bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An experimental satellite collar for muskoxen
Authors: Reynolds Patricia E.
Published: March 2009

An experimental satellite collar was tested on a captive bull muskox (Ovibos moschatus) and a wild cow muskox in north-eastern Alaska. The animals had no observed problems carrying the 2.2-kg collar. The satellite collar provided frequent data on location and activity of the muskox as well as internal temperature of the collar canister. During a 12-month period, 329 locations were obtained from the wild cow muskox with a locational error ranging from 0.28 to 2.46 km. Fewer locations were obtained in winter than summer, but amounts of data received on activity and temperature were relatively consistent year-round. A counter that recorded closure of a mercury tip switch at 1-min intervals for 30 min was useful for determining if the animal was active or resting. Home range size, movements, and activity of the satellite-collared cow muskox were all reduced in winter.
Redescription of Cosmocercoides tridens Wilkie, 1930 (Nematoda: Cosmocercidae)
Authors: Hasegawa H.
Published: March 2009

Cosmocercoides tridens Wilkie, 1930 (Nematoda: Cosmocercoidea: Cosmocercidae) is redescribed based on adults from the rectum of the newts Tylototriton andersoni (type host) and Cynops ensicauda (new host), from Okinawa Island, Japan. Fourth-stage larvae were detected in the lungs of both newt species and are described. Prevalence and intensity of adults and fourth-stage larvae were significantly higher in T. andersoni than in C. ensicauda. Cosmocercoides tridens was not found in snails collected at the locality where the newts were captured. Cosmocercoides tridens is presumed to be an obligatory parasite of amphibians, using T. andersoni as the principal definitive host.
A revision of the genus Orthosplanchnus Odhner, 1905 with consideration of the genera Odhneriella Skriabin, 1915 and Hadwenius Price, 1932 (Digenea: Campulidae)
Authors: Adams Ann M. , Rausch Robert L.
Published: March 2009

The present paper concerns digeneans of the subfamilies Odhneriellinae Yamaguti, 1958 and Orthosplanchninae Yamaguti, 1958, family Campulidae Odhner, 1926, and is based mainly on specimens collected since 1949 from marine mammals from seas bordering Alaska. Odhneriella rossica Skriabin, 1915, type species of the subfamily Odhneriellinae, is transferred to the genus Orthosplanchnus Odhner, 1905. Odhneriellinae thus becomes a synonym of Orthosplanchninae, which includes three genera: Orthosplanchnus Odhner, 1905 (syn. Odhneriella Skriabin, 1915); Hadwenius Price, 1932 (syn. Leucasiella Krotov and Deliamure, 1952); and Oschmarinella Skriabin, 1947. Seven species are retained in Orthosplanchnus: O. arcticus Odhner, 1905; O. fraterculus Odhner, 1905; Orthosplanchnus rossicus (Skriabin, 1915) n.comb. (syn. Odhneriella rossica Skriabin, 1915); O. pygmaeus Iurakhno, 1967; O. albamarinus Treshchev, 1968; O. oculatus Iurakhno, 1969; and O. antarcticus Kurochkin and Nikol'skii, 1972 (syn. O. weddelli Beverley-Burton, 1972). Orthosplanchnus elongatus Ozaki, 1935 is transferred to the genus Hadwenius, as is Odhneriella subtilus (A. S. Skriabin, 1959); O. sudarikovi Treshchev, 1966, excluded from Orthosplanchnus, is of uncertain generic allocation. Orthosplanchnus rossicus is redescribed, and descriptions are provided for the other species recognized in the genus. Variation in O. arcticus from various hosts is considered; in bearded seals, Erignathus barbatus (Erxleben), clinal variation was apparent in O. arcticus, with body size increasing from north to south.
Serum calcium and inorganic phosphorus levels of the freshwater snake Sinonatrix piscator (formerly Natrix piscator) in response to calcitonin treatment
Authors: Srivastav Ajai K. , Rani Ladli
Published: March 2009

The effects of administration of salmon calcitonin (0.25 Medical Research Council mU/g body wt.) on serum calcium and inorganic phosphate levels were investigated in Sinonatrix piscator for 15 days. The treatment evoked progressive hypocalcemia (from day 1 to day 5) and hypophosphatemia (from day 1 to day 3). Thereafter, these responses decreased and normal levels were regained.
Effects of radiotelemetry error on sample size and bias when testing for habitat selection
Authors: Nams Vilis O.
Published: March 2009

Radiolocations of animals by triangulation have certain errors. I show how the ratio of telemetry error to habitat size affects efficiency of testing for habitat selection and how to estimate sample size when telemetry error is large. When telemetry error is more than 1.5 times average habitat size, the required sample size increases immensely. When telemetry error is large, measurements of habitat selection are biased. I present a technique to remove the bias and estimate the habitat selection one would observe if telemetry error were zero.
Hybridization of ciscoes (Coregonus spp.) in Lake Huron
Authors: Todd Thomas N. , Stedman Ralph M.
Published: March 2009

Gill raker number and length were compared for lake herring, Coregonus artedii LeSueur, and bloater, Coregonus hoyi (Gill), collected in 1917, 1956, and 1984 – 1985 at four locations in western Lake Huron to examine the effects of suspected introgressive hybridization on these distinctive species characters. Gill raker length showed no change from 1917 to 1984 – 1985, but gill raker number became similar in the two species over that period. Between 1917 and 1984 – 1985, mean gill raker counts decreased from 48.0 to 45.8 in lake herring, but increased from 41.8 to 43.1 in bloaters. The modal count for both species was 43 in 1984 – 1985. Intermediate gill raker counts were consistent with the hypothesis of hybridization. Bloater abundance increased greatly in the 1980s, but lake herring remained scarce. Under these circumstances, the rare lake herring would be increasingly likely to encounter abundant ripe bloaters during the overlapping spawning seasons of these species, increasing the probability for hybridization. Basic biological differences between the species, such as lower vulnerability of bloaters to commercial harvest, better survival of bloater fry, or greater fecundity of bloaters, may have contributed to the substantially better success of bloaters. Cisco populations are fragile; only the bloater has ever made a strong and sustained recovery after a severe decline. Hybridization with bloaters may impede the recovery of lake herring in Lake Huron.
Heart rates of muskrats diving under simulated field conditions: persistence of the bradycardia response and factors modifying its expression
Authors: MacArthur Robert A. , Karpan Cindy M.
Published: March 2009

A marked, rapidly deployed bradycardia accompanied every voluntary dive by muskrats diving under a wide range of simulated field conditions in the laboratory. Telemetered heart rates were typically stable during submergence, with little evidence of postdive tachycardia or anticipatory changes in cardiac frequency prior to onset or termination of spontaneous dives. The extent of bradycardia varied with the type of dive; heart rate was highest during foraging trips and lowest during escape dives provoked by the investigators. Diving heart rate was positively correlated with the predive rate in escape dives but not foraging or exploratory dives. In animals trained to swim an underwater maze separating a simulated lodge from a feeding station, the extent of bradycardia increased with the period of submergence. This relationship was strongest for escape dives and was attributed mainly to a reduction in motor activity with time submerged. Several escape dives more than 3 min in duration were documented in both field and laboratory and all were characterized by prolonged periods of inactivity underwater. Heart rate during exploratory and foraging dives varied positively with both water (4–30 °C) and telemetered abdominal (30–38.4 °C) temperature. Type of dive, body temperature, and water temperature accounted for 31% of the variance in heart rate of diving muskrats. These results suggest that while the classic diving response is largely preserved in freely diving muskrats, the extent of bradycardia varies with the nature of the dive and is subject to cortical and thermal influences.
New amphipods from geothermal vent sites off the west coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, with a reappraisal of the amphipod family Sebidae
Authors: Shaw Patrick
Published: March 2009

Four species of amphipod crustacea were collected from washings of pogonophoran tubes and bacterial mucus taken during submersible investigations of deep-sea geothermal vent sites west of Vancouver Island. Pardalisca endeavouri n.sp. and Sebapro fundus n.sp. are described, and additional records of Oradarea longimana Boeck and Bonnieriella ?linearis are given. In addition, the composition and phylogeny of the Sebidae is examined, and a new genus, Caribseba, is erected for Sebatropica McKinney, 1980.
Interspecific variation of isoenzyme patterns in four Hymenolepis species (Cestoda)
Authors: Novak M. , Taylor W. R. , Pip E.
Published: March 2009

Starch gel protein electrophoresis of mass homogenates of Hymenolepis microstoma, H. diminuta, H. citelli, and H. nana revealed a large degree of isoenzymic variation in the 11 enzyme systems tested in these species. Whereas the majority of the 68 bands found in total were species specific, 23 were shared between at least two species, and 1 band was common to all four species. Cluster analysis suggested that H. microstoma is the most dissimilar of the four species and may have diverged the earliest from the common ancestral line, whereas H. citelli and H. nana were the two most similar species and may have diverged more recently. Hymenolepis diminuta was intermediate in position, but demonstrated closer affinities with H. citelli and H. nana than with H. microstoma.
Energy requirements of freely diving muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus)
Authors: MacArthur Robert A. , Krause Robert E.
Published: March 2009

The metabolic costs of spontaneous diving in the muskrat were estimated from measurements of oxygen consumption [Formula: see text], using a purpose-built open-circuit respirometer. Total [Formula: see text] value was measured over a 15-min immersion period in 30 °C water and related to the frequency and duration of voluntary dives during that period. The correspondence between [Formula: see text] and diving behavior varied with the level of motor activity during interdive periods at the surface. There was no relationship between these variables in runs characterized by appreciable surface swimming in the respirometer. When surface activity was negligible, [Formula: see text] was positively correlated (P < 0.001) with both the frequency of dives and the proportion of time spent underwater. For trials in which muskrats spent > 50% of available time diving, the estimated cost of voluntary submergence was 2.22 mL O2∙g−1∙h−1, or 2.8 times the mean thermoneutral rate in air (0.78 mL∙g−1∙h−1). Our results suggest that underwater exercise is accompanied by an increase in energy expenditure which approaches that of surface swimming in this species.
Factors affecting the distribution and abundance of ringed seal structures in Barrow Strait, Northwest Territories
Authors: Hammill M. O. , Smith T. G.
Published: March 2009

The relationship between the distribution of ringed seals, Phoca hispida, and habitat was examined in Barrow Strait, Northwest Territories. Density of seal breathing holes was used as an index of seal abundance. Birth lairs were associated with the largest snowdrifts. Lair formation can occur within 24 h after a snowdrift forms over the top of a breathing hole. Seal structures were associated with ridges consisting of ice pieces 15–25 cm thick projecting upwards to a height of 80–150 cm. In 1975 and 1986, the combination of date of ice consolidation and snow depth were the most important habitat features affecting the distribution of ringed seals structures. This was also true with respect to distribution of birth lairs and undefined haul-out lairs, but no relationship was identified between density of structures used by males and habitat. Snow cover and date of ice consolidation were not identified as important habitat variables in 1984 and 1985 when overall distribution of ice in Barrow Strait was very different. Birth lairs were not seen before 4 April, but were found in increasing frequency as the season progressed. Male structures were evident in late March, but were not found after mid-May.
Genetic differentiation among populations of Weidemeyer's admiral butterfly
Authors: Rosenberg Risa H.
Published: March 2009

I assessed the genetic differentiation of populations of Weidemeyer's admiral butterfly (Limenitis weidemeyerii) in central and eastern Colorado by using starch-gel electrophoresis. Wright's F-statistics indicated that there was significant differentiation, both within and between years, among the same populations analyzed for 2 successive years, and among populations, even those in close geographic proximity. Consequently, no correlation was found between the genetic identities and geographic distances between pairs of populations. To explain the genetic structure of populations, I estimated patterns of movement and effective sizes of populations. I assessed movement of individuals by using mark–recapture techniques, which indicated that travel over the season for both sexes was negligible (range 0–2850 m, mean 166 m). I estimated effective population sizes by using Pollak's methods, and as would be expected for populations with territorial social systems, effective sizes were small (ranging from 17 to 131, mean 61). These two factors, small and isolated populations, suggest that a significant portion of the genetic differentiation observed at allozyme loci among populations of Weidemeyer's admiral butterfly in Colorado is mediated by random genetic drift.
Demographic characteristics of Peromyscus leucopus inhabiting a natural dispersal sink
Authors: Krohne David T.
Published: March 2009

The population biology of white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) inhabiting a 1.4-ha naturally occurring dispersal sink was studied for 5 years in west-central Indiana and compared with that in surrounding old-growth habitat. Densities in the dispersal sink were consistently lower than in prime habitat. Autumn and winter survival were practically nil. The sink was recolonized by adults in the spring following extreme low winter densities or extinction. Summer reproductive rates and the pattern of territoriality were similar to those in prime habitat. Mice colonized elsewhere when empty prime habitat was made experimentally available. The data suggest that few dispersing mice can be accommodated by the dispersal sink.
Exploratory behavior and dispersal: a graphical model
Authors: Johnson Michael L.
Published: March 2009

A graphical model is developed that describes the costs and benefits of exploratory behavior, and qualitatively predicts the optimal exploration time. An increase in density results in a decrease in exploration because of the decreased benefits and increased costs. This decrease in exploration time is hypothesized to result in the decreased dispersal rate that is observed in populations of small rodents. By incorporating predation, the graphical model explains why the dispersal rate in the decline phase of a microtine density cycle is lower than the dispersal rate at comparable densities of the increase phase.
The moulting pattern in Trichuris muris (Nematoda: Trichuroidea)
Authors: Panesar T. S.
Published: March 2009

A growth curve for Trichuris muris on the basis of total body length is presented, together with more detailed observations than previously described on the moulting pattern in this nematode developing in DBA-2 mice. The first moult was on days 9–11 after infection of mice with the nematode, at which time sex of the worms was generally not recognisable. The second moult was on days 20-21, when sex of the majority of the worms was recognisable. The third moult was on day 25 (males) and days 28–30 (females). The fourth moult was on day 28 (males) and days 32–34 (females). In general, the various moults were found to be much less "synchronous" than has been previously reported, with the exception of the third and the fourth moults in males. The active role of the stylet during emergence of the nematode from the moulted cuticle was evident.
Consequences of variation in brood size on the allocation of parental care in common terns (Sterna hirundo)
Authors: Wiggins David A.
Published: March 2009

Data on the behaviour of common tern (Sterna hirundo) parents were analyzed to document shifts in parental care patterns with changes in brood size. The primary roles of the sexes, chick feeding by males, and brood attendance by females, did not change with shifts in brood size. Rather, parents simply altered the amount of care provided. One-chick broods received more parental attendance at the nest site than both two- and three-chick broods, likely as a result of the increased foraging effort of two- and three-chick parents. The number of chick feeds per hour increased significantly with each increase in brood size, but the number of feeds of each chick per hour did not. Thus, although parents increased their foraging effort with increasing brood size, the net effect was that chicks in all brood sizes were fed at similar rates.
The genetics, ultrastructure, and tubulin polypeptides of mebendazole-resistant mutants of Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Woods Robin A. , Malone Kathleen M. B. , Spence Andrew M. , Sigurdson Wade J. , Byard Edward H.
Published: March 2009

Mebendazole-resistant mutants of Caenorhabditis elegans were isolated following mutagenesis of the wild-type strain, N2, with ethylmethane sulphonate. The mutants define a single autosomal gene and are allelic to ben-1. They grow, move, and reproduce normally in the presence of mebendazole and are cross-resistant to albendazole, cambendazole, fenbendazole, methylbenzimidazole carbamate, and thiabendazole. Accumulations of membrane-bound, electron-dense material associated with the nervous tissue and associated cells are seen in electron micrographs of L3, L4, and adult stages of N2 grown in the presence of mebendazole, but are not found in the mutants. The electron-dense material appears to be associated with the accessory cells of the neuropil rather than with the neurons. The tubulins from wild type, N2, and the mutants were characterised by two-dimensional electrophoresis followed by silver staining and Western blotting with monoclonal antibodies to α- and β-tubulin. A single isotype of α-tubulin is apparent in both N2 and the mutants. One major and three minor β-tubulin isotypes, bt-1 to bt-3, can be discerned in N2; the minor isotype bt-2 is absent in all the mutants. These findings suggest that the isotype bt-2 is the primary site of action of benzimidazole-based drugs in C. elegans.
Monitoring heart rate and body temperature in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes)
Authors: Kreeger Terry J. , Monson Daniel , Kuechle Valerian B. , Seal Ulysses S. , Tester John R.
Published: March 2009

Twenty-four captive-raised red foxes were surgically implanted with radios that transmitted both heart rate and body temperature. Successive fox pairs were placed in a 4.1-ha observation pen for 2 weeks and behavior was video recorded. The radio signal was recorded on the audio portion of the video tape for computer decoding. Heart rate and body temperature were measured for six behavior categories: sleeping, awake, hunting, feeding, running, and being chased. The heart rate for each of these categories was significantly different from any other (P = 0.0001). All body temperature categories were different from each other except for running and being chased (P = 0.0001). Both heart rate and body temperature increased with level of activity. The only significant difference in heart rate and body temperature between sexes was for the sleeping heart rate category, where females had higher values than males (P = 0.04). There was also a significant time of day effect showing that body temperature while awake was highest at night (P = 0.0005). Sleeping foxes displayed a pronounced sinus arrhythmia which disappeared when they became active.
Water balance of free-ranging little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) during pregnancy and lactation
Authors: Kurta Allen , Bell Gary P. , Nagy Kenneth A. , Kunz Thomas H.
Published: March 2009

This study provides the first measurements of daily water flux in free-ranging bats during pregnancy and lactation. We used the wash-out rate of tritiated water from the body water pool to calculate daily water flux in 10 pregnant and 14 lactating little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus). Average water influx was 6.16 ± 0.47 (SE) mL/day during pregnancy and 6.91 ± 0.37 mL/day during lactation; average efflux was 6.27 ± 0.44 and 7.07 ± 0.36 mL/day during pregnancy and lactation, respectively. Using data from the literature, we partitioned daily flux into major components. Our calculations indicated that most (> 62%) water influx was preformed water in the insect diet. Drinking water represented 23–26% of daily influx. Although previous studies indicated that evaporative losses greatly exceeded urinary losses in laboratory-maintained M. lucifugus, urinary and evaporative losses were comparable in our free-ranging bats. Urinary losses represented 46% of water efflux during pregnancy and 35% during lactation. Over 80% of all water efflux occurs during the 8-h night.
Nitrogen excretion and the uricolytic enzymatic system in the nephridia and hepatopancreas of the snail Xeropicta arenosa
Authors: Kaloyianni Martha , Lazaridou-Dimitriadou Maria
Published: March 2009

The quantitative and qualitative examination of the uricolytic system in the nephridia and hepatopancreas of the terrestrial snail Xeropicta arenosa showed the presence of all the metabolites of uric acid catabolism, and examination of the metabolites of the uricolytic system in the snails waste products revealed that uric acid was the main nitrogenous waste product excreted. Correlation of excretion capability with the age of the snails revealed that (i) uric acid concentration was nine times higher in the waste products of the juveniles than in those of the old snails, (ii) urea was detectable only in waste products of old snails, (iii) traces of ammonia were detected in the waste products of snails of both ages, and (iv) the amount of allantoin present in the old snails' nephridia and heart was significantly higher than in those of the juveniles. On the other hand, all snails, regardless of age, stored most uric in the nephridia. Uric acid nitrogen represented 1% of the total nitrogen in the nephridia. Data from chemical analysis were confirmed by radiochemical analysis and showed the existence of the complete sequence of uricolytic catabolites in the snails' waste products and nephridia.
Glutathione peroxidase activity and selenium levels in Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep and mountain goats
Authors: Samson Judith , Jorgenson Jon T. , Wishart W. D.
Published: March 2009

Selenium levels and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity were determined in the blood of wild and captive herds of bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis), as well as in one wild mountain goat (Oreamnos americanus) herd. No significant relationship was established between blood selenium and GSH-Px activity for individual herds of bighorns, but when all herds were pooled, selenium was significantly (P < 0.01) correlated with GSH-Px. The hypothesis that bighorn sheep would exhibit higher GSH-Px activity per unit of blood selenium than domestic cattle was not supported. One bighorn population had blood selenium levels below those considered deficient in domestic sheep, yet exhibited no clinical signs of selenium deficiency. A blood selenium by GSH-Px relationship did not exist for the single mountain goat herd sampled. The seven blood samples collected from mountain goats did not differ from those from bighorn sheep in their GSH-Px activity relative to blood selenium levels.
Molecular cloning of metallothionein cDNA and analysis of metallothionein gene expression in winter flounder tissues
Authors: Chan King Ming , Davidson William S. , Hew Choy L. , Fletcher Garth L.
Published: March 2009

Investigations into the precise role played by metallothionein (MT) in heavy-metal metabolism have been hampered by difficulties in positively identifying and quantifying MT in fish tissues. This study describes the development of an antisense MT RNA (cRNA) probe that will enable MT mRNA levels to be measured with a high degree of specificity and precision. Cadmium chloride administration induces the producton of MT mRNA in the liver and kidney of winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus). Poly(A)+ RNA purified from liver samples of winter flounder after cadmium chloride injections was used to construct a cDNA library. Several recombinant clones made complementary to MT mRNA were selected from this cDNA library by an oligonucleotide derived from the N-terminal amino acid sequence of winter flounder metallothionein. Sequence analysis of two of the cDNA inserts gave the structure of the entire 3′ untranslated region, a coding region corresponding to winter flounder MT and 49 nucleotides of the 5′ untranslated region. One of the flounder MT cDNAs, pWFMTC4, was subcloned into a RNA probe plasmid and transcribed to produce antisense MT RNA (cRNA). The MT cRNA was then used to detect the induction of MT mRNA production in the liver of winter flounder, following the administration of Cu2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, Pb2+, and Hg2+. The time required for the induction of hepatic MT mRNA by a single injection of Cd2+ was approximately 96 h. Dexamethasone did not induce an increase of MT mRNA in any of the winter flounder tissues examined (liver, kidney, heart, brain, intestinal scrape, and gill filament), whereas Cd2+ induced MT mRNA in all of the tissues except brain, where the constitutive level of expression was high.
Heart and ventricle weights of Antarctic penguins
Authors: Drabek Charles M.
Published: March 2009

The hearts of Emperor (Aptenodytes forsteri), Chinstrap (Pygoscelis antarctica), and Adelie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) were weighed and measured to elucidate morphological parameters that might be functional for diving. These heart parameters are the first to be described for penguins. Heart weights of both the Chinstrap (42.4 g) and Adelie penguins (37.5 g) were greater than predicted for birds of their body size. The weight of the right ventricle in proportion to both the heart and the left ventricle was significantly greater in the Emperor Penguin than in the Chinstrap and Adelie penguins.
Nosema jirivavrai n.sp. (Microsporea; Protozoa) from the leech Batracobdella picta in Ontario
Authors: Desser Sherwin S. , Barta John R.
Published: March 2009

A new microsporidian species was described from the muscle and connective tissue of the glossophoniid leech Batracobdella picta. Subepithelial xenomas contained sporonts, sporoblasts, and spores. Merogonic stages were not observed. All sporogonic stages were diplokaryotic. Mature spores were ovoid, 3.0–3.6 × 1.8–2.2 μm. The spore wall was 190–240 nm thick, with a distinct exospore, endospore, and underlying plasmalemma. The polar filament had 12–13 coils and measured 105 nm in diameter. The angle of tilt of the anterior coils of the filament to the vertical axis of the spore was about 63°. This newly discovered parasite was named Nosema jirivavrai.
Predation on the erpobdellid leech Nephelopsis obscura in the laboratory
Authors: Cywinska A. , Davies Ronald W.
Published: March 2009

Six size classes of Nephelopsis obscura ranging from cocoons through hatchlings (2–4 mg) to mature individuals (150 mg) were exposed to a range of potential predators and also tested for cannibalism. Neither cannibalism nor interspecific leech predation was found, but nine species of Coleoptera, Amphipoda, Hemiptera, and Zygoptera consumed one or more size classes of N. obscura. In general, predation rates were highest on individuals <10 mg and declined with increasing size of N. obscura. Larger predators (intra- and inter-specifically) usually had higher consumption rates than smaller ones. Because of the high abundance of the nine species of predators in prairie pothole lakes during the summer, it is speculated that predation on N. obscura hatchlings and cocoons is directly related to the recorded reductions in these size classes in the macrophyte zones during the summer.
Interspecific differences in bill and tongue morphology among diving ducks (Aythya spp., Oxyura jamaicensis)
Authors: Lagerquist Barbara A. , Ankney C. Davison
Published: March 2009

Twelve morphological characters of the bill and tongue were measured in six species of diving ducks (Aythya and Oxyura spp.). We used multivariate analyses to describe interspecific differences in morphology and related these differences to published information about food habits and feeding behavior of the six species. Canvasbacks (Aythya valisineria) have long, narrow, deep bills that are well suited to probing and grasping plant tubers from the substrate. Greater (A. marila) and Lesser Scaup (A. qffinis) and Ruddy Ducks (Oxyura jamaicensis) have short, wide, shallow bills suited to straining food items. Lesser Scaup and Ruddy Ducks have the greatest lamellar density and this enables them to strain very small plant and animal material. Redheads (A. americana) and Ring-necked Ducks (A. collaris) have bills of intermediate size and shape that are suited to straining seeds and grazing leafy parts of plants. Lesser and Greater Scaup, on the basis of bill morphology, are more similar to Ruddy Ducks than they are to other Aythya species. Overall, bill size and shape were more important in distinguishing the six species than were lamellar density or tongue characteristics.
Mallophagan vectors and the avian filarioids: new subspecies of Pelecitus fulicaeatrae (Nematoda: Filarioidea) in sympatric North American hosts, with development, epizootiology, and pathogenesis of the parasite in Fulica americana (Aves)
Authors: Bartlett Cheryl M. , Anderson R. C.
Published: March 2009

Subspecies of Pelecitus fulicaeatrae (Diesing, 1861) Lopez-Néyra, 1956 are proposed for the first time. The parasite in the original type host, i.e., the Common Coot (Fulica atra L.) in Great Britain, becomes the nominotypical subspecies, namely Pelecitus fulicaeatrae fulicaeatrae (Diesing, 1861) n.subsp.; it requires further taxonomic study. Subspecies in two sympatric North American hosts are described, and transmission by lice (Mallophaga: Amblycera) is suggested to have played a role in their evolution. Pelecitus fulicaeatrae americanae n.subsp. in the American Coot (Fulica americana Gmelin) has narrower lateral alae at midbody in the male, tighter helical twisting and more rotations in the body of the adult female, and a vulva that tends to be closer to the end of the oesophagus than that of Pelecitus fulicaeatrae grisegenae n.subsp. in the Red-necked Grebe (Podiceps grisegena (Boddaert)). Development of P. f. americanae was followed in experimentally infected American Coots. At 20 days postinfection, worms had migrated to the definitive site in the ankles and developed to the adult stage; these worms were sexually immature and also differed in other morphologic ways from mature specimens. Worms at 210 and 265 d resembled those from wild-caught coots, and females contained microfilariae. Pelecitus f. americanae is reported for the first time in Wisconsin, North Dakota, and California and probably is widespread in coots in North America. Both nesting and wintering coots contained three age-classes of adult female worms (too young to produce microfilariae, producing microfilariae, senescent), suggesting that transmission is not restricted to any particular period during the year. In general, no evidence of infection was apparent upon external examination of intact wild-caught infected coots, whereas ankles of intact wild-caught infected grebes were frequently swollen. Upon internal examination of coots, a visible response to worms was also generally not observed. In a few coots, however, worms were within soft, thin-walled capsules and histologic examination revealed chronic proliferative tenosynovitis.
Responses of crucian carp populations to differential predation pressure in a manipulated pond
Authors: Tonn W. M. , Paszkowski C. A. , Holopainen I. J.
Published: March 2009

Theoretical analyses have suggested that the magnitude of antipredator responses of prey should be related to the intensity of predation. To examine this proposal at the population level, we removed all fishes from a natural pond in Finland, divided the pond into sections with plastic curtains, and stocked each section with equal populations of crucian carp (Carassius carassius), a common lentic cyprinid. Stocking of perch (Perca fluviatilis) and recolonization by pike (Exos lucius) created a gradient of predation pressure across three sections (I > II > III). Within 1 month, fewer crucian carp, particularly the more vulnerable small fish, remained in section I than in II and III. Crucian carp remaining in section I had higher growth rates and condition factors than fish in sections II and III. Greater proportions of carp were active offshore and during the day in section III, compared with greater inshore and nocturnal activity in sections of higher predator density (I and II). Directly and indirectly, crucian carp did respond differentially to varying intensities of predation under field conditions, although responses were not always strictly proportional to measured levels of predation pressure.
Interactions between gas exchange, metabolism, and ion transport in animals: an overview
Authors: Heisler Norbert
Published: March 2009

Energy production by metabolic processes is an indispensable preprequisite for the function of energy-consuming transfer and transport mechanisms providing oxygen to the site of consumption, and eliminating metabolic end products like CO2, nonvolatile H+ ions, and anions of organic acids from the site of metabolic production. In turn, the regulation of homoiostasis in terms of respiratory, circulatory, ionic, and acid–base equilibria lays the basis for undisturbed metabolic energy production. The close interrelationships and interactions of the active and passive elimination mechanisms and physicochemical principles involved are presented as simple graphical models to provide a general overview of the overall function of the complex biological system.
Control and coordination of gas transfer in fishes
Authors: Perry Steve F. , Wood Chris M.
Published: March 2009

Recent developments pertaining to the control and coordination of gas transfer in fishes have been reviewed. Gill ventilatory water flow can markedly affect blood respiratory and blood acid–base status. Although arterial oxygen content traditionally has been considered the predominant factor controlling ventilation, we present evidence for additional involvement of both blood acid–base status and circulating catecholamines. An analysis of the independent effects of blood oxygen content, acid–base status, and catecholamines in controlling ventilation is confounded by the interrelationships among these variables. It is likely, however, that each factor is involved to some extent in ventilatory control in fishes. Blood oxygen transport is affected by the carrying capacity of the blood and red blood cell chemical status. Blood oxygen-carrying capacity is increased during periods of stress by adrenergic release of red blood cells from the spleen. Concurrently, adrenergic stimulation of red blood cell Na+–H+ exchange, reduction of intracellular nucleoside triphosphates, swelling of red blood cells, and respiratory alkalosis all tend to increase oxygen affinity and capacity of hemoglobin. Results of recent in vivo studies indicate that adrenergic inhibition of plasma bicarbonate dehydration may contribute to the respiratory acidosis after exhaustive exercise in fishes. Evidence is presented to show that hypoxemia, rather than blood acidosis per se, is the proximate stimulus for catecholamine mobilization during periods of stress in fishes.
The role of the amphibian kidney and bladder in the regulation of acid–base relevant ions
Authors: Toews Daniel P. , Stiffler Daniel F.
Published: March 2009

The amphibian bladder and kidneys have proven to be excellent structures for in vitro investigations of ion-transport mechanisms and cellular mechanisms of hormone action. Very often, however, the normal physiological conditions that exist in the intact animal have not been duplicated in the particular experimental setup. On the other hand, whole-animal studies relating to kidney and bladder function are somewhat rare because it is technically very difficult to separate the relative contributions of the kidney, bladder, and skin to processes such as whole-body acid–base regulation. In this review we attempt to describe the most significant advances of in vitro studies as they relate to acid–base regulation and to integrate these experiments with the limited number of investigations performed on whole-animal preparations.
Testing hypotheses concerning the formation of shell growth marks in marine pelecypods
Authors: Bourget Edwin , Bérard Hélène , Brock Vibeke
Published: March 2009

This paper reviews the evidence supporting the current hypotheses (daily, tidal, endogenous, and other rhythms of growth) accounting for short-term periodicity in the formation of marks (external growth ridges and internal growth increments) on the shell of marine pelecypod molluscs. With few exceptions our analysis shows too much unexplained variability and the availability of too few studies of potential sources of variation for the proposed cycles of mark formation (circadian, circatidal) to be accepted. Since shell deposition takes the form of marks, which must be discrete in frequency (0, 1, or 2 per given day or tidal period), we submit that individual frequencies must be used to test hypotheses concerning the rhythms of shell growth mark formation, and we propose the use of three criteria: (i) that departure of the individual measured frequency from the expected frequency should not be more than the maximal error in measurements (maximal counting errors made by the observer); (ii) should condition one be violated, then the so-called "missing" or "superfluous" marks should be clearly accounted for; (iii) that potential sources of variation (e.g., age, habitat, locality, season) should not significantly influence the frequency of formation of the marks.
SOME REMARKS ON RATE-SENSITIVITY OF NITI SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS
Authors: BRUHNS OTTO T.
Published: March 2009

Uniaxial and bi-axial tests on tubular specimens are presented. The specimens consist of NiTi alloy exhibiting pseudoelastic behavior at room temperature. A novel device to measure and control axial and torsional strains within a well defined gage section of the specimen was developed. This device, based on inductive transducers, uses the same reference points for both twist and elongation measurements. The viscous and rate dependent behavior of binary, pseudoelastic NiTi is investigated. The main focus is on the decoupling of thermal and viscous effects on the transformation stress as the specimen material is subject to heating and cooling due to latent heat generation and absorption during phase transition. On this account, an active temperature control is proposed to account for swift temperature variations. In addition to uniaxial testing of the sample, two-dimensional tension/torsion experiments are conducted in order to generalize the uniaxial findings. It is concluded that the material under consideration is independent of the rate of deformation for the applied temperature range.
CREEP CONSTITUTIVE RELATIONSHIPS AND CYCLIC BEHAVIORS OF Sn96.5Ag3Cu0.5 UNDER HIGH TEMPERATURES
Authors: LIU JI-HONG , MENG XIANG-QI , XU JIN-QUAN
Published: March 2009

As a lead-free solder, Sn 96.5 Ag 3 Cu 0.5 has a wide application in electronic packaging. Since the solder materials usually work under cyclic temperature surroundings, creep constitutive relationships and cyclic behaviors are necessary to carry out the thermal stress analysis of a package with such a solder for its strength and life evaluations. This paper has investigated the creep constitutive relationships by constant (non-cyclic) loadings firstly, based on the creep test results at various stress and temperature levels. The complete form of the constitutive relationship containing both the linear viscous and hyperbola-sine creeps is proposed. Secondly, through the tests under cyclic stress loadings, the cyclic stress-strain relationships have been illustrated.
PLASTIC DEFORMATION OF POLYMER INTERLAYERS DURING POST-BREAKAGE BEHAVIOR OF LAMINATED GLASS - PARTIM 2: EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION
Authors: DELINCÉ D. , CALLEWAERT D. , VANLAERE W. , BELIS J. , DEPAUW J.
Published: March 2009

Transparent polymer interlayer foils are widely used to increase the safety of glass applications, mainly in construction and automotive industry. In case one or more glass sheets in a laminate fracture, the remaining structural capacity (i.e. stiffness and strength) highly depends on the solicitation and mechanical properties of the interlayer. In such a post-breakage state, the interlayer is subjected to a complex combination of phenomena such as partial delamination, large strain deformation, strain hardening, rupture, etc. In part 1, an analytical model was presented to describe the mechanical behavior of glass laminates in a post-breakage state in which both glass plates are broken. In addition, a comparison of the theoretical model with experimental results is presented in part 2 below.
PREDICTION OF THE DELAMINATION IN THE PEARLITIC STEEL FILAMENTS BY 3 DIMENAIONAL ATOM PROBE TOMOGRAPHY
Authors: YANG Y. S. , PARK C. G. , BAE J. G. , BAN D. Y.
Published: March 2009

We have tried to find out the critical factor governing the delamination in the pearlitic steel filaments. Steel filaments were fabricated depending on the carbon content from 0.72 to 1.02 wt.%. The delamination was identified by a torsion tester specially designed for thin-sized wires and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that as the carbon content increased, the number of twists to fracture decreased, and the delamination only occurred in the filament with 1.02 wt .% C . In order to elucidate this behavior, the microstructure of the filaments was observed using advanced analysis techniques such as 3 dimensional atom probes tomography (3-DAPT).
STUDY OF CUTTING AERIAL PMMA WITH MINIATURE DETONATION CORD
Authors: LI Z.Q. , ZHAO L.M. , ZHAO Y.G.
Published: March 2009

In order to shorten the time of through-the-canopy-ejection, and to ensure pilot safely escape and survive. The application of linear cutting technique using miniature detonation cord( MDC) in through-the-canopy-ejection-system is proposed. A series of different kinds of MDC are designed. Firstly experimental study on the cutting process of the PMMA plate wiht MDC is carried out. Material of metal cover explosive types and the range of charge quantities are determined. Consequently the phenomena of spallation is observed, and the relationship between the cutting depth and charge quantities is obtained. For the comparison, the process of explosion cutting PMMA plate is simulated by means of nonlinear dynamic analysis code LS-DYNA. Spallation phenomena which occurs in the experiment, is also observed in the simulation. Simulation results present the relationship of cutting depth of PMMA plate versus charge linear density, which well agree with experimental ones.
CRASHWORTHINESS DESIGN OF THE SHEAR BOLTS FOR LIGHT COLLISION SAFETY DEVICES
Authors: KIM JIN SUNG , HUH HOON , KWON TAE SOO
Published: March 2009

This paper introduces the jig set for the crash test and the crash test results of shear bolts which are designed to fail at train crash conditions. The tension and shear bolts are attached to Light Collision Safety Devices(LCSD) as a mechanical fuse when tension and shear bolts reach their failure load designed. The kinetic energy due to the crash is absorbed by the secondary energy absorbing device after LCSD are detached from the main body by the fracture of shear bolts. A single shear bolt was designed to fail at the load of 250 kN. The jig set designed to convert a compressive loading to a shear loading was installed to the high speed crash tester for dynamic shear tests. Two strain gauges were attached at the parallel section of the jig set to measure the load responses acting on the shear bolts. Crash tests were performed with a carrier whose mass was 250 kg and the initial speed of the carrier was 9 m/sec. From the quasi-static and dynamic experiments as well as the numerical analysis, the capacity of the shear bolts were accurately predicted for the crashworthiness design.
COMPUTATIONAL PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A SIDE STRUCTURE CONSIDERING STAMPING EFFECTS
Authors: KIM SE-HO , KIM KEE-POONG
Published: March 2009

In this paper, the influence of the stamping effect is investigated in the performance analysis of a side structure. The analysis covers the performance evaluation such as crashworthiness and NVH. Stamping analyses are carried out for a center pillar, and then, numerical simulations are carried out in order to identify the stamping effect on the crashworthiness and the natural frequency. The result shows that the analysis considering the forming history leads to a different result from that without considering the stamping effect, which demonstrates that the design of auto-body should be carried out considering the stamping history for accurate assessment of various performances.
A STUDY OF THE RECONSTRUCTION OF ACCIDENTS AND CRIME SCENES THROUGH COMPUTATIONAL EXPERIMENTS
Authors: PARK S. J. , CHAE S. W. , KIM S. H. , YANG K. M. , CHUNG H. S.
Published: March 2009

Recently, with an increase in the number of studies of the safety of both pedestrians and passengers, computer software, such as MADYMO, Pam-crash, and LS-dyna, has been providing human models for computer simulation. Although such programs have been applied to make machines beneficial for humans, studies that analyze the reconstruction of accidents or crime scenes are rare. Therefore, through computational experiments, the present study presents reconstructions of two questionable accidents. In the first case, a car fell off the road and the driver was separated from it. The accident investigator was very confused because some circumstantial evidence suggested the possibility that the driver was murdered. In the second case, a woman died in her house and the police suspected foul play with her boyfriend as a suspect.

These two cases were reconstructed using the human model in MADYMO software. The first case was eventually confirmed as a traffic accident in which the driver bounced out of the car when the car fell off, and the second case was proved to be suicide rather than homicide.
AN ELASTO-PLASTIC ANALYSIS OF SOLIDS BY THE LOCAL MESHLESS METHOD BASED ON MLS
Authors: GU Y.T.
Published: March 2009

A pseudo-elastic local meshless formulation is developed in this paper for elasto-plastic analysis of solids. The moving least square (MLS) is used to construct the meshless shape functions, and the weighted local weak-form is employed to derive the system of equations. Hencky's total deformation theory is applied to define the effective Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio in the nonlinear analysis, which are obtained in an iterative manner using the strain controlled projection method. Numerical studies are presented for the elasto-plastic analysis of solids by the newly developed meshless formulation. It has demonstrated that the present pseudo-elastic local meshless approach is very effective for the elasto-plastic analysis of solids.