bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Empirical test of an ion parametric resonance model for magnetic field interactions with PC‐12 cells
Authors: Blackman C. F. , Blanchard J. P. , Benane S. G. , House D. E.
Published: February 2006

A companion paper describes a predictive ion parametric resonance (IPR) model of magnetic field interactions with biological systems based on a selective relation between the ratio of the flux density of the static magnetic field to the AC magnetic field and the charge‐to‐mass ratio of ions of biological relevance. Previous studies demonstrated that nerve growth factor (NGF)‐stimulated neurite outgrowth (NO) in PC‐12 cells can be inhibited by exposure to magnetic fields as a function of either magnetic field flux density or AC magnetic field frequency. The present work examines whether the PC‐12 cell response to magnetic fields is consistent with the quasiperiodic, resonance‐based predictions of the IPR model. We tested changes in each of the experimentally controllable variables [flux densities of the parallel components of the AC magnetic field (Bac) and the static magnetic field (Bdc) and the frequency of the AC magnetic field] over a range of exposure conditions sufficient to determine whether the IPR model is applicable. A multiple‐coil exposure system independently controlled each of these critical quantities. The perpendicular static magnetic field was controlled to less than 2 mG for all tests. The first set of tests examined the NO response in cells exposed to 45 Hz Bacfrom 77 to 468 mG(rms) at a Bdcof 366 mG. Next, we examined an off‐resonance condition using 20 mG Bdcwith a 45 Hz AC field across a range of Bacbetween 7.9 and 21 mG(rms). Finally, we changed the AC frequency to 25 Hz, with a corresponding change in Bdcto 203 mG (to tune for the same set of ions as in the first test) and a Bacrange from 78 to 181 mG(rms). In all cases the observed responses were consistent with predictions of the IPR model. These experimental results are the first to support in detail the validity of the fundamental relationships embodied in the IPR model. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Residential magnetic fields, wire codes, and pregnancy outcome
Authors: Savitz David A. , Ananth Cande V.
Published: February 2006

The relationship of measured residential magnetic fields and wire codes to pregnancy outcome was examined in data collected for a study of childhood cancer in Denver. Pregnancies in homes with measured fields above 0.2 μT or high wire codes were not more likely to end in miscarriage, low birth weight, or preterm delivery. Lack of data on potential confounders and small numbers of cases limit the study's conclusions. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chromosomal aberrations in human amniotic cells after intermittent exposure to fifty hertz magnetic fields
Authors: Nordenson Ingrid , Mild Kjell Hansson , Andersson Gunilla , Sandström Monica
Published: February 2006

Our recent studies have shown a significant increase in the frequency of chromosomal aberrations in human amniotic cells after exposure to a sinusoidal 50 Hz, 30 μT (rms) magnetic field. To evaluate further interactions between chromosomes and electromagnetic fields, we have analyzed the effects of intermittent exposure. Amniotic cells were exposed for 72 h to a 50 Hz, 30 μT (rms) magnetic field in a 15 s on and 15 s off fashion. Eight experiments with cells from different fetuses were performed. The results show a 4% mean frequency of aberrations among exposed cells compared to 2% in sham‐exposed cells. The difference is statistically significant, withP< 0.05 both excluding and including gaps. In another series of eight experiments, the cells were exposed in the same way but with the field on for 2 s and off for 20 s. Also in these experiments a similar increase in the frequency of chromosomal aberrations was seen, but only when the analysis included gaps. Continuous exposure for 72 h to 300 μT, 50 Hz, did not increase the frequency of chromosomal aberrations. The background electromagnetic fields at different locations within the two incubators used was carefully checked and was nowhere found to exceed 120 nT. Likewise, the background level of chromosomal aberrations in cells cultured at different locations in the incubators showed no significant interculture differences. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of microwave radiation on the permeability of carbonic anhydrase loaded unilamellar liposomes
Authors: Orlando Alfonsina Ramundo , Mossa Giuseppe , D'lnzeo Guglielmo
Published: February 2006

The influence of 2.45 GHz microwave exposure (6 mW/g) on the diffusion processes in enzyme‐loaded unilamellar liposomes as bioreactors was studied. The enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA) was entrapped into cationic unilamellar vesicles. Previous kinetic experiments showed a very low self‐diffusion rate of the substrate p‐nitrophenyl acetate (PNPA) across intact liposome bilayer. A twofold increase in the diffusion rate of PNPA through the lipid bilayer was observed after 120 min of microwave radiation compared to temperature control samples. The microwave effect was time dependent. The enzyme activity, as a function of increased diffusion of PNPA, rises over 120 min from 22.3% to 80%. The increase in stearylamine concentration reduces the enzyme activity from 80% to 65% at 120 min. No enzyme leakage was observed. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of diazoluminomelanin (DALM) in HL‐60 cells for possible use as a cellular‐level microwave dosimeter
Authors: Bruno John G. , Kiel Johnathan L.
Published: February 2006

Chemical and bacterial synthesis of a thermochemiluminescent polymer known as diazoluminomelanin (DALM) has been previously reported. This paper focuses on the intracellular synthesis of aminomelanin (AM) in mammalian cell lines and subsequent DALM synthesis from this core molecule. B16 melanoma cells, HL‐60 myeloid leukemia cells, and RAW 264.7 macrophages show AM and DALM production. Macroscopic image analysis of HL‐60 cell lysates containing DALM using the Quantitative Luminescence Imaging System (QLIS) showed increased chemiluminescence (CL) with increased microwave power input and increased temperature. This work represents a first step toward the goal of microscopic radiofrequency dosimetry of individual DALM‐loaded cells using image analysis. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Frequency‐dependent alterations in enolase activity inEscherichia colicaused by exposure to electric and magnetic fields
Authors: Dutta S. K. , Verma M. , Blackman C. F.
Published: February 2006

Some neurochemical effects of low‐intensity electric and magnetic fields have been shown to be nonlinear functions of exposure parameters. These effects occurred within narrow ranges of frequency and intensity. Previous studies on membrane‐associated endpoints in cell culture preparations demonstrated changes in calcium efflux and in acetylcholinesterase activity following exposure to radiofrequency radiation, amplitude modulated (AM) at 16 and at 60 Hz, at a specific absorption rate of 0.05 W/kg. In this study, these modulation frequencies were tested for their influence on the activity of a cytoplasmic enzyme, enolase, which is being tested clinically for detection of neoplasia.Escherichia colicultures containing a plasmid with a mammalian gene for enolase were exposed for 30 min, and cell extracts were assayed for enolase activity by measuring absorbance at 240 nm. The enolase activity in exposed cultures was compared to the activity in paired control cultures. Exposure to 147 MHz carrier waves at 0.05 W/kg, AM at 16 Hz showed enolase activity enhanced by 62%, and AM at 60 Hz showed enolase activity reduced by 28%. Similarly, exposure to 16 Hz fields alone, at 21.2 V/mrms(electric) and 97 nTrms(magnetic), showed enhancement in enolase activity by 59%, whereas exposure to 60 Hz fields alone, at 14.1 V/mrms(electric) and 65 nTrms(magnetic), showed reduction in activity by 24%. Sham exposures as well as exposure to continuous‐wave 147 MHz radiation at 0.05 W/kg showed no change in enolase activity. Although the underlying basis for these field effects in the cytoplasmic compartment has not been established, differential sensitivities to 16 Hz and to 60 Hz signals provide a clear focus for additional research to determine the responsible mechanism. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Application of the radical pair mechanism to free radicals in organized systems: Can the effects of 60 Hz be predicted from studies under static fields?
Authors: Scaiano J. C. , Mohtat N. , Cozens F. L. , McLean J. , Thansandote A.
Published: February 2006

The influence of 60‐Hz magnetic fields on free radical reactions can be quantitatively predicted from the knowledge of the effect of static fields on free radical behavior. Studies of radical reactions in micellar systems show that the behavior under a 60‐Hz field is identical to that under a static field at any given point in time. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of extremely‐law‐frequency electromagnetic fields on ion transport in several mammalian cells
Authors: García‐Sancho Javier , Montero Mayte , Alvarez Javier , Fonteriz Rosalba I. , Sanchez Ana
Published: February 2006

We have investigated the effects of sinusoidal electromagnetic fields (EMF) on ion transport (Ca2+, Na+, K+, and H+) in several cell types (red blood cells, thymocytes, Ehrlich ascites tumor cells, and HL60 and U937 human leukemia cells). The effects on the uptake of radioactive tracers as well as on the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i), the intracellular pH (pHi), and the transmembrane potentsial (TMP) were studied. Exposure to EMF at 50 Hz and 100–2000 μT (rms) had no significant effects on any of these parameters. Exposure to EMF of 20–1200 μT (rms) at the estimated cyclotron magnetic resonance frequencies for the respective ions had no significant effects except for a 12–32% increase of the uptake of 42K within a window at 14.5–15.5 Hz and 100–200 μT (rms), which was found in U937 and Ehrlich cells but not in the other cell types. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Trivial influences: A doubly stochastic poisson process model permits the detection of arbitrarily small electromagnetic signals
Authors: Pickard William F.
Published: February 2006

If a weak, exogenous, extremely low‐frequency (ELF) electric or magnetic field is to produce biological sequelae, then there must exist averaging sufficient to lift some primary effect of that field above the endogenous stochastic variations of the biological system. One way in which a field could accomplish this is by changing the intensity of some stochastic operation that controls an important and not trivially reversible biological transformation. In this paper, this operation is modeled as a doubly stochastic Poisson process. It is then shown, first, that (in theory) even a minuscule exogenous influence might appreciably shift the incidence of a sufficiently rare transformation and, second, that this shift might be observable if a trial were allowed to run long enough over a sufficiently large population of exposed entities. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Model for external influences on cellular signal transduction pathways including cytosolic calcium oscillations
Authors: Eichwald C. , Kaiser F.
Published: February 2006

Experiments on the effects of extremely‐low‐frequency (ELF) electric and magnetic fields on cells of the immune system, T‐lymphocytes in particular, suggest that the external field interacts with the cell at the level of intracellular signal transduction pathways. These are directly connected with changes in the calcium‐signaling processes of the cell. Based on these findings, a theoretical model for receptor‐controlled cytosolic calcium oscillations and for external influences on the signal transduction pathway is presented. We discuss the possibility that the external field acts on the kinetics of the signal transduction between the activated receptors at the cell membrane and the G‐proteins. It is shown that, depending on the specific combination of cell internal biochemical and external physical parameters, entirely different responses of the cell can occur. We compare the effects of a coherent (periodic) modulation and of incoherent perturbations (noise). The model and the calculations are based on the theory of self‐sustained, nonlinear oscillators. It is argued that these systems form an ideal basis for information‐encoding processes in biological systems. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Microwave ablation of the atrioventricular junction in open‐chest dogs
Authors: Lin James C. , Beckman Karen J. , Hariman Robert J. , Bharati Saroja , Lev Maurice , Wang Yu‐Jin
Published: February 2006

The use of microwave energy for ablation of the atrioventricular (AV) junction was examined in open‐chest dogs. Using a specially designed microwave catheter and a 2450 MHz generator, microwave energy was delivered to the AV junction according to one of two protocols. In protocol 1, increasing amounts of energy were delivered until irreversible AV block occurred. In protocol 2, only two applications of energy were used, one at low energy and the other at an energy found to be high enough to cause irreversible AV block. Each dog received between one and six applications of microwave energy. The amount of energy delivered per application ranged from 25.6 to 311.4 J. No AV block was seen at 59.4 ± 28.3 J. Reversible AV block was seen with an energy of 120.6 ± 58 J. Irreversible AV block was seen at 188.1 ± 75.9 J. Irreversible AV block could be achieved in each animal. There was no difference in the energy required to cause irreversible AV block between the two protocols. The tissue temperature measured near the tip of the microwave catheter was correlated with both the amount of energy delivered and the extent of AV block caused. Histologic examination demonstrated coagulation necrosis of the conduction system. Microwave energy is a feasible alternative energy source for myocardial ablation. Since tissue damage is due exclusively to heating and the resulting rise in temperature can be measured, microwave energy may have advantages over currently existing energy sources in terms of both titrating delivered energy and monitoring the extent of tissue destruction. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Imprecise exposure assessment and the sample size requirements of case‐control studies of residential magnetic field exposure and cancer in adults
Authors: Delpizzo Vincent
Published: February 2006

A computer program simulating case‐control studies is described. It is used to estimate the minimum sample size required and to assess how this is affected by imprecise exposure assessment. In particular, the consequences of neglecting measurements of nonresidential exposure in case‐control studies of residentially exposed adults are investigated. According to this model, while the consequent loss of power is not as large as was predicted by algebraic methods, it would be unwise to neglect it when planning a study. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Suspension osteopenia in mice: Whole body electromagnetic field effects
Authors: Simske S. J. , Luttges M. W.
Published: February 2006

Whole‐body fields were tested for their efficacy in preventing the osteopenia caused by tail suspension in mice. The fields had fundamental frequencies corresponding to the upper range of predicted endogenous impact‐generated frequencies (0.25–2.0 kHz) in the long bones. Three distinct whole‐body EMFs were applied for 2 weeks on growing mice. Structural, geometric, and material properties of the femora, tibiae, and humeri of suspended mice were altered compared to controls. Comparison of suspended mice and mice subjected to caloric restriction indicates that the changes in caloric intake do not explain either the suspension or the field‐induced effects. In agreement with past studies, rather, unloading appears to cause the suspension effects and to be addressed by the EMFs. The EMF effects on bone properties were apparently frequency dependent, with the lower two fundamental frequencies (260 and 910 Hz) altering, albeit slightly, the suspension‐induced bone effects. The fields are not apparently optimized for frequency, etc., with respect to therapeutic potential; however, suspension provides a model system for further study of the in vivo effects of EMFs. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Absorbed energy distribution from radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation in a mammalian cell model: Effect of membrane‐bound water
Authors: Liu Li‐Ming , Cleary Stephen F.
Published: February 2006

The spatial distributions of induced 27 or 2450 MHz radiofrequency (RF) electric fields (E‐fields) and specific absorption rates (SARs) in a three‐component spherical cell model (cytoplasm, membrane, extracellular space) were determined by Mie scattering theory. The results were compared to results for the same cell model but with 0.5 nm thick of bound water on the inner (cytoplasmic) and outer (extracellular) membrane surfaces (i.e., five‐component cell model). The results provide insight regarding direct frequency‐dependent RF radiation effects at the cellular level. Induced E‐fields and SARs were calculated for two bound‐water characteristic frequencies (400 or 1000 MHz) and ionic conductivities (1–1000 mS/m). In order to estimate the dependence of the results on bound water within the membrane per se, the model was revised to include bound water within the inner and outer membrane surfaces. The results were as follows: (1) On the x‐axis, the y‐ and z‐components of the induced E‐field were of insignificant magnitude compared to the x‐component for an incident E‐field parallel to the x‐axis; (2) the ratio of transmembrane E‐fields induced by 2450 MHz vs. 27 MHz RF [i.e., Ex (2450 MHz)/Ex (27 MHz)] was 0.1; (3) for the three‐component cell model, the corresponding SAR ratios [SAR (2450 MHz)/SAR (27 MHz)] in the cytoplasm and extracellular space were 1.66 and 5.0, respectively; (4) the SAR ratios [SAR (2450 MHz)/SAR (27 MHz)] for the cytoplasm and extracellular space for the five‐component cell model were 1.66 and 5.0, respectively; (5) the ratio of the E‐fields induced in the cytoplasmic and extracellular layers of bound water in the five‐component cell model [E (2450 MHz)/E (27 MHz)] were 0.62 and 0.63, respectively; (6) the SAR ratios [SAR (2450 MHz)/SAR (27 MHz)] for the cytoplasmic and extracellular bound‐water layers were 66 and 65.3, respectively; and (7) variation of bound‐water characteristic frequency, ionic conductivity, or bound‐water incorporation inside the membrane surfaces, per se, did not significantly affect the E‐field or SAR ratios. These results indicate that frequency‐dependent nonuniformities may occur in the distribution of induced RF E‐fields and SARs at the cellular level. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of millimeter waves on survival of UVC‐exposed Escherichia coli
Authors: Rojavin Mikhail A. , Ziskin Marvin C.
Published: February 2006

Bacterial cells of the strain Escherichia coli K12 were exposed to millimeter electromagnetic waves (mm waves) with and without additional exposure to ultraviolet light λ = 254 nm (UVC). The mm waves were produced by a medical microwave generator emitting a 4‐GHz‐wide band around a 61 GHz center frequency and delivering an irradiation of 1 mW/cm2 and a standard absorption rate (SAR) of 84 W/kg to the bacteria. Exposure to the mm waves alone for up to 30 minutes did not change the survival rate of bacteria. Exposure to mm waves followed by UVC irradiation also did not alter the number of surviving E. coli cells in comparison to UVC‐treated controls. When mm waves were applied after the UVC exposure, a dose‐dependent increase of up to 30% in the survival of E. coli was observed compared to UVC + sham‐irradiated bacteria. Because sham controls and experimental samples were maintained under the same thermal conditions, the effect is not likely to be due to heating, although the possibility of nonuniform distribution of microwave heating in different layers of irradiated bacterial suspension cannot be ruled out. The mechanism for this effect appears to involve certain DNA repair systems that act as cellular targets for mm waves. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Acute low‐intensity microwave exposure increases DNA single‐strand breaks in rat brain cells
Authors: Lai Henry , Singh Narendra P.
Published: February 2006

Levels of DNA single‐strand break were assayed in brain cells from rats acutely exposed to low‐intensity 2450 MHz microwaves using an alkaline microgel electrophoresis method. Immediately after 2 h of exposure to pulsed (2 μs width, 500 pulses/s) microwaves, no significant effect was observed, whereas a dose rate‐dependent [0.6 and 1.2 W/kg whole body specific absorption rate (SAR)] increase in DNA single‐strand breaks was found in brain cells of rats at 4 h postexposure. Furthermore, in rats exposed for 2 h to continuous‐wave 2450 MHz microwaves (SAR 1.2 W/kg), increases in brain cell DNA single‐strand breaks were observed immediately as well as at 4 h postexposure. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Power lines and the geomagnetic field
Authors: Liboff Abraham R. , McLeod Bruce R.
Published: February 2006

The metric of prime interest in power line epidemiological studies has been AC magnetic intensity. To consider also possible geomagnetic involvement, the orientation of a long straight power line is examined relative to a uniform geomagnetic field (GMF) with dip angle α. An expression is derived for the component of the total GMF that is parallel, at an elevation β, to the circuital magnetic field that surrounds the line. This component is a function of the angles α and β, the total geomagnetic intensity BT, and the angle θ between the axis of the power line and magnetic north. Plotting these geomagnetic parameters for known leukemia residences allows one to test for possible ion cyclotron resonance or other GMF interactions. This approach, in principle, is an easy addition to existing or planned studies, because residential access is not required to obtain local values for α, β, θ, and BT. We recommend including these parameters in the design of epidemiological studies examining power line fields and childhood leukemia. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Applied AC and DC magnetic fields cause alterations in the mitotic cycle of early sea urchin embryos
Authors: Levin Michael , Ernst Susan G.
Published: February 2006

This study demonstrates that exposure to 60 Hz magnetic fields (3.4–8.8 mT) and magnetic fields over the range DC‐600 kHz (2.5–6.5 mT) can alter the early embryonic development of sea urchin embryos by inducing alterations in the timing of the cell cycle. Batches of fertilized eggs were exposed to the fields produced by a coil system. Samples of the continuous cultures were taken and scored for cell division. The times of both the first and second cell divisions were advanced by ELF AC fields and by static fields. The magnitude of the 60 Hz effect appears proportional to the field strength over the range tested. The relationship to field frequency was nonlinear and complex. For certain frequencies above the ELF range, the exposure resulted in a delay of the onset of mitosis. The advance of mitosis was also dependent on the duration of exposure and on the timing of exposure relative to fertilization. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Frequency‐dependent interference by magnetic fields of nerve growth factor‐induced neurite outgrowth in PC‐12 cells
Authors: Blackman C. F. , Benane S. G. , House D. E.
Published: February 2006

We have shown that 50 Hz sinusoidal magnetic fields within the 5‐10 micro Tesla (μT) rms range cause an intensity‐dependent reduction in nerve growth factor (NGF) stimulation of neurite outgrowth (NO) in PC‐12 cells. Here we report on the frequency dependence of this response over the 15‐70 Hz range at 5 Hz intervals. Primed PC‐12 cells were plated in collagen‐coated, 60 mm plastic petri dishes with or without 5 ng/ml NGF and were exposed to sinusoidal magnetic fields for 22 h in a CO2incubator at 37 °C. One 1,000‐turn coil, 20 cm in diameter, generated vertically oriented magnetic fields. The dishes were stacked on the center axis of the coil to provide a range of intensities between 3.5 and 9.0 μT rms. The flux density of the ambient DC magnetic field was 37 μT vertical and 19 μT horizontal. The assay consisted of counting over 100 cells in the central portion (radius ≤0.3 cm) of each dish and scoring cells positive for NO. Sham exposure of cells treated identically with NGF demonstrated no difference in the percentage of cells with NO between exposed and magnetically shielded locations within the incubator. Analysis of variance demonstrated flux density‐dependent reductions in NGF‐stimulated NO over the 35‐70 Hz frequency range, whereas frequencies between 15 Hz and 30 Hz produced no obvious reduction. The results also demonstrated a relative maximal sensitivity of cells at 40 Hz with a possible additional sensitivity region at or above 70 Hz. These findings suggest a biological influence of perpendicular AC/DC magnetic fields different from those identified by the ion parametric resonance model, which uses strictly parallel AC/DC fields. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comment on „designing EMF experiments: What is required to characterize ‘exposure’?”︁
Authors: Kaune W. T.
Published: February 2006

Dr. Peter Valberg has written an excellent and clear paper describing our current understanding of the many facets of characterizing exposure to extremely‐low‐frequency (ELF) electric and magnetic fields. Dr. Valberg has directed his paper to the characterization of exposures used in laboratory experimentation. In this context, it seems to me that Valberg's program of exposure characterization can be accomplished with currently available instrumentation and with relatively modest effort. Thus, I have no fundamental problems with his recommendations and, really, have only a few minor comments to make. However, if one argues that Valberg's recommendations should be extended to the characterization of exposure in epidemio‐logical research, I have serious reservations, which I will mention briefly at the end of this commentary. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Normal mode analysis of the horseradish peroxidase collective motions: Correlation with spectroscopically observed heme distortions
Authors: Laberge Monique , Kovesi Istvan , Yonetani Takashi , Fidy Judit
Published: February 2006

Horseradish peroxidase C is a class III peroxidase whose structure is stabilized by the presence of two endogenous calcium atoms. Calcium removal has been shown to decrease the enzymatic activity of the enzyme and significantly affect the spectroscopically detectable properties of the heme, such as the spin state of the iron, heme normal modes, and distortions from planarity. In this work, we report on normal mode analysis (NMA) performed on models subjected to 2 ns of molecular dynamics simulations to describe the effect of calcium removal on protein collective motions and to investigate the correlation between active site (heme) and protein matrix fluctuations. We show that in the native peroxidase model, heme fluctuations are correlated to matrix fluctuations while they are not in the calcium‐depleted model. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 82: 425–429, 2006

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Impact of oedema on recovery after major abdominal surgery and potential value of multifrequency bioimpedance measurements
Authors: Itobi E , Stroud M , Elia M
Published: February 2006

Background

The consequences of generalized oedema following major abdominal surgery are under-recognized, and its causes are poorly understood.

Methods

Thirty-eight patients (21 men and 17 women) were observed for the occurrence of oedema after major abdominal surgery. Oedema formation was related to fluid balance, changes in whole-body bioimpedance (Z) measured at four frequencies (5, 50, 100 and 200 kHz), and clinical outcome.

Results

The 20 patients who developed oedema were older than those who did not (mean(s.d.) 73(9) versus 63(14) years; P = 0·007). Fluid intake over the first 5 days after surgery was similar in both groups, but those with oedema excreted less total fluid (16·9(2·4) versus 19·7(3·5) litres; P = 0·022). Oedema was associated with a delay in tolerating solid food (P = 0·001) and opening bowels (P = 0·020), a prolonged hospital stay (median 17 (range 8–59) versus 9 (range 4–27) days; P = 0·001) and more postoperative complications (13 of 20 versus four of 18 patients; P = 0·011). The preoperative ratio of whole-body impedance at 200 kHz to that at 5 kHz was higher in those who subsequently developed oedema (0·81(0·03) versus 0·78(0·02); P = 0·015).

Conclusion

The development of oedema after major abdominal surgery is associated with increased morbidity. Age and reduced ability to excrete administered fluid load are significant aetiological factors and bioimpedance analysis can potentially identify patients at risk.
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Lithium Tetrametaphosphimate Tetrahydrate Li4(PO2NH)4×4H2O.
Authors: Roemer S. Rebecca , Schnick Wolfgang
Published: February 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Sm2As4O9: An Unusual Samarium(III) Oxoarsenate(III) According to Sm4[As2O5]2 [As4O8].
Authors: Kang Dong‐Hee , Schleid Thomas
Published: February 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Hydrogen Sites Analysed by X‐Ray Synchrotron Diffraction in Mg7TiH13‐16 Made at Gigapascal High‐Pressures.
Authors: Roennebro E. , Kyoi D. , Kitano A. , Kitano Y. , Sakai T.
Published: February 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Directional Metal—Hydrogen Bonding in Interstitial Hydrides. Part 1. Structural Study of ErNi3Dx (0 ≤ x ≤ 3.75).
Authors: Filinchuk Y. E. , Yvon K.
Published: February 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Powder Neutron Diffraction of Tl2BeF4 at Six Temperatures from Room Temperature to 1.5 K.
Authors: da Silva Ivan , Gonzalez‐Silgo Cristina , Gonzalez‐Platas Javier , Rodriguez‐Carvajal Juan , Martinez‐Sarrion Maria Luisa , Mestres Lourdes
Published: February 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Nanostructures with High Surface Area for Hydrogen Storage.
Authors: Hirscher M. , Panella B.
Published: February 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Hydriding and Dehydriding Properties of CaSi.
Authors: Aoki Masakazu , Ohba Nobuko , Noritake Tatsuo , Towata Shin‐ichi
Published: February 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Preparation and Crystal Structure of Diammine Magnesium Diazide Mg(NH3)2(N3)2.
Authors: Karau Friedrich , Schnick Wolfgang
Published: February 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of ϰ‐Zr9V4SH≈23.
Authors: Zavaliy I. Yu. , Cerny R. , Koval'chuck I. V. , Riabov A. B. , Denys R. V.
Published: February 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Cobalt‐Containing Silicotungstate Sandwich Dimer [{Co3(B‐β‐SiW9O33(OH)) (B‐β‐SiW8O29(OH)2)}2] 22‐.
Authors: Bassil Bassem S. , Kortz Ulrich , Tigan Anca S. , Clemente‐Juan Juan M. , Keita Bineta , de Oliveira Pedro , Nadjo Louis
Published: February 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Structural Properties of RT3 Deuterides Synthesized under High Pressure of Deuterium.
Authors: Lushnikov S. A. , Verbetsky V. N. , Glazkov V. P. , Somenkov V. A.
Published: February 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Regio‐ and Enantioselective Intermolecular [4 + 2] Carbocyclization of 4‐Alkynals with N,N‐Dialkyl Acrylamides.
Authors: Tanaka Ken , Hagiwara Yuji , Noguchi Keiichi
Published: February 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Catalytic Enantioselective Diethylzinc Addition to N‐Phosphinoylimine Using Thiophosphoramide of Homologated Binaphthyl N,O‐Ligand.
Authors: Kim Byeong‐Seon , Kang Seung‐Wan , Kim Kyoung Hoon , Ko Dong‐Hyun , Chung Yongseog , Ha Deok‐Chan
Published: February 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Direct Asymmetric Aldol Reaction in Aqueous Media Using Polymer‐Supported Peptide.
Authors: Akagawa Kengo , Sakamoto Seiji , Kudo Kazuaki
Published: February 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Boric Acid: A Novel and Safe Catalyst for Aza‐Michael Reactions in Water.
Authors: Chaudhuri Mihir K. , Hussain Sahid , Kantam M. Lakshmi , Neelima B.
Published: February 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Mild and Efficient Method for the Cleavage of Cyclic and Acyclic Ethers by Iodine under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Yadav J. S. , Reddy B. V. S. , Reddy P. Murali Krishna , Gupta Manoj K.
Published: February 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Reaction of N‐Sulfinyltrifluoromethanesulfonamide CF3SO2N=S=O with Carbonyl Compounds.
Authors: Shainyan B. A. , Tolstikova L. L.
Published: February 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Combined Dealkoxycarbonylation and Lactonization of Unsaturated Malonates in Ionic Liquids.
Authors: Oswald Magalie F. , Parsons Andrew F. , Yang Wei , Bowden Martin
Published: February 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Aryl Cation and Carbene Intermediates in the Photodehalogenation of Chlorophenols.
Authors: Manet Ilse , Monti Sandra , Fagnoni Maurizio , Protti Stefano , Albini Angelo
Published: February 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Novel Method for Preparing of Oxoruthenates Complexes: trans‐[RuO3(OH)2]2‐, [RuO4]‐, (n‐Pr4N)+[RuO4]‐ and [RuO4] and Their Use as Catalytic Oxidants.
Authors: Shoair Abdel‐Ghany F.
Published: February 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
WO3 Nanoparticles on MCM‐48 as a Highly Selective and Versatile Heterogeneous Catalyst for the Oxidation of Olefins, Sulfides, and Cyclic Ketones.
Authors: Koo Dong Hyun , Kim Min , Chang Sukbok
Published: February 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Cobalt Polyoxometalate, [CoW12O40]5‐, as a New Reusable Catalyst for Addition of Trimethylsilyl Cyanide to Carbonyl Compounds.
Authors: Rafiee E. , Tangestaninejad Shahram , Habibi M. H. , Mirkhani V.
Published: February 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Facile Preparation of Organozinc Bromides Using Electrogenerated Highly Reactive Zinc and Its Use in Cross‐Coupling Reaction.
Authors: Kurono Nobuhito , Inoue Tomio , Tokuda Masao
Published: February 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Defining “Success” in recruitment of underrepresented populations to cancer clinical trials
Authors: Bolen Shari , Tilburt Jon , Baffi Charlie , Gary Tiffany L. , Powe Neil , Howerton Mollie , Ford Jean , Lai Gabriel , Wilson Renee , Bass Eric
Published: February 2006

Although medically underserved groups bear a heavy burden of cancer disease and governmental agencies have required inclusion of minorities and women in cancer clinical trials since 1993, many of these groups are underrepresented in cancer prevention or treatment clinical trials. To assess and enhance recruitment of underrepresented populations into cancer‐related clinical trials, investigators and governmental agencies need consistent measurement approaches for recruitment that can be applied to diverse settings where trials are conducted. We conducted a systematic review to evaluate what measurement approaches were used to evaluate the success of recruitment of underrepresented groups into cancer prevention or treatment trials, and whether these recruitment goals were stated a priori. Only two articles reported an a priori recruitment goal. The recruitment measurement approaches varied considerably, with no consistent standard, especially for individual trials. By using the empiric evidence from this review in conjunction with the National Institutes of Health (NIH) guidelines, we constructed a framework for choosing consistent a priori recruitment goals for underrepresented groups based on the research question and study location. Using consistent measurement approaches for underrepresented groups will improve comparability of recruitment strategies across trials, improve equity in distribution of benefits and burdens of cancer‐related clinical trials, and may improve applicability of trial results to multiple populations. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Clarification of differences between variable achromatic color and variable chromatic color methods in the Helmholtz–Kohlrausch effect
Authors: Nayatani Yoshinobu , Sakai Hideki
Published: February 2006

The Helmholtz–Kohlrausch effect consists of two different approaches: the variable achromatic color (VAC) and variable chromatic color (VCC) methods. In this article the difficult conceptual difference between the methods is clarified using new explanations with their schematic figures. The concept of loci with various parameters on B/L or L/Y ratios is completely different between the two methods. The VCC method can determine perceived lightness values for achromatic and chromatic colors in the whole color space. The VAC method gives perceived lightness deviation between reference achromatic color and each of the various test chromatic colors both kept at the same Munsell Value. The VAC method can never give any information on equiperceived lightness to test chromatic colors. Despite the difference between the two methods, misuse of the VAC method is sometimes found for perceived lightness studies of various chromatic colors, because of its ease in observations. An example is shown for the L scale of OSA‐UCS. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 31, 146–155, 2006
ESR‐electrochemical cells and their performance in studies of redox processes
Authors: Bagchi R. N. , Bond A. M. , Scholz F.
Published: February 2006

A review of the various simultaneous ESR‐electrochemical techniques that have been developed is presented. Special advantages and disadvantages of the stationary and flow‐through cell configurations are described. A critical evaluation of the in situ ESR‐electrochemical cells developed to date has also been made. A selected survey of applications is presented to illustrate the wide range of chemical information on redox reactions which can be obtained by the simultaneous ESR‐electrochemical method.
Mediated electron transfer from glucose oxidase at a ferrocene‐modified graphite electrode
Authors: Jönsson G. , Gorton L. , Pettersson L.
Published: February 2006

A new ferrocene derivative was synthesized by reacting hydroxymethylferrocene with anthracene‐9‐carboxylic acid. This new compound strongly adsorbs on the surface of a graphite electrode to form a stable chemically modified electrode. The formal potential of the adsorbed ferrocene derivative was +340 mV versus SCE in solutions containing 0.1 M perchlorate. When adsorbed, the ferrocene derivative mediates the charge transfer between the electrode and glucose oxidase.
Electrochemical study of cadmium complexes with folic acid and its related compounds
Authors: El‐Maali Nagwa Abo , Ghandour Mahmoud A. , Vire Jean‐Claude , Patriarche Gaston J.
Published: February 2006

Differential pulse polarography and cyclic voltammetry have been used to elucidate the complexation reaction between folic acid (vitamin B9) and cadmium(II) in unbuffered solutions. In order to follow this mechanism, the interaction of compounds related to folic acid (pterin, pterin‐6‐carboxylic acid, pteroic acid, and glutamic acid) with cadmium ions has been investigated using the same conditions. It appears that no complexation occurs between cadmium(II) and glutamic acid and that the complexation is very weak with pterin. One complex is formed with pterin‐6‐carboxylic acid with log β1 = 6.72, two complexes are formed with pteroic acid with log β1 = 5.0 and log β2 = 10.88, and three complexes appear with folic acid with log β1 = 5.56, log β2 = 10.40, and log β3 = 16.63. The mechanism of complexation is also considered.
The application of chemically modified electrodes in analytical chemistry
Authors: Dong Shaojun , Wang Yudong
Published: February 2006

The applications of chemically modified electrodes to analytical chemistry have been reviewed. Five aspects, including electrocatalysis, selective preconcentration, permselectivity, specific recognization, and potentiometric responses are covered with 77 references.
A study of the anodic oxidation of thiophosphate at a gold electrode in 0.10 M sodium hydroxide by double‐potential‐step chronocoulometry in a thin‐layer cell
Authors: Ngoviwatchai Aporn , Johnson Dennis C.
Published: February 2006

The oxidation of adsorbed SPO33− during the positive potential scan at a gold electrode is a major contributor to the total anodic signal that is catalyzed by formation of surface oxide. The number of electrons for oxidation of SPO33− in both the adsorbed (nads) and solution (nsoln) states was determined to be 6 equiv mol−1 on the basis of double‐step chronocoulometry in a thin‐layer cell. The products are concluded to be PO32− and SO43− on the basis of these n values, 31P NMR spectra, and a positive BaCl2 test for sulfate. The adsorption of SPO33− on Au is concluded to be consistent with the Langmuir isotherm to a coverage of θ = ca. 0.9, which is achieved for 0.6 mM Na3SPO3.
Computerized potentiometric stripping analysis using asyst software: Application to lead determination in wines and vinegars
Authors: Mannino Saverio , Fregapane Giuseppe , Bianco Mariagrazia
Published: February 2006

A computerized system for potentiometric stripping analysis made of commercially available components with corresponding software is described. Application to the determination of lead in wines and vinegars is also reported.
Enzyme electrode‐based differential potentiometric cell with enhanced substrate sensitivity
Authors: Cha Geun Sig , Meyerhoff Mark E.
Published: February 2006

A novel approach for enhancing the substrate sensitivity of ion‐selective electrode‐based enzyme probes is described. The concept involves the use of two working enzyme electrodes in a differential potentiometric cell arrangement. One of the enzyme probes is prepared by immobilizing a suitable enzyme or enzymes at the surface of a cation‐selective electrode, while the second working electrode contains the same or different enzymes immobilized on an appropriate anion‐selective electrode. Enzymatic substrate conversion at the surface of each electrode yields a detectable cation and anion, respectively. Since each sensor selectively responds to the same substrate, but in opposite directions, the potential difference between the two working enzyme electrodes is greater than that obtained when each enzyme probe is measured alone versus a standard reference electrode. As examples, differential cells for measuring urea and arginine are reported in which urease or urease plus arginase is immobilized on the surfaces of ammonium‐ and carbonate‐selective electrodes prepared with asymmetric cellulose acetate membranes.
Simultaneous measurements of trace metals by adsorptive stripping voltammetry
Authors: Wang Joseph , Mahmoud Jawad , Zadeii Javad
Published: February 2006

Simultaneous measurements of trace metals, based on adsorptive stripping voltammetry of their chelates with dihydroxyazo dyes, are demonstrated. Variables affecting the resolution between neighboring chelate peaks, including the ligand and its concentration, pH, adsorption time and potential, concentration ratio, and scan rate, are assessed. Adequate resolution is demonstrated for more than 10 pairs of metals, present at the ppb level. Possible changes in peak heights, associated with competition for the complexing ligand and/or coadsorption effects, are explored. Different concentration ratios of the mixture components can be tolerated. Applicability to seawater analysis is illustrated.
An ultraviolet‐cured, pH‐sensitive membrane electrode for use in flow injection analysis
Authors: del Mundo Florian R. , Cardwell Terence J. , Cattrall Robert W. , Iles Peter J. , Hamilton Ian C.
Published: February 2006

The preparation of an epoxyacrylate, UV‐cured polymer membrane electrode for determining pH is described. This is based on the neutral carrier, tridodecylamine, and shows Nernstian behavior from pH 5 to 10. Interferences from cations in this range are negligible. The response of the electrode is very fast, reaching more than 90% of the equilibrium value in less than 1 second, which makes it very suitable for use in flow injection analysis (FIA). The application of the electrode to the determination of pH in flow injection analysis using a miniature flow cell is described, and the influence of the buffer capacity and pH of the carrier on the accuracy of the pH measurement is discussed. The FIA system has been applied to the determination of the acidity of some soil samples.