bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the variety of “deictic codes”
Authors: Velichkovsky Boris M.
Published: July 2002

Eye movements play a variety of roles in perception,
cognition, and communication. The roles are revealed by the duration
of fixations reflecting the quality of processing in the first line.
We describe possible roles of eye fixations in different temporal
diapasons. These forms of processing may be specific to sensorimotor
coordinations. Any generalization to other domains should be
cautious.
Hippocampus and LTP: Here we go around again
Authors: Vanderwolf C. H.
Published: July 2002

A fundamental assumption in Shors & Matzel's target
article is that brain activity can be related to the traditional
categories of mentalistic psychology. This has led them to make
numerous further assumptions that are contradicted by the available
evidence.
Greenfield on language, tools, and brain
Authors: Swann Philip
Published: July 2002

Greenfield (1991t) fails in an attempt to defend her own
original synthesis of cognitivist and nativist accounts of language
development. The proposed synchronous stages of object and phoneme
combination are not supported by the empirical data she presents.
The functional specification of hypothetical neural circuits is almost
entirely speculative. Nor is it likely that new data could save her
model, since it is formulated in a simplistic information processing
framework that is now of little more than historical
interest.
Could the answer be talent?
Authors: Bronfenbrenner Urie , Ceci Stephen J.
Published: July 2002

We present a theoretical model and corresponding research
design (Bronfenbrenner & Ceci 1994) that could yield stronger
evidence for (or perhaps against) Howe et al.'s conclusions.
The model assesses levels of heritability (h²) under
different amounts of training and practice, thus providing estimates
of the independent contribution of “innate talent” to
the quality of development outcomes. The design can also reveal the
extent to which this independent contribution varies systematically
as a function of other influential factors identified by Howe et
al.
Why language is not a “direct medium”
Authors: Gendler Tamar Szabó
Published: July 2002

Millikan contrasts her substance-based view of concepts with
“descriptionism” according to which description determines
what falls under a concept. Focusing on her discussion of the role of
language in the acquisition of concepts, I argue that descriptions
cannot be separated from perception in the ways Millikan's view
requires.
How is representation learned?
Authors: Williamson James R.
Published: July 2002

Edelman's memory-based approach to visual
representation is preferable to parts-based alternatives. However,
the existing algorithms for learning the shape prototypes
are biologically implausible because they are nonlocal and
nonconstructive. There is an alternative learning algorithm
that constructs a mixture model of prototypes on-line, using
only local information, and is more biologically plausible and
may perform sufficiently well.
Of fish and men: A comparative approach to androgens and social dominance
Authors: Oliveira Rui F.
Published: July 2002

Four aspects of Mazur & Booth's target article
are discussed from a comparative perspective using teleost fish
as a reference: (a) the relationship between aggression, dominance,
and androgens; (b) the interpretation of the data in light of the
challenge hypothesis; (c) the potential role of testosterone as a
physiological mediator between social status and the expression
of male characters; and (d) the fact that metabolic conversions of
testosterone may be important in its effect on aggression/
dominance.
Pulling the trigger on the living kind module
Authors: Todd Peter M. , López Alejandro
Published: July 2002

Atran conjectures that a triggering algorithm for a living-
kind module could involve inputs from other modules that detect
animacy and intentionality. Here we further speculate about how
algorithms for detecting specific intentions could be used to trigger
between- or within-species categorization. Such categorization may
be adaptively important in Eldredge's energy and information
realms.
Echo phonology: Signs of a link between gesture and speech
Authors: Woll Bencie , Sieratzki Jechil S.
Published: July 2002

This commentary supports MacNeilage's dismissal of an
evolutionary development from sign language to spoken language but
presents evidence of a feature in sign language (echo phonology) that
links iconic signs to abstract vocal syllables. These data provide an
insight into possible mechanism by which iconic manual gestures
accompanied by vocalisation could have provided a route for the
evolution of spoken language with its characteristically arbitrary
form–meaning relationship.
Re-assembling the brain: Are cell assemblies the brain's language for recovery of function?
Authors: Code Chris
Published: July 2002

Holistically ignited Hebbian models are fundamentally
different from the serially organized connectionist implementations
of language. This may be important for the recovery of language after
injury, because connectionist models have provided useful insights
into recovery of some cognitive functions. I ask whether cell assembly
modelling can make an important contribution and whether the
apparent incompatibility with successful connectionist modelling is
a problem.
Two radical neuron doctrines
Authors: Byrne Alex , Hilbert David R.
Published: July 2002

Two radical neuron doctrines must be distinguished, strong and
weak. Gold & Stoljar direct much of their attack at the former, but
the Churchlands hold only the latter. The weak radical neuron doctrine
remains a serious possibility.
Why biological neuroscience cannot replace psychology
Authors: Chater Nick
Published: July 2002

Gold & Stoljar argue persuasively that there is presently
not a good case for the “radical neuron doctrine.” There
are strong reasons to believe that this doctrine is false. An analogy
between psychology and economics strongly throws the radical neuron
doctrine into doubt.
Overlooking the resources of functionalism?
Authors: Jakab Zoltán
Published: July 2002

Although the author's critical view of functionalism has a considerable intuitive pull, his argument based on the color room scenario does not work. Functionalism and other relational views of the mind are capable of providing coherent accounts of conscious experience that meet the challenge set up by the “color room argument.” A simple example of such an account is presented.
How do animals solve object-recognition tasks?
Authors: Mumby Dave G.
Published: July 2002

This commentary reviews recent evidence that some hippo-
campal functions do not depend on perirhinal inputs and discusses how
the multiple-process model of recognition may shed interpretive light
on previous reports of DNMS reacquisition deficits in pretrained
subjects with hippocampal damage. Suggestions are made for
determining whether nonhuman subjects solve object-recognition
tasks using recollective memory or familiarity judgments.
On default rules and other rules
Authors: Wiese Richard
Published: July 2002

This commentary concentrates on the nature of irregularity in morphology. What is called “irregular” in the target article by Clahsen is not a homogeneous class. Rather, there are areas of strong subregularities in the domains both of German participle formation and of German plural information that need to be distinguished from the irregular domain.
Factors influencing syntactic awareness skills in normal readers and poor
comprehenders
Authors: NATION KATE , SNOWLING MARGARET J.
Published: July 2002

Using a word order correction paradigm, we assessed syntactic awareness skills in children
with good and poor reading comprehension, matched for age, decoding skill, and nonverbal
ability. Poor comprehenders performed less well than normal readers, and the performance of
both groups was influenced by the syntactic complexity and semantic ambiguity of the sentences.
These findings support the view that poor comprehenders have language processing difficulties
encompassing grammatical as well as semantic weaknesses, although their phonological
processing skills are normal. The implications of such language weaknesses for the development
of skilled reading are discussed.
The development of phonemic awareness in reading-disabled children
Authors: METSALA JAMIE L.
Published: July 2002

Reading-disabled children display a phonemic
awareness deficit when compared with normally achieving children matched for word reading
ability. However, previous research has not examined phonemic awareness deficits in
reading-disabled children when compared with children matched on pseudoword reading. This
article examines phonemic awareness ability in both a traditional design and a pseudoword
reading level match design. The results show that a group of reading-disabled children who show
typical pseudoword reading and phonemic awareness deficits in the traditional reading level
match design nonetheless have phonemic awareness skills commensurate with their level of
pseudoword reading ability.
Shadowing property of geodesics in Hedlund's metric
Authors: LEVI MARK
Published: July 2002

In this paper we show that the geodesic flow in a Hedlund-type
metric on the 3-torus possesses the shadowing property. This implies, in
particular, that any rotation vector is represented by a geodesic, a
fact that in the two-dimensional case is given by the Aubry–Mather
theory, while in the higher-dimensional case is still unknown.
Analytic conjugation of diffeomorphisms in ${\Bbb T}^{n}$}
Authors: CASTRO JOSÉ ANTONIO , MORIYÓN ROBERTO
Published: July 2002

We find analytic solutions $\varphi_{t}$ to the conjugation equation
$$
f_{t} \circ \varphi_{t}=\varphi_{t} \circ f_{0},
$$
where $f_{t}$ and $\varphi_{t}$ are analytic diffeomorphisms from ${\Bbb
T}^{n}$ to itself that depend analytically on $t$, and $f_{0}$ is an Anosov
toral diffeomorphism with reduced spectrum and which is diagonalizable.
Entropy and ${\bi r}$ equivalence
Authors: HEICKLEN DEBORAH
Published: July 2002

In this paper, the structure of $r$ equivalence, which was introduced by Vershik and which classifies group actions of the group $G=\sum_{n=1}^\infty{\Bbb Z}\slash r_n{\Bbb Z}$, $r_n\in{\Bbb N}\setminus\{1\}$, is examined. This is an equivalence relation that naturally arises from looking at certain sequences of $\sigma$-algebras. Vershik proved that if a sequence $r=(r_1,r_2,\ldots)$ does not satisfy a super-rapid growth rate, then entropy is an invariant for $r$ equivalence. In this paper, a strong converse of this is proven: for any $r$ which does satisfy this super-rapid growth rate, we can find a zero entropy action in every $r$ equivalence class.
It keeps us young
Authors: GIBSON H. B.
Published: July 2002

I wrote a newspaper article describing a branch of the University of the Third
Age (U3A). It was given the sub-title ‘It keeps us young’ by the editor without
my knowledge or consent. I objected on the grounds that it gave a totally
misleading impression of the nature and purpose of the U3A, one which may
lead people to suppose that members were striving to be ‘young’. This
experience raised the question of the language used to describe those in the
Third Age, a controversy in which a number of contemporary gerontologists
are involved. It is suggested that some writers are reinforcing the concept of
‘the Ghost in the Machine’ that is commonly held by many lay people, and
this leads to confusion about self-identity among those in later life. It is argued
that elderly people will be able to map out strategies for successful ageing only
if they come to terms with accepting themselves as being old. Longstanding
ageist prejudice has tended to create a negative aura surrounding words such
as ‘elderly’ and such words need to be rehabilitated.
Old people as users and consumers of healthcare: a third age rhetoric
for a
fourth age reality?
Authors: GILLEARD CHRIS , HIGGS PAUL
Published: July 2002

This paper is concerned with the emergence of consumerism as a
dominant
theme in the culture surrounding the organisation and provision of welfare
in
contemporary societies. In it we address the dilemmas produced by a
consumerist discourse for older people's healthcare, dilemmas which
may be
seen as the conflicting representations of third age and fourth age reality.
We
begin by reviewing the appearance of consumerism in the recent history
of the
British healthcare system, relating it to the various reforms of healthcare
over
the last two decades and the more general development of consumerism
as a cultural phenomenon of the post World War II era. The emergence
of consumer culture, we argue, is both a central theme in post-modernist

discourse and a key element in the political economy of the New Right.
After
examining criticisms of post-modernist representational politics, the limitations

of consumerism and the privileged position given to choice and agency within

consumerist society, we consider the relevance of such critical perspectives
in
judging the significance of the user/consumer movement in the lives
of retired
people.
Contesting hegemons: US–French relations in the ‘New World Order’
Authors: PETRAS JAMES , MORLEY MORRIS
Published: July 2002

International relations is now marked by a distinct bias against both realism and materialism. This, allied to the currently fashionable notion that in a globalized, liberal economy cooperation rather than competition is the norm, has meant that few scholars have been concerned to analyse the sources of rivalry between the various capitalist states. This article suggests that a version of realism informed by a keen sense of power and hierarchy remains essential if we are to understand the dynamics of US foreign policy in the post-Cold War period. The case study deployed here revolves around the various attempts made by one of America's allies to contest Washington's vision of a ‘new world order’. The French challenge assumed many forms but in the end was seen off by the dominant state; the outcome only confirming US preponderance and guaranteeing its hegemonic position into the 21st century.
David Mitrany (1888–1975): an appreciation of his life and work
Authors: ANDERSON DOROTHY
Published: July 2002

David Mitrany was one of the originators, almost the founding father, of the functional approach to world government, and his pragmatic ideas have proved as relevant at the end of this century as when they were first fully expounded in the early 1940s. At that time Mitrany, with many other political thinkers, was concerned with new approaches in planning for the international organization of peace in the postwar world. His advocacy of functionalism was to be effective, even welcomed, in keeping with public demands for the future; and was to be taken into account by those working on the Charter of the new United Nations, in particular in the establishment of its specialized agencies.
Analytical opacity formulas for ICF elements
Authors: MÍNGUEZ E. , MUÑOZ R. , RUIZ R. , YAGÜE R.
Published: July 2002

Opacity calculations for targets used in inertial confinement
fusion (ICF) needs sophisticated atomic physics models,
assuming a large number of configurations and transitions
to simulate the plasma. Depending on the degree of accuracy
for calculations of targets for ICF, some hydrodynamic-radiation
codes use multifrequency opacities or well mean opacities.

In this work, using a sophisticated atomic physics code
for LTE opacity calculations, that provides well multifrequency
opacities or mean opacities, useful analytical opacity
formulas for several single elements used in ICF have been
generated, giving both Rosseland and Planck mean opacities
as a function of the plasma parameters.
Robotic laser welding: seam sensor and laser focal frame registration
Authors: Huissoon J.P.
Published: July 2002

Robotic laser welding places extreme demands on the spatial accuracy with which the robot must position the focal point of the laser with respect to the joint to be welded. The required level of accuracy is difficult to achieve in a production environment without the use of end-point sensor based control of the robot. This requires that the end-point sensor frame and welding laser frame be accurately calibrated with respect to each other, as well as with respect to the robot wrist frame. This calibration can be difficult to perform since the sensor and laser frames are virtual in the sense that these are located in
space with respect to the physical hardware, and the wrist frame of the robot is often not physically accessible. This paper presents the design of a calibration system with which
these frames may be precisely defined with respect to each other.
ORCCAD: software engineering for real-time robotics. A technical insight
Authors: Simon D. , Espiau B. , Kapellos K. , Pissard-Gibollet R.
Published: July 2002

The ORCCAD programming environment for robotic systems gathers control laws in continuous time at the low levels and discrete time logical aspects at higher levels. Based upon a formal definition of robotic actions, complex applications can be designed, verified and generated incrementally. The approach and tools prototypes have been validated through several applications.
DEMOCRAT: A DEsign
MethOdology for the Conception of Robots with parallel ArchiTecture
Authors: Merlet J-P.
Published: July 2002

This paper presents a design methodology for parallel robots having to
satisfy a set of performance constraints. Some of these constraints are used to
compute a closed region in the parameters space (in which a point define an
unique robot geometry) which define all the robot geometries fulfilling these
constraints. Then a grid is created over this region and for each node of this
grid the requirements, expressed in a high level language, are evaluated. The
node leading to the robot best fulfilling the constraints is the design
solution.
Optimal force distribution in multilegged vehicles
Authors: Chen Jeng-Shi , Cheng Fan-Tien , Yang Kai-Tarng , Kung Fan-Chu , Sun York-Yih
Published: July 2002

The force distribution problem in multilegged vehicle is a constrained, optimization problem. The solution to the problem is the setpoints of the leg contact forces for a particular system task. In this paper, the efficient Compact QP method which takes into account both the linear and quadratic objective functions is adopted to resolve this constrained, optimization problem. Various objective functions such as minimum force, load balance, safety margin on friction constraints can be considered by the Compact QP method. This method can also be applied to smooth discontinuities in commanded forces by
manipulating the homogeneous solution and including smoothing periods when the leg phase alternates between support and transfer. This smoothing scheme does not require force sensors. Multiple goals which consider several alternative objective functions can also be achieved by the Compact QP method.
Adaptive set–point control of robotic manipulators with amplitude–limited control inputs
Authors: Zergeroglu E. , Dixon W. , Behal A. , Dawson D.
Published: July 2002

This paper addresses the link position setpoint control problem of n–link robotic manipulators with amplitude-limited control inputs. We design a global-asymptotic exact model knowledge controller and a semi-global asymptotic
controller which adapts for parametric uncertainty. Explicit bounds for these controllers can be determined; hence, the required input torque can be calculated a priori so that actuator saturation can be avoided. We also illustrate how the proposed control algorithm in
this paper can be slightly modified to produce a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller which contains a saturated integral term. Experimental results are provided to illustrate the improved performance of the proposed control strategy over a standard adaptive controller that has been artificially limited to account for torque saturation.
An approach towards decentralized control of cooperating non-autonomous multiple robots
Authors: Munawar Khalid , Esashi Masayoshi , Uchiyama Masaru
Published: July 2002

This paper introduces an event-based decentralized control scheme for the cooperation between multiple manipulators. This is in contrast to the common practice

of using only centralized controls for such cooperation which, consequently, greatly limit the flexibility of robotic systems. The manipulators used in the present system are very simple with only two degrees of freedom, while even one of them is passive. Moreover these manipulators use very few and commonly available sensors only. Computer simulations indicated the applicability of the event-based decentralized control scheme for multi-manipulator cooperation, while real-life experimental implementation has proved that the proposed decentralized control scheme is fairly applicable for very simple and even under-actuated systems too. Hence, this work has opened new doors towards further research

in this area. The proposed control scheme is expected to be equally applicable for any mobile or immobile multi-robotic system.
MONITORING STRUCTURAL CHANGES WITH THE GENERALIZED FLUCTUATION TEST
Authors: Leisch Friedrich , Hornik Kurt , Kuan Chung-Ming
Published: July 2002

In this paper we introduce the generalized fluctuation
test for monitoring structural changes and establish a
result characterizing the limiting behavior of this class
of tests. As applications of the generalized fluctuation
test, tests based on the maximum and range of the fluctuation
of moving estimates are proposed. We also derive the boundary
functions for the proposed tests and tabulate simulated
critical values. Our simulations indicate that these tests
compare favorably with the recursive-estimates-based test
considered by Chu, Stinchcombe, and White (1996, Econometrica
64, 1045–1065) when a change occurs late.
ASYMPTOTIC THEORY FOR M-ESTIMATORS OVER A CONVEX KERNEL
Authors: Arcones Miguel A.
Published: July 2002

We study the convergence in distribution of M-estimators
over a convex kernel. Under convexity, the limit distribution
of M-estimators can be obtained under minimal
assumptions. We consider the case when the limit is arbitrary,
not necessarily normal. If some Taylor expansions hold,
the limit distribution is stable. As an application, we
examine the limit distribution of M-estimators
for the multivariate linear regression model. We obtain
the distributional convergence of M-estimators
for the multivariate linear regression model for a wide
range of sequences of regressors and different types of
conditions on the sequence of errors.
ON THE BEHAVIOR OF AGING CHARACTERISTICS IN MIXED POPULATIONS
Authors: Badía F. G. , Berrade M. D. , Campos C. A. , Navascués M. A.
Published: July 2002

Bounds for aging properties in mixtures and their
derivatives are provided. Such bounds allow control of
the behavior of those characteristics through the aging
properties of the distributions in the mixture. We also
obtain some results for discrete mixtures involving exponential
distributions. In addition, well-known mixture-preserving
properties for several distribution classes are derived
with little algebraic complexity.
PRAGMATICS: CRITICAL CONCEPTS. VOL. 1: DAWN AND DELINEATION.
VOL. 2: SPEECH ACT THEORY AND PARTICULAR SPEECH ACTS. VOL. 3:
INDEXICALS AND REFERENCE. VOL. 4: PRESUPPOSITION, IMPLICATURE, AND
INDIRECT SPEECH ACTS. VOL. 5: COMMUNICATION, INTERACTION, AND
DISCOURSE. VOL. 6: PRAGMATICS: GRAMMAR, PSYCHOLOGY, AND
SOCIOLOGY.Asa Kasher (Ed.). London: Routledge, 1998. Vol. 1: Pp. xi +
154. Vol. 2: Pp. vi + 511. Vol. 3: Pp. 217. Vol. 4: Pp. vi + 722. Vol. 5: Pp. vi + 490. Vol. 6: Pp.
vi + 559. $905.00 cloth.
Authors: Foster-Cohen Susan
Published: July 2002

This six-volume, beautifully bound, boxed set contains 112 reprinted papers covering the
history and development of modern theoretical pragmatics from its beginnings back in the 1940s
and '50s with Charles Morris, Rudolf Camap, Yehoshua Bar-Hillel, via the major works in
the 1970s of those such as Stalnaker, Bach and Hamish, J. L. Austin, John Searle, and Paul
Grice, to the more recent contributions of, among many others, Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson,
François Recanati, and Anna Wierzbicka. The bulk of the contributions, either
free-standing papers or sections from books, come out of what one might term a philosophical
approach to pragmatics, but toward the end of the collection there is an attempt to cover more
ethnographically rooted approaches and even to get into applied pragmatic issues related to
aphasia, first language acquisition, second language acquisition (one paper), and politics.
PRINCIPLE AND PRACTICE IN APPLIED LINGUISTICS.Guy Cook
and Barbara Seidlhofer (Eds.). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995. Pp. xi + 431.
$19.95 paper.
Authors: Kleifgen Jo Anne
Published: July 2002

Applied linguistics embodies a kaleidoscope of disciplines, theoretical approaches, research
paradigms, and beliefs about practice. Its diversity is reflected in this festschrift
honoring Henry Widdowson. The volume contains the contributions of 27 authors from five
continents and, like the honoree's own body of work, represents a wide range of topics. In
their introductory chapter, the editors outline the disciplines they have chosen to include:
assessment, corpus linguistics, discourse analysis, language teaching, literature, second language
acquisition, and the relationship among theory, research, and practice. As this list reveals, other
areas of applied linguistics are notably absent: first language literacy, language planning and
policy, and translation, among others. Omissions are no doubt necessary in order to compile a
volume of manageable size; in spite of these omissions, readers will find the contributions
absorbing and take pleasure in tracing thematic threads throughout. A sampling of major themes
is outlined here.
Theory and methods in the study of the development of case and agreement: a response to Schütze
Authors: RISPOLI MATTHEW
Published: July 2002

Two recent papers Wexler, Schütze & Rice (1998) and Rispoli (1999a) reach different conclusions concerning the relationship between finiteness marking and pronoun case errors. Wexler et al. claim they are linked, whereas Rispoli finds little evidence for such a linkage. Wexler et al. discounted data from children who made pronoun case errors in 100% of their attempts at a subject pronoun, whereas Rispoli (1999a) included data from such children. This methodological difference may account for our differing conclusions. Schütze (2001) defends the omission of these data, claiming that children who make a pronoun case error 100% of the time do so because the correct pronoun case form is not in the child's productive inventory. Longitudinal data is presented showing the inadequacy of this assumption. Children may err without variation AFTER a period of variation, indicating that these children have knowledge of the correct form. Apparent methodological differences between the two papers reveal deeper theoretical biases. The paradigm building approach taken by Rispoli views longitudinal variation of this sort as a reflection of lexical retrieval principles at work in a developing paradigm. In contrast, the Agr/Tns Omission Model of Wexler et al. finds such variation an uncomfortable inconvenience.
Phonological and acoustic bases for earliest
grammatical category assignment: a cross-linguistic perspective
Authors: SHI RUSHEN , MORGAN JAMES L. , ALLOPENNA PAUL
Published: July 2002

Maternal infant-directed speech in Mandarin Chinese and Turkish
(two
mother–child dyads each; ages of children between 0;11 and 1;8) was

examined to see if cues exist in input that might assist infants'

assignment of words to lexical and functional item categories. Distributional,

phonological, and acoustic measures were analysed. In each
language, lexical and functional items (i.e. syllabic morphemes) differed

significantly on numerous measures. Despite differences in mean values

between categories, distributions of values typically displayed substantial
overlap.
However, simulations with self-organizing neural
networks supported the conclusion that although individual dimensions
had low cue validity, in each language multidimensional constellations

of presyntactic cues are sufficient to guide assignment of words to
rudimentary grammatical categories.
On the deep structure of the blowing-up of curve singularities
Authors: ELIAS JUAN
Published: July 2002

Let C be a germ of curve singularity embedded in (kn, 0).
It is well known that the blowing-up of C centred on its closed ring, Bl(C),
is a finite union of curve singularities. If C is reduced we can iterate this process and, after a finite number
of steps, we find only non-singular curves. This is the desingularization process.
The main idea of this paper is to linearize the blowing-up of curve singularities
Bl(C) → C. We perform this by studying the structure of
[Oscr ]Bl(C)/[Oscr ]C as W-module,
where W is a discrete valuation ring contained in [Oscr ]C.
Since [Oscr ]Bl(C)/[Oscr ]C is a torsion
W-module, its structure is determined by the invariant factors of [Oscr ]C
in [Oscr ]Bl(C). The
set of invariant factors is called in this paper as the set of micro-invariants of C (see
Definition 1·2).

In the first section we relate the micro-invariants of C to the Hilbert function of
C (Proposition 1·3), and we show how to compute them from the Hilbert function
of some quotient of [Oscr ]C (see Proposition 1·4).

The main result of this paper is Theorem 3·3 where we give upper bounds of the
micro-invariants in terms of the regularity, multiplicity and embedding dimension.
As a corollary we improve and we recover some results of [6]. These bounds can be
established as a consequence of the study of the Hilbert function of a filtration of
ideals g = {g[r,i+1]}i [ges ] 0
of the tangent cone of [Oscr ]C (see Section 2). The main property of
g is that the ideals g[r,i+1] have initial degree
bigger than the Castelnuovo–Mumford regularity of the tangent cone of [Oscr ]C.

Section 4 is devoted to computation the micro-invariants of branches; we show how
to compute them from the semigroup of values of C and Bl(C) (Proposition 4·3).
The case of monomial curve singularities is especially studied; we end Section 4 with
some explicit computations.

In the last section we study some geometric properties of C that can be deduced
from special values of the micro-invariants, and we specially study the relationship of
the micro-invariants with the Hilbert function of [Oscr ]Bl(C). We end the paper studying
the natural equisingularity criteria that can be defined from the micro-invariants
and its relationship with some of the known equisingularity criteria.
Symmetric knots satisfy the cabling conjecture
Authors: HAYASHI CHUICHIRO , SHIMOKAWA KOYA
Published: July 2002

The cabling conjecture states that a non-trivial knot K

in the 3-sphere is a cable
knot or a torus knot if some Dehn surgery on K yields a reducible
3-manifold. We
prove that symmetric knots satisfy this conjecture. (Gordon and Luecke
also prove
this independently ([GLu3]), by a method different from
ours.)
Spotting infinite groups
Authors: ALLCOCK DANIEL
Published: July 2002

We generalize a theorem of R. Thomas, which sometimes allows one
to tell by
inspection that a finitely presented group G is infinite. Groups
to which his theorem
applies have presentations with not too many more relators than generators,
with
at least some of the relators being proper powers. Our generalization provides
lower
bounds for the ranks of the abelianizations of certain normal subgroups
of G in terms
of their indices. We derive Thomas's theorem as a special case.
Smash products and Γ-spaces
Authors: LYDAKIS MANOS
Published: July 2002

In this paper we construct a symmetric monoidal smash product of
Γ-spaces
modelling the smash product of connective spectra. For the corresponding
theory of
ring-spectra, we refer the reader to [Sch].
On the asymptotics of meromorphic solutions for nonlinear
Riemann–Hilbert problems
Authors: BEGEHR H. , EFENDIEV M. A.
Published: July 2002

This paper is devoted to a global existence theorem of meromorphic solutions of
the form Z(z)=Zo(z)+R(z)
of a nonlinear Riemann–Hilbert problem (RHP) for
multiply connected domains Gq(q[ges ]1),
where Zo(z) is the singular part of the
solution, R(z) is the regular part which is a holomorphic
solution of some appropriate
nonlinear RHP for Gq(q[ges ]1).
Under appropriate conditions on the characteristics of
both the singular part Zo(z) (number of poles)
and regular part (winding number) we
prove the existence of meromorphic solutions Z(z) of the form
Z(z)=Zo(z)+R(z). The
proof is based on a special construction of the singular part
Zo(z) and an adequate
formulation of Newton's method for the regular part R(z).
Descent on fibrations over P1k revisited
Authors: COLLIOT-THÉLÈNE J.-L. , SKOROBOGATOV A. N.
Published: July 2002

Soient k un corps de nombres et
f: X → P1k un
k-morphisme surjectif de k-variétés projectives lisses,
à fibre générique géométriquement intègre. Supposons que
les fibres de f au-dessus d'un sous-ensemble Hilbertien de P1(k) satisfont le principe
de Hasse (resp. le principe de Hasse et l'approximation faible). Supposons que toutes
les fibres géométriques de f ont au moins une composante de multiplicité un. Le
rang de f est la somme des degrés des points fermés P
dont la fibre XP = f−1(P) ne
possède pas de composante de multiplicité un géométriquement intègre. Supposons
le rang au plus égal à 2. Alors l'obstruction de Brauer–Manin au principe de Hasse
(resp. à l'approximation faible) sur X est la seule. Dans des articles antérieurs nous
n'avions obtenu ce résultat que sous des hypothèses plus fortes sur la nature des
fibres. Le présent énoncé, obtenu grâce à une descente sur des variétés ouvertes,
permet d'étudier des variétés données par des équations affines simples, sans calcul
explicite d'un modè le projectif et lisse.
Safety of Navigation, Ballast Water and Meteo-marine Forecasting: Analysis and Reliability
Authors: Pezzoli A. , Franza M.
Published: July 2002

The objective of this paper is to study the possible use of meteo-marine forecasts for correct
management of ships' ballast water, in order to improve the safety of navigation, having due
consideration to the economical costs (wrong load/unload of water) and the possible
performance impacts that could be generated. The analysis has been carried out verifying the
operative forecasts used for crew training in the Italian yacht Consorzio Prada for the
America's Cup 2000 and issued in the period April–July 1999. Studying the forecasts' quality,
situations of potential incorrect load of ballast water have been examined together with the
potential negative effects. It has been demonstrated that an accurate weather forecast is of
paramount importance to safe navigation without economic loss while recognising the
related performance aspects.
Integrated use of GPS and GLONASS in Support of the Redesign of Road Networks
Authors: El-Mowafy Ahmed
Published: July 2002

An integrated GPS/GLONASS system was employed in this study to support the re-design
of road networks and the adjustment of traffic control. The system was used to update road
maps, and to determine the velocity and acceleration of a test vehicle. The vehicle ran along
the traffic stream at designated times of a day, for specific time spans, to identify traffic
conditions in urban areas of uncontrolled intersections such as roundabouts. Issues
addressed included: transformation of GLONASS satellite coordinates from PZ-90 to
WGS-84, the presence of the receiver clock error in the GLONASS double-differenced
measurements, and the impact of the carrier wavelength variation on the ambiguity
resolution. Two tests were carried out in an urban environment using the combined
GPS/GLONASS system. The first test included updating a road map of a test area by an
RTK approach. Results were checked by comparing them with an accurate map of the area,
previously determined by conventional methods. The second test comprised determining
position, velocity and acceleration of a moving vehicle representing the traffic flow for a
selected area. Different solution schemes were investigated, including: RTK, DGPS, and
post-processing of phase measurements. The impact of GLONASS augmentation and the
quality of GPS satellites on solution feasibility and accuracy were also examined. Test results
showed the benefits of adopting the integrated approach. These included: improving
productivity and economics of map production, and improving availability, integrity, and
accuracy of determining the velocity and acceleration, linked to positions on the road
networks.
Wayfinding and Airport Terminal Design
Authors: Fewings Rodney
Published: July 2002

Human wayfinding in the natural environment has been practised for thousands of years. In
the urban or built environment, few natural cues are available and other aids to wayfinding
are needed. This paper considers the problems of wayfinding in airport terminals, what cues
are available and how passengers use them to reach their destinations. The use of signs and
maps is discussed, and conclusions are drawn on how wayfinding in airport terminals could
be improved.

The principles of wayfinding are simple; the practicalities are very complex.

Nainoa Thompson.
The Instrument Landing System:
Replace it, or Repair it?
Authors: Watts Chester B.
Published: July 2002

The Instrument Landing System (ILS), in its present 90/150 Hz format, had its beginnings
in the United States and England during the years 1939 to 1945. Since then, it has served the
aviation community worldwide. There have been many improvements to cope with ever
increasing traffic, crowded airports, and difficult siting problems. There are those who say
that it's time to replace the system with newer technology; are they right?
The Great Ellipse Solution for Distances and
Headings to Steer between Waypoints
Authors: Walwyn P. R.
Published: July 2002

The normal Great Circle method of computing the shortest
distance between two positions on the Earth – e.g. from an aircraft's present position (PP) to
a waypoint (WP) – is not accurate enough to meet present-day requirements for aircraft
Nav–Attack systems.

On the surface of an Ellipsoid (or Spheroid), the true ‘shortest distance’ is along a geodesic
curve between the two points, but the computation of this curve is complex, and as shown by
R. Williams at Reference, the difference between the geodesic and Great Ellipse distances
between two points is negligible (<0·01 nm).

The Great Ellipse through two points on a spheroid is defined as the ellipse that passes
through the two points and the centre of the spheroid; it therefore has a major axis equal to
the Earth's, and a minor axis that is between the Earth's major axis (for two points on the
Equator) and minor axis (for two points on the same, or diametrically opposite, longitudes).
Thus the problem of deciding on which Great Ellipse the two points lie is equivalent to
determining the magnitude of the minor axis β of the ellipse on which they both lie.
Effectiveness of influenza vaccine in reducing hospital

admissions during the 1989–90 epidemic
Authors: AHMED A. H. , NICHOLSON K. G. , NGUYEN-VAN TAM J. S. , PEARSON J. C. G.
Published: July 2002

The effectiveness of influenza vaccine in reducing hospital

admissions for pneumonia, influenza, bronchitis, or emphysema was

assessed by a case-control study of people aged 16 years and older who

were admitted to 10 Leicestershire hospitals between 1 December 1989

and 31 January 1990. Hospital and general practitioners' records

for 156 admissions (the cases) and 289 controls matched for age and sex

were reviewed. Information was collected on demography, the usual place

of residence (institutional or non-institutional), the existence of

chronic illness, and vaccination during the 5 years before admission.

The odds ratio for hospital admission among vaccinees was 0·67

(95% CI 0·39–1·12) giving an estimate of vaccine

effectiveness in this setting of 33% (95% CI 0–61). However,

multivariate logistic regression, adjusting for the effects of

institutional care and chronic illness, revealed that influenza

vaccination reduced hospital admissions by 63% (95% CI 17–84%).

There was a strong trend towards improved vaccine effectiveness when

used in institutional settings. Influenza vaccine is effective in

reducing hospital admissions for influenza, pneumonia, bronchitis and

emphysema, and effectiveness is comparable to that observed for

influenza and pneumonia admissions in North America.
Outbreaks of food poisoning in adults due to Escherichia coli

O111 and campylobacter associated with coach trips to northern France
Authors: WIGHT J. P. , RHODES P. , CHAPMAN P. A. , LEE S. M. , FINNER P.
Published: July 2002

Thirty-seven out of 48 people on a coach excursion to northern

France developed

gastrointestinal symptoms within 4 days of the trip. Twenty-six had stool

samples positive for

Escherichia coli O111, 8 were also positive for Campylobacter

species, and 1 was positive for

campylobacter alone. Strains of E. coli were positive for the

effacing and attaching protein

(eaeA) gene, but negative for other E. coli virulence

genes, and therefore belonged to the

enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) group. Twenty-two out of 37

people in a second party which

followed the same itinerary 2 weeks later also became ill. One

had a stool sample positive for

E. coli O111. Analytical epidemiology suggested that the source

of infections was a restaurant

in northern France at which both parties had eaten.
HBV and HCV infection among non-European Union
immigrants in North-East Italy
Authors: CHIARAMONTE M. , PUPO A. , MENEGON T. , BALDO V. , MALATESTA R. , TRIVELLO R.
Published: July 2002

The status of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV)
infection among
non-European Union (non-EU) immigrants in North-East Italy was evaluated.
Among the 1683
individuals tested the prevalence of HBsAg was 8·9% (150 subjects)
and of HBV antibodies
(anti-HBc with/without anti-HBs) was 38·9% (654 subjects). The
distribution of HBV
serological markers showed significant differences according to region
of origin; the highest
prevalence of infection (76·9%) and carriage (16·1%) was
found in immigrants from
sub-Saharan Africa. Among the 933 individuals screened for HCV infection,

prevalence of antibody
was much lower (0·9%) than that observed in the Italian
general population (3·2–12·6%). The
large number of HBV carriers among immigrants could increase the number
of new adult
infections due to life-style habits or professional risks in the host
population. In contrast, the
risk of HCV spread from non-EU immigrants is very low.
The relationships of chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis to alcohol
intake, hepatitis B and C, and delta virus infection: a case-control study
in Albania
Authors: KONDILI L. A. , TOSTI M. E. , SZKLO M. , COSTANTINO A. , COTICHINI R. , RESULI B. , RAPICETTA M. , MELE A.
Published: July 2002

The present study examined the effect of hepatitis B virus (HBV)

and alcohol intake, and the
role of hepatitis delta virus (HDV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) in the
aetiology of chronic
liver disease in Albania. A total of 106 cases of liver cirrhosis or chronic
hepatitis were
compared to 195 control patients without these or other liver diseases.
Adjusted odds ratios
were 52·7 (95% CI 22·7–122) for HBV surface antigen,

26·9 (95% CI 4·9–147) for anti-HCV,
26·2 (95% CI 3·1–221) for anti-HDV, 2.4
(95% CI 1·3–4·4) for lifetime alcohol intake and 2·3

(95% CI 1–5·5) for duration of alcohol intake. Although
not significant, an interaction was
suggested between HBsAg and anti-HCV and between HBsAg and alcohol intake.
Our study
underlines the role of hepatitis viruses in the development of chronic
liver diseases.
Additionally, it suggests that heavy alcohol intake may magnify the effect
of HBV on these
diseases. HBV vaccination and alcohol abstention appear to be important
strategies to reduce
the risk of liver cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis in Albania.
Respiratory syncytial virus infection in children with acute
respiratory infections in Zambia
Authors: SAIJO M. , TERUNUMA H. , MIZUTA K. , MPABALWANI E. M. , MONZE M. , OSHITANI H. , LUO N. , SUZUKI H. , NUMAZAKI Y.
Published: July 2002

Epidemiological research on respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
infections in children was carried
out at the Virology Laboratory, University Teaching Hospital (UTH), in
Lusaka, Zambia,
from January–December 1996. Specimens including 736 nasal washings
and 2424 throat swabs
were collected from children with acute respiratory infections (ARI) and
tested for RSV by
enzyme immunoassay and by virus isolation. RSV was isolated in 62 (4·1%)
of 1496 throat
swabs collected from March to September and was detected in 99 (16·3%)
of 609 nasal
washings from March to November. The average RSV isolation rate was 2·6%
and the
average RSV detection rate was 13·5%. The highest RSV
isolation (8·1%) and detection
(30·5%) rates were in June 1996. RSV antibody in the 278 serum specimens
collected from
Zambian children, who were hospitalized in the paediatric ward, UTH, was
detected using a
standard neutralization test. The antibody positive rate
was 60–80% in children >4 years. It
is evident that RSV is one of the main causal agents of ARI in children
in Zambia.
Active infection with Helicobacter pylori in an asymptomatic

population of middle aged to elderly people
Authors: ROTHENBACHER D. , BODE G. , PESCHKE F. , BERG G. , ADLER G. , BRENNER H.
Published: July 2002

The study objective was to investigate prevalence and
determinants of current Helicobacter
pylori infection in an asymptomatic population of middle-aged to elderly
people. A
cross-sectional study was conducted among 337 participants of a general
education programme of
the University of Ulm aged 50–85 years. Prevalence of infection
as determined by means of the
[13C]urea breath test was 34·8%
(95% CI 29·6–40·3%) ; overall, 33·8%
(95% CI 23·0–46·0) in
the age group 50–59 years, 32·4% (95% CI 25·4–39·9)

in the age group 60–69 years and
41·0% (95% CI 30·0–52·7) in the age group
70–85 years. Duration of school education of the
father, sharing a bed with parents or siblings during childhood, and the
area in which
participants had grown up were independent determinants of current infection
status in a
multivariable analysis. We conclude that the prevalence of current
H. pylori infection in
healthy elderly subjects may not be as high as seroprevalence studies have
suggested.
Socioeconomic characteristics of childhood living conditions appear to
be important
determinants of infection status even at older age.
Temporal and geographical distributions of reported cases of
Escherichia coli O157[ratio ]H7 infection in Ontario
Authors: MICHEL P. , WILSON J. B. , MARTIN S. W. , CLARKE R. C. , McEWEN S. A. , GYLES C. L.
Published: July 2002

The distribution of 3001 cases of verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli (VTEC) reported in the
Province of Ontario, Canada, were examined to describe the magnitude of this condition
geographically and to evaluate the spatial relationship between livestock density and human
VTEC incidence using a Geographical Information System. Incidence of VTEC cases had a
marked seasonal pattern with peaks in July. Areas with a relatively high incidence of VTEC
cases were situated predominantly in areas of mixed agriculture. Spatial models indicated that
cattle density had a positive and significant association with VTEC incidence of reported cases
(P=0·000). An elevated risk of VTEC infection in a rural population could be associated with
living in areas with high cattle density. Results of this study suggested that the importance of
contact with cattle and the consumption of contaminated well water or locally produced food
products may have been previously underestimated as risk factors for this condition.