bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Organic Matter and Initial Moisture Content on Water Transmission Characteristics of Alfisols of Assam
Authors:   Department of Soil Science, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat-785013, India, Nayak M. K. , Patgiri D. K. ,   Department of Soil Science, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat-785013, India, Baruah T. C. ,   Department of Soil Science, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat-785013, India
Published: December 2020

A study was conducted to study the effect of organic matter and initial moisture content on water transmission behaviour of three texturally different Alfisols. Saturated hydraulic conductivity showed a variable increase with increase in organic matter. Soil water diffusivity D (θ) showed an irregular trend with increasing levels of organic matter while sorptivity (s) increased with increasing levels of organic matter, penetrability (P) of wetting front decreased. Weighted mean diffusivity did not show any particular trend amongst the treatments, however, it was found to be higher in treated soils as compared to untreated control. Specific water capacity increased with increasing levels of organic matter, while capillary conductivity (k) did not show any definite trend. All the water transmission parameters except sorptivity were found to be increased with an increase in initial moisture content. Diffusivity was in general higher at lower initial moisture content indicating that soil water diffusivity was greatly influenced by initial moisture content. Prediction of D (θ) was, by and large, satisfactory in coarse textured soils and inconclusive in case of K (θ) relation in most of the soils.
Distribution of Nutrients in Sundarbans Coastal Ecosystem- A Case study
Authors:   ICAR- National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Salt lake, Kolkata-700091, India., Srinivasan R. , Nayak D. C. ,   ICAR- National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Salt lake, Kolkata-700091, India., Singh S. K. ,   ICAR- National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Amravati Road, Nagpur 440 033, India,
Published: December 2020

The distribution of nutrients were studied in six soil management units identified viz., Chandipur, Biprodaspur, Pathankhali, Manmathanagar-I, Manmathanagar-II and Bhupendranagar of Gosaba block (part) of sundarbans ecosystem. Data indicated that the soils were strongly acidic (< 4.5) to neutral in reaction and associated with marginal to severe salinity (> 13.3 dS m-1). The organic carbon content ranged from 0.67 to 1.66% in surface and 0.15 to 3.44% in sub-soils. The available nitrogen content varied from 90 to 502 kg ha-1 and it changed significantly with depth. The available phosphorus varied from 0.5 to 24.7 kg ha-1. Available potassium and sulphur in soils are very high, ranging from 178 to 572 kg ha-1 and 25 to 706 mg kg-1 respectively. DTPA -Fe and Mn varied from 18.9 to 336 and 2.17 to 37.6 mg kg-1 in soils being higher in sub-surface horizons, and DTPA- Zn and Cu ranged 0.27 to 4.73 and 0.63 to 14.5 mg kg-1 respectively.
Albert Einstein’ın Din Felsefesi
Authors: FRANQUIZ J. A.
Published: December 2020

Albert Einstein, ünlü bir fizikçi olmasının yanı sıra bireysel ve toplumsal kaygılar taşıyan, dolayısıyla toplumu ilgilendiren en temel meselelere dair eserler kaleme alan bir düşünürdür. Bahsi geçen meseleler arasında toplumda en yaygın ilgi alanı olarak din olgusunu da inceler. Ona göre kişinin dahil olduğu inanç sistemi, epistemolojik bir olgudur. Bu sebeple Einstein, inanç yapılarını kişilerin bilgi ve kültür seviyelerine göre inceleyerek toplumu bu doğrultuda sınıflandırır. Bu çalışmada yazar Einstein'ın dinî açıdan yapmış olduğu sınıflandırmaları ve onun kendi inanç sistemini değerlendirir.I n this study, the author evaluates Einstein's religious classifications and his own belief system.
Çevresel Performansı İyileştirme ve Maliyet Tasarrufu Sağlama Aracı Olarak Malzeme Akış Maliyet Muhasebesi: Bir Üretim İşletmesinde Örnek Uygulama
Authors: Kıllı Mustafa , Gülmez Cançağ
Published: December 2020

Küresel rekabetin artmasıyla birlikte işletmeler maliyetleri azaltmanın ve daha fazla kâr elde edebilmenin yollarını aramaktadırlar. Bu amaçla bazı işletmeler atıkları azaltma ve geri dönüşüm alanına yoğunlaşarak maliyet avantajı sağlamaya çalışmaktadırlar. Bu aşamada çevresel yönetim muhasebesinin alt dallarından biri olan Malzeme Akış Maliyet Muhasebesi (MAMM)'nin uygulanması ile geri dönüşüm ve atık azaltma yönündeki çalışmalara ağırlık verilerek işletmelerin maliyetlerini minimize edip eldeki hammadde ile daha verimli bir üretim süreci sağlamaları mümkün olacaktır.
Yurtdışında kullanımı giderek yaygınlaşan bir sistem olan MAMM’nin, Türkiye’de kullanımı henüz yaygınlaşmamıştır. Çalışmanın amacı MAMM’nin bir üretim işletmesinde uygulanabilirliğini, çevresel performansı iyileştirme ve maliyet tasarrufu sağlama konularında sağlayacağı katkıları incelemektir. Bu amaçla tekstil üretimi yapan bir işletmede örnek olay çalışması gerçekleştirilmiştir. MAMM prosedürü gereği belirli bir gömlek tip seçilip kesim aşamasından paketleme aşamasına kadar olan bütün süreç incelenmiştir. MAMM analizi gereği her işlemin pozitif ve negatif maliyeti belirlenmektedir. Ürünlerin negatif maliyeti sırasıyla %16,32 ve %8,35 olarak görülmektedir. Negatif ürünün büyük bir kısmının kesim işleminden kaynaklandığı tespit edilmiştir. Buradan hareketle negatif ürünlerin maliyetinin ana kaynağı belirlenmeye çalışılmış ve çözüm önerileri getirilmiştir.
Dünya, Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye'de Sigorta Sektörü
Authors: Engin Cem , Karakuş Burak
Published: December 2020

Geçmişten günümüze insanların, hayatlarının her alanını güvence altına alma gayretleri çeşitlenmiş ve zaman içerisinde gelişme göstermiştir. Günümüzün en dinamik sektörleri arasında yer alan sigorta sektörü, özellikle gelişmiş ülkelerde oldukça geniş bir pazar payına sahiptir. Gelişmekte olan ülkelerde ise kavramsal detaylar yeterince bilinir olmasa da hayatımızda önemli bir yeri olan sigorta, risklere karşı bir güvence oluşturmasının yanı sıra ülke ekonomileri için de bir fon kaynağı olmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın ilk hedefi; gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkelerin pazar kapasiteleri ve prim üretimleri üzerinden sigorta sektörünün durumunu incelemektir. Ardından Türkiye’deki sigorta sektörü incelenerek dünya pazarındaki konumu ve sektörün güncel durumuna yer verilecektir.
IMPACTO DEL CAMBIO EN EL MANEJO DEL CULTIVO DE TRIGO DE CONVENCIONAL A ORGÁNICO SOBRE LAS COMUNIDADES FÚNGICAS CULTIVABLES DEL SUELO EN EL VALLE DEL YAQUI, MÉXICO
Authors: Ibarra Villarreal Arlett Leticia , Parra Cota Fannie Isela , Yepez Enrico A. , Gutiérrez Coronado Marco Antonio , Valdez Torres Luis Carlos , De los Santos Villalobos Sergio
Published: December 2020

El uso de fertilizantes orgánicos en el Valle del Yaqui tiende a reducir la degradación del suelo en la producción de trigo, sin embargo, todavía no se han evaluado los impactos biológicos de esta práctica en el suelo. El objetivo de este experimento fue cuantificar el impacto del cambio en el manejo del cultivo de trigo, de convencional a orgánico, sobre la reducción de la degradación fúngica del suelo, por medio del análisis de sus poblaciones fúngicas cultivables y su diversidad. La hipótesis fue que la aportación de fertilizantes orgánicos al cultivo de trigo produce cambios positivos en las propiedades fisicoquímicas del suelo, lo cual beneficia a las poblaciones de hongos, y disminuye su degradación. Tres campos comerciales de trigo se seleccionaron con 1) fertilización sintética convencional (SF), 2) fertilización sintética más fertilización orgánica (SF+OF) y 3) sólo fertilización orgánica (OF). Los sitios de estudio bajo OF y SF+OF vs. SF mostraron mayores, contenidos de materia orgánica (1.5, 1.6 vs. 0.45%), población de hongos (1.7x105, 9.1x104 vs. 1.6x104 CFU g-1 de suelo seco) y diversidad (12, 12 vs. 2). Con base en el análisis filogenético, se aislaron 9, 11 y 2 géneros de hongos de los sitios de estudio bajo fertilización orgánica, sintética + orgánica y sintética, respectivamente. La diversidad metabólica de las cepas fúngicas obtenidas mostró que la producción de indoles osciló entre 0.5 y 65.4 μg mL-1; el hongo Stachybotrys sp. TSM35 fue el productor de indoles mayor. La solubilización de fosfatos mayor (21%) se observó en la cepa Talaromyces pinophilus TSO42 y la cepa con producción de sideróforos mayor (33.9%) fue Volutella ciliata TSM43. Además, el 60% de las cepas mostraron riesgos potenciales para la salud (α- o β-hemólisis). La rotación de convencional a orgánico en el cultivo del trigo logró cambios positivos en las propiedades fisicoquímicas del suelo, en la diversidad y características metabólicas de las poblaciones fúngicas cultivable. El control de la calidad microbiológica de los fertilizantes orgánicos se necesita para evitar riesgos microbiológicos en los sistemas agronómicos, causados por la introducción de cepas con potencial patogénico.
Principals Role in Inclusive Education: A Literature Review
Authors:   SMPN 1 Gadingrejo, Pringsewu, Lampung, Indonesia, Afrianti Lilis
Published: December 2020

The research objective of this article is to determine (1) what leadership style does the principal apply? (2) What strategy did the principal use? (3) What affects the leadership style and strategy of the principal in carrying out inclusive education? Using the search and review method of articles, the review process begins with the search engine, Google scholar and DOAJ, to search for articles with keywords. The results of the review show that (1) principals adopt different leadership styles and (2) principals implement various strategies. (3) The factors that influence the various styles and strategies are diverse resources, government policies, and local values.
PARTICIPAÇÃO DA CIÊNCIA E TECNOLOGIA NA QUESTÃO AMBIENTAL DO BRASIL
Authors: Rezende Eliseu
Published: December 2020

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REFORMA DO SISTEMA FINANCEIRO NACIONAL E OS BANCOS PÚBLICOS
Authors: Bomfim Antonio de A.
Published: December 2020

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DESAFIO BRASILEIRO NOS ANOS 90
Authors: Fortuna Hernani Goulart
Published: December 2020

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BASES PARA UM PROJETO NACIONAL
Authors: Ferolla Sérgio Xavier
Published: December 2020

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COMPORTAMENTO DAS ELITES ELITES BRASILEIRAS – ATUAÇÃO E PERSPECTIVAS
Authors: Fontes João Evangelista
Published: December 2020

Este trabalho é um ensaio cuja intenção é analisar a atuação das elites brasileiras no cenário nacional através de um estudo da evolução da sociedade. O homem surge na terra enfrentando adversidades das mais variadas, que o conduzem num processo natural e necessário a aglutinar e viver em grupos. Sua evolução através dos tempos numa existência lenta o leva a compreender as explicações tornavam-se acessivas à compreensão. O marco que acelerou as transformações do mundo foi, sem dúvida, a Revolução Industrial, que promoveu um avanço tecnológico de tal proporção que, hoje, o homem assiste aos acontecimentos surpreso e, por vezes, sem compreendê-los. Neste turbilhão de transformações e mudanças também está o brasileiro, participante e vivenciando, um tanto atordoado, preso às suas origens étnicas e condicionadas pelo ambiente onde vive com suas tradições e costumes legados por seus antepassados. O brasileiro possui basicamente características comuns aos demais habitantes do planeta, em função de uma série de determinantes, desenvolveu um jeito próprio que, realmente, o faz um ser especial e diferente dos demais, cujo conjunto de atitudes, posturas e modos compõem o caráter nacional. As elites são compostas por pessoas com estes traços característicos. As elites são representantes do povo que cada vez mais assumem os traços acentuados desse povo. Portanto, não podemos esperar que nossas elites sejam diferentes do povo, mas esperar que sejam iluminadas o suficiente para saber bem conduzir os destinos da coletividade, proporcionando e garantindo a ordem social. Os Partidos Políticos, os Sindicatos, a Igreja, os Empresários, as Forças Armadas, a Mídia, muito mais do que grupos de pressão, atualmente, são os grandes centros de poder, e seus representantes que compõem as elites poderão aumentar a instabilidade social reinante no país ou reverter a situação calamitosa para rumos mais estáveis e promissores, bastando, tão somente, procurar efetivar o bem comum. Dentro desta ótica já passa da hora e da vez para que as elites, imbuídas de um espírito de nacionalidade, reúnam esforços visando ao bem comum para toda a sociedade brasileira. E através de um entendimento amplo, objetivo, inteligente, compreensivo e simples encontrem mecanismos eficientes e duradouros, pois só assim surgirá um Projeto Nacional Brasileiro com o retorno de seus valores básicos e vitais tão esquecidos e agredidos.
PALAVRAS DE DESPEDIDA DESTE COMANDO
Authors: Ferolla Sérgio Xavier
Published: December 2020

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EDUCAÇÃO DA FORMAÇÃO DA CIDADANIA
Authors: Marinho Neide F.
Published: December 2020

A flexibilidade é um pré-requisito essencial para os professores porque cada estudante, cada ser humano, é único. Educar significa ampliar a mente das pessoas. A esse respeito, não há limites nacionais na educação; ela é completamente aberta. A educação pode e deve contribuir igualmente para toda a humanidade. Quanto mais visualizamos o futuro, mais somos compelidos a devotar nossas energias para a educação do homem como um empreendimento previdente.

O presente trabalho enfoca dois itens – educação e cidadania – que são unos. A visão holística deste trabalho abrange tecnologia, valor, sociedade, meio ambiente e trabalho todos com um único objetivo: o ser humano. Nenhum organismo, instituição ou mesom Nação não existirá se não houver o ser humano. Mesmo sendo um discurso repetitivo as ações têm sido direcionadas pelo próprio homem para sua destruição. Nas páginas seguintes, alerta-se sobre isto com uma visão enfática no valor. Estuda-se para ser feliz. Vive-se para ser feliz.
GUERRA CIVIL NA EX IUGOSLÁVIA. A PARTICIPAÇÃO DO BRASIL, SOB A É- GIDE DA ONU, NA FORÇA DE PROTEÇÃO DA EX-IUGOSLÁVIA.
Authors: Moraes Márcio Bonifácio
Published: December 2020

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استجابة صفات محصول السمسم (Sesamum indicum L.) و مكوناته لبعض المعاملات الزراعية
Authors: Ahmed Yaser Mohammed Ali , Fadel Rakiba Mehammed Abdulla , Ahmed Zaid Othman Salem
Published: December 2020

أُجريت تجربة حقلية في مزرعة قرية الثعلب بمحافظة لحج في الموسمين الزراعيين 2014 و2015 م لدراسة استجابة السمسم المحلي صنف (بلدي أحمر) لأربعة مواعيد زراعية هي: 15 أغسطس , 29 أغسطس , 12 سبتمبر و26 سبتمبر وأربعة مستويات من التسميد النتروجيني هي: صفر , 80 , 120 و160 (كجم N/هكتار) وثلاث كثافات نباتية هي: (133333 نبات/هكتار)، (222222 نبات/هكتار) و (250000 نبات/هكتار)، وكانت النتائج على النحو الآتي:

أثرت مواعيد الزراعة تأثيراً معنوياً على كل صفات المحصول، ومكوناته في كلا الموسمين، وقد أمكن الحصول على أكبر قيم صفات المحصول، ومكوناته عند الزراعة في الموعد المبكر (15 أغسطس) في كلا الموسمين.

أدت زيادة التسميد النتروجيني حتى (160 كجم N/هكتار) إلى زيادة معنوية في كل صفات المحصول ومكوناته في كلا الموسمين.

أدت الكثافة النباتية الأعلى (250000 نبات/هكتار) إلى زيادة معنوية في محصول البذور/هكتار، و محصول الزيت/هكتار، ومحصول البروتين الخام/هكتار.

أدت الكثافة النباتية الأدنى (133333 نبات/هكتار) إلى زيادة معنوية في عدد الكبسولات / نبات، وزن ألف بذرة، محصول البذور/نبات، نسبة الزيت في البذور % ونسبة البروتين الخام في البذور %.

أدت الكثافة النباتية الوسطى (222222 نبات/هكتار) إلى زيادة معنوية في نسبة البروتين الخام في البذور %، ومحصول البروتين الخام (طن متري/هكتار).
Mutsuz eden yöneticilerden beklenen liderlik tarzları üzerine senaryo araştırması
Authors: ALPARSLAN Ali , KIRAN Funda , KILIÇ AKSOY Şükriye , PEHLİVAN Dorukcan
Published: December 2020

Bu çalışmanın amacı çalışanların işyerlerinde yöneticilerinin davranışlarından kaynaklı oluşan mutsuzluklarının hangi liderlik tarzı ile giderilebileceğini tespit edebilmektir. Bunun yanında mutsuz eden yönetici davranışlarından hangisinin daha sık görüldüğü ve mutlu eden yönetici davranışlarından hangisinin daha çok beklendiği de araştırmanın çözümlemeyi amaçladığı sorular olmuştur. Mutsuz eden yönetici davranışları ve çalışma kapsamına alınan liderlik tarzları senaryolaştırılarak 151 katılımcıya anket tekniği ile sunulmuştur. Araştırmanın bulgularına göre mutsuz eden yönetici davranışları karşısında en fazla beklenen liderlik tarzı otantik liderlik olmuştur. En fazla adaletsizlik, iletişim yetersizliği ve aşırı rol yükü olumsuzları ile mutsuz olduklarını belirten katılımcılar; güvenilir, pozitif iletişim kuran ve sonuç/çözüm odaklı yöneticiler arzu etmektedir.
PENGARUH STRUKTUR MODAL TERHADAP PROFITABILITAS PERUSAHAAN JASA SUB SEKTOR LEMBAGA PEMBIAYAAN YANG TERDAFTAR DI BURSA EFEK INDONESIA PERIODE 2015-2018
Authors: Nazariah Nazariah , Maisur Maisur
Published: December 2020

Tujuan penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh struktur modal terhadap profitabilitas perusahaan jasa sub sektor lembaga pembiayaan yang terdaftar di bursa efek Indonesia periode 2015-2018. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah kuantitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan teknik dokumentasi. Pada pengambilan sampel menggunakan metode purposive sampling dengan menggunakan kriteria tertentu. Sampel penelitian sebanyak 10 perusahaan. Hasil penelitian bahwa debt ratio (DR) tidak berpengaruh terhadap profitabilitas (ROA), sedangkan debt to asset ratio berpengaruh terhadap profitabilitas (ROA).
PENGEMBANGAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN ATLETIK NOMOR LOMPAT TINGGI BERBENTUK PERMAINAN UNTUK SISWA SEKOLAH MENEGAH ATAS DI SMA NEREGERI 16 KOTA BANDA ACEH TAHUN PELAJARAN 2019/2020
Authors: Lestari Indah , Jafaruddin Jafaruddin
Published: December 2020

Kurangnya partisipasi siswa dalam mengikuti pelajaran akan menurunkan tingkat keberhasilan siswa dalam belajar oleh karena itu diperlukan suatu tindakan yang mampu melibatkan partisipasi siswa dan sekaligus dapat digunakan untuk mempermudah siswa dalam mengikuti proses pembelajaran demi tercapainya tujuan pembelajaran yang direncanakan. dengan demikian guru harus aktif dalam menciptakan suasana agar siswa lebih aktif menanggapi proses pembelajaran melalu model pembelajaran yang di buat oleh guru pendidikan jasmani tersebut baik dengan model modifikasi pembelajran.rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini adalahMembuat dan mengembangkan modelpembelajaranatletik nomor lompat tinggi yang berbentuk permainan yang di modifikasi untuk siswa sekolah menegah atas di SMA Negeri 16 Kota Banda Aceh tahun pelajaran 2019/2020. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, maka pengembangan modelpembelajaranatletik nomor lompat tinggi yang berbentuk permainan untuk siswa sekolah menegah atas di SMA Negeri 16 Kota Banda Aceh disajikan dalam bentuk model pengembangan demonstrasi, visualisasi dan simulasi sosial pada siswa.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengembangkan modelpembelajaranatletik nomor lompat tinggi yang berbentuk permainan untuk siswa sekolah menegah atas di SMA Negeri 16 Kota Banda Aceh tahun pelajaran 2019/2020.Model Pembelajaran lompat kotak termasuk dalam model  pertama dalam pengembangan model pembelajaran atletik nomor lompat tinggi dalam bentuk permaianan dengan korelasi antar variabel bersih dengan model ketiga terletak pada rentanng 0.371.Model Pembelajaran lompat tali termasuk dalam model  ke dua dalam pengembangan model pembelajaran atletik nomor lompat tinggi dalam bentuk permaianan dengan korelasi antar variabel bersih dengan model ketiga terletak pada rentanng 0.405Model Pembelajaran lompat gawang termasuk dalam model  ke tiga dalam pengembangan model pembelajaran atletik nomor lompat tinggi dalam bentuk permaianan dengan korelasi antar variabel bersih dengan model ketiga terletak pada rentanng 0.205. Kata Kunci: Model Pembelajaran, Lompat Tinggi, Permainan
The Rise of Nationalism and Xenophobia in Putin’s Russia: Implications for Immigrants from Central Asia and Caucasus
Authors:   Eurasia Institutes, Terzyan Aram
Published: December 2020

This paper explores rising nationalism and xenophobia in Putin’s Russia, focusing on their implications for immigrants from Central Asia and Caucasus. There is a broad consensus among the students of the Russian politics, that Vladimir Putin’s presidency has led to new Russian national identity construction and rising nationalism. The major shift in Orthodox nationalism during Putin’s presidency has taken its toll on immigrants, particularly from Central Asia and Caucasus. While the Kremlin would consistently strive to style the Russian nationalism as “anti-fascist,” it has not done much to address mounting concerns over significant overlaps between nationalism and xenophobia. Rather, the nationalist rhetoric has well resonated with many Russians, who would take to the streets with slogans of “White Power” or "Russia for the Russians."
Nós e os Outros: Autonomia e Recepção na Autotradução de João Ubaldo Ribeiro
Authors: Lucena Sarah
Published: December 2020

No campo dos Estudos de Tradução, o fenômeno da autotradução – termo que caracteriza traduções realizadas pelo próprio autor do texto original – é um tema ainda pouco explorado em comparação com as pesquisas em tradução, necessitando ser visitado pela crítica uma vez que o sistema literário brasileiro conta com um caso exemplar. Assim, na primeira parte deste artigo discutiremos as estratégias autotradutórias em Viva o Povo Brasileiro, vertido do português para o inglês pelo seu autor, João Ubaldo Ribeiro, sob o novo título de An Invincible Memory. Em seguida, analisaremos como a crítica anglófona recebeu o projeto de Ribeiro em comparação com seu romance original para refletir sobre as condições de existência da literatura brasileira no exterior, cuja autonomia se vê limitada quando traduzida para um contexto mercadológico hegemônico como o de língua inglesa.
Nghiên cứu áp dụng các thuật toán khai phá dữ liệu không giám sát để lựa chọn giải pháp nâng cao hệ số thu hồi dầu cho các mỏ dầu đang suy giảm sản lượng
Authors: Phạm Quý Ngọc
Published: December 2020

Phương pháp nâng cao thu hồi dầu (Enhanced Oil Recovery, EOR) là giải pháp có thể gia tăng sản lượng dầu thu hồi, đặc biệt cho các mỏ dầu có sản lượng khai thác bắt đầu suy giảm và độ ngập nước tăng. Nghiên cứu này tổng hợp nhiều dự án EOR đã áp dụng thành công trên thế giới và áp dụng phương pháp phân tích nâng cao (như phân tích thành phần chính (PCA) và kỹ thuật phân cụm K-means để “học kinh nghiệm” từ các dự án này), từ đó tìm ra các tiêu chí và giải pháp EOR phù hợp cho các mỏ dầu đang suy giảm tại Việt Nam.
Assessment of HIV risk behaviors, practices and knowledge among people living with HIV in Bhutan, 2011
Authors: Darnal Jit B. , Doung-ngern Pawinee , Wangchuk Lungten Z. , Gurung Mongal S. , Swaddiwudhipong Witaya
Published: December 2020

Introduction: A total of 217 HIV positive cases have been reported in Bhutan as of 2010. A descriptive study toassess the knowledge and behavioral practices among 116 of those persons living with HIV (PLHIV) was conducted in 2011.

Methods: Data on demographic characteristics, sexual behavior, alcohol consumption: mobility and HIVknowledge both before and after testing positive for HIV were collected. Responses regarding behavior before and after HIV diagnosis were compared.

Results: Of 116 participants, 52.6% were males; a majority of male PLHIV (72.1%) belonged to salaried group of people while housewife represented 47.3% among female respondents. Fortythree percent of male and 5.5% of female participants reported having exchange sex and 52.5% of male and 41.8% of female participants reported having non-exchange sex partners before HIV diagnosis. The consistent condom use had significantly increased after HIV diagnosis among males with exchange (12% vs. 60%, p=.04) and non-exchange (13% vs. 100%, p<.001) partners. Eighty-four percent of male and 61.8% of female participants reported consuming alcohol before HIV diagnosis. Only one male respondent reported injection drug use before HIV. There was a decrease in incidence of sexually transmitted infection (56.9% vs. 31.9%) after HIV diagnosis. Forty-three percent of males had traveled abroad before HIV diagnosis; among those, 30.8% reported having exchange sex while abroad.

Conclusions: Our findings indicated that high-risk sexual behavior was common before HIV diagnosis and that sexual practices changed after diagnosis. Educational campaigns aimed at increasing HIV knowledge and safe sex, are critical to reduce HIV infections in Bhutan.
Status of Thiamin deficiency in boarding school children from seven districts in Bhutan with previous history of peripheral neuropathy outbreaks: a cohort study
Authors: Dzed Laigden , Dorji Tandin , you prefer to Dorji , Dhakal Guru P. , Yangchen Pema , Wangmo Kinley
Published: December 2020

Introduction: Peripheral neuropathy outbreaks have been a common occurrence amongst boarding schoolchildren from seven districts in Bhutan. Thiamin deficiency has always been suspected to be the cause but the status of the vitamin has never been established. This study aims to find the status of thiamin and dietary intake of micronutrients in boarding schoolchildren from seven districts with previous history of peripheral neuropathy outbreaks.

Methods: Whole blood thiamin and dietary intake of micronutrients were assessed in 448 school children for four study periods (SP). Baseline data (SP1) was collected when the school children just joined the school at the start of the school academic year. SP2 was the first half of the school year and the data was collected just before the midterm break. SP3 was the short summer break and SP4 the second half of the school academic year.

Results: 50.58% of the school children were found to be thiamin deficient at baseline which increased to 90.1% in SP2. The percentage of thiamin deficient school children increased to 91.8% in SP3 and then decreased to 79.82% in SP4. The requirements for vitamin B1, B12, vitamin A and iron were never met by dietary intakes in all the study periods.

Conclusions: In conclusion, this study found a high prevalence of Thiamin deficiency in schoolchildren at baseline and the number of school children with Thiamin deficiency increased when in schools. The school children also had inadequate dietary intake of many micronutrients.
Association of maternal serum beta human chorionic gonadotropin (B-hCG) level with intrayterine growth restriction: a case control study
Authors: Dorjey Yeshey
Published: December 2020

Introduction: Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a major cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality. The human chorionic gonadotropin (B-hCG) is suggested to be released in large amounts into the maternal circulation due to placental dysfunction. Studies have shown that raised levels of B-hCG was associated with IUGR in the first and second trimesters. However, no study was done during the third trimester. Therefore, the objective of the study was to determine the association of B-hCG level with IUGR during 3rd trimester. 
Methods: A case-control one year-period study completed in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, BSMMU, Bangladesh. Pregnant mothers diagnosed with IUGR were taken as case (n=55) and mothers without IUGR as control (n=55). Serum B-hCG levels of these two groups were measured. The data was analysed with SPSS-16 software. Chi-square test was used for analysis.
Results: The mean estimated fetal weight (EFW) of case was significantly less as compared to control (p<0.001). Out of 55 pregnancies with IUGR, 14 (25.5%) had raised level of B-hCG as compared to only 4(7.3%) of control had raised B-hCG level. The odds ratio (OR) of developing IUGR in pregnant women with raised B-hCG level was found to be 4.4 fold (95% CI: 1.331- 14.237) higher than the pregnant women with normal level of B-hCG.
Conclusions: The study concluded a significant association between the raised levels of B-hCG with IUGR.
Primary Tuberculosis of pharynx-diagnostic difficulties, complications and treatment
Authors: Adhikari Tika R. , Omar Rahmat
Published: December 2020

Primary tuberculosis of the upper respiratory tract is extremely rare and poses a diagnostic challenge. Due to delay in diagnosis the disease may progress to life threatening airway compromise. Here we report a case of chronic granulomatous infection of the upper respiratory tract involving the oropharynx. Initial biopsy revealed acute on chronic inflammation with no epitheloid granuloma and no acid fast bacilli was found on Ziehl-Nielsen staining of the biopsy. As a result of delay in diagnosis the disease progressed to involve the soft palate, valopharyngeal isthmus, and supraglottis compromising the airway and needed emergency tracheostomy. Where there is strong clinical suspicion repeat biopsy should be performed. The life threatening complication of pharyngeal tuberculosis such as stenosis and adhesion leading to airway compromise can occur during the course of treatment and should be closely monitored . It can be managed effectively with radiofrequency uvulopalatoplasty as demonstrated in the case report.
Department of pathology and laboratory medicine at Jigme Dorji Wangchuck National Referral Hospital striving for quality: external quality assessment scheme in hematology
Authors: Dorji Kuenzang , Jamtsho Rixin , Samal Puja D. , Rai Partab , Wangchuk Dorji
Published: December 2020

Introduction: Quality Assurance comprising External Quality Assessment Scheme (EQAS) and Internal Quality Control (IQC) is an indispensible part of the laboratory analytical process to ensure reliable results from the laboratories. However, due to various challenges in many developing countries such as limitations in resources and manpower, EQAS samples are often given less importance at laboratories. The objective of this study is to assess performance on hematology EQAS samples received from Pacific Paramedical Training Center- External Quality Assesment Scheme (PPTC-EQAS) and International External Quality Assesment Scheme-United Kingdom (IEQAS-UK)since 2007 and 2008 respectively. The findings from this study will be helpful to establish an effective system to ensure timely follow up and corrective actions to improve the quality of laboratory services.
Methods:The feedback of the EQAS results submitted thrice a year to the PPTC-EQAS and six times a year to the IEQAS-UK since 2007 and 2008 respectively were reviewed to assess the laboratory’s performance and to determine the effectiveness of EQAS participation for improving the performance of laboratory hematology in Bhutan.
Results:For PPTC-EQAS, the average yearly scores were 69.00%, 75.00%, 87.66%, 87.50%, 70.00%, 80.33%, 80.50%, 85.00% for the years 2007-2014. For IEQAS-UK, the average yearly scores were 76.66%, 75.95%, 77.91%, 85.83%, 92.50%, 63.88% and 98.14% for the years 2008-2014. Our results show inconsistent performances on both EQAS samples despite gradual improvement over the last seven years.
Conclusions:We conclude that, strengthening the system for regular follow up and implementing corrective actions for the outlying results in addition to replacement of the equipment could improve the trend and ensure consistency of the performance.
National oral health survey in 6- and 12-year-old Bhutanese school children
Authors: Ngedup Sonam
Published: December 2020

Introduction: Dental caries is a highly prevalent and a significant public health problem affecting 70% to 95% of children, including adults in member states of the South East Asia region. Epidemiological data on the prevalence of dental caries amongst Bhutanese children at the national level is non-existent. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of dental caries, periodontal status, traumatic dental injuries and fluorosis in 6-and 12-year-old school children.

Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional survey in two age groups of school children in Bhutan was conducted in 2014. A total of 2904 students participated in the survey. A multistage cluster random sampling method was adopted that included samples from both urban and rural schools. The assessments for dental caries and periodontal conditions were done as per modified WHO methodology and criteria. Dental trauma and fluorosis were identified as present or absent irrespective of severity levels.

Results: Dental caries prevalence was 41.90% and 83.80% with mean DMFT/ dmft 0.80 and 5.54 for 12-and 6-year-olds respectively. Urban students had more caries than their rural counterparts. Overall, 13.00% of 12-year-olds had healthy gingiva but more calculus was detected in rural children. Dental trauma and fluorosis were very low (0.01% to 5.00%) in both the age groups.

Conclusions: Caries prevalence was very high in 6-year-olds while periodontal status in 12-year-olds was poor. Rural school children had lower caries levels compared to their urban counterparts. Imparting oral health awareness among parents can lower caries severity in younger children.
Research Ethics Board of Health: a seven year review of the only ethics review board in Bhutan
Authors: Gurung Mongal S. , Dema Tashi , Pelzom Dorji , Tobgay Tashi , Drukpa Pakila
Published: December 2020

Introduction: Research Ethics Board of Health (REBH), established in 2009, is the only ethics review board in Bhutan. The REBH was certified by the Strategic Initiative for Developing Capacity in Ethical Review (SIDCER), Forum for Ethical Review Committees in the Asian and Western Pacific Regions (FERCAP) in 2010 and recertified in 2013, and it received the Federal Wide Assurance (FWA) from the Office for Human Research Protections (OHRP), USA, in 2010 and in 2013. All researchers conducting health related research in Bhutan have to seek prior ethical clearance from REBH under the requirements of the National Health Policy 2011. Objective: The article aims to describe the performance of REBH, its standard and review procedure.

Methods: A descriptive study of records and database of REBH from 2009 to 2015.

Results: As of December 2015, the REBH has received 227 protocols with an average of 32 protocols per year. The median number of days for the initial review was 21 days (Min 0 days; Max 85 days). The median duration for approval of protocols from the date of receiving the application was 48 days. The average number of times the protocols were reviewed before issuing the approval letter was 2.

Conclusions: There has been a progressive increase in the number of protocols submitted to REBH. This indicated an increasing research culture in Bhutan. It takes about one and half months to get an approval from REBH; therefore, researchers have to consider the time required for ethical clearance process while planning research projects.
Rickets, BeriBeri, and Iron Deficiency: micronutrient deficiencies in children
Authors: Erbele Phillip W , Erbele Krista , Fischer Philip R.
Published: December 2020

Some “forgotten” micronutrient deficiencies continue to be common in children. Deficiencies of vitamin D and/or calcium can cause rickets, a crippling condition related to poor mineralization of growing bones. Rickets is diagnosed by identifying skeletal deformities, elevation of alkaline phosphatase levels, and abnormal epiphyses on x-ray. Treatment is with vitamin D and calcium. Prevention hinges on improving the daily intake of calcium, regular sun exposure, or dietary supplementation. Beriberi is due to thiamine deficiency. Infants with beriberi present in heart failure while older children present with neurological abnormalities. Treatment is with thiamine, and prevention requires alterations to improve dietary thiamine intake – by supplementing mothers of breastfed babies, increasing legume and unpolished rice intake, and diversifying diets. Iron deficiency continues to be a problem for nearly half of the world’s children. Bhutan has made strides to eliminate this problem through active de-worming programs and iron supplementation programs.
A supposed delicacy gone wrong: a case report of stink bug meal consumption
Authors: Rinchen Namgay
Published: December 2020

A stink bug species, locally called ‘Hayhem’ or ‘Knabu’is consumed as a meal in certain regions in Bhutan. While it is considered a therapeutic food and a delicacy, interviews with some local people reveal that it often causes severe illnesses in some. No published literature has reported any suchcases.A case of intoxication following the stink bug consumption in a healthy 35 year old female is reported here. She presented with severe vertigo and recurrent vomiting. Examination revealed no focal neurological deficits and there was no physical evidence of an allergic reaction. Her vital signswere within normal range. Blood investigations revealed minimally deranged kidney function. She was treated symptomatically and was managed for acute kidney injury with intravenous fluids and strict input and output monitoring. She recovered after 5 days. Such intoxication can be treated effectively with just conservative management as demonstrated in this case report.
Principle of nutrition and dietetics in sowa rigpa
Authors: Sonam Sonam
Published: December 2020

All living beings need food to live. It is a means of good life, health, and wellness. Inappropriate food will cause diseases and at the same time, food is the first medication against diseases. Just like anything in the universe, food is made of five elements: Earth, Water, Fire, Air, and Space. A balanced diet should contain all of the five elements. Although all plants contain these five elements, the varying ratios found in different plants make the six tastes: Sweet, Salty, Sour, Bitter, Pungent, and Astringent. A different taste has different functions in our body. Deficiency or an excess of a particular taste in food results in an imbalance of the three humours, causing diseases. As we have different nature of body constitution:Wind, Bile and Phlegm, the requirement for food varies from individual to individual.
Alcohol consumption and academic performance among higher secondary students in Thimphu, Bhutan
Authors: Dendup Tashi
Published: December 2020

Introduction: Despite known alcohol abuse among adolescence, precise information on the prevalence and pattern of drinking in Bhutan remain sparse. This study, therefore, assesses the pattern of alcohol drinking and consequences including its effects on academic performance among high school students in Thimphu.
Methods: Multistage random sampling was employed and a survey was conducted in November 2014 using a self-administered semi-structured questionnaire. A total of 403 students were invited, however, 3 students were absent during the time of survey and 13 respondents were rejected due to incompleteness of the questionnaire. Thus, the findings are based on a sample size of 387.
Results: Prevalence of long term alcohol drinkers were 38.8% and 26.6% were current drinkers. The mean age of onset of alcohol use was 15.5 (± 2.6). Binge drinking (greater than or less than four times a week) and GPA (Grade Point Average) were significantly  orrelated (p less than or equal to 0.01, r = - 0.120). Therefore, students involved in binge drinking greater than or equal to four times a week are likely to obtain less GPA.
Conclusions: Students, comprising both males and females, drink alcohol and those who are involved in frequent binge drinking are more likely to have lower GPA.
Management of corrosive oesophageal injuries: a review
Authors: Ray Samrat , Mehta Naimish , Lalwani Shailendra , Mangla Vivek , Mehrotra Siddharth , Nundy Samiran
Published: December 2020

With the increasing incidence of corrosive oesophageal injuries, especially in the developing countries, understanding thepathophysiology and the approach to its management in the emergency and elective settings has become of paramount importance for the surgeon. The approach to the management varies depending on the time of the diagnosis and the location of injury. Endoscopy plays a key role as the first step in the evaluation of such patients in the emergency as well as late elective setting. With the advancement in endoscopic interventions, there has been a shift of preference towards the less invasive and less morbid endoscopic techniques to address the late sequelae of corrosive oesophageal injuries. Refractory cases eventually merit surgery, even at the cost of the morbidity and mortality associated with such rocedures. The surgical approach also varies depending on the location of the stricture, with the proximal 1/3rd strictures  epresenting the most challenging location. A regular follow up and endoscopic surveillance are needed in these patients to screen for any late complications such as cancer or dysmotility.
Addressing childhood dental health in Bhutan
Authors: Erbele Phillip
Published: December 2020

Dental health is a critical component to a society’s overall health. The national oral health article highlighted the high levels of dental caries in six-year-old children in Bhutan. Poor dental health in childhood has long reaching negative effects through adulthood. This is an important pediatric health problem which needs to be addressed to help eliminate and prevent a host of health-related complications and expenses.
Penile implantation and risky sexual behaviour among male clients of female sex workers, Myanmar
Authors: Tun Sun , Aung Tin , Sudhinaraset May , Win Zaw , McFarland Willi
Published: December 2020

Introduction: Male clients of female sex workers are at risk for sexually transmitted infections worldwide, yet their behaviours are seldom described in community-based samples. In addition, physical modifications to the penis, such as injections and implantations of objects to enhance sensation, have been noted in diverse cultures. The objective of the present study was to examine risk behaviours of male clients of female sex workers in Myanmar and assess associations between penile modifications and risk for sexually transmitted infections.
Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2010 in seven cities of Myanmar. The design used probability proportionate to size sampling of male clients at sex work venues (e.g., brothels, entertainment centres, streets) to approximate a representative sample.
Results: Of 2,945 male clients at sex work venues, 2,740 (93.0%) enrolled. Overall, 9.9% reported penile injections and 10.7% reported implantations. Compared to male clients without penile modifications, those with penile injection or implantation had higher numbers of partners and more episodes of unprotected sex with casual and commercialpartners. Condom breakage and history of sexually transmitted disease symptoms were also higher among male clients with penile modifications.
Conclusions: Modifications of the penis mark a constellation of risky behaviours among male clients of female sex workers in Myanmar and may also be causally related to sexually transmitted infections through condom breakage or physical effects on the penis. Health education and counselling on the potential increased risk should be considered for men with penile modifications.
Stillbirths at the National Referral Hospital in Bhutan: a historical description of the rate and related factors, 2006-2008
Authors: Dorji Phurb , Dorji Thinley
Published: December 2020

Introduction: A fetal death or stillbirth is a baby born weighing >500 grams and with no signs of life at or after 28 weeks of gestation.
Methods: This was a cross-sectional survey to estimate the rate of stillbirths and a case series study to describe all stillbirths occurring at Bhutan’s national referral centre, Jigme Dorji Wangchuck National Referral Hospital (JDWNRH), from June 2006 to July 2008. Ethical approval was granted by the Ministry of Health. All pregnant women who had stillbirths with fetuses weighing >500 grams were included. Antenatal and socio-demographic details and examination of the newborn were abstracted from records.
Results: There were 96 stillbirths among 5,417 births at JDWNRH, for a rate of 17.72 per 1,000 births. The mean age of women with stillbirths was 26.5 years (range 15 to 44 years). The majority of stillbirths occurred in women aged between 20 to 34 years and in primipara. The majority (87.5%) of the women had at least one antenatal visit, 69.8% had at least two visits while 12.5% had zero antenatal visits. At birth, there were 39 fresh stillbirths and 57 macerated. Seventy-six stillborn babies (79.2%) had weight lesser than 2500 grams. The most common cause was congenital infections, severe pregnancy induced hypertension, prelabour premature rupture of membranes, chorioamnionitis, and prolonged rupture of membranes. Congenital anomalies causing death was relatively lower in rank. The proportion of unexplained stillbirths was 15.6%.
Conclusions: The rate of stillbirth was substantially high in our population. Many of the causes of stillbirth were preventable and measures can be reinforced to improve birth outcomes.
Massive hemoperitoneum due to rupture of an unscarred uterus diagnosed postpartum: a near-miss maternal death
Authors: Tamang Tshering , Wangden Tshering
Published: December 2020

Spontaneous rupture of an unscarred uterus during pregnancy and labor leading to massive hemoperitoneum is a rare occurrence but with significant morbidity to the mother and fetus. Oxytocin use in labour is a known risk factor for rupture of unscarred uterus. A 21-year-old primigravid woman at 39 weeks of gestation with no known risk factors had labor augmented with an oxytocin infusion; she developed tachysystole and delivered vaginally. Two hours postpartum, pallor, abdominal distension, and a dramatic fall in hemoglobin were noted. An abdominal ultrasound revealed a massive amount of free fluid. At emergency laparotomy the hemoperitoneum was confirmed, and rupture of the posterior wall of the uterus was discovered. Repair of the site of rupture, blood transfusion, and intensive care resulted in a satisfactory recovery. When hemoperitoneum develops in the postpartum period, uterine rupture should be strongly suspected, particularly when oxytocin has been utilized during labor. Judicious use of oxytocin, careful monitoring of labour, and high suspicion of uterine rupture when oxytocin is used play vital roles in preventing the disastrous outcome of maternal death.
An approach to Illnessess by Traditional Medicine of Bhutan: An Introduction
Authors: Singye Jigme
Published: December 2020

Depending on the different ailments, various diagnostic tools like laboratory tests, X-ray, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imagery, and computerized topography scan are used in modern medicine. However, in Bhutanese traditional medicine the method of diagnosis is based on the medical text of Sowa-Rigpa, the ancient practices involving physical examination, questioning, pulsation, palpation and analysis of excretion. These enduring techniques of diagnosis use no modern technologies. The system has been practised in Bhutan for hundreds of years and has been officially establishment in 1967. Insights of this article are compiled from the Buddhist medical text and oral transmission of senior physicians. We discuss diagnosis in three categories namely, visual (Ta-Wa), touch (Reg-Pa) and questioning (Dri-Wa). Visual diagnosis mainly investigates the urine, physical appearance and the tongue. Touch, reading the pulse through which the physician diagnose illnesses. Questioning about the signs and symptoms of the illnesses and past medical history.