bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dolly: Learning to Attend to The Left Side of Space
Authors: Wilson Barbara A
Published: November 2023

In June 1983, at the age of 62 yr, Dolly was a busy, active woman who worked part time in her husband’s business. She was a church warden, helped with the women’s voluntary service, and had a wide circle of friends. One morning Dolly woke up and heard the alarm clock ringing. She tried to reach the clock to tum the alarm off but could not reach it. Her right arm flailed around but, try as she might, Dolly could not locate the clock. She tried to get out of bed and found herself on the floor. Her left arm and leg would not work. She could, by now, see the clock but found she could not tell the time, the numbers and hands no longer made any sense to her. Fully conscious but almost helpless, she called out and her husband who was downstairs came upstairs. It appears that he did not hear her fall because he had been in the garden at the time. He called an ambulance and Dolly was taken to her local hospital. She had obviously had a stroke. A CT scan carried out the following day showed a right parietooccipital infarct. She also had a left homonymous hemianopia and poor motor power in her left arm and leg. Her leg improved a little over the next few days.
Conclusions
Authors: Wilson Barbara A
Published: November 2023

In this book I have described 20 people who sustained an injury or insult to the brain, and I have explained in detail the subsequent rehabilitation that was carried out to make their daily living more manageable and less distressing. I have tried to describe as fully as possible the problems these people experienced both before and after rehabilitation, and I have given an account of their successes and failures over a period of several years. Wherever possible I have included written or tape recorded accounts from the brain injured people themselves, or their relatives, in the belief that their voices should be heard and their perspectives understood.
The Break with Liberalism and the Formation of Working-Class Movements
Authors: Luebbert Gregory m.
Published: November 2023

The failure of liberal parties to establish their dominance in the years before the war meant that liberals soon found themselves simultaneously attacked by traditional oligarchs, parts of the urban and rural middle classes, and workers. Paradoxically, the same divisions that prevented liberal parties from establishing their dominance also prevented liberals from making the kind of liberal-labor alliances that were so characteristic of politics in prewar Britain, France, and Switzerland.
Narrowing the Aliberal Outcomes: Liberalism’s Final Failure and the Irrelevance of Traditional Dictatorship
Authors: Luebbert Gregory m.
Published: November 2023

Lib-Labism failed in the interwar years in all of the societies in which it had failed before the war, and it did so for the same reasons. To these was added the additional burden of the still more intense class conflict that the war had engendered. Middle-class consolidation, too, remained as unattainable as it had been before the war, and again for the same reasons. The old cleavages within the middle classes were revived and even hardened as they were reinforced by the new conflicts that issued from the war.
Differences Be1ween The Earth And Venus Arising From Origin By Large Planetesimal Infall
Authors: W.M. Kaula
Published: November 2023

Two differences between the Earth and Venus must be primordial: ( 1) their rotations and ( 2) their retentions of inert gases. These differences are so big as to appear to require catastrophic events, such as differences in magnitude of the largest impacts in the terminal phases of formation. This hypothesis is testable by numerical simulations. Four protoplanets were assumed, each with 81% of the final mass of the terrestrial planets, and orbits coplanar with the same semimajor axes and eccentricities as the final planet orbits. Startin spins were selected randomly from a Gaussian distribution about a prograde rate proportionate to M , and obliquities were selected from a distribution about zero. Also assumed were planetesimal populations of 50 members, with randomly selected distributions of the form f(p) = kp-q for four parameters p: mass, semimajor axis, eccentricity, and inclination. These conditions were selected to resemble the late stages of the accretion simulations of Wetherill (1986). Sixty Monte Carlo runs were made of interactions of such randomly selected sets of 50 planetesimals with the 4 planets, using an Opik algorithm (modified to take into account eccentricity of the planets’ orbits). The outcomes for proto-Venus and proto-Earth yielded retrograde spins in 30% of cases, speed-up of spins to LODs less than 8 hr in 15% of cases, and energy dissipations ranging from 1000 to 20,000°K equivalent mean temperature rise. Seven cases combined fast prograde rotation (LOD < 9.5 hrs) in one planet with retrograde rotation for the other. Three of these cases had much higher energy dissipation in the fast prograde rotator. Hence the marked differences of Earth and Venus in spin plus satellite and noble gas retention are plausible, though not probable, outcomes of formation from large planetesimals.
Convection From Local Sources
Authors: Emanuel Kerry A
Published: November 2023

For certain simple fluid flows, a great deal of information about their character may be inferred from the various constant parameters associated with the flow, without solving the governing equations rigorously. If, in particular, the flow is steady and the various dependent variables vary in a simple way with the independent variables and the boundary conditions, the de­ pendent variables may often be related to the independent variables and the boundary conditions with the aid of the governing equations simply by requiring the dimensions of each side of the equality to be alike. The analysis is particularly simple if there is reason to believe, a priori, that the dependence of all the dependent variables on one or more independent variables is similar. If we assume this to be the case and can find a solution consistent with the governing equations, there is a reasonably good chance that this similarity solution will correspond to experimental results.
Moist Thermodynamic Processes
Authors: Emanuel Kerry A
Published: November 2023

As most of the rest of this book is concerned with the dynamics of moist convective processes, it is fitting to pause to review the elementary thermo­ dynamics of atmospheres with variable water vapor content and with phase changes of water substance. The latter makes a very major contribution to atmospheric thermodynamics and introduces a variety of new dynamical processes with no analogs in dry convection.
Dynamics Of Precipitating Convection
Authors: Emanuel Kerry A
Published: November 2023

The formation, fall, melting, and evaporation of precipitation radically alter the dynamics of cumulus convection in several important respects. In the first place, the fall of precipitation represents an extremely important irreversible process in the atmosphere. Once precipitation reaches the surface, a net, vertically integrated quantity of heat is added to the atmosphere. In the tropics, this heating is a major term in the overall thermal budget of the atmosphere. As latent heat is converted to sensible heat in cumulus clouds, which generally cover a very small fraction of the sky (Section 6.5), much of the effect of the heating is transmitted through the atmosphere by inertia-gravity waves instead of advection. This is completely different from the advective mode of heat transfer in dry convecting layers and ex­ plains part of the very different character of moist convection. This point is explored in Sections 11.1 and 11.2.
Deep Convective Regimes
Authors: Emanuel Kerry A
Published: November 2023

Over some tropical regions and middle-latitude continents during the warmer part of the year, deep convective clouds dominate the thermodynamic structure of the atmosphere. Unlike trade cumuli, deep convection is associated with plentiful precipitation and, therefore, a net release of latent heat integrated through the depth of the troposphere. Consequently, deep convection has strong effects on the dynamics and thermodynamics of the atmospheric circulation systems in which it is embedded.

In Chapters 9 and 10, we discussed the local properties of precipitating moist convection, and regarded the clouds as a response to the (given) instability of a thermodynamic sounding. In Section 11.2, however, we pointed out that the global characteristics of moist convecting atmospheres are determined by the destabilization of such atmospheres by large-scale processes such as surface fluxes and radiation and not directly by the character of soundings, which is determined as a response to the forcing. As in stratocumulus and trade-cumulus boundary layers, the vertical structure of density in deep convecting atmospheres represents a compromise between the large­ scale processes, tending to destabilize the atmosphere to convection, and the convection itself, which tends to restore stable or neutral conditions. In this chapter we examine the global characteristics of atmospheres experiencing deep convection, as well as the character of the forcing of deep convection, and explore the nature of the interaction of ensembles of deep convective clouds with large-scale atmospheric circulations.
Introduction: The Rise of the Gunbelt
Authors: Markusen Ann , Hall Peter , Campbell Scott , Deitrick Sabina
Published: November 2023

Over the half-century since World War II, a profound change has come over the economic landscape of America-a change so obvious that it is the staple fare of newspapers and newscasts. It is summarized by media neologisms: Sunbelt, Frostbelt, and Rustbowl. Its essence is the relative decline of the old industrial heartland, the resurgence of New England, and the rise of new industrial regions on the nation’s southern and western perimeter.
Seattle: Aerospace Company City
Authors: Markusen Ann , Hall Peter , Campbell Scott , Deitrick Sabina
Published: November 2023

Seattle seems like the last place in America to build planes, or even to think about building them. It is separated by a continent from the nation’s capital, by hundreds of miles from any procurement center or any other major aero space production site. The Pacific storm tracks bring huge gray rain clouds that scud across Puget Sound, dousing the B-747s, B-767s, and Air Force jets that sit in Boeing Field waiting for their test flights. Behind airfield and city lie the Cascades, and beyond them, deserts and more mountains.
The Limitations of American Debate, 1770-1920
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall , Birdsell David S
Published: November 2023

Debates have been beset by abusive advocates, fractious crowds, and unbearable tedium. Even when well conducted, they are some times difficult to evaluate, yielding results more consistent with the opinions of the judges than the character of the arguments. Participation in debate can cost politicians flexibility and votes.
The Problems of Broadcast Debates
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall , Birdsell David S
Published: November 2023

“Two hundred years ago, five William and Mary students met at nearby Raleigh Tavern, to form Phi Beta Kappa, a fraternity designed, they wrote, to search out and dispel the clouds of falsehood by debating without reserve the issues of the day,” recalled Barbara Walters in her opening statement at the third Ford-Carter debate, held in Williamsburg on October 22, 1976. “In that spirit of debate, without reserve, to dispel the clouds of falsehood, gentlemen, let us proceed.” To accomplish this noble objective, candidates were given up to two and a half minutes to answer each question.
Chronology of Gross Neural Development
Authors: Spreen Otfried , Risser Anthony H , Edgell Dorothy
Published: November 2023

Approximately 7 days after fertilization of the ovum by the sperm, the ovum in the blastula (or hollow ball) stage attaches itself to the uterine endometrium (mucous membrane) and becomes implanted. On day 9 the fertilized ovum is composed of two layers, a dorsal ectoderm and the inner endoderm. Later, during gastrulation, when the blastula invaginates (folds in), a third layer, called the mesoderm, develops between the ectoderm and the endoderm. Gastrulation is essential for neural induction, the ability of these early cell layers to initiate formation of the nervous system (Saxen, 1980). Neural induction takes place on day 18 of gestation. The formation of the nervous system begins at the thickened ectoderm on the dorsal surface of the embryo. For general reviews of gross neural development, see Berenberg (1977), Cowan (1979) and Kolb (1989).Table 2-1 traces the stages of development in a chronological review of growth periods in the human. This chapter discusses two major time periods: the pre natal and the postnatal.
Convulsive Disorders
Authors: Spreen Otfried , Risser Anthony H , Edgell Dorothy
Published: November 2023

A common denominator for the set of disorders discussed in this chapter is involvement of abnormal electrical activity, or discharge, of cerebral neurons. The terms “convulsions,” “seizures,” and “epilepsy” are sometimes used syn onymously, but do not necessarily refer to the same phenomenon. For the sake of uniformity in this chapter, the term “convulsive disorder” is used when we are discussing abnormal discharges in brain cells. These electrical changes, ex tracellularly recorded as EEG paroxysms, are thought to be summations of syn chronously developing depolarizations and hyperpolarizations in neurons (Goldensohn and Ward 1975). In simpler terms, the modulated balance of ex citatory and inhibitory synaptic influences that are normally present in neurons is disturbed in an epileptogenic area of ganglion cells in the gray matter of the brain. A gigantic hyperpolarization spreads to other areas; the specific type of such spreading determines the timing, form, and distribution of epileptic dis charges and hence the clinical picture (Figure 20-1).
Attention Disorders and Hyperactivity
Authors: Spreen Otfried , Risser Anthony H , Edgell Dorothy
Published: November 2023

Attentional deficits characterize a number of childhood syndromes. However, attempts to delineate these deficits have been confounded by confusion in terminology. For example, the terms “MBD,” “conduct disorder,” and “hyperactivity” were often used interchangeably in earlier studies. MBD children are defined as having neurochemical and neurophysiological dysfunction and perceptual or learning disabilities, although these features are not always associated with the hyperactive syndrome. In contrast, hyperactivity has often been treated as part of the MBD syndrome despite statistical evidence to the contrary. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-111-R, American Psychiatric Association 1987) used the term “Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Table 23-1) but allowed for attention deficit disorder with or without hyperactivity in the previous edition and again in the current edition (DSM-IV, American Psychiatric Association 1994). Co-morbidity of ADHD with conduct disorders, oppositional-defiant behavior, mood disorders, anxiety dis orders, learning disabilities, speech and language disorders, and mental retardation is extremely high, e.g., 50 per cent with conduct disorders (Biederman et al. 1991); 41 per cent with learning difficulties (Holborow and Berry 1986); and 78 per cent with speech and language disorders (Baker and Cantwell 1992), which can make differential diagnosis difficult.
Visual Disorders
Authors: Spreen Otfried , Risser Anthony H , Edgell Dorothy
Published: November 2023

Many hereditary and developmental disorders may affect the developing visual system. Depending on the site and extent of the damage, the resulting disorder may vary from absolute blindness, when there is not even light perception, to visual impairments only identifiable under special conditions, e.g., nightblindness.Visual impairment may refer to any incapacitating loss or distortion of vision. The term “blindness” implies that the individual has no useful vision. The legal definition of blindness requires that visual acuity in both eyes with proper corrective lenses is 20/200 (6/60) or worse as measured with the Snellen Chart or an equivalent test, or that the field of vision in both eyes is restricted to less than 20 degrees. The prevalence of congenital blindness, including blindness acquired during the immediate postnatal period, has been reported to range from 1 to 8 per 10,000 (Jan et al. 1977). Acquired blindness occurs at approximately one-quarter the rate of congenital blindness. Visual impairment occurs most often in combination with other handicaps. In a survey by W.D. Williamson et al. (1987), 17 per cent of visually impaired children also had hearing loss, 46 per cent had seizures, and 78 per cent had severe developmental delay. Similar figures were reported by Gardner et al. (1986).
Language Disorders
Authors: Spreen Otfried , Risser Anthony H , Edgell Dorothy
Published: November 2023

Language, or verbal communication, is a crucial part of human behavior in society. Language permits the individual to communicate with others, a basic mechanism for social interaction. In addition, language provides the individual with a tool for thinking. Inadequate or failing language development may have far-reaching implications for a child’s overall development, as well as for specific behaviors involved in communicative transactions. In this chapter, several dis orders of language are addressed and the broader implications of language dis orders in relation to cognitive functioning discussed.To appreciate the manifestations of impaired language functioning in children, an understanding of normal language acquisition is helpful in identifying and quantifying specific aspects of language disorders. Although a full discussion of normal language acquisition is beyond the scope of this chapter, it should be noted that several theories and approaches to its study are available. Some emphasize the linguistic aspects (e.g., phonemic, morphemic, syntactic, semantic), some emphasize perceptual and cognitive bases of language acquisition (e.g., Vygotsky, Piaget), and others seek to explain linguistic development in terms of the development of more general cognitive structures (developmental psycho linguistics). In addition, differing emphasis has been placed on organismic and environmental factors involved in language acquisition.
Developmental Handicap
Authors: Spreen Otfried , Risser Anthony H , Edgell Dorothy
Published: November 2023

The term “developmental handicap” (DH) has gradually replaced a series of now outdated historical equivalents (idiot, moron, imbecile, oligophrenia, mental deficiency) although “mental retardation” is still the term preferred by many researchers and associations. The long-standing popularity of such general designations of unspecified cognitive deficit rests on their assumed value for de scribing a section of the population that has difficulty coping with the educational, social, and economic demands of society. As a result, the population so designated varies in size with changes in society itself. However, in most Western societies it is estimated to involve a considerable proportion of the population. For this reason, neuropsychologists and other clinicians almost invariably have to deal with developmentally handicapped persons in their regular practice.Other forms of specific cognitive deficit are discussed separately in this book The focus in this chapter is on the development of pervasive cognitive disabilities and intellectual handicap, as well as on the development and characteristics of other cognitive features of DH children, e.g., learning, memory, problem solving, reasoning, and concept formation. The development of the Down syndrome child is used as an example.
Psychiatric Disorders
Authors: Spreen Otfried , Risser Anthony H , Edgell Dorothy
Published: November 2023

This chapter deals both with major psychiatric disorders of childhood and adolescence that have been associated with developmental neurological deficit and the relationship between specific neurodevelopmental events and emotional and behavioral disorders. Psychiatric disorders found in children with some specific neurological syndromes were mentioned in previous chapters (e.g., low birth weight, brain injury, metabolic disorders, minor physical anomalies, vision, hearing and language disorders) and are not reviewed here.Childhood psychopathology may be Axis II diagnoses in DSM-III-R (American Psychiatric Association 1987). These diagnoses include, in addition to topics already discussed (e.g., mental retardation, ADHD), pervasive developmental disorders (such as autistic disorders), conduct disorder, oppositional defiant dis order, and a number of disorders outside the field of this book (anxiety disorders of childhood and adolescence, gender identity disorders, and elective mutism). Other axis I and II childhood psychiatric disorders, such as depression or compulsive disorders, and specific neurodevelopmental events so far have attracted less attention from neuropsychologists and will be mentioned only briefly. The overall prevalence estimates of moderate to severe psychiatric disorders of any type range from 14 to 20 per cent (Brandenburg et al. 1990, Costello 1991).
Modem Perspectives on Mood
Authors: Thayer Robert E
Published: November 2023

To the radical behaviorists of the l960s, behavioral processes were the central focus of experimental psychology. Moods often were regarded as curious spill overs, or just aftereffects.1 Moods were hardly of greater interest to the scientific psychologists of the 1970s, when cognitive processes received the greatest focus (Zajonc, 1980). But in the 1980s, mood has been rediscovered. Writing at the beginning of this decade, Sylvan Tomkins may have been prophetic in stating that “the next decade or so belongs to affect” (Tomkins, 1981). The field is now rich with investigations and speculations about mood and general affect.
Arousal: A Basic Element of Mood and Behavior
Authors: Thayer Robert E
Published: November 2023

The concept of arousal as a general bodily process is both necessary and controversial in the biological and behavioral sciences-particularly psychology and physiology (e.g., Andrew, 1974; Duffy, 1962; Eason & Dudley, 1971; Levenson, 1983; Thayer, 1978b; Thayer, 1985). The controversy surrounding this concept derives mainly from the complexity of bodily processes, a complexity that seems to defy classification on a single arousal continuum. Yet the fact that one or more of these continua exists seems undeniable. It is clear that on most days we move from quiescence to activity, and back again to quiescence. Thus a continuum of integrated bodily changes occurs between sedentary rest and intense exercise, and from mild to intense emotions.
Daily Rhythms of Subjective Energy and Other Biopsychological Cycles
Authors: Thayer Robert E
Published: November 2023

The newly emerging area of chronobiology, or perhaps more appropriately for this chapter, “chronopsychology,” can provide extremely important insights into mood. There is an extended history of research on biological cycles, including empirical observations and some theory (see reviews by Brown, 1982; Colquhoun, 1982), but until the last half of this century scientists have not really captured the full significance of these natural cycles in relation to mind and behavior (Aschoff, 1965; Colquhoun, 1971; Halberg, 1969). And even in much of the science as it is now developing, the full range ofrhythmicities has hardly been investigated and assimilated. This deficiency is particularly apparent with regards to psychological concepts.
Determinants of Energetic and Tense Arousal, Including Cognitive-Mood Interactions
Authors: Thayer Robert E
Published: November 2023

The common perception that exercise results in fatigue is frequently wrong. One of the most interesting things about subjective energy is that often this feeling is immediately enhancedby moderate exercise. I am not speaking here of the enhancement that comes over time with physical conditioning. Instead, my point is that on any single occasion energy is often increased by moderate exercise, and the effect can continue for minutes if not hours. At first thought, this doesn ‘t seem logical. After all, exercise involves energy expenditure, and therefore, it should result in tiredness. Nevertheless, on the basis of experimental data, plus some speculative biological theory, it appears that much of the time the immediate effect of moderate exercise is increased energy.
The Natural Interaction of Energetic and Tense Moods: A Multidimensional Arousal Model
Authors: Thayer Robert E
Published: November 2023

Moods of energy and tension interact in a complex manner. Under certain conditions, increases in subjective tension are associated with increased subjective energy, but under other conditions, reduced energy occurs with heightened tension. In psychometric terms, the two mood dimensions appear to be orthogonal, but this apparent independence actually masks differing relationships between these moods at different levels of arousal. These relationships are very important, because different patterns of energy and tension are basic elements of a variety of other common mood states.
Issues Relating to Formal and Informal Research on Mood
Authors: Thayer Robert E
Published: November 2023

Much of the traditional experimental research on mood involves nomothetic designs that are usually carried out in a laboratory setting. Typically, behavior is assessed on only a single occasion, or at most, two occasions (e.g., pre and post experimental conditions). Probability models that are used to evaluate research results often depend on multiple replications across subjects. Discussions of the limitations arising from these traditional procedures in relation to general psychological research have become increasingly prominent in the recent scientific literature. Particularly noteworthy in this context are the ideas of Epstein (1980, 1983) and Rushton, Brainerd, and Pressley (1983). Recently Larsen (1988) has provided an excellent organizational framework for considering these issues.
Genetic Analysis of Hybrid Zones
Authors: Barton Nicholas H , Gale Katherine S
Published: November 2023

When two distinct gene pools meet and produce fertile hybrids, the outcome varies from gene to gene. At some loci a universally favorable allele has been established on one side. Such alleles soon spread through the whole population and hence differences are rarely observed. At other loci different alleles may be favored in different environments or genetic backgrounds; selection maintains these differences in the face of random mixing. At other loci—perhaps at most of those we observe in molecular surveys—different alleles may have been established by chance and may have no appreciable effect on fitness. These differences gradually fade away, at a rate that depends on the strength of selection against introgression at the other loci with which they are associated.
The Juridicized Policymaking Process
Authors: Stone Alec
Published: November 2023

I have argued that to limit our understanding of the Constitutional Council’s political behavior and impact to the terms of its jurisprudence obscures its political role and functioning, and leads to a narrow reading of the impact of constitutional review on policymaking. Focus on the application of the Council’s decisions by legislators is a necessary but only partial corrective. Given the Council’s potential to exercise indirect, deterrent power over policy decisions, the full picture is only visible to the extent that the analyst attends to each stage of the legislative process, and is able to evaluate, as systematically as possible, the full range of Council impact. This indirect impact too constitutes the Council’s policymaking behavior.
The Federalist: Liberal Commitments
Authors: Sinopoli Richard C
Published: November 2023

In defending the newly drafted Constitution of 1787 in the New York State ratifying convention, Alexander Hamilton comes close to stating a general theory of constitutional design as pursued by a wise legislator. “Men,” he argues, “will pursue their interests. It is as easy to change human nature as to oppose the strong current of selfish passions. A wise legislator will gently divert the channel, and direct it, if possible, to the public good.”1 Elsewhere Hamilton paraphrases Hume in making much the same point.
Conclusion: American Citizenship Viewed from the Founding
Authors: Sinopoli Richard C
Published: November 2023

I began this study with a statement of Rousseau’s problem-how to balance the competing demands of civic and private life on our time and energy-and attempted to provide some sense of the constitutional founders’ response to it. Though I have rejected the revisionist view that classical republican notions of civic virtue played a large role in shaping the constitutional founders’ thought, I have supported the revisionists to at least this extent: both Federalists and Anti-Federalists considered in some depth the social and psychological bases of civic motivations. They debated whether the national government could generate and sustain the support of citizens. They also disagreed over the role citizens should play in political decision making, with Anti-Federalists committed to variants of what I call weak republicanism. Neither Federalists nor Anti-Federalists believed institutional checks and balances to be enough to stabilize society without at least some degree of motivation of citizens to undertake civic duties. In making this case, I have attempted to give due weight to the differences within the broadly liberal consensus that has set the terms of debate in American politics;
The Counter examples
Authors: Wise Gary L , Hall Eric B
Published: November 2023

1.1.There exists a subset of :R. such that the infimum of the set is greater than the supremum of the set. 1.2 Given any nonzero real number a, there exists a metric on :R. such that a is closer to O than to any other real number. 1.3 There exists an uncountable family of distinct infinite subsets of N such that the intersection of any two distinct sets from this family is finite. 1.4 Given any positive number E, there exists an open subset U of :R. such that U contains each of the rationals, yet the Lebesgue measure of U is less than E. 1.5 There exists a subset S of :R. such that inf{e > 0: S EBE= S} = 0. 1.6 There do not exist Lebesgue measurable subsets of :R. with positive Lebesgue measure and with cardinality less than c. 1.7 There exists an uncountable collection of distinct subsets of N that are totally ordered by the inclusion relation. 1.8 For any closed interval I of :R. such that >.(I) > 0 and any a E [O, >.(I)), there exists a Cantor-like subset of I having Lebesgue measure a.
Product Spaces
Authors: Wise Gary L , Hall Eric B
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we present counterexamples concerning products of topological spaces and products of measure spaces with particular emphasis placed upon examining unexpected properties of Rk. Example 6.1. Given any bounded subsets X and Y of R3. having non empty interiors, there exists a positive integer n, a partition { Xi: 1 <5 i <5 n} of X, and a partition {1’: 1 <5 i <5 n} of Y such that X, is congruent to 1’ for each i. Proof: The proof of this result due to Banach and Tarski is from Stromberg [1979]. For a point x in JR3. , we will let X denotes the standard Euclidean norm of x. Recall that a square matrix with real entries is said to be orthogonal if it is invertible and if its inverse equals its transpose.
Boyhood in Hildesheim
Authors: Holmes Frederic Lawrence
Published: November 2023

Hans Adolf Krebs was born on August 25, 1900, in a modest house on the Zingel,a broad street bordering the beautiful inner city of Hildesheim, in Hanover. His father chose the name Hans in the mistaken belief that it was a characteristically Germanic one. Hans was given the middle name Adolf after his maternal grandfather, but the spelling was modernized. Six weeks later the Krebs family moved to a larger house on the other side of the same street, at Zingel 9. Anticipating that a second child would require more room, Georg Krebs had already purchased the house at Zingel 9, and had had an extension built across the back to accommodate an office and a surgical operating room for his medical practice.
Initiative and Dependence
Authors: Holmes Frederic Lawrence
Published: November 2023

While Hans Krebs completed his medical training in Berlin, his year in Rona’s laboratory, and his first year in Warburg’s laboratory, Germany enjoyed greater outward stability than anything he had known since the outbreak of the war when he was a young teenager. After the end of the inflation German industrial production revived resiliently, and economic conditions for many people approached prewar levels. Although the republican government remained weak and divided by party factionalism, the forceful leadership of Gustav Stresemann in the Foreign Ministry gradually restored Germany to a respected place in the international community.
The Formation of Urea
Authors: Holmes Frederic Lawrence
Published: November 2023

When Henseleit first observed the enormous quantity of ammonia formed in kidney tissue to which he had added ornithine, it was an unexpected event that occurred within the context of the on going investigation of the ornithine effect. Three days later that event had already taken on the shape of a new investigative problem. The evolution of Krebs’s point of view during these 3 days appears to be well captured in the respective titles in Henseleit’s notebook of the experiment in which the initial observation was made, and of the first experiment designed to follow it up:
Reflections on the Formation of a Scientific Life
Authors: Holmes Frederic Lawrence
Published: November 2023

Hans Krebs took 31 years to become a well-trained independent scientific investigator, and only 9 months more to make one of the most significant discoveries of his generation in his chosen field. Retrospectively it is easy to organize the varied episodes in his life until 1931 as the necessary preparation for his auspicious achievement. An early interest in nature, fostered by his father; the well-organized use of his time, even as a boy; the industrious student in his Gymnasium years, who absorbed information very well even if he did not shine; the disciplining effect of his short interlude of military service; the purposeful, determined student of medicine who absorbed from his teachers a keen interest in research; lectures by Franz Knoop that outlined the approach to intermediary metabolism he was later to pursue so successfully; the early opportunity to whet his appetite for research under the guidance of von Mollendorff; the resourceful exploitation of the local opportunities for clinical research during his hospital year; the year spent in Rona’s laboratory to repair the deficiencies in his chemical education, were all climaxed by an apprenticeship in the laboratory of the great Otto Warburg that provided him with the methods, the standards, and much of the style that enabled him, as soon as he was on his own, to solve one of the large biochemical problems of his time.
A Space in the Public Place: Democracy
Authors: Mott Stephen Charles
Published: November 2023

Modern democracy developed in the liberal quest for freedom in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Democracy had already appeared in earlier forms in prehistoric and early historical societies2 and in ancient Greece. The latter appearance of democracy was democracy only in a qualified sense since in reality it included only a small portion3 of the civil community, the sons of citizens of the city-state who married women of the city-state.
Discovery and Invention in Polymer Chemistry
Authors: Morgan Paul W
Published: November 2023

This chapter describes discovery and invention in an industrial laboratory whose purpose is to seek new products for a synthetic fibers business. Here the search may be for fundamental information and understanding or for a specific practical goal. The searcher may be an individual working alone or a member of a team. The researcher may work on more than one project at a time, and assignments often are changed in midstream to serve the manpower needs of the laboratory.
The Analytic Inventive Thinking Model
Authors: Helfman Jacob
Published: November 2023

Analytic Inventive Thinking is a practical model designed for scientists, engineers, and technicians to use in creating original and easy-to-implement solutions across the broad spectrum of technology. It provides an organized, systematic approach and efficiently shortens the problem-solving process. This teachable model has been developed in the Open University of lsrael and is briefly outlined in this article. The university is continuing to investigate and develop the model and offers teaching, training, and consultation in its use. To date, about 1250 students representing most of the major industries in Israel have participated in fifty in-house courses based on the model.
Neuroglia
Authors: Cajal S Ramón Y , Azoulay DR L , swanson Neely , Swanson larry W
Published: November 2023

We have emphasized that two special elements, which are really abstractions derived from many examples, form all neural tissue: the neuron with its various processes and the glial cell. The neuron has already been examined in detail, and we shall soon discuss its major process, the nerve fiber. However, before discussing the neural centers formed by various combinations of these special elements, we also need to understand the glial cell.
Histogenesis Of The Spinal Cord And Spinal Ganglia
Authors: Cajal S Ramón Y , Azoulay DR L , swanson Neely , Swanson larry W
Published: November 2023

The spinal cord is simply a fold of ectoderm, and the elements within it are actually just transformed epithelial cells. Thanks to the fundamental observations of HisI in the human embryo, the initial phases of this transformation are now understood, although little was done for several years to confirm his work. During the course of time, however, our own studies, along with those of Lenhossek,3 were carried out with the Golgi method in the chick embryo and published. This method allowed us to confirm the essential features of the work carried out by His, and even allowed us to discover the earliest form of neurons and epithelial cells, and to follow their subsequent transformation more clearly than His was able to do with the ordinary staining methods that he employed. We shall now summarize the first stages of spinal cord development according to the work of His.
Medullary Extension Of The Spinal Ventral Funiculus
Authors: Cajal S Ramón Y , Azoulay DR L , swanson Neely , Swanson larry W
Published: November 2023

Longitudinal sections through the medulla and cervical spinal cord of small mammals demonstrate that the ventral funiculus of the spinal cord lies mainly ventral to the caudal end of the inferior olive, and that it continues on in the medulla as fibers associated with the medial or white reticular formation. The latest evidence about this continuity is presented in Fig. 409, which is from a sagittal section through the medulla of a newborn mouse. The most ventrolateral region of the ventral funiculus follows this course, and is particularly obviou,s around lateral parts of the inferior olive. In contrast, dorsomedial parts of the ventral funiculus are continuous with the medial longitudinal fascicle and with fibers in regions of the medial or white reticular formation dorsal to the inferior olive. In the mouse, rabbit, cat, and so on, some bundles of the ventral funiculus also course near the raphe, between the inferior olive dorsally and the pyramidal tract ventrally.
The Adolescent, Health, and Society: From the Perspective of The Nurse
Authors: Broering Jeanette M
Published: November 2023

The research literature on adolescents and health promotion has exploded in the past 2 to 3 years, with representation from a variety of professional perspectives including psychology, sociology, medicine, nursing, and public health. The quantity of research illustrates the magnitude of concern about the future health of our youth. Attempts to define, explain, and codify the complex interaction between behaviors such as substance use and delinquency or factors such as poverty and health status appear to have marginal predictive ability when attempting to understand adolescent’s choice of healthy lifestyle options (Chapter 7).
The Control of Violence and the Promotion of Nonviolence in Adolescents
Authors: Earls Felton , Cairns, Robert B , Mercy James A
Published: November 2023

At the outset, we should observe that few specific strategies to achieve the goals of controlling violence or promoting nonviolence have been described in the scientific literature. Yet the dual problems of violence reduction and nonviolence pro­ motion are critical health issues for adolescents. In 1987, homicide was the third leading cause of death in persons 10 to 19 years of age (National Center for Health Statistics, 1988). In that same year, 1 in 16 adolescents was a victim of violent crime. But it is not only victims who are vulnerable. Extreme aggression in adolescence has also been shown to be a reliable predictor of a host of subsequent health problems for the violent individual, from automobile accidents to suicide (Earls, 1991).
Surface Reaction
Authors: Sposito Garrison
Published: November 2023

which depend, respectively, on powers of the concentrations of the reactant and products in Eq. 3.1. This line of reasoning is analogous to that associated with Eqs. 1.33 and 1.34.
Colloidal Processes
Authors: Sposito Garrison
Published: November 2023

Basic concepts of colloid chemistry that are relevant to soils are discussed in Chap. 10 of G. Sposito, The Chemistry of Soils, Oxford University Press, New York, 1989, and in the first three chapters of R. J. Hunter, Foundations of Colloid Science, Vol. I, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1987. The definitions of flocculation, jloccule, and aggregate given in the present chapter are those of its author.

See, for example, C. R. O'Melia, Particle-particle interactions in aquatic systems, Colloids Surfaces 39:255 (1989) for a review of these phenomena from the perspective of colloid chemistry.

See, for example, MF. DeBoodt, M. H. B. Hayes, and A. Herbillon, Soil Colloids and Their Associations in Aggregates, Plenum Press, New York, 1990, for comprehensive surveys of these applications.
Black Political Subordination in Chicago
Authors: Keiser Richard A
Published: November 2023

In no U.S. city had Blacks achieved more substantial political empowerment by the first half of the twentieth century than in Chicago. Ralph Bunche declared that Chicago was “the seventh heaven” of political activity for Blacks.1 Harold Gosnell argued that “Negroes in Chicago have achieved relatively more in politics than have the Negroes in other cities of the United States.”2 Allan Spear concluded that during this period Blacks “had more political power in Chicago than anywhere else in the country.”3 Yet from the 1950s to 1983 (when Harold Washington was unexpectedly elected as the city’s first African-American mayor), the political gains of Blacks were rolled back so thoroughly that a new generation of analysts viewed the Windy City as an extreme example of Black political subordination and powerlessness.4 Out of the midst of this subordination, labeled plantation politics by local participants and scholars, emerged a movement that swept Harold Washington into the mayor’s of fice and dramatically increased the political power of African-Americans in Chicago. But in the aftermath of his sudden death, African-Americans have again become divided and have squandered most of the political power they so quickly accrued inhis brief tenure.
Political Monopoly and the Maintenance of Black Subordination in Gary
Authors: Keiser Richard A
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines the evolution of Black political power in Gary, Indiana, as a complement to the analysis of Chicago. Important similarities in the patterns of Black political development in Chicago and Gary suggest that the Chicago case was not unique. Economically the two cities are similar. Both were the locales of heavy industry and large unionized blue-collar work forces. Due to shifts in the international political economy that precipitated changes in the structure of the U.S. economy, both suffered economic setbacks. (Because of the lack of diversity of Gary’s economy, the city’s overall economic decline has been more severe.) Demographically the cities are also similar: both have large Eastern European and Black populations that are residentially segregated. In ways that are salient for this analysis, Gary and Chicago are also similar politically. In both cities one can trace the historical development of dominant, electorally monopolistic political party organizations and the institutionalized political relationship between superordinate Whites and subordinate Blacks that is produced by these monopolies.
Political Competition and Black Empowerment in Atlanta, 1946–1992
Authors: Keiser Richard A
Published: November 2023

The city that was too busy too hate” Mayor William B. Hartsfield once dubbed Atlanta, and this description has stuck. He meant that the city’s business and banking leaders refused to allow segregationism and racial polarization to derail their ambition to make it the business hub of the South. Allegedly, that desire led them to build bridges to the Black community and steer a path on the road of race relations that was very different from that of most other cities in Dixie. The conventional wisdom is that Atlanta’s business leaders saw green rather than Black versus White; that is, they were pragmatists seeking to insure an environment of racial tranquility where business would thrive and northern businesses would establish southern offices. Atlanta’s businessmen feared that if they failed to take a positive leadership role on racial tolerance, the city might evolve as had Birmingham or Little Rock, cities they saw as racially divided and, as a consequence, economically crippled. This chapter rejects claims that Atlanta’s business leaders were innately more ambitious or less racist than elsewhere. I also do not believe that Atlanta’s political and economic leaders conceded power when they were not forced to do so. They reflected southern racial attitudes and the typical business desire to advance their financial interests, but their environment created a set of inducements and constraints that forced them to do more than pay lip service to ending segregation and empowering Blacks.
Subordination or Empowerment?
Authors: Keiser Richard A
Published: November 2023

This book has posited answers to two broad questions. First, it has sought to explain why some cities with sizable Black populations that remain a minority of the electorate have been the sites of incremental Black empowerment—as measured by participation in a dominant coalition, Black office-holding, and achievement of political agenda items—when other similar cities have long remained sites of Black political subordination. Second, as is captured in its subtitle, which emphasizes the development of Black leadership, this book proffers both a dynamic theory to explain the emergence and evolution of Black political leaders and a typology of Black leadership. To the layperson, the uneven distribution of talented Black leaders who are perceived as legitimate by Black and White voters is enough to explain cities’ differing levels of success in Black political empowerment. Some cities seem blessed with Black leaders who can forge biracial coalitions, and other cities have no such luck, according to this perspective. The structural theory of leadership formation I have posited shows that the distribution of biracially legitimate leaders is nonrandom.