bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Cross-sectional Conceptual Replication and Longitudinal Evaluation of the PANSS-Autism-Severity-Score Measure Suggests It Does Not Capture Autistic Traits in Individuals with Psychosis
Authors: Chisholm Katharine , Schirmbeck Frederike , Pinkham Amy , Sasson Noah , Simons Claudia , de Haan Lieuwe , Harvey Philip , Penn David , Ziermans Tim
Published: April 2023

Abstract: Background: Autism and psychosis co-occur at elevated rates, with implications for clinical outcomes, functioning, and suicidality. The PANSS-Autism-Severity-Score (PAUSS) is a measure of autism trait severity which has not yet been validated externally or longitudinally. Study Design: Participants were derived from the GROUP and SCOPE datasets. Participants included 1448 adults with schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SSD), 800 SSD-siblings, 103 adults diagnosed with an autistic spectrum condition (ASC), and 409 typically-developing controls (TC). Analyses from the original validation study were conducted with SSD participants, and extended into ASC, SSD-sibling, and TC participants. Test-retest reliability of the PAUSS at 2-weeks and long-term stability 3 and 6-years was also examined.Study Results: Results differed in important ways from the original validation. SSD participants reported higher PAUSS scores than other groups, with only a fraction of ASC participants scoring as ‘PAUSS-Autistic’. Cronbach’s alpha was acceptable for the SSD cohort only. Two-week stability of the PAUSS was fair to good for all PAUSS scores. Long-term stability was poor for most PAUSS items but fair for total PAUSS score.Conclusions: Results suggest that the PAUSS does not appear appropriate for assessing autism, with the low rate of PAUSS-Autistic in the ASC population suggesting the PAUSS may not accurately reflect characteristics of autism. The relative lack of long-term stability is cause for concern and suggestive that the PAUSS is capturing features of psychosis rather than autism traits.
फारवर्ड प्रेस और बौद्धिक लोकतंत्र
Authors: Ranjan Pramod
Published: April 2023

यह संपादकीय लेख नई दिल्ली से प्रकाशित फारवर्ड प्रेस के अंतिम प्रिंट अंक में प्रकाशित हुआ है। आलेख में न्यूज रूम के लोकतांत्रिक स्वरूप की आवश्यकता पर चर्चा है। साथ दलित-बहुजन पत्रकारिता के विभिन्न आयाम इसमें सामने आए हैं।फारवर्ड प्रेस पत्रिका दलित-बहुजन पत्रकारिता के लिए चर्चित रही है। This article is available in English, which can be accessed at: https://doi.org/10.17613/2dd6-cw19
Adapting Machine Learning Techniques for Low-Resource Settings in Developing Countries: A Multidisciplinary Approach
Authors: Srivastava Mashrin
Published: April 2023

Developing countries face unique challenges in harnessing the power of machine learning (ML) due to limited resources, data scarcity, and imbalanced representations. This paper aims to address these challenges by exploring advances in algorithms and methods tailored for low-resource settings, as well as examining industry practices and societal impacts of ML solutions in developing countries. We present a multidisciplinary approach, combining the fields of computer science, social sciences, and policy-making to ensure the development and deployment of inclusive and sustainable ML solutions.
Does Hot Spots Policing Reduce Crime? An Alternative Interpretation Based on a Meta-Analysis of Randomized Experiments
Authors: Buckley Pamela Rose
Published: April 2023

Hot spots policing is used by many U.S. police departments and is consistently supported by evidence from evaluations of its effectiveness. Hot spot police work requires identifying small areas where crime is especially concentrated and directing police resources to these areas. This paper meta-analyses 22 reports in which random assignment was used to increase police activities in some hot spots. The analysis finds that the police activities reduced crime by .046 to .051 standard deviation units, with the most plausible estimate being .046. All the average effect sizes were statistically different from zero. However, about a third of the study-specific estimates differed reliably from zero and the moderator variables failed to explain variation in impact. Hot spots policing reduces crime, but its effect is small and inconsistent. We discuss implications for policing theory and practice, and provide suggestions to improve the use of meta-analysis for identifying effective programs and practices.
Differential expression of NRG2 in cancer of the head and neck: oral squamous cell carcinoma.
Authors: Mamoor Shahan
Published: April 2023

Head and neck cancers are an emerging public health problem and most are now thought to be caused by high-risk human papillomavirus infection (1-3). We mined published and public microarray datasets (4, 5) to determine in an unbiased fashion and at the level of the transcriptome genes most differentially expressed in the primary tumors of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). We found significant differential expression of the gene encoding neuregulin 2, NRG2, when comparing OSCC tumor tissue to the tissue of origin. NRG2 mRNA was present at significantly lower quantities in tumors of the head and neck as compared to normal tissues from the head and neck. Analysis of human survival data revealed that expression of NRG2 in head and neck tumors was correlated with recurrence-free survival in patients with head and neck cancer. NRG2 expression changes may be important for the initiation or progression of human OSCC.
Deep Learning for Efficient High-Dimensional Inference in Astrophysics
Authors: Srivastava Mashrin
Published: April 2023

The rapid growth of astrophysical data has led to an increasing need for efficient high-dimensional inference methods. Deep learning has emerged as a promising approach to tackle this challenge, offering the potential to extract valuable information from complex observations. In this paper, we review recent advances in deep learning for efficient high-dimensional inference in astrophysics, focusing on applications such as galaxy classification, cosmic radiation field mapping, and anomaly detection. We also discuss the challenges and future directions in this interdisciplinary field, including robustness to covariate shifts, model misspecification, and uncertainty quantification.
Differential expression of MMP13 in cancer of the head and neck: oral squamous cell carcinoma.
Authors: Mamoor Shahan
Published: April 2023

Head and neck cancers are an emerging public health problem and most are now thought to be caused by high-risk human papillomavirus infection (1-3). We mined published and public microarray datasets (4, 5) to determine in an unbiased fashion and at the level of the transcriptome genes most differentially expressed in the primary tumors of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). We found significant differential expression of the gene encoding matrix metallopeptidase 13, MMP13, when comparing OSCC tumor tissue to the tissue of origin. MMP13 mRNA was present at significantly higher quantities in tumors of the head and neck as compared to normal tissues from the head and neck. Analysis of human survival data revealed that expression of MMP13 in head and neck tumors was correlated with overall survival in patients with head and neck cancer. MMP13 expression changes may be important for the initiation or progression of human OSCC.
Measuring the Monetization of Online Discourse with Application to Pro- and Anti-Vaccine Communities
Authors: Broniatowski David , Greene Kevin T. , Pisharody Nilima , Rogers Daniel , Shapiro Jacob N
Published: April 2023

Misinformation is hypothesized to be more heavily monetized than other kinds of online content. We test this hypothesis with several scalable measures of website monetization. We examine over 400,000 links shared in more than 400 vaccine-related Facebook groups/pages, comparing anti-vaccine venues to pro-vaccine venues. Contrary to expectations, websites promoted in pro-vaccine venues are more monetized than those promoted in anti-vaccine venues. This is a consequence of the heavy monetization of news websites -- pro-vaccine venues are roughly 1.7 times more likely to share links to news. The specific news sites shared by anti-vaccine venues are rated less credible by fact-checking organizations, but we find no significant differences in monetization. However, non-news sites, such as blogs, shared by anti-vaccine actors were significantly more monetized. These results emphasize the need to interpret measures of monetization within the context of the broader "attention economy."
Research on the effectiveness of covid vaccines and cognitive death of empiricism in medicine
Authors: Sorli Amrit S.
Published: April 2023

With the covid crisis, medical science has lost the spirit of empiricism. Articles are published about the effectiveness of vaccines, which do not have a relevant mathematical model and exclude the fact that only a control group of an unvaccinated part of the population can prove the effectiveness of vaccination against covid. Using elementary school math, we can calculate the death rate of a vaccinated subset of the population and compare it to the death rate of an unvaccinated subset of the population. No one has made this simple and effective calculation.
Threats to the concept of social justice
Authors: Ranjan Pramod
Published: April 2023

In this paper, I have tried to define social justice in the Indian context and about the dangers shadowing its basic concept. Social justice means providing justice to all those people who have had to face injustice having been subject to some form of dominance. They may have had to face injustice due to their varna, ethnicity, profession, gender, economic status, region, religion, tradition, language or physique. Social justice, basically, is an incessant battle against privileges based meritocracy. Humanism and compassion are the cornerstones of this battle. The idea of securing an equal opportunity for all and the theory of social diversity are its sword and rifle. But today, the politics of social justice has come to mean electoral victories of a few people hailing from deprived communities. At the systemic level, it has been confined to reservations in government jobs and in government-run institutions of higher learning that, more often than not, provide low-quality education. At the most, some people demand that reservations should be extended to the private sector. This is considered the be-all and end-all of the battle for social justice.
Degrowth and ICT: a technical report
Authors: España Sergio , Hulst Willem , Jansen Nivard , Pargman Daniel
Published: April 2023

Degrowth is a paradigm that aims to solve current ecological and social problems by prioritising well-being over wealth, which is mainly done by reducing global consumption and production. We have investigated the relation between degrowth and ICT, in an attempt to close the gap between those concepts within scientific research. This technical report is a companion to the paper produced by such project. It contains the protocols we have used for the focus groups, interviews with experts, and Reddit discussions.
Equivariant Neural Networks: A Geometric Approach to Robust and Interpretable Machine Learning
Authors: Srivastava Mashrin
Published: April 2023

Machine learning has made significant advancements in recent years, with deep learning models achieving state-of-the-art performance in various tasks. However, these models often lack interpretability and robustness, which are crucial for real-world applications. In this paper, we explore the use of equivariant neural networks, a class of models that leverage geometric principles to improve interpretability and robustness. We provide an overview of the mathematical foundations of equivariant models, discuss their applications in machine learning, and present recent advancements in training methods and performance guarantees. Finally, we highlight open challenges and future directions in the field of geometric machine learning.
Effective Risk Management in Supply Chain Particular and Practices Approaches
Authors: Noman Mustafa
Published: April 2023

Effective Risk Management in Supply Chain Particular and Practices Approaches
दिल्ली बलात्कार कांड और भारत का शहरी मध्यवर्ग
Authors: Ranjan Pramod
Published: April 2023

16 दिसंबर 2012 को दिल्ली में हुए सामूहिक बलात्कार कांड के विरोध में हुए प्रदर्शनों ने रायसीना हिल्स को हिला कर रख दिया। अन्ना हजारे के भ्रष्टाचार विरोधी आंदोलन के बाद यह दूसरा बड़ा आंदोलन था, जिसमें उत्तर भारत का शहरी मध्यवर्ग बड़े पैमाने पर हिस्सा ले रहा था। अन्ना के आंदोलन की तुलना में इस आंदोलन में युवाओं की हिस्सेदारी बहुत ज्यादा थी। यही कारण था कि क्या सत्ता, क्या विपक्ष, दिल्ली की गद्दी पर राज करने वाले सभी पक्ष, भारत में अरब स्प्रिंग की आहट महसूस कर रहे हैं। आखिर, एक ऐसे देश में जहां हर एक घंटे से कम समय में बलात्कार की एक घटना होती है तथा हर आधे घंटे से कम समय में बलात्कार की कोशिश या छेड़छाड़ की घटना होती है, उस देश में दिल्ली की एक अनाम लड़की के साथ हुई घटना को लेकर इतना बड़ा आंदोलन क्यों हुआ? क्या सिर्फ इसलिए कि दिल्ली भारत की राजधानी है, और यहां समाचार-माध्यमों की नजर ज्यादा रहती है? या फिर कोई और वजह थी?भारतीय मध्यम वर्ग दिसंबर, 2012 में दिल्ली बलात्कार कांड पर फांसी की सजा की मांग कर रहा था। 2004 में धनंजय चटर्जी मामले में ऐसा क्या था कि फांसी में जल्लाद तक का हाथ कांप जा रहा था? धनंजय चटर्जी ब्राह्मण था। मनुस्मृति हिंदू विधान में ब्राह्मण को हत्या व बलात्कार सहित किसी भी अपराध के लिए फांसी नहीं दी जा सकती। और संभवत: भारत के ज्ञात इतिहास में पहली बार किसी ब्राह्मण को राज्य सत्ता द्वारा फांसी की सजा दी गई थी इसलिए दिसंबर के दिल्ली बलात्कार कांड को इस दृष्टिकोण से देखने की जरूरत है।
Towards Responsible Artificial Intelligence in Medicine: Reflections from the Australian Epilepsy Project
Authors: Pedersen Mangor , Pardoe Heath R , de Weger Anton , Hutchison Donna , Abbott David , Verspoor Karin , Jackson Graeme D.
Published: April 2023

Artificial intelligence (AI) is a multidisciplinary scientific field that uses machines to solve real-world problems and predict outcomes. Despite the current enthusiasm about AI's potential as a clinical support tool, there is also a growing awareness and concern about the potentially harmful effects of AI. Because AI will likely impact expert-based decision-making in medicine, it is critical to consider the issues that AI raises in medical research. This paper outlines the AI guidelines of the Australian Epilepsy Project. This large-scale platform aims to democratise specialist care in epilepsy and use AI for clinical decision support based on prospective multimodal datasets (MRI, genetic, clinical, and cognitive data) from thousands of people with epilepsy. As AI develops rapidly, we focus on key areas of medical AI identified in the literature, including Trust, Responsibility and Safety. We believe AI is changing medicine, and we believe it is imperative to advance and update our AI guidelines adaptably while preparing for an era of augmented-intelligence-b¬¬ased medicine.
Kajian Kualitas Sanad Hadis tentang Larangan Menutup Wajah Orang Yang Meninggal pada Saat Berihram
Authors: Ubaydillah
Published: April 2023

Hadis merupakan segala sesuatu yang disandakan kepada Nabi Muhammad Saw. Baik berupa perkataan, perbuatan, dan ketetapan Nabi. Sebagai umat Islam sudah sepatutnya kita menyakini hadis sebagai pedoman hidup setelah Al-Qur’an. Segala aktivitas harus berlandasan dengan al-Qur’an maupun hadis mulai dari lahir sampai meninggal. Ibadah haji merupakan ibadah yang paling diinginkan karena tidak semua bisa menginjakan kaki disana. Begitupun dengan menginggal, semua umat Islam pasti ingin meninggal di rumah Allah dan dekat dengan makam Rasulullah dan para sahabat. Hadis yang menjelaskan mengenai hal tersebutpun ada, maka tugas umat Islam yaitu mengamalkannya. Metode dalam penelitian yang digunakan ini adalah takhrij hadis manual metode bi lafdzi untuk melihat hadis dari aspek sand dan kualitas hadis.
Unsupervised Representation Learning of High Dimensional Structured Data: A Comparative Study
Authors: Srivastava Mashrin
Published: April 2023

Unsupervised representation learning has emerged as a powerful technique for extracting meaningful features from high dimensional structured data, such as graphs, time series, text, and video. In this paper, we present a comprehensive comparative study of various unsupervised representation learning methods applied to different structured data modalities. We focus on evaluating the performance of these methods in terms of their ability to capture the underlying structure and relationships within the data, as well as their scalability and computational efficiency. Our analysis provides insights into the strengths and weaknesses of each method, and offers guidance for practitioners seeking to apply unsupervised representation learning techniques to their own structured data problems.
Differential expression of CA9 in cancer of the head and neck: oral squamous cell carcinoma.
Authors: Mamoor Shahan
Published: April 2023

Head and neck cancers are an emerging public health problem and most are now thought to be caused by high-risk human papillomavirus infection (1-3). We mined public microarray datasets (4, 5) to determine in an unbiased fashion and at the level of the transcriptome genes most differentially expressed in the primary tumors of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). We found significant differential expression of the gene encoding carbonic anhydrase 9, CA9, when comparing OSCC tumor tissue to the tissue of origin. CA9 mRNA was present at significantly higher quantities in tumors of the head and neck as compared to normal tissues from the head and neck. Analysis of human survival data revealed that expression of CA9 in head and neck tumors was correlated with recurrence-free survival in patients with head and neck cancer. CA9 expression changes may be important for the initiation or progression of human OSCC.
Multimodal Generative Models for Responsible Deployment in Healthcare and Biology
Authors: Srivastava Mashrin
Published: April 2023

Generative modeling has recently gained significant attention due to its high-profile successes in natural language processing and computer vision. However, there remain major challenges in deploying generative models for real-world impact in domains like healthcare and biology. This paper discusses the importance of multimodal capabilities, deployment-critical features, and human-facing evaluation in generative models for responsible deployment in healthcare and biology. We review recent advances in these areas, provide a detailed analysis of various techniques, and highlight the challenges and opportunities for future research.
Marxist interpretation of 'Office Space' (Supplement II:11)
Authors: Akmut Camille
Published: April 2023

(History of computer science and technology)
Differential expression of ACSM3 in cancer of the head and neck: oral squamous cell carcinoma.
Authors: Mamoor Shahan
Published: April 2023

Head and neck cancers are an emerging public health problem and most are now thought to be caused by high-risk human papillomavirus infection (1-3). We mined published and public microarray datasets (4, 5) to determine in an unbiased fashion and at the level of the transcriptome genes most differentially expressed in the primary tumors of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). We found significant differential expression of the gene encoding acyl-CoA synthetase medium-chain family member 3, ACSM3, when comparing OSCC tumor tissue to the tissue of origin. ACSM3 mRNA was present at significantly lower quantities in tumors of the head and neck as compared to normal tissues from the head and neck. Analysis of human survival data revealed that expression of ACSM3 in head and neck tumors was correlated with overall survival in head and neck cancer, in patients with high neoantigen load. ACSM3 expression changes may be important for the initiation or progression of human OSCC.
Desafíos del aula invertida para la educación universitaria en América Latina
Authors: Cruz Josefina Arimatea García , Isusqui José César Piedra , Alvarez Vanessa Mancha , Inga César Vilchez , Silva Marcial Oswaldo Castellano , Villavicencio Ismael Edwin Salazar
Published: April 2023

Los cambios sociales recientes son en gran medida el resultado de las nuevas dimensiones que ha introducido el entorno tecnológico, que impregna casi todos los aspectos de la vida social. Actualmente, las TIC se están promoviendo como un medio beneficioso para la educación, lo cual no es sorprendente; es cierto que el uso de las TIC en la educación crea una amplia gama de oportunidades, pero también crea nuevos requisitos. La necesidad de nuevos modelos y paradigmas educativos para la sociedad del siglo XXI es cada vez más urgente, según expertos en investigación y educación. Diversos estudios y reformas se han iniciado en diferentes países como consecuencia de la necesidad de formar y capacitar a los docentes para que puedan afrontar los nuevos retos que plantea la sociedad de la información y el conocimiento a través de la educación. Uno de los retos más recientes en educación es la implementación de lo que se conoce como aula invertida o flipped classroom, en la que los alumnos estudian la materia fuera del aula y siguen desarrollando y practicando lo aprendido en casa a través de diversas actividades, especialmente prácticas. Esto hace de la clase una actividad participativa y colaborativa porque el profesor puede concentrarse en actividades en las que ha detectado problemas en los alumnos. Este nuevo método de enseñanza se basa en el intercambio de métodos de enseñanza convencionales, brindando instrucciones en línea desde fuera del aula y trasladando las tareas más útiles y la interacción social dentro del aula. El maestro es retratado en el enfoque convencional como el que instruye a la clase y supervisa la tarea nocturna. En este nuevo enfoque, mientras los alumnos trabajan en clase, el profesor se mantiene al margen y sirve de guía. A pesar de que la metodología de aula invertida es relativamente nueva, ya existen argumentos y datos que respaldan la afirmación de que mejora el aprendizaje de los estudiantes en comparación con la clase magistral tradicional. Por esta razón, cada vez más educadores lo incorporan a sus planes de estudios, particularmente a nivel universitario, aunque esto no excluye su uso en niveles educativos inferiores. Como toda innovación, tiene ventajas y desventajas, y tanto alumnos como profesores deben aceptar el cambio que implica esta nueva metodología. Sin embargo, esto no siempre es simple o automático, por lo que es necesario un proceso de investigación sobre las herramientas disponibles para su implementación e implantación.
Effective Risk Management in Supply Chain Using Advance Technologies
Authors: Noman Mustafa
Published: April 2023

Effective Risk Management in Supply Chain Using Advance Technologies
सामाजिक न्याय की अवधारणा पर खतरे
Authors: Ranjan Pramod
Published: April 2023

समाजिक न्याय की अवधारणा क्या है? भारत में सामाजिक न्याय का संघर्ष मुख्य रूप से द्विजों और शूद्रों-अतिशूद्रों-आदिवासियों के बीच है। द्विज अल्पसंख्यक हैं जबकि शुद्र-अतिशूद्र-आदिवासी बहुसंख्यक। देश के लोकतंत्र पर राज करने वाली दोनों प्रमुख पार्टियां – कांग्रेस और भारतीय जनता पार्टी – अपने संगठन में ओबीसी प्रकोष्ठ, दलित प्रकोष्ठ, आदिवासी प्रकोष्ठ आदि रखती हैं। यह बहुजन तबकों के संघर्षों को एक प्रकार से कोष्ठकों में बंद करने का तरीका है। जब ये बहुजन समुदाय उनके प्रकोष्ठों में बंद हो जाते हैं तो स्वत: ही अल्पसंख्यक द्विज भारतीय राजनीति की मुख्यधारा बन जाते हैं। बहुजनों का काम सिर्फ इतना रह जाता है कि वे संसद, मंत्रीमंडल में अपने समुदाय के प्रतिनिधियों तथा प्रधानमंत्री कार्यालय और अन्य प्रमुख सत्ता संस्थानों में अपने समुदायों के अधिकारियों की घटती-बढती संख्या की गिनती करते रहें! भारतीय राजनीति ने इस वर्चस्व को बनाए रखने के लिए ‘अल्पसंख्यक’ शब्द के अर्थ को ही भ्रामक बना दिया है। आज भारतीय राजनीति में इसका प्रचलित अर्थ है मुसलमान। मुसलमानों के लिए सभी पार्टियों में अलग प्रकोष्ठ होते हैं। देश में 13.4 फीसदी आबादी की हिस्सेदारी रखने वाले मुसलमान वास्तविक अल्पसंख्यक नहीं हैं, वोटों की संख्या की दृष्टि से तो कतई नहीं। अगर मुसलमान अल्पसंख्यक हैं तो बहुसंख्यक कौन है? कोई कह सकता है कि हिंदू बहुसंख्यक हैं। तो फिर हिंदुओं के लिए दलित प्रकोष्ठ और ओबीसी प्रकोष्ठ क्यों हैं? लोकतंत्र में यह बहुत महत्वपूर्ण हो जाता है कि बहुसंख्यक कौन है। यही कारण है कि मुसलमानों का पसमांदा (शूद्र) तबका तथा दलित, बहुजन और आदिवासी तथा अन्य वास्तविक अल्पसंख्यक ईसाई (2.3 प्रतिशत) और बौद्ध (0.8 प्रतिशत) को मिलाकर जिस ‘बहुजन’की अवधारणा तैयार होती है, उसे तोडने के लिए भारत का प्रभु वर्ग इस प्रकार की तिकडमें राजनीतिक और सामाजिक स्तर पर अपनाता है। दूसरी ओर, बहुसंख्यकवाद और समाजिक न्याय एक दूसरे के एकदम विपरीत हैं। इसलिए बहुजनवाद और बहुसंख्यकवाद के बीच के फर्क को भी समझना चाहिए..
Differential expression of HMGCS2 in cancer of the head and neck: oral squamous cell carcinoma.
Authors: Mamoor Shahan
Published: April 2023

Head and neck cancers are an emerging public health problem and most are now thought to be caused by high-risk human papillomavirus infection (1-3). We mined public microarray datasets (4, 5) to determine in an unbiased fashion and at the level of the transcriptome genes most differentially expressed in the primary tumors of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). We found significant differential expression of the gene encoding 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 2, HMGCS2, when comparing OSCC tumor tissue to the tissue of origin. HMGCS2 mRNA was present at significantly lower quantities in tumors of the head and neck as compared to normal tissues from the head and neck. Analysis of human survival data revealed that expression of HMGCS2 in head and neck tumors was correlated with recurrence-free survival in patients with head and neck cancer. HMGCS2 expression changes may be important for the initiation or progression of human OSCC.
Formal Verification of Machine Learning Models for Safety-Critical Applications: A Comprehensive Survey
Authors: Srivastava Mashrin
Published: April 2023

As machine learning models are increasingly deployed in safety-critical applications, ensuring their robustness, safety, and correctness becomes essential. Formal verification methods can provide guarantees on these properties, but their application to machine learning models remains an open challenge. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of the state-of-the-art in formal verification techniques for machine learning models, focusing on deep neural networks, tree-based models, Gaussian processes, and nonparametric models. We discuss the trade-offs between verifiable guarantees, model performance, and model applicability, and highlight promising future directions for research in this area. Furthermore, we delve into the challenges of scaling formal verification methods, developing novel training procedures, and designing representative benchmarks and datasets for machine learning verification.
Differential expression of C1QTNF7 in cancer of the head and neck: oral squamous cell carcinoma.
Authors: Mamoor Shahan
Published: April 2023

Head and neck cancers are an emerging public health problem and most are now thought to be caused by high-risk human papillomavirus infection (1-3). We mined published and public microarray datasets (4, 5) to determine in an unbiased fashion and at the level of the transcriptome genes most differentially expressed in the primary tumors of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). We found significant differential expression of the gene encoding C1q and tumor necrosis factor-related protein 7, C1QTNF7, when comparing OSCC tumor tissue to the tissue of origin. C1QTNF7 mRNA was present at significantly lower quantities in tumors of the head and neck as compared to normal tissues from the head and neck. Analysis of human survival data revealed that expression of C1QTNF7 in head and neck tumors was correlated with overall survival in patients with head and neck cancer. C1QTNF7 expression changes may be important for the initiation or progression of human OSCC.
Addressing Spurious Correlations in Machine Learning Models: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Srivastava Mashrin
Published: April 2023

Spurious correlations present a significant challenge in the deployment of machine learning models, as they can lead to models relying on irrelevant or unnatural features. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the current state of research on spurious correlations, covering the detection, understanding, and mitigation of these undesirable behaviors. We first discuss the prevalence of spurious correlations in various machine learning applications and their potential consequences. We then review existing methods for detecting and understanding spurious correlations, including adversarial training, representation learning, and interpretability techniques. Finally, we explore recent advancements in addressing spurious correlations, focusing on invariance and stability. The objective of this review is to facilitate further research on this critical topic and improve the robustness and generalizability of machine learning models.
Costly Distractions: Focusing on Individual Behavior Undermines Support for Systemic Reforms
Authors: Hagmann David , Liao Yi-tsen , Chater Nick , Loewenstein George
Published: April 2023

Policy challenges can typically be addressed both through systemic changes (e.g., taxes and mandates) and by encouraging individual behavior change. In this paper, we propose that, while in principle complementary, systemic and individual perspectives can compete for the limited attention of people and policymakers. Thus, directing policies in one of these two ways can distract the public’s attention from the other—an “attentional opportunity cost.” In two pre-registered experiments (n = 1,800) covering three high-stakes domains (climate change, retirement savings, and public health), we show that when people learn about policies targeting individual behavior (such as awareness campaigns), they are more likely to themselves propose policies that target individual behavior, and to hold individuals rather than organizational actors responsible for solving the problem, than are people who learned about systemic policies (such as taxes and mandates, Study 1). This shift in attribution of responsibility has behavioral consequences: people exposed to individual interventions are more likely to donate to an organization that educates individuals rather than one seeking to effect systemic reforms (Study 2). Policies targeting individual behavior may, therefore, have the unintended consequence of redirecting attention and attributions of responsibility away from systemic change to individual behavior.
Overburdened Bureaucrats: Providing Equal Access to Public Services during COVID-19
Authors: Kolstad Karoline Larsen
Published: April 2023

Discriminatory treatment of minorities by bureaucrats remains a serious challenge. A dominant explanation argues that bureaucrats discriminate because of high workloads in public organizations, but few empirical studies test this outside of the lab. In this study, I investigate whether workload matters for discrimination in a real-world public service context during the COVID-19 pandemic in Denmark in 2020. I document that unemployment services experienced a substantial increase in workload due to a 20% rise in unemployment and exploit the fact that the increase happened suddenly and spread asymmetrically. I use micro-level register data on bureaucrat-client interactions on more than 380,000 unemployed and examine whether bureaucrats provided fewer services to citizens of non-Western descent. The finding reveals that the substantial workload associated with the COVID-19 pandemic did not lead to increased discrimination. I discuss the special circumstances associated with the COVID-19 pandemic and the possible role of organizational structure and professional norms.
The Delhi Rape Case and India’s Urban Middle Class
Authors: Ranjan Pramod
Published: April 2023

The demonstrations against the 16 December 2012 Delhi gang-rape incident shook Raisina Hill, right up to the ornate iron gates of Rashtrapati Bhavan. This was the second time since Anna Hazare’s anti-corruption movement that the urban middle class took to the streets in such a big way. As compared to Anna’s movement, these protests saw a much larger participation by youth. So much so that the ruling party as well as the opposition – in fact everyone who has stakes in the Delhi ‘gaddi’- heard the footsteps of the Arab Spring in it. What is the reason that in a country where one rape takes place every hour and an attempt to rape or an incident of eve-teasing every half-an-hour, the rape of a commoner triggered such a big protest in Delhi? Is it because Delhi is India’s capital and the news media keep a close eye on it?The same middle class is clamouring for death for the accused in the Delhi gang-rape case. What was so special about Chatterjee that the hands of even the hangman would have trembled while executing him? Chatterjee was a Brahmin. Under Manusmriti rule under no circumstances, including murder and rape, can a Brahmin be hung. It was maybe for the first time under India’s new Constitution, that a Brahmin was sentenced to death by the state.
The Dynamics of the India-Eurasia Collision: Faulted Viscous Continuum Models Constrained by High-Resolution Sentinel-1 InSAR and GNSS Velocities
Authors: Fang Jin , Houseman Greg , Wright Tim , Evans Lynn , Craig Timothy , Elliott John , Hooper Andy
Published: April 2023

The dynamics of lithospheric deformation in the India-Eurasia collision zone has been debated over many decades. Here we test a two-dimensional (2-D) Thin Viscous Shell (TVS) approach that has been adapted to explicitly account for displacement on major faults and investigate the impact of lateral variations in depth-averaged lithospheric strength. We present a suite of dynamic models to explain the key features from new high-resolution Sentinel-1 Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) as well as Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) velocities. Comparisons between calculated and geodetically observed velocity and strain rate fields indicate: (a) internal buoyancy forces from Gravitational Potential Energy (GPE) acting on a relatively weak region of highest topography (>2,000 m) contribute to dilatation of the high plateau and contraction on the margins; (b) a weak central Tibetan Plateau ~10^21 Pa s compared to far-field depth-averaged effective viscosity of 10^22 to 10^23 Pa s) is required to explain the observed long-wavelength eastward velocity variation away from major faults; (c) resisted slip on faults produces strain localization and clockwise rotation around the Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis (EHS). We discuss the tectonic implications for the rheology of the lithosphere, distribution of geodetic strain, and partitioning of active faulting and seismicity.
The German COVID-19 Questionnaire for Anorexia Nervosa (COV-AN)
Authors: Jarvers Irina , Ecker Angelika , Schleicher Daniel , Otto Alexandra
Published: April 2023

Here, we present a COVID-19-specific questionnaire for patients with anorexia nervosa that assesses eating disorder specific behaviors, isolation, friendships, family relations, loss of control, social media and body dissatisfaction.
Native and non-native parsing of adjective placement—an ERP study of Mandarin and English sentence processing
Authors: Wolpert Max , Zhang Hui , Baum Shari , Steinhauer Karsten
Published: April 2023

The rules governing adjective-noun order vary crosslinguistically, and event-related potentials have shown that violations of these rules elicit biphasic responses in native speakers and advanced non-native learners. We built on prior findings by replicating an English experiment and running a new experiment in Mandarin. In the replication, we tested native English speakers with advanced Mandarin proficiency (n=20); for the Mandarin experiment, we tested the same English-Mandarin bilinguals along with Mandarin native speakers (n=32). Native speakers in both languages showed the expected biphasic effect. However, to our surprise, native speakers’ Mandarin results showed an additional effect at the first word of the correct adjective-noun order, and Mandarin non-native speakers showed only an early effect. To explore these results, we compared individual differences, showing that participants varied in response patterns. We interpret our results as demonstrating that even when languages share adjective placement rules, processing can be impacted by crosslinguistic differences.
The role of emotional and linguistic features in Big Five taxonomies: A case study in Brazilian Portuguese
Authors: Bernardes Gabriel , Bozza Beatriz Rodrigues , Motta Marina do Amaral Thompson , Fischer Ronald
Published: April 2023

We explore whether linguistic features of person-descriptive adjectives influence the assignment of adjectives to Big-Five personality factors. In study 1, 11 subject matter experts classified a previously published list of 938 personality adjectives in Brazilian Portuguese according to the Big Five. This resulted in an initial list of 211 adjectives that may theoretically capture the Big Five traits. In study 2, a slightly revised list was presented to 500 participants from the general population. Using factor analysis and associations with the BFI-2XS a refined lexicon of 136 adjectives was produced. In study 3, we related the expert classifications and factor analysis results as well as descriptive statistics of the adjectives in study 2 with linguistic features (adjective frequency, valence, dominance, and arousal). We found weak effects of word frequency on adjective assignment into any of the Big Five factors. Affective features did correlate in systematic ways with adjective classifications and factor loading results. We also found that participants’ answers (response means) were systematically related to word frequency, valence, dominance, and lower arousal. We discuss the implications of these findings for personality assessment and the necessity of further investigation into linguistic effects on personality measures.
‘It's so beneficial to be able to stop the cycle’: Perceptions of intergenerational transmission of violence and parenting practices among pregnant women and their abusive partners
Authors: Taccini Federica , Domoney Jill , Ocloo Josephine , Heslin Margaret , Byford Sarah , Bick Debra , Howard Louise , MacMillan Harriet , Mannarini Stefania , Ramchandani Paul G. , Stanley Nicky , Trevillion Kylee
Published: April 2023

Purpose: This study aimed to explore how pregnant women who experience Domestic Violence and Abuse (DVA) and men who commit DVA understand the impact of their childhood environment on their current parenting practices and how a DVA psychological intervention may shape their parenting.Methods: Repeated individual qualitative interviews were conducted with pregnant mothers and fathers who reported DVA and were taking part in a psychological intervention to address DVA. Interviews were carried out at the start (during pregnancy) and end of the intervention (two years post-childbirth). Reflexive Thematic Analysis was used to analyse interviews. Results: 56 interviews (26 mothers; 13 fathers) were analysed. Five themes were identified: (1) Acknowledging childhood experiences of DVA; (2) The scars of traumatic experiences; (3) Challenging the silencing of abuse; (4) The transmission of parenting styles and behaviours from one generation to another; (5) Becoming the best parent one can be. Ninety-one percent of the participants providing information on their childhood family environment experienced at least one adverse childhood experience (ACE) and the intergenerational transmission of violence was identifiable in most narratives. Despite this, several participants described skills they acquired during the intervention (e.g., emotional regulation strategies) as assisting in interrupting violence and improving their relationships with their children.Conclusions: Participants with at least one ACE identified it as one of several risk factors for DVA in adulthood and how the intergenerational transmission of violence and poor parenting practices may be mitigated through trauma-informed, targeted interventions.
Serious Games for Intercultural Skills - Harnessing Horizontal and Vertical Asymmetries in Expertise and Diversity across the Curriculum
Authors: Bender Michael , Erle Thorsten Michael
Published: April 2023

Master’s students often have limited opportunities to apply the expertise they develop, and when it does happen it usually is within their own group (i.e., their course peers). They are rarely challenged to instruct, moderate, or coach others. Similarly, local and international Bachelor’s students hardly interact with one another to practice intercultural communication skills, as also recognized by elected representatives (i.e., school council). There clearly is untapped potential for meaningful intercultural contact to develop intercultural communication skills. We therefore set up a vertical (Master/Bachelor) and horizontal (Bachelor/Bachelor) structural interaction between local (Dutch) and international Bachelor’s courses and a Master’s level course. Students meet in newly designed roleplaying exercises to build basic intercultural skills relevant for their future careers by interacting with horizontal peers from diverse backgrounds. The exercises take place in specific negotiation and mediation settings to ensure that learning transfer can occur (i.e., applying knowledge). These games are facilitated by Master’s students who received additional training, so they can apply and develop their advanced intercultural skills and group management expertise in a real setting, with real cultural diversity (vertical peers). We have executed this practical course element for two years in a row, initially in an online-only format (20-21), then in a blended course with in-person game sessions (21-22). We report on the development, uptake, and effectiveness of these exercises, and discuss their potential and importance within modern curricula.
Shared or separate: Control processes of cross- and within-language interference
Authors: Williams Glenn Patrick , Kirk Neil William , Sanchez L. Maria , Afshar Ziba , Wen Yun
Published: April 2023

Language control is an essential cognitive process that allows bilinguals to fluently produce language by reducing cross-language interference. Yet, it remains unclear whether the control processes implemented when reducing cross-language interference are similar to those when reducing within-language interference. Since prior research has shown contradictory results, we set out to investigate this issue further based on a combination of language switch costs, as a measure of control processes resolving cross-language interference, and Stroop incongruency, as a measure of control processes resolving within-language interference. Relying on a range of statistical techniques, the results across three experiments testing three different groups of bilinguals (i.e., Dutch-English, Arabic-English, and Chinese-English) showed no clear interaction between language switch costs and Stroop incongruency, and neither was this pattern influenced by language dominance. These results are more in line with the claim that different controlprocesses are implemented to reduce cross- and within-language interference.
Transactional Effects Between Personality and Religiosity
Authors: Lenhausen Madeline Rowena , Schwaba Ted , Gebauer Jochen , Entringer Theresa M. , Bleidorn Wiebke
Published: April 2023

Do changes in religiosity beget changes in personality, or do changes in personality precede changes in religiosity? Existing evidence supports longitudinal associations between personality and religiosity at the between-person level, such that individual differences in personality predict subsequent individual differences in change in religiosity. However, no research to date has examined whether within-person changes in personality lead to subsequent changes in religiosity. Using random intercept cross-lagged panel models (RI-CLPM), we investigated between- and within-person associations between the Big Five personality traits and three aspects of religiosity – belief in God, service attendance, and prayer – in a sample of over 12,000 Dutch individuals across 11 annual assessments. We found between-person associations between all Big Five traits and religiosity, yet within-person associations only between agreeableness as well as extraversion and belief in God. Specifically, individuals who increased in agreeableness or extraversion reported subsequent increases in their belief in God and, in addition, individuals who increased in their belief in God showed subsequent increases in agreeableness. We further identified significant moderating effects of gender, religious upbringing, and religious affiliation. Overall, the present findings suggest that the associations between personality traits and religiosity primarily occur at the between-person level. However, the evidence for intraindividual associations between agreeableness, extraversion, and religious belief highlights the importance of distinguishing between-person from within-person effects to broaden the understanding of the temporal dynamics between variables.
Metacognitive Learning from Consequences of Past Choices Shapes Moral Decision-Making
Authors: Maier Maximilian , Cheung Vanessa , Lieder Falk
Published: April 2023

Many controversies arise from disagreements between moral rules and utilitarian cost-benefit reasoning (CBR). We show how moral learning from consequences can produce individual differences in people's reliance on rules versus CBR. In a new paradigm, participants (total $N=2328$) faced realistic dilemmas between one choice prescribed by a moral rule and one by CBR. Participants observed the consequences of their decision before the next dilemma. Across four experiments, we found adaptive changes in decision-making over 13 choices: Participants adjusted their decisions based on which decision strategy (rules or CBR) produced better consequences. Using computational modeling, we showed that many participants learned about decision strategies in general (metacognitive learning) rather than specific actions. Their learning transferred to incentive-compatible donation decisions and moral convictions beyond the experiment. We conclude that metacognitive learning is an important mechanism of moral learning and that individual differences in morality may be surprisingly malleable to learning from experience.