bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Defects in 3D/4D food printing and their possible solutions: A comprehensive review
Authors: Phuhongsung Pattarapon , Zhang Min , Devahastin Sakamon , Mujumdar Arun S.
Published: June 2022

3D food printing has recently attracted significant attention, both from academic and industrial researchers, due to its ability to manufacture customized products in such terms as size, shape, texture, color, and nutrition to meet demands of individual consumers. 4D printing, which is a technique that allows evolution of various characteristics/properties of 3D printed objects over time through external stimulation, has also been gaining more attention. In order to produce defect‐free printed objects via both 3D and 4D printing, it is necessary to first identify the causes of defects and then their mitigation strategies. Comprehensive review on these important issues is nevertheless missing. The purpose of this review is to investigate causes and characteristics of defects occurring during and/or after 3D food printing, with a focus on how different factors affect the printing accuracy. Various techniques that can potentially minimize or eliminate printing defects and produce high‐quality 3D/4D printed food products without the need for time‐consuming trial and error printing experiments are critically discussed. Guidelines to avoid defects to improve the efficiency of future 3D/4D printed food production are given.
The genomic landscape of Cronkhite–Canada syndrome: Possible clues for pathogenesis
Authors: Liu Shuang , Zhang Run Feng , You Yan , You Wen , Ruan Ge Chong , Liu Ya Ping , Zhang Sheng Yu , Li Yue , Feng Yun Lu , Yan Xue Min , Zhou Wei Xun , Li Jing Nan , Li Ji , Qian Jia Ming
Published: June 2022

Objectives

Cronkhite–Canada syndrome (CCS) is a rare hamartomatous polyposis syndrome with a proposed association with chronic autoimmune inflammation. To date, genetic background of patients with CCS remains less investigated. In this study we aimed to explore the genomic landscape of CCS.

Methods

Whole exome sequencing was performed on peripheral blood samples extracted from 18 patients with CCS. Potential function‐impacting germline variants were filtered by R software. Through systematic data analysis, a number of genetic variants were identified. Enrichment analysis was performed using the R package ClusterProfiler.

Results

Overall, 3960 low‐frequency (<0.05 or not reported in the Exome Aggregation Consortium East Asian, 1000 Genomes, or ESP6500 database) potentially function‐impacting germline variants were identified, with 18 genes (FDFT1, LOC400863, MUC3A, MUC4, ZNF806, GXYLT1, MUC6, PABPC3, PSPH, ZFPM1, CIC, LOC283710, ARSD, GOLGA6L2, LOC388282, SLC25A5, TMEM247, WDR89) involved over half the patients. Functional enrichment of these genes revealed several biological processes in relation to innate immune responses and glycosylation. Only one likely pathogenic germline variant of an hamartomatous polyposis syndrome‐associated gene, PTCH1, was detected in one patient.

Conclusions

CCS has genomic alteration patterns completely distinct from those of traditional hamartomatous polyposis syndrome. The germline mutation landscape indicates potential roles of innate immune responses and glycosylation in the pathogenesis of CCS.
A randomized comparative study between high‐intensity laser vs low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound both combined with exercises for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis
Authors: Samaan Soheir Shehata RezkAllah Rezk , Sedhom Magda G. , Grace Mariam O.
Published: June 2022

Objective

To compare the effects of high‐intensity laser therapy (HILT) plus exercise therapy (ET) vs low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) plus ET in knee osteoarthritis (KOA).

Methods

A single blinded randomized controlled trial in an outpatient setting. There were 60 participants with grades II and III KOA based on the radiological findings in Kellgren and Lawrence grading scale. Participants were allocated randomly into three groups, study group I (HILT+ET), study group II (LIPUS+ET), and control (ET) group. Participants in the three groups received active range of motion (ROM) exercises, muscle strengthening, and flexibility exercises. Treatment was administered 5 times/wk for two successive weeks. Primary outcomes involved visual analog scale (VAS), secondary outcomes involved knee ROM, proprioceptive accuracy and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index scale. All outcomes were measured pre‐ and post‐treatment.

Results

The mean age of participants was 55.4 ± 6.34, 55.2 ± 4.77 and 57 ± 6.39 years in HILT+ET, LIPUS+ET and control group respectively. There were statistically significant time‐by‐group effects (mixed‐design multivariate analysis of variance) on all measured outcomes for all groups (P < .0001). However, HILT+ET yielded better improvement than the other groups (P < .0001). Between‐group comparison revealed a significant difference in all measured outcomes between study group 1 vs study group 2, and between each study group vs the control group (P = .0001).

Conclusion

The effect of HILT combined with exercises achieved better results in pain, knee ROM, proprioceptive accuracy and functional disability than LIPUS combined with exercises and both are better than exercises only.
Automated identification of diverse Neotropical pollen samples using convolutional neural networks
Authors: Punyasena Surangi W. , Haselhorst Derek S. , Kong Shu , Fowlkes Charless C. , Moreno J. Enrique
Published: June 2022

Pollen is used to investigate a diverse range of ecological problems, from identifying plant–pollinator relationships to tracking flowering phenology. Pollen types are identified according to a set of distinctive morphological characters which are understood to capture taxonomic differences and phylogenetic relationships among taxa. However, categorizing morphological variation among hyperdiverse pollen samples represents a challenge even for an expert analyst.

We present an automated workflow for pollen analysis, from the automated scanning of pollen sample slides to the automated detection and identification of pollen taxa using convolutional neural networks (CNNs). We analysed aerial pollen samples from lowland Panama and used a microscope slide scanner to capture three‐dimensional representations of 150 sample slides. These pollen sample images were annotated by an expert using a virtual microscope. Metadata were digitally recorded for ~100 pollen grains per slide, including location, identification and the analyst's confidence of the given identification. We used these annotated images to train and test our detection and classification CNN models. Our approach is two‐part. We first compared three methods for training CNN models to detect pollen grains on a palynological slide. We next investigated approaches to training CNN models for pollen identification.

Because the diversity of pollen taxa in environmental and palaeontological samples follows a long‐tailed distribution, we experimented with methods for addressing imbalanced representation using our most abundant 46 taxa. We found that properly weighting pollen taxa in our training objective functions yielded improved accuracy for individual taxa. Our average accuracy for the 46‐way classification problem was 82.3%. We achieved 89.5% accuracy for our 25 most abundant taxa.

Pollen represents a challenging visual classification problem that can serve as a model for other areas of biology that rely on visual identification. Our results add to the body of research demonstrating the potential for a fully automated pollen classification system for environmental and palaeontological samples. Slide imaging, pollen detection and specimen identification can be automated to produce a streamlined workflow.
Orthostatic intolerance after fast‐track knee arthroplasty: Incidence and hemodynamic pathophysiology
Authors: Hristovska Ana‐Marija , Andersen Louise B. , Grentoft Mette , Mehlsen Jesper , Gromov Kirill , Kehlet Henrik , Foss Nicolai B.
Published: June 2022

Background

Early postoperative mobilization can be hindered by orthostatic intolerance (OI) due to failed orthostatic cardiovascular regulation. The underlying mechanisms are not fully understood and specific data after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) are lacking. Therefore, we evaluated the incidence of OI and the cardiovascular response to mobilization in fast‐track TKA.

Methods

This prospective observational cohort study included 45 patients scheduled for primary TKA in spinal anesthesia with a multimodal opioid‐sparing analgesic regime. OI and the cardiovascular response to sitting and standing were evaluated with a standardized mobilization procedure preoperatively, and at 6 and 24 h postoperatively. Hemodynamic variables were measured non‐invasively (LiDCO™ Rapid). Perioperative bleeding, fluid balance, surgery duration, postoperative hemoglobin, opioid use, and pain during mobilization were recorded.

Results

Eighteen (44%) and 8 (22%) patients demonstrated OI at 6 and 24 h after surgery, respectively. Four (10%) and 2 (5%) patients experienced severe OI and terminated the mobilization procedure prematurely. Dizziness was the most common OI symptom during mobilization at 6 h. OI was associated with decreased orthostatic responses in systolic, diastolic, mean arterial pressures, and heart rate (all p < .05), while severe OI patients demonstrated impaired diastolic, mean arterial pressures, heart rate, and cardiac output responses (all p < .05). No statistically significant differences in perioperative bleeding, fluid balance, surgery duration, postoperative hemoglobin, pain, or opioid use were observed between orthostatic tolerant and intolerant patients.

Conclusion

Early postoperative OI is common following fast‐track TKA. Pathophysiologic mechanisms include impaired orthostatic cardiovascular responses. The progression to severe OI symptoms appears to be primarily due to inadequate heart rate response.
Added prognostic value of Doppler ultrasound for adverse perinatal outcomes: A pooled analysis of three cohort studies
Authors: Flanagan Madeline F. , Vollgraff Heidweiller‐Schreurs Charlotte A. , Li Wentao , Ganzevoort Wessel , de Boer Marjon A. , Vazquez‐Sarandeses Alicia , Turan Ozhan M. , Bossuyt Patrick M. , Mol Ben W.J. , Rolnik Daniel L.
Published: June 2022

Background

Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is an obstetric complication associated with adverse perinatal outcomes. Doppler ultrasound can improve perinatal outcomes through monitoring at‐risk fetuses and helping time delivery.

Aim

To investigate the prognostic value of different Doppler ultrasound measurements for adverse perinatal outcomes.

Materials

Individual participant data.

Methods

We performed a pooled analysis on individual participant data. We compared six prognostic models using multilevel logistic regression, where each subsequent model added a new variable to a base model that included maternal characteristics. Estimated fetal weight (EFW) and four Doppler ultrasound measurements were added in turn: umbilical artery pulsatility index (UA PI), middle cerebral artery pulsatility index (MCA PI), cerebroplacental ratio (CPR), and mean uterine artery pulsatility index (mUtA PI). The primary outcome was a composite adverse perinatal outcome, defined as perinatal mortality, emergency caesarean delivery for fetal distress, or neonatal admission. Discriminative ability was quantified with area under the curve (AUC).

Results

Three data sets (N = 3284) were included. Overall, the model that included EFW and UA PI improved AUC from 0.650 (95% CI 0.624–0.676) to 0.673 (95% CI 0.646–0.700). Adding more ultrasound measurements did not improve further the discriminative ability. In subgroup analysis, the addition of EFW and UA PI improved AUC in both preterm (AUC from 0.711 to 0.795) and small for gestational age pregnancies (AUC from 0.729 to 0.770), but they did not improve the models in term delivery or normal growth subgroups.

Conclusions

Umbilical artery pulsatility index added prognostic value for adverse perinatal outcomes to the already available information, but the combination of other Doppler ultrasound measurements (MCA PI, CPR or UtA PI) did not improve further prognostic performance.
Low androgen level impairs erectile function of rat by regulating the Ng/CaN/AKT/eNOS pathway in penile corpus cavernosum
Authors: Zhao Yu‐Hao , Wu Ze‐Xiu , Zhao Xin , Jiang Jun , Jiang Rui
Published: June 2022

Background

The mechanism by which low androgen status inhibit erectile function has not yet been clearly elucidated. Neurogranin (Ng) is a Ca2+‐sensitive calmodulin binding protein that is expressed in endothelial cells and regulates eNOS function.

Objectives

To investigate whether low androgen status inhibit erectile function by regulating the Ng/CaN/AKT/eNOS pathway in the penile cavernous tissue of rats.

Materials and methods

Thirty‐six 8‐week‐old male Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly divided into six groups as follows (n = 6): 4‐week control group (4w‐control), 4‐week castration group (4w‐cast), 4‐week castration+testosterone replacement group (4w‐cast+T), 8‐week control group (8w‐control), 8‐week castration group (8w‐cast), and 8‐week castration+testosterone replacement group (8w‐cast+T). Four weeks and eight weeks after surgery, the ratio of the maximum intracavernous pressure/mean arterial pressure (ICPmax/MAP) was examined. The level of NO and the expression of Ng, calcineurin (CaN), AKT, p‐AKT(S473), eNOS, and p‐eNOS(Ser1177) in the penile cavernous tissue of each group were determined.

Results

Ng and CaN were mainly expressed in the membrane and cytoplasm of endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells in the penile cavernous tissue of rats. The ICPmax/MAP and the concentration of NO in the cast group were significantly lower than those in the control group and cast+T replacement group (p < 0.01). The expression of Ng and the ratios of p‐AKT/AKT and p‐eNOS/eNOS in the penile cavernous tissue of rats in the cast group were significantly lower than those in the control group and cast+T replacement group (p < 0.01). The expression of CaN in the penile cavernous tissue of rats in the cast group was significantly increased compared with that in the control group and the cast+T replacement group (p < 0.01).

Conclusion

Inhibiting the expression of Ng and subsequently upregulating the expression of CaN in the rat penile cavernous tissue was one of the upstream mechanisms of low androgen status inhibiting erectile function by inhibiting the AKT/eNOS signaling pathway.
Under‐five children's acute respiratory infection dropped significantly in Bangladesh: An evidence from Bangladesh demographic and health survey, 1996–2018
Authors: Hossain Md. Sabbir , Tasnim Sumaiya , Chowdhury Md. Alamgir , Chowdhury Fardin Ibn Farhad , Hossain Daluwar , Rahman Mohammad Meshbahur
Published: June 2022

Aim

This study aims to systematically identify and review the most significant risk factors and the trends that follow acute respiratory infection (ARI) among children under five in Bangladesh.

Methods

A total of 6863 under‐five children were eligible for our analysis, retrieved from Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS), 2014. ARI cases were defined if a child experienced coughing with short and rapid breathing at the chest that occurred during 2 weeks prior to the study. Logistic regression and systematic review methods were appraised to explore the various risk factors involving ARI in Bangladesh. Furthermore, a trend analysis was performed to overlook the historical trend of ARI prevalence and affiliated determinants from 1996/97 to 2017/18 in Bangladesh.

Results

Over the past two decades, Bangladesh experienced a significant drop in ARI prevalence from 12.8% in 1996 to only 3.0% in 2018. The cross‐sectional findings revealed that boys (OR = 1.35, 95% CI: 1.03–1.78), stunted children (OR = 1.35, 95% CI: 1.03–1.78) and mothers with primary or no education (OR = 2.53, 95% CI: 1.43–4.90) and secondary education (OR = 1.77, 95% CI: 1.00–3.44) have the higher odds of ARI than their counterparts.

Conclusion

Acute respiratory infection prevalence significantly declined in Bangladesh, while boys, stunted children and uneducated or primary educated mothers were identified as potential risk factors.
How social support predicts anxiety among university students during COVID‐19 control phase: Mediating roles of self‐esteem and resilience
Authors: Shu Yacong , Lin Wenzheng , Yang Jia , Huang Pengfei , Li Biqin , Zhang Xing
Published: June 2022

Public health emergency, such as COVID‐19 pandemic, generally has severe impacts on mental health in public. One of the often‐neglected negative consequences is that the control and prevention measures of COVID‐19 in the post‐epidemic can pose psychological threats to public mental health. This study aimed to seek the factors and mechanisms to alleviate this mental health threat based on a sample of university students in China. Accordingly, this study proposed an environmental‐individual interaction model examining the multiple mediating effects of self‐esteem and resilience in the association between social support and anxiety among university students during COVID‐19 control phase. A questionnaire containing multiple scales were administered on the sample of 2734 Chinese university students. Results indicated that social support negatively predicted anxiety through the serial mediating effects of self‐esteem and resilience sequentially. Our results highlight the impact of social support and the internal factors on relieving anxiety among university students in COVID‐19 control phase. Findings suggest that effective psychological intervention tools should be designed and offered to college students to reduce anxiety distress and improve mental health in the post‐epidemic era or the similar situations in the future.
Ideological passion and violent activism: The moderating role of the significance quest
Authors: Bélanger Jocelyn J. , Adam‐Troian Jais , Nisa Claudia F. , Schumpe Birga M.
Published: June 2022

This research examines how the relationship between passion for an ideology and violent activism is magnified by the personal (vs. collective) loss of significance. In Study 1 (N = 238), the relationship between obsessive (but not harmonious) passion for the Republican Party and violent activism was moderated by personal (but not collective) loss of significance. Study 2 (N = 612) replicated these findings with an experimental manipulation of personal and collective loss of significance in a sample of Black Lives Matter supporters. In Study 3 (N = 416), we set out to attenuate the obsessive passion–violent activism relationship by experimentally manipulating personal and collective significance gain. Echoing the results of Studies 1 and 2, the manipulation of personal (but not collective) significance gain reduced the relationship between obsessive passion for the environmental cause and violent activism. Furthermore, Study 3 examined the psychological mechanism at play by incorporating a measure of goal‐shielding – a factor of theoretical relevance to explain extreme behaviour. Personal significance gain reduced individuals' proclivity to inhibit goals unrelated to their ideological pursuit, which in turn reduced their support for violent activism. These findings reveal psychological factors relevant to detecting at‐risk individuals and implementing cost‐effective prevention programmes against ideological violence.
1,3,4‐oxadiazole derivatives as potential antimicrobial agents
Authors: Tiwari Deeksha , Narang Rakesh , Sudhakar Kalvatala , Singh Vikramjeet , Lal Sukhbir , Devgun Manish
Published: June 2022

Due to the emergence of drug‐resistant microbial strains, different research groups are continuously developing novel drug molecules against already exploited and unexploited targets. 1,3,4‐Oxadiazole derivatives exhibited noteworthy antimicrobial activities. The presence of 1,3,4‐oxadiazole moiety in antimicrobial agents can modify their polarity and flexibility, which significantly improves biological activities due to various bonded and non‐bonded interactions viz. hydrogen bond, steric, electrostatic, and hydrophobic with target sites. The present review elaborates the therapeutic targets and mode of interaction of 1,3,4‐oxadiazoles as antimicrobial agents. 1,3,4‐oxadiazole derivatives target enoyl reductase (InhA), 14α‐demethylase in the mycobacterial cell; GlcN‐6‐P synthase, thymidylate synthase, peptide deformylase, RNA polymerase, dehydrosqualene synthase in bacterial strains; ergosterol biosynthesis pathway, P450‐14α demethylase, protein‐N‐myristoyltransferase in fungal strains; FtsZ protein, interfere with purine and functional protein synthesis in plant bacteria. The present review also summarizes the effect of different moieties and functional groups on the antimicrobial activity of 1,3,4‐oxadiazole derivatives.
Enhancing daily affect in youth experiencing high‐conflict parental divorce: A multiple baseline trial of an online prevention program
Authors: O′Hara Karey L. , Boring Jesse L. , Sandler Irwin N. , Beck Connie J.
Published: June 2022

This study investigated the effects of a highly interactive, online cognitive‐behavioral youth coping program: Children of Divorce‐Coping with Divorce (CoD‐CoD; Boring et al., 2015) on children exposed to high levels of interparental conflict (IPC). A multiple‐baseline experimental design (N = 9) evaluated within‐subject intervention effects on change in daily positive and negative affect before, during, and after the intervention (nobservations = 462). Participants were youth ages 11–16 who reported high exposure to IPC and whose parents had filed for divorce or parenting plan determinations in the prior year. A significant interaction effect indicated change in positive affect, but not negative affect, between the intervention and baseline phases. Positive affect linearly decreased during the baseline phase and flattened during the intervention phase. Results indicate that CoD‐CoD was effective in interrupting a decline in youth‐reported positive affect in a high‐IPC sample, which may indicate a buffering effect against depression. Critical future directions include conducting large‐scale randomized trials with children from high‐IPC families to assess for whom the program is effective and assess long‐term effects across a broad range of important outcomes.
Roles, requirements and autonomy of academic researchers
Authors: Niemczyk Ewelina K. , Rónay Zoltán
Published: June 2022

As an indicator of nations' prosperity and economic competitiveness, research impacts the mounting roles and requirements placed upon academic researchers. Internationally, researchers are expected to effectively operate in the fast‐changing and demanding research environment. Such effectiveness corresponds mainly to their ability to establish international and interdisciplinary collaborations, secure internal and external grants, and most importantly deliver tangible research outputs. As such, this desired research excellence impacts researchers' academic appointments, recognitions and promotions. Driven by research productivity and pursuit of academic excellence, researchers' individual autonomy may become restricted. This work is based on (a) an international study exploring research productivity within higher education institutions across 15 countries and (b) a relevant international literature review. The voices of 32 participants portray competencies required from and requirements placed upon academic researchers at their respective universities. Findings show that the role of academic researchers is changing and the requirements pose challenges to researchers' autonomy. The research productivity quest along with opportunity‐driven decisions may not only restrict researchers' autonomy but also compromise their academic integrity.
GAMING A SELECTIVE ADMISSIONS SYSTEM
Authors: Lee Frances Xu , Suen Wing
Published: June 2022

A university uses both early‐stage selection outcome (high‐school affiliation) and late‐stage admission test outcome (standardized test scores) to select students. We use this model to study policies that have been proposed to combat inefficient gaming in college admissions. Increasing university enrollment size can exacerbate gaming and worsen the selection outcome. Abolishing standardized tests for university admissions increases gaming targeting high‐school admissions and worsens the selection outcome, whereas eliminating high‐school ability sorting may improve the university selection outcome under some cost conditions of gaming. Committing to a lower‐powered selection scheme can improve the selection outcome by reducing gaming behaviors.
MEETINGS AND MECHANISMS
Authors: Cai Xiaoming , Gautier Pieter , Wolthoff Ronald
Published: June 2022

This article shows how meeting frictions affect equilibrium trading mechanisms and allocations in an environment where identical sellers post mechanisms to compete for buyers with ex ante heterogeneous private valuations. Multiple submarkets can emerge, each consisting of all sellers posting a particular mechanism and the buyers who visit those sellers. Under mild conditions, high‐valuation buyers are all located in the same submarket, and low valuation buyers can be in: (i) the same submarket, (ii) a different submarket, and (iii) a mixture of (i) and (ii). The decentralized equilibrium is efficient when sellers can post auctions with reserve prices or entry fees.
Chia and hemp oils‐based gelled emulsions as replacers of pork backfat in burgers: effect on lipid profile, technological attributes and oxidation stability during frozen storage
Authors: Botella‐Martínez Carmen , Sayas‐Barberá Estrella , Pérez‐Álvarez José Ángel , Viuda‐Martos Manuel , Fernández‐López Juana
Published: June 2022

Gelled emulsions based on chia and hemp oils were used as partial (25% and 50%) fat replacer in beef burgers. The effect of formulation, frozen storage during 60 days and cooking process was assessed on lipid profile, oxidation susceptibility and technological attributes (cooking properties). Reformulated burgers showed better nutritional quality (in reference to dietary fats) than control, mainly due to the increase in PUFAs (specifically α‐linolenic (C18:3) and linoleic (C18:2) fatty acids) and decrease in SFAs which was higher in burgers with hemp‐GE than in burgers with chia‐GE and also dependent on the substitution level (the highest at 50%). This pattern was not modified by frozen storage for 60 days or by cooking process. In addition, cooking increased the susceptibility of reformulated burgers to oxidation in a more intense way than 60 days of frozen storage, being burgers with 50% chia‐GEs the most susceptible.
Evaluating the impact of using a wound‐specific oral nutritional supplement to support wound healing in a rehabilitation setting
Authors: Clark Rya K. , Stampas Argyrios , Kerr Kirk W. , Nelson Jeffrey L. , Sulo Suela , Leon‐Novelo Luis , Ngan Esther , Pandya Dehuti
Published: June 2022

Chronic wounds adversely affect patient quality of life, increase the risk of mortality, and impose high costs on healthcare systems. Since protein‐energy malnutrition or specific nutrient deficiencies can delay wound healing, nutritionally focused care is a key strategy to help prevent or treat the occurrence of non‐healing wounds. The objective of our study of inpatients in a rehabilitation hospital was to quantify the effect of daily wound‐specific oral nutritional supplementation (WS‐ONS) on healing chronic wounds. Using electronic medical records, we conducted a retrospective analysis of patients with chronic wounds. We identified records for (a) a treatment group who received standard wound care + usual hospital diet + daily WS‐ONS for ≥14 days, and (b) a control group who received standard wound care + a usual hospital diet. We collected data for demographics, nutritional status, and wound‐relevant health characteristics. We examined weekly measurements of wound number and sizes (surface area for superficial wounds or volume for non‐superficial wounds). There were 341 patients identified, 114 with 322 wounds in the treatment group and 227 patients with 420 wounds in the control group. We found that rehabilitation inpatients who were given nutritional support had larger wounds and lower functional independence on admission. At discharge, wound area reduction (percent) was nearly two‐fold better in patients who were given daily WS‐ONS + usual hospital diet compared to those who consumed usual diet only (61.1% vs 34.5%). Overall, weekly wound improvement (lowered wound area or wound volume) was more likely in the WS‐ONS group than in the Control group, particularly from the start of care to week 2. Inpatients with largest wounds and lowest functional independence on admission were most likely to be given WS‐ONS, an indication that caregivers recognised the need for supplementation. Week‐to‐week improvement in wound size was more likely in patients who received WS‐ONS than in those who did not. Specifically, wound areas and wound volumes were significantly lower at discharge among patients who were given specialised nutritional support. More research in this field is needed to improve care and reduce healthcare costs.
A molecular dynamics study of N–A–S–H gel with various Si/Al ratios
Authors: Chen Yun , Dolado Jorge S. , Li Zhenming , Yin Suhong , Yu Qijun , Kostiuchenko Albina , Ye Guang
Published: June 2022

In this paper, the atomic structures of sodium aluminosilicate hydrate (N–A–S–H) gels with different Si/Al ratios are studied by molecular dynamics simulation. An N–A–S–H gel model was obtained from the polymerization of Si(OH)4 and Al(OH)3 monomers with the use of a reactive force field (ReaxFF). The simulated atomic structural features, such as the bond length, bond angle, and simulated X‐ray diffraction pattern of the gel structure are in good accordance with the experimental results in the literature. Si–O–Al is found to be preferred over Si–O–Si in the N–A–S–H gel structure according to the amount of T–O–T bond angles and distribution of Si4(mAl). Pentacoordinate Al is identified in all simulated N–A–S–H models. It provides strong support to current knowledge that pentacoordinate Al in geopolymer does not only come from raw material. Furthermore, the structural analysis results also show that N–A–S–H gel with lower Si/Al ratios has a more cross‐linked and compacted structure.
Puerarin attenuates diabetic kidney injury through interaction with Guanidine nucleotide‐binding protein Gi subunit alpha‐1 (Gnai1) subunit
Authors: Zhu Qingqing , Yang Shumin , Wei Chengguo , Lu Geming , Lee Kyung , He John Cijiang , Liu Ruijie , Zhong Yifei
Published: June 2022

Radix puerariae, a traditional Chinese herbal medication, has been used to treat patients with diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Our previous studies demonstrated that puerarin, the active compound of radix puerariae, improves podocyte injury in type 1 DKD mice. However, the direct molecular target of puerarin and its underlying mechanisms in DKD remain unknown. In this study, we confirmed that puerarin also improved DKD in type 2 diabetic db/db mice. Through RNA‐sequencing odf isolated glomeruli, we found that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that were altered in the glomeruli of these diabetic mice but reversed by puerarin treatment were involved mostly in oxidative stress, inflammatory and fibrosis. Further analysis of these reversed DEGs revealed protein kinase A (PKA) was among the top pathways. By utilizing the drug affinity responsive target stability method combined with mass spectrometry analysis, we identified guanine nucleotide‐binding protein Gi alpha‐1 (Gnai1) as the direct binding partner of puerarin. Gnai1 is an inhibitor of cAMP production which is known to have protection against podocyte injury. In vitro, we showed that puerarin not only interacted with Gnai1 but also increased cAMP production in human podocytes and mouse diabetic kidney in vivo. Puerarin also enhanced CREB phosphorylation, a downstream transcription factor of cAMP/PKA. Overexpression of CREB reduced high glucose‐induced podocyte apoptosis. Inhibition of PKA by Rp‐cAMP also diminished the effects of puerarin on high glucose‐induced podocyte apoptosis. We conclude that the renal protective effects of puerarin are likely through inhibiting Gnai1 to activate cAMP/PKA/CREB pathway in podocytes.
Use of ultrasound treatment to extract mannan polysaccharide from Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Eom Su Jin , Park Jong‐Tae , Kang Min‐Cheol , Lee Nam Hyouck , Song Kyung‐Mo
Published: June 2022

The threat of food shortages has increased the demand for sustainable technology worldwide. We investigated the use of ultrasonic waves to extract polysaccharides from yeast for use as a feed source. Saccharomyces cerevisiae polysaccharides were extracted using ultrasound treatment (output: 400–1000 W, frequency: 20 kHz, operating hour: 2–8 h, and operating temperature: 70°C). To extract polysaccharides from the ultrasonic extract, the supernatant was recovered by treatment with .4% α‐amylase and 1% alcalase after ethanol precipitation. Monosaccharide composition, molecular weight, and structure of crude polysaccharide were analyzed using ion chromatography, rapid separation liquid chromatography, and H1‐nuclear magnetic resonance analysis, respectively. Nitric oxide (NO) production was measured in RAW 264.7 cells using Griess reagent. The ultrasonicated extracts comprised mannose polysaccharides with an α‐(1→6) backbone and α‐(1→2) and α‐(1→3) side chain linkages with molecular weight of 31–34 kDa. This extract increased the nitric oxide content in RAW264.7 cells. Although the ultrasonic intensity did not significantly affect polysaccharide structure or NO production, extraction time did. Overall, our findings established a strategy to enable the eco‐friendly production of feed materials with immune enhancement effects.

Practical Applications

It is a well‐established fact that yeast polysaccharides exhibit immune‐enhancing effects. Chemical and physical extraction methods are used to extract these polysaccharides. In this study, we employed ultrasonic extraction technology to meet the demand for eco‐friendly technology development. Consequently, we were able to reduce the use of chemical solvents and obtain high polysaccharide yields. Notably, we discovered that polysaccharides of 31–34 kDa molecular weights had potent immune‐enhancing effects. Lastly, we developed functional polysaccharide materials as alternatives to antibiotics used in the animal feed industry.
To be young, conscious and Black: The cumulative witnessing of racial violence for Black youth and families
Authors: Anderson Leslie A. , Morton LaRen , Trejo Andrea N.
Published: June 2022

This article identifies the increased exposure of racialized violence against Black Americans directly and via the media as potentially posing a deleterious threat to the emotional health and well‐being of Black youth. We consider this process of cumulative witnessing to be a form of racial trauma that is deserving of adequate attention in family science. Drawing on previous race‐related trauma scholarship, we present a conceptualization of cumulative witnessing that is particularly salient for Black youth and families. We identify both the potential negative effects of increased exposure to racial violence, but also acknowledge the potential for critical consciousness‐raising through the familial process of racial socialization. Racial socialization efforts can also be augmented by clinicians who recognize the stress, emotional injury, and trauma related to racism and seek to address these offenses in a clinical context.
Role of exosomes in skin diseases
Authors: Kose Osman , Botsali Aysenur , Caliskan Ercan
Published: June 2022

Background

Exosomes, as a family member of extracellular vesicles, are cell‐secreted nanoscale structures that play pivotal roles in regulating physiological and pathophysiological processes of the skin. Exosomes induce communication between cells and are responsible for transporting cellular components such as microRNAs, mRNAs, DNA, lipids, metabolites, and cell‐surface proteins. Numerous preclinical and clinical trials searched the contribution of exosomes to skin functions and disorders. Thus, exosomes are gaining increasing attention within investigational dermatology. In advance, stem‐cell‐derived exosomes were integrated into the functional cosmetics industry nominated as cell‐free regenerative medicine.

Objective

This review aims to demonstrate the roles of exosomes in inflammatory skin disorders, stem cell, and tumor biology through a comprehensive evaluation of the diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic perspectives.

Methods

A comprehensive literature search was performed using electronic online databases "PubMed" and "Google Scholar" using key words ''exosomes'', ''skin'', ''wound healing''.

Conclusion

Exosomes are regarded as promising diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for various skin diseases. Future prospects are repurposing exosomes to treat skin disorders, either as drug carriers or drugs themselves.
Pharmacological inhibition of HDAC6 overcomes cisplatin chemoresistance by targeting cancer stem cells in oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Tavares Marcela Oliveira , Milan Thaís Moré , Bighetti‐Trevisan Rayana Longo , Leopoldino Andréia Machado , de Almeida Luciana Oliveira
Published: June 2022

Background

Chemoresistance is associated with recurrence and metastasis in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The cancer stem cell (CSC) subpopulation is highly resistant to therapy, and they are regulated by epigenetic mechanisms. HDACs are histone deacetylase enzymes that epigenetically regulate gene expression. HDAC6 acts on several physiological processes, including oxidative stress, autophagy and DNA damage response, and its accumulation is associated with cancer. Here, we investigate the role of HDAC6 in CSC‐mediated chemoresistance in oral carcinoma in addition to its application as a therapeutic target to reverse chemoresistance.

Methods

Wild‐type oral carcinoma cell lines (CAL27 WT and SCC9 WT), cisplatin‐resistant (CAL27 CisR and SCC9 CisR), and the subpopulations of cancer stem cells (CSC+) and non‐stem (CSC−) derived from CisR cells were investigated. HDAC6 accumulation was analyzed by Western blot and immunofluorescence; DNA damage was evaluated by immunofluorescence of phospho‐H2A.X; the qPCR for PRDX2, PRDX6, SOD2, and TXN and ROS assay assessed oxidative stress. Apoptosis and CSC accumulation were investigated by flow cytometry.

Results

We identified the accumulation of HDAC6 in CisR cell lines and CSC. Cisplatin‐resistant cell lines and CSC demonstrated a reduction in DNA damage and ROS and elevated expression of PRDX2. The administration of tubastatin A (a specific HDAC6 inhibitor) increased oxidative stress and DNA damage and decreased PRDX2. Tubastatin A as a monotherapy induced apoptosis in CisR and CSC and reduced the stemness phenotype.

Conclusion

High levels of HDAC6 sustain CSC subpopulation and chemoresistance in OSCC, suggesting HDAC6 as a pharmacological target to overcome resistance and perhaps prevent recurrence in OSCC.
The effects of superheating and cooling rate on olivine growth in chondritic liquid
Authors: Auxerre Marion , Faure François , Lequin Delphine
Published: June 2022

Chondrules, the major constituent of chondrites, are millimeter‐sized igneous objects resulting from the crystallization of silicate liquids produced by the partial or complete melting of chondritic precursors, whose exact nature remains disputed. Various chondrule textures are observed as a function of the extent of the initial melting event. Here, we report dynamic crystallization experiments performed with a broad range of cooling rates (2–750 °C h−1) from superliquidus or subliquidus initial conditions to demonstrate the control of nucleation on the final chondrule texture. Classical crypto‐porphyritic, micro‐porphyritic, and porphyritic olivine textures were reproduced in subliquidus experiments in which heterogeneous nucleation dominates. In contrast, we were unable to reproduce barred olivine textures, regardless of the cooling rates investigated from superliquidus conditions; instead, macro‐porphyritic textures were systematically obtained at low cooling rates (<10 °C h−1). The small number and large size of crystals in the macro‐porphyritic texture are consistent with the initial step of superheating and the presence of long embayments that indicate an initial episode of rapid growth due to delayed nucleation. Crystals then acquired polyhedral shapes during a subsequent episode of slow growth. When the growth rate is too slow to decrease the degree of supersaturation in the liquid, a new episode of rapid growth produces a new generation of melt inclusions.
Dialysis modality utilization patterns and mortality in older persons initiating dialysis in Australia and New Zealand
Authors: Ethier Isabelle , Campbell Scott B. , Cho Yeoungjee , Hawley Carmel M. , Isbel Nicole M. , Krishnasamy Rathika , Roberts Matthew A. , Semple David , Sypek Matthew , Viecelli Andrea K. , Johnson David W.
Published: June 2022

Aim

The benefits of dialysis in the older population remain highly debated, particularly for certain dialysis modalities. This study aimed to explore the dialysis modality utilization patterns between in‐centre haemodialysis (ICHD), peritoneal dialysis (PD) and home haemodialysis (HHD) and their association with outcomes in older persons.

Methods

Older persons (≥75 years) initiating dialysis in Australia and New Zealand from 1999 to 2018 reported to the Australia and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant (ANZDATA) registry were included. The main aim of the study was to characterize dialysis modality utilization patterns and describe individual characteristics of each pattern. Relationships between identified patterns and survival, causes of death and withdrawal were examined as secondary analyses, where the pattern was considered as the exposure.

Results

A total of 10 306 older persons initiated dialysis over the study period. Of these, 6776 (66%) and 1535 (15%) were exclusively treated by ICHD and PD, respectively, while 136 (1%) ever received HHD during their dialysis treatment course. The remainder received both ICHD and PD: 906 (9%) started dialysis on ICHD and 953 (9%) on PD. Different individual characteristics were seen across dialysis modality utilization patterns. Median survival time was 3.0 (95%CI 2.9–3.1) years. Differences in survival were seen across groups and varied depending on the time period following dialysis initiation. Dialysis withdrawal was an important cause of death and varied according to individual characteristics and utilization patterns.

Conclusion

This study showed that dialysis modality utilization patterns in older persons are associated with mortality, independent of individual characteristics.
Nutritional strategies to attenuate postprandial glycemic response
Authors: Pasmans Kenneth , Meex Ruth C. R. , van Loon Luc J. C. , Blaak Ellen E.
Published: June 2022

Maintaining good glycemic control to prevent complications is crucial in people with type 2 diabetes and in people with prediabetes and in the general population. Different strategies to improve glycemic control involve the prescription of blood glucose‐lowering drugs and the modulation of physical activity and diet. Interestingly, lifestyle intervention may be more effective in lowering hyperglycemia than pharmaceutical intervention. Regulation of postprandial glycemia is complex, but specific nutritional strategies can be applied to attenuate postprandial hyperglycemia. These strategies include reducing total carbohydrate intake, consuming carbohydrates with a lower glycemic index, the addition of or substitution by sweeteners and fibers, using food compounds which delay or inhibit gastric emptying or carbohydrate digestion, and using food compounds which inhibit intestinal glucose absorption. Nevertheless, it must be noted that every individual may respond differently to certain nutritional interventions. Therefore, a personalized approach is of importance to choose the optimal nutritional strategy to improve postprandial glycemia for each individual, but this requires a better understanding of the mechanisms explaining the differential responses between individuals.
Naturally segregating genetic variation in circadian period exhibits a regional elevational and climatic cline
Authors: McMinn Rob , Salmela Matti J. , Weinig Cynthia
Published: June 2022

Circadian clocks confer adaptation to predictable 24‐h fluctuations in the exogenous environment, but it has yet to be determined what ecological factors maintain natural genetic variation in endogenous circadian period outside of the hypothesized optimum of 24 h. We estimated quantitative genetic variation in circadian period in leaf movement in 30 natural populations of theArabidopsisrelativeBoechera strictasampled within only 1° of latitude but across an elevation gradient spanning 2460–3300 m in the Rocky Mountains. Measuring ~3800 plants from 473 maternal families (7–20 per population), we found that genetic variation was of similar magnitude among versus within populations, with population means varying between 21.9 and 24.9 h and maternal family means within populations varying by up to ~6 h. After statistically accounting for spatial autocorrelation at a habitat extreme, we found that elevation explained a significant proportion of genetic variation in the circadian period, such that higher‐elevation populations had shorter mean period lengths and reduced intrapopulation ranges. Environmental data indicate that these spatial trends could be related to steep regional climatic gradients in temperature, precipitation, and their intra‐annual variability. Our findings suggest that spatially fine‐grained environmental heterogeneity contributes to naturally occurring genetic variation in circadian traits in wild populations.
Refractory angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia: Complete resolution with low dose thalidomide
Authors: Khurana Ananta , Savitha B
Published: June 2022

Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia (ALHE) is a difficult‐to‐treat and rare benign vascular proliferative condition which presents as painless, solitary, or multiple vascular papules or nodules in the head and neck area, with predilection for the ear. We report a case of ALHE that failed multiple therapeutic interventions but achieved complete resolution when treated with thalidomide.
Profiles of patients using emergency departments or hospitalized for suicidal behaviors
Authors: Fleury Marie‐Josée , Cao Zhirong , Armoon Bahram , Grenier Guy , Lesage Alain
Published: June 2022

Objectives

This study identified profiles of patients with suicidal behaviors, their sociodemographic and clinical correlates, and assessed the risk of death within a 12‐month follow‐up period.

Methods

Based on administrative databases, this 5‐year study analyzed data on 5064 patients in Quebec who used emergency departments (ED) or were hospitalized for suicidal behaviors over a 2‐year period. Latent class analysis was used for patient profiles, bivariate analysis for patient correlates over 2 years, and survival analysis for risk of death within a 12‐month follow‐up.

Results

Four profiles were identified: high suicidal behaviors and high service use (Profile 1: 23%); low suicidal behaviors and moderate service use (Profile 2: 46%); low suicidal behaviors and low service use (Profile 3: 25%); and high suicidal behaviors and high acute care, but low outpatient care (Profile 4: 6%). Profiles 1 and 4 patients had more serious conditions, with a higher risk of death in Profile 1 versus Profiles 2 and 3. Profile 2 patients had relatively more common mental disorders, and Profile 3 patients had less severe conditions. Profiles 3 and 4 included more men and younger patients.

Conclusion

Programs better adapted to patient profiles should be deployed after ED use and hospitalization in coordination with outpatient services.