bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The impact of Indian Ocean - Mediterranean gateway closure on the current and nutrient regime in the Eastern Mediterranean during the early to middle Miocene
Authors: Bialik Or M , Reolid Jesus , Kulhanek Denise K , Hincke Carola , Waldmann Nicolas D , Betzler Christian
Published: February 2023

During the early and middle Miocene, the Mediterranean became a restricted marginal sea with the contraction of the Mesopotamian Gateway and ultimate loss of connectivity to the Indian Ocean. Leading to the transformation of the Mediterranean into a restricted marginal marine sea . Low latitude circumglobal circulation through the basin characterized the basin for most of the Cretaceous and Paleogene. With the loss of this supply of surface and subsurface waters, dramatic changes occurred to the heat, energy, and nutrient budgets across the Mediterranean. The most affected area was the eastern basin. , As is well evidenced by the onset of sapropel formation, many other aspects of the sedimentary system changed in response to this ocean circulation rearrangement. Hemipelagic successions in southwestern Cyprus offer a window into the changes in the subsurface waters occurring in the Eastern Mediterranean through the closure of the gateway to the Indian Ocean. Dated to the late Aquitanian to the early Serravallian (22.5–14.5 Ma), this sequence is carbonate-dominated and overall continues. It exhibits sedimentation with mass transport contribution from shallow water carbonates to deeper facies. The succession exhibits fluctuation of bottom current activity, which was disrupted in the early Burdigalian by mass transports and temporarily halted during the Langhian. Phosphates are present through the entire succession, but most notably in the Langhian. Combined, these lithological characteristics indicate changes in bottom current energy and seafloor ventilation that point to two key intervals of connectivity restriction through the Mesopotamian gateway.
Dependence of GPM IMERG products on precipitation intensity in Catalonia.
Authors: Peinó Eric , Bech Joan , Udina Mireia
Published: February 2023

Satellite precipitation estimates (SPE) offer an excellent way to complement information on the spatio-temporal distribution of precipitation in semi-arid regions, such as Catalonia (NE Spain). The network of automatic weather stations of the Meteorological Service of Catalonia is used to evaluate the performance of the Integrated Multisatellite Estimates for GPM (IMERG). The semi-hourly scale analysis considered five categories related to precipitation intensity (light, moderate, heavy, very heavy, and torrential) and an analysis of two case studies of extreme precipitation was performed. Results found indicate that IMERG tends to overestimate light precipitation, while showing underestimates (errors above 60%) of cumulative precipitation in the rest of the intensity thresholds. This behaviour is related to the variability of precipitation on a point scale provided by the rain gauges and the uncertainties generated in the meshing process of the IMERG products. For high precipitation intensities, a time lag appears between satellite estimates and observations, related to the fact that the estimated precipitation may transform differently from the actual cloud movement. In addition, errors may be directly associated with the lack of information from the passive microwave (PMW) sensor. Finally, it is concluded that while IMERG can capture the spatio-temporal variability of the region in general, it has significant shortcomings in the detection of extreme sub-daily precipitation events. This research has been funded by projects WISE-PreP (RTI2018-098693-B-C32) and ARTEMIS (PID2021-124253OB-I00) and the Institute for Water Research (IdRA) of the University of Barcelona.
City-wide groundwater temperature profiles reveal underground urban heat islands in Vienna
Authors: Steiner Cornelia , Griebler Christian , Kaminsky Eva , Englisch Constanze , Stumpp Christine , Goetzl Gregor
Published: February 2023

Summer periods of warm weather become longer and hotter causing “Urban Heat Islands” in large cities. Rising temperatures do not stop at the surface, but migrate into the underground, where infrastructure – such as sewage and district heating systems, buildings and shallow geothermal energy systems for cooling – amplifies the increase of groundwater temperatures. In order to be able to quantify this ongoing process and predict future temperature developments, a sound data basis is necessary. As of now, only groundwater temperature measurements have been available for different depth (one-point or multiple depth measurements) and time intervals (varying from two weeks to months) at a limited number of wells within the shallow urban aquifers in Vienna. To increase the spatial information content, the goal of this study was to measure groundwater temperature and level within the urban shallow aquifers of Vienna in two extensive field campaigns for more than 800 wells and to analyze those data statisticallyTo document the warmest and coldest conditions, measurements took place in one week each in October (2021) and April (2022). In total, groundwater temperatures in 1 m depth intervals and groundwater level were measured at 812 locations. Out of these ones, at 150 wells, water temperature was measured in pumped water. The average value of the profile equals best the pumped groundwater and thus represents the average aquifer temperature. According to our data analysis, the groundwater temperatures in Vienna vary between 6.9 °C and 30.6 °C. The highest temperatures were detected in close proximity to possible heat sources and a rapid drop in temperature with increasing distance could be demonstrated.Based on the collected data, temperature maps for both measurement dates and for different depth-intervals were derived, and display the underground urban heat islands in Vienna. The temperature maps enable the estimation of the potential for sustainable heating and cooling with groundwater in the capital of Austria.Together with historic long-term temperature data, trend analyses will be performed to allow a prognosis of thermal changes in the groundwater. The results, together with an extensive analysis of the groundwater chemistry and ecology, will feed into the development of a catalogue of measures for authorities and policymakers. Intention of the included recommendations is to counteract further groundwater warming and to ensure an efficient and sustainable use of groundwater for heating and cooling. The guidelines will therefore not only contribute to cooling the groundwater, but also to decarbonize the heating and cooling supply of Vienna.
Differences in the interception/throughfall balance and its influence on soil moisture regimes under forest, grassland and cropland canopies of a semi-arid continental flatland.
Authors: Gaona Garcia Jaime
Published: February 2023

The seasonal variation of precipitation intensity in continental semi-arid flatlands determines the shifting influence of interception in the throughfall and soil moisture regimes under distinct vegetation covers including conifer, broadleaved, grassland and rainfed croplands (i.e., wheat). In a study case located at Sierra de Atapuerca, in the high plains of North Spain, where continental climate defines a very contrasting precipitation intensity between the cold and warm season, the study analyzes the seasonal difference between the low and high energy rain drops affecting throughfall and soil moisture recharge levels along the year. Results identify the distinct response of throughfall, and the subsequent soil moisture change to distinct rainfall events and its consequences for the sustainability of surface conditions afterwards. The study outcomes highlight the major role of vegetation type on modulating the throughfall and soil moisture evolution which influences the exposure of the surface to soil erosion. Snow remarkably distorts the throughfall/interception balance between seasons, representing a third type of alteration, particularly for soil moisture, concerning the vegetation cover. Secondary atmospheric variables such as relative humidity and radiation also seem influential in the soil moisture anomalies and soil surface developing under the different vegetation covers of this environment. The type of canopy cover additionally influences the interaction between different levels of the soil moisture profile which subsequently determines the resilience to drought of the vegetation cover. Consequently, the study contributes to understanding the reciprocal interaction between vegetation and hydrology in the definition of surface processes and land-surface sustainability.
Multiple caprock layers offer confidence in permanent geologic CO2 storage at the gigatonne scale
Authors: Kivi Iman R. , Makhnenko Roman Y. , Oldenburg Curtis M. , Rutqvist Jonny , Vilarrasa Victor
Published: February 2023

Widespread deployment of Geologic Carbon Storage (GCS) at the gigatonne scale is projected to play a vital role in reaching carbon neutrality and mitigating the climate crisis. One major concern with GCS scale-up is the ability of geologic formations to retain CO2 deep underground, at least over several thousand years. Of particular importance to this issue is the sealing capacity of the ideally low-permeability, high-gas-entry pressure caprock(s). Existing simulation studies to address the long-term fate of the injected CO2 could barely exceed multi-century time scales due to high computational costs. This work aims to provide an improved understanding of the extent to which the potentially leaked CO2 from basin-wide GCS may rise through a multi-layered system of laterally uniform aquifers and shale caprocks over geological time scales (million years). To this end, we develop a one-dimensional CO2 flow and transport model, which is arguably capable of capturing the dynamics of basin-scale upward CO2 migration. We consider two sets of caprock properties: (1) low intrinsic permeability (10-20 m2) and high capillary entry pressure (2.5 MPa), obtained from laboratory measurements on intact clay-rich shales, and (2) high permeability (10-16 m2) and low entry pressure (0.1 MPa), representative of pervasively fractured shales at regional scales. On the one hand, we find that the free-phase CO2 can hardly penetrate more than a few centimeters into the intact caprock directly overlying the storage reservoir. CO2 leakage in this scenario is exclusively governed by molecular diffusion with an estimated migration rate of 1 meter over thousands of years. On the other hand, the high permeability and low entry pressure of fractured caprocks enable CO2 to break through the whole primary caprock during the injection and through the secondary one(s) in the post-injection period. However, following the gradual CO2 pressure decline, brine imbibition back into caprocks suppresses CO2 leakage and the percolating path is cut by an overlying caprock. Once the pore fluid of upper aquifers becomes CO2-saturated, secondary CO2 accumulations form and may host a significant portion of the injected CO2. The extreme leakage scenario, which allows for further CO2 rise of nearly one hundred meters becomes eventually diffusion-dominated and hence relatively safe. Our model results suggest that the presence of multiple shaly caprock layers, even if pervasively fractured, provides secure CO2 containment in the subsurface over millions of years. ReferenceKivi, I. R., Makhnenko, R. Y., Oldenburg, C. M., Rutqvist, J., & Vilarrasa, V. (2022). Multi-layered systems for permanent geologic storage of CO2 at the gigatonne scale. Geophysical Research Letters, 49, e2022GL100443. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL100443
Ionospheric perturbations in the American southern middle latitude during the Sudden Stratosphere Warming events
Authors: Liu Jing , Zhang Donghe
Published: February 2023

Ionospheric perturbations during the Sudden Stratosphere Warming (SSW) events reflect the lower atmosphere-ionosphere coupling and thus become a research hot-spot. Nevertheless, most previous related studies focused on the low latitude. Comparatively, ionospheric perturbations in the middle and high latitudes during the Arctic SSW events are relatively less studied. The current work analyzed the ionosphere perturbations in the American southern middle latitude during the Arctic SSW with total electron content and NmF2. Unexpected strong connection between the major Arctic SSW and the ionospheric variations in the American southern middle latitude were detected. Upper thermosphere circulation anomaly and the enhanced semi-diurnal lunitidal influence during the SSW may be crucial to such connection.
Adaptation constraints in scenarios of socio-economic development
Authors: Theokritoff Emily , van Maanen Nicole , Andrijevic Marina , Thomas Adelle , Lissner Tabea , Schleussner Carl-Friedrich
Published: February 2023

In a time of ever-intensifying climate change, it is crucial to understand the timescales needed to overcome adaptation constraints, namely what makes adaptation challenging. Currently, evidence on constraints focusses on the local level and present-day dynamics. Here, we combine qualitative and case study data with national macro indicators and use the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways to look at the pace of various scenarios of future socio-economic development. We find that regardless of the scenario, long timescales will be required to overcome constraints, challenging adaptation for decades to come, in particular in countries on the frontline of climate change. The persistence of adaptation constraints calls for stringent mitigation, improved adaptation along with dedicated finance and increasing efforts to address loss and damage. Our novel approach allows to ground truth existing indicators that can be further used in climate modelling efforts (including economic models), improving the representation of adaptation and its risk reduction potential.
Exploiting radar polarimetry for nowcasting of convective hazards using deep learning
Authors: Rombeek Nathalie , Leinonen Jussi , Hamann Ulrich
Published: February 2023

Severe convective weather events, such as hail, lightning and heavy rainfall pose a great threat to humans and cause a considerable amount of economic damage. Nowcasting convective storms can provide precise and timely warnings and, thus, mitigate the impact of these storms. Dual-polarization weather radars are a crucial source of information for nowcasting severe convective events. These radars provide important information about the microphysics of the convective systems, on top of the rainfall rate and vertical structure of the reflectivity. Nevertheless, polarimetric variables, which can provide additional information about the size, shape and orientation of particles, are often not considered in nowcasting.This work presents the importance of polarimetric variables as an additional data source for nowcasting thunderstorm hazards using machine learning, compared to using radar reflectivity alone. We add these data to the neural network architecture of Leinonen et al. 2022 (Seamless lightning nowcasting with recurrent-convolutional deep learning), which uses convolutional and recurrent layers and analyzes inputs from multiple data sources simultaneously. This network has a common framework, which enables nowcasting of hail, lightning and heavy rainfall for lead times up to 60 min with a 5 min resolution. The study area is covered by the Swiss operational radar network, which consists of five operational polarimetric C-band radars. In addition, we analyze the contribution of quality indices as an additional information source, which takes the uncertainty of the radar observations throughout the complex mountainous terrain and scanning strategy in Switzerland into account. Results indicate that including polarimetric variables and quality indices improves the accuracy of nowcasting convective storms.
Probing temporal variation of suspended load to bedload ratio using seismic saltation model
Authors: Meng Chao Ting , Chao Wei An , Chen Yu Shiu
Published: February 2023

Monitoring temporal and spatial changes in sediment volume in the upstream reservoir is one of the important indicators for evaluating the reservoir project life, especially the information carried by bedload and suspended load. According to field condition, direct bedload monitoring is often difficult. Thus, bedload usually can be estimated by a specific proportion of suspended load depended on the flooding magnitude, which can cause a large uncertainty in estimates of total sediment load. In recent years, riverine micro-seismic signals have been applied to study bedload transport. Our study chose the Da-Pu Dam (location: 23.296500°N, 120.644611°E), located at the upstream of the Zeng-Wen Reservoir and the junction of the Zeng-Wen river and Cao-Lan river, which is the last check dam before entering the reservoir area. Its upstream catchment area is 30,312 hectares that comprise approximately 63% of the Zeng-Wen Reservoir catchment area (48,100 hectares). The length of the monitoring section of the Da Pu Dam is 1,100 meters, with an average width of 121 meters and an average slope of 0.36 degrees. With the available data composed of riverbed cross-section survey, sediment particle size distribution, fluvial measurements (water depth, surface flow velocity), orthoimagery, and suspended load measurement, our study applies seismic saltation model to estimate the bedload flux and compares the results with the measured suspended load. Results showed that there are different ratios between bedload and suspended load under similar hydrological condition during the plum rain season(May-June) and typhoon period(July-September). In a case of flooding event considering the flow stage from medium to high discharge, significant temporal changes in the ratio between bedload and suspended load can also be observed, which imply a complex transition process between the bedload and suspension particles. The temporal changes in sediment ratio obtained in this study can be applied to estimate the total volume of sediment load entering the reservoir. Our estimated results are consistent with the survey of sediment accumulation at the end of each year in the reservoir area.
Global 3D simulation of the interaction between a turbulent solar wind and a magnetic dipole
Authors: Behar Etienne , Henri Pierre , Ballerini Giulio , Pucci Francesco , Simon-Wedlund Cyril
Published: February 2023

Far from an ideal laminar flow, the solar wind impacting planetary magnetospheres contains a spectrum of fluctuations extending to virtually all scales. The study of the effects of such fluctuations on a magnetosphere was until recently lacking a numerical tool which would provide a self-consistent global picture of such an interaction. Using a novel 2-step approach, the open source, hybrid-PIC code Menura is employed to first develop a 3D turbulent cascade in an otherwise homogeneous plasma, to then inject this turbulent solution in a domain containing a permanent dipole. We show how solar wind turbulence is affected by the crossing of the shock, and conversely how the global shape of the magnetosphere is evolving compared to its laminar counterpart. We additionally highlight how transient phenomena and coherent structures are naturally occurring in the foreshock and the sheath due to the local direction of the turbulent magnetic field.
A probabilistic assessment of extreme weather event impacts on crop yield in Germany
Authors: Stainoh Federico , Moemken Julia , Pinto Joaquim
Published: February 2023

The impacts of extreme weather on the agricultural sector are a global concern in a changing climate. In recent years, single and compound weather extremes have increased in frequency, intensity and duration and are expected to worsen in the upcoming decades. Therefore, it is necessary to have a better understanding of extreme weather-related crop yield shock to ensure food security in a growing worldwide population. In this study, we employed a logistic regression model to quantify the risk of major crop yield shocks associated with heat stress, extreme precipitation and frosts. We used reported sub-national level data from Germany and a percentile-based threshold to define yield shock. Climate extreme drivers were based on statistical thresholds over daily maximum temperature, minimum temperature and precipitation. In addition to this,  we investigated how the seasonal meteorological pre-conditions of temperature and precipitation can modulate extreme weather-related yield shock.
Controls of cloud radiative effects: a data-driven observation-based quantification
Authors: Andersen Hendrik , Cermak Jan , Douglas Alyson , Stier Philip , Wall Casey
Published: February 2023

In this contribution, a statistical learning technique is used to quantify the response of cloud radiative effects to changes in a large number of environmental factors in spatial observation data.Clouds play a key role for the Earth’s energy balance; however, their response to climatic and anthropogenic aerosol emission changes is not clear, yet. Here, 20 years of satellite observations of cloud radiative effects (CRE) are analysed together with reanalysis data sets in a (regularised) ridge regression framework to quantitatively link the variability of observed CREs to changes in environmental factors, or cloud-controlling factors (CCFs). In the literature the meteorological kernels of such CCF analyses are typically established in regime-specific regression frameworks based on a low (2-8) number of CCFs. In our data-driven approach, the capabilities of the regularised regression to deal with collinearities in a large number of predictors are exploited to establish a regime-independent CCF framework based on a large number of CCFs. Using a reference 7-CCF framework, we show that ridge regression produces nearly identical patterns of CCF sensitivities when compared to the traditional regression. In the data-driven framework, however, the traditional regression fails at producing consistent results due to overfitting. The data-driven analysis reveals distinct regional patterns of CCF importance for shortwave and longwave CRE: Sea surface temperatures and inversion strength are important for shortwave CRE in stratocumulus regions, in agreement with existing studies. However, zonal wind speeds in the free troposphere and surface fluxes are also shown to be important.
Free tropospheric meridional winds are important drivers of CRE in the subtropical belts (20°-40°) in both hemispheres, likely capturing aspects of Rossby Wave-related CRE variability. 
Aerosols are shown to be most important for shortwave CRE in the regions of stratocumulus to cumulus transition. 
While the multivariate method aims at limiting the influence of confounding factors on the estimated sensitivities, particularly the aerosol-CRE sensitivity may still be confounded to a degree. Future analyses of interactions between different CCFs and comparisons to global climate models are outlined.
Seismic signature of landslide dam breaching and it’s possible early warnings.
Authors: Yang Shu-Yun , Chao Wei-An
Published: February 2023

In eastern Taiwan, a landslide dam formed on February 4, 2021 in the Danan River. The lithology of the collapsed material is composed of schist and meta-sandstone with a thickness of a few centimeters to tens of meters. The landslide dam partially breached on August 7, 2021, and completely broke in October 2021. In the event of a dam failure, the downstream influence area includes residents along the river of Tongxin Village, the power plant, and an important artificial channel to transport farmland around Tongxin Village for irrigation. Therefore, real-time monitoring of dam failure is needed to provide early warnings of impending floods. The traditional monitoring method is to install a water level gauge behind the landslide dam for emergency response. However, it is impossible to establish a water gauge monitoring system on site because landslides usually occur in rugged mountainous areas. In this study, seismic analysis is adopted to capture seismic signals possibly caused by landslide dam failure, and to track the location of flooding after landslide dam failure. In this study, after the formation of the landslide dam, a real-time broadband velocity-type seismometer station (station code DALB) was deployed on the top of a mountain, and two Geophones stations (station code DALU, DALD) were installed in the midstream and downstream, respectively. Combined the difference between the arrival time of seismic waves and the distance along the river channel, the flow velocity can be measured. Optical satellite images were used to constraint the time range of dam failure based on the change in the highest elevation of the dammed lake surface. Finally, by using the riverine seismic signals, the time point of dam breaching can be determined, and the flow velocity of water and sand in the river channel can be estimated. Our studies can provide an early warning of few minutes to the downstream. The results of the time-frequency analysis also showed that the front reach of the breach is dominated by debris flow.
Identifying mechanisms of low-level jets near coast of Kurzeme using Principal Component Analysis
Authors: Pogumirskis Maksims , Sīle Tija , Bethers Uldis
Published: February 2023

Low-level jets are maximums in the vertical profile of the wind speed profile in the lowest levels of atmosphere. Low-level jets, when present, can make a significant impact on the wind energy. Wind conditions in low-level jets depart from traditional assumptions about wind profile and low-level jets can also influence the stability and turbulence that are important for wind energy applications.In literature commonly an algorithm of identifying low-level jets is used to estimate frequency of low-level jets. The algorithm searches for maximum in the lowest levels of the atmosphere with a temperature inversion above the jet maximum. The algorithm is useful in identifying the presence of the low-level jets and estimating their frequency. However, low-level jets can be caused by a number of different mechanisms which leads to differences in low-level jet characteristics. Therefore, additional analysis is necessary to distinguish between different types of jets and characterize their properties. We aim to automate this process using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to identify main patterns of wind speed and temperature. By analyzing diurnal and seasonal cycles of these patterns a better understanding about climatology of low-level jets in the region can be gained.This study focuses on the central part of the Baltic Sea. Several recent studies have identified the presence of low-level jets near the coast of Kurzeme. Typically, maximums of low-level jets are located several hundred meters above the surface, while near the coast of Kurzeme maximums of low-level jets are usually within the lowest 100 meters of the atmosphere.Data from UERRA reanalysis with 11 km horizontal resolution on 12 height levels in the lowest 500 meters of atmosphere was used. The algorithm that identifies low-level jets was applied to the data, to estimate frequency of low-level jets in each grid cell of the model. Jet events were grouped by the wind direction to identify main trajectories of low-level jets in the region. Several atmosphere cross-sections that low-level jets frequently flow through were chosen for further analysis.Model data was interpolated to the chosen cross-sections and PCA was applied to the cross-section data of wind speed, geostrophic wind speed and temperature. Main patterns of these meteorological parameters, such as wind speed maximum, temperature inversion above the surface of the sea and temperature difference between sea and land were identified by the PCA. Differences of principal components between cross-sections and diurnal and seasonal patterns of principal components helped to gain better understanding of climatology, extent and mechanisms of low-level jets in the region.
Nonlinear Multi-Component Maxwell-Stefan Diffusion Model In Deforming Rocks: Chemo-Mechanical Coupling
Authors: Khakimova Lyudmila , Moulas Evangelos , Utkin Ivan , Podladchikov Yury
Published: February 2023

Widely accepted model of Fickian linear diffusion of inert or trace-like elements is restricted to ideal solution models of components with equal molar mass. Simultaneous diffusion of multiple concentrations without mechanical stresses is well-described by the classical Maxwell-Stefan model, which is limited to the use of concentration gradients. Quantitative predictions of concentrations evolution in real mixtures should be treated instead by modified Maxwell-Stefan closure relations, which result in a correct equilibrium limit due to the use of the chemical potential gradients instead of concentration gradients. There is no linearity and tensorial homogeneity assumptions on flux-force relationships of classical irreversible thermodynamics. Coupling the multicomponent diffusion to mechanics results in pressure gradients that contribute to the Gibbs-Duhem relationship. Note, it was demonstrated that current models used for describing chemical diffusion in presence of stress gradient don’t remain invariance with respect to the choice of units, such as mole and mass, and the thermodynamic admissibility is doubted [1].We develop a new thermodynamically admissible model for multicomponent diffusion in viscously deformable rocks. Thermodynamical admissibility of this model ensures non-negative entropy production, while maintaining invariance with respect to the choice of units and reference frame. We demonstrate the correct Fickian limit and equilibrium limit with zero gradients of chemical potentials of individual components instead of concentration gradients in classical Maxwell-Stefan model. The model satisfies conventional Gibbs-Duhem and Maxwell relationships under pressure gradients and represents the natural coupling to the viscous multi-phase models featuring spontaneous flow localization.For numerical purposes, we develop the optimal pseudo-transient scheme for diffusion fluxes coupled to viscoelastic bulk deformation. This new effective damping techniques are compared to analytical solutions. The developed model is applied for radial garnet growth with multicomponent diffusion under pressure gradient, hydration porosity waves and melt transport in the Earth’s crust.1. Tajčmanová, L., Podladchikov, Y., Moulas, E., & Khakimova, L. (2021). The choice of a thermodynamic formulation dramatically affects modelled chemical zoning in minerals. Scientific reports, 11(1), 1-9.
Investigating the impact of different ground sealing types upon shallow subsurface temperatures
Authors: Hastreiter Nele , Vienken Thomas
Published: February 2023

The monitoring of soil and groundwater temperatures is usually performed to estimate the environmental and economical sustainability of large scale shallow geothermal installations. The difference between the measured up- and downstream temperatures is mostly attributed to the impact of the shallow geothermal usage. However, especially in densely settled urban areas there are multiple other potential impacts on the subsurface temperature regime. The individual drivers are hard to distinguish and therefore mostly not considered when temperature monitoring data is evaluated.In the presented study empirical temperature data in varying depths up to three meters has been collected below typical kinds of ground sealing in the urban environment, such as tarmac, different types of gravel and lawn. For that purpose, test sites have been installed artificially at a similar time and location. After a measurement period of 18 months, first results reveal clear effects on the very surface near underground temperatures. In a depth of 5 cm, measured temperatures show differences up to 8 K between different types of ground sealing. Depending on the degree and type of the ground sealing, temperature differences are measurable up to a depth of one meter.The obtained data advance knowledge to quantify the impacts of different ground sealing types on underground and groundwater temperatures in urban areas. Furthermore, it contributes to a more reliable assessment of temperature monitoring data in the context of shallow geothermal applications as the effect of ground sealing on measured temperatures may be considered.
A new English term of 'Yudiba dam' and its differences from check dam
Authors: Xin Zhongbao
Published: February 2023

        The ‘Yudiba’ is the Chinese Pinyin of an erosion control engineering measure, which has been widely implemented in the Chinese Loess Plateau and plays an important role in reducing sediment discharge and increasing cultivated land area. Although ‘check dam’ has been widely used as the English term to represent the engineering practice for erosion control and become the general English translation of ‘Yudiba’, the ‘check dam’ could not authentically highlight the soil and water conservation engineering of ‘Yudiba’ in the Loess Plateau.        Here the differences between the ‘Yudiba dam’ and the‘check dam’ were specifically discussed in aspects of purposes, sizes and main functions. Moreover, the English translations for the ‘Yudiba ’ were analyzed by comparing the connotations of the concepts, the different functions of the erosion control engineering in agricultural development and ecological improvement, as well as the simplicity when used in scientific studies.        The ‘Yudiba’ is special soil and water conservation engineering measures, initiated from the Loess Plateau of China, referring to the dam structures built in various levels of gullies for the purpose of blocking sediment into cultivated land. The ‘check dam’ is a small temporary barrier, grade control structure or dam constructed across a swale, drainage ditch, or area of concentrated flow. The 'check dam’ differed with the Yudiba dam’ in purposes, sizes and main functions. Currently, various English translations were used in the literature, which were hardly accepted widely as either without representativeness or without simplicity.        We recommend the ‘Yudiba dam’ based on Chinese Pinyin as the formal English term in order to distinguish between the ‘Yudiba dam’ in the Loess Plateau and check dam’ in other places. Thus, the ‘Yudiba dam’ is suggested to refer to the erosion control measure, which has been widely built in the Loess Plateau of China with the main functions including trapping sediment, reducing gully erosion and increasing the area of farmland in the sediment rich area.
Using Digital Image Correlation (DIC) method to monitor the creeping indication and infer the geometry of landslides
Authors: Kuo Hsien-Li , Lin Guan-Wei , Lin Ting-Yu , Chu Chung‑Ray
Published: February 2023

Monitoring the creeping indications of landslides could provide valuable information for hazard prevention. The DIC methods allow to measure horizontal ground deformation with optical images. The surface moving information of landslide could offer the necessary data to infer the geometry including landslide sliding surface and volume of landslides.This study focuses on a deep-seated landslide in Guanghua area which has been creeping since 2006 in northern Taiwan and there were sporadic collapse events in this slope area during recent years. The satellite images from 2016 to 2022 were collected and applied in Sliding Time Master Digital Image Correlation Analyses (STMDA) procedure to obtain the surface deformation of the landslide. The results including surface displacement and moving direction highly coincided with other monitoring data from on-site instruments. The landslide depth derived from surface displacements is about 20 m. The achievements reveal that using DIC method help to understand the landslide creeping process and the geometry distribution of potential landslide
Modeling surface deformations during the seismic cycle along the Chilean subduction zone
Authors: Boulze Hugo , Fleitout Luce , Klein Emilie , Vigny Christophe , Garaud Jean-Didier
Published: February 2023

Thanks to space geodesy we know with a millimetric precision how the lithosphere deforms at each stage of the seismic cycle. In particular, during the post-seismic phase, it can deform over thousands of kilometers and for decades. These deformations are partly due to viscoelastic relaxation of the asthenosphere.In a previous work, we have shown that at the temporal and spatial scale of the seismic cycle, the viscoelastic relaxation can be modeled by a linear creep law [Boulze et al. 2022]. Therefore, because of the linearity of the creep law, the superposition principle applies and the present day deformation is simply the sum of the post-seismic deformations induced by past earthquakes. Based on this result, the objective of our work is to determine what slip history is needed on the Chilean subduction interface to reproduce the current deformation of South America, which is well measured by GNSS.To investigate this challenging problem, we first develop a 3D spherical finite-element model of the Chilean subduction zone. This model covers the entire South American continent and incorporates a slab with a geometry described by Slab2.0 model [Hayes et al. 2018]. Then, we compare different ways to model the seismic cycle using the backslip theory [Savage 1983]. Finally, by comparing GPS time-series with our seismic cycle model prediction, we discuss many ingredients of the model: e.g. the viscosity of the asthenosphere (Maxwell, Burgers), the impact of a flat slab and low viscosity zones, the magnitude and extent of historical earthquakes.
Soil health in Norway: On-farm assessments of soil health with no-till and conventional farming practices
Authors: Bøe Frederik , Stolte Jannes , van Schaik Loes , Ritsema Coen
Published: February 2023

Soil health is defined as the capacity of a soil to function as vital living ecosystem. No-tillage is a non-inversion practice that has been highlighted as a practice for improving soil health, and thereby improving soil ecosystem delivery. However, evidence on soil health and farming practices that improve soil health is limited in Norway. We present results on effects of long-term farming practices on soil health in Southeast (SE) Norway on similar soil and topographic characteristics. Physical, chemical, and biological soil indicators were measured on two neighbouring farms, one with no-till and cover crops (NT+CC) and one with conventional harrowing and ploughing (CP), on loam soil in SE Norway. Soil samples were collected to compare soil health indicator between farming practices. We established two systematic sampling grids (~ 0.4 ha) with grid intersection points every 15 m x 15 m to produce a total of 33 sampling points and 17 and 20 cells in the CP and NT+CC field, respectively. We used a combined approach of transect-, point- and cell sampling, depending on the spatial variations of the soil indicators. Soil health indicators included bulk density, cohesion, aggregate stability, saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat), total organic carbon, total nitrogen, pH, permanganate-oxidizable carbon and earthworm count. Preliminary results indicate significantly different (p<0.001) earthworm count in the NT+CC (24.7±6.4) compared to CP (6.0±3.2). Moreover, higher mean Ksat was measured in NT+CC (83.5±29.5 cm/day) compared to CP (46.0±40.0 cm/day). Here we discuss further the effects of no-till and cover crops on soil health and the selection of soil indicators to evaluate soil health.
Shrubs are widespread in Snowpacks and Affect Ground Temperature. Models Must Include this Process
Authors: Domine Florent , Fourteau Kévin , Choler Philippe
Published: February 2023

Shrubs covered by snow enhance ground cooling in winter because branches act as thermal bridges between the cold atmosphere and the warmer ground. This process is particularly active in the Arctic, because frozen wood has a thermal conductivity 50 times larger than Arctic depth hoar. Since shrubs are widespread in the Arctic, thermal bridging must be incorporated in snow models for proper simulations of the ground thermal regime, of the temperature gradient in the snowpack, and of snow metamorphism. In alpine regions, the thermal contrast between wood and snow is less than 10 because unfrozen wood has a lower thermal conductivity than frozen wood and because alpine snow is more conductive than Arctic depth hoar. The thermal impact of mountain shrubs may therefore be considered negligible. Measurements of ground temperature and liquid water content at an Alpine site (Lautaret pass, 2050 m, French Alps) with 2 m tall alders next to mountain grasslands surprisingly show that alders do impact noticeably the ground thermal regime. Under grasslands, the ground remains at 0°C and very little ground water freezes. Under alders, most ground water freezes and the temperature drops below -1°C. We perform finite elements simulations to assess the capacity of the alders to act as thermal bridges though two phenomena: the thickness of the alder branches that compensate the lower wood/snow thermal contrast, and protruding branches acting as radiators releasing heat into the atmosphere. We conclude that shrubs covered by snow affect the ground and the snowpack thermal regime even in alpine regions. The impact of this process on carbon cycling in mountains deserve further investigations.
Enabling far-reaching living labs through regional Digital Twins
Authors: Moraitis Georgios , Fragkoudakis Christodoulos , Tsattalios Spyridon , Nikolopoulos Dionysios , Pelekanos Nikos , Monokrousou Klio , Makropoulos Christos
Published: February 2023

The current and future landscape of our societies is predominantly governed by urgent (and interconnected) resilience challenges such as climate change adaptation, resource efficiency and sustainable WEFE nexus management. To overcome those challenges, the European Union (EU) has set the blueprints of transformational changes with the European Green Deal, that builds on research and innovation to meet the objectives. Despite advances in the field, the uptake pace of relevant innovations is often hindered by the narrow communication paths among research, public administration and citizens -who are the end beneficiaries. This work utilizes the capabilities of Digital Twins (DT) to connect hard and soft sensors with environmental and infrastructure models at regional scale, to create a central hub for related data and knowledge to be turned into action in a co-creation process. By building on existing data driven platform initiatives by the Ministry of Environment and Energy and the Decentralized Administration of Attica, we build the DT of the Region of Attica to provide: (i) access to relevant datasets (environmental, climatic, uses of resources etc.), (ii) access to relevant climate adaptation services (e.g. climate services, services to farmers, services to municipalities), (iii) links to local and regional Communities of Practice (CoP) and (iv) a repository for demonstrations of climate adaptation innovations within the region. This knowledge collaboration scheme forms a living lab constellation that allows rapid and far-reaching sharing, accumulation, transformation, and co-creation of knowledge among the administration parties and local case studies’ stakeholders. Like ancient sailors who used constellations to navigate along route, our modern societies can use the living lab constellations of the regional DT to chart evidence-based pathways towards climate resilience and sustainable WEFE management. This dynamic and expandable ecosystem aims to speed up the introduction of climate adaptation innovations, connect knowledge and bring research closer to practice by allowing for a re-wiring of culture, where science and co-creation are perceived as necessary for successful policy making. Acknowledgment: This work is supported by IMPETUS research project that has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 101037084.
V-FOR-WaTer goes ISABEL - Current developments in the V-FOR-WaTer Web Portal
Authors: Strobl Marcus , Azmi Elnaz , Dolich Alexander , Hassler Sibylle K. , Mälicke Mirko , Manoj J Ashish , Meyer Jörg , Streit Achim , Zehe Erwin
Published: February 2023

The amount of digitally available environmental data and methods to process these data is continuously increasing. With the DFG project ISABEL, we build on the existing virtual research environment V-FOR-WaTer to support making this data abundance available in an easy-to-use web portal, foster data publications, and facilitate data analyses. Environmental scientists get access to data from different sources, e.g. state offices or university projects, and can share their own data and tools through the portal. Already integrated tools help to easily pre-process and scale the data and make them available in a consistent format. V-FOR-WaTer already contains many of the necessary functionalities to provide and display data from various sources and disciplines. The detailed metadata scheme is adapted to water and terrestrial environmental data. Present datasets in the web portal originate from university projects and state offices. A connection of V-FOR-WaTer to the GFZ Data Services, an established repository for geoscientific data, will ease publication of data from the portal and in turn provides access to datasets stored in this repository. Key to being compatible with GFZ Data Services and other systems is the compliance of the metadata scheme with international standards (INSPIRE, ISO19115). The web portal is designed to facilitate typical workflows in environmental sciences. Map operations and filter options ensure easy selection of the data, while the workspace area provides tools for data pre-processing, scaling, and common hydrological applications. The toolbox also contains more specific tools, e.g. for geostatistics and for evapotranspiration. It is easily extendable and will ultimately include user-developed tools, reflecting the current research topics and methodologies in the hydrology community. Tools are accessed through Web Processing Services (WPS) and can be joined, saved and shared as workflows, enabling complex analyses and ensuring reproducibility of the results.
Regional impacts of offshore wind farms on the North Sea hydrodynamics
Authors: Christiansen Nils , Daewel Ute , Djath Bughsin' , Carpenter Jeffrey , Suzuki Nobuhiro , Schrum Corinna
Published: February 2023

Offshore wind energy is essential for expanding renewable energy generation and reducing global greenhouse gas emissions. However, as offshore wind turbines form new elements in the marine environment, the offshore wind infrastructure has implications for the physics of the atmosphere and ocean. In this study, we demonstrate the effects of surface wind speed reduction and structure-induced mixing, and illustrate the consequences for ocean dynamics in the southern North Sea. Using unstructured grid modeling, we present simplified parameterizations to account for wind speed reduction due to offshore wind farms and the underwater structure drag by offshore wind turbine foundations in hydrodynamic models. The simulations cover the seasonal cycle of the summer stratification, while taking into account the recent state of European offshore wind development in the southern North Sea. The modeling shows that offshore wind farm effects cause large-scale structural changes in ocean physics, systematically affecting the North Sea hydrodynamics. The wake effects at offshore wind farms lead to spatial redistributions of horizontal currents and, in particular, affect the seasonal stratification development on regional scales. Although these perturbations are on the order of natural variability, changes in regional stratification suggest potential consequences for biogeochemical processes and marine ecosystem dynamics. With our results, we provide new insights into the adaptation of coastal seas to offshore wind farm effects and raise awareness for potential changes in the future coastal ocean and the southern North Sea.