bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Walt Disney's Private Snafu: The Use of Humor in World War II Army Film
Authors: Culbert David H.
Published: April 2011

What had been good enough for Tennyson's Light Brigade simply would not do for American soldiers in World War II. In 1916, 1.7 million Americans were in high school; in 1940, 7.1 million. In 1916, 400,000 attended college; in 1940, 1.4 million. When the attack on Pearl Harbor came, the Army had to cope with an educational revolution. A radical change was needed in the training methods which had been designed for the barely literate soldier. Unthinking obedience had become a thing of the past. The educated soldier demanded a reason why before he would act.
Booker T. Washington's Rhetoric: Commanding Performance
Authors: Smith David Lionel
Published: April 2011

Booker T. Washington's classicUp from Slaveryis unquestionably the finest black autobiography ever written by a European-American. In the final sentence of the book's preface, Washington notes, “without the painstaking and generous assistance of Mr. Max Bennett Thrasher I would not have succeeded in any satisfactory degree.” This is a typical Washingtonian understatement. Thrasher wrote the book. Beginning that same paragraph, Washington has declared, “I have tried to tell a simple, straight-forward story, with no attempt at embellishment. My regret is that what I have attempted to do has been done so imperfectly.” This is either false modesty or a harsh assessment of his ghost writer. Since Thrasher remained in Washington's employ until his abrupt death (from appendicitis) in 1903, we must infer that “the Wizard” was not so displeased with their collaborative product. Washington had no peers in the use of rhetorical humility as a strategy of manipulation.
“The Brightest Star”: Aida Overton Walker in the Age of Ragtime and Cakewalk
Authors: Newman Richard
Published: April 2011

A golden period of African- American music and dance nourished from the mid-1890s until the First World War. Minstrelsy had been the country's leading vernacular entertainment for half a century, but it was now in decline. Its sentimentality and nostalgia appeared passé and rustic in the more sophisticated and urbanized Gilded Age. An old order was breaking up and a new, looser, freer order taking its place, one that called for a faster beat.
George Eliot as Revenant in Faye Kellerman's Mysteries: An American Daniel Is Alive and Well in Southern California
Authors: Baris Sharon Deykin
Published: April 2011

As George Eliot's novel Daniel Deronda nears its end, Daniel tells his friend Hans, “I shall by-and-by travel to the East and be away for some years” (DD, p. 854). This is entirely appropriate for a person named Daniel who has from the novel's first lines been placed in the role of an interpreter, and who later is likened to a prophet. Daniel Deronda says that he has “always longed for some ideal task” (DD, p. 819), and when he comes to meet Mordecai with fateful news of his heritage he seems, like that salvational figure envisioned by the biblical Book of Daniel, to be virtually trailing clouds of glory:

Yet when Deronda entered, the sight of him was like the clearness after rain: no clouds to come could hinder the cherishing beam of that moment. (DD, p. 816)

Questions of the origins and meaning of history were of special interest in England during the 1860s and in the decade following, when Eliot was engaged in writing this novel. The prophetic visions of the biblical Book of Daniel seemed crucial to Victorian exegetes in settling current debates about the British world role and by implication about the history of the whole world. One Arthur Stanley, speaking of the dreams of Daniel, wrote in 1865 that “there could be no doubt that they contain the first germs of the great idea of the succession of ages, of the continuous growth of empires and races under a law of Divine Providence, the first sketch of the Education of the world.” Eliot was fully aware of such prophetic traditions. When she sends Daniel Deronda away from England “to the East … for some years,” it is as if she would have him, a modern Daniel, describe a pattern of the world's progress for her own day.
Why Our First Poet Was a Woman: Bradstreet and the Birth of an American Poetic Voice
Authors: Caldwell Patricia
Published: April 2011

Anne Bradstreet has come a long way since John Harvard Ellis hailed her over a century ago as “the earliest poet of her sex in America.” Today, more justly, we view Bradstreet simply as “the first authentic poetic artist in America's history” and even as “the founder of American literature.” At the same time, a more sensitive criticism is looking anew at Bradstreet's personal drama as a woman in the first years of the New England settlement: her life as a wife, as mother of eight children, as a frontier bluestocking (though still, in many critics' eyes, “restless in Puritan bonds”), and even as a feminist in the wilderness. Feminist critics in particular have revitalized our understanding of Bradstreet and her work by probing her subtle “subversion” of patriarchal traditions, both theological and poetical, and by placing her among contemporary 17th-Century women writers, making her no longer a phenomenon on the order of Doctor Johnson's dancing dog, but finally a participating voice in her age.
O Pioneers! and the Paradox of Property: Cather's Aesthetics of Divestment
Authors: Horwitz Howard
Published: April 2011

O Pioneers! begins with the wind, which is threatening to blow away Hanover, Nebraska, a little town serving homestead settlements. On their return to the Bergson homestead, Alexandra, her brother Emil, and their neighbor Carl Linstrum pass homesteads, whose sod houses, lowslung shelters made of the land itself, crouch in hollows to survive the elements, their very materials denoting their subjection to nature. “The great fact was the land itself,” “a wild thing that had its ugly moods; and no one knew when they were likely to come, or why,” only that “the land wanted … to preserve its own fierce strength.” Nature's unpredictable impulses to self-preservation “overwhelm[ed] the little beginnings of human society that struggled in its somber wastes.” In this novel, then, Willa Cather introduces the relation between nature and culture within the sublime tradition, in which the experience of nature discloses the limits of human faculties and threatens their health and continuance.
“Counting the Cats in Zanzibar”: American Travel Abroad in American Travel Writing to 1914
Authors: Caesar Terry
Published: April 2011

In 1914 Josiah Royce began his address to a scientific gathering by comparing philosophy to “a sort of Cook's bureau.” “Its servants,” Royce continued, “are taught to speak various languages – all of them ill – and to know little of the inner life of the numerous foreign lands to which they guide their feet, or check the luggage of their fellow men.” Yet these agents have their use, Royce concluded, “if new comparative studies of ideas of various and widely sundered provinces of research are to be carried out at all,” and he bid his listeners to regard him, “if you wish to vary the name, as representing some bureau of university travel.”
The Case Against Ned Buntline: The “Words, Signs, and Gestures” of Popular Authorship
Authors: Buckley Peter G.
Published: April 2011

Today few people read the works of E. Z. C. Judson, better known as “Ned Buntline”; at least one might have made that claim with confidence before the recent reprinting of his Adventures of Buffalo Bill (1870). He is now remembered as an early practitioner of Western scouting tales, the first promoter of “Buffalo Bill,” before William Cody jettisoned him as a liability, and as the inventor of long-barrelled six-guns, the “Buntline Specials.”
Black and White and Color: American Photographs at the Turn of the Century
Authors: Wexler Laura
Published: April 2011

Early in December, 1899, an energetic, thirty-five-year-old, white woman photographer named Frances Benjamin Johnston started to work on a commission for the Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute in Hampton, Virginia. Hampton Institute was originally an industrial arts and teachers training school for former slaves. Somewhat later it began an experiment to matriculate American Indians dispossessed of tribal land. It was founded shortly after the Civil War by the charismatic white reformer, Colonel Samuel Chapman Armstrong, former commander of the 8th and 9th U. S. Colored Troops. Armstrong intended to teach Southern blacks (also American Indians by 1878) “how to educate their own race,” as well as to “provide them with Christian values, and to equip them with agricultural and mechanical skills by which they could support themselves during the months when school was not in session. They were to abjure politics and concentrate on uplifting their race through hard work, thrift, and the acquisition of property.” The school was supported by private Northern philanthropy as well as by government funding, and it enjoyed liberal Quaker support that included the famous abolitionist poet John Greenleaf Whittier, in whose consideration the Hampton militia unit was forbidden to drill with real rifles. Hampton opened its doors in 1868 with two white teachers and fifteen black and female students; but by the time of Miss Johnston's arrival thirty-one years later, it had grown to almost 1,000 students, 135 of them Indians, with about 100 faculty and administration members. By 1880 over 10,000 Southern black children were being taught in schools staffed by Hampton graduates; over ninety percent of Hampton's black graduates taught school, although vastly fewer Indians graduatedwith similarly usable credentials, since they returned home to reservations where teaching opportunities for native Americans were scarce.
Minnesota Souvenirs: The Large and the Small of It
Authors: Marling Karal Ann
Published: April 2011

In the spring of 1984 the State of Minnesota, with all the hoopla appropriate to such perilous undertakings, launched a brand new “Explore Minnesota” promotion, a media package of glossy magazine ads, films, television commercials and zippy jingles designed to send the Winnebagos and the Air-Streams and the family Fords of America coursing northward, in a mass migration to the Land of 10,000 Lakes. Those lakes were, of course, the major selling point of the campaign, and no aging starlet has ever been photographed more becomingly, under the kind, roseate glow of perpetual sunsets, with graceful loons (the State Bird) woo-hooing plaintively in the middle distance. Or, alternatively, the waters were alive with big, succulent walleye (the State Fish), seemingly bent upon leaping directly into the creels of out-of state anglers. Between these variant versions of aqueous bliss in Hiawathaland were sandwiched quick glimpses of a stage or a museum—tantalizing allusions, it would seem, to the high-cultural cachet of metropolitan Minneapolis and St. Paul. The marketability of Minnesota, then, hinged on its peculiar ability to mediate between two polar opposites: culture and refinement, on the one hand, and, on the other, the utter absence thereof—an unspoiled, untramelled wilderness, the last frontier.
Franklin'sAutobiography:Politics of the Public Self
Authors: Cutting-Gray Joanne
Published: April 2011

In 1776, with the Revolution faltering, Congress sent seventy-one-yearold Benjamin Franklin to France to intercede on behalf of the fledgling republic and the “New Man.” Dressed in plain homespun, wearing a frontiersman's coonskin cap instead of a powdered wig, and carrying a staff of apple wood, the sagacious Franklin played theCultivateur Américainto the French court, a role that satisfied their Crevecouerian image of the American as both innocent and worldly wise: the noble rustic. That role was no problem for someone who “put my self as much as I could out of sight” in promoting his own projects, “put on” Father Abraham, Richard Saunders, Poor Richard, and Silence Dowood in order to instruct his audience and, in matters of diplomacy and debate, “put on the humble Enquirer and Doubter.” Putting off the audience by putting on various personae enabled Franklin, to the extent that theAutobiographywas written for an English audience, to act as American colonial “father” instructing his “son,” the British monarchy. Whether portraying himself as a gawky youth, ardent young man, civic leader, sage of practical utility, worldly philosopher, or international statesman, Franklin deliberately played to please while playing with his image and his audience.
Sarah Pierce and the Poetic Origins of Utopian Feminism in America
Authors: von Frank Albert J.
Published: April 2011

In 1791, a few miles below the town of Litchfield, Connecticut, in the parish of South Farms, the twenty-six-year-old wife of the Congregational minister died. Little is known about her apart from her familial relations to three Connecticut clergymen: she was the granddaughter of the great Joseph Bellamy of nearby Bethlehem, the daughter of the celebrated Levi Hart of Preston, and, for the last three years of her life, the wife of an obscure Calvinist named Amos Chase. Apart from these details we have only her eulogy, preached by her bereaved husband at South Farms on March 6, 1791, and published the following year at Litchfield. The text of the sermon was from Proverbs 9:14: “Houses and riches are the inheritance of fathers; and a prudent wife is from the Lord.”
Thomas Cole and Jacksonian America: The Course of Empire as Political Allegory
Authors: Miller Angela
Published: April 2011

Thomas Cole (1801–48), is best known for his role in placing the landscape genre in America on a secure artistic and intellectual foundation. Associating the beginnings of landscape art with the concurrent appearance of popular democracy, scholars have generally assumed that Cole shared the cultural and nationalistic premises of the native landscape school that developed under this influence. Other inaccurate assessments have followed, in particular the belief that Cole's political sympathies were democratic. To take this for granted, however, is to overlook not only the anti-Jacksonian sentiment that Cole occasionally vented in his journals and letters, but also the veiled political and topical content of his wellknown cycle, The Course of Empire. This neglect of the political content of Cole's art is part of a broader tendency to approach American landscape art as a genre lacking social or political content, as a transparent reflection of nature's central role in national culture. The reappraisal of such assumptions begins with Cole, whose ideological challenge to the next generation of painters was made in the language of landscape. This challenge will be considered briefly in my conclusion.
The Emersonian Presence in Abstract Expressionism
Authors: Baigell Matthew
Published: April 2011

In all of the literature on abstract expressionism, very little has been written about what I would call the Emersonian presence. It is a presence rather than a source or influence. And it is not limited to Emerson, since it can be found in such figures as Walt Whitman and William James, among others. But it is easier to say “an Emersonian presence” because precise influences are difficult, probably impossible, to establish. What I am concerned with is an attitude of mind that recurs in American intellectual history and that resonates through much 20th-century American art, ranging from early modernists such as John Marin through artists associated with process art. I do not mean to deny other welldocumented European and American sources, influences, and presences in abstract expressionism and other American movements, but only to call attention at this time to the Emersonian presence.
“Find Their Place and Fall in Line”: The Revisioning of Women's Work inHerlandandEmma McChesney & Co.
Authors: Gleason William
Published: April 2011

In 1910, at the outset of a turbulent American decade, Annie P. Hillis reviewed the liberating social advances being made by women during the Progressive Era. Writing in theOutlook, Hillis declared that the days of “idyllic, helpless femininity” were passing. As evidence she adduced the “six-foot captain of the basket-ball team” — who “laughs outright at the slender youth who would protect her” — and the “business woman,” who “can earn her own support and would be beholden to no one.” In both adult work and children's play, she claimed, American women were achieving “independence and equality with the other sex.” But in practically her next breath Hillis makes clear that women's liberation might have reached - or perhaps surpassed - its natural limits. Protesting that it is “too soon to predict the future” even as she reaffirms progressivism's fundamental ideology (“We are in a world where there is a definite purpose running through all events, where there is a definite march forward”), Hillis retreats to a distinctly unliberating position: it is for contemporary women, she insists, to “find their place and fall in line.”
“lousy with pure / reeking with stark”: Nathanael West, William Carlos Williams, and the Textualization of the “Real”
Authors: Veitch Jonathan
Published: April 2011

In the fall of 1931, William Carlos Williams wrote to e. e. cummings, requesting poetry for a little magazine he was editing with Nathanael West. It was calledContact. (Actually, the magazine was a revival of a previous publication that Williams had put out in the early 1920s with Robert McAlmon.) The response Williams received from cummings accurately, albeit somewhat parodically, characterized the magazine's ambitions. IfContactwas to be more than merely another magazine devoted to “good writing,” the editors felt – in a decidedly less ironic vein – that it had to be “redblooded,” “stark,” “fearlessly obscene.”
An Ex-centric Approach to American Cultural Studies: The Interesting Case of Zora Neale Hurston as a Noncanonical Writer
Authors: Corkin Stanley , Frus Phyllis
Published: April 2011

The authors of these passages share more than a belief in the efficacy of the category of “race” and a need to assert pride in their African-American heritage. Both have, of late, experienced notable recognition and affirmation from constituencies that typically evince little interest in black Americans and their culture. Zora Neale Hurston is one of only three or four 20th-century writers who have achieved canonical status, with the result that her works invariably appear in courses offered in American literature or American Studies, not just in more narrowly de-fined courses, such as African-American Writers or American Women Writers. Clarence Thomas, as the second black Supreme Court Justice, holds the highest position in government ever held by an African American. Arguably, his judicial position and her supreme reputation are the result of the affirmative action and desegregation programs (and in his case, the “multicultural” mandate) they oppose. Perhaps their opposition to these programs is what fits them for this crossover appeal. In effect, they deny the reality of the effects of segregation – unequal funding, and therefore poorer education and continuing secondary employment, housing, and so on – on most black Americans.
Characterization of the marine aquarium trade and management of associated marine pests in Australia, a country with stringent import biosecurity regulation
Authors: MORRISEY DONALD , INGLIS GRAEME , NEIL KERRY , BRADLEY ANNA , FITRIDGE ISLA
Published: April 2011

Trade in ornamental marine species in Australia, a country with relatively stringent import controls, was investigated using a telephone survey of wholesalers and retailers, and a desktop review of internet import databases and hobbyist trading websites. Information on the regulatory framework was obtained from government and other published or online sources, and from staff of regulatory agencies. Although the trade is small relative to that in the USA, Europe and parts of Asia, Australia imports significant numbers of marine fish each year for the aquarium trade. Many of the more than 200 species imported have the potential to become environmental and/or economic pests. Imported individuals of native species could act as vectors of disease or affect the genetic diversity of native populations if they were released into the wild. Regulatory measures include the use of lists of permitted species of plants and animals, a case-by-case risk assessment process for species not on these lists, and requirements for health certification and quarantining of imported stock. Once within Australia, however, translocation is less rigorously controlled, being managed by individual states and based largely on lists of prohibited species, though generally with scope for case-by-case assessment and refusal of permits for unwanted species, such as recognized pests. Wholesalers and retailers interviewed generally showed a responsible attitude to the disposal of dead or unwanted stock, but awareness and understanding of the potential pest risk of ornamental marine species was generally poor. The importance of raising public awareness of the pest potential of ornamental marine species is likely to increase with the growing importance of mail-order and internet trade.
Baseline Burnout Symptoms Predict Visuospatial Executive Function During Survival School Training in Special Operations Military Personnel
Authors: Morgan Charles A. , Russell Bartlett , McNeil Jeff , Maxwell Jeff , Snyder Peter J. , Southwick Steven M. , Pietrzak Robert H.
Published: April 2011

Burnout symptoms, which are characterized by exhaustion, cynicism, and a reduced sense of professional efficacy, may deleteriously affect cognitive function in military personnel. A total of 32 U.S. Military Special Operations personnel enrolled in Survival School completed measures of trauma history, dissociation, and burnout before training. They then completed the Groton Maze Learning Test (GMLT), a neuropsychological measure of integrative visuospatial executive function during three field-based phases of Survival School—enemy evasion, captivity/interrogation, and escape/release from captivity. Lower pre-training perceptions of professional efficacy were associated with reduced executive function during all of the field-based phases of Survival School, even after adjustment for years of education, cynicism, and baseline GMLT scores. Magnitudes of decrements in executive function in Marines with low efficacy relative to those with high efficacy increased as training progressed and ranged from .58 during enemy evasion to .99 during escape/release from captivity. Pre-training perceptions of burnout may predict visuospatial executive function during naturalistic training-related stress in military personnel. Assessment of burnout symptoms, particularly perceptions of professional efficacy, may help identify military personnel at risk for stress-related executive dysfunction. (JINS, 2011, 17, 494–501)
Parental factors associated with screen time in pre-school children in primary-care practice: a TARGet Kids! study
Authors: Birken Catherine S , Maguire Jonathon , Mekky Magda , Manlhiot Cedric , Beck Carolyn E , Jacobson Sheila , Peer Michael , Taylor Carolyn , McCrindle Brian W , Parkin Patricia C
Published: April 2011

Objective

To identify child and parental factors associated with screen time in 3-year-old children.

Design

Observational study.

Setting

Participants were recruited from a large primary-care paediatric group practice in Toronto, Canada.

Subjects

Healthy 3-year-old children were included. A questionnaire was completed by their parents on screen time. Descriptive statistics and linear regression models were used to assess associations between child screen time and selected factors. Multivariable models included factors from the univariate analysis withP< 0·1. Estimated effects and 95 % CI are reported.

Results

A total of 157 children were enrolled (91 % recruitment). The mean screen time per weekday was 104 min (similar for weekend day). In all, 10 % of children had a television (TV) in their bedroom; 59 % consumed at least one meal while watching TV; and 81 % of parents had household rules about screen time. Controlling for maternal education and age, eating lunch and dinner in front of the screen and mother being employed were associated with an increase in child weekday screen time of 96 (95 % CI 30, 192), 42 (95 % CI 12, 90) and 36 (95 % CI 6, 72) min/d, respectively. Eating lunch in front of the screen and an increase of 1 h of parental screen time were associated with an increase of 78 (95 % CI 36, 132) and 12 (95 % CI 6, 18) min/d in child weekend screen time. Family rules decreased child weekend screen time by 30 (95 % CI 6, 54) min/d.

Conclusions

Interventions that include these important parental factors should be evaluated for their effectiveness in reducing screen time.
Gain-of-function oncogenic mutations in TP53 enhance defined factor-mediated cellular reprogramming
Authors: Moon Jeong Ho , Ishii Hideshi , Dewi Dyah Laksmi , Kano Yoshihiro , Yamamoto Kazuyoshi , Nishikawa Shinpei , Fujiwara Yoshiyuki , Doki Yuichiro , Mori Masaki
Published: April 2011

Cancer is a disorder with various genetic and epigenetic alterations. Genetic alterations such as mutations, i.e., substitutions, amplifications, and deletions of nucleotide sequences, are largely irreversible, whereas epigenetic alterations can be modified by pharmacological agents that target components of the epigenetic machinery. Recent studies have showed that introduction of defined factors such as those encoded by c-MYC, SOX2, OCT3/4, and KLF4 in normal somatic cells results in their dedifferentiation into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. In addition, we have reported that these iPS factors induce the development of induced multipotent cancer (iPC) cells from gastrointestinal cancer cells by reducing tumor aggressiveness. The efficiency of iPS reprogramming increased when p53 was inhibited. The study of cancer cells suggests that the p53 pathways might be involved in the aggressive phenotypes of iPC cells in a long-term culture. However, the roles of gain-of-function oncogenic mutations in TP53, which is a key tumor suppressor gene, remain to be elucidated. We investigated reprogramming efficiency of iPS generation in human diploid fibroblasts that were co-transfected with TP53 mutants and defined factors. The results suggest that mutations in those TP53 regions that are involved in DNA contact might play a critical role in the efficiency of iPS generation. Taken together, our studies suggest 2 roles of TP53 mutations in reprogramming: (1) the structural mutations might contribute to, or collaborate with, other mutations to regulate the maintenance of genomic stability; (2) the DNA-contact mutations could affect the downstream target genes, which may be distinct from those involved in wild-type p53 function. These molecular manipulations of tumorigenicity and enhancement of cellular reprogramming efficiency by the p53 pathway will open an attractive and useful avenue for future medicine.
Nationwide Study of Breast Cancer Risk Factors in Latinas
Authors: Dean Michael , Silverton Latoya , Sawitzke Julie
Published: April 2011

Breast cancer is the most common cancer among American women. Any woman can be affected by breast cancer, with risk for the disease increasing with age. Risk for breast cancer is also exacerbated in women who have certain genetic alterations. Mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes predispose women to breast and ovarian cancer, and are increasingly recognized in prostate and pancreatic cancers (1-3). In Caucasian and Asian ethnicities BRCA mutations are associated with basal-type/triple-negative disease. However this association between BRCA gene mutations and basal/triple-negative disease has been understudied in other ethnicities (4-6). The incidence and mortality of breast cancer of Hispanics and Native Americans are lower than other ethnicities; however they are underrepresented in epidemiological and clinical studies. Further, it is known that common recurrent mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes exist in Hispanic/Latino communities which account for 35-45% of mutation carriers (7, 8). The objective of our study is thus to investigate triple-negative disease and BRCA gene mutations in Hispanic women.
Highly solid-state emissive para-terphenyls laterally substituted with a diphenylamino group
Authors: Zhao Cui-Hua , Zhao Yi-Hong , Pan Hong , Fu Guang-Liang
Published: April 2011

para-Terphenyls laterally substituted with a diphenylamino group show intense solid-state emissions with quantum yields close to unity.
DMAP-catalyzed esterification of pentaerythritol-derivatized POMs: a new route for the functionalization of polyoxometalates
Authors: Wu Pingfan , Xiao Zicheng , Zhang Jin , Hao Jian , Chen Jiake , Yin Panchao , Wei Yongge
Published: April 2011

A pentaerythritol-derived hexavanadate can be easily esterified with acid anhydrides using DMAP as a catalyst, providing a convenient way for the functionalization of polyoxometalates.
Chemoenzymatic synthesis of sialooligosaccharides on arrays for studies of cell surface adhesion
Authors: Šardzík Róbert , Sharma Ritu , Kaloo Sara , Voglmeir Josef , Crocker Paul R. , Flitsch Sabine L.
Published: April 2011

Sialooligosaccharides were generated by direct enzymatic glycosylation on arrays and the resulting surfaces were suitable for the study of carbohydrate-specific cell adhesion.
Intermediates of copper(i)-catalyzed C–S cross coupling of thiophenol with aryl halide by in situESI-MS study
Authors: Cheng Shao-Wen , Tseng Mei-Chun , Lii Kwang-Hwa , Lee Chi-Rung , Shyu Shin-Guang
Published: April 2011

Complexes [Cu(SPh)2]−, [Cu(SPh)I]− and K[Cu(SPh)2(Ph)]+ were observed by in situ ESI-MS as intermediates of the copper(i)-catalyzed C–S coupling reaction.
Electron mobility in modulation-doped AlSb/InAs quantum wells
Authors: Li Yanbo , Zhang Yang , Zeng Yiping
Published: April 2011

We present a theoretical study of electron mobility in modulation-doped AlSb/InAs quantum wells. The theory also accounts for the nonparabolicity effect. All major scattering mechanisms, including scattering by deformation potential and piezoelectric acoustic phonons, polar optical phonons, ionized impurities, and interface roughness, have been included in our calculations. The low field transport properties of the two dimensional electron gas (2DEG) in the AlSb/InAs quantum wells are studied as a function of temperature, quantum well width, and spacer width and strategies for optimizing the 2DEG mobility are discussed. Depending on the quantum well parameters, the high-mobility limit in this quantum well structure may be determined by either ionized impurity scattering or interface-roughness scattering. The calculated 2DEG mobilities are in very good agreement with the reported experimental data for modulation-doped AlSb/InAs quantum wells.
Protein adsorption on piezoelectric poly(L-lactic) acid thin films by scanning probe microscopy
Authors: Barroca Nathalie , Vilarinho Paula M. , Daniel-da-Silva Ana Luisa , Wu Aiying , Fernandes Maria Helena , Gruverman Alexei
Published: April 2011

Up until now, no direct evidence of protein adsorption processes associated with polar activity of a piezoelectric has been reported. This work presents the experimental evidence of the protein adsorption process’ dependence on the surface polarization of a piezoelectric by showing at the local scale that the process of protein adsorption is highly favored in the poled areas of a piezoelectric polymer such as poly(L-lactic) acid.
Comparative study of bending characteristics of ionic polymer actuators containing ionic liquids for modeling actuation
Authors: Kikuchi Kunitomo , Sakamoto Takumi , Tsuchitani Shigeki , Asaka Kinji
Published: April 2011

Ionic polymer metal composites (IPMCs) that can operate in air have recently been developed by incorporating an ionic liquid in ionic polymers. To understand transduction in these composites, it is important to determine the role of the ionic liquid in the ionic polymer (Nafion®), to identify the counter cation, and to investigate the interaction of IPMCs with water vapor in the air. We used Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy to analyze three Nafion® membranes, which were soaked in mixtures of water and an ionic liquid (1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium tetrafluoroborate (EMIBF4), 1-buthyl-3-methyl-imidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BMIBF4), and 1-buthyl-3-methyl-imidazolium hexafluorophosphate (BMIPF6)). The results demonstrate that only cations (EMI+ and BMI+) in the ionic liquids are taken into the Nafion® membranes as counter ions and that the water content of the membranes in air is less than ∼4% that of Nafion® swollen with water. Based on the experimental results, a transduction model is proposed for an IPMC with an ionic liquid. In this model, bending is caused by local swelling due to the volume effect of the bulky counter cations. This model can explain 30–50% of the experimentally observed bending curvature.
Highly anisotropic epitaxial L1 FePt on Pt(001)
Authors: Soares Márcio M. , Tolentino Hélio C. N. , De Santis Maurizio , Ramos Aline Y. , Cezar Júlio C.
Published: April 2011

We report on the structure and magnetism of an ultrathin L10 FePt film epitaxially grown on Pt(001) single crystal. This film presents an enhanced tetragonal distortion and a quite large magnetic anisotropy, with an orbital contribution to the Fe total magnetic moment as large as 10%.
Application of the drag force method to evaluate magnetic property degradation near the cut edges of electrical steels
Authors: Garshelis Ivan J. , Crevecoeur Guillaume , Tollens Stijn P. L. , Dupre Luc
Published: April 2011

The increase in hysteresis loss associated with the altered microstructure and residual stress fields in regions near the cut edges of electrical steels is investigated by means of drag force measurements. Measurements are made using relatively narrow magnets on samples of two grades of nonoriented steels cut by laser or mechanical processes. Largest drag forces, hence losses, are consistently found in slow laser cut samples, smallest drag forces with fast laser cut samples, and moderately higher losses in mechanically cut samples. These results are consistent with other measurement methods.
Anisotropy of zigzag chains of palladium
Authors: Sahota P. K. , Skomski R. , Enders A. , Sellmyer D. J. , Kashyap A.
Published: April 2011

Ab initio calculations of the biaxial anisotropy of infinite Pd zigzag chains are presented. The simulations were performed with the Vienna Ab-Initio Simulation Package, using a tetragonal unit cell with a supercell approach where the atoms are repeated along the z-direction. The anisotropy is determined from the energies along the three principal directions [001], [100], and [010]. The second-order anisotropy constants K1 and K1′ were extracted by fitting the calculated energy values to the phenomenological energy. The easiest magnetization direction is along the wire axis, whereas the hardest direction is perpendicular to the plane of the wire. The calculated anisotropy constants K1 and K1′ are 5.5 MJ/m3 and −13.9 MJ/m3, respectively These anisotropies are large, but they are smaller than those of linear chains, because the zigzag shape leads to a quenched orbital moment.
Magnetic stability of He+ ion irradiated FeO+Fe3N granular films
Authors: Sundararajan J. A. , Zhang D. T. , Qiang Y. , Jiang W. , McCloy J. S.
Published: April 2011

Ion irradiation effects on the magnetic properties of FeO+Fe3N (iron oxide/iron nitride) granular films are investigated in this study. The FeO+Fe3N granular films were prepared using a nanocluster deposition system. The x-ray diffraction data confirm the presence of FeO and Fe3N compounds in the prepared granular films. The saturation magnetization (30 emu/g), coercivity (87.9 Oe), and remanence (3.2 emu/g) of these granular films remain unaltered after irradiation with 2 MeV He+ ions to a fluence of 3 × 1015 ions/cm2 at room temperature, indicating that the magnetic properties of these granular films are not affected in a highly radioactive environment. This unique property of the magnetic stability may provide promising applications for advanced data storage.
Stress distribution in a flat superconducting strip with transport current
Authors: Yong Huadong , Zhou Youhe
Published: April 2011

The stress and magnetostriction induced by flux pinning for a flat superconducting strip of a type II superconductor are calculated analytically in the presence of transport current. The plane stress approach is used to find the exact solutions. By assuming that the current density is magnetic field independent, the body force and normal stress distributions for increasing and decreasing transport currents are given. In addition, the pinning induced magnetostriction is calculated. The results show that, during the transport current reduction, tensile stress may occur. It is worth pointing out that, in the flat superconducting strip with transport current, the stresses are mainly negative. The hysteresis loop of the magnetostriction cannot be observed for the full cycle of the transport current.
Fabrication, magnetic, and ferroelectric properties of multiferroic BiFeO3 hollow nanoparticles
Authors: Du Yi , Cheng Zhen Xiang , Xue Dou Shi , Attard Darren Jon , Lin Wang Xiao
Published: April 2011

Hollow BiFeO3 nanoparticles were synthesized by an electrospray route for the first time. The phase purity and structure have been investigated by x-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. Transmission and scanning electron microscope investigations revealed that the as-obtained BiFeO3 hollow spheres were polycrystalline, with a shell thickness of 35 nm. The formation mechanism can be possibly explained by Ostwald ripening. Raman spectra have verified decreased vibrational frequencies in BiFeO3 nanoparticles. These hollow and core-shell multiferroic nanoparticles exhibit significantly enhanced ferromagnetism from 5 to 600 K due to a broken spiral spin structure. The ferroelectricity of hollow BiFeO3 particles exhibits a lower switching electric field, which is confirmed by Kelvin probe force microscopy.
First principles study on magnetic properties of Zn vacancies in ZnO doped with single chalcogen X (X = S, Se, and Te)
Authors: Sargolzaei Mahdi , Lotfizadeh Neda , Hayn Roland
Published: April 2011

First-principles density functional calculations were performed for magnetic properties of wurtzite ZnO(1-x)Xx (X = S, Se, and Te) alloys in the presence of Zn cation vacancies and a low concentration of group-VI dopants in the framework of the local spin density approximation (LSDA) and the LSDA+U method. The positions of the Zn-3d states are misplaced in the LSDA approach and these positions are approximately corrected in the LSDA+U method. We demonstrate that the magnetic state of ZnO(1-x)Xx with a native point defect is mainly localized at the Zn cation vacancy. The substitution of oxygen atoms around the vacancy by chalcogens X does not destroy the local spin triplet state (ST=1) at the zinc vacancy but diminishes its stability. The X impurities prefer to be close to the Zn vacancy in the apex position and the destabilization of the magnetic state increases in the series from X = S to X = Te. In order to explain the calculated magnetic properties a group theory analysis has been exploited.
Dynamic yielding of single crystal Ta at strain rates of ∼5 × 105/s
Authors: Asay J. R. , Vogler T. J. , Ao T. , Ding J. L.
Published: April 2011

A magnetic loading technique was used to produce planar ramp loading of [100] and [110] orientations of single crystal tantalum to peak stresses of either ∼18 or ∼86 GPa for applied plastic strain rates of about 2 × 106/s. It was found that the dynamic elastic limit varied only slightly for factor-of-2 changes in the resulting elastic strain rates near 5 × 105/s. For wave propagation in the [100] direction, the dynamic elastic limit varied from 4.18–3.92 GPa for corresponding sample thicknesses of 0.625–1.030 mm and exhibited a slight rate dependence for the strain rate region studied. For [110] compression, the elastic limit was essentially independent of propagation distance, but exhibited a significant sample-to-sample variation; the elastic limit for this orientation varied from 2.49–3.18 GPa over sample thicknesses of 0.702–1.023 mm, with an average and standard deviation for the data of 2.93 ± 0.27 GPa. There was no apparent rate dependence in this case for the strain rates examined.
Influence of thermal stresses on the electrocaloric properties of ferroelectric films
Authors: Zhang J. , Alpay S. P. , Rossetti G. A.
Published: April 2011

A nonlinear thermodynamic theory is used to analyze the influence of thermal stresses on electrocaloric (EC) properties of (001)-textured polycrystalline monodomain BaTiO3, Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3, and PbTiO3 films on integrated circuit-compatible substrates Si, c-sapphire, and a-sapphire. The results show that the EC response can depend strongly on the film growth temperature TG which can shift the maximum in EC properties to a working temperature of interest. For BaTiO3 films on Si, the thermal stresses are sufficient to shift the zero-field Curie temperature TC near to room temperature, resulting in a strong enhancement of the EC properties as compared to the bulk material.
Atomic force microscope nanolithography of graphene: Cuts, pseudocuts, and tip current measurements
Authors: Puddy R. K. , Scard P. H. , Tyndall D. , Connolly M. R. , Smith C. G. , Jones G. A. C. , Lombardo A. , Ferrari A. C. , Buitelaar M. R.
Published: April 2011

We investigate atomic force microscope nanolithography of single and bilayer graphene. In situ tip current measurements show that cutting of graphene is not current driven. Using a combination of transport measurements and scanning electron microscopy we show that while indentations accompanied by tip current appear in the graphene lattice for a range of tip voltages, real cuts are characterized by a strong reduction in the tip current above a threshold voltage. The reliability and flexibility of the technique is demonstrated by the fabrication, measurement, modification, and remeasurement of graphene nanodevices with resolution down to 15 nm.
Detection of variable tunneling rates in silicon quantum dots
Authors: Rossi A. , Ferrus T. , Lin W. , Kodera T. , Williams D. A. , Oda S.
Published: April 2011

Reliable detection of single electron tunneling in quantum dots (QDs) is paramount to use this category of device for quantum information processing. Here, we report charge sensing in a degenerately phosphorus-doped silicon QD by means of a capacitively coupled single-electron tunneling device made of the same material. Besides accurate counting of tunneling events in the QD, we demonstrate that this architecture can be operated to reveal asymmetries in the transport characteristic of the QD. Indeed, the observation of gate voltage shifts in the detector’s response as the QD bias is changed is an indication of variable tunneling rates.
Influence of gap width on discharge asymmetry in atmospheric pressure glow dielectric barrier discharges
Authors: Dai D. , Hou H. X. , Hao Y. P.
Published: April 2011

In this letter, a one-dimensional fluid model is used to investigate the mechanism of discharge asymmetry in atmospheric pressure helium glow dielectric barrier discharges (GDBDs). By observing the evolutionary process between the successive peak currents, the effect of the gap width on the discharge asymmetry is thoroughly discussed. It is shown that when the gap width is too large, the very severe nonuniformity of electric field distribution over the gas gap leads to the discharge asymmetry.
Numerical modeling of motion trajectory and deformation behavior of a cell in a nonuniform electric field
Authors: Li Hua , Ye Ting , Lam K. Y.
Published: April 2011

The motion trajectory and deformation behavior of a neutral red blood cell (RBC) in a microchannel subjected to an externally applied nonuniform electric field are numerically investigated, where both the membrane mechanical force and the dielectrophoresis (DEP) force are considered. The simulation results demonstrate that the DEP force is significantly influenced by several factors, namely, the RBC size, electrode potential, electric frequency, RBC permittivity, and conductivity, which finally results in the different behaviors of the cell motion and deformation in the nonuniform electric field.
X rays from a free-electron laser resolve the structures of complex biomolecules
Authors: Wilson R. Mark
Published: April 2011

A new imaging technique merges thousands of two-dimensional diffraction patterns from a stream of single particles to construct a high-resolution 3D map of electron density.
High-energy physics lab seeks discovery-oriented artists for close interactions
Authors: Feder Toni
Published: April 2011

A new initiative at CERN aims to tap the shared curiosity of artists and scientists to create mutual understanding, inspire art, and excite people about science.
Rankings place technology-courting US states on top
Authors: Matthews Jermey N. A.
Published: April 2011

Economic indices highlight research universities' key role in feeding the innovation pipeline.
The thinning of Arctic sea ice
Authors: Kwok Ronald , Untersteiner Norbert
Published: April 2011

The surplus heat needed to explain the loss of Arctic sea ice during the past few decades is on the order of 1 W/m2. Observing, attributing, and predicting such a small amount of energy remain daunting problems.
Infrastructure Procurement: Learning from Private–Public Partnership Experiences ‘Down Under’
Authors: Regan Michael , Smith Jim , Love Peter
Published: April 2011

The public–private partnership (PPP) market in Australia is considered to be sophisticated and mature. Yet there have been several major failures that have occurred with economic infrastructure projects. Building on the experiences of Australia, we examine the underlying concepts of PPPs and the pertinent issues that have arisen during the procurement of infrastructure projects. Lessons learnt from implementing PPPs with respect to risk allocation, certainty, incentives, intergenerational equity and fiscal sustainability, and the cost of capital are identified and discussed. We conclude by suggesting that future research should focus on examining how PPP delivery can be improved rather than on determining their usage within the marketplace.
Fiscal and Political Decentralization and Government Quality
Authors: Kyriacou Andreas P , Roca-Sagalés Oriol
Published: April 2011

In this paper we apply both cross-section and panel analysis to the relationship between fiscal and political decentralization and government quality. We find that fiscal decentralization improves government quality but not if it is accompanied by political decentralization. The negative impact of political decentralization on the relationship between fiscal decentralization and government quality persists when controlling for the degree of democratic maturity across countries.
Tax Assignment: Does the Practice Match the Theory?
Authors: Bahl Roy , Cyan Musharraf
Published: April 2011

This paper builds on the existing literature to better explain the tax assignment choices made by countries in different economic circumstances. In particular, we explain why the degree of tax autonomy given to subnational governments is significantly greater in industrial than in developing countries, even when adjustment is made for differences in income level. We consider several arguments for this disparity. First, electoral regimes are not in place for the accountability gains to be fully captured. Second, tax decentralization may result in unacceptable fiscal disparities, and, third, tax administration costs are higher for subnational governments and there is not enough incentive to take steps to lower them. Finally, and contrary to expectations, we do not find empirical evidence that giving more discretionary powers to subnational governments in developing countries will lead to a crowding out of central revenues, but we do find this result for industrial countries.