bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative effect of tacrolimus 0.1% ointment and clobetasol 0.05% ointment in patients with oral lichen planus
Authors: Corrocher Giovanni , Di Lorenzo Gabriele , Martinelli Nicola , Mansueto Pasquale , Biasi Domenico , Nocini Pier Francesco , Lombardo Giorgio , Fior Andrea , Corrocher Roberto , Bambara Lisa Maria , Gelio Stefano , Pacor Maria Luisa
Published: February 2008

Background: Oral lichen planus (OLP) is considered to be an autoimmune disease of unknown aetiology that affects the mucosae, especially the oral cavity.

Objective: We compared tacrolimus 0.1% ointment and clobetasol 0.05% ointment for the treatment of OLP.

Patients and Methods: A total of 32 patients (20 females and 12 males; all white, Italian origin, mean age of 43.6±18.4 years; 16 patients per treatment group) were treated with tacrolimus or clobetasol ointment for 4 weeks in a randomized, double‐blind, clinical trial. Pain severity, burning sensation, and mucosal lesion extension were assessed using a four‐point scale.

Results: At the end of the treatment period, symptom scores were significantly lower in the tacrolimus group than in the clobetasol group.

Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that tacrolimus 0.1% ointment is more effective than clobetasol propionate 0.05% ointment in the treatment of OLP. However, other studies are needed to confirm the effectiveness of this treatment before it can be recommended for use in clinical practice.
Improved wound healing by low‐level laser irradiation after gingivectomy operations: a controlled clinical pilot study
Authors: Ozcelik Onur , Cenk Haytac Mehmet , Kunin Anatoly , Seydaoglu Gulsah
Published: February 2008

Aim: Low‐level laser therapy (LLLT) may induce morphological, molecular and cellular processes, which are involved in wound healing. The aim of this split‐mouth controlled clinical trial was to assess the effects of LLLT on healing of gingiva after gingivectomy and gingivoplasty.

Material and Methods: Twenty patients with inflammatory gingival hyperplasias on their symmetrical teeth were included in this study. After gingivectomy and gingivoplasty, a diode laser (588 nm) was randomly applied to one side of the operation area for 7 days. The surgical areas were disclosed by a solution (Mira‐2‐tones) to visualize the areas in which the epithelium is absent. Comparison of the surface areas on the LLLT‐applied sites and controls were made with an image‐analysing software.

Results: Despite the prolonged time needed for application, patients have tolerated LLLT well. While there were no statistically significant differences between the stained surface areas of the LLLT applied and the control sites immediately after the surgery, LLLT‐applied sites had significantly lower stained areas compared with the controls on the post‐operative third, seventh and 15th day (p<0.001 for each).

Conclusions: Within the limitations of this study, the results indicated that LLLT may enhance epithelization and improve wound healing after gingivectomy and gingivoplasty operations.
UK national curriculum for undergraduate oral surgery subgroup for teaching of the Association of British Academic Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons*
Authors: Macluskey M. , Durham J. , Cowan G. , Cowpe J. , Evans A. , Freeman C. , Jephcott A. , Jones J. , Millsopp L. , Oliver R. , Renton T. , Ryan D. , Sivarajasingham V. , Still D. , Taylor K. , Thomson P.
Published: February 2008

This article describes a curriculum in oral surgery for undergraduate dental education in the United Kingdom prepared by the Education Subgroup of The British Academic Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. This group is made up of representatives from each of the 13 UK Dental Schools, one Irish Dental School and one Post‐graduate Institute. The document represents a group consensus of an undergraduate UK oral surgery curriculum that is founded on the frameworks outlined by the General Dental Council, the Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education and the Association for Dental Education in Europe. Our curriculum document is more prescriptive than the information available in the aforementioned documents. It is based on UK undergraduate oral surgery experience and thus attempts to set achievable core competencies and, in a few areas, challenges the available curriculum and related documentation.
Preparing for the dental team: investigating the views of dental and dental care professional students
Authors: Morison Susan , Marley John , Stevenson Mike , Milner Sharon
Published: February 2008

There is growing evidence to support the contention that interprofessional education (IPE) at both pre and post‐qualification levels will improve professionals’ abilities to work more effectively in a team and to communicate more effectively with colleagues and patients. This body of evidence, however, is primarily concerned with nursing, medical and associated professionals and students, and there are few studies that include dental students and particularly where learning occurs with the dental care professions (DCP). The purpose of this study was to examine the attitudes of dental and DCP students to IPE and to highlight some of the barriers to developing programmes for these students. It was also intended to examine the students’ awareness of dental and DCP roles and responsibilities. Two questionnaires, the Readiness for Interprofessional Learning Scale (RIPLS) and a dental roles and responsibilities questionnaire, were distributed to all 5 years of dental students (n = 189) based at Queen’s University Belfast (QUB), both years of the dental hygiene students (n = 8) also based at QUB, as well as to final year dental nursing students based at Belfast Institute of Further and Higher Education (BIFHE) (n = 64). The results indicated that dental and DCP students had a positive attitude to IPE as a means to improve teamwork and communication skills but there are potential obstacles as demonstrated by the differing perceptions of each of the three groups about the roles of the other. Some aspects of practice, involving personal care and advice to patients, were regarded by all groups as a shared role but the dental hygiene students regarded themselves as having a shared role in several tasks identified by dental and dental nurse students as the sole role of the dentist. Dental hygiene students in this study did not see their role as primarily to support the dentist but more as a partner in care. Professional identity and its development are issues that must be considered by dental and DCP educators developing IPE initiatives.
Comparative study on interactive computer‐aided‐learning and computer‐aided‐testing in patient‐based dental training in maxillofacial surgery
Authors: Eitner Stephan , Holst Stefan , Wichmann Manfred , Karl Matthias , Nkenke Emeka , Schlegel Andreas
Published: February 2008

Aim:  The objective of this comparative study was to validate, through empirical data, the use of interactive, problem‐oriented computer‐aided‐learning (CAL) and computer‐aided‐testing (CAT) in dental studies by directly comparing these methods with conventional teaching.

Method:  A total of 95 students from the third and fourth clinical semesters participated in an interdisciplinary seminar on oral maxillofacial implantology; 47 of these were taught using conventional teaching methods, while the remaining 48 students were taught using mobiTED, a CAL/CAT‐based interactive communication system that can be used patient‐ and problem‐oriented. An examination was given at the end of the course to evaluate student learning. A student’s interest/attentiveness, involvement, knowledge gain, and the course attractiveness and quality were evaluated with visual analogue scales (VAS) in a subjective experience protocol.

Results:  The study group taught using the CAL/CAT‐based interactive communication system showed statistically significant better results in the examination, with a median score of 89.2%, while the conventional teaching study group achieved a median score of 76.0%. A VAS‐based analysis of subjective experiences also revealed statistically significant differences between the two study groups.

Conclusion:  Use of the CAL/CAT system for interactive, problem‐oriented learning in patient‐based dental training led to increased levels of attentiveness, of student acceptance and of the perceived attractiveness of the seminar. CAL/CAT‐mediated instruction also led to increased communication, with a subsequent improvement in the qualitative and quantitative parameters of knowledge transfer and cognitive knowledge assimilation. Use of CAL/CAT also facilitated the acquisition, appraisal, and understanding of complex medical data.
Skin and hair follicle innervation in experimental models: a guide for the exact and reproducible evaluation of neuronal plasticity
Authors: Hendrix Sven , Picker Björn , Liezmann Christiane , Peters Eva M. J.
Published: February 2008

Abstract: The remodelling of skin innervation is an instructive example of neuronal plasticity in the peripheral nervous system. Cutaneous innervation displays dramatic plasticity during morphogenesis, adult remodelling, skin diseases and after skin nerve lesions. To recognize even subtle changes or abnormalities of cutaneous innervation under different experimental conditions, it is critically important to use aquantitativeapproach. Here, we introduce a simple, fast and reproducible quantitative method based on immunofluorescence histochemistry for the exact quantification of peripheral nerve fibres. Computer‐generated schematic representations of cutaneous innervation in defined skin compartments are presented with the aim of standardizing reports on gene and protein expression patterns. This guide should become a useful tool when screening new mouse mutants, disease models affecting innervation or mice treated with pharmaceuticals for discrete morphologic abnormalities of skin innervation in a highly reproducible and quantifiable manner. Moreover, this method can be easily transferred to other densely innervated peripheral organs.
Neurophysiological and neurochemical basis of modern pruritus treatment
Authors: Ständer Sonja , Weisshaar Elke , Luger Thomas A.
Published: February 2008

Abstract:  Chronic pruritus of any origin is a frequent discomfort in daily medical practice, and its therapy is challenging. Frequently, the underlying origin may not be identified and symptomatic therapy is necessary. Conventional treatment modalities such as antihistamines often lack efficacy, and hence new therapeutic strategies are necessary. The neuronal mechanisms underlying chronic pruritus have been partly identified during the past years and offer new therapeutic strategies. For example, mast cell degranulation, activation of neuroreceptors on sensory nerve fibres and neurogenic inflammation have been identified to be involved in induction and chronification of the symptom. Accordingly, controlling neuroreceptors such as cannabinoid receptors by agonists or antagonists showed high antipruritic efficacy. Pruritus is transmitted to the central nervous system by specialized nerve fibres and sensory receptors. It has been demonstrated that pruritus and pain have their own neuronal pathways with broad interactions. Accordingly, classical analgesics for neuropathic pain (gabapentin, antidepressants) also exhibit antipruritic efficacy upon clinical use. In summary, these recent developments show that highlighting the basis of pruritus offers modern neurophysiological and neurochemical therapeutic models and the possibility to treat patients with refractory itching of different origin.
Norepinephrine modulates human dendritic cell activation by altering cytokine release
Authors: Goyarts Earl , Matsui Mary , Mammone Tom , Bender Anna M. , Wagner John A. , Maes Daniel , Granstein Richard D.
Published: February 2008

Abstract: Norepinephrine (NE) can modulate dendritic cell (DC) activation in animal models, but the response of human DC to NE and other response modifiers is as yet not completely understood. Here we report the effect of NE on the cytokine response of a mixed population of human DC cells to extracellular stimuli. These cells were obtained by differentiating human cord blood CD34+ precursor cells. NE inhibited the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐stimulated production of interleukin (IL)‐23, IL‐12 p40, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐alpha and IL‐6 whereas the expression of IL‐10 was not significantly affected. Thus, human cord blood‐derived DC respond to NE in a manner similar to mouse Langerhans cells (LC). Furthermore, forskolin also inhibited the LPS‐induced levels of TNF‐alpha, IL‐12 p40, IL‐23 p19 and IL‐6, supporting the hypothesis that the effects of NE are mediated by cAMP. Data from experiments using inhibitors of adrenergic receptors suggest that NE acts through beta‐adrenergic receptors. As IL‐23 promotes the differentiation of CD4+ T cells required for TH1‐mediated immunity, we suggest that NE decreases the differentiation of CD4+ T cells needed for TH1‐mediated contact hypersensitivity and that NE is a candidate regulator of human DC functions in the skin.
A case of suspected contact dermatitis in a juvenile cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis)
Authors: Morris Joanne , Etheridge Marcia
Published: February 2008

Background  A 2‐year‐old male cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) presented with vesicular dermatitis exhibiting freshly ruptured blisters, crusts, and papules on the extremities and face.

Methods  Complete blood count, serum chemistry, skin biopsy, skin scrape, and culture of a fresh blister were initially submitted for diagnostics.

Results  Skin biopsy of the affected area revealed a non‐suppurative eosinophilic dermatitis with mild thickening of the epidermis. Serum chemistry showed a marked eosinophilia (1.74 × 103/μl, 17.4%). All other results were within normal limits. Initial differentials included contact dermatitis, immune‐mediated disease such as pemphigus or psoriasis. Repeated blood work and skin biopsies were collected as well as serum for allergen‐specific IgE latex and food allergy testing. Herpes B virus was added to the differential list after an oral lesion was noted upon repeated physical examination and samples were collected for testing. Repeat blood work maintained a marked eosinophilia and food allergy testing was within normal limits. Serum IgE for latex was equivocal and a follow‐up latex sensitivity test was performed and was within normal limits. Repeated skin biopsies were consistent with acute eosinophilic spongiotic dermatitis with vesicles most likely due to contact dermatitis. No therapy was initiated during the diagnostic period and no etiology was confirmed.

Conclusions  Over time the dermatitis and eosinophilia resolved spontaneously. The animal is currently free of any lesions and maintains an eosinophil count within normal limits.
Relationship of creatine kinase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, and proteinuria to cardiomyopathy in the owl monkey (Aotus vociferans)
Authors: Gozalo Alfonso S. , Chavera Alfonso , Montoya Enrique J. , Takano Juan , Weller Richard E.
Published: February 2008

Background  The purpose of this study was to determine serum reference values for creatine kinase (CK), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in captive‐born and wild‐caught owl monkeys to assess their usefulness for diagnosing myocardial disease.

Methods  Blood samples were collected for CK, AST and LDH determinations. In addition, urine samples were collected and semiquantitative tests performed.

Results  There was no statistically significant difference between CK, AST and LDH when comparing both groups. However, when comparing monkeys with proteinuria to those without proteinuria, a statistically significant difference in CK value was observed (P = 0.021). In addition the CK/AST ratio revealed that 29% of the animals included in this study had values suggesting cardiac infarction. Grossly, cardiac concentric hypertrophy of the left ventricle and small, pitted kidneys were the most common findings. Microscopically, myocardial fibrosis, contraction band necrosis, hypertrophy and hyperplasia of coronary arteries, medium‐sized renal arteries and afferent glomerular arteriolae were the most significant lesions, along with increased mesangial matrix and hypercellularity of glomeruli, Bowman's capsule and peritubular space fibroplasia.

Conclusions  These findings suggest that CK, AST and LDH along with urinalysis provide a reliable method for diagnosing cardiomyopathies in the owl monkey. In addition, CK/AST ratio, proteinuria and the observed histological and ultrastructural changes suggest that Aotus vociferans suffer from arterial hypertension and chronic myocardial infarction.
Spontaneous pancreatic islet cell tumor in a black and white colobus monkey (Colobus guereza kikuyuensis)
Authors: Hobson David J. , Turner Patricia V.
Published: February 2008

A 12‐year‐old, male black and white colobus monkey (Colobus guereza kikuyuensis) from a small community zoo presented with a 6‐month history of mild, slowly progressive ataxia and paresis culminating in an acute episode of recumbency, depression, and seizures. The animal was humanely euthanatized. Gross post‐mortem examination revealed significant abnormalities including diffuse pallor of the carcass and a firm, pale, 8‐cm diameter mass, adherent to the serosa of the proximal duodenum and colon, and embedded within the pancreas and mesenteric root. Histologically, the mass had characteristics of a neuroendocrine or endocrine tumor. Immunohistochemical stains for chromogranin, synaptophysin, insulin, and glucagon were positive, confirming the diagnosis of a mixed pancreatic islet cell tumor. These tumors are rare in all species except ferrets and unreported previously in colobus monkeys.
Immunological concepts in tuberculosis diagnostics for non‐human primates: a review
Authors: Lin Philana Ling , Yee JoAnn , Klein Edwin , Lerche Nicholas W.
Published: February 2008

Accurate diagnosis of tuberculosis in non‐human primates is of critical importance. As with natural human infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, infected primates develop a broad spectrum of disease, including subclinical (latent) infection, chronic primary tuberculosis, rapidly progressing fulminant disease, and reactivation tuberculosis. In a primate colony, clinical suspicion is the key to diagnosis. The course of action should be based on careful and thorough clinical assessments in conjunction with screening and microbiologic methods. Diagnostic modalities can be categorized into pathogen identification and immunologic host response techniques. While the classic tuberculin skin test is the standard screening tool, it has limited sensitivity and specificity. Other tools such as interferon gamma releasing assays have similar accuracy results but use different immunologic mechanisms and may be helpful as an additional screening tool. Advantages and disadvantages to these and other assays (e.g., lymphocyte proliferation assay, antibody detection) are also discussed. Surrogates to sputum sample (e.g., gastric aspirate, stool samples, respiratory sample via bronchoscopy) should be obtained for microbiologic identification, as acid‐fast smear and culture are critical to pathogen identification for optimal sensitivity and specificity. Interpretation of these immunologic screening tools should be performed cautiously and must be correlated with level of suspicion. While the identification of M. tuberculosis or M. bovis confirms the diagnosis of tuberculosis, negative results do not exclude the diagnosis. Without pathogen detection to confirm diagnosis, thorough gross and microscopic pathological review at necropsy may be required to make a definitive diagnosis. Lastly, the risk and benefits to the primate colony, staff and resources must be carefully weighed when deciding to euthanize monkeys to make the diagnosis of tuberculosis.
Multiple ophthalmic abnormalities in an infant rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Ribka Erin P. , Dubielzig Richard R.
Published: February 2008

Background  A 4.5‐month‐old male colony‐bred Indian rhesus macaque was presented for presumed trauma to the right eye. The globe was centrally distended 5 mm, with apparent hyphema and moderate to severe corneal edema. Surgical enucleation was performed. The initial histopathology report concluded chronic keratitis. Nearly 3 years later, a diagnosis of goniodysgenesis was made. The eye was sent to a veterinary ocular pathologist for definitive diagnosis.

Conclusions  Final conclusions were anterior segment and corneal defects. Based on the retinal pathology and optic nerve pathology, there was evidence of optic nerve atrophy, a recently described condition in macaques.
Lethargy, ulcers, bronchopneumonia and death in two aged female bonnet macaques presumed to be caused by Cercopithicine herpes virus I
Authors: Scharf Bruce A. , Wan Cho‐Hua , Bluth Martin , Eberle Richard , Videan Elaine N. , Smith Eric , Coplan Jeremy
Published: February 2008

Over the course of 4 weeks, two female aged bonnet macaque (Macaca radiata) group‐housed females died after the dominant male was removed from the group and the newly dominant male persistently chased, caught and bred all females in the pen. The two aged affected females were observed exhibiting lethargy, dyspnea, with widespread necroulcerative lesions in and around the mouth, muzzle and bridge of their noses. Extensive ulcerative glossitis, necrotic bronchopneumonia with intra‐nuclear inclusions and the absence of other evidence is highly suggestive that death was caused by an alphaherpes virus commonly known as herpes B virus. Herpes B virus is a potentially zoonotic disease periodically shed by macaques, which is structurally related to herpes simplex viruses I and II of humans. The emergence of fatal B virus to primates in this pen may have been associated with the combination of age and stress in the affected individuals.
Reversible medetomidine/ketamine anesthesia in captive capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella)
Authors: Theriault Betty R. , Reed David A. , Niekrasz Marek A.
Published: February 2008

Background  Medetomidine, an α2‐adrenergic receptor agonist administered with ketamine, induces sedation/anesthesia in non‐human primates in a dose‐dependent, species‐specific manner.

Methods  Two adult male capuchin monkeys enrolled in a study of kinematics of mastication were administered intramuscular (IM) injections of 150, 200 and 400 μg/kg medetomidine or medetomidine (μg/kg)/ketamine (mg/kg) at 200/2, 150/4. Medetomidine was reversed with atipamezole. Animals were then fed for 9–75 minutes. A second anesthesia reversal episode allowed return to home cage.

Results  Medetomidine (150 μg/kg)/ketamine (4 mg/kg) provided anesthesia for handling and restraint within 10 minutes of administration. Atipamezole (750 μg/kg) IM provided reversal sufficient for the animal to eat by 22 minutes or perch by 31 minutes.

Conclusions  Medetomidine/ketamine administered IM in Cebus apella results in rapid, reproducible and safe anesthesia which is reversible with atipamezole. Nausea, vomiting or regurgitation were not observed during anesthesia reversal episodes in either the fasted or fed state.
A Longitudinal Analysis of the Impact of Liability Pressure on the Supply of Obstetrician‐Gynecologists
Authors: Yang Y. Tony , Studdert David M. , Subramanian S. V. , Mello Michelle M.
Published: February 2008

Conventional wisdom within the medical community suggests that dramatic increases in professional liability insurance premiums cause physicians to relocate or discontinue their practices in high‐cost states. We employed a mixed‐effects model to investigate the effect of malpractice risk, as measured by insurance premiums and various tort reforms, on the number of obstetrician‐gynecologists (OB/GYNs) in the United States between 1992 and 2002. The longitudinal research design examines state‐year‐level data from all 50 states and the District of Columbia. We found that the supply of OB/GYNs had no statistically significant association with premiums or tort reforms. Our results suggest that most OB/GYNs do not respond to liability risk by relocating out of state or discontinuing their practice, and that tort reforms such as caps on noneconomic damages do not help states attract and retain high‐risk specialists.
THE EMERGENCE OF PRAGMATIC PHILOSOPHY’S INFLUENCE ON LITERARY THEORY: MAKING MEANING WITH TEXTS FROM A TRANSACTIONAL PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Connell Jeanne M.
Published: February 2008

Abstract In this review essay, Jeanne Connell examines the influence of pragmatic philosophy on the scholarly works of twentieth‐century literary theorist and English educator Louise Rosenblatt through the lens of a recent collection of her essays originally published between 1936 and 1999. Rosenblatt grounded her transactional theory of literature in pragmatic philosophy, particularly the epistemological constructs of John Dewey. While influential as a pioneer in the early development of reader‐response theory, Rosenblatt’s theory has only recently been given attention by philosophers of education. Making Meaning with Texts: Selected Essays is an important collection of articles and book chapters that highlights the evolution of her thinking in literary theory, pedagogy, and literary criticism. Rosenblatt positioned the construction of meaning in the personal lived‐through quality of the literary experience, making central the generative relation between the text and the reader. Connell argues that the educational relevance of Rosenblatt’s theory for contemporary education is that it provides a powerful critique of classroom approaches that promote shallow readings with little opportunity for critical reflection.
THE HISTORY OF THE BELL CURVE: SORTING AND THE IDEA OF NORMAL
Authors: Fendler Lynn , Muzaffar Irfan
Published: February 2008

Abstract Bell‐curve thinking, as a model of distribution of success and failure in society, enjoys a perennial (ahistorical, objective, and law‐like) status in education. As such it provides a rationale for sorting (tracking or streaming) practices in education, which has led many educators to criticize both bell‐curve thinking and associated sorting practices. In this essay, Lynn Fendler and Irfan Muzaffar argue that the existing critiques of bell‐curve thinking ring true for people who believe that the purpose of schooling is to promote a more equitable redistribution of resources in society; however, these arguments do not criticize the law‐like character assumed for a bell curve as a representation of social reality. To extend these critiques, Fendler and Muzaffar focus on the history of the bell curve, from a representation of binomial probability, to a bearer of real things in nature, and finally to a set of expectations about how people should behave. They ultimately argue that the acceptance of bell‐curve thinking in education is part of a recursive project of governance and normalization.
Short-term Improvement of Erectile Dysfunction by Viewing Humorous Films in Patients with Atopic Dermatitis
Authors: Kimata Hajime
Published: February 2008

Introduction

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder characterized by eczema, pruritus and cutaneous hyperreactivity to allergic triggers. We and others have reported that psychogenic stress aggravates these symptoms, while viewing humorous films alleviates them. We have also found that many AD patients suffer from erectile dysfunction (ED). ED exhibits multifactorial etiologies, including psychogenic stress and reduction of serum testosterone levels.

Aims

This study assessed the effects of viewing humorous films on ED in patients with AD.

Main Outcome Measures

The effects of viewing humorous films on International Index Erectile Function (IIEF) domain (erectile function, orgasmic function, sexual desire, intercourse satisfaction, overall satisfaction) were studied.

Methods

Subjects comprised 36 AD patients with ED and their healthy wives. Randomly assigned 18 patients and their healthy wives first viewed humorous films on three consecutive days (Days 1–3). After 2 weeks, they viewed control nonhumorous weather information films on three consecutive days (Days 1–3). Alternatively, other 18 patients and their wives first viewed control films on three consecutive days, and after 2 weeks they viewed humorous films on three consecutive days. Severity of ED and serum testosterone and estradiol levels were assessed 1 day before viewing (Day −1) and 1–4 days after viewing (Days 4–7).

Results

Viewing humorous films significantly improved the IIEF domain in association with increased serum testosterone levels and decreased serum estradiol levels on Day 4, while viewing control films failed to do so. However, this effect was short-term. After 4 days of viewing (Day 7), no improvement in ED or modulation of serum sex hormone levels was observed.

Conclusions

Viewing humorous films improved ED in AD patients in association with increased serum testosterone levels and decreased serum estradiol levels. These results may be useful for the study and treatment of ED.
What is the “True” Prevalence of Female Sexual Dysfunctions and Does the Way We Assess These Conditions Have an Impact?
Authors: Hayes Richard D. , Dennerstein Lorraine , Bennett Catherine M. , Fairley Christopher K.
Published: February 2008

Introduction

A wide range of prevalence estimates of female sexual dysfunctions (FSD) have been reported.

Aim

Compare instruments used to assess FSD to determine if differences between instruments contribute to variation in reported prevalence.

Main Outcome Measures

Sexual Function Questionnaire combined with Female Sexual Distress Scale (SFQ-FSDS) was our gold standard, validated instrument for assessing FSD. Alternatives were SFQ alone and two sets of simple questions adapted from Laumann et al. 1994.

Methods

A postal survey was administered to a random sample of 356 Australian women aged 20 to 70 years.

Results

When assessed by SFQ-FSDS, prevalence estimates (95% confidence intervals) of hypoactive sexual desire disorder, sexual arousal disorder (lubrication), orgasmic disorder, and dyspareunia were 16% (12% to 20%), 7% (5% to 11%), 8% (6% to 12%), and 1% (0.5% to 3%), respectively. Prevalence estimates varied across alternative instruments for these disorders: 32% to 58%, 16% to 32%, 16% to 33%, and 3% to 23%, respectively. Compared with SFQ-FSDS alternative instruments produced higher estimates of desire, arousal and orgasm disorders and displayed a range of sensitivities (0.25 to 1.0), specificities (0.48 to 0.99), positive predictive values (0.01 to 0.56), and negative predictive values (0.95 to 1.0) across the disorders investigated. Kappa statistics comparing SFQ-FSDS and alternative instruments ranged from 0 to 0.71 but were predominantly 0.44 or less. Changing recall from previous month to 1 month or more in the previous year produced higher estimates for all disorders investigated. Including sexual distress produced lower estimates for desire, arousal, and orgasm disorders.

Conclusions

Prevalence estimates of FSD varied substantially across instruments. Relatively low positive predictive values and kappa statistics combined with a broad range of sensitivities and specificities indicated that different instruments identified different subgroups. Consequently, the instruments researchers choose when assessing FSD may affect prevalence estimates and risk factors they report.
Comparison Between the Pathology of Encapsulating Sclerosis and Simple Sclerosis of the Peritoneal Membrane in Chronic Peritoneal Dialysis
Authors: Sherif Ali M , Yoshida Hiraku , Maruyama Yukio , Yamamoto Hiroyasu , Yokoyama Keitaro , Hosoya Tatsuo , Kawakami Makio , Nakayama Masaaki
Published: February 2008

Abstract:  Reports analyzing the histopathological differences between encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis (EPS) and simple peritoneal sclerosis (non‐EPS) and those comparing the pathology of early and late EPS are limited. We present pathological comparisons between EPS and non‐EPS, also between the early and late EPS stages. We compared peritoneal membrane (PM) samples (Group B) of 12 EPS patients (Group A) and 23 non‐EPS cases regarding; mesothelial loss, submesothelial compact zone degenerated layer and compact zone thicknesses, densities of total and diseased vessels, fibrin stain, new membrane formation and degenerative changes. Group A was subdivided into 7 early (group A1) and 8 late (group A2) EPS cases; we compared both subgroups in the same manner and finally compared groups A1, A2, and B. No differences were found between groups A and B in the incidences of mesothelial detachment, new membrane formation and compact zone degenerative changes between the two groups. Furthermore, there were no differences in compact zone thickness, and vascular densities in the compact zone of respective vascular grade. Whereas, fibrin deposition and thickness of the submesothelial degenerated layer were significantly higher in group A than group B (P = 0.01 and 0.05, respectively), and the thickness of the compact zone was less in group A1 than in group A2 (P = 0.03). Positive fibrin stains and thick degenerative compact zone layers are important pathological findings in EPS. Angiogenesis, vasculopathy, new membrane formation, fibrosis and degenerative changes of the compact zone are not unique characteristics for EPS. Larger size studies are recommended to verify this issue.
Effects of Serum Calcium, Phosphorous, and Intact Parathyroid Hormone Levels on Survival in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients in Japan
Authors: Nakai Shigeru , Akiba Takashi , Kazama Junichiro , Yokoyama Keitaro , Fukagawa Masashi , Tominaga Yoshihiro , Iseki Kunitoshi , Tsubakihara Yoshiharu
Published: February 2008

Abstract:  Disturbances in bone mineral metabolism are common in chronic hemodialysis (HD) patients and often underlie morbid conditions and mortality; however, no large epidemiological study for Asian dialysis patients has been performed. We analyzed the database of the Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy registry. In this study, data from patients who were on HD at the end of 2000 was compiled. The Cox's proportional hazard analysis was carried out to evaluate the significance of the impact of variables related to bone mineral metabolism on survival after adjusting for possible confounding variables. The study period was three years, and a cohort of 27 404 HD patients was studied. The hazard ratios were 1.098 (P = 0.0129) for serum calcium levels ranging 10.0–10.9 mg/dL, and 1.243 (P = 0.0001) for serum calcium levels >11.0 mg/dL when the reference serum calcium level range was 9.0–9.9 mg/dL. Similarly, the hazard ratios were significantly higher in a serum phosphorous level of 5.0 mg/dL than for the reference serum phosphorous level range of 4.0–4.9 mg/dL. For intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), the hazard ratios were significantly small (<119 pg/mL) when the reference iPTH level range was 180–359 pg/mL. However, the hazard ratio did not increase when the iPTH level increased to >360 pg/mL. Results showed that disturbances in bone mineral metabolism, such as those involving serum calcium, phosphorous, and iPTH, have a significant impact on survival in Japanese dialysis patients.
A Case Report of Transfusion‐related Acute Lung Injury During Plasma Exchange Therapy for Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia Purpura
Authors: P'ng Stephanie SY , Hughes Annette S , Cooney Julian P
Published: February 2008

Abstract:  Transfusion‐related acute lung injury (TRALI) is a transfusion reaction that is often under recognized and underreported. Implications for diagnosis not only influence treatment considerations but also extend to donor selection, donor deferral and ultimately the safety of the final blood product. We report a case of a previously well 19‐year‐old female who presented a one week history of flu‐like symptoms and mucosal bleeding. Laboratory results confirmed the diagnosis of thrombotic thrombocytopaenia purpura (TTP) and she was commenced on plasma exchange. During her second day of plasma exchange, she developed dyspnoea and rigors. Examination and investigation findings were consistent with a clinical diagnosis of TRALI. Granulocytes immunofluorescent test (GIFT – flow cytometry) was performed and cross reactivity was demonstrated between the patient's granulocytes and plasma from one of the nine donor fresh frozen plasma (FFP) packs. She made a full recovery. TRALIa accounts for 7% of all adverse events reported in the Serious Hazards of Transfusion (SHOT) database and has a mortality rate between 5–25%. Apheresis patients are a particularly vulnerable group of patients where clinical recognition and rapid laboratory confirmation of TRALI is imperative to minimize the risk of further patient exposure to donor granulocyte or human leukocyte antigen (HLA) antibodies. The provision of plasma from male donors may additionally reduce exposure. On a wider scale, rapid donor identification and deferral maintains the safety of the national blood supply.
A new ultracool white dwarf discovered in the SuperCOSMOS Sky Survey
Authors: Rowell N. R. , Kilic M. , Hambly N. C.
Published: February 2008

We present BJ, R59F and IN photometry, and optical and near-infrared spectroscopy, of a new ultracool white dwarf (UCWD) discovered in the SuperCOSMOS Sky Survey. The spectrum of SSS J1556−0806 shows strong flux suppression due to the presence of collisionally induced absorption by molecular hydrogen, a feature characteristic of the cool, high-density environments found in the atmospheres of UCWDs. SSS J1556−0806 therefore joins a list of less than 10 UCWDs displaying extreme flux suppression. Synthetic model fitting suggests an effective temperature of <3000 K, which if true would make this one of the coolest white dwarf currently known. We also exploit the similarity between the spectral energy distributions of SSS J1556−0806 and the well-studied UCWD LHS 3250 to aid in the determination of the atmospheric parameters in a regime where models consistently fail to reproduce observations. SSS J1556−0806 is relatively bright (R∼ 17.8), making it particularly amenable to follow up observations to obtain trigonometric parallax and infrared photometry.
DRYING CHARACTERISTICS AND DRYING QUALITY OF KIDNEY BEANS USING A TWO‐STAGE MICROWAVE PROCESS
Authors: WANG J. , WANG Y.W. , WANG J.W. , HE X.L.
Published: February 2008

The study focuses on describing the microwave drying characteristics of kidney beans and discussing the effect of drying power and initial mass on drying quality. When the power level increased, the dehydration rate increased while the drying energy consumption and the initial mass decreased. There were two falling rate periods during drying of kidney beans. The first falling rate period was at a moisture content of more than 2.0 (dry basis [d.b.]), and the second falling rate period was at a moisture content of less than 2.0 (d.b.). The same water loss will consume more energy when the moisture content is less than 2.0 (d.b.).

The quadratic orthogonal regression experiment was conducted, and models of effect of first‐stage drying load‐power, second‐stage drying load‐power and first‐stage drying time on sensory quality, rehydration ratio and energy consumption rate (three indices) were established. First‐stage drying load‐power, second‐stage drying load‐power and first‐stage drying time affected the three indices. For the three indices, the drying factor combination is different. First‐stage drying load‐power is slightly lower for high sensory quality. Second‐stage drying load‐power should be lower for high sensory quality and higher for low energy consumption rate. First‐stage drying timeshould be long for high sensory quality and moderate for low energy consumption rate and high rehydration ratio. To obtain better results for the three indices, the first‐stage power should differ from the second‐stage power in drying factor combination. This implies that the alternative microwave power drying on kidney beans should be used.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Major disadvantages of hot‐air drying of kidney beans are low energy efficiency, lengthy drying time during the falling rate period and inferior quality of the dried kidney bean. The application of microwave as a heat source produces a fast drying rate and higher drying quality. It can be employed because kidney beans are sensitive to microwave. Little detailed information was available on the alternative microwave power drying on food products, including drying of kidney beans by microwave.

The results of this study will show the effect of drying power and initial mass of kidney beans on drying quality. For sensory quality, rehydration ratio of kidney beans and energy consumption rate, the drying factor combination is different. To obtain better results in the three indices, the first‐stage (early drying) power should differ from the second‐stage (later drying) power under microwave drying. This implies that the alternative microwave power drying on kidney beans should be used.
Body Mass Index in Rural First Grade Schoolchildren: Progressive Increase in Boys
Authors: Smith Derek T. , Vendela Mandolyn Jade , Todd Bartee R. , Carr Lucas J.
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACT: 
Context:

Childhood overweight is a global health problem. Monitoring of childhood body mass index (BMI) may help identify critical time periods during which excess body weight is accumulated. Purpose: To examine changes in mean BMI and the prevalence of at‐risk‐for overweight in repeated cross‐sectional samples of rural first grade schoolchildren between 1999 and 2004. Methods: BMI was determined in 479 first graders from a rural Wyoming school district. BMI and gender‐specific BMI‐for‐age percentiles were determined and evaluated over the 6 years. Children were also classified as normal or at‐risk‐for overweight according to CDC classification procedures. Findings: From 1999 to 2004, there was a significant increase in the average BMI of first graders, 15.8 ± 2.2 kg/m2 versus 16.8 ± 2.2 kg/m2, respectively (P < .05). First grade boys had a progressive increase in BMI from 1999 to 2004 (15.6 ± 2.2 kg/m2 compared to 17.3 ± 2.2 kg/m2, respectively), but no change was evident for first grade girls. There was an approximate 4‐fold increase in the percentage of rural first grade boys classified as at‐risk‐for overweight between 1999 and 2004. Conclusions: A progressive increase in the BMI and the significant increase in prevalence of at‐risk‐for overweight in rural first grade boys highlight the need for future gender and age group‐specific investigations. Focus should be given to primary prevention programs targeting potentially vulnerable time periods when excess weight gain may be occurring.
Training Health Care Professionals to Manage Overweight Adolescents: Experience in Rural Georgia Communities
Authors: Dennison David A. , Yin Zenong , Kibbe Debra , Burns Susan , Trowbridge Frederick
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACT: 
Context:

The obesity epidemic threatens the present and future health of adolescents in the United States. Yet, health care providers lack specific training for pediatric obesity assessment and management. Purpose: This study examined the adherence of rural Georgia primary care practitioners to an overweight adolescent management protocol. The study also documented the prevalence of obesity‐associated physiological and behavioral risk factors among overweight adolescent patients. Methods: Ten rural clinics (58 providers) were recruited and received a 90‐minute adolescent overweight assessment and management training session. Select biochemical, dietary, physical activity, and physical inactivity behaviors were assessed in overweight adolescent patients. Medical charts were abstracted to assess practitioner compliance with an overweight assessment protocol and patient adherence to a 16‐week follow‐up visit. Findings: Providers were receptive to training and complied with the recommended protocol. Eighty‐five overweight adolescents were assessed, but only 49 (57%) completed the scheduled 16‐week follow‐up visit. Physical, biochemical, and behavioral assessments revealed that 13%‐27% of the participants had abnormal levels of lipids, fasting glucose, and glucose/insulin ratio, and 80.5% had waist circumferences above the 90th percentile. Conclusions: Practitioners complied with the assessment and follow‐up protocol, leading to the discovery of previously unrecognized risk factors in many overweight adolescent patients. Lack of patient adherence to follow‐up was the greatest limiting factor for obesity management. Further efforts are needed to implement and evaluate training to improve the management of adolescent overweight, especially in rural communities.
The Relationship Between Food Insecurity and Obesity in Rural Childbearing Women
Authors: Olson Christine M. , Strawderman Myla S.
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACT: 
Context:

While food insecurity and obesity have been shown to be positively associated in women, little is known about the direction of the causal relationship between these 2 constructs. Purpose: To clarify the direction of the causal relationship between food insecurity and obesity. Methods: Chi‐square and logistic regression analysis of data from a cohort of 622 healthy childbearing women living in a 10‐county rural area of upstate New York and followed from early pregnancy until 2 years postpartum. Findings: Obesity in early pregnancy was associated with increased risk of food insecurity at 2 years postpartum. Initial food insecurity was not associated with increased risk of obesity at 2 years postpartum. Women who were both obese and food insecure in early pregnancy were at greatest risk of major weight gain over the pregnancy and postpartum period. Conclusions: Obesity appears to lead to food insecurity rather than the converse. Obesity combined with food insecurity present the greatest risk for major weight gain in this sample of childbearing women.
Community Partnerships, Food Pantries, and an Evidence‐Based Intervention to Increase Mammography Among Rural Women
Authors: Bencivenga Marcyann , DeRubis Susan , Leach Patricia , Lotito Lisa , Shoemaker Charles , Lengerich Eugene J.
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACT: 
Context:

Multiple national agencies and organizations recommend that women age 40 years and older have an annual screening mammogram. Women who are poor, less educated, lack a usual source of care, and reside in rural Appalachia are less likely to have had a recent mammogram. Purpose: To increase use of mammography among a rural Appalachian population. Methods: Formed in 1992, the Indiana County Cancer Coalition (ICCC) serves the cancer control needs of medically underserved families in Indiana County, Pennsylvania, through collaborative partnerships. During 2005, the ICCC adapted and implemented the American Cancer Society's Tell a Friend® program in a network of 18 local food pantries of the Indiana County Community Action Program. Findings: Of 302 age‐eligible women, 158 (52.4%) were in need of scheduling a mammogram. Of the 158 women, 138 (87.3%) received a mammogram as a result of the adapted Tell A Friend® program. Three (2.2%) women were diagnosed with breast cancer and received treatment. The number of breast cancer screenings provided to underserved Indiana County residents increased by 46 (28.2%) during 2005. Conclusions: Implementation of this evidence‐based intervention in a network of local food pantries successfully provided mammography to rural women and demonstrated potential impact from a community cancer coalition in Appalachia. The initiative worked closely with local partners who are affiliated with a national infrastructure, thereby suggesting potential future dissemination.