bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Calculation of parameter tolerances of near‐zero dispersion step‐index fiber for a specified bandwidth
Authors: Marincic A. , Miletic D.
Published: July 2007

In this article we present a method for easy calculation of allowed monomode fiber parameter tolerances which guarantee operation around the zero dispersion wavelength. A statistical method is used to determine the relative tolerances δΔ/Δ, δa/a, and δλ/λ, for the specified minimum fiber bandwidth. Numerical results are presented for a step‐index fiber.
Radiation and scattering by thin wires with a dielectric coating—a finite‐difference time‐domain approach
Authors: Boonzaaler J. J. , Pistorius C. W. I.
Published: July 2007

This Letter discusses the computation of the scattering and radiation by thin wires with a nondispersive dielectric coating using the finite‐difference time‐domain method. A Fourier transform is then performed on the time‐domain results to obtain the scattering and antenna radiation patterns in the frequency domain.
Trade‐off design for high speed pulse propagation in microstrip lines
Authors: Voranantakul Suwan , Prince John L.
Published: July 2007

Parameter trade‐off for minimizing high‐speed pulse distortion on a microstrip line is investigated. The sensitivity of physical parameters to conductor loss, dielectric loss, and inflection frequency is first studied and then summarized in a compact and easy‐to‐use format. The results of this work will provide designers with simple and effective guidelines for designing microstrip lines with a reduced output signal distortion © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Determination of the permittivity and permeability of microwave resonators using two resonant modes
Authors: Park Wee Sang , Chun Joong Chang , Kim Bum Man
Published: July 2007

An electromagnetic theory and mathematical procedure to determine the permittivity and permeability of lossless microwave resonators using two resonant modes is presented. An illustrative example is given for a resonator with a relative permittivity of 10 and a relative permeability of 3. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Computation of electromagnetic plane‐wave scattering from a curved dielectric shell using a physical optics approach
Authors: Janse Van Rensburg D. J. , Malherbe J. A. G. , McNamara D. A.
Published: July 2007

A Physical optics computation is performed to obtain the electromagnetic backscatter from a dielectric half cylinder. Computed results are verified through comparison with accurate measured data. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Programmable optical perfect shuffle interconnection network using fredkin gates
Authors: Alam M. S. , Karim M. A.
Published: July 2007

An efficient optical implementation of perfect shuffle interconnection network using Fredkin gates is presented. The proposed architecture is programmable, uses very few switching elements, and is suitable for digital/optical multiprocessor systems. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
An unified theory of electromagnetic missiles generated by an arbitrary plane current source
Authors: Geyi Wen , Chengli Ruan , Weigan Lin
Published: July 2007

In this article a generalized study of electromagnetic (EM) missiles has been presented. An EM missile source condition has been derived from an arbitrary plane current distribution, and our analysis shows that an arbitrary plane current distribution of finite size has the ability to launch an EM missile, i.e., to realize slow decrease of energy, on any axis perpendicular to the source plane so long as the axis has an intersection point with the source region. This important result reveals that the EM missiles are very much like light beams which do not diverge. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Improved born inversion for frequency‐swept microwave imaging of dielectric cylinder
Authors: Kim Sang‐Gi , Suh Kyoung‐Whoan , Ra Jung‐Woong
Published: July 2007

An improved Born inversion for microwave imaging of lossless dielectric cylinder is suggested. It extends the validity of the first‐order Born approximation for the reconstruction about 10 times in the multiplication of the size of the object and the square root of the relative dielectric constant minus one. The reconstructed image using the conventional Born and the improved Born are compared and shown. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Modulated‐impurity‐concentration transferred‐electron devices exhibiting large harmonic frequency content
Authors: Jones Stephen H. , Tait Gregory B. , Shur Michael
Published: July 2007

We report large increases in the harmonic components of the oscillation current waveforms for InP and GaAs TEDs by appropriate modulation of the device doping profile. The results are based on accurate drift‐diffusion simulations of Gunn‐diode structures. An unoptimized InP modulated‐impurity‐concentration transferred‐electron device demonstrated a 100% increase in second‐harmonic power generation as compared with its companion TED. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A novel direct‐detection optical transmission system based on polarization modulation
Authors: Betti S. , de Marchis G. , Iannone E.
Published: July 2007

In this article a novel polarization‐modulated direct‐detection (PM‐DD) system is presented. The compatibility of the proposed system with an IM‐DD‐based optical network using doped fiber optical amplifiers and the possibility to implement efficient multilevel modulation make it promising for application in the future telecommunication environment. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Bandwidth extension for six‐port reflectometers via a simple numerical method
Authors: Colef Gabriel
Published: July 2007

A simple numerical method for extension of the bandwidth of six‐port reflectometers is proposed. The bandwidth extension is accomplished through calculations and not by six‐port design improvements. The method is tested on a microstrip integrated six‐port reflectometer and results for different loads are presented. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
2‐D radiation boundary conditions on an arbitrary outer boundary
Authors: Janaswamy Ramakrishna
Published: July 2007

First‐ and second‐order radiation boundary conditions applicable to any piecewise smooth outer boundary are presented. The boundary conditions are numerically implemented into an integral equation and comparison is made with exact solution to establish their validity. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
X‐band mmic voltage‐controlled oscillator using HEMTS
Authors: Allamando Etienne André
Published: July 2007

An alternative approach for the design of a voltage‐controlled oscillator is proposed. It consists of using an appropriate field effect transistor which exhibits height value of constant transconductance and a high slope of gate capacitance. An MMIC realization using HEMTs is presented with experimental results obtained in X‐band. A minimum output power of 17 mW with a voltage tunable over a 17 percent bandwidth centered at 10.2 GHz is obtained. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Millimeter‐wave injected‐lock frequency dividers
Authors: Rushan Chen , Minsong Sun , Xingguo Li
Published: July 2007

In this article the theoretical and experimental performances of a TED harmonically synchronized frequency divider are presented. The results show that such a divider has a 35.1–11.7‐GHz division, with 25‐mW output power over the operating band greater than 1000 MHz at 50‐mW input power level. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Alloy ramp heterostructure diodes for microwave mixer applications
Authors: Tait Gregory B.
Published: July 2007

Simulated and experimental data on mixer performance of semiconductor alloy ramp heterostructure diodes are presented. The results indicate that these devices are excellent candidates for use in microwave and millimeter‐wave mixer circuits. In addition, they possess several significant advantages over contending Schottky barrier diodes, the microwave industry workhorse for mixers and detectors. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
New coplanar waveguide feed network for 2 × 2 linearly tapered slot antenna subarray
Authors: Simons Rainee N. , Perl Thomas D. , Lee Richard Q.
Published: July 2007

A new technique for exciting 2 × 2 subarray of linearly tapered slot antennas (LTSAs) with coplanar waveguide (CPW) is presented. rf power is coupled to each element through a CPW‐to‐slotline transition by a coax‐to‐CPW in‐phase four‐way radial power divider. The transition and the power divider are coupled by a novel nonplanar CPW right‐angle bend. Measured results at 18 GHz show excellent radiation patterns and return‐loss characteristics. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A new calibration method for the four‐port reflectometer
Authors: Hongxiong Wu , Daquan Liu , Chuhua Pan
Published: July 2007

A new calibration method for the four‐port reflectometer is presented and has been applied at Ka band. Some experimental results are given. They show that the present method has a simple and rapid calibration procedure and has the same measurement accuracy as the one in [1]. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Dual‐mode tunable semiconductor laser with a grating‐grating external cavity
Authors: Conforti Evandro
Published: July 2007

A technique for continuous operation of a dual‐mode tunable laser with a compound grating‐grating external cavity is presented. Double‐wavelength operation is obtained. The two modes of the laser can be independently tuned to achieve mode spacing frequencies from 130 to 370 GHz. Possible ways to increase this range are also discussed. This technique may be useful for millimeter‐wave generation by optical mixing. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Influence of if narrow‐band filtering on bit error rates in coherent optical heterodyne CPFSK receiver using variable delay demodulation
Authors: Zhang Xiupu , Jiang Peixuan
Published: July 2007

In this article we discuss a coherent optical heterodyne CPFSK receiver using optimum variable delay demodulation considering the effect of narrow‐band IF filtering or intersymbol interference (ISI) caused by it. First we investigate the error probability at the normalized bandwidth of IF filter BT = 1 for a Gaussian IF filter. Numerical results show that the impact of narrow‐band IF filtering increases with an increase in normalized IF spectral linewidth ΔvT and a decrease in modulation index h. Second, in order to decrease the impact of ISI, the optimum BT values are determined, which can minimize the error probability for given SNR. If a Gaussian IF filter is used, the optimal BT values are 1.3 for ΔvT = 0.25%, 1.4 for ΔvT = 0.5% at h = 0.5, 1.2 for ΔvT = 0.25%, 1.4 for ΔvT = 0.5% at h = 0.7, and 1.2 for all ΔvT ≤ 0.5% at h = 1. Finally, the performance of an optimal receiver employing optimum Gaussian IF filter is studied. We know that h = 1 is optimum and ΔvT ≤ 0.5% is necessary for 1‐dB EB/N0 penalty per bit at BER of 10−9. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Experimental investigations into an electromagnetically coupled microstrip patch antenna
Authors: Karmakar N. C. , Bialkowski M. E.
Published: July 2007

An experimental investigation is carried out into the operation of an electromagnetically coupled (EMC) microstrip patch antenna consisting of double‐layer dielectrics with a microstrip feed line in between. The input impedance of the antenna is studied as a function of the patch width, the patch‐feed overlap, and the dielectric constants of two layers. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A compact and stable acousto‐optical spectrometer
Authors: Garde M. J. , Sebastian J. L. , Pintado J. Martin , Gallego J. D.
Published: July 2007

A compact (900 × 100 × 120 mm) acousto‐optical spectrometer (AOS) of 60‐MHz bandwidth and effective resolution of 100 kHz has been designed with a minimum number of components and simplicity as design criteria. The spectrometer allows for integration times of several minutes during source‐on and sky‐off phases. The TeO2 deflector does not use the usual tangent interaction outside the (110) axis, but a two‐band interaction known as quasitangent that leads to a greater bandwidth. The AOS is being used with the 14‐m antenna at the Centro Astronomico de Yebes facility, providing excellent results. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Passive polarization splitter and crosstalk characteristics of Ti:LiNbO3 X switch
Authors: Wang Chi‐Yu , Tu Yuan‐Kuang
Published: July 2007

In simulation with the beam‐propagation method, we find that high Ti surface concentration in LiNbO3 will cause a great difference in crosstalk between the TE and TM mode of a laser beam when it propagates in the Ti:LiNbO3 × switch. This phenomena can be applied to design a passive integrated waveguide TE/TM polarization splitter with high splitting ratio, without using any electrode and applied voltage. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Annealing effects on proton‐exchanged LiNbO3 optical waveguides using stearic acid
Authors: Pun E. Y. B. , Chung P. S. , Loi K. K.
Published: July 2007

Annealing of proton‐exchanged planar optical waveguides in z‐cut LiNbO3 fabricated using stearic acid has been studied systematically. The effects of annealing on waveguide propagation loss, surface index change, and waveguide depth were measured as a function of annealing time, and were found to follow a power‐law relationship. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A modified least‐squares boundary residual method for the rigorous analysis of MICS
Authors: Essaaidi M. , Boussouis M.
Published: July 2007

In this article we present a modified least‐squares boundary residual (LSBR) method for the rigorous analysis of microwave integrated circuits (MICs). The method is relatively convergent and a semianalytical relative convergence criterion is found to be very important in optimizing its convergence. Moreover, the problem of the poor conditioning of the least‐squares matrices has been rigorously resolved. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A novel method for measuring the aluminum concentration in AlxGa1−xAs alloy system
Authors: Chuang Wei‐Ching , Chang Wen‐Chung , Chen Jiahn‐Ann , Lee Wei‐Yu
Published: July 2007

A simple method for obtaining optical transmission spectra of AlxGa1‐xAs epilayer by translucent AB wax is presented. Absorption spectra are measured for x in the range of 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.8. For the Γ15v‐Γ1C energy bandgap, the aluminum concentrations, calculated from the experimental data with a formula derived by the ray‐optics method, are in good agreement with those reported. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Large‐signal microwave transistor modeling using multiharmonic load‐pull measurements
Authors: Hajji Rached , Ghannouchi Fadhel M. , Bosisio Renato G.
Published: July 2007

This article presents a method of transistor parameter extraction using multiharmonic Load‐Pull (MHLP) measurements completed with modified harmonic balance calculations. An advantage of this approach is that the parameters of the nonlinear elements of the transistor are obtained solely from large‐signal measurements at the fundamental and the generated harmonic frequencies. The calculated parameters of the nonlinear model of a commercial MESFET (NE 71083), are found suitable for large‐signal operating mode at different impedance loading. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons. Inc.
Special consideration on the design of a Y‐junction optical waveguide
Authors: Jeng Jyh‐Yuan , Wang Way‐Seen
Published: July 2007

The characteristic deterioration of a titanium indiffused Y junction due to the photolithographic process constraint is simulated. It is found that with a slight increase in propagation loss, an improved design, which uses a rounded angle instead of a sharp one for the fabrication of the Y junction, can be created. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Rigorous analysis of a step discontinuity in a dielectric planar anisotropic waveguide
Authors: Topa António L. , Paiva Carlos R. , Barbosa Afonso M.
Published: July 2007

Using a discretizing procedure for the continuous spectral amplitude of the radiation modes and the least‐squares boundary residual method a rigorous analysis of a step discontinuity in a dielectric planar anisotropic waveguide is presented. The numerical examples clearly show the effect of the medium anisotropy on the scattering characteristics—namely on the radiation pattern—of a uniaxial dielectric step. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A study on broad‐banding the tuning ratio for varactor‐tuned oscillators
Authors: Sinha M. P.
Published: July 2007

An analysis of varactor‐tuned oscillators (VTO) for bandwidth estimation is described. The advantage of using two varactors in a tuning circuit is discussed. It is shown that when VTO consists of two series‐tuning varactors, it is possible to broad‐band the tuning ratio by using a varactor in the feedback circuit © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Leakage characteristics of the cylindrical dielectric waveguide with a periodically varying radius
Authors: Kubo Hiroshi
Published: July 2007

The cylindrical dielectric waveguide with a periodically varying radius has been analyzed numerically. Leakage characteristics of the mode are investigated for the various waveguide parameters. It is shown that the direction of the radiative leakage can be adjusted by varying the periodicity. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Microwave monolithic analogue frequency divider with GaAs HEMT
Authors: Bourdel E. , Delacressonniere B. , Gautier J. L. , Josse C. , Pouvil P.
Published: July 2007

An analogue frequency divider implemented with a new GaAs high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) MMIC technology is presented. This frequency divider is based on the frequency regeneration principle. The circuit operates in a frequency division bandwidth of 700 MHz at — I dBm incident input power level around 12.8 GHz. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Multilayered dielectric stripline
Authors: Patil K. D. , Malti S. K. , Mahapatra S.
Published: July 2007

The effective dielectric constant and the characteristic impedance of a stripline filled with a number of dielectrics has been investigated. Their dependence on some of the geometric parameters is presented. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
On the maximum numbers of independent adjustable parameters, peaks, and valleys in arbitrarily shaped linear array factor
Authors: Yu Cheng‐Cheh
Published: July 2007

The lines of reasoning on the maximum numbers of independent adjustable parameters, peaks, and valleys in an arbitrarily shaped linear factor are clearly stated and the corresponding characteristics table is also completely constructed in this article. The array factor may be either unsymmetrical or symmetrical, and with arbitrary odd or even number of exciting currents. So far as the author knows, this table appears for the first time in the open literature, and it is believed to be of much help to the designers of equispaced linear antenna arrays when numerically optimizing the differently specified peak and valley levels of the array factor by adjusting the available independent parameters related to the exciting currents in the element antennas. When the formulas tabulated in the array factor characteristics table are used to compare with the synthesized results using the well‐known numerical method for optimizing the synthesis of an arbitrary shaped array factor by Orchard, Elliott, and Stern [1] and Elliott [2], they show exact agreement. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Frame synchronization of optical fiber dppm with dispersed pulse shapes
Authors: Elmirghani Jaafar , Cryan Robert , Clayton Mike
Published: July 2007

Optical digital pulse position modulation (DPPM) is an effective modulation format for both free space and fiber communications. However, for the latter, system synchronization has not been considered. Here, we address this issue and present an original expression, supported by practical results, for evaluating the frame spectral properties of optical fiber DPPM. We use the established properties to optimize frame synchronization while using a dispersed DPPM pulse shape which is representative of optical fiber systems © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Application of a new simple method for the analysis of eccentric coaxial waveguides with a homogeneous dielectric
Authors: Odri P. , Marincic A. , Benson T. M.
Published: July 2007

The application of an adequate conformal mapping can considerably simplify the generation of the finite element mesh for some specific types of waveguides. Here we introduce a two‐step mapping to simplify the calculation of the propagation characteristics of an eccentric coaxial waveguide. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The effect of optical intensity on the photoresponse of the GaAs mesfet
Authors: Paolella Arthur , Herczfeld Peter R. , Madjar Asher
Published: July 2007

This article is concerned with the effect optical intensity has on the frequency response, gain, and bandwidth of the GaAs MESFET when used as an optical detector. Measurements show that the photoresponse gain can be increased by 10 dB as the optical intensity is lowered, while the bandwidth of the MESFET can be increased by an order of magnitude with an increase in optical power. © 1993 John Wiley & sons, Inc.
Lightwave technology applied to microwaves in eastern europe
Authors: Berceli Tibor
Published: July 2007

The research and development results achieved in Eastern Europe in the field of lightwave‐microwave combined technology are reported. Optical control of FETs, amplifiers, and oscillators; microwave modulation of lasers; lightwave‐microwave phase detection, conversion, and synchronization; and optical control of phase‐locked oscillators are surveyed. Application possibilities in beam forming of phased arrays, multichannel TV transmission and personal communications networks are reviewed. © 1993 John Wiley & sons, Inc.
Accurate noise characterization of short gate length GaAs mesfets and hemts for use in low‐noise optical receivers
Authors: Greaves S. D. , Unwin R. T.
Published: July 2007

Accurate noise characterization of MESFETs and HEMTs is required for the design of high‐frequency optical receivers. Here we consider a technique that extracts the intrinsic noise parameters P, R, C from measured noise data. Novel analytic expressions are presented as well as results that prove the validity of the technique. © 1993 John Wiley & sons, Inc.
An advanced GaAs monolithic transimpedance amplifier for high‐speed optical communication systems
Authors: Giannini F. , Paoloni C. , Orengo G.
Published: July 2007

An advanced design procedure for MMIC GaAs direct‐coupled transimpedance amplifier for gigabit/second‐rate optical communication systems is presented. A transimpedance gain of 67 dBω up to 2.5 GHz has been demonstrated. A complete set of simulated and measured results are presented to confirm the effectiveness of the design approach. The design and the realization have been performed within the framework of ESPRIT Project No. 5018 COSMIC. © 1993 John Wiley & sons, Inc.
Circuit model of low‐frequency transconductance and output resistance dispersion in ion‐implanted InP JFETs
Authors: Kruppa W. , Boos J. B.
Published: July 2007

An equivalent circuit which simulates the low‐frequency dispersion in the transconductance and the output resistance of an ion‐implanted InP JFET is presented. The dispersion consists of reductions in the transconductance and the output resistance occurring between 100 Hz and 1 MHz and involves two dominant time constants in each parameter. The equivalent circuit can be used for the design of monolithic fiber‐optic receiver preamplifiers and other small‐signal circuits. © 1993 John Wiley & sons, Inc.
New dual mode coupling using slotted dielectric resonator
Authors: Baillargeat D. , Verdeyme S. , Guillon P. , Guglielmi M.
Published: July 2007

A new dual mode coupling technique for dual mode filters is presented. A slotted dielectric resonator, where notches take the place of the classical metallic coupling and tuning screws, is introduced. A theoretical analysis using the three‐dimensional finite‐element method permits rigorous prediction of the filter response. © 1993 John Wiley & sons, Inc.
ANALYTICAL BEHAVIOR OF THE SURFACE CHARGE DENSITY ON A CONDUCTOR WITH TWO CONSECUTIVE EDGES WITH RIGHT ANGLES
Authors: And Frank Olyslager , de Zutter Daniël
Published: July 2007

We study the singular behavior of the surface charge density at the corner of a thin perfect conductor with rectangular cross section taking into account the presence of a nearby corner. Analytical expressions by means of a Schwartz‐Christoffel transformation for the behavior of the surface charge density are obtained resulting from the interaction of both corners. This behavior is useful for the choice of basis functions in MoM techniques used to analyze strip lines and microstrips. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Novel effects in wave reflection from biisotropic media
Authors: Sihvola Ari H. , Lindell Ismo V.
Published: July 2007

This report discusses the new effects and phenomena that can be discovered in wave reflection from a planar isotropic‐biisotropic interface. The reflection matrices and Brewster angles are used to derive the transmission dyadics of the problem and eigenpolarizations of the Brewster reflection condition. Nonreciprocal cross‐Brewster angles are derived for which one of the cross‐polarization reflection coefficients vanishes but not the other one. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Modeling of Semibatch Esterification Process for Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Synthesis
Authors: Patel Himanshu , Feix Gunter , Schomäcker Reinhard
Published: July 2007

The esterification kinetics of terephthalic acid (TPA) and ethylene glycol (EG) in poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) synthesis were studied using a semibatch reactor. Rate constants were optimized by data fitting with the oligomeric chain length, the fraction of carboxyl groups in the terminal groups (α) and the water generation curve for different EG/TPA feed ratios. The influence of the TPA particle size distribution on the solid‐liquid mass transfer rate and on acid conversion (ε) was investigated. It was observed that conversion became more sensitive towards TPA particle size as the EG/TPA feed ratio was lowered. It is advantageous to use the model based on TPA particle size for mass transfer limited esterification reactors. The effect of the monomer feed ratio on conversion, chain length and system heterogeneity can be predicted with this model.

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Macromol. React. Eng. 4/2007
Authors: Dias Rolando C. S. , Costa Mário Rui P. F. N.
Published: July 2007

Cover: The picture on the cover depicts a semi‐batch polymerization with three monomers forming a branched polymer owing to transfer reactions and to the presence of two double bonds in one monomer. Molecular weight, sequence distributions and average molecular radius of gyration are predicted using population balance equations in terms of generating functions. Further details can be found in the article by R. C. S. Dias and M. R. P. F. N. Costa* on page 440.
Measuring barriers to incontinence care seeking
Authors: Heit Michael , Blackwell Linda , Kelly Susan
Published: July 2007

Aims

The objective of this study was to establish the factor validity of a modified Melnyck's Barrier Scale and estimate its reliability in an ethnically heterogeneous incontinent female population.

Methods

Computer assisted telephone interviews (CATI) were conducted on a nonprobability sample of 275 incontinent females (95 Caucasian, 95 African American, 80 Hispanic, 5 Other). Study participants were asked to rate the degree to which barrier items affected their seeking medical care for incontinence on a 4‐point Likert scale ranging from 0 (none) to 3 (greatly). A confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to confirm the structure of the modified Melnyk's Barrier Scale and assess its fit in our racially heterogeneous incontinent female population. Cronbach's alpha coefficients were estimated to establish the reliability of the final barrier measurement model and its subscales.

Results

The 14‐item modified Melnyk's Barrier Scale contained 3 items that loaded on the inconvenience factor (factor loadings 0.659–0.812). Three items loaded on the relationship factor (factor loadings 0.452–0.796). Two items loaded on the site‐related factor (factor loadings 0.554–0.960). Three items loaded on the cost factor (factor loadings 0.481–0.891). Three items loaded on the fear factor (factor loadings 0.457–0.624). Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the final 14‐item modified Melnyk's Barrier Scale was 0.828 (Inconvenience subscale 0.79, Relationship subscale 0.68, Site related subscale 0.69, cost subscale 0.71, fear subscale 0.57).

Conclusion

We offer the Barriers to Incontinence Care Seeking questionnaire (BICS‐Q) to epidemiologic researchers, given its factor validity and reliability, to operationalize barriers when studying relationships between ethnicity and health care disparities. Neurourol. Urodynam. 27:174–178, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quality of work life: The anatomy of two successes
Authors: Copenhaver Lisa , Guest Robert H.
Published: July 2007

When introduced for the right reasons and under the right conditions, ESOPs boost employee motivation.
Meeting the challenges of CAD/CAM
Authors: Groover Mikell P.
Published: July 2007

Developments in computer‐aided design and manufacturing promise great cost savings in the automated factory of the future.
Performance standards, feedback, and rewards: A performance improvement system
Authors: Feeney Edward J.
Published: July 2007

Measurable work standards, feedback to employees on their performance, and rewards for desired behavior are often the keys to greater productivity.
Improving productivity through objective feedback: A review of the evidence
Authors: Kopelman Richard E.
Published: July 2007

The author presents evidence indicating that objective feedback does not usually work—it virtually always works.
The demotion design: An option for forward‐looking firms
Authors: Golembiewski Robert T.
Published: July 2007

A demotion intervention a decade ago shows possibilities for ailing organizations positioning themselves for survival—and recovery.
Productivity bargaining: A rose by any other name
Authors: Horvitz Wayne L.
Published: July 2007

Productivity bargaining heralds mainly a change in attitude toward collective bargaining on the part of a small segment of management and labor.
Productivity strategies at TRW
Authors: Ruch William A. , Werther William B.
Published: July 2007

At TRW, productivity improvement efforts are permanently integrated into the management process to secure long‐term results.
Better management for better productivity: The role of goal setting
Authors: Foster Lawrence W.
Published: July 2007

Goal setting defines the difference between adequate and outstanding performance and motivates employees to excel.
What managers need to know when choosing robots
Authors: Pagano F. S.
Published: July 2007

Robotic systems can improve productivity, but managers need guidelines to decide where to introduce robots and how to prepare for installation.
Source data automation: The key to shop‐floor control
Authors: Smith William A. , Scott George A.
Published: July 2007

Factory data collection provides the basis for successful execution and integration of manufacturing operations.
Perspectives on productivity in the U.S. defense establishment
Authors: Castore Carolyn P. , Morgan Stephen L. , O'Connor Thomas F.
Published: July 2007

GAO is examining whether Defense Department productivity initiatives show tangible progress. The findings so far are mixed.
The thinking organization: How patterns of thought determine organizational culture
Authors: Pitre Evelyn , Sims Henry P.
Published: July 2007

Thursday evening, 7:30 P.M. In his office on the seventh poor, Michael G. Smith, new CEO of Avant‐Garde Computer, Inc. (AGC), examines the most recent sales report. The message is depressing: sales have leveled off in the past year, AGC is a small and innovative young company located in the Silicon Valley. Founded eight years ago, AGC's specialization is engineering graphics design software. The founder, an engineer himself, had successfully marketed two highly specialized software packages for mechanical and electronic design. Two years ago, the need for capital became acute, and the founder sold AGC to a very large multinational corporation.

Michael G. Smith was appointed CEO by the consortium. He recognizes the difficulty of AGC's current situation, but he is optimistic that he can revive the company. His strategy would be to broaden AGC's market by adapting and offering its graphics products to other end‐user specialists besides engineers, and to add a counseling service to educate and orient clients to graphics applications. However, he foresees that the members of AGC's team would not be thrilled by his view of the future, since they are concerned solely with the engineering applications of the company's products. Quite honestly, he really does not know how to introduce these major strategic changes without losing either the team's spirit or the team.
Getting the most from behavior modeling training
Authors: Fox William M.
Published: July 2007

Behavior modeling has long been a successful training methodology. Recent information makes it possible to obtain even better results from this approach.
The issues, benefits, and risks of implementing artificial intelligence
Authors: Schoen Sy
Published: July 2007

When properly applied, AI technology can offer important advantages. But many issues must be tackled on the way to a successful implementation.
Motorola's long march to the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award
Authors: Bhote Keki R.
Published: July 2007

In the beginning was the Need and the Need had no name. Because the Need had no name, the people were ignorant of it, and happy. But the evil Variation was upon the land, yet nobody cared. And Variation did abideth in the United States, when out of the East came a force and smote the U.S., carrying back across the Pacific gold and silver, businesses and jobs. And Bob Galvin, chairman of the board of Motorola, was not happy and called upon the messengers of God to deliver the country from this evil. The first was Edward of Deming, who did preach among the managers and the money changers. But they rent their garments and shouted: “Go tell it to the Japanese.” Next was the Philistine Phil Crosby, who proclaimed “Quality is free.” But all the people laughed, and Crosby went to Florida and he did then laugheth. Then, out of the wilderness, came Dorian the Shainin, who walked the length and breadth of the land and preached: “Attack Variation. It is evil.” And Shainin shunned the captains and centurions and gathered about him peasants of sturdy stock from Rath and Strong, General Motors, Motorola, and other companies. At Motorola, his disciple, Keki Bhote, stood up and told the people: “Verily, verily I say unto you, heed the guru Shainin,for surely, he will lead you to the promised land.” And then Bob Galvin created the Motorola Training and Education Center, and MTEC did walk the earth and eat the apple of knowledge. And Shainin and Bhote and MTEC knew each other and begat Advanced Diagnostic Tools (ADT) and Planned Experiments (PE). Over 8,000 of the unbelievers were converted. Then from the depths of the Communications Sector was born Six Sigma; and lo and behold, the Need finally had a name—Six Sigma.

—From a Motorola skit at a Six Sigma rally.
Company identity, quality improvement, and labor‐management relations in Danish, Italian, Japanese, Scottish, and U.S. firms
Authors: Tomlinson William H. , Paulson Steven K. , Arai Joji , Briggs Douglas H.
Published: July 2007

As EC‐92 approaches, Denmark, Italy, Japan, Scotland, and the United States will all be potential producers for this huge market. A questionnaire survey was sent to a wide variety of types and sizes of firms in these five countries, to explore their managers' perceptions of company identity, productivity/quality improvement, and the labor‐management relations environment. Survey results indicate that the Japanese regard the employee as the strongest stakeholder while the Europeans and Americans decidedly claim the customer, followed closely by the owners. The Japanese, but not the Europeans or the Americans, reflect a very strong belief that the firm's prosperity is related to improvements in their own lives. In Japan, unions are excellent partners with management in corporate communications, participative management, and productivity improvement. This partnership environment among the Europeans and Americans reflects a lower level of harmony and understanding. However, there is a rising optimism for improved labor‐management cooperative relationships in Denmark, Italy, Scotland, and the United States, as the decade of the nineties generates increased competition in the world marketplace.
Getting the job done over there: Improving expatriate productivity
Authors: Bird Allan , Dunbar Roger
Published: July 2007

Despite increased participation in international markets, poor performance and failure rates of US. expatriate managers remain high. Major factors contributing to failure include a manager's inability to adjust to the job, inability to adjust to the new culture, or a manger's spouse and family's inability to adjust to the new assignment. Strategies to improve expatriate productivity include organizational support in the form of improved job training, cultural and language training, predeparture and postarrival mentoring, and health and stress‐reduction training. This support should also be extended to the spouse and other family members.
Comparing cross‐cultural thinking preferences
Authors: Talbot Richard P. , Geyer Robert L.
Published: July 2007

Do different cultures have diffrent thinking preference? Are German engineers in Germany more left‐brained than their Asian or American counterparts? Are Japanese managers take risk than American managers?

The Herrmann Brain Dominance Inrtrument (HBDI), a pencil and paper assessment tool that measures bemispberic preference, has been translated into several foreign languages and is just beginning to be used in other countries. This article takes a brief look at some recent preliminary findings.
Total quality management in the public sector
Authors: Milakovich Michael E.
Published: July 2007

The failure of government productivity efforts to improve the quality of public service bas prompted calls for the complete overhaul of management procedures. Increasingly, elected and appointed officials recognize that productivity enhancement efforts alone do not lead to improved service quality. Past government efforts have proven to be ineffective in motivating employees to continually improve quality. Total Quality Management (TQM) is a theory‐based option that allows public managers to reward truly exceptional individual performance, yet increase the capacity for agency‐wide cooperation and process improvement. The current interest in applying TQM techniques to public services provides a promising model for launching a Total Quality Management (TQM) improvement strategy for the American public sector at all levels. This article examines the origins of TQM, describes bow the philosophies of leading quality theorists apply to the public sector, suggests ways to overcome barriers to implementation, and presents a brief overview of current Federal government total quality improvement efforts.
Partnering in the construction industry: Win‐win strategic management in action
Authors: Mosley Donald , Moore Carl , Slagle Michelle , Burns Daniel
Published: July 2007

When two organizations have contractual difficulties, only the lawyers make money. This describes the adversarial situation prevalent in the construction industry, particularly in the public sector, where owner and contractor often spend more time in legal maneuvers after completion of the project than was spent in the actual construction.

Partnering, a management process for productivity improvement through changes in organizational procedures and interorganizattonal relationships, was first applied in the private sector. In the public sector, managers in the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers recognized partnering as a tool to help them operate more effectively in their changing, more competitive environment. In this article, the authors describe how partnering was applied for the first time by the Corps of Engineers.

Partnering did not solve all the problems that surfaced in the project. It did, however, provide an effective alternative to the strictly adversarial mode of operations previously found on such projects and was effective in addressing some problems that previously might have resulted in litigation.
A look at continuous improvement at Northwest airlines
Authors: Midas Michael T. , Devine Thomas E.
Published: July 2007

Since 1776, Americans have proved time and again that whether they are in the military, industry, athletics, or the public sector they can work for the common good if there is a leader on hand who can create an effective challenge and vision for the future; ensure an understanding by all of the strategic and tactical action plans necessary to move towards it; provide guaranteed structured opportunities for all members to influence the decision process and improve work processes; and generate a sustained commitment from all managers to help their team members be successful. The employees of Northwest Airlines Maintenance Overhaul Facility in Atlanta, composed of numerous different cultures resulting from 1980 mergers, demonstrated from 1986 through 1989 that continuous improvement can be achieved through hard work, mutual respect, and a determination to become the best. Their non‐cookbook approach to the continuous improvement process was developed with the active participation and involvement of the rank and file, and has inspired to many who have visited their facility over the past three years.
Planting the seeds of TQM
Authors: Majumdar Amit , Smolenyak Megan , Yencho Nancy
Published: July 2007

Emerging over the last ten years from a protected and regulated role, the Steel Authority of India (SAIL) is now facing the realities of international competition. Using the principles and tools of total qualify management (TQM), SAIL is undergoing a total quality transformation. Poor quality has cost the company in terms of greater inventory, scrap costs, and by‐product ratings, and therefore values have been degraded. SAIL'S new companywide TQM program focuses on quality of products and services, human resources, continuous innovation, customer service and satisfaction, and capitalization of corporate resources.
A project milestone bonus plan: Bringing a plant startup on‐line, on time, on cost
Authors: Butler Robert J.
Published: July 2007

Starting up a major appliance plant is an enormously complex task involving thousands of projects at numerous locations, all coming together to attain an on‐cost production plan. This task is tough enough to manage when the plant is a greenfield startup in the United States. It is several magnitudes more complex when it is undertaken by a US. company in central Mexico in a new joint venture with a Mexican partner.

In such a recent joint‐venture greenfield startup, a major appliance manufacturer went from concept to full production in less than half the normal startup time. According to this case study, giving the technical team bonus incentives helped build the commitment necessary to achieve success.
Survey: Self‐managed teams achieve continuous improvement best
Authors: Magjuka Richard J.
Published: July 2007

Managers concerned with enhancing productivity and quality in their organizations want to know how to get the most from employee improvement programs (EIPs). But before they can do so, they need to understand EIP design and purpose. This article reports the findings of a national survey of EIP make‐up and goals.
MasterCard division masters the quality possibilities
Authors: Goff Heidi R.
Published: July 2007

In this article, the general manager of a division of MasterCard International talks about how quality initiatives turned a losing division into a winner. Among the outstanding results: The division has become one of the company's most profitable departments, and more than 9Opercent of its employees think management is doing a good job.
East Germany's race for productivity growth
Authors: Link Franz Josef , Fröhlich Hans‐Peter
Published: July 2007

East Germany's rapid transition from command economy to market economy has revealed the true extent of economic decline under the old system. Productivity in Eastern German factories is much lower than previously assumed. In/act, much of the existing stock of capital can no longer be used. Investors from Western Germany or from abroad, therefore, will have to provide new product and manufacturing technology, as well as invest in human capital. Because productivity is the key to economic recovery for Eastern Germany, it is essential that this capital transfer rapidly gain momentum. Because the region is attractive to outside investors, the prospects for this happening are quite favorable. At the same time, however, various administrative and legislative obstacles still block a more rapid flow of external investment.
How the flow of materials can lead to customer satisfaction: A study points the way
Authors: Byrne Patrick M. , Markham William J.
Published: July 2007

Despite the enormous amount of attention focused on customer service and quality improvement, only one in ten U.S. suppliers—manufacturers, distributors, and retailers—can successfully execute a strategy based on customer satisfaction. The rest suffer from inadequate logistics. Improving the logistics process—that is, the management of the flow of materials from the original raw material sources to the ultimate customers—is vital to organizational success.
Erie excellence council applies Deming's principles
Authors: Brown James H.
Published: July 2007

How do you develop constancy of purpose for an entire community? How do you breakdown barriers between and develop cooperation among organizations? How do you go beyond organizational system optimization to community system optimization? How do you institute quality education in a community?

The Erie Excellence Council (EEC), a Pennsylvania community quality council, initially is working to reach these goals by applying eight of Dr. W. Edwards Deming's 14 Points to education, transportation, government, communications, manufacturing, and service. Eventually all fourteen principles will be applied to these sectors.
Partnering: A path to total quality in purchasing
Authors: Hutchins Greg
Published: July 2007

Many present economic indicators portend tough times in the early 1990s. Companies are cutting excess internal and external fat to become lean and competitive. This particularly applies to external product and service suppliers. Those suppliers who survive and prosper in the competitive 1990s will have developed intensive and extensive quality management programs that emphasize customer satisfaction and continuous improvement.
Design of experiments offers powerful tools for quality improvement
Authors: Bhote Keki R.
Published: July 2007

Eager to improve their products, market share, profits, and return on investment, U.S. firms are turning to quality management principles for help. Although leadership, worker motivation and participation, and quality systems are important, the design of experiments is the key to the magic kingdom of quality, for it has proven to be the best technique for solving quality problems.
How quality government is being achieved
Authors: Wood Patricia B.
Published: July 2007

How does a federal agency take quality management from concept to real life? Based on the experiences of several organizations that have won federal quality awards, this article describes the four basic steps needed to do so.
Doing everything right the first time pays off handsomely at cadet uniform services
Authors: Raynor Michael E.
Published: July 2007

The shift to a post‐industrial economy will require service companies to pay manufacturing‐level wages. Cadet Uniform Services of Toronto, Canada, is able to pay up to double the average wage for its industry, but only because its systems enable employees to be more than twice as productive. This article provides insights into how Cadet does it.