bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PREPARATION OF TYPHOID SOMATIC-ANTIGEN VACCINE: III. THE RABBIT INTRACUTANEOUS CHALLENGE WITH SALMONELLA TYPHI IN MUCIN
Authors: Diena B. B. , Wallace R. , Greenberg L.
Published: February 2010

Mucin, in a final concentration of 2.5%, has enhanced the pathogenicity of Salmonella typhi for normally resistant rabbit tissues. The course of this local skin infection was followed both in normal and typhoid immunized animals. With this rabbit intracutaneous challenge a number of vaccines were tested. A dornase-lysed typhoid vaccine was shown to offer a better protection than whole cell control vaccine or commercial vaccines. The circulating antibody titers for H, O, and Vi bore no relationship to the degree of protection.
L'INDEXAGE DES TUBERCULES DE POMMES DE TERRE EN VUE DE DÉCELER LA FLÉTRISSURE BACTÉRIENNE (CORYNEBACTERIUM SEPEDONICUM) (SPIECK 8 : KOTT.) SKAPTASON & BURKHOLDER
Authors: Lachance R. O. , Perrault C. , Lachance R. A.
Published: February 2010

not available
GRAM REACTION AND TETRAZOLIUM STAINING
Authors: Diena B. B. , Wallace R. , Greenberg L.
Published: February 2010

A simple method for differentiation of bacteria parallel to Gram staining is described, using vital staining with blue tetrazolium, decolorizing the preparation with a 1:1 mixture of acetone – ethylene tetrachloride for 4 hours, and counterstaining it with carbol fuchsin. Gram-negative bacteria are decolorized while the Gram-positive ones (except B. cereus) retain their formazan. Similar results were obtained by decolorizing vitally stained bacteria with organic solvents by chromatography.
SUBMERGED CITRIC ACID FERMENTATION OF FERROCYANIDE-TREATED BEET MOLASSES: MORPHOLOGY OF PELLETS OF ASPERGILLUS NIGER
Authors: Clark D. S.
Published: February 2010

A study of the internal structure of Aspergillus niger pellets, grown during submerged citric acid fermentation of ferrocyanide-treated beet molasses, was made using botanical microtechniques. Under optimum fermentation conditions, each pellet developed as a round mass of mycelium of uniform consistency during the first 24 hours of the fermentation (mash sparged with air); subsequently (mash sparged with oxygen), a dense crust of growth formed at the periphery of the pellet and autolysis of cells at the center began. At the end of fermentation (140 hours), the pellet consisted of a shell of mycelium occupying less than 50% of the pellet volume. Changes in fermentation conditions were reflected in the density of peripheral growth and in the rate and extent of autolysis.
PHYSIOLOGY OF WOOD-ROTTING BASIDIOMYCETES: IV. RESPIRATION OF NON-PROLIFERATING CELLS OF POLYPORUS PALUSTRIS
Authors: Newcomb Harvey R. , Jennison Marshall W.
Published: February 2010

For manometric studies of respiration, small, whole mycelial pellets of Polyporus palustris grown in submerged (shake) culture were much superior to fragmented mycelium. The rates of endogenous and of exogenous respiration were dependent, in part, upon age of culture, and were maximal at pH 5.5. The endogenous respiration was high but could be reduced by starvation (aeration in a non-nutrient medium), permitting measurement of exogenous respiration upon the addition of oxidizable substrate. Of the carbohydrates studied, xylose, glucose, galactose, and sucrose were the most stimulative to aerobic respiration; rhamnose, melezitose, and lactose either were not oxidized or showed only slight stimulation. The alcohols methanol, ethanol, glycerol, and propylene glycol were readily utilized; inositol was oxidized to a lesser degree. The sugar alcohols mannitol, sorbitol, and adonitol were mildly stimulative; the effect of dulcitol was dependent upon its concentration. The fatty acids acetate and caprylate were much more readily utilized than butyrate. Salts of other acids— oxalate, pyruvate, lactate, and fumarate—were oxidized to about the same extent as butyrate. Non-proliferating cells of P. palustris had a definite anaerobic metabolism and fermented glucose with production of carbon dioxide and small amounts of acid(s). In air, oxidative assimilation of glucose was high (79–91%); endogenous respiration apparently was not suppressed during assimilation.
THE USE OF GAMMA RADIATION FROM COBALT-60 IN THE CONTROL OF DISEASES OF THE HONEYBEE AND THE STERILIZATION OF HONEY
Authors: Katznelson H. , Robb J. A.
Published: February 2010

Honeycomb and honey heavily contaminated with spores of Bacillus larvae (agent of American foulbrood disease of honeybee larvae) were exposed to gamma radiation from cobalt-60. Sterility was achieved by a dose of 1.5 × 106 to 2.0 × 106 rads. Sugar-tolerant yeasts in honey were effectively destroyed by a dose of 1 × 106 rads whereas cysts of Nosetna apis (agent of nosema disease of adult bees) were inactivated by a dose of 0.2 × 106 rads. The economic feasibility of using gamma radiation to sterilize honeycomb, honey, wax, supers, package cages, and related beekeeping equipment is discussed.
CHOLESTEROL DEPOSITION IN PENICILLIUM SPP.
Authors: Peterson G. E. , Mandy W. J. , Futch Helen , Luckey Donald
Published: February 2010

The absence of chloroform-extractable cholesterol in submerged cultures or resting mycelial suspensions which were supplemented with the sterol is not evidence for metabolism of the substance by molds. Both broth cultures and washed mycelium of the molds used in these studies could make cholesterol un-extractable with chloroform. However, neither manometric studies using C414-cholesterol nor extensive steroid analyses revealed any products of cholesterol metabolism.Steroid uptake by washed cell preparations of these molds depends on the presence of a usable energy source or a high rate of endogenous respiration. Either starving or autoclaving destroyed the ability of washed mycelium to cause cholesterol to disappear from aqueous suspensions.Only a small fraction of the cholesterol removed from suspensions by the mycelium could be recovered by sonic vibration of the cells.
LYSOGENY IN A COAGULASE-NEGATIVE STAPHYLOCOCCUS
Authors: Comtois R. D.
Published: February 2010

A temperate phage (S-13), for which a coagulase-negative strain (SA-13) is lysogenic, was isolated during an investigation of lysogenicity in coagulase-negative staphylococci. Its indicator strain (SA-14) is also coagulase-negative and the phage can be propagated on it. Higher phage titers were obtained following exposure of cultures of lysogenic strain SA-13 to ultraviolet irradiation.As determined by electron microscopy, the phage has a typical morphology and consists of a 'head' and a 'tail', the size and shape of which are similar to those of the staphylococcus typing phages. Phage S-13 differs, however, from these phages in as much as its plaques are much larger; it also belongs to a different serological group. Its lytic activity is very limited as shown from the fact that only 3 coagulase-negative strains were lysed out of 2672 coagulase-positive and 93 coagulase-negative strains tested.Except for the loss in sensitivity to phage S-13, the lysogenic substrains of indicator strain SA-14 lysogenized with phage S-13 retained the same characters as the parent strain from which they were derived, viz., they were coagulase-negative, were non-typable with the typing phages, and had the same antibiotic sensitivities.The phenomenon of lysogenicity in coagulase-negative staphylococci is compared with that in coagulase-positive staphylococci.
DETERMINATION OF OXYGEN UTILIZATION IN FERMENTATIONS BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
Authors: Roxburgh J. M.
Published: February 2010

Dissolved oxygen in fermenting media is determined by withdrawing a sample using a hypodermic syringe containing a germicide. Gases are extracted from the sample under vacuum and analyzed by gas chromatography. Oxygen utilization is estimated by analysis of the exit gases using a similar analytical technique. The complete analysis takes less than 10 minutes in the simple apparatus described.
INTERRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE TRICARBOXYLIC ACID AND GLYOXYLATE CYCLES STUDIED WITH BACTERIAL AUXOTROPHS
Authors: Reeves Henry C. , Ajl Samuel J.
Published: February 2010

An autotroph of Escherichia coli, E26-6, which is unable to grow aerobically in a simple mineral-salts medium with either acetate, glutamate, isocitrate, or any one of the C4dicarboxylic acid intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid cycle as sole carbon source, has been investigated. The mutant is able to grow, however, in a mineral-salts acetate medium supplemented with any one of the above acids. The specific activities of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and glyoxylate bypass enzymes, with the exception of alpha-ketoglutaric dehydrogenase, which is greatly impaired in the auxotroph, were found to be essentially the same in both the parent and the mutant. Thus, the glyoxylate bypass alone is not capable of supplying sufficient C4intermediates to allow the growth of E. coli on acetate. Further, there appear to be no other metabolic pathways leading to C4production, which are of major metabolic significance during growth on acetate, other than the tricarboxylic and glyoxylate cycles. Finally, in conjunction with the tricarboxylic acid cycle, the malate synthetase and isocitritase reactions provide a mechanism which enables E. coli to grow on a medium containing acetate as the sole carbon source.
ROLE AND OXIDATION PATHWAY OF POLY-β-HYDROXYBUTYRIC ACID IN MICROCOCCUS HALODENITRIFICANS
Authors: Sierra G. , Gibbons N. E.
Published: February 2010

Cells of Micrococcus halodenitrificans have a high poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid (PHBA) content, the oxidation of which accounts for the high endogenous respiration of this organism. The amount of polymer in resting cells decreased with time, and viability could be correlated with the polymer content of the cells. PHBA-rich cells maintained their viability for longer periods than PHBA-poor cells. Cells oxidized PHBA in the presence of sodium chloride but not in water; optimal oxidation occurred in 0.33 to 0.75 M NaCl.The results suggest the following oxidation pathway. A diethyl p-nitrophenyl phosphate sensitive depolymerase catalyzes the hydrolysis of the polyester to β-hydroxybutyrate. This soluble substrate is oxidized by a DPN-linked D(−)-β-hydroxybutyric acid dehydrogenase to acetoacetate. Acetoacetate is further oxidized in the presence of oxalacetate, ATP, and coenzyme A. Citrate is formed, indicating the presence of the condensing enzyme, and PHBA oxidation is strongly inhibited by malonate. These findings suggest that oxidation proceeds via the tricarboxylic acid cycle.
NUTRITION AND METABOLIC PRODUCTS OF LACTARIUS SPECIES
Authors: Jayko L. G. , Baker T. I. , Stubblefield R. D. , Anderson R. F.
Published: February 2010

Nutritional requirements and fermentative products of some Lactarius species were studied. Certain physical and chemical factors affecting growth in submerged culture were elucidated. The fermentation products identified were β-carotene, ergosterol, and 7-dehydrocholesterol.
THE COMPONENT FATTY ACIDS OF OILS FOUND IN SPORES OF PLANT RUSTS AND OTHER FUNGI. PART II
Authors: Tulloch A. P. , Ledingham G. A.
Published: February 2010

The oils extracted from the spores of 17 species of rusts have been analyzed by gas–liquid chromatography. The spore oils of six species of Puccinia, three species of Cronartium, one species each of Frommea, Hemileia, Phragmidium, and Uromyces contained cis-9, 10-epoxyoctadecanoic acid but it was absent from two species of Gymnosporangium, one species of Puccinia, and one of Uromyces. The Puccinia species include eight races of wheat stem rust which had very similar fat compositions. The different spore forms of wheat and oat stem rust from both the alternate hosts were also quite similar in fat composition. The oils of the spores from the alternate hosts for one of the Gymnosporangium species were similar but for the other species there were marked differences.
THE USE OF GAMMA RADIATION FOR THE PREPARATION OF VIRUS VACCINES
Authors: Polley John R.
Published: February 2010

A protective agent such as histidine or sodium p-aminohippurate was added to purified suspensions of influenza and mumps viruses. It was then possible to inactivate them in about an hour with gamma radiation while retaining most of the hemagglutination titer. It was demonstrated in mice that a vaccine prepared from a mouse-adapted virus (Shope's swine influenza strain of influenza A) conferred protection against challenge by the live virus and produced an antibody response as measured by the hemagglutination–inhibition technique. Vaccines prepared with the viruses of influenza A(PR8), influenza B, and mumps were shown to produce antibody responses in guinea pigs as measured by the hemagglutination–inhibition and serum neutralization techniques. With gamma radiation it was possible to prepare influenza and mumps virus vaccines quickly and with precise control of the inactivation. This work is being continued with other viruses.
STUDIES ON THE RHIZOSPHERE MICROFLORA OF CITRUS TREES: III. FUNGAL AND ACTINOMYCETE FLORA OF THE RHIZOSPHERE
Authors: Rangaswami G. , Vasantharajan V. N.
Published: February 2010

The fungal and actinomycete floras of the rhizospheres of growing and non-growing roots of three species of Citrus were compared with those of soil. There were 4 to 8 times more fungi in the rhizosphere than in soil. Relatively they were more numerous in the rhizosphere of non-growing roots than in the growing roots. In general, aspergilli and penicillia were more numerous in the rhizospheres of both growing and non-growing roots than in soil. Mucor and Rhizopus were less abundant in the rhizosphere of both growing and non-growing roots than in soil. The actinomycetes were classified into morphological, physiological, and antagonistic groups. There was no preferential stimulation of any taxonomic group in the rhizosphere but the antagonistic forms were more abundant in the rhizosphere than in soil.
A CORRELATION BETWEEN THE SPECIFIC PRECOCIOUS PROTECTIVE ACTION AND THE ANTIGENIC RESPONSE OF TETANUS TOXOIDS
Authors: Morrison John L.
Published: February 2010

The inhibitory effect of large doses of tetanus toxoid on the toxic action of tetanus toxin varies for different toxoids and this variation parallels the antigenicities of the toxoids. Five toxoids having a range of relative antigenicities from 0.32 to 1.89 were tested. It was found that the more antigenic the toxoid was, the more it interfered with the toxicity.
THE PRODUCTION OF IMMUNO-CONGLUTININ: VI. THE EFFECT OF ADJUVANT ON THE STIMULATION OF IMMUNO-CONGLUTININ PRODUCTION
Authors: Ingram D. G.
Published: February 2010

The production of immuno-conglutinin can be stimulated by (1) the injection of a heterologous complement absorbed on an antigen-antibody complex or on certain active surfaces (heterostimulation) or (2) any strong antigenic challenge (autostimulation). The incorporation of these antigens in adjuvants increases and prolongs the production of immuno-conglutinin in response to heterostimulation but decreases the immuno-conglutinin response to autostimulation. Adjuvant alone, kaolin in adjuvant, or kaolin treated with heated serum in adjuvant do not stimulate the production of immuno-conglutinin.In heterostimulation experiments, the intramuscular route of inoculation stimulates the highest and most prolonged high titers of immuno-conglutinin. The intravenous route of inoculation stimulates high titers of immuno-conglutinin but the level of activity decreases quite markedly over the period of 30 weeks.
OBSERVATIONS ON VEGETATIVE NUCLEAR DIVISION IN SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE
Authors: Ramirez C. , Miller J. J.
Published: February 2010

In Giemsa-stained preparations of actively growing yeast, nuclear division normally occurred in the isthmus of each bud, but occasionally the nucleus divided in the parent cell and one of the products of division entered the bud, or else division occurred in the bud, following which one of the two nuclei migrated back into the parent cell. The frequency of intrabud divisions was increased by thymine, dihydrothymine, and thymidine. During normal division, the nuclear material entering the bud tended to be organized into two parallel rows, each comprising three densely staining bodies, and the latter were grouped into apparently homologous pairs.
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF A MONOALKYL BENZENE SULPHONATE COMPLEX
Authors: Taber W. A. , Wiley B. B.
Published: February 2010

The antimicrobial activities of a branched, monoalkyl benzene sulphonate complex (ABS), the active component of a commercial liquid household detergent, and of the detergent have been investigated. Cultures of dermatophytes, Candida albicans, saprophytic phycomycetes, ascomycetes, fungi imperfecti, Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were tested. Only the Fusarium species and the Gram-negative bacteria were not inhibited by a concentration of 0.1 ml of the detergent/50 ml medium. Microgram quantities of ABS inhibited the Gram-positive bacteria and the fungi except Fusarium spp. ABS was lethal in microgram quantities, the effect being detectable within 30 minutes. Inhibition of exogenous respiration of glucose by C. albicans began upon contact and was complete within 50 minutes. A linear and biodegradable ABS was more active than the branched form against C. albicans.
A SEROLOGICAL STUDY OF CELL WALLS OF CERTAIN LACTIC ACID BACTERIA
Authors: Chung K. L. , Hawirko Roma Z.
Published: February 2010

From three species of Lactobacillus and three species of Streptococcus, cultured in a synthetic medium, cell walls were isolated following sonic disintegration and purified by washing. Sera against each species were prepared by injecting three rabbits with cell walls, and three with intact cells. Reciprocal agglutination tests were carried out with unabsorbed and absorbed antisera. More kinds of antibodies were detected with cell-wall antisera than with intact-cell antisera. Many species in the two genera shared common antigens. S. faecalis was the exception. Certain antigens believed to be complex haptens in nature reacted with heterologous antisera. Haemagglutination of tanned erythrocytes sensitized with a particulate cell-wall suspension showed fewer cross reactions than agglutination of intact-cell suspensions.The evidence presented shows the possibility of using antisera against species-specific cell-wall antigens for the identification of these species. The relationship of these species is discussed.
SOIL FUNGI OF A COPPER SWAMP
Authors: Kendrick W. Bryce
Published: February 2010

Microfungal and copper analyses were carried out on 35 soil samples derived from 10 profiles in and near a swamp containing cupriferous peat. Copper content varied from less than 1 to 68,000 parts per million (p.p.m.). While the fungus flora was generally sparse, populations of up to 9000 colonies/g of soil were found in peat horizons of high copper content, but fungi were very few or absent in leached inorganic horizons of low copper content. Thirty-one species of fungi were isolated: 12 hyphomycetes, 5 phycomycetes, 3 coelomycetes, 3 basidiomycetes, 2 pyrenomycetes, and 6 sterile forms. Thirteen species, including Penicillium ochro-chloron, the most prolific fungus encountered, were found exclusively in samples containing over 7500 p.p.m. of copper. Nine species, including the rare Mucor ambiguus, occurred only in samples containing less than 5 p.p.m. of copper. The distribution of the remaining nine species, which included several of the commoner soil saprophytes, was apparently unaffected by either high or low copper concentrations.
GROWTH STUDIES ON ARTHROBACTER GLOBIFORMIS: II. CHANGES IN MACROMOLECULAR LEVELS DURING GROWTH
Authors: Stevenson I. L.
Published: February 2010

Changes in macromolecular levels (RNA, DNA, protein) have been followed during the growth cycle of A. globiformis. When a stationary phase culture is transferred to fresh medium a 12-fold increase in RNA level and 6-fold increases in DNA and protein levels are observed during the predivisional lag phase. Initially RNA synthesis precedes DNA and protein synthesis but all reach the same differential rate 2 to 3 hours prior to division. During the predivisional lag period the RNA/protein ratio per cell expands from 0.19 to 0.36. Once division occurs, cells of A. globiformis remain in the enlarged pleomorphic form until the medium becomes limiting; at this time synthesis of macromolecules ceases and the continued division (three to four generations) results in progressively smaller cells until the coccoid stationary phase cell-type is reached.
SOME PROPERTIES OF AN IMMUNE FACTOR ISOLATED FROM THE BLOOD OF ACTIVELY IMMUNIZED WAX MOTH LARVAE
Authors: Stephens June M. , Marshall J. H.
Published: February 2010

The blood of wax moth larvae immunized against Pseudomonas aeruginosa contains a fraction that is bactericidal to P. aeruginosa, confers immunity, and inhibits melanization; this fraction was isolated by dialysis, by precipitation with, ethanol, and by absorption on an anion exchange resin. When immune blood was dialyzed it darkened like normal blood, and lost its bactericidal activity and protective power. Material removed by dialysis and freeze-dried showed bactericidal activity and protective power in some experiments but not in others. Ethanol fractionation of immune blood gave a precipitate that was bactericidal to P. aeruginosa, passively protected normal larvae, and inhibited tyrosinase activity. Absorption treatment of immune blood with an anion exchange resin followed by elution with sodium hydroxide produced material with similar properties. The factor was dialyzable, heat stable, unaffected by trypsin, weakly acidic, and of relatively small molecular weight.
SOME PROPERTIES OF THED-YLULOKINASE OF AEROBACTER AEROGENES
Authors: Bhuyan B. K. , Simpson F. J.
Published: February 2010

The D-xylulokinase of Aerobacler aerogenes is an inducible enzyme specific for its substrate. The optimum pH for activity lies between 7.5 and 8.7. At 30 °C the enzyme is most stable between pH 6.0 and 9.5 and is inactivated at pH 4.6 and 11.5 within 15 minutes. At 61 °C, pH 7.8, 41% of the enzyme is inactivated in 15 minutes and at 66 °C completely inactivated. Magnesium ions, although required for activity, labilize the enzyme, while D-xylulose, adenosine triphosphate, EDTA, and glycerol protect the enzyme. The enzyme is sensitive to heavy metals and sulphhydryl reagents. ITP and GTP are about 25% and UTP about 14% as effective as ATP as phosphate donors.
UTILIZATION OF AMINO ACIDS BY RHIZOPUS NIGRICANS
Authors: Stocks Peter K. , Ward B. Q.
Published: February 2010

Growth and sporulation cycles of Rhizopus nigricans were compared using 23 amino acids and 2 inorganic compounds as nitrogen sources.When supplied individually, all monoamino-monocarboxylic acids supported growth. Heaviest mycelium was obtained from arginine, glycine, ornithine, or alanine. No growth was observed in lysine, cystine, cysteine, tyrosine, dihydroxy-phenylalanine, histidine, or tryptophan. When the amino acids were supplied as a mixture by a process of single elimination, most rapid germination occurred in the absence of valine or aspartic acid. Greatest initial growth was observed when arginine, lysine, aspartic acid, or leucine were omitted. Most profuse growth after a period of 15 hours was noted in the absence of cystine, serine, or aspartic acid. Earliest sporulation took place when aspartic acid, tyrosine, threonine, or dihydroxyphenylalanine were omitted. Organisms produced an acidic reaction in the media which retarded growth considerably,Unexplained similarities between germination–sporulation responses observed and those reported for the genus Bacillus may be of interest or significance.
CULTURAL AND PATHOGENIC VARIATION IN THE MUSKMELON WILT FUNGUS, FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM f. MELONIS
Authors: McKeen C. D. , Wensley R. N.
Published: February 2010

The morphology of F. oxysporum f. melonis was markedly influenced especially during early growth by light, temperature, acidity, and composition of certain laboratory media. At 2 to 3 days, on an acidified peptone medium, the fungus produced macroconidia abundantly and closely similar to those found on the surface of a lesion of a wilted plant.Pigmentation, type and amount of mycelium, and sporulation of colonies varied appreciably. Interaction, indicated by "barrage lines", occurred between colonies of identical origin. Under certain cultural conditions 'wild type' isolates were morphologically indistinguishable from cultural mutants. Some mutation occurred in sterile soil culture. The morphological adaptability of the wilt fungus to cultural conditions was sufficiently great to cast doubt on the validity of delineating biologic forms and races by certain arbitrary, cultural criteria.Isolates from freshly wilted plants from different fields and from several varieties differing in susceptibility were markedly similar morphologically and pathogenically. Acceptance of the 'wild type' concept is supported.
LOCATION OF PROTEINASE IN CELLS OF A SPECIES OF MICROCOCCUS
Authors: McDonald I. J.
Published: February 2010

Micrococcus sp. (ATCC No. 407) grown in tryptone yeast extract broth produced proteinase active against casein. In broth containing 2.0% sodium chloride, about 90% of the proteinase was in the culture supernatant; in broth without added salt, about 66% was associated with the cells. When such cells were washed with 2% sodium chloride, about one-half the associated proteinase was released. Presumably this saline-extractable portion of the proteinase is loosely held at the ceil surface, possibly by ionic linkages. A further yield of proteinase could be obtained from saline-washed cells by treatments that ruptured the cells or altered the permeability of the cell membrane. This so-called bound proteinase became accessible to the substrate, but was not liberated into the suspending medium on lysozyme treatment of saline-washed cells. When lysozyme-treated cells were fractionated, the proteinase was found with the cytoplasmic membrane fraction. During sonic treatment of saline-washed cells, the bound. proteinase was released without appreciable disintegration of the cell envelope suggesting that it may not be an integral part of the cell membrane.
THE PHYSIOLOGY AND NATURAL RELATIONSHIPS OF THE MOTILE, SPOREFORMING SARCINAE
Authors: MacDonald R. E. , MacDonald Shirley W.
Published: February 2010

Eleven strains of Sarcina ureae were compared to members of the genus Sarcina and to three species of Bacillus. Biochemically these 11 strains are very much alike. They appear to be more closely allied to members of the genua Bacillus than to the sarcinae, both on the basis of biochemical patterns and DNA composition. The spores of S. ureae are very similar to spores of the bacilli in their degree of heat resistance, requirements for formation, and composition. Serological differences among the 11 strains of S. ureae were observed, although no cross reactions with the spore forming bacilli or the other sarcinae were found, We propose that S. ureae (Beijerinck) Löhnis be called Sporosarcina ureae (Beijerinck) Kluyver and van Niel and that it be classified as a member of the family Bacillaceae.
TRANSFORMATION IN RHIZOBIUM TRIFOLII
Authors: Ellis N. J. , Kalz G. G. , Doncaster J. J.
Published: February 2010

Transformation of streptomycin and chloramphenicol resistance and of crystal violet tolerance has been demonstrated in Rhizobium trifolii by the use of cell-free extracts prepared from a resistant homologue.
THE LYSIS OF ACETOBACTER XYLINUM
Authors: Webb T. E. , Colvin J. Ross
Published: February 2010

Lysis of about 90% of the cells of Acetobacter xylinum by lysozyme may be obtained after 2 hours at pH 8.1 in phosphate–citrate buffer. The cell population is heterogeneous since the remaining 10% of the cells do not lyse, even on repetition of the above treatment. The lysozyme does not cause the dissolution of all the bacterial wall, as in other lysozyme-sensitive species, but appears to attack only a limited, local area on the surface of the bacterium. Following the local weakening of the wall, the cell contents escape into the medium leaving a distinct "hull" with the same size and shape as the cell. The oxidative capacity of the lysed cells is the same as that of the whole cells. Reasons for the heterogeneity of the bacterial wall, both within and between cells, remain obscure.
COMPARISON OF METHODS FOR ISOLATING RHIZOCTONIA FROM SOIL
Authors: Davey C. B. , Papavizas G. C.
Published: February 2010

Four methods described in the literature for isolating Rhizoctonia spp. from soil were employed simultaneously with two naturally infested soils. Each method had certain distinct advantages and characteristics which would suggest its use under particular circumstances. The infected host method was best for studies on the range of clones of the fungus pathogenic to certain plants. The immersion tube method recovered a limited number of clones of the fungus. The debris particle method in conjunction with the buckwheat colonization method gave the most complete information since the debris particle method reflected the status of the quiescent rhizoctonia in soil and the buckwheat colonization method, the active. Clones of the fungus obtained by the four methods varied from non-pathogenic to strongly pathogenic on live species of plants.
THE INFLUENCE OF COBAMIDES ON THE ENDOGENOUS AND EXOGENOUS RESPIRATION OF A MARINE BACTERIUM
Authors: Ayers William A.
Published: February 2010

The oxidation of propionate, isobutyrate, valerate, isoleucine, and valine as well as the endogenous respiration of a B12-dencient marine bacterium was stimulated by the addition of vitamin B12to washed cell suspensions. The B12analog, 2-methyladenylcobamide cyanide, also stimulated endogenous respiration, but cobinamide was inactive. During autorespiration ammonia was continuously evolved by the cells indicating the presence of a nitrogenous endogenous substrate. When vitamin B12was supplied to the cells, the ammonia evolved was decreased, while the rate of oxygen uptake was increased. The possible involvement of cobamide coenzymes is discussed in relation to these findings.
STUDIES ON THE INHIBITION OF GLUTAMIC ACID UTILIZATION IN LACTOBACILLUS PLANTARUM
Authors: Zygmunt W. A. , Evans R. L. , Stavely Homer E.
Published: February 2010

Eighteen compounds including five novel γ-substituted glutamic acid analogues were tested for inhibition of the utilization of L-glutamic acid by Lactobacillus plantarum. All of the test compounds were found to be less active than DL-methionine sulphoxide, a known glutamic acid antagonist, in inhibiting" the growth of L. plantarum. γ-Methylene-DL-glutamic acid and N-benzyl-α-methyl-DL-pyroglutamic acid were found to be the most active inhibitors of bacterial growth. The inhibition of growth produced by γ-methylene-DL-glutamic acid was readily reversed by L-glutamic acid; whereas the inhibition caused by α-methyl-DL-pyroglutamic acid was more refractory to reversal by L-glutamic acid.
STUDIES ON THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN NEMATODES AND OTHER SOIL MICROORGANISMS:I. THE INFLUENCE OF ACTINOMYCETES AND FUNGI ON RHABDITIS (CEPHALOBOIDES) OXYCERCA DE MAN
Authors: Katznelson H. , Henderson V. E.
Published: February 2010

The influence of actinomycetes and fungi isolated from soil and from plant roots on Rhabditis (Cephaloboides) oxycerca de Man, a bacteria-feeding nematode, was studied. A striking accumulation of nematodes occurred in the vicinity of colonies of certain species of these organisms growing on agar media. There was little evidence of repulsion of the nematodes. Shake-culture filtrates of a large percentage of the actinomycetes tested strongly attracted the worms and none repelled or was toxic to them. It is suggested that the commonly observed attraction of nematodes to plant roots may be due not only to root diffusates but also to the abundance and activity of the soil microorganisms in the vicinity of the roots.
CONTENU EN ACIDES NUCLÉIQUES DE SOUCHES DE TAPHYLOCOQUES PRÉSENTANT DES DIFFÉRENCES D'ANTIGÉNICITÉ ET DE VIRULENCE
Authors: Repentigny J. de , Sonea S. , Frappier A.
Published: February 2010

In this work, which is a first step in a study on the mechanism of virulence in staphylococci in relation to some of their genetic factors, two groups of strains were constituted. One group is made of haemolytic, coagulase-positive, and DNase-positive strains, which are virulent for mice by the intracerebral route, and the other group of non haemolytic, coagulase-negative, and DNase-negative strains, which are avirulent for mice. Results have shown that the pathogenic group of strains, containing virulence factors, has a lower nucleic acid content (% of dry cells) than the non-pathogenic group.The two groups of strains are less differentiated by their nucleic acid content than by their coagulase, haemolysin, and DNase activities. A closer correlation seems to exist between this nucleic acid content, and the virulence for mice, and also the number of precipitating antigens obtained with staphylococcal antitoxin.
DEGRADATION OF RUTIN BY ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS: THE CARBON MONOXIDE PRODUCING SYSTEM
Authors: Simpson F. J. , Narasimhachari N. , Westlake D. W. S.
Published: February 2010

Aspergillus flavus produces an adaptive enzyme (or enzymes) that cleaves the heterocyclic ring of 1 mole of quercetin using 1 mole of oxygen to yield 1 mole of carbon monoxide and 1 mole of the depside, 2-(3′,4′-dihydroxybenzoyloxy)-4,6-dihydroxybenzoic acid. The enzyme acts on chromones that possess a substituent such as a methyl or a phenyl group on carbon 2, a free hydroxyl on carbon 3, and a double bond between carbons 2 and 3. These requirements must also be present in a substrate if production of the enzyme is to be induced. The enzyme was purified 40-fold by treatment with Sephadex followed by adsorption on and elution from diethylaminoethyl cellulose and calcium phosphate gel, then by heating, and finally by precipitation with ammonium sulphate. The enzyme is stabilized towards denaturation by heat, by its substrate, or by low concentrations of ammonium sulphate. It is stable for long periods when lyophilized or stored in solutions at −20 °C. The optimum pH for activity lies between pH 5.0 and 7.0 and maximum stability occurs at pH 6.0.
THE EFFECT OF RELATIVE HUMIDITY AND INOSITOL ON AIR-BORNE VIRUSES
Authors: Webb S. J. , Bather R. , Hodges R. W.
Published: February 2010

The inactivation of Pigeon Pox and Rous sarcoma viruses (R.S.V.) at various relative humidities (R.H.), with and without i-inositol, was studied. Pigeon Pox virus was found to be stable in aerosols and was little affected by changes in R.H. R.S.V., however, was extremely sensitive to R.H. and survived best at R.H. levels above 70%. Inositol at a concentration of 6.0% was able to prevent the inactivation of R.S.V. Holding the viruses in aerosols at 80% R.H. or protected with inositol at 30% R.H. appeared to increase their virulence towards the assay eggs and experimental animals.
THE PROCUREMENT OF BIOCHEMICAL MUTANTS OF SACCHAROMYCES BY THE SYNERGISTIC EFFECT OF ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION AND 2,6-DIAMINO PURINE
Authors: Pittman David , Shult Ernest , Roshanmanesh Al , Lindegren Carl C.
Published: February 2010

Exposure of ultraviolet-irradiated, adenine-dependent haploid yeast to 2,6-diamino purine (an analogue of adenine) consistently gives rise to approximately 0.5% recessive biochemical mutants. This frequency is 22-fold higher than that obtained with either agent alone, and 150-fold higher than the spontaneous frequency. The distribution of mutants into nine discrete nutritional groups attests to the utility of the method for procuring relatively large numbers of different biochemical mutants. Several new gene markers for amino acid requirements are described, including one which controls an apparent single block for both lysine synthesis and respiratory competence.
ON THE UTILIZATION OFD-α-AMINOADIPIC ACID BY LYSINELESS MUTANTS OF ASCOMYCETOUS FUNGI
Authors: Demain Arnold L.
Published: February 2010

Lysineless mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were able to grow in liquid medium supplemented with L-lysine or DL-α-aminoadipic acid but not with D-α-aminoadipic acid. Nearospora crassa strain 33933, on the other hand, grew in the presence of D-α-aminoadipic acid as the sole nutritional supplement. Growth was less efficient with D-α-aminoadipic acid than with the DL-form or with L- or DL-lysine, but the presence of a small amount of one of these latter compounds allowed maximal utilization of the D-α-aminoadipic acid. Acid-hydrolyzed cephalosporin C, but not untreated cephalosporin C, also served as a source of the nutritional requirement.
EFFECT OF ALKYL BENZENE SULPHONATE ON YEAST METABOLISM
Authors: Blakley E. R.
Published: February 2010

The rate of fermentation of glucose by suspensions of Candida utilis at acid pH values is reduced by alkyl benzene sulphonate in the range 75 to 250 γ/ml. Concentrations of alkyl benzene sulphonate below 75 γ/ml decrease the rate of fermentation of glucose above pH 7 and respiration at all pH values. An upper limit of 70 to 90% inhibition of fermentation or respiration is obtained at concentrations of alkyl benzene sulphonate above 250 γ/ml, except at pH 4.2 where complete inhibition is obtained. The effect of alkyl benzene sulphonate on the fermentation of glucose by yeast protoplasts is similar to the effect observed for intact yeasts. Some enzymatic reactions of cell-free extracts are inhibited by concentrations of alkyl benzene sulphonate lower than that required to affect fermentation by intact cells. The enzyme components of the cell-free preparation appear to vary in their sensitivity to the surfactant. The results support the view that the surfactant in the micellar form disrupts the cell wall of the yeast, and unassociated molecules inactivate some enzymes vital for the metabolism of the cell.
GROWTH OF PENICILLIN-RESISTANT AND PENICILLIN-SENSITIVE STRAINS OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
Authors: Allen Wendall E. , McVeigh Ilda
Published: February 2010

Ten strains of naturally penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (obtained from patients), two in vitro derived resistant strains, and two sensitive strains, were grown at 37 C in Antibiotic Assay broth, and viable cell determinations were made at intervals. From these data, growth curves were plotted for each of the strains. The curves for the naturally penicillin-resistant and the sensitive strains are very similar. Little, if any, lag in growth of these strains occurred on transfer from maximum stationary-phase cultures to fresh medium. They grew at approximately the same rate during the logarithmic growth phase, which lasted for 3 to 4 hours; during the maximum stationary phase, about the same number of cells was present per milliliter in cultures of each of these strains. In contrast, the in vitro derived resistant strains underwent a lag of 2 to 6 hours on transfer to fresh medium and grew at a slower rate during the logarithmic growth phase. However, during the maximum stationary phase, which occurred after an incubation period of 24 to 32 hours, the cell titers were approximately the same as those of the naturally resistant and the sensitive strains. When grown in competition with either of the sensitive strains in Antibiotic Assay broth in the absence of penicillin, one of the naturally resistant strains persisted for 14 successive subcultures without any apparent change in ability to tolerate the antibiotic.
THE INFLUENCE OF SOIL AND ROOT EXTRACTS ON THE ASSOCIATIVE GROWTH OF SELECTED SOIL BACTERIA
Authors: Chan E. C. S. , Katznelson H. , Rouatt J. W.
Published: February 2010

These studies are concerned with the growth interrelationships of mixed cultures of five soil organisms in soil extract and root extracts of 2-, 4-, and 8-week-old oats, soybeans, and wheat. Population changes of Agrobacterium radiobacter, Arthrobacter citreus, Azotobacter chroococcum, Bacillus cereus, and a Pseudomonas sp. in pure and mixed culture were followed by plating on selective media. B. cereus and A. chroococcum grew poorly alone or in mixed culture in the extracts. In soil extract, A. citreus predominated over, or was nearly equal in number to, the Gram-negative forms (Pseudomonas and Agrobacterium). In root extracts, Pseudomonas sp. always predominated over A. citreus in mixed culture. A. radiobacter was inhibited in mature root extracts (8-week-old plants) although in pure culture it recovered after a period. An antagonistic effect of Pseudomonas sp. on A. chroococcum plated on nitrogen-free agar medium was found to be related to the kind of agar used.
MICROBIOLOGICAL DEGRADATION OF QUERCITRIN
Authors: Westlake D. W. S.
Published: February 2010

A number of molds and bacteria were screened for their ability to degrade quercitrin. The molds, but not the bacteria, were particularly active and produced carbon monoxide. The degradation of quercitrin is dependent upon the synthesis of an inducible glycosidase (quercitrinase). This enzyme is synthesized by only a few members of the Aspergillus flavus group. Two of these strains synthesized quercitrinase and excreted it and other enzymes into the culture medium. Maximum production of quercitrinase was obtained with organic nitrogen sources such as yeast extract or phytone. Quercitrinase is induced by readily metabolized flavonols and flavonol-glycosides. The glycosidase is quite specific, liberating the rhamnose from the 3-position of quercitrin and myricitrin and the 7-position of robinin. The aglycone, quercetin, is subsequently metabolized to carbon monoxide and the depside of phloroglucinol-carboxylic acid and proto-catechuic acid. Evidence is also presented for an alternative pathway for the metabolism of the flavonol nucleus.
POPULATIONS OF FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM F. MELONIS AND THEIR RELATION TO THE WILT POTENTIAL OF TWO SOILS
Authors: Wensley R. N. , McKeen C. D.
Published: February 2010

The relation of soil populations of the muskmelon wilt fungus, Fusarium oxysporum f. melonis, to the wilt potentials of a yellow Fox sandy loam soil (Fsl) and a dark Colwood loam (Cl) was investigated. In either soil a direct relationship existed between the size of the population of the fungus and wilt incidence. Notwithstanding this relationship, with the same population the greater incidence of wilt in Fsl than in Cl showed that a factor or factors other than population affect the wilt potential. Whereas mean populations of field soils obtained at the site of wilted plants ranged upward to 3300 per gram, they declined steadily during the 9-month interval between crops. During this interval random samples of field soils yielded mean populations of 228 and 268 per gram of Fsl and Cl, respectively. Of the F. oxysporum colonies isolated at the end of harvest, about 70% from plant sites and approximately 21% from intersites were pathogenic. Two to eight months later only 12 to 15% of F. oxysporum isolates obtained by random sampling of infested field soils were pathogenic.
SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF SPORES OF BACILLUS CEREUS PRODUCED BY A REPLACEMENT TECHNIQUE
Authors: Pelcher Elisabeth Ann , Fleming H. P. , Ordal Z. John
Published: February 2010

A replacement technique, whereby spores of Bacillus cereus were produced by transferring vegetative cells into non-nutritive solutions, was employed for the investigation of the relationship between calcium, dipicolinic acid (DPA), and heat resistance in spores. Replacement solutions of distilled water, fresh medium, calcium, strontium, barium, nickel, and other metals were employed. Spores produced in distilled water were heat sensitive and contained low levels of calcium and DPA. Heat-resistant spores with a normal complement of calcium and DPA were formed only in fresh medium or in solutions containing suitable levels of calcium. Calcium and DPA were present in the spores in nearly equimolar quantities. Of the other metals tested, only strontium stimulated DPA synthesis above the level of the spores produced in water. Spores of intermediary heat resistance but low DPA content were formed in solutions of barium and nickel.
THE METABOLISM OF YEAST SPORULATION: V. STIMULATION AND INHIBITION OF SPORULATION AND GROWTH BY NITROGEN COMPOUNDS
Authors: Miller J. J.
Published: February 2010

The effects of a variety of nitrogen compounds, mainly amino acids, on ascus production by S. cerevisiae in sporulation media containing several carbon sources were compared. With acetate, glucose, ethanol, pyruvate, and lactate all the amino acids (0.01 M) and most other nitrogen compounds inhibited sporulation. With dihydroxyacetone fewer nitrogen compounds inhibited and alanine, phenylalanine, glycine, and lysine (especially the latter) increased sporulation, even at low concentrations (0.0001 M). Sporulation in buffer resembled sporulation in dihydroxyacetone in its response to amino acids. For greatest inhibition of sporulation the simultaneous presence of carbon and nitrogen sources was necessary. With dihydroxyacetone as carbon source, glutamic acid increased the average number of spores per ascus, but decreased it with all other carbon sources.No correlation was evident between the effects of the amino acids on sporulation and their value as nitrogen sources for growth or with changes in the oxygen uptake of cells in their presence. Dihydroxyacetone did not support growth when the nitrogen source was ammonium sulphate, but slow growth resulted when ammonium sulphate was replaced by glutamic acid or casein hydrolyzate.A sporulation medium is recommended containing, in water (or buffer) agar, 0.02 M dihydroxyacetone and 0.01 M lysine.
STUDIES ON THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF ERGOT ALKALOIDS
Authors: Vining L. C. , Taber W. A.
Published: February 2010

DL-Tryptophan-β-C14, but not L-phenylalanine-U-C14 nor L-tyrosine-U-C14, is incorporated into the ergoline moiety of the ergot alkaloids. The high specific activities of the bases isolated from cultures supplemented with a mixture of DL-tryptophan-β-C14and carrier L-tryptophan indicate some contribution from the D-isomer.L-Phenylalanine-U-C14 serves as a precursor of the lysergic acid and isolysergic acid derivatives which contain this amino acid in their peptide moieties. L-Tyrosine-U-C14 is not a precursor. The distribution of activity in the cultures at the end of the growth phase suggests that, in the strain of Claviceps purpurea used in these investigations, none of these aromatic amino acids is extensively degraded. All are incorporated directly into cell protein. A portion of the phenylalanine is hydroxylated to tyrosine and this pathway appears to be of major importance in tyrosine biosynthesis. All three of the amino acids were incorporated extensively into a red-brown pigment which is probably a polymer of the quinone – amino acid type.Under the conditions used in these experiments small but significant amounts of mevalonic acid-2-C14 and formic acid-C14 were used in alkaloid biosynthesis.
LETHAL BIOSYNTHESIS OF A BACTERIOCIN, VIBRIOCIN, BY V. COMMA: I. CONDITIONS AFFECTING ITS PRODUCTION AND DETECTION
Authors: Farkas-Himsley H. , Seyfried P. L.
Published: February 2010

Anaerobiosis and other physical means were found to induce streptomycin-sensitive (SMs) Vibrio comma to lethal biosynthesis of an antibacterial principle. The optimal conditions for its production are given and the similarity to induction of bacteriophage in lysogenic bacteria discussed. Means for detection of the antibacterial principle are described. Some of the chemical and physical properties are reported. The antibacterial substance synthesized by V. comma is named "vibriocin".
CELLULOSE DECOMPOSITION BY PYTHIUM
Authors: Taylor Eldon E. , Marsh Paul B.
Published: February 2010

Pythium isolates exhibited slight or no cellulose-decomposing activity in terms of strength loss produced in "scoured" (heated in 1% NaOH) cotton fabric incubated with the fungus. When, however, scoured fabric was swollen in 18% sodium hydroxide, neutralized, and inoculated with the fungus before the fabric dried, major strength losses occurred. Casamino acids, yeast extract, and asparagin added singly to the test medium caused relatively little or no increase in strength loss. Cotton fiber in the natural swollen state found in the unopened cotton boll underwent major strength loss during incubation with several Pythium isolates.It is concluded that compactness of the cellulose structure in an unswollen cotton fiber offers an impediment to degradation by Pythium.