bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Of what passed between Don Quixote and his squire, with other most famous occurrences.
Authors: Saavedra Miguel De Cervantes
Published: December 2024

The housekeeper no sooner saw that Sancho and her master had locked themselves up together, but she presently began to suspect the drift of their conference; and imagining that it would end in a resolution for a third sally, she took her veil, and,...
Which relates what will be found in it.
Authors: Saavedra Miguel De Cervantes
Published: December 2024

Half the night, or thereabouts,* was spent, when Don Quixote and Sancho left the mountain,* and entered into Toboso. The town was all hushed in silence: for its inhabitants were sound asleep, reposing, as the phrase is, with outstretched legs....
Of the strange adventure which befell the valorous Don Quixote with the wain or cart of the Parliament of Death.
Authors: Saavedra Miguel De Cervantes
Published: December 2024

Don Quixote went on his way exceeding pensive, to think what a base trick the enchanters had played him, in transforming his lady Dulcinea into the homely figure of a country wench; nor could he devise what course to take to restore her to...
Wherein is contained the pleasant adventure of the puppet-player, with sundry other matters, in truth sufficiently good.
Authors: Saavedra Miguel De Cervantes
Published: December 2024

‘Tyrians and Trojans were all silent’:* I mean, that all the spectators of the show hung upon the mouth of the declarer of its wonders, when from within the scene they heard the sound of a number of drums and trumpets,...
Wherein is related, who Master Peter and his ape were; with the ill success Don Quixote had in the braying adventure, which he finished not as he wished and intended.
Authors: Saavedra Miguel De Cervantes
Published: December 2024

Cid Hamet, the chronicler of this grand history, begins this chapter with these words; ‘I swear as a Catholic Christian’: to which his translator says, that Cid Hamet’s swearing as a Catholic Christian, he being a Moor, as undoubtedly he was, meant nothing more...
Of things which, Ben Engeli says, he, who reads them, will know, if he reads them with attention.
Authors: Saavedra Miguel De Cervantes
Published: December 2024

When the valiant flies, it is plain he is overmatched; for it is the part of the wise to reserve themselves for better occasions. This truth was verified in Don Quixote, who, giving way to the fury of the people, and to the evil...
Of what befell Don Quixote with a fair huntress.
Authors: Saavedra Miguel De Cervantes
Published: December 2024

Sufficiently melancholy, and out of humour, arrived at their cattle the knight and squire; especially Sancho, who was grieved to the very soul to touch the capital of the money, all that was taken from thence seeming to him to be so much taken...
Of the answer Don Quixote gave to his reprover, with other grave and pleasant events.
Authors: Saavedra Miguel De Cervantes
Published: December 2024

Don Quixote, then, standing up and trembling from head to foot, as if he had quicksilver in his joints, with precipitate and disturbed speech, said:

‘The place where I am, and the presence of the personages before whom I stand, together with the respect...
Wherein is continued the account of the method prescribed to Don Quixote for the disenchanting Dulcinea; with other wonderful events.
Authors: Saavedra Miguel De Cervantes
Published: December 2024

Keeping exact time with the agreeable music, they perceived advancing towards them one of those cars they call triumphal, drawn by six grey mules, covered with white linen; and mounted upon each of them came a penitent of the light, clothed also in white,...
Wherein Trifaldi continues her stupendous and memorable history.
Authors: Saavedra Miguel De Cervantes
Published: December 2024

At every word Sancho spoke, the duchess was in as high delight as Don Quixote was at his wit’s end; who commanding him to hold his peace, the Afflicted [One] went on, saying:

‘In short, after many pros and cons, the infanta standing stiffly to...
How Sancho Panza was carried to his government, and of the strange adventure which befell Don Quixote in the castle.
Authors: Saavedra Miguel De Cervantes
Published: December 2024

We are told that in the original of this history, it is said, Cid Hamet coming to write this chapter, the interpreter did not translate it, as he had written it: which was a kind of complaint the Moor made of himself*,...
Of the dreadful bellringing and cattish consternation Don Quixote was put into in the progress of the enamoured Altisidora’s amour.
Authors: Saavedra Miguel De Cervantes
Published: December 2024

We left the great Don Quixote wrapped up in the reflections occasioned by the music of the enamoured damsel Altisidora. He carried them with him to bed; and, as if they had been fleas, they would not suffer him to sleep, or take the...
Giving a further account of Sancho’s behaviour in his government.
Authors: Saavedra Miguel De Cervantes
Published: December 2024

The history relates, that they conducted Sancho Panza from the court of judicature to a sumptuous palace, where, in a great hall, was spread an elegant and splendid table: and soon as Sancho entered the hall, the waits struck up, and in...
Of what befell Sancho in the way, and other matters, which you have only to see.
Authors: Saavedra Miguel De Cervantes
Published: December 2024

Sancho stayed so long with Ricote that he had not time to reach the duke’s castle that day; though he was arrived within half a league of it, when the night, somewhat dark and close, overtook him: but, it being summer time, it gave...
Showing how adventures crowded so fast upon Don Quixote, that they trod upon one another’s heels.
Authors: Saavedra Miguel De Cervantes
Published: December 2024

Don Quixote, seeing himself in the open field, free, and delivered from the courtship of Altisidora, thought himself in his proper element, and that his spirits were reviving in him to prosecute afresh his scheme of knight-errantry; and, turning to Sancho, he said:

‘Liberty,...
Of what befell Don Quixote at his entrance into Barcelona, with other events more true than ingenious.
Authors: Saavedra Miguel De Cervantes
Published: December 2024

Three days and three nights Don Quixote stayed with Roque: and, had he stayed three hundred years, he would not have wanted subject matter for observation and admiration in his way of life. Here they lodge, there they dine: one while they fly, not...
Of the bristled adventure which befell Don Quixote.
Authors: Saavedra Miguel De Cervantes
Published: December 2024

The night was somewhat dark, though the moon was in the heavens, but not in a part where she could be seen; for sometimes Señora Diana takes a trip to the antipodes, and leaves the mountains black, and the valleys in the dark. Don...
Which follows the sixty-ninth, and treats of matters indispensably necessary to the perspicuity of this history.
Authors: Saavedra Miguel De Cervantes
Published: December 2024

Sancho slept that night on a truckle-bed in the same chamber with Don Quixote, a thing he would have excused, if he could; for he well knew his master would disturb his sleep with questions and answers, and he was not much disposed to...
Of what befell Don Quixote with his squire Sancho, in the way to his village.
Authors: Saavedra Miguel De Cervantes
Published: December 2024

The vanquished and forlorn Don Quixote travelled along, exceedingly pensive on the one hand, and very joyful on the other. His defeat caused his sadness, and his joy was occasioned by considering, that the disenchantment of Dulcinea was likely to be effected by the...
How Don Quixote and Sancho arrived at their village.
Authors: Saavedra Miguel De Cervantes
Published: December 2024

Don Quixote and Sancho stayed all the day in that village, at the inn, waiting for night; the one to finish his task of whipping in the fields, and the other to see the success of it, in which consisted the accomplishment of his...
The Comtesse de Tende
Authors: de Lafayette Madame
Published: December 2024

In the first year of the regency of Queen Catherine de Médicis,* Mademoiselle de Strozzi,* the daughter of the Maréchal and a close relation of the Queen, married the Comte de Tende* of the house of Savoy....
Letter to Lord Burghley
Authors: Vickers Brian
Published: December 2024

My Lord,

With as much confidence as mine own honest and faithful devotion unto your service and your honourable correspondence° unto me and my poor state can breed in a man, do I commend myself unto your Lordship. I wax° now...
Essays (1597)
Authors: Vickers Brian
Published: December 2024

Of Studies

Studies serve for pastimes, for ornaments, and for abilities.° Their chief use for pastime is in privateness and retiring;° for ornament is in discourse,° and for ability is in judgment. For expert° men can...
A Letter and Discourse to Sir Henry Savile, touching helps for the intellectual powers
Authors: Vickers Brian
Published: December 2024

Mr. Savile.

Coming back from your invitation at Eton, where I had refreshed myself with company which I loved, I fell into a consideration of that part of policy,° whereof philosophy speaketh too much and laws° too little; and that...
The Advancement of Learning
Authors: Vickers Brian
Published: December 2024

Book One

There were under the Law (excellent King) both daily sacrifices and freewill offerings;° the one proceeding upon° ordinary observance, the other upon a devout cheerfulness. In like manner there belongeth to kings from their servants both tribute of...
Essays (1612) [ Selections ]
Authors: Vickers Brian
Published: December 2024

Of Religion

The quarrels and divisions for religion were evils unknown to the heathen: and no marvel, for it is the true God that is the jealous God,° and the gods of the heathen were good fellows.° But yet the...
Letter to King James I , March 1621
Authors: Vickers Brian
Published: December 2024

It may please your most excellent Majesty,

Time hath been when I have brought unto you gemitum columbae° from others. Now I bring it from myself. I fly unto your Majesty with the wings of a dove, which once within these seven...
The Countess of Pembroke’s Arcadia (The Old Arcadia)
Authors: Sidney Sir Philip
Published: December 2024

Philip Sidney was in his early twenties when he wrote his ‘Old’ Arcadia for the amusement of his younger sister, the Countess of Pembroke. The book, which he called ‘a trifle, and that triflingly handled’, reflects their youthful vitality.

The ‘Old’ Arcadia tells a romantic story in a manner comparable to that of Shakespeare's early comedies. It is divided into five ‘Acts’, and abounds in lively speeches, dialogues, and quasi-dramatic tableaux. Two young princes, Pyrocles and Musidorus, disguise themselves as an Amazon and a shepherd to gain access to the Arcadian Princesses, who have been taken into semi-imprisonment by their father to avoid the dangers foretold by an oracle.

As a vehicle for Sidney's prophetic ideas about English versification, the ‘Old’ Arcadia also includes over seventy poems in a wide variety of metres and genres. In clarity, symmetry, and coherence the ‘Old’ version is greatly superior both to the ambitious but unfinished ‘New’ Arcadia and the amalgamated, ‘composite’ version, a hybrid monster which Sidney himself never envisaged.
To My Dear Lady and Sister the Countess of Pembroke
Authors: Sidney Sir Philip
Published: December 2024

Here now have you (most dear, and most worthy to be most dear, lady) this idle work of mine, which I fear (like the spider’s web) will be thought fitter to be swept away than worn to any other purpose. For my part, in...
Here Begin the Second Eclogues
Authors: Sidney Sir Philip
Published: December 2024

The rude tumult of the Phagonians gave occasion to the honest shepherds to begin their pastorals this day with a dance which they called the skirmish betwixt Reason and Passion. For seven shepherds, which were named the reasonable shepherds, joined themselves, four of them...
The Fourth Book or Act
Authors: Sidney Sir Philip
Published: December 2024

The everlasting justice (using ourselves to be the punishers of our faults, and making our own actions the beginning of our chastisement, that our shame may be the more manifest, and our repentance follow the sooner) took Dametas at this present (by whose folly...
Grace Abounding with Other Spiritual Autobiographies
Authors: Bunyan John
Published: December 2024

‘I evidently saw that unless the great God of his infinite grace and bounty, had voluntarily chosen me to be a vessel of mercy, though I should desire, and long, and labour until my heart did break, no good could come of it … How can you tell you are Elected?’ (GA, 47)

In seventeenth-century England, the Calvinist doctrine of predestination, with its belief in the predetermined salvation of the few and damnation of the many, led many Christians to an anguished search for evidence of God's favour. John Bunyan's Grace Abounding records this spiritual crisis and its gruelling fluctuations between hope and despair in all its psychological intensity. It is a classic of spiritual autobiography - a genre which flourished in seventeenth-century England, as anxiety over one's spiritual state encouraged rigorous self-scrutiny and the sharing of spiritual experiences. This edition sets Grace Abounding alongside four of the most interesting and varied contemporary spiritual autobiographies, making its cultural milieu more meaningful to the modern reader.
Discourses on Livy
Authors: Machiavelli Niccolò
Published: December 2024

Comparing the practice of the ancient Romans with that of his contemporaries provided Machiavelli with a consistent point of view in all his works. Machiavelli’s close analysis of Livy’s history of Rome led him to advance his most original and outspoken view of politics - the belief that a healthy body politic was characterized by social friction and conflict rather than by rigid stability. His discussion of conspiracies in Discourses on Livy is one of the most sophisticated treatments of archetypal political upheaval every written. In an age of increasing political absolutism, Machiavelli’s theories became a dangerous ideology.

This new translation is richly annotated, providing the contemporary reader with sufficient historical, linguistic, and political information to understand and interpret the revolutionary affirmations Machiavelli made, based on the historical evidence he found in Livy.

The complete Livy in English, available in five volumes from Oxford World’s Classics.
How the Division Between the Plebeians and the Roman Senate Made That Republic Free and Powerful
Authors: Machiavelli Niccolò
Published: December 2024

I must not fail to discuss the disturbances that persisted in Rome from the death of the Tarquins to the creation of the tribunes and, afterwards, certain other matters to counter the opinion of those who declare that Rome was a disorderly republic, full of...
That One Should Not Jeopardize All of One’s Fortune or All of One’s Forces; and, for This Reason, Defending Passes Is Often Dangerous
Authors: Machiavelli Niccolò
Published: December 2024

It has never been judged a wise course of action to endanger your entire fortune without committing all of your forces. This can be done in several ways. One way is to do as Tullus and Mettius did, when they entrusted the entire fortune of...
Dictatorial Authority Did Good, Not Harm, to the Roman Republic; and How Authority Citizens Take for Themselves, Not That Which Is Granted Them Through Free Elections, Is Harmful to Civic Life
Authors: Machiavelli Niccolò
Published: December 2024

Some writers have condemned those Romans who found a way to create a dictator in their city as if it had, with the passage of time, brought a tyranny to Rome, alleging that the first tyrant to exist in that city ruled it under the...
The Same Circumstances Are Often Seen Among Different Peoples
Authors: Machiavelli Niccolò
Published: December 2024

Anyone who studies current and ancient affairs will easily recognize that the same desires and humours exist and have always existed in all cities and among all peoples. Thus, it is an easy matter for anyone who examines past events carefully to foresee future events...
The Creation of the Decemvirate in Rome and What Is Noteworthy About It; Including, Among Many Other Matters, the Consideration of How the Same Circumstances May Either Save or Destroy a Republic
Authors: Machiavelli Niccolò
Published: December 2024

Since I wish to discuss in detail the circumstances that arose in Rome with the creation of the decemvirate, it does not seem superfluous to recount, first, all the similar creations that followed and, then, to discuss those elements that are worthy of note in...
Those Who Fight for Their Own Glory Are Good and Faithful Soldiers
Authors: Machiavelli Niccolò
Published: December 2024

It should also be considered, concerning the argument above, what a difference there is between a happy army that fights for its own glory and one that is poorly organized and fights for the ambition of others. Roman armies were always accustomed to being victorious...
Anyone Wishing to Prevent a Magistracy from Being Given to a Man of Humble Birth or to an Evil Man Should Have It Requested Either by a Man Who Is Too Humbly Born and Evil or by One Who Is Too Noble and Too Good
Authors: Machiavelli Niccolò
Published: December 2024

When the senate feared that tribunes with consular authority would be chosen from among the plebeians, it adopted one of two methods: either it called on the most renowned citizens of Rome or, indeed, it corrupted by the necessary means some humbly born and extremely...
A Republic or a Prince Should Seem to Do Out of Generosity What Must Be Done Out of Necessity
Authors: Machiavelli Niccolò
Published: December 2024

Prudent men always and in their every action make a merit of doing things even if necessity forces them to act in this way in any case. This kind of prudence was well used by the Roman senate when it decided to give public funds...
There Is No More Secure and Less Divisive Means of Restraining the Insolence of a Man Who Rises to Power in a Republic Than to Be the First to Occupy the Paths Through Which He May Come into Such Power
Authors: Machiavelli Niccolò
Published: December 2024

We have seen in the discourse above and we have read about how much credit the nobility acquired with the plebeians through its efforts to benefit them, both by the salary they instituted and by the method of imposing the taxes. If the nobility had...
How Easily Affairs Are Conducted in a City Where the Populace Is Not Corrupted; and That Where Equality Exists, a Principality Cannot Be Created, and Where No Equality Exists, a Republic Cannot Be Created
Authors: Machiavelli Niccolò
Published: December 2024

Although what is to be feared and hoped for from corrupted cities has been amply discussed above, nevertheless it does not seem beyond my purpose to consider a decision of the senate concerning the vow made by Camillus to give Apollo the tenth part of...
Before Important Events Happen in a City or a Province, Signs that Foretell Them or Men Who Predict Them Appear
Authors: Machiavelli Niccolò
Published: December 2024

How this comes about I do not know, but both ancient and modern examples demonstrate that no serious event ever occurs in a city or a province that has not been predicted either by fortune-tellers, revelations, extraordinary events, or by other celestial signs. And so...
How the Consulate and Every Other Magistracy in Rome Were Bestowed Without Respect to Age
Authors: Machiavelli Niccolò
Published: December 2024

It is evident from the unfolding of history that after the consulate came to the plebeians, the Roman republic granted this office to its citizens without respect to age or family; indeed, respect for age never existed in Rome, but the city always sought to...
How the Changes in Religious Sects and Languages, Along With Such Occurrences as Floods and Plagues, Erase the Memory of Things
Authors: Machiavelli Niccolò
Published: December 2024

To those philosophers who have claimed that the world has existed eternally, I believe one could reply that if it really were this old, it would be reasonable to assume that there is some record of it dating back more than 5,000 years,...
The Causes that Commonly Provoke Wars Among the Powerful
Authors: Machiavelli Niccolò
Published: December 2024

The cause of the war that broke out between the Romans and the Samnites, who had long been allies, is a common one that arises among all powerful states. This cause either comes about by chance or is brought about by someone who wants to...
It Is Not a Prudent Policy to Form a Relationship With a Prince Who Has More Prestige Than Power
Authors: Machiavelli Niccolò
Published: December 2024

In his wish to demonstrate the error of the Sidicini in trusting the assistance of the Campanians and the error of the Campanians in believing that they could defend the Sidicini, Livy could not have employed more lively words than by saying: ‘The Campanians had...
Weak States Are Always Ambiguous in Their Decisions; and Slow Decisions Are Always Harmful
Authors: Machiavelli Niccolò
Published: December 2024

In this same matter and in these same beginnings of war between the Latins and the Romans, we can observe how in every assembly it is well to come to the specifics of what must be decided and to avoid being ambiguous and uncertain about...
The First Praetor the Romans Sent Anywhere Was Sent to Capua, Four Hundred Years After They Had Begun to Wage War
Authors: Machiavelli Niccolò
Published: December 2024

How different the Romans’ mode of conduct in making conquests was from those who in the present day increase their territory has been amply discussed above, as well as how they allowed the cities they did not destroy to live under their own laws, even...
Truly Powerful Republics and Princes Do Not Buy Friendships With Money But, Rather, With Their Exceptional Skill and the Reputation of Their Forces
Authors: Machiavelli Niccolò
Published: December 2024

The Romans were besieged in the Capitol, and although they were expecting help from Veii and Camillus, driven by hunger, they came to an agreement with the Gauls to ransom themselves for a certain quantity of gold, and while the gold was being...
On Conspiracies
Authors: Machiavelli Niccolò
Published: December 2024

I did not think I should omit an analysis of conspiracies, since they represent a grave danger both for princes and for private citizens. It is evident that many more princes have lost their lives and their states through conspiracies than through open warfare, because...
Why Changes from Liberty to Servitude and from Servitude to Liberty Are Sometimes Without Bloodshed and Sometimes Full of It
Authors: Machiavelli Niccolò
Published: December 2024

Some will perhaps ask themselves why, in the many changes from free government to tyranny and the opposite, some occur with bloodshed and others without it; because, as we learn from the histories, during similar changes a great many men on some occasions, have been...
Anyone Wishing to Alter a Republic Must Consider Its Basic Material
Authors: Machiavelli Niccolò
Published: December 2024

It has been discussed above how a wicked citizen cannot do evil in a republic that is not corrupted, and that conclusion is strengthened, beyond the reasons that were then set forth, with the examples of Spurius Cassius* and Manlius Capitolinus.*...
That One Must Pay Attention to the Deeds of Citizens, Because a Worthy Act Often Conceals the Beginnings of Tyranny
Authors: Machiavelli Niccolò
Published: December 2024

When the city of Rome was afflicted with hunger and public provisions were insufficient to stop it, a certain Spurius Melius, being very rich, in the manner of those times, took it in mind to create a private supply of grain and to feed the...
That a Citizen in His Own Republic Who Wishes to Employ His Authority for Some Good Work Must First Extinguish Envy; and How to Organize the Defence of a City When the Enemy Is Coming
Authors: Machiavelli Niccolò
Published: December 2024

When the Roman senate had learned that all of Etruria had conducted a new levy of soldiers to do harm to Rome and that the Latins and the Hernici, who had in the past been friends of the Roman people, had sided with...
Strong Republics and Excellent Men Retain in Every Kind of Fortune the Same Spirit and Dignity
Authors: Machiavelli Niccolò
Published: December 2024

Among the other magnificent things that our historian has Camillus say and do, to show how an excellent man must be made, he puts these words into his mouth: ‘My resolution has never gained anything from dictatorship, any more than it lost anything...
That Men Born in One Province Display Almost the Same Nature in Every Age
Authors: Machiavelli Niccolò
Published: December 2024

Prudent men are in the habit of saying, neither by chance nor without reason, that anyone wishing to see what is to be must consider what has been: all the things of this world in every era have their counterparts in ancient times. This occurs...
How It Happens That a Family Maintains the Same Customs in a City Over a Long Period of Time
Authors: Machiavelli Niccolò
Published: December 2024

It seems that not only does one city have different methods and forms of education than another, and bears men who are either tougher or more effeminate, but within the same city, it is clear that such differences can exist between one family and another....
That a Good Citizen Ought to Forget Private Injuries for Love of His Country
Authors: Machiavelli Niccolò
Published: December 2024

Marcius the consul was with the army against the Samnites, and when he was wounded in a skirmish and constituted a danger to his troops, the senate decided it was necessary to send Papirius Cursor as dictator to make up for the weakness of the...
When an Enemy Is Seen Committing a Gross Error, It Should Be Assumed that There Is a Trick Behind It
Authors: Machiavelli Niccolò
Published: December 2024

When Fulvius was left as legate in the army that the Romans had in Etruria, and the consul had gone to Rome for some ceremonies, the Etruscans, to see if they might catch him, set up a trap near the Roman fortifications, and sending some...
The Trial
Authors: Galilei Galileo
Published: December 2024

Report of the Commission of Enquiry (September 1632)

In conformity with your Holiness’s order, the whole sequence of events concerning the printing of Galileo’s book, as it was eventually printed in Florence,* is set out below.

In substance, the affair progressed as follows.

In...
The Sleeping Beauty in the Wood
Authors: Perrault Charles
Published: December 2024

O
nce upon a time there lived a king and queen who were ever so unhappy, because they had no children; so unhappy I can’t tell you. They went to all the spas to drink the waters there, gave presents to all the saints,...
Hop o’ my Thumb
Authors: Perrault Charles
Published: December 2024

O
nce upon a time there lived a woodcutter and his wife, who had seven children, all of them boys. The eldest was only ten years old, the youngest only seven. You may find it surprising that the woodcutter had so many children in...
The Way to Jerusalem
Authors: Mandeville John
Published: December 2024

After visiting St Catherine’s holy place, if you wish to turn towards Jerusalem, you should first take leave of the monks and recommend yourself specially to their prayers. These monks generously provide provisions to pilgrims in order to pass through the desert to Syria,...
Another Route to Jerusalem
Authors: Mandeville John
Published: December 2024

I just told you about the shortest route to Jerusalem. But because many people will not endure the stench of the sea and would rather go by land, even though it’s a longer distance and more difficult, one can go to one of the...
A Way to Jerusalem Entirely Overland
Authors: Mandeville John
Published: December 2024

Now I’ve told you some of the ways by land and by sea by which one can go to Jerusalem. Even though there are many other routes by which people can travel from whichever countries they come from, they all reach the same place....
The Arrangement of the Court of Prester John
Authors: Mandeville John
Published: December 2024

Now I shall describe the arrangement of Prester John in his palace, which is in
the city of Shush* where he usually resides. And this palace is so magnificent that it’s a wonder to describe, because above the main tower are two...
Grimnir’s Sayings
Authors: Larrington Carolyne
Published: December 2024

The prose introduction to Grimnir’s Sayings (Grimnismal) gives an unexpected account of Odin and Frigg as rival patrons to two kingly candidates, the lost sons of King Hraudung. Odin uses cunning to give his foster-son an unfair advantage, and then precipitates...
Needs as Causes
Authors: Shaw Ashley
Published: December 2024

Facts about need play some role in our causal understanding of the world. We understand, for example, that people have basic needs for food, water, and shelter, and that people come to be harmed because those needs go unmet. But what are needs? How do explanations in terms of need fit into our broader causal understanding of the world? This paper provides an account of need attribution, their contribution to causal explanations, and their relation to disposition attribution.
What Do Addiction and Recovery Look Like?
Authors: Glasner Suzette
Published: December 2024

This chapter presents what addiction and
recovery look like. Addiction leads to changes in the brain that affect impulse control,
decision-making, and psychological well-being. People experience addiction in different
ways, such as specific symptoms, substance(s) used, complicating conditions, and life
impact, which ultimately affects the approach for treatment. The chapter then looks into
the symptoms of a substance use disorder before considering the genetic, biological, and
environmental risk factors for addiction. It also mentions how a person’s ability to
access quality healthcare can affect the timely diagnosis and treatment of their
substance use disorder, which also correlates to several other personal life
circumstances, such as education and the physical environment.
What Are the Goals of Treatment for Addiction?
Authors: Glasner Suzette
Published: December 2024

This chapter tackles the goals of treatment
for addiction. The three main goals of treatment for a substance use disorder revolve
around helping a person moderate or discontinue their use of alcohol or drugs, extend
their success in controlling or remaining free from alcohol and drugs into the long
term, and become fully functional in important life areas. Treatment approaches vary
from medications, behavioral counselling, and medical devices to treat withdrawal
symptoms. People who are in recovery from addiction often need to try different
medicines and therapy approaches to meet their unique needs. The chapter looks into the
notion of harm reduction as part of societal and public health strategies to overcome
the nation’s unprecedented addiction crisis.
Nutrients
Authors: Weis Judith S.
Published: December 2024

The major essential nutrients—nitrogen (N) and
phosphorus (P)—can become pollutants when in excess, which can happen with an influx of sewage
or runoff of fertilizer. The nutrients, mostly nitrogen, stimulate single-celled algal blooms
that die off and sink to the bottom to decay. The decay process uses up oxygen in the deeper
water, which may become unlivable due to low oxygen—hypoxia. In some areas, the algal blooms are
of species that produce toxins (harmful algal blooms [HABs], red tides, brown tides, etc.) and
can poison some animals or be stored in shellfish, which can tolerate high amounts. If the
shellfish are consumed by marine mammals or people, severe sickness and even death can result.
The various species that cause HABs are described and discussed. Various methods for reducing
inputs are discussed.
Introduction
Authors: Duany Jorge
Published: December 2024

This chapter introduces Puerto Rico, which has a
peculiar status among Latin American and Caribbean countries because of its dependence on the
United States. Congress granted US citizenship to all residents of Puerto Rico in 1917, but the
Island remained an unincorporated territory of the United States. Puerto Rico became a US
Commonwealth in 1952, while the US federal government retained jurisdiction in most state
affairs. Regardless of being a US territory, Puerto Ricans have a stronger sense of national
identity than most Caribbean peoples, even those who enjoy political independence. The chapter
highlights that Puerto Rico presents the apparent paradox of a stateless nation that has not
assimilated into mainstream US culture.
Lessons Learned Through Adaptation of a Model Successful during the COVID Pandemic: Expanding HIV Self-testing for Persons Who Use Drugs
Authors: Huerta Alicia , Salim Ella , Bonilla Haley V. , Miller Sarah E. , Assoumou Sabrina A.
Published: December 2024

The US overdose crisis is driving a surge in HIV diagnoses among persons who inject drugs (PWID). Innovative approaches are needed to address this increase in cases. Although HIV self-testing (HIVST) was hailed as a potential “game-changer” upon initial approval by the Food and Drug Administration over a decade ago, this convenient testing modality has not reached its full potential to impact the HIV epidemic. Nevertheless, lessons regarding self-testing for infectious diseases from the COVID-19 pandemic present an opportunity to increase HIVST uptake and reach current US goals of Ending the HIV Epidemic (EHE) by 2030. In this commentary, we first discuss facilitators and barriers of HIVST for PWID. We then explore how lessons regarding self-testing during the COVID-19 pandemic can allow us to realize the potential of HIVST for PWID. We conclude by suggesting the future utilization of HIVST to address 2 EHE pillars, rapid diagnosis of HIV cases and cluster identification.
How Does Inflammatory Bowel Disease Impact Outcomes and Costs of Care Following Primary 1- to 2-level Lumbar Fusion for Degenerative Lumbar Disease?
Authors: Elali Faisal , Nian Patrick , Rodriguez Ariel N. , Conway Charles A. , Saleh Ahmed , Razi Afshin E.
Published: December 2024

Study Design:

Retrospective study.

Objective:

The purpose of this study was to determine whether IBD in patients with degenerative lumbar changes undergoing primary 1–2LF is associated with higher rates of (1) in-hospital length of stay, (2) medical complications, (3) readmissions, and (4) costs of care.

Summary of Background Data:

In the United States, the prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has increased concurrently with an aging population with degenerative disk changes. In these patients, primary 1- to 2-lumbar fusion (1–2LF) is a common procedure to resolve serious complications of the spine. Studies comparing these patient demographics to hospital lengths of stay, postoperative complications, readmission rates, and costs of care are limited in the literature.

Methods:

The inclusion criteria consisted of patients with IBD who underwent 1–2LF, using a 90-day surveillance period, postoperatively. This 90-day surveillance period was used to measure the length of hospital stay, rates of medical complications, rates of readmissions, and overall costs of care. The IBD cohort was matched against a case-matched cohort group.

Results:

Patients in the study group had significantly longer in-hospital lengths of stay. In addition, patients in the study group had significantly higher incidence and odds of developing postoperative medical complications within 90 days. Also, study group patients had significantly higher readmission rates. Finally, patients in the study group had significantly higher costs of care than their case-matched cohort.

Conclusions:

This study demonstrated that patients with IBD and degenerative lumbar disease are burdened with longer in-hospital lengths of stay, rates of postoperative medical complications, rates of readmission, and costs of care after undergoing primary 1–2LF.
The Beneficial Role of Participation in Decision-Making on Workers’ Health and Commitment: A Cross-Sectional Study in Belgium’s Health and Homecare Sector
Authors: Rachida Bensliman , Céline Mahieu , Annalisa Casini
Published: December 2024

Objectives

To test the hypothesis of a beneficial role of worker participation in the decision-making process as a buffer against demanding work organisation on mental and physical health and commitment.

Methods

A cross-sectional study (N = 1134) was conducted among workers employed in the health and homecare sector. Multiple regressions and moderation analyses were performed to test whether worker participation in decision-making moderates the association between demanding work organisation and health and whether it directly predicts work commitment.

Results

As hypothesized, results show that demanding work organisation is negatively associated with the mental and physical health of workers and that participation in the decision-making moderates this negative association. Finally, participation in decision-making is directly related to work commitment.

Conclusions

Results are discussed in light of the recent evolution of work conditions in the health and homecare sector.
The Relationship between Chronic Unilateral Hearing Loss, Balance Function, and Falls Is Not Informed by Vestibular Status
Authors: Lubetzky Anat V. , Kelly Jennifer L. , Scigliano Katherine , Morris Brittani , Cheng Kristyn , Harel Daphna , Cosetti Maura
Published: December 2024

Objectives

Recent studies suggest that hearing loss is associated with balance dysfunction and an increased risk of falls. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether adults with unilateral hearing loss (UHL) have an underlying vestibular dysfunction and whether vestibular testing explains balance function and fall risk.

Study Design

Cross-sectional.

Setting

Urban otology practice and a human motion laboratory.

Patients

We recruited 41 healthy controls (mean age, 52 years; range, 22–78 years) and 29 adults with stable UHL (mean age, 53 years; range, 18–80 years) who denied symptoms of dizziness (Dizziness Handicap Inventory average, 1.86; range, 0–14). UHL occurred an average of 4 years (range from sudden loss, 4 months to 27.5 years) prior to testing.

Interventions

We conducted the caloric portion of the videonystagmography test, video head impulse test (vHIT), and a battery of balance tests: standing on foam with eyes closed, timed up and go test, four square step test, 10-meter walk, and a virtual reality (VR) assessment of postural control.

Main Outcome Measures

Hearing was quantified by four-frequency pure-tone average (PTA). Caloric weakness was defined as asymmetry greater than 25%. Participants self-reported falls over the past 12 months and history of vertigo. Performance on balance tests was quantified by time to completion or duration of hold. Performance on the VR assessment was quantified by root-mean-square velocity of head sway.

Results

Proportion of unilateral caloric weakness was significantly higher in the UHL group (25%) than the control group (12%). Five participants with UHL refused caloric testing. vHIT gains of lateral canals were normal in both groups. The majority of participants in the UHL group experienced vertigo at the onset of hearing loss (72%). There were five fallers in the UHL group (17%) and three in the control group (7%). Participants with caloric weakness or vertigo at onset did not differ from those without in age or in any of the balance tests. Participants with history of falls differed in head sway and duration of hold standing on foam with eyes closed.

Conclusions

Individuals with UHL are more likely to have caloric weakness than healthy controls; however, these findings are not correlated with functional outcomes or history of falls. Postural control testing using virtual reality or standing on foam with eyes closed may help detect those at a risk for falls.
Geometric Reconstruction of Cartilage Tissue With Mesenchymal Stem Cell–Assisted Electromechanical Reshaping
Authors: Arıkan Çağrı Berk , Yıldıran Gökçe , Çiçek Gülsemin , Esin Çelik Zeliha , Öz Bağcı Fatma , Tosun Zekeriya
Published: December 2024

Shaping the ear cartilage and preserving the shape are important and quite difficult. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the effectiveness of the Wharton's jelly–derived stem cell–assisted electromechanical reshaping method in a rabbit ear cartilage defect model and to compare it with surgical reshaping.

For the purpose of 25 × 4-mm cartilage defect reconstruction, 48 rabbit ears were divided into 2 main groups according to the shaping method, and these main groups were divided into 3 subgroups according to stem cell injection: control, sham, and stem cell.

A rabbit ear cartilage defect was created, and rib cartilage was collected for reconstruction. Although electromechanical reshaping was performed in accordance with the rabbit ear geometry angle, surgical scoring and suturing were performed in the classical method. Stem cells were applied in the first week, and the grafts were removed in the first month. Analyses included angular change, weight change, and histopathology.

In this study, electromechanical reshaping was histopathologically similar to surgical reshaping and is more effective in preserving the shape. Cartilage thickness and weight were higher in stem cell groups.

Electromechanical reshaping is emerging as an effective and standardized method to maintain cartilage stability and geometry and offers a viable alternative to classic surgical techniques. In addition, stem cell application gave physical strength to cartilage. It is a method that allows us to obtain more stable and more durable cartilages that maintain given shape with the combination of Wharton jelly–assisted electromechanical reshaping method.
Therapeutic efficacy of Roujin formula in managing fibromyalgia patients with liver depression and spleen deficiency syndrome: A single-blinded randomized controlled trial
Authors: Fu Jingsi , Wu Shiya , Jiang Quan , Jiao Juan
Published: December 2024

Objective

Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is a chronic pain condition characterized by central sensitivity to pain, and it is universally acknowledged as a recalcitrant disease. A single-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted to assess the effectiveness and safety of the Roujin formula in treating FMS patients with liver depression and spleen deficiency syndrome, aiming to provide more scientific and effective treatment options.

Methods

Forty-eight eligible participants were enrolled and randomly assigned to either the Roujin formula group (n = 24) or the placebo group (n = 24). The Roujin formula group received 150 mL of the Roujin formula twice daily, whereas the placebo group was given a tenth of the Roujin formula dosage, twice daily. The treatment lasted for 8 weeks, with a follow-up extending to 12 weeks. The primary outcome was the improvement in the pain Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) score, whereas secondary outcomes included enhancements in the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Revised Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQR), and 36-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) scores. These measures were assessed at baseline and after 4, 8, and 12 weeks. The Patients’ Global Impression of Change (PGIC) was collected at week 12. Safety assessments were based on routine blood tests, urine tests, and liver and kidney function evaluations.

Results

The improvement in the pain VAS score was significantly greater in the Roujin formula group than that in the placebo group at the 4-, 8-, and 12-week follow-ups (p < 0.05). At the 8-week treatment and the 12-week follow-up, improvements in PSQI and FIQR scores were also superior in the Roujin formula group compared with the placebo group (p < 0.05). There were no differences between the 2 groups in the improvement of BDI-II scores, SF-36 physical component summary, and mental component summary scores at any observation time points. At the 12-week follow-up, PGIC ratings were significantly better in the Roujin formula group (p < 0.05). There were 4 adverse events, all of which occurred in the Roujin formula group, including 3 cases of diarrhea and 1 case of stomach pain; no serious adverse events were reported during the study.

Conclusion

The Roujin formula can effectively enhance the overall condition of FMS patients, relieve pain, improve sleep quality, and elevate physical and mental well-being. Only mild gastrointestinal reactions were observed. The Roujin formula may be a viable candidate for clinical implementation.
Canonical interpretation of the newly observed
JP=1+
structure
X(2085)
Authors: Li Tian-Ge , Zhang Sheng-Chao , Wang Guan-Ying , Lü Qi-Fang
Published: December 2024

Inspired by the newly observed X(2085) by the BESIII Collaboration, we study the strong decay behaviors of excited axial-vector strange mesons within the quark pair creation model. Our results indicate that the K1(1793)/K1(1861) can be regarded as the same K1(2P) state, and the K1(1911) is assigned as the K1(2P′) state. Considering the mass, spin-parity, and decay behaviors, we interpret the newly observed X(2085) as the radially excited K1(3P) state, which mainly decays into the K*(1410)π, ρK*, ω(1420)K, ρ(1450)K, and ρK final states. Also, the width of the K1(3P′) state is predicted to be about 300 MeV, which can be searched for by future experiments. We expect that present calculations can help us to better understand the nature of the X(2085) structure and near-threshold enhancements in the baryon-antibaryon invariant mass distributions.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Studying the heavy quark spin symmetry multiplet of hadronic molecules
D¯(*)Σc(*)
in the three-body decays of
D¯(*)Λcπ
Authors: Liu Ming-Zhu , Pan Ya-Wen , Geng Li-Sheng
Published: December 2024

The decay behavior of an exotic state can be used to probe its internal structure. We note that the hidden-charm pentaquark states, PψN(4312), PψN(4440), and PψN(4457), have only been observed in the J/ψp channel. In this work, we employ the effective Lagrangian approach to systematically investigate the two-body and three-body decays of the heavy quark spin symmetry multiplet of hadronic molecules D¯(*)Σc(*). Our results show that the partial decay widths of the hidden-charm pentaquark molecules into D¯(*)Λcπ are sizable so that D¯(*)Λcπ are promising channels to search for them, which can help clarify their molecular nature.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Unlocking the key to sustained usage of mobile retail applications: a hybrid perspective
Authors: Hoang Thanh Nhon , Truong Cong Bac
Published: December 2024

Purpose

This study examines how users' perceptions of application quality impact sustained usage, taking alternative options into account.

Design/methodology/approach

A hybrid approach combining partial least squares-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) and artificial neural networks (ANNs) was used to capture linear and non-linear relationships in the continuous intention to use mobile retail applications through 505 valid responses.

Findings

The findings highlight the significant role of utilitarian attitude, hedonic emotion, and trust in driving the adoption and continued use of mobile retail applications. Service and information qualities were identified as factors reinforcing trust, utilitarian attitudes, and hedonic emotion. Notably, system quality exclusively influences utilitarian attitude. Additionally, the presence of alternative options negatively moderates utilitarian attitude and the intention to persistently use the application.

Originality/value

By integrating the S-O-R model and the ISS model, this study’s theoretical framework provides fresh insights into the relative importance of these factors, enhancing our understanding of consumers' intention to continue using mobile retail applications.