bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neurophysiological biomarkers of motor improvement from Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy and Robot-Assisted Therapy in participants with stroke
Authors: Simis Marcel , Thibaut Aurore , Imamura Marta , Battistella Linamara Rizzo , Fregni Felipe
Published: September 2023

Background

The mechanism of stroke recovery is related to the reorganization of cerebral activity that can be enhanced by rehabilitation therapy. Two well established treatments are Robot-Assisted Therapy (RT) and Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy (CIMT), however, it is unknown whether there is a difference in the neuroplastic changes induced by these therapies, and if the modifications are related to motor improvement. Therefore, this study aims to identify neurophysiological biomarkers related to motor improvement of participants with chronic stroke that received RT or CIMT, and to test whether there is a difference in neuronal changes induced by these two therapies.

Methods

This study included participants with chronic stroke that took part in a pilot experiment to compare CIMT vs. RT. Neurophysiological evaluations were performed with electroencephalography (EEG) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), pre and post rehabilitation therapy. Motor function was measured by the Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT) and Fugl-Meyer Assessment Upper Limb (FMA-UL).

Results

Twenty-seven participants with chronic stroke completed the present study [mean age of 58.8 years (SD ± 13.6), mean time since stroke of 18.2 months (SD ± 9.6)]. We found that changes in motor threshold (MT) and motor evoked potential (MEP) in the lesioned hemisphere have a positive and negative correlation with WMFT improvement, respectively. The absolute change in alpha peak in the unlesioned hemisphere and the absolute change of the alpha ratio (unlesioned/lesioned hemisphere) is negatively correlated with WMFT improvement. The decrease of EEG power ratio (increase in the lesioned hemisphere and decrease in the unlesioned hemisphere) for high alpha bandwidths is correlated with better improvement in WMFT. The variable “type of treatment (RT or CIMT)” was not significant in the models.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that distinct treatments (RT and CIMT) have similar neuroplastic mechanisms of recovery. Moreover, motor improvements in participants with chronic stroke are related to decreases of cortical excitability in the lesioned hemisphere measured with TMS. Furthermore, the balance of both EEG power and EEG alpha peak frequency in the lesioned hemisphere is related to motor improvement.
Accelerated differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells into regionally specific dorsal and ventral spinal neural progenitor cells for application in spinal cord therapeutics
Authors: Huntemer-Silveira Anne , Malone Dane , Frie Anna , Walsh Patrick , Parr Ann M.
Published: September 2023

Spinal cord injury can attenuate both motor and sensory function with minimal potential for full recovery. Research utilizing human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) -derived spinal cell types for in vivo remodeling and neuromodulation after spinal cord injury has grown substantially in recent years. However, the majority of protocols for the differentiation of spinal neurons are lengthy, lack the appropriate dorsoventral or rostrocaudal specification, and are not typically replicated in more than one cell line. Furthermore, most researchers currently utilize hiPSC-derived motor neurons for cell transplantation after injury, with very little exploration of spinal sensory neuron transplantation. The lack of studies that utilize sensory populations may be due in part to the relative scarcity of dorsal horn differentiation protocols. Building upon our previously published work that demonstrated the rapid establishment of a primitive ectoderm population from hiPSCs, we describe here the production of a diverse population of both ventral spinal and dorsal horn progenitor cells. Our work creates a novel system allowing dorsal and ventral spinal neurons to be differentiated from the same intermediate ectoderm population, making it possible to construct the dorsal and ventral domains of the spinal cord while decreasing variability. This technology can be used in tandem with biomaterials and pharmacology to improve cell transplantation for spinal cord injury, increasing the potential for neuroregeneration.
Association of interleukin-6 with suicidal ideation in veterans: a longitudinal perspective
Authors: Sun Shengnan , Wilson Caroline M. , Alter Sharon , Ge Yongchao , Hazlett Erin A. , Goodman Marianne , Yehuda Rachel , Galfalvy Hanga , Haghighi Fatemeh
Published: September 2023

Introduction

Studies showing associations between inflammation in suicide are typically cross-sectional. Present study investigated how cytokine levels track with suicidal ideation and severity longitudinally.

Methods

Veterans with a diagnosis of major depressive disorder (MDD) with or without suicide attempt history (MDD/SA n = 38, MDD/NS n = 41) and non-psychiatric non-attempter controls (HC n = 33) were recruited, MDD/SA and HC groups were followed longitudinally at 3 months and 6 months. Blood plasma was collected and processed using Luminex Immunology Multiplex technology.

Results

Significant differences in depression severity (BDI) and suicidal ideation severity (SSI) were observed across all groups at study entry, wherein MDD/SA group had the highest scores followed by MDD/NS and HC, respectively. Cytokines IL-1β, IL-4, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-6 were examined at study entry and longitudinally, with IL6 levels differing significantly across the groups (p = 0.0123) at study entry. Significant differences in changes in cytokine levels between depressed attempters and the control group were detected for IL-6 (interaction F1,91.77 = 5.58, p = 0.0203) and TNF-α (F1,101.73 = 4.69, p = 0.0327). However, only depressed attempters showed a significant change, in IL-6 and TNF-α levels, decreasing over time [IL-6: b = −0.04, 95% CI = (−0.08, −0.01), p = 0.0245 and TNF-α: b = −0.02, 95% CI = (−0.04, −0.01), p = 0.0196]. Although IL-6 levels were not predictive of suicidal ideation presence [OR = 1.34, 95% CI = (0.77, 2.33), p = 0.3067], IL-6 levels were significantly associated with suicidal ideation severity (b = 0.19, p = 0.0422).

Discussion

IL-6 was not associated with presence of suicidal ideation. IL-6 however, was associated with severity of ideation, suggesting that IL-6 may be useful in clinical practice, as an objective marker of heightened suicide risk.
Geomorphic complexity influences coarse particulate organic matter transport and storage in headwater streams
Authors: Fogel Caleb B. , Lininger Katherine B.
Published: September 2023

Coarse particulate organic matter (CPOM; organic matter 1–100 mm in diameter, excluding small wood) stored in streams provides an important energy source for aquatic ecosystems, and CPOM transport provides downstream energy subsidies and is a pathway for watershed carbon export. However, we lack understanding of the magnitude of and processes influencing CPOM storage and transport in headwater streams. We assessed how geomorphic complexity and hydrologic regime influence CPOM transport and storage in the Colorado Front Range, USA. We compared CPOM transport during snowmelt in a stream reach with high retentive feature (e.g., wood, cobbles, and other features) frequency to a reach with low retentive feature frequency, assessing how within-a-reach geomorphic context influences CPOM transport. We also compared CPOM transport in reaches with differing valley geometry (two confined reaches versus a wide, multi-thread river bead) to assess the influence of geomorphic variations occurring over larger spatial extents. Additionally, we compared CPOM storage in accumulations in reaches (n = 14) with flowing water or dry conditions in late summer and investigated how small pieces of organic matter [e.g., woody CPOM and small wood (>1 min length and 0.05–1 min diameter or 0.5–1 min length and >0.1 min diameter)] influence CPOM storage. We found that within-a-reach retentive feature frequency did not influence CPOM transport. However, valley geometry influenced CPOM transport, with a higher CPOM transport rate (median: 1.53 g min−1) downstream of a confined stream reach and a lower CPOM transport rate (median: 0.13 g min−1) downstream of a low gradient, multi-thread river bead. Additionally, we found that particulate organic carbon (POC) export (0.063 Mg C) in the form of CPOM was substantially lower than dissolved organic carbon (DOC) export (12.3 Mg C) in one of these headwater streams during the 2022 water year. Dry reaches stored a higher volume of CPOM (mean = 29.18 m3 ha−1) compared to reaches with flowing water (15.75 m3 ha−1), and woody CPOM pieces trapped 37% of CPOM accumulations. Our results demonstrate that the influence of geomorphic context on CPOM transport depends on the scale and type of geomorphic complexity, POC may be lower than DOC export in some headwater streams, and small woody organic material is important for trapping CPOM small streams.
Understanding tilapia mortalities and fish health management in Lake Volta: a systematic approach
Authors: Zornu Jacob , Tavornpanich Saraya , Brun Edgar , van Zwieten Paul A. M. , van de Leemput Ingrid , Appenteng Patrick , Anchirinah Janet , Cudjoe Kofitsyo S.
Published: September 2023

Unusual fish mortalities in aquaculture threaten global food security and carry significant socio-economic burdens. In 2018, Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) suffered unusual patterns of mortalities, attributed to disease-causing agents in Lake Volta cage aquaculture. In recent times, disease investigations have shifted from single to consideration of multiple factors to understand the puzzling range of causal risk factors. This study therefore aimed at expanding on tilapia mortality risk factors, while documenting fish health and Lake Volta management practices for sustainable aquaculture. We interviewed relevant aquaculture stakeholders operating on Lake Volta and conducted thematic analysis on their responses to map out mortality risk factors and management practices. The identified risk factors were conceptualized in established models of causation web and Social-Ecological System to explain the practical significance of the findings. The results showed that the risk factors of tilapia mortalities are a combination of pathogens and non-infectious factors mediated by weak law enforcement. The results further suggested mortality reinforcing mechanisms through the horizontal transmission of pathogens, namely, Streptococcus agalactiae and Infectious Spleen and Kidney Necrosis Virus. Moreover, the recognition of weak enforcement as a possible factor reinforcing human activities is a non-infectious route that can be deleterious to fish health. Health management practices comprised phytotherapy, vaccination, heat shock treatment, biological controls, and best husbandry practices. Lake management involves creating a waterfront buffer of 85.34 m, surveillance, and executing the framework guiding aquaculture development on the Lake. The findings are suggestive of complementary quantitative studies that augment the qualitative evidence herein. Such follow up studies can disclose precise mortality risk factors to inform policy directives and effective remedial strategies that can secure fish and lake health.
The means of creating a new complex sound in the electroacoustic music by Ostap Manulyak
Authors: Demchenko Dmytro
Published: September 2023

Statement of the problem. In the 21st century, modern artists got the opportunity to use new technologies related to the field of the computer industry. Total digitalization led to the creation of a new sound space with new possibilities of sound engineering. The musical space, the center of which is the computer, provides an opportunity to influence the musical process, participate in it, create and observe the transformation of sound material. Hence, one of the most important issues of modern music science is the studying of new sound, in particular, those characteristics and features of its functioning that arose in the field of electroacoustic music. The study of the creativity of Ukrainian artists who also work in this direction seems to be an urgent task. Objectives, methods, and methodology of the research. The purpose of the article consists in discovering the way of creating a new complex sound in the electro-acoustic music of the modern Ukrainian composer Ostap Manulyak. In this investigation, we relied on the methods of description and analysis of a sound object created with the help of certain programs, elements of semantic analysis and spectromorphological analysis by D. Smalley (Smalley, 1997), taking into account the comments and clarifications of the composer Ostap Manulyak, which allow us to single out purely content transformations different types of timbre-sound forms. For the first time in Ukrainian musicology, Ostap Manulyak’s music appears as a subject of analysis. Research results and conclusion. The article gives examples of certain computer programs that provide various possibilities for the realization of a new complex sound. One of the ways of its forming is demonstrated on the example of O. Manulyak’s work «Aeolian Processes». The study takes steps towards the application of certain specific means of analyzing electronic music (according to D. Smalley’s concept) and identifying the special semantics that arises from the new complex sound. The composer’s strategy for transforming the characteristics of natural phenomena described in the program to the work into the music space presented by acoustic instruments and electronic sounds, interacting with them is considered. In particular, the spectral analysis and the combination of its results allow the composer to influence the pitch values. Treating sound as an object allows the composer to form complex tonal layers. It is concluded that the musical composition’s peculiarities are due to both the use of a certain computer program and the author’s artistic task, which determines the quality of the sound object. Ostap Manuliak’s way is the way of synthesizing acoustic and electronic sound. The specific qualities of the new sound of the 21st century create a wide field for further experiments, the goal of which should be, first of all, a high artistic level of new, in particular, electroacoustic music.
General patterns of existence of the accordion in the 20th century
Authors: Kysliak Bohdan , Tokar Tetiana
Published: September 2023

Statement of the problem. Today the process of integrating the accordion into various types of musical practice continues to be in almost all countries of the world. The general course of the evolution of accordion performance, despite all attempts to limit it to pop music or house hold music, undoubtedly indicates a gradual but natural “ascension” of the accordion to the heights of academic music. According to this thesis, the purpose of the article is an attempt to offer a generalized description of the socio-cultural situation that led to the formation of the academic field of accordion performance. The results and conclusions. The keyboard accordion appeared en masse in all European countries almost at the same time – in the 20s and early 30s of the 20th century. The instrument quickly attracted attention of performers who switch from piano or various types of the hand harmonicas to the new instrument. A specific point in the development of accordion performance, in our opinion, is the fact that the instrument does not become a house hold immediately, as it happened with its predecessors – hand harmonicas, but only after a period of stage being in the hands of professional performers (variety shows, music in restaurants and dance halls). The recognition of the accordion as a “serious” instrument is evidenced by a number of certain phenomena: the appearance of this instrument in special secondary and higher educational institutions, a significant number of concert accordionists whose program includes mainly classical transcriptions and original works, and also the appearance of a number of records. The development of original repertoire for the accordion was the most rapid in Germany, not only because of its wide spread use in this country, but also because it was here that professional composers first turned to the creation of special literature. After the Second World War, the accordion gradually secured the dual status of a pop and academic instrument, and its pop component seemed to split, as one part of the repertoire passed into the stratum of house hold music, and the other, more high quality, acquired the features of academicism. Overtime, the instrument demonstrated the tendency to leave the concert stage. On the other hand, the undeniable growth of the performers’ professionalism, the further improvement of technical and constructive characteristics, the active development of the repertoire, the constantly increasing level of technique, the appearance of the accordion in modern chamber music, etc., speak of the reverse process – the process of active integration of the accordion into the sphere of professional classical instruments. Thus, in our opinion, the development trends that are clearly evident today in the repertoire of accordionists indicate that the keyboard accordion, even if it is not as large-scale as the button one, is still quite firmly established on the academic scene.
Effects of nitrogen starvation on TAG biosynthesis genes expression in Chlorella vulgaris
Authors: Tega Jesreen , San Cha Thye , Jusoh Malinna
Published: September 2023

Microalgal oils and lipids are the potential sources of sustainable industrial products for pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, and cosmeceuticals. However, the production cost of microalgal-based products is still expensive and hinders their marketability. Therefore, research has been focusing on increasing microalgae's oil and lipids content to be economically reasonable. Nutrient stresses were often used to enhance oils and lipids production in microalgae. In this study, the microalga Chlorella vulgaris was exposed to nitrogen starvation for 21 days to examine the effect of nitrogen removal on cell density, total oil content, fatty acids composition, and the expression of two triacylglycerols (TAG) biosynthetic genes, glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT) and diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT). The results showed that the C. vulgaris cells grew extremely slowly (p<0.05) under nitrogen starvation conditions. However, despite the growth outcome, the nitrogen starvation increased (p<0.05) total oil contents on days 3, 11 and 14 relatives to control. Nitrogen starvation also stimulated (p<0.05) the production of saturated fatty acids (SFA). The primary fatty acids detected were C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, C18:2, C18:3 and C20:0. The effect of nitrogen starvation on the expression of TAG biosynthetic genes, GPAT and DGAT genes were enumerated using real-time PCR. Both GPAT and DGAT were downregulated in this study. Interestingly, the buildup of C18:2 and C18:3 was positively linked with GPAT expression, demonstrating that GPAT affected the synthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in nitrogen-starved circumstances. This suggests that the GPAT gene may be altered to increase PUFA in microalgae, notably C18:2 and C18:3.
EFEITOS, RISCOS E REPERCUSSÕES CLÍNICAS ACERCA DO USO DE ESTEROIDES ANABOLIZANTES
Authors: Ferreira Angelo Gabriel , Thayne Macêdo Sobreira Pâmela , Alexandre Valério Eulismenia , Gonçalves Vieira Aracele , Rolim Nogueira Emanuely , do Nascimento Andrade Feitosa Ankilma
Published: September 2023

Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos, riscos e repercussões clínicas do uso de esteroides anabolizantes em indivíduos adultos. Metodologia: Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa de literatura. Para elaboração desse artigo, os estudos foram pesquisados e selecionados através das nas seguintes bases de dados: Biblioteca Virtual da Saúde (BVS) Medline, LILACS e Scielo. Por meio dos DESC: Esteroides Anabólicos Androgênicos; Riscos; Repercussões clínicas. Foram adotados os seguintes critérios de inclusão: estudos envolvendo a temática em questão, publicados em portuguesa, inglesa e espanhola, e realizados entre os anos de 2012 e 2022. Sendo excluídos do estudo: artigos incompletos e artigos de opinião, e tudo aquilo que não condiz com a metodologia proposta. Resultados e discussão: Atualmente, o público consumidor de anabolizantes obtém esses produtos na maioria das vezes pela Internet, sem a garantir de que eles estão sendo produzidos em laboratórios especializados. Tal fato gera grande preocupação, visto que ao serem produzidos sem a devida certificação de segurança, esses produtos podem conter uma ou mais substâncias do que as indicadas no rótulo, ou mesmo substâncias diferentes. Conclusão: Portando, observa-se que os indivíduos que usam anabolizantes esteróides sem supervisão têm algum conhecimento sobre os riscos associados a essas substâncias. No entanto, muitas vezes, eles podem não estar totalmente cientes das desvantagens significativas que o uso dessas substâncias pode acarretar, o que pode resultar em tratamentos inadequados. Tendo o fato em vista, faz-se necessário a realização de estudos de caso para avaliar o uso não supervisionado de anabolizantes hormonais em grupos de frequentadores de academias ou atletas de bases esportivas, com o intuito de compreender melhor essa prática e seus impactos na saúde.

Palavras-Chaves: Esteroides Anabólicos Androgênicos; Riscos; Repercussões clínicas.
Undergraduate Students’ Writer’s Block in English as an Academic Language: Causes, Coping Strategies Needs
Authors: ZORBA Mehmet Galip
Published: September 2023

This study aims to explore writer’s block in the tertiary education context and draws from 644 senior English language and literature students’ self-reports on producing academic texts in English. A mixed-methods survey design was used to collect data from the participants. Findings showed that both internal and external causes of writer’s block were at work, yet external causes were moderately more influential, while students produced argumentative-critical and expository essays and were influential in the drafting stage of the writing process. Findings also revealed that students pursued continue-to-write and avoid-writing strategies in different combinations to cope with writer’s block and needed to expand their knowledge and experience in drafting, planning, using academic language, coherence, and smooth transitions between sentences and paragraphs. Lastly, findings highlighted the need for clear instructions, studying sample texts, and feedback from teachers to overcome writer’s block. In light of these findings, several pedagogical implications were suggested.
Stylistics : A Contact between Linguistics and Literary Criticism
Authors: Abdul Jalil Jassim Hejal
Published: September 2023

Quirk (1969) has remarked that a man's style is as specific as his

fingerprints. Stylistic analysis can in fact settle many knotty problems in

ltterature. A Writer's use of language, if studied carefully , can reveal his

aesthetic personality , his deep – laid philosophy and world – view , the

way he looks at the world , perhaps far more accurately than any study of

his background and the literary movement he subscribes to . In fact , the

question of the nature of stylistics , and its position among the various

disciplines, its scope and its limits have aroused considerable discussion.

The term "stylistics" can apply to various kinds of linguistic analysis.

Anyhow, stylistics, which is, in general, incorporated within the

terminology of linguistics, has not won the satisfaction of some linguists.

therefore, they began to coin some other new terms . Thus, this research

is intended to present discussion of the scope of stylistics, stylistic

analysis, and stylistics as a middle ground between linguistics and literary

criticism. In general, it is divided into three parts each to cover a certain

aspect of the subject .the first part is a review of the definition of

stylistics, its function, and its aims. The second part is concerned with

stylistic analysis and kinds of stylistic studies. Whereas, the third part of

this research discusses the role of stylistics as a contact between

linguistics and literary criticism.
ﺍﻟـ(ﺟﻧﺩﺭ) ﻭﺍﻧﺗﻬﺎﻙ ﺣﻘﻭﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺳﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺄﺻﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻔﻬﻭﻡ
Authors: ﺩ. ﻋﻠﻲ ﻭﺗﻭﺕ
Published: September 2023

إﻟﻰ أي ﻤد ًى ﻴﻤﻛن اﻋﺘﺒﺎر اﺨﺘﻼف اﻟﺴﻠوك ﺒﻴن اﻟﻨﺴﺎء واﻟرﺠـﺎﻝ ﻫـو ﻨﺘﻴﺠـﺔ ﻻﺨﺘﻼﻓـﺎت

ﺒﺎﻴوﻟوﺠﻴـﺔ - ﻛﻤـﺎ ﻴـرى ﺒﻌـض اﻟﺒـﺎﺤﺜﻴن-؟ وﻫـﻝ أن ﻫـذﻩ اﻟﻔـروق أﺼـﻴﻠﺔ وطﺒﻴﻌﻴـﺔ ؟ ٕواﻟـﻰ أي

ﻤدى ﻴﻤﻛن أن ﻴﻛون اﻟواﻗـﻊ ﻓـﻲ ﺘ ارﻛﻤﺎﺘـﻪ أﻛﺜـر ﺘﻌﻘﻴـداً ﻤـن ﻫـذﻩ اﻟرؤﻴـﺔ اﻟﻤﺒﺴـطﺔ ﻟﻠﻤوﻀـوع ؟

أم إن ﻤﺠﻤﻝ اﻟﻔروق ﺒﻴن (اﻟرﺠﻝ) و(اﻟﻤ أرة) أو ﻤﻌظﻤﻬﺎ ﻴﻌود ﻟواﻗ ٍﻊ اﺠﺘﻤـﺎﻋﻲ ﻤﻌﻘـد ٬ ﻴﻔـرض

 

ﺒﻘ ارءاﺘﻪ اﻟﻤﺴﺒﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻛﺎﺌن اﻟﺒﺎﻴوﻟوﺠﻲ اﻟذي ﻴﺘﺤوﻝ ﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺎً إﻟﻰ (رﺠ ٍﻝ) أو (إﻤ أرة).

ٕواذا ﻤﺎ ﻛﺎن ﺒﻌـض اﻟﺒـﺎﺤﺜﻴن واﻟﻌﻠﻤـﺎء ﻴؤﻛـدون أن ﺠواﻨـب ﻤﺤـددة ﻓـﻲ اﻟﺘﻛـوﻴن اﻟﺠﺴـﻤﻲ

اﻟﺒﺎﻴوﻟوﺠﻲ ﻟﻺﻨﺴﺎن – ﻤﺜﻝ اﻟﻛروﻤوﺴوﻤﺎت واﻟﻬرﻤوﻨـﺎت واﻟﻤـؤﺜ ارت اﻟﺠﻴﻨﻴـﺔ – ﻫـﻲ اﻟﻤﺴـؤوﻟﺔ

ﻋن ﻓرو ٍق ﻓطرﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺴﻠوك اﻟرﺠـﺎﻝ واﻟﻨﺴـﺎء ٬ ﻤﻀـﻴﻔﻴن أﻨـﻪ ﻴﻤﻛـن ﻤﻼﺤظـﺔ ﻫـذﻩ اﻻﺨﺘﻼﻓـﺎت

ﺒﺸـﻛ ٍﻝ أو ﺒـﺂﺨر. ﻓـﺈن ﻋـدداً آﺨـر ﻤـن اﻟﻌﻠﻤـﺎء ﻴؤﻛـد ﺘوﺠﻬـﺎ ٍت ﻤﻌﺎﻛﺴـﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﻗﻀـﻴﺔ اﻟﻔـروق

واﺨــﺘﻼف اﻟﺴــﻠوك اﻻﺠﺘﻤــﺎﻋﻲ ﺒــﻴن اﻟﺠﻨﺴــﻴن ٬ وأﺤــد ﻫــذﻩ اﻟﺘوﺠﻬــﺎت ﻫــو اﺘﺠــﺎﻩ اﻟــ (ﺠﻨــدر

.( Gender إذ ﻋـﺎدت ﻤطﺎﻟﺒـﺎت اﻟﺤرﻛـﺎت اﻟﻨﺴـوﻴﺔ ﺒﺤﻘـوق اﻟﻤـ أرة وﻤﺴـﺎواﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﺼـورة ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ

ﻫـذﻩ اﻟﻤـرة ٬ وذﻟـك ﻋﺒـر طـرح ﻤﻨظـور أو ﻤﻔﻬـوم ﻴـدﻋﻰ ﺒﺎﻟــ (ﺠﻨـدر ٬( Gender واﻟـذي ﻴؤﻛـد

أﺼـﺤﺎﺒﻪ أن اﻟﻔـروق اﻟﻘﺎﺌﻤـﺔ اﻟﻴـوم ﺒـﻴن اﻟﻨﺴـﺎء واﻟرﺠـﺎﻝ – ﻨﻔﺴـﻴﺎً وﻓﻴزﻴوﻟوﺠﻴـﺎً – ﻤرﻫوﻨـﺔ ﻛﻠﻴـﺎً

 

ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ (ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺜﻨﺎء وﺤﻴد ﻫو اﻟﻔروق اﻟﺒﺎﻴوﻟوﺠﻴﺔ اﻟﻤرﺘﺒطﺔ ﺒوظﻴﻔﺔ اﻟﺤﻤﻝ واﻹﻨﺠﺎب).

واﻟﺒﺤــث ﻓــﻲ ﻋﻨواﻨــﻪ ذاك وﻤوﻀــوﻋﺎﺘﻪ ﺘﻠــك اﻗﺘﻀــﻰ ﺘﻘﺴــﻴﻤﻪ إﻟــﻰ ﺨﻤﺴــﺔ ﻤﺤــﺎور ٬ ﻫــﻲ:

 

ﻤﺸﻛﻠﺔ اﻟﺒﺤث وأﻫداﻓﻪ ٬ وﻤﻔﻬوﻤﻪ ٬ وأطروﺤﺘﻪ اﻟﻨظرﻴﺔ ٬ وأﻤﺜﻠﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻟواﻗﻊ اﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ.
ﺍﻹﺳﻣﺎﻋﻳﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﺯﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺟﻭﺩﻫﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻳﺭﺍﻥ ٦٥٤­٤۸۷ ) ﻫـ ۱۲٥٦­۱۰۹٤ / ﻡ)
Authors: ﺩ. ﻋﺑﺎﺱ ﻋﺑﺩ ﺍﻟﺳﺗﺎﺭ ﻋﺑﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ
Published: September 2023

ﺸﻬد اﻟﻌﺎﻟم اﻹﺴﻼﻤﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤر ﺘﺎرﻴﺨﻪ اﻟطوﻴﻝ اﻟﻌدﻴد ﻤن اﻟﺤرﻛﺎت اﻟدﻴﻨﻴﺔ وﻛﺎﻨت

 

اﻏﻠﺒﻬﺎ ﺘﺘﻤﺤور ﺤوﻝ ﻨﻘطﺔ اﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ وﻫﻲ اﻟﺨﻼﻓﺔ ووﻻﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﻬد وﻤن ﻫو أﺤق ﺒﺘوﻟﻴﻬﺎ.

واﻹﺴﻤﺎﻋﻴﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻨ ازرﻴﺔ واﺤدة ﻤن ﻫذﻩ اﻟﺤرﻛﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ظﻬرت ﻓﻲ وﻗت ﻤﺘﺄﺨر ﻨﺴﺒﻴﺎً ﻤن ﺘﺎرﻴﺦ

اﻟدوﻟﺔاﻟﻌرﺒﻴﺔ اﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ وﺘرﻛت أﺜ ار ﻻ ﻴﻨﺴﻰ وﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻴ ارن ٬ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻨت ﺘﻤﺜﻝ واﺤدة ﻤن

اﻫم ارﺒﺎع ﺨ ارﺴﺎن اذ وﺠدت ﻫذﻩ اﻟﻔرﻗﺔ ﻫﻨﺎك اﻟﻤﻨﺎخ واﻟظروف اﻟﻤﻼﺌﻤﺔ ﻻﻨﺘﺸﺎرﻫﺎ

 

واﺴﺘﻤرت ﻷﻛﺜر ﻤن ﻗرن وﻨﺼف ﻤن اﻟزﻤن.

وﻓﻲ ﻫذا اﻟﺒﺤث ﺴﻨﺘﻌرف ﻋﻠﻰ أﻫم اﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ أطﻠﻘت ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫذﻩ اﻟﻔرﻗﺔ ﻤﻨذ ظﻬورﻫﺎ

 

ﻓﻲ ﻤﺼر اﻟﻔﺎطﻤﻴﺔ وﻨﻬﺎﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ إﻴ ارن.

وﻨﺸوء ﻫذﻩ اﻟﻔرﻗﺔ ﻋﻬد ﻤؤﺴﺴﻬﺎ اﻟﺤﺴن ﺒن اﻟﺼﺒﺎح ٬ واﺘﺨﺎذﻩ ﻗﻠﻌﺔ اﻟﻤوت ﻤرﻛ اًز رﺌﻴﺴﻴﺎً

ﻟﻪ ﻟﺒﻌث دﻋﺎﺘﻪ واﺘﺒﺎﻋﻪ ﻤن ﻫﻨﺎك إﻟﻰ ﺒﻘﻴﺔ أﻨﺤﺎء اﻴ ارن واﻟﻌﺎﻟم اﻹﺴﻼﻤﻲ ﻟﻨﺸر دﻋوﺘﻪ

وﺘﻨﻔﻴذ أواﻤرﻩ ٬ وﻟﻘد ﻻﻗت دﻋوﺘﻪ ﻨﺠﺎﺤﺎً ﻛﺒﻴ اًر ﺒﺴﺒب اﻟظروف اﻟﺘﻲ ﺴﺎدت اﻟﻌﺎﻟم اﻹﺴﻼﻤﻲ

 

آﻨذاك.

ﻛﻤﺎ ﺴﻨﺒﺤث ﺒﺈﻴﺠﺎز ﺠﻬود اﻟﺴﻼطﻴن اﻟﺴﻼﺠﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺎرس واﻻﻴوﺒﻴن ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺎم ﻟﻠﻘﻀﺎء

 

ﻋﻠﻴﻬم ٬ واﺒرز ﻨﺸﺎطﺎﺘﻬم ﻀد ﻤﻨﺎوﺌﻴﻬم.

ﻛﻤﺎ ﺴﻨوﻀﺢ أوﻀﺎع اﻻﺴﻤﺎﻋﻴﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻨ ازرﻴﺔ ﻗﺒﻴﻝ اﻟﻐزو اﻟﻤﻐوﻟﻲ واﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴ ارت اﻟﺘﻲ ط أرت

 

ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺘﻬم ﺘﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﺨﻼﻓﺔ اﻟﻌﺒﺎﺴﻴﺔ وﻤن ﺜم ﻤوﻗﻔﻬم ﻤن اﻟﺴﻠطﺎن ﺠﻼﻝ اﻟدﻴن ﻤﻨﻛﺒرﺘﻲ.

وﺴﻨﺴﺘﻌرض ﺒﺸﻲء ﻤن اﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻝ اﻻﺠﺘﻴﺎح اﻟﻤﻐوﻟﻲ ﻟﻘﻼﻋﻬم ﻓﻲ اﻴ ارن وأﺴﺒﺎﺒﻪ

وأوﻀﺎﻋﻬم ﺨﻼﻝ ﻫذﻩ اﻟﻤدة واﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ اﺘﺒﻌﻬﺎ ﻫوﻻﻛو ﺨﺎن ﻻﻗﺘﺤﺎم ﻫذﻩ اﻟﻘﻼع واﻟﺘﻲ

 

ﺘﻛﻠﻠت ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺠﺎح ٬ وﻤﻘﺘﻝ زﻋﻴم اﻹﺴﻤﺎﻋﻴﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻨ ازرﻴﺔ واﺨﺘﻔﺎﺌﻬم ﻋن ﻤﺴرح اﻹﺤداث ﻓﻲ إﻴ ارن.

واﺨﻴ ار ﻴﺠب اﻻﺸﺎرة اﻟﻰ اﻨﻨﺎ ﻟم ﻨﻌﺜرﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺼﺎدر اﻻﺴﻤﺎﻋﻴﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻨ ازرﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ دوﻨت

اﻻﺤداث اﻟﺘﺎرﻴﺨﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻋﺎﺼروﻫﺎ واﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎن ﻟﻬﺎ اﻻﺜ ارﻻﻛﺒر ﻓﻲ اﺒ ارز وﺠﻬﺔ ﻨظرﻫم ﺘﺠﺎﻩ

 

ﻫذﻩ اﻻﺤداث.
ﺍﻷﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺫﺍﺋﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺗﻁﺑﻳﻘﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻟﻠﻣﺩﺓ ۲۰۰۳­۲۰۰۱
Authors: ﺃﻡ.ﺩ. ﻧﺩﻯ ﺷﺎﻛﺭ ﺟﻭﺩﺕ  , ﻡ.ﻡ. ﺍﻧﺗﺻﺎﺭ ﺣﺳﻭﻥ ﺭﺿﺎ
Published: September 2023

أن ﻤﺸـﻛﻠﺔ إﻨﺘـﺎج اﻟﻐـذاء وﻤـدى ﻛﻔﺎﻴﺘـﻪ ﻓـﻲ اﻟﻌـ ارق اﻟـوطن اﻟﻌرﺒـﻲ واﻟﻌـﺎﻟم ﻴﻌﺘﺒـر ﻤـن

 

اﻟﻤﺸـﺎﻛﻝ اﻟﻤﻬﻤـﺔ واﻟﺘـﻲ ﻴﺠـب أن ﺘؤﺨـذ ﺒﻌـﻴن اﻻﻋﺘﺒـﺎر ﻤـن ﻗﺒـﻝ اﻟـدوﻝ. إذ أن اﻟﻤﺸـﻛﻠﺔ ﻟـﻴس

 

إﻨﺘﺎج اﻟﻐذاء ﺒﻘدر ﻤﺎ ﻫو اﻟﻨﻘص واﻟﺘﻘﺼﻴر ﻓﻲ اﻨﺘﺎﺠﻪ.

ﻫﺩﻑ ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ :

 

ﻫﻨـﺎك ﻤﻔﺎرﻗـﺔ ﻤﺜﻴـرة أن اﻟﻌـ ارق ﺒﻠـد ز ارﻋـﻲ ﺒﺎﻷﺴـﺎس وﻛـﺎن ﻤـن اﻟﻤﻨﺘظـر أن ﻴﺤﻘـق

 

اﻻﻛﺘﻔﺎء اﻟذاﺘﻲ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﺨص اﻟﻤوارد اﻟز ارﻋﻴﺔ واﻟﺤﻴواﻨﻴـﺔ ﺨﺼوﺼـﺎً وأﻨـﻪ ﻴﺘﻤﺘـﻊ ﺒﻤـوارد طﺒﻴﻌﻴـﺔ

 

وأﻤﻛﺎﻨﻴﺎت ﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻛﺒﻴرة !!! ٕواذا ﺒﻪ ﻴﻌﺎﻨﻲ أزﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻹﻨﺘﺎج اﻟﻐذاﺌﻲ .

إذ أن اﻟوﻗوف ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫذﻩ اﻷزﻤﺔ وﻤﻌرﻓﺔ أﺴﺒﺎﺒﻬﺎ وﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﻬـﺎ اﻵﻨﻴـﺔ وﻤﻘﺘرﺤـﺎت ﺘطـوﻴر

 

اﻷﻤن اﻟﻐذاﺌﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻝ.
ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﻅﻳﻔﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻻﻟﻲ ﻟﺑﻧﺎء ( ﻓﺎﻋﻝ ) ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺑﻳﺔ
Authors: ﺩ. ﺳﻧﺎء ﺣﻣﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﺗﻲ
Published: September 2023

ﻴﺘﻨﺎوﻝ ﻫذا اﻟﺒﺤث ﺒﻨﺎء (ﻓﺎﻋﻝ) اﻟذي ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺘـب اﻟﻨﺤـو ﺒـ (اﺴـم اﻟﻔﺎﻋـﻝ) (١) وﻫـو

 

ﺒﻨﺎء ﺘﺘﻌدد وظﺎﺌﻔﻪ وﺘﺘﻌدد دﻻﻻﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨظم ٬ واﻟﺘﻌدد ﻓﻲ اﻟوظﻴﻔﺔ وﻓﻲ اﻟدﻻﻟﺔ ﻟﺒﻨﺎء واﺤد ﻫو

 

اﺤد أﺴﺒﺎب ﺜ ارء اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌرﺒﻴﺔ .

 

ﻓﻬو ﺒﻨﺎء ﻤﺸﺘرك ﺒﻴن اﻻﺴﻤﻴﺔ واﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ٬ ﺒﻤﻌﻨـﻰ أ ّن ﻫـذا اﻟﺒﻨـﺎء ﻴـﺄﺘﻲ اﺴـﻤﺎً ﻓـﻲ ﺒﻌـض

اﻟﻨظم ٬ وﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﻓﻌﻼً ﻓﻲ ﻨظم آﺨر ٬ وﻟﻪ ﻤن اﻟﺼﻔﺎت اﻟﺸﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺸﺒﻪ اﻷﺴﻤﺎء ٬ ﺘﻠك اﻟﺼـﻔﺎت

 

اﻟﺘﻲ ﺠﻤﻌﻬﺎ اﺒن ﻤﺎﻟك ﻓﻲ ﻗوﻟﻪ:

 

( ﺒﺎﻟﺠّر واﻟﺘﻨوﻴن واﻟﻨدا وأﻝ

 

 

وﻤﺴﻨد ﻟﻼﺴم ﺘﻤﻴﻴز ﺤﺼﻝ ) (٢)

 

ﻓﻬـو ﻴـﺄﺘﻲ ﻓـﻲ اﻟـﻨظم ﻤﺴـﺒوﻗﺎً ﺒـﺎﻟﺤروف اﻟﻤﺴـﻤﺎة ﺒــ(ﺤروف اﻟﺠـر) ٬ ﻨﺤـو: ﻴﺎﻟـﻪ ﻤـن

 

ﻗﺎﺌِد ◌ٍ ﺸﻌَﺒﻪ ٬ وﻋﺠﺒ ُت ﻤن ﻤذﻨب ﻻ ﻴﺘوب ٬ وﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﻤﻀﺎﻓﺎ ٬ً ﻨﺤو: زﻴد آﺨُذ ﺤﻘﱢِﻪ ٬ وﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﻤﻨوﻨﺎ ٬ً

 

ﻨﺤـو: زﻴـد ﻗـﺎﺌٌم ٬ وأﻨـﺎ ﻛﺎﺘـ ٌب رﺴـﺎﻟﺔ ٬ً وﻴـﺄﺘﻲ ﻤﻨـﺎدى ٬ ﻨﺤـو: ﻴـﺎ ﻤﻨﻘـذاً ﻏرﻴﻘـﺎ ٬ً وﻴـﺄﺘﻲ ﻤﺘﺼـﻼً ﺒــ

(أﻝ) ٬ ﻨﺤو: زﻴد ﻫو اﻟﻘﺎدم ٬ وﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﻤﺴﻨداً إﻟﻴﻪ ٬ ﻨﺤو اﻵﺨٌذ ﺤﻘﱠﻪ ﻤﺤﺘرم ٬ وﺘﺎب اﻟﻨﺎدم.

 

ﻟــذﻟك أوﻫــم ﺸــﻛﻠﻪ اﻟﺨــﺎرﺠﻲ طﺎﺌﻔــﺔ ﻤــن اﻟﻨﺤــﺎة ﻓﻌــّدوﻩ اﺴــﻤﺎً وﻟــم ﻴﺠﻴــزوا ﻓﻌﻠﻴﺘــﻪ إﻻ

ﺒﺸروط ﻀّﻴﻘت ﺤدود ﻓﻌﻠﻴﺘﻪ ٬ وﻟم ﻴدرﺠوﻩ ﻤﻊ اﻟﻔﻌﻝ اﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ واﻟﻔﻌﻝ اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع ﺒوﺼﻔﻪ ﻗﺴﻴﻤﺎً

 

ﺜﺎﻟﺜﺎً ﻟﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺜﻴر ﻤن اﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻﺘﻪ.

 

ٕواذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﻨﺤﺎة (اﻟﺒﺼرﻴون) ﻗد ﻀّﻴﻘوا ﺤدود ﻓﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﻫذا اﻟﺒﻨﺎء وﻏﻠب أرﻴﻬم ودرج ﻓـﻲ

اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻫﺞ واﻟﻤدارس ٬ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻨﺤﺎة (اﻟﻛوﻓﻴﻴن) ﻋّدوﻩ ﻓﻌﻼ ٬ً وﺴ ّﻤوﻩ ( اﻟﻔﻌﻝ اﻟداﺌم) ٬ ﻓـﺎﻟﻔ ارء ﻴﻘـوﻝ
ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﺓ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻧﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺿﺎﺋﻳﺔ ­ﺑﺣﺙ ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﻠﻔﺯﻳﻭﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺭﻭﺿﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻧﺎﺓ ﺃﻗﺭﺃ ﺍﻟﻔﺿﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻳﺔ­
Authors: ﺩ. ﻫﺎﺷﻡ ﺍﺣﻣﺩ ﻧﻐﻳﻣﺵ ﺍﻟﺯﻭﺑﻌﻲ
Published: September 2023

اﻟﺤﻤد ﷲ رب اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴن واﻟﺼﻼة واﻟﺴﻼم ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻴدﻨﺎ ﻤﺤﻤد وﻋﻠﻰ آﻟﻪ وﺼـﺤﺒﻪ أﺠﻤﻌـﻴن وﺒﻌـد

 

ﻓﺈن اﻟدﻋوة اﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ ﺘﻌﺎﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺼر اﻟ ارﻫن ﻤن ﺤﺎﻟﺔ وﻫن واﻀﺤﺔ ﺒﻌـد ان ﺘﺤﺎﻟﻔـت ﻗـوى اﻟﺸـر

 

واﻟظـﻼم ﻀـد ﻫـذا اﻟـدﻴن وﺴـﺎﻋد ﻋﻠـﻰ زﻴـﺎدة ﻫـذا اﻟـوﻫن ﺠﻬـﻝ ﻛﺜﻴـر ﻤـن اﻟﻤﺴـﻠﻤﻴن ﺒﺄﻫﻤﻴـﺔ اﻟوﺴـﺎﺌﻝ

 

اﻻﺘﺼـﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﺤدﻴﺜـﺔ ﻟﻠـدﻋوة اﻹﺴـﻼﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻤـﺎ أدى إﻟـﻰ ﻋـدم اﺴـﺘﺨدام ﺘﻠـك اﻟوﺴـﺎﺌﻝ اﺴـﺘﺨداﻤﺎً اﻤﺜـﻝ

 

ﺒﻬدف اﻟدﻋوة إﻟﻰ اﻹﺴﻼم ٕواﻋﻼم اﻟﻨﺎس ﺒﻬذا اﻟدﻴن اﻟذي ﻫو رﺤﻤﺔٌ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴن.

وﺘﻌد اﻟﻘﻨوات اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺌﻴﺔ - اﻟﺘﻲ اﺨﺘرﻗت اﻟﺤواﺠز واﻟﺤدود ووﺼﻝ ﺒﺜﻬﺎ إﻟﻰ ﻛﻝ ﻤﻛﺎن ﻓﻲ ﻫذا

 

اﻟﻌﺎﻟم - ﻤن أﻫم وﺴﺎﺌﻝ اﻻﺘﺼﺎﻝ اﻟﺤدﻴﺜﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﻛـن اﺴـﺘﺜﻤﺎرﻫﺎ ﻟﻠـدﻋوة اﻟـﻰ دﻴـن اﻹﺴـﻼم ٕواﻋـﻼم

اﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴن ﻓﻲ ﻛﻝ ﻤﻛﺎن ﻓﻲ ﻫذا اﻟﻌﺎﻟم ﺒﻤﻀﺎﻤﻴن ﻫذا اﻟدﻴن وﺘوﻋﻴﺘﻬم ﺒﺄﻤور دﻴﻨﻬم .

 

وﺒﻨـﺎ ًء ﻋﻠـﻰ أﻫﻤﻴـﺔ اﻟﻘﻨـوات اﻟﻔﻀـﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠـدﻋوة اﻹﺴـﻼﻤﻴﺔ ٬ ﺠـﺎء ﻫـذا اﻟﺒﺤـث ﻟﻴﺘﻨـﺎوﻝ اﻟـدﻋوة

اﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﻨوات اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﺨذا ﻤن ﻗﻨﺎة اﻗ أر اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺌﻴﺔ اﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ د ارﺴﺔ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻤوﻀوﻋﺎً ﻟﻬـذا

 

اﻟﺒﺤث. وﻗـد ﻋـرف اﻟﺒﺎﺤـث اﻟـدﻋوة اﻹﺴـﻼﻤﻴﺔ وﺤـدد أﺸـﻛﺎﻝ وﻗواﻟـب اﻟﻤـواد اﻟﺘﻠﻔزﻴوﻨﻴـﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺘﻤـدة ﻓـﻲ

 

ﻤﻌظــم اﻟﻘﻨــوات اﻟﺘﻠﻔزﻴوﻨﻴــﺔ ﻟﻠوﺼــوﻝ إﻟــﻰ اﻷﺸــﻛﺎﻝ واﻟﻘواﻟــب اﻟﻤﺴــﺘﺨدﻤﺔ ﻓــﻲ ﻗﻨــﺎة اﻗــ أر اﻟﻔﻀــﺎﺌﻴﺔ

 

اﻹﺴـﻼﻤﻴﺔ وﻴﻌـد ﻫـذا اﻟﺒﺤـث ﻤـن اﻟﺒﺤـوث اﻟوﺼـﻔﻴﺔ اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺘﺴـﺘﺨدم ﻤـﻨﻬﺞ اﻟﻤﺴـﺢ ﻤﺴـﺘﻌﻴﻨﺎً ﺒﺎﺴـﺘﻤﺎرة

 

اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴــﻝ ﺒوﺼــﻔﻬﺎ أداة ﺒﺤﺜﻴــﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻠﻴــﻝ وﺠﻤــﻊ اﻟﻤﻌﻠوﻤــﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘــﺔ ﺒﺎﻟظــﺎﻫرة ﻟﻠوﺼــوﻝ إﻟــﻰ ﻨﺘــﺎﺌﺞ

 

ودﻻﻻت ﻴﻬدف إﻟﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﺒﺤث .

 

وﺤدد اﻟﺒﺎﺤـث ﻤﺠﺘﻤـﻊ ﺒﺤﺜـﻪ ﻓـﻲ اﻟﻤـواد اﻟﺘﻠﻔزﻴوﻨﻴـﺔ اﻟﻤﻌروﻀـﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﻗﻨـﺎة اﻗـ أر اﻟﻔﻀـﺎﺌﻴﺔ واﺨﺘـﺎر

 

ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻤدﻴﺔ أﻤدﻫﺎ أﺴﺒوع ﻛﺎﻤﻝ أﺨﻀﻌﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻠﻴﻝ ﻋن طرﻴق اﻟﻤﺴﺢ اﻟﺸﺎﻤﻝ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ.

 

وﻗد واﺠﻪ اﻟﺒﺎﺤـث ﺒﻌـض اﻟﺼـﻌوﺒﺎت أﺜﻨـﺎء ﻛﺘﺎﺒـﺔ اﻟﺒﺤـث وﺘﺤدﻴـد اﻟﻌﻴﻨـﺔ ﺘﻤﺜﻠـت ﻓـﻲ اﻷﺤـداث

 

اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺸـﻬدﺘﻬﺎ ﻤدﻴﻨـﺔ اﻟﻔﻠوﺠـﺔ ﺒﻌـد ﺘﻌرﻀـﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻬﺠـوم اﻟﺸـﺎﻤﻝ ﻤـن ﻗﺒـﻝ ﻗـوات اﻟﻤـﺎرﻴﻨز اﻷﻤرﻴﻛﻴـﺔ ﻓـﻲ

 

٢٠٠٤ / ١١/٨ م وﺘﺸـرﻴد أﻫﻠﻬـﺎ وﻤـن ﺒﻴـﻨﻬم اﻟﺒﺎﺤـث وﻋﺎﺌﻠﺘـﻪ وﻤـﺎ أﻋﻘـب اﻻﺠﺘﻴـﺎح ﻤـن ﺘـدﻤﻴر ﺸـﺒﻪ

 

ﻛﺎﻤﻝ ﻟﻤدﻴﻨﺔ اﻟﻔﻠوﺠﺔ وﺘﻌطﻴﻝ ﺨدﻤﺎت اﻟﻛﻬرﺒـﺎء واﻟﻬـﺎﺘف واﻻﻨﺘرﻨﻴـت وﻤـﺎ ﺘرﻛﺘـﻪ ﻫـذﻩ اﻷﺤـداث ﻤـن

 

اﺜـر ﻨﻔﺴـﻲ ﻋﻠـﻰ اﻟﺒﺎﺤـث ﺠﻌﻠﺘـﻪ ﻴﺘـﺄﺨر ﺒﻌـض اﻟﺸـﻲء ﻓـﻲ إﻨﺠـﺎز ﻫـذا اﻟﺒﺤـث. وﻗﺴـم اﻟﺒﺎﺤـث ﻫـذا

اﻟﺒﺤث إﻟﻰ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﻓﺼوﻝ ﻛﺎن اﻟﻔﺼﻝ اﻷوﻝ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺨﺼﺼﺎ ﻟﻺطﺎر اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﺤـث ﺤﻴـث ﻋـرض
ﺍﻟﻌﻭﻟﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺳﺭﺡ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﺑﺎﺕ ﻧﻅﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﻁﺑﻳﻘﺎﺕ ﻗﺑﻠﻳﺔ
Authors: ﺩ. ﺯﻫﻳﺭ ﻛﺎﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﺷﻣﺭﻱ
Published: September 2023

إن ﻏﺎﻟﺒﻴــﺔ اﻟﺘﻌرﻴﻔــﺎت اﻟﺘــﻲ ﺘﻨﺎوﻟــت ﻤﺎﻫﻴــﺔ اﻟﻌوﻟﻤــﺔ ﻤﺘﺸــﻌﺒﺔ وﻤﺘﻌــددة وﺘﻨﺤــﺎز ﺒﻬــﺎ ﻨﺤــو

اﻹﺸﻛﺎﻟﻴﺔ ٬ ذﻟك أن ﺤﺘﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺠدﻝ واﻟﻤﺴﺎﺠﻠﺔ ﺤوﻝ ﺤدودﻫﺎ وﻤﺴـﺎﺤﺘﻬﺎ واﻟﻔﻀـﺎءات اﻟﻤﺘﻐـﺎﻴرة

ﻤﺎﺒﻴﻨﻬﺎ ٬ ﻤﻨﺤت اﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴن ﻓﺴﺤﺔ ﻟﺘﺄوﻴﻠﻬﺎ اﺴﺘﻨﺎداً ﻟﺨﺼوﺼﻴﺎﺘﻬم وﺒﻨﺎءاﺘﻬم اﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ واﻟﻔﻛرﻴـﺔ ٬

وأﻨﻤﺎط اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﺘداوﻟـﺔ ﻓـﻲ أﺴـواق اﻟﻤﻌرﻓـﺔ ٬ ﻛـﻝ ﻫـذﻩ اﻟـذاﺘﻴﺎت ﺘؤﺸـر ﺘﺼـو ارت ﻓـﻲ اﻟـذﻫن

ﺘﺨﻠص إﻟﻰ ﻋﻼﻤﺎت اﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎم ﻤﺘﺤﻴرة وﻤﺘﺴﺎﺌﻠﺔ ٬ ﻤـﺎذا ﺘﻌﻨـﻲ اﻟﻌوﻟﻤـﺔ ؟ وﺨﺼوﺼـﺎً ﻓـﻲ إطـﺎر

اﻟوﻋﻲ واﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ وأﻨﻤﺎط اﻻﺘﺼﺎﻝ وﻤﻨﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﺴرح ٬ ﻫﻝ ﻫﻲ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﻨﻰ اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ اﻟﺤدﻴﺜﺔ ؟ أم

ﻫـﻲ ﺘﺠـﺎوز اﻟﺤـدود ﺒـﻴن ﻤـﺎ ﻫـو ﻤﺤﻠـﻲ وﻗـوﻤﻲ وﻋـﺎﻟﻤﻲ ؟ أم ﻫـﻲ ﻤﺸـروع ﺘﺄﺴـﻴس ﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓـﺔ

أﺤﺎدﻴﺔ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ وﻤﻐﺎﻴرة ﻟﻤﺎ ﻫو ﺴﺎﺌد ؟ أم ﻫﻲ ﻓرض ﻨﻤط ﻀد ﻨﻤط؟ أم ﺼ ارع ﻤدﻨﻴﺔ ﺤدﻴﺜـﺔ

ﻤﻊ ﺤﻀﺎ ارت أﺼﻴﻠﺔ ﺘ ارﻛم وﻋﻲ أﺠﻴﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﺒر اﻟزﻤن ﺘﻨﺎﺼـﺎً ﻓﻛـون ﻤﻨﻬﺠـﺎً ﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻤﻴـﺎً ﻟﻠظـواﻫر

اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻨﺔ ٬ واﻟﻤﺎو ارﺌﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺘرة ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻗﺎت اﻟواﻋﻴﺔ واﻟﻼ واﻋﻴﺔ ﺒﻴن أﻓ ارد اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌـﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﻌـددة

داﺨﻝ إطﺎر اﻷﻤﺔ اﻟواﺤدة واﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻨوﻋت ﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺎﺘﻬﺎ وﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻤﻬـﺎ رﻏـم اﻋﺘﻤﺎدﻫـﺎ ﻗواﻋـد ﻤﺸـﺘرﻛﺔ

ﻓـﻲ اﻟﺘﺄﺴـﻴس واﻟﺘﺠـذﻴر ٬ أم ﻫـﻲ ﺘﺒـﺎدﻝ ﻤﺼـﻠﺤﺎﺘﻲ ﺒـﻴن ﺜﻘﺎﻓـﺔ وأﺨـرى ﻤـﻊ اﻻﻋﺘـ ارف ﺒـﺎﻟﺤق

ﻟﻛﻝ ﻤﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺒﺎﻻﺴﺘﻤ ارر واﻟﻐﻨﻰ وﻓق اﻟﻤﺼﺎدر واﻟﻘواﻨﻴن اﻟﺘوارﺜﻴﺔ اﻻﺨﺘﻼﻓﻴـﺔ اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺠـذرﺘﻬﺎ ﻓـﻲ

 

أﻟذات اﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ واﻟﻘوﻤﻴﺔ .

وﺒﻌـد ﻫـذﻩ اﻟﺘﺴـﺎؤﻻت ﻛﻴـف ﺘـ ارءت ﺼـورة اﻟﻌوﻟﻤـﺔ وﺠوﻫرﻫـﺎ وﻤﺤﻴطﻬـﺎ ﻓـﻲ ذﻫـن اﻟﻤـواطن

 

اﻟﻌرﺒﻲ ﻋﻤوﻤﺎ واﻟﻤﺜﻘف ﺨﺼوﺼﺎ ؟:-

ﻟـو ﺘﻨﺎوﻟﻨـﺎ آ ارء اﻟﻤﺜﻘﻔـﻴن اﻟﻌـرب ﻟﺨﻠﺼـﻨﺎ إﻟـﻰ أﻨـﺔ وﻤـرة أﺨـرى ﻴﺤﺼـﻝ اﻨﺸـطﺎر ﻓـﻲ اﻟـذﻫن

اﻟﻌرﺒﻲ ٬ ﻴوﻟـد أزﻤـﺔ ﺠدﻴـدة ﻓـﻲ اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓـﺔ اﻟﻌرﺒﻴـﺔ ٬ أزﻤـﺔ طرﻓﺎﻫـﺎ ﻤـن ﻫـو ﻤﺘﺠـﺎﻨس ﻤـﻊ ﻤﻔـﺎﻫﻴم

اﺒﻬرﺘـﺔ ﺼـورﻫﺎ ﻓـ ارح وﺒﺎﺴـم اﻟﺤداﺜـﺔ ٬ ﻴﺘﺤـزب ﻟﻔﻛـرة ﻟـم ﺘﻛﺘﻤـﻝ ﺒﻌـد ﺨطوطﻬـﺎ اﻷوﻟﻴـﺔ ٬ وﻟـم

ﻨﺘﻠﻤس ﺨﺼﺎﻟﻬﺎ إﻻ ﻤن ﺨﻼﻝ دﻋوات ورؤى ٕواﻴﻘﺎﻋﺎت ﻤﺘﻨﺎﻓرة ﺴﺎﺤت ﻓوق أﺴطﺢ اﻟﻤﺠـﻼت

واﻟﺼـﺤف اﻟﻌرﺒﻴـﺔ ٬ ﺤﺘـﻰ ﺼـﺎرت أطﻴـﺎف وأﺤـﻼم ﺒﻌـض ﻤﻨﺘظرﻴﻨـﺎ وﻤﺜﻘﻔﻴﻨـﺎ ﻤﺼـد اًر ﻹﻗـ ارر

ﻤﺒﺎدﺌﻬﺎ رﻏم ﻋدم ﻤﻌﺎﻴﺸﺘﻬم ﻟظروف ﻨﺸﺄﺘﻬﺎ ٬ ورﻏم ﻋﻨﺎدﻫم ﻤﻊ ذاﺘﻬم واﻵﺨرﻴن ﻓـﻲ ﺘطـرﻓﻬم

 

واﻨﺤﻴﺎزﻫم ﻟﻬﺎ دون وﻋﻲ ٕواد ارك ﻟﻤﺎ ﺴﺘؤوﻝ إﻟﻴﻪ ﻏداً.
Sosialisasi Pentingnya Mengetahui dan Identifikasi Bahan Tambah Pangan (Kimia) pada Makanan
Authors: Untari Untari , Permata Reni , Hukom Evi Hudriyah
Published: September 2023

Food added ingredients are ingredients/mixtures which naturally are not part of food raw materials, but are added to food with the aim of influencing the nature or form of the food. Food-added ingredients are usually widely used by a food industry company as an ingredient that can produce a food structure that attracts the attention of consumers and gets a large profit value with the smallest capital. Lack of public knowledge about the dangers and how to identify food additives is one of the factors that many people still continue to consume without thinking about the impact that occurs. The long-term impact of consuming BTP is the emergence of various diseases such as cancer, tumors, kidneys, sore throat and others. This is especially true for elementary school children who are very fond of consuming sweet, colorful, tasteful and eye-catching foods that are sold freely around their school environment. The purpose of this community service is to become a means to share information on chemical food additives and how to detect simple food additives. From the socialization results, elementary school children are taught how to identify foods that contain borax in a very simple and very easy way to do so that it can be the first step to keep themselves from consuming foods that contain harmful food additives.
Pelatihan Pembuatan Pupuk Kompos Limbah Peternakan dan Perkebunan bagi Masyarakat Dusun Selelos Kabupaten Lombok Utara
Authors: Dharmawibawa Iwan Doddy , Karmana I Wayan
Published: September 2023

The purpose of this activity is to increase the knowledge and skills of the community in utilizing livestock and community plantation waste into compost. The advantages of this compost are that it is environmentally friendly, can increase the income of farmers and can increase soil fertility and improve soil physical damage due to excessive use of inorganic fertilizers. The participants of this training activity were 21 people from Selelos Baturinggit Village, Gangga District, North Lombok Regency. This training activity is carried out in three stages, namely: 1) Preparation; 2) Implementation; and 3) Evaluation. The implementation of this community service program is by providing a technology package for making solid organic fertilizer with the basic ingredients of cow dung and community plantation waste. Extension activities and practices for making solid organic fertilizers have been carried out in the Selelos Baturinggit Village Community, North Lombok Regency. The results of this organic fertilizer are expected to be applied to plantation land to reduce the use of inorganic fertilizers and increase plantation yields.
Pelatihan Tote Bag Teknik Eco-Shibori Kolaborasi Nusa Creative Community
Authors: Nofisulastri Nofisulastri , Adawiyah Siti Rabiatul , Dharmawibawa Iwan Doddy , Sarifuddin Muhamad
Published: September 2023

Training on making cloth tote bags is one of the government's programs to reduce the use of plastic, is the right step, and as a citizen you should also support this program. Support in training to make cloth shopping bags (Tote Bags) that can be used to carry groceries when shopping at super markets, supermarkets, or department stores, so that consumers are expected to no longer use plastic bags when shopping. The choice of a fabric tote bag with the Eco-Shibori technique in this service activity is an illustration of eco-friendly ecoprint or eco-dyeing techniques, which are in great demand and are recognized as having high selling value. The target of the activity was 14 people, including representatives of 6 female students from Private MA Annajah Sesela, Gunungsari District, West Lombok Regency, 5 MTs students. Private Annajah Sesela, Gunungsari District, West Lombok Regency, and 3 students from Mataram Janamarga High School, Mataram City. The activities will be carried out from 3 October - 4 December 2022, with the overall activity stages, namely communication, observation, legalization, training on making the Eco-Shibori Tote Bag technique, and evaluation of activity responses. Based on the evaluation, activity responses obtained 98-100% understanding of shibori batik and being able to take part in training demonstrations, and being able to work collaboratively to create eco-prints on Tote Bags from various leaves provided and or obtained from the surrounding environment.
Pemberdayaan Wirausaha Terdampak Covid-19
Authors: Suriyadi Suriyadi , Darmaji Buyung
Published: September 2023

There are many ways that can be done in entrepreneurship, one of which is cultivating catfish livestock, so that it is successful both in preparing superior seeds and quality catfish seeds and harvesting, steps that can be taken include: 1) land for fish farming catfish. It can be divided into four parts, namely: type of land, far from settlements, accessible by vehicles, and according to the size of the land; 2) choosing a pool model, which can be divided into four parts, namely: earthen pool, cement pool, drum pool, and tarpaulin pool; 3) selection of catfish seeds, including: buying quality catfish seeds, cultivating catfish seeds, sorting process, transferring catfish fry, and catfish nursery; 4) the sowing of catfish seeds is divided into: pond water quality, time of sowing the seeds, and how to sow good catfish seeds; and 5) catfish rearing process as follows: pond water management, feeding, and sorting catfish. The marketing network for catfish livestock products that must be carried out includes: 1) utilizing social media as a means to promote good yields in the form of finished goods; 2) Cash On Delivery (COD) system or pay on the spot; 3) cooperate between traders or kiosks and provide a wholesale system; 4) cooperation system between sellers; 5) offering catfish to food stalls specifically for catfish; and 6) the group leader and members set up a food stall specifically for fresh catfish.
Pengolahan Sampah Organik dengan Menggunakan Compost Bag di Lingkungan Universitas Pendidikan Mandalika
Authors: Jannah Husnul , Harisanti Baiq Muli , Desimal Iwan , Primawati Sri Nopita , Zurriyatun Dina
Published: September 2023

The purpose of this community service activity is to introduce and train Indonesian New Generation students (recipients of a scholarship from Bank Indonesia) at Mandalika University of Education, Mataram, West Nusa Tenggara Province in processing organic waste into compost through fermentation with the help of effective microorganism (EM4) as a bioactivator. The stages of this service activity are: 1) introduction; 2) practice activities for the initial process of fermentation; and 3) follow-up activities (observation for 2 months). The 1 day activity is used to process organic waste in the form of dry and wet leaves, then chopped into smaller pieces so that it decomposes more quickly, then fermented using EM4 as a bioactivator (observations after 2 months). Compost fermentation takes at least 2 months to get better results, taking into account the factors that affect composting, including: C/N (Carbon/Nitrogen) ratio, aeration, porosity, humidity, temperature, acidity level (pH), nutrient content, hazardous material content, and composting time. Based on the results of the activity evaluation, it can be concluded that the objectives of this community service activity have been achieved as expected. This achievement can be seen from the ability of students to process organic waste into compost which is ready to be used as fertilizer for plants.
Sosialisasi Perilaku Hidup Bersih dan Sehat serta Pemahaman Deteksi Dini Gejala Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19)
Authors: Nurlan Nurlan , Fitriadi Imam , Safnowandi Safnowandi , Lukitasari Diah , Suadi Tajudin
Published: September 2023

The purpose of this activity is for people to know the importance of washing their hands properly, and what the impact will be if they don't wash their hands properly. The 2019 Coronavirus Disease (Covid-19) pandemic has caused all activities to be carried out individually in each village while adhering to the Covid-19 Standard Operating Procedure (SOP). The most common thing that is done in each activity is to provide education and demonstrations about Covid-19 to the surrounding community. In accordance with the Covid-19 rules, namely staying at home, the service implementing team conducted counseling by visiting residents' homes. Covid-19 is a new disease that emerged in 2019 and causes respiratory infections. The most common symptoms of Covid-19 are fever, dry cough and shortness of breath. Some people may experience head or body aches, runny nose, sore throat, or diarrhea. While some people (about 80%) will recover on their own from Covid-19 without needing special treatment, about 1 in 6 people will experience more serious symptoms and experience difficulty breathing. We are all at risk of contracting Covid-19, but older people and people with health problems such as high blood pressure, heart problems or diabetes, are more likely to experience severe symptoms from Covid-19, and are more at risk of dying from it. People with fever, cough and shortness of breath should seek immediate medical attention. People can catch Covid-19 from other people who are already infected, regardless of whether these people have symptoms or not. This disease can spread from human to other humans through droplets (droplets/splashes of body fluids from the nose or mouth, such as saliva). Droplets are spread when someone who already has this virus in their body coughs or sneezes. Research shows that Covid-19 can survive for some time on various inanimate surfaces, such as tables or doorknobs.
Pelatihan Operasional Dasar Mikroskop dan Pengenalan Alat Laboratorium pada Mahasiswa Pendidikan Biologi Universitas Pendidikan Mandalika
Authors: Dharmawibawa Iwan Doddy , Nofisulastri Nofisulastri , Royani Ida , Imran Ali
Published: September 2023

Microscope is one of the supporting media in learning Biology. With a microscope objects or organisms that are unable to be seen by the human senses can be observed clearly. The aim of this program is to increase the qualifications and capacity of Biology Education Students through increasing knowledge and skills in using and caring for microscopes. The target of this activity is first semester students of the Biology Education Study Program, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Applied, Mandalika University of Education. The methods used are lectures, discussions, questions and answers and demonstrations using a microscope properly. The results achieved were that participants were able to use a microscope to observe objects and were able to take care of the microscope after use. Participants looked very enthusiastic and interested because they were able to observe plant tissue directly under a microscope. It can be concluded that the basic operational training activities for microscopes and the introduction of laboratory tools were able to increase the participants' knowledge and skills from every aspect measured.
Upaya Pemerataan Inseminasi Buatan pada Ternak Sapi di Kelurahan Laweyan Kota Surakarta
Authors: Estiwati Uliya , Nugraha Didik
Published: September 2023

The purpose of this community service activity is to equalize artificial insemination in cattle in Laweyan Village, Surakarta City. While the results obtained from this activity are if the government does free artificial insemination in Laweyan Village, it will further improve the economy of cattle breeders in Laweyan Village and increase the population of cross-breeding cattle in Laweyan Village. The artificial insemination program was carried out in Laweyan Sub-District, with 20 cattle breeders and 60 cows. In this activity, the implementation team carried out several activities to carry out the artificial insemination program. The number of female cows in all breeders is 60 cows, out of 60 cows we give the first hormone injection simultaneously within 1 day, after that we wait for the cows to go into heat for 11-12 days if there is no heat for 11-12 days we do the second injection, after that we wait for the cows to go into heat for 2-3 days, when the cows go into heat we wait for the right time to be artificially inseminated, then the heat for adult cows is 17 days .8 hours with a range of 2.4-28 hours while for heifers it is 15.3 hours, all activities take place according to directions from the local inseminator and veterinarian. If the farmer's cow starts to go into heat, we and the inseminator and the veterinarian perform artificial insemination, the success of artificial insemination can be determined by observing the cow's estrus cycle 21 days after the artificial insemination is carried out and the cow does not experience the first estrus, and also does not experience the second estrous cycle, then the cow is declared pregnant at 42 days. The number of 60 cows that received artificial insemination injections, the percentage of successful artificial insemination injections of all cows was 65%, it can be said that the artificial insemination injections that were carried out were successful.