bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Right to Income
Authors: Baker D.
Published: October 2021

This paper argues for a right to income based on a conception of the integrity of the individual. It first justifies the argument through the notion of social need developed by Hegel, contrasting that idea with the notion of subsistence in classical political economy and of needs and wants in the neoclassical economics. It then reexamines Locke’s labor theory of property and argues that its intuitive strength actually relies on a similar notion of individual integrity, not on labor pre se. The paper concludes by applying this notion of rightful acquisition of property to the situation of production by capital and explores some policy implications of a right to income.
Income Inequality in the 1990s: Re-forging a Lost Relationship
Authors: Burkhauser Richard V. , Couch Kenneth A. , Houtenville Andrew , Rovba Ludmila
Published: October 2021

Using data from the March Current Population Survey, summary inequality measures as well as kernel density estimations, we find gains from economic growth over the 1990s business cycle (1989-2000) were more equitably distributed than over the1980s business cycle (1979-1989). The entire distribution of household size-adjusted income moved upwards in the 1990s with profound improvements for African Americans, single mothers and those living in households receiving welfare. Most gains occurred over the growth period 1993-2000. Improvements in average income and income inequity over the latter period are reminiscent of gains seen in the first three decades after World War II.
Social Transfers as a Determinant of Intra-household Distribution: the case of Chile
Authors: Cuesta José
Published: October 2021

The effects of social transfers on individual participation and working hours are theoretically shown to differ for unitary and bargaining intra-household allocation models. This result is attributed to both the non-transferability of in-kind social transfers and differences in control of these transfers among household members. Using elasticities of social transfers on work effort (estimated through sample selection corrected participation probits and working hour OLS), new tests on intra-household allocation are developed for Chile. These tests strongly reject the unitary model and exogenous bargaining, accepting endogenous bargaining only among non-poor households. Poor households may use social incomes as investments for the future rather than for short-term strategic power relations.
Persistence and Expansion of Guerrilla Activities: the case of Columbia
Authors: Zuleta Hernando
Published: October 2021

In this paper I present a dynamic model that provides an explanation for why violent movements arise, why armed conflicts can persist over long periods, why guerrilla movements operate in rich places, and whether or not redistributive policies can eliminate the incentives for guerrilla movements. I analyze these questions using a model of competitive markets, three inputs and two types of agents. Apart from the standard results, I find that: (i) The existence of guerrilla movements increases wages in the short run but reduces them in the long run. (ii) If workers or guerrilla members benefit from learning by doing, the persistence of the conflict leads to an endogenous heterogeneity that increases the difficulties of eliminating the incentives for guerrilla activity. (iii) Once in place, guerrilla activity flows to the most productive economies together with labor and capital.
Racial Differences in Performance in a Matched Savings Program
Authors: Weiss Michal Grinstein , Sherraden Michael
Published: October 2021

This study examines the performances of low-income African Americans in Individual Development Accounts (IDAs), a matched saving program. Using data from the American Dream Demonstration (N = 2,364), this study compares the savings performances of black and white participants in IDAs. The results indicate that low-income African Americans save in IDAs; however, they are saving smaller amounts than Caucasians. Results of separate Tobit regression analyses for blacks and whites indicate that more individual characteristics are associated with savings among Caucasians. In contrast, more institutional characteristics are associated with savings among African Americans. Implications for policymakers and program administrators are given.
Can we Measure Inequalities without Measuring Equalities?
Authors: Mussard Stéphane
Published: October 2021

The purpose of this article is to show that the Gini index of equality
is decomposable: (i) both by subgroup and income source and (ii) into
a parametric configuration permitting statistical inference on equality
components. We demonstrate that the Gini index of equality decompositions
imply those of the Gini index of inequality. These results suggest
that the use of the Gini index of equality decompositions yields
the contribution of each income source to the within-group equality
and to the between-group equality. The interpretation of the decomposed
inequalities must be done with respect to those of equalities and
vice versa.
The impact of cross-border commuters on occupational wages: Comparison of some nonparametric tests and their application to unemployment in Geneva
Authors: Saez Alberto
Published: October 2021

The bilateral treaty on free mobility between the European Union and Switzerland has adversely affected native private sector low-skilled workers in the lower range of the earnings distribution. If cross-border commuters’ wages are prioritised over the local wages, the (pre-bilateral agreement) wage distribution between cross-border employees and local ones will intersect. This paper considers the statistical methods that can be used to test for this form of spatial interaction affecting the evolution of regional unemployment. Numerical simulations suggest that recently developed tests for distribution-crossing are powerful even when the two distributions under study are fairly similar, and that these tests can be usefully combined with more standard quantile tests to characterise unskilled occupational wages at the bottom. We apply this approach to unemployment data in Geneva and find that workforce participation among the local low-skilled workers was lower than that of low-qualified cross-border commuters.
Measures of Income Distribution and Economic Growth
Authors: Hung Mo Pak
Published: October 2021

In this study, the empirical contents of various income inequality measures are compared under an identical framework with a well-tested data set. Our study suggests that long-term income inequality has a strong negative effect on Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth under different measurements. Moreover, governments should investigate further into changes in the income size of the middle class as an indicator for potential changes in social stability, investment, and GDP growth, besides focusing on the Gini coefficient, which they predominantly do now.
Raising Math Scores among Children in Low-Wealth Households: Potential Benefit of Children’s School Savings
Authors: Hamouda O.F.
Published: October 2021

Recent findings using traditional regression methods show that children’s school savings is associated with higher math scores. We build on this research by using hierarchical linear modeling (HLM). Moreover, we suggest children’s school savings may have a stronger association with children’s math scores than either household wealth or children’s savings that is not designated for school. We find children with school savings have higher math scores than those without school savings. Further, we find evidence that children’s school savings mediates the relationship between household wealth and math scores. Policy implications for children living in low-wealth households discussed.
Cultural Persistence as Behavior Towards Risk: Evidence from the North Carolina Cherokees, 1850-1880
Authors: Gregg Matthew T.
Published: October 2021

Can economic theory help explain the persistence of a cultural enclave among the Cherokee Indians living in North Carolina during the nineteenth century? To date, Fogelson and Kutsche (1961) and Finger (1984) have identified the continuation of a communal, labor-sharing, agricultural institution called the gadugi as an example of Cherokee agency during a period of substantial upheaval. I contribute to the historiography on ancestral labor traditions by adopting Kimball’s (1988) framework on the function of farming cooperatives to test whether this arrangement sprung up as a form of insurance against the idiosyncratic risk inherent in southern agriculture. Data collected from the 1850-1880 manuscript census returns on North Carolina Cherokee farms are used to compute the variance of household self-sufficiency, which appears substantial enough to warrant a non-market mechanism to pool risk.
Assets of the Market, Assets of the Rural World: Pastoral Market
Income Distribution in the Senegalese Sahel (Ferlo)
Authors: Wane Abdrahmane , Touré Ibra , Ancey Véronique
Published: October 2021

Based on primary data obtained through investigations in Ferlo
(Senegalese Sahel) during a whole year, from the rainy season of 2005
to the rainy season of 2006, this article presents a thorough analysis
of the market income distribution of several pastoral communities
and sees it in its political perspectives. The global Gini index of this
pastoral region, 52.8%, is explained particularly by between-sites inequality
at 79%, although within-site inequality represents only 21%.
Paradoxically, there is no bigger equality in areas well served by basic
infrastructures. The efficiency of national livestock policies and area
planning should be questioned. At the economic analysis level, these
results show the need to maintain and secure herders’ movements and
thus complete the current research with an ecological point of view.
Are public policies effective in alleviating family income inequality in
Iran?
Authors: Khiabani Nasser , Mazyaki Ali
Published: October 2021

Redistributing incomes has always been one of the main goals of
Iranian policy makers, although political regimes have changed frequently
between 1991 and 2004. We have applied a microsimulation
using the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition and a Heckman correction
for sample selection bias to compare simulation results for a hypothetical
unchanged situation with the actual policy shift observed. While
we are able to identify the years in which policy shifts occurred, our
results suggest that the intended redistribution goals were at most partially
achieved, affecting only some occupations and being offset by
changes to the level of family incomes.
Wage Dispersion in Finland: Searching for Human Capital
Authors: Piekkola Hannu
Published: October 2021

In Finland, shifts in compensation have been of a kind comparable to those in the
United States, similar but with a moderate, increasing wage variance between plants,
an increasing gap between average non-productive- and productive-worker wages,
and an increasing share of non-production workers. In the boom period of 1995-
1998 the education premium rose. Despite the rise in individual heterogeneity, there
has been no major increase in wage dispersion. The entire rise in wage dispersion
has taken place between plants, while the education premium dispersion has risen
mainly within plants. At the same time, the distribution of capital and Research and
Development (R&D) investment across firms has worked in the direction of mitigating
wage inequality.
Comparing Annual and Lifetime Earnings: Distributions and Wage
Premiums for a Cohort of Swedish Men
Authors: Sandgren Sofia
Published: October 2021

In this paper I use the Malmö Longitudinal Data set and calculate actual lifetime
earnings for the 1928 cohort of Malmö men. I compare distributions of, and the
educational wage premiums for, annual and lifetime earnings. The distribution of
lifetime earnings is found to be less than the average annual distribution, but not for
each separate annual estimate. When comparing annual and lifetime wage premiums,
the significance for the lower levels of education tend to disappear. The annual wage
premiums seem to be overestimated compared to the lifetime premiums, except for
academic studies which are under-estimated annually.
A European Analysis of Changes in Gender Specific Wage Inequality
Using Decomposition Methods
Authors: Behr Andreas
Published: October 2021

We analyze wage growth and changes in wage inequality in eleven European
countries between 1994 and 2001. The data base used throughout is the User Data
Base (UDB) of the European Community Household Panel (ECHP). The decomposition
analysis is carried out independently for both genders. Following Juhn, Murphy
and Brooks (1991; 1993) we split the current wage into components to isolate the
forces underlying the wage change. While the decomposition method is in the spirit
of the well known Oaxaca decomposition (1973), in the approach of Juhn, Murphy,
and Pierce the residual of Mincerian-earnings equations is decomposed further into
relative rank position and the effect of the residual distribution.

We find wage inequality to be greater among men for most northern countries
of the EU, while in southern countries, wage inequality is greater among women.
Between 1994 and 2001, wage inequality was found to have moved in the same direction
for men and women in all countries. Inequality increased in five countries,
most pronouncedly in the Netherlands; inequality decreased in six countries, most
markedly in Ireland. Decomposition of the changes in inequality into quality, price,
and unobserved effects revealed that the quality effect explained only a minor part
of the total change. Changes in prices for individual characteristics are found to be
the most important source of inequality changes for women, and about as important as
changes in residual effects are for men. Altogether, the heterogeneous development of
wages across the European Union does not hint at a common trend toward the rising
inequality that has been observed in the United States for decades.
The Asset-By-Asset Poverty Index
Authors: Mtapuri Oliver
Published: October 2021

This article pioneers an asset-by-asset point index, which represents a simple methodology that uses inputs rather than outputs of well-being to recognise the 'poor' on a point basis, household by household. It focuses on assets, which are a significant aspect of well-being in whose absence households may fall into deprivation. The index is well-suited for the production of localised indicators, as it allows disaggregation of data by a rural/urban divide and even at the village/household level, which facilitates area-based interventions. It is an asset-based measure, which will help to identify the poor and the type of help they need; it can thus be used as a monitoring tool at the household and community level. It represents an alternative approach to measuring household poverty.
Wage inequality in the Netherlands: Evidence, trends, and explanations
Authors: Hamouda Omar F. , Groot Henri L.F. de , Groot Stefan P.T.
Published: October 2021

For many years, the Netherlands has been considered an exception to the growing trend of wage inequality.
Economic Growth with Heterogeneous Households, Gender Division of Labor, and Elastic Labor Supply
Authors: Zhang Wei-Bin
Published: October 2021

The purpose of this study is to propose a growth model with gender-heterogeneous households and an elastic labor supply. The dynamic model describes an interaction among economic growth, time, gender, income, and wealth distribution. Our investigation differs from traditional growth and distribution related studies, in that we propose an alternative approach to consumer behavior. We simulate the 3-group model to provide insights into the complexity of growth, income, and wealth distribution with a gender division of labor. Further, we are able to gain a better understanding of dynamic interactions among economic growth, income and wealth distribution, and female labor participation. For instance, our comparative dynamic analysis demonstrates that either a rise in female education or the propensity to work of any one group will increase the female labor participation within that group but that such a change has weak effects on the female labor participation within all other groups.
Assessing Redistribution in the Uruguayan Social Security System
Authors: Forteza Alvaro , Mussio Irene
Published: October 2021

We assess redistribution in the main Uruguayan pension and unemployment insurance programs on a lifetime basis. Using administrative records from Social Security, we simulate lifetime declared labor income and flows of contributions and benefits to affiliates to the programs. Expected present values of income and net flows are also computed. Equipped with these estimations, we construct standard measures of distribution and redistribution of lifetime labor income through the Social Security system. Our findings suggest that these programs reduce income inequality. In particular, Social Security reduces the Gini coefficient of expected lifetime formal labor income by almost 2 percentage points.
Investigating Income Inequality Dynamics in the United States
Authors: Islam T M Tonmoy
Published: October 2021

Recently, income inequality has been rising in many parts of the world. This is creating some serious concerns among policymakers, as higher levels of income inequality can lead to various social ills. However, little is known about the role of historical factors in explaining the current level of inequality. I use the model of Durlauf (1996) as reference to create an econometric model to estimate this impact. Using current and historical data of US states, I find that illiteracy rate in 1920 has a strong positive influence on current level of inequality. The simulation results show that eliminating illiteracy in 1920 would have reduced contemporaneous inequality by 1-5 percent. Higher illiteracy indicates a lower level of human capital, and that can affect income distribution. Through the intergenerational transmission of income, this income distribution is exacerbated in the future, leading to higher levels of inequality.
Under the Rising Wave. How Disaggregated Revenue Sources Can Tell Another Story for Québec’s Top Income Share
Authors: Zorn Nicolas , Jacques Olivier
Published: October 2021

Top income investigations usually rely on types of earnings that remain at a tively aggregated level. Using a novel disaggregated dataset for Québec’s top earners, we map the recent evolution of different types of income for the top one percent. Hidden under the steady increase of the top income share, we find that there has been very divergent and sharp rises of different revenue sources at specific moments. When looking at disaggregated data, composition effects and historical counterfactuals in Québec invalidate market-based theories like globalization and skilled biased technical change, but not institution-based theories like financialization, taxation and union strength.
Indirect taxes and government inequality reduction: A cross-national analysis of the developed world
Authors: Mahler Vincent , Jesuit David
Published: October 2021

This article explores the role of indirect taxes in helping to finance public social transfers in the developed countries, with special attention to the seeming paradox whereby countries whose social benefit programs provide the most inequality reduction tend to finance those programs with the most regressive tax mix. It finds that the share of indirect taxes in a country’s GDP and the degree to which market inequality is reduced by public social transfers are positively related, even controlling for other tax types, the share of the population that is elderly and the unemployment rate; that a large indirect tax burden is politically possible because of some combination of fiscal illusion and the fact that indirect taxes do not retard economic growth or investment; and that the high indirect taxes that finance public social transfers are often the product of a political process in which democratic corporatism, institutional structures and union density play key roles. The article concludes with a discussion of the incidence of indirect taxes, finding that their regressive effect is outweighed by the redistribution accomplished by the public social transfers they help to finance.
Comparing Cross-Survey Micro Imputation and Macro Projection Techniques: Poverty in Post Revolution Tunisia
Authors: Cuesta Jose , Lara Ibarra Gabriel
Published: October 2021

Tunisia was showcased for a long time as an example of poverty reduction achievement and pro-poor growth. Yet, after halving its poverty rates a revolution took the world by surprise early in 2011 and since then nothing is known about its poverty levels. To fill that gap, this analysis develops and compares multiple cross-survey micro imputations (using household budgetary and labor force surveys) with macro poverty projections (based on sector GDP, unemployment and inflation). Results from both techniques are robust: poverty in post revolution Tunisia first increased in 2011 to then decrease in 2012. The magnitude of this swing oscillates between 1 and 2.3 percent points and accrues mostly from urban areas. Methods using readily available macro administrative data provide estimates of poverty levels and trends very close to those provided by analytically more sophisticated and data demanding micro imputation techniques. These findings for Tunisia provide relevant insights in data deprived contexts with serious deficiencies in the frequency and accessibility of welfare statistics.
Tackling Income Inequality: What Works and Why?
Authors: Cuesta Jose , Negre Mario , Revenga Ana , Schmidt Maika
Published: October 2021

This article reviews the most recent and relevant evidence on key domestic policy interventions that are effective in reducing income inequality in developing countries, the benefits they generate, the choices that need to be made regarding their design and implementation, and the trade-offs that are associated with them. It focuses on a few policy areas in which there is a sufficient body of rigorous evidence to draw useful lessons with confidence: early childhood development, including breastfeeding; universal health care; good-quality education; conditional cash transfers; Investments in rural infrastructure; and taxation. The review concludes that there are many pathways to reducing inequality, from narrowing gaps in income generation opportunities to narrowing the potential for inequalities in human capital development before the inequalities emerge, smoothing consumption among the most deprived, and Redistribution in favor of the poor. Many interventions are simultaneously associated with equalizing outcomes, improved competition, and economic efficiency. Good interventions combining equality promotion and efficiency are possible in all settings and at different times; this includes interventions disproportionately benefiting the poorest in low-income countries during periods of crisis. Despite the significant increase in knowledge about equality interventions, the article makes a strong call for more microeconomic data and better—more precise—analysis to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions.
Special Issue on Trends in Inequality: Social, Economic and Political
Authors: Ardeni Pier Giorgo
Published: October 2021

In this issue of the Journal of Income Distribution, a very specific

selection of those papers is presented. The papers are a significant sample

of the contributions presented at the conference held on November 2-4, 2017 

in Bologna, Italy, organized by the Cattaneo Institute Research Foundation,

entitled Trends in inequality: social, economic and political issues.
Direct and Indirect Effects of Income Inequality On Economic Growth Through Political Economy
Authors: Aslan Goksu
Published: October 2021

In addition to its direct effects, income inequality may affect economic

growth indirectly through various transmission channels. Negative effects

may arise from a political economy, socio-political instability, and credit

market imperfections. In other words, inequality may have indirect effects

on economic growth through these transmission channels. In this article,

the focus is on testing the impact of income inequality through the political

economy channel, using several types of taxes as the proxy for redistributive

pressure. In order to test the possible effects through these channels, income

inequality, taxation, and related interaction terms are added into the growth

model. The results show that there is a significant negative interaction

between income inequality and tax channels. This interaction is also

justified with the tax index calculated by the PCA. Marginal effects of the

related tax channels are interpreted for different levels of income inequality.
Wealth Inequality and the Ergodic Hypothesis: Evidence from the United States
Authors: Berman Yonatan , Peters Ole , Adamou Alexander
Published: October 2021

Many studies of wealth inequality make the ergodic hypothesis that rescaled wealth converges rapidly to a stationary distribution. Under this assumption, changes in distribution are expressed as changes in model parameters, reflecting shocks in economic conditions, with rapid equilibration thereafter. Here we test the ergodic hypothesis in an established model of wealth in a growing and reallocating economy. We fit model parameters to historical data from the United States. In recent decades, we find negative reallocation, from poorer to richer, for which no stationary distribution exists. When we find positive reallocation, convergence to the stationary distribution is slow. Our analysis does not support using the ergodic hypothesis in this model for these data. It suggests that inequality evolves because the distribution is inherently unstable on relevant timescales, regardless of shocks. Studies of other models and data, in which the ergodic hypothesis is made, would benefit from similar tests.
Income distribution and macroeconomics in Colombia
Authors: Birchenall Javier A.
Published: October 2021

This paper studies the relation between macroeconomic variables and the distribution
of income in Colombia. We relate the dynamics of aggregate economic variables
with the cross-section of disaggregate income to determine the transmission and
propagation mechanisms of aggregate shocks. The most important finding is a strong
negative effect of inflation rates on the distribution of income by education groups and
productive sectors.
Rising Wage Inequality in Mexico, 1984-2000: A Distributional
Analysis
Authors: Popli Gurleen K.
Published: October 2021

In this study we look at distribution of wages to examine the extent and cause of
the increasing wage inequality in Mexico over the two decades encompassing 1984
and 2000. To understand the causes of the increase in inequality over time we do
a counterfactual analysis. We find that over the last two decades not only did the
inequality increase, there also was an erosion of real wages, and it is the middle class
which was affected the most. The main reason for the decrease in real wages was
declining unionization in the country, while the main reason for the rise in inequality
was changing distribution of skills.
A Note On The Principle Of Equal Opportunities
Authors: Cabrales Fernando , Fernández Ana , Grafe Fritz
Published: October 2021

This note presents an empirical analysis of optimal taxation in Chile, adopting
Roemer’s equality of opportunities as the evaluation criterion. The equality of opportunities
optimal tax rules seek to equalize income differentials arising from factors
beyond the control of the individual. Roemer’s theory of equality of opportunities
(Roemer, 1998) has been employed to compute the extent to which tax-andtransfer
regimes in some OECD countries equalize opportunities among citizens for
income acquisition. In this note we apply this approach to Chile, a developing economy,
and compare the results to those reported in Roemer, Aaberge, Colombino,
Fritzell, Jenkins, Marx, Page, Pommer, Ruiz-Castillo, Segundo, Tranaes, Wagner and
Zubiri (2003). We find that the optimal tax rate in Chile according to Roemer’s equalopportunities
approach should be zero.
Women and Poverty in Industrialized Countries
Authors: Wright Robert E.
Published: October 2021

This paper examines empirically the relationship between gender and poverty in eleven industrialized countries that form part of the Luxembourg Income Study. For each of these countries, Foster-Greer-Thorbecke poverty rates, based on a relative poverty line, are calculated separately for men and women. The overall poverty rate for adult men and women is decomposed into male and female poverty shares. These poverty shares are compared to the relative population shares of men and women. The main conclusion is that when the poverty experience of all women is compared to the poverty experience of all men, women are over-represented amongst the poor in some countries and under-represented amongst the poor in others. The latter part of this conclusion is in sharp disagreement with conventional views about the relationship between gender and poverty in industrialized countries.
Unique Equivalence Scales: Estimation and Implications for Distributional Analysis
Authors: Johnson David  S. , Garner Thesia I.
Published: October 2021

Equivalence sales are used to adjust income by family size to obtain income distribution measures. Recently, the concept of equivalence scale elasticity has been introduced to characterize the effect that scales have on distribution measures. We produce utility-based equivalence scales that have the property of constant elasticity. By assuming a particular functional form for the scales and that the scales are independent of the base level of utility, we obtain unique equivalence scales. In contrast to previous estimates of utility-based scales, we do not restrict our sample to particular family types. We determine price-dependant scales by estimating a characteristic-dependent almost ideal demand system using quarterly expenditure data from the US Consumer Expenditure Survey and price indices from the US Consumer Price Index. We use our scales and those implicit in the US official poverty thresholds to adjust expenditures and show that these scales have similar effects on inequality measures.
Cyclical Fluctuations, Macroeconomic Policy, and the Size Distribution of Income: Some Preliminary Evidence
Authors: Haslag J. H. , Slottje D.J.
Published: October 2021

The question has been asked as to how changes in economic growth affect income distribution. Blinder and Esaki reframed the question to consider inflation and time trends in addition to aggregate income growth. The purpose of this paper is to widen the scope even more; specifically, the question is whether policy or business cycle measures explain most of the forecast error variance in the size distribution of income.
The Relationship Between Productivity Changes and Poverty in the United States
Authors: Hayes K. J. , Slottje D. J. , Nieswiadomy M. L. , Wolff E. N.
Published: October 2021

This paper examines the relationship between poverty and changes in productivity and other macroeconomic variables. It is not assumed that the relationship is unidirectional from productivity to poverty. Specifically, the hypothesis is that there may be bi-directional causality between poverty and changes in productivity. The empirical results suggest that feedback does exist between productivity and poverty. The clear public policy implication is that measures intended to affect productivity growth or poverty must be designed simultaneously.
Income Distribution of People of Retirement Age in Japan
Authors: Yamada Atsuhiro
Published: October 2021

This article examines inequality and poverty among older people
in Japan. It compares Japan with that of a sample of other OECD countries.
Provisions within the social insurance system that enable old-age
pensioners to work and draw incomes from labor explain some of the
inequality and poverty that is seen in Japan. So, too, do the low rate of
take up of social assistance, the low level of benefits available from the
first tier pension, the uneven coverage of second-tier pensions, the lack
of progressiveness of the income tax system and the fact older people
live in multi-generational households whilst others live alone.
Toward a Post-Sraffian Theory of Income Distribution
Authors: Roncaglia A.
Published: October 2021

After recalling the Sraffian critiques to marginalist distribution theory, and hence the need for a different approach, the paper illustrates the classical conceptualization of social classes and its flexibility for the application to the modern world. The relationships among market forms-above all oligopoly, mark-up pricing, and income distribution-are then discussed, in search of a theoretical framework for the analysis of the evolution of distributive variables over time: an approach suggested as superior to the traditional one which aims at determining equilibrium values for the distributive variables at a moment in time.
Cooperative Firms, Worker Remuneration, and the Role of the State
Authors: Paladini R.
Published: October 2021

The paper deals with some aspects of state intervention in cooperative or partnership enterprises, according to the thesis put forward by Martin Weitzman and in particular by James Meade. Meade’s hypothesis of a social dividend as a means of encouraging the spread of cooperative firms is discussed. The author shares Weitzman’s idea that some specific contrivance is necessary in order to give a fiscal incentive to the share economy, but instead of proposing a lower rate of taxation, a system of taxing a part of workers’ income on an average of several years is suggested. A second proposal of this paper concerns a particular feature of the inheritance tax. The idea is that of combining a ‘real’ tax on inherited firms with a system of gradual acquisition of the ownership by the state, with the aim of promoting a partnership enterprise.
Some Reflections on the Relation Between Finance and Distribution in the 1980s
Authors: Kregel J. A.
Published: October 2021

Growth and technological change have created difficulties in linking changes in individual and functional distribution. The problem is complicated by changes in financial structure in the 1980s; making it more difficult to trace the effect on distribution of such events is the increase in government indebtedness, high interest rate policy, or the collapse of savings and loan banks. This paper tries to outline these difficulties and is a first step in assessing how these factors affect individual distribution.
Government Policy and Equality of Income Distribution in the Netherlands (1945-1986)
Authors: Van Wijngaarden P.
Published: October 2021

Inequality of income distribution in the Netherlands has since 1945 strongly been influenced by government policies. Until the end of the 1970s, governments pursued policies designed to reduce income differentials. The most important results were the construction of a social security system and the attainment of greater equality in the sphere of personal income distribution. In the 1980s, these policies were reversed. The earning discrepancies between groups of gainfully employed and the gap between the employed and unemployed were growing. There were drastic cuts in social security. In this paper, the most important instruments, policy instruments, and objectives, and their results are analyzed.
Peculiarities of the regional dynamics of the prevalence and incidence of cystitis in children
Authors: Bezruk Volodymyr Volodymyrovych ,   Department of Pediatrics, Neonatology and Perinatology Medicine, Bukovinian State Medical University, Chernivtsi, Ukraine,   Department of Pediatrics, Neonatology and Perinatology Medicine, Bukovinian State Medical University, Chernivtsi, Ukraine, Bezruk Tetyana Oleksandrivna ,   Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Bukovinian State Medical University, Chernivtsi, Ukraine, Godovanets Oleksii Serhiiovych , Sheremet Michael Ivanovych ,   Surgery Department No.1, Bukovinian State Medical University, Chernivtsi, Ukraine,   *Corresponding Author: Michael Ivanovych Sheremet, MD, PhD, Associated Professor, Surgery Department No.1, Bukovinian State Medical University, Chernivtsi, Ukraine. E-mail: Mihayl71@gmail.com, Yurniuk Svyatoslava Vasylivna ,   Department of Pharmacy, Bukovinian State Medical University, Chernivtsi, Ukraine, Velia Mariia Ivanivna ,   Department of Pharmacy, Bukovinian State Medical University, Chernivtsi, Ukraine, Makarova Olena Viktorivna ,   Department of Care for Patients and Higher Nursing Education, Bukovinian State Medical University, Chernivtsi, Ukraine, Yurkiv Oksana Ivanivna ,   Department of Care for Patients and Higher Nursing Education, Bukovinian State Medical University, Chernivtsi, Ukraine, Maksymiv Oleh Olehovych ,   Department of Orthopedic Dentistry, Bukovinian State Medical University, Chernivtsi, Ukraine.
Published: October 2021

In a child, cystitis (non-specific microbial inflammation of the mucous membrane of the bladder) is considered to be a dangerous disease; the prolongation of the process is usually associated with a delayed diagnosis. The aim of this work was to analyze the health status of the child population of the Chernivtsi region, especially the dynamics of the prevalence and incidence of cystitis. The official statistical data have been studied (reports on the state of medical care for children in the Chernivtsi region and data from the Center of Medical Statistics of the Ministry of Healthcare from 2006 to 2017); information-analytical and statistical methods have been used for the purpose of this study. Attention should be drawn to the significantly high prevalence of cystitis among children aged 15–17 years, especially in the Chernivtsi region as during period I (8.7±0.6 vs. 4.3±0.3 in Ukraine) and II (11.7±1.0 and 5.7±0.4, respectively, per 1000 people). Moreover, over the years, the growth of indicators acquires intensity, while this process is more than twice as pronounced in Chernivtsi. Thus, the growth rate was 65.0% in 2006–2011 and 90.3% in 2012–2017 vs. 27.2% and 32.8% in Ukraine, respectively. The identified data indicate the need to provide specialized care to children with infectious and inflammatory diseases of the urinary system of the Chernivtsi region and the need to improve regional clinical routes of patients with infectious and inflammatory diseases of the urinary system.
Analysis of long-term results of pathogenetic treatment of Helicobacter pylori-associated gastroduodenopathies induced by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in patients with osteoarthritis
Authors: Honcharuk Ludmila Mykhailivna ,   Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Disease, Bukovinian State Medical University, Chernivtsi, Ukraine,   * Corresponding Author: Ludmila Mykhailivna Honcharuk, Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Disease, Bukovinian State Medical University, Chernivtsi, Ukraine. 125A Prospekt Nezalezhnosti., ap. 114, 58029, Chernivtsi, Ukraine. Phone: +380505381456. E-mail: ludmylahoncharuk@gmail.com,   Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Disease, Bukovinian State Medical University, Chernivtsi, Ukraine,   Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Disease, Bukovinian State Medical University, Chernivtsi, Ukraine,   Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Disease, Bukovinian State Medical University, Chernivtsi, Ukraine, Fediv Olexander Ivanovicha , Hresko Svitlana Oleksandrivna ,   Department of Gastroenterology, Municipal institution Regional Clinical Hospital, Chernivtsi, Ukraine, Piddubna Antonina Anatoliivna ,   Department of Clinical Immunology, Allergology and Endocrinology, Bukovinian State Medical University, Chernivtsi, Ukraine, Mikulets Ludmila Viktorivna ,   Department of Propaedeutics of Internal Medicine, Bukovinian State Medical University, Chernivtsi, Ukraine, Rusnak Ilona Tarasivna ,   Department of Internal Medicine, Physical Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Bukovynian State Medical University, Chernivtsi, Ukraine, Hontsariuk Dmytro Olexandrovich , Kokhaniuk Yuliia Valeriievna
Published: October 2021

The study of the pathogenetic treatment and prevention of Helicobacter pylori (Hp)-associated gastroduodenopathies (GDP) induced by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in patients with osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most serious problems in modern clinical medicine. Sixty patients with OA and concomitant Hp-associated GDP induced by NSAIDs were examined. The levels of epidermal growth factor (EDF), sAPO-1/Fas and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were determined. Group I included 30 patients who received triple anti-Helicobacter (AHT) therapy, and group II included 30 patients who received rebamipide. Long-term effects were assessed 6 months and 1 year after treatment. All subjects showed a significant increase in TNF-α (4.7 times), EDF (2.2 times) and a decrease in sAPO-1/Fas (3.6 times) levels compared to healthy individuals. After 1 month of treatment, a significantly more significant decrease in TNF-α and an increase in sAPO-1/Fas and EDF was found in group II. In the long-term treatment, a further decrease in TNF-α and an increase in the content of sAPO-1/Fas levels were observed in all groups. However, these changes were significantly more significant in group I compared to group I. The long-term follow-up showed a declining trend of EDF in all groups. The data obtained indicate the effectiveness of rebamipide in the complex pathogenetic treatment and prevention of Hp-associated GDP induced by NSAIDs in patients with OA.
The impact of M. O. Menshikov's childhood upon the formation of his publicistic interests
Authors: Krizhanovsky Nikolay Igorevich , San'kova Svetlana Mikhailovna
Published: October 2021

The subject of this research is the early life of M. O. Menshikov – one of the ideologists of the Russian nationalism of the early XX century and leading publicist of the largest all-Russian newspaper “Novoe Vremya”. The goal consists in full reconstruction of the conditions of his childhood and early youth. The methods of deduction, induction, comparative and prospective analysis were used for reconstructing separate circumstances of the initial stage of development of Menshikov’s personality and holistic biographical picture. The synthesis of objective analysis of the facts with subjective assessments of the events described by Menshikov himself in his diaries and articles allowed depicting the external circumstances of his youth, as well as reconstruct the peculiarities of development of his inner world and social reflection. The conclusion is made that a range of the core themes of Menshikov's publicistic writing, which were covered in the newspaper “Nedelya” and later in “Novoe Vremya”, and ultimately brought him popularity, take roots in his childhood and early youth: “family relations”, “upbringing and education”, “pursuit of belonging”, “finding  happiness through harmony with the world”. These topics were covered by Menshikov based on the rich life experience, a long path from the poor peasant family to the cadet of Naval Engineering School in Kronstadt. The fact that he was able to understand the problems  of the commoners made him closer to the reader. The provided biography is currently the most detailed study of the early life of M. O. Menshikov's; many facts are introduced for the first time. The article also presents additional empirical material on the history of childhood, elementary and secondary education in Russia of the late XIX century.
Oportunidades y retos de la legislación en salud
Authors: García Ruiz Alix Solángel
Published: October 2021

La Seguridad Social es un tema que se ha convertido en cotidiano para todas las personas y especialmente para los profesionales de la salud. Este documento pretende crear una discusión en torno a la seguridad social, con especial énfasis en las oportunidades y retos para el Terapeuta Ocupacional. 
Para hablar de legislación en salud es necesario contextualizar el momento con los sucesos históricos qué desde la economía y política se dan. Por lo tanto, se dará un paseo por la historia deja salud, para luego definir cada uno de los componentes del Sistema de Seguridad Social en Salud y sus implicaciones en el quehacer del Terapeuta Ocupacional.
Palabras del GLARP en la celebración de los 25 años de la Asociación Colombiana de Terapeutas Ocupacionales
Authors: Ospina Leal Julian
Published: October 2021

Para el Grupo Latinoamericano de Rehabilitación Profesional -en siglas, GLARP-, participar en esta reunión es un honor y se constituye en una magnífica oportunidad de compartir con ustedes –directivas, afiliadas y afiliados, amigas y amigos– esta celebración que nos llena de la alegría que sentimos por la permanencia durante 25 años de su Asociación. Hacemos bien al suponer que este lapso de tiempo es el reflejo de un arduo trabajo en búsqueda de su identidad común, sustentabilidad y sostenibilidad.
25 años de la Asociación Colombiana de Terapia Ocupacional
Authors: Duarte Torres Sylvia Cristina
Published: October 2021

Esta ponencia fué presentada el 22 de noviembre de 1997, Día del Terapeuta Ocupacional, como apertura de la Jornada de Celebración de los 25 años de la Asociación Colombiana de Terapia Ocupacional.
Orientación ocupacional para estudiantes del grado décimo de una institución educativa en Santa fé de Bogotá
Authors: López Díaz Carolina , Perozo Andrea María
Published: October 2021

El presente articulo da cuenta del trabajo de grado en la modalidad de pasantía desarrollado; por las estudiantes Carolina López Díaz y Andrea María Perozo bajo la dirección de la docente Martha Torres de Tovar, como requisito para optar por el título de Terapeutas Ocupacionales. Este, es un intento por acercar el conocimiento profesional fundamentado en el contexto, el hombre, la ocupación y el desempeño ocupacional al campo de la orientación ocupacional-profesional en el sector educativo, con el propósito de construir una instancia que fortalezca la escolaridad de secundaria en términos de la ocupación de estudiantes del grado décimo y facilite el paso al medio laboral a través de la elección acertada de una profesión.
A gravidez na adolescência e suas perspectivas biopsicossociais
Authors: Gonzaga Paulo Guilherme Alves , Pereira Carla Anatália Aparecida de Araújo , Costa Bruna de Souza , Silva Camila Késsia Nogueira , Santos Bruna Martins dos , Souto Roberta Ribeiro , Pinheiro Fernando de Andrade , Barbosa Débora Florisbelo de Castro , Lima Laís Vieira de , Paixão Mariana Rossi Silva da
Published: October 2021

Objetivo: Abordar os fatores epidemiológicos e sociodemográficos ligados a gravidez na adolescência. Métodos: Esta revisão integrativa teve como base um levantamento bibliográfico acerca da gravidez na adolescência. As etapas para sua construção foram: selecionar a temática, buscar artigos publicados entre os anos de 2011 e 2021 nas bases de dados digitais, estabelecer critérios de inclusão, exclusão, e discussão dos artigos, sendo selecionados ao final 16 artigos. Resultados: A taxa de fecundidade da população vem caindo, mas percebe-se que adolescentes entre 15 e 19 anos representam 23% da fecundidade nacional, sendo sua principal causa o nível de vulnerabilidade em que essas jovens estão expostas. Em relação aos riscos, apesar das divergências de autores, observa-se que a probabilidade de mortes nessa faixa etária em relação ao parto e à gravidez é duas vezes maior que em mulheres de 20 anos ou mais. As principais consequências são a evasão escolar, depressão, distúrbios emocionais e ideações suicidas. Considerações finais: A prevalência e o aumento da proporção de gravidez na adolescência ao longo dos anos é preocupante, sendo considerada um caso de calamidade pública no Brasil necessitando, assim, de intervenções no que tange, principalmente, a promoção de saúde.