bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Post-Choreic Personality and Neurosis
Authors: Krauss Stephen
Published: August 2008

In the relatively short period which has elapsed since the important findings about personality changes after encephalitis epidemica became known, those findings have been mainly responsible for the enormous advance in our knowledge of the sub-cortical direction of man's emotional and volitional life. This advance in psychopathology subsequently gave rise to the question whether similar sequelae could be found in the personality structure of those who had suffered from other forms of post-infectious encephalopathies. Chorea, which had already offered the puzzling problem of why the rheumatic virus becomes “neurotropic” in certain cases, was amongst the first to be considered, whereas 25 years ago no psychiatrist would have seen a special problem in the personality structure after choreic illness. The first investigations which dealt with entirely new problems in chorea minor were those of E. Straus, (1927), who found thathyperkinetic symptomsare frequently found, either in a generalized form, or as localized tics as sequelae of chorea minor, and of E. Guttmann (1927) and Schulz (1928), who both showed thathereditary predispositionof the brain plays an important role in persons who fall ill with chorea minor. Afollow-up studyof chorea cases with regard to personality development had not been undertaken until the present author's first publication on chorea (1934).
Preliminary Tuberculosis Survey in a Mental Hospital
Authors: Early Donal F.
Published: August 2008

The problem of tuberculosis amongst mental hospital patients is of importance from both the psychiatric and public health point of view. Most of the active methods of psychiatric treatment must be abandoned or discontinued when physical illness intervenes. The problem is even more far-reaching from the standpoint of public health. Wingfield, Trail, Banks and McDougall (1942) have estimated that there is probably a reservoir of 250,000 infectious cases recognized and unrecognized in England, Scotland and Wales, and several authors have pointed out that mental hospitals contribute a disproportionate number to this reservoir. Modern methods of mental hospital administration with parole and leave privileges applied to the maximum number of patients lend importance to the public health aspect, not only the patients themselves and hospital staff being menaced, but also patients' visitors and relatives and other contacts outside hospital. The incidence of tuberculosis in mental hospitals has been variously estimated at 5 to 10 times and the mortality in peace-time 8 or 9 times that of the general population. These figures are sufficient to justify all efforts to bring the problem under control.
Late Effects of Closed Head Injuries: Psychiatric Observations
Authors: Guttmann E.
Published: August 2008

In discussing the late stage of head injuries, it is necessary first to define the clinical stages in the treatment of these conditions. With Donald Munroe, it is considered expedient to classify cases of head injury in general into— (a) Operative and (b) Non-operative cases.
Vitamin B Complex in Relation to Neuropsychiatry
Authors: Caldwell W. A.
Published: August 2008

In this paper it is my intention to give a broad survey of vitamin B complex deficiencies and their influence upon neuropsychiatric abnormalities generally, whilst Dr. Hardwick will discuss in greater detail the syndromes more specifically associated with such deficiencies, amplifying his remarks by reference to cases we have treated in recent years.
Vitamin B Deficiency and the Psychoses: Clinical Aspects
Authors: Hardwick S. W.
Published: August 2008

In 1943 I published a paper on pellagra, in which I described in summary form twelve clinical cases from amongst patients with a psychosis of long standing at West Park Hospital. I also referred briefly to two other cases seen at the observation unit at St. Pancras Hospital, one of whom died shortly after admission, the other being subsequently discharged recovered from West Park. Since then I have encountered from time to time further cases, both amongst the West Park patients and those of recent admission to the observation unit. The diagnosis in each instance was clinical, being based on the well-known symptomatology of symmetrical dermatitis, glossitis (and often stomatitis), malnutrition and, as a rule, diarrhoea. The frequent association of malnutrition with mental disease led one to suspect that milder vitamin-deficient states, i.e. intermediate between frank pellagra and healthy nutrition, existed. I think that our clinical observations, together with subsequent research along biochemical lines, go to support this. If one adds to the foregoing the major and minor B1 deficiency states, one is forced to the conclusion that one is not dealing with academic rarities, but with a practical problem of interest to psychiatrist, physician and dietician. Moreover, recent research has yielded us powerful therapeutic weapons, such as nicotinic acid, aneurin and riboflavine, which, with certain reservations, have a specific curative effect in the corresponding deficiency conditions.
Persistent Enuresis: A Psychosomatic Study
Authors: Stalker Harry , Band David
Published: August 2008

The congeries of etiological theories and alleged cures that has accumulated round the subject of nocturnal enuresis in children proves only one thing—that we know little of the causes and treatment of enuresis. Since the war many cases of nocturnal enuresis persisting into adolescence and adult life have been seen. Presumably the sufferers were ashamed of their disability and concealed it in peacetime. But wartime conscription, often entailing absence from their homes, has compelled them to reveal it. Such cases of persistent enuresis represent the most severe form of the disorder, and an analysis of the factors involved would seem to be of more value than merely to study enuretic children in general. Once these facts are ascertained, they may throw some light on the universal problem of enuresis in children.
The Mental Health of Submariners, with Special Reference to 71 Cases Examined Psychiatrically
Authors: McHarg James F.
Published: August 2008

The life of those sailors who are called to tasks of special peril under the sea is recognized as being strange, unnatural, full of hazard, and of necessity involving considerable strain. It is hardly remarkable, therefore, that the infrequency of mental breakdown among submariners has given rise to comment and conjecture by various authorities. Colonel Cutler (1944) of the U.S. Army, in a lecture entitled “A Surgeon Looks at Two Wars,” states that the lack of neurotic illness amongst submariners is due to the fact that there is no escape route. He points out that “there are statistical data to support the fact that where there is no escape route, these psychological casualties do not arise, or arise but rarely. Thus they are not reported for crews of submarines, and surely this might be thought of as a place for psychological strain …” This view is not accepted by all, and quite different explanations have been put forward. Surgeon-Captain Curran, R.N.V.R. (1944) believes that effective pre-selection and early elimination of the unsuitable are the two principal reasons for the small number of submariners who reach naval psychiatrists.
On the Aetiology of Stuttering
Authors: Maas Otto
Published: August 2008

Numerous writers, doctors, psychologists and laymen interested in the cure of speech defects have discussed stuttering, a condition also known by various other names. Literature on this subject has been published by Kussmaul (1877), H. Gutzmann (1911), Froeschels (1925), Brown (1932), Hahn (1943), among others.
The Epilepsy of Fyodor Dostoievski
Authors: Harris H.
Published: August 2008

Kretschmer, in his Psychology of Men of Genius, drew attention to the frequent association of psychopathy in the mental make-up of individuals so gifted and so able as to be readily included in the class of “men of genius.” Of all the individuals whom Kretschmer discusses, Dostoievski is the only one who is known for certainty to have been epileptic. Both the prophet Mohamet and the apostle Paul are mentioned as being traditionally regarded as having suffered from this malady, but for obvious reasons it is impossible to be certain of this. That an individual who ranks amongst the world's greatest novelists should, throughout his life, have suffered from epilepsy is in itself a remarkable and possibly unique thing. It is therefore of some interest to inquire in what manner epilepsy manifested itself in Dostoievski, how it influenced his work, and what light, if any, the manifestation of this condition in an individual of such intellectual power, throws on the nature of the epileptic state itself.
Jakob-Creutzfeldt Disease
Authors: Stengel E.
Published: August 2008

The presenile psychoses have been the subject of intensive study in recent years. Both Alzheimer's and Pick's disease can now be regarded as well-defined clinico-pathological conditions. However, there occur cases with dementia developing in middle age or in early senium which do not fit into any of the established clinical types. A small group of cases characterized by dementia, extra-pyramidal symptoms and involvement of the spinal cord has been described by Jakob (1920) and Creutzfeldt (1920) independently. Similar cases have since been reported by Meyer (1929), Davison (1932), Jansen and Monrad-Krohn (1938), Davison and Rabiner (1940), and most recently by Jervis, Burdum and O'Neill (1942). McMenemy (1940), in a review of dementia in middle age, stated that the number of cases of that type reported in the literature did not exceed 14. Though all of them had the syndrome mentioned above in common, they varied considerably in respect of the leading symptoms. While in some the clinical picture was dominated by dementia associated with a variety of psychotic features, in others the extrapyramidal and in a few the spinal symptoms were predominant. Nothing definite is known about the etiology of that condition, though the hypothesis has been expressed that it may represent an atypical form of encephalitis. Josephy (1936) suggested that it might be a deficiency disease. No agreement has been reached on a suitable terminology. Jakob's original description of the condition as spastic pseudosclerosis has been found to be misleading. K. Wilson (1940) proposed to call it “cortico-striato-spinal degeneration.” Davison and Rabiner (1940) speak of “diffuse encephalomyelopathy.” Other authors advocated the provisional term Jakob-Creutzfeldt disease. In view of the scanty knowledge of the symptomatology and pathology of the disease, this term seems at present to be the most acceptable.
The Treatment of Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Collis Eirene , Buck Margaret C.
Published: August 2008

An interesting field for investigation and experiment is provided by the conditions formerly known as Little's disease or spastic diplegia, or hemiplegia, or spasticity with athetosis.

One hundred years ago Little studied cases of types now grouped under the common term “cerebral palsy.” His conclusions justified attempts at rehabilitation rather than surgical intervention.
The Twentieth Maudsley Lecture: Psychiatry and the Public Health Service
Authors: Brock Laurence G.
Published: August 2008

You will, I am sure, share my regret that this lecture is being given out of turn. It had been arranged that my lecture should follow that of Prof. Mapother, whose untimely death robbed psychiatry of a notable figure and the Association of a lecture, possibly provocative and certainly stimulating, which promised to be a memorable addition to the series. I sadly miss, too, my old friend and colleague, Sir Hubert Bond, ever the kindliest and most charitable of critics.
Generalized Xanthoma, with a Case Presenting Lesion of the Central Nervous System
Authors: Turner C. E. H.
Published: August 2008

Generalized xanthoma is a cholesterol disturbance of the cells, coincident with a normal lipoid content of the blood serum.

The case described involves the skull, dura mater, brain, pleura and gallbladder.
Social Maturity Test
Authors: Bodman Frank
Published: August 2008

It has been said that when a psychiatrist is appointed to a general hospital the staff only by stages come to make use of his services. The first phase is that in which he is called upon to dispose of those patients suffering from severe mental illnesses, whose behaviour is disturbing to the rest of the ward. In the next phase he may be called upon to deal with psychotics and severe psycho-neurotics. The third phase comes when surgeons and physicians refer to him all those patients they have investigated for whose symptoms no organic basis can be found. A fourth phase is when the psychiatrist is asked to co-operate in the treatment of such psychosomatic cases as asthma, colitis and migraine—and in the last phase, when the psychiatrist has proved his worth, he may be asked to advise on the handling of patients suffering from “wear and tear diseases,” frank organic diseases, such as gastric ulcer and hyperpiesia (1).
Lasting Lessons of Overseas Military Psychiatry
Authors: MacKeith S. A.
Published: August 2008

Military psychiatry is a large subject with widespread ramifications. The general scope of the work at home has been well reviewed in J. R. Rees's paper, “Three Years of Military Psychiatry in the United Kingdom”; I need not, therefore, try to describe what he has described so well. Even in the overseas field, I must unwillingly avoid the fascinations of detailed discussion of the aetiology and treatment of “battle neurosis” in forward troops; there is already a wealth of papers on this subject, including the valuable symposium at the Section of Psychiatry of the Royal Society of Medicine last November, in which Palmer, Kenton, Craigie and Main took part. Kenton's contribution, being based on work in North Africa and Italy, outlines some of the experience on which my remarks to-day are based.
Quaker Contribution to Psychiatric Thought and Practice
Authors: Knight Gwendoline D.
Published: August 2008

The Retreat is now 150 years old. Some of you, perhaps, come from hospitals older still. Bethlem, looking back over 5 1/2 centuries, might well wonder, “Why such a fuss about a mere 150?” But it is quite a respectable age, and all old people are fond of reminiscing, so will you indulgently allow this elderly gentleman, through me, to talk for a few minutes about his past life and his old friends, and will you forgive him if he seems to emphasize the triumphs, and gloss over the difficulties and failures? It has all been said before, we know, but we hope you will find something of interest in it.
Intracranial Aneurysm with Minimal Signs
Authors: Roberts Arwyn
Published: August 2008

Intracranial aneurysms are not uncommon, but those that are described are usually interesting because of the signs and symptoms associated with them. Aneurysms which have had evident leakages and yet, owing to their lack of neurological signs, are diagnosed from their symptoms as neurasthenia, effort syndrome or even malingering are fortunately rare. Correct diagnosis is important in these cases because of their medico-legal importance.
Pain and its Underlying Pathology
Authors: Rowbotham G. F.
Published: August 2008

Innumerable attempts have been made to define pain by physiologists, by pathologists, by clinicians and by philosophers, who all see the problem from a different angle, and who discuss it each according to his own particular mode of expression and training. The distinguished writers of the past centuries devoted much attention to the subject of pain, but wrote largely on its origin and on the various types rather than on its actual nature.
Indications for the Treatment of Mental Diseases by Physical Methods
Authors: Fernandes Barahona , Polonio P. , Lisbon D.P.M.
Published: August 2008

Since the work of Sakel, v. Meduna and Moniz, a large number of papers have been published on physical methods of treatment. Statistical studies of the results of these forms of treatment have been most commonly used and have demonstrated their usefulness.
The Depersonalization Syndrome
Authors: Stockings G. Tayleur
Published: August 2008

Depersonalization, or feeling of unreality, is a symptom which may occur as part of several psychiatric conditions, such as hysteria, anxiety and obsessional states, and some forms of schizophrenia and endogenous depression. The true derealization-depersonalization syndrome, however, in which the unreality symptom is the primary disturbance, is a quite peculiar and distinctive condition, which has received scant attention in most psychiatric textbooks and which appears to be becoming increasingly common in practice.
The Nature and Treatment of “Writer's Cramp.”
Authors: Pai M. Narasimha
Published: August 2008

Writer's cramp, crampe des écrivains, scrivener's palsy, graphospasm or mogigraphia may be defined as a condition of inco-ordination of the small muscles of the hand which appears only when attempting to write. The various names given to this condition emphasize that cramp or spasm is the predominant feature, and Osler thought that it was an early symptom. As the principal nerves and muscles are often intact and movements of a wider range can be carried out efficiently, the condition appears to be a functional disturbance of co-ordination.
Psychiatric Aspects of the Post-Encephalitic Syndrome
Authors: Fairweather D. S.
Published: August 2008

The present description is based on a study of 168 men and 107 women (total 275), who have been admitted to the Rampton State Institution diagnosed as post-encephalitic.
Types of Nervous System in Man, Their Heredity and Evolution
Authors: Davidenkov S.
Published: August 2008

The theory concerning the various types of nervous system in man, generally acknowledged by Russian neurologists, is based on the principles established by Pavlov in his investigations on conditioned reflexes in dogs. It was Pavlov and his collaborators who succeeded in establishing that all variations in the nervous types of dog are due to three main differences. These differences may consist in varying intensity in the essential processes (excitation and inhibition), peculiar to the nerve cell of the cerebral cortex, with the result that some specimens are of a stronger, others of a weaker nervous type. There may also be differences in the degree of equilibrium attained between the two processes, with the result that some specimens are well balanced, while others are unbalanced. Finally the differences may consist in the rate at which the nerve cell is able to pass from one state to the other, in the rate at which the concentration of the excitation or inhibition process is reached after the primary phase of irradiation, and in the rate at which the excitation process becomes extinct within a cell after the action of the stimulus has ceased. As a result of these latter differences some specimens may be more mobile, others more inert. At the same time it was established that the differences with respect to all these three functions could develop independently of one another, owing to which fact the resulting typologic combinations are extremely varied.
Head Injuries: A New Treatment for the Post-Concussive Syndrome
Authors: Murray Helen S. E. , Halstead H.
Published: August 2008

Gunshot and shrapnel wounds of the head during the war have produced various disabilities not commonly seen in the injuries of peace-time.

The symptom complex which usually appears subsequent to head trauma has become very familiar during the past few years. The resemblance from case to case of certain sequelae to head injuries has been grouped together in syndromes, variously labelled post-concussive syndrome, post-traumatic personality change, post-traumatic neurosis and post-contusional state, all indicating an oft-recurring persistent disability following concussion of the brain.
The Psychiatric Social Worker in the Community
Authors: Goldberg E. M.
Published: August 2008

As you probably know, in January, 1944, the Provisional National Council for Mental Health were asked by the Board of Control to provide a Social After-Care Service for men and women discharged from Service Psychiatric Hospitals. For the purposes of this work an experienced psychiatric social worker, known as Regional After-Care Officer, was appointed to each of the Civil Defence Regions to undertake and organize this service. The psychiatric social workers visited the Psychiatric Service Hospitals in their areas, obtaining a full history and recommendations from the psychiatrist referring the case, and interviewing each patient to discuss his needs and plans. These reports were then sent to the Regional After-Care Officer in the patient's home area and formed the basis of our work.
The Effects of Intravenous Insulin in Sakel'S Hypoglycaemic Treatment
Authors: Spencer A. M.
Published: August 2008

The use of intravenous insulin in Sakel's shock treatment as an alternative to intramuscular insulin was first reported by Ventriglia (1939), whose findings may be summarized as follows:

(1) Hypoglycaemic symptoms appear more quickly than with intramuscular insulin, so that the pre-shock period is shortened.

(2) The coma dose of insulin is reduced by 50 per cent. on an average, but may be reduced by considerably more.

(3) In some cases the hypoglycaemic symptoms are more abrupt and violent.

(4) There is a greater tendency to tonic-clonic spasms and convulsions generally.
Emotional Interplay and Dominant Personalities in Therapeutic Groups: Observations on Combined Schizophrenic-Neurotic Groups
Authors: Kräupl F.
Published: August 2008

The observation and treatment of neurotic patients in groups has attracted much attention in recent years. Schizophrenics have occasionally been included in such therapy groups, and favourable results with them have been reported by Blackman, Foulkes and Lewis, Schilder, Wender and others.
Observations on Some Cases of Exhibitionism
Authors: Taylor F. H.
Published: August 2008

Exhibitionism was stated by East to be the commonest sexual offence for which men are received into prison; this proved to be true in 1946, when 98 men charged with exposing themselves were received into Brixton Prison during the year. Exhibitionism is customarily dealt with under Section 4 of the Vagrancy Act, 1824, and the offender is charged with being a Rogue and Vagabond in that he “did wilfully, openly, lewdly and obscenely expose his person with intent to insult a female.” The term “exposure of the person” is presumed to be synonymous with exhibition of the genitals. The 98 cases about to be discussed represented 32.2 per cent. of the sexual offences and 1.95 per cent. of all offences received into the prison during 1946. Exhibitionism presents a difficult problem both to the doctor and to the layman, as it is often apparently nonsensical and meaningless. All cases received into prison are specially interviewed as a routine and frequently the Court requests a report as to the accused's state of mind. In this series this was requested in 88 cases—a much higher proportion than for any other offence.
Mepacrine Psychosis
Authors: Perk David
Published: August 2008

From time to time in the Middle East, cases were admitted into hospital bearing the diagnosis of Mepacrine Psychosis. This was a label which one hesitated to accept because, for one thing, the cases presented no single clinical type, and for another, they showed, with few exceptions, little or no evidence of symptoms of an organic reaction type such as might be expected in a toxic psychosis. It was, moreover, important, in view of the widespread use of mepacrine both as prophylactic against malaria and in the treatment of it, that the occurrence of a psychosis during the exhibition of mepacrine should not be ascribed to it, except on the irrefutable evidence of a causal connection between the two. Though I have no figures to indicate the incidence of mepacrine psychosis relative to the number of cases of malaria treated with the drug in the M.E.F., I believe the ratio to be very small indeed. Kingsbury mentions 12 cases among several thousand cases of malaria treated with mepacrine; Allen et al. quote Greene as having encountered 2 cases in a series of 750 so treated, in Malay. Hoops had 1 case of mental excitement among 1,207 cases; Briercliffe 15 cases of delirium among some hundred persons taking mepacrine. Field estimated the incidence of mepacrine psychosis to be less than 01 per cent. of cases treated. Gaskill and Fitz-Hugh noted 35 cases of toxic psychosis in 7,064 cases of malaria treated with mepacrine in an army hospital during the recent war; Mergener reports 1 case in 1,000, and quotes Udalagama, who recorded 7 such cases in a series of 644, and Bispham, who noted only 1 case in 7,915 cases that came under his personal supervision, and who up to 1941 found only 35 instances in the literature. Burnham quotes Dove as having noted no case of alarming reactions (presumably including psychotic reaction) in a series of 30,000 cases treated with mepacrine.
The Planning of Modern Psychiatric Units
Authors: O'Reilly J. J.
Published: August 2008

I welcome the opportunity of presenting this short paper to the meeting, particularly as I have just returned from the United States, where I have seen something of the modern trend of psychiatry in that country.

The memorandum on the future organization of the psychiatric services, published by this Association in 1944, defines a psychiatric unit as that part of a general hospital, whether in-patients or out-patient, which is set aside for the treatment of mental disorders, with or without legal formalities.
Cerebral Physiology and Psychiatry
Authors: Gordon William W.
Published: August 2008

Introduction.

This contribution is itself introductory to a larger subject, and is an attempt to present some physiological observations in a way that may stimulate the interest of psychologists and psychiatrists. Viewed from a biological standpoint, man is limited in his thinking and behaviour by his innate constitution, anatomically and physiologicallly. As a living, functioning individual he is much more than the mere sum of his parts, yet it is a fact that structurally he is made up of reflex arcs (receptor endorgans, afferent nerves, central nervous system, efferent nerves and effector organs). The vital functions of nutrition, respiration, circulation, excretion, reproduction, locomotion and metabolism are effected by standard types of reflexes which pervade the vertebrate kind, so that a dynamic reflexological approach to normal and abnormal human behaviour should be revealing. Man is stimulated by his total environment to respond as a complete being, and this full activity is retained as experience which modifies subsequent behaviour. That being so, the nature of integration of these reflexes and the ways in which they are influenced by experience constitute a subject very pertinent to the study of psychology and psychiatry. Something of that nature forms the material of this paper.
Psychiatric Disorders among the Chronic Sick in Hospital
Authors: Affleck James W.
Published: August 2008

Introduction.

The Admission of Aged Psychiatric Patients to Institutions.

It has recently been pointed out (Lewis, 1946) that between the years 1907 and 1937 the number of first-attack admissions of patients of 65 years and over, into the mental hospitals of England and Wales, differs considerably from analogous American figures. In Britain, using statistics supplied by the Board of Control for England and Wales, there was a marked tendency for the incidence of this group to decline, whereas in America, using statistics from New York Mental Hospitals Board, there was a marked increase. An explanation is found in the assumption that in England large numbers of cases which would be relevant to the statistics, were looked after in other institutions or at home, whereas in America less alternative accommodation was provided. It is doubtful, had the investigation been continued up to the present date, if the statistical divergence would have been found to continue. The incidence of first-attack admissions of those over 65 has, of course, a more subtle significance than a simple admission-rate for an age-group, or even a first-admission-rate, but the present impression in British Mental Hospitals is that admission of old persons—even first-attack admissions—has increased, especially during the war years. Post (1942) demonstrated this rising incidence of aged patients by analysing the admissions to Edinburgh Royal Mental Hospital from 1904 to 1942.
The Syndrome of Alexia and Amnesic Aphasia. Subarachnoidal Haemorrhage with Symptom of Partial Occlusion of the Spinal Subarachnoidal Space
Authors: Klein R.
Published: August 2008

Amnesic aphasia has a peculiar position within the aphasic disorders, and it has always been found difficult to bring it into any aphasic scheme. The nearest to it in Head's (1926) classification of symbolic disorder is his nominal aphasia. This, however, is actually a sensory aphasia, in which the difficulty in finding words prevails; it has lost all the characteristics of the classical amnesic speech disorder. Goldstein (1926), on the other hand, while stressing the existence of the amnesic aphasia as a definite and well-circumscribed type of disorder, denies that it has anything to do with a speech defect—an opinion up to then held. According to him, it is fundamentally a defect in the thinking process in which the patients have sunk to a lower and more concrete level of behaviour. They have, according to Goldstein (1926), lost the categorical meaning and use of words; they may be able to name an object in a concrete situation, but are unable to generalize, to use the word in its class meaning. Since then this question has been critically examined by several authors (Hauptmann (1931), Isserlin (1936), von Kuenburg (1930), Lotmar (1933), Scheller (1938)) in the light of Goldstein's conception. In their conclusions, repudiating Goldstein's opinion, they reaffirmed the classical view of a basic speech disorder in the amnesic aphasia.
Histopathological Findings in General Paresis after Penicillin Treatment: Report on 4 Cases
Authors: Smith Robert H. F. , de Morais Vamberto
Published: August 2008

There have been several deaths during or after penicillin therapy for G.P.I. (Goldman, 1945; Neymann et al., 1945; Weickhardt, 1946, and Rose and Solomon, 1947), but there have been no reports of neuropathological studies. We think, therefore, that it may be of some value to describe the pathological findings in the brains of four such cases.
Some Observations on the Analytical Group Treatment of a Phobic Patient
Authors: Kräupl F.
Published: August 2008

The therapeutic factors operative in group treatment are still partially controversial, and further investigations are necessary to clarify their nature, mode of action, and range of curative potency.
Dynamics of Creative Activity
Authors: Reitman F.
Published: August 2008

“No collection of facts is ever complete because the Universe is without bounds, and no synthesis or interpretation is ever final, because there are always fresh facts to be found after the first collection has been provisionally arranged.”
Delinquency and Epilepsy: A Clinical and Electrophysiological Note
Authors: Hodge R. Sessions
Published: August 2008

The neuropsychiatrist presenting evidence before Court will sooner or later be asked the question, “Was the accused, at the time of committing the offence, labouring under such defect of reason as that he did not know what he was doing, or if he knew what he was doing, he did not know it was wrong?”
Suggestibility and Persistence in Epileptics and Mental Defectives
Authors: Brady Margaret
Published: August 2008

In recent years many attempts have been made to improve methods of temperament testing, and to show the validity of the results by comparing test-scores of groups of subjects known to be differentiated with respect to certain traits (Cattell (1), Eysenck (2), Himmelweit (5)). Thus there has been found a very significant correlation between degree of neuroticism and suggestibility, and a correlation almost as high between degree of neuroticism and persistence. These results have suggested the possibility of using tests of this kind in an attempt to measure the neurotic tendencies of individual subjects, and to screen the more neurotic from types of occupation likely to impose too great a strain on them (Eysenck (3)).
The Results of Treatment of a Thousand Cases of Schizophrenia
Authors: Finiefs L. A.
Published: August 2008

The cases reviewed in this paper were treated in Three Counties Hospital during the last seventeen years. The ages of the patients ranged between 15 and 44 years. Of the total 1,009 cases, 563 had insulin coma and convulsion therapies, while 446 received no such special treatment. Some had prefrontal leucotomy after failing to respond to insulin and convulsion treatments, but their number is small and they are not included here.
Observations in Electrically-Produced Epileptic Convulsions
Authors: Klein R. , Early D. F.
Published: August 2008

The pattern of the epileptiform fit produced by electric shock treatment is fairly uniform and constant. The four stages of the fit—the preconvulsive, tonic, clonic and post-convulsive phases—are characteristically expressed in postures and movements of eyes and head in each phase.
Periodic Catatonia
Authors: Lindsay J. S. Bonar
Published: August 2008

Kraepelin (10) in 1908 first defined a group within his classification of schizophrenia which he described as periodic catatonia. The clinical features of this type may be briefly summarized. The onset, usually between 14 and 20 years, is frequently characterized by a period of erratic conduct followed by an interval of stupor, confusion or excitement, which thereafter undergoes periodic remissions and relapses. The periodicity is remarkable in the rapidity with which all changes occur. In the periods of remission the patient is free of catatonia and associated symptom-complex (sympatheticotonia), but is still dull, apathetic and withdrawn; he often recalls events from the reactive phase, but without insight. The patient is still schizophrenic, with emotional flattening and poverty of ideation, and remains so throughout. In the reactive phase the picture is one of catatonic stupor or excitement, with clinical evidence of sympathetic over-activity.
The Ephedrine Treatment of Nocturnal Enuresis
Authors: de M. Rudolf G.
Published: August 2008

Treatments for enuresis have been legion, but several authors have recorded beneficial results from the use of ephedrine hydrochloride.
Further Aspects of Brief Retrograde Amnesia
Authors: de M. Rudolf G.
Published: August 2008

Knowledge of amnesia is dependent upon the subject's statement. He can tell us what he will. If he has studied the subject well, he can mislead us. He may have motives for fabricating. He may benefit, he thinks, financially, socially or in other material ways, by inventing an amnesia. A history of grave injury may produce avoidance of danger or of unpleasant work. A medical history, which the patient may think unusual, may give him prestige or sympathy. Finally, he may invent an amnesia to give the doctor a good story or to “pull his leg.”
Lung Abscess Following Electro-Convulsive Therapy: Description of a Case
Authors: Conway Hugh , Osmond Humphry
Published: August 2008

From the available literature it appears that inhalational abscess of the lung following E.C.T. is a rare condition, but it is difficult to assess the actual incidence. Cook (1944), in his extensive review of the subject, quotes Meduna and Friedmann (1939) as stating that lung abscess occurred in 0.1 per cent. of cases, but this probably refers to patients undergoing metrazol convulsions, in whom there is an additional risk of embolic abscesses due to mobilization of thrombus at the site of injection. Jessner and Ryan (1943) mention that aspiration pneumonia may complicate metrazol treatment, and that pulmonary abscess may occur as a result of old pelvic thrombo-phlebitis or from mobilization of thrombus at the site of injection. They do not refer to inhalational lung abscess complicating E.C.T. Sargant and Slater (1944) state that chest complications are rare after convulsion treatment. Kraines (1943) and Brain and Strauss (1945) do not discuss the condition. Vassallo (1946) in an unpublished series of over 300 cases has observed one inhalational lung abscess. Kalinowsky and Hoch (1946) say: “The development of pulmonary diseases during treatment is rare in E.C.T., but was quite frequent in metrazol therapy.” They mention some possible reasons for this, e.g. abscess due to mobilization of thrombi at the site of injection. They add: “The literature on E.C.T. contains only one case of pulmonary abscess” (Kalinowsky and Werthing, 1943). The paper quoted, however, merely states, that the patient developed a lung abscess which was successfully treated with sulphanilamide. All authorities agree that pre-existing lung disease, and especially tuberculosis, is a strong contra-indication for E.C.T. Since there are so few references to this illness in the literature it seems profitable to describe a case.
The Measurement of the Structure and Behaviour of Therapeutic Groups
Authors: Sandison R. A. , Chance E.
Published: August 2008

Ever since Group Therapy became established as a scientific method for the furtherance of mental health, therapists have looked for ways of measuring the behaviour of the Group. It is clear, for example, that there are important differences in structure between a group of people newly assembled in a railway carriage and those who share the same dining table at the end of a long sea voyage. Interpersonal relations have been established in the latter company, and each member has himself achieved some kind of relationship to the group as a whole. It cannot be conceded that any purpose would be served in quantitatively measuring these relationships in the two kinds of groups which have been mentioned. This is because they are accidentally formed groups, lacking a basic purpose and without a pre-appointed leader. Membership of such a group may be interesting, boring or entertaining, but it cannot be said to play any great part in the life-plan of the individual.
Application of Psychoanalytic Principles to the Treatment of In-Patients in Mental Hospitals
Authors: Scott W. Clifford M.
Published: August 2008

This paper has been written with the intention of illustrating the application of psychoanalytic principles to the treatment of in-patient psychotics by reporting the treatment of a female manic-depressive patient by psychoanalysis at the Cassel Hospital during 1936–38. Unfortunately no reports of intensive in-patient psychotherapy of psychoses in this country have been published. Little prolonged intensive psychotherapy of psychoses has been carried out in hospitals, apart from the Cassel Hospital, where for many years the staff was sufficiently numerous to allow most patients to have daily interviews of significant length. In the United States experimentation has been much more active. Recently Fromm-Reichmann (1947) has reviewed many of the problems encountered in the several Mental Hospitals where psychoanalytic methods of treatment are actively pursued. Rosen has reported daring and courageous experiments. He has reported (1946) the treatment of acute catatonic excitements by psychoanalysis—his chief innovation being the long interview. With one patient the first interview was 16 hours with a break of half an hour. He has reported (1947) favourable results from treating 38 male and female schizophrenic patients, the ages of the patients ranging from 15–49, the duration of illness before treatment ranging from 1 month to 27 years, and the duration of hospital residence ranging up to 11 years. The average daily hours of treatment ranged from 1 to 12, and the duration of treatment ranged from 3 days to 11 months. In my opinion the New York Psychiatric Institute which encouraged Rosen's experiments has fostered a technique about which much more will be heard.
Leucotomy in the Treatment of Psychopathic Feeble-Minded Patients in a State Mental Deficiency Institution
Authors: Mackay G. W.
Published: August 2008

The results of leucotomy in mental hospital practice are already well known and are familiar from the Board of Control's review of 1,000 cases published in 1947.

I am not aware that in mental deficiency institutions the operation has become a practice in application to cases presenting gross abnormality of conduct having its origin in mental disorder which, though not amounting to one of the insanities, has the characteristics of a psychopathic state.
Results of Isolation of the Orbital Lobes in Leucotomy
Authors: Egan George
Published: August 2008

Many authors, examining personality changes after brain injury, have observed that lesions of the orbital surface of the frontal lobes are more frequently accompanied by emotional changes than lesions in any other part of the cortex. Amongst others, Schuster (1902), Berger (1923), Kleist (1931) and Rylander (1939), have called attention to this fact, and experimental work by Fulton and Ingraham (1929) on cats has established confirmatory evidence. Freeman and Watts (1942), in their study of leucotomized patients observed that, if only the lower quadrants of the white matter in the prefrontal area were cut, the results of leucotomy were better than when the cut was placed in the upper quadrants only. Groups of cases, in whom only the lower quadrants were sectioned, have also been reported on by Dax and Radley Smith (1943 and 1946), Reitman (1946) and Hofstatter et al (1945).
The Psychiatric Aspects of Tropical Service in the Navy
Authors: Cameron Kenneth
Published: August 2008

The following article is derived from a preliminary report made by the. writer while attached to the Habitability Sub-Committee of the Royal Naval Personnel Research Committee of the Medical Research Council. The observations were made in India and Ceylon during 1945.
The Value of Anthropometric Indices in the Assessment of Body Build
Authors: Rees Linford
Published: August 2008

The assessment of a patient's bodily habitus has now become an important part of clinical investigation in many medical fields.
Transorbital Leucotomy
Authors: Fleming G. W. T. H. , Phillips D. G.
Published: August 2008

The operation of transorbital leucotomy recently described in the Lancet by Freeman (1948) was originally devised and carried out by Fiamberti in 1937 very soon after Moniz had introduced the original operation of leucotomy. Meyer, Beck and McLardy (1947) have shown that degeneration of the central portion of the pars parvicellularis of the dorso-medial nucleus of the thalamus was correlated with a lesion involving areas 9, 10 and 46 in the middle frontal gyrus. The transorbital method might now be said to follow almost logically on the work being done at the Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center and at the Greystone State Hospital, New Jersey, by a team of 96 (!) collaborators. Brodmann areas 9 and 10 and in some cases part of area 46 of the cerebral cortex are removed by an open bone-flap operation. This work is still in its infancy, and is not yet published apart from a summary by Nolan Lewis (1948). The entire project is to be described in a volume, The Human Frontal Lobe, to be published at an early date.
Forecasting the Incidence of Neurosis in Officers of the Army and the Navy
Authors: Mayer-Gross W. , Moore J. N. P. , Slater Patrick , Davy H. N. , Turquet P.
Published: August 2008

The most important contribution the psychiatrist could make to the selection of officer candidates or of applicants for comparable leading or managerial positions would be the exclusion of potential neurotics. The Report on the Work of Psychologists and Psychiatrists in the services acknowledges and commends the contribution made by psychiatrists to the selection of officers in the Army; but evidence has not yet been published to enable the extent of their particular contribution to the efficiency of the whole procedure to be assessed in measured terms. Other services have not followed the example of the Army. The Admiralty and Civil Service Selection Boards, which were created after the War Office Selection Boards, and have adapted many features of the Army procedure for their own requirements, have decided against employing psychiatrists for this purpose; and the extent to which the War Office Selection Boards make use of psychiatric services for selection has been reduced. The effectiveness of existing psychiatric methods for this kind of work may thus be felt still open to some doubt.
What the Patient Thinks
Authors: Rees-Thomas W.
Published: August 2008

I am proud to have become your President for the year, and I trust that your confidence in me will be justified by events. It is with some regret that I step into the place of your immediate Past President, and I am not willing to do so until I pay my tribute to his work as President of the Association. Together with your Honorary Secretary he has carried the Association through a period of great strain: he has left it with an enhanced reputation for, I might say, charm and sweet reasonableness. That is in tune with what we preach, and accords well with the beliefs of most of us who know that Psychiatry has a place on the map, and it gives to us an assurance of its value to the world of mankind.
The Twenty-Second Maudsley Lecture: Psychiatry in the Criminal Courts
Authors: Mullins Claud
Published: August 2008

Those responsible for these lectures took their courage in both hands when they chose me to follow in the line of the eminent doctors and lawyers who preceded me. For I am in no way a Very Important Person. I held the lowest of judicial offices, though in my opinion one of the most important. But while emphasizing your courage, I want to assure you very sincerely that I am fully conscious that it is a great honour to be selected for this task. Indeed, I am somewhat overawed, but I can only try my best.
The Psychosomatic Diseases: A Hypothetical Formulation
Authors: Stalker Harry
Published: August 2008

We need no longer dally over theories of the mind-body relationship; we need not even speak of the integration of body and mind, for that integration is not just the combining of parts to form a whole; the unity of any organism has existed from its first beginnings, evolutionary or individual. Myers (13) and Russell (18), by introducing a concept of “the directiveness of organic activities,” have defined this essential and intrinsic unity even more cogently than the many other exponents of the same theme. The unicellular amoeba, at one end of the evolutionary ladder, has all the biological capacities of man at the other end. The fertilized ovum develops from within itself all the specialized parts and functions of the higher animals. The unity, then, has been there from the beginning. The complexity of man is not an integration, but is a delegation of functions. As Russell says, the directiveness and creativeness of mind are but a specialized development of the directiveness and creativeness inherent in all living matter.