bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A boundary value problem on an infinite interval
Authors: Kartsatos Athanassios G.
Published: January 2009

We are interested here in proving the existence of solutions to the (generalised) boundary value problem

where A is a continuous n×n matrix on R+ = [0, ∞), F is a continuous n vector on R+ × S (S = a suitable subset of Rn), T is a bounded linear operator defined on (or on a subspace of) C[R+, Rn], the space of all bounded and continuous Rn-valued functions on R+, and r is a fixed vector in Rn. There is an abundance of papers dealing with the problem ((I), (II)) on finite intervals, either in its full generality (cf., for example, (1), (2), (3), (4), (6)), or for special cases of the operator T. The reader is especially referred to the work of Shreve (7), (8) for such problems on infinite intervals for scalar equations. A series representation of the solutions is given by Kravchenko and Yablonskii (5). Most of our methods are extensions of the corresponding ones on finite intervals with some variations concerning the application of fixed-point theorems. Examples of interesting operators T are

where V(t), M, N are n×n matrices with V(t) integrable.
On strong integral summability
Authors: Heagy E. C. , Shawyer B. L. R.
Published: January 2009

Strong summability has been studied by many authors, including Borwein and Cass (1, 2) who have studied sequence-to-sequence transforms. Here we studyintegral transforms; and due to the lack of a limitation theorem for such transforms, some results do not follow directly as in the sequence cases. The strong methods defined here can be applied to construct known and new strong summability methods. We do not give details here, but refer the reader to (3) with the suggestion that the natural scale operator method be used for Q and the named method for P. For example, with the Cesà methods, let P=(C,k,δ) and Q=(C,δ) to obtain .
On Realising Mod-2 Homology Classes of Manifolds by Submanifolds
Authors: Papastavridis Stavros
Published: January 2009

In his fundamental paper (3), Thorn proved, among other things, that a mod-2 homology class of an n-dimensional, closed, compact, C∞ manifold, which has dimension n/2, can be realised by a submanifold, (see (3), Théorème II. 1 and Corollaire 11.13).

In this note we examine the question of realisability of mod-2 homology classes of the next higher dimension.
Epis are onto for finite regular semigroups
Authors: Hall T. E. , Jones P. R.
Published: January 2009

After preliminary results and definitions in Section 1, we show in Section 2 that any finite regular semigroup is saturated, in the sense of Howie and Isbell [8] (that is, the dominion of a finite regular semigroup U in a strictly containing semigroup S is never S). This is equivalent of course to showing that in the category of semigroups any epi from a finite regular semigroup is in fact onto. Note for inverse semigroups the stronger result, that any inverse semigroup is absolutely closed [11, Theorem VII. 2.14] or [8, Theorem 2.3]. Further, any inverse semigroup is in fact an amalgamation base in the class of semigroups [10], in the sense of [5]. These stronger results are known to be false for finite regular semigroups [8, Theorem 2.9] and [5, Theorem 25]. Whether or not every regular semigroup is saturated is an open problem.
On the divisibility of the class number of by 16
Authors: Leonard Philip A. , Williams Kenneth S.
Published: January 2009

Let d(<0) denote a squarefree integer. The ideal class group of the imaginary quadratic field has a cyclic 2-Sylow subgroup of order ≦8 in precisely the following cases (see for example [5] and [6]):

where p and q denote primes and g, h, u and v are positive integers. The class number of is denoted by h(d) and in the above cases h(d) = 0(mod 8). For cases (i), (ii) and (iii) the authors [6] have given necessary and sufficient conditions for h(d) to be divisible by 16. In this paper we do the same for case (iv) extending the results of Brown [4].
On the zeros of the derivatives of some entire functions of finite order
Authors: Gethner Robert M.
Published: January 2009

Given a functionfmeromorphic in the plane, and complex numberswanda, callwana-pointoff(k)iff(k)(w) =a. Denote by Λ(a,f) the set ofz∈ℂ such that every neighborhood ofzcontainsa-pointsof infinitely many of the functionsf(k). Adapting the terminology of Pólya [16], who introduced the sets Λ(a,f) in [15],we call Λ(a,f) thefinal setoffwith respect toa.
The descending chain condition on solution sets for systems of equations in groups
Authors: Albert M. H. , Lawrence J.
Published: January 2009

The Ehrenfeucht Conjecture [5] states that if Μ is a finitely generated free monoid with nonempty subset S, then there is a finite subset T⊂S (a “test set”) such that given two endomorphisms f and g on Μ, f and g agree on S if and only if they agree on T. In[4], the authors prove that the above conjecture is equivalent to the following conjecture: a system of equations in a finite number of unknowns in Μ is equivalent to a finite subsystem. Since a finitely generated free monoid embeds naturally into the free group with the same number of generators, it is natural to ask whether a free group of finite rank has the above property on systems of equations. A restatement of the question motivates the following.
An inversion theorem for the Stieltjes transform of distributions
Authors: Pilipović Stevan
Published: January 2009

The Stieltjes transformation of generalized functions was investigated by Benedetto[1], Zemanian [16], Misra [10] Pandey [11], Lavoine and Misra [7], and Erdélyi [5]. The inversion theorems for the Stieltjes transform of generalized functions, in their own approaches, were given in Benedetto [1], Zemanian [16], Pandey [11], Pathak [12] (he used Pande's approach) and Erdélyi [5].
The space of sections of a sphere-bundle I
Authors: Crabb M. C. , Sutherland W. A.
Published: January 2009

Throughout this paper X will be a finite connected CW-complex of dimension m, and ξ will be a real (n + l)-plane bundle over X(n >0) equipped with a Riemannian metric. We aim to give a systematic account of the space ГSξ of sections of the sphere-bundle Sξ.
Integral Equations Satisfied by Lamé-Wangerin Functions
Authors: Lambe C. G.
Published: January 2009

Integral equations are obtained with nuclei (l — zt/a)2n and (z–t)2n which are satisfied by characteristic solutions of the transformed Lamé-Wangerin equation of order n, and each of the two characteristic solutions is expressed in terms of the other by a contour integral.
A Note about Functions in Lip α
Authors: Plessis N. Du
Published: January 2009

This note gives a proof of the result:

A necessary and sufficient condition that a trigonometrical series T (x) be the Fourier series of a function is that σn – σm = O(n-n) uniformly in [0, 2π] for all m≤n, where σn is the nth (C, l) mean of T (x).
Groups with prescribed automorphism group: A clarification
Authors: Robinson Derek J. S.
Published: January 2009

In Theorems 1 and 2 of [] necessary and sufficient conditions were given for a group G to have a finite automorphism group Aut G and a semisimple subgroup of central automorphisms AutcG. Recently it occurred to us, as a result of conversations with Ursula Webb, that these conditions could be stated in a much simpler and clearer form. Our purpose here is to record this reformulation. For an explanation ofterminology and notation we refer the reader to [1].
Free non-associative principal train algebras
Authors: Holgate P.
Published: January 2009

The definitions of finite dimensional baric, train, and special train algebras, and of genetic algebras in the senses of Schafer and Gonshor (which coincide when the ground field is algebraically closed, and which I call special triangular) are given in Worz-Busekros's monograph [8]. In [6] I introduced applications requiring infinite dimensional generalisations. The elements of these algebras were infinite linear forms in basis elements a0, a1,… and complex coefficients such that In this paper I consider only algebras whose elements are forms which only a finite number of the xi are non zero.
An extended Hamburger moment problem
Authors: Njåstad Olav
Published: January 2009

The classical Hamburger moment problem can be formulated as follows: Given a sequence {cn:n=0,1,2,…} of real numbers, find necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a distribution function ψ (i.e. a bounded, real-valued, non-decreasing function) on (– ∞,∞) with infinitely many points of increase, such that , n = 0,1,2, … This problem was posed and solved by Hamburger [5] in 1921. The corresponding problem for functions ψ on the interval [0,∞) had already been treated by Stieltjes [15] in 1894. The characterizations were in terms of positivity of Hankel determinants associated with the sequence {cn}, and the original proofs rested on the theory of continued fractions. Much work has since been done on questions connected with these problems, using orthogonal functions and extension of positive definite functionals associated with the sequence. Accounts of the classical moment problems with later developments can be found in [1,4,14]. Good modern accounts of the theory of orthogonal polynomials can be found in [2,3].
Joint spectra for commuting operators
Authors: KällstrÖm A. , Sleeman B.D.
Published: January 2009

The theory of joint spectra for commuting operators in a Hilbert space has recently been studied by several authors (Vasilescu [11,12], Curto [4,5], and Cho-Takaguchi[2,3]). In this paper we willuse the definition by Taylor [10] of the joint spectrum to show that thejoint spectrum is determined by the action of certain "Laplacians"(cf. Curto [4,5]) of a chain-complex of Hilbert spaces.
Husemoller-Witt decompositions and actions of the Steenrod algebra
Authors: Baker Andrew
Published: January 2009

Recently, there has been renewed interest in the homology of connective covers of the classifying spaces BU and BO, and their associated Thom spectra-see e.g. [4,6,9,10,15]. There are now numerous families of generators as well as structural results on the action of the Steenrod algebra. However, these two areas have not been well related since the methods used have tended to emphasise one goal rather than the other. In this paper we show that there are in fact canonical Hopf algebra decompositions for the sub-Hopf algebras of the homology of BU, and BO constructed by S. Kochman in [9], generalising those of [8]. Furthermore, these are clearly and consistently related to the Steenrod algebra action, and provide canonical sets of algebra generators. They should thus allow calculations of the type exemplified in [6] to be carried out in all cases, although of course the complexity of the answer increases rapidly! A by-product of our approach is that we can easily obtain results on these homologies as Hopf algebras, such as selfduality and a computation of endomorphism groups over the Steenrod algebra. We feel that the methods will also give interesting information in the case of some other familiar spaces even if their homology is not self dual (or bipolynomial); we intend to return to this in a sequel.
On Measure of Sumsets
Authors: MacBeath A. M.
Published: January 2009

In the second paper under this general title, it was shown how a theorem about the torus could be deduced by a limiting process from a theorem on finite abelian groups. The object of this paper is to prove a similar continuous analogue of H. B. Mann's (α+β)-theorem. It was found that the limiting process used in the second paper could not easily be modified to apply to the present problem, and an alternative method had to be found. The method is, roughly, to prove the result first for open sets satisfying certain conditions, then for closed sets by taking intersections of open sets, and finally for arbitrary measurable sets, since every measurable set contains a closed set of almost equal measure.
On Mean Value Limits for Bounded Regular Functions
Authors: Bowen N. A.
Published: January 2009

The object of this note is to state and prove two theorems of the nature of Montel's Limit Theorem for a function which is regular and bounded in a region G, but involving as hypothesis the limit of a mean value of the function instead of the limit of the function itself. Theorem 2 below (with b = b′ = 1), in which G is a half-strip, was stated several years ago in a letter to A. J. Macintyre and myself from J. M. Whittaker, who added that it could be proved by integrating the inequality in Lemma 3 below (which is due to Dr Whittaker). As far as I can discover, such a proof still has not appeared in print; hence the present one.
Disjoint conjugates of cyclic subgroups of finite groups
Authors: Laffey Thomas J.
Published: January 2009

In an earlier paper (2) we considered the following question “If S is a cyclic subgroup of a finite group G and S ∩ F(G) = 1, where F(G) is the Fitting subgroup of G, does there necessarily exist a conjugate Sx of S in G with S ∩ Sx = l?” and we gave an affirmative answer for G simple or soluble. In this paper we answer the question affirmatively in general (in fact we prove a somewhat stronger result (Theorem 3)). We give an example of a group G with a cyclic subgroup S such that (i) no nontrivial subgroup of S is normal in G and (ii) no x exists for which S ∩ Sx = 1.
An inverse scattering problem for acoustic waves in a spherically stratified medium
Authors: Colton David
Published: January 2009

The inverse problem we will consider in this paper has its origins in the following problem connected with the scattering of acoustic waves in a nonhomogeneous medium. Let an incoming plane acoustic wave of frequency ω moving in the direction of the z axis be scattered off a “soft” sphere Ω of radius one which is surrounded by a pocket of rarefied or condensed air in which the local speed of sound is given by c(r) where r = |x| for x ∈ R3. Let us(x)eiωt be the velocity potential of the scattered wave and let r, θ, φ be spherical coordinates in R3. Then from a knowledge of the far field pattern f(θ, φ, λ) for λ = ω/c0 contained in some finite interval 0 < λ0 ≤ λ ≤ λ1,, we would like to determine the unknown function c(r).
Related representation theorems for rings, semi-rings, near-rings and semi-near-rings by partial transformations and partial endomorphisms
Authors: Weinert Hanns Joachim
Published: January 2009

Fundamental statements for (associative) rings are that (a) the endomorphisms of each commutative group (U, +) form a ring and (b) eachring may be embedded in such a ring of endomorphisms. In order to generalise these theorems to groups and rings whose addition may not be commutative, one has to deal with partial endomorphisms. But thesering-theoretical Theorems 4a and 4b turn out to be specialisations of similarones for semi-near-rings, near-rings and semirings, developed here inSection 2 after some preliminaries on semi-near-rings in Section 1. A glance at Definition 1 and the ring-theoretical theorems and remarks at the end of Section 2 may give more orientation.
Representing Tate cohomology of G-spaces
Authors: Greenlees J. P. C.
Published: January 2009

Tate cohomology of finite groups [5] is very good at emphasising periodic cohomological behaviour and hence at the study of free actions on spheres [8]. Tate cohomology of spaces was introduced by Swan [10] for finite dimensional spaces to systematically ignore free actions, and hence to simplify various arguments in fixed point theory.
On Pták's double-limit theorems
Authors: Young N.J.
Published: January 2009

Consider uniform spacesXandYand a separately uniformly continuous real-valued functionfonX×Y. The following question arises in the theory of games: under what conditions canfbe extended to a separately continuous function on× Ŷ, where, Ŷ are the completions ofXandYrespectively? Firstly observe that such an extension is not always possible. IfX=Y= (0, 1] with the usual uniform structure andf(x, y) =xythenfis separately uniformly continuous but has no separately continuous extension to× Ŷ = [0, 1]2since such an extension would satisfyf(0, .) = 0 onYandf(., 0) = 1 onXand so would necessarily have a discontinuity in one argument at the origin.
Products of idempotents in certain semigroups of transformations
Authors: Howie J. M.
Published: January 2009

In an earlier paper (5) a description was given in set-theoretic terms of the semigroup generated by the idempotents of a full transformation semigroup , one of the results being that if X is finite then every element of that is not bijective is expressible as a product of idempotents. In view of this it was natural to ask whether by analogy every singular square matrix is expressibleas a product of idempotent matrices. This is indeed the case, as was shown by J. A. Erdos (2). Magill (6) has considered products of idempotents in thesemigroup of all continuous self-maps of a topological space X, but a comparable characterization of products of idempotents in this case appears to be extremelydifficult, and no solution is available yet.
The power inequality on normed spaces
Authors: Crabb Michael J.
Published: January 2009

Let X be a complex normed space, with dual space X′. Let T be a bounded linear operator on X. The numerical range V(T) of T is defined as {f(Tx): x ∈ X, f ∈ X′, ‖ x ‖ = ‖ f ‖ = f(x) = 1}, and the numerical radius v(T) of T is defined as sup {|z|: z ∈ V(T)}. For a unital Banach algebra A, the numerical range V(a) of a ∈ A is defined as V(Ta), where Ta is the operator on A defined by Tab = ab. It is shown in (2, Chapter 1.2, Lemma 2) that V(a) = {f(a): f ∈ D(1)}, where D(1) = {f ∈ A′: ‖f‖ = f(1) = 1}.
A note on uniquely maximal Banach spaces
Authors: Cowie E. R.
Published: January 2009

Let X be a real or complex Banach space with norm ∥·∥· Let G denote the set of all isometric automorphisms on X. Then G is a bounded subgroup of the group of all invertible operators GL(X) in B(X). We shall call G the group of isometries with respect to the norm ∥·∥· A bounded subgroup of GL(X) is said to be maximal if it is not contained in any larger bounded subgroup. The Banach space X has maximal norm if G is maximal. Hilbert spaces have maximal norm. For the (real or complex) spaces c0, lp (1≦p<∞), Lp[0,1] (1≦p<∞), Pelczynski and Rolewicz have shown that the standard norms are maximal ([3], pp. 252–265). In finite dimensional spaces the only maximal groups of isometries are the groups of orthogonal transformations. Given any bounded group H in B(X), X can be renormed equivalently so that each T∈H is an isometry, by ‖x‖1=sup{|Tx‖; T∈H}. Therefore corresponding to every maximal subgroup G there is at least one maximal norm for which G is the group of isometries. In this paper we shall investigate those maximal groups G for which there is only one maximal norm with G as its group of isometries.
Elliptic multiparameter eigenvalue problems
Authors: Binding P. A. , Seddighi K.
Published: January 2009

We study the eigenproblem

where

and Tm, Vmn are self-adjoint operators on separable Hilbert spaces Hm. We assume the Tm to be bounded below with compact resolvents, and the Vmn to be bounded and to satisfy an “ellipticity” condition. If k = 1 then ellipticity is automatic, and if each Tm is positive definite then the problem is “left definite”.
On the Divisibility of certain Numbers
Authors: Mackay J.S.
Published: January 2009

Of the following properties the first two are obvious; the third was communicated to the Royal Society of London by the Rev. Dr James Booth* in 1854; the others, obtained many years ago, have not as far as I know been remarked. They seem to be more curious than useful.
Kötter's synthetic geometry of algebraic curves
Authors: Fraser Norman
Published: January 2009

In the following paper I propose to give a short account of Dr Ernst Kötter's purely geometrical theory of the algebraic plane curves. This theory is developed in a treatise which, in 1886, gained the prize of the Berlin Royal Academy; but the contents of my paper are also partly drawn from a course of lectures delivered by Dr Kötter in the University of Berlin, W.S. 1887–88.
Sur une propriété projective des sections coniques
Authors: Aubert M. Paul
Published: January 2009

Théorème.— On considère tous les cercles σ passant par deux points fixes, dont l'un c est sur la circonférence d'un cercle donné s, et l'autre d sur une droite donnèe l. Chacun des cercles σ rencontre la droite l en un second point d' et la circonférence s en un second point c′: La droite c′d' passe par un point fixe i de la circonférence s, quel que soit le cercle σ considéré.
A problem in the theory of numbers
Authors: Miller T. Hugh
Published: January 2009

Let it be required to find the square integral numbers which added to a given integer shall produce a square integer, and the smallest such number.
The pedal line of a triangle and theorems connected with it
Authors: Gibson George A.
Published: January 2009

Most of the following theorems occur in a more or less explicit form in text-books on the geometry of the parabola; but it will not, I hope, be without interest and value to consider them independently, and to prove them by using only the propositions of Euclid.
Note on Tortuous Curves
Authors: Miller John
Published: January 2009

The condition that the principal normals of one curve may also be the principal normals of a second curve is, as found by Bertrand, that a linear relation with constant coefficients should exist between the curvature and torsion of each curve. In seeking for pairs of curves such that the tangents, principal normals or binomials of one may be the tangents, principal normals or binormals of the other, there are six cases to be considered. The curves of Bertrand are furnished by one case, and a second case, that of evolutes and involutes, is also discussed in the text-books. Of the remaining four only one gives results worthy of mention. Bertrand's problem suggests the inquiry into the nature of the pair of curves when the binormal of one is the principal normal of the other. A certain quadratic relation of a simple character found to exist between the curvature and torsion of the second curve led me to a paper in the Comples Rendus of 1893, by Demoulin, in which the problem had been generalised. His method of solution is different, and no explicit results as to the nature of the curves are given in the paper. Since no indication of the discussion of the problem is given in the text-books I have seen, I venture to submit a note of some results.
Approximation by means of Convergent Fractions
Authors: Dixon A. C.
Published: January 2009

This is a note on the theory of continued fractions, in which the chief feature is the use made of the successive remainders or divisors which occur in the reduction of any given ratio to a continued fraction.

The treatment of the Pellian equation also differs from that which is generally given.
The Focal Circles of Circular Cubics
Authors: Milne William P.
Published: January 2009

The following method of establishing the existence and properties of the Focal Circles of a Circular Cubic is, as far as I know, new, and it has the advantage of dispensing, almost entirely, explicitly with analysis, while many of the properties can be proved without using the complicated method of generating the curve given in Salmon. The results which I have arrived at in connexion with the Nodal Cubic and Cuspidal Cubic are not given in Salmon.
A Method of investigating the Geometry of Families of Curves, with Examples
Authors: Valentine George D.
Published: January 2009

Consider the equation f(ξ η, x, y) = 0. If definite values of ξ and η be taken, and x and y be current co-ordinates, f(ξ η, x, y) = 0 is represented by a curve in the plane of xy. If all the possible values of ξ and η be taken in turn, f(ξ η, x, y) = 0 will be represented by a doubly infinite family of curves in the xy plane. Similarly if all possible definite values of x and y be taken in turn and ξ and η be regarded as current co-ordinates, f(ξ η, x, y) = 0 will be represented by a doubly infinite family of curves in the ξη plane. Since the first and the second doubly infinite families of curves represent the same equation, it may be expected that some geometrical correspondence exists between them. It is the object of the present paper to investigate this correspondence.
Note on Legendre's and Bertrand's Proofs of the Parallel-Postulate by Infinite Areas
Authors: Sommerville D. M. Y.
Published: January 2009

One of the most plausible of the host of “proofs” that have ever been offered for Euclid's parallel-postulate is that known as Bertrand's, which is based upon a consideration of infinite areas. The area of the whole plane being regarded as an infinity of the second order, the area of a strip of plane surface bounded by a linear segment AB and the rays AA′, BB perpendicular to AB is an infinity of the first order, since a single infinity of such strips is required to cover the plane. On the other hand, the area contained between two intersecting straight lines is an infinity of the same order as the plane, since the plane can be covered by a finite number of such sectors. Hence if AP is drawn making any angle, however small, with AA′, the area A′AP, an infinity of the second order, cannot be contained within the area A′ABB′, an infinity of the first order, and therefore AP must cut BB′. And this is just Euclid's postulate.
A system of nonagons nonuply in perspective
Authors: Milne William P.
Published: January 2009

In investigating the properties of the cubic curve C, we are led to consider its Hessian C′, its Cayleyan Γ and the Hessian of its Cayleyan Γ′. In the present paper we propose to deal with the intersections of the systems C + λC and Γ + μΓ′.
The possible generalisation of Pascal's Theorem to three dimensions
Authors: Ferrar W. L.
Published: January 2009

§ 1. Extensions of Pascal's theorem are already known if we look at the matter from certain particular points of view – an extension of the theorem from the more general point of view is still a desideratum.
Theorems connected with the Differentiation of a Circulant
Authors: Metzler W. H.
Published: January 2009

In 1909 Dr Thomas Muir, in a paper on the above topic, gave several theorems involving the derivation of a circulant, and it is the writer's purpose in this paper to extend these investigations with a number of other results.
A Version of Hagen's Proof of the “Law of Error.”
Authors: Muirhead R. F.
Published: January 2009

Hagen's proof (1837), as described in the 8th edition of Mansfield Merriman's “Method of Least Squares,” is based on the assumption that the error may be supposed to consist of the algebraic sum of an infinite number of infinitesimal errors of equal amount ε, each one of which is equally likely to be positive or negative. Thus if 2m is the number of the infinitesimal errors, the probability of the error x ≡ 2p ε occurring is

and the maximum value of P occurs when p = 0, and is

.
On the form in Polar co-ordinates of certain expressions occurring in Elastic Solids and in Hydrodynamics
Authors: Chree Charles
Published: January 2009

In this paper is considered the form taken in Polar co-ordinates by the equivalents of certain well known expressions in Cartesian co-ordinates which occur in Elastic Solids and in Hydrodynamics.

The accompanying figure (fig. 29) will enable us to transform from Cartesians to Polars by simple geometry.
Greenhouse gas emissions from rice farming inputs: a cross-country assessment
Authors: MARASENI T. N. , MUSHTAQ S. , MAROULIS J.
Published: January 2009

Regardless of the irrigation system deployed, rice production requires a variety of farm energy inputs. The present study estimated and compared greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from rice farming practices, resulting from various farm inputs and irrigation systems in Pakistan, the Philippines, China, Indonesia, Myanmar, Nepal, Australia and the USA. Results indicate that, on aggregate, emissions related to farm machinery, fuels, agrochemicals and animal labour accounted for 0·018, 0·307, 0·666 and 0·008, respectively. Emissions from tubewell irrigation systems were the highest, followed by canal and rainfed irrigation systems. Average emissions from all selected countries with tubewell irrigation systems were 1·64 times greater than canal irrigation systems and 2·64 times greater than rainfed irrigation systems. When considering GHG emission efficiencies (emissions/kg of rice yield), developing countries were found to be less efficient than developed countries in both canal and tubewell irrigation systems. The relationship between GHG emissions and rice yield was statistically significant (P<0·01), with results indicating that a yield increase of 100 kg would increase GHG emissions by 16·51 kg CO2e (kg carbon dioxide equivalent).
Hawthorne and Goldsmith: a Note
Authors: Durham Frank
Published: January 2009

Remarkably enough, Austin Warren calls Hawthorne ‘the unallusive Hawthorne’, but a mere four pages later he deduces from ‘The Hall of Fantasy’ in Mosses from an Old Manse that Homer, Aesop, Dante, Ariosto, Rabelais, Cervantes, Shakespeare, Spenser, Milton, and Bunyan were ‘Hawthorne's pantheon of the greatest creators’ and that Fielding, Richardson, Scott, and even poor Charles Brockden Brown were among his favourite novelists. As a matter of fact, to today's casual reader Hawthorne's work appears rather generously sprinkled with allusions to other writers and works. In spite of George Augustus Sala's remark: ‘Nobody ever saw him read…A friend who knew him well told me that on his shelves Hawthorne had not twenty volumes, and that these were of the most ordinary sort’, Warren and others have established without doubt that Hawthorne was a voracious reader all his life. When he was a young man it was said of him, ‘He's read every book in the [Salem] Athenaeum’. Furthermore, when Hawthorne did quote an author or refer to him, he did so from actual knowledge of that author's works. The majority of his quotations and allusions Hawthorne carefully labelled as quotations and allusions; but, occasionally, either consciously or unconsciously, he quoted—or perhaps echoed—without attribution. To point out such a ‘quotation’ is the purpose of this paper.
The Novelist as Historian: William Styron and American Negro Slavery
Authors: White John
Published: January 2009

William Styron'sThe Confessions of Nat Turner, a fictional account of the 1831 Virginia slave revolt, is, in the author's words, ‘less an “historical novel” in conventional terms than a meditation on history’. It produced an immediate and continuing response from American readers, and was greeted both as ‘superlative history’ and as the distorted creation of a ‘vile racist imagination’. Certainly, no recent American novel has evoked such partisan controversy and made so apparent the already deep but widening emotional and intellectual rift between white liberals and the new generation of black militants in search of a usable past. Nor has any treatment of Negro slavery and the slave personality since the publication of Stanley Elkins's seminal essay been so avidly praised or so bitterly condemned. The question in dispute has been less Styron's treatment of the events of the Turner revolt (Styron incorporates most of Turner's own alleged ‘Confessions’ into the narrative) than the historical accuracy of the author's descriptions of the workings of the slave system, particularly its effects on whites and blacks. A summary of the conflicting responses best indicates the range and impact of Styron's novel and provides also a framework within which to set and evaluate the intentions and achievements of the novelist as historian.
Another Look at the Boston ‘Caucus’
Authors: Alan  , Day Katherine
Published: January 2009

The authors are graduates of the University of Southampton. Both are now at the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, where Alan Day is completing his doctoral research in the History Department and Katherine Day is a special student in the Social Relations Department. They wish to acknowledge with gratitude the many valuable criticisms and suggestions made at various stages of this paper's composition by Dr Philip S. Haffenden of the University of Southampton and Dr Jack P. Greene and the Early American History Seminar of the Johns Hopkins University.
An Anglo-American Friendship: Allston and Coleridge
Authors: Welsh John R.
Published: January 2009

One of the most interesting and intense of Samuel Taylor Coleridge's various friendships, and one which especially affected the poet, sprang from his association with the American cosmopolite, Washington Allston. Though largely forgotten now, or ignored if remembered, Allston was an artist of great prominence in the first half of the nineteenth century, acclaimed in the United States as the foremost American painter. His writings—consisting mainly of a slender volume of verse, The Sylphs of the Seasons, and an Italian revenge tale, Monaldi—were also highly praised in journals and among the literati. But when the ‘historical style’, a term applied to romantic idealism in painting, went out of fashion, Allston's high standing as painter went with it; nor were his writings of the volume or quality to sustain a literary reputation. There exists no doubt, though, that Allston was the first skilled all-round American painter, for the simple reason that no American before him had painted competently such a broad range of subjects in the different genres. Neither is there any doubt as to Allston's influence upon contemporary artists and writers. He was a catalyst who seemed to stir others to expression wherever he went. His 1839 exhibition of paintings in Boston caused a mild sensation and was written about by Margaret Fuller, James Freeman Clarke, Oliver Wendell Holmes and Elizabeth Peabody. Washington Irving's story ‘The Wife’ in The Sketch-Book was based on Allston's married life.
Pound, Ford and ‘Prose’: The Making of a Modern Poet
Authors: Homberger Eric
Published: January 2009

‘I believe’, Swinburne wrote in 1875, ‘you know my theory that nothing which can possibly be as well said in prose ought ever to be said in verse’. The clarity of the distinction between prose and verse, though in practice a little wobbly, was felt to be actual in Victorian critical thought. It was not the long narrative poems (Maud, The Ring and the Book, Sordello, The Idylls of the King, The Prelude, Amours de Voyage) which undermined the distinction, but the exquisite poëmes en prose of Baudelaire, Rimbaud and Mallarmé. To blur the lines between die different kinds of art one wrote poems titled ‘Symphony in Yellow’ (Wilde), ‘Pastel’ (Symons), ‘Prose pour des Esseintes’ (Mallarmé), titled paintings ‘Nocturne’ (Whistler), or created an art form designed to absorb and surpass all others (Wagner). In Marius the Epicurean Walter Pater proved that there was no viable distinction between the language of poetry and language of prose, and in so doing created a language which was richly and grotesquely unique. To talk of poetry in terms of dance, music and painting was to neutralize the pressure of moral judgement, but this did not efface the idea of the ‘poetic’ as something, in some sense, distinct from prose. Though the lines between the two were softened, they did not disappear, becoming, for the following generation, an increasingly problematic aspect of their own art.
America through Africa and Asia
Authors: Shepperson George
Published: January 2009

“A pedigree bloodhound for scenting out Negroana” was what I was called twenty years ago by Cedric Dover, a Eurasian writer unduly neglected today. I am content to accept his verdict on my pursuit of Afro-American and African studies, aldiough there is, perhaps, a little too much of Harriet Beecher Stowe's running dogs in the imagery for my liking and his statement seems to imply that I have spent all of my academic life tracking down disappearing black men and women in the dismal swamp of the past. It is true that I am never happier than when I have brought to light a forgotten figure with African ancestry. But my interests in Africa and America have ramified into other areas, especially into Scotland, at home and abroad; and I have spent some of my researches following Scottish themes. Yet, even here, continental and inter-cultural connections multiply, as the letter from Cedric Dover which I have quoted indicates. We were in correspondence about Robert Duncanson (1817–1872), a pioneer of Afro-American art: “a Scots Canadian mulatto born in New York State,” most of whose later life was spent in Europe, “where classical tradition took him to Italy and paternal tradition to Scotland,” whose “feeling of superiority … caused him to reject the Negro people and identify himself” with his father's country.
How I Invented America
Authors: Bradbury Malcolm
Published: January 2009

There exists a handy term, “Americanist,” that serves to describe what it is I am, and what it is I do. I teach in, indeed I started, a busy American Studies programme; I specialize in American literature. The term is handy, and yet it doesn't entirely satisfy me, explaining a good deal about the object of my academic attention, but nothing about why the attention grew up, or what part it plays in my life. I have many basic preoccupations, and many roles deriving from them: I am a university teacher, a literary critic, a writer. But if, as I think, they link fruitfully with each other, this is because they are tied by a presiding and demanding preoccupation with literature — with its stylistic nature and its social and cultural origins and existence, with its historical pastness and its insistent presentness. In such matters I spend most of my life and invest most of my imagination. And in such matters there is no doubt that the United States plays a central and a fascinating part. Yet I was interested in literature before I was interested in America, I was interested in America before I became an Americanist, and my Americanist interest is itself part of something else, an obsessive concern with the inter-nationality of writing, with the influences that shape and command it, with the world in which it works, or does not, as the case may be. So I want to go behind my Americanist function – and what better opportunity could I have than in response to the present invitation, which calls for reminiscence, and even a little confession?

In many ways, of course, my American interests are inevitable enough and obvious enough: anyone drawing the map of contemporary intellectual geography would need to put the United States in some radiating and central position, and anyone considering the nature of writing today would need to agree that in its conduct and its stylistic advancement the United States plays a role of enormous power.
Jonathan Edwards: The First Two Hundred Years
Authors: Shea Daniel B.
Published: January 2009

Occasionally, even the student of American culture grown accustomed to its odd couples — Thomas Morton and lasses in beaver coats, Emily Dickinson and Thomas Wentworth Higginson, Mark Twain and the Reverend Joseph Twichell — is brought up short. One does not, after all, expect to encounter the language and cadences of Jonathan Edwards' Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God in a Walt Disney production of Pollyanna, a film in which the heroine's gladness has come to fulfill roughly the function of divine grace. And it is only slighdy less improbable to encounter in the New Yorker for 31 July 1978 the disembodied, dialectical voices of Donald Barthelme's The Leap, agreeing to postpone the leap of faitli to another day, setting aside their awareness that “We hang by a slender thread. — The fire boils below us — the pit. Crawling with roaches and other tilings. — Torture unimaginable.”

The use and misuse of Jonathan Edwards, or less moralistically, the observable process of advocacy, condemnation, adaptation, and creative redefinition focussed on his life and work, has a long and instructive history. In October of 1903 an important stage in that process had been reached when bicentennial celebrations of Edwards' birth resulted in a flourishing of tributes to die Edwards legacy and assessments of the permanent and the passing in his diought, as one writer put it. We may now, three quarters of a century later, have reached a stage of comparable significance, with a potential both for summing up and for speculating on what lies ahead.
Call Me Nigger!: Race and Speech in Faulkner's Light in August
Authors: Godden Richard
Published: January 2009

Much has been written about community in Yoknapatawpha; a great deal of it reads like an apology for Arcadia. Cleanth Brooks is a persistent offender:

The little town is old-fashioned and backward looking. It is suspicious of any outsiders who would disturb its life, and when it cannot expel the alien, it tries to wall him off in a kind of cultural cyst as bees enclose with waxen walls a beetle or wasp that has got inside the hive.

The activities of Jefferson, Miss., in Light in August strike me as being less benevolent than the activities of bees. However, my point is more general: even in “old fashioned” communities people do not “Know who they are and where they belong” (xviii) as of a timeless right. They know because they engage in social exchanges which substantiate or qualify their belonging.

Recently Myra Jehlen has undertaken a class-based analysis of such exchanges. In Class and Character in Faulkner's South she discovers “the living pulse” of Yoknapatawpha in its “tangled social context.” As a result, she pleads with some justification for a shift of interest towards class in Faulkner scholarship:

William Faulkner was obsessed by history … [and] he drew characters whose inner lives are essentially linings for selves tailored to unalterable social patterns.… His people's tragedy is that their interior world has been co-opted by an external world they never made and apparently no one can ever unmake, (p. 1)
The Political Economy of John Taylor of Caroline
Authors: Macleod Duncan
Published: January 2009

After years of comparative neglect John Taylor of Caroline has recently begun to receive again a degree of attention more in keeping with his true importance. That his impact upon both his own generation and upon subsequent generations of historians has always been less than it might have been is due largely to his tortured style of writing and the tortuous thought processes it reflected. John Randolph of Roanoke once commented that Taylor needed only a translator to make an impact, and Thomas Jefferson, replying to a communication from John Adams in 1814, wrote that a book received by Adams must have been Taylor's An Inquiry into the Principles and Policy of the Government of the United States: “neither the style nor the stuff of the author of Arator can ever be mistaken. [I]n the latter work, as you observe, there are some good things, but so involved in quaint, in far-fetched, affected, mystical conceipts [sic], and flimsy theories, that who can take the trouble of getting at them?” Taylor himself appeared to hold a fluent style in contempt, commenting that “A talent for fine writing is often a great misfortune to politicians.”

Although Taylor's style renders study of his writings far from congenial, the consistency of his purpose and thought make it relatively easy to extract the main thrusts of his arguments. Far from a rigorous theorist he provides a running commentary upon the politics of his times. In that capacity, however, he never felt compelled to define clearly, even to himself perhaps, some of the central premises from which his arguments derived.
The Public Eye of Raymond Chandler
Authors: Smith David
Published: January 2009

When the “hard-boiled” private eye of American detective fiction hit the streets in the late 1920s it was not altogether surprising that he should take his complicated path down Californian streets. Not because they were notably meaner than those of big-city crime in New York or Chicago but rather because his essentially private quest for the unravelling of an individual's tortuous truth would find more quarry in the Southern Californian mixingbowl. Each fresh start or re-made life came trailing the spoor of the past. The private eye became expert at detecting the tarnished metal beneath the glittering paint, at offering a wry sympathy to those cheated at the edge of the last frontier. However this “new” society was no more detached from a past that shaped its public form than were its denizens free to make themselves anew. In the hands of one or two writers the mystery was then deepened in ways that replaced the discovery of facts by the probing of relationships between the fixed individual and his forming society. The private eye then required a writer with a public gaze to give him vision.

In 1888 an Irish-American boy of Quaker parentage was born in Chicago. After boyhood summers in sleepy Plattsmouth, Nebraska, and the tortured adolescence of a public-school education in Edwardian England the twentyfour-year-old Raymond Chandler, trekking slowly through the Mid-West, arrived in Los Angeles.
Policy in Search of Law: the Warren Court from Brown to Miranda
Authors: Maidment Richard A.
Published: January 2009

The Warren Court induces schizophrenia. On the one hand it is difficult for anybody with a civilized political sensibility not to admire the policy content of the Supreme Court's judgments during Earl Warren's Chief Justiceship. If the three areas of decision-making with which this paper is concerned — segregation, reapportionment, and the rights of the criminal suspect — are examined, the Supreme Court clearly was on the side of the angels. It declared segregation to be unconstitutional. In a series of decisions the Court ended the gross malapportionment of legislative districting both at state and federal levels. Finally, the Warren Court attempted to change the balance between the criminal suspect and the police, by substantially increasing the restrictions on the latter's freedom of action. And yet, despite one's approval for the policy embodied in these decisions, there is something curiously disconcerting about the Court's judgments. One has a very strong sense that something has gone awry. This sense arises from the manner and mode in which the opinions of the Court are constructed. All the judgments under consideration in this paper — Brown v. Board of Education, Baker v. Carr, Reynolds v. Sims, and Miranda v. Arizona — share a common characteristic, a curious lack of substance, a lack of historical, constitutional, and legal substance. In other words, there is an absence of the kind of argument in the Supreme Court's opinions in these cases, which distinguishes a judicial decision from any other sort of decision.
The Gathering of A Community: The British-born of San Francisco in 1852 and 1872
Authors: Burchell R. A.
Published: January 2009

Studies of the Massachusetts communities of Newburyport and Boston have revealed a high rate of geographical mobility for their populations, in excess of what had been previously thought. Because of the difficulty in tracing out-migrants these works have concentrated on persisters, though to do so is to give an incomplete picture of communal progress. Peter R. Knights in his study of Boston between 1830 and 1860 attempted to follow his out-migrants but was only able to trace some 27 per cent of them. The problem of out-migration is generally regarded as being too large for solution through human effort, but important enough now to engage the computer. What follows bears on the subject of out-migration, for it is an analysis of where part of the migrating populations of the east went in the third quarter of the nineteenth century, namely to San Francisco.