogallbladder–Opacification of the Duodenal Cap at Cholangiography
Authors: Foote George A.
Published: March 2008

The duodenal cap is readily opacified at cholangiography because of retrograde propulsion of opacified bile into the cap. When the axis of the cap is directed to the left, pooling of opacified bile will commonly occur, partly because of the dependent position of the cap relative to the descending duodenum and also because active contractions of the duodenal cap do not commonly occur during cholangiography. The leftward directed cap which is thus opacified may resemble a normal or an incompletely amputated gallbladder in its size, shape and position. The cap may be difficult to recognise as such unless it is realised that the axis of the cap is directed to the left, with the base of the cap lying further to the right than its apex.
Ultrasonic Diagnosis of Lymphocele Complicating Renal Transplantation
Authors: Curran John E. , Maklad Nabil F. , Baum Janet K.
Published: March 2008

Ultrasonic B‐mode scanning is a useful diagnostic technique for the early detection of perirenal fluid collections following renal transplantation. Generally, the technique does not allow differentiation between collections of lymph, pus, blood or urine. Two examples of post‐transplant lymphocele are described.
Skeletal Changes in Divers
Authors: Williams Bryan , Unsworth Ian
Published: March 2008

One hundred and ten divers, either sports or professional, have undergone radiological examination of appropriate areas of the skeleton as part of periodic medical review designed to ensure adequate supervision of their health and the prevention of the potentially hazardous effects of decompression. The classification advocated by the Medical Research Council (U.K.) Decompression Sickness Panel has been followed in this report, and a significant number of abnormalities affecting bone and joint have come to light, and are listed in the text. The diver is usually an athletic and adventurous young man who, in some instances, has been engaged in heavy manual work underwater where joint and positional sense may have been modified and rendered him vulnerable to injury to the skeleton and its tendons and ligaments. The interplay of trauma and dysbaric osteonecrosis and their influences on the skeletal changes found in this group of divers forms the subject of this report.
Angiographic Findings in Diaphragmatic Rupture
Authors: Foley W. Dennis , Reuter Stewart R.
Published: March 2008

The angiographic findings are presented in four patients with ruptured diaphragms. With rupture of the left hemidiaphragm the findings vary with the structures herniating. Gastric, mesenteric or splenic artery branches extending into the lower chest indicate herniation of the stomach, bowel or spleen. A herniating spleen is frequently ruptured. On the right, the liver is generally the only organ to herniate. An indentation in the lateral liver margin in the venous phase, if present, indicates the level of the diaphragm.
Spondylo‐Metaphyseal Dysplasias
Authors: Kozlowski K. , Barylak A. , Middleton R. W. , Rybakowa M. , Thomas P. , Walecki J.
Published: March 2008

One case of the common type and three pairs of siblings with hitherto undescribed varieties of spondylo‐metaphyseal dysplasia are reported. All the pairs of siblings showed concordance in the spine changes. Some intrafamilial variability of the metaphyseal changes were present in pairs I and III of the siblings.
Computer‐Based Auditing in a Radiological Department
Authors: Williams By Bryan , Wood Trevor J.
Published: March 2008

It has proved immensely valuable to the direction of a radiological department served by a diversity of radiologists to have computerised records of the kind described in this paper. The three areas of directorial responsibility–clinical care, teaching and research– have been given coherence and purpose, and the material stored during the year 1973‐74 is still being used widely. Ideally, a department needs its own small computer with extended storage facilities so that auditing can be practised imaginatively but inexpensively. Were this available, the programmes outlined above would be retained and expanded to allow more detailed dissection of the use and abuse of the service provided, to create a cumulative radiation diary for staff and patients correlating with records of stillbirths, congenital malformations, lymphoreticular diseases and other disorders that may relate to low‐dose radiation. Without the benefit of a computer, departments inevitably lapse into a formlessness that hampers effective management.
A Huge Bile Cyst — An Unusual Complication of Percutaneous Transhepatic Cholangiography (PTC)
Authors: VUJIC IVAN , MEREDITH HUBERT C. , ANDERSON MARION C.
Published: March 2008

A huge subcapsular bile cyst, which formed over a period of six weeks following PTC, is described in a 54 year old male with obstructive jaundice. To our knowledge, this complication of PTC has been reported only once in the medical literature.
Carpal Instability and Carpal Injuries
Authors: HOCKLEY BRONTE J.
Published: March 2008

Carpal instability or collapse deformities of the carpus are a poorly recognised radiological entity. The spectrum of these lesions includes painful non‐united scaphoid fractures, rotatory subluxations of the scaphoid, post‐arthritic degenerative changes and acute “wrist sprains”. The collapse patterns can be subdivided into two types:—

Dorsiflexion carpal instability

Palmarflexion carpal instability.

In the acute form, the radiological appearances may be non‐specific if normal carpal relationships are maintained in standard wrist projections. The use of six standard projections is advocated in diagnosis with accurate lateral radiographs and with the hand in a true neutral position. Serial examinations may be required to make the diagnosis, possibly augmented with lateral views using carpal compression or motion studies of the wrist. Patients with acute and chronic “wrist sprains” and “carpal tunnel” syndrome should be energetically investigated with the purpose of diagnosing collapse deformities and instituting the appropriate orthopaedic treatment.
Apoptosis: A Distinctive Mode of Cell Death that Plays an Opposite Role to Mitosis in Cell Population Kinetics
Authors: KERR J. F. R. , SEARLE J. , BISHOP C. J.
Published: March 2008

The term apoptosis has been coined for a morphologically distinctive mode of cell death, which plays an opposite role to mitosis in controlling the size of animal tissues: it is fundamentally different from the well known phenomenon of necrosis that results from irreversible injury to cells by agents such as toxins and ischaemia.

Cells affected by apoptosis condense and bud to produce many membrane‐bounded fragments in which organelles are well preserved. These are phagocytosed and digested by nearby resident tissue cells without associated inflammation; the viable cells merely close ranks. Extensive deletion of cells may thus take place without disorganisation of overall tissue architecture.

Apoptosis occurs continuously in healthy animals. It is enhanced in endocrine‐dependent tissues during the reversible shrinkage that follows appropriate hormone withdrawal or administration, and it is also implicated in total and irreversible involution of tissues in normal animals, such as loss of the tadpole tail during metamorphosis and elimination of phylogenetic vestiges during embryonic development.

Apoptosis takes place spontaneously and continuously in malignant neoplasms, often grossly retarding their growth, and cytotoxic drug administration and X irradiation enhance apoptosis as well as inhibiting mitosis in neoplasms; tumour regression following therapy with these agents is the result of tipping the balance between the two processes. Hyperthermia enhances apoptosis in foetal tissues and adult seminiferous tubules; its effect on apoptosis in neoplasms needs study. Cell mediated immune attack on cells induces apoptosis, not necrosis; apoptosis may thus sometimes be enhanced in neoplasms by immunological means.

The features of apoptosis suggest that it is an active process of cellular self‐destruction rather than a form of cell degeneration. This carries the implication that it is genetically programmed. Further understanding of the regulation of the onset of apoptosis at the molecular level may lead to the discovery of improved methods of tumour treatment.
Spondylo‐Costal Dysplasia — Severe and Moderate Types (Report of 8 Cases)
Authors: KOZLOWSKI K.
Published: March 2008

Eight cases of spondylo‐costal dysplasia, three of severe and five of moderate types are described. In the author's opinion spondylocostal dysplasia represents a group of genetically different diseases characterised radiologically by malsegmentation of the spine and dysplastic/hypoplastic changes of the ribs.

Spondylo‐costal dysplasia is a relatively common finding in severe forms of myelomenuigocoele.
Patterns of Diffusely Increased Skeletal Radiopharmaceutical Uptake
Authors: WILSON M. A. , CALHOUN F. W. , GAINES J. , GOLDSMITH S. J.
Published: March 2008

In a three month review of routine radionuclide bone scans, three patterns of diffusely increased skeletal uptake were noted. The classical “superscan” with diffuse axial uptake was seen in two patients with prostatic carcinoma. Nine patients had excellent bone scans characterized by diffusely increased symmetrical axial and appendicular uptake and all had hypercalcaemia associated with either metabolic bone disease or adenocarcinoma. A third pattern, characterized by increased periarticular involvement of the appendicular skeleton, was found in patients with conditions resulting in marrow proliferation, including lymphoma.
The Pre and Postnatal Appearance of the Kidneys in Beckwith‐Wiedemann Syndrome
Authors: CARSELDINE DAVID B. , CROCKER ERNEST F. , WALKER ANTHONY G. , TRUDINGER BRIAN J.
Published: March 2008

Bilateral renal abnormalities in a fetus with Beckwith‐Wiedemann Syndrome were detected ultrasonically. These were confirmed and monitored postnatally by serial studies. The initial and progressive ultrasonic appearance of the kidneys is described. Ultrasound is recommended as the means of determining anatomy and detecting renal complications in these patients. It is also of value in genetic counselling.
The Small Bowel Enema in the Management of Small Bowel Obstruction
Authors: KHALEGHIAN ROWSHAN
Published: March 2008

In 16 patients with clinical evidence of bowel obstruction and complex medical histories the small bowel was radiologically studied using the intubation method. Clinically significant information which altered the management was obtained in 15 cases. The procedure was considered to be more controlled, more detailed and faster than the conventional follow‐through examination. No complications were encountered.
Local Tumour Control and its Effect Upon Survival of the Patient
Authors: DISCHE STANLEY
Published: March 2008

Failure to control the primary tumour leads to metastasis and evidence is presented concerning patients with carcinoma of bladder and uterine cervix to suggest that treatment failure is more important as a cause of metastasis than is the occult metastasis present at time of presentation for that treatment. Increase in the local cure rate in the treatment of malignant tumours would not only give a local benefit but would lead to a considerable increase in survival.
Computed Tomographic Assessment of the Mediastinum in Patients with Lung Cancer
Authors: SHEVLAND J. E. , HOUSE A. J. , REA H. H.
Published: March 2008

57 patients with histologically or cytologically proven lung cancer underwent computed tomography (C.T.) of the thorax as part of a staging procedure. All were considered potentially resectable.

22 of these patients have been the subject of a previous report.

19 patients had malignant involvement of the mediastinum, and C.T. Scanning detected 16 of these (Sensitivity = 84%). In 38 patients with a clear mediastinum, the Scan report was correct in 29 (Specificity = 76%). There were 3 false negative and 9 false positive results.
Invasive Aspergillosis Demonstrating the Air Crescent Sign: Occurrence in a Previously Healthy Alcoholic
Authors: EPLING SUSAN B. , WOODRING JOHN H. , NOBLE ROBERT C.
Published: March 2008

A case of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in a previously healthy alcoholic patient is presented. The air crescent sign was extremely useful in directing the diagnostic work up and establishing the correct diagnosis. The air crescent is a result of vascular invasion by Aspergillus with subsequent infarction and necrosis. In an immuno‐compromised or alcoholic patient, the air crescent sign should suggest the possibility of invasive aspergillosis.
Association of a Persistently Retroverted Gravid Uterus with a Large Myoma
Authors: M.B. JIMMY LEE. , KHALEGHIAN ROWSHAN
Published: March 2008

A case of persistently retroverted gravid uterus associated with a large uterine myoma is presented. Laparotomy was performed to exclude an ovarian mass and to replace the uterus. Pregnancy progressed with no complication.
Limited Wegener's Granulomatosis
Authors: PERRY CLIVE , SHEVLAND JOHN E.
Published: March 2008

6 cases of limited Wegener's Granulomatosis are presented.

There were 4 males and 2 females, with a mean age of 48 years.

Predominant organ systems involved were the upper and lower respiratory tracts, eyes and ears, with isolated involvement of the joints, gall bladder and adrenals.

Chest Radiographic features included large rounded masses, widespread airspace consolidation, thin‐walled cystic lesions and lobar atelectasis.
Radiation Dosimetry Descriptors Applied to Four C T Scanners in New Zealand
Authors: POLETTI J. L. , WILLIAMSON B. D. P. , HERON J. C. Le
Published: March 2008

Doses to patients have been estimated for the four New Zealand CT Scanners, in terms of recently proposed dose descriptors. These descrip‐tors were computed tomography dose index (CTDI), multiple scan average dose (MSAD), “equivalent rectangular width (w), a figure of merit, and integral dose. X‐ray beam dose profiles, half‐value‐layer and peak kilovoltage were also determined. Dosimetry was by thermoluminescent dosimeters, pencil ionization chamber, and x‐ray films, in cylindrical solid perspex phantoms. The four scanners were all found to give comparable doses to patients.
Transdiaphragmatic Liver Hernia in Adults
Authors: AGHA FAROOQ P.
Published: March 2008

Right sided transdiaphragmatic liver herniation is a rare type of diaphragmatic hernia. Three such cases in adults are reported. A localized hepatic herniation (type III) masquerading as pulmonary neoplasm was revealed in one, while in the other two cases liver herniation was accompanied by herniation of bowel (type III). A history of trauma was present in all three patients with a latent period between injury and discovery of diaphragmatic hernia ranging from 10–20 years. The role of current imaging modalities in arriving at the correct diagnosis is emphasized.
The Role of Contrast Angiography in Gastrointestinal Bleeding with the Advent of Technetium Labelled Red Blood Cell Scans
Authors: VLIET ANDREW H. VAN DER , KALFF VICTOR , SACHARIAS NINA , KELLY MICHAEL J.
Published: March 2008

This study suggests that in cases of GI bleeding emergency angiography is likely to be more rewarding when it follows a Tc‐99m RBC scintigram which demonstrates active GI bleeding. The added advantages of angiography include more accurate anatomical localization and the possibility of therapeutic radiological intervention. These advantages should be considered in the individual patient before deciding to proceed directly to surgical intervention based on positive scintigraphy alone.

Where the scintigram does not demonstrate active bleeding there is no need to perform emergency angiography, however, elective angiography may demonstrate a possible cause for bleeding.

Chronic GI bleeding remains a diagnostic dilemma, however, elective angiography has a small but definite role in the diagnostic workup of these cases because of its ability to demonstrate a possible causative lesion.
The Nisbet Symposium 1984 Brain Tumours
Authors: REILLY PETER L.
Published: March 2008

In the past one hundred years the surgery for brain tumours has advanced further from the mists of mythology to the limits of technology. The surgeon can approach an operation with very detailed information about the site, shape and attachments of a tumour. Microsurgical techniques have improved the operative results for benign tumours such as the acoustic neuroma. The surgical laser, and CT guided biopsy may refine the treatment of some patients still further, but we are no closer to curing gliomas. For these tumours, and for incompletely removed benign tumours, we must await a non surgical cure.
Angiographic Appearances of Islet Cell Tumours of the Pancreas
Authors: PUVANESWARY M. , AFZAL MASOOD
Published: March 2008

Arteriographic appearances of islet‐cell tumour of the pancreas are described. Characteristic features include a homogenous vascular blush with a periadenomal vascular ring.
Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty: Experience at Westmead Centre
Authors: FLETCHER J.P. , SIMMONS K. , LITTLE J.M.
Published: March 2008

Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA), or “balloon dilatation”, has been used on 83 occasions in 78 patients to treat short segment stenoses or occlusions of the iliac, femoropopliteal and renal arteries. There were five immediate failures, and, of those successfully treated, patency has been maintained in 91 % for a follow‐up period ranging from one month to two years with a mean of 10 months.

PTA is a valuable adjunct in the treatment of patients with peripheral vascular disease. Operation may be avoided in a significant number of patients and PTA may be the only treatment possible in patients in whom arterial reconstruction is not feasible because of poor distal vessels. Close cooperation between radiologist and vascular surgeon is essential.
Intraventricular Haemorrhage
Authors: DE CRESPIGNY L.CH.
Published: March 2008

Neonatal echoencephalography is performed routinely in all very low birth‐weight neonates in many nurseries throughout the world. The diagnosis of a haemorrhage requires the differentiation of normal echogenic periventricular structures from haemorrhage. A classification of haemorrhage based on size alone is advocated. A separate classification is then used to assess post‐haemorrhagic ventricular dilatation by measurement of “ventricular width”. As the long term neurodevelopmental outcome of the neonate is likely to be more related to the state of the brain parenchyma than the ventricles, the limitations of ultrasound in assessing the parenchyma has resulted in other techniques being investigated to determine if they can better predict subsequent handicap.
An Unusual Angiographic Appearance of Ergot Poisoning
Authors: DOIG S.G. , FELL G. , FRENCH J.
Published: March 2008

A case of upper limb ischaemia secondary to ergot poisoning is presented. We discuss the pharmacology of ergotism and the radiological appearances of ergot induced arteriospasm in relation to this case.
Odontoma (Report of 8 cases)
Authors: PIEKARCZYK J. , MLOSEK K. , KOZLOWSKI K.
Published: March 2008

Eight cases of odontoma – three of them huge complex odontomas – are presented. The tumour is most often discovered as an incidental finding accompanying unerupted, maldeveloped or malaligned primary or secondary teeth. Odontomas usually show characteristic, easily recognisable radiographic features.
Clinical Application of Pinhole Collimator and Analog Motion Correction Device in Cholescintigram
Authors: TANGVANICH R. , BOONYAPRAPA S. , PIYACHON C. , MUTTARAK M. , ADAMS R.
Published: March 2008

In cases of right upper quadrant abdominal pain where gallbladder disease is suspected, the pin‐hole collimator should be applied, when routine techniques fail to demonstrate pathology. With the aid of an analog motion correction device and the upright or decubitus position, multiple patterns of gallbladder images are summarized. These techniques have proven effective in demonstration of both normal and abnormal conditions of the gallbladder. Persistence of photon deficient area(s) in the post‐fat contracted gallbladder is characteristic of gall stone(s). Our techniques also enhance the ability to detect gall stones and improve the sensitivity and accuracy of Tc99m‐HIDA (or its derivatives) cholescintigraphy.

Cholescintigraphy with Tc99m‐IDA (and its derivatives) has proved very useful in the diagnosis of both anatomical and functional disorders of the hepatobiliary system. However, some details can be lost by routine scanning techniques. The first hindrance is the respiratory excursion of the liver. The second factor is the small size of the image of the organs (gallbladder and common bile duct).

In this presentation we describe some techniques for better delineation of the biliary system, including 1) a pin‐hole collimator to obtain better resolution of the organ images, 2) the use of an analog device to correct both vertical and horizontal motion, and 3) upright and decubitus positioning of the patient to demonstrate a layering effect of the radiopharmaceutical in the gallbladder and a change in the position of stones secondary to gravity.

We have found that these techniques have improved the sensivitity and accuracy of diagnosis of biliary disease and, in particular, that of gall stones.
The Radiological Features of Henoch‐Schonlein Purpura in the Gastro Intestinal Tract
Authors: DOYLE T. , MULLANY J.
Published: March 2008

Involvement of the G.I. tract is a common feature of Henoch‐Schonlein Purpura. The diagnosis is likely when abdominal pain and G.I. bleeding occurs in a patient with haematuria, rash and joint pains. The principal radiological features in the cases described were found in the duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colon, and consisted of submucosal haemorrhage and subsequent ulceration.
Choledochal Cyst Demonstrated by Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)
Authors: SAHA MADAN M. , KAPOOR RAVI
Published: March 2008

A case of choledochal cyst diagnosed by ERCP in a 19 year old girl is presented. The literature is briefly reviewed.
Aneurysmal Bone Cyst of the Frontal Bone — A Case Report
Authors: SAHA MADAN M. , KAPOOR RAVI
Published: March 2008

A rare case of aneurysmal bone cyst of the frontal bone in a 33 years old male is presented with a brief review of the literature.
Computerised Tomography of Keratoconus
Authors: LAWLESS MICHAEL , FRANCIS IAN C. , KAPPAGODA MEDDUMA B. , LORD GEORGE D.A. , ANDERSON IAN , KOS WALLY
Published: March 2008

This case report shows that computerised tomography can effectively illustrate kerato‐conus. The diagnosis in a patient with visual failure, headaches and “papilloedema” became apparent on CT scanning. The CT scan appearance of keratoconus is described.
Double Bladder (Report of Two Unusual Cases)
Authors: MALLIKARJUNAIAH G.S. , SOLOMON BANUMATHY , REDDY D. GOPAL
Published: March 2008

This paper has been presented with a view to clarifying the possibilities of diverticulum and also to the unusual type of double bladder not much stressed in literature.
Sacral Neurofibrosarcoma — A Case Report
Authors: CROSBIE D.C. , CARNEY P.G. , SAGE M.R.
Published: March 2008

Neurofibrosarcoma is a rare tumour. A case of sacral neurofibrosarcoma is presented. The role of computed tomography in defining this lesion is discussed.
Association of a Gravid Uterus with a Myoma A Case Report
Authors: MEHER DR. CHUDAMANI , WILLIAM DR. RANJAN RAJ , REDDY DR. R. GOPAL
Published: March 2008

A case of uterine myoma associated with a gravid uterus is presented. The myoma was lying directly over the placenta impinging upon the gestation sac. Pregnancy progressed with no complication and vaginal delivery was conducted.
Four unusual cases of Spinal Cord Compression
Authors: DOWNEY PETER R. , BROPHY BRIAN P. , SAGE MICHAEL R.
Published: March 2008

Four cases of spinal cord compression are presented, the causes being tuberculoma, haemangioma, gouty tophus and exophytic glioma; the first three being extradural, extraosseous in location. A short discussion follows. These cases are presented to remind the reader to keep less common causes in mind when dealing with a case of spinal cord compression.
Round Atelectasis
Authors: WOODRING JOHN H.
Published: March 2008

Round atelectasis almost always develops in the presence of pleural effusion. Radiographically, this entity has distinctive features including a rounded configuration, the comet tail sign, curvilinear air bronchograms contained within the mass, associated pleural thickening, lobar volume loss, and surrounding hyperlucency. Round atelectasis usually involves the lower lobes, but may involve any portion of the lung. Once established, round atelectasis may not resolve. Familiarity with the entity of round atelectasis may prevent unnecessary investigation and thoracotomy. We report four patients that illustrate the radiographic findings of round atelectasis.
Specific Landmarks on Radiographs as Diagnostic Tools in Determining Hip Diseases in the Cross River State of Nigeria
Authors: ANI O.E.O. , EKANDEM G.J. , SINGH S.P.
Published: March 2008

A total of 200 normal radiographs of the pelvis were studied. The mean distance between the ilioischial and acetabular lines and the hip joint spaces (superior, axial and medial) were measured on each of the films obtained from the Cross River State of Nigeria. The minimum ranges for the ilioischial/acetabular distance for different age groups and sexes in the local population were worked out. Ranges for the hip‐joint spaces for both males and females were determined. Comparisons were made between local joint space measurements and those obtained from other parts of the world. The difference between the male and female ilioischial/acetabular distance was found to be insignificant except in the age group 2–12 years. The joint space difference between male and female was only significant for the medial joint space. The hip joint spaces in Nigeria are smaller than those obtained from Europe and U.S.A. From analysis it was found that protrusio acetabuli is established in Nigerians if the acetabular line projects medially beyond the ilioischial line by 1 mm or more in males and 2.5 mm or more in females. These values are much smaller than those obtained by Armbuster et al, (1978) in the U.S.A.