bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE SETTLEMENT MORPHOLOGY ALONG MUSI RIVER: THE INFLUENCE OF RIVER CHARACTERISTICS
Authors: Fitri Maya
Published: January 2019

The study examined the morphology of the settements along the Musi riverbank and focuses on the association between the settlements morphology and the characteristic of the river. Musi River consists of three river zones, i.e. upstream, middle, and downstream. The specific morphology that was studied is the distance of the buffer area, the building orientation, and the housing typology that were compared to the physical characteristics of the river and the socio-cultural of the communities. The study data was collected through satellite map and field survey on three settlement sites for each zone, including maps, sketches, photographs, and interviews. The results show the main factors influencing the settlement morphology is the community's dependent on the river. The function of the river for daily life activities influences the distance, the orientation of the settlements, and the house tipology. The more the functions of the river for the daily life, the closer and the more oriented their settlements are to the river. Therefore, the river disasters, such as flood and erosion should keep the settlement away from the riverbank. However, the dependence on the river creates the building typology that adapt to the natural cycle. It all establishes the morphology of the settlements on the riverbank.
ECLECTIC ART DECO IN SURAKARTA: COMPARISON OF THREE RESIDENCES IN SURAKARTA (LAWEYAN, BALUWARTI, KAUMAN)
Authors: Solikhah Nafiah , Kurnia Andi Surya
Published: January 2019

Art Deco emerged from the change of thinking ways of a group of people who one of them backed from the establishment of the economy. In Surakarta, there are areas that get influence Art Deco style, among others: Baluwarti, Laweyan, and Kauman. The problem is the absorption and adaptation of elements of Javanese culture and other culture that produce different art deco typology in each object of study. This study aims to compare the absorption and adaptation of elements of Javanese culture and other culture that produces different art deco typologies in three different areas in Surakarta.With different backgrounds, the absorption and adaptation of Art Deco style in residential houses in each region is different. But the common thread is the absorption of several styles, namely: Java, Art Deco, Art Nouveau, Middle East, and China which finally created the eclectic Art Deco style.
THE INFLUENCE OF USER ACTIVITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS DIMENSIONS ON SENSE OF PLACE IN CITY PARKS
Authors: Dwiputra Ivan Danny , Tampubolon Angela Christysonia , Kusuma Hanson E.
Published: January 2019

City parks have certain environmental characteristics and accommodate various types of activities that affect the sense of place of the user. This study was conducted with the aim of identifying the dimensions of user activities and environmental characteristics, and sense of place levels related to city parks, as well as the causal relationships between them. Qualitative research was done using an online survey with open-ended questions. The collected text data were analyzed using content analysis. Quantitative research was done using an online survey with closed-ended questions that were compiled based on the results of the qualitative research analysis. The collected numerical data were analyzed by factor analysis and multivariate regression analysis. The analysis revealed four user activity dimensions (recreation, social interaction, work, and sports and hobby), seven environmental characteristics dimensions (natural environment, design, facilities, comfort, location, proximity, and entertainment), and two sense of place dimensions (compatibility with a place and dedication to a place). The dimension compatibility with a place tended to be influenced by the accessibility and visual quality of a park (location, natural environment, and park design), while the dimension dedication to a place tended to be influenced by user engagement (sport and hobby, and facilities).
REPRESENTASI ORIENTALISME DALAM VIDEO MUSIK THIRTY SECONDS TO MARS FROM YESTERDAY
Authors: Nugroho Dibba , Tjahjo Judy Djoko Wahjono , Wahjudianata Megawati
Published: January 2019

From Yesterday merupakan video musik milik grup band asal Amerika, Thirty Seconds to Mars. Video musik ini merupa­kan video musik dari Amerika pertama yang melakukan proses shooting di hadapan rakyat Republik Cina dan mengambil lokasi di Forbidden City. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui bagaimana orientalisme digambarkan dalam video musik “From Yesterday”. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah semiotika John Fiske dengan 3 level, yaitu level realitas, level representasi dan level ideologi. Pendekatan yang dilakukan dalam penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kualitatif untuk mendeskripsikan tanda dan lambang dalam video musik tersebut. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, peneliti menemukan bahwa bangsa Timur digambarkan sebagai sosok yang inferior dalam video musik ini. Hal tersebut terlihat dari bagaimana tanda dan lambang yang ada dalam video menunjukkan adanya pertanda: 1) Dominasi Barat terhadap Timur, 2) Stereotype Timur dari pandangan Barat yang semakin dikokohkan, dan 3) Pengabaian sejarah dari budaya-budaya Timur yang ada. Ideologi yang ditemukan peneliti dalam penelitian ini adalah ideologi ras
Organizational response to workplace violence, and its association with depressive symptoms: A nationwide survey of 1966 Korean EMS providers
Authors: Kim Ji-Hwan , Lee Nagyeong , Kim Ja Young , Kim Soo Jin , Okechukwu Cassandra , Kim Seung-Sup
Published: January 2019

Objectives

This study investigated whether organizational responses modified the associations between experiencing violence and depressive symptoms among emergency workers.

Methods

A nationwide survey of 1966 Korean emergency medical service (EMS) providers was analyzed. Experience of workplace violence (ie, physical violence, verbal abuse) was classified into four groups based on the victims’ reporting and organizational responses: (i) “Not experienced,” (ii) “Experienced, not reported,” (iii) “Experienced, reported, responded by organization,”and (iv) “Experienced, reported, not responded by organization.” Depressive symptoms were assessed by 11-item version of the Centers for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale.

Results

Compared to “Not experienced” group, physical violence was significantly associated with depressive symptoms among EMS providers responding “Experienced, not reported” (PR: 1.67, 95% CI: 1.37, 2.03) and “Experienced, reported, not responded by organization” (PR: 2.58, 95% CI: 1.75, 3.82), after adjusting for confounders. No significant difference was detected for workers responding “Experienced, reported, responded by organization” group (PR: 1.45, 95% CI: 0.87, 2.41). Similar trends were observed in the analysis with verbal abuse.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that organizational responses could play a critical role in mitigating depressive symptoms among EMS providers who experience violence at work.
Prevalence of pneumoconiosis among young adults aged 24-44 years in a heavily industrialized province of China
Authors: Zhao Jun-Qin , Li Jian-Guo , Zhao Chun-Xiang
Published: January 2019

Objectives

The purposes of this study were to clarify (i) the prevalence of pneumoconiosis among young adults and (ii) the factors associated with pneumoconiosis among young adults to explore targeted solution for control of pneumoconiosis among young adults (aged 24-44 years).

Methods

The new cases diagnosed from 2001 to 2015 (extracted from the National Occupational Disease and Occupational Health Information Monitoring System) were involved in this research, including information of employer, patient’s name, date of birth, gender, date of diagnosis, first year of dust exposure, duration of exposure, aggregation etc

Results

A total of 1519 pneumoconiosis cases were diagnosed among young adults (21.6% of overall cases). Silicosis was the most common type with acute process of disease. Compared with overall cases, the young patients had shorter duration of exposure, more stage II/III cases and higher aggravation rate; and were even more concentrated in small and medium enterprises where more migrant workers were employed and insufficient protective measures were used. Without further regulation, the prevalence of pneumoconiosis among young adults would bring not only disease suffering for 3000 individuals and their families, but also an annual economic loss up to 180 million yuan for Hebei province till 2025.

Conclusions

As a typical heavily industrialized province of China, Hebei has severe situation on pneumoconiosis among young adults. Special attention and effort on silica-contacting industries, small and medium enterprises, and migrant workers should be focused in future occupational supervision and regulation among young adults.
Validation of a smart chair and corresponding smartphone app as an objective measure of desk-based sitting
Authors: Arrogi Anass , Boen Filip , Seghers Jan
Published: January 2019

Objectives

This study evaluated the validity of a smart chair and corresponding smartphone app (chair&app) to measure sitting time and sitting interruptions against camera-derived observation and activPAL.

Methods

Belgian deskbound university employees (n = 28, 17 women, mean age 30 ± 7.5 years, mean BMI 22.1 ± 2.0 kg/m2) were provided with the chair&app in three conditions: a controlled condition (following a prescribed protocol), a free-living condition (conducting usual office work for 2 hours), and an extended free-living condition (conducting usual office work for three consecutive days). Total sitting time and the number of sitting interruptions were compared between the chair&app and criterion measures (camera observation and activPAL). Criterion validity was assessed using mean differences (95% CI) and intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC; 95% CI).

Results

In the controlled condition, mean sitting time and number of sitting interruptions differed between chair&app and camera observation by 2.7 (−2.4, 7.9) minutes and −8.0 (−10.4, −5.6) interruptions, respectively. For the free-living condition, there was good agreement between chair&app and camera observation for both sitting time (ICC: 0.74; 0.28, 0.93) and sitting interruptions (ICC: 0.68; 0.10, 0.91). For the extended free-living condition, there was excellent agreement between chair&app and activPAL for sitting time (ICC: 0.89; 0.49, 0.97). Meanwhile, there was poor agreement between chair&app and activPAL for sitting interruptions (ICC: 0.38; −0.04, 0.70).

Conclusions

Chair&app generally provided reliable measures of desk-based sitting. Consequently, chair&app might be useful as a self-monitoring tool in the workplace context. Further research is needed to explore its usefulness in reducing adults’ desk-based sitting.
Factors of occurrence and improvement methods of presenteeism attributed to diabetes: A systematic review
Authors: Mori Koji , Mori Takahiro , Nagata Tomohisa , Nagata Masako , Iwasaki Mahoko , Sakai Hiroki , Kimura Koki , Shinzato Natsumi
Published: January 2019

Objective

A systematic review was performed to study factors of occurrence and improvement methods of presenteeism attributed to diabetes.

Methods

We set 2 clinical questions; (a) how comorbidities and complications of diabetes induce presenteeism and (b) what interventions or conditions effectively improve presenteeism. Then, we conducted a comprehensive search with MEDLINE/PubMed and Scopus databases and extracted those that met the clinical questions.

Results

Eighteen papers studied occurrence of presenteeism by comorbidities and complications of diabetes. Most studies were cross-sectional and had a low quality of evidence. However, the associations of hypoglycemia, diabetic neuropathy, and mood disorders with presenteeism were relatively well studied. The papers that discussed effective interventions or conditions for improving presenteeism were very limited.

Conclusions

Our review suggests that presenteeism attributed to diabetes is mainly caused by hypoglycemia, diabetic neuropathy, and mood disorders. There are very limited evidences, but available information suggests that improving glycemic control, adjusting treatment regimen by evaluating the impact on work, providing psychological support, and developing suitable work accommodations may effectively reduce presenteeism.
Bermuda grass pollen allergen implicated in clinically relevant cross-reactivity to multiple grains: A case report
Authors: Lee Jihye , Kang Young Joong
Published: January 2019

Background

Anaphylaxis is a severe and potentially fatal type of allergic reaction and is characterized by the rapid development of symptoms in the respiratory and circulatory systems, possibly leading to death if not treated properly. Occupational anaphylaxis, which does not exhibit significant differences in pathogenesis from the nonoccupational form, develops in response to work-related triggers. However, the onset of occupational anaphylaxis can also be triggered by other factors. Therefore, an unexpected episode may occur due to exposure to a previously sensitized antigen or cross-reaction in the occupational environment, even if the direct trigger has been removed. Accordingly, it is difficult to diagnosis and treat such cases and ensure avoidance of potential triggers.

Case presentation

An adult male patient developed anaphylaxis following exposure to grass antigens while replacing and burying sewer pipes at a theme park. He later developed cross-reactivity to other grains. Despite symptomatic treatment, his total serum level of allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (Ig E) antibodies continuously increased, and thus, he was admitted with severe hypersensitivity, at which time his serum levels of Ig E antibodies specific for Bermuda grass, wheat, and rice had also increased.

Conclusion

In Korea, Bermuda grass is rarely seen and is generally found in athletic fields or theme parks. Following exposure to this relatively rare grass, our patient exhibited new anaphylactic responses to various external antigens. Therefore, we attribute his severe anaphylaxis to sensitization caused by Bermuda grass exposure and cross-reactive hypersensitivity to other grains.
SLC34A2 promotes neuroblastoma cell stemness via enhancement of miR‐25/Gsk3β‐mediated activation of Wnt/β‐catenin signaling
Authors: Chen Jianlong , Wang Pengcheng , Cai Renduan , Peng Hao , Zhang Chaocai , Zhang Mao
Published: January 2019

Cancer stem cells contribute to cancer progression, but the mechanisms underlying neuroblastoma stem cell development are unclear. Here, we examined the roles of the transcription factor SLC34A2 in regulating the stemness of neuroblastoma cells. We found that SLC34A2 expression was negatively correlated with the overall survival and relapse‐free survival probability of neuroblastoma patients. Additionally, SLC34A2 expression was observed to be remarkably increased in spheroids derived from neuroblastoma cells. Knockdown of SLC34A2 attenuated the expression of stemness markers and spheroid formation capacity of neuroblastoma cell‐derived spheroids, and overexpression of SLC34A2 exerted the opposite effects in neuroblastoma cells. Mechanistically, SLC34A2 was found to directly bind to the promoter of MIR25, which targets glycogen synthesis kinase 3β (Gsk3β), an antagonist of Wnt signaling. Transfection of miR‐25 inhibitor or a Gsk3β overexpression plasmid attenuated the effects of SLC34A2 overexpression on the stemness of neuroblastoma cells. Our results demonstrate that miR‐25/Gsk3β‐mediated activation of Wnt signaling is responsible for SLC34A2‐induced enhancement of neuroblastoma cell stemness.
Al‐Based Amorphous Metallic Plastics
Authors: Gao Meng , Perepezko John H.
Published: January 2019

A new class of Al‐based metallic glasses is identified, which exhibits polymer‐like thermoplastic formability near the boiling point of water. To satisfy the requirements for thermoplastic behavior, a series of AlSm‐based metallic glasses are examined by Flash DSC to determine the glass transition temperature, Tg. Viscosity measurements confirm that the Tgvalues of the AlSm‐based glasses are below 100 °C. Bending and imprinting trials in boiling water demonstrate permanent deformation without the development of shear bands as required for thermoplastic behavior. Comparison of the thermoplastic formability index values indicates that the AlSm‐based glasses exhibit behavior similar to that for common Fe‐based metallic glasses. Kinetic measurements are used to evaluate the lifetime before the onset of crystallization. The AlSm‐based glasses have a significant potential in the areas of electromechanical systems, micro‐scale biomedical parts, nanorobots, and micromachines.
Modulation of Intracellular Oxygen Pressure by Dual‐Drug Nanoparticles to Enhance Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Fan Ya‐Tong , Zhou Tian‐Jiao , Cui Peng‐Fei , He Yu‐Jing , Chang Xin , Xing Lei , Jiang Hu‐Lin
Published: January 2019

Oxygen plays an essential role in the photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer. However, hypoxia inside tumors severely attenuates the therapeutic effect of PDT. To address this issue, a novel strategy is reported for cutting off the oxygen consumption pathway by using sub‐50 nm dual‐drug nanoparticles (NPs) to attenuate the hypoxia‐induced resistance to PDT and to enhance PDT efficiency. Specifically, dual‐drug NPs that encapsulate photosensitizer (PS) verteporfin (VER) and oxygen‐regulator atovaquone (ATO) with sub‐50 nm diameters can penetrate deep into the interior regions of tumors and effectively deliver dual‐drug into tumor tissues. Then, ATO released from NPs efficiently reduce in advance cellular oxygen consumption by inhibition of mitochondria respiratory chain and further heighten VER to generate greater amounts of 1O2 in hypoxic tumor. As a result, accompanied with the upregulated oxygen content in tumor cells and laser irradiation, the dual‐drug NPs exhibit powerful and overall antitumor PDT effects both in vitro and in vivo, and even tumor elimination. This study presents a potential appealing clinical strategy in photodynamic eradication of tumors.
Thermochromic Lead‐Free Halide Double Perovskites
Authors: Ning Weihua , Zhao Xin‐Gang , Klarbring Johan , Bai Sai , Ji Fuxiang , Wang Feng , Simak Sergei I. , Tao Youtian , Ren Xiao‐Ming , Zhang Lijun , Huang Wei , Abrikosov Igor A. , Gao Feng
Published: January 2019

Lead‐free halide double perovskites with diverse electronic structures and optical responses, as well as superior material stability show great promise for a range of optoelectronic applications. However, their large bandgaps limit their applications in the visible light range such as solar cells. In this work, an efficient temperature‐derived bandgap modulation, that is, an exotic fully reversible thermochromism in both single crystals and thin films of Cs2AgBiBr6 double perovskites is demonstrated. Along with the thermochromism, temperature‐dependent changes in the bond lengths of AgBr (RAgBr) and BiBr (RBiBr) are observed. The first‐principle molecular dynamics simulations reveal substantial anharmonic fluctuations of the RAgBr and RBiBr at high temperatures. The synergy of anharmonic fluctuations and associated electron–phonon coupling, and the peculiar spin–orbit coupling effect, is responsible for the thermochromism. In addition, the intrinsic bandgap of Cs2AgBiBr6 shows negligible changes after repeated heating/cooling cycles under ambient conditions, indicating excellent thermal and environmental stability. This work demonstrates a stable thermochromic lead‐free double perovskite that has great potential in the applications of smart windows and temperature sensors. Moreover, the findings on the structure modulation‐induced bandgap narrowing of Cs2AgBiBr6 provide new insights for the further development of optoelectronic devices based on the lead‐free halide double perovskites.
NIR‐II Excitable Conjugated Polymer Dots with Bright NIR‐I Emission for Deep In Vivo Two‐Photon Brain Imaging Through Intact Skull
Authors: Wang Shaowei , Liu Jie , Feng Guangxue , Ng Lai Guan , Liu Bin
Published: January 2019

Methods for noninvasive brain imaging are highly desirable to study brain structures in neuroscience. Two‐photon fluorescence microscopy (2PFM) with near‐infrared (NIR) light excitation is a relatively noninvasive approach commonly used to study brain with high spatial resolution and large imaging depth. However, most of the current studies require cranial window implantation or skull‐thinning methods due to attenuation of excitation light. 2PFM through intact mouse skull is challenging due to strong scattering induced by skull bone. Herein, NIR‐II light excitable single‐chain conjugated polymer dots (CPdots) with bright fluorescence in NIR‐I region (peak at ≈725 nm and quantum yield of 20.6 ± 1.0%) are developed for deep in vivo two‐photon fluorescence (2PF) imaging of intact mouse brain. The synthesized CPdots exhibit good biocompatibility, high photostability, and large two‐photon absorption cross section. The CPdots allow 2PF images acquired upon excitation at 800, 1040 and 1200 nm with the highest signal‐to‐background ratio of 208 demonstrated for 1200 nm excitation. Moreover, a 3D reconstruction of the brain blood vessel network is obtained with a large vertical depth of 400 µm through intact skull. This work demonstrates great potential of bright NIR fluorophores for in vivo deep tissue imaging.
Bottom‐Up Preparation of Fully sp2‐Bonded Porous Carbons with High Photoactivities
Authors: Ming Wenyong , Bi Shuai , Zhang Yinghang , Yu Kaijin , Lu Chenbao , Fu Xiaobin , Qiu Feng , Liu Ping , Su Yuezeng , Zhang Fan
Published: January 2019

Porous carbons, possessing exceptional stability, high surface area, and electric conductivity, are broadly used as superior adsorbent, supporter, or electrode material for environmental protection, industrial catalysis, and energy storage and conversion. The construction of such kinds of materials with designable structures and properties will extremely extend their potential applications, but remains a huge synthetic challenge. Herein, a bottom‐up approach is presented to synthesize one type of fully sp2 carbon–bonded frameworks by transition metal–catalyzed cross‐coupling of different polyphenylenes with electron‐withdrawing 9,9′‐bifluorenylidene (9,9′‐BF) through its 2,7‐position. The resulting porous polymeric carbons exhibit substantial semiconducting properties, such as strong light‐harvesting capabilities in the visible light region, likely due to their π‐extended backbones with donor–acceptor characters. Their electronic and porous structures can be finely tuned via the polyphenylene spacers. The intriguing properties allow these porous carbons to efficiently catalyze dye degradation under visible light or even natural sunlight with high reusability. Meanwhile, associated with their intrinsic structures, these porous carbons also exhibit highly selective degradation activities toward different dyes. In particular, the photodegradation mechanism involving oxygen and electron is elucidated for the first time for such kinds of materials, related to the presence of specific 9,9′‐BF units in their π‐conjugated skeletons.
Robust Above‐Room‐Temperature Ferromagnetism in Few‐Layer Antimonene Triggered by Nonmagnetic Adatoms
Authors: Tang Xian , Hu Liang , Fan Touwen , Zhang Le , Zhu Liping , Li Hui , Liu Haoliang , Liang Jiyuan , Wang Kedong , Li Zhongjun , Ruan Shuangchen , Zhang Yupeng , Fan Dianyuan , Chen Weicheng , Zeng Yu‐Jia , Zhang Han
Published: January 2019

2D ferromagnets have attracted considerable attention due to their strong potential in the post‐Moore Law era. However, intrinsic 2D ferromagnetic materials typically suffer from suppressed Curie temperature due to thermal fluctuation, magnetic order instability in the 2D limit, and others. Herein, a nonmagnetic fluorine modification strategy is proposed to control the ferromagnetism of air‐stable antimonene. It is demonstrated that fluorinated antimonene (F‐antimonene), synthesized via an electrochemical exfoliation and synchronous fluorination method, exhibits robust ferromagnetism with a Curie temperature of up to 717 K (compared with a Curie temperature of 220 K for pristine antimonene) and a saturation magnetization of ≈0.1 emu g−1 (determined by the fluorination degree). First‐principles simulations confirm that the robust long‐range ferromagnetic order in the half‐metallic F‐antimonene is induced by the low‐density sp‐electron‐polarized impurity subbands. The study constitutes a nonmagnetic control of robust above‐room‐temperature ferromagnetism in monoelemental 2D semiconductors and paves a new route toward 2D atomic layer‐based spin devices.
Versatile Defect Passivation Methods for Metal Halide Perovskite Materials and their Application to Light‐Emitting Devices
Authors: Lee Seungjin , Kim Da Bin , Yu Jae Choul , Jang Chung Hyeon , Park Jong Hyun , Lee Bo Ram , Song Myoung Hoon
Published: January 2019

Metal halide perovskites (MHPs) have emerged as promising emitters because of their excellent optoelectronic properties, including high photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs), wide‐range color tunability, and high color purity. However, a fundamental limitation of MHPs is their low exciton binding energy, which results in a low radiative recombination rate and the dependence of PLQY on the excitation intensity. Under the operating conditions of light‐emitting diodes (LEDs), the injected current densities are typically lower than the trap density, leading to a low actual PLQY. Moreover, the defects not only initiate the decomposition of MHPs caused by extrinsic factors, but also intrinsically stimulate ion migration across the interface and lead to the corrosion of electrodes due to interaction between those electrodes, even under inert conditions. The passivation of defects has proven to be effective for mitigating the effects of defects in MHPs. Herein, the origins and theoretical calculations of the defect tolerance in MHPs and the impact of defects on both the performance and stability of perovskite LEDs are reviewed. The passivation methods and materials for MHP bulk films and nanocrystals are discussed in detail. Based on the currently reported advances, specific requirements and future research directions for display applications are suggested.
Ultrafast Orbital‐Oriented Control of Magnetization in Half‐Metallic La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 Films
Authors: Liu Bo , Niu Wei , Chen Yongda , Ruan Xuezhong , Tang Zhixiong , Wang Xuefeng , Liu Wenqing , He Liang , Li Yao , Wu Jing , Tang Shaolong , Du Jun , Zhang Rong , Xu Yongbing
Published: January 2019

Manipulating spins by ultrafast pulse laser provides a new avenue to switch the magnetization for spintronic applications. While the spin–orbit coupling is known to play a pivotal role in the ultrafast laser‐induced demagnetization, the effect of the anisotropic spin–orbit coupling on the transient magnetization remains an open issue. This study uncovers the role of anisotropic spin–orbit coupling in the spin dynamics in a half‐metallic La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 film by ultrafast pump–probe technique. The magnetic order is found to be transiently enhanced or attenuated within the initial sub‐picosecond when the probe light is tuned to be s‐ or p‐polarized, respectively. The subsequent slow demagnetization amplitude follows the fourfold symmetry of the orbitals as a function of the polarization angles of the probe light. A model based on the Elliott–Yafet spin‐flip scatterings is proposed to reveal that the transient magnetization enhancement is related to the spin‐mixed states arising from the anisotropic spin–orbit coupling. The findings provide new insights into the spin dynamics in magnetic systems with anisotropic spin–orbit coupling as well as perspectives for the ultrafast control of information process in spintronic devices.
Optical Anapoles: Concepts and Applications
Authors: Baryshnikova Kseniia V. , Smirnova Daria A. , Luk'yanchuk Boris S. , Kivshar Yuri S.
Published: January 2019

Interference of electromagnetic modes supported by subwavelength photonic structures is one of the key concepts that underpins the nanoscale control of light in metaoptics. It drives the whole realm of all‐dielectric Mie‐resonant nanophotonics with many applications for low‐loss nanoscale optical antennas, metasurfaces, and metadevices. Specifically, interference of the electric and toroidal dipole moments results in a very peculiar, low‐radiating optical state associated with the concept of optical anapole. Here, the physics of multimode interferences and multipolar interplay in nanostructures is uncovered with an intriguing example of the optical anapole. The recently emerged field of anapole electrodynamics is reviewed, explicating its relevance to multipolar nanophotonics, including direct experimental observations, manifestations in nonlinear optics, and rapidly expanding applications in nanoantennas, active photonics, and metamaterials.
Dependance of stress ratio on the Mode I fatigue delamination growth in woven carbon–epoxy composites
Authors: Torres Mauricio , García‐Rivera S. Sugey , Rivas‐López Diego , González‐Velázquez Jorge L.
Published: January 2019

This study analyzes crack growth behavior of woven carbon fiber reinforced plastics under tension–tension fatigue varying the stress ratio (R). The composite studied here is 3K‐70‐P carbon fiber plain weave with EPOLAM 2015® epoxy resin, manufactured by vacuum bagging procedure. The modified París’ law for composites is used to estimate the delamination crack growth (da/dN) in terms of interlaminar fracture toughness ratio (Gmax/GIC). Delamination's dependence on R factor is discussed, as crack growth rate increases when stress ratio becomes higher. Also, fractographic examination is provided, as fatigue striation density is inversely dependent on fatigue stress ratio.
Compositional and Solvent Engineering in Dion–Jacobson 2D Perovskites Boosts Solar Cell Efficiency and Stability
Authors: Ke Weijun , Mao Lingling , Stoumpos Constantinos C. , Hoffman Justin , Spanopoulos Ioannis , Mohite Aditya D. , Kanatzidis Mercouri G.
Published: January 2019

Hybrid halide 2D perovskites deserve special attention because they exhibit superior environmental stability compared with their 3D analogs. The closer interlayer distance discovered in 2D Dion–Jacobson (DJ) type of halide perovskites relative to 2D Ruddlesden–Popper (RP) perovskites implies better carrier charge transport and superior performance in solar cells. Here, the structure and properties of 2D DJ perovskites employing 3‐(aminomethyl)piperidinium (3AMP2+) as the spacing cation and a mixture of methylammonium (MA+) and formamidinium (FA+) cations in the perovskite cages are presented. Using single‐crystal X‐ray crystallography, it is found that the mixed‐cation (3AMP)(MA0.75FA0.25)3Pb4I13 perovskite has a narrower bandgap, less distorted inorganic framework, and larger PbIPb angles than the single‐cation (3AMP)(MA)3Pb4I13. Furthermore, the (3AMP)(MA0.75FA0.25)3Pb4I13 films made by a solvent‐engineering method with a small amount of hydriodic acid have a much better film morphology and crystalline quality and more preferred perpendicular orientation. As a result, the (3AMP)(MA0.75FA0.25)3Pb4I13‐based solar cells exhibit a champion power conversion efficiency of 12.04% with a high fill factor of 81.04% and a 50% average efficiency improvement compared to the pristine (3AMP)(MA)3Pb4I13 cells. Most importantly, the 2D DJ 3AMP‐based perovskite films and devices show better air and light stability than the 2D RP butylammonium‐based perovskites and their 3D analogs.
Progression with clinical features is associated with worse subsequent survival in multiple myeloma
Authors: Chakraborty Rajshekhar , Liu Hien D. , Rybicki Lisa , Tomer Jacqulyn , Khouri Jack , Dean Robert M. , Faiman Beth M. , Kalaycio Matt , Samaras Christy J. , Majhail Navneet S. , Valent Jason
Published: January 2019

Response rate and survival in multiple myeloma (MM) has improved in the era of proteasome inhibitors and immunomodulatory drugs. However, most patients eventually relapse with biochemical progression (BP) alone or with clinical features of end‐organ damage (CP: clinical progression), with or without extramedullary (EM) disease. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 252 patients with MM experiencing first relapse (time, T0) to evaluate survival following CP with and without EM as a function of BP. Patients were divided into three groups: BP (n = 134; 53%), CP/EM‐ (n = 87; 35%) and CP/EM+ (n = 31; 12%). The median time from diagnosis to T0 was significantly shorter in CP/EM+ compared to CP/EM‐ and BP groups (13 vs 25 vs 25 months; P < 0.001). The incidence of abnormal metaphase cytogenetics at diagnosis was significantly higher in CP/EM+ compared to CP/EM‐ and BP groups (46% vs 18% vs 11% respectively; P < 0.001). At a median follow‐up of 26 months from T0, median overall survival was 50, 19 and 10 months for BP, CP/EM‐ and CP/EM+ groups, respectively (P < 0.001). On multivariable analysis, pattern of progression was a significant prognostic factor for OS (HR for CP/EM‐ vs BP: 3.6; CP/EM+ vs BP: 8.7 and CP/EM+ vs CP/EM‐: 2.42; P < 0.001 for all comparisons), along with age at T0. In conclusion, progression pattern is an important prognostic factor in the current era, with subsequent survival being dismal in patients with end‐organ damage or EM disease at relapse. Clinical trials in relapsed MM should consider reporting patterns of progression at baseline to ensure balance between study arms.
Development of snake‐directed antipredator behavior by wild white‐faced capuchin monkeys: III. the signaling properties of alarm‐call tonality
Authors: Coss Richard G. , Cavanaugh Cailey , Brennan Whitney
Published: January 2019

In many primates, the acoustic properties of alarm calls can provide information on the level of perceived predatory threat as well as influence the antipredator behavior of nearby conspecifics. The present study examined the harmonics‐to‐noise ratio (tonality of spectral structure) of alarm calls emitted by white‐faced capuchin monkeys (Cebus capucinus) in trees directed at photographic models of a boa constrictor, neotropical rattlesnake, scorpion eater snake, and white snake‐shaped control presented on the ground. The average and peak harmonics‐to‐noise ratios of initial alarm calls by infants, juveniles, and adults and those of nearby second callers were analyzed using PRAAT software. Averaged for age class, the peak harmonics‐to‐noise ratio of alarm calls directed at the boa constrictor model, characterizing a primary capuchin predator, was reliably higher than the peak harmonics‐to‐noise ratio of alarm calls directed at the harmless scorpion eater model. This effect was influenced by the higher harmonics‐to‐noise ratio of infant alarm calls and it disconfirmed our prediction, based on primate vocalization research, that snake perception would increase arousal and alarm‐call noisiness. Levels of call tonality did not distinguish the boa and rattlesnake or rattlesnake and scorpion eater models for any age class. Higher alarm‐call tonality appeared contagious to nearby perceivers, with focal alarm calling influencing the level of tonality of the first calls of second callers. Together, these findings suggest that the higher peak harmonics‐to‐noise ratio of capuchin alarm calling directed at snakes is contagious and possibly conveys information about the level of perceived predatory threat.
Sex differences in scent‐marking in captive red‐ruffed lemurs
Authors: Janda Ellesse D. , Perry Kate L. , Hankinson Emma , Walker David , Vaglio Stefano
Published: January 2019

Primate chemical communication remains underappreciated, as primates are considered to rely on other sensory modalities. However, various lines of evidence suggest that olfaction plays an important role in primate societies, including the conspicuous scent‐marking behavior of many strepsirrhines and callitrichines. Although lemurs typically show scent‐marking, little is known about this behavior in red‐ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata rubra). We combined behavioral observations and semiochemistry analyses to improve our understanding of scent‐marking in two captive troops housed at Dudley and Twycross zoos (UK). We collected olfactory behavioral observations by focusing on two family troops (N = 7) for 132 hr. We investigated the volatile compounds of ano‐genital scent‐marks using solid‐phase microextraction and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry and compared volatile chemical profiles with features of the signaller. Males scent‐marked most frequently and predominantly in specific meaningful areas of the enclosure, while within females the occurrence of scent‐marking was related to their age. We found behavioral sexual dimorphism, with male predominantly depositing secretions via neck and mandible glands and females via ano‐genital glands. We identified a total of 32 volatile components of ano‐genital gland secretion, including compounds that have already been found in other mammals as sex pheromones and cues to fitness, in ano‐genital scent‐marks spontaneously left on filter paper by adult females. Our findings suggest that red‐ruffed lemurs might use scent‐marking to convey information about sex and female age, with male neck‐marking behavior playing defensive territorial functions and ano‐genital marking related to socio‐sexual communication.
Advanced cadaver‐based educational seminar for trauma surgery using saturated salt solution‐embalmed cadavers
Authors: Homma Hiroshi , Oda Jun , Sano Hidefumi , Kawai Kentaro , Koizumi Nobusato , Uramoto Hidetaka , Sato Norio , Mashiko Kazuki , Yasumatsu Hiroshi , Ito Masayuki , Fukuhara Tomomi , Watanabe Yo , Kim Shiei , Hayashi Shogo , Kawata Shinichi , Miyawaki Makoto , Miyaso Hidenobu , Itoh Masahiro
Published: January 2019

Aim

Senior surgeons in Japan who participated in “cadaver‐based educational seminar for trauma surgery (CESTS)” subsequently stated their interest in seminars for more difficult procedures. Therefore, we held a 1‐day advanced‐CESTS with saturated salt solution (SSS)‐embalmed cadavers and assessed its effectiveness for surgical skills training (SST).

Methods

Data were collected from three seminars carried out from September 2015 to January 2018, including a 10‐point self‐assessment of confidence levels (SACL) questionnaire on nine advanced surgical skills, and evaluation of seminar content before, just after, and half a year after the seminar. Participants assessed the suitability of the two embalming methods (formalin solution [FAS] and SSS) for SST, just after the seminar. Statistical analysis resulted in P < 0.0167 comparing SACL results from seminar evaluations at the three time points and P < 0.05 comparing FAS to SSS.

Results

Forty‐three participants carried out surgical procedures of the lung, liver, abdominal aorta, and pelvis and extremity. The SACL scores increased in all skills between before and just after the seminar, but were decreased by half a year after. However, SACL scores of each skill did not change significantly, except for external fixation for pelvic fracture at just after and half a year after. The SSS‐embalmed cadavers were evaluated as being more suitable than FAS‐embalmed cadavers for each procedure.

Conclusions

Advanced‐CESTS using SSS‐embalmed cadavers increased the participants’ self‐confidence just after the seminar, which was maintained after half a year in each skill, except external fixation for pelvic fracture. Therefore, SSS‐embalmed cadavers are useful for SST, particularly for surgical repairs.
Adjusting the Reduction Potential of Electrons by Quantum Confinement for Selective Photoreduction of CO2 to Methanol
Authors: Li Ang , Wang Tuo , Li Chengcheng , Huang Zhiqi , Luo Zhibin , Gong Jinlong
Published: January 2019

The production of CH3OH from the photocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (PCRR) presents a promising route for the clean utilization of renewable resources, but charge recombination, an unsatisfying stability and a poor selectivity limit its practical application. In this paper, we present the design and fabrication of 0D/2D materials with polymeric C3N4 nanosheets and CdSe quantum dots (QDs) to enhance the separation and reduce the diffusion length of charge carriers. The rapid outflow of carriers also restrains self‐corrosion and consequently enhances the stability. Furthermore, based on quantum confinement effects of the QDs, the energy of the electrons could be adjusted to a level that inhibits the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER, the main competitive reaction to PCRR) and improves the selectivity and activity for CH3OH production from the PCRR. The band structures of photocatalysts with various CdSe particle sizes were also investigated quantitatively to establish the relationship between the band energy and the photocatalytic performance.
A Niobium Oxyiodate Sulfate with a Strong Second‐Harmonic‐Generation Response Built by Rational Multi‐Component Design
Authors: Tang Hong‐Xin , Zhang Yu‐Xiao , Zhuo Chao , Fu Rui‐Biao , Lin Hua , Ma Zu‐Ju , Wu Xin‐Tao
Published: January 2019

A novel niobium oxyiodate sulfate, Nb2O3(IO3)2 (SO4), was fabricated by a rational multi‐component design under moderate hydrothermal conditions. This multi‐component design is inspired by an interesting niobium oxysulfate reaction, which opens a new door for synthetic method to effectively introduce refractory metals such as Nb into crystal structures by hydrothermal synthesis. Nb2O3(IO3)2(SO4) features a cube‐like topological structure with a large phase‐matching second harmonic generation (SHG) response (6×KDP), a wide transparency window (0.38–8 μm), and a high laser damage threshold (LDT) (20×AgGaS2). It has the highest thermostability (stable up to 580 °C under air) among reported non‐centrosymmetric (NCS) iodates and sulfates and is stable in water and even concentrated H2SO4. Furthermore, Nb2O3(IO3)2(SO4) is a unique nonlinear optical (NLO) material among iodates and sulfates, because its SHG effect is mainly caused by the MO6 units rather than the IO3 or SO4 units, which is demonstrated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations.
Copper Photoredox Catalyzed A3’ Coupling of Arylamines, Terminal Alkynes, and Alcohols through a Hydrogen Atom Transfer Process
Authors: Sagadevan Arunachalam , Pampana V. Kishore Kumar , Hwang Kuo Chu
Published: January 2019

The first successful example of the three‐component coupling of N‐alkylanilines, terminal alkynes, and alcohols was achieved at room temperature by a visible‐light‐mediated copper‐catalyzed photoredox hydrogen‐atom transfer process. This method allows preparation of propargylamines through uniquely selective α‐C−H bond activation of unactivated alkylalcohols. Preliminary studies indicate that formation of α‐oxy radical is operative. This approach facilitates rapid access to biologically important propargylamines from methanol as an abundant feedstock.
Size‐Control by Anion Templating in Mechanochemical Synthesis of Hemicucurbiturils in the Solid State
Authors: Kaabel Sandra , Stein Robin S. , Fomitšenko Maria , Järving Ivar , Friščić Tomislav , Aav Riina
Published: January 2019

Self‐organization is one of the most intriguing phenomena of chemical matter. While the self‐assembly of macrocycles and cages in dilute solutions has been extensively studied, it remains poorly understood in solvent‐free environments. Provided here is the first example of using anionic templates to achieve selective assembly of differently‐sized macrocycles in a solvent‐free system. Using acid‐catalyzed synthesis of cyclohexanohemicucurbiturils as a model, size‐controlled, quantitative synthesis of 6‐ or 8‐membered macrocycles by spontaneous anion‐directed reorganization of mechanochemically‐made oligomers in the solid state is demonstrated.
Optimierung photodynamischer Krebstherapien auf der Grundlage physikalisch‐chemischer Faktoren
Authors: Yang Mingying , Yang Tao , Mao Chuanbin
Published: January 2019

Der Einsatz der photodynamischen Therapie (PDT) in der Krebstherapie ist aufgrund der unerwünschten Auswirkungen auf das gesunde Gewebe nie vollständig realisiert worden. Wir fassen hier einige physikalisch‐chemische Faktoren zusammen, die PDT zu einer tragfähigeren und effektiveren Methode machen, um zukünftigen Krebspatienten qualitativ bessere Behandlungsmöglichkeiten bieten zu können. Diese physikalisch‐chemischen Faktoren umfassen Lichtquellen, Träger für Photosensibilisatoren (PS), Mikrowellen, elektrische Felder, Magnetfelder und Ultraschall. Wir diskutieren aktuelle Ergebnisse zur Anwendung der PDT, einschließlich In‐vitro‐ und In‐vivo‐Studien und mit einem Schwerpunkt auf den physikalisch‐chemischen Faktoren der PDT. Eine Vielzahl von fortschrittlichen Techniken, wie z. B. der Einsatz von Röntgenstrahlung als Lichtquelle, die Nutzung von Nanopartikel‐beladenen Stammzellen und bakteriophagen Bionanodrähten als Photosensibilisatorträger sowie die Integration mit der Immuntherapie, sind Teil der Entwicklung des Gebiets.
Die Halogen‐Samarium‐Austauschreaktion: Synthetische Anwendungen und Kinetik
Authors: Anthore‐Dalion Lucile , Benischke Andreas D. , Wei Baosheng , Berionni Guillaume , Knochel Paul
Published: January 2019

Schnelle I/Sm‐ und Br/Sm‐Austauschreaktionen finden statt, wenn unterschiedliche aromatische oder heterocyclische Iodide und Bromide mit nBu2SmCl⋅4 LiCl beziehungsweise mit nBu3Sm⋅5 LiCl behandelt werden. Die erhaltenen Organosamariumreagenzien wurden effizient mit Aldehyden, Ketonen und Iminen abgefangen. Ebenso wurden diese Reagenzien durch Versetzen mit N,N‐Dimethylamiden acyliert, was zu Ketonen führte. Die Geschwindigkeit des Br/Sm‐Austausches wurde anhand eines typischen Arylbromides bestimmt und es wurde gezeigt, dass dieser 8.5×105 mal schneller als der entsprechende Br/Mg‐Austausch abläuft. Diese Beobachtung befürwortet, dass die Geschwindigkeit des Metallaustausches mit dem ionischen Charakter der Kohlenstoff‐Metallbindung und somit mit der Metallelektronegativität zusammenhängt.
The Halogen–Samarium Exchange Reaction: Synthetic Applications and Kinetics
Authors: Anthore‐Dalion Lucile , Benischke Andreas D. , Wei Baosheng , Berionni Guillaume , Knochel Paul
Published: January 2019

Fast I/Sm and Br/Sm exchanges take place when various aromatic or heterocyclic iodides and bromides are treated with nBu2SmCl⋅4 LiCl and nBu3Sm⋅5 LiCl, respectively. The resulting organosamarium reagents were efficiently quenched with aldehydes, ketones, and imines. Also, they undergo acylations when treated with N,N‐dimethylamides leading to ketones. The rate of the Br/Sm exchange for a typical aryl bromide was determined and found to be 8.5×105 faster than the Br/Mg exchange, indicating that the rate of a metal‐exchange is related to the ionic character of the carbon–metal bond and to the metal electronegativity.