bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Rotational Spectra and Structures of Small Clusters: Ar3‐HF and Ar3‐DF.
Authors: GUTOWSKY H. S. , KLOTS T. D. , CHUANG C. , KEEN J. D. , SCHMUTTENMAER C. A. , EMILSSON T.
Published: May 2016

The small molecular Clusters Ar3‐HF and Ar3‐DF are characterized by microwave rotational spectroscopy.
ChemInform Abstract: Molecular Composition and Thermochemistry of Tin(II), Lead(II), and Scandium(III) Iodide Vapours.
Authors: HILPERT K. , BENCIVENNI L. , SAHA B.
Published: May 2016

The monomer and dimer molecules (SnI2);(g), (PbI2);(g), and (ScI3)i(g) (i = 1, 2) are identified by high‐temp.
ChemInform Abstract: Structures of Cesium‐containing Fluorides. Part 8. Cs7Ni4F15 and Cs7Co4F15: Crystal Structure Determination of the Hitherto Cesium‐richest Compounds in the Corresponding Systems CsF/MF2.
Authors: SCHMIDT R. E. , BABEL D.
Published: May 2016

After solid state reaction between CsF and NiFz (2:1) the only nickel‐containing phase is Cs7Ni4F,5, which crystallizes in the space group P21/c with Z=2.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxygen Sensors Based on the Electrical Conductivity of the Solid Solutions (Mg1‐xFex)O and (Mg1‐xCox)O.
Authors: VALVERDE N.
Published: May 2016

The dependence of the specific conductivity on the oxygen partial pressure (I0"7 ä p(O2) ä 105 Pa) has been investigated for solid Solutions of compositions (Mg,‐"Fe")Oand (Mg, ‐,.Co")O (0.05 ä x ä 0.25) at 900 and 800°C. From the slopes of plots of log c vs.
ChemInform Abstract: Stability of the Bifluoride Ion (HF2‐) in the Gas Phase.
Authors: HENI M. , ILLENBERGER E.
Published: May 2016

The HFZ′ ion is generated in the gas phase by dissociative attachment of monoenergetic electrons to trans‐ and cis‐12‐CZHZFZ.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation and Characterization of Platinized‐Carbon Hydrogen Anodes for Alkali and Acid Fuel Cells.
Authors: SHUKLA A. K. , RAMESH K. V. , MANOHARAN R. , SARODE P. R. , VASUDEVAN S.
Published: May 2016

By careful optimization of the interfacial surface tension, pore size distribution, and applied pressure of hydrogen of platinized‐carbon hydrogen anodes using coconut‐shell charcoal as the Substrat, it is possible to obtain high‐efficiency alkali and acid media hydrogen anodes.
ChemInform Abstract: Decomposition of Silane on Solid P4O10.
Authors: SURESH B. S. , PADMA D. K.
Published: May 2016

Silane decomposes on the surface of P4O10 according to the scheme.
ChemInform Abstract: A Complex Containing a Ni ‐ O Unit at the Center of a Porphyrin.
Authors: BALCH A. L. , CHAN Y.‐W. , OLMSTEAD M. M.
Published: May 2016

The X‐Ray Crystal and Molecular Structure of the Nickel(II) Complex of Octaethylporphyrin N‐Oxide Dianion.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Selective Nonenzymatic Chiral Induction into 3‐Methylglutaric Acid and cis‐4‐Cyclohexen‐1,2‐ylenebis(acetic acid) Utilizing a Functional Five‐Membered Heterocycle 4(R)‐MCTT.
Authors: NAGAO Y. , IKEDA T. , INOUE T. , YAGI M. , SHIRO M. , FUJITA E.
Published: May 2016

Das aus der Methylglutarsäure (I) und dem chiralen Thiazolidinthion (II) hergestellte Diamid (III) reagiert mit sekundären Aminen wie Piperidin diastereoselektiv zu Gemischen der chromatographisch trennbaren Diastereomeren (IV) und (V) im Verhältnis 88 : 12. Analog werden aus dem Diamid (XIV) mit Piperidin die gemischten Diamide (XV) und (XVI)(94 : 6) erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: First Asymmetric Synthesis of Piperidones‐4. Synthesis of Optically Active Diastereomers of 1‐α‐Phenethyl‐2‐methylpiperidone‐4.
Authors: GRISHINA G. V. , POTAPOV V. M. , GUDASHEVA T. A. , ABDULGANEEVA S. A.
Published: May 2016

Die Umaminierung der Methoiodide (I) von 1‐substituierten Z‐Methylpiperidonen mit optisch aktivem α‐Phenylethylamin (II) liefert die optischen Isomeren (III) und (IV) mit einer optischen Ausbeute von 50%.
ChemInform Abstract: Diastereoselectivity in the 1,2‐Addition of Silylazoles to Chiral Aldehydes.
Authors: DONDONI A. , FOGAGNOLO M. , MEDICI A. , PEDRINI P.
Published: May 2016

Die Silylazole (I) addieren an die Aldchyde (II) zu den isomeren Silylethern (III) und (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Diene‐transmissive Diels ‐ Alder Reaction Using 2‐Ethoxy‐3‐methylene‐1,4‐pentadiene and 2‐(2‐Bromo‐1‐ethoxyethyl)‐1,3‐butadiene.
Authors: KANEMASA S. , SAKOH H. , WADA E. , TSUGE O.
Published: May 2016

A new cross‐conjugated triene (IV) und a triene equivalent (III) [the precursor of(IV)] have been synthesized and their diene‐transmissive Diels‐Alder Cycloadditions are investigated; the mechanism is discussed thoroughly.
ChemInform Abstract: Photogeneration of Triphenyl C3 Radical Cations: Deprotonation and Nucleophilic Addition as Competitive Pathways.
Authors: KLETT M. W. , JOHNSON R. P.
Published: May 2016

Radical cations of the allene (I) and its isomer (II) are generated by irradiation at long wavelengths in the presence of DCN or DCA.
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of Carbenes with Bicyclo[2.1.0]pentane.
Authors: SHIUE G.‐H. , MISSLITZ U. , DING X. , JONES M. JUN. , DE MEIJERE A.
Published: May 2016

Bicyclo(2,1,O)pentan (I) reagiert mit den aus (II) zugänglichen Carbenen zu den Produkten (III) und (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: The Reaction of Trialkylvinylborate with Carbon Dioxide. A New Method for the Preparation of β‐Hydroxycarboxylic Acids from Alkenes.
Authors: DENG M.‐Z. , LU D.‐A. , XU W.‐H.
Published: May 2016

Die aus Boran und Alkenen in THF zugänglichen Alkylborane (I) werden mit Grignard‐Verbindungen (II) über (III) und anschließend weiter über (IV) in die Hydroxycarbonsäuren (V) übergefühn.
ChemInform Abstract: 2,5‐Disubstituted Benzotricyclo[4.2.1.02,5]nonanes: Photochemical Precursors to Substituted Bridged o‐Xylylene Derivatives.
Authors: MILLER R. D. , FRANZ L. , FICKES G. N.
Published: May 2016

Aus dem Dichlor‐norbornen (I) erhält man mit den aus dem Iodonium‐Salz (II) erhaltenen Arinen das Addukt (III), das mit Organo‐Lithiumverbindungen zu (V) umgesetzt wird.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetrie Synthesis Using Chiral Lithium Alkoxytrialkylaluminates: Obtention of (2S)‐2‐Hydroxy‐2‐phenyl‐4‐methylpentanoic Acid with 85% Optical Purity.
Authors: ABENHAIM D. , BOIREAU G. , DEBERLY A.
Published: May 2016

Das aus äquimolaren Mengen iBu3Al und dem Li‐Salz des (+)‐Darvonalkohols hergestellte chirale Reagens (IIa) reagiert in Hexan mit dem α‐Ketoester (I) zum α‐Hydroxyester (IIIa), aus dem durch Hydrolyse die (2S)‐kon?guierte Hydroxysäure (IVa) in einer optischen Reinheit von 85% e.e.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Class of Chiral Smectic Liquid Crystals: Substituted Biphenyl‐cyclohexylideneethanones Having an Axial Chirality.
Authors: SOLLADIE G. , ZIMMERMANN R.
Published: May 2016

Die racemischen Ketone (V) werden durch Kondensation der β‐Ketophosphonate (II) mit den Cyclohexanonen (IV) erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: Peterson Olefination of (α‐Methoxybenzyl)silane with Aldehydes and Ketones Leading to Vinyl Ethers.
Authors: KANEMASA S. , TANAKA J. , NAGAHAMA H. , TSUGE O.
Published: May 2016

The silane (I) is deprotonated with butyl‐Li and the lithiate reacts with the carbonyl compounds (II) to give the vinyl ethers (III) (predominating in the E‐configuration).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Absolute Konfiguration of Diastereomeric Derivatives of Aziridine‐2‐carboxylic Acid, Containing Valine and Hexafluorovaline Fragments.
Authors: SOLODIN I. V. , POLYAK F. D. , EREMEEV A. V. , VOSEKALNA I. A. , LIEPIN'SH E. E. , CHERVIN I. I. , KOSTYANOVSKII R. G.
Published: May 2016

Der 2,3‐Dibrompropi0nsäuremethylester (I) wird mit (S)‐ oder (R)‐Valin (II) in Gegenwart von Triethylamin zu diastereomeren Aziridincarbonsäurederivaten (III) umgesetzt.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Approach to Polypropionates: Routes to Subunits of Monensin and Tirandamycin.
Authors: DANISHEFSKY S. , HARVEY D. F.
Published: May 2016

The syntheses of the lactone (IX) ‐ a degradation product of monensin ‐ and some precursors of (XVI), which is an intermediate in the synthesis of tirandamycin, are described.
ChemInform Abstract: Photoinduced Reactions. Part 69.Photochemistrv of the Phthalimide System.
Authors: MACHIDA M. , ODA K. , KANAOKA Y.
Published: May 2016

The photocyclization of (I) yields a mixture ofdiastereomers, to which the structures (II) and (III) are assigned in accordance with 1H and 13C NMR data [(Ie), however, gives (IV) and (V)].
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Properties of 1‐(2‐Hydroxyethyl)tetrazole.
Authors: GAPONIK P. N. , KARAVAI V. P.
Published: May 2016

Ethanolamin (I) reagiert mit Natriumazid und Orthoameisensäureethyl‐ester (II) über die Zwischenstufe (III) zu Hydroxyethyltetrazol (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antitumor Activity of Some 8‐Substituted 4‐Oxo‐4H‐1‐benzopyrans.
Authors: ATASSI G. , BRIET P. , BERTHELON J.‐J. , COLLONGES F.
Published: May 2016

Ausgehend von entsprechenden S‐Brommethylbenzofuranen werden Derivate vom Typ (I)‐(III) synthetisiert (Ausb. in Tab.) und auf ihre Antitumorwirkung hin untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: Solvent and Temperature Dependent Regioselective Reactions Between 2‐Chloro‐ 6‐cyanopyridine and Aliphatic Alcohols.
Authors: ELMAN B.
Published: May 2016

The distribution of the products formed by the reaction of (I) with the diols (II) and (VIII) or ethanol (V) under various reaction conditions (solvent, temp., Substrate ratio, reaction time) is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Polyfunctional Mono‐ and Dipyridines Using Complex Cobalt Catalysts.
Authors: SELIMOV F. A. , KHAFIZOV V. R. , DZHEMILEV U. M.
Published: May 2016

Die α,β‐Dinitrile (I), erhältlich durch Cyanethylierung der entsprechenden Oligoethylenglykole, reagieren unter Cobalt‐Katalyse mit Acetylen zu den Mono‐ bzw. Dipyridyl‐Derivaten (II) und (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2‐(4‐Cyanophenyl)‐5‐(4‐n‐alkyl‐ and ‐alkoxyphenyl)pyridines.
Authors: PAVLYUCHENKO A. I. , SMIRNOVA N. I. , KOVSHEV E. I.
Published: May 2016

Die aus den p‐substituierten Phenylessigsäuren (I) erhältlichen Salze (II) werden durch Kondensation mit p‐Cyanacetophenon (III) in p‐Cyanbenzoylbutadiene (IV) umgewandelt und diese zu Pyryliumsalzen (V) cyclisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Intramolecular Tosylhydrazone‐Mediated Cyclopropanation Reactions of 4‐(2‐Formylphenyl)‐1,4‐dihydropyridines.
Authors: REMY D. C. , KING S. W. , COCHRAN D. , SPRINGER J. P. , HIRSHFIELD J.
Published: May 2016

Die im Titel genannten Verbindungen (II) werden in die instabilen Tosylhydrazone (III) übergeführt, die beim Erwärmen in Benzol über die nur teilweise isolierten Pyrazoline (IV) die hochgespannten Cyclopropan‐Derivate (V) liefern.
ChemInform Abstract: Derivatives of Benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2‐b]thiophene. Synthesis of 2,3,7,8‐Tetrahydro‐3‐oxothieno[1,2‐b]cyclohepta[5,6,7‐de]isoquinoline and 1,2,3,7,8,11b‐Hexahydro‐3‐oxothieno[1,2‐b]cyclohepta[5,6,7‐de]isoquinoline.
Authors: SARRIA E. , VEGA S.
Published: May 2016

Bei der Kondensation des tricyclischen Ketons (I) mit dem Phosphono‐essigsäureestcr entstehen die isomeren Kondensationsprodukte (II) und (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 1,3‐Diaryl‐4,7‐phenanthrolines.
Authors: KOZLOV N. S. , GUSAK K. N. , SERZHANINA V. A. , KROT N. A.
Published: May 2016

Die Chinolylazomethine (I) reagieren in Gegenwart von Salzsäure mit Acetophenonen (II) zu Diarylphenanthrolinen (III).
ChemInform Abstract: The Reactivity of 2,3‐Diaminopyridine Toward Alkyl Chloroformates and Dicarbonates.
Authors: PAGANI ZECCHINI G. , TORRINI I. , PAGLIALUNGA PARADISI M.
Published: May 2016

Zß‐Diamino‐pyridin (II) liefert mit Chlorkohlensäureester die Substitutionsprodukte (I) bzw. (III) sowie aus (III) das Cyclisierungsprodukt (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Photochemistry of Host‐Guest Complexes. Part 8. The Photoreaction of Pyrazinedicarbonitrile Derivatives Having a Crown Ether Moiety in the Presence of an ω‐Diethylamino‐1‐alkanaminium Salt.
Authors: TADA M. , HAMAZAKI H. , TSUZUKI K.
Published: May 2016

Die Photolyse der Dicyan‐pyrazine (I) ergibt die isomeren Mono‐nitrile (II) und (III) in Gegenwart von Triethylamin.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 4,5‐Dihydro‐4‐phenyl‐3H‐1,3,4‐benzotriazepines.
Authors: MARTIN L. L. , AGNEW M. N. , SETESCAK L. L.
Published: May 2016

Phenylhydrazin (I) kondensiert mit 2‐Nitro‐benzylchlorid (II) zu (III), das über die N‐Formylverbindung (IVa) zu (IVb) methyliert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: Dimethylaluminum Methaneselenolate: A Useful Reagent for the Preparation of Selenoesters.
Authors: KOZIKOWSKI A. P. , AMES A.
Published: May 2016

The title compound (II)(stab1e for about one month in solution under argon) reacts with (II1a) to give the selenoester (VIa), which can be transformed to (IIIa)‐(IIId) by the procedures shown in the scheme [(VIb)‐(VIg) are prepared similarly from the corresponding methyl or ethyl esters].
ChemInform Abstract: Controlled Carbometalation. Part 20. Carbometalation Reaction of Alkynes with Organoalane‐Zirconocene Derivatives as a Route to Stereo‐ and Regiodefined Trisubstituted Alkenes.
Authors: NEGISHI E. , VAN HORN D. E. , YOSHIDA T.
Published: May 2016

An einer Vielzahl von Reaktionen bei unterschiedlichen Bedingungen wird ermittelt, daß die Reaktion von Alkinen mit einem Methylalan und einem Zirconocen‐Derivat ‐ wie die als Beispiel aufgezeichneten ‐ eine bequeme und selektive Darstellungsmethode für (E)‐2‐Methyl‐1‐alkenylalane in hohen Ausb. ist.
ChemInform Abstract: Lanthanide Chelate Complexes of Salicyloyl Hydrazide‐Salicylaldehyde Schiff Base (SHSASB) and Anthranilic Acid
Authors: NAVANEETHAM N. S. , KALYANASUNDARAM R. , SOUNDARARAJAN S.
Published: May 2016

Salicylaldehyde Schiff Base (AASASB).
ChemInform Abstract: New Antitumor Titanocene Derivatives Containing Hydrophilic Ligands.
Authors: KOEPF‐MAIER P. + , GRABOWSKI S. , LIEGENER J. , KOEPF H. +
Published: May 2016

Die wie aufgezeichnet synthetisierten Titanocen‐Derivate (I) und (III) werden auf ihre antiproliferative Aktivität gegenüber Ehrlich‐Aszites‐Tumorcn in Mäusen getestet.
ChemInform Abstract: Structural Differentiation of CO and O2 Binding to Iron Porphyrins: Polar Pocket Effects.
Authors: TRAYLOR T. G. , KOGA N. , DEARDURFF L. A.
Published: May 2016

Der Ligand wurde durch Reaktion des entsprechenden 3,13‐Bis‐[3‐aminopropyl]‐Derivats des Porphyrins mit 3,5‐Pyridindicarbonsäure in CHZCI; unter Rückfluß mit 17.5% Ausb. dargestellt und nach bekannter Methode zu (Ia) als Chlorid (20% Ausb.) umgesetzt.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Structure, and Reactions of a η5‐CpCo(η4‐bisketene) Complex.
Authors: JEWELL C. F. JUN. , LIEBESKIND L. S. , WILLIAMSON M.
Published: May 2016

Die photolytische Umbildung des DimethylmaleoylCo‐Komplexes (I) zum Tite1kom‐ plex (II) wird IR‐ und NMR‐spektroskopisch verfolgt und bestätigt.
ChemInform Abstract: A Heteronuclear (Pt, Zn) Complex of 1‐Methyluracil with Different Coordination Geometries (Square‐planar and Square‐pyramidal) of the Two Metals.
Authors: SCHOELLHORN H. + , THEWALT U. , LIPPERT B.
Published: May 2016

Molekülund Kristallstruktur des aus cis‐Bis‐[1‐methyluracilato]‐diammin‐Pt(II) und Znsulfatheptahydrat erhaltenen Zweikernkomplexes (I) (RG P21/c, Z=4) werden röntgenanalytisch ermittelt.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Porphyrin‐p‐benzoquinone Compounds Containing a Double Penta‐ or Hexamethylene Bridge.
Authors: MORGAN B. , DOLPHIN D.
Published: May 2016

The key step in the synthesis of the title compounds (XIVb) (with the quinone link fixed above the plane of the porphyrin system) is the double Wittig reaction of the dialdehyde (X) with the phosphonium salts (IX) yielding the products (XI).
ChemInform Abstract: Constitution and Stereochemistry of Dimeric 1,2‐O‐Isopropylidene‐a‐D‐xylo‐pentodialdo‐lA‐furanose in CDC].
Authors: KILAAS L. , ANTHONSEN T.
Published: May 2016

Oxidation of the glucofuranose (I) with sodium periodate yields the dimer (II) (yield given in g).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of the Racemic Form of (Z)‐1,17‐Diaminooctadec‐9‐ene, an Aliphatic Diamine from Coccinellidae.
Authors: BRACONNIER M. F. , BRAEKMAN J. C. , DALOZE D.
Published: May 2016

The total Synthesis ofthe titlc compound (XI) has been achieved with an over‐ull yield oI6.5"/u in I5 steps.
ChemInform Abstract: Studies Related to Cephalosporins. Part 2. Displacement Reactions on 3‐Bromo‐ methylcephems with Salts of Carboxylic Acids.
Authors: BOTTA M. , DE ANGELIS F. , GRGURINA I. , MARZI M. , NICOLETTI R.
Published: May 2016

Aus dem Brommethylcephemester (I) erhält man mit Ammoniumsalzen (II) die Substitutionsprodukte (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Effect of EDTA on the Cathodic Reduction of Oxide Films on Iron in Sodium Hydroxide Solution.
Authors: SZKLARSKA‐SMIALOWSKA Z. , ZAKROCZYMSKI T. , FAN C.‐J.
Published: May 2016

EDTA added to 0.05 M NaOH has no effect on passive film formation on iron during its anodic polarization but drastically enhances cathodic reduction of the passive film.
ChemInform Abstract: Electroreduction of Chromium(VI) in Aqueous Acid Solutions.
Authors: DIAZ A. F. , SCHERMER D.
Published: May 2016

The reduction of Cr(VI) in aqueous acid solution has been studied by cyclic voltammetry using a Pt electrode.
ChemInform Abstract: Formation and Breakdown of Passive Oxide Films on Nickel in Halide Solutions.
Authors: MACDOUGALL B. , GRAHAM M. J.
Published: May 2016

To study the influence of different halide ions on the passivation of nickel, passive oxide films are formed on Ni in pH 3.0, 0.15 N Na2SO4, and then subjected to potentiostatic polarization in 0.08 M C1′, Br′, or F′ solutions.
ChemInform Abstract: Kinetics and Mechanisms of Platinum(II)‐Promoted Hydrolysis of Inorganic Polyphosphates.
Authors: BOSE R. N. , CORNELIUS R. D. , VIOLA R. E.
Published: May 2016

The hydrolysis reactions of tri‐ and pyrophosphate ions are accelerated in the presence of cis‐[Pt(NH3)2(H2O)2]2+ (I) in aqueous perchlorate and nitrate media in the pH range 1‐8. The kinetics of hydrolysis of triphosphate in the presence of (I) exhibit second‐order growth of an intermediate, which decays to hydrolyzed products by a first‐order process.
ChemInform Abstract: Rutile Growth at the Surface of TiO2 Films Deposited by Vapour‐phase Decomposition of Isopropyl Titanate.
Authors: TAKAHASHI Y. , SUZUKI H. , NASU M.
Published: May 2016

It is found that rutile films can be obtained by the title method, when films thicker than l0 um are grown at rapid film growth rate and at substrate temp. between 450 and 500°C (under conditions of slow depositions, anatase films were formed).
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal and Molecular Structure of a Six‐Coordinate Zinc Porphyrin: Bis(tetrahydrofuran)(5,10,15,20‐tetraphenylporphinato)zinc(II).
Authors: SCHAUER C. K. , ANDERSON O. P. , EATON S. S. , EATON G. R.
Published: May 2016

The title complex crystallizes in the space group PT, Z=1.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Diels‐Alder Reactions of Neopentyl‐Ether‐Shielded Acrylates and Allenic Esters: Syntheses of (‐)‐Norbornenone and (‐)‐β‐Santalene.
Authors: OPPOLZER W. , CHAPUIS C. , DUPUIS D. , GUO M.
Published: May 2016

Ausgehend von (+)‐ bzw. (‐)‐Campher werden die antipodalen Alkohole (Ia) bzw. (IIa) dargestellt, die in ihre Acrylate (Ib) bzw. (IIb) übergeführt werden.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐catalysed Reductive Addition of Aryl Iodides to Propargyl Alcohols: a Route to γ,γ‐Diaryl Allylic Alcohols.
Authors: ARCADI A. , CACCHI S. , MARINELLI F.
Published: May 2016

Die Pd‐katalysierte Reaktion der Aryliodide (′II) bzw. (VIII) mit den Arylethinyl‐carbinolen (I) bzw. (VII) (Darstellung beschrieben) unter den angegebenen Bedingungen führt stereoselektiv zu den Produkten (V) bzw. (IX); die Isomeren (VI) bzw. (X) werden nur in 5‐ 10proz. Ausb. gebildet.
ChemInform Abstract: Face Selectivity of the Diels ‐ Alder Additions of Sulfur‐Substituted Dienes and Tetraenes Grafted onto 7‐Oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptanes.
Authors: TORNARE J.‐M. , VOGEL P. , PINKERTON A. A. , SCHWARZENBACH D.
Published: May 2016

The starting diene (IIIa) is prepared by reaction of the compounds (I) and (II); (IIIb) and (IIIc) are similarly obtained.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Bromoallene under the Conditions of Phase Transfer Catalysis.
Authors: KURGINYAN K. A. , ARAKELOVA S. V. , KALAIDZHYAN A. E.
Published: May 2016

1,2,3‐Tribrompropan (I) wird durch doppelte HBr‐Abspaltung in Gegenwart von Phasentransferkatalysator und Promotoren ( ;z.B. PhOH) in ein Gemisch aus der Titelverbindung (II) und dem isomeren Propargylbromid (III) übergeführt.
ChemInform Abstract: Electron‐Transfer Mediated Photooxygenation of Biphenyl and Its Derivatives in the Presence of Mg(ClO4)2.
Authors: MIZUNO K. , ICHINOSE N. , TAMAI T. , OTSUJI Y.
Published: May 2016

Aus den Biphenylen (I) erhält man bei der photochemischen Oxidation in Gegenwart von 9,10‐Dicyan‐phenanthren (II) und Magnesiumperchlorat unter Spaltung die Carbonsäuren (III) und (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of Fulvenes with Activated Sulfoxides.
Authors: MORICK W. , HARTKE K.
Published: May 2016

The fulvenes (I), (V) and (VII) react with the sulfoxide (II) in the presence of trifluoracetic anhydride to form bissulfoniofulvenes, isolated as the salts (III), (VI) and (VIII).
ChemInform Abstract: Stepwise Oxidation of 1,2‐Naphthoquinone and Cycloheptaldelnaphthalene‐7,8‐dione (o‐Pleiadienequinone).
Authors: GLEITER R. , DOBLER W.
Published: May 2016

Durch Oxidation des Naphthochinons (I) bzw. des Chinons (VII) werden die Epoxide (II) bzw. (VIII) erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of Alkylarylcarbinols by Mono‐Oxidation at the Benzylic Position Using 2,3‐Dichloro‐5,6‐dicyanobenzoquinone (DDQ).
Authors: BOUQUET M. , GUY A. , LEMAIRE M. , GUETTE J. P.
Published: May 2016

Die Benzylverbindungen (I) können unter milden Bedingungen mit 2,3‐Dichlor‐5,6‐dicyanbenzochinon in essigsaurer Lösung zu den Benzylacetaten (II) oxidiert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: Nitramines. Part 17. Alkyl(arylmethyl)nitramines.
Authors: UNTERHALT B. , MOHR R. , THAMER D.
Published: May 2016

Die Na‐Salze der Nitramine (I) lassen sich mit den Benzylbromiden (II) zu den N‐Benzylnitraminen (III) alkylieren, daneben wird das nicht isolierbare Benzyloxyazoxid (IV) gebildet.
ChemInform Abstract: The Oscillating Belousov‐Zhabotinsky Type Reaction with Saccharides (glucose, arabinose, fructose or galactose).
Authors: SEVCIK P. , ADAMCIKOVA L.
Published: May 2016

( EV IK, P.; ADAMÖIKOVA, L; J. Phys.
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of Cyanamides with Malonyl Chloride, Cyanoacetyl Chloride, and Dichloromalonyl Chloride.
Authors: RIED W. , NENNINGER J. , BATS J. W.
Published: May 2016

Die Reaktionen von Malonylchlorid (I) und Dichlormalonylchlorid (XII) mit den Cyanamiden (III) werden untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: l‐Trifluoromethylvinyl Alkyl(aryl) Sulfones.
Authors: FOKIN A. V. , KOLOMIETS A. F. , SHKURAK S. N. , KONDRASHOV N. V. , MUKHAMETSHIN F. M.
Published: May 2016

Durch Reaktion des Sulfenylchlorids (I) mit den Alkenen (II) werden die Sulfide (III) erhalten, die durch Behandeln mit NEt3 unter HCl‐Abspaltung in die Vinylderivate (IV) übergehen.
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of gem‐Dibromocyclopropanes with Potassium Dimethyl Phosphite in Liquid Ammonia.
Authors: MEIJS G. F. , DOYLE I. R.
Published: May 2016

Die geminalen Dibromcyclopropane (I) werden unter Lichtausschluß stereoselektiv zu den entsprechenden trans‐ Monobromiden (II) reduziert.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 15‐Hydroxy[9]metacyclophane.
Authors: LORENZI‐RIATSCH A. , WAELCHLI R. + , HESSE M.
Published: May 2016

Die Titelverbindung (III) läßt sich aus dem Aldehyd (I) auf zwei unterschiedlichen Wegen darstellen.
ChemInform Abstract: Fluorine‐Halogen Exchange at 2,2,4,4‐Tetrafluoro‐1,3‐dithietane.
Authors: WATERFELD A. , MEWS R.
Published: May 2016

(I) und (III) geben mit den entsprechenden Lewis‐Säuren die Salze (II) bzw. (IV) (Ausb. in g angegeben).
ChemInform Abstract: Creation of Novel Chiral Synthons with Enzymes and Applications to Natural Product Synthesis.
Authors: KURIHARA M. , KAMIYAMA K. , KOBAYASHI S. , OHNO M.
Published: May 2016

Der Diester (I) wird enzymatisch zum Monoester (II) verseift und nach Umwandlung in den Aminocarbonsäureester (IIIc) zum Lactam (IV) kondensiert.
ChemInform Abstract: Configurations and Conformations of Some 3‐Acetoxy‐cis‐hexahydro‐2(3H)‐benzofuranones.
Authors: DOLMAZON R. , GELIN S.
Published: May 2016

Aus den 2‐Ethoxyallyl‐cyclohexanonen (I) erhält man bei der kataly‐ . tischen Hydrierung isomere Alkohole (II), die in Form der Acetate (III) in ihren Konformationen bestätigt werden.
ChemInform Abstract: Formation of the 5‐Azoniafulvene Ion and Its Benzo‐annellated Analogue from N‐Mannich Bases of Pyrrole and Indole.
Authors: BURGER U. , BRINGHEN A. O. , WIRTHNER P. J. , SCHAERER J.‐C. +
Published: May 2016

The dialkylaminomethylpyrroles (IIa) and (IIb) are synthesized from (I) and (III).
ChemInform Abstract: A Convenient Synthesis of γ‐Sultines.
Authors: MESSINGER P.
Published: May 2016

Die q/,y‐Diketosulfone (I) lassen sich mit NaCN zu den γ‐Ketonitrilen (III) und den γ‐Ketosulfonaten (II) spalten.
ChemInform Abstract: Nature of Reissert Analogs Derived from N,N‐Dialkyl and N,N‐Diaryl Carbamoyl Chlorides.
Authors: KANT J. , POPP F. D. , UFF B. C.
Published: May 2016

Aus Isochinolin (I) werden neue und bekannte Reissert‐Verbindungen (II) hergestellt, über die Anionen zu (III) methyliert und zum 1‐Methyl‐isochinolin (IV) verseift.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions of Cyclic Disulfides with Carbenes. Desulfurization and Insertion.
Authors: ANDO W. , KUMAMOTO Y. , TAKATA T.
Published: May 2016

Aus Diphenyldiazomethan (Ia) erhält man bei der Zersetzung das entsprechende Carben, das in situ in Gegenwart des cyclischen Disulfids (II) die Einschiebungs‐ 116 Verbindung (III) liefert.
ChemInform Abstract: Heteroarylalkanoic Acids with Possible Antiinflammatory Activities.
Authors: PARENTI C. , COSTANTINO L. , DI BELLA M. , RAFFA L. , BAGGIO G. G. , ZANOLI P.
Published: May 2016

Die o‐Aminobenzosulfonamide (I) werden von den Dicarbonsäuremonoesterchloriden (II) zu den Esteramiden (III) acyliert, die zu den Benzothiadiazindioxiden (IV) cyclisieren.
ChemInform Abstract: 1‐Azaadamantanes from Substituted Phloroglucinols.
Authors: RISCH N.
Published: May 2016

The phloroglucinols (II) react with hexamethylenetetramine to give the azaadamantanetriones (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 12‐Cyano‐15‐hexadecanolide by Ring Enlargement of l‐(3′‐Hydroxybutyl)‐2‐oxocyclododecane‐1‐carbonitrile.
Authors: MILENKOV B. , SUESSE M. + , HESSE M.
Published: May 2016

The title compound (IV) was formed from the cycloalkanone (I) via the aldehyde (II) and the alcohol (III).
ChemInform Abstract: A New Preparation of Hexaalkylditins. 119Sn‐NMR and Chromatographic Data on Linear Polytins.
Authors: JOUSSEAUME B. , CHANSON E. , BEVILACQUA M. , SAUX A. , PEREYRE M. , BARBE B. , PETRAUD M.
Published: May 2016

Die Darstellung der Distannane (III) aus den Zinnoxiden (I) mit Ameisensäure (II) wird beschrieben.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of (1,2‐Benzenediolato(2‐)‐O,O′)oxobis(1‐piperidinolato(1‐)‐O,N)molybdenum(VI), [MoO(C5H10NO)2(C6H4O2)], and Structure Determination by Correlated 1H ‐ 13C Two‐Dimensional NMR Spectroscopy and X‐Ray Crystallography.
Authors: BRISTOW S. , ENEMARK J. H. , GARNER C. D. , MINELLI M. , MORRIS G. A. , ORTEGA R. B.
Published: May 2016

Die Titelverbindung (II) (R: H) wird wie auch ihre Analogen (II) nach aufgezeichnetem Schema dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation, Characterization, and Electrochemistry of Novel, Air‐Stable Nitrosyl Complexes of Molybdenum and Tungsten of the Type {M‐NO}6,5,4 Containing the Ligand N,N′,N"‐Trimethyl‐1,4,7‐triazacyclononane.
Authors: BACKES‐DAHMANN G. , WIEGHARDT K.
Published: May 2016

Die Komplexe (I) reagieren mit HNO; zu den luftstabilen diamagnetischen 18‐Elektronen‐Komplexen (II) des Typs {M‐NO}6, die Ausgangsmaterial für Halogenierungsreaktionen zu den kationischen Komplexen (III), diamagnetischen 16‐e‐Komplexen mit {M‐NO}4‐Struktur, sind.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions of the Dicarbonyl Complex Re2Cl4(dppm)2(CO)2 with Nitriles and Isocyanides.
Authors: COTTON F. A. , DUNBAR K. R. , FALVELLO L. R. , WALTON R. A.
Published: May 2016

The title reactions of the dicarbonyl complex (I), for which due to a disorder problem it was not possible to distinguish between a cis and trans position of the bridging and terminal carbonyl groups, generate the diamagnetic salts (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Photochemistry and Single‐Crystal Polarized Absorption Spectroscopy of (η4‐Cyclooctatetraene)tricarbonyliron.
Authors: CHANG T.‐H. , ZINK J. I.
Published: May 2016

The wavelength‐dependent CO and ole‐ ?n photosubstitution quantum yields for the title complex with P(OMe)3 in cyclohexane are studied.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Spectroscopic Characterization of Substitution‐Inert Cobalt(III) Complex Bonded Silicas.
Authors: CHANG C. A. , HUANG C.‐S. , MURPHY P. D.
Published: May 2016

Diamine bonded silicas were prepared by reacting dry silicas with [3‐[(2‐aminoethyl)amino]propyl]trimethoxysilane in dry toluene and the resulting material was then reacted with the cis‐dichlorocobalt(III) complex of appropriate ligands in aqueous solutions.
ChemInform Abstract: Tunable Interaction in μ‐Oxamido Copper(II) Binuclear Complexes.
Authors: JOURNAUX Y. , SLETTEN J. , KAHN O.
Published: May 2016

It is shown that it is possible to vary the singlet‐triplet energy gap arising from the interaction between two copper(II) ions through the oxamido bridge in a predictable manner.
ChemInform Abstract: Site‐Selective Dihydrogen Addition to a Trirhodium Chain. Preparation and Structure of [Rh3(μ‐(Ph2PCH2)2PPh)2(H)2(CO)2(μ‐Cl2][BPh4].
Authors: BALCH A. L. , LINEHAN J. C. , OLMSTEAD M. M.
Published: May 2016

Die Titelverbindung (II) entsteht durch H2‐Addition an den Trirhodium‐Komplex (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Two New Syntheses of the Pyranojuglone Pigment α‐Caryopterone.
Authors: MATSUMOTO T. , ICHIHARA A. , YANAGIYA M. , YUZAWA T. , SANNAI A. , OIKAWA H. , SAKAMURA S. , EUGSTER C. H.
Published: May 2016

Trimethoxybenzene (I) is converted to the 4‐oxobutanoic acid (II), which undergoes Clemmensen reduction and subsequent intramolecular acylation to give the tetralone (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Reductive Transformations of Isoprenoid Cyclosulfonates into Linear Homoallylic Alcohols and Amines.
Authors: MOISEENKOV A. M. , RECHITSKII A. N. , POLUNIN E. V. , YUDINA O. N. , ZAKS I. M.
Published: May 2016

Die Sultone (I) können über die Sulfochloride (II) und die Sulfinate (III) in die Homoallylbenzoate (IV) übergeführt werden.
ChemInform Abstract: Cyclization Studies of Tetrapeptide Homologs.
Authors: SHEH L. , MOKOTOFF M.
Published: May 2016

Cyclisierungsreaktionen, z.B. von (I) zu (II), werden beschrieben.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Studies Toward Marine Toxic Polyethers.
Authors: ISOBE M. , ICHIKAWA Y. , GOTO T. , BAI D.
Published: May 2016

Im Zusam‐ 190 menhang mit der Synthese toxischer Polyether aus Meereslebewesen wie Okadainsäure (IX) werden mehrstufige Synthesen für die Bausteine (III), (V), (VI), (VII) und (VIII) ausgearbeitet und beschrieben.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Synthesis of 1,3‐Dienes from 1‐Alkenes via "Ene" Reaction with Pummerer Rearrangement Product: A Short Synthesis of the Sex Pheromone of the Red Bollworm Moth.
Authors: ISHIBASHI H. , KOMATSU H. , MARUYAMA K. , IKEDA M.
Published: May 2016

Aus dem Methyl‐sulfoxid (I) entsteht das Acyl‐Derivat (II), das mit Allylverbindungen (III) zu den Butenyl‐sul?den (IV) führt.
ChemInform Abstract: Applications of Spin‐Spin Couplings
Authors: EWING D. F.
Published: May 2016

Review: (200 refs.
Association of androgen metabolism gene polymorphisms with prostate cancer risk and androgen concentrations: Results from the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial
Authors: Price Douglas K. , Chau Cindy H. , Till Cathee , Goodman Phyllis J. , Leach Robin J. , Johnson‐Pais Teresa L. , Hsing Ann W. , Hoque Ashraful , Parnes Howard L. , Schenk Jeannette M. , Tangen Catherine M. , Thompson Ian M. , Reichardt Juergen K. V. , Figg William D.
Published: May 2016

BACKGROUND

Prostate cancer is highly influenced by androgens and genes. The authors investigated whether genetic polymorphisms along the androgen biosynthesis and metabolism pathways are associated with androgen concentrations or with the risk of prostate cancer or high‐grade disease from finasteride treatment.

METHODS

A nested case‐control study from the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial using data from men who had biopsy‐proven prostate cancer (cases) and a group of biopsy‐negative, frequency‐matched controls was conducted to investigate the association of 51 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 12 genes of the androgen pathway with overall (total), low‐grade, and high‐grade prostate cancer incidence and serum hormone concentrations.

RESULTS

There were significant associations of genetic polymorphisms in steroid 5α‐reductase 1 (SRD5A1) (reference SNPs: rs3736316, rs3822430, rs1560149, rs248797, and rs472402) and SRD5A2 (rs2300700) with the risk of high‐grade prostate cancer in the placebo arm of the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial; 2 SNPs were significantly associated with an increased risk (SRD5A1 rs472402 [odds ratio, 1.70; 95% confidence interval, 1.05‐2.75; Ptrend = .03] and SRD5A2 rs2300700 [odds ratio, 1.94; 95% confidence interval, 1.19‐3.18; Ptrend = .01]). Eleven SNPs in SRD5A1, SRD5A2, cytochrome P450 family 1, subfamily B, polypeptide 1 (CYP1B1), and CYP3A4 were associated with modifying the mean concentrations of serum androgen and sex hormone‐binding globulin; and 2 SNPs (SRD5A1 rs824811 and CYP1B1 rs10012; Ptrend < .05) consistently and significantly altered all androgen concentrations. Several SNPs (SRD5A1 rs3822430, SRD5A2 rs2300700, CYP3A43 rs800672, and CYP19 rs700519; Ptrend < .05) were significantly associated with both circulating hormone levels and prostate cancer risk.

CONCLUSIONS

Germline genetic variations of androgen‐related pathway genes are associated with serum androgen concentrations and the risk of prostate cancer. Further studies to examine the functional consequence of novel causal variants are warranted. Cancer 2016;122:2332–2340. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Modeling tensional homeostasis in multicellular clusters
Authors: Tam Sze Nok , Smith Michael L. , Stamenović Dimitrije
Published: May 2016

Homeostasis of mechanical stress in cells, or tensional homeostasis, is essential for normal physiological function of tissues and organs and is protective against disease progression, including atherosclerosis and cancer. Recent experimental studies have shown that isolated cells are not capable of maintaining tensional homeostasis, whereas multicellular clusters are, with stability increasing with the size of the clusters. Here, we proposed simple mathematical models to interpret experimental results and to obtain insight into factors that determine homeostasis. Multicellular clusters were modeled as one‐dimensional arrays of linearly elastic blocks that were either jointed or disjointed. Fluctuating forces that mimicked experimentally measured cell–substrate tractions were obtained from Monte Carlo simulations. These forces were applied to the cluster models, and the corresponding stress field in the cluster was calculated by solving the equilibrium equation. It was found that temporal fluctuations of the cluster stress field became attenuated with increasing cluster size, indicating that the cluster approached tensional homeostasis. These results were consistent with previously reported experimental data. Furthermore, the models revealed that key determinants of tensional homeostasis in multicellular clusters included the cluster size, the distribution of traction forces, and mechanical coupling between adjacent cells. Based on these findings, we concluded that tensional homeostasis was a multicellular phenomenon. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Safety of ASP015K (Peficitinib), a New Janus Kinase Inhibitor, in Healthy Subjects
Authors: Cao Ying Jun , Sawamoto Taiji , Valluri Udaya , Cho Kathy , Lewand Michaelene , Swan Suzanne , Lasseter Kenneth , Matson Mark , Holman John , Keirns James , Zhu Tong
Published: May 2016

Two randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled studies are reported that had the objective to evaluate the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of ASP015K (peficitinib), a Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor, in healthy subjects. The single‐dose study included 7 male groups (3–300 mg) and 2 female groups (30 or 200 mg), n = 8/group (6 on ASP015K and 2 on placebo in each group). The multiple‐dose study included 1 female and 3 male groups, n = 12/group (9 on ASP015K and 3 on placebo in each group), who received ASP015K (30 mg) or placebo every 12 hours (twice a day) for 14 days. In the single‐dose study, plasma ASP015K concentration increased dose‐proportionally. Food increased ASP015K exposure (AUCinf) by 27%. Mean peak JAK inhibition increased with dose, from 6% at 4 hours (median) following ASP015K 3 mg to 93% (range, 89%–98%) at 2 hours (median) after ASP015K 300 mg. In the multiple‐dose study, ASP015K plasma exposure reached steady state by day 3. On day 14, mean ASP015K peak concentration was 38%–65% higher than after the first dose; peak JAK inhibition following 100 or 200 mg twice daily was >85%. The most common adverse events (AEs) were neutropenia, headache, and abdominal pain; no serious AEs occurred. The safety findings at pharmacologically effective doses of ASP015K support further clinical development.
The Bugs Within Our Body: The Human Microbiota
Authors: Philpott DJ , Piquette‐Miller M
Published: May 2016

The human microbiota is the ecological community of microorganisms that live within our bodies. Emerging evidence has revealed that dysregulation of the host–microbe symbiotic relationship contributes to the pathogenesis of a vast number of human diseases and impacts the efficacy and toxicity of therapeutic drugs. Therefore, a deeper understanding of the human microbiota is crucial to the development of therapeutic interventions that target the microbiota and also provides fundamental insights towards understanding intersubject variability in therapeutic outcomes.
Do hand preferences predict stacking skill during infancy?
Authors: Marcinowski Emily C. , Campbell Julie M. , Faldowski Richard A. , Michel George F.
Published: May 2016

The cascade theory of handedness suggests that hand preferences develop from a history of cascading and sequentially developing manual asymmetries for a variety of actions. Infants who consistently use their preferred hand for a variety of actions likely would gain proficiency using that preferred hand and, consequently, perform more proficiently on other challenging manual tasks. One such task is object stacking, which has been linked with a number of cognitive abilities. If infant hand preference facilitates the development of stacking skill, then this could provide a link by which early hand preference might affect the development of cognition. From a sample of 380 infants assessed for an acquisition hand preference across 6–14 months, 131 infants were assessed for stacking skill from 10 to 14 months at monthly visits. Four unique handedness sub‐groups were identified from the 380‐infant sample: left, trending right, stable right, or no hand preference. Each of the four hand preference groups exhibited different trajectories in the development of their stacking skills. Left‐ and stable right‐handers stacked more items than infants with no preference by 14 months, whereas infants with a trending right preference did not. The proportion of preferred hand use (right and left) from 6 to 9 months also predicted an earlier initial onset of stacking skill, whereas the proportion of only right hand use did not. Thus, the development of a hand preference predicts an earlier emergence of stacking skill and may have implications for other domains of infant cognitive development.
Effects of ethanol exposure in a familiar or isolated context during infancy on ethanol intake during adolescence
Authors: Miranda‐Morales Roberto Sebastián , Haymal Beatriz , Pautassi Ricardo M.
Published: May 2016

Early exposure to ethanol affects ethanol intake later in life. This early experience encompasses exposure to social stimuli and the pharmacological and orosensory properties of ethanol. The specific contribution of each type of stimulus to subsequent ethanol intake remains unknown. We assessed the intake of various concentrations of ethanol in a familiar or isolated context during infancy and the lingering effects of this experience on ethanol intake during adolescence. On postnatal day 3 (PD3), PD7, and PD11, rats were given 5% ethanol or water in a nursing or isolated context (Experiments 1 and 2). Intake tests (ethanol vs. water) were conducted during adolescence. Experiment 2 matched the amount of fluid ingested during infancy in both contexts and subsequently tested ethanol consumption during adolescence. The results revealed a facilitative effect of the nursing context on fluid intake during the tests in infancy. Pups stimulated with ethanol but not water in the isolated context exhibited an increase in ethanol consumption during adolescence. This effect disappeared when the isolated infants were matched to receive the same amount of ethanol ingested by their nursed counterparts. In Experiment 3, isolated infant rats were exposed to different ethanol concentrations (.0%, 2.5%, 5.0%, and 10.0%), and drug consumption was tested during adolescence. This exposure increased adolescent ethanol intake, regardless of the alcohol concentration (Experiment 3). The common denominators that resulted in enhanced ethanol intake during adolescence were preexposure to ethanol via active consumption of the drug that induced a low‐to‐moderate level of intoxication in an isolated context.
Genetic and epigenetic divergence between disturbed and undisturbed subpopulations of a Mediterranean shrub: a 20‐year field experiment
Authors: Herrera Carlos M. , Bazaga Pilar
Published: May 2016

Little is known on the potential of ecological disturbance to cause genetic and epigenetic changes in plant populations. We take advantage of a long‐term field experiment initiated in 1986 to study the demography of the shrub Lavandula latifolia, and compare genetic and epigenetic characteristics of plants in two adjacent subplots, one experimentally disturbed and one left undisturbed, 20 years after disturbance. Experimental setup was comparable to an unreplicated ‘Before‐After‐Control‐Impact’ (BACI) design where a single pair of perturbed and control areas were compared. When sampled in 2005, plants in the two subplots had roughly similar ages, but they had established in contrasting environments: dense conspecific population (‘Undisturbed’ subpopulation) versus open area with all conspecifics removed (‘Disturbed’ subpopulation). Plants were characterized genetically and epigenetically using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and two classes of methylation‐sensitive AFLP (MSAP) markers. Subpopulations were similar in genetic diversity but differed in epigenetic diversity and multilocus genetic and epigenetic characteristics. Epigenetic divergence between subpopulations was statistically unrelated to genetic divergence. Bayesian clustering revealed an abrupt linear boundary between subpopulations closely coincident with the arbitrary demarcation line between subplots drawn 20 years back, which supports that genetic and epigenetic divergence between subpopulations was caused by artificial disturbance. There was significant fine‐scale spatial structuring of MSAP markers in both subpopulations, which in the Undisturbed one was indistinguishable from that of AFLP markers. Genetic differences between subpopulations could be explained by divergent selection alone, while the concerted action of divergent selection and disturbance‐driven appearance of new methylation variants in the Disturbed subpopulation is proposed to explain epigenetic differences. This study provides the first empirical evidence to date suggesting that relatively mild disturbances could leave genetic and epigenetic signatures on the next adult generation of long‐lived plants.
Restored connectivity facilitates recruitment by an endemic large‐seeded tree in a fragmented tropical landscape
Authors: de la Peña‐Domene Marinés , Minor Emily S. , Howe Henry F.
Published: May 2016

Many large‐seeded Neotropical trees depend on a limited guild of animals for seed dispersal. Fragmented landscapes reduce animal abundance and movement, limiting seed dispersal between distant forest remnants. In 2006, experimental plantings were established in pasture to determine whether plantings enhance seed dispersal and, ultimately, seedling recruitment. We examined patterns of naturally recruited seedlings of Ocotea uxpanapana, a large‐seeded bird‐dispersed tree endemic to southern Mexico that occurs in the surrounding landscape. We used GIS and least‐cost path analysis to ask: (1) Do restoration efforts alter recruitment patterns? (2) What is the importance of canopy cover and likely dispersal pathways to establishment? Patterns of seedling establishment indicated that dispersal agents crossed open pastures to wooded plots. Recruitment was greatest under woody canopies. Also, by reducing movement cost or risk for seed dispersers, wooded canopies increased influx of large, animal‐dispersed seeds, thereby restoring a degree of functional connectivity to the landscape. Together, canopy openness and path distance from potential parent trees in the surrounding landscape explained 73% of the variance in O. uxpanapana seedling distribution. Preliminary results suggest that strategic fenced plantings in pastures increase dispersal and establishment of large‐seeded trees, thereby accelerating forest succession in restorations and contributing to greater connectivity among forest fragments.
HPTLC‐MALDI MS for (glyco)sphingolipid multiplexing in tissues and blood: A promising strategy for biomarker discovery and clinical applications
Authors: Torretta Enrica , Fania Chiara , Vasso Michele , Gelfi Cecilia
Published: May 2016

Sphingolipids have hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties, different saturation and combination of the oligosaccharide chains and mass homology of species located in a narrowm/zregion hampering their recognition. To target sphingolipids for diagnostic purposes, standardized methods for lipid extraction, quali‐ and quantitative assessments are required. In this study, HPTLC‐MALDI MS was adopted to establish sphingolipid and glycosphingolipid profiles in muscle, brain and serum to create a database of molecules to be searched in the preclinical and clinical investigations. Specific protocols for lipid extraction were set up based on the characteristics of the tissue or/and fluids; this approach maximizes the HPTLC‐MALDI MS analytical throughput both for lipids extracted in organic and aqueous phase. This study indicates that alkaline hydrolysis is necessary for the detection of low abundant species such as Gb3Cer and ceramides in serum and Gb4Cer, CerP and HexCer in muscle tissue. The high hydrophobicity of ceramides has been overcome by the development of HPTLC plate in chloroform:methanol/50:3.5, which increases the number and the intensity of low abundant Cer species. MS/MS analysis has been conducted directly on HPTLC plate allowing the molecular recognition; furthermore a dataset of spectra was acquired to create a database for future profiling of these molecules.
Stochastic Multivariate Mixture Covariance Model
Authors: So Mike K. P. , Li Raymond W. M. , Asai Manabu , Jiang Yue
Published: May 2016

Stochastic covariance models have been explored in recent research to model the interdependence of assets in financial time series. The approach uses a single stochastic model to capture such interdependence. However, it may be inappropriate to assume a single coherence structure at all time t. In this paper, we propose the use of a mixture of stochastic covariance models to generalize the approach and offer greater flexibility in real data applications. Parameter estimation is performed by Bayesian analysis with Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling schemes. We conduct a simulation study on three different model setups and evaluate the performance of estimation and model selection. We also apply our modeling methods to high‐frequency stock data from Hong Kong. Model selection favors a mixture rather than non‐mixture model. In a real data study, we demonstrate that the mixture model is able to identify structural changes in market risk, as evidenced by a drastic change in mixture proportions over time. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.