bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Robust passivity‐based control design for active nonlinear suspension system
Authors: Hao Sheng , Yamashita Yuh , Kobayashi Koichi
Published: October 2021

In this article, we propose a novel interconnection and damping assignment passivity‐based control (IDA‐PBC) design for a quarter car nonlinear active suspension system. As an energy shaping method, IDA‐PBC is suitable for applying the main concept of skyhook (SH) control. In addition to the damping term, we utilize the characteristics of the energy shaping method to change the sprung and unsprung masses, thereby strengthening the vibration suppression effect. An IDA‐PBC‐based controller design for an active suspension system, which includes a nonlinear spring, a nonlinear damper, and mass uncertainty, is proposed. Different from most IDA‐PBC applications, which tend to control the position or the velocity, our methods focus on transforming a nonlinear suspension system into a desired linear system with ideal aseismatic properties. Unlike a conventional controller using the SH control strategy, we design a virtual vehicle body and an unsprung mass in addition to the damper coefficients. By deriving the port‐Hamiltonian form of the suspension system from its dynamics and rewriting it based on the relative coordinates, we obtain a feedback law that only uses the relative displacement and velocity of the suspension system. We derive the conditions for ensuring the global asymptotical stability of the suspension system and propose the guidelines for parameter selection that can guarantee robust stability against parameter uncertainties.
Evaluating soil quality status of fluvisols at the regional scale: A multidisciplinary approach crossing multiple variables
Authors: Rodrigo‐Comino Jesús , Keshavarzi Ali , Senciales‐González José M.
Published: October 2021

Rivers condition natural and human ecosystems, providing fertile soils and water for irrigation and consumption in rural and urban uses. However, the intensification of human activities and inherent environmental conditions (e.g., topography, slope or climate) are changing the sustainability of fluvial soil ecosystems. This is problematic, especially in the Mediterranean belt, because of a lack of studies at the regional scale that evaluates soils traditionally associated with rivers such as the “Fluvisols” (IUSS‐WRB). Therefore, the main aim of this paper is to understand the current status of fluvial soils in the Málaga province (Southern Spain) within the Mediterranean belt considering: (1) different thematic maps; (2) soil profiles; and (3) a soil quality index. Fluvisols of the region were assessed using fieldwork, extensive soil data sources and soil profiles including specific information on soil physicochemical properties and crossing environmental conditions. A total of 195.22 km2 of fluvisols can be found in Málaga. About 42.5% of the fluvisols are used for human activities such as agriculture (rainfed and irrigation fields, or woody crops such as olives or vineyards), mining, industries and services, urban areas or reservoirs. More than 58% of the fluvisols are located in the warmest territories registering the highest evapotranspiration rates and lowest rainfall amount. The soil quality index reaches lower scores for the fluvisols having mean values of 0.58 (1 = maximum possible score). We conclude that the characterization from a regional scale shed light on the current status of the fluvisols and possible responses against human impacts and river evolution dynamics.
The salmon‐peloton: Hydraulic habitat shifts of adult Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) due to behavioural thermoregulation
Authors: O'Sullivan Antóin M. , Linnansaari Tommi , Leavitt Jaime , Samways Kurt M. , Kurylyk Barret L. , Curry R. Allen
Published: October 2021

In recent decades, there has been an increase in conservation and restoration projects targeting Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar – AS), as populations in eastern Canada decline. Missing however, is an understanding of thermo‐hydraulic habitat use by adult AS during summer, and thus the actual benefits of altering in‐river physical structures. Here, we illustrated how optical and thermal infrared (TIR) imagery acquired from a UAV can be used in concert with in‐situ depth and velocity data to map adult AS and develop models of thermo‐hydraulic habitats in the Miramichi River, New Brunswick. We found during normal temperature conditions (<19°C) boulder proximity, depth, velocity, and Froude number, a non‐dimensional hydraulic metric, were key parameters that characterized adult AS habitat. However, during behavioural thermoregulation events (>19°C), proximity to the cool thermal plume and Froude number were critical controls on habitat use. We also observed AS forming a distinct geometric formation during behavioural thermoregulation events, and term this formation a “thermal‐peloton”; in reference to competitive cycling in which groups of cyclists pack together. The primary function of the peloton is undoubtedly to reduce thermally induced stressed; however, we conceptualize that the geometry of the peloton attenuates hydraulic‐drag, and reduces the energetic expenditure of individuals practicing behavioural thermoregulation. These data provide a blue print for Atlantic salmon restoration work. The use of UAV‐based sensors has the potential to initiate a paradigm shift for river sciences.
Precision aggregated local models
Authors: Edwards Adam M. , Gramacy Robert B.
Published: October 2021

Large‐scale Gaussian process (GP) regression is infeasible for large training data due to cubic scaling of flops and quadratic storage involved in working with covariance matrices. Remedies in recent literature focus on divide‐and‐conquer, for example, partitioning into subproblems and inducing functional (and thus computational) independence. Such approximations can be speedy, accurate, and sometimes even more flexible than ordinary GPs. However, a big downside is loss of continuity at partition boundaries. Modern methods like local approximate GPs (LAGPs) imply effectively infinite partitioning and are thus both good and bad in this regard. Model averaging, an alternative to divide‐and‐conquer, can maintain absolute continuity but often over‐smooths, diminishing accuracy. Here we propose putting LAGP‐like methods into a local experts‐like framework, blending partition‐based speed with model‐averaging continuity, as a flagship example of what we call precision aggregated local models (PALM). Using LAGPs, each selecting from total data pairs, our scheme is at most cubic in , quadratic in , and linear in . Extensive empirical illustration shows how PALM is at least as accurate as LAGP, can be much faster, and furnishes continuous predictions. Finally, we propose sequential updating scheme that greedily refines a PALM predictor up to a computational budget.
Photothermal Structural Dynamics of Au Nanofurnace for In Situ Enhancement in Desorption and Ionization
Authors: Kim Moon‐Ju , Yun Tae Gyeong , Noh Joo‐Yoon , Kang Min‐Jung , Pyun Jae‐Chul
Published: October 2021

Fundamental properties of nanostructured substrates govern the performance of laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (LDI‐MS); however, limited studies have elucidated the desorption/ionization mechanism based on the physicochemical properties of substrates. Herein, the enhancement in desorption/ionization is investigated using a hybrid matrix of Au nanoisland‐functionalized ZnO nanotubes (AuNI‐ZNTs). The underlying origin is explored in terms of the photo‐electronic and ‐thermal properties of the matrix. This is the first study to report the effect of laser‐induced surface restructuring/melting phenomenon on the LDI‐MS performance. AuNI plays a central role as a photothermal nanofurnace, which facilitates the internal energy transfer from the AuNI to the adsorbed analytes by reconstruction in the structurally dynamic AuNI and therefore favors the desorption process. Moreover, piezoelectricity is driven in situ in the AuNI‐ZNT hybrid, which modulates the overall band structure and thereby promotes the ionization process. Ultimately, high LDI‐MS performance is demonstrated by analyzing small metabolites of fatty acids and monosaccharides, which are challenged to be detected in conventional LDI‐MS. This study emphasizing the understanding of matrix properties can provide insights into the design and development of a novel nanomaterial as an efficient LDI matrix. Furthermore, the developed hybrid matrix can overcome the major hurdles existing in conventional LDI‐MS.
Enhancing the Electrochemical Performance of Sodium‐Ion Batteries by Building Optimized NiS2/NiSe2 Heterostructures
Authors: He Shu‐Ang , Cui Zhe , Liu Qian , He Guanjie , Brett Dan J. L. , Luo Wei , Zou Rujia , Zhu Meifang
Published: October 2021

NiS1.23Se0.77 nanosheets closely attached to the internal surface of hollow mesoporous carbon sphere (HMCS) to form a NiS1.23Se0.77 nanosheets embedded in HMCS (NSSNs@HMCS) composite as the anode of sodium ion batteries (SIBs) is reported by a facile synthesis route. The anode exhibits a superior reversible capacity (520 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1), impressive coulombic efficiency (CE) of up to 95.3%, a high rate capacity (353 mAh g−1 at 5.0 A g−1), excellent capacity retention at high current density (95.6%), and high initial coulombic efficiency (ICE) (95.1%). Firstly, the highest ICE for NiS2/NiSe2‐based anode can be ascribed to ultrathin layered structure of NiS1.23Se0.77 nanosheet and highly efficient electron transfer between the active material and HMCS. Secondly, the optimized NiS2/NiSe2 heterostructure at the nanoscale of the inside HMCS is formed after the first discharge/charge cycles, which can provide rich heterojunction interfaces/boundaries of sulfide/selenides to offer faster Na+ pathways, decrease the Na+ diffusion barriers, increase electronic conductivity, and limit the dissolution of polysulfides or polyselenides in the electrolyte. Finally, the hollow structure of the HMCS accommodates the volume expansion, prevents the pulverization and aggregation issues of composite materials, which can also promote outstanding electrochemical performance.
Engineered Aptamer‐Organic Amphiphile Self‐Assemblies for Biomedical Applications: Progress and Challenges
Authors: Xiong Hongjie , Liu Liu , Wang Yihan , Jiang Hui , Wang Xuemei
Published: October 2021

Currently, nucleic acid aptamers are exploited as robust targeting ligands in the biomedical field, due to their specific molecular recognition, little immunogenicity, low cost, ect. Thanks to the facile chemical modification and high hydrophilicity, aptamers can be site‐specifically linked with hydrophobic moieties to prepare aptamer‐organic amphiphiles (AOAs), which spontaneously assemble into aptamer‐organic amphiphile self‐assemblies (AOASs). These polyvalent self‐assemblies feature with enhanced target‐binding ability, increased resistance to nuclease, and efficient cargo‐loading, making them powerful platforms for bioapplications, including targeted drug delivery, cell‐based cancer therapy, biosensing, and bioimaging. Besides, the morphology of AOASs can be elaborately manipulated for smarter biomedical functions, by regulating the hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity ratio of AOAs. Benefiting from the boom in DNA synthesis technology and nanotechnology, various types of AOASs, including aptamer‐polymer amphiphile self‐assemblies, aptamer‐lipid amphiphile self‐assemblies, aptamer‐cell self‐assemblies, ect, have been constructed with great biomedical potential. Particularly, stimuli‐responsive AOASs with transformable structure can realize site‐specific drug release, enhanced tumor penetration, and specific target molecule detection. Herein, the general synthesis methods of oligonucleotide‐organic amphiphiles are firstly summarized. Then recent progress in different types of AOASs for bioapplications and strategies for morphology control are systematically reviewed. The present challenges and future perspectives of this field are also discussed.
Breaking the Fundamental Limitations of Nanoscale Ferroelectric Characterization: Non‐Contact Heterodyne Electrostrain Force Microscopy
Authors: Zeng Qibin , Huang Qicheng , Wang Hongli , Li Caiwen , Fan Zhen , Chen Deyang , Cheng Yuan , Zeng Kaiyang
Published: October 2021

Perceiving nanoscale ferroelectric phenomena from real space is of great importance for elucidating underlying ferroelectric physics. During the past decades, nanoscale ferroelectric characterization has mainly relied on the Piezoresponse Force Microscopy (PFM) invented in 1992, however, the fundamental limitations of PFM have made the nanoscale ferroelectric studies encounter significant bottlenecks. In this study, a high‐resolution non‐contact ferroelectric measurement, named Non‐Contact Heterodyne Electrostrain Force Microscopy (NC‐HEsFM), is introduced. It is demonstrated that NC‐HEsFM can operate on multiple eigenmodes to perform ideal high‐resolution ferroelectric domain mapping, standard ferroelectric hysteresis loop measurement, and controllable domain manipulation. By using a quartz tuning fork (QTF) sensor, multi‐frequency operation, and heterodyne detection schemes, NC‐HEsFM achieves a real non‐contact yet non‐destructive ferroelectric characterization with negligible electrostatic force effect and hence breaks the fundamental limitations of the conventional PFM. It is believed that NC‐HEsFM can be extensively used in various ferroelectric or piezoelectric studies with providing substantially improved characterization performance. Meanwhile, the QTF‐based force detection makes NC‐HEsFM highly compatible for high‐vacuum and low‐temperature environments, providing ideal conditions for investigating the intrinsic ferroelectric phenomena with the possibility of achieving an atomically resolved ferroelectric characterization.
Microfluidics on Standard Petri Dishes for Bioscientists
Authors: Deroy Cyril , Nebuloni Federico , Cook Peter R. , Walsh Edmond J.
Published: October 2021

Few microfluidic devices are used in biomedical labs, despite the obvious potential; reasons given include the devices are rarely made with cell‐friendly materials, and liquids are inaccessibly buried behind solid confining walls. An open microfluidic approach is reviewed in which aqueous circuits with almost any imaginable 2D shape are fabricated in minutes on standard polystyrene Petri dishes by reshaping two liquids (cell‐culture media plus an immiscible and bioinert fluorocarbon, FC40). Then, the aqueous phase becomes confined by fluid FC40 walls firmly pinned to the dish by interfacial forces. Such walls can be pierced at any point with pipets and liquids added or removed through them, while flows can be driven actively using external pumps or passively by exploiting local differences in Laplace pressure. As walls are robust, permeable to O2 plus CO2, and transparent, cells are grown in incubators and monitored microscopically as usual. It is hoped that this simple, accessible, and affordable fluid‐shaping technology provides bioscientists with an easy entrée into microfluidics.
Effect of Plasticizers on the Properties of Potato Flour Films
Authors: Guo Shao‐xiang , Fu Zong‐qiang , Sun Yao , Wang Xue‐ying , Wu Min
Published: October 2021

The effects of plasticizers [glycerol, xylitol, ethylene glycol, urea, PEG200, PEG400, propylene glycol, and sorbitol] are investigated on mechanical properties, absorption coefficient, and water resistance performance of potato flour films. Findings indicated that the tensile strength values of potato flour films plasticized with ethylene glycol are about four times higher than those of PEG200‐plasticized films. The lowest elongation at break value of plasticized films is obtained with ethylene glycol reaching up to three times lower than the sorbitol‐plasticized films. The films plasticized with xylitol, sorbitol, ethylene glycol, and glycerol are more transparent than PEG200 and PEG400 counterparts. Films containing PEG200 and urea possessed higher moisture content and water vapor permeability than other plasticized films. PEG400 plasticized films showed higher water solubility and lower water contact angle, whereas propylene glycol plasticized films presented lower water solubility and higher water contact angle. The results obtained in this study indicated that plasticizer type significantly improved the properties of potato flour film.
Synthesis of Six‐Membered N‐Heterocycle Frameworks Based on Intramolecular Metal‐Free N‐Centered Radical Chemistry
Authors: Gao Yan , Zhao Qianyi , Li Lixin , Ma Yan‐Na
Published: October 2021

The formation of intramolecular C−N bond represents a powerful strategy in organic transformation as the great importance of N‐heterocycles in the fields of natural products and bioactive molecules. This personal account describes the synthesis of cyclic phosphinamidation, benzosultam, benzosulfoximine, phenanthridine and their halogenated compounds through transition‐metal‐free intramolecular oxidative C−N bond formation. Mechanism study reveals that N−X bond is initially formed under the effect of hypervalent halogen, which is very unstable and easily undergoes thermal or light homolytic cleavage to generate nitrogen radical. Then the nitrogen radical is trapped by the arene to give aryl radical. Rearomatization of aryl radical under the oxidant to provide corresponding N‐heterocycle. Under suitable conditions, the N‐heterocycles can be further transformed to halogenated N‐heterocycles.
Diagnostic imaging, treatment and outcome in a 14‐month‐old Dobermann with brainstem gemistocytic astrocytoma
Authors: Manzanedo‐Delgado Alba , Mason Sarah , Pumarola Marti , Stabile Fabio
Published: October 2021

A 14‐month‐old male neutered Dobermann presented for investigations into lingual paresis, dysphagia and proprioceptive ataxia of the pelvic limbs. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a mass lesion in the brainstem. Treatment with glucocorticoids and radiation therapy (RT) achieved a good quality of life for 6 months, after which deterioration occurred. Repeated MRI revealed an expansion of the mass lesion, after which the owners elected for the patient to be euthanised. Postmortem histological examination and immunohistochemistry confirmed the presence of a gemistocytic astrocytoma. This case report describes the first case in the veterinary literature of a young dog with a brainstem gemistocytic astrocytoma treated with RT and glucocorticoids, with remission of clinical signs and excellent quality of life for 6 months after treatment.
Rethinking the “gap”:Self‐directedlearning in cognitive development and scientific reasoning
Authors: Lapidow Elizabeth , Walker Caren M.
Published: October 2021

To improve upon their current knowledge, learners must be able to generate informative data and accurately evaluate this evidence. However, there is substantial disagreement regarding self‐directed learners' competence in these behaviors. Researchers in cognitive development have suggested that learners are “intuitive scientists,” generating informative actions and rationally coordinating their current observations and prior beliefs from an early age. Conversely, researchers in scientific reasoning report that learners struggle with experimentation and often fail to reach appropriate conclusions from evidence, even as adults. According to the prevailing narrative, these inconsistent findings must be “bridged” to explain the gap between learners' successes and failures. Here, we advocate for an alternative approach. First, we review the research on scientific reasoning and find that there may be less evidence for learners' failures than is typically assumed. Second, we offer a novel interpretation that aims to account for both literatures: we suggest that self‐directed learners may be best understood as competent causal reasoners. That is, many seemingly uninformative or irrational behaviors are consistent with the goals of causal learning. This account not only resolves the apparent contradictions in the existing research, but also offers a way forward towards a more accurate and integrated understanding of self‐directed learning.

This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Development and Aging

Psychology > Learning

Psychology > Reasoning and Decision Making
Eine neue Generation des Datenschutzes? Gegenwärtige Unvollständigkeit, mögliche Lösungswege und nächste Schritte
Authors: Martani Andrea , Hummel Patrik
Published: October 2021

In einer zunehmend datafizierten Gesellschaft, in der Datenverarbeitung alle Bereiche des öffentlichen und privaten Lebens durchdringt, ist Datenschutz von großer Bedeutung. Da sich Technologien und Praktiken der Datenverarbeitung beständig weiterentwickeln, kann Datenschutz nicht stillstehen. Zur Beschreibung des Wechselspiels von technologischem Fortschritt und Anpassungsprozessen des regulatorischen Rahmens spricht Mayer-Schönberger von aufeinanderfolgendenGenerationendes Datenschutzes. Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht, was eine solcheGenerationauszeichnen und aus welchen Gründen eineneueGeneration gefordert werden könnte. Dafür arbeiten wir drei konzeptionelle Knotenpunkte im Datenschutzrecht heraus und argumentieren, dass – auch nach der kürzlichen Reform des europäischen Datenschutzes durch die DSGVO – Reflexion auf die markierten Grundsatzfragen für den Übergang zu einer neuen Generation erforderlich ist: derGegenstandsbereich, derSchutzgegenstandund dasParadigmades Datenschutzes. Im Anschluss fokussieren wir die biomedizinische Forschung als einen Kontext, in dem sich weitere, bereichsspezifische Fragen bei der Weiterentwicklung des Datenschutzes stellen: die Formulierung vonAusnahmenormenfür die Forschung und die Rolle derEinwilligungfür Datenverarbeitung zu Forschungszwecken. Schließlich werden vor diesem Hintergrund Hypothesen formuliert, wie eine neueGenerationdes Datenschutzes ermöglicht werden könnte. Dabei wird argumentiert, dass nicht nur Gesetzgebung, sondern auch andere Ebenen des Rechts, insbesondere dessen konkrete operationale Ausgestaltung durch Rechtsformanten, für den Begriff einerGenerationsowie für den Übergang zu einerneuenGeneration entscheidend sind.
Advanced Tools for Flood Management: An Early Warning System for Arid and Semiarid Regions
Authors: Holzbecher Ekkehard , Hadidi Ahmed , Volp Nicolette , de Koning Jeroen , Al Badi Humaid , Al Khatri Ayisha , Al Barwani Ahmed
Published: October 2021

Technologies concerning integrated water resources management, in general, and flood management, in particular, have recently undergone rapid developments. New smart technologies have been implemented in every relevant sector and include hydrological sensors, remote sensing, sensor networks, data integration, hydrodynamic simulation and visualization, decision support and early warning systems as well as the dissemination of information to decision-makers and the public. After providing a rough review of current developments, we demonstrate the operation of an advanced system with a special focus on an early warning system. Two case studies are covered in this chapter: one specific urban case located in the city of Parrametta in Australia in an area that shows similar flood characteristics to those found in arid or semiarid regions and one case regarding the countrywide Flash Flood Guidance System in Oman (OmanFFGS).
The Positive Impact of Donor Bone Marrow Cells Transplantation into Immunoprivileged Compartments on the Survival of Vascularized Skin Allografts
Authors: Jundziłł Arkadiusz , Klimczak Aleksandra , Sonmez Erhan , Brzezicki Grzegorz , Siemionow Maria
Published: October 2021

Using the vascularized skin allograft (VSA) model, we compared the tolerogenic effects of different allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) delivery routes into immunoprivileged compartments under a 7-day protocol immunosuppressive therapy. Twenty-eight fully MHC mismatched VSA transplants were performed between ACI (RT1a) donors and Lewis (RT11) recipients in four groups of seven animals each, under a 7-day protocol of alfa/beta TCRmAb/CsA (alpha/beta-TCR monoclonal antibodies/Cyclosporine A therapy). Donor bone marrow cells (BMC) (100 × 106 cells) were injected into three different immunoprivileged compartments: Group 1: Control, without cellular supportive therapy, Group 2: Intracapsular BMT, Group 3: Intragonadal BMT, Group 4: Intrathecal BMT. In Group 2, BMC were transplanted under the kidney capsule. In Group 3, BMC were transplanted into the right testis between tunica albuginea and seminiferous tubules, and in Group 4, cells were injected intrathecally. The assessment included: skin evaluation for signs and grade of rejection and immunohistochemistry for donor cells engraftment into host lymphoid compartments. Donor-specific chimerism for MHC class I (RT1a) antigens and the presence of CD4+/CD25+ T cells were assessed in the peripheral blood of recipients. The most extended allograft survival, 50–78 days, was observed in Group 4 after intrathecal BMT. The T cells CD4+/CD25+ in the peripheral blood were higher after intrathecal BMC injection than other experimental groups at each post-transplant time point. Transplantation of BMC into immunoprivileged compartments delayed rejection of fully mismatched VSA and induction of robust, donor-specific chimerism.
Cyclosporine A, in Contrast to Rapamycin, Affects the Ability of Dendritic Cells to Induce Immune Tolerance Mechanisms
Authors: Machcińska Maja , Kotur Monika , Jankowska Aleksandra , Maruszewska-Cheruiyot Marta , Łaski Artur , Kotkowska Zuzanna , Bocian Katarzyna , Korczak-Kowalska Grażyna
Published: October 2021

Following organ transplantation, it is essential that immune tolerance is induced in the graft recipient to reduce the risk of rejection and avoid complications associated with the long-term use of immunosuppressive drugs. Immature dendritic cells (DCs) are considered to promote transplant tolerance and may minimize the risk of graft rejection. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of immunosuppressive agents: rapamycin (Rapa) and cyclosporine A (CsA) on generation of human tolerogenic DCs (tolDCs) and also to evaluate the ability of these cells to induce mechanisms of immune tolerance. tolDCs were generated in the environment of Rapa or CsA. Next, we evaluated the effects of these agents on surface phenotypes (CD11c, MHC II, CD40, CD80, CD83, CD86, CCR7, TLR2, TLR4), cytokine production (IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p70, TGF-β), phagocytic capacity and resistant to lipopolysaccharide activation of these DCs. Moreover, we assessed ability of such tolDCs to induce T cell activation and apoptosis, Treg differentiation and production of Th1- and Th2-characteristic cytokine profile. Data obtained in this study demonstrate that rapamycin is effective at generating maturation-resistant tolDCs, however, does not change the ability of these cells to induce mechanisms of immune tolerance. In contrast, CsA affects the ability of these cells to induce mechanisms of immune tolerance, but is not efficient at generating maturation-resistant tolDCs.
Complex Shepard Operators and Their Summability
Authors: Duman Oktay , Della Vecchia Biancamaria
Published: October 2021

In this paper, we construct the complex Shepard operators to approximate continuous and complex-valued functions on the unit square. We also examine the effects of regular summability methods on the approximation by these operators. Some applications verifying our results are provided. To illustrate the approximation theorems graphically we consider the real or imaginary part of the complex function being approximated and also use the contour lines of the modulus of the function.
Differences in hip fracture care in Europe: a systematic review of recent annual reports of hip fracture registries
Authors: Werner Maic , Macke Christian , Gogol Manfred , Krettek Christian , Liodakis Emmanouil
Published: October 2021

Purpose

Hip fractures are of growing interest due to their increasing number, subsequent functional decline and high institutionalization rate of patients, mortality, and costs. Several process measurements are essential for hip fracture care. To compare and improve these, hip fracture registries in Europe became popular. This systematic review aims to describe the differences between hip fracture registries in Europe as well as the differences in hip fracture treatment between countries.

Methods

A systematic search using the keywords “hip fracture” AND “national” AND “database OR audit OR registry OR register” was performed in PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library according to PRISMA guidelines till 3rd December 2020. Recent annual reports of identified hip fracture registries in Europe were additionally identified in June 2021. Comparisons of most common case-mix, process and outcome measurements were performed.

Results

11 registries in Europe were identified. Differences were observed regarding inclusion criteria of the different registries. Comparison of the different registries was difficult due to differences in the way to report measurements. While mortality rates differed substantially between countries, most of the process measurements met recommendations according to recent guidelines.

Conclusion

Hip fracture registries were a valid tool to compare hospitals within one country. However, a comparison between registries of different countries should have also been easily possible. For this, the registries need to make their data easily accessible and further unify their way of measuring and reporting.
Intramyocardial injection of human adipose-derived stem cells ameliorates cognitive deficit by regulating oxidative stress–mediated hippocampal damage after myocardial infarction
Authors: LEE Tsung-Ming , LEE Cheng-Che , HARN Horng-Jyh , Chiou Tzyy-Wen , CHUANG Ming-Hsi , CHEN Chun-Hung , CHUANG Chi-Hsuan , LIN Po-Cheng , LIN Shinn-Zong
Published: October 2021

Cognitive impairment is a serious side effect of post-myocardial infarction (MI) course. We have recently demonstrated that human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs) ameliorated myocardial injury after MI by attenuating reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Here, we studied whether the beneficial effects of intramyocardial hADSC transplantation can extend to the brain and how they may attenuate cognitive dysfunction via modulating ROS after MI. After coronary ligation, male Wistar rats were randomized via an intramyocardial route to receive either vehicle, hADSC transplantation (1 × 106cells), or the combination of hADSCs and 3-Morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1, a peroxynitrite donor). Whether hADSCs migrated into the hippocampus was assessed by using human-specific primers in qPCR reactions. Passive avoidance test was used to assess cognitive performance. Postinfarction was associated with increased oxidative stress in the myocardium, circulation, and hippocampus. This was coupled with decreased numbers of dendritic spines as well as a significant downregulation of synaptic plasticity consisting of synaptophysin and PSD95. Step-through latency during passive avoidance test was impaired in vehicle-treated rats after MI. Intramyocardial hADSC injection exerted therapeutic benefits in improving cardiac function and cognitive impairment. None of hADSCs was detected in rat’s hippocampus at the 3rd day after intramyocardial injection. The beneficial effects of hADSCs on MI-induced histological and cognitive changes were abolished after adding SIN-1. MI-induced ROS attacked the hippocampus to induce neurodegeneration, resulting in cognitive deficit. The remotely intramyocardial administration of hADSCs has the capacity of improved synaptic neuroplasticity in the hippocampus mediated by ROS, not the cell engraftment, after MI.

Key messages

Human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs) ameliorated injury after myocardial infarction by attenuating reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels.

Intramyocardial administration of hADSCs remotely exerted therapeutic benefits in improving cognitive impairment after myocardial infarction.

The improved synaptic neuroplasticity in the hippocampus was mediated by hADSC-inhibiting ROS, not by the stem cell engraftment.
Principle-based recommendations for big data and machine learning in food safety: the P-SAFETY model
Authors: Sapienza Salvatore , Vedder Anton
Published: October 2021

Big data and Machine learning Techniques are reshaping the way in which food safety risk assessment is conducted. The ongoing ‘datafication’ of food safety risk assessment activities and the progressive deployment of probabilistic models in their practices requires a discussion on the advantages and disadvantages of these advances. In particular, the low level of trust in EU food safety risk assessment framework highlighted in 2019 by an EU-funded survey could be exacerbated by novel methods of analysis. The variety of processed data raises unique questions regarding the interplay of multiple regulatory systems alongside food safety legislation. Provisions aiming to preserve the confidentiality of data and protect personal information are juxtaposed to norms prescribing the public disclosure of scientific information. This research is intended to provide guidance for data governance and data ownership issues that unfold from the ongoing transformation of the technical and legal domains of food safety risk assessment. Following the reconstruction of technological advances in data collection and analysis and the description of recent amendments to food safety legislation, emerging concerns are discussed in light of the individual, collective and social implications of the deployment of cutting-edge Big Data collection and analysis techniques. Then, a set of principle-based recommendations is proposed by adapting high-level principles enshrined in institutional documents about Artificial Intelligence to the realm of food safety risk assessment. The proposed set of recommendations adopts Safety, Accountability, Fairness, Explainability, Transparency as core principles (SAFETY), whereas Privacy and data protection are used as a meta-principle.
Determination of the anisotropic elasticity tensor by mechanical spectroscopy
Authors: Obermayer Thomas , Krempaszky Christian , Werner Ewald
Published: October 2021

A method is proposed to identify the fully anisotropic elasticity tensor by applying the impulse excitation technique. A specially designed batch of several differently oriented bar-shaped specimens with rectangular cross section is analyzed with respect to the eigenfrequencies of their fundamental flexural and torsional modes. Estimations based on the equations for the calculation of the isotropic Young’s modulus and the shear modulus from the ASTM standard allow a first approximation of the elasticity tensor from a selected subset of the measured eigenfrequencies. Subsequently, a more precise determination of the elasticity tensor is achieved by a numerical modal analysis using the finite element method. In this course, a Newton–Raphson optimization method is applied to solve the inverse problem. The proposed approach is demonstrated on a batch of specimen fabricated from the nickel-base alloy IN718 by selective laser melting.
Acute effects of the imidacloprid metabolite desnitro-imidacloprid on human nACh receptors relevant for neuronal signaling
Authors: Loser Dominik , Grillberger Karin , Hinojosa Maria G. , Blum Jonathan , Haufe Yves , Danker Timm , Johansson Ylva , Möller Clemens , Nicke Annette , Bennekou Susanne H. , Gardner Iain , Bauch Caroline , Walker Paul , Forsby Anna , Ecker Gerhard F. , Kraushaar Udo , Leist Marcel
Published: October 2021

Several neonicotinoids have recently been shown to activate the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) on human neurons. Moreover, imidacloprid (IMI) and other members of this pesticide family form a set of diverse metabolites within crops. Among these, desnitro-imidacloprid (DN-IMI) is of special toxicological interest, as there is evidence (i) for human dietary exposure to this metabolite, (ii) and that DN-IMI is a strong trigger of mammalian nicotinic responses. We set out here to quantify responses of human nAChRs to DN-IMI and an alternative metabolite, IMI-olefin. To evaluate toxicological hazards, these data were then compared to those of IMI and nicotine. Ca2+-imaging experiments on human neurons showed that DN-IMI exhibits an agonistic effect on nAChRs at sub-micromolar concentrations (equipotent with nicotine) while IMI-olefin activated the receptors less potently (in a similar range as IMI). Direct experimental data on the interaction with defined receptor subtypes were obtained by heterologous expression of various human nAChR subtypes inXenopus laevisoocytes and measurement of the transmembrane currents evoked by exposure to putative ligands. DN-IMI acted on the physiologically important human nAChR subtypes α7, α3β4, and α4β2 (high-sensitivity variant) with similar potency as nicotine. IMI and IMI-olefin were confirmed as nAChR agonists, although with 2–3 orders of magnitude lower potency. Molecular docking studies, using receptor models for the α7 and α4β2 nAChR subtypes supported an activity of DN-IMI similar to that of nicotine. In summary, these data suggest that DN-IMI functionally affects human neurons similar to the well-established neurotoxicant nicotine by triggering α7 and several non-α7 nAChRs.
Targeted optical fluorescence imaging: a meta-narrative review and future perspectives
Authors: Schouw H. M. , Huisman L. A. , Janssen Y. F. , Slart R. H. J. A. , Borra R. J. H. , Willemsen A. T. M. , Brouwers A. H. , van Dijl J. M. , Dierckx R. A. , van Dam G. M. , Szymanski W. , Boersma H. H. , Kruijff S.
Published: October 2021

Purpose

The aim of this review is to give an overview of the current status of targeted optical fluorescence imaging in the field of oncology, cardiovascular, infectious and inflammatory diseases to further promote clinical translation.

Methods

A meta-narrative approach was taken to systematically describe the relevant literature. Consecutively, each field was assigned a developmental stage regarding the clinical implementation of optical fluorescence imaging.

Results

Optical fluorescence imaging is leaning towards clinical implementation in gastrointestinal and head and neck cancers, closely followed by pulmonary, neuro, breast and gynaecological oncology. In cardiovascular and infectious disease, optical imaging is in a less advanced/proof of concept stage.

Conclusion

Targeted optical fluorescence imaging is rapidly evolving and expanding into the clinic, especially in the field of oncology. However, the imaging modality still has to overcome some major challenges before it can be part of the standard of care in the clinic, such as the provision of pivotal trial data. Intensive multidisciplinary (pre-)clinical joined forces are essential to overcome the delivery of such compelling phase III registration trial data and subsequent regulatory approval and reimbursement hurdles to advance clinical implementation of targeted optical fluorescence imaging as part of standard practice.
Übersetzung der 2018 EULAR Empfehlungen zu körperlicher Aktivität von Menschen mit entzündlich-rheumatischen und degenerativen Erkrankungen ins Deutsche und sprachliche Validierung im deutschsprachigen Raum mit medizinischen Fachpersonen
Authors: Kiltz Uta , Kiefer David , Braun Jürgen , Rausch-Osthoff Anne-Kathrin , Herbold Susanne , Klinger Meike , Kocher Agnes , Nell-Duxneuner Valerie , Reichenbach Stefan , Stamm Tanja , Steffens-Korbanka Patricia , Niedermann Karin
Published: October 2021

Hintergrund

Regelmäßige Bewegung und spezifisches Training sind wichtige Bausteine in der Therapie rheumatischer Erkrankungen, weil ein gesundheitlicher Nutzen für die Patient*innen nachgewiesen ist. Basierend auf den internationalen Empfehlungen der WHO für Gesunde, geben die „2018 EULAR Empfehlungen zu körperlicher Aktivität von Menschen mit entzündlich-rheumatischen und degenerativen Erkrankungen“ erstmals evidenzbasierte Empfehlungen zu Gestaltung, Durchführung und Implementierung von Bewegungsübungen bei diesen Patient*innen.

Ziel

Übersetzung ins Deutsche und sprachliche Validierung in Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz.

Methoden

Eine professionelle Übersetzung der EULAR Bewegungsempfehlungen ins Deutsche wurde durch deutschsprachige Experten*innen aus allen 3 Ländern überarbeitet. Die Validierung erfolgte in einem Feldtest mit Rheumatolog*innen, Ergo- und Physiotherapeut*innen, Pflegefachpersonen und medizinischen Fachangestellten aus der Rheumatologie. In den 3 Ländern wurden jeweils 8 strukturierte Interviews zu Verständlichkeit, Wortwahl, Vollständigkeit und Umsetzbarkeit durchgeführt. Die Experten*innen diskutierten die Änderungsvorschläge, bis jeweils ein Konsens erreicht wurde. Zuletzt gaben sie den Grad ihrer Zustimmung zu der finalen Übersetzungsversion an.

Ergebnisse

Die professionelle Übersetzung wurde substanziell überarbeitet. Aufgrund der Ergebnisse der Feldtests wurden verschiedene Änderungen einzelner Worte sowie Umformulierungen zur besseren Verständlichkeit vorgenommen. Der Grad der Zustimmung lag mit durchschnittlichen Bewertungen zwischen 10 (SD 0,0) und 8,9 (SD 1,5) insgesamt sehr hoch.

Diskussion

Die vorliegende sprachlich validierte deutschsprachige Version der 2018 EULAR Bewegungsempfehlungen kann und soll dazu beitragen, Fachpersonal darin zu unterstützen, körperliche Aktivität bei Menschen mit entzündlich-rheumatischen und degenerativen Erkrankungen zu fördern.
Acetabular cup position differs in spinopelvic mobility types: a prospective observational study of primary total hip arthroplasty patients
Authors: Haffer Henryk , Wang Zhen , Hu Zhouyang , Hipfl Christian , Pumberger Matthias
Published: October 2021

Introduction

Spinopelvic mobility was identified as a contributing factor for total hip arthroplasty (THA) instability. The influence of spinopelvic function on acetabular cup positioning has not yet been sufficiently investigated in a prospective setting. Therefore, our study aimed (1) to assess cup inclination and anteversion in standing and sitting based on spinopelvic mobility, (2) to identify correlations between cup position and spinopelvic function, (3) and to determine the influence of the individual spinal segments, spinal sagittal balance, and spinopelvic characteristics on the mobility groups.

Materials and methods

A prospective study assessing 197 THA patients was conducted with stereoradiography in standing and sitting position postoperatively. Two independent investigators determined cup anteversion and inclination, C7-Sagittal vertical axis, cervical lordosis (CL), thoracic kyphosis (TK), lumbar lordosis (LL), sacral slope, pelvic tilt (PT), anteinclination (AI), and pelvic femoral angle (PFA). Spinopelvic mobility is defined based on ∆PT = PTstanding − PTsitting as ∆PT < 10° stiff, ∆PT ≥ 10–30° normal, and ∆PT > 30° hypermobile. Pearson coefficient represented correlations between the cup position and spinopelvic parameters.

Results

Significant differences were demonstrated for cup anteversion (stiff/hypermobile 29.3°/40.1°; p < 0.000) and inclination (stiff/hypermobile 43.5°/60.2°; p < 0.000) in sitting, but not in standing position. ∆ (standing/sitting) of the cup anteversion (stiff/neutral/hypermobile 5.8°/12.4°/19.9°; p < 0.000) and inclination (stiff/neutral/hypermobile 2.3°/11.2°/18.8°; p < 0.000) revealed significant differences between the mobility groups. The acetabular cup position in sitting, was correlated with lumbar flexibility (∆LL) and spinopelvic mobility. Significant differences were detected between the mobility types and acetabular orientation (AI sit:stiff/hypermobile 47.6°/65.4°; p < 0.000) and hip motion (∆PFA:stiff/hypermobile 65.8°/37.3°; p < 0.000). Assessment of the spinal segments highlighted the role of lumbar flexibility (∆LL:stiff/hypermobile 9.9°/36.2°; p < 0.000) in the spinopelvic complex.

Conclusion

The significantly different acetabular cup positions in sitting and in the ∆ between standing and sitting and the significantly altered spinopelvic characteristics in terms of stiff and hypermobile spinopelvic mobility underlined the consideration for preoperative functional radiological assessment. Identifying the patients with altered spinopelvic mechanics due to a standardized screening algorithm is necessary to provide safe acetabular cup positioning. The proximal spinal segments appeared not to be involved in the spinopelvic function.
Clinical radiographic outcomes and survivorship of medial pivot design total knee arthroplasty: a systematic review of the literature
Authors: Alessio-Mazzola Mattia , Clemente Antonio , Russo Antonio , Mertens Peter , Burastero Giorgio , Formica Matteo , Felli Lamberto
Published: October 2021

Background

Total knee arthroplasty is a reliable procedure able to reduce pain and disability in patients suffering from osteoarthritis. However, a considerable percentage of patients still experiences unsatisfactory results. Medial pivot total knee arthroplasty has been introduced in the clinical practice to overcome problems related with classic design implants and better mimic native knee kinematics. The aim of this study was to analyze survivorship and clinical and radiographic outcomes of medial pivot implants.

Methods

A systematic research was conducted in eight different databases. Thirty-four studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the analysis. Data on objective and patients-reported outcomes, radiographic alignment, and survivorship were collected and analyzed. Revision rate was expressed as revision per 100 components years.

Result

A total of 3377 procedures were included. Mean follow-up was 85.7 months (range, 12–182). The revision per 100 components years was 0.19, which corresponds to a revision rate of 1.9% after 10 years. Mean post-operative range of motion was 117.3 ± 0.4°. Mean clinical and functional Knee Society Score were, respectively, 85.9 ± 1.1 and 84.7 ± 3.5 at final follow-up. Post-operative femorotibial alignment was 177.1 ± 0.5°. Alfa and beta angles were 95.7 ± 0.1° and 89.2 ± 0.1°, respectively. Gamma and delta angles were 2.3 ± 0.6° and 86.7 ± 0.4°.

Conclusion

Medial pivoting implants provided excellent survivorship and low revision rate, as well as good-to-excellent results in term of objective and patient-reported clinical outcomes, and reliable correction of radiographic parameters. More high-quality studies with long-term follow-up are needed to clarify the role of medial pivoting implants.
How do ophthalmologists manage functional visual symptoms? A UK survey of ophthalmologists’ experience
Authors: Laginaf Masara , Costello Harry , Price Gary
Published: October 2021

Background/aims

Functional visual symptoms are relatively common symptoms seen by ophthalmologists. However, there are no consensus guidelines on ophthalmological management of this condition, and there is a paucity of knowledge about the collective challenges experienced in treating patients with functional visual symptoms. In order to establish an ophthalmological perspective on this condition, we undertook the first national survey of experience, knowledge and management of functional visual symptoms amongst ophthalmologists.

Methods

An online survey was disseminated to ophthalmologists in the UK via all Royal College of Ophthalmology college tutors.

Results

One hundred nineteen ophthalmologists completed the survey. Functional visual symptoms accounted for 3% of all new referrals. Forty per cent of respondents felt they had a good understanding of functional visual symptoms. Two-thirds reported a need for further training in this area. Respondents estimated two-thirds of patients’ symptoms improved, but a third experienced severe or extreme disability. Following diagnosis, a minority of patients were referred to mental health or neurology services. The majority of respondents described difficulty discussing psychological factors, with a lack of time or space in a clinic preventing a holistic approach. Free text comments highlighted a lack of access to dedicated psychological support for patients.

Conclusion

Functional visual symptoms are disabling and are seen relatively frequently by ophthalmologists. This preliminary survey suggests that care pathways for patients with functional visual symptoms could be optimised. Fostering links between ophthalmology and existing services with expertise in functional disorders could improve patient care and clinician education and ultimately encourage research in this area.