bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Job Guarantees for the Unemployed: Lessons from
Australian Welfare Reform
Authors: FINN DAN
Published: July 2002

High levels of long-term unemployment have undermined some of
the assumptions of the post-war welfare state. In response most OECD
governments are now replacing what have been characterised as passive
income support payments with active benefit systems. Many have introduced

new time limits to unconditional benefit entitlement in the form of
job and training guarantees for those without work. This article describes

how the 1993–6 Australian Labor government modernised its commitment

to full employment by combining labour market programmes and
social security reforms to create a Job Compact for the long-term unemployed.

It analyses the achievements of the strategy and what went
wrong, and it draws out lessons of relevance to the British Labour government

which has committed itself to using job guarantees to build new
bridges between welfare and work.
William Downes, Language and society.
2nd edn. (Cambridge approaches to linguistics.) Cambridge
& New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998. Pp. ix,
503. Hb $64.95, pb $24.95. Ronald Wardhaugh, An introduction to
sociolinguistics. 3rd edn. Oxford: Blackwell, 1998.
Pp. viii, 404.
Authors: Macaulay Ronald
Published: July 2002

Somewhere sociolinguistics must be flourishing.
Here we have the second edition of a volume that first
appeared in 1984, and the third edition of one that was
first published in 1986. It is not as though there are
no competing works in print. Hudson 1996 is a revision
of a 1980 work, while Trudgill 1995 is the third version
of a work that first appeared in 1974. Still in their first
manifestation are Holmes 1992 and Romaine 1994. Clearly,
there must be a market for these works, since altruism
is hardly a common feature of the modern publishing world.
Miriam Isaacs & Lewis Glinert (eds.), Pious
voices: Languages among Ultra-Orthodox Jews. (International
Journal of the Sociology of Language, 138.) Berlin:
Mouton de Gruyter, 1990. Pp. 187. Pb $46.00.
Authors: Spolsky Bernard
Published: July 2002

Yiddish has attracted more public and scholarly
interest than any other Jewish language. There are a number
of reasons: its thousand-year history as a Jewish internal
vernacular for Ashkenazi Jews; the development during the
19th and 20th centuries of an important literature in the
language; the bitterness of the struggle with Hebrew, in
the first part of the 20th century, for status as a symbol
of Jewish nationalism; the tragedy of the extermination
of most of its speakers by the Nazis; and the pain of its
suppression under Stalin. It is no doubt a sign that Yiddish
is no longer being seen as a threat to Hebrew that the
Israeli Knesset established and funded, three years ago,
the Natzionale Instantz fur Yiddisher Kultur. The first
activities of this Authority (a series of concerts, lectures,
and other events) have just been announced, after a long
leadership struggle that has reflected the complex politics
of the movement.
Robert Bayley & Dennis R. Preston (eds.), Second
language acquisition and linguistic variation. (Studies
in bilingualism, 10.) Amsterdam & Philadelphia: Benjamins,
1996. Pp. xviii, 317. Hb $79.00.
Authors: Tarone Elaine
Published: July 2002

Preston's Preface identifies a gaping hole
in the domain of SLA research: a “relative neglect
... of the insights to be gained from the quantitative
study of interlanguage variation” (p. xiv). The book
is intended to remedy that defect by providing (a) a clear
rationale for the use of quantitative sociolinguistic methods
to study interlanguage variation; (b) seven exemplary studies
which use multivariate analysis of linguistic variation
for this purpose; and (c) a practical, step-by-step manual
on how to use VARBRUL computer programs to analyze variable
interlanguage data. Readers of this book should come away
with a very clear idea of why and when this sort of analysis
should be done, and how to use this powerful tool in analyzing
their own data.
From metaphors to equations: How can we find the good ones?
Authors: Mayer-Kress Gottfried
Published: July 2002

Among the metaphors used in the target article are “musical instruments,” “water waves,” and other types of mechanical oscillators. The corresponding equations have inertial properties and lead to standing waves that depend on boundary conditions. Other, physiologically relevant quantities like refractory times are not contained in the mechanical oscillator model but occur naturally, for instance, in biological forest fire metaphors.
What phonetic decision making does not tell us about lexical architecture
Authors: Marslen-Wilson William D.
Published: July 2002

Norris et al. argue against using evidence from phonetic decision making to support top-down feedback in lexical access on the grounds that phonetic decision relies on processes outside the normal access sequence. This leaves open the possibility that bottom-up connectionist models, with some contextual constraints built into the access process, are still preferred models of spoken-word recognition.
What's in the adaptive toolbox: Global heuristics or more elementary components?
Authors: Huber Oswald
Published: July 2002

From the standpoint of decision research, investigating global heuristics like LEX is not fruitful, because we know already that people use partial heuristics instead. It is necessary (1) to identify partial heuristics in different tasks, and (2) to investigate rules governing their application and especially their combination. Furthermore, research is necessary into the adequate level of resolution of the elements in the toolbox.
Reward: Wanted – a better definition
Authors: Kupfermann Irving
Published: July 2002

Rolls's book depends significantly on a definition relating emotion to reward and learning. This definition confuses two separable concepts, and may result in the exclusion of notions of emotion and motivation from lower animals that may possess limited learning capacities. A more useful definition might revolve around the notion that emotions are states that function to optimize the performance of behavior.
Neural constraints on cognition in sleep
Authors: Porte Helene Sophrin
Published: July 2002

Certain features of Stage NREM sleep – for example, rhythmic voltage oscillation in thalamic neurons – are physiologically inhospitable to “REM sleep processes.” In Stage 2, the sleep spindle and its refractory period must limit the incursion of “covert REM,” and thus the extent of REM-like cognition. If these hyperpolarization-dependent events also inform Stage NREM cognition, does a “1-gen” model suffice to account for REM-NREM differences?

[Nielsen]
Motivating consciousness
Authors: Vine Ian
Published: July 2002

Gray's account of a brain mechanism for generating the contents of consciousness is incomplete. Adaptive advantages of conscious functioning need to be sought within the first-person affective sensation motivating flexibly goal-directed actions, as in Humphrey's sensory feedback theory.
Cooperative field theory is critical for embodiment
Authors: Roberts Patrick D.
Published: July 2002

The field theoretic approach of the target article is simplified by setting the parameters of the dynamical field equation so that the system is near the critical point between cooperative and non-cooperative dynamics. However, embodiment of cognitive development would require a closer connection between the dynamical field interactions and the physiology of the cerebral cortex.
Neural constructivism: How mammals make modules
Authors: Barton Robert A.
Published: July 2002

Although the developmental arguments in the Quartz &
Sejnowski (Q&S) target article may have intrinsic merit, they
do not warrant the authors' conclusion that innate modular
architectures are absent or minimal, and that neocortical evolution is
simply a progression toward more flexible representational structures.
Modular architectures can develop and evolve in tandem with
sub-cortical specialisation. I present comparative evidence for
the co-evolution of specific thalamic and cortical visual
pathways.
Attention shuts out irrelevant stimuli
Authors: Bridgeman Bruce
Published: July 2002

Express saccade experiments imply that attention shifts take
time. We extend this result with new experiments on manual reaction
times. Reaction to a cued target is always slower than reaction to an
uncued control, even when the cue is correct, if control trials are
blocked to prevent interference from cued trials. Attention functions
not to speed response, but to prevent responses at irrelevant
locations.
Neuropsychological inference using a microphrenological approach does not need a locality assumption
Authors: Crusio Wim E.
Published: July 2002

Although Farah makes a convincing case against the tenability
of the locality assumption, she does not propose alternative research
strategies that do not rest on this assumption. It is proposed here
that we may profitably exploit individual differences in neuroanatomy
and behavior. In combination with the use of adequate genetic methods,
this approach – termed microphrenology – does not need a
locality assumption.
More inhibition and less excitation needed in the fight against pain
Authors: Clarke Rob W.
Published: July 2002

Recent pain research has concentrated heavily on excitatory
processes. However, noxious stimuli activate excitatory and
inhibitory systems. As failure of inhibition could underlie some forms
of pathological pain, it may be argued that a full understanding of
the mechanisms underlying the development of pain states can only
come from a consideration of all the central sequelae of injurious
stimuli. [berkley; blumberg et al.; coderre & katz;
dickenson; mcmahon; weisenfeld-hallin et al.]
LTP plays a distinct role in various brain structures
Authors: Hara Ken-ichi , Kitajima Tatsuo
Published: July 2002

LTP is thought to be an experimental model for studying the
cellular mechanism of learning and memory. Shors & Matzel review
some contradictory data concerning the linkage between LTP and memory
and suggest that LTP does not underlie learning and memory. LTP is a
cellular and synaptic process and cannot be a memory mechanism. In
fact, it is a cellular information storage mechanism.
Schizophrenia as a model of context-deficient cortical computation
Authors: Silverstein Steven M. , Schenkel Lindsay S.
Published: July 2002

Phillips & Singer's compelling presentation is
weakest in its demonstration of commonalities between sensory
plasticity and higher forms of learning and behavior. We propose that
available data on schizophrenia can provide such evidence, because of
the presence of impairments in a number of functions central to their
model, and strong relationships between these dysfunctions and
behavior.
Cortical development: A progressive and selective mesh, with or without constructivism
Authors: Kennedy Henry , Dehay Colette
Published: July 2002

A credible account of the neurobiology underlying cognitive
development cannot afford to ignore the recently demonstrated
innate regionalisation of the neocortex as well as the ontogeny of
corticocortical phenomena, only for the latter does the timing of
development permit control by external events and this is most
likely to occur at later stages in the fine tuning of cortical
microcircuitry.
The dynamical hypothesis in cognitive science
Authors: van Gelder Tim
Published: July 2002

According to the dominant computational approach in cognitive
science, cognitive agents are digital computers; according to the
alternative approach, they are dynamical systems. This target article
attempts to articulate and support the dynamical hypothesis. The
dynamical hypothesis has two major components: the nature hypothesis
(cognitive agents are dynamical systems) and the knowledge
hypothesis (cognitive agents can be understood dynamically). A wide
range of objections to this hypothesis can be rebutted. The conclusion
is that cognitive systems may well be dynamical systems, and only
sustained empirical research in cognitive science will determine the
extent to which that is true.
Different structures for concepts of individuals, stuffs, and real kinds: One Mama, more milk, and many mice
Authors: Bloom Paul
Published: July 2002

Although our concepts of “Mama,”
“milk,” and “mice” have much in common, the
suggestion that they are identical in structure in the mind of the
prelinguistic child is mistaken. Even infants think about objects as
different from substances and appreciate the distinction between kinds
(e.g., mice) and individuals (e.g., Mama). Such cognitive capacities
exist in other animals as well, and have important adaptive
consequences.
Using programs to solve problems: Imitation versus insight
Authors: Kuczaj Stan A. , Gory John D. , Xitco Mark J.
Published: July 2002

Dolphins exhibit both action-level imitation (ALI) and
program-level imitation (PLI). Dolphins may use ALI primarily
for social cohesion, whereas PLI seems more likely to occur in
goal-directed, problem-solving contexts. Both PLI and insightful
problem solving require a recognition of the functional relations
between actions and outcomes. Insightful problem solving, however,
involves the creation of a program in the absence of a model, and
therefore requires a higher order appreciation and application of
the relations between actions and outcomes.
Concept acquisition and use occurs in (real) context
Authors: Livingston Kenneth R.
Published: July 2002

A realist story of concepts like Millikan's can and
should accommodate facts about how the context of items available
for comparison during concept formation affects just what concept
is formed or reidentified. Similarly, the contribution of the goals
and purposes of the conceptualizer are relevant to how concepts are
acquired and deployed, but can be understood as entirely consistent
with a view of concepts as objectively evaluable.
Emulation learning and cultural learning
Authors: Tomasello Michael
Published: July 2002

Byrne & Russon redefine the process of emulation
learning as “goal emulation” and thereby distort its most
distinctive characteristic: the criterion that the observer focuses on
environmental rather than behavioral processes. The two empirical
examples recounted – gorilla plant processing and orangutan
manipulation of human artifacts – are hierarchically organized
behaviors, but there is very little evidence that they involve
imitative learning, program-level or otherwise.
Multidetermination
Authors: Economos Judith
Published: July 2002

Professor Rose is inflamed against the views of Richard Dawkins
concerning genetic determinism. He has constructed an image of a much
stupider and eviller Dawkins view than is likely to be true and argues
against it. This is unrewarding, but otherwise his discussion of biology
is very interesting.
The hippocampus and path integration
Authors: Whishaw Ian Q.
Published: July 2002

Recent studies of the contribution made by the hippocampus
to spatial behavior suggest that it plays a role in integrating and
double integrating distance and direction information using cues
generated by self-movement. This and other evidence that the
hippocampus plays a central role in spatial behavior seems
inconsistent with proposals that it is primarily involved in
episodic memory.
Quality of life for people with dementia:
approaches to the challenge of measurement
Authors: BOND JOHN
Published: July 2002

With the development of possible therapeutic interventions for people with
dementia there is an increasing realisation among clinical and health service
researchers of the paucity of appropriate outcome measures for people with
dementia and their informal caregivers. The different perspectives on
dementia within the biomedical, psychological and social models of disability
lead to radically different meanings of the concept ‘quality of life’ and
approaches to its assessment. This paper examines these different approaches
and proposes a broad research agenda which is underpinned by two key
principles. First, people with dementia and their informal caregivers should be
involved in the development of usable outcome measures relevant to their
needs and circumstances. Second, the scientific community in partnership
with those directly affected should develop a pluralistic approach to the
assessment of outcome taking account of both the meaning of the condition to
people with dementia and their informal caregivers and cost utility from a
societal perspective.
Globalization and national governance: antinomy or interdependence?
Authors: WEISS LINDA
Published: July 2002

‘Regardless of how you define or measure it, globalization is real and its impact on state power is significant’, says the globalist. ‘But how do you know?’ replies the sceptic. In this opening interchange one sees the origin of a controversy that after almost a decade shows few signs of abating. Globalists continue to maintain that there are big, fin-de-siècle transformations under way in the world at large, which can be laid at the door of something called globalization. This new era—popularized as a ‘world without borders’ and symbolized by the dismantling of the Berlin Wall—ostensibly came into its own where the Cold War left off. Globalists of all shades see a new world order in the making, marked by the de-territorialization of economic and political affairs, the ascendance of highly mobile, transnational forms of capital, and the growth of global forms of governance. By the same token, globalization sceptics, scrutinizing very similar empirical terrain, continue to pose the same insistent question. The dispute between globalists and sceptics is not about the reality of change; it is about the nature and significance of the changes under way as well as the driving forces behind them. ‘There is something out there’, agree the sceptics, but it is not necessarily, or even primarily, responsible for what is going on ‘in here’. The changes that fundamentally interest globalists are usually less economic than political. That is to say that their efforts to analyse or demonstrate economic change—the extent to which national economies have become more interconnected through trade, production, finance, and the growing web of international rules and institutions—are often a prelude to the political project.
Lines of drift: festival participation and performing a sense of place
Authors: Duffy Michelle
Published: July 2002

It's funny how the difference in each nation organised a different rhythm almost. The beat, the beat is different, it's much faster here than in the States. Mainly in bush music it's like that, if you call it bush music. You know this, this lagerphone? Well this lagerphone beat is usually much faster than you would hear in America, that's the way we felt it when we first arrived. Now it's fine, it fits, you know! But for some reason, it didn't quite [fit], it was just a bit too fast for what I was used to from the States. (Glasco 1998)

Frederique Glasco, a participant at the 1998 Top Half Folk Festival held in Mt Isa, Queensland, talks here about the unsettled experience she had upon hearing what she described as an ‘Australian rhythm’: it felt different, it was too fast, it did not ‘fit’ to her own sense of rhythm. Yet, her initial perception changed after living for a time in Australia and this new rhythmic pulse did feel appropriate to her in her new surroundings. Two questions arise from this: first, how does a musical coding of space help create a sense of place? Second, how does engagement with this aural symbol create an identity through connections to place? In this paper I am interested in examining this relationship between music and place by focusing on participation in the community music festival, specifically participation in the 1998 Top Half Folk Festival, which was held in northern Queensland.
‘A song goes round the world’: the German Schlager, as an organ of experience
Authors: Currid Brian
Published: July 2002

In recent work in film and cultural studies, the set of social configurations, practices of everyday life, and ideological formations that constitute twentieth-century ‘modernity’ have been increasingly the subject of research and debate. Fuelled by a renewed interest in critical phenomenologies of modernity, most prominently the work of Walter Benjamin and Siegfried Kracauer, scholars have focused the debate on the specific historicity of visual culture in the early years of the twentieth century, in order to illuminate the contradictory and fragmented nature of modern mass cultural experience. Fusing the theoretical traditions of critical theory with the empirical and theoretical interest in contradiction and contestation typical of cultural studies, not only does this debate open new perspectives for considering the problem of mass and/or ‘popular’ visual culture, it can also contribute to rethinking the way we discuss the historicity of popular music. Conversely, a more precise understanding of the historicity of popular music practice in modern mass culture, its institutions and modes of experience, can broaden the scope of this debate beyond the spectacles of visual culture to the ‘attractions’ of the acoustic.
International Association for the Study of Popular Music (UK Branch) 2000 Conference
Authors: Symon Peter
Published: July 2002

For some reason, the working lives of music makers are not often given the attention in popular music studies which might be expected. The launch of the UK Year of the Artist – celebrating the role of artists in society – immediately before the 2000 conference of the UK branch of the International Association for the Study of Popular Music (IASPM), meant that it was especially timely, then, for the IASPM event to address this state of affairs. The conference, The Popular Musician: Performance, Poetics, Power, was held at the University of Surrey, 7–9 July 2000, and took as its central theme the position of musicians – in the music industry, in relation to fans and audiences and in the media, politics and society.
A 3D passive dynamic biped with yaw and roll compensation
Authors: Wisse M. , Schwab A. L. , Linde R. Q. vd.
Published: July 2002

Autonomous walking bipedal machines, possibly useful for rehabilitation and entertainment purposes, need a high energy efficiency, offered by the concept of ‘Passive Dynamic Walking' (exploitation of the natural dynamics of the robot). 2D passive dynamic bipeds have been shown to be inherently stable, but in the third dimension two problematic degrees of freedom are introduced: yaw and roll.

We propose a design for a 3D biped with a pelvic body as a passive dynamic compensator, which will compensate for the undesired yaw and roll motion, and allow the rest of the

robot to move as if it were a 2D machine. To test our design, we perform numerical simulations on a multibody model of the robot. With limit cycle analysis we calculate the stability of the robot when walking at its natural speed.

The simulation shows that the compensator, indeed, effectively compensates for both the yaw and the roll motion, and that the walker is stable.
Robust adaptive control and observer for a robot with pneumatic
actuators
Authors: Errahimi F. , Cherrid H. , M'Sirdi N. K. , Abarkane H.
Published: July 2002

In this paper, the robust adaptive control and observer are considered for a pneumatic robot leg. This approach does not require a precise knowledge of the robot model
physical parameters, only the adaptive upper bounds on the norm of the matrices model are used, which with the sliding mode guarantee the robustness of system. Convergence conditions and simulation results for the adaptive control and observer are presented.
Conference Reports
Authors: Bernhardt Rolf , Erbe Heinz-H.
Published: July 2002

6TH IFAC SYMP. ON COST ORIENTED AUTOMATION (LOW COST
AUTOMATION 2001)

(Oct. 8–9, 2001, Berlin, Germany)

The symposium brought together researchers and industrialists in two plenary sessions, eight regular sessions and two industrial workshops (special sessions). The organizers intended to rescue Low Cost Automation from its bad reputation by considering mostly
the development and application of cheap components of control systems of low performance, just suitable for developing industries. Because of this, the organizers intended to focus on considering and discussing cost-oriented or cost-effective solutions for automation systems. This intention was quite successful. Despite expensive components, the life cycle of automation systems regarding design, production, operating, maintenance, reconfiguration and recycling was cost effective (cost of ownership). The participants of the Industrial Workshops I and II on “Virtual Programmable Logic Control” and “Lifecycle Costs” presented and discussed new developments in these fields. As it
turned out, companies are currently refraining from the implementation of highly
automated svstems because they are too inflexible, and their maintenance
and reconfiguration is too expensive. Companies are looking for cost-effective solutions.
Additionally, the invited keynote speech of the second plenary session,
“Maintenance Holistic Framework for Optimizing the Cost/Availability Compromise of Manufacturing Systems”
stressed these problems.
Adaptive stabilization of uncertain nonholonomic mechanical systems
Authors: Colbaugh R. , Barany E. , Glass K.
Published: July 2002

This paper presents a new adaptive controller as a solution to the problem of stabilizing nonholonomic mechanical systems in the presence of incomplete information concerning the system dynamic model. The proposed control system consists of two su
bsystems: a slightly modified version of the kinematic stabilization strategy of M'Closkey and Murray which generates a desired velocity trajectory for the nonholonomic system, and an adaptive control scheme which ensures that this velocity trajector
y is accurately tracked. This approach is shown to provide arbitrarily accurate stabilization to any desired configuration and can be implemented with no knowledge of the system dynamic model. The efficacy of the proposed stabilization strategy is illustr
ated through extensive computer simulations with nonholonomic mechanical systems arising from explicit constraints on the system kinematics and from symmetries of the system dynamics.
Kinematic calibration of the parallel Delta robot
Authors: Vischer Peter , Clavel Reymond
Published: July 2002

This article deals with the kinematic calibration of the Delta robot. Two different calibration models are introduced: The first one takes into account deviations of all
mechanical parts except the spherical joints, which are assumed to be perfect (“model 54”), the second model considers only deviations which affect the position of the end-effector, but not its orientation, assuming that the “spatial parallelogram” remains perfect (“model 24”). A measurement set-up is presented which allows to determine the end-effector's position and orientation with respect to the base. The measurement points are later be used to identify the parameters of the two calibration model resulting in an accuracy improvement of a factor of 12.3 for the position and a factor of 3.7 for the prediction of the orientation.
Multifingered dextrous robotics hand design and control: a review
Authors: Pons J.L. , Ceres R. , Pfeiffer F.
Published: July 2002

During the last two decades a large amount of effort and attention has been
paid to the problem of designing and controlling dextrous robotics hands. The possible application background ranges from telerobotics to upper limb prosthetics, while actual industrial developments are mainly limited to specific grippers and tools. Classical problems related to dextrous hand design are kinematics of multifingered hands, development of proper actuation technologies and redundant tendinous systems for transmission. As far as
hand control is concerned, grasp preshaping, planning and synthesis are of major concern, while sensor guided hand operation is still a matter of research. The present work reviews the above mentioned hand design and control issues trying to throw some light on the Babel-like confusion encountered when looking at present literature on dextrous hand design and specially control. Most actuation and transmission technologies, as well as control approaches, are studied and classified.
A COMPARISON OF THE COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF STROKE CARE

PROVIDED IN LONDON AND COPENHAGEN
Authors: Grieve Richard , Porsdal Vibeke , Hutton John , Wolfe Charles
Published: July 2002

Objectives: This study

compared the relative cost-effectiveness of stroke care provided in

London and Copenhagen.

Methods: Hospitalized stroke patients at centers in London (1995–96)

and Copenhagen (1994–95) were included. Each patient's use of

hospital and community health services was recorded for 1 year after

stroke. Center-specific unit costs were collected and converted into

dollars using the Purchasing Power Parity Index. An incremental

cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was calculated comparing a Copenhagen

model of stroke care to a London model, using regression analysis to

adjust for case-mix differences.

Results: A total of 625 patients (297 in Copenhagen, 328 in London)

were included in the analysis. Most patients in London (85%) wereadmitted to general medical wards,

with 26% subsequently transferred to a stroke unit. In Copenhagen, 57% of patients were

directly admitted to a stroke or neurology unit, with 23% then transferred to

a separate rehabilitation hospital. The average length of total

hospital stay was 11 days longer in Copenhagen. Patients in

Copenhagen were less likely to die than those in London; for patients

with cerebral infarction the hazard ratio after case-mix adjustment

was 0.53 (95% CI from 0.35 to 0.80). However, a lower proportion of

patients with hemorrhagic stroke died in London. The ICER of using

the Copenhagen compared with the London model of care ranged from

$21,579 to $37,444 per life-year

gained for patients with cerebral

infarctions.

Conclusions: The ICERs of the Copenhagen compared with the London model

of care were within a range generally regarded as cost-effective.
Cause of death as a historical problem
Authors: RISSE GÜNTER B.
Published: July 2002

PROBLEM NUMBER 1: THE SHIFTING ECOLOGY OF DISEASE

We all know that human disease is a constant and natural expression of conflicting forces and agents. As biological phenomena, diseases are never
static. Influenced by physical and social agents, sickness shifts constantly in specific ecological settings. In infectious diseases, for example, constant readjustments within changing physical environments occur between pathogenic agents such as micro-organisms and viruses and their human hosts. As do other complex organisms, humans display a series of adaptive mechanisms which can both prevent or create illness; a lifetime of such encounters categorized as ‘wear and tear’ phenomena leads to distinctions between chronological and physiological age that are useful in assessing susceptibility to disease and life expectancy.

To understand the broad contours of human disease and periodic epidemiological changes in various parts of the globe – what physicians have called the ‘ebb and flow’ of disease – many historians therefore subscribe to the idea of a shifting ecology of disease. This dynamic concept presupposes complex interactions between both biological and non-biological factors which are ultimately responsible for different and changing patterns of sickness in time and space, exemplified, at least superficially, by McNeill's popular book Plagues and peoples. By highlighting the interconnectedness of various possible factors, including those which could ultimately cause death, the ecological model is quite useful to both historians and demographers.
Family strategies: patterns of inheritance in Odiham, Hampshire, 1525–1850
Authors: STAPLETON BARRY
Published: July 2002

In recent years the analysis of individual communities in England has shed
increasing light on their economic, social, demographic, cultural and
religious development during the three centuries prior to the Industrial
Revolution. Contemporaneously, and to some extent resulting from
these local studies, there has been a growing interest in the family and
patterns of inheritance. Similarly, among social anthropologists there has
been the development of the concept of ‘strategy’ with writings on
marriage, fertility, inheritance and migration strategies, although these
may be regarded as components of general family strategies. Whereas in
some writings strategies are shown as being pursued by individuals for
their own purposes, others focused on family strategies, particularly ones
designed to keep a family landholding from being divided. However,
whether these studies of social organization in continental Europe and
Asia can be applied to the English experience remains to be seen. To begin
with they are all concerned with peasant landholding and as such may not
be appropriate to the English experience where the debate on whether a
peasantry even existed was begun by Macfarlane's The origins of English
individualism in 1978.

Secondly, there is no universal agreement on what kind of strategies
were being followed, either individualistic or familial. Thirdly, there
remains the question as to whether the strategies were intentional and the
outcome of rational decision-making, or subconscious and rooted in
implicitly accepted and long-established principles. These could have been
that a landholding should remain undivided, that men had primacy over
women in inheritance, that primogeniture would be practised and that
younger brothers would not challenge their eldest brother's inheritance.
A refinement of these approaches has been the view that family strategies
could be very different. Some may have wished to hold on to the family
estate and pass it on to the next generation. Others wanted to enlarge it
and may have needed to do so for familial reasons, and yet more families
may have wanted to create an estate where none yet existed. But in all
cases, it is stated, there were families consciously planning and pursuing
a strategy for the benefit of future generations. Furthermore, it is said
that these strategies could only be pursued by families above the level of
the poor and only became possible in western Europe in the sixteenth
century as a result of changing attitudes and growing individualistic
commercialism.
Probability elicitation for belief networks: issues to consider
Authors: RENOOIJ SILJA
Published: July 2002

Upon assessing probabilities for Bayesian belief networks, the knowledge and practical experience of experts is often the only available source of probabilistic information. It is important to realise that issues concerning human capabilities with respect to making judgements come into play when relying on experts for
probability elicitation. A number of methods for the elicitation of probabilities are known from the field of decision analysis. These methods try, to some extent, to deal with those issues. I present here an overview of the issues to consider when relying on expert judgements and describe the methods that are available for expert elicitation, along with their benefits and drawbacks.
NEGOTIATING ACADEMIC LITERACIES: TEACHING AND LEARNING
ACROSS LANGUAGES AND CULTURES. Vivian Zamel and Ruth Spack
(Eds.). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 1998. Pp. xviii + 329. $29.95 paper.
Authors: Mauranen Anna
Published: July 2002

Vivian Zamel and Ruth Spack have collected papers spanning 19 years of discussion on
teaching academic literacy, offering an illuminating journey through the issues. In a postmodern
spirit, the editors emphasize the multiplicity of literacies and the value of students' own
ways of knowing. The question arises, though, why this should be specifically taught by applying
a particular pedagogical model, because it appears to be a normal part of any intellectual process
to fall back on previous knowledge and experience when faced with a new task. Indeed, weeding
it out would seem a bigger problem, should anyone want to accomplish that. The recognition and
appreciation of students' previous experiences and earlier knowledge is nevertheless
welcome, and there are a few well-chosen papers narrating personal experiences of struggle
between different cultural identities and logics. Yet many of the papers in this volume,
particularly in its first half, tacitly seem to assume that English is the language of the world and
that the North American context equals universal. Much of the discussion is dominated by a
controversy between discipline-specific (genre-based or disciplinary community-based) and
expressive writing, or, perhaps, rather a crusade against genre-based teaching, given that
proponents of this orientation have not been given voice. From a North European perspective,
this bifurcation into two opposing camps seems hard to comprehend—many of us have
happily combined genre analysis, analysis of cultural differences in rhetoric, and critical
discourse analysis with a view of writing as process and discovery.
SOCIOCULTURAL CONTEXTS OF LANGUAGE AND LITERACY.Bertha Péacrez (Ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 1998. Pp. xiii + 354. $36.50
paper.
Authors: Jernudd Björn
Published: July 2002

This book is for teachers who instruct “the culturally and linguistically
diverse learner” (p. ix, et passim) in the United States; it reflects American
community relations today. The editor's intention is to “assist you [the American
teacher] in creating a sociocultural context for literacy learning within your classroom
community of learners” (p. xi).
Caregiver attention-focusing and children's attention-sharing behaviours as predictors of later verbal IQ in very low birthweight children
Authors: SCHMIDT CHRIS L. , LAWSON KATHARINE R.
Published: July 2002

Specific relationships between verbal and nonverbal aspects of caregiver attention-focusing events and later verbal IQ were investigated for a risk sample of 26 very low birthweight [VLBW], preterm [PT] children. Videotaped interactions between VLBW, PT children at 2;0 and their caregivers were coded for caregiver attention-focusing speech and/or caregiver attention-focusing gestures (display, demonstration and pointing), caregiver gesture–speech combinations, and for child attention-sharing through gesture and social gaze. To investigate the specific effects of caregiver and child interactional factors, analyses statistically controlled for cognitive status. Simultaneous multiple regression analyses found that overall caregiver attention-focusing involving gesture, child attention-sharing behaviours, and cognitive status each significantly and uniquely contributed to verbal IQ at 3;0. Further analyses contrasted the contributions of caregiver gesture with relevant descriptive speech, caregiver gesture with no speech/nondescriptive speech, and caregiver pointing. Results of these analyses suggest that caregiver gesture with relevant descriptive speech makes a unique and positive contribution to later language performance.
Homotopy theory for truncated weak equivalences of simplicial groups
Authors: GARZÓN ANTONIO R. , MIRANDA JESÚS G.
Published: July 2002

In this paper we give for any r, n, 0 [les ] r
[les ]
n, a Quillen's model structure to the category of simplicial
groups where
the weak equivalences are those morphisms f[bull ] such
that
πq(f[bull ]) is an isomorphism
for r
[les ] q [les ] n. This is carried out by studying the
cases
r = 0 and n → ∞ previously and, in each one
of them,
we make explicit some constructions for the associated homotopy theories,
such as
the cylinder and path objects and the loop and suspension functors, and
we also
relate the simplicial homotopy relation to the homotopy relation obtained
from these structures.
Generating functions for finite group actions on surfaces
Authors: MACLACHLAN C. , MILLER A.
Published: July 2002

For a fixed finite group G, the numbers Ng

of equivalence classes of
orientation-preserving actions of G on closed orientable surfaces

Σg of genus g can be encoded by a generating
function
[sum ]Ngzg.
When equivalence is determined by the
isomorphism class of the quotient orbifold Σg/G,

we show that the generating function is rational. When equivalence is topological

conjugacy, we examine the cases
where G is abelian and show that the generating function is again
rational in the
cases where G is cyclic.
The Euler number of certain primitive Calabi–Yau threefolds
Authors: CHANG MEI-CHU , KIM HOIL
Published: July 2002

Recently Calabi–Yau threefolds have been studied intensively by physicists and
mathematicians. They are used as physical models of superstring theory [Y] and they
are one of the building blocks in the classification of complex threefolds [KMM].
These are three dimensional analogues of K3 surfaces. However, there is a fundamental
difference as is to be expected. For K3 surfaces, the moduli space N of K3
surfaces is irreducible of dimension 20, inside which a countable number of families
Ng with g [ges ] 2 of algebraic K3 surfaces
of dimension 19 lie as a dense subset. More
explicitly, an element in Ng is (S, H),
where S is a K3 surface and H is a primitive
ample divisor on S with H2 = 2g − 2. For a generic
(S, H), Pic (S) is generated by H, so that the rank of the
Picard group of S is 1. A generic surface S in N
is not algebraic and it has Pic (S) = 0, but dim
N = h1(S, TS) = 20
[BPV]. It is
quite an interesting problem whether or not the moduli space M of all Calabi–Yau
threefolds is irreducible in some sense [R]. A Calabi–Yau threefold is algebraic if and
only if it is Kaehler, while every non-algebraic K3 surface is still Kaehler. Inspired
by the K3 case, we define Mh,d to be
{(X, H)[mid ]H3
= h, c2(X) · H = d}, where H is
a primitive ample divisor on a smooth Calabi–Yau threefold X. There are two parameters
h, d for algebraic Calabi–Yau threefolds, while there is only one parameter
g for algebraic K3 surfaces. (Note that c2(S) = 24 for every K3 surface.) We know
that Ng is of dimension 19 for every g and is irreducible but we do not know the
dimension of Mh,d and whether or not
Mh,d is irreducible. In fact, the dimension of
Mh,d = h1(X,
TX), where
(X, H) ∈ Mh,d. Furthermore,
it is well known that χ(X) = 2 (rank of
Pic (X) − h1(X,
TX)), where χ(X) is the topological Euler
characteristic of X. Calabi–Yau threefolds with Picard rank one are primitive
[G] and play an important role in the moduli spaces
of all Calabi–Yau threefolds. In this paper we give
a bound on c3 of Calabi–Yau threefolds with Picard rank 1.
‘Future of Radar Enhancers’
Authors: Trim Richard M.
Published: July 2002

It was with the greatest interest that I read the two important
papers by Dr N. Ward,
published in the May edition of the Journal of Navigation.
Crisis and conservation at the end of the world: sheep ranching in Argentine Patagonia
Authors: AAGESEN D.
Published: July 2002

Patagonia was one of the last regions in the Americas to be settled by Europeans. It was not until the mid-1880s that the Argentine government secured effective control over the region, after which settlement and economic development were based on sheep ranching. Virtually free of domesticated animals in 1885, by 1910 Patagonian rangelands supported some 12 million sheep. This growth was sustained until 1952, when the sheep population of the region peaked at approximately 22 million, but the number of sheep in Patagonia has since declined to about 13 million. Numerous factors have been implicated in the collapse of sheep ranching, one of great significance being the very poor state of Patagonian rangelands. Soil erosion is widespread, and the flora has been so heavily modified that it is extremely difficult, if not impossible, to determine what the composition and characteristics of Patagonia's pre-European vegetation were. This paper reviews the evolution of Patagonia's sheep industry and the nature and extent of environmental degradation caused by livestock. Although researchers have long called for a response to the environmental and socio-economic dimensions of the crisis, only in the past decade have initiatives to assess, monitor, and reverse degradation in Patagonia been launched. These initiatives often promote the diversification of land-use and alternative production strategies. Case study evidence from the upper Percey River watershed in western Chubut province indicates that ranchers may view alternative livelihoods with suspicion. It is suggested that measures to restore and protect Patagonian ecosystems would gain greater acceptance if local producers were seen as equals in the conservation and development process. This could be achieved by replacing more-traditional top-down models of policy design and implementation with measures based on genuine consultation and participatory, community-based approaches to natural resource management.
Human perturbations and conservation strategies for San Pedro Mártir Island, Islas del Golfo de California Reserve, México
Authors: TERSHY BERNIE R. , BREESE DAWN , CROLL DONALD A.
Published: July 2002

Many sea-birds are dependent for breeding on islands free from both mammalian predators and high levels of human disturbance. Yet human use of small islands appears to be increasing in many parts of the world, including the >150 islands in the Gulf of California, México. For this reason, the frequency and activities of human visitors to San Pedro Mártir Island, one of the most important sea-bird nesting sites in México, were studied over the course of 14 months of field work between 1990 and 1992. On average >350 people per month visited the near-shore waters. The most important visitors were: (1) commercial fishers in small open boats called pangas; (2) commercial fishers in larger ships; (3) private sport-fishers; and (4) commercial environmental-tourism groups. Private sport-fishing boats were most frequently observed, but private sport-fishers rarely landed on shore and caused little apparent disturbance to nesting or roosting sea-birds or California sea-lions (Zalophus californicus). Commercial companies concerned with environmental tourism also caused little apparent disturbance to sea-birds or sea-lions, but only because the company that brought the majority of 'ecotourists' developed and followed guidelines to minimize disturbance. Disturbance caused by all tourists can be reduced at minimal cost to both tourists and protected-area managers. Commercial fishers were responsible for most of the apparent disturbances to sea-birds and sea-lions; decreasing this apparent impact will be more difficult. Most apparent human impact was found to be short term and localized. However, commercial fishers and scientific researchers have the potential to cause long-term changes to the terrestrial ecology of the island by introducing exotic species.
Hybrid system approach to optimum design of a ship
Authors: LEE DONGKON
Published: July 2002

To obtain optimal design efficiently in the initial
design stage of a ship, a hybrid system is developed by
integrating the optimization algorithm and knowledge-based
system. The hybrid system can manipulate numeric and symbolic
data simultaneously. To increase search efficiency in a
design space, the optimization algorithm (optimizer) is
implemented by coupling a genetic algorithm (GA) and search
method. The optimizer determines a candidate region around
the optimum point by using the GA, then searches the optimum
point by the search method concentrating in this region,
thus reducing calculation time and increasing search efficiency.
To generate input data for the optimizer, a rule-based
system is developed. Some domain knowledge for ship optimization
in the initial design stage is retrieved from a database
of existing ship and design experts. The obtained knowledge
is stored in the knowledge base. The optimizer incorporates
a knowledge-based system with heuristic and analytic knowledge,
thereby narrowing the feasible space of the design variables.
Therefore, search speed and the capability of finding an
optimum point will be increased in comparison with conventional
approach. The developed system is applied principally to
particulars of optimization of ships with multicriteria.
Through application ship design, it shows that the hybrid
system can be a useful tool for optimum design.