bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cervical vertebrae staging in pre-orthodontic patients in Benin City, Nigeria
Authors: Ize-Iyamu I.N.
Published: August 2023

Objective: To determine the prevalence of the various stages of skeletal maturation of the cervical vertebrae in pre-orthodontic patients in Benin City, Nigeria.Method: The first six cervical vertebrae of 105 untreated orthodontic patients attending the clinic of the University of Benin Teaching Hospital were assessed on the cephalometric radiograph to determine the stages of maturation. Correlations between age, gender, type of malocclusion and skeletal maturation stages were determined using the software SPSS (version 16). Significant values of P<0.05 were applied were applicable.Result: The average age of participants was 14±1.5 years with an almost equal gender distribution. Cervical vertebrae maturation (CVM) stage 3 was the most frequently occurring with 26.7% of the sample population. This was also seen mostly in the 11-yearold age group. The least frequently reported was CVM stage 1 with 5.7%. According to dento-skeletal patterns, CVM stage 3 was most prevalent in bimaxillary proclination with (29.3%). Others include mandibular retrusion, maxillary protrusion and skeletal 2 with 26.3%, 25% and 17.2%  espectively. Males showed a higher distribution in the CVM stage 3 than females. There was also a significant association between age and Cervical maturation, P<0.05.Conclusion: Cervical Maturation stages 1-6 were identified in pre-orthodontic patients aged 7-21-years. Stage 3 was the most frequently occurring.CVM stage and is seen more in 11-year-old-males. Females demonstrated a higher number in CVM stages 4 and 5. The correlation coefficient between age and CVM was 0.86 (P<0.05) for stage 3.
Estimation and comparison of tensile bond strengths at resin-dentin interface of total-etch and self-etch bonding systems
Authors: Garewal R. , Garewal J.
Published: August 2023

Objective: To estimate and compare the Tensile Bond Strengths and to observe the resindentin interface of total-etch and self-etch bonding systems to dentin of primary and permanent molar teeth.

Method: Thirty non-carious exfoliated primary human molars and thirty extracted permanent molars were randomly assigned to four groups according to adhesives used. The specimens were subjected to tensile bond strength (TBS) testing at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. Mean TBS was statistically analyzed with student ‘t’ test. Interfacial morphologies were analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).

Result: Etch-and-rinse adhesive Adper Single Bond 2 Total Etch® yielded high bond strength when applied to both primary and permanent dentine. For the one-step Adper Easy One® self-etching adhesive, the bond strength was relatively low regardless of the dentine type. SEM interfacial analysis revealed funnel shaped resin tags and a rough hybrid layer in specimens subjected to total etch system and cylindrical shaped and a smooth hybrid layer in specimens subjected to self etch system in both primary and permanent teeth.                

Conclusion: The total-etch systems provide better adhesion to primary and permanent tooth dentine. The self etch systems though convenient to use, do not match the bond strengths of conventional total etch systems. Also, it can be concluded that both adhesives show weaker bond strengths to primary tooth dentin.
Availability of non- and low-fluoride paediatric toothpastes in Nigeria: a need for indigenous affordable formulations
Authors: Umesi D.C.
Published: August 2023

Objective: Some studies in Nigeria have shown a high prevalence of fluorosis. This study looks at toothpastes manufactured locally to determine the availability and affordability of low- fluoride paediatric toothpastes in Nigeria.Method: Toothpastes manufactured locally in Nigeria which bear the Nigerian Agency for Food and Drug Administration (NAFDAC) approval number were purchased from open markets, reputable supermarkets and pharmacies. The cost price and fluoride content were recorded for each of the toothpastes.Result: Twenty-one toothpastes manufactured locally in Nigeria were identified. Thirteen toothpastes had sodium fluoride as the active fluoride compound while five had sodium monofluorophosphate. Seventeen toothpastes had optimum fluoride content (1100 – 1450 ppm fluoride or 0.306 – 0.32% w/w sodium fluoride or 0.76 – 0.85% w/w  Sodium monofluorophosphate), one had low-fluoride content (500ppm or 0.1106% w/w sodium fluoride) while three were non-fluoride toothpastes. The low-fluoride toothpaste was designated as paediatric while the non-fluoride toothpastes were herbal formulations. A cost analysis of the toothpastes showed that the lone paediatric low-fluoride toothpaste was sold at more than three times the cost of the optimum-fluoride toothpastes.Conclusion: The majority of toothpastes manufactured locally in Nigeria have optimum fluoride content, the non-fluoride toothpastes are herbal formulations while only one toothpaste is a low-fluoride paediatric toothpaste. The present cost of the paediatric toothpaste makes it unaffordable and unavailable to the average child in Nigeria. Companies which manufacture toothpastes locally are encouraged to produce more brands of paediatric low-fluoride toothpastes for the Nigerian market at affordable prices.
Analysis of 155 cases of head and neck cancers seen over a 3-year period at University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital
Authors: Omitola O.G. , Osagbemiro B.B. , Obiorah C.C.
Published: August 2023

Objective: Head and neck cancers are group of malignancies that affect the head and neck region. They remain a serious public health concern worldwide with more than half a million cases diagnosed annually. The prevalence and presentation vary from one region to the other. The purpose of this study is to determine the pattern of presentation of this lesion in the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital (UPTH).Method: Records of all histologically diagnosed head and neck cancers during the study period were retrieved from the Cancer Registry of UPTH. Information collected were age, sex, histopathological diagnosis and site of primary lesion. The data were analyzed with SPSS version 20 and summary statistics of frequency and central tendency werepresented.Result: There were 155 patients comprising 95 (61.3%) males and 60 (38.7%) females, giving a male to female ratio of 1.6:1. The age range of the patients was 1-85 years with a mean age of 37.8±20.6. The highest incidence of HNC was found in the 40-49 (18.7%) age group while least number of patients was found in the 80-89 (2.6%) age group. Carcinomas (44.5%) was the most common malignant lesion with squamous cell carcinoma been the most common. The next most common lesions were the Lymphomas (25.8%). The neck (29.7%) was the most  commonly affected site followed by the oral cavity (22.5%) while the parotid region and the larynx with 1.9% respectively were the least affected sites.Conclusion: Squamous cell carcinomas were the most frequent HNC seen in our centre and the patients within the 5th decade were most frequently affected with male predominance. Common sites affected were the neck, oral cavity, eye, and the nasopharynx.
A study of histopathological variants of orofacial llpoma in a Nigerian population
Authors: Omoregie O.F. , Akpata O. , Ojo M.A.
Published: August 2023

Objective: The rarity of llpoma In the orofacial region has made It difficult to ascertain the dinlcopathological pattern of orofadal lipoma in our environment. This study alms to determine the age, gender, sites and histopathological variants of orofadal llpoma In a Nigerian population.

Method: A 21-year retrospective review was performed on patients' dlnlcal notes, histopathology slides and reports of all histopathologically diagnosed orofacial lesions in the Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria.

Result: Of the 1116 diagnosed lesions within the study period, there were 15 (1.3%) cases of lipoma. There was a female to male ratio of 2: 1, with a mean age of 31±1.2 years and the peak age group was the 4111 decade of life (n=6, 40.0%). The buccal mucosa (n=B, 53.3%) and the forehead (n =4, 26. 7%) were the commonest orofacial sites of the lesion. The  conventional llpoma (n=B, 53.3%) was the predominant lesion, followed by angiolipoma (n=3, 20.0%), flbrollpoma (n= 2, 13.3%), spindle cell llpoma (n= 1, 6. 7%) and Intramuscular llpoma (n= 1, 6. 7%).

Conclusion: This study revealed a low prevalence of orofacial lipoma comparable to previous report. The lesion occurred predominantly In adult females and the buccal mucosa was the commonest orofacial site. Apart from the conventional lipoma. angiolipoma was the second most frequent hlstopathological variant of the lesion. Early surgical Intervention andhistopathological evaluation of clinically suspicious cases of orofacial lipoma is recommended, to avoid facial disfigurement and to rule out a malignant lesion mimicking the benign type.
Influence of Socio-demographic Factors on Perception of Midline Diastema
Authors: Akinboboye B.O. , Ehizele A.O. , Esan T.
Published: August 2023

Objective: Socio-demographic factors have been said to affect the perception of midline diastema. Aesthetic importance of maxillary midline diastema varies in individuals and there is no common consensus on the registration of diameter of maxillary midline diastema. The aim of the study was therefore to determine the acceptable width of diastema among a group of Nigerian subjects and the effect of their socio-demographic factors on the perception of midline diastema.

Method: Subjects aged 19-45 yrs were recruited from the 6 geopolitical zone of Nigeria. A structured questionnaire was administered to  participants. The questionnaire sought for information such as age, gender, profession, presence of midline diastema and created diastema. The questionnaire included a coloured smile photograph with digitally altered varying sizes of diastema (2mm - 6mm). Subject rated the different coloured photographs using the rating scale (very attractive =1, attractive =2, accepted =3, unattractive =4, and very unattractive =5). Data were analyzed with the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16.0 (SPPS Inc, Chicago IL).

Result: A total of 374 participants aged 19 – 45 years was involved in this study. Majority (52.1%) were females and mean age was 37.07+/-0.63  years. Only 30.2% had midline diastema out of which 12% was artificially created. Majority (86.7%) of the created diastema was done by the dentist.  Age (p=0.024) and level of education (p=0.017) had a significant relationship with perception of midline diastema. Older subjects and those with lower educational level considered midline diastema a sign of beauty. Majority of the participants perceived the 2-4mm midline diastema attractive and 5-7mm midline diastema unattractive.

Conclusion: It can be concluded from this study that a relationship exists between age and perception of midline diastema. The acceptable width of  the midline diastema in this study is 2mm-4mm.
Smoker's melanosis or early melanoma- misdiagnosis trap?
Authors: Nwhator S.O.
Published: August 2023

Objective: First used by Hedin in 1977, “smokers' melanosis” is currently recognized as a clinical diagnosis without recourse to biopsy. Current research findings however suggest the disturbing possibility of mistaking a “silent” oral malignant melanoma for a benign smokers' melanosis. The objective of the current review is to stimulate an evidence-based rethink.Method: This manuscript is based on a Pubmed search phrase “smokers' melanosis".Result: A total of 24 studies resulted of which 16 were analyzed and 8 non-oral melanomas were excluded. Reports ranged from claims of a  “protective” role of melanosis to cases of melanoma from pre-existing melanosis. Alcohol synergistic potentiation of intra-oral melanosis and a categorization of smokers' melanoma as a differential for intra-oral smokers' melanosis were also found.Conclusion: Since many cases of confirmed intra-oral malignant melanomas were preceded with a history of pre-existing “innocent” oral pigmented lesions, adopting a principle of universal biopsy is strongly suggested. This would change this age-long paradigm but would definitely save a few lives.
Dentigerous cyst associated with a supernumerary tooth in the maxillary incisal region – a case report
Authors: Erinoso O.A. , Fadeyibi S.O. , Gbotolorun M.O. , Adeyemi M.O.
Published: August 2023

Dentigerous cysts are defined as developmental odontogenic cysts, which surround the crown of an impacted tooth. It is caused by fluid  accumulation between the reduced enamel epithelium and the enamel surface, resulting in a cyst with the tooth crown located within the lumen. This paper reviews the pathogenesis, clinical features and the behaviour of dentigerous cyst. It also presents a case of a slow growing, painless swelling in the maxillary incisal region of 3 years duration. Detailed clinical, radiological and histopathological investigations aided the definitive diagnosis of dentigerous cyst. The cystic mass was enucleated with the impacted tooth in situ under local anesthesia. The operative site healed uneventfully and a removable partial  denture was fabricated to improve aesthetics, speech and masticatory function.
Restorative Management of Dentinogenesis Imperfecta in an adult - A case report
Authors: Awotile A.O. , Enone L.L. , Oyapero A.
Published: August 2023

Dentinogenesis Imperfecta is a localized mesodermal dysplasia affecting both the primary and permanent dentition. First described in the late 19th century, it is characterized by discolored and translucent teeth ranging from grey to brownish-blue or amber. Dentinogenesis Imperfecta, type II (DGI-2) is rare and it is a severe form of the condition. Radiographically, the crowns of the teeth are bulbous with marked cervical constrictions, and the pulp chambers become obliterated over a period of time. Sensori-neural hearing loss has also been reported in some patients. This case report presents the restorative management of DGI-2 in a 44year old clergy woman whose primary complaints were poor aesthetics and lack of social acceptance. The case was managed with consideration of the patient's limited financial resources at the Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja (LASUTH). The objective of the management of this condition was to open the bite of the patient using maxillary posterior bite plane followed by intermediate restoration of worn teeth using composite resin for the newly established occlusion. The patient used the restorations for a while before definitive restorations, using ceramo-metal crowns as well as over dentures, were carried out. The restorative treatments corrected the patient´s vertical dimension of occlusion with resultant acceptable aesthetics and function. The patient was satisfied with maxillary anterior ceramo-metal crowns and a posterior removable over denture as well as a complete mandibular over denture.
Unusual Foreign Body in the Maxillary Antrum: A case report
Authors: Omitola O.G. , Fakuade B.O.
Published: August 2023

A case of25 year old nomad presented with an arrow in his maxillary antrum following a rustling attack. Impaction of an arrow in the maxillary antrum is not a common occurrence. The arrow was removed through Caldwell-Luc approach under conscious sedation. The wound healed satisfactorily and the postoperative period was uneventful.
An Audit of the Histopathological Pattern of Ameloblastoma in Kano, Nigeria
Authors: Sule A.A. , Iyogun C.A. , Adeyemi T.E.
Published: August 2023

Objective: To describe the spectrum, frequency, age and sex distribution of ameloblastomas seen in Kano, as well as compare the findings with  previous studies done in Nigeria, Africa and other parts of the world.

Materials and Methods: This was a 5 year retrospective study from 2nd January, 2010 to 31st December, 2014 of all ameloblastomas diagnosed at the pathology department of Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria.

Results: Sixty four cases of ameloblastomas were diagnosed during the five year study period with a male to female ratio of 2:1. The ages ranged from 16 to 75 years (mean age of 33.4) and relative peak age of incidence occurred in the 40 - 49 years group. Solid/Multicystic type accounted for majority (57 cases, 89.1%) of ameloblastomas followed by unicystic variant (5 cases,7.8%), while the desmoplastic and peripheral variants  comprising the remaining 2 cases (3.1%). The mandible was the commonest site of involvement accounting for 57cases(89.1%), while maxilla and alveolar mucosa accounted for 6 cases (9.4%) and 1case (1.6%) respectively.

Conclusion: This study showed that ameloblastoma has significant male predilection and affecting predominantly patients in the third to fifth  decades. It revealed a higher incidence of solid/multicystic ameloblastomas over unicystic variants. The demographic and histological features are similar to reports from other parts of Nigeria and elsewhere.
Oral self-care practices and attendance pattern at a secondary care facility in Lagos State
Authors: Nwabudike V.I. , Ijarogbe O.A. , Oyapero A. , Enone L.L.
Published: August 2023

Introduction: Oral diseases such as dental caries, periodontitis, oropharyngeal cancers, and maxillofacial trauma are public health problems in both developed and developing countries. In spite of advances in dentistry over the last few decades, a large part of the population put off seeking dental care until they experience significant pain and discomfort. The aim of this study was to determine the self-care behaviours of patients before presenting in the dental clinic the pattern of dental care utilisation and its association with their socio-demographic characteristics.Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Ajeromi General Hospital, Lagos state, Nigeria. A total of 212 questionnaires was  administered on respondents who met the set inclusion criteria. Information obtained included socio-demographic data, current oral health problems, oral self-care practices in the previous year and the reasons for avoidance of dental treatment.Result: Most of the study participants (58.5%) had never visited the dentist before and the majority of them (72.2%) were involved in self-care  practices. The major reasons given by the subjects for not attending dental clinics regularly were the fear of dentists or dental treatment (34.9%), high cost of treatment (34.9%), difficulty in accessing a dental clinic (17.0%) and tolerable pain (7.5%). The age, marital status, educational level, alcohol intake and tobacco use were factors that were significantly associated with delayed visit to dentist in this study. Respondents that were <30 years old, single, with primary or secondary level education and those that smoke and consume alcohol were less likely to visit the dentist.Conclusion: There is an urgent need to empower dental patients to overcome the barriers that are responsible for their avoidance of dental clinics and their recourse to self-care practices.
The Coronal Flap in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery – A Case Report
Authors: Oyeneyin A.O. , Bankole O. , Asha M. , Amoo A.T. , Anorue E.I. , Olojede C.O. , Arotiba G.T.
Published: August 2023

The coronal scalp flap is a versatile and aesthetically pleasing approach for access to the cranial vault, cranial base, forehead, nose, upper and  middle third of the face, and orbits. In spite of its extensive nature, it is associated with few complications when properly planned. Despite, its versatility of the coronal flap, its use by oral and maxillofacial surgeons is limited especially in Nigeria. A case of surgical remodeling of fibrous dysplasia of the right supra orbital bone region using coronal approach is reported. This article highlighted surgical technique of coronal flap and indications for the use of coronal flap in maxillofacial surgery. Similarly, possible complications of the procedure, prevention and management of such complications were also emphasised. Additionally, it is meant to serve as a guide to young practising surgeons in Nigeria. It is our hope that this will embolden young surgeons in Nigeria to employ its use when indicated.
Basal Cell Carcinoma of the Upper Lip in a Nigerian: A Case Report
Authors: Olawuyi A.B. , Onanuga B.A. , Olorunsola K.D. , Effiom O.A. , Arotiba G.T. , Odukoya O.
Published: August 2023

A case of a 75 year old community health worker and part time farmer that presented at the Burns and Plastic Unit of the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos Nigeria was reported. The lesion commenced as a nodular mass on the upper lip which later progressed into an ulcer. The patient was managed by surgical excision and reconstruction.
Oral Health-Related Awareness, Practices (Attitude) and Determination of the Level of Awareness of Periodontal Disease Risk among Diabetic Patients
Authors: Onigbinde O.O. , Dosumu E.B. , Oyapero A.A.
Published: August 2023

Background: A comprehensive knowledge about the mutual influence between diabetes and periodontitis is decisive for the successful treatment of both diseases. The present study aimed at assessing the level of awareness of the relationship between diabetes and periodontitis among the diabetic patients.Material and Methods: This survey was conducted among one hundred and fifty two diabetic patients who were recruited using a systematic  random sampling technique. Participants completed a self-administered, structured questionnaire each after obtaining institutional ethical approval. Descriptive statistics and frequency distributions were used for demographic variables and chi squared test was used when comparing categorical data. Statistical significance was determined as p<0.05.Results: The knowledge of diabetes on their increased risk for oral diseases was low. Only 49.8% of the sample population knew about the mutual relationship between diabetes and periodontitis. Their attitude towards maintaining good oral health was also not up to the desired standard.  Among the participants, only 63.2%, 11.8% and 15.8% brushed their teeth once daily, used dental floss regularly and visited the dentist once yearly respectively.Conclusion: There is an insufficient knowledge among the study group about the mutual relationship between diabetes and periodontitis. This lack of knowledge emphasized the need for more information about oral health care in patients with diabetes mellitus.
Dental Students Educational Experiences and Knowledge in regard to Child Abuse and Neglect: The Experience in a Nigerian University in South Western Nigeria
Authors: Bankole O.O. , Eigbgbo J.O. , Popoola B.O.
Published: August 2023

Background: Child abuse is now established as an international issue. In recent times, many researchers have suggested the need to check the level of readiness of graduating dental students regarding how they can successfully handle child abuse cases.Objective: To determine the knowledge of child abuse among undergraduate dental students in a Nigerian university.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among undergraduate students in five classes of the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. Demographic information was collected through a self-administered structured questionnaire distributed among the dental students. Other information obtained included their educational experiences and level ofknowledge on child abuse and neglect. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 13 and the level of significance was set at p < 0.05.Results: One hundred and sixty one subjects consisting of 80 males and 81 females with a mean age of 22 (+2.4) years participated in the study. The majority (61.5%) had encountered the topic of child abuse and neglect during studies at the university. The subjects scored less than 50.0% regarding some aspects of knowledge of signs of physical abuse while they scored over 60.0 % on signs of emotional and sexual abuse and neglect. In their knowledge of signs of diagnostic indicators of abuse, a quarter of the subjects knew that child abuse and neglect was not basically associated with stress and poverty. Only 8.7 % knew correctly that dentists in Nigeria are not legally required to report child abuse. There were some statistically significant associations between respondents' knowledge of physical, emotional/sexual abuse and neglect and diagnostic indicators of abuse and their levels of study with respondents in the senior classes having higher scores.Conclusion: Knowledge gaps particularly with recognition of signs of child abuse exist among dental students. We recommend that a mandatory course that deals with child abuse and neglect issues should be included in the dental curriculum especially at the pre-clinical stage.
Pattern of Maxillofacial Trauma in the Nigerian Population
Authors: Badmos B. , Kolawole F. , Omo Lawal A. , Oni I. , Oso O. , Salawudeen A. , Talabi O.
Published: August 2023

Introduction: The pattern of trauma to the maxillofacial region differs in various parts of the world. Studies have shown that not only does it differ from one continent to the other, it differs from one country to another within the same continent and from one zone to another within the same country. These have been ascribed to the prevailing socioeconomic, cultural and environmental factors in the study area. It is important that patterns of maxillofacial injuries should be continuously evaluated so that efforts should be put in place to reduce the incidence. The aim of the present study is therefore to describe the patterns of maxillofacial injuries in the Nigerian literature.Methods: The MEDLINE was used to conduct a computerized literature search using for publications on maxillofacial trauma in Nigeria. For this search, the medical subject headings on "maxillofacial fractures" or "mandible fractures" or "middle-third fractures" or "facial fractures" or "zygoma fractures" were combined with "Nigeria". Also, the publications cited in these articles to look for additional important articles but were not found on MEDLINE were searched for.Results: Most of the studies were retrospective while the commonest geopolitical zone where studies were done was the South West region. The commonest cause of maxillofacial injuries was road traffic accident while the commonest age group was the 21-30 years.Conclusion: Road traffic accident is the commonest cause of maxillofacial injuries. It is therefore recommended that the appropriate authorities should enforce seat belt and helmet laws. The government should provide street lights, good roads, pedestrian bridges and traffic lights to reduce vehicular/vehicular and human/vehicular/human collisions.
Prosthetic Rehabilitation of a patient with partially amputated index finger
Authors: Agarwal S. , Chopra A. , Mittal R. , Sethi M. , Tripathi S.
Published: August 2023

Hands are capable of a wide variety of functions like touching, grasping, feeling, holding, manipulating, caressing, and more. It is a vital and important part of a person's identity and well being. Loss of part of the hands can affect esthetics; functions are undermined depending upon the severity of loss and it causes a great psychological disturbance. The prosthetic rehabilitation of a partially amputated finger presents a challenge to the Prosthodontist. This case report illustrates the procedure of fabrication of finger prosthesis using room temperature vulcanizing (RTV) silicone and intrinsic staining with modern prosthetic design to improve the esthetics of a patient with partially amputated left index finger.
Peripheral Ossifying Fibroma: A Case Report and Review of Literature
Authors: Srinivasan C.P. , Durgesh P.
Published: August 2023

Peripheral ossifying fibroma (POF) is an infrequently occurring, slowly progressing, innocuous, nodular overgrowth of the gingiva, which belongs to the category of the “reactive lesions of the gingiva.” There are several such overgrowths with similar clinical manifestations, but diverse etiology and histopathological features, thus presenting a challenge for the clinician. Thorough clinical examination, radiographic and histopathological features help to establish the diagnosis which is key to the successful management of such lesions. This article describes a case of POF in a 43-year-old male patient. The clinical, radiographic, histologic features, aggressive treatment strategies, relapse and close follow-up of POF are discussed in detail.
Coronavirus Disease 2019: Implications to the Field and Practice of Oral Pathology
Authors: Omitola O.G.
Published: August 2023

Objective: To highlight the implications of COVID -19 disease to the field and practice of Oral Pathology.Materials and Methods: Extensive PubMed and Google Scholar search using relevant mesh terms for articles on the effects of COVID-19 on the practice of Oral Pathology. The relevant articles were thereafter reviewed, and the implications drawn.Results: The virus which is usually transmitted via droplet can survive for days on some materials which are commonly used in the laboratory; thereby constituting a potential source of infection to laboratory workers. In addition, the presence of the viral receptors in the oral mucosa has been established and so presenting the mouth as a possible route of entry. Viral particles are also shed heavily in the saliva. These observations have dual implications. First, it poses increased risk to the oral pathologists in handling oral tissue biopsy and secondly, it potentially makes the saliva an alternative medium of diagnosis. Furthermore, oral exfoliative cytology can be developed for viral detection especially in asymptomatic patients.Conclusion: Maintenance of social distance while attending to patients in the laboratory, regular disinfectant of the working surfaces and careful handling of tissue specimens are essential for preventing the spread of COVID-19 in the laboratory. Research works in the use of saliva and oral exfoliative cytology for screening and diagnosis of COVID-19 patients should be a new area of interest to the oral pathologists.
COVID -19: The Role of the Periodontologist
Authors: Opeodu O.I.
Published: August 2023

COVID-19, since its outbreak in Wuhan, China has become a major public health phenomenon with the eventual declaration of a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) in March 2020. The disease is considered to be transmitted through fomite and aerosol, therefore the concern for safety of both the dental teams and their patients. This review article seeks to report how the disease may possibly be transmitted within periodontal clinic and possible means of preventing such transmission. Internet search was done using words such as COVID-19, Dentistry, SARS-CoV-2, periodontal care, dental treatment, infection control and pandemic. Only articles written in English were accessed.
COVID -19 and the Practice of Oral Medicine
Authors: Adedapo A.H.
Published: August 2023

The pandemic of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) raises important concern to the practice of Oral Medicine. The practitioners of Oral Medicine are usually in close contact with the patient's biological specimens and it is important that the Oral Medicine teams should be protected from the risk of COVID disease. Every effort should be made by OM practitioners to ensure that new biosafety measures are mastered to reduce the spread of the novel virus and other viral agent spreading diseases.
The Fear of COVID-19 Infection and Its Correlates with Clinical Practice among Nigerian Dentists
Authors: Aladelusi T.O. , Adeyemo Y.I. , Atiba F.A. , Gbadebo S.O. , Olusanya A.A. , Akadiri O.A.
Published: August 2023

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic was not without its consequences like fear and effect on the economy and health care systems, with dentists being at a high risk of contracting the infection.

Objectives: The study aimed to assess the fear and risk of contracting the disease among Nigerian dentists. It also assessed a self-reported economic impact of the outbreak of COVID-19 disease on dental practices in Nigeria.

Methods: An online cross-sectional survey was conducted among Nigerian dentists. The survey link was forwarded on social media platforms of Nigerian dentists. The questionnaire inquired about fear/anxiety, self-reported effect on clinic income, adequacy of knowledge on COVID-19, and use of N95 facemask, among others. The statistical level was set at 5%. 

Results: A total of 314 dentists (184 males and 130 females) within the age range of 22 to 63 years responded. The majority (214; 68.2%), were confident about their knowledge of the COVID-19 disease. Almost all the participants (298; 94.9%) entertained fears of contracting the disease through practice and transmission to family members, while 54.1% strongly agreed that theN95 mask should be worn routinely. However, all (100.0%) reported an economic impact of the pandemic on dental practice.

Conclusion: The fear of contracting COVID-19 infection was high among dentists. Therefore, adequate and regular use of protective and preventive measures such as N95 face mask should be a priority among dentists. Attention should be paid to constant medical evaluation to those at risk.
Post-COVID Reflections and Practice from the Oral Surgeon’s Perspective
Authors: Bamgbose Babatunde , Yahaya A
Published: August 2023

Introduction

Globally, the post-COVID era has afforded practitioners the opportunity to evaluate the quality assurance measures for continued safe service delivery. The preventive measures against COVID-19 have been relaxed and most intense care units and hospital bed spaces dedicated to the management of COVID-19 cases have been relaxed or, in some places, closed.

Methods

The study was conceptualized as a narrative review of focal literature that focused on the COVID-19 and its impact on the practice of oral and maxillofacial surgery and dentistry. The study built a synthesis to describe the post-COVID era and the reflections on dental practice and oral and maxillofacial surgery. Literature searches were carried out using PubMed and Google Scholar with no search filters, using Boolean Logic ‘‘AND’’ and ‘‘OR.’’ Searches of the literature cited by eligible studies were also performed.

Expert opinion

There is the assumption that all trainers and trainees have been vaccinated and less at risk of contracting COVID-19 and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgical training has returned to the pre-COVID approach where physical contact and bedside teachings are no longer restricted. All specialties of dentistry conduct training programs with minimal restrictions on physical contact and one-one interactions between trainers and trainees. 

Keywords: Coronavirus, WHO, Aerosols, Patient services, Training, Post-COVID
Post-COVID Reflections, the Dental Laboratory Perspective
Authors: Anamelechi C. A.
Published: August 2023

There has been a growing interest in the topic of COVID-19 and its impact on dental laboratories. It has gained attention from researchers, policymakers, and the public due to its significance for the overall safety of dental practitioners. Understanding the various aspects of this topic is crucial to addressing the challenges and opportunities it presents. This paper will delve into the different dimensions of the pandemic’s impact and explore its implications for the future of dental technology and dentistry at large. The purpose of the paper is to provide a comprehensive analysis of COVID-19 and its impact on the practice of dental technology. By examining the different perspectives and factors involved, we aim to offer insights and recommendations for addressing the issues and leveraging the opportunities associated with them. Lessons learned from the pandemic can be applied to future crises. The importance of preparedness, adaptability in navigating uncertain times and strategies for adapting to future crises will be highlighted.
New Public Health Approach to Oral Health Care Accessibility in a Pandemic
Authors: Florence Oladimeji
Published: August 2023

Introduction

Poor access to oral healthcare has continually been a major setback to achieving universal oral healthcare. And this is more important in low-to-medium-income communities where a significant portion of the populations cannot afford oral treatments. This situation has contributed to the increased prevalence of oral health diseases. Historically, pandemics have been known to cause a further reduction in access to healthcare with the resultant effects of a burgeoning burden of oral diseases. This review article aims at describing the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on access to population-based dental care and to suggest a new approach to mitigating the effects of lockdown, which practically hinders populations’ access to care during pandemics. These are with a view to improving pandemic preparedness and enhancing population access to oral healthcare in times of restrictions. 

Areas covered

This is a review article that focused on COVID-19 pandemic and how it impacted access to oral healthcare. The article also highlighted the new approaches that could be adopted to consistently make oral healthcare obtainable by all despite physical restrictions. Literature searches of key terms were carried out using PubMed and Google Scholar.

Expert opinion

So much has been known about the impact of reduced access to oral healthcare. However, ideas on service modification and/or adoption of new methods of improving population-based access to oral care, especially during periods of global health crises have not been proposed.

 Keywords: Access to oral health, Community dentistry, Coronavirus, COVID-19, Dental public health practice, Oral health, Oral health promotion, Population oral health, Universal oral health care
DENTIST IN LEADERSHIP POSITION AS CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER OF A LEADING TERTIARY HEALTH INSTITUTION IN NIGERIA.
Authors: Odukoya Onatolu
Published: August 2023

This article was written with the aim of sharing the experience of the author as a dentist who served as a Chief Medical Director of Lagos University Teaching Hospital for a total of 8 years from 1998 to 2006. The authors discussed circumstances that led to his emergence as Chief Medical Director, the challenges he faced on the job, the significant achievements he made and his final exit from the job. It is hoped that every dentist that reads this article will have confidence to aspire for the job.

The author concluded that on the basis of his experience, there should be increased participation of the private sector in funding and managing tertiary health institutions in Nigeria.
Synopsis of Papers Published in the Nigerian Dental Journal: 2007 – 2021
Authors: Ogundipe Olufemi , Ibitoye Kayode
Published: August 2023

Using quantitative methods to analyze various aspects of written scientific documents helps to monitor growth of literature and patterns of research. This paper examines the articles published in the Nigerian Dental Journal (NDJ) from 2007 to 2021 for geographical distribution, pattern of study design analysis and topic analysis. Through the review we were able to provide a broad aspect of the types of research published in the Nigerian Dental Journal. Within Nigeria, the contribution from Lagos is the highest while majority of contributions from outside Nigeria were from India. In total 183 articles were published, out of which 103 (56.3%) were full-length articles. The remaining papers included short communications and technical notes. Only one article provided qualitative data, and there were no laboratory-based research highlighting a need to foster further research in this area.
TEETH AVULSION SECONDARY TO ORO-TRACHEAL INTUBATION IN A TERTIARY HEALTHCARE FACILITY. A CASE SERIES
Authors: Afolabi Adedapo , Idowu Enoch , Elekwachi G , Dada OT , Adesunloro MD , Araoye BS
Published: August 2023

General anaesthesia using endo-tracheal intubation carried out to provide pain free surgical and medical procedures sometimes results in Traumatic Dental Injuries [TDIs]. Among the rarely reported TDI complication is Tooth avulsion. We present 2 cases of such complications, factors which can be responsible, management of such cases and the need to educate medical and paramedical personnel of what to do if such complication arises before definitive management can be carried out by the Dentist. Such awareness will go a long way in preventing unnecessary litigations which might likely occur from such routine procedures.
ESTIMATION OF THE PREDICTIVE EFFECT OF BODY MASS INDEX-PERCENTILE ON SKELETAL MATURATION IN A NIGERIAN POPULATION.
Authors: Aghimien Osaronse , Aghimien-Osaronse Osasumwen
Published: August 2023

Objectives: To determine the predicting the effect of BMI-index percentile on the skeletal maturation of Nigerian children. 

Design: A prospective cross-sectional study.

Setting: This study was conducted in a tertiary health care facility in North-Central Nigeria.

Participants: Children between the ages of 5-17 years consisting of 44 males and 30 females that presented in the Child Dental clinic over a period of eight months were recruited for the study.

Main outcome measured: Skeletal maturation was assessed using the middle phalanx of the third finger (MP3) while the standard WHO growth chart specific for age (2-20 years) and gender was used for grading BMI-percentile. The unpaired t-test was used to compare mean chronological age of the stages of MP3 according to gender. Multinomial logistic regression used to determine the predictive effect of age, gender and BMI percentile on pubertal growth spurt.

Results: The BMI-percentile had weak correlation with the pubertal growth spurt (r=0.089, p=0.448). Gender (p=0.004) and chronological age had significant (p<0.001) predictive effect on the skeletal maturation. A one-percentile increase in the BMI-percentile decreases the likelihood of healthy children to be in the peak-pubertal by 1.504 when compared to obese children (p=0.305). 

Conclusions: This study showed that BMI-percentile is a weak predictor of skeletal maturation. However, obese children had a tendency towards advanced skeletal maturation than healthy participants. It is therefore suggested that orthodontists should consider early implementation of jaw modification treatments among obese children.
Closed reduction of chronic protracted bilateral TMJ dislocation using a reduction forcep: case report in a 60-year old woman
Authors: Ogundipe Olufemi , Ugwu Ethelbert
Published: August 2023

Chronic protracted TMJ dislocation refers to a condition in which the joint is displaced from its articulations and fixated in that position (open-locked) without reduction. The Hippocratic maneuver is usually unsuccessful with a high failure rate making treatment of this condition very challenging. This article reported a case of TMJ dislocation not amenable to the traditional closed reduction method but which was successfully treated using the direct application of reduction forceps on the angle of the mandible. The technical aspects of the procedure and post-operative management were also highlighted.
Praktik Murabahah Emas Pada Bank Syariah di Indonesia Berdasarkan Tinjauan Hukum Fiqih Muamalah
Authors: Juni Marianti Dina , Rasyida Zulfa , Utami Ema
Published: August 2023

Background. This study exists to examine the concept of investing or saving gold in Islamic banks which is carried out with the murabahah (buying and selling) financing model. Researchers found a problem, namely in the murabahah contract, and the gold payment mechanism which was carried out by means of fixed monthly installments.Aim. This paper aims to present the practice of gold murabahah at Bank Mandiri Syariah as an evaluation of the practice of saving gold with gold murabahah contracts in Islamic banksMethods. This study uses a comparative approach analysis method by analyzing the comparative law used by Islamic banks, namely the DSN MUI fatwa with a review of Fiqh muamalah according to the number of scholars. To explain this, the researcher uses a qualitative descriptive method with a muamalah fiqh approach, through this approach the researcher suggests how to practice according to the Shari'a.Results. The researcher found that there were differences of opinion among scholars regarding the concept of murabahah, and gold installments which the majority of scholars forbade it. Therefore, this study contributes to the analysis of the practice of saving gold in Islamic banks based on the fiqh muamalah review.
Sistem Dropshipping Mu’amalah Menurut Perspektif Ekonomi Islam
Authors: Alfrillianda Aldian , Andriko
Published: August 2023

Background. Human life today is not far from buying activities, both locally and domestically or internationally, humans practice trade in various ways and models that grow according to the conditions of the times. At first, buying and selling only met with sellers and buyers directly at the store with transaction facilities and products being traded.

Aim. The research is intended to explain the muamalah dropshipping system from the point of view of Islamic economics.

Methods. This research uses library research procedures or library research where the information obtained comes from authoritative sources, such as books and journals that are still relevant to the focus and review of the research.

Results. The results of the research conclude that it is permissible for transactions that continue to grow in the economic process as long as they do not violate and do not conflict with Islamic principles, dropshipping transactions which have now become a citizen's routine can be carried out as long as the perpetrators understand. The transaction method, because the system is vulnerable and leads to the cancellation of the contract, is to sell objects that do not belong to him, and the development of technology greatly affects the growth of pressured fatwas issued. But on many sides, with the legal norms that have been summarized by previous scholars by looking at the equality of the illat law, a quick and appropriate legal answer can be found to determine the law in every legal event for which there are no clear legal requirements in the Qur'an and as - Sunnah.
Percepção, interesse e conhecimento de alunos e docentes de um curso de Odontologia sobre ética na profissão
Authors: SILVA SUELEN HELENA , LEONARDO GUILHERME SIMAO , SARTORI LUIZ ANTONIO
Published: August 2023

A ética consiste em um conjunto de princípios de ordem valorativa da conduta e do caráter moral de um indivíduo, de um grupo social ou de uma sociedade. Sendo assim, atos considerados éticos refletem padrões de comportamento que ultrapassam as perspectivas pessoais que os indivíduos, em geral, empenham-se em alcançar. A atitude ética também está vinculada às práticas dos profissionais e empresas, sendo por si indispensáveis, uma vez que refletem os compromissos com a sociedade e são por isso valorizados e reconhecidos pelo público. Os conselhos de categorias profissionais aplicam as regras deontológicas, ou seja, as normas de comportamento próprias dos profissionais de determinada área, criadas e inspiradas na ética geral. Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Unifenas, e consistiu em um questionário aplicado a professores e alunos matriculados no último semestre do curso de Odontologia, considerando-se neste caso o fato de já terem cursado a disciplina de Odontologia Legal. De 50 alunos convidados a participar, 34 (68%) responderam ao questionário. Entre os docentes, de uma amostra de conveniência de 30 professores de diversas áreas, 26(86,6%) responderam ao questionário. Os resultados apontaram certo grau de desconhecimento dos termos do código de ética da profissão odontológica, tanto pelos acadêmicos como pelos professores, muito embora ambos os grupos considerem importante e fundamental o ensino da ética nos cursos de graduação. Amaioria dos entrevistados conhece as normas legais que regulam a profissão, ou busca se informar sobre ela. No entanto, detalhes relacionados às competências entre Conselho Federal de Odontologia e Sindicato dos Odontologistas ainda carecem de maiores esclarecimentos, tanto ao corpo docente quanto ao discente. Concluiu-se pela necessidade de maior debate sobre a deontologia nas relações interpessoais, nas práticas clínicas e nos dilemas bioéticos, para que se perceba a necessidade de ser eficaz e eficiente, sem nunca se afastar do comportamento ético.