bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effectiveness of Computer-Aided Assessment for the Purposes of a Mathematical Sciences Lecturer
Authors: Broughton Stephen James , Hernandez-Martinez Paul , Robinson Carol L.
Published: February 2017

Computer-Aided Assessment (CAA) is becoming an increasingly popular method for assessing students in their mathematics courses in higher education. This article examines six lecturers' practices of using CAA on their mathematics courses. The interviews with these lecturers revealed that the CAA system did provide many of the benefits that were promised; however, there were some important aims not satisfied by the system, which limited the scope of its effectiveness. Using a model for effective assessment, which draws upon ideas from the assessment literature and cultural-historical activity theory, the lecturer interviews give an insight into what stops this assessment tool from remaining effective. This study shows that the CAA system was reasonably effective to an extent, and lecturers had achieved a relatively stable practice that they were satisfied to maintain; however, there were shortcomings with the existing system that limited the scope of its effectiveness, which led to diverse practices and a desire to change system.
Postoperative Patient-Controlled Analgesia in the Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Epstein Hanna M.
Published: February 2017

BACKGROUND

High rates of uncontrolled pain in critically ill patients remain common. Patient-controlled analgesia is more effective than traditional intravenous as-needed dosing regimens for managing postoperative pain in older children and adults.

OBJECTIVE

To determine whether pain-related clinical outcomes in patients from age 10 years to adult following cardiac surgery are improved by using patient-controlled analgesia as a pain management strategy.

METHODS

Using the plan-do-study-act method of quality improvement, a process was instituted to have both staff and patients’ families support the use of patient-controlled analgesia postoperatively as opposed to traditional pain control with as-needed analgesics. Use of as-needed medications and pain scores were retrospectively compared from before to after initiation of patient-controlled analgesia.

RESULTS

The cumulative mean pain score from the time of extubation through the following 24 hours decreased from 4.14 (on a scale from 0 to 10) when strictly as-needed medications were used to 2.8 with patient-controlled analgesia. Further, the mean amount of opioid consumed decreased from 14.98 mg of morphine and 22.27 mg of oxycodone to 13.58 mg of morphine and 3.33 mg of oxycodone after implementation of patient-controlled analgesia.

CONCLUSIONS

Standardized use of patient-controlled analgesia for postoperative pain management in patients 10 years of age through adulthood is efficient and effective, as evidenced by less medication being consumed by patients and lower mean pain scores.
’n Digter in Antwerpen: ’n Keuse uit die gedigte van Leonard Nolens, uit Nederlands vertaal deur Daniel Hugo
Authors: Odendaal Bernardus
Published: February 2017

No abstract available.
Imaging of compound palmar ganglion with pathologic correlation
Authors: Talukder Sourav , Bandyopadhay Anindya , Biswas Shamick , Chakraborty Sumit , Chakrabarti Suchismita
Published: February 2017

Compound palmar ganglion, or chronic flexor tenosynovitis, most commonly of tuberculousorigin, is a rare extrapulmonary manifestation of tuberculosis (TB). The flexor synovialsheath is not a common site for TB but, once involved, causes rapid involvement of all flexortendons. We discuss the case of a 70-year-old farmer who presented to us with pain and progressive swelling of the palmar aspect of the wrist. On clinical examination, swelling both above and below the proximal wrist crease was found, with positive cross-fluctuation. Onultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging, features suggestive of compound palmarganglion were present. The patient underwent surgical resection (extensive tenosynovectomy)and chemotherapy. Post-operative histopatholgical findings correlated with the radiological features.
Об оценках для характеристических функций степеней асимптотически нормальных случайных величин
Authors: Prokhorov Yurii Vasil'evich , Gotze Friedrich , Ulyanov Vladimir Vasilievich
Published: February 2017

Получены оценки сверху для модулей характеристических функций $k$-х степеней асимптотически нормальных случайных величин. Оценки доказаны для случая, когда асимптотически нормальные случайные величины суть нормированные суммы независимых одинаково распределенных слагаемых с «регулярным» распределением. Рассмотрены возможные обобщения. Полученные оценки дополняют результаты предыдущих работ, в которых от распределений слагаемых требовалось, в частности, наличие либо дискретной, либо абсолютно непрерывной компоненты. Доказательство оценок опирается на стохастическое обобщение теоремы И. М. Виноградова о среднем, которое получено здесь же.
Локальный полукруговой закон при моментных условиях: преобразование Стилтьеса, жесткость и делокализация
Authors: Gotze Friedrich , Naumov Aleksei Aleksandrovich , Tikhomirov Aleksandr Nikolaevich
Published: February 2017

В данной работе рассматриваются симметричные случайные матрицы $\mathbf X= [X_{jk}]_{j,k=1}^n$ с независимыми одинаково распределенными элементами в верхней треугольной части, имеющими нулевое математическое ожидание, единичную дисперсию и конечный момент порядка $4+\delta$, $\delta>0$. Доказано, что расстояние между преобразованиями Стилтьеса эмпирической спектральной функции распределения собственных значений матрицы $n^{-1/2}\mathbf X$ и полукруговым законом Вигнера имеет порядок $(nv)^{-1}$, где $v$ - расстояние в комплексной области до действительной оси. Также обсуждаются вопросы скорости сходимости к полукруговому закону Вигнера, жесткость собственных значений и делокализация собственных векторов.
Hawkes graphs
Authors: Embrechts Paul , Kirchner Matthias
Published: February 2017

В статье введены понятия графа и остовного графа Хоукса. Эти объекты представляют ветвящуюся структуру многомерного точечного процесса Хоукса в компактном и осмысленном виде. Показано, что словарь теории графов (множество предков, множество родителей, связность, блуждания, веса блужданий, …) весьма удобен для описания многомерных процессов Хоукса. Например, мы переформулировали классический критерий докритичности, основанный на собственных значениях, в терминах теории графов. Наряду с этим, скорее терминологическим вкладом в теорию, мы показываем, как точка зрения теории графов может быть использована при выборе и оценке моделей Хоукса из большого потока многотипных событий. Основываясь на предшествующих результатах, мы предлагаем непараметрическую статистическую процедуру оценивания, на основе данных, графа Хоукса и остовного графа Хоукса. В работе показано, как оценки графа могут быть использованы при выборе и подгонке параметрических моделей Хоукса. Наш метод оценивания не требует априорных предположений о модели, непосредственно основанных на методе максимального правдоподобия, и является более гибким, чем он. Наш метод имеет два контролирующих параметра: первый отвечает за сложность вычислений, второй контролирует разреженность оцениваемого графа. Моделирование подтверждает, что предложенная процедура работает должным образом. При реализации процедуры особое внимание уделяется вычислительным аспектам. Такой подход позволяет использовать наши результаты при анализе данных, порожденных потоками событий высокой размерности, вплоть до десятков потоков событий и тысяч событий на каждой компоненте.
Оценки функций концентрации случайных сумм при ослабленных моментных условиях
Authors: Korolev Viktor Yur'evich , Dorofeyeva Alexandra Vladimirovna
Published: February 2017

Построены оценки отклонений функций концентрации сумм независимых случайных величин с конечными дисперсиями от функции распределения полунормального закона без предположения о существовании у слагаемых моментов высших порядков. Полученные результаты перенесены на пуассон-биномиальные, биномиальные и пуассоновские случайные суммы. При тех же предположениях получены оценки аппроксимации функций концентрации смешанных пуассоновских случайных сумм соответствующими предельными законами. В частности, найдены оценки точности аппроксимации функций концентрации геометрических, отрицательных биномиальных и зихелевых случайных сумм экспоненциальным распределением, полудисперсионным-гамма-распределением и полураспределением Стьюдента соответственно. Оценки всех констант выписаны в явном виде.
Comparison of land–surface humidity between observations and CMIP5 models
Authors: Dunn Robert J. H. , Willett Kate M. , Ciavarella Andrew , Stott Peter A.
Published: February 2017

Abstract. We compare the latest observational land-surface humidity dataset, HadISDH, with the latest generation of climate models extracted from the CMIP5 archive and the ERA-Interim reanalysis over the period 1973 to present. The globally averaged behaviour of HadISDH and ERA-Interim are very similar in both humidity measures and air temperature, at decadal and interannual timescales. The global average relative humidity shows a gradual increase from 1973 to 2000, followed by a steep decline in recent years. The observed specific humidity shows a steady increase in the global average during the early period but in the later period it remains approximately constant. None of the CMIP5 models or experiments capture the observed behaviour of the relative or specific humidity over the entire study period. When using an atmosphere-only model, driven by observed sea-surface temperatures and radiative forcing changes, the behaviour of regional average temperature and specific humidity are better captured, but there is little improvement in the relative humidity. Comparing the observed and historical model climatologies show that the models are generally cooler everywhere, are drier and less saturated in the tropics and extra tropics, and have comparable moisture levels but are more saturated in the high latitudes. The spatial pattern of linear trends are relatively similar between the models and HadISDH for temperature and specific humidity, but there are large differences for relative humidity, with less moistening shown in the models over the Tropics, and very little at high latitudes. The observed drying in mid-latitudes is present at a much lower magnitudes. Relationships between temperature and humidity anomalies (T–q and T–rh) show good agreement for specific humidity between models and observations, and between the models themselves, but much poorer for relative humidity. The T–q correlation from the models is more steeply positive in all regions than the observations, and this over-correlation may be due to missing processes in the models. The observed temporal behaviour appears to be a robust climate feature rather than observational error. It has been previously documented and is theoretically consistent with faster warming rates over land compared to oceans. Thus, the poor replication in the models, especially in the atmosphere only model, leads to questions over future projections of impacts related to changes in surface relative humidity. It also precludes any formal detection and attribution assessment.
A non-stationary stochastic ensemble generator for radar rainfall fields based on the Short-Space Fourier Transform
Authors: Nerini Daniele , Besic Nikola , Sideris Ioannis , Germann Urs , Foresti Loris
Published: February 2017

Abstract. In this paper we present a non-stationary stochastic generator for radar rainfall fields based on the Short-Space Fourier Transform (SSFT). The statistical properties of rainfall fields often exhibit significant spatial heterogeneity due to differences in the involved physical processes and influence of orographic forcing. The traditional approach to simulate stochastic rainfall fields based on the Fourier filtering of white noise, also known as fractional Brownian noise integration, is only able to reproduce the global power spectrum and spatial autocorrelation of the precipitation fields. Conceptually similar to wavelet analysis, the SSFT is a simple and effective extension of the Fourier transform developed for space-frequency localisation, which allows using windows to better capture the local statistical structure of rainfall. The SSFT is used to generate stochastic noise and precipitation fields that replicate the local spatial correlation structure, i.e. anisotropy and correlation range, of the observed radar rainfall fields. The potential of the stochastic generator is demonstrated using four precipitation cases observed by the 4th generation of Swiss weather radars that display significant non-stationarity due to the coexistence of stratiform and convective precipitation, differential rotation of the weather system and locally varying anisotropy. The generator is verified in its ability to reproduce both the global and the local Fourier power spectra of the precipitation field. The SSFT-based stochastic generator can be applied and extended to improve the probabilistic nowcasting of precipitation, design storm simulation, stochastic NWP downscaling and also for other geophysical applications involving the simulation of complex non-stationary fields.
Comparison of different methods to retrieve effective snow grain size in central Antarctica
Authors: Carlsen Tim , Birnbaum Gerit , Ehrlich André , Freitag Johannes , Heygster Georg , Istomina Larysa , Kipfstuhl Sepp , Orsi Anaïs , Schäfer Michael , Wendisch Manfred
Published: February 2017

Abstract. The effective size of snow grains (reff) affects the reflectivity of snow surfaces and thus the local surface energy budget in particular in polar regions. Therefore, the specific surface area (SSA) was monitored for a two-month period in central Antarctica (Kohnen research station) during austral summer 2013/14. The data were retrieved on the basis of spectral surface albedo measurements collected by the COmpact RAdiation measurement System (CORAS, ground-based) and the Spectral Modular Airborne Radiation measurement sysTem (SMART, airborne). The Snow Grain Size and Pollution amount (SGSP) algorithm, originally developed to analyze spaceborne reflectance measurements by the MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), was modified and applied to the ground-based and airborne observations collected in this study. Furthermore, spectral ratios of surface albedo at 1280 nm and 1100 nm wavelength were used to reduce the retrieval uncertainty. Additionally, the algorithm originally developed for cloudless conditions was adapted to handle overcast conditions. Optical in situ observations of SSA utilizing an IceCube device were used to validate the retrieval results. The SSA retrieved from CORAS observations varied between 27 m2 kg-1 and 86 m2 kg-1. Snowfall events caused distinct SSA maxima which were often followed by a gradual decrease in SSA due to snow metamorphism and wind-induced transport of fresh fallen ice crystals (vice versa for reff). SSA retrieved by data from CORAS and MODIS agree with the in situ observations within the ranges given by the measurement uncertainties. However, SSA retrieved by the airborne SMART observations underestimated the ground-based observations by a factor of 2.1 (overestimation of reff).
Una radiografía literaria del estalinismo: "Vida y destino", de Vasili Grossman
Authors: Fernández García Antonio
Published: February 2017

En torno a la batalla de Stalingrado, que Grossman vivió como corresponsal de prensa, su monumental novela narra los avatares de un enfrentamiento decisivo y trasciende su enfoque de hecho militar para retratar, en la estela de Tolstói, con clarividencia y audacia la naturaleza de los dos regímenes totalitarios enfrentados y la vida del pueblo ruso en una atmósfera de vigilancia y miedo.
Interactividad y socialización periodística en Twitter. Un análisis de los medios migrantes colombianos de mayor influencia online
Authors: Hernández Rodríguez Juan Camilo
Published: February 2017

La participación de la audiencia en la construcción de la actualidad y su contribución en la socialización de los contenidos son valores agregados del ejercicio periodístico en la era digital. Una plataforma que facilita este proceso es Twitter. En esa línea, el presente artículo lista una serie de variables que permite medir la interactividad que mana de las cuentas de microblog de medios de comunicación. Y muestra los principales hallazgos de una investigación, respaldada por el Grupo de Investigación en Periodismo (GIP) de la Universidad de La Sabana, sobre el uso que hacen de Twitter los medios migrantes con mayor influencia social online en Colombia; estos son, El Tiempo, El Espectador, El Colombiano y El País.
A CULTURA CORPORAL COMO ÁREA DE CONHECIMENTO DA EDUCAÇÃO FÍSICA
Authors: Brasileiro Lívia Tenorio , Ayoub Eliana , Tavares de Melo Marcelo Soares , Lorenzini Ana Rita , De Paiva Andrea Carla , Souza Junior Marcílio Barbosa
Published: February 2017

O texto analisa o conceito de Cultura Corporal apresentado como objeto de estudo da Educação Física. Trata-se de um estudo no formato de ensaio, que se caracteriza como um estudo de base teórica, elaborado a partir de reflexões sobre o termo Cultura Corporal, buscando refletir sobre como este termo se insere na área de Educação Física ao longo das últimas décadas e dá a esta uma identidade para sua área de conhecimento. Desta forma, nosso objetivo é analisar a base conceitual que sustenta o termo Cultura Corporal, tomando como referência sua obra de origem “Metodologia do Ensino da Educação Física” (COLETIVO DE AUTORES, 1992) em diálogo com referencias que lhe dão sustentação teórica.
Disertaciones elementales sobre teoría combinatoria: hacia una inculturación de las matemáticas
Authors: Reyes Centeno Marcos Antonio
Published: February 2017

En este trabajo se abordó la enseñanza de la teoría combinatoria con dos tipos de problemas, aquellos cuyos resultados pueden ser comprobados por conteo directo y los que no pueden verificarse, porque la cantidad de eventos obtenidos no permiten por cuestiones de tiempo, verificar uno a uno, todos los arreglos obtenidos. Además, se determinó la utilidad didáctica y académica de ambos tipos de problemas. Otro aspecto que se incluyó es la atención a las singularidades, como parte de la atención a la diversidad: La atención particularizada que ha de darse a los estudiantes de avanzada.Se incorporó en este trabajo, una serie de ejemplos sobre problemas conmensurables y su uso didáctico, que no pretenden, por la brevedad del documento, dar una respuesta definitiva sobre la enseñanza de las técnicas de conteo, si no mostrar levemente, los posibles derroteros para abordar didácticamente esta apasionante temática.  Se visualizaron también ejemplos de problemas inconmensurables y su utilidad académica, para atender las singularidades de estudiantes amantes de las matemáticas.
Aprendizagem histórica e cultura histórica: Contributos para investigações sobre o lugar da intersubjetividade na formação histórica.
Authors: Freitas Rafael Reinaldo
Published: February 2017

No presente texto, a proposta é analisar os conceitos de cultura histórica, consciência histórica e sua complexa relação quando pensando a aprendizagem histórica, além de apontar suas contribuições para investigações que busquem entender o envolvimento do sujeito aprendiz com artefatos culturais portadores de discurso histórico. Tais reflexões são pautadas no âmbito das pesquisas sobre ensino e aprendizagem da história a partir dos estudos da Educação Histórica sob a conceptualização da aprendizagem histórica extraídas do filosofo da história Jörn Rüsen. Neste sentido, a partir das contribuições sobre a intersubjetividade e verdade trazida por Marcelo Fronza e da problematização do lugar do sentimento e da razão conforme Bodo V. Borries, a didática da história alemã surge como campo de investigação que possibilita profícuos debates na problematização do envolvimento sujeito, artefatos culturais e conhecimento histórico no entrelaço entre consciência histórica e cultura histórica.
“Price to Pay for Being Alive”: Coping with the Post-Operative Demands in Heart Transplantation
Authors: Kaba Evridiki , Kelesi Martha , Fasoi Georgia , Babatsikou Fotoula , Katsimigas George , Stavropoulou Areti
Published: February 2017

INTRODUCTION: Understanding the problems experienced and coping strategies used after the heart transplantation, health care providers may help heart transplant recipients’ adaptation to the postoperative period and consequently improve their quality of life. However, there is little qualitative evidence on how heart transplant recipients develop coping strategies and adapt to postoperative life.AIM: The aims of the study were a) to identify the physical and psychosocial problems experienced by heart transplant recipients and b) to identify coping strategies used by heart transplant recipients.METHODS: A grounded theory research approach was used in data collection and analysis for studying heart transplant recipients’ experience. The participants in this study were 42 heart transplant recipients. The data were gathered by taped, unstructured, in-depth interviews. Constant comparison analysis was used to interpret the data.FINDINGS: Four categories developed from the data analysis, namely: “traumatic experience” “that’s a small price to pay for being alive” “somebody else’s heart inside me” and “coping”. The central or core category, “That’s a small price for being alive Vs Too big a price to pay for being alive” emerged and was the main theme around which other categories were integrated. Further interpretation of findings led to the development of a theory entitled “Price to pay for being alive: Coping with the post-operative demands in Heart Transplantation”.CONCLUSION: The theory developed within the frame of this study offers an extension of Moos’ Crisis Theory, and applies his basic concepts of major life crises and transitions with adaptations, to heart transplant patients. One such adaptation is the assertion that the factors that influence how adaptively an individual copes with a heart transplant crisis are different from any other health crisis.
ПИТАЊЕ У ВАСПИТНО-ОБРАЗОВНОМ ПРОЦЕСУ
Authors: Глишић Тања
Published: February 2017

Рад се бави питањима која сејављају у васпитно-образовном про-цесу, а која постављају дјеца и од-расли без обзира на узраст и нивоинституције. У односу на њиховуразличиту позицију у процесу, могућеје разматрати и разлике у њиховимпитањима. Питања су један од нај-чешћих начина започињања и/или одр-жавања комуникације, а по својој при-роди су инструмент сазнања и учења.Питањима која постављају одрасли-ма, вршњацима, самима себи, дјецапоказују радозналост, заинтересова-ност, своје мисли и идеје. Питања суи средство и манифестација развојаи учења, али и средство задобијањапажње и успостављања односа садругим. Питањем дијете показујешта не зна, али и шта зна, може ижели. С друге стране, питања којапостављају одрасли су средство по-учавања, те контроле и вредновањадјеце и процеса. Истраживања су по-казала да у институционализованомваспитно-образовном процесу одрас-ли чешће постављају питања дјецинего обрнуто. То указује да су у вас-питно-образовном процесу питањачешће употребљена са сврхом задо-вољавања потреба процеса (најчешћеу виду, од стране одраслих, унаприједпостављених циљева), а не за задо-вољавање потреба дјеце. Због тога сеу раду разматрају могућности под-стицања дјеце да питају, те могућно-сти кориштења питања одраслих каоефикасне стратегије учења, поуча-вања те успостављања равноправногодноса између дјеце и одраслих. Дје-чија питања одрасли може подсти-цати са једне стране суздржавањемод доминације у разговору и својихконстантних питања, нарочито онихкојима контролише дјечије понашањеи тражи репродукцију чињеница; а садруге, може их подстицати својимадекватно осмишљеним и кориште-ним питањима којима ће продукова-ти размишљање и радозналост дјеце.
Metastatic Osteosarcoma of Lacrimal Gland
Authors: Shambhu Smitha K , Rambhatla Saptagirish , Chandak Anup
Published: February 2017

Osteosarcoma is the most common malignant tumor affecting the bone. Children and young adults are commonly affected. Metastasis from osteosarcoma mainly invoves the lungs and breast. Orbital metastasic disease is uncommon and lacrimal gland metastasis is even rarer. Here we report a case of lacrimal gland metastasis from osteosarcoma of the upper end of femur.
Profiling of microRNAs in tumor interstitial fluid of breast tumors – a novel resource to identify biomarkers for prognostic classification and detection of cancer
Authors: Halvorsen Ann Rita , Helland Åslaug , Gromov Pavel , Wielenga Vera Timmermans , Talman Maj‐Lis Møller , Brunner Nils , Sandhu Vandana , Børresen‐Dale Anne‐Lise , Gromova Irina , Haakensen Vilde D.
Published: February 2017

It has been hypothesized based on accumulated data that a class of small noncoding RNAs, termed microRNAs, are key factors in intercellular communication. Here, microRNAs present in interstitial breast tumor fluids have been analyzed to identify relevant markers for a diagnosis of breast cancer and to elucidate the cross‐talk that exists among cells in a tumor microenvironment. Matched tumor interstitial fluid samples (TIF, n = 60), normal interstitial fluid samples (NIF, n = 51), corresponding tumor tissue specimens (n = 54), and serum samples (n = 27) were collected from patients with breast cancer, and detectable microRNAs were analyzed and compared. In addition, serum data from 32 patients with breast cancer and 22 healthy controls were obtained for a validation study. To identify potential serum biomarkers of breast cancer, first the microRNA profiles of TIF and NIF samples were compared. A total of 266 microRNAs were present at higher level in the TIF samples as compared to normal counterparts. Sixty‐one of these microRNAs were present in > 75% of the serum samples and were subsequently tested in a validation set. Seven of the 61 microRNAs were associated with poor survival, while 23 were associated with the presence of immune cells and adipocytes. To our knowledge, these data demonstrate for the first time that profiling of microRNAs in TIF can identify novel biomarkers for the prognostic classification and detection of breast cancer. In addition, the present findings demonstrate that microRNAs may represent the cross‐talk that occurs between tumor cells and their surrounding stroma.
A technique for multitarget tracking in synthetic aperture radar spotlight imaging mode based on promoted PHD filtering approach
Authors: Daryasafar N. , Sadeghzadeh R. A. , Naser‐Moghadasi M.
Published: February 2017

This paper investigates a new method based on promoted probability hypothesis density (PHD) filtering to simultaneously track several moving targets in data received by synthetic aperture radar (SAR) in spotlight imaging mode. Simultaneous tracking of several targets in the presence of high‐density clutters in environment, as the particular capability of the PHD filter, has turned it into a robust approach in SAR to track moving targets. Given the PHD filter function as a sequence of prediction and update steps, it is more reasonable to apply the approach to the data received by the SAR in spotlight imaging mode; however, according to the specified system parameters, such method is not impossible to be implemented using the Stripmap imaging mode. According to simulation results, applying Range Cell Migration Compensation to the raw data received by SAR before tracking operation results in high‐quality tracking of moving targets.
Hodographic approach for determining spacecraft trajectories through magnetic reconnection diffusion regions
Authors: Shuster J. R. , Argall M. R. , Torbert R. B. , Chen L.‐J. , Farrugia C. J. , Alm L. , Wang S. , Daughton W. , Gershman D. J. , Giles B. L. , Russell C. T. , Burch J. L. , Pollock C. J.
Published: February 2017

We develop an algorithm that finds a trajectory through simulations of magnetic reconnection along which input Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) spacecraft observations are matched. Using two‐dimensional particle‐in‐cell simulations of asymmetric reconnection, the method is applied to a magnetopause electron diffusion region (EDR) encountered by the MMS spacecraft to facilitate interpretation of the event based on fully kinetic models. The recently discovered crescent‐shaped electron velocity distributions measured by MMS in the EDR are consistent with simulation distributions at the corresponding time along the computed trajectory.
Derivation and Application of a Generalized Correlation for Mass Transfer in Packed Beds
Authors: Reichelt Erik , Jahn Matthias , Lange Rüdiger
Published: February 2017

A generalized correlation for mass transfer in packed beds is developed. It is derived from considerations on single sphere mass transfer. The correlation is validated over a wide range of Reynolds numbers, Schmidt numbers, and bed porosities with literature data. Particular attention is paid to gas‐solid mass transfer at low Reynolds numbers where own experimental results are presented. With the help of the developed correlation, the influence of different bed properties and axial dispersion on mass transfer is discussed.
Hybrid‐Type Squaramide‐Fused Amino Alcohol Organocatalysts for Enantioselective Nitro‐Aldol Reaction of Nitromethane with Isatins
Authors: Chennapuram Madhu , Subba Reddy U. V. , Seki Chigusa , Okuyama Yuko , Kwon Eunsang , Uwai Koji , Tokiwa Michio , Takeshita Mitsuhiro , Nakano Hiroto
Published: February 2017

A series of hybrid‐type squaramide‐fused amino alcohol (SFAA) catalysts were synthesized, and their catalytic efficiency in the enantioselective nitro‐aldol reaction of various isatins with nitromethane has been described. This transformation afforded chiral 3‐substituted 3‐hydroxyoxindoles in excellent chemical yields (up to 99 %) with high enantioselectivities (up to 95 % ee). The resulting chiral 3‐hydroxyoxindoles can be further used as synthetic precursors for the synthesis of several natural products that have a broad spectrum of fascinating biological activities.
Resource allocation for full‐duplex–based heterogeneous cellular networks considering back‐haul capacity
Authors: Mardi A. , Azmi P. , Mokari N. , Parsaeefard S.
Published: February 2017

In this paper, we propose a heterogeneous cellular network based on orthogonal frequency division multiple access consisting of full‐duplex femtorelays. Then, we design schemes for the uplink radio resource allocation. The goal of the proposed schemes is to maximize the sum rate, taking into account the back‐haul and transmission power constraints. Moreover, the superiority of the proposed system is shown by comparing it with the half‐duplex femtorelay‐assisted counterpart. Since the proposed resource allocation optimization problem is nonconvex and intractable, we divide it into subcarrier and transmission power allocation subproblems and then use an iterative algorithm to solve each of them. Toward this end, in each iteration, subcarriers are allocated via a binary linear program, while the successive convex approximation method is adapted to transform the nonconvex transmission power allocation subproblem into a sequence of convex subproblems. To achieve this goal, we use 1 of the 3 proposed approaches, namely, dual, arithmetic‐geometric mean approximation, and difference of 2 concave functions. In addition, we investigate the performance, convergence, and computational complexity of these approaches. The simulation results reveal that the proposed approaches are close to the optimal solution while providing less computational complexity. Moreover, they illustrate that even by considering self‐interference in the full‐duplex mode, the sum rate will be increased approximately by 41% in comparison with the half‐duplex mode.
Biochemie: Genetisches Tipp‐Ex für die Landwirtschaft
Authors: Groß Michael
Published: February 2017

Crispr‐Cas lässt sich zielgenau an beliebigen Orten der DNA einsetzen. Nun wird die Methode in der Landwirtschaft eingeführt. Aufgrund ihrer molekularen Präzision ist sie sowohl der Genmanipulation des 20. Jahrhunderts als auch der traditionellen Züchtung weit überlegen.
Building the Constitution
Authors: Fowkes James
Published: February 2017

This revisionary perspective on South Africa's celebrated Constitutional Court draws on historical and empirical sources alongside conventional legal analysis to show how support from the African National Congress government and other political actors has underpinned the Court's landmark cases, which are often applauded too narrowly as merely judicial achievements. Standard accounts see the Court as overseer of a negotiated constitutional compromise and as the looked-to guardian of that constitution against the rising threat of the ANC. However, in reality South African successes have been built on broader and more admirable constitutional politics to a degree no previous account has described or acknowledged. The Court has responded to this context with a substantially consistent but widely misunderstood pattern of deference and intervention. Although a work in progress, this institutional self-understanding represents a powerful effort by an emerging court, as one constitutionally serious actor among others, to build a constitution.
The Mysteries of the Lambeth Articles
Authors: SHUGER DEBORA
Published: February 2017

The essay argues that a text first printed in English in 1651 must date from about 1610, and that it preserves a first-hand account of previously unsuspected theological discussions, arranged by Archbishop Whitgift in late 1595, that eventuated in the Lambeth Articles. The doctrinal positions advanced in these discussions – and in the several written responses to the Articles that Whitgift also solicited – clarify the archbishop's handling of this early predestinarian controversy but also complicate in fundamental ways the received picture of the late Elizabethan doctrinal landscape.
A defined syphilis vaccine candidate inhibits dissemination of Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum
Authors: Lithgow Karen V. , Hof Rebecca , Wetherell Charmaine , Phillips Drew , Houston Simon , Cameron Caroline E.
Published: February 2017

Syphilis is a prominent disease in low- and middle-income countries, and a re-emerging public health threat in high-income countries. Syphilis elimination will require development of an effective vaccine that has thus far remained elusive. Here we assess the vaccine potential of Tp0751, a vascular adhesin from the causative agent of syphilis,Treponema pallidumsubsp.pallidum. Tp0751-immunized animals exhibit a significantly reduced bacterial organ burden uponT. pallidumchallenge compared with unimmunized animals. Introduction of lymph nodes from Tp0751-immunized,T. pallidum-challenged animals to naive animals fails to induce infection, confirming sterile protection. These findings provide evidence that Tp0751 is a promising syphilis vaccine candidate.
Lipidomics reveals dramatic lipid compositional changes in the maturing postnatal lung
Authors: Dautel Sydney E. , Kyle Jennifer E. , Clair Geremy , Sontag Ryan L. , Weitz Karl K. , Shukla Anil K. , Nguyen Son N. , Kim Young-Mo , Zink Erika M. , Luders Teresa , Frevert Charles W. , Gharib Sina A. , Laskin Julia , Carson James P. , Metz Thomas O. , Corley Richard A. , Ansong Charles
Published: February 2017

Lung immaturity is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in premature infants. Understanding the molecular mechanisms driving normal lung development could provide insights on how to ameliorate disrupted development. While transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of normal lung development have been previously reported, characterization of changes in the lipidome is lacking. Lipids play significant roles in the lung, such as dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine in pulmonary surfactant; however, many of the roles of specific lipid species in normal lung development, as well as in disease states, are not well defined. In this study, we used liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to investigate the murine lipidome during normal postnatal lung development. Lipidomics analysis of lungs from post-natal day 7, day 14 and 6–8 week mice (adult) identified 924 unique lipids across 21 lipid subclasses, with dramatic alterations in the lipidome across developmental stages. Our data confirmed previously recognized aspects of post-natal lung development and revealed several insights, including in sphingolipid-mediated apoptosis, inflammation and energy storage/usage. Complementary proteomics, metabolomics and chemical imaging corroborated these observations. This multi-omic view provides a unique resource and deeper insight into normal pulmonary development.
Effects of ocean acidification on the potency of macroalgal allelopathy to a common coral
Authors: Del Monaco Carlos , Hay Mark E. , Gartrell Patrick , Mumby Peter J. , Diaz-Pulido Guillermo
Published: February 2017

Many coral reefs have phase shifted from coral to macroalgal dominance. Ocean acidification (OA) due to elevated CO2 is hypothesised to advantage macroalgae over corals, contributing to these shifts, but the mechanisms affecting coral-macroalgal interactions under OA are unknown. Here, we show that (i) three common macroalgae are more damaging to a common coral when they compete under CO2 concentrations predicted to occur in 2050 and 2100 than under present-day conditions, (ii) that two macroalgae damage corals via allelopathy, and (iii) that one macroalga is allelopathic under conditions of elevated CO2, but not at ambient levels. Lipid-soluble, surface extracts from the macroalga Canistrocarpus (=Dictyota) cervicornis were significantly more damaging to the coral Acropora intermedia growing in the field if these extracts were from thalli grown under elevated vs ambient concentrations of CO2. Extracts from the macroalgae Chlorodesmis fastigiata and Amansia glomerata were not more potent when grown under elevated CO2. Our results demonstrate increasing OA advantages seaweeds over corals, that algal allelopathy can mediate coral-algal interactions, and that OA may enhance the allelopathy of some macroalgae. Other mechanisms also affect coral-macroalgal interactions under OA, and OA further suppresses the resilience of coral reefs suffering blooms of macroalgae.
Determination of blue-light-induced infrared absorption based on mode-matching efficiency in an optical parametric oscillator
Authors: Wang Yajun , Yang Wenhai , Li Zhixiu , Zheng Yaohui
Published: February 2017

Non-classical squeezed states of light at a compatible atomic wavelength have a potential application in quantum information protocols for quantum states delaying or storaging. An optical parametric oscillator (OPO) with periodically poled potassium titanyl phosphate (PPKTP) is the most effective method for generating this squeezed state. However, it is a challege for the nonlinear interaction in PPKTP crystal at the D1 line of rubidium atomic, due to a strong blue-light-induced infrared absorption (BLIIRA). In this paper, we report an indirect measurement method for the BLIIRA through measuring the mode-matching efficiency in an optical parametric oscillator. In contrast to previous works, our method is not limited by the absolute power variation induced from the change of frequency conversion loss and the impedance matching originated from the change of absorption loss. Therefore, the measurement process is performed at the phase-matching condition. The measured results show that BLIIRA coefficient is quadratic dependence of blue light intensity below 1 kW per square centimeter in our PPKTP device, which will provide important basis for optimizing squeezed state generation at 795 nm.
A simple zinc(ii) complex that features multi-functional luminochromism induced by reversible ligand dissociation
Authors: Tsukamoto Takamasa , Aoki Risa , Sakamoto Ryota , Toyoda Ryojun , Shimada Masaki , Hattori Yohei , Asaoka Mizuki , Kitagawa Yasutaka , Nishibori Eiji , Nakano Masayoshi , Nishihara Hiroshi
Published: February 2017

The authors create a zinc(ii) complex featuring a simple chemical structure but multi-functional luminochromism induced by reversible dissociation/complexation.
Assessing the life cycle environmental impacts of titania nanoparticle production by continuous flow solvo/hydrothermal syntheses
Authors: Caramazana-González P. , Dunne P. W. , Gimeno-Fabra M. , Zilka M. , Ticha M. , Stieberova B. , Freiberg F. , McKechnie J. , Lester E. H.
Published: February 2017

Continuous-flow hydrothermal and solvothermal syntheses offer substantial advantages over conventional processes, producing high quality materials from a wide range of precursors.
The mechanism of electropolymerization of nickel(ii) salen type complexes
Authors: Tomczyk Danuta , Bukowski Wiktor , Bester Karol , Urbaniak Paweł , Seliger Piotr , Andrijewski Grzegorz , Skrzypek Sławomira
Published: February 2017

Ni(ii) complexes with (±)-trans-N,N′-bis(salicylidene)-1,2-cyclohexanediamine ([Ni(salen)]), and its methyl ([Ni(salen(Me))]) andtert-butyl ([Ni(salen(Bu))]) derivatives have been synthesized.
Efficient energy transfer through a bifilar metamaterial line connecting microwave waveguides
Authors: Ramaccia D. , Barbuto M. , Tobia A. , Bilotti F. , Toscano A.
Published: February 2017

Microwave waveguides allow an effective transfer of electromagnetic energy through straight connection or well-rounded curves, but become rather inefficient in case of sharp bends or squeezed waveguide cross-sections. Here, we discuss the possibility to funnel the electromagnetic energy propagating in a waveguide through arbitrarily curved narrow channels hosting a metamaterial-inspired structure able to convert the propagating mode of the waveguide in an electric signal, and vice versa. We show experimentally how sharp bends can be inserted within these propagation channels of arbitrary lengths without introducing significant insertion losses. In particular, efficient energy funneling in 90°-, 180°-, and “S”-shaped bends are numerically and experimentally verified. The proposed reflectionless waveguide bends may find applications in modern radar and antenna systems, where the demand for space and weight reduction of the electromagnetic circuitry is ever growing.
Detailed modeling of electron emission for transpiration cooling of hypersonic vehicles
Authors: Hanquist Kyle M. , Hara Kentaro , Boyd Iain D.
Published: February 2017

Electron transpiration cooling (ETC) is a recently proposed approach to manage the high heating loads experienced at the sharp leading edges of hypersonic vehicles. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) can be used to investigate the feasibility of ETC in a hypersonic environment. A modeling approach is presented for ETC, which includes developing the boundary conditions for electron emission from the surface, accounting for the space-charge limit effects of the near-wall plasma sheath. The space-charge limit models are assessed using 1D direct-kinetic plasma sheath simulations, taking into account the thermionically emitted electrons from the surface. The simulations agree well with the space-charge limit theory proposed by Takamura et al. for emitted electrons with a finite temperature, especially at low values of wall bias, which validates the use of the theoretical model for the hypersonic CFD code. The CFD code with the analytical sheath models is then used for a test case typical of a leading edge radius in a hypersonic flight environment. The CFD results show that ETC can lower the surface temperature of sharp leading edges of hypersonic vehicles, especially at higher velocities, due to the increase in ionized species enabling higher electron heat extraction from the surface. The CFD results also show that space-charge limit effects can limit the ETC reduction of surface temperatures, in comparison to thermionic emission assuming no effects of the electric field within the sheath.
Laterally coupled distributed feedback lasers emitting at 2 μm with quantum dash active region and high-duty-cycle etched semiconductor gratings
Authors: Papatryfonos Konstantinos , Saladukha Dzianis , Merghem Kamel , Joshi Siddharth , Lelarge Francois , Bouchoule Sophie , Kazazis Dimitrios , Guilet Stephane , Le Gratiet Luc , Ochalski Tomasz J. , Huyet Guillaume , Martinez Anthony , Ramdane Abderrahim
Published: February 2017

Single-mode diode lasers on an InP(001) substrate have been developed using InAs/In0.53Ga0.47As quantum dash (Qdash) active regions and etched lateral Bragg gratings. The lasers have been designed to operate at wavelengths near 2 μm and exhibit a threshold current of 65 mA for a 600 μm long cavity, and a room temperature continuous wave output power per facet >5 mW. Using our novel growth approach based on the low ternary In0.53Ga0.47As barriers, we also demonstrate ridge-waveguide lasers emitting up to 2.1 μm and underline the possibilities for further pushing the emission wavelength out towards longer wavelengths with this material system. By introducing experimentally the concept of high-duty-cycle lateral Bragg gratings, a side mode suppression ratio of >37 dB has been achieved, owing to an appreciably increased grating coupling coefficient of κ ∼ 40 cm−1. These laterally coupled distributed feedback (LC-DFB) lasers combine the advantage of high and well-controlled coupling coefficients achieved in conventional DFB lasers, with the regrowth-free fabrication process of lateral gratings, and exhibit substantially lower optical losses compared to the conventional metal-based LC-DFB lasers.
The peeling behavior of nanowires and carbon nanotubes from a substrate using continuum modeling
Authors: Li Yue , Xiong Yan , Zhou Zhikang , Tang Bingxian , Yang Zhaoyao , Zhao Junhua
Published: February 2017

The peeling behavior of different nanowires or single-walled/multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) from a substrate is studied by using the Kendall model of the continuum mechanics, where a basic assumption is that the deformation of the part of the nanowire/nanotube attached to the substrate under peeling force is ignored. The cohesive energy between a nanowire (or a CNT) and a substrate is obtained through continuum modeling of the van der Waals interaction, which has high accuracy by comparison of our molecular dynamics simulations. Our analytical results show that the peeling behavior strongly depends on the peeling angle, the pre-tension, the separation distance toward the substrate, the radius, and the Young's modulus of the nanowire (or the CNT). In particular, the peeling forces with a generalized peeling model in the steady-state stage are compared with those of the classical Kendall model. In the generalized peeling model, the effect of the bending stiffness and cohesive energy between the bending nanowire and the substrate on peeling forces is considered. The obtained analytical solution should be of great help for understanding the interaction between the nanostructures and the substrates, and designing nanoelectromechanical systems.
An extended constitutive model for nonlinear reversible ferromagnetic behaviour under magnetomechanical multiaxial loading conditions
Authors: Avakian Artjom , Ricoeur Andreas
Published: February 2017

A constitutive modelling of ferromagnetic materials under combined magnetomechanical multiaxial loading with different boundary conditions and a finite element implementation are presented. The phenomenologically motivated model is capable of predicting magnetisation, strain, and stress and is thus suitable, e.g., for applications in multiferroic composites. The approach covers a reversible nonlinear behaviour as it is observed, e.g., in cobalt ferrite and other soft magnetic alloys. Various examples demonstrate the suitability of the model and its numerical implementation and give an insight into the behaviour of soft magnets, exposed to different boundary conditions or being embedded into other compliant materials.