bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Funding, Education Performance, and Economic Growth in Indonesia
Authors: Arham Muhammad Amir , Dai Sri Indriyani S.
Published: January 2020

Abstract: Higher education budget allocations affect educational performance, and it also can improve human capital to boost the economic growth of a nation. Concerning this, the present study was implemented to find out the extent of educational performance effect towards the economic growth, and what variables are the most influential determinants to boost economic growth in Indonesia related to educational sector. Fixed effect approach through data panel was used to analyze the secondary data obtained from 34 provinces in Indonesia from 2014 to 2016. The result showed that educational performance in each province in Indonesia measured by using the pure participation rate of junior high school students and high school graduates and higher education graduates were able to increase the economic growth with the assumption that their skills were sufficient to increase productivity, whereas, crude participation rate of junior high school, senior high school graduates, and higher education graduates can be an obstacle to economic development. Also, the determinant factor to boost economic growth was public spending on education sector. Keywords: funding, education performance, economic growthAnalisis Pembiayaan, Kinerja Pendidikan, dan Pertumbuhan Ekonomi di IndonesiaAbstrak: Alokasi anggaran pendidikan yang makin besar memberikan efek terhadap kinerja pendidikan sekaligus memperbaiki mutu manusia yang dapat mendorong laju pertumbuhan ekonomi. Dalam kaitannya dengan hal tersebut studi ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk melihat seberapa besar pengaruh kinerja pendidikan terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi dan variabel apa saja yang memiliki determinasi paling kuat mendorong pertumbuhan ekonomi di Indonesia yang terkait dengan sektor pendidikan. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah panel data melalui pendekatan fixed effect, dengan menggunakan data sekunder untuk 34 provinsi di Indonesia selama periode 2014 – 2016. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa kinerja pendidikan setiap provinsi di Indonesia yang diukur dari APM SLTP dan tamatan SLTA dapat meningkatkan pertumbuhan ekonomi dengan asumsi bahwa keterampilan mereka cukup memadai untuk meningkatkan produktivitas, sementara APK SLTP, lulusan SLTP dan lulusan perguruan tinggi dapat mengganggu pertumbuhan ekonomi. Sedangkan faktor determinan mendorong pertumbuhan ekonomi adalah variabel belanja publik sektor pendidikan. Kata Kunci: pembiayaan, kinerja pendidikan, pertumbuhan ekonomi
The Mobile Payment Fintech Continuance Usage Intention in Indonesia
Authors: Putritama Afrida
Published: January 2020

Abstract: This research aimed to determine both positive and negative factors influencing the continuance usage intention of mobile payment FinTech in Indonesia. This research used an exploratory sequential mixed methods research design with a questionnaire as the first research instrument followed by semi-structured interviews. This research found that both the perceived benefit and perceived risk significantly influenced the mobile payment FinTech continuance usage intention in Indonesia but, the perceived benefit had a stronger impact than the perceived risk. Convenience had the most substantial positive impact on the perceived benefit, which later increased the mobile payment FinTech continuance usage intention. Financial risk had the strongest influence on the perceived risk, which later reduces the mobile payment FinTech continuance usage intention. Keywords: mobile payment FinTech, continuance usage intention, Indonesian consumerNiat Penggunaan Berkelanjutan dari Pembayaran Seluler Fintech di Indonesia Abstrak: Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan faktor-faktor positif dan negatif yang mempengaruhi niat penggunaan berkelanjutan dari pembayaran seluler FinTech di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain penelitian metode campuran sekuensial eksploratori dengan kuesioner sebagai instrumen penelitian pertama diikuti oleh wawancara semi-terstruktur. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa baik manfaat yang dirasakan maupun risiko yang dirasakan secara signifikan mempengaruhi kelanjutan penggunaan pembayaran seluler FinTech di Indonesia tetapi manfaat yang dirasakan memiliki dampak yang lebih kuat daripada risiko yang dirasakan. Kenyamanan memiliki dampak positif yang paling kuat pada manfaat yang dirasakan, yang kemudian meningkatkan niat kelanjutan penggunaan pembayaran seluler FinTech. Risiko keuangan memiliki pengaruh paling kuat pada risiko yang dirasakan, yang kemudian mengurangi niat kelanjutan penggunaan pembayaran seluler FinTech. Kata kunci: mobile payment FinTech, niat kelanjutan penggunaan, konsumen Indonesia
SOCIAL CAPITAL AND LIVELIHOOD DIVERSIFICATION: TOURISM ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN A REMOTE AREA OF NORTH HALMAHERA, INDONESIA
Authors: Singgalen Yerik Afrianto , Sasongko Gatot , Wiloso Pamerdi Giri
Published: January 2020

This article aims to describe the capability of public access to social capital as a form of livelihood diversification through tourism entrepreneurship. This idea was originated from the optimization of the tourism sector and the creative economy by the local government since 2017, aiming to encourage creative entrepreneurship in tourism, creative multimedia, and coffee shop businesses. This study was conducted in a qualitative approach; thus, primary and secondary data sources were used to analyze the data. The primary data was obtained through in-depth interviews and observations, while the secondary data was obtained from document studies. In this case, the in-depth interviews were conducted with the entrepreneurs. The participants involved as key informants had various backgrounds in tourism entrepreneurship such as travel agent and tour guide service, creative multimedia service, and coffee shop business. Furthermore, field observations were done based on activities or events, aiming to observe the process of involvement of these entrepreneurs in regional tourism activities during the events of “Torang Angkat Sampah” in 2017, “Tanjung Bongo Festival” in 2017, “North Galela Festival” in 2018, “Wonderful North Halmahera” in 2018, and “O Molulu Ma Akere” in 2019. The secondary data used was the Medium Term Program Plan of the Local Government Agencies of the Regional Tourism Department of North Halmahera Regency after there was a policy of creative economy development elaborated in the bureaucratic structure changes at the Regional Tourism Department. The results show that the availability of infrastructure, accessibility of information and transportation, and the capability of access to social capital were such a stimulus for the diversification of people’s livelihoods to run tourism, creative multimedia, and coffee shop businesses. Through social capital, entrepreneurs were strengthened by their social relations with various communities to have more consumers while also maintaining the business sustainability.
CERITA TENTANG PANGAN DAN PAKAN DI DAERAH KODI, SUMBA BARAT DAYA
Authors: Christianto Wisma Nugraha
Published: January 2020

Beginning with the question of why the people of Sumba, especially in Kodi, Southwest Sumba Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province, feel ‘embarrassed’ to tell the outsiders that they still consume tubers as a staple food, this paper unfolds the story of food and fodder based on the recollection of the community. They eat rice mixed with corn every day and find such food tasty and fulfilling. They solely eat rice during important ritual ceremonies (wedding, funeral, and other traditional rituals). Eating steamed or roasted tubers, accompanied by coffee or sweet tea, has been their morning or afternoon habit while engaging in a conversation with family members. However, tubers become staple food during the hunger season. The data were collected using Participatory Research (RAP) method, or also known as the Action Research. The RAP method also offers ‘learning by doing’ technique that focuses on dialogues between researchers and community members or groups of people to bring together knowledge, experience, and ideas to obtain the desired results and devise future actions. The stories were recorded and documented and later combined with the results of the literature study. The records of the stories were transcribed and then analyzed using the Intertextual method. Rice is a symbol of prosperity and civilization, making it an important food in the ritual sphere in Kodi. However, due to the condition of nature and the persistent drought and water scarcity, rice production becomes highly dependent on rain. The government programs have not been able to solve water management issues in the region.
PRODUKSI BUDAYA DALAM WEDDING PLANNER PADA MASYARAKAT URBAN
Authors: Putri Risky Chairani , Sushartami Wiwik
Published: January 2020

Wedding has been seen as an example of the reflection of social culture. Changes in wedding culture reflect changes in society. Such a social transformation is reflected in the growing demand for impressive wedding party in the urban areas has made new problems concerning to management and creativity. From the wedding management perspective, this has been caught as opportunities, not only in term of economi gains but also their role in power-knowledge production. In recognition of this non-material aspect of social chenges reflet in wedding party, this research attempts to identify the production of culture wedding planner. This study takes the case of prominent wedding organizer company in Surabaya, Mahar Agung Organizer. The data for this research come form interview with managerial personnel of the the Maha Agung. The result shows that the production of culture in the wedding planner’s activity involves six facets: technology, law and regulation, industry structure, organization structure, occupational career, and market. In addition, the production of culture of wedding planner is not singular, which means it engages the role of client, media, vendor and business competitor. Consequently, the power relation of wedding planner in the production of culture is not dominant. Production of culture of a wedding planner has produced complexity, ambivalence, and contestation which appear through technology, especially the Internet. All of these lead wedding planner to take a creative and ambivalent position, since there is no rule (copyright) in wedding planners industry.
Securing ‘from within’
Authors: Polner Mariya
Published: January 2020

The dissolution of the Soviet Union resulted not only interindependence for Moldova. It also served as a push factor for the secessionist conflict on its territory which due to its unresolved status is referred to as frozen. All attempts of the political settlement since 1990s have ended in deadlock. Interestingly, the EU policies towards Transnistria changed significantly in 2003-2004. From the ‘security consumer’ the EU has been slowly turning into the ‘security provider’. The main goal of this paper is to evaluate the impact of the EU in ensuring security and stability through its involvement in the Transnistrian conflict. For this purpose the study will focus on EU-Moldova relations and the instrument it dedicates to ensuring stability, the EU Border Assistance Mission.
GUAVA LEAVES, CORN COBS, AND MANGOSTEEN PEELS AS ANTIOXIDANTS AND NATIONAL STANDARDIZED NATURAL PRESERVATIVES FOR COCONUT BROWN SUGAR
Authors: ADITYA PRATAMA PUTRA  , KINTAN NUR ROMADHONA  , ROSIANA SOFIA ANGGRAENI  , AI RIAN JULYANTI  , RETNO FITRI WIDIASTUTI  , DINIATIK
Published: January 2020

Objective: Below standard brown sugar is a sugar that cannot be made or resembles dodol (a traditional and sticky confection) because the sap is damaged. Although the sap is made into brown sugar, the product will not last long and become soft-textured sugar. The aim of this research is to prevent below standard sap and produces coconut sugar in accordance with Indonesian National Standard (SNI) using natural preservatives were formulated from guava leaves, corn cobs, and mangosteen peels.
Methods: The formulation of guava leaves, corn cobs, and mangosteen peels was designed through several stages by testing the composition of the materials. The first step was measuring the pH value of each material with concentration 4.5%, which were 4.5 g per material and it was compared to the composition of the formula after the concentration of each material was combined to get the basis pH. The second step was formulation to get the natural preservatives by applying the formulas on the tap process of sap until the manufacturing process to get the coconut sugar. Quality of coconut sugar was conducted SNI 01-3743-1995 which included oven method for testing water content and insoluble parts, Luff schoorl method for reducing sugar content and sucrose, and atomic absorption spectroscopy method for testing the contamination of Cu metal.
Results: Guava leaves, corn cobs, and mangosteen peels with each material 4.5% were the optimal concentrations as natural preservatives to inhibit fermentation process of sap. Coconut sugars were obtained using these natural preservatives. Coconut sugar that obtained had the moisture content was 0.2402%, the ash content was 1.3%, reducing sugar content was 0.39%, the sucrose level was 69.99%, and the metal contamination was 0.201 mg/kg Cu. While the results of organoleptic tests indicated the brownish-yellow sugar, a typical sweet taste of sugar, and the normal smell of coconut sugar. All of the coconut sugar properties were meet with SNI.
Conclusion: Guava leaves, corn cobs, and mangosteen peels were effective as natural preservatives and antioxidants to produce the best quality of coconut sugar according to the SNI.
SPECTROSCOPIC CHARACTERIZATION OF PHYTOCONSTITUENTS ISOLATED FROM A RARE MANGROVE AEGIALITIS ROTUNDIFOLIA ROXB., LEAVES AND EVALUATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF THE CRUDE EXTRACT
Authors: DEBJIT GHOSH  , SUMANTA MONDAL  , K. RAMAKRISHNA
Published: January 2020

Objective: The aim of the study is to isolate and characterize the phytochemicals from the leaves of a rare and unexplored mangrove Aegialitis rotundifolia and evaluate the antimicrobial properties of the crude extract.

Methods: The dried powdered plant material was extracted with ethanol, and the ethanol extract obtained was dissolved in distilled water and partitioned using n-hexane first and then ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate fraction was subjected to column chromatography for isolation of phytocompounds. The isolated compounds were characterized using infrared (IR), carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), mass spectroscopy, and thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Antimicrobial activity of the crude extracts was performed using the well diffusion method against four bacterial strains and two fungal strains.

Results: Three pure compounds were isolated from the leaves of Aegialitis rotundifolia, namely, 3,4-dimethyl benzoic acid, 3’-methoxy-4’-hydroxy-flavan-3-ol, and 3’,7-dimethoxy-dimethyl-4’,3,5-trihydroxy flavone which were confirmed by spectroscopic studies. Strong antibacterial activity was shown by the test extract against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, whereas Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus showed average and nil activity, respectively. The antifungal activity of the test extract was found to be strong for both the fungal strains, namely, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger.

Conclusion: The results of the present study show that the isolated compounds were confirmed to be 3,4-dimethyl benzoic acid, 3’-methoxy-4’- hydroxy-flavan-3-ol, and 3’,7-dimethoxy-dimethyl-4’,3,5-trihydroxy flavone and the test extracts showed potent antimicrobial activity for all the bacterial and fungal strains except E. coli and B. cereus which showed average and nil activity, respectively.
ANTIOXIDATIVE AND FREE RADICAL SCAVENGING POTENTIALS OF CYCLOSORUS INTERRUPTUS (WILLD.) H. ITÔ AND PRONEPHRIUM NUDATUM (ROXB. EX GRIFF.) HOLTTUM
Authors: ABHIJIT MITRA  , MANABENDRA DUTTA CHOUDHURY  , PRAKASH ROY CHOUDHURY  , DEEPA NATH  , SUBRATA DAS  , ANUPAM DAS TALUKDAR
Published: January 2020

Objectives: The work aims to screen the antioxidative potentials of different crude extracts of the fronds of two medicinally important pteridophytes of Southern Assam, India, namely, Cyclosorus interruptus (Willd.) H. Itô and Pronephrium nudatum (Roxb. ex Griff.) Holttum.

Methods: Frond extracts of the pteridophytes were prepared by Soxhlet hot extraction method. Total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) of the hexane, ethyl acetate, acetone, and methanol extracts of the fronds of the plants were done by following standard protocol. In vitro assessment of the antioxidative behavior of the extracts was performed using standard 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging assay, reducing power assay, metal chelating assay, hydroxyl, superoxide, and 2,2’- azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline - 6 – sulfonic acid) radical scavenging methods in different in vitro systems.

Results: Preliminary phytochemical analysis implicated the presence of phenolic and flavonoid compounds in all the frond extracts. The methanol extract of the fronds of both the plants showed maximum phenolic and flavonoid contents in comparison to the other extracts, however, that of C. interruptus was found to be higher than P. nudatum. Antioxidative potentials of the said extracts were also found to be impressive and noteworthy. The decreasing order of the antioxidative efficacies of the extracts was found to be same as that of TPC and TFC of the extracts.

Conclusion: It is pertinent to comment that the methanol extract of the fronds of both the plants may be treated as a potential source of natural antioxidants.
DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A HIGH-PERFORMANCE THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY FOR THE DETERMINATION OF TERBUTALINE SULFATE, BROMHEXINE HYDROCHLORIDE, AND ETOPHYLLINE IN PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORM
Authors: MEHUL M PATEL  , JIGISHA CHAUHAN  , HARSHAL SHAH
Published: January 2020

Objective: The study aimed to development and validation of simple, precise, and reliable high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) for the determination of terbutaline sulfate (TBS), bromhexine hydrochloride (BRH), and etophylline (ETP) in pharmaceutical dosage form.
Methods: A simple, precise, rapid, and accurate HPTLC method was developed for the estimation of TBS, BRH, and ETP in pharmaceutical dosage form. Pre-coated silica gel G60 F254 aluminum sheet (10 cm2×10 cm2 and thickness 0.2 mm) was used as stationary phase while mobile phase consisting of benzene: methanol:glacial acetic acid 8:0.5:1.5 v/v/v detection at 275 nm. The present method had validated according to ICH guidelines.
Results: Migration distance found 80 mm at 275 nm. The retention factor found to be 0.24, 0.57, and 0.68, respectively. The detector response was linear in the concentration range of 60–210 ng/band, 2400–8400 ng/band, and 96–336 ng/band, respectively. The linear regression equation being Y=32.20x−562.9, Y=11.79x−1711, and Y=1.756x−5636, respectively. The limit of detection for TBS 0.677 μg, for BRH 8.123 μg, and for ETP 57.915 μg and limit of quantification to be 2.053, 24.617, and 175.5 μg, respectively, were found. The developed method validated by ICH guideline, i.e., accuracy, precision, robustness, specificity, and system suitability.
Conclusion: In this study, we had developed a simple, fast, and reliable HPTLC method for the determination of TBS, BRH, and ETP in pharmaceutical dosage form.
EFFECT OF JAPAN WATER THERAPY INFUSED WITH CINNAMON ON BODY WEIGHT, WAIST/HIP RATIO, AND BODY MASS INDEX OF OVERWEIGHT AND OBESE SUBJECTS
Authors: SHIVANI BHATIA  , SHUBHRA SARASWAT
Published: January 2020

Objective: The objective of this study was to discover the effect of Japan water therapy with cinnamon on body composition in overweight and obese subjects.

Methods: The study was conducted with 36 subjects divided into three groups, namely, Group A – water therapy with cinnamon (n=12), Group B – water therapy (n=12), and Group C – warm water (n=12), where Groups A and B were test groups and Group C was a control group. This study was carried out for 8 weeks. Body weight, waist/hip ratio (WHR), and body mass index (BMI) were measured every 15th day. Data were statistically analyzed by mean, standard deviation, and paired t-test using Getcalc.com

Results: Out of all the groups, Group A showed desirable reduction in weight, WHR, and BMI, but statistically it was non-significant on WHR. Similarly, Group B had non-significant result with content to WHR but showed a moderate reduction in all categories. However, Group C as a control group both had either constant or minimal reduction in WHR and BMI being statistically non-significant.

Conclusion: The findings of the study concluded that consumption of Japan water therapy with cinnamon helps in reduction of weight, WHR, and BMI within 8 weeks. Plain water therapy only had a moderate effect on reducing body composition in the same duration of time.
COLOR INTENSITY AND ANTIOXIDATIVE CAPACITY OF FOUR NATURAL MONOFLORAL HONEY FROM MALDA, INDIA
Authors: SURAJIT ROY  , SHYAMAPADA MANDAL
Published: January 2020

Objective: The objective of the study was to explore the color intensity and antioxidative capacity of mango honey available from local niches, in and around Malda, West Bengal, India.

Methods: Four mango honey samples: LMH1, LMH2, LMH3, and LMH4, were collected from bee hives, in and around Malda, India, and were subjected to determine the color intensity and antioxidative capacity in 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl system.

Results: The honey samples tested had light to dark color variation with color intensity values of 583.59–1842.84 mAU. The total phenolic content (TPC) of the honey samples ranged from 434.52 to 1450.74 μg gallic acid equivalents/ml, while the total flavonoids content (TFC) ranged 39.4–72.67 mg quercetin equivalents/100 g of honey. The honey samples displayed antioxidative activity (AOA) with 9.91–76% inhibition capacity, and the IC50 values of 8.37–19.38 mg/ml. The color intensity of test honeys displayed positive correlation with the TPC (r=0.907) and TFC (r=0.863), while negative correlation between honey color intensity and IC50 values (r=−0.955) was recorded.

Conclusion: The locally available mango honeys were rich in bioactive components displaying excellent AOA, and thus, the native honey might be utilized as the potential source of natural antioxidant in our part of the globe.
THE BENEFIT EFFECT OF GINGER SUPPLEMENTATION AGAINST NICKEL-INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY IN ALBINO WISTAR RATS
Authors: SARA DERBAL  , ZINE KECHRID
Published: January 2020

Objective: This study was performed to study the potential capacity effect of ginger on the modulation effects of nickel-induced hepatotoxicity.

Methods: Thirty-two female albino Wistar rats were divided into four groups of eight each. One served as a control group, the second group (Gi) received ginger 20 g/kg diet, while the third group (Ni) was given nickel 800 mg/L in their drinking water as NiSO46H2O and the fourth group (Ni+Gi) was treated daily with both nickel and ginger. The experiment was lasted for 21 days.

Results: The exposure to nickel led to a significant decrease in body weight and food intake with an increase of liver weight. Nickel treatment also produced oxidative liver injury characterized by an increase of glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, total lipids, bilirubin, malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations and glutamate-pyruvate transaminase, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase activities. Meanwhile, serum total proteins and liver reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, catalase, GSH peroxidase, and GSH superoxide dismutase activities were decreased. These results are substantiated with marked changes in the histopathology, whereas the supplementation of ginger resulted in a restoration of the previous parameters.

Conclusion: It seems that ginger supplementation is a potent factor for reducing the oxidative severity of nickel hepatotoxicity through its antioxidant action.
IN SILICO ANALYSIS OF ACTIVE CONSTITUENTS OF SILYMARIN AS ΑLPHA-GLUCOSIDASE ENZYME INHIBITORS IN TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS
Authors: AHMAD ZONOUBI  , PRASHANTHA CN  , D VISAGA PERUMAL  , ZAHRA MAFIBANIASADI
Published: January 2020

Objective: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is an acute metabolic disorder, in which the vogue is increasing persistently globally. The maltase-glucoamylase/alpha-glucosidase inhibitor is an oral antidiabetic drug collectively, which is utilizing for regulating carbohydrates that ordinarily transformed into simple sugars and absorbed by the intestine. Researchers need to constantly explore alternative therapeutic strategies for the clinical management of DM due to the increased adverse event caused by conservative antidiabetic agents. The present study proposes a substitute drug to examine the seven bioactive phytocomponents of Silybum marianum (milk thistle) that can regulate the hyperglycemia by downregulating alpha-glucosidase and its activity.

Methods: Different integrated web-based in silico tools and techniques were used to model the enzyme (receptor) as well as to determine the druggability of different active constituents of silymarin and their pharmacokinetics were predicted. Further, the active site of the enzyme was predicted followed by molecular docking method.

Results: The results show silychristin A and silydianin having less carcinogenicity and strong interaction to the target protein (alpha-glucosidase) compare to the reference drugs (acarbose and miglitol) and these two molecules can be used for the best drug molecules in T2DM.

Conclusion: In the proposed study, the in silico analysis helps researchers to utilize these compounds for clinical applications. The conclusion also suggests that synthetically and semi-synthetically, nucleus and peripheral modifications, either in the form of skeletal rearrangements or partial degradations as well as functional group addition and replacement of the active molecules present in silymarin giving access to new structural motifs, which can be used in future as a lead compounds for antagonising the alpha-glucosidase in the treatment of diabetes mellitus.
METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION FOR SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF CLOTRIMAZOLE, MICONAZOLE NITRATE, AND TINIDAZOLE BY REVERSED-PHASE HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY METHOD IN TABLETS
Authors: DEEPIKA SHARMA  , KOMAL GUPTA  , POOJA CHAWLA
Published: January 2020

Objective: The aim of the study is to develop and validate a high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of clotrimazole, miconazole nitrate, and tinidazole tablet dosage forms.

Materials and Methods: A Waters C18 column (50 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm) with mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile, methanol, and water 55:25:20 (v/v) (pH 2.5 adjusting with 0.5% orthophosphoric acid) was used. The flow rate was 1.0 ml/min, and effluents were monitored at 210 nm.

Results: The retention time of miconazole nitrate, tinidazole, and clotrimazole tablets was found to be 2.9 min, 3.5 min, and 4.7 min, respectively. The method was validated according to the ICH guidelines for specificity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, precision, accuracy, linearity, ruggedness, and robustness.

Conclusion: The method shows good reproducibility and recovery with % relative standard deviation <2. Hence, the proposed method was found to be simple, specific, precise, accurate, and linear. Hence, it can be applied for routine analysis of clotrimazole, miconazole nitrate, and tinidazole in pharmaceutical combined dosage forms.
METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION FOR THE ESTIMATION OF AMPRENAVIR IN HUMAN PLASMA BY LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY–ELECTROSPRAY IONIZATION–TANDEM MASS SPECTROMETRY
Authors: SUSMITHA K  , MENAKA M
Published: January 2020

Objective: The main aim of the present study was to develop a sensitive liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometric technique for the quantitation of amprenavir in human plasma.

Methods: Chromatographic separation was achieved on a reversed-phase Symmetry C18 (50 mm×4.6 mm, 3.5 μm) column with isocratic elution by acetonitrile and 0.1% v/v formic acid in the ratio of 90:10 v/v as mobile phase. Chromatographic peaks were resolved with 0.7 ml/min flow rate. Drug was extracted with ethyl acetate solvent by liquid–liquid extraction method. Monitoring of transition of m/z 506.2 and 71.0 for amprenavir and 628 and 421 for methyl-indinavir was made on multiple reaction monitoring.

Results: Calibration curve of amprenavir was linear over 1–600 ng/ml concentration range with regression coefficient (r2) value of >0.99. The % relative standard deviation values were <8.5% for interday and intraday precision and accuracy. The method has excellent recovery, and the percentage recovery values of lower quality control (QC), median QC, and higher QC samples were 101.86%, 102.8%, and 99.28%, respectively.

Conclusion: The drug was stable for more time at variable stability conditions, and method was successfully applicable to regular analysis of amprenavir in biological matrices.
FORMULATION OPTIMIZATION AND EVALUATION OF MOUTH DISSOLVING FILM OF APREPITANT
Authors: ADITI D BAVISKAR  , BARI MM  , BARHATE SD
Published: January 2020

Objectives: The aim of the present research is to prepare mouth dissolving film of aprepitant used in the prevention and treatment of post-operative nausea and vomiting.

Methods: The MDF was prepared using Kollicoat IR, PEG 400, and spraying technique. Formulation was optimized by central composite design. Compatibility study was carried out using Fourier-transform infrared and differential scanning calorimetry. The films were evaluated for thickness, folding endurance, weight variation, disintegration time, dissolution studies, drug content, and in vitro diffusion test.

Results: From the results, it was found that there was no drug excipient interaction. The prepared optimized batch AP2 showed disintegration time 18 sec, highest dissolution rate 101.53%, drug diffused 39.58 mg/cm2 within 10 min and also passes all the physicochemical parameters. It was concluded that plasticizer PEG 400 plays a very much important role in the preparation of aprepitant MDF.

Conclusion: MDF of aprepitant was found to be a better option in the prevention and treatment of post-operative nausea and vomiting by the way of fast onset of action for patient convenience and compliance. In the near future, the MDF market will expand very fastly to treat various diseases.
IDENTIFICATION OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS IN FLOWER OF TABERNAEMONTANA DIVARICATA (L.) USING GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY–MASS SPECTROMETRY ANALYSIS
Authors: KALAIMAGAL C
Published: January 2020

Objective: Herbs are a key resource with therapeutic properties. Nowadays, there is a focus on the identification of bioactive compounds with the ability to act against various disorders.

Methods: In the present study, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis was conducted to determine the occurrence of different phytochemical compounds in ethanolic flower extract of Tabernaemontana divaricata (L.).

Results: The ethanol extract of flower revealed the presence of several bioactive compounds such as n-hexadecanoic acid, squalene, Vitamin D3, Vitamin A aldehyde, desulfosinigrin, and Urs-12-en-24-oic acid, 3-oxo-, methyl ester, (+)-.

Conclusion: The perceived compounds from ethanolic extract of flower have diverse beneficial properties such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, cancer anticipatory effect, pesticide, and antiarthritic.
AN AN STUDY OF ANALGESIC ACTIVITY OF HAFFNER’S TAIL CLIP METHOD ON ALBINO WISTAR RATS OF SOME POLYHERBAL FORMULATION
Authors: LOKENDRA SINGH
Published: January 2020

Objective: Herbal drugs are more beneficial better than aspirin because this is an herb so no side effect this drug and it is easy to collect or use to as herbal drugs. Words are inadequate to describe the motivation for my work given to my beloved guide. I would like to add special thanks to my guide Gauravbilwal, for their guidance, support, and encouragement.

Purpose (Hypothesis): The main purpose of this article pays to attention for herbal drugs because they are naturally old effective drugs. As well as, Ayurveda treatment is very older effective technique.

Design/Method: Haffner gave to this technique of determining analgesic are around in 1929.

Procedure: This technique according to tail if clipped with any object and tightly or will be compression generation of pain in the tail as well as mice starting to bite that portion of its tail, and could evaluate and recorded the response how much it bites tail quickly or in potential.

Using this simple yet important marvel, we may apply the drug to be evaluated and record the response whether it bites tail quickly or in potential.

If given drugs have analgesic likely, then rat will not bite its tail so frequently.

Mice that do not show any response within 15 s will reject from the experiment.

Results: The found in analgesic activity of additional compounds test to significant on tail flick test than acetic acid-induced test and thus it appears that the test compounds inhibit predominantly the peripheral pain mechanism. The results of the study indicate that the extracts of polyherbal plants of analgesic activity by reducing the abdominal constriction significantly and may supposed to have a possible role in inhibition of cyclooxygenase in the prostaglandin pathways (p****<0.0001, ***0.0001, *0.05).

Conclusion: The present study showed the significant analgesic effect of both aqueous and alcoholic at 400 mg/kg doses in albino rats, we reported for the 1st time analgesic effect of different plants (Curcuma longa, Colchicaceae, Colocynthis, Withania somnifera, and Achyranthes aspera) in Haffner’s tail clip models. Aspirin has each uncoated effervescent tablet content are acetylsalicylic acid I.P. 325 mg. Finally summarized in this article represent a most effective results of herbal drugs equalized allopathic drugs without any other side effect. Hence, this is very usefully combination of Ayurveda drugs.
PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF ULVA LACTUCA POLYPHENOLS FRACTION: CARDIOPROTECTIVE AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES AGAINST ISOPROTERENOL-INDUCED MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION IN RATS
Authors: RAVINDRAN NT  , MOHAMED SADIQ A
Published: January 2020

Objective: The objective of this study is to assess the activity of Ulva lactuca polyphenols fraction in protecting the myocardial infarction induced by a high dose of isoproterenol.
Methods: This study was carried out using Wistar albino rats divided into six groups. Group 1 was the normal group. Groups 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 received isoproterenol (85 mg/kg) i.p. twice at an interval of 24 h on the 14th and 15th day. In addition to isoproterenol, Group 3 received verapamil (5 μmol/kg) as a single dose intravenously on the 14th day 10 min before isoproterenol and Groups 4, 5, and 6 received U. lactuca polyphenols fraction at the doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, respectively, for 14 days. On the 16th day, serum and heart samples were harvested from the animals and the cardioprotective and antioxidant activities were assessed by studying the levels of cardiac functional heart marker enzymes, lipid profile, reduced glutathione, and antioxidant enzymes.
Results: U. lactuca polyphenols fraction, at the tested doses, restored the levels of all serum markers and enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, creatine phosphokinase, lactate dehydrogenase, cholesterol, triglycerides, and reduced glutathione) and heart homogenate antioxidant markers (reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase) significantly, in dose-dependent manner.
Conclusion: This study suggests that U. lactuca polyphenols fraction has a cardioprotective effect against isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction and possess antioxidant activities.
MOLECULAR DOCKING OF ANTITRYPANOSOMAL INHIBITORS FROM EUCALYPTUS TERETICORNIS FOR SLEEPING SICKNESS
Authors: AARTHI RASHMI B  , HARISHCHANDER A  , PRIYANKA K  , VASANTH NIRMAL BOSCO
Published: January 2020

Objectives: This study aims to investigate the antitrypanosomal inhibitors of Eucalyptus tereticornis for sleeping sickness through molecular docking and studies on Absorption distribution metabolism excursion and toxicology (ADMET).

Methods: In silico molecular docking in ArgusLab software and ADMET analysis in AdmetSAR software was performed for the antitrypanosomal inhibitors of E. tereticornis for sleeping sickness.

Results: Interactions were studied for the ten proteins responsible for sleeping sickness with the 50 antitrypanosomal inhibitors of E. tereticornis. Docking was performed to see the interaction and the best binding energy of compounds with the proteins involved in sleeping sickness. The docking scores were highest for betulonic acid with −15.66 kcal/mol followed by euglobal with −12.24 kcal/mol, B-pinene with −10.313 kcal/mol, A-pinene with −10.3418 kcal/mol, and the least docking score for P-cymene with −10.6045 kcal/mol. Docking results showed that only betulonic acid and euglobal showed that hydrogen bond interaction was as b-pinene, a-pinene, and p-cymene yielded no hydrogen bond interactions so we will be taking the former docking results for further studies. The best docking result was shown by betulonic acid with trypanothione reductase giving binding energy of −15.66 kcal/mol with hydrogen bond interaction of 2.9, so this result was taken for further analysis.

Conclusion: The results of the compound extracted from E. tereticornis will become physiological relevant only when (i) the pure compounds of this plant is available in large quantities; (ii) the Eucalyptus is biochemically stabilized to avoid degradation and enhance absorption in the gastrointestinal tract; and (iii) special delivery methods for this drug to reach the areas of treatment. In this work, the efficacy of E. tereticornis to act against trypanosomal protein was initiated and thus further research in this process would help us to take full advantage of the remedial effects of the compounds extracted from this plant.
Strengthening pharma's contract with society: the value of trusted partnerships between pharma and healthcare facilitated by real-world data
Authors: Seewald Michael J , Plumb Jonathan M , Gutierrez Ben , Liwing Johan , Tepie Maurille Feudjo , Hammer Mette , LoCasale Robert , Khosla Sajan , Yin Donald , Pashos Chris L , Nagy Mark
Published: January 2020

This White Paper is authored by 11 industry real-world evidence (RWE) experts, with support from IQVIA, as part of the ‘RWE Leadership Forum’: a group of industry leaders who come together as noncompetitive partners to understand and respond to internal or external RWD/E challenges and opportunities with a single expert voice. Herein we aim to clarify the rules of engagement between pharma and healthcare in order to establish trust-based partnerships, which will unlock unique value for society, including the medical community and the ultimate beneficiary, the patient.
Editorial
Authors: Estrada Adán Guillermo
Published: January 2020

Nuestra generación es heredera de una sociedad que ha trabajado furiosamente para destruirse: formamos parte de una civilización en ruinas. No somos culpables del mundo en el que vivimos, pero tampoco importa, la excusa, cualquiera que ésta ser, no es otra cosa más que la coartada de la mediocridad. No somos culpables, pero sí responsables de este mundo que no hemos creado: no hay sorpresa si se está preparado para ello. La cuestión no es vivir con nuestro tiempo, sino a favor o en contra de él. Podemos apostar por mantener, apuntalada, la ruina de nuestra civilización y continuar el curso de nuestra decadencia; o bien, podemos arriesgar por mandar todo a la ruina. EN todo hay que comenzar por los principios.
La ejecución de sentencias internacionales: un estudio comparado
Authors: Guerrero  Navarro Salvador
Published: January 2020

Las decisiones judiciales de los Tribunales Internacionales son cumplidas porque son obligaciones plenamente vinculantes para los Estados. Cuando lo anterior falla, es necesario recurrir a otros medios para verificar que los Estados cumplan loscompromisos contraídos; uno de estos mecanismos es el de ejecución de sentencias. El presente artículo hace un recorrido entre las diferencias y similitudes de la ejecución de sentencias entre distintas instancias internacionales. Del estudio comparado de estas instancias, es posible concluir que los mecanismos jurídicos de ejecución de sentencias se apoyan en órganos políticos para la implementación de las sentencias, pues de lo contrario una sentencia judicial vinculante, pasaría a ser una mera recomendación.
Los efectos transformadores de la crisis de la Eurozona en los Parlamentos Nacionales
Authors: Fasone Cristina
Published: January 2020

Se considera generalmente que la crisis de la eurozona y la consiguiente reacción de las instituciones europeas y nacionales haya gravemente disminuido los poderes de los parlamentos nacionales. Este acontecimiento se ha producido en un contexto en el que el equilibrio interinstitucional dentro de los Estados miembros de la UE, en particular la relación entre el poder legislativo y el poder ejecutivo, ha quedado afectado por el proceso de integración europea a favor de los ejecutivos desde hace mucho tiempo. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar si la crisis de la zona euro ha llevado verdaderamente a una marginalización de los parlamentos nacionales; o si, más bien, de acuerdo con las medidas adoptadas a nivel europeo y a nivel nacional y a la jurisprudencia constitucional, la crisis puede ser concebida como una oportunidad para los parlamentos para que redefinan su papel dentro de sus sistemas constitucionales. El artículo se basa en un análisis comparado de los parlamentos nacionales de cinco Estados miembros de la zona euro –Francia, Alemania, Italia, Portugal y España– seleccionados en base a los criterios que son sus formas de gobierno, la protección constitucional y judicial de las prerrogativas parlamentarias y las restricciones económicas y fiscales que padecen.
El derecho comercial y la búsqueda de una teoría jurídica global
Authors: Casados Borde Alfonso Jesús
Published: January 2020

La globalización es un fenómeno que afecta al análisis teórico y práctico del escenario jurídico social, ya que obliga a la reflexión sobre las formas en que dentro de un marco realista socioeconómico se concibe y se aplica el derecho. Pero, para alcanzar esta meta, es necesario obtener una fundamentación que explique la transnacionalización económica del comercio global y su influencia en la creación de normas de manera consuetudinaria, autónoma y periférica, que son adoptadas por el reconocimiento práctico y funcional de los órganos transnacionales, impactando así a la soberanía de las normas formales y centralizadas del Estado nación.
Cuando los derechos humanos chocan entre sí. Las recomendaciones de la Organización Mundial de la Salud frente a la crisis del ébola en África de 2013-2015
Authors: Villareal Lizárraga Pedro Alejandro
Published: January 2020

El presente artículo pretende utilizar la perspectiva de gobernanza global para examinar la aplicación de algunos de los instrumentos jurídicos durante la crisis por el brote de ébola en África occidental, en el período de 2013-2015, que derivaron en la restricción a derechos humanos de corte individual a partir del uso de medidas de salud pública como la cuarentena y el aislamiento. El propósito es subrayar la importancia de instrumentos o documentos no-vinculantes en virtud de sus efectos jurídicos, para lo cual se recupera una parte de la creciente área de investigación en torno al concepto de gobernanza global y su relevancia para el Derecho.
La Constitución Federal, las leyes secundarias y el Derecho Internacional; reglas que rigen los contratos mercantiles internacionales
Authors: Vásquez Del Mercado Cordero Óscar
Published: January 2020

El presente trabajo de investigación se centra en el tema relacionado con el desafío y los compromisos que impone el fenómeno de la globalización económica en el desarrollo de la contratación mercantil internacional, toda vez que dicho fenómeno involucra aspectos financieros, tecnológicos, jurídicos, políticos y sociales, que desencadenan el desarrollo del comercio y contratación mercantil, es por ello que este ensayo se refiere particularmente a lo relativo a las reglas que rigen los contratos mercantiles internacionales, considerado en principio lo que respecto al comercio estableen, la Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos y las leyes secundarias, para abordar de lleno la problemática de la falta de uniformidad de dichas reglas en el derecho internacional y la repercusión de estas.
Sobre derechos humanos, derecho natural y derechos de la tercera generación
Authors: Massini - Correas Carlos I.
Published: January 2020

En este artículo se exponen reflexiones filosóficas sobre el concepto de derechos humanos y la relación del mismo con la de la idea de derecho natural (en su concepción occidental), señalando la importancia de dichas cuestiones en el alcance del discurso de los derechos humanos. Además, se hacen consideraciones sobre los derechos de tercera generación, que de manera subsidiaria puede aclarar algunos tópicos de las primeros dos ejes temáticos del presente artículo.
Luces y sombras de la dificultad contramayoritaria
Authors: Brito Melgarejo Rodrigo
Published: January 2020

En este artículo se hace una revisión de algunas objeciones que se han planteado respecto a la actuación contramayoritaria de los órganos jurisdiccionales de control y se señalan las respuestas que se han dado a cada una de ellas. Esto con el fin de demostrar que, más que dificultades, la forma en que los jueces constitucionales llevan a cabo sus funciones en los sistemas democráticos, ofrece oportunidades para ponderar valorativamente la práctica jurídico-institucional vigente en un Estado, para generar equilibrios entre los órganos de gobierno y la sociedad, así como para lograr mejores escenarios deliberativos.
¿Una nueva constitución política mexicana?
Authors: Verdín Pérez Jaime Arturo
Published: January 2020

Con base en el nuevo parámetro interpretativo resultante de las transformaciones políticas en nuesto país, que sirven como referencia al hablar de una posición privilegiada de la Constitución Política como ordenamiento jurídico con un alto contenido progresivo de derechos y libertades fundamentales a partir de la enmienda constitucional de 2011, en materia de derechos humanos y sobre la que existe un influjo considerable de normas provenientes de un sistema internacional que permiten una amplia protección para los derechos y libertades de las personas, nos obliga a cuestionarnos si es necesario que exista ¿una nueva Constitución Política?

Además de ello, resulta indispensable cuestionar la vigencia, oportunidad, eficacia y fuerza normativa de la Constitución vigente a partir de 1917, considerando que la Constitución tiene normas de organización, de garantías y de procedimiento que obliga a hacer primar su obediencia, permitiendo con ello, el respeto de los derechos fundamentales y su capacidad de adaptación al cambio social.
La eficacia del control difuso en la Constitución Mexicana para salvaguardar los derechos humanos
Authors: Fajardo Montoya José Guillermo
Published: January 2020

El presente trabajo tiene como propósito determinar si a partir de que en México se reconoció la facultad que tienen los órganos jurisdiccionales de analizar si mediante el control difuso una norma se encuentra en contravención a la Constitución o tratados internacionales, dicho instrumento se puede considerar como un medio eficaz de control constitucional para salvaguardar los derechos humanos.