bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Morphometric analysis of the fascicular organisation of the optic nerve
Authors: Radunovic Miroslav , Vitosevic Zdravko , Cetkovic Mila , Vuksanovic-Bozaric Aleksandra , Radojevic Nemanja , Radunovic Miodrag
Published: February 2015

Background/Aim. The optic nerve is anatomically observed in four segments:
intrabulbar, orbital, canalicular, and cranial. According to the literature,
the surface of the transversal cut of the nerve is different through it. The
aim of this study was to evaluate the fascicular organisation of the optic
nerve, throughout its three segments from the eye. Methods. Five pairs of
optic nerves, obtained from the autopsies were examined. Using Heidenhain's
(azan) staining, the cuts were prepared for microscopy. Morphometric analysis
was performed using the stereological methods for morphometric cytology - the
Weible?s testing system M42. The following measures were established: the
surface of the transverse cut of the nerve, the entire surface of fasciculi,
the entire surface of connective tissue and blood vessels, the number of
fasciculi, the surface of a single fasciculus. Results. The surface of the
transverse cut of the nerve was found to grow from the orbital to the cranial
segment, as well as the entire surface of fasciculi. While their number is
significantly lower in the cranial segment, the number of fasciculi varied
slightly between the orbital and the canalicular segment. The surface of a
single fasciculus grows from the bulb to the chiasma. There is probable a
cause to believe that this may be due to fusion of the ?small? fasciculi in
the orbitocranial direction. Conclusion. There are significant differences
among the examined parameters of the different parts of the optic nerve.
Radical cystectomy in eldery
Authors: Bancevic Vladimir , Aleksic Predrag , Milovic Novak , Spasic Aleksandar , Kovacevic Bozidar , Tosevski Perica , Campara Zoran , Milosevic Radovan , Cerovic Snezana
Published: February 2015

Background/Aim. Radical cystectomy is the method of choice for the treatment
of muscle invasive bladder cancer. This major surgery is associated with many
complications, especially in older patients. The aim of this study was to
analyze preoperative comorbidity, and intraoperative and postoperative
complicatons in patients older than 75 years. Methods. This clinical,
retrospective study included 46 patients over 75 years, who underwent radical
cystectomy. Indications for surgery, and complications during and after the
surgery were followed up. Results. Preoperatively, anemia caused by hematuria
was registered in 76% of the patients. In 52% of the patients urine
derivation was performed by ileal conduit, in 35% by ureterocutaneostomy and
in 13% orthotopic ileal neobladder was created. The average duration of
surgery was 190 (120-300) min. A total of 76% of the patients were treated by
blood supstitution intraoperatively, average 630 (310-1230) mL. Concerning
pathological stage of transitional cell carcinoma of urinary bladder, 26% of
the patients had T2, 4% T3a, 52% T3b, and 14% T4a stage. In one case,
planocellular carcinoma was diagnosed by patohistological examination, and in
2 cases prostate carcinoma was incidentally found. The average duration of
hospitalization was 16 (8-35) days. Conclusion. The main reason for
cystectomy in patients over 70 and 80 years was gross hematuria caused by
bladder cancer, with consecutive anemia which could not be solved using
endoscopic treatment or blood supstitution. As expected, a prolonged stay in
hospital after cystectomy, and a higher rate of complications were recorded
in this population.
Emotional stress as a cause of syncope and torsade de pointes in patients with long QT syndrome
Authors: Vukmirovic Mihailo , Tomasevic-Vukmirovic Irena , Angelkov Lazar , Vukmirovic Filip
Published: February 2015

Introduction. Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is a disorder of myocardial
repolarization characterized by the prolongation of QT interval and high risk
propensity of torsade de pointes (TdP) that can lead to syncope, cardiac
arrest and sudden death. Episodes may be provoked by various stimuli
depending on the type of the condition. Case report. A 25- year-old famele
patient was hospitalized due to syncope that occurred immediately after her
solo concert, first time in her life. The patient studied solo singing and
after intensive preparations the first solo concert was organized.
Electrocardiography (ECG) on admission registered frequent ventricular
premature beats (VES), followed by polymorphic ventricular tachycardia - TdP
that degenerated into ventricular fibrilation (VF). After immediate
cardioversion magnesium and beta-blockers were administered. TdP was
registered again several times preceded by VES. The corrected QT interval
(QTc) was 516 msec. For secondary prevention of sudden cardiac death, a
cardioverter defibrillator was implanted, and beta-blockers continued. After
a 1-year follow-up there were no recurrent episodes of TdP, and measured QTc
was reduced to 484 msec. Conclusion. Patients with syncope following
intensive emotional stress should be evaluated for malignant arrhythmias in
the context of LQTS.
Study of physico-chemical properties of potential beta-adrenolytics
Authors: Stankovičová M. , Bezáková Ž. , Mokrý P. , Salát P. , Kočík M. , Csöllei J.
Published: February 2015

The aim of this paper is the study of physico-chemical properties of the chosen compounds, derivatives of 2-hydroxy-3-[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)
ethylamino]propyl-4-[(alkoxycarbonyl)amino]benzoates and 2-hydroxy-3-[2-(2-methoxyphenyl)ethylamino]propyl-4-[(alkoxycarbonyl)
amino]benzoates with potential ultra-short beta-adrenolytic activity. The studied compounds are different in the
position of the substituent on the benzene ring in the side chain as well as in the aromatic ring in position 4 with alkyl- (methylto
butyl-) carbamate. The physico-chemical characteristics, for example, lipophilicity, surface activity, adsorbability, acidobasic
properties etc., are very important for the explanation of the relationship between structure and biological activity of the drug.
These parameters serve as the base of quantitative structure-activity study. The goal of this work is to establish the spectral characteristics
of studied compounds in UV-area, pKa values, the parameters of lipophilicity (the values of Rf and RM from thin layer
chromatography, retention time t´R and capacity factor k´ from liquid chromatography and experimental partition coefficients
log P´ values), surface tension, critical micelle concentrations, the adsorbability of compounds expressed by percent of adsorbed
compound on active charcoal β% as well as by Freundlich adsorption isotherms. The obtained values are correlated with the
parameters characterising the size of molecule, for example, the number of carbon atoms on carbamate functional group.
Proth Numbers
Authors: Schwarzweller Christoph
Published: February 2015

In this article we introduce Proth numbers and prove two theorems on such numbers being prime [3]. We also give revised versions of Pocklington’s theorem and of the Legendre symbol. Finally, we prove Pepin’s theorem and that the fifth Fermat number is not prime.
Topological Manifolds
Authors: Pąk Karol
Published: February 2015

Let us recall that a topological space M is a topological manifold if M is second-countable Hausdorff and locally Euclidean, i.e. each point has a neighborhood that is homeomorphic to an open ball of E

n
for some n. However, if we would like to consider a topological manifold with a boundary, we have to extend this definition. Therefore, we introduce here the concept of a locally Euclidean space that covers both cases (with and without a boundary), i.e. where each point has a neighborhood that is homeomorphic to a closed ball of En
for some n.

Our purpose is to prove, using the Mizar formalism, a number of properties of such locally Euclidean spaces and use them to demonstrate basic properties of a manifold. Let T be a locally Euclidean space. We prove that every interior point of T has a neighborhood homeomorphic to an open ball and that every boundary point of T has a neighborhood homeomorphic to a closed ball, where additionally this point is transformed into a point of the boundary of this ball. When T is n-dimensional, i.e. each point of T has a neighborhood that is homeomorphic to a closed ball of En
, we show that the interior of T is a locally Euclidean space without boundary of dimension n and the boundary of T is a locally Euclidean space without boundary of dimension n − 1. Additionally, we show that every connected component of a compact locally Euclidean space is a locally Euclidean space of some dimension. We prove also that the Cartesian product of locally Euclidean spaces also forms a locally Euclidean space. We determine the interior and boundary of this product and show that its dimension is the sum of the dimensions of its factors. At the end, we present several consequences of these results for topological manifolds. This article is based on [14].
Away with Tobacco? On the Early Understandings of Tobacco as a Problem and the Associated Attempts at Political Regulation of Tobacco in Norway 1900-1930
Authors: Sæb⊘ Gunnar
Published: February 2015

Background

In the early 1900s, the industrialization of cigarette production rapidly created the first major expansion in tobacco consumption in modern times.

Aims

This article focuses on the “tobacco problem” as it was understood, debated and sought governed in Norway around the time of the First World War. I identify various attempts to define tobacco as a problem, including arguments put forward by the anti-tobacco movement, the medical profession and politicians. How were health, moral-aesthetic and economic conditions articulated and integrated in these arguments? What (if any) addictive elements of smoking were in focus? I also discuss the association between perceptions of the tobacco problem and political attempts to regulate it. There were repeated calls for a state tobacco monopoly to be introduced and municipal licensing system for the sale of cigarettes.

Data

The data are sourced from the journals Tobakskampen (The Tobacco Fight), the journal of the norwegian medical association and parliamentary documents.

Findings

The findings suggest that a) to the extent tobacco was perceived as a social problem, it was a moral one (vice), not a behavioural and dependency problem, which alcohol was perceived to be at the time; b) proposals to establish a tobacco monopoly were based on economic arguments only, and lacked any firm connection to social issues, health and morality; and c) the anti-tobacco movement was socially marginal and their commitment to the municipal licensing idea resulted in large regional variations in public support, too large in fact for the idea to be effective. Although the government did not introduce regulations in the 1920s, the industrialization of cigarettes and subsequent developments in advertising caused a “moral panic” among tobacco opponents and created the modern climate of opinion regarding tobacco.
Effectiveness of Geogrids on Rutting and Bearing Capacity of Sub-base Course
Authors: Mardookhpour Ali Reza
Published: February 2015

Geogrids are being used in transportation application often in embankment construction due to their ease of construction and economy compared to traditional methods. Utilizing polymer materials in order to improve the performance of road structure is based on two factors, decreasing deformation and increasing bearing capacity. In this study geogrids were tested to check the ability of increasing load carrying capacity for highway projects. The purpose of this research work was to find a relation between the loading of the geogrid, the thickness of the aggregate layer and its bearing capacity. This would normally lead to an investigation on the lateral restrain behavior of a geogrid. According to the results obtained from soil mechanics laboratory, it could be demonstrated that by utilizing geogrids , the probability of occurring rutting decreases 30% and the bearing capacity of soil increase 40 % respectively.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v15i1.12020  Nepal Journal of Science and TechnologyVol. 15, No.1 (2014) 77-80
On Certain Topological Properties of Normed Space Valued Null Function Space c0 (S, (E, || . || ), xi, u) and Its Paranormed Structure
Authors: Pahari Narayan Prasad
Published: February 2015

The aim of this paper is to introduce and study a new class c0 (S, (E, || . || ), ξ, u) of normed space E valued functions which will generalize some of the well known  basic sequence spaces and function spaces studied in Functional Analysis.. Beside the investigation pertaining to the linear paranormed structure of the class c0 ( S, (E, || . || ), ξ, u ) when topologized it with suitable natural paranorm , our primarily interest is to explore the conditions pertaining the containment relation of the class c0 (S, (E, || . || ), ξ, u) in terms of different ξ and u so that such a class of functions is contained in or equal to another class of similar nature.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v15i1.12028Nepal Journal of Science and TechnologyVol. 15, No.1 (2014) 121-128
Isolation of Aspergillus ochraceus and Production of Ochratoxin in Coffee Samples
Authors: Pandit Pratikshya , Panta Om Prakash , Karki Tika Bahadur
Published: February 2015

The occurrence of mycotoxins in foods and feeds has long been recognized as a potential hazard for human and animal health due to their severe toxic and carcinogenic properties. Among various mycotoxins, ochratoxin A (OTA) is the most hazardous one because of its serval contamination cases in the world. In this study contamination levels of Aspergillus ochraceus in coffee samples were assessed, where two strains of it were isolated from 65 coffee samples. They were confirmed by using Czapeck yeast extract agar (CYA). Fermentation was carried out for ochratoxin production at different moisture levels: 20%, 40% and 60% by using coffee as a substrate. The extract was assayed for the presence of ochratoxin by thin layer chromatography (TLC). Results showed that high production of this toxin (402 ppb) was obtained in coffee containing 60% of moisture after 19 days of incubation period with high load of fungal growth and the effect of roasting on coffee containing ochratoxin was observed where the level of it was decreased after roasting. It can be concluded that coffee substrate with high level of moisture favored good condition for the growth of A. ochraceus and ochratoxin formation.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v15i1.12030 Nepal Journal of Science and TechnologyVol. 15, No.1 (2014) 133-138
The importance of being earnest: Two notions of internalization
Authors: Lewinsohn-Zamir Daphna
Published: February 2015

Through its use of sanctions and rewards, the law can affect people’s conduct in two ways: by modifying only their external behaviour (‘behavioural change’) or by changing their underlying preferences as well (‘preference change’). In both cases, the legal rules can be said to have been ‘internalized’ – however, while in the former instance the individuals’ conduct conflicts with their values, attitudes, and beliefs, in the latter it coincides with them. There is an ongoing debate as to whether policy makers should attempt to shape people’s preferences. The main opposition to preference change is based on considerations of autonomy, since this form of internalization appears to be more intrusive than mere behavioural change.

This article re-evaluates the impact on personal autonomy of these two modes of internalization. Based on theoretical arguments and the findings of two new experiments, it argues that the drawbacks of behavioural change have been downplayed, while those of preference change have been overstated. Indeed, in certain respects, the preference change mode of internalization is found to be less coercive than behavioural change – not only in theory, but according to people’s actual perceptions of autonomy as well. Specifically, limiting the law’s effect to people’s external behaviour is likely to require stronger incentives than those needed to influence their underlying preferences. In addition, individuals view a person’s conduct as being less autonomous when the law has changed only her behaviour as opposed to her inner preference for the activity. Although the former type of legal influence is superficial – in that it does not modify any attitude, value, or belief that a person holds – it was perceived as the most intrusive. The analysis has normative implications for important legal issues, such as the choice between default and mandatory rules and between direct and indirect remedies.
An inferior alveolar intraneural cyst: a case example and an anatomical explanation to support the articular theory within cranial nerves
Authors: Capek Stepan , Koutlas Ioannis G. , Strasia Rhys P. , Amrami Kimberly K. , Spinner Robert J.
Published: February 2015

The authors describe the case of an intraneural ganglion cyst involving a cranial nerve (V3), which was found to have a joint connection in support of an articular origin within the cranial nerves. An inferior alveolar intraneural cyst was incidentally discovered on a plain radiograph prior to edentulation. It was resected from within the mandibular canal with no joint connection perceived at surgery. Histologically, the cyst was confirmed to be an intraneural ganglion cyst. Reinterpretation of the preoperative CT scan showed the cyst arising from the temporomandibular joint. This case is consistent with the articular (synovial) theory of intraneural ganglion cysts. An anatomical explanation and potential joint connection are provided for this case as well as several other cases of intraneural cysts in the literature, and thus unifying cranial nerve involvement with accepted concepts of intraneural ganglion cyst formation and propagation.
Riemann–Weyl in Deleuze'sBergsonismand the Constitution of the Contemporary Physico-Mathematical Space
Authors: Calamari Martin
Published: February 2015

In recent years, the ideas of the mathematician Bernhard Riemann (1826–66) have come to the fore as one of Deleuze's principal sources of inspiration in regard to his engagements with mathematics, and the history of mathematics. Nevertheless, some relevant aspects and implications of Deleuze's philosophical reception and appropriation of Riemann's thought remain unexplored. In the first part of the paper I will begin by reconsidering the first explicit mention of Riemann in Deleuze's work, namely, in the second chapter of Bergsonism (1966). In this context, as I intend to show first, Deleuze's synthesis of some key features of the Riemannian theory of multiplicities (manifolds) is entirely dependent, both textually and conceptually, on his reading of another prominent figure in the history of mathematics: Hermann Weyl (1885–1955). This aspect has been largely underestimated, if not entirely neglected. However, as I attempt to bring out in the second part of the paper, reframing the understanding of Deleuze's philosophical engagement with Riemann's mathematics through the Riemann–Weyl conjunction can allow us to disclose some unexplored aspects of Deleuze's further elaboration of his theory of multiplicities (rhizomatic multiplicities, smooth spaces) and profound confrontation with contemporary science (fibre bundle topology and gauge field theory). This finally permits delineation of a correlation between Deleuze's plane of immanence and the contemporary physico-mathematical space of fundamental interactions.
Synthesis and Reactivity of Novel Boranes Derived from Bulky Salicylaldimines: The Molecular Structure of a Maltolato Compound
Authors: Bourque Jeremy , Geier Stephen , Vogels Christopher , Decken Andreas , Westcott Stephen
Published: February 2015

Reductive amination of salicylaldehyde or 3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylaldehyde and 1-adamantylamine using NaBH4 gave the corresponding aminoalcohols in high yields. Subsequent addition of one equivalent of H3B·SMe2 to the aminoalcohols, with loss of two equivalents of dihydrogen, resulted in the formation of adamantanyl oxazaborinanes (1a,b). The molecular structure of 1b was studied by a single crystal X-ray diffraction study. Crystals were obtained from a saturated Et2O solution and belong to the triclinic space group Pī with unit cell parameters a = 9.1267(4) Å; b = 11.676(2) Å; c = 12.240(3) Å; α = 66.840(3)°; β = 78.529(3)°; and γ = 67.354(3)°. The molecular structure of the addition product (2a) arising from maltol and 1a was also confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Crystals were obtained from a saturated 1:2 mixture of toluene/Et2O and belong to the orthorhombic space group Pna2(1) with unit cell parameters a = 18.519(6) Å; b = 17.315(5) Å; and c = 12.680(4) Å. The asymmetric unit contains two molecules that differ slightly in some of the dihedral angles.
Single DC-Sourced 9-level DC/AC Topology as Transformerless Power Interface for Renewable Sources
Authors: Rodriguez-Rodríguez Juan , Venegas-Rebollar Vicente , Moreno-Goytia Edgar
Published: February 2015

This paper introduces an advanced transformerless multilevel hybrid-conversion topology intended for the interconnection of renewable DC sources at small-scale. The most important contribution presented in this paper is the generation of two isolated DC sources from a single DC source without the use of any type of transformer. The DC sources feed a nine-level DC/AC hybrid cascade multilevel converter. This advanced topology is achieved by redesigning the conventional DC/DC Buck topology, attached to the multilevel converter, and embedding a suitable switching strategy along with a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA)-based control. The advantages of the proposed structure, when compared to other proposals in the literature, are higher efficiency, reduced number of power switches, and high power density derived of transformerless characteristic. As a way to highlight differences and advantages of this converter over other options recently available in the literature, this paper carries out a quantitative evaluation comparing the number of voltage levels and the number of elements involved in the structure of DC/AC multilevel converters. The mathematical model and control strategy of the converter are explained and analyzed by means of simulations. Finally experimental results, obtained from a laboratory-scale prototype, show the performance of the system and demonstrate its relative advantages.
Agave Americana Leaf Fibers
Authors: Hulle Ashish , Kadole Pradyumkumar , Katkar Pooja
Published: February 2015

The growing environmental problems, the problem of waste disposal and the depletion of non-renewable resources have stimulated the use of green materials compatible with the environment to reduce environmental impacts. Therefore, there is a need to design products by using natural resources. Natural fibers seem to be a good alternative since they are abundantly available and there are a number of possibilities to use all the components of a fiber-yielding crop; one such fiber-yielding plant is Agave Americana. The leaves of this plant yield fibers and all the parts of this plant can be utilized in many applications. The “zero-waste” utilization of the plant would enable its production and processing to be translated into a viable and sustainable industry. Agave Americana fibers are characterized by low density, high tenacity and high moisture absorbency in comparison with other leaf fibers. These fibers are long and biodegradable. Therefore, we can look this fiber as a sustainable resource for manufacturing and technical applications. Detailed discussion is carried out on extraction, characterization and applications of Agave Americana fiber in this paper.
Functional Starters for Functional Yogurt
Authors: Arena Mattia , Caggianiello Graziano , Russo Pasquale , Albenzio Marzia , Massa Salvatore , Fiocco Daniela , Capozzi Vittorio , Spano Giuseppe
Published: February 2015

In this study, we investigated the multifunctionality (microbial starters and probiotics) of Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1 and Lactobacillus plantarum CECT 8328 strains used as microbial starters for the production of yogurt in combination with Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus. The ability of the probiotic strains to survive oro-gastrointestinal stresses was monitored by an in vitro assay simulating the human digestive tract. The transcriptional level of several genes involved in the immune response suggested that the probiotic strains may have a favorable influence on immunomodulation. Overall, this study revealed that the tested Lactobacilli exhibited suitable technological features for yogurt production and might be used to formulate novel food with immunomodulating effects.
Parity and Risk of Death from Gallbladder Cancer among a Cohort of Premenopausal Parous Women in Taiwan
Authors: Chan Te-Fu , Wu Chen-Hsuan , Chiu Hui-Fen , Yang Chun-Yuh
Published: February 2015

Little epidemiologic research has been done on the etiology of gallbladder cancer (GC). This cohort study was undertaken to examine whether there is an association between parity and risk of death from GC. The study cohort consisted of 1,292,462 women who had a first and singleton childbirth between 1 January 1978 and 31 December 1987. We tracked each woman from the time of their first childbirth to 31 December 2009, and their vital status was ascertained by linking records with the computerized mortality database. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to estimate the hazard ratios (HR) of death from GC associated with parity. There were 257 GC deaths during 34,980,246 person-years of follow-up. The mortality rate of GC was 0.73 cases per 100,000 person-years. As compared with women who had given birth to only one child, the adjusted HR was 1.20 (95% CI = 0.79–1.83) for women who had two children, 1.47 (95% CI = 0.95–2.29) for women who had three children, and 1.68 (95% CI = 0.99–2.85) for women with four or more births. There was a significant increasing trend in the adjusted HRs for GC with increasing parity. The findings suggested that premenopausal women of higher parity may increase the risk of death from GC.
Long-Term Changes in Cyanobacteria Populations in Lake Kinneret (Sea of Galilee), Israel: An Eco-Physiological Outlook
Authors: Hadas Ora , Kaplan Aaron , Sukenik Assaf
Published: February 2015

The long-term record of cyanobacteria abundance in Lake Kinneret (Sea of Galilee), Israel, demonstrates changes in cyanobacteria abundance and composition in the last five decades. New invasive species of the order Nostocales (Aphanizomenon ovalisporum and Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii) became part of the annual phytoplankton assemblage during summer-autumn. Concomitantly, bloom events of Microcystis sp. (Chroococcales) during winter-spring intensified. These changes in cyanobacteria pattern may be partly attributed to the management policy in Lake Kinneret’s vicinity and watershed aimed to reduce effluent discharge to the lake and partly to climate changes in the region; i.e., increased water column temperature, less wind and reduced precipitation. The gradual decrease in the concentration of total and dissolved phosphorus and total and dissolved nitrogen and an increase in alkalinity, pH and salinity, combined with the physiological features of cyanobacteria, probably contributed to the success of cyanobacteria. The data presented here indicate that the trend of the continuous decline of nutrients may not be sufficient to reduce and to control the abundance and proliferation of toxic and non-toxic cyanobacteria.
Health-Based Cyanotoxin Guideline Values Allow for Cyanotoxin-Based Monitoring and Efficient Public Health Response to Cyanobacterial Blooms
Authors: Farrer David , Counter Marina , Hillwig Rebecca , Cude Curtis
Published: February 2015

Human health risks from cyanobacterial blooms are primarily related to cyanotoxins that some cyanobacteria produce. Not all species of cyanobacteria can produce toxins. Those that do often do not produce toxins at levels harmful to human health. Monitoring programs that use identification of cyanobacteria genus and species and enumeration of cyanobacterial cells as a surrogate for cyanotoxin presence can overestimate risk and lead to unnecessary health advisories. In the absence of federal criteria for cyanotoxins in recreational water, the Oregon Health Authority (OHA) developed guideline values for the four most common cyanotoxins in Oregon’s fresh waters (anatoxin-a, cylindrospermopsin, microcystins, and saxitoxins). OHA developed three guideline values for each of the cyanotoxins found in Oregon. Each of the guideline values is for a specific use of cyanobacteria-affected water: drinking water, human recreational exposure and dog recreational exposure. Having cyanotoxin guidelines allows OHA to promote toxin-based monitoring (TBM) programs, which reduce the number of health advisories and focus advisories on times and places where actual, rather than potential, risks to health exist. TBM allows OHA to more efficiently protect public health while reducing burdens on local economies that depend on water recreation-related tourism.
Coupling between the Basic Replicon and the Kis-Kid Maintenance System of Plasmid R1: Modulation by Kis Antitoxin Levels and Involvement in Control of Plasmid Replication
Authors: López-Villarejo Juan , Lobato-Márquez Damián , Díaz-Orejas Ramón
Published: February 2015

kis-kid, the auxiliary maintenance system of plasmid R1 and copB, the auxiliary copy number control gene of this plasmid, contribute to increase plasmid replication efficiency in cells with lower than average copy number. It is thought that Kis antitoxin levels decrease in these cells and that this acts as the switch that activates the Kid toxin; activated Kid toxin reduces copB-mRNA levels and this increases RepA levels that increases plasmid copy number. In support of this model we now report that: (i) the Kis antitoxin levels do decrease in cells containing a mini-R1 plasmid carrying a repA mutation that reduces plasmid copy number; (ii) kid-dependent replication rescue is abolished in cells in which the Kis antitoxin levels or the CopB levels are increased. Unexpectedly we found that this coordination significantly increases both the copy number of the repA mutant and of the wt mini-R1 plasmid. This indicates that the coordination between plasmid replication functions and kis-kid system contributes significantly to control plasmid R1 replication.
Observational Constraints on Varying-Alpha Domain Walls
Authors: Avelino Pedro , Sousa Lara
Published: February 2015

We consider the possibility that current hints of spatial variations of the fine structure constant at high redshift, based on VLT/UVES and Keck/HIRES observations, could be caused by a biased domain wall network described by a scalar field non-minimally coupled to the electromagnetic field. We show that in order to be responsible for the reported spatial variations of the fine structure constant, the fractional contribution of the domain wall network to the energy density of the Universe should be tightly constrained within the range \(10^{-10} < \Omega_{w0} < 10^{-5}\). We also show that the domain wall dynamics should be essentially frictionless, so that its characteristic scale is in the order of the Hubble radius at the present time.
Langage naturel et expertise psychiatrique. Les marques de quantité dans la description des sujets expertisés : précision ou exactitude ?
Authors: de Bonis Monique
Published: February 2015

One of the most important pitfalls of the activity of an expert is that he has to communicate a technical knowledge in a natural language.

Compared with the technical, the natural language comprises several ambiguous informations. The aim of the present study, focussed on the use of multipliers, was to assess the degree of vagueness in the descriptions of personality made by experts in forensic psychiatry.

A systematic analysis of the combinations multipliers adjectives used in descriptions of delinquents and murderers' personality leds to the increase in the exactness of the descriptive statements but rather was used for pejorative emphasis. These results were discussed in terms of the expectancies of the court room in relation to the experts.
Réflexions sur les valeurs, l'identité et le processus de socialisation
Authors: Malewska-Peyre Hanna
Published: February 2015

The last two years have brought renewed interest in the questions of ethics, personal and social values and identity construction. The process of internalizing of values and the construction of identity are important process of socialization. Three examples which illustrate the relationship between socialization values and identity are presented : socialization of Armenian terrorists, of Polish adolescents and of adolescents of North-African descent.
La tradition juridique française et la diversité culturelle
Authors: Rouland Norbert
Published: February 2015

La plupart des sociétés occidentales sont aujourd'hui confrontées aux difficultés nées de l'hétérogénéité socio-culturelle. Mais chacune de ces sociétés réagit en fonction de ses propres traditions historiques et mythologies juridiques. Le modèle français se distingue par son attachement à une certaine uniformité juridique, la négation de l'existence juridique des minorités et de la forme collective de leurs droits. Cependant les modifications des contextes interne et international conduisent la France à réinterpréter certains de ces principes fondateurs.
Justice de proximité et proximité de la justice. Les maisons de justice et du droit
Authors: Wyvekens Anne
Published: February 2015

Sous des dehors très consensuels, la notion de « justice de proximité » recouvre aujourd'hui des contenus multiples. L'article se donne pour objectif de contribuer à en préciser la portée, à partir de l'analyse de l'activité des maisons de justice du Rhône. Qu'il s'agisse du traitement de la petite délinquance ou de l'accès au droit, l'observation des pratiques conduit à relativiser l'ampleur d'une proximité géographique. De même, la proximité humaine a tendance à s'effacer, au profit de l'avènement d'une proximité temporelle. Cet effet des préoccupations identitaires de l'institution judiciaire rencontre en réalité — et c'est ce qui apparaît intéressant — les attentes des différents acteurs locaux. Ceux-ci semblent en effet valoriser, au moins autant que la justice de proximité, justice différente venue traiter les problèmes spécifiques de certains quartiers, la proximité de la justice, rapprochement d'une justice identique à elle-même, avec ses conséquences sur le plan tant symbolique qu'instrumental.
Du XVIe au XVIIIe siècle : une génération de nouveaux villages en Lorraine
Authors: Peltre Jean
Published: February 2015

Quelque quarante villages et hameaux furent créés dans le nord-est de la Lorraine de 1504 à 1738. Après avoir défini les conditions politiques et juridiques de ces créations (dont la plupart se situent avant les guerres de Trente ans), l'auteur cherche à préciser les types de dessin agraire et d'habitat de la période moderne. Tous les villages sont des villages-rues, tantôt en ordre serré, tantôt en ordre lâche, souvent très géométriques. Les uns sont assortis de Breitstreifenfluren plus ou moins parfaits, divisés en quartiers. Les autres d'un Gewannflur rationnellement conçu et bien adapté au partage égalitaire en dépit de la forme quelconque des quartiers. Il semble que le progrès des techniques d' arpentage au début du XVIIIe siècle permette l'abandon des vieilles habitudes du moyen âge.
A propos de l'openfield lorrain
Authors: Reitel François
Published: February 2015

Les nombreuses destructions dues aux guerres du XVIIe siècle ont amené en Lorraine, et plus spécialement dans le département de la Moselle, une profonde œuvre de restauration rurale. Les immenses friches, sur lesquelles on ne retrouvait plus les limites des anciennes parcelles, ont été remembrées ; 95 procès-verbaux de remembrement concernant plus de cent communes du département de la Moselle attestent l'ampleur du mouvement. Les remembrements ont été demandés aussi bien par les communautés villageoises que par les seigneurs fonciers. Parmi ces derniers les plus actifs étaient les communautés religieuses. Les deux parties y trouvaient leurs comptes. La généralisation des trois soles semble remonter à cette époque. Les nouvelles parcelles sont plus vastes que les anciennes. Cependant le parcellaire n'est pas uniforme. Ce sont les partages égalitaires qui ont suivi qui l'ont affiné. La restauration rurale du XVII-XVIIIe siècle a donc entraîné de profonds changements dans la structure agraire.
Méthodes d'analyse de l'armature urbaine régionale
Authors: Schwab Roland , Martin Jean-Paul
Published: February 2015

Depuis l'étude pionnière que Michel Rochefort avait consacrée à « L'organisation urbaine de l'Alsace » (Strasbourg 1960), l'intérêt des analyses d'armature urbaine régionale est apparu de plus en plus clairement et les méthodes se sont perfectionnées.

Deux chercheurs strasbourgeois y ont récemment apporté une contribution remarquable. Le premier, M. Roland Schwab, a poussé le plus loin possible dans la minutie une méthode fondée sur les trafics téléphoniques. Il l'a exposée dans un article récent (voir Bulletin de la Faculté des Lettres de Strasbourg, mars 1967, p. 494 à 505) et il donne ici V application qu'il en a faite à l'Alsace. Le deuxième, M. Jean Paul Martin, a utilisé une source inédite, celle de la taxe locale. Il précise ici sa méthode et l'applique à la France de l'Est.

Tous deux ont eu le souci de comparer leurs résultats à ceux qu'avaient obtenus Michel Rochefort pour l'Alsace et divers chercheurs pour la Lorraine. Il apparaît que ces méthodes sont susceptibles de fournir des indices globaux de « centralité » qui tantôt confirment, tantôt infléchissent les conclusions des études antérieures. On peut espérer que d'autres applications viendront fournir des éléments de comparaison intéressants.
Contribution à l'étude des formations superficielles en Ardenne occidentale
Authors: Voisin Léon
Published: February 2015

Il semble possible à partir d'observations de détail faites au nord de Charleville de subdiviser la couverture du Plateau ardennais, en dehors des altérites argileuses et des limons, en sables issus directement du substrat et en formations contenant de nombreux grains à facture marine. Ces dernières paraissent en partie remaniées à partir de l'Infracrétacé. Les démantèlements de l'Infralias ont également une part dans la formation de certains dépôts. Une microfaune a été découverte dans les sables de la région de la Neuville aux Joutes.
Note sur certains aspects de l'évolution du réseau autoroutier de la R.F.A
Authors: Kleinschmager Richard
Published: February 2015

Abstract. - The récent évolution of the German motorway network shows the existence of a correlation between the typology of the regions concerned and certain aspects of the development of the network. Due to its longstanding establishment and its density, the German motorway network has more than an axial impact, affecting the radiation of regional métropoles or reflecting the differences in regional structures.
Richesse agricole et urbanisation
Authors: Coyaud Louis-Marie
Published: February 2015

Abstract. — In the pre-industrial âge, the very existence of the towns, their importance and wealth may be related to the prosperity of the surrounding areas. Except for the major ports and some early manufacturing centres, such a demonstration is brought about by an analysis made at the French "département" level. It seems that the contributions are reciprocal in this rural-urban symbiosis : the best arable lands brought wealth that benefited the urban development, which in turn stimulated a high return agriculture oriented to fulfill the needs of the urban dwellers. This process is illustrated by the instances of Limagne and, even more clearly, of Elsass.

As the industry developed during the 19th century, agriculture gradually lost his capacity of returning high income compared to manufacture. The towns that did not get industrialised were stagnant ; the growth of the others was desastrous for their agricultural surroundings. The value of the most fertile land is frequently low compared to its price as a building site. Some examples show how the best soils are thus exposed to destruction. It is highly necessary to devise a new urbanistic conception of urban development if one wants to avoid wasting of some of our best agricultural soils.
Les variations de l'« écoulement de crue ». Étude comparée de deux petits bassins-versants vosgiens
Authors: Schérer Jean-Christian
Published: February 2015

Abstract. - The study deals with two small montainous and forested watersheds in north eastern France. Stormflow is measured by graphical séparation on hydrographs drawn for the years 1972 and 1973. A highly signifciant corrélation is reco- gnized between stormflow and rainfall amount. With the calculated régressions one can compare the two watersheds in relation to stormflow. Storm runoff is very weak on forested and sandstone slopes though the gradients are steep.
Contribution à l'étude statistique des étiages. Application au domaine tempéré océanique
Authors: Frécaut René
Published: February 2015

L'analyse détaillée des étiages se heurte tout d'abord à un problème de définition, elle implique une distinction claire entre étiages et basses eaux ordinaires. Elle souffre également d'une fréquente approximation des données hydrométriques. La difficulté essentielle reste néanmoins le choix de critères numériques appropriés. Les critères généralement utilisés permettent au mieux de préciser la gravité du phénomène. L'analyse séquentielle des débits journaliers, bruts et surtout spécifiques, permet d'aller plus loin ; elle conduit à une détermination précise des dates et de la durée effective des étiages, ainsi que de leur extension géographique.
Été, étiage et tarissement des cours d'eau dans le bassin garonnais
Authors: Lambert Roger
Published: February 2015

The author analyses the relations between drought, the dessication of soils, the low-flow of rivers and the drying up of brooks. The low-flow period or hydrological indigence is divi- ded into two seasons : hydrological summer during which evapo- transpiration exceeds rains, hydrological autumn during which soils keep pluviometrical surplus. The low-flow ends with the saturation of soils.
Premiers résultats d'une expérience d'altération à température variable d'un schiste ardoisier et d'une diorite
Authors: Voisin Léon , Ferhi André
Published: February 2015

Summary. — The results obtained using a closed circuit in which permanently redistilled water percolate through columns filled up with rock granules and heated at different temperatures, do not permit to bring out irrefutable conclusions concerning the temperature effect upon the rocks hydrolysis. However, the « clearing » effect on the slaty granules surfaces is revealed just as the irregular manner with wich the rock components are released as that is shown by the random character of the measured rates.
Unité et diversité des cours d'eau alsaciens d'après l'étude de leur régime moyen
Authors: Schérer Jean-Christian
Published: February 2015

Résumé. — 13 bassins-versants alsaciens sont étudiés sous l'angle de leurs précipitations et écoulement mensuels moyens, les données ayant été étendues à une période commune de 20 ans. Ils présentent une remarquable similitude qui les fait tous classer dans le régime pluvial océanique. Les particularités des bassins-versants — principalement l'altitude — ne provoquent que des nuances de détail.
Le développement démographique du Kosovo (Yougoslavie)
Authors: Islami Hivzi
Published: February 2015

Résumé. — La population du Kosovo (Yougoslavie) s'élevait à 1,244 million d'habitants en 1971, soit une croissance de 183 % par rapport à 1921, taux le plus élevé enregistré en Yougoslavie. Le Kosovo est un territoire socialiste autonome dans la République de Serbie et les Albanais y sont largement majoritaires (75 %) devant les Serbes (18 %). Le territoire et sa population portent les marques d'une longue période de retard et de sous-développement, dont toutes les conséquences démographiques, économiques et culturelles n'ont pas disparu en dépit de l'alphabétisation, encore incomplète, de de la diminution relative de la population active employée dans l'agriculture. Depuis 1960, le maintien de taux de natalité élevés (40 pour 1 000) et la réduction des taux de mortalité, en particulier de la mortalité infantile, rendent compte de la croissance maintenue de la population et de sa jeunesse, en dépit de l'émigration vers le reste de la Fédération et de l'Europe. Cette croissance entraîne l'augmentation du poids relatif des Albanais dans le : le problème de la croissance économique se pose donc avec la question nationale.
Quelques aspects et problèmes socio-économiques du massif vosgien
Authors: Nonn Henri
Published: February 2015

L'étude dresse un tableau des problèmes socio-économiques que connaît la montagne vosgienne, et qui ont conduit les pouvoirs publics et les collectivités à définir pour elle un schéma d'aménagement et des programmes d'action. Le recul de l'agriculture est d'abord examiné avec ses phases, ses traits structurels et ses causes. Il en découle l'urgence d'une politique de zonage spatial, de soutien économique et d'amélioration des conditions d'existence des agriculteurs. Les difficultés des autres activités économiques traditionnelles (mines et carrières, travail du bois, textile) et les déficiences en emplois et équipements tertiaires sont ensuite évaluées et caractérisées. Ainsi peut-on saisir la situation actuelle grave que connaît cette montagne peuplée, dont il faut susciter la relance économique et enrayer l'anémie. La présentation des mesures mises en œuvre dans ce but est alors entreprise. On s'efforce d'en indiquer les diverses faces et d'en évaluer l'efficacité.
La vie pastorale dans le Nord du massif vosgien
Authors: Gagneux Pierre-Marie , De Planhol Xavier
Published: February 2015

La vie pastorale a considérablement reculé dans la partie septentrionale du Massif Vosgien. Elle ne s'y maintient guère aujourd'hui qu'en association avec une activité hôtelière ou touristique.
Sur quelques karsts de Serbie, au voisinage du Danube. Leurs rapports avec l'évolution du bassin pannonien
Authors: Ambert Paul , Nicod Jean
Published: February 2015

Summary. — This note has been produced thanks to J. Cvijic' Institute (Beograd) and with work and help of C.S. Mine'. It deals with three types of karsts :

— dolines table-lands, South Belgrade, in the superior Cretaceous or in sarmatians limestones, covered by thin deposits (sand, loess...) ;

— the karstic basins, situated near the great fault of Ridanj-Krepoljin. They are paleokarsts under miocene clay and sand, partly exhumed and showing a new karstic evolution (neo-karsts in paleokarsts) ;

— the Miroc' karstic table-land, dominating the Danube canyon ; its active evolution (forest site with great and deep dolines) is bound to the mountainous plio-quaternary uplift (natural bridges problem) and the Iron Gates deepening. Only a detailled study of the terraces deposits of the Kladovo region would allow to precise the stages evolution.
Étude systématique du réseau hydrographique superficiel appliquée aux milieux calcaires de la Franche-Comté
Authors: Joly Daniel , Mathieu Daniel , Wieber Jean-Claude
Published: February 2015

Résumé. — Le recensement systématique des traits du réseau hydrographique superficiel des régions calcaires est effectué pour toute la Franche-Comté. Les données sont cartographiées puis introduites dans un fichier fondé sur un découpage en très petites unités territoriales (1 km2). Plusieurs exemples sont montrés de ce que donne l'étude des cartes et le traitement du fichier. Celui-ci constitue l'amorce d'une base de données spatialisées concernant la région.