bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Absolute Calibration of Radar Altimeters: Consistency with Electromagnetic Modeling
Authors: Caudal Gérard , Dinnat Emmanuel , Boutin Jacqueline
Published: July 2005

Empirical Ku-band altimeter model functions of near-nadir normalized radar cross-sectional σ° are compared to electromagnetic two-scale quasi-specular theory in the context of a standard sea wave spectral model. Three empirical model functions are tested: (i) the modified Chelton and Wentz model (WCM) using data from Geosat, (ii) the Callahan et al. model using data from TOPEX, and (iii) the Freilich and Vanhoff model using data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation radar (PR). These three models are basically very similar, except that they differ in terms of the level of absolute calibration. The difference between the absolute calibrations of the two extreme models (MCW and Freilich and Vanhoff) is as high as 1.9 dB. Assuming a sea wave spectrum similar to that used by Elfouhaily et al., the two-scale quasi-specular electromagnetic model is run, with a wave separation wavenumber kd adjusted so as to minimize the rms difference between the theoretical σ°(θ) function and the empirical near-nadir model function. The quality of the best-fit solution is not perfect, however, because the shape and absolute level of the function σ°(θ) cannot usually be adjusted simultaneously by the electromagnetic model. Taking the model function used by Freilich and Vanhoff as a reference, an offset is then introduced to the empirical model function, and the residual error is computed as a function of the offset. The overall quality of the fit is shown to be best when a −1.1 dB offset is introduced into the Freilich and Vanhoff model function. To within 0.1 dB, this corresponds to the offset that would be required to match Callahan et al.’s model function. This result is obtained in a context where the effect of the peakedness of the sea surface was assumed negligible. When this effect is introduced, with a peakedness parameter Δ assumed to be independent of wind speed and taken tentatively as Δ = 0.23, as suggested by Chapron et al., the optimal offset is then found to be −0.2 dB, thus indicating that for this example the best consistency with electromagnetic modeling is closer to Freilich and Vanhoff’s calibration. A more refined assessment would require accurate measurements of the parameter Δ involving both magnitude and variability with wind speed. Such accurate measurements are, unfortunately, not available at this time.
Job uncertainty and personal control during downsizing: A comparison of survivors and victims
Authors: Paulsen Neil , Callan Victor J. , Grice Tim A. , Rooney David , Gallois Cindy , Jones Elizabeth , Jimmieson Nerina L. , Bordia Prashant
Published: July 2005

This study developed and tested a model of job uncertainty for survivors and victims of downsizing. Data were collected from three samples of employees in a public hospital, each representing three phases of the downsizing process: immediately before the announcement of the redeployment of staff, during the implementation of the downsizing, and towards the end of the official change programme. As predicted, levels of job uncertainty and personal control had a direct relationship with emotional exhaustion and job satisfaction. In addition, there was evidence to suggest that personal control mediated the relationship between job uncertainty and employee adjustment, a pattern of results that varied across each of the three phases of the change event. From the perspective of the organization’s overall climate, it was found that levels of job uncertainty, personal control and job satisfaction improved and/or stabilized over the downsizing process. During the implementation phase, survivors experienced higher levels of personal control than victims, but both groups of employees reported similar levels of job uncertainty. We discuss the implications of our results for strategically managing uncertainty during and after organizational change.
Employees’ overall perception of HRM effectiveness
Authors: Chang Eunmi
Published: July 2005

Although the effects of a company’s overall human resources (HR) practices, or HR bundle, have been extensively examined, the effects of employees’ overall perception of HR effectiveness have rarely been studied. The current research examines whether a company’s commitment HR bundle measured at the company level is associated with an employee’s overall perception measured at the individual level, and whether the overall perception influences his/her perceived procedural justice and organizational commitment. Using data collected from 37 companies and 959 employees in Korea, the results show that the company’s HR bundle affects the overall perception of the employees, and that the overall perception predicts organizational commitment, which is partially mediated by procedural justice perception. Discussions and implications of the results are included.
Empowering women in social work practice
Authors: Leung Lai-Ching
Published: July 2005

English

The postmodernist feminist notion of empowerment and its integration in social work practice for women in Hong Kong are examined. Four areas of reflections on empowerment practice are highlighted for discussion, namely the reconceptualization of power, the fact that the personal is political, the dilemma of difference and the relationship between empowerer and the empowered.

French

Ce texte examine les notions d'`empowerment' dans le féminisme postmoderniste et son intégration dans les pratiques de travail social auprès des femmes à Hong Kong. Quatre angles de réflexions sur les pratiques d'`empowerment' y sont identifiés et discutés: la reconceptualisation du pouvoir; le personnel est politique; le dilemme de la différence; et la relation entre la personne qui `tente de rendre du pouvoir' et celle qui `développe son pouvoir'.

Spanish

Se examina la noción feminista posmoderna de `apoderamiento' y su integración en la práctica del trabajo social con referencia a las mujeres de Hong Kong. Se señalan para examen cuatro áreas de apoderamiento: reconceptualización del poder, el axioma de `lo personal es político', el dilema de la diferencia y la relación entre quien `apodera' y el que es `apoderado'.
Functions of social work supervision in Hong Kong
Authors: Tsui Ming-sum
Published: July 2005

English

The functions of social work supervision in Hong Kong are characterized by three distinct features: consensus between the supervisor and the supervisee, discussion of personal matters and team building. These distinct features reflect characteristics of the Chinese cultural context. Supervision is not only organizational and professional, but also personal and cultural.

French

Trois aspects caractérisent les fonctions du travail social à Hong Kong: le consensus entre le superviseur et le supervisé, le partage de préoccupations personnelles et la construction d'un esprit d'équipe. Ces caractéristiques témoignent du contexte culturel chinois. La supervision ne se préoccupe pas seulement des dimensions organisationnelles et professionnelles mais également des dimensions personnelles et culturelles.

Spanish

La función de la supervisión en el trabajo social en Hong Kong tiene tres características: el consenso entre el supervisor y el supervisado, la atención a los asuntos personales, y la formación de equipo. Estas características reflejan el contexto cultural chino. La supervisión no es sólo organizacional y profesional sino también personal y cultural.
A Formal Representation of Hybrid Mobile Components
Authors: Barros Fernando J.
Published: July 2005

The Heterogeneous Flow System Specification (HFSS) is a modeling formalism that represents hybrid simulation components in a modular and hierarchical form. The HFSS formalism exploits the hierarchical aspects of modeling by permitting the representation of dynamic structure components. An important type of structural change involves the migration of a component between two models. This type of component is called a mobile component. Component mobility provides a natural representation for many complex systems composed of dynamic entities that move between places, providing a representation that structurally mimics the reality. The author identifies the key operations to support component mobility—namely, the ability to remove a component; transmit the component through a channel, possibly with some time delay; and restore the component at the destination. The author shows how mobile components can be used to represent mobile agents, a network technology that involves the migration of software units between computers through a computer network.
Does Affordable Housing Detrimentally Affect Property Values? A Review of the Literature
Authors: Nguyen Mai Thi
Published: July 2005

Opposition to affordable housing is often motivated by home-owners’fear that their property values will decline. Responding to these fears, affordable housing advocates have claimed that there is little evidence from studies that have examined this topic to suggest that affordable housing detrimentally affects property values. Is this true? Does affordable housing have no effect on lowering property values? This review examines seventeen studies that have attempted to measure the effect of affordable housing on property values to try to answer this question. An analysis of these studies reveals that the extent to which property values are lowered depends on a variety of factors: design and management of affordable housing, compatibility between affordable housing and host neighborhood, and concentration of affordable housing.
William Wants A Doll. Can He Have One? Feminists, Child Care Advisors, and Gender-Neutral Child Rearing
Authors: Martin Karin A.
Published: July 2005

Using an analysis of child care books and parenting Web sites, this article asks if second-wave feminism’s vision of gender-neutral child rearing has been incorporated into contemporary advice on child rearing. The data suggest that while feminist understandings of gender have made significant inroads into popular advice, especially with regard to the social construction of gender, something akin to “a stalled revolution” has taken place. Children’s gender nonconformity is still viewed as problematic because it is linked implicitly and explicitly to homosexuality.
What’s in a Label? The Relationship between Feminist Self-Identification and “Feminist” Attitudes among U.S. Women and Men
Authors: McCabe Janice
Published: July 2005

Although scholars and media critics have suspected a disconnect between feminist self-identification and attitudes among the U.S. public, little is known empirically about this relationship. This article examines the relationships between feminist self-identification, sociodemographics, political orientation, and a range of gender-related attitudes using data from the 1996 General Society Survey. Results suggest that feminists are most likely to be highly educated, urban women who self-identify as liberals and Democrats. Feminist self-identification significantly relates to views about the impact of the women’s movement and to core causes of gender inequality. It links less well, particularly for women, to more specific causes and attitudes about what should be (e.g., those implicating working mothers, biology, and God’s will). This suggests the importance of analyzing clusters of attitudes regarding ideal gender arrangements and of examining and differentiating between other attitude clusters. These findings point to more multifaceted and heterogeneous meanings of feminist identity among the U.S. public than most research acknowledges.
Current Research in Voting, Elections, and Technology
Authors: Altman Micah , Klass Gary M.
Published: July 2005

The articles in this special issue raise and refine questions about our understanding of the use of, state of the art in, and challenges associated with voting and election technology, broadly conceived. Although researchers have yet to achieve consensus on the broad impact of information technology on our understanding of the practice of politics, the broad outlines of a research agenda are emerging. In this overview, we discuss the current work and identify important research questions that remain to be addressed.
Early Appraisals of Electronic Voting
Authors: Herrnson Paul S. , Bederson Benjamin B. , Lee Bongshin , Francia Peter L. , Sherman Robert M. , Conrad Frederick G. , Traugott Michael , Niemi Richard G.
Published: July 2005

With the recent troubles in U.S. elections, there has been a nationwide push to update voting systems. States and localities are investing heavily in electronic voting systems, many of which use a touch screen. These systems offer the promise of faster and more accurate voting; however, the current reality is that they have some shortcomings in terms of voter usability. This study examines issues related to the usability of electronic voting systems and reports on a series of usability studies that involved expert review, close observation, a field test, and an exit poll to learn voters’responses to a new voting system. Our analysis shows these systems work well; however, they have some shortcomings including some that have raised concerns among a minority of voters.
To I-Vote or Not to I-Vote?
Authors: Kenski Kate
Published: July 2005

The prospect of Internet voting has received much attention because of concerns over the integrity of the U.S. electoral system. Proponents of Internet voting contend that the Internet will play an important role in revitalizing the American electorate. Opponents counter that Internet voting will benefit already advantaged groups. Using data collected in Arizona during the 2000 general election campaign, this study examined the opinions of registered voters (N = 501) toward Internet voting and found that almost one half of survey respondents opposed Internet voting. Results suggest that Internet voting could change the sociodemographic and ideological composition of the voting electorate. Concerns about the composition of the electorate, however, were not prevalent in survey participants’ open-ended responses about the potential disadvantages of Internet voting.
Trust, Identity, and the Effects of Voting Technologies on Voting Behavior
Authors: Oostveen Anne-Marie , van den Besselaar Peter
Published: July 2005

A model is described to explain the effect of e-voting technology on voting behavior and the outcome of a ballot. In the model, social identity and trust play a central role. After an initial and partial test, the article discusses directions for further research.
Trust Analysis of the U.K. e-Voting Pilots
Authors: Xenakis Alexandros , Macintosh Ann
Published: July 2005

This article explores the issue of trust in the context of the e-electoral process based on the experience gained through the 2002 and 2003 U.K. e-voting pilots. In our analysis, we adopt a process-stage approach to e-elections. We identify the different agents involved in the e-electoral process so as to indicate who generates trust and to whom they convey their trust during the evolution of the process. We then describe agent responsibilities for each of the process stages to identify the issues that require trust between agents. Thus we indicate why trust was needed to support the deployment of the pilots. Based on our analysis we describe cases where “inherited trust” was indirectly conveyed between agents. Finally, because trust in e-voting is primarily needed from the electorate, we propose four levels of social acceptance for the e-voting process and discuss some trust-building arguments for prospective public administration e-transaction environments.
When Methodology Interferes With Substance
Authors: Schoen Harald , Faas Thorsten
Published: July 2005

For campaigners, and also attendant researchers, the advent of the Internet has challenged established ways of doing their respective campaign business. Practitioners, used to running local and media campaigns, can nowadays also resort to elements of web campaigning, while electoral researchers, used to running election studies based on personal or telephone interviews, can now employ online surveys to do their business. However, e-campaigning and online polling suffer from severe deficiencies. Based on online and offline surveys conducted in the run-up to the 2002 German election, we show two things. First, online surveys yield biased results; second, e-campaigning reaches only a tiny fraction of the electorate, which is due to not only the imperfect dispersion of the Internet but also a lack of interest in political web sites among voters. Taken together, the Internet is—at least for time being—confined to adding supplementary elements to the established procedures of campaigning and polling.
Number of Parties, Endogenous Partisan Preferences, and Electoral Turnout Rates
Authors: Martin Christian W. , Plümper Thomas
Published: July 2005

This article analyzes the impact of the number of parties on turnout rates within an endogenous partisan preference framework. Our results show that the turnout increases in the number of parties under various levels of individual propensity to abstain. We find strong interactions effects between both motives for abstention—alienation and indifference—and the abstention propensity. The results are based on an agent-based computer simulation of multiparty electoral competition in a two-dimensional policy space.
Survey Measures of Web-Oriented Digital Literacy
Authors: Hargittai Eszter
Published: July 2005

This article presents survey measures of web-oriented digital literacy to serve as proxies for observed skill measures, which are much more expensive and difficult to collect for large samples. Findings are based on a study that examined users’ digital literacy through both observations and survey questions, making it possible to check the validity of survey proxy measures. These analyses yield a set of recommendations for what measures work well as survey proxies of people’s observed web-use skills. Some of these survey measures were administered on the General Social Survey 2000 and 2002 Internet modules, making the findings relevant for the use of existing large-scale national data sets. Results suggest that some composite variables of survey knowledge items are better predictors of people’s actual digital literacy based on performance tests than are measures of users’ self-perceived abilities, a proxy traditionally used in the literature on the topic.
Osteogenic Sarcoma of the Sacral Spine: An Interdisciplinary Team Challenge
Authors: King Nancy , Berkhof Rebecca , Mellema Heather , Reichel Jammie , Joseph Tommi , Keenan Kim , Parker Jenny , Delgado Karina
Published: July 2005

A child with osteogenic sarcoma of the sacral spine has complex nursing and interdisciplinary team needs. The course of one patient is discussed, both from the patient and family’s perspective and that of her inter-disciplinary care team. The need for a coordinated, holistic approach to care that involves advance planning, continual reassessment of goals, and clear communication among the team members and consulting services is clearly demonstrated.
Sibling Involvement at the End of Life
Authors: Giovanola Jennifer
Published: July 2005

When a child is diagnosed with a life-threatening illness, such as cancer, there is much disruption to the family. It is a struggle for parents to divide their time between the hospital, home, and other healthy siblings. Nurses strive to provide family-centered care, which involves siblings in many stages of the treatment process. However, during the terminal phase of a child’s disease, the dying child and the parents are often the sole focus of the health care team. Siblings are often left to stay with extended family members or friends so that they are protected from the reality of death. However, previous research has shown that even young children understand death, and some of the protective measures parents take actually hamper the siblings’bereavement process. Nurses are in a position to guide families through the emotional time of a child’s death while advocating for sibling involvement at a level appropriate for their developmental stage.
Tell Me About It: Drawing as a Communication Tool for Children With Cancer
Authors: Rollins Judy A.
Published: July 2005

As health-related research on children shifts from seeking information about children to seeking information directly from them, researchers recognize the need for developmentally appropriate methods such as drawing to help children communicate their experiences. This international study sought to (a) explore and compare the nature of stressors of everyday life and disease that children with cancer in the United Kingdom and the United States experience, (b) explore and compare the coping measures they use to manage these stressors, and (c) examine the use of drawing to enhance communication. Participants included 22 children ages 7 to 18 years, 13 boys and 9 girls receiving treatment for cancer in the United Kingdom and the United States. Quantitative and qualitative methods were used within a grounded theory approach and included drawing to accompany the traditional grounded theory methods of interview and observation. Findings indicate that children, regardless of their ethnicity and other cultural components, respond to the childhood cancer experience in a similar manner. The use of drawing enhanced communication through direct visual expression and/or through verbal expression via the “campfire effect.”
Cognitive Stimulation with Convergent and Divergent Thinking Exercises in Brainwriting
Authors: Coskun Hamit
Published: July 2005

In two studies, the influence of divergent (generating many words on differences for given dual words) and convergent (generating many words on similarities for given dual words) exercises on the subsequent performance was assessed with dyads in either a nominal or interactive condition in a brainwriting paradigm. In the first study, these cognitive exercises were given after the first session. In the second study, these tasks were presented before each of the two sessions in either the divergent-convergent or convergent-divergent sequences with a temporal order. Exercises on these tasks had no effect on productivity when they preceded the first session of brainstorming. However, the provision of a divergent thinking exercise and a convergent-divergent sequence led participants to generate more ideas and scan more categories than their counterparts in the second session. These findings are discussed in light of the cognitive stimulation and incubation perspectives.
Principles of Regulating Interaction in Teams Practicing Face-To-Face Communication Versus Teams Practicing Computer-Mediated Communication
Authors: Becker-Beck Ulrike , Wintermantel Margret , Borg Anna
Published: July 2005

This study investigates how the regulation of interaction on the performative level (types and functions of interactions) and the referential level (relations of concepts) varies depending on the modality of communication: face-to-face, synchronous, and asynchronous text-based computer-mediated communication. In the experimental setting, six groups consisting of four experts cooperated per one of the three modalities in planning a marketing campaign for solar energy systems. The communication transcripts were analyzed on the performative level by SYMLOG. On the referential level, a network analysis was established to examine how relevant concepts were introduced in the discussion. The group output was measured with regard to group work, satisfaction, and performance. The results show that all communication modalities differ on the performative and on the referential level. No differences between the modalities were found regarding group work and satisfaction of the members. Group performance was judged better in face-to-face than in computer-mediated groups.
Gastric Tube Placement in Young Children
Authors: Ellett Marsha L. Cirgin , Croffie Joseph M.B. , Cohen Mervyn D. , Perkins Susan M.
Published: July 2005

In this study, the internal position of a nasogastric/orogastric tube was determined in 72 children, prior to an abdominal radiograph, by measuring CO2 and pH and bilirubin of tube aspirate. Fifteen of the 72 tubes (20.8%) were incorrectly placed on radiograph. Using the suggested adult cutoff of pH 5, pH of aspirate correctly predicted misplacement outside the stomach in 7/28 (25%) of children and correctly predicted correct placement in the stomach in 34 of 40 children (85%). Using the suggested adult cutoff of bilirubin ≥ 5 mg/dL, bilirubin monitoring failed to identify either of two incorrectly placed tubes. In this study, using an algorithm of assuming stomach placement if the pH of aspirate is ≤ 5 and obtaining an abdominal radiograph when either no aspirate is obtained or the pH is >5 would have resulted in 92% accuracy. Alternatively, obtaining an abdominal radiograph would result in nearly 100% accuracy.
Survivor Preferences for Response to IPV Disclosure
Authors: Dienemann Jacqueline , Glass Nancy , Hyman Rebecca
Published: July 2005

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a major cause of health conditions among women presenting for health care. Many physicians and nurses miss potential opportunities to increase battered women’s safety. The purpose of this study is to increase health care providers’ understanding of abused women’s preferences concerning provider response when they do disclose IPV in order to increase effectiveness of interventions. A total of 26 abused women from a larger study participated in five focus groups at three agencies on “how a hospital or doctor’s office can be most helpful to a woman who is experiencing domestic violence.” Women identified seven preferences for responses: (a) treat me with respect and concern, (b) protect me, (c) documentation, (d) give me control, (e) immediate response, (f) give me options, and (g) be there for me later. These findings indicate that women prefer an active role by health care providers when responding to disclosure.
Sexing-Up the Subject
Authors: Egeland Cathrine
Published: July 2005

The decisive epistemological and methodological moment of feminist analysis and critique is the moment of intervention. An intervention does not require a standpoint; instead, it displaces the locus of critique from the standpoint to the effects or consequences of critique. Intervention requires no new information or hitherto concealed facts about the object being interfered with. The critical effects of an intervention are the results of what is called a ‘sexing-up’ strategy. Different epistemological and methodological aspects of this strategy are discussed and a connection established between feminist interventions in science and politics, and the strategy of sexing-up.
Academic Desire Trajectories
Authors: SØNdergaard Dorte Marie
Published: July 2005

This article is an attempt to rethink the interconnectedness between discourse and subjective agency and to highlight methodological approaches to studies of gendering processes as a central part of it. The notions of desire, subjectification and biography are understood as mediated by narratives and metaphors, as a movement between the individual and her contexts. The transformative methodological project suggests conceptual retoolings as new analytic approaches to empirical analysis of the kind that aims to provide complex understanding of subjectification processes in lived life. The empirical field brought into the article as a means of explication deals with university cultures, and more specifically with a case of an assistant professor caught in conflicts between official academic discourses and more subtle political and gendered discourses. The author takes the concepts of desire trajectories, discursive authority, multifaceted discursive realities and past experiences (biography) into an analysis of the enacting forces involved in the processes of exclusion that finally ejects the protagonist in the empirical case from the university field.
Uncertainty and Method
Authors: Tißberger Martina
Published: July 2005

This article discusses the methodological challenges posed for psychological research on whiteness at the intersection between race and gender in Germany. Much of the current research in the social science field in Germany focuses on violent expressions of racism or Fremdenfeindlichkeit (hostility towards strangers) and represents a collective immunization against the knowledge about the history and the historicity of whiteness as a history of seizure. Such approaches are motivated by fear and uncertainty. The author takes this uncertainty not only as a starting point for an investigation into the heavily veiled history of whiteness, but also as a method in itself.
Practising Performativity
Authors: Markussen Turid
Published: July 2005

Performativity is a theory of how reality comes into being. It is also a deconstructive practice. This article addresses the question of performativity as an emergent mode of working in social and cultural research. It does so by way of exploring a research project focusing on prostitution in a multiethnic context in north Norway, carried out by two researchers doing collaborative work on men, sexuality and knowledge. The author’s interest is in exploring performativity as a mode of engaging, aimed at achieving transformations in the terms through which the real is constituted. The author argues that practising performativity requires an openness within the research process to the possibility that researchers and their practices themselves must alter. Such transformative modes of relating seem to be called for in order to develop effective ways of engaging with the present.
When the Boundaries are Blurred
Authors: Ghorashi Halleh
Published: July 2005

This article focuses on the ways that the author’s somewhat in-between position as both an outsider/researcher and an insider/ex-political Iranian activist now in exile has contributed to the process of research on Iranian women exiles in the Netherlands and the United States. Feminist attention on life stories as a method, and feminist anthropologists’ attention to particularity, involvement and reflexivity give the author the space, and inspire her, to explore the issue of positioning. This makes it possible for her to engage with the issues of home, identity and belonging, not only as a scholar but also as a woman in exile. In this way, the reflexivity resulting from this involvement enables her to reevaluate her own identity, sense of belonging, and life in exile, next to rethinking these essential themes within the social sciences on the theoretical level. The blurred boundary of the self and the other in her research has its moments of complication, but in the end, these complicated moments seem to be not only necessary but rewarding, in many ways.
Transforming Research Methodologies in EU Life Sciences and Biomedicine
Authors: Klinge Ineke , Bosch Mineke
Published: July 2005

This article describes how methodologies of EU-funded research within the life sciences and biomedicine have recently become more gender sensitive. This transformation is the result of the Gender Impact Assessments of the EU Fifth Framework Programme, commissioned in 2000-1. The authors assessed the research programme for life sciences, which includes a large health-related component. The new guidelines for research emphasize the need for clear terminology for concepts of sex and gender and for a distinction to be made between the two, for both life sciences and health research. Attention to possible sex differences, even in preclinical research, as well as to effects of gender, will lead to more adequate research data that serve the health of both men and women. The transformation to research becoming more gender-sensitive is further discussed in the context of feminist theory on the body. Being fully aware of the fact that what is happening in bodies is mediated by particular technologies, the authors make an appeal to invest in concepts that take the living and changing body into account.
Public safety and the management of fear
Authors: Van Swaaningen René
Published: July 2005

In the international criminological literature the Netherlands is generally characterized as a tolerant, liberal country: permissive towards many vices, foreigner-friendly and blessed with a mild penal climate. Today this image is about as worn out as the odd postcard image of the Netherlands as the country of clogs, windmills and tulips. With this alleged tolerant past portrayed as a mistake, the Netherlands has over the last few years turned into a rather confused, intolerant and punitive country. In this article, the development of inclusive ideas about a local prevention of crime into a merely exclusive politics of public safety is analysed. By doing so, an attempt is made at answering the question: ‘How could the traditional sober-minded, research-led and Enlightened Dutch approach of crime control change so quickly?’
Comparing the governance of safety in Europe
Authors: Edwards Adam , Hughes Gordon
Published: July 2005

The concept of governance alerts us to the exercise of political authority beyond the nation state. In criminological thought governance has been associated with the preventive turn in crime control strategies in Europe that acknowledge the limits of criminal justice, invoke the direct participation of other statutory as well as commercial and voluntary sector actors and, in so doing, generate new objects and places of control signified by notions of ‘safety’ and ‘security’. The corollary of this preventive turn is a geohistorical approach to comparative criminology that is capable of recognizing the diverse contexts that constitute new governable places and objects.
Archaeology in the Netherlands 2002: The National Archaeological Review and Outlook
Authors: van Dockum Saskia G. , Lauwerier Roel C.G.M.
Published: July 2005

Too little is known about the effects of archaeology policy, which makes it difficult to evaluate and adjust the policy on the basis of rational arguments. We simply do not have enough hard evidence. As a result, policy development depends largely on subjective factors such as instinct, vision and expert judgment. A well-balanced assessment of policy – something both politicians and the public would very much like to see – is therefore impossible. To help fill the gap, targeted research is now being conducted into the effects of policy. This article outlines the findings of the report Archaeology in the Netherlands 2002: the national archaeological review and outlook, which was presented to the government of the Netherlands.
Lives of Stone, Lives of People: Re-Viewing the Engraved Plaques of Late Neolithic and Copper Age Iberia
Authors: Lillios Katina
Published: July 2005

For over a century prehistorians have approached the engraved stone plaques of the Iberian late Neolithic and Copper Age (3000–2500 BC) from a monolithic and idealist perspective, viewing the plaques as representations of the Mother Goddess. Most have not addressed the plaques' variability, their method of manufacture, the organization of their production, or their biographies. This article presents new interpretations of the Iberian plaques based on the first comprehensive on-line catalogue of the plaques – theEngraved Stone Plaque Registry and Inquiry Tool (ESPRIT)(Lillios 2004) – which holds records for over 1100 plaques, each unique, from over 200 sites in Portugal and Spain. Analyses of the plaques' raw material, style,chaîne opératoire, and distribution over space suggest that different plaque types had different functions and meanings, which shifted over time. Two plaque types: the Classic plaques and the Biomorphic Simple plaques are considered in this article. In their diverse forms, the Iberian plaques appear to have been durable records of regional and local group identities and could have contributed toward legitimating and perpetuating an ideology of inherited social difference in the Iberian late Neolithic and Copper Age.
Young People, Gender and Suicide
Authors: Smalley Nina , Scourfield Jonathan , Greenland Katy
Published: July 2005

Summary: The paper reviews some recent research on the social context of suicide in young people, with particular reference to evidence about the gendered character of suicidal behaviour. Some implications for social work and social policy are discussed.

Findings: Key messages from the research reviewed are presented in relation to some specific social domains. These are employment, social cohesion and social comparison, mental illness, family and relationships, sexual orientation and help-seeking.

Applications: This review is especially of use to those in the social work field who are not familiar with the large body of research on the social context of youth suicide in the medical and psychological literature. There is some discussion in the article of the implications of this research for suicide prevention, both in terms of policy and in terms of the practices of individual social workers.
Timely Responses to Dementia
Authors: Manthorpe Jill , Iliffe Steve
Published: July 2005

Summary: Little attention has been paid to the impact of early recognition of dementia on mental health social work. This paper reports a small study of the views of 20 social workers employed by an English social services department to set out possible agendas for debate about the role of mental health social work in this area. A modified nominal group methodology was used in a workshop undertaken as part of a regular series of information and training days, to elicit participants’ experiences of the early recognition of dementia and any anticipation about their future role.

Findings: We identified three main themes from these social workers’ experiences and perceptions: diagnostic and prognostic skills; the impact of resource availability on professional activity; and a disability model of dementia.

Application: Specialist social workers working within dementia teams may have much to contribute and may find the emergence of such teams enables them to exercise their therapeutic, communication and problem-solving skills.
Some Theoretical Propositions on the Nature of Practice Wisdom
Authors: O’sullivan Terence
Published: July 2005

Summary: The author aims to advance the theoretical understanding of practice wisdom by presenting three propositions in relation to its nature and process. A model of practice wisdom is constructed that seeks to address some issues of critical, accountable and knowledge-based practice, while retaining its flexible, creative and intuitive use of practice knowledge.

Findings: It is argued that a critical, accountable and knowledge-based practice wisdom requires distinctive knowledge production processes, the ability to make reasoning explicit, and credible and valuable knowledge. Models of experienced practice development are needed if social work educators are to effectively facilitate the growth of practice wisdom. Such models will need to set out a framework of how such factors as disposition towards knowledge, professional education, practice experience and practice contexts influence whether practitioners engage in wise practice.

Applications: The article makes a contribution to the debate about the nature of social work practice and how entrants to social work can become effective practitioners. Practitioners, researchers and social work educators can use the presented framework to review their thinking about the nature of social work practice and the place practice wisdom has in contemporary social work.
Rawls’s ‘Justice as Fairness’: A Moral Basis for Contemporary Planning Theory
Authors: Stein Stanley M. , Harper Thomas L.
Published: July 2005

John Rawls’s ‘political liberalism’ provides a firm moral basis for contemporary planning theory, offering both a procedure for arriving at the ethical principles which should govern a society, and the substantive principles of justice which he argues best embody the moral ideals of liberty and equality for constitutional liberal democracies. It offers an objective justification for public planning which does not require foundationalism, and fits a liberal democratic context. In 2001, Rawls’s Justice as Fairness: A Restatement summarized the revisions to (or clarifications of) his original theory over the previous 30 years. This article reviews aspects of his theory which are relevant to public planning, concluding that Rawls offers a normative rationale for planning, a basis for practical critique, a reason for hope, and a vision of reasonable, free and equal citizens cooperating to achieve justice as fairness.
nm1054: a spontaneous, recessive, hypochromic, microcytic anemia mutation in the mouse
Authors: Ohgami Robert S. , Campagna Dean R. , Antiochos Brendan , Wood Emily B. , Sharp John J. , Barker Jane E. , Fleming Mark D.
Published: July 2005

Hypochromic, microcytic anemias are typically the result of inadequate hemoglobin production because of globin defects or iron deficiency. Here, we describe the phenotypic characteristics and pathogenesis of a new recessive, hypochromic, microcytic anemia mouse mutant, nm1054. Although the mutation nm1054 is pleiotropic, also resulting in sparse hair, male infertility, failure to thrive, and hydrocephaly, the anemia is the focus of this study. Hematologic analysis reveals a moderately severe, congenital, hypochromic, microcytic anemia, with an elevated red cell zinc protoporphyrin, consistent with functional erythroid iron deficiency. However, serum and tissue iron analyses show that nm1054 animals are not systemically iron deficient. From hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and iron uptake studies in nm1054 reticulocytes, we provide evidence that the nm1054 anemia is due to an intrinsic hematopoietic defect resulting in inefficient transferrin-dependent iron uptake by erythroid precursors. Linkage studies demonstrate that nm1054 maps to a genetic locus not previously implicated in microcytic anemia or iron phenotypes.
Directing thrombin
Authors: Lane David A. , Philippou Helen , Huntington James A.
Published: July 2005

Following initiation of coagulation as part of the hemostatic response to injury, thrombin is generated from its inactive precursor prothrombin by factor Xa as part of the prothrombinase complex. Thrombin then has multiple roles. The way in which thrombin interacts with its many substrates has been carefully scrutinized in the past decades, but until recently there has been little consideration of how its many functions are coordinated or directed. Any understanding of how it is directed requires knowledge of its structure, how it interacts with its substrates, and the role of any cofactors for its interaction with substrates. Recently, many of the interactions of thrombin have been clarified by crystal structure and site-directed mutagenesis analyses. These analyses have revealed common residues used for recognition of some substrates and overlapping surface exosites used for recognition by cofactors. As many of its downstream reactions are cofactor driven, competition between cofactors for exosites must be a dominant mechanism that determines the fate of thrombin. This review draws together much recent work that has helped clarify structure function relationships of thrombin. It then attempts to provide a cogent proposal to explain how thrombin activity is directed during the hemostatic response.
Hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT)-specific comorbidity index: a new tool for risk assessment before allogeneic HCT
Authors: Sorror Mohamed L. , Maris Michael B. , Storb Rainer , Baron Frederic , Sandmaier Brenda M. , Maloney David G. , Storer Barry
Published: July 2005

We previously reported that the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) was useful for predicting outcomes in patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). However, the sample size of patients with scores of 1 or more, captured by the CCI, did not exceed 35%. Further, some comorbidities were rarely found among patients who underwent HCT. Therefore, the current study was designed to (1) better define previously identified comorbidities using pretransplant laboratory data, (2) investigate additional HCT-related comorbidities, and (3) establish comorbidity scores that were suited for HCT. Data were collected from 1055 patients, and then randomly divided into training and validation sets. Weights were assigned to individual comorbidities according to their prognostic significance in Cox proportional hazard models. The new index was then validated. The new index proved to be more sensitive than the CCI since it captured 62% of patients with scores more than 0 compared with 12%, respectively. Further, the new index showed better survival prediction than the CCI (likelihood ratio of 23.7 versus 7.1 and c statistics of 0.661 versus 0.561, respectively, P < .001). In conclusion, the new simple index provided valid and reliable scoring of pretransplant comorbidities that predicted nonrelapse mortality and survival. This index will be useful for clinical trials and patient counseling before HCT. (Blood. 2005;106: 2912-2919)
Exhaled nitric oxide from lung periphery is increased in COPD
Authors: Brindicci C. , Ito K. , Resta O. , Pride N. B. , Barnes P. J. , Kharitonov S. A.
Published: July 2005

Single constant flow exhaled nitric oxide (eNO) cannot distinguish between the sources of NO. The present study measured eNO at multiple expired flows (MEFeNO) to partition NO into alveolar (Calv,NO) and bronchial (Jaw,NO) fractions to investigate peripheral lung contribution to eNO in chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD).

MEFeNO were made in 81 subjects including 18 nonsmokers, 16 smokers and 47 COPD patients of different severity by the classification of the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD): 0 (n = 14), 1 (n = 7), 2 (n = 11), 3 (n = 8) and 4 (n = 7).

COPD severity was correlated with an increased Calv,NOregardless of the patient's smoking habit or current treatment. The levels of Calv,NO(in ppb) were 1.4±0.09 in nonsmokers, 2.1±0.1 in smokers categorised as GOLD stage 0 (smokers-GOLD0), 3.3±0.18 in GOLD1–2and 3.4±0.1 in GOLD3–4. Jaw,NOlevels (pL·s−1) were higher in nonsmokers than smokers-GOLD0(716.2±33.3versus464.7±41.8), GOLD3–4(609.4±71). Diffusion of NO in the airways (Daw,NOpL·ppb−1s−1) was higher (p<0.05) in GOLD3–4than in nonsmokers (15±1.2versus11±0.5) and smokers-GOLD0(11.6±0.5).MEFeNO measurements were reproducible, free from day-to-day and diurnal variation and were not affected by bronchodilators.

In conclusion, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is associated with elevated alveolar nitric oxide. Measurements of nitric oxide at multiple expired flows may be useful in monitoring inflammation and progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and the response to anti-inflammatory treatment.
Airflow limitation and changes in pulmonary function among bleachery workers
Authors: Mehta A. J. , Henneberger P. K. , Torén K. , Olin A-C.
Published: July 2005

This study investigated whether chronic airflow limitation and rapid decline in pulmonary function were associated with peak exposures to ozone and other irritant gases in pulp mills.

Bleachery workers potentially exposed to irritant gassings (n = 178) from three Swedish pulp mills, and a comparison group of workers not exposed to irritant gassings (n = 54) from two paper mills, were studied. Baseline surveys occurred in 1995–1996, with follow-up surveys in 1998–1999. Participants performed spirometry and answered questions regarding ozone, chlorine dioxide (ClO2), and sulphur dioxide (SO2) gassings.

From regression models controlling for potential confounders, declines in both the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) (−24 mL·yr−1) and the forced vital capacity (FVC) (−19 mL·yr−1) were associated with ClO2/SO2gassings. At follow-up, the prevalence of chronic airflow limitation (i.e.FEV1/FVC less than the lower limit of normal) was elevated for participants with only pre-baseline ozone gassings and with both pre-baseline and interval ozone gassings, after controlling for potential confounders.

These findings suggest that obstructive effects among bleachery workers are associated with ozone gassings, and that adverse effects on spirometry might also accompany chlorine dioxide/sulphur dioxide gassings. Peak exposures to irritant gases in pulp mills should be prevented.