bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Weakly supervised skin lesion segmentation based on spot‐seeds guided optimal regions
Authors: Al‐Huda Zaid , Yao Yuan , Yao Jing , Peng Bo , Raza Ali
Published: September 2022

Automatic skin lesion segmentation is the most critical and relevant task in computer‐aided skin cancer diagnosis. Methods based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are mainly used in current skin lesion segmentation. The requirement of huge pixel‐level labels is a significant obstacle to achieve semantic segmentation of skin lesion by CNNs. In this paper, a novel weakly supervised framework for skin lesion segmentation is presented, which generates high‐quality pixel‐level annotations and optimizes the segmentation network. A hierarchical image segmentation algorithm can predict a boundary map for training images. Then, the optimal regions of candidate hierarchical levels are selected. Afterward, Superpixels‐CRF built on the optimal regions is guided by spot seeds to propagate information from spot seeds to unlabeled regions, resulting in high‐quality pixel‐level annotations. Using these high‐quality pixel‐level annotations, a segmentation network can be trained and segmentation masks can be predicted. To iteratively optimize the segmentation network, the predicted segmentation masks are refined and the segmentation network are retrained. Comparative experiments demonstrate that the proposed segmentation framework reduces the gap between weakly and fully supervised skin lesion segmentation methods, and achieves state‐of‐the‐art performance while reducing human labeling efforts.
Smart cities and innovations: Addressing user acceptance with virtual reality and Digital Twin City
Authors: Michalik David , Kohl Per , Kummert Anton
Published: September 2022

The transformation into smart cities is imminent to meet the rising number of urban problems and challenges. Digital technologies offer great potential to develop smart solutions, especially in the areas of public administration, energy, infrastructure and mobility. For the successful diffusion, the acceptance of the individual is a crucial part, which can be addressed by an immersive experience along with the personal collection of insights of the innovation. However, at the same time a paradox arises as many new developments are still in the making and therefore, are not yet available to the public. Immersive virtualisation technologies such as Virtual Reality (VR) offer great potential to solve this problem. In this study, the usability of VR technology to address individual's innovation barriers in general and to explore the use of emerging digital twin cities (DTC) is analysed, as they provide an ideal basis for the customised creation of immersive VR‐applications. Although several themes and applications regarding the potential of DTCs have been addressed in literature, their explicit use in the field of acceptance research has not been pursued. Therefore, a new methodology is introduced and first implementations and results are presented and discussed.
Solar coronal heating from small-scale magnetic braids
Authors: Chitta L. P. , Peter H. , Parenti S. , Berghmans D. , Auchère F. , Solanki S. K. , Aznar Cuadrado R. , Schühle U. , Teriaca L. , Mandal S. , Barczynski K. , Buchlin É. , Harra L. , Kraaikamp E. , Long D. M. , Rodriguez L. , Schwanitz C. , Smith P. J. , Verbeeck C. , Zhukov A. N. , Liu W. , Cheung M. C. M.
Published: September 2022

Relaxation of braided coronal magnetic fields through reconnection is thought to be a source of energy to heat plasma in active region coronal loops. However, observations of active region coronal heating associated with an untangling of magnetic braids remain sparse. One reason for this paucity could be the lack of coronal observations with a sufficiently high spatial and temporal resolution to capture this process in action. Using new observations with high spatial resolution (250−270 km on the Sun) and high cadence (3−10 s) from the Extreme Ultraviolet Imager (EUI) on board Solar Orbiter, we observed the untangling of small-scale coronal braids in different active regions. The untangling is associated with impulsive heating of the gas in these braided loops. We assess that coronal magnetic braids overlying cooler chromospheric filamentary structures are perhaps more common. Furthermore, our observations show signatures of spatially coherent and intermittent coronal heating during the relaxation of the magnetic braids. Our study reveals the operation of gentle and impulsive modes of magnetic reconnection in the solar corona.
Planet-star interactions with precise transit timing
Authors: Maciejewski G. , Fernández M. , Sota A. , Amado P. J. , Dimitrov D. , Nikolov Y. , Ohlert J. , Mugrauer M. , Bischoff R. , Heyne T. , Hildebrandt F. , Stenglein W. , Arévalo A. A. , Neira S. , Riesco L. A. , Sánchez Martínez V. , Verdugo M. M.
Published: September 2022

Context. Hot Jupiters on extremely short-period orbits are expected to be unstable due to tidal dissipation and spiral toward their host stars. That is because they transfer the angular momentum of the orbital motion through tidal dissipation into the stellar interior. Although the magnitude of this phenomenon is related to the physical properties of a specific star-planet system, statistical studies show that tidal dissipation might shape the architecture of hot Jupiter systems during the stellar lifetime on the main sequence.

Aims. The efficiency of tidal dissipation remains poorly constrained in star-planet systems. Stellar interior models show that the dissipation of dynamical tides in radiation zones could be the dominant mechanism driving planetary orbital decay. These theoretical predictions can be verified with the transit timing method.

Methods. We acquired new precise transit mid-times for five planets. They were previously identified as the best candidates for which orbital decay might be detected. Analysis of the timing data allowed us to place tighter constraints on the orbital decay rate.

Results. No statistically significant changes in their orbital periods were detected for all five hot Jupiters in systems HAT-P-23, KELT-1, KELT-16, WASP-18, and WASP-103. For planets HAT-P-23 b, WASP-18 b, and WASP-103 b, observations show that the mechanism of the dynamical tidal dissipation probably does not operate in their host stars, preventing their orbits from rapidly decaying. This finding aligns with the models of stellar interiors of F-type stars, in which dynamical tides are not fully damped due to convective cores. For KELT-16 b, the span of transit timing data was not long enough to verify the theoretical predictions. KELT-1 b was identified as a potential laboratory for studying the dissipative tidal interactions of inertial waves in a convective layer. Continued observations of those two planets may provide further empirical verification of the tidal dissipation theory.
New insights into the Triangulum Australis supercluster of galaxies
Authors: Quintana Hernán , Proust Dominique , Lacerna Ivan , Böhringer Hans
Published: September 2022

The Triangulum Australis cluster is one of about a dozen nearby massive cluster systems which contribute to the gravitational pull behind the so-called Great Attractor that is dominated by the nearby Shapley Supercluster mass, which conforms the galaxy velocity flows observed in that general direction. Here, we study the structure and dynamical mass of the Triangulum Australis cluster together with the neighbouring cluster AS0794. We present a set of 131 velocities collected in the regions of the two clusters with the 2.5 m Du Pont telescope at Las Campanas Observatory (Chile). For the Triangulum Australis cluster we find a dynamical mass of about Mv = 4.2 (±1.3) × 1015 M⊙ and for AS0794 a value of about Mv = 1.7 (±1.3) × 1013 M⊙. These values are consistent with the observed X-ray luminosities of these clusters. Combined with velocities already known we reanalyse the structure and dynamics of this general region, finding that both clusters, together with at least eight other ones, form a large supercluster, centered on TriAus (which dominates in terms of mass). We find that this supercluster is part of a large-scale structure filament linked to the Shapley supercluster (SSC). Uncertainties remain on the richness and detailed structure of this filament and the TriAus supercluster because parts of it remain hidden behind the Galaxy disk.
Nahrungsmittel als soziales Statussymbol?
Authors: Zielinski Johanna
Published: September 2022

Ernährungsgewohnheiten sind nicht starr, sondern folgen dem kulturellen
Wandel der Gesellschaft. Dabei spiegelt die Art der Ernährung den
sozioökonomischen Status und den Bildungsstand der Menschen wider.
Über Social-Media-Kanäle ist die Inszenierung von Mahlzeiten und
Ratschlägen über (z.T. vermeintlich) „gesunde“
Nahrungsmittel und deren Zubereitung zu einem Mittel der Selbstverwirklichung
und Identitätsbildung geworden.
Ernährung und/oder Medikamente bei
gastroenterologischen Erkrankungen
Authors: Glaser Joachim
Published: September 2022

Bei der Behandlung gastroenterologischer Erkrankungen kann oft eine
Ernährungsumstellung oder spezielle Ernährungstherapie helfen.
Es ist dann jedoch zu klären, ob dies bereits einen ausreichenden
Therapieerfolg sichert oder ob zusätzlich bzw. allein eine
medikamentöse Therapie erfolgversprechend erscheint. Dabei handelt es
sich in der Praxis meist nicht um kompetitiv konkurrierende Maßnahmen,
sondern um sich ergänzende Prinzipien.
Clinical Value of Serum BMP-4, BMP-2, GDF-15, MMP-9, GP39 Levels in
Pregnant Women with Obesity and the Related Comorbidities Diabetes Mellitus and
Gestational Hypertension
Authors: Yarsilikal Guleroglu Filiz , Selvi Esra , Turan Bakirci Isil , Bafalı Olgu , Argun Atalmis Hatice , Yasti Dayan Merve , Balkan Ozmen Aliye , Yurtcu Nazan , Seker Atas Busra , Ozdemir Anayurt Esma , Cetin Ali
Published: September 2022

Aims We evaluated the clinical value of selected serum biomarkers BMP-4,
BMP-2, GDF-15, MMP-9, and GP39 in pregnant women with obesity and the
comorbidities diabetes mellitus (DM) and gestational hypertension (GHT).

Methods This observational study had groups of controls, including healthy
pregnant women; women with only obesity, including pregnant women with
BMI≥30 kg/m2; women with gestational DM
(GDM) with obesity, including pregnant women with GDM and obesity; women with
pregestational DM (PGDM) with obesity, including pregnant women with PGDM and
obesity; and women with GHT with obesity, including pregnant women with GHT and
obesity. We measured serum levels of selected biomarkers by ELISA.

ResultsObesity increased serum levels of all the biomarkers; GDM developed
in obese women caused a more pronounced increase in the serum levels of BMP-4
and BMP-2, and GHT developed in obese women caused a more pronounced increase in
the serum levels of GDF-15. In the women with GDM-, PGDM-, and GHT-complicated
obesity, serum levels of MMP-9 and GP39 did not change meaningfully.

Conclusions Obesity and its comorbidities DM and GHT lead to meaningful
changes in the studied serum biomarkers. Since obesity has a causal effect on
developing numerous conditions, reliable clinical biomarkers are needed to
improve the early prediction and diagnosis of high-risk conditions during
pregnancy.
Caso raro de um schwannoma no pé – Relato de caso
Authors: Miradouro José Carlos Sousa , Costa Tiago , Silva Nuno , Afonso João
Published: September 2022

Um schwannoma é uma lesão pouco frequente, sendo um tumor que deriva da bainha de mielina dos nervos periféricos; na maioria dos casos, este tumor é benigno e raramente se apresenta na região do pé e tornozelo. Os pacientes afetados por esse tipo de patologia são geralmente assintomáticos. Ainda assim, às vezes eles têm sintomas neurológicos sensoriais ou motores se o tumor for grande o suficiente para causar a compressão direta ou indireta do nervo afetado. Um paciente do gênero masculino de 55 anos se apresentou ao nosso departamento com inchaço não traumático e dor no aspecto lateral do pé direito e da perna. A ressonância magnética (RM) da perna direita revelou uma lesão bem-circunscrita, medindo 2,5 por 1 cm, mostrando hipointensidade nas sequências T1 e hiperintensidade em T2, compatível com um tumor superficial de células do nervo peronal. Foi realizada excisão cirúrgica da lesão e o exame histopatológico confirmou a suspeita inicial – Schwannoma do nervo peroneal superficial. O pós-operatório foi tranquilo, com melhora progressiva da dor e recuperação funcional completa sem déficits neurológicos. Exame clínico rigoroso associado aos exames de RM permitem diagnóstico adequado, bem como a exclusão de outras patologias com apresentação clínica semelhante. Assim, o cirurgião tem que estar atento a todos os dados para um diagnóstico e tratamento eficazes nesse tipo de patologia rara que não pode ser negligenciada.
Unlocking Potential within Health Systems Using Privacy-Preserving Record Linkage: Exploring Chronic Kidney Disease Outcomes through Linked Data Modelling
Authors: Lim David , Randall Sean , Robinson Suzanne , Thomas Elizabeth , Williamson James , Chakera Aron , Napier Kathryn , Schwan Carola , Manuel Justin , Betts Kim , Kane Chris , Boyd James
Published: September 2022

Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major global health problem that affects approximately one in 10 adults. Up to 90% of individuals with CKD go undetected until its progression to advanced stages, invariably leading to death in the absence of treatment. The project aims to fill information gaps around the burden of CKD in the Western Australian (WA) population, including incidence, prevalence, rate of progression, and economic cost to the health system.

Methods Given the sensitivity of the information involved, the project employed a privacy preserving record linkage methodology to link data from four major pathology providers in WA to hospital records, to establish a CKD registry with continuous medical record for individuals with biochemical specification for CKD. This method uses encrypted personal identifying information in a probability-based linkage framework (Bloom filters) to help mitigate risk while maximizing linkage quality.

Results The project developed interoperable technology to create a transparent CKD data catalogue which is linkable to other datasets. This technology has been designed to support the aspirations of the research program to provide linked de-identified pathology, morbidity, and mortality data that can be used to derive insights to enable better CKD patient outcomes. The cohort includes over 1 million individuals with creatinine results over the period 2002 to 2021.

Conclusion Using linked data from across the care continuum, researchers are able to evaluate the effectiveness of service delivery and provide evidence for policy and program development. The CKD registry will enable an innovative review of the epidemiology of CKD in WA. Linking pathology records can identify cases of CKD that are missed in the early stages due to disaggregation of results, enabling identification of at-risk populations that represent targets for early intervention and management.
Experimentally investigating the effect of viscoelastic joint of a cantilever beam containing piezoelectric patch on the harvested energy
Authors: Imani Farnaz
Published: September 2022

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of the connecting beam to the main structure considering the viscoelastic property, which affects the rate of electrical energy harvested from the piezoelectric patch connected to the aluminum beam. In this research, the connection of the beam to the vibrator was considered viscoelastic to obtain more accurate results. Viscoelastic material decreases the amount of stress and strain along the beam as well as the piezoelectric path due to its softness; thus, less potential difference is expected to be produced than the rigid connection. First, the beam is deformed by a base harmonic excitation on the beam containing the piezoelectric path, which generates an electric potential difference on both sides of the piezoelectric. In this study, the behavior of an aluminum beam with a piezoelectric patch and viscoelastic connection under loading and excitation of the harmonic base is examined based on experimental testing and 3D finite analysis. The experiment was performed by connecting an aluminum beam to a vibrator rotating unbalance system to create a harmonic base excitation under the connection of viscoelastic adhesive and rigid connection of bolts and nuts. The finite element method was used for numerical solution by Ansys software. The piezoelectric patch used in this analysis was of 5A type with two piezoelectric layers and a brass layer. Viscoelastic simulation was modeled in the 3D form using a special viscoelastic element in an Ansys environment. In order to solve the harmonic problem, the loading was considered as the base excitation with input acceleration. The diagrams of the electric potential difference revealed that the amount of energy harvested from the viscoelastic joint was less than that from the rigid joint. In addition, modeling of the viscoelastic joint by the Kelvin–Voigt and the Maxwell mechanical model shows that the results of these two joint models are more consistent with the result obtained by the standard solid joint. Electrical power diagrams were drawn considering different resistances. It is obvious that the amount of harvested power increased with increasing input frequency. Finally, the results of 3D finite element analysis were compared to the results of energy harvesting experimentally for verification.
Enhancement of magnetocaloric properties by control of magnetocrystalline anisotropy in Ge doped MnFeHfPSi alloy
Authors: Lee A-Young , Kang Ki Hoon , Ahn Hyungju , Han Jun Hee , Lee Min-Ha , Kim Jong-Woo
Published: September 2022

This study investigated the improvement in magnetocaloric properties with magnetocrystalline anisotropy by Ge doping in MnFeHfPSi alloys. The maximum magnetic entropy change gets larger in alloys with higher magnetocrystalline anisotropy. This result is induced by the fractions of easy and hard magnetization planes. In addition, the magnetocaloric properties indicate large differences based on the direction between the easy magnetization plane and the applied magnetic field. Especially, the difference in magnetic entropy change under a low magnetic field is higher than that under a strong magnetic field. Besides, when magnetic transition occurs from a ferromagnetic to a paramagnetic state, the fraction of the easy magnetization plane decreases. Therefore, orientations with an easy magnetization plane play an important role in the enhancement of magnetocaloric properties.
Numerical simulation of the evolution of shock waves and plasma kernels of multi-point laser-induced plasma in supersonic flow
Authors: Ye Tong , Yang Leichao , An Bin , Zhang Jianfeng , Ding Meng
Published: September 2022

Compared with single-point laser-induced plasma, multi-point laser-induced plasma shows some advantages in ignition and flameholding, but with little research. Therefore, numerical studies of multi-point laser-induced plasma in supersonic flow are conducted using an instantaneous energy deposition model. In the studies, the single-pulse laser energy of every laser focus is 50 mJ, the laser focus configuration is linear, the inflow velocities are from Ma 1.5 to Ma 2.5, and the distances between adjacent focal spots are from 2 to 4 mm. The evolution process of shock waves and plasma kernels in supersonic flow has been described in detail when the inflow velocity is Ma 2 and when the distance between adjacent focal spots is 2 mm. Besides, the evolution law of the velocity field, the streamline, and the plasma kernel position in the flow field have also been analyzed. The results reveal that the volume of the plasma kernel increases rapidly within 15 µs and that the initial shock wave has a strong deflection effect on the supersonic flow. Moreover, the effects of inflow velocities and distances between adjacent focal spots on multi-point laser-induced plasma are compared using the plasma kernel’s average temperature, volume, and specific surface area. Under the conditions of the studies, the results show that the distance between adjacent focal spots is the main reason affecting the evolution. Thus, a distance longer than 4 mm between adjacent focal spots should be avoided for multi-point laser-induced plasma in supersonic flow because the plasma kernel could not be fused in a timely manner.
Type II phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases function sequentially in cargo delivery from early endosomes to melanosomes
Authors: Zhu Yueyao , Li Shuixing , Jaume Alexa , Jani Riddhi Atul , Delevoye Cédric , Raposo Graça , Marks Michael S.
Published: September 2022

Melanosomes are pigment cell-specific lysosome-related organelles in which melanin pigments are synthesized and stored. Melanosome maturation requires delivery of melanogenic cargoes via tubular transport carriers that emanate from early endosomes and that require BLOC-1 for their formation. Here we show that phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PtdIns4P) and the type II PtdIns-4-kinases (PI4KIIα and PI4KIIβ) support BLOC-1-dependent tubule formation to regulate melanosome biogenesis. Depletion of either PI4KIIα or PI4KIIβ with shRNAs in melanocytes reduced melanin content and misrouted BLOC-1-dependent cargoes to late endosomes/lysosomes. Genetic epistasis, cell fractionation, and quantitative live-cell imaging analyses show that PI4KIIα and PI4KIIβ function sequentially and non-redundantly downstream of BLOC-1 during tubule elongation toward melanosomes by generating local pools of PtdIns4P. The data show that both type II PtdIns-4-kinases are necessary for efficient BLOC-1-dependent tubule elongation and subsequent melanosome contact and content delivery during melanosome biogenesis. The independent functions of PtdIns-4-kinases in tubule extension are downstream of likely redundant functions in BLOC-1-dependent tubule initiation.
Toolkit for scalar fields in universes with finite-dimensional Hilbert space
Authors: Friedrich Oliver , Singh Ashmeet , Doré Olivier
Published: September 2022

The holographic principle suggests that the Hilbert space of quantum gravity is locally finite-dimensional. Motivated by this point-of-view, and its application to the observable Universe, we introduce a set of numerical and conceptual tools to describe scalar fields with finite-dimensional Hilbert spaces, and to study their behaviour in expanding cosmological backgrounds. These tools include accurate approximations to compute the vacuum energy of a field mode k as a function of the dimension d

k
of the mode Hilbert space, as well as a parametric model for how that dimension varies with |k|. We show that the maximum entropy of our construction momentarily scales like the boundary area of the observable Universe for some values of the parameters of that model. And we find that the maximum entropy generally follows a sub-volume scaling as long as d

k
decreases with |k|. We also demonstrate that the vacuum energy density of the finite-dimensional field is dynamical, and decays between two constant epochs in our fiducial construction. These results rely on a number of non-trivial modelling choices, but our general framework may serve as a starting point for future investigations of the impact of finite-dimensionality of Hilbert space on cosmological physics.
Prior normalization for certified likelihood-informed subspace detection of Bayesian inverse problems
Authors: Cui Tiangang , Tong Xin T. , Zahm Olivier
Published: September 2022

Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods form one of the algorithmic foundations of Bayesian inverse problems. The recent development of likelihood-informed subspace (LIS) methods offers a viable route to designing efficient MCMC methods for exploring high-dimensional posterior distributions via exploiting the intrinsic low-dimensional structure of the underlying inverse problem. However, existing LIS methods and the associated performance analysis often assume that the prior distribution is Gaussian. This assumption is limited for inverse problems aiming to promote sparsity in the parameter estimation, as heavy-tailed priors, e.g., Laplace distribution or the elastic net commonly used in Bayesian LASSO, are often needed in this case. To overcome this limitation, we consider a prior normalization technique that transforms any non-Gaussian (e.g. heavy-tailed) priors into standard Gaussian distributions, which makes it possible to implement LIS methods to accelerate MCMC sampling via such transformations. We also rigorously investigate the integration of such transformations with several MCMC methods for high-dimensional problems. Finally, we demonstrate various aspects of our theoretical claims on two nonlinear inverse problems.
Temperature dependence of the zero-field splitting parameter of nitrogen-vacancy centre ensembles in diamond considering microwave and laser heating effect
Authors: Ouyang Kechen , Wang Zheng , Xing Li , Feng Xiaojuan , Zhang Jintao , Ren Cheng , Yang Xingtuan
Published: September 2022

The nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centre in diamond is regarded as a promising micro-nano scale thermometer due to its high stability, good temperature resolution and its scope for integration. The relation between the zero-field splitting parameter (D) and temperature (T) is fundamental for its applications. In this work, an optical system that uses continuous-wave optically detected magnetic resonance technique for the measurement of D-T was built. The temperature measured by a home-made thermostatic system and two calibrated platinum resistance thermometers was regarded as reference. Before D was measured, microwave and laser heating effect was investigated quantitatively. The drift of D at different microwave and laser power in this system was observed. Although the dips’ contrast could be improved by higher microwave power, the heating effect was significant if the power was higher than—5 dBm. The heating effect from laser power showed a linear trend which could be corrected by an average factor of −3.69 × 10−5 GHz mW−1. By using the optimized parameters, D was measured from 298 to 383 K. The reliability of our experimental method can be demonstrated by the good agreement between the present data and those obtained from similar samples. Our work provides a reference for similar experiments that the heating effect could not be neglected, which would be essential to obtain a more precise D-T relation when considering the NV centre as a thermometer. The inconsistency existing in the results from different groups indicates that further metrological investigations are still needed for the application of the NV centre as a practical and accurate thermometer in the near future.
Electric current paths in a Si:P delta-doped device imaged by nitrogen-vacancy diamond magnetic microscopy
Authors: Basso Luca , Kehayias Pauli , Henshaw Jacob , Saleh Ziabari Maziar , Byeon Heejun , Lilly Michael P , Bussmann Ezra , Campbell Deanna M , Misra Shashank , Mounce Andrew M
Published: September 2022

The recently-developed ability to control phosphorous-doping of silicon at an atomic level using scanning tunneling microscopy, a technique known as atomic precision advanced manufacturing (APAM), has allowed us to tailor electronic devices with atomic precision, and thus has emerged as a way to explore new possibilities in Si electronics. In these applications, critical questions include where current flow is actually occurring in or near APAM structures as well as whether leakage currents are present. In general, detection and mapping of current flow in APAM structures are valuable diagnostic tools to obtain reliable devices in digital-enhanced applications. In this paper, we used nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond for wide-field magnetic imaging (with a few-mm field of view and micron-scale resolution) of magnetic fields from surface currents flowing in an APAM test device made of a P delta-doped layer on a Si substrate, a standard APAM witness material. We integrated a diamond having a surface NV ensemble with the device (patterned in two parallel mm-sized ribbons), then mapped the magnetic field from the DC current injected in the APAM device in a home-built NV wide-field microscope. The 2D magnetic field maps were used to reconstruct the surface current densities, allowing us to obtain information on current paths, device failures such as choke points where current flow is impeded, and current leakages outside the APAM-defined P-doped regions. Analysis on the current density reconstructed map showed a projected sensitivity of ∼0.03 A m−1, corresponding to a smallest-detectable current in the 200 μm wide APAM ribbon of ∼6 μA. These results demonstrate the failure analysis capability of NV wide-field magnetometry for APAM materials, opening the possibility to investigate other cutting-edge microelectronic devices.
Dosimetric evaluation of off-axis fields and angular transmission for the 1.5 T MR-linac
Authors: van den Dobbelsteen M , Hackett S L , de Vries J H W , van Asselen B , Oolbekkink S , Woodings S J , Raaymakers B W
Published: September 2022

Objective. GPU-oriented Monte Carlo dose (GPUMCD) is a fast dose calculation algorithm used for treatment planning on the Unity MR-linac. Treatments for the MR-linac must be calculated quickly and accurately, and must account for two important MR-linac aspects: off-axis positions and angular transmission through the cryostat, couch and MR-coils. Therefore, the aim of this research is to quantify the system-related errors for GPUMCD calculations over the range of clinically-relevant field configurations and gantry angles. Approach. Dose profiles (crossline, inline and PDD) were measured and calculated for varying field sizes, off-axis positions and depths. Eleven different (off-axis) positions were included. The angular transmission was investigated by measuring and calculating the transmission for multiple angles, taking the cryostat, couch and coils into account. Main results. Differences between absolute point doses were found to be within 1.7% for field sizes 2 × 2 cm2 and larger. The relative dose profiles in the crossline, inline and PDD direction illustrated maximum mean dose differences of 0.9pp, 0.8pp and 0.7pp of D
max in the central region for field sizes 2 × 2 cm2 and larger. The 1 × 1 cm2 field size showed larger dosimetric errors for absolute point doses and relative dose profiles. The maximum mean DTA in the penumbra was 0.7 mm. The mean difference in angular transmission ranged from −0.33% ± 0.60% to 0.27% ± 0.91% using three treatment machines. Additionally, 77.1%–93.7% of the datapoints remained within 1% transmission difference. The largest transmission differences were present at the edges of the table. Significance. This research showed that the GPUMCD algorithm provides reliable dose calculations with a low uncertainty for field sizes 2 × 2 cm2 and larger, focusing on off-axis fields and angular transmission.
New trends in quantum integrability: recent experiments with ultracold atoms
Authors: Guan Xi-Wen , He Peng
Published: September 2022

Over the past two decades quantum engineering has made significant advances in our ability to create genuine quantum many-body systems using ultracold atoms. In particular, some prototypical exactly solvable Yang–Baxter systems have been successfully realized allowing us to confront elegant and sophisticated exact solutions of these systems with their experimental counterparts. The new experimental developments show a variety of fundamental one-dimensional (1D) phenomena, ranging from the generalized hydrodynamics to dynamical fermionization, Tomonaga–Luttinger liquids, collective excitations, fractional exclusion statistics, quantum holonomy, spin-charge separation, competing orders with high spin symmetry and quantum impurity problems. This article briefly reviews these developments and provides rigorous understanding of those observed phenomena based on the exact solutions while highlighting the uniqueness of 1D quantum physics. The precision of atomic physics realizations of integrable many-body problems continues to inspire significant developments in mathematics and physics while at the same time offering the prospect to contribute to future quantum technology.
Compressive property and shape memory effect of 3D printed continuous ramie fiber reinforced biocomposite corrugated structures
Authors: Cheng Ping , Wang Kui , Chen Xuanzhen , Le Duigou Antoine , Peng Yong , Wen Wei
Published: September 2022

The present work aimed to study the quasi-static compression behaviors of 3D printed continuous ramie fiber reinforced biocomposite corrugated structures (CFCSs) with excellent shape memory effects. The in-plane compression test was conducted to evaluate the effects of cell shapes, fiber volume fraction (f
v) and addition of fiber on the compression behaviors and energy absorption (EA) characteristics of the corrugated structures. The results showed that the compression property and EA capacity of the 3D printed CFCSs increased with decreasing f
v and the addition of continuous ramie yarn. The 3D printed continuous ramie fiber reinforced biocomposite with inverted trapezoid cell shape corrugated structures (CFITCSs) outperformed other cell shapes in the compression strength and specific EA. The analytical model for the in-plane compression strength of CFITCSs was derived, and predictions were in good agreement with measurements. In addition, continuous natural fiber reinforced composite structure for shape memory was proposed for the first time. The shape recovery testing results demonstrated that 3D printed CFCSs had the potential to be a key element of lightweight programmable smart systems.
Dynamic resistance and dynamic loss in a ReBCO superconductor
Authors: Zhang Hongye , Shen Boyang , Chen Xiaoyuan , Jiang Zhenan
Published: September 2022

Dynamic resistance is a time-averaged direct current (DC) resistance in superconducting materials, which typically occurs when a superconductor is carrying a transport DC while simultaneously subject to a time-varying magnetic field. Dynamic resistance has recently attracted increasing attention as it not only causes detrimental dynamic loss in superconducting devices such as the nuclear magnetic resonance magnets and superconducting machines, but on the other hand, the generated dynamic voltage can be exploited in many applications, e.g. high temperature superconducting (HTS) flux pumps. This article reviews the physical mechanism as well as analytical, numerical modelling, and experimental approaches for quantifying dynamic resistance during the last few decades. Analytical formulae can be conveniently used to estimate the dynamic resistance/loss of a simple superconducting topology, e.g. a single rare-earth-barium-copper-oxide tape. However, in a complex superconducting device, such as a superconducting machine, the prediction of dynamic resistance/loss has to rely on versatile numerical modelling methods before carrying out experiments, especially at high frequencies up to the kHz level. The advantages, accuracies, drawbacks, and challenges of different quantification approaches for dynamic resistance/loss in various scenarios are all inclusively discussed. The application of dynamic resistance in HTS flux pumps is also presented. It is believed that this review can help enhance the understanding of dynamic resistance/loss in superconducting applications and provide a useful reference for future superconducting energy conversion systems.
Effect of winding methods: transport AC losses in CORC coils
Authors: Zhao J , Gao S Y , Wu B H , Yang X S , Shen B , Chen W , Zhao Y
Published: September 2022

AC losses undoubtedly increase the burden on the cooling system and affect the overall performance of high-temperature superconducting (HTS) cables. Therefore, AC losses in HTS cables are important design factors for large-scale HTS equipments. Extensive research has been conducted on straight, densely wound conductors. However, AC losses of bending/circular HTS cable conductors have not been sufficiently studied. In this article, the transport AC losses in a circular HTS conductor coil bended by a conductor on round core (CORC) type cable were investigated using experiments and numerical simulations. The effect of different winding methods was also studied. First, the modeling method of the three-dimensional simulation and the experimental procedures were presented. The simulation results of the straight densely wound conductor (SDWC) and circular densely wound coil (CDWC) were compared with the corresponding experimental results. Finally, the winding method for the CDWC was optimized using both the simulation and experimental approaches. Both the experiments and simulations showed that reducing the tape-to-tape frontal area was able to decrease the transport AC loss, and the results show that the optimum winding angle of the HTS CORC coil was 24.15°. Overall, the modeling and experiments provide useful optimization strategies for designing winding structures of high-performance CORC coils/magnets.
Preparation of 87Rb and 133Cs in the motional ground state of a single optical tweezer
Authors: Spence S , Brooks R V , Ruttley D K , Guttridge A , Cornish Simon L
Published: September 2022

We report simultaneous Raman sideband cooling of a single 87Rb atom and a single 133Cs atom held in separate optical tweezers at 814 nm and 938 nm, respectively. Starting from outside the Lamb-Dicke regime, after 45 ms of cooling we measure probabilities to occupy the three-dimensional motional ground state of

0.8

6

−
0.04

+
0.03

for Rb and

0.9

5

−
0.04

+
0.03

for Cs. Our setup overlaps the Raman laser beams used to cool Rb and Cs, reducing hardware requirements by sharing equipment along the same beam path. The cooling protocol is scalable, and we demonstrate cooling of single Rb atoms in an array of four tweezers. After motional ground-state cooling, a 938 nm tweezer is translated to overlap with a 814 nm tweezer so that a single Rb and a single Cs atom can be transferred into a common 1064 nm trap. By minimising the heating during the merging and transfer, we prepare the atoms in the relative motional ground state with an efficiency of

0.8

1

−
0.08

+
0.08

. This is a crucial step towards the formation of single RbCs molecules confined in optical tweezer arrays.
Influence of Dy substitution for Ga on the magnetic properties of arc-melted Fe-Ga alloys
Authors: Vijayanarayanan V , Basumatary Himalay , Raja M Manivel , Aravindan V , Mahendran M
Published: September 2022

The structural, magnetic, and magnetostrictive properties of Fe73-Ga27-x-Dyx (x = 0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1) alloys synthesised by arc melting and quenching at 1000 °C were investigated. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis confirms the Body-Centered Cubic (BCC) nature of the alloys and the presence of an A2 phase of α-Fe throughout the composition, despite the presence of Dysprosium (Dy). It was revealed that the grains are primarily composed of Fe and Ga, but the grain boundaries contain Fe, Ga, and a very high concentration of Dy. The grains indicate that Dy segregates more at grain boundaries. The low saturation magnetization ∼100 emu g−1 achieved at x = 0.25 is due to Dy-rich phase precipitation. The enhanced magnetostriction ∼119 ppm is related to a significant number of Dy-rich phase precipitates and short-range ordering. However, after x = 0.50, the amount of Dy-rich precipitates has a negative impact on the magnetostrictive behaviour of Dy-substituted Fe-Ga alloys, resulting in a decrease in magnetostriction. This demonstrates that the inclusion of Dy enhances the magnetostrictive quality of Fe-Ga alloys.
Half-life prediction of some neutron-rich exotic nuclei prior to peak A = 130
Authors: Shehzadi Ramoona , Nabi Jameel-Un , Farooq Fakeha
Published: September 2022

β-decay is amongst the key properties of nuclei required for the modeling of r-process nucleosynthesis. It also governs the flow of abundances among neighboring isotopic chains of high-mass elements. In the present work, a simple proton-neutron quasi particle random phase approximation (p–n-QRPA) model has been used for the calculation of β-decay half-lives of Rb, Sr, Y and Zr neutron-rich isotopes. For 97−103Rb, 98−107Sr, 101−109Y and 104−112Zr, where the experimental data were available, the half-life values are reproduced with reasonable accuracy. The same set of model parameters are later used to predict half-lives for few neutron-rich nuclei (104−112Rb, 108−113Sr, 110−114Y and 113−115Zr) where measured data is not available. The p–n-QRPA results (including only allowed transitions) are compared with previous calculations (allowed plus forbidden) and exhibit agreement within a factor of 2.0 when compared with the recent available experimental data.
Non-linearities in the Lyman-α forest and in its cross-correlation with dark matter halos
Authors: Givans Jahmour J. , Font-Ribera Andreu , Slosar Anže , Seeyave Louise , Pedersen Christian , Rogers Keir K. , Garny Mathias , Blas Diego , Iršič Vid
Published: September 2022

Three-dimensional correlations of the Lyman-α (Lyα) forest and cross correlations between the Lyα forest and quasars have been
measured on large scales, allowing a precise measurement of the baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) feature at redshifts z > 2.
These 3D correlations are often modelled using linear perturbation theory,
but full-shape analyses to extract cosmological information beyond BAO will
require more realistic models capable of describing non-linearities present at smaller scales.
We present a measurement of the Lyα forest flux power spectrum from large
hydrodynamic simulations — the Sherwood simulations — and compare it to different
models describing the small-scale deviations from linear theory.
We confirm that the model presented in Arinyo-i-Prats et al. (2015) fits the measured
3D power up to k = 10 h Mpc-1 with an accuracy better than 5%, and show that the same
model can also describe the 1D correlations with similar precision.
We also present, for the first time, an equivalent study for the
cross-power spectrum of halos with the Lyα forest, and we discuss different challenges
we face when modelling the cross-power spectrum beyond linear scales.
We make all our measured power spectra public in https://github.com/andreufont/sherwoo_p3d.
This study is a step towards joint analyses of 1D and 3D flux correlations,
and towards using the quasar-Lyα cross-correlation beyond BAO analyses.
Second-order gauge-invariant formalism for the cosmological observables: complete verification of their gauge-invariance
Authors: Magi Matteo , Yoo Jaiyul
Published: September 2022

Accounting for all the relativistic effects, we have developed the fully nonlinear gauge-invariant formalism for describing the cosmological observables and presented the second-order perturbative expressions associated with light propagation and observations without choosing a gauge condition. For the first time, we have performed a complete verification of the validity of our second-order expressions by comparing their gauge-transformation properties from two independent methods: one directly obtained from their expressions in terms of metric perturbations and the other expected from their nonlinear relations. The expressions for the cosmological observables such as galaxy clustering and the luminosity distance are invariant under diffeomorphism and gauge-invariant at the observed position. We compare our results to the previous work and discuss the differences in the perturbative expressions. Our second-order gauge-invariant formalism constitutes a major step forward
in the era of precision cosmology and its applications in the future will play a crucial role for going beyond the power spectrum and probing the early universe.
Radiative pulsed L-mode operation in ARC-class reactors
Authors: Frank S.J. , Perks C.J. , Nelson A.O. , Qian T. , Jin S. , Cavallaro A. , Rutkowski A. , Reiman A. , Freidberg J.P. , Rodriguez-Fernandez P. , Whyte D.
Published: September 2022

A new ARC-class, highly-radiative, pulsed, L-mode, burning plasma scenario is developed and evaluated as a candidate for future tokamak reactors. Pulsed inductive operation alleviates the stringent current drive requirements of steady-state reactors, and operation in L-mode affords ELM-free access to

∼
90
%

core radiation fractions, significantly reducing the divertor power handling requirements. In this configuration the fusion power density can be maximized despite L-mode confinement by utilizing high-field to increase plasma densities and current. This allows us to obtain high gain in robust scenarios in compact devices with P
fus > 1000 MW despite low confinement. We demonstrate the feasibility of such scenarios here; first by showing that they avoid violating 0D tokamak limits, and then by performing self-consistent integrated simulations of flattop operation including neoclassical and turbulent transport, magnetic equilibrium, and radiofrequency current drive models. Finally we examine the potential effect of introducing negative triangularity with a 0D model. Our results show high-field radiative pulsed L-mode scenarios are a promising alternative to the typical steady state advanced tokamak scenarios which have dominated tokamak reactor development.
Complete dynamical evaluation of the characteristic polynomial of binary quantum graphs
Authors: Harrison J M , Hudgins T
Published: September 2022

We evaluate the variance of coefficients of the characteristic polynomial for binary quantum graphs using a dynamical approach. This is the first example where a spectral statistic can be evaluated in terms of periodic orbits for a system with chaotic classical dynamics without taking the semiclassical limit, which here is the limit of large graphs. The variance depends on the sizes of particular sets of primitive pseudo orbits (sets of distinct primitive periodic orbits): the set of primitive pseudo orbits without self-intersections and the sets of primitive pseudo orbits with a fixed number of self-intersections, all of which consist of two arcs of the pseudo orbit crossing at a single vertex. To show other pseudo orbits do not contribute we give two arguments. The first is based on a reduction of the variance formula from a sum over pairs of primitive pseudo orbits to a sum over pseudo orbits where no bonds are repeated. The second employs a parity argument for the Lyndon decomposition of words. For families of binary graphs, in the semiclassical limit, we show the pseudo orbit formula approaches a universal constant independent of the coefficient of the polynomial. This is obtained by counting the total number of primitive pseudo orbits of a given length.
dynDeepDRIM: a dynamic deep learning model to infer direct regulatory interactions using time-course single-cell gene expression data
Authors: Xu Yu , Chen Jiaxing , Lyu Aiping , Cheung William K , Zhang Lu
Published: September 2022

Time-course single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data have been widely used to explore dynamic changes in gene expression of transcription factors (TFs) and their target genes. This information is useful to reconstruct cell-type-specific gene regulatory networks (GRNs). However, the existing tools are commonly designed to analyze either time-course bulk gene expression data or static scRNA-seq data via pseudo-time cell ordering. A few methods successfully utilize the information from multiple time points while also considering the characteristics of scRNA-seq data. We proposed dynDeepDRIM, a novel deep learning model to reconstruct GRNs using time-course scRNA-seq data. It represents the joint expression of a gene pair as an image and utilizes the image of the target TF–gene pair and the ones of the potential neighbors to reconstruct GRNs from time-course scRNA-seq data. dynDeepDRIM can effectively remove the transitive TF–gene interactions by considering neighborhood context and model the gene expression dynamics using high-dimensional tensors. We compared dynDeepDRIM with six GRN reconstruction methods on both simulation and four real time-course scRNA-seq data. dynDeepDRIM achieved substantially better performance than the other methods in inferring TF–gene interactions and eliminated the false positives effectively. We also applied dynDeepDRIM to annotate gene functions and found it achieved evidently better performance than the other tools due to considering the neighbor genes.