bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Més enllà de l’arqueologia pública: arqueologia, democràcia i comunitat en el jaciment multivocal d’A Lanzada (Sanxenxo, Pontevedra)
Authors: Ayán Vila Xurxo M. , González Veiga Martina , Rodríguez Martínez Rafael Mª.
Published: July 2017

La Diputació Provincial de Pontevedra i l’Institut de Ciències del Patrimoni del CSIC estan desenvolupant des del maig del 2010 un projecte de posada en valor de l’àrea arqueològica d’A Lanzada (Sanxenxo, Pontevedra) a la zona zero del turisme estival a les Rías Baixas. Aquest projecte de gestió integral del patrimoni compta amb tres línies específiques d’investigació aplicada en difusió, comunicació i didàctica amb les quals busquem no sols la interacció amb la comunitat local (propietària del jaciment), sinó també la seva participació activa en el desenvolupament dels treballs. A Lanzada és un espai social viu, amb un profund rerefons simbòlic per als habitants de la zona, una àrea multidimensional en la qual conflueixen diferents discursos i experiències. Aquesta circumstància ha de ser tinguda en compte per una arqueologia pública que ha d’anar més enllà de la transparència informativa i la divulgació per materialitzar processos d’apoderament propis d’una arqueologia en comunitat. En la nostra comunicació exposarem l’estratègia de treball adoptada i les activitats (encara en curs) realitzades amb les associacions locals, des de visites guiades, participació activa en les excavacions, història oral, etnoarqueologia, recuperació de la memòria històrica..., fins a exposicions interactives i cicles de conferències i debat a la parròquia de Noalla. Al seu torn, contextualitzarem el projecte en el marc de la línia de treball en cultura científica desenvolupada en els últims anys per l’INCIPT a Galícia.
Gestió del patrimoni cultural i participació ciutadana. Pressupostos participatius com a exemple de decisió i gestió compartida del patrimoni cultural entre institucions públiques i ciutadania
Authors: Paño Yáñez Pablo
Published: July 2017

En el marc d’unes jornades que s’interessen pel vincle entre el patrimoni cultural i la societat civil ens sembla significatiu intentar rastrejar quina relació hi ha i es pot desenvolupar entre els programes i mecanismes de participació ciutadana i l’atenció al patrimoni cultural. Alguns exemples a exposar com la demanda que mitjançant propostes específiques han fet els ciutadans en processos de pressupostos participatius sobre qüestions relacionades amb el patrimoni cultural local dels seus propis municipis, ens dóna exemples de com aquesta inquietud existeix en sectors ciutadans i de com poder potenciar aquest vincle i obrir espais que permetin a la ciutadania opinar, informar- se i, orientada per especialistes, decidir sobre la seva gestió. L’exposició s’inicia amb una contextualització breu sobre el tema dels mecanismes de participació ciutadana, la vinculació que podrien tenir amb la decisió i gestió sobre el patrimoni, per finalment exposar exemples concrets en algunes localitats de l’Estat espanyol en què en processos de pressupostos participatius han aparegut demandes d’aquest tipus per part de la ciutadania.
Atapuerca y el museo de la evolución humana. Historia de un modelo de difusión del patrimonio
Authors: Alonso Alcalde Rodrigo , Martín Nájera Aurora
Published: July 2017

El proyecto de investigación en los yacimientos pleistocenos de la sierra de Atapuerca comenzó en 1978, de la mano de Emiliano Aguirre. A partir de la década de 1990, la Junta de Castilla y León (JCyL) desarrolló todo un programa de infraestructuras para proteger los yacimientos y para adecuarlos a la visita del público. Paralelamente, el Equipo de Investigación de Atapuerca comenzó una estrategia divulgativa para dar a conocer a la sociedad los resultados derivados de las investigaciones en estos yacimientos. Con estas dos acciones, Atapuerca ha conseguido posicionarse a nivel internacional como un referente y ha sido pionera en aunar la divulgación científica con el turismo cultural. Dentro de las infraestructuras realizadas por la JCyL, destaca el Museo de la Evolución Humana (MEH) de Burgos. Inaugurado en 2010, surge como un centro museístico interdisciplinario, en el que la divulgación y la didáctica de estos conocimientos es objetivo prioritario, aunque no único, ya que como cabecera del Sistema Atapuerca, Cultura de la Evolución, aúna fines culturales, sociales y económicos en un espacio cultural, en base a dos ejes patrimoniales excepcionales: el MEH, espacio cultural y divulgativo sobre el origen y la evolución de nuestra especie, y la sierra de Atapuerca, territorio científico único por los extraordinarios descubrimientos arqueológicos y paleontológicos.
El territori com a escola: les escoles rurals i el patrimoni històric
Authors: Marsol Rosa , Seuma Montserrat , Bardavio Antoni , Solsona Rosa
Published: July 2017

El currículum d’educació primària a Catalunya presenta l’àrea de medi des d’una perspectiva integrada del coneixement del medi natural, històric, cultural i social. La possibilitat de convertir l’entorn proper dels centres escolars en laboratori d’aprenentatge on desenvolupar propostes didàctiques basades en la indagació per part de l’alumnat és el punt de partida de la proposta que es presenta.El curs 2009-2010 es va portar a terme una activitat compartida entre centres escolars, l’Escola L’Àlber (Albesa) i la ZER del Montsec (Àger, Avellanes-Santa Linya, Gerb, Os de Balaguer i Tartareu), coordinats pel Camp d’Aprenentatge de la Noguera, en la qual l’alumnat de cicle mitjà i cicle superior d’un dels centres participants, convertits en grups d’experts, presentaven a l’alumnat de l’altre centre elements del patrimoni històric de l’entorn proper: la Vil·la Romana del Romeral (Albesa) i la Via Romana d’Àger. La proposta es va desenvolupar en el marc del Projecte l’Escola Adopta un Monument, que té com a objectiu primordial fer partícips els nens i les nenes del reconeixement, la divulgació i la protecció d’elements del seu patrimoni històric.
Presentació: seqüència arqueològica i cultura material al jaciment de Forat de Conqueta
Authors: González Marcén Paloma
Published: July 2017

Descobert l’any 2004, el jaciment de Forat de Conqueta se situa al terme municipal de Santa Linya (la Noguera, Lleida). L’objecte d’aquest treball és la presentació dels resultats d’aquestes campanyes d’excavació del 2005 al 2007. Al llarg d’aquests treballs es va confirmar l’ús funerari d’aquesta cavitat amb la recuperació de les restes antropològiques de més de 40 individus d’adscripció cronològica al calcolític-bronze antic. S’han recuperat materials relacionats amb ofrenes funeràries en què la cremació dels morts sembla haver tingut un paper central. Paral·lelament, la cavitat va ser emprada com a espai d’emmagatzematge en un moment avançat del neolític antic.
Travelling more over time: making an in-situ exhibit at the Montréal-du-Gers palaeontological site (France).
Authors: Déniz-González Itahisa , Duranthon Francis
Published: July 2017

There are more ancient remains in palaeontological sites than in archaeological ones, and the structures of habitat or the traces of human activity are absent. In the Miocene dig of Montréal-du-Gers, remains of mammals, gastropods and pollen have been found, and they have make it possible for scientists to decode the past of the region. Among the fossils extracted, in a good state of conservation, there are four new species. For all these reasons, this site has a high heritage value. Now, it is time to bring this knowledge closer to the public, as well as its process of creation. Therefore, two plannings have been articulated; one for the conditioning and one for interpretive work that will guide the action of the Natural History Museum of Toulouse (Toulouse City Council) about heritage interpretation. The objective of the plan is to develop a geoturism experience, using thematic interpretation and defining the interpretive resources and services to implement in the site. This plan includes a prevision of infrastructures, equipments and media to transmit the message to the visitor in an organized and coherent way.
Presentació: els estudis paleobiològics del jaciment del Forat de Conqueta (Santa Linya, la Noguera)
Authors: González Marcén Paloma
Published: July 2017

Descobert l’any 2004, el jaciment de Forat de Conqueta se situa al terme municipal de Santa Linya (la Noguera, Lleida). L’objecte d’aquest treball és presentar els resultats d’aquestes campanyes d’excavació del 2005 al 2007. Al llarg d’aquests treballs es va confirmar l’ús funerari d’aquesta cavitat amb la recuperació de les restes antropològiques de més de 40 individus d’adscripció cronològica al calcolític-bronze antic. S’han recuperat materials relacionats amb ofrenes funeràries en què la cremació dels morts sembla haver tingut un paper central. Paral·lelament, la cavitat va ser emprada com a espai d’emmagatzematge en un moment avançat del neolític antic.
El Parc de les coves prehistòriques de Serinyà (El Pla de l’Estany)
Authors: Soler i Masferrer Narcís , Ramií i Iglesias Sònia , Solés i Coll Alba
Published: July 2017

Diverses cavitats travertíniques del paratge del Reclau, al municipi de Serinyà (Pla de l’Estany, Girona, Catalunya), foren ocupades pels homes prehistòrics al llarg del paleolític mitjà i del superior, com també, encara que menys, durant el neolític i el calcolític. Fa més de setanta anys que s’hi investiga i, recentment, s’ha creat, al mateix paratge, el Parc de les Coves Prehistòriques de Serinyà, amb l’objectiu d’explicar al públic la civilització dels grans caçadors prehistòrics paleolítics. Els jaciments més excavats, que són la cova del Reclau Viver, la cova de Mollet i la cova de l’Arbreda, han estat protegits i preparats per ser visitables. El Parc és troba situat a la vora de la carretera de Banyoles a Besalú, junt al riu Serinyadell, en una zona d’interès pel seu medi geològic, faunístic i floral, com també per les restes de les antigues activitats relacionades amb l’aigua. Pel seu valor arqueològic, ha estat declarat Bé Cultural d’Interès Nacional (BCIN). El Parc ofereix aparcament, zona d’esbarjo, un audiovisual, visites guiades o amb audioguia, tallers d’activitats prehistòriques i atenció especialitzada a escolars. Properament, podrà unir-se, mitjançant senderes, a unes altres àrees properes a Serinyà que contenen coves prehistòriques, com ara la Margenera i la Bora Gran.
Le Musée-Médiateur du Préhistosite de Ramioul au Préhistomuseum reformulation d’un projet muséal à Flémalle (Liège, Belgique)
Authors: Collin Fernand , Wéra Marie
Published: July 2017

Le Préhistosite de Ramioul est situé à Flémalle (Liège, Belgique), au pied de la Grotte Ramioul. Es un projet de tourisme culturel déposé par le Musée de la Préhistoire en Wallonie; il est soutenu par des fonds européens (FEDER) et le Commissariat Général du Tourisme du Service Public de Wallonie. La médiation est pour le Préhistomuseum son principe sa fonctio est de désacraliser le patrimoine et la science aux yeux des publics en rendant compte des processus sociétaux qui soustendent à la muséalisation. Pendant les derniers deux décades le Préhistosite à devenu un centre de formation pour visiteurs, enseignants et pour des étudiants d’écoles ou d’universités. Le futur du musée se raffinerais en 2014-2015, agrandira encore son service éducatif. Le Préhistomuseum se définira vis-à-vis du public comme un musée de 30 hectares situés dans la forêt de la Grotte de Ramioul. Le Préhistomuseum désire sensibiliser les publics à la préservation du patrimoine et à la culture scientifique dans un esprit de tolérance et de neutralité, d’humanité, de citoyenneté et de respect de l’environnement.
TIC el microscopio de la historia. La visualización de lo invisible en el yacimiento de la Roca dels Bous (Camarasa, Lleida)
Authors: Vega Bolívar Susana
Published: July 2017

La aplicación y el uso de las nuevas tecnologías en el proceso de musealización de yacimientos arqueológicos es un recurso cada vez más utilizado dentro de la programación de los proyectos museográficos. En este artículo, se realiza un breve repaso a lo que engloba y comporta el término nuevas tecnologías y a la diversidad de recursos que pueden ser generados a través de las mismas. Al mismo tiempo, se presenta la aplicación informática realizada para el yacimiento del paleolítico medio de la Roca dels Bous (Camarasa, Lleida). Las características que presenta el yacimiento han contribuido a la implementación de estos nuevos recursos, que se ha materializado en el uso de pantallas táctiles digitales para realizar la visita al mismo.
Una experiència integrada d’educació i investigació prehistòrica. El Camp d’Aprenentatge de la Noguera
Authors: Bardavio Novi Antonio , Mañé Orozco Sònia , Pizarro Barberá Jezabel , Vila Caelles Miriam
Published: July 2017

El projecte didàctic del Camp d’Aprenentatge de la Noguera (Servei Educatiu del Departament d’Ensenyament de la Generalitat de Catalunya) té com a objectiu promoure propostes educatives que permetin que l’alumnat s’apropi a la comprensió d’un territori concret des de l’arqueologia, la prehistòria i les ciències del medi ambient, amb la voluntat de fomentar un aprenentatge significatiu que li permeti comprendre més bé el món actual. La metodologia didàctica proposada en les activitats que s’hi porten a terme proporcionen a l’alumnat, des d’educació infantil fins a batxillerat, un apropament a aquesta realitat seguint una estratègia didàctica de descobriment guiat i empatia que facilita la comprensió i la posada en valor de tots els elements que configuren la fisonomia actual del territori on es troba el CdA Sant Llorenç de Montgai, a la comarca de la Noguera. Aquesta proposta didàctica neix del treball coordinat entre professorat d’educació primària i secundària i investigadors del Centre d’Estudis del Patrimoni Arqueològic de la Prehistòria, de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (CEPAP-UAB).
Mostrando lo invisible: musealización y puesta en valor de yacimientos paleolíticos
Authors: Roda Gilabert Xavier , González Marcén Paloma , Mora Rafael
Published: July 2017

El presente volumen recoge las ponencias realizadas a lo largo del seminario “Mostrando lo invisible: Musealización y puesta en valor de los yacimientos paleolíticos” celebrado en Balaguer el mes de Mayo del 2012. La reunión pretendía valorar los cambios experimentados en los modelos expositivos a raíz de la incorporación de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC) en la difusión y valorización del patrimonio histórico. Dentro de este ámbito se ha centrado la atención en el proyecto de accesibilidad a los yacimientos paleolíticos. De este modo se presentan proyectos de turismo cultural que van del ámbito local al territorial, a la vez que se describen modelos expositivos que incorporan a las visitas el uso de las nuevas tecnologías.
As Consequências das Falhas nos Encontros de Serviço em Shopping Centers: Um Estudo com Consumidores Deficientes Visuais
Authors: Coelho Pedro Felipe da Costa , Abreu Nelsio Rodrigues de
Published: July 2017

O advento da Lei Brasileira de Incluso da Pessoa com Deficincia em 2015 trouxe uma srie de implicaes para pesquisadores de marketing, uma vez que garante o direito de incluso dos deficientes aos diversos espaos pblicos e privados de lazer e consumo, tal como shopping centers. A despeito da expanso desses espaos de consumo no Brasil, as falhas nos encontros de servio so recorrentes, principalmente quando os consumidores so deficientes visuais. Diante disso, este estudo possui o objetivo de compreender as consequncias das falhas nos encontros de servios em shopping centers para o comportamento de consumo de deficientes visuais. Para o alcance do objetivo, utilizou-se uma abordagem qualitativa de cunho fenomenolgico. Os dados foram coletados por meio de observaes diretas e naturalsticas com os sujeitos de pesquisa e da conduo de nove entrevistas face a face com consumidores deficientes visuais. Por meio da anlise do contedo dos resultados, concluiu-se que h uma diversidade de falhas ocorridas nos encontros de servio, tais como o excesso de piedade dos vendedores aos consumidores, o desprezo e a modificao brusca no script de servio. Por esta razo, as consequncias das falhas nos encontros de servio foram diversas, desde o confronto verbal e a desistncia da transao at o boca a boca negativo e a manifestao de sua frustrao nas redes sociais virtuais. Este estudo ainda apresenta contribuies gerenciais e acadmicas para pesquisadores de marketing.
Bref essai d’interprétation de trois présences de la mort dans le jeu vidéo
Authors: Ernst Gilles
Published: July 2017

Cette étude analyse trois représentations de la mort dans les jeux de combat, de
tir, de science-fiction, de courses automobiles, d’horreur ou de guerre. La première, qui
retient le plus l’attention parce qu’elle est l’événement majeur de l’intrigue, est celle de
la mort stricto sensu (partie 1). Avec sa cruauté, sa fréquence, l’énergie qu’elle
mobilise chez le joueur, le bénéfice qu’elle lui apporte et les risques qu’elle lui fait
courir, cette première mort est la « mort-reine » des jeux. La partie 2 traite du redoutable
personnage de la mort, tantôt asexué (squelette armé d’une faux), tantôt sexué (femme vêtue
de noir, guerrier). La partie 3 aborde la représentation des morts : simples revenants,
morts-vivants, zombies ou autres créatures monstrueuses. L’étude montre que les jeux vidéo
constituent un bon exemple du recyclage contemporain de certaines traditions mythologiques
et eschatologiques de la civilisation occidentale.
Consumo y género: una revisión de la producción historiográfica reciente sobre América Latina en el siglo XX
Authors: Pérez Inés
Published: July 2017

Starting from a recent historiographical production’s revision studying the 20th Century, this article depicts the relevance of gender for the history of consumption-building in Latin America. Bearing that in mind, the analysis is geared to three researching lines, contributing with new perspectives and questions, as from an inter sectorial approach: the first one highlights the political dimension of consumption based upon the interaction between gender and class; the second addresses consumption and domestic work, displaying a link between gender and nation, and the third one analyses material culture and corporality emphasizing upon the articulation between gender and age.
Modernidad alimentaria y afrancesamiento. Ciudad de Córdoba (Argentina) en el tránsito del siglo XIX al XX
Authors: Remedi Fernando J.
Published: July 2017

In the last decades of the 19th Century, the province of Córdoba (Argentina) experienced a modernization involving major economic, social, cultural and political changes. This modernization has also been associated with the emergence of a food modernity, pro-European, and materialized in two dynamics of change in the consumption patterns: one that followed a type of Frenchification of habits within the wealthy social sectors; the other, a mutual exchange between popular native sectors and foreign immigrants. This contribution examines the first dynamic featuring the wealthy sectors that during the 1870’s substituted the Creole-Hispanic patterns for the French ones.
La sociedad de consumo en tiempos difíciles: el modelo estadounidense y la modernización de la publicidad argentina frente a la crisis de 1930
Authors: Rocchi Fernando
Published: July 2017

This article studies the impact of the Argentinian advertising economic crisis in the 1930’s, within the framework of a consumption society’s consolidation. Three aspects are analysed: the changes introduced by the agency J. Walter Thompson of United States, settled in Buenos Aires in 1929; the role of radio broadcasting as a new technology for advertising, and the introduction of graphic arts through the design in public spaces. The use of sources, especially those of advertisers, with their market studies, magazines and publicity images, shows a successful reaction to the fall in the level of income produced by the crisis, as a result of the use of modern strategies (or modernized old) in an increasingly professional field.
“Supermercados made in”. Conexiones, consumo y apropiaciones. Estados Unidos y Colombia (siglo XX)
Authors: García Diana Marcela Aristizábal
Published: July 2017

The main purpose of this article is to conduct an analysis of a specific space of consumption: the supermarket. Relationships and connections of some Colombian traders and supermarket owners will be studied (those with experiences upon the North American trade and commerce), as well as the learning strategies and processes of differential appropriation that was mandatory for the introduction of these trading and consumption spaces in several cities of the country. The methodology used was based upon the analysis and revision of primary and secondary sources, from the approach of the connected histories. As a result, this article asserts that the Colombian merchants had an active participation through their own local experiences and that they contributed to complement the accumulation of knowledge about supermarkets; a knowledge that was already set in different places of the world, from the middle of the 20th Century.
Understanding low sensitivity of community‐based HIV rapid testing: experiences from the HPTN 071 (PopART) trial in Zambia and South Africa
Authors: Bock Peter , Phiri Comfort , Piwowar‐Manning Estelle , Kosloff Barry , Mandla Nomtha , Young Alicia , James Anelet , Schaap Ab , Scheepers Michelle , Donnell Deborah , Griffith Sam , El‐Sadr Wafaa , Shanaube Kwame , Beyers Nulda , Hayes Richard , Fidler Sarah , Ayles Helen ,   on behalf of the HPTN 071 (PopART) Study Team
Published: July 2017

Introduction: Population‐wide HIV testing services (HTS) must be delivered in order to achieve universal antiretroviral treatment (ART) coverage. To accurately deliver HTS at such scale, non‐facility‐based HIV point‐of‐care testing (HIV‐POCT) is necessary but requires rigorous quality assurance (QA). This study assessed the performance of community‐wide HTS in Zambia and South Africa (SA) as part of the HPTN 071 (PopART) study and explores the impact of quality improvement interventions on HTS performance.

Methods: Between 2014 and 2016, HIV‐POCT was undertaken within households both as part of the randomly selected HPTN 071 research cohort (Population Cohort [PC]) and as part of the intervention provided by community HIV‐care providers. HIV‐POCT followed national algorithms in both countries. Consenting PC participants provided a venous blood sample in addition to being offered HIV‐POCT. We compared results obtained in the PC using a laboratory‐based gold standard (GS) testing algorithm and HIV‐POCT. Comprehensive QA mechanisms were put in place to support the community‐wide testing. Participants who were identified as having a false negative or false positive HIV rapid test were revisited and offered retesting.

Results: We initially observed poor sensitivity (45–54%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 31–69) of HIV‐POCT in the PC in SA compared to sensitivity in Zambia for the same time period of 95.8% (95% CI 93–98). In both countries, specificity of HIV‐POCT was >98%. With enhanced QA interventions and adoption of the same HIV‐POCT algorithm, sensitivity in SA improved to a similar level as in Zambia.

Conclusions: This is one of the first reports of HIV‐POCT performance during wide‐scale delivery of HTS compared to a GS laboratory algorithm. HIV‐POCT in a real‐world setting had a lower sensitivity than anticipated. Appropriate choice of HIV‐POCT algorithms, intensive training and supervision, and robust QA mechanisms are necessary to optimize HIV‐POCT test performance when testing is delivered at a community level. HIV‐POCT in clients who did not disclose that they were on ART may have contributed to false negative HIV‐POCT results and should be the topic of future research.
The distribution of volcanism in the Beta‐Atla‐Themis region of Venus: Its relationship to rifting and implications for global tectonic regimes
Authors: Airey M. W. , Mather T. A. , Pyle D. M. , Ghail R. C.
Published: July 2017

A new analysis of the spatial relationships between volcanic features and rifts on Venus provides new constraints on models of planetary evolution. We developed a new database of volcanic features for the Beta‐Atla‐Themis (BAT) region and used nearest neighbor measurements to determine relationships between different types of volcanic features and the rifts. Nearest neighbor analysis shows that all the dome‐type and corona‐type subpopulations tend to cluster. Rift associations were inferred from the deviation of a feature's population distribution (as a function of distance from rift) from that of a random population. Dome‐type features in general have no discernible relationship with rifts. Most corona‐type features have a strong association with rifts, with intermediate and large volcanoes also tending to occur close to or on rifts. Shield fields, on the other hand, tend to occur away from rifts. Our new evidence supports classifications of rifts on Venus into different types, possibly by age, with a shift from globally dispersed (more uniform) volcanism toward the more rift‐focused distribution, which suggests a shift in tectonic regime. Our observations are consistent with recent models proposing the evolution of Venus from a stagnant lid regime to a subcrustal spreading regime. We also present evidence for a failed rift on Venus and note that this process may be analogous, albeit on a larger scale, to a proposed model for the evolution of the East African rift system.
Evolved gas analyses of sedimentary rocks and eolian sediment in Gale Crater, Mars: Results of the Curiosity rover's sample analysis at Mars instrument from Yellowknife Bay to the Namib Dune
Authors: Sutter B. , McAdam A. C. , Mahaffy P. R. , Ming D. W. , Edgett K. S. , Rampe E. B. , Eigenbrode J. L. , Franz H. B. , Freissinet C. , Grotzinger J. P. , Steele A. , House C. H. , Archer P. D. , Malespin C. A. , Navarro‐González R. , Stern J. C. , Bell J. F. , Calef F. J. , Gellert R. , Glavin D. P. , Thompson L. M. , Yen A. S.
Published: July 2017

The sample analysis at Mars instrument evolved gas analyzer (SAM‐EGA) has detected evolved water, H2, SO2, H2S, NO, CO2, CO, O2, and HCl from two eolian sediments and nine sedimentary rocks from Gale Crater, Mars. These evolved gas detections indicate nitrates, organics, oxychlorine phase, and sulfates are widespread with phyllosilicates and carbonates occurring in select Gale Crater materials. Coevolved CO2 (160 ± 248–2373 ± 820 μgC(CO2)/g) and CO (11 ± 3–320 ± 130 μgC(CO)/g) suggest that organic C is present in Gale Crater materials. Five samples evolved CO2 at temperatures consistent with carbonate (0.32 ± 0.05–0.70 ± 0.1 wt % CO3). Evolved NO amounts to 0.002 ± 0.007–0.06 ± 0.03 wt % NO3. Evolution of O2 suggests that oxychlorine phases (chlorate/perchlorate) (0.05 ± 0.025–1.05 ± 0.44 wt % ClO4) are present, while SO2 evolution indicates the presence of crystalline and/or poorly crystalline Fe and Mg sulfate and possibly sulfide. Evolved H2O (0.9 ± 0.3–2.5 ± 1.6 wt % H2O) is consistent with the presence of adsorbed water, hydrated salts, interlayer/structural water from phyllosilicates, and possible inclusion water in mineral/amorphous phases. Evolved H2 and H2S suggest that reduced phases occur despite the presence of oxidized phases (nitrate, oxychlorine, sulfate, and carbonate). SAM results coupled with CheMin mineralogical and Alpha‐Particle X‐ray Spectrometer elemental analyses indicate that Gale Crater sedimentary rocks have experienced a complex authigenetic/diagenetic history involving fluids with varying pH, redox, and salt composition. The inferred geochemical conditions were favorable for microbial habitability and if life ever existed, there was likely sufficient organic C to support a small microbial population.
Direct and indirect electron precipitation effect on nitric oxide in the polar middle atmosphere, using a full‐range energy spectrum
Authors: Smith‐Johnsen Christine , Nesse Tyssøy Hilde , Hendrickx Koen , Orsolini Yvan , Kishore Kumar Grandhi , Ødegaard Linn‐Kristine Glesnes , Sandanger Marit Irene , Stordal Frode , Megner Linda
Published: July 2017

In April 2010, a coronal mass ejection and a corotating interaction region on the Sun resulted in an energetic electron precipitation event in the Earth's atmosphere. We investigate direct and indirect nitric oxide (NO) response to the electron precipitation. By combining electron fluxes from the Total Energy Detector and the Medium Energy Proton and Electron Detector on the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Polar‐orbiting Operational Environmental Satellites, we obtain a continuous energy spectrum covering 1–750 keV. This corresponds to electrons depositing their energy at atmospheric altitudes 60–120 km. Based on the electron energy deposition, taking into account loss due to photolysis, the accumulated NO number density is estimated. When compared to NO measured at these altitudes by the Solar Occultation for Ice Experiment instrument on board the Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere satellite, the NO direct effect was detected down to 55 km. The main variability at these altitudes is, however, dominated by the indirect effect, which is downward transported NO. We estimate the source of this descending NO to be in the upper mesosphere at ∼75–90 km.
How “good” are real‐time ground motion predictions from Earthquake Early Warning systems?
Authors: Meier Men‐Andrin
Published: July 2017

Real‐time ground motion alerts, as can be provided by Earthquake Early Warning (EEW) systems, need to be both timely and sufficiently accurate to be useful. Yet how timely and how accurate the alerts of existing EEW algorithms are is often poorly understood. In part, this is because EEW algorithm performance is usually evaluated not in terms of ground motion prediction accuracy and timeliness but in terms of other metrics (e.g., magnitude and location estimation errors), which do not directly reflect the usefulness of the alerts from an end user perspective. Here we attempt to identify a suite of metrics for EEW algorithm performance evaluation that directly quantify an algorithm's ability to identify target sites that will experience ground motion above a critical (user‐defined) ground motion threshold. We process 15,553 recordings from 238 earthquakes with M > 5 (mostly from Japan and southern California) in a pseudo‐real‐time environment and investigate two end‐member EEW methods. We use the metrics to highlight both the potential and limitations of the two algorithms and to show under which circumstances useful alerts can be provided. Such metrics could be used by EEW algorithm developers to convincingly demonstrate the added value of new algorithms or algorithm components. They can complement existing performance metrics that quantify other relevant aspects of EEW algorithms (e.g., false event detection rates) for a comprehensive and meaningful EEW performance analysis.
Detailed crustal thickness variations beneath the Illinois Basin area: Implications for crustal evolution of the midcontinent
Authors: Yang Xiaotao , Pavlis Gary L. , Hamburger Michael W. , Marshak Stephen , Gilbert Hersh , Rupp John , Larson Timothy H. , Chen Chen , Carpenter N. Seth
Published: July 2017

We present high‐resolution imaging results of crustal and upper mantle velocity discontinuities across the Illinois Basin area using both common conversion point stacking and plane wave migration methods applied to P wave receiver functions from the EarthScope Ozark, Illinois, Indiana, and Kentucky experiment. The images reveal unusually thick crust (up to 62 km) throughout the central and southeastern Illinois Basin area. A significant Moho gradient underlies the NW trending Ste. Genevieve Fault Zone, which delineates the boundary between the Illinois Basin and Ozark Dome. Relatively thinner crust (<45 km) underlies most of the Precambrian highlands surrounding the Illinois Basin and beneath the rift‐related structures of the Reelfoot Rift and the Rough Creek Graben. We consider four hypotheses to explain the presence of thick crust under the central and southeastern Illinois Basin. Crustal thickening may have been produced (1) prior to its accretion to North America around 1.55 Ga and is an inherited characteristic of this crustal province; (2) by underthrusting or shortening during Proterozoic convergent margin tectonics around 1.55–1.35 Ga; (3) by Late Precambrian magmatic underplating at the base of older crust, associated with the creation of the Eastern Granite‐Rhyolite Province around 1.3 Ga; and (4) through crustal “relamination” during an episode of Proterozoic flat‐slab subduction beneath the Illinois Basin, possibly associated with the Grenville Orogeny.
Centroid moment tensor catalogue using a 3‐D continental scale Earth model: Application to earthquakes in Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands
Authors: Hejrani Babak , Tkalčić Hrvoje , Fichtner Andreas
Published: July 2017

Although both earthquake mechanism and 3‐D Earth structure contribute to the seismic wavefield, the latter is usually assumed to be layered in source studies, which may limit the quality of the source estimate. To overcome this limitation, we implement a method that takes advantage of a 3‐D heterogeneous Earth model, recently developed for the Australasian region. We calculate centroid moment tensors (CMTs) for earthquakes in Papua New Guinea (PNG) and the Solomon Islands. Our method is based on a library of Green's functions for each source‐station pair for selected Geoscience Australia and Global Seismic Network stations in the region, and distributed on a 3‐D grid covering the seismicity down to 50 km depth. For the calculation of Green's functions, we utilize a spectral‐element method for the solution of the seismic wave equation. Seismic moment tensors were calculated using least squares inversion, and the 3‐D location of the centroid is found by grid search. Through several synthetic tests, we confirm a trade‐off between the location and the correct input moment tensor components when using a 1‐D Earth model to invert synthetics produced in a 3‐D heterogeneous Earth. Our CMT catalogue for PNG in comparison to the global CMT shows a meaningful increase in the double‐couple percentage (up to 70%). Another significant difference that we observe is in the mechanism of events with depth shallower then 15 km and Mw < 6, which contributes to accurate tectonic interpretation of the region.
Coupled effects of phase transitions and rheology in 2‐D dynamical models of subduction
Authors: Arredondo Katrina M. , Billen Magali I.
Published: July 2017

Observations of seismicity and seismic tomography provide a present‐day constraint on the geometry of slabs within the mantle. However, it is challenging to directly relate the observed shape of slabs to their time evolution. Phase transitions modify the buoyancy forces within slabs, affecting how slabs deform as they sink into the lower mantle and how forces are transmitted to the surface plates. Here we show that if the crustal shear zone is sufficiently weak (1020 Pa s), then the coupled effects of a compositionally dependent phase transition model and a stress‐dependent rheology lead to oscillatory plate speeds and trench motion in response to buckling and folding of the slab. On average, subducting plate velocity is 4 cm/yr and trench motion is ±0.7 cm/yr. However, during folding, subducting plate speed and trench motion increases by a factor of 3 and trench motion switches from advance to retreat. In models with a higher‐viscosity shear zone (1021 Pa s), average plate speed is lower (2 cm/yr) and there is only trench advance. Stress‐dependent weakening due to increasing driving stresses can also cause unexpected changes in plate velocity (i.e., decrease or no change). In addition, due to the added negative buoyancy from the phase transitions, slab breakoff occurs in models with a yield stress ≤500 MPa. Because of the oscillatory motion of the trench, long flat slabs do not form in the transition zone: this suggests that other factors, such as interaction of the slab with deep mantle flow, may be required to create long flat slabs.
Diffusive loss of argon in response to melt vein formation in polygenetic impact melt breccias
Authors: Mercer Cameron M. , Hodges Kip V.
Published: July 2017

Many planetary surfaces in the solar system have experienced prolonged bombardment. With each impact, new rocks can be assembled that incorporate freshly generated impact melts with fragments of older rocks. Some breccias can become polygenetic, containing multiple generations of impact melt products, and can potentially provide important insights into the extensive bombardment history of a region. However, the amount of chronological information that can be extracted from such samples depends on how well the mineral isotopic systems of geochronometers can preserve the ages of individual melt generations without being disturbed by younger events. We model the thermal evolution of impact melt veins and the resulting loss of Ar from K‐bearing phases common in impact melt breccias to assess the potential for preserving the 40Ar/39Ar ages of individual melt generations. Our model results demonstrate that millimeter‐scale, clast‐free melt veins cause significant heating of adjacent host rock minerals and can cause detectable Ar loss in contact zones that are generally thinner than, and at most about the same thickness as, the vein width. The incorporation of cold clasts in melt veins reduces the magnitudes of heating and Ar loss in the host rocks, and Ar loss can be virtually undetectable for sufficiently clast‐rich veins. Quantitative evidence of the timing of impacts, as measured with the 40Ar/39Ar method, can be preserved in polygenetic impact melt breccias, particularly for those containing millimeter‐scale bodies of clast‐bearing melt products.
Improving the design of depth filters: A model‐based method using optimal control theory
Authors: Kuhn Michael , Kirse Christoph , Briesen Heiko
Published: July 2017

Because there is no general design method for depth filters, especially for layered configurations, this methodological gap is addressed here. Using optimal control theory, paths of the filter coefficient, a measure for local filtration performance, are determined along the filter depth. An analytical optimal control solution is derived and used to validate the numerical algorithm. Two optimal control scenarios are solved numerically: In the first scenario, the goal of constant deposition along the filter depth is addressed. The second scenario aims at maximizing the time until some maximal pressure drop is reached. Furthermore, a computational strategy is presented to derive discrete layers suitable for practical design from the continuous optimal control solutions. All optimized scenarios are compared to one‐layered filter designs and significant improvements are found. As this work is based on strongly validated and widely used filtration models, the presented methods are expected to have broad applicability. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 68–76, 2018
The maximum flammable content for binary aqueous–organic mixtures not to flash and their maximum flash points
Authors: Liaw Horng‐Jang
Published: July 2017

Aqueous–organic solutions can flash only over a limited composition range. This manuscript proposes a model to estimate the two critical parameters, maximum flammable content not to flash and the maximum flash point temperature, in judging whether an aqueous–organic solution is flammable or not. The results are applicable to flammability elimination and flammability hazard assessment of liquid solutions. Validation of this model was performed with measurements for 14 aqueous–organic miscible and partially miscible mixtures. Various mixtures were tested including alcohols, ketones, and esters in aqueous solutions. Overall, the estimation of the maximum flash point value and maximum flammable content not to flash were acceptable when using the proposed model. The termination of the flash for aqueous solutions was clarified to be the nonflammability of the vapor phase resulting from the high‐steam concentration when the temperature of such solutions is greater than the maximum flash point. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 263–271, 2018
A reappraisal of the benefit‐risk profile of hydroxyurea in polycythemia vera: A propensity‐matched study
Authors: Barbui Tiziano , Vannucchi Alessandro Maria , Finazzi Guido , Finazzi Maria Chiara , Masciulli Arianna , Carobbio Alessandra , Ghirardi Arianna , Tognoni Gianni
Published: July 2017

The use of hydroxyurea (HU) as first line therapy in polycythemia vera (PV) has been criticized because no solid demonstration that this drug prevents thrombosis or prolongs survival has been so far produced. Here we present the outcomes of a large cohort of patients with PV included in the European Collaborative Low‐dose Aspirin (ECLAP) study. We selected 1,042 patients who, during the follow‐up, had received only phlebotomy (PHL) or HU to maintain the hematocrit level < 45%. To assure comparability, we conducted a propensity score matching analysis. The two groups (PHL n = 342 and HU n = 681) were well balanced for the parameters included in the propensity score (overall balance: χ2 = 2.44, P = 0.964). Over a comparable period of follow‐up (PHL = 29.9 vs. HU = 34.7 months), we documented an advantage of HU over PHL consistently significant with respect to the incidence of fatal/non‐fatal cardiovascular (CV) events (5.8 vs. 3.0 per 100 person‐years in PHL vs. HU group, P = 0.002) and myelofibrosis transformation that was only experienced by patients of PHL group. Evolution to acute leukemia was registered in three patients (two in PHL and one in HU group). The excess of mortality and total CV events in the PHL patients was restricted to the high‐risk group, and, compared with HU cases, was significant higher in the PHL patients who failed to reach the hematocrit target < 0.45% (P = 0.000). In conclusion, this analysis provides reliable and qualified estimates of the therapeutic profile of HU and PHL treatments for future experimental studies and for the management of PV in clinical practice.
A monocyte‐TNF‐endothelial activation axis in sickle transgenic mice: Therapeutic benefit from TNF blockade
Authors: Solovey Anna , Somani Arif , Belcher John D. , Milbauer Liming , Vincent Lucile , Pawlinski Rafal , Nath Karl A. , Kelm Robert J. , Mackman Nigel , O'Sullivan M. Gerard , Gupta Kalpna , Vercellotti Gregory M. , Hebbel Robert P.
Published: July 2017

Elaboration of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a very early event in development of ischemia/reperfusion injury pathophysiology. Therefore, TNF may be a prominent mediator of endothelial cell and vascular wall dysfunction in sickle cell anemia, a hypothesis we addressed using NY1DD, S+SAntilles, and SS‐BERK sickle transgenic mice. Transfusion experiments revealed participation of abnormally activated blood monocytes exerting an endothelial activating effect, dependent upon Egr‐1 in both vessel wall and blood cells, and upon NFκB(p50) in a blood cell only. Involvement of TNF was identified by beneficial impact from TNF blockers, etanercept and infliximab, with less benefit from an IL‐1 blocker, anakinra. In therapeutic studies, etanercept ameliorated multiple disturbances of the murine sickle condition: monocyte activation, blood biomarkers of inflammation, low platelet count and Hb, vascular stasis triggered by hypoxia/reoxygenation (but not if triggered by hemin infusion), tissue production of neuro‐inflammatory mediators, endothelial activation (monitored by tissue factor and VCAM‐1 expression), histopathologic liver injury, and three surrogate markers of pulmonary hypertension (perivascular inflammatory aggregates, arteriolar muscularization, and right ventricular mean systolic pressure). In aggregate, these studies identify a prominent—and possibly dominant—role for an abnormal monocyte‐TNF‐endothelial activation axis in the sickle context. Its presence, plus the many benefits of etanercept observed here, argue that pilot testing of TNF blockade should be considered for human sickle cell anemia, a challenging but achievable translational research goal.
Protecting Quantum State in Time‐Dependent Decoherence‐Free Subspaces Without the Rotating‐Wave Approximation
Authors: Wu Qi‐Cheng , Chen Ye‐Hong , Huang Bi‐Hua , Shi Zhi‐Cheng , Song Jie , Xia Yan
Published: July 2017

In this paper, we propose a scheme to protect quantum state by utilizing the time‐dependent decoherence‐free subspaces (TDFSs) theory without the rotating‐wave approximation (RWA). A coherent control is designed to drive the quantum system into the TDFSs, moreover, the singularities of the designed coherent control can be avoided by appropriately choosing the control parameters. From an experimental view point, the influences of variations of the control parameters and the imperfect initial state are discussed in detail. Numerical simulations confirm that the scheme can protect the quantum information from both the environmental decoherence and the control errors. In addition, by comparing with the scheme employing RWA, we show that the weak coherent control field is not suitable to create the TDFS, the counter‐rotating terms in the strong coherent control are helpful to protect the quantum information.
Polyurethane nanocomposites with click‐coupled nanodiamonds exhibiting enhanced mechanical and shape memory effects
Authors: Yoo Hye Jin , Lee Byung Hak , Mahapatra Sibdas Singha , Yang Cheol-Min , Cho Jae Whan
Published: July 2017

Poly(ɛ‐caprolactone)diol (PCL)–functionalized nanodiamonds (f‐NDs) were synthesized using a click chemistry reaction between the azide‐moiety PCL and alkyne‐moiety NDs and were incorporated into shape memory polyurethane (PU) at f‐ND concentrations of 0, 0.5, 1, and 2 wt % to produce high‐performance shape memory nanocomposites. The PU/f‐ND nanocomposites exhibited better shape recovery, shape recovery stress, and breaking stresses than pure PU. Shape recovery of greater than 95% was demonstrated for all the nanocomposites in the third cycle, and the shape recovery stresses increased significantly with the f‐ND content. These enhanced mechanical and shape recovery properties are ascribed to increased interactions between the f‐NDs and PU matrix due to incorporation of click‐coupled f‐NDs. The click‐coupled NDs can be used as nanofillers to enhance the mechanical and shape memory properties of polymers. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45465.
SO2F2‐Mediated One‐Pot Synthesis of Aryl Carboxylic Acids and Esters from Phenols through a Pd‐Catalyzed Insertion of Carbon Monoxide
Authors: Fang Wan‐Yin , Leng Jing , Qin Hua‐Li
Published: July 2017

A one‐pot Pd‐catalyzed carbonylation of phenols into their corresponding aryl carboxylic acids and esters through the insertion of carbon monoxide has been developed. This procedure offers a direct synthesis of aryl carboxylic acids and esters from inexpensive and abundant starting materials (phenols, SO2F2 and CO) under mild conditions. This method tolerates a broad range of functional groups and is also applicable for the modification of complicated natural products.