bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An examination of Unified English Braille and its efficiency in representing print
Authors: Savaiano Mackenzie , Kearns Devin M
Published: February 2021

This study considers whether Unified English Braille provides an efficient representation of printed English. Two databases of English words were used to acquire and calculate information about English orthography that was then used to analyze Unified English Braille (UEB) using a computer program developed by the second author. In general, braille groupsigns and wordsigns represent many of the most frequently occurring letter combinations and words in English. However, there were some braille contractions that are so infrequent, they appear fewer than 100 times per million words or did not appear in the database at all. There was good braille representation within the 50 most frequent words, and our efficiency index showed that braille is already extremely efficient, although there is some mismatch between the order of introduction for braille and the frequency of certain words and letter combinations in English. There is a common understanding that we should teach all of the contractions by the end of third grade, but our results show that some contractions, many of which are shortform words, never appear in school texts. It may be possible to approach instruction of shortform words in a different way.
Placement of team sport GPS devices for reliability assessment
Authors: Polglaze Ted , Tan Justin HY , Peeling Peter
Published: February 2021

The goal of this study was to determine the effect of unit placement on signal integrity and measurement output obtained during reliability trials for global positioning system (GPS) devices. Two of the same model GPS units were worn in four separate unit configurations (Piggyback, Above-Below, Front-Back and Lateral) during 4 × 2 lap repeats of a team sport simulation circuit. Differences in signal integrity indicators (# satellites, horizontal dilution of precision (HDoP), signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and signal strength (SS)), total distance covered in each lap, and distance covered above and below 3 m·s−1, were compared between the two units. The results showed that for signal integrity measures, differences between units were negligible for Above-Below and Lateral, but comparatively high for Piggyback and Front-Back. For distance measures, values were similar between units for Above-Below, however, discrepancies occurred in both total distance and speed distribution for the other configurations. This study concluded that the Above-Below unit configuration yielded the smallest differences between units for signal integrity and measurement output. Therefore, the Above-Below configuration is recommended for future GPS reliability investigations.
Identifying Priorities for Harmonizing Guidelines for the Long-Term Surveillance of Childhood Cancer Survivors in the Chinese Children Cancer Group (CCCG)
Authors: Cheung Yin Ting , Zhang Hui , Cai Jiaoyang , Au-Doung Lung Wai Phillip , Yang Lok Sum , Yan Cuixia , Zhou Fen , Chen Xiaojuan , Guan Xianmin , Pui Ching-Hon , Hudson Melissa M. , Li Chi-kong
Published: February 2021

PURPOSE

Survivors of childhood cancer often experience treatment-related chronic health conditions. Given its vast population, China shares a large proportion of the global childhood cancer burden. Yet, screening and treatment of late effects in survivors of childhood cancer remain underaddressed in most regions of China. This study aimed to identify high-priority late effects for harmonizing screening guidelines within the Chinese Children's Cancer Group (CCCG), as well as barriers and enablers of the implementation of surveillance recommendations in local practice.

METHODS

To establish clinical consensus, 12 expert panelists who represent major institutions within the CCCG completed a Delphi survey and participated in a focus group discussion. The survey solicited ratings of the prevalence, severity, and priority for screening of 45 late effects. Major themes identified from the focus group were analyzed using thematic analysis.

RESULTS

The Delphi survey identified eight high-priority late effects for harmonization within CCCG: osteonecrosis, osteoporosis, left ventricular dysfunction, secondary brain tumors, treatment-related myeloid leukemia, gonadal dysfunction, growth hormone deficiency, and neurocognitive deficits. The common barriers to implementing survivorship programs include lack of support and resources for clinicians to provide follow-up care. Patients were also concerned about privacy issues and lacked awareness of late effects. Many institutions also lacked rehabilitation expertise and referral pathways.

CONCLUSION

By identifying obstacles related to the professional setting, patient behavior, and organization of care, our study identified resources and a framework for establishing collaborative strategies to facilitate follow-up care of childhood cancer survivors in China.
Lumbar Scoliosis in Postmenopausal Women Increases with Age but is not Associated with Osteoporosis
Authors: Rubin Janet , Cleveland Rebecca J , Padovano Alexander , Hu David , Styner Maya , Sanders James
Published: February 2021

Context

The contribution of lumbar scoliosis to osteoporosis is unknown.

Objective

This work aimed to determine the prevalence and relationship of lumbar scoliosis to osteoporosis in aging women.

Methods

A cross-sectional analysis used dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans of randomly selected groups of postmenopausal women (64-68, 74-78, and 84-88 years; N = 300 each) in a university teaching hospital from 2014 to 2019. Lumbar Cobb angle was tested for an association to femoral neck (FN), total hip (TH), and spine T score, age, weight, and ethnicity. Logistic regression tested an association between scoliosis (Cobb angle > 10°) and osteoporosis (T score ≤ –2.5). Available sequential DXA scans (N = 51) were analyzed for changes in Cobb angle using a linear mixed model of these longitudinal data.

Results

Osteoporosis and Cobb angle both increased with age: from 22% and 4.4 (SD = 7.8) respectively in 64- to 68-year-olds to 32.9% and to 9.7 (SD = 9.2) in women age 84 to 88 years. The prevalence of clinically significant scoliosis rose from 11.5% in the youngest group, to 27.3% and 39.4% in the age 74 to 78 and 84 to 88 cohorts, respectively. Cobb angle increased 0.7° per year of follow-up. After adjusting for covariates, there was no significant association between T scores at any site (TH, FN, or spine) and Cobb angle.

Conclusion

Based on screening DXAs, the incidence and degree of lumbar scoliosis increases significantly in women between age 65 and 85 years. There was no association between the incidence of lumbar scoliosis and FN bone density.
Quality of Life of Primary Aldosteronism Patients by Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists
Authors: Yoshida Yuichi , Yoshida Rika , Shibuta Kanako , Ozeki Yoshinori , Okamoto Mitsuhiro , Gotoh Koro , Masaki Takayuki , Shibata Hirotaka
Published: February 2021

Context

Although primary aldosteronism (PA) reduces quality of life (QOL), there have been no reports on whether treatment with a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA) improves QOL in Japanese PA patients.

Objective

Using the 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36), we compared the QOL of PA patients before and after treatment and evaluated whether the effectiveness of MRAs differs by sex and serum potassium level.

Methods

In 50 patients diagnosed with PA (with or without hypokalemia) and treated with an MRA, the SF-36 scores, blood pressure, and clinical features were assessed before, and 3 and 6 months after treatment. Separate analyses were also conducted for males and females.

Results

The normative mean SF-36 score of the healthy subjects was 50. The pretreatment Role-Physical (RP) (46.7 ± 1.8, P = .019), General Health (47.1 ± 1.3, P = .042), and Role-Emotional (47.2 ± 1.7, P = .045) SF-36 subscale scores of all PA patients were significantly lower than those of healthy subjects but were improved by MRA treatment. Females with PA had a lower RP score (45.1 ± 2.2, P = .008), which was not improved by MRA treatment (46.1 ± 2.4, P = .036). In addition, PA patients with hypokalemia had a lower Mental Health SF-36 subscale score (43.2 ± 4.4, P = .041), which was improved by treatment with an MRA.

Conclusion

MRAs improved the QOL of Japanese PA patients, but female PA patients may be more resistant to MRAs.
Understanding axial progenitor biology in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Wymeersch Filip J. , Wilson Valerie , Tsakiridis Anestis
Published: February 2021

The generation of the components that make up the embryonic body axis, such as the spinal cord and vertebral column, takes place in an anterior-to-posterior (head-to-tail) direction. This process is driven by the coordinated production of various cell types from a pool of posteriorly-located axial progenitors. Here, we review the key features of this process and the biology of axial progenitors, including neuromesodermal progenitors, the common precursors of the spinal cord and trunk musculature. We discuss recent developments in the in vitro production of axial progenitors and their potential implications in disease modelling and regenerative medicine.
Mandibular cortical index in the screening of postmenopausal at low mineral density risk: a systematic review
Authors: Munhoz Luciana , Morita Lucas , Nagai Aline Yukari , Moreira Julia , Arita Emiko Saito
Published: February 2021

Objectives:

This systematic literature review addressed the use of mandibular cortical index (MCI), assessed by panoramic radiography, for the identification of postmenopausal women at risk of osteoporosis.

Methods:

Databases were searched for original research studies published from September 2010 to September 2020 using the following keywords: “postmenopausal osteoporosis” and synonyms combined with “panoramic radiography” and synonyms. Only English language manuscripts and studies pertaining to the MCI were selected.

Results:

A total of 24 studies were included. The publications were highly heterogeneous in terms of the subject of interest, i.e. the MCI, with some studies comparing the usefulness of the MCI using panoramic radiography and using cone beam computed tomography, and others comparing different radiomorphometric indexes developed for panoramic radiography.

Conclusions:

Based on the literature included in this systematic review, we conclude that the MCI is useful as an auxiliary tool for identifying postmenopausal females at risk of low bone mineral density (BMD), as it correlates with skeletal BMD measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry. Nevertheless, other radiomorphometric indexes obtained from panoramic radiographs, such as panoramic mandibular index, mental index, and mandibular cortical width, are also valuable as auxiliary tools in the identification of postmenopausal females at risk, as they also correlate with BMD. Thus, it is not possible to affirm which index is the most reliable for the identification of postmenopausal females considering the literature screened. PROSPERO registration systematic review CRD42020208152.
Prevalence of calcified epiglottis in postmortem computed tomography. Is there a correlation to failed endotracheal intubation?
Authors: Ampanozi Garyfalia , Franckenberg Sabine , Schweitzer Wolf , Thali Michael J , Chatzaraki Vasiliki
Published: February 2021

Objectives:

Calcification of the epiglottis is a normal physiological degenerative process, although it can also be a consequence of infection or trauma. There are three possible forensically relevant consequences from epiglottic calcification: misinterpretation as foreign bodies, dysphagia as a major contributing factor to aspiration, and association with difficult intubation or a misplaced ventilation tube. It is the aim of this study (I) to inquire about the prevalence of epiglottic calcification in postmortem CT in general and (II) to investigate whether calcification of the epiglottis is linked to a higher incidence of failed endotracheal intubation.

Methods:

We retrospectively analysed 2930 consecutive cases in postmortem CT at the Institute of Forensic Medicine.

Results:

The prevalence of epiglottic calcification was 4.1%. Higher age and male sex are associated with an increased risk of epiglottic calcification. There was no calcification of the epiglottis in the cases with misplacement of the ventilation tube in the esophagus.

Conclusions:

To verify the result of our study, that is, the calcification of the epiglottis is not linked to a higher incidence of failed endotracheal intubation, it might be reasonable to repeat this study with a more representative study population. The high interindividual variations of calcified epiglottis could be used for identification.
Ethnicity, pre-existing comorbidities, and outcomes of hospitalised patients with COVID-19
Authors: Santorelli Gillian , McCooe Michael , Sheldon Trevor A. , Wright John , Lawton Tom
Published: February 2021

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has resulted in thousands of deaths in the UK. Those with existing comorbidities and minority ethnic groups have been found to be at increased risk of mortality. We wished to determine if there were any differences in intensive care unit (ICU) admission and 30-day hospital mortality in a city with high levels of deprivation and a large community of people of South Asian heritage. 

Methods: Detailed information on 622 COVID-19-positive inpatients in Bradford and Calderdale between February-August 2020 were extracted from Electronic Health Records. Logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards models were used to explore the relationship between ethnicity with admission to ICU and 30-day mortality, respectively accounting for the effect of demographic and clinical confounders.

Results: The sample consisted of 408 (70%) White, 142 (24%) South Asian and 32 (6%) other minority ethnic patients. Ethnic minority patients were younger, more likely to live in deprived areas, and be overweight/obese, have type 2 diabetes, hypertension and asthma compared to white patients, but were less likely to have cancer (South Asian patients only) and COPD. Male and obese patients were more likely to be admitted to ICU, and patients of South Asian ethnicity, older age, and those with cancer were less likely. Being male, older age, deprivation, obesity, and cancer were associated with 30-day mortality. The risk of death in South Asian patients was the same as in white patients HR 1.03 (0.58, 1.82).

Conclusions: Despite South Asian patients being less likely to be admitted to ICU and having a higher prevalence of diabetes and obesity, there was no difference in the risk of death compared to white patients. This contrasts with other findings and highlights the value of studies of communities which may have different ethnic, deprivation and clinical risk profiles.
NUMERICAL IMPLEMENTATION OF MODELS FOR REMOTE DETECTION OF LEAKS IN HEAT SUPPLY SYSTEMS
Authors: Sazonova Svetlana , Korablin Sergey , Zvyaginceva Alla
Published: February 2021

A description is given of the method of remote detection of the existence or absence of leaks in functioning heat supply systems, developed on the basis of a two-alternative hypothesis. It is proposed to apply a method for determining the location and volume of leaks based on the use of energy equivalent. It is proposed to check the presence of a leak between static assessments of the state of heat supply systems according to the data of remote manometric survey, with the help of which a simultaneous interrogation of pressure sensors in the power nodes of the system under consideration is performed. In case of abrupt changes in the estimated parameters of the system, it is concluded that there is a leak. The results of a computational experiment are presented, compared with the results of calculating the parameters in the system based on the results of manometric survey.
La violencia sexual como práctica de guerra: Implicaciones para la investigación y enjuiciamiento de crímenes atroces
Authors: Seelinger Kim Thuy , Wood Elisabeth Jean
Published: February 2021

Analizamos cómo el interés reciente de las ciencias sociales en la violencia sexual incurrida por actores armados incide en la investigación y enjuiciamiento de crímenes atroces. Nos enfocamos en un reto fundamental para intentar establecer que tanto la violación como otras formas de violencia sexual pueden ser cometidas frecuentemente por miembros de una organización armada sin que se las hayan ordenado o autorizado como política. A esto lo denominamos práctica. Cuando ocurre con frecuencia, se rige por normas de género tanto de combatientes como de comandantes. La atención a estas dinámicas sociales refuerza el análisis de género de los fiscales y la investigación de un conflicto armado, esclareciendo las relaciones entre diferentes actos de violencia. La acusación de violencia sexual que se presenta como práctica requiere caracterizaciones específicas del delito y del tipo de responsabilidad. Dado que se presenta como complicidad, tolerancia y previsibilidad, los modos de responsabilidad más relevantes son ayudar e incitar, responsabilidad de mando, y asociación para delinquir.
ON THE AUTHORITY OF TRANSNATIONAL LAW
Authors: Staffen Márcio Ricardo
Published: February 2021

This research aims to evaluate the contours of the Authority of Transnational Law and its consequences from the globalization of law. At the time when the norm is a source for constitution and legitimacy of power, power is a source for the production and application of the norm. To this end, this text presents the interfaces of the classic precepts of categories such as legitimacy, territory, power and authority related to state normative production, in contrast to national and transnational demands. It was concluded that the Authority that presents itself to Transnational Law influences national Law from the outside, so that the basis of the authority’s support is not based on economic precepts, but on institutional and normative responsiveness to the emerging demands and pretensions. For the development of this research, the inductive method was used, operationalized by the techniques of operational concepts and bibliographic research.
relación democracia y territorio en la Constitución Política de 1991: un análisis a partir de las consultas populares en materia minero-energética
Authors: Sánchez Zapata Diana Carolina , Sanín Vélez Adriana María , Atehortúa Arredondo Clara In´és
Published: February 2021

El artículo presenta a partir del análisis de las consultas populares frente a proyectos minero-energéticos, un estudio crítico sobre las deformaciones normativas y jurisprudenciales que ha sufrido el modelo de Estado unitario, descentralizado y con autonomía de las entidades territoriales, al igual que el debilitamiento de la participación ciudadana como pilar estructural de la forma de Estado adoptada en la Constitución Política de 1991. Se concluye que, si bien las consultas populares reabrieron importantes discusiones acerca de la relación entre democracia y territorio, las modificaciones en la materia han mostrado las limitaciones que desde el diseño constitucional ha tenido el modelo territorial colombiano. En medio de las tensiones y los debates inconclusos desde la Asamblea Nacional Constituyente sobre las relaciones entre la Nación y las entidades territoriales, los movimientos sociales están configurando la formación de una ciudadanía activa que persiste en la reivindicación de la participación en la toma de decisiones sobre su territorio como componente indispensable del fin último del Estado social de derecho, cual es el desarrollo integral del ser humano en su contexto social propio.
Soberanía y ambiente en el marco de la Constitución de 1991
Authors: Gaviria Mesa Jorge Iván , Granda Viveros Mónica Lucía
Published: February 2021

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar la relación entre soberanía y el derecho a un ambiente sano con la guerra que libra Colombia contra el narcotráfico; guerra que involucra la intervención de los Estados Unidos y una de sus empresas más representativas, Monsanto, productora del glifosato (ahora Bayer). El caso en estudio parte de la vigencia, a partir de la Carta de 1991, de un nuevo orden nacional signado por el poder soberano del pueblo y su derecho a unas condiciones de vida dignas, dentro de las cuales se contempla la garantía a la salud y a un hábitat natural libre de contaminación. Para tal efecto se presentan resultados de estudios recientes demostrativos del daño que sufren, tanto los humanos como el ecosistema, y sus diversas manifestaciones, con base en el método cualitativo, se identificaron condiciones de alteración graves en zonas de aspersión aérea no sólo en Colombia, así, se concluye que la preservación de un ambiente sano reposa en manos de las comunidades afectadas y de la Corte Constitucional.
How to Assign Scarce Resources Without Money: Designing Information Systems that are Efficient, Truthful, and (Pretty) Fair
Authors: Bichler Martin , Hammerl Alexander , Morrill Thayer , Waldherr Stefan
Published: February 2021

Matching with preferences has great potential to coordinate the efficient allocation of scarce resources in organizations when monetary transfers are not available. It is well known that it is impossible to combine all three properties of truthfulness, efficiency, and fairness (i.e., envy freeness) in matching with preferences. Established mechanisms are either efficient or envy free, and the efficiency loss in envy-free mechanisms is substantial. We focus on a widespread representative of a matching problem: course assignment where students have preferences for courses and organizers have priorities over students. An important feature in course assignment is that a course has a maximum capacity and a minimum required quota. This is also a requirement in many other matching applications, such as school choice, hospital-residents matching, or the assignment of workers to jobs. We introduce RESPCT, a mechanism that respects minimum quotas and is truthful, efficient, and has low levels of envy. The reduction in envy is significant and is due to two remarkably effective heuristics. We provide analytical and experimental results based on field data from a large-scale course assignment application. These results have led to a policy change and the proposed assignment system is now being used to match hundreds of students every semester.
How Do Nascent Social Entrepreneurs Respond to Rewards? A Field Experiment on Motivations in a Grant Competition
Authors: Ganguli Ina , Huysentruyt Marieke , Le Coq Chloé
Published: February 2021

We conducted a field experiment to identify the causal effect of extrinsic reward cues on the sorting and performance of nascent social entrepreneurs. The experiment, carried out with one of the United Kingdom’s largest support agencies for social entrepreneurs, encouraged 431 nascent social entrepreneurs to submit a full application for a grant competition that provides cash and in-kind mentoring through a one-time mailing sent by the agency. The applicants were randomly assigned to one of three groups: one group received a standard mailing that emphasized the intrinsic incentives of the program, or the opportunity to do good (Social treatment), and the other two groups received a mailing that instead emphasized the extrinsic incentives—either the financial reward (Cash treatment) or the in-kind reward (Support treatment). Our results show that an emphasis on extrinsic incentives has a causal impact on sorting into the applicant pool: the extrinsic reward cues led fewer candidates to apply and “crowded out” the more prosocial candidates while “crowding in” the more money-oriented ones. The extrinsic reward cues also increased application effort, which led these candidates to be more successful in receiving the grant. Yet the selection resulting from the extrinsic incentive cues led to worse performance at the end of the one-year grant period. Our results highlight the critical role of intrinsic motives in the selection and performance of social enterprises and suggest that using extrinsic incentives to promote the development of successful social enterprises may backfire in the longer run.

This paper was accepted by Toby Stuart, entrepreneurship and innovation.
A Fluid Model for One-Sided Bipartite Matching Queues with Match-Dependent Rewards
Authors: Ding Yichuan , McCormick S. Thomas , Nagarajan Mahesh
Published: February 2021

When allocating scarce resources such as organs or public housing units, the policy maker needs to carefully balance two conflicting objectives: maximizing the reward from matching and minimizing inequity across different types of candidates. We consider an implementable class of policies that ranks the candidates by the sum of their waiting score and matching score. Similar policies had been proposed for allocating deceased-donor kidneys to patients on the transplant waitlist. This article provides a modeling framework to characterize the waitlist system under this type of ranking policy. This framework allows the policy maker to predict and compare the allocation outcome under different ranking policies. When the efficiency and fairness measurements take certain forms, we derive a closed-form scoring formula that optimizes the outcome of the system in the long run.
Nonparametric Pricing Analytics with Customer Covariates
Authors: Chen Ningyuan , Gallego Guillermo
Published: February 2021

Personalized pricing analytics is becoming an essential tool in retailing. Upon observing the profile of each arriving customer, the firm needs to set a price accordingly based on the observed personalized information, such as income, education background, and past purchasing history, to extract more revenue. For new entrants of the business, the lack of historical data may severely limit the power and profitability of personalized pricing. We recommend a pricing policy to firms that simultaneously learns the preference of customers based on the profiles and maximizes the profit. The pricing policy doesn't depend on any prior assumptions on how the personalized information affects consumers' preferences. Instead, it adaptively clusters customers based on their profiles and preferences, offering similar prices for customers who belong to the same cluster trading off granularity and accuracy. We prove that the regret of the proposed policy cannot be improved by any other policy.
The Effect of Social Preferences on Sales and Operations Planning
Authors: Papier Felix , Thonemann Ulrich W.
Published: February 2021

Sales and operations planning processes are used to align production quantities and customer demand. Two key activities of these processes are demand planning and production planning, which are often assigned to individuals in different departments. In “The Effect of Social Preferences on Sales and Operations Planning,” Papier and Thonemann analyze the role of social preferences (altruism, inequality aversion, and competitive pressure) and monetary incentives in motivating demand planners to invest effort in forecasting that benefits the production planners. Their results indicate that social preferences can be used to incentivize demand planners to invest effort and that this effect is anticipated by production planners. The resulting more accurate demand forecasts and adapted production quantities result in higher company profit. They also provide an optimization model for optimally allocating investments to financial incentives and social preference building.
Materiality as a Basis for Valuation Entrepreneurship: Re-modeling Impressionism
Authors: Sgourev Stoyan V.
Published: February 2021

This paper addresses the recognized need for connecting scholarship on materiality and evaluation by conceptualizing how materiality provides grounds for “valuation entrepreneurship.” It extends the scope of materiality scholarship by considering an ignored organizational outcome while offering stronger evidence for the role of supply-side factors in social evaluation. The theoretical model posits that materiality affords opportunities for identity construction and social organization that can lead to the emergence of a new theory of value contesting the evaluative regime. This framework is applied to the reanalysis of a famous case: Impressionism. The analysis shows that new materials and methods of painting served as a “focus” for the social organization of artists with a shared identity of craftsmen. These artists espoused a new theory of value that advocated the “unfinishedness” of artworks and used natural perception as an objective basis for contestation of the “subjective” evaluative regime at the salons. The contestation had political overtones, drawing on cultural resources and scientific tenets to justify the valorization of individuality and decentralization of art appraisal. An endogenous account of culture in action presents materiality as a natural counterpoint to the emphasis on conceptualization.
The role of the school nurse in tackling serious youth violence: an analysis of healthcare provision
Authors: Stephens Amy , Sayer Lynn
Published: February 2021

Background

Incidents of serious youth violence have increased; however, the effectiveness of school nurse interventions in reducing these incidents lacks evidence.

Aim

To better understand the current role of the school nurse in relation to serious youth violence.

Methods

A mixed-method approach was taken, involving two key elements: a staff survey exploring school nurse experiences, interventions and confidence in delivering serious youth violence education and identifying vulnerable children and young people, and an audit of emergency department referrals and school nurse responses.

Results

The survey provided no evidence of interventions to reduce serious youth violence. Staff recognised their role in educating children and young people but lacked confidence and wanted further support. School nurse work with children and young people where serious youth violence had been identified mainly involved safeguarding. Only nine of the 62 emergency department referrals were followed up with a face-to-face contact.

Conclusion

School nurses recognise their role in serious youth violence but are not reflecting this in practice. Change is required to fulfil their public health role in helping to prevent or reduce serious youth violence.
School readiness: interventions in action
Authors: Henty Neil
Published: February 2021

The transition to school from the home or early years setting is a crucial time in a child's life. Public health nurses and early years professionals have a crucial role to play in ensuring that children are ready for school entry. In this second part of a two-part series, Neil Henty looks at local strategies and interventions implemented in practice to improve school readiness.
Using every opportunity to vaccinate children
Authors: White Sharon
Published: February 2021

Nurses are working to deliver immunisations to children and young people across the UK, and many have offered their spare time to deliver the COVID-19 vaccine. Sharon White discusses the school and public health nursing approach to ensure continued access to childhood vaccinations.
Cast immobilization in bayonet position versus reduction and pin fixation of overriding distal metaphyseal radius fractures in children under ten years of age: A case control study
Authors: Laaksonen Topi , Puhakka Jani , Stenroos Antti , Kosola Jussi , Ahonen Matti , Nietosvaara Yrjänä
Published: February 2021

Purpose

Completely displaced distal radius fractures in children have been traditionally reduced and immobilized with a cast or pin fixed. Cast immobilization leaving the fracture displaced in the bayonet position has been recently suggested as a non-invasive and effective treatment alternative. This is a pilot comparative study between reduction and no reduction.

Methods

We assessed subjective, functional and radiographic outcome after a minimum 2.5-year follow-up in 12 children under ten years of age who had sustained a completely displaced metaphyseal radius fracture, which had been immobilized leaving the fracture in an overriding position (shortening 3 mm to 9 mm). A total of 12 age-matched patients, whose similar fractures were reduced and pin fixed, were chosen for controls.

Results

At follow-up none of the 24 patients had visible forearm deformity and the maximal angulation in radiographs was 5° Forearm and wrist movement was restored (< 10° of discrepancy) in all 24 patients. Grip strength ratio was normal in all but three surgically treated patients. All patients had returned to their previous activities. One operatively treated boy who was re-operated on reported of pain (visual analogue scale 2).

Conclusion

The results of this study do not demonstrate the superiority of reduction and pin fixation over cast immobilization in the bayonet position of closed overriding distal metaphyseal radius fractures in children under ten years with normal neurovascular findings.

Level of evidence

III
“The Fourth Language for all Females”: Women's Subversive Bodies in Assia Djebar's Fantasia, an Algerian Calcavade
Authors: Daragmeh Abdel Karim , Hamamra Bilal
Published: February 2021

This article aims to illustrate the dialogic significance of the trance dance, a discursive scene of women's bodily expressions, in the Algerian feminist postcolonial novelist and film director, Assia Djebar's Fantasia (1985). While Djebar's literary oeuvre has been subject to enormous critical readings, this essay focuses on Djebar's representation of the female body as a medium of subversive expression in the ritualistic trance dance. Following the critical lines of psychoanalysis, deconstruction, and postmodern and postcolonial feminism, we contend that the trance scene is an uncanny, subjective space of women's collective voices that undermine patriarchal authority. Women's movement into the domestic sphere of the Harem is a retreat into the semiotic, imaginary order and an escape from the symbolic order that deprives women from their bodies and their expressions. Thus, we propose that the trance privileges the matriarch's body/signs over the phallocentric system of Arab, benign patriarchy, her unconscious over social consciousness, irrationality over rationality, the ritual over the real, and ultimately the feminine over the masculine. The dissident practice of periodic dancing gives a space for dancers to claim dramatic authority and agency over their bodies, that is, to empower themselves socially and psychologically despite the patriarchal constraints lurking over them.
De orientalismos y occidentalismos: Porosidades trans/decoloniales desde las miradas de Franz Fanon, Edward W. Said y Hassan Hanafi
Authors: Quero Hugo Córdova , Torchiaro Belén
Published: February 2021

Este artículo analiza la situación del mundo árabe/musulmán en la mitad del siglo XX. Explica los tipos de colonialidad que han vivido Egipto, Palestina y Argelia. Centramos el análisis de las acciones político-sociales a la colonialidad en sus pueblos. Recobramos el pensamiento de Frantz Fanon desde la experiencia argeliana, para luego retomar en los casos de Edward Said —autor palestino— y su concepto de «orientalismo» y Hassan Hanafi — autor egipcio— y su propuesta del «occidentalismo». La última parte ensaya una contextualización de la obra de estos tres autores desde nuestra mirada latinoamericana situada en los conceptos de «porosidad» e «hibridez».

Palavras-chave: colonialismo, Occidente, Oriente, islam, hibridez, porosidad
«Hasta que cambien lo que hay en sus corazones»: Comunidad islámica chiita y justicia social en Colombia
Authors: Urrutia Víctor Solano
Published: February 2021

Este ensayo analiza los sentidos de la justicia social en Colombia desde la idea de los «chiismos locales», construida a partir de: 1) historias icónicas y contrahegemónicas de los primeros mártires del islam chiita; 2) trayectorias personales de militancia progresista de musulmanes/as colombianos/as; y 3) el reciente asesinato de exguerrilleros/as de las FARC. Se argumenta que la historia política del chiismo permite adoptar posturas encaminadas a la defensa de los derechos humanos por parte de chiitas colombianos/as. En ese sentido, se propone ampliar el análisis sobre el rol social de religiones no mayoritarias en Latinoamérica.

Palavras-chave: derechos humanos, hermenéutica teológica, teología política, yihad, América Latina
Sexualizar las fronteras: Pinkwashing y homonacionalismo en Palestina e Israel
Authors: Bidaseca Karina
Published: February 2021

Pinkwashing (lavado rosa) consiste en cooptar los derechos LGTBIQ+ para mostrarle al mundo que Israel es el reino de las libertades sexuales. Israel es un país militarizado que normaliza la ocupación, colonización y apartheid de Palestina. Tal estrategia comunicativa es una estratagema para la instrumentalización de la diversidad sexual hacia prácticas belicistas. Este artículo estudia el discurso y el dispositivo de colonialidad que establece a Israel como un estado democrático, liberal y «gay-friendly» con las personas LGBTIQ+. Analiza las proyecciones israelíes de imágenes combativas, racistas y orientalistas sobre varones y mujeres árabes/palestinos como «homofóbicas», «retrógradas» y «bárbaras». A esa estrategia la llamo «retórica salvacionista».

Palabras-chave: pinkwashing, homonacionalismo, Palestina, Israel, fronteras sexuales
Strategies, solidarity and the fights for climate and migrant
justice
Authors: Nevin Claire , Latimer Joe
Published: February 2021

Climate change is becoming a major factor driving forced migration. How can legal
tools challenge a system built on legal, economic and social frameworks that
fail to address the urgency of the climate crisis and control and repress
migrants?
Multi-reference ab initio calculations of Hg spectral data and analysis of magic and zero-magic wavelengths
Authors: Gogyan Anahit , Tecmer Paweł , Zawada Michał
Published: February 2021

We have identified magic wavelengths for 1S0 ↔ 3P1,2 (m
J
 = 0) transitions and zero-magic wavelengths for the 3P1,2 (m
J
 = 0) states of 200Hg atoms, analysed the robustness of the magic conditions with respect to wavelength and polarization imperfections. We show that the most experimentally feasible magic wavelength for the 1S0 ↔ 3P2 transition is 351.8 nm of π polarized light. Relevant transition wavelengths and transition strengths are calculated using the state-of-the-art Complete Active Space Self-Consistent-Field (CASSCF) method with a perturbative inclusion of spin-orbit coupling. The transition wavelengths are a posteriori corrected for the dynamical energy using the second-order perturbation theory.
Precise ranging for the multi-region by using multi-beam chaotic polarization components in the multiple parallel optically pumped spin-VCSELs with optical injection
Authors: Zhong Dongzhou , Zeng Neng , Yang Hua , Xu Zhe , Hu Yalan , Zhao Keke
Published: February 2021

We present a novel scheme for the accurate ranging for the multi-region in the rectangular-shape target using numbers of the chaotic x polarization components in the multiple parallel optically pumped spin-VCSELs with optical injection, where these chaotic x polarization components possess the attractive features of the uncorrelation in time and space under different optical injection strengths, and fast dynamic with femtosecond magnitude. Utilizing these features, the accurate ranging to the position vectors of the multi-region targets can be achieved by correlating the multi beams of the time-delay reflected chaotic polarization radar probe waveforms with their corresponding reference waveforms. The further investigations show that the ranging to the multi-region targets possesses very low relative error, which is less than 0.28%. Their range resolutions can be achieved as high as 0.9mm, and exhibit excellent strong anti-noise performance by the optimization of some key parameters such as the injection strength, the amplitude of external light, linear birefringence, spin relaxation rate. The precise ranging to the multi-region targets based on the multiple parallel optically pumped spin-VCSEL with optical injection offers interesting perspectives for the potential applications in quality detection of the multi-region surfaces.
Tunable polarization-independent and angle-insensitive broadband terahertz absorber with graphene metamaterials
Authors: Feng He , Xu Zixuan , Li Kai , Wang Mei , Xie Wanli , Luo Qingpeng , Chen Bingyu , Kong Weijin , Yun Maojin
Published: February 2021

In this paper, we design a polarization-independent and angle-insensitive broadband THz graphene metamaterial absorber based on the surface plasmon-polaritons resonance. Full-wave simulation is conducted, and the results show that the designed metamaterial absorber has an absorption above 99% in the frequency range from 1.23 THz to 1.68 THz, which refers to a very high standard. Furthermore, the absorber has the properties of tunability, and the absorption can be nearly adjusted from 1% to 99% by varying the Fermi energy level of the graphene from 0 eV to 0.7 eV. In the simulation, when the incident angles of TE and TM waves change from 0° to 60°, the average absorption keeps greater than 80%. The proposed absorber shows promising performance, which has potential applications in developing graphene-based terahertz energy harvesting and thermal emission.
Temporal contrast enhancement and compression of output pulses of ultra-high power lasers
Authors: Mironov S. Yu. , Starodubtsev M. V. , Khazanov E. A.
Published: February 2021

The peak power and temporal intensity contrast of powerful femtosecond laser pulses were enhanced simultaneously by broadening the pulse spectrum in transparent dielectrics due to self-phase modulation and subsequent reflection from chirping mirrors with a symmetrical dip in the reflection coefficient in the center of the broadened spectrum. This dip provides almost zero reflection of the pulse pedestal, only slightly distorting the pulse itself.
Strong light emission from a defective hexagonal boron nitride monolayer coupled to near-touching random plasmonic nanounits
Authors: Eftekhari Zeinab , Ghobadi Amir , Soydan Mahmut Can , Yildirim Deniz Umut , Cinel Neval , Ozbay Ekmel
Published: February 2021

In this Letter, we demonstrate strong light emission from defective hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) defect centers upon their coupling with disorder near-touching plasmonic units. Based on numerical simulations and characterization results, the plasmonic design at thin layer thicknesses of 20 nm can provide above 2 orders of magnitude enhancement in photoluminescence (PL) spectra. Moreover, this plasmonic platform shortens the luminescence lifetime of the emitters. The proposed design can be easily extended to other plasmonic-emitter combinations where strong light–matter interaction can be achieved using large-scale compatible routes.
Narrow-linewidth self-injection locked diode laser with a high-Q fiber Fabry–Perot resonator
Authors: Hao Liyun , Wang Xiaohan , Guo Dongjie , Jia Kunpeng , Fan Pengfei , Guo Jian , Ni Xin , Zhao Gang , Xie Zhenda , Zhu Shi-ning
Published: February 2021

Narrow-linewidth lasers are essential for various applications, but are limited by their size, weight, power, and cost requirements. Here we demonstrate a self-injection locked diode laser fabricated with a high quality factor fiber Fabry–Perot resonator, with a 145 Hz free-running linewidth. The locking scheme is all-fiber for plug-and-play operation. White frequency noise of

50

H
z

2

/

H
z

is measured with over 42 dB reduction from the low-cost TO-can distributed feedback laser diode, and shows its wide applications in a compact and cost-effective way.
Transformation of spin and orbital angular momentum in second-harmonic generation process at oblique incidence of light from the surface of an isotropic medium with spatial dispersion of quadratic nonlinearity
Authors: Grigoriev K. S. , Diukov V. A. , Makarov V. A.
Published: February 2021

We discuss key features of the conversion of spin and orbital angular momentum of electromagnetic waves in the process of second-harmonic generation from the surface of the isotropic medium at oblique incidence. Conservation of the projections of spin and orbital parts of angular momentum of interacting waves onto the normal to the surface is shown for an arbitrary case of polarization and mode structure of the incident light beam.
Nonvolatile silicon photonic switch with graphene based flash-memory cell
Authors: Li Yan , Ping Hang , Dai Tingge , Chen Weiwei , Wang Pengjun
Published: February 2021

A nonvolatile silicon photonic switch constructed by a hybrid integration of a back-gate flash-memory unit with a silicon waveguide is proposed. It can persistently maintain the switching state without continuous supplies due to the memory function of the flash unit, which makes it attractive to reduce the static power consumption. The single-gate control configuration is replaced by dual electrodes (back-gate and drain electrodes) to break the symmetrical electric field and ensure the success of the programming/erasing process. Additionally, a monolayer graphene is utilized instead of polysilicon as the floating gate of flash unit to alleviate the bandwidth-extinction ratio restriction with low insertion loss. Depending on appropriate voltage stimulus, the device either acts as an intensity switch or a phase switch. 26.7μm length is able to achieve 20dB extinction ratio, 1.4dB insertion loss and almost no phase change in a non-resonant configuration, which allows truly broadband performance; while a π-shift is achieved by 30μm length with 31dB/1.65dB extinction ratio/insertion loss incorporating into arms of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer.
Characterization of partially deuterated KDP crystals using two-wavelength phase-matching angles
Authors: Dorrer C. , Begishev I. A. , Bahk S.-W. , Bromage J.
Published: February 2021

Partially deuterated potassium dihydrogen phosphate (DKDP) allows for
the optical parametric chirped-pulse amplification of high-energy
broadband optical pulses to generate ultrashort, high-peak-power
pulses. Modeling and experimental optimization of the noncollinear
interaction geometry require the combination of a model for the
deuteration-dependent optical indices and knowledge of the deuteration
level of the DKDP crystal being used. We study and demonstrate a novel
experimental technique that determines the deuteration level of a DKDP
crystal consistent with a specific index model, based on the
phase-matching angles measured at two wavelengths. Simulations and
experiments show that the simple two-wavelength technique allows for
consistent results with three different index models, and in
particular, for the characterization of four crystals with deuteration
levels ranging from 70% to 98%.
Low-autofluorescence, transparent composite for multiphoton 3D printing
Authors: Flamourakis George , Kordas Antonis , Barmparis Georgios D. , Ranella Anthi , Farsari Maria
Published: February 2021

Multiphoton lithography allows the high resolution, free-form 3D printing of structures such as micro-optical elements and 3D scaffolds for Tissue Engineering. A major obstacle in its application in these fields is material and structure autofluorescence. Existing photoresists promise near zero fluorescence at the expense of poor mechanical properties, and low printing efficiency. Sudan Black B is a molecular quencher used as a dye for biological studies and as means of decreasing the autofluorescence of polymers. In our study, we report the use of Sudan Black B both as a photoinitiator and as a post-fabrication treatment step, using the zirconium silicate SZ2080 for the development of a non-fluorescent composite. We use this material for the 3D printing of micro-optical elements, and meso-scale scaffolds for mesenchymal stem cell cultures. Our results show that the Sudan Black B photosensitive hybrid can be used for the fabrication of high resolution, highly transparent, autofluorescence-free microstructures.