bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Direct Detection of Heterotrophic Diazotrophs Associated with Planktonic Aggregates
Authors: Geisler Eyal , Bogler Anne , Rahav Eyal , Bar-Zeev Edo
Published: June 2019

N2 fixation by planktonic heterotrophic diazotrophs is more wide spread than previously thought, including environments considered “unfavorable” for diazotrophy. These environments include a substantial fraction of the aquatic biosphere such as eutrophic estuaries with high ambient nitrogen concentrations and oxidized aphotic water. Different studies suggested that heterotrophic diazotrophs associated with aggregates may promote N2 fixation in such environments. However, this association was never validated directly and relies mainly on indirect relationships and different statistical approaches. Here, we identified, for the first time, a direct link between active heterotrophic diazotrophs and aggregates that comprise polysaccharides. Our new staining method combines fluorescent tagging of active diazotrophs by nitrogenase-immunolabeling, polysaccharides staining by Alcian blue or concanavalin-A, and total bacteria via nucleic-acid staining. Concomitant to N2 fixation rates and bacterial activity, this new method provided specific localization of heterotrophic diazotrophs on artificial and natural aggregates. We postulate that the insights gained by this new visualization approach will have a broad significance for future research on the aquatic nitrogen cycle, including environments in which diazotrophy has traditionally been overlooked.
The Statistical Analysis of Top Hubs in Growing Geographical Networks with Optimal Policy
Authors: Zhang Li-Sheng , Li Chun-Lei
Published: June 2019

Many practical networks, such as city networks, road networks and neural networks, usually grow up on basis of topological structures and geographical measures. Big hubs, importance of which have been well known in complex networks, still play crucial roles in growing networks with geographical measures. Therefore, it is very necessary to investigate the underlying mechanisms of statistical features of different top hubs in such networks. Here, we propose a growing network model based on optimal policy in geographical ground. Through the statistics of a great number of geographical networks, we find that the degree and position distributions of top four hubs are diverse between them and closely interrelated with each other, and further gain the relationships between the upper limits of top hubs and the size of networks. Then, the underlying mechanisms are explored. Meanwhile, we are diligent to obtain the corresponding relationships of different spatial distribution areas for different top hubs, and compute their abnormal average degrees at different spatial positions, which show significant differences and imply the advantage of spatial positions and intense competition between top hubs. We hope our results could offer useful inspirations for related practical network studies.
Structural basis for cooperativity of human monoclonal antibodies to meningococcal factor H-binding protein
Authors: Peschiera Ilaria , Giuliani Maria , Giusti Fabiola , Melero Roberto , Paccagnini Eugenio , Donnarumma Danilo , Pansegrau Werner , Carazo José M. , Sorzano Carlos O. S. , Scarselli Maria , Masignani Vega , Liljeroos Lassi J. , Ferlenghi Ilaria
Published: June 2019

Monoclonal antibody (mAb) cooperativity is a phenomenon triggered when mAbs couples promote increased bactericidal killing compared to individual partners. Cooperativity has been deeply investigated among mAbs elicited by factor H-binding protein (fHbp), a Neisseria meningitidis surface-exposed lipoprotein and one of the key antigens included in both serogroup B meningococcus vaccine Bexsero and Trumenba. Here we report the structural and functional characterization of two cooperative mAbs pairs isolated from Bexsero vaccines. The 3D electron microscopy structures of the human mAb–fHbp–mAb cooperative complexes indicate that the angle formed between the antigen binding fragments (fAbs) assume regular angle and that fHbp is able to bind simultaneously and stably the cooperative mAbs pairs and human factor H (fH) in vitro. These findings shed light on molecular basis of the antibody-based mechanism of protection driven by simultaneous recognition of the different epitopes of the fHbp and underline that cooperativity is crucial in vaccine efficacy.
A BODIPY biosensor to detect and drive self-assembly of diphenylalanine
Authors: Quan Li , Gu Jianhua , Lin Wenhai , Wei Yanchun , Lin Yuebin , Liu Lei , Ding Hongyan , Pan Changjiang , Xie Zhigang , Wu Tianfu
Published: June 2019

Diphenylalanine (FF), as the smallest unit and core recognition motif of β-amyloid (Aβ), could self-assemble into nanofibers, which induces an early onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD).
A nanoscale iron catalyst for heterogeneous direct N- and C-alkylations of anilines and ketones using alcohols under hydrogen autotransfer conditions
Authors: Nallagangula Madhu , Sujatha Chandragiri , Bhat Venugopal T. , Namitharan Kayambu
Published: June 2019

A heterogeneous and commercially available nanoscale iron catalyst for direct N- and C-alkylation reactions of anilines and methylketones with alcohols under hydrogen autotransfer conditions.
Site-specific X-ray induced dynamics in liquid methanol
Authors: Saak Clara-Magdalena , Unger Isaak , Brena Barbara , Caleman Carl , Björneholm Olle
Published: June 2019

Ionising radiation causes complex dynamics in amphiphilic liquids such as methanol.
The thermodynamic properties and molecular dynamics of [Li+@C60](PF6−) associated with structural phase transitions
Authors: Suzuki Hal , Ishida Misaki , Otani Chiko , Kawachi Kazuhiko , Kasama Yasuhiko , Kwon Eunsang , Miyazaki Yuji , Nakano Motohiro
Published: June 2019

Li+ ions encapsulated in C60 in the [Li+@C60](PF6−) crystal exhibit order–disorder transition at 24 K.
A comparative study on NHC-functionalized ternary Se/Te–Fe–Cu compounds: synthesis, catalysis, and the effect of chalcogens
Authors: Shieh Minghuey , Liu Yu-Hsin , Wang Chih-Chin , Jian Si-Huan , Lin Chien-Nan , Chen Yen-Ming , Huang Chung-Yi
Published: June 2019

A novel family of highly efficient Se–Fe–Cu–NHC catalysts was synthesized, which were suitable models for the study of the chalcogen effect.
Trans-athletes in elite sport: inclusion and fairness
Authors: Anderson Lynley , Knox Taryn , Heather Alison
Published: June 2019

We support gender equality and freedoms in cases in which ‘like equals like’. Such inclusion is central to a progressive society. However, inclusion could potentially conflict with fairness in cases concerning transgendered athletes in elite sport. Accepted science regarding male and female physiology suggests that transwomen have an advantage over their cisgendered counterparts. This advantage stems from relatively high testosterone levels and prior male physiology of transwomen. Conversely, transmen who wish to compete in the men's division may be disadvantaged in comparison with cismen. Hence, while inclusion supports transwomen and transmen competing in the division that matches their gender identity, this may not satisfy the principle of fairness. We reason that transwomen and cismen are not only advantaged, but unfairly advantaged, and propose that the gender binary in elite sport should be replaced with a nuanced algorithm that accounts for both physiological and social parameters. As the algorithm would be applied to all athletes, it would be both inclusive and fair.
Systematic effects induced by half-wave plate precession into measurements of the cosmic microwave background polarization
Authors: D’Alessandro G. , Mele L. , Columbro F. , Pagano L. , Piacentini F. , de Bernardis P. , Masi S.
Published: June 2019

Context. The primordial B-mode signal in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) represents the smoking gun of cosmic inflation, and measuring it is the main goal of current experimental effort. The most accessible method for measuring polarization features of the CMB radiation is a Stokes polarimeter based on the rotation of a half-wave plate (HWP).

Aims. Current observational cosmology is starting to be limited by systematic effects. A Stokes polarimeter with a rotating HWP has the advantage of mitigating a long list of potential systematics by modulating the linearly polarized component of the radiation, but the rotating HWP itself may introduce new systematic effects that must be under control. This represents one of the most critical parts in the design of a B-mode experiment. It is therefore mandatory to take all the systematic effects into account that the instrumentation can induce. We here present, simulate, and analyze the spurious signal arising from the precession of a rotating HWP.

Methods. We first derived an analytical formula to describe the systematic effect that is induced by the HWP precession on the propagating radiation, using the 3D generalization of the Müller formalism. We then performed several numerical simulations that show the effect induced on the Stokes parameters by this systematic. We also derived and discuss the effect on B-modes as measured by a satellite experiment.

Results. We derive the analytical formula for the Stokes parameters from a Stokes polarimeter where the HWP follows a precessional motion with an angle θ0. We show the result depending on the HWP inertia tensor, spinning speed, and on θ0. The result of numerical simulations is reported as a simple time-line of the electric fields. Finally, assuming that the entire sky is observed with a satellite mission, we analyze the effect on B-mode measurements.

Conclusions. The effect is not negligible at the sensitivity of current B-mode experiments, therefore this systematic needs to be carefully considered for future experiments.
A population of high-velocity absorption-line systems residing in the Local Group
Authors: Bouma S. J. D. , Richter P. , Fechner C.
Published: June 2019

Aims. We investigated the ionisation conditions and distances of Galactic high-velocity clouds (HVCs) in the Galactic halo and beyond in the direction of the Local Group (LG) barycentre and anti-barycentre, by studying spectral data of 29 extragalactic background sources obtained with the Cosmic Origins Spectropgraph (COS) installed on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST).

Methods. We model column-densities of low, intermediate, and high ions such as Si II, C II, Si III, Si VI, and C IV, and use these data to construct a set of Cloudy ionisation models.

Results. In total, we found 69 high-velocity absorption components along the 29 lines of sight. The components in the direction of the LG barycentre span the entire range of studied velocities, 100 ≲ |vLSR| ≲ 400 km s−1, while those in the anti-barycentre sample have velocities up to about 300 km s−1. For 49 components, we infer the gas densities. In the direction of the LG barycentre, the gas densities exhibit a wide range from log nH = −3.96 to −2.55, while in the anti-barycentre direction the densities are systematically higher, log nH >  −3.25. The barycentre absorbers can be split into two groups based on their density: a high-density group with log nH >  −3.54, which can be affected by the Milky Way radiation field, and a low-density group (log nH ≤ −3.54). The latter has very low thermal pressures of P/k <  7.3 K cm−3.

Conclusions. Our study shows that part of the absorbers in the LG barycentre direction trace gas at very low gas densities and thermal pressures. These properties indicate that the absorbers are located beyond the virial radius of the Milky Way. Our study also confirms results from earlier, single-sightline studies, suggesting the presence of a metal-enriched intragroup medium filling the LG near its barycentre.
Imagerie moléculaire vibrationnelle un nouvel outil pour la biologie et la médecine
Authors: Rigneault Hervé
Published: June 2019

Les biomolécules peuvent être visualisées directement en microscopie optique en mesurant leurs modes vibratoires, et ceci dans des environnements complexes comme les cellules et les tissus.Cependant le passage des mesures spectroscopiques en cuvette à l’imagerie des systèmes vivants a nécessité des efforts tout particuliers qui ont aujourd’hui atteint une maturité capable d’apporter des solutions novatrices en biologie et en médecine. Cet article présente les grandes lignes des recherches et réalisations en imagerie spectroscopique vibrationnelle en partant des concepts de base pour aller vers les applications.
Thermométrie Raman cohérente pour l'étude de la combustion
Authors: Scherman Michael , Barros Joanna , Santagata Rosa , Bresson Alexandre , Attal-Tretout Brigitte
Published: June 2019

La combustion est un sujet d’intérêt pour une large variété de domaines d’applications civils ou militaires. Comprendre les phénomènes physico-chimiques à l’oeuvre dans ces milieux complexes, et les décrire à l’aide de modèles éprouvés, sont des enjeux majeurs qui requièrent des mesures fiables et quantitatives. La spectroscopie par diffusion Raman anti-Stokes cohérente (DRASC ou CARS en anglais) a démontré des performances inégalées pour la mesure de température. Cette technique a été implémentée avec de nombreuses architectures laser, et appliquée avec succès à un large éventail de milieux.
Nickel-Catalyzed Migratory Arylboration of Nonactivated Alkenes
Authors: Wang Wang , Ding Chao , Yin Guoyin
Published: June 2019

An unprecedented nickel-catalyzed 1,n-arylboration (n >2) of terminal nonactivated alkenes has been developed. This reaction is the first example of a regioselective arylboration of terminal nonactivated alkenes and features high selectivity, wide functional-group tolerance, and operational simplicity. Remarkably, preliminary mechanistic studies indicated that an equilibrium of various nickel intermediates exists in this transformation, but bond formation is favored at the benzylic position.
Iron-Catalyzed Regioselective Decarboxylative Alkylation of Coumarins and Chromones with Alkyl Diacyl Peroxides
Authors: Jin Can , Zhang Xun , Sun Bin , Yan Zhiyang , Xu Tengwei
Published: June 2019

A facile iron-catalyzed decarboxylative radical coupling of alkyl diacyl peroxides with coumarins or chromones has been developed, affording a highly efficient approach to synthesize a variety of α-alkylated coumarins and β-alkylated chromones. The reaction proceeded smoothly without adding any ligand or additive and provided the corresponding products containing a wide scope of functional groups in moderate to excellent yields. This protocol was highlighted by its high regioselectivity, readily available starting materials, and operational simplicity.
Galerkin approximation of dynamical quantities using trajectory data
Authors: Thiede Erik H. , Giannakis Dimitrios , Dinner Aaron R. , Weare Jonathan
Published: June 2019

Understanding chemical mechanisms requires estimating dynamical statistics such as expected hitting times, reaction rates, and committors. Here, we present a general framework for calculating these dynamical quantities by approximating boundary value problems using dynamical operators with a Galerkin expansion. A specific choice of basis set in the expansion corresponds to the estimation of dynamical quantities using a Markov state model. More generally, the boundary conditions impose restrictions on the choice of basis sets. We demonstrate how an alternative basis can be constructed using ideas from diffusion maps. In our numerical experiments, this basis gives results of comparable or better accuracy to Markov state models. Additionally, we show that delay embedding can reduce the information lost when projecting the system’s dynamics for model construction; this improves estimates of dynamical statistics considerably over the standard practice of increasing the lag time.
Fine structures in Raman spectra of tetrahedral tetrachloride molecules in femtosecond coherent spectroscopy
Authors: Gadomski W. , Ratajska-Gadomska B. , Polok K.
Published: June 2019

Herewith, we present fast Fourier transforms of time resolved signals, obtained by use of the femtosecond transient transmission (TT) spectroscopy, for three tetrachlorides, CCl4, SiCl4, and GeCl4, and chloroform, CHCl3. Due to coherent excitation of molecules, the isotopic splitting of their spectral bands in the range of symmetric stretching vibration can be observed with high resolution not available in spontaneous Raman scattering. The intensity distribution in the isotopic fine structure pattern appears to differ for various studied molecules, which is explained by the role of intermolecular interactions and the local order of molecules in the liquids. In particular, in SiCl4, the vibrational band exhibits anomalous ratios of the peak amplitudes, which do not agree with the natural abundance of the isotopologues. Using the simple oscillatory model of the liquid and fitting theoretical curves to the experimental results, we have been able to find the intermolecular force constants for all three liquids and to formulate the conclusion that the anomalous spectral pattern in SiCl4 results from strong interactions between the closest Cl atoms belonging to adjacent molecules. Application of the windowed Fourier transform enables us to study the dynamics of intermolecular interactions. The strength of intermolecular interactions in CCl4, SiCl4, and GeCl4, found by the TT technique, is compared with the results obtained by means of the femtosecond optical Kerr effect spectroscopy.
Asymptotic behavior of stochastic g-Navier-Stokes equations on a sequence of expanding domains
Authors: Li Fuzhi , Li Yangrong
Published: June 2019

The limiting dynamics of stochastic 2D nonautonomous g-Navier-Stokes equations defined on a sequence of expanding domains are investigated, where the limiting domain is unbounded. By generalizing the energy-equation method, we show that the sequence of expanding cocycles is weakly equicontinuous and strongly equiasymptotically compact, which lead to both existence and upper semicontinuity of the null-expansion of the corresponding random attractor when the bounded domain approaches to the unbounded domain.
Inference of temperature and density profiles via forward modeling of an x-ray imaging crystal spectrometer within the Minerva Bayesian analysis framework
Authors: Langenberg A. , Svensson J. , Marchuk O. , Fuchert G. , Bozhenkov S. , Damm H. , Pasch E. , Pavone A. , Thomsen H. , Pablant N. A. , Burhenn R. , Wolf R. C. ,   W7-X Team
Published: June 2019

At the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator, the X-ray imaging crystal spectrometer provides line integrated measurements of ion and electron temperatures, plasma flows, as well as impurity densities from a spectroscopic analysis of tracer impurity radiation. In order to infer the actual profiles from line integrated data, a forward modeling approach has been developed within the Minerva Bayesian analysis framework. In this framework, the inversion is realized on the basis of a complete forward model of the diagnostic, including error propagation and utilizing Gaussian processes for generation and inference of arbitrary shaped plasma parameter profiles. For modeling of line integrated data as measured by the detector, the installation geometry of the spectrometer, imaging properties of the crystal, and Gaussian detection noise are considered. The inversion of line integrated data is achieved using the maximum posterior method for plasma parameter profile inference and a Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling of the posterior distribution for calculating uncertainties of the inference process. The inversion method shows a correct and reliable inference of temperature and impurity density profiles from synthesized data within the estimated uncertainties along the whole plasma radius. The application to measured data yields a good match of derived electron temperature profiles to data of the Thomson scattering diagnostic for central electron temperatures between 2 and 5 keV using argon impurities.
Network measures of mixing
Authors: Banisch Ralf , Koltai Péter , Padberg-Gehle Kathrin
Published: June 2019

Transport and mixing processes in fluid flows can be studied directly from Lagrangian trajectory data, such as those obtained from particle tracking experiments. Recent work in this context highlights the application of graph-based approaches, where trajectories serve as nodes and some similarity or distance measure between them is employed to build a (possibly weighted) network, which is then analyzed using spectral methods. Here, we consider the simplest case of an unweighted, undirected network and analytically relate local network measures such as node degree or clustering coefficient to flow structures. In particular, we use these local measures to divide the family of trajectories into groups of similar dynamical behavior via manifold learning methods.
Determination of concentration of adsorbed molecules by Raman spectroscopy and optical imaging
Authors: Wang Y. Y. , Jiang J. , Yin J. , Li N. , Yu K. , Quan S. F. , Yue X. F. , Zhong B.
Published: June 2019

In this paper, solution soaking is used to deposit Rhodamine 6G (R6G+) dye molecules on two-dimensional materials, i.e., graphene and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), which concentrate the solution-phase R6G+ molecules into a solid thin film. The concentration of adsorbed molecules on graphene/MoS2 can be calculated using graphene 2D/MoS2 A1g peak as an internal standard. It is found that optical imaging also provides a quantitative way to determine the concentration of adsorbed molecules whose results are further confirmed by atomic force microscopy. The obtained results will facilitate the fabrication of surface-enhanced Raman scattering substrates using two-dimensional materials. Adsorptive removal of various dyes to lighten effluent pollution from industries is a basic and applied research area. Carbon-based materials are well-known adsorbents for dyes. Using optical imaging, the dynamic processes of solution-dependent R6G+ sorption and desorption onto graphene are monitored. Our results also shed light on potentially using graphene materials as adsorbents for toxic and carcinogenic molecules.
Shock compression of niobium from first-principles
Authors: Weck Philippe F. , Townsend Joshua P. , Cochrane Kyle R. , Crockett Scott D. , Moore Nathan W.
Published: June 2019

The equation of state (EOS) of bulk niobium (Nb) was investigated within the framework of density functional theory, with Mermin’s generalization to finite temperatures. The shock Hugoniot for fully-dense and porous Nb was obtained from canonical ab initio molecular dynamics simulations with Erpenbeck’s approach based on the Rankine-Hugoniot jump conditions. The phase space was sampled along isotherms between 300 and 4000 K, for densities ranging from ρ=5.5 to 12 g/cm3. Results from simulations compare favorably with room-temperature multianvil and diamond anvil cell data for fully-dense Nb samples and with a recent tabulated SESAME EOS. The results of this study indicate that, for the application of weak and intermediate shocks, the tabular EOS models are expected to give reliable predictions.
Transfer entropy on symbolic recurrences
Authors: Porfiri Maurizio , Ruiz Marín Manuel
Published: June 2019

Recurrence quantification analysis offers a powerful framework to investigate complexity in dynamical systems. While several studies have demonstrated the possibility of multivariate recurrence quantification analysis, information-theoretic tools for the discovery of causal links remain elusive. Particularly enticing is to formulate information-theoretic tools on symbolic recurrence plots, which alleviate some of the methodological challenges of traditional recurrence plots and offer a richer representation of recurrences. Toward this aim, we establish a probability space in which we ground a theory of information that encodes information in the recurrences of the symbols. We introduce transfer entropy on symbolic recurrences as a tool to guide the inference of the strength and direction of the interaction between dynamical systems. We demonstrate statistically reliable discovery of causal links on synthetic and experimental time series, from only two time series or a larger dataset with multiple realizations. The proposed approach brings together recurrence plots, information theory, and symbolic dynamics to empower researchers and practitioners with effective means to visualize and quantify interactions in dynamical systems.
Effects of mechano-electrical feedback on the onset of alternans: A computational study
Authors: Hazim Azzam , Belhamadia Youssef , Dubljevic Stevan
Published: June 2019

Cardiac alternans is a heart rhythm instability that is associated with cardiac arrhythmias and may lead to sudden cardiac death. The onset of this instability, which is linked to period-doubling bifurcation and may be a route to chaos, is of particular interest. Mechano-electric feedback depicts the effects of tissue deformation on cardiac excitation. The main effect of mechano-electric feedback is delivered via the so-called stretch-activated ion channels and is caused by stretch-activated currents. Mechano-electric feedback, which is believed to have proarrhythmic and antiarrhythmic effects on cardiac electrophysiology, affects the action potential duration in a manner dependent on cycle length, but the mechanisms by which this occurs remain to be elucidated. In this study, a biophysically detailed electromechanical model of cardiac tissue is employed to show how a stretch-activated current can affect the action potential duration at cellular and tissue levels, illustrating its effects on the onset of alternans. Also, using a two-dimensional iterated map that incorporates stretch-activated current effects, we apply linear stability analysis to study the stability of the bifurcation. We show that alternans bifurcation can be prevented depending on the strength of the stretch-activated current.
Inferring the dynamics of oscillatory systems using recurrent neural networks
Authors: Cestnik Rok , Abel Markus
Published: June 2019

We investigate the predictive power of recurrent neural networks for oscillatory systems not only on the attractor but in its vicinity as well. For this, we consider systems perturbed by an external force. This allows us to not merely predict the time evolution of the system but also study its dynamical properties, such as bifurcations, dynamical response curves, characteristic exponents, etc. It is shown that they can be effectively estimated even in some regions of the state space where no input data were given. We consider several different oscillatory examples, including self-sustained, excitatory, time-delay, and chaotic systems. Furthermore, with a statistical analysis, we assess the amount of training data required for effective inference for two common recurrent neural network cells, the long short-term memory and the gated recurrent unit.
Improve the performance of machine-learning potentials by optimizing descriptors
Authors: Gao Hao , Wang Junjie , Sun Jian
Published: June 2019

Machine-learning (ML) potentials are promising in atomic simulations due to their comparable accuracy to density functional theory but much lower computational cost. The descriptors to represent atomic environments are of high importance to the performance of ML potentials. Here, we implemented the descriptor in a differentiable way and found that ML potentials with optimized descriptors have some advantages compared with the ones without descriptor optimization, especially when the training dataset is small. Taking aluminum as an example, the trained potentials with proper descriptors can not only predict energies and forces with high accuracy of the first-principles calculations but also reproduce the statistical results of dynamical simulations. These predictions validate the efficiency of our method, which can be applied to improving the performance of machine learning interatomic potentials and will also strongly expand its applications.
Dual-wavelength mode-locked erbium-doped fiber laser based on tin disulfide thin film as saturable absorber
Authors: Li Shi , Yin Yu , Ran Guicang , Ouyang Qiuyun , Chen Yujin , Tokurakawa Masaki , Lewis Elfed , Harun Sulaiman Wadi , Wang Pengfei
Published: June 2019

The use of tin disulfide (SnS2) as a candidate material for saturable absorption in nonlinear optical devices is investigated in this article. A dual-wavelength soliton mode-locked fiber laser is demonstrated using a fabricated SnS2 thin film as a saturable absorber within an erbium-doped fiber laser cavity. The laser generates two peaks centered at 1536.7 and 1562.6 nm, with a pulse width of 5.3 ps. The experimental results indicate that the SnS2 thin film has the required absorption characteristics to realize good mode-locked operation. Thus, we confirm that SnS2 has great potential to be used in multiwavelength ultrafast fiber laser applications.
Roadkill mitigation is paved with good intentions: a critique of Fox et al. (2019)
Authors: Coulson Graeme , Bender Helena
Published: June 2019

In a recent publication, Fox et al. (2019) described a three-year trial of a ‘virtual fence’ installed to reduce wildlife roadkills in north-eastern Tasmania. The authors reported a 50% reduction in total roadkills, concluding that the ‘virtual fence’ had the potential to substantially reduce roadkill rates. The field of roadkill mitigation has a long history of promising techniques that are ultimately found wanting, so we evaluated the conceptual basis of the ‘virtual fence’ and the design and analysis of the trial. Of the two stimuli emitted by the ‘virtual fence’, its lights only partly match the sensory capabilities of the target species, its sound frequency is suitable but the intensity is unknown, and both stimuli are artificial and lack biological significance, so will be prone to habituation once novelty wanes. The trial, conducted in three phases, revealed a total of eight methodological flaws ranging from imprecise measurements, confounding effects of treatments, low statistical power, violation of test assumptions and failure to consider habituation. Greater caution is needed in interpreting the findings of this study, and well designed, long-term trials are required to properly assess the ‘virtual fence’.
Recurrent gestures
Authors: McNeill David
Published: June 2019

Using recurrent gestures as the model, this essay considers how an inside-looking-out view of speech-gesture production reflects the interactive-social exterior. The inside view may appear to ignore the social context of speaking and gesture, but this is far from the truth. What an exterior view sees as important appears in the interior but in a different way. The difference leads to misunderstandings of the interior view and what it does. It is not a substitute for the exterior. It is the interior reflecting the social exterior and shaping it to fit its own demands. Topics are: recurrent gestures; gesture-speech co-expressivity; expunged real-world goals; “in-betweenness”; phenomenological “inhabitance” and material carriers; metaphoricity and imagery; social deixis and social relations; realizations of the self; world-views; and lastly the want of mutual outside and inside intellectual perceptions and what can be done about it.
Hergé dans la théorie des sphères
Authors: Álvares Cristina
Published: June 2019

This paper aims at reading Hergé’s major work in the light of Sloterdijk’s theory of spheres and Agamben’s reflexions on adventure in order to examine the place and function of the island in the adventures of Tintin, a hero without insulation. Much attention is given to the boundery topology of adventure in our discussion of the ontological transitions (human, animal) taking place on the threshold between in and out and of their anthropogenetic significance. We defend that every adventure story is a variation on the anthropogenetic one, and that Hergé and Sloterdijk diverge on the matter of island and insulation.
Building representative multi-genre corpora for legal and institutional translation research
Authors: Prieto Ramos Fernando , Cerutti Giorgina , Guzmán Diego
Published: June 2019

Exploring questions of representativeness, balance and comparability is essential to tailoring corpus design and compilation to research goals, and to ensuring the validity of research results. This is especially true when the target population of texts under examination is very large and transcends a restricted area of specialization and/or covers multiple genres, as in the case of texts translated in institutional settings. This paper describes the multilayered sequential approach to corpus building applied in a comparative study on legal translation in three of these settings. The approach is based on a full mapping and categorization of institutional texts from a legal perspective; it applies an innovative combination of stratified sampling techniques integrating quantitative and qualitative criteria adapted to the research aims. The resulting corpora, categorization matrix and selection records, together with the methodological detail provided, can be useful for building other multi-genre corpora in translation studies and further afield.
On light sharing TOF-PET modules with depth of interaction and 157 ps FWHM coincidence time resolution
Authors: Pizzichemi M , Polesel A , Stringhini G , Gundacker S , Lecoq P , Tavernier S , Paganoni M , Auffray E
Published: June 2019

The performance of a light sharing and recirculation mechanism that allows the extraction of depth of interaction (DOI) are investigated in this paper, with a particular focus on timing. In parallel, a method to optimize the coincidence time resolution (CTR) of PET detectors by use of the DOI information is proposed and tested. For these purposes, a dedicated 64-channels readout setup has been developed with intrinsic timing resolution of 16 ps FWHM. Several PET modules have been produced, based on LYSO:Ce scintillators and commercial silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) arrays, with

mm2 individual SiPM size. The results show the possibility to achieve a timing resolution of 157 ps FWHM, combined with the already demonstrated spatial resolution of 1.5 mm FWHM, DOI resolution of 3 mm FWHM, and energy resolution of 9% FWHM at 511 keV, with 15 mm long crystals of section

mm2 and

mm2. At the same time, the extraction of the DOI coordinate has been demonstrated not to deteriorate the timing performance of the PET module.
Molecular propellants for ion thrusters
Authors: Dietz Patrick , Gärtner Waldemar , Koch Quirin , Köhler Peter E , Teng Yan , Schreiner Peter R , Holste Kristof , Klar Peter J
Published: June 2019

There is no ideal atomic propellant for ion thrusters. Xenon commonly used as propellant becomes resource-critical in light of electric propulsion commercialization. Combining these considerations leads to seeking alternatives to xenon as propellant. In this review, we summarize the current literature on molecular propellants. We define two classes of molecules, group I and II, comprising diatomic molecules and more complex molecules, respectively. We identify basic properties which a candidate molecule belonging to either group, I or II, should possess in order to be suitable as molecular propellant. We discuss the pits and traps in testing such candidate molecules inside a thruster on the basis of our experiences with iodine (a member of group I) and adamantane (a member of group II). The thruster system needs to be individually adopted for each propellant candidate in order to enable a thorough testing inside the thruster. The same holds for optimizing the thruster’s performance when fed with a new propellant because the microscopic processes occurring inside the plasma will differ from molecule to molecule. These circumstances make such testing time-consuming and costly. To accelerate systematic screening of the vast number of molecular species in terms of suitability as propellant, we propose a screening and evolution procedure based on combining chemical engineering and fundamental physical measurements.
Third carbon observatory successfully launches to the ISS
Authors: Banks Michael
Published: June 2019

NASA has successfully launched a space probe to measure the amount of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere.
Huge Chinese cosmic-ray observatory begins operation
Authors: Banks Michael
Published: June 2019

One of the world’s largest and most sensitive cosmic-ray facilities has begun operation with its first set of detectors.
Boost in US female physics faculty
Authors: Allen Michael
Published: June 2019

Around 40% of new astronomy faculty in US universities are women, while a quarter of new physics faculty recruits are female.
Making physics greener
Authors: Durrani Matin
Published: June 2019

Reducing lab energy and waste is financially prudent and good for the environment too.
Einstein in Oxford
Authors: Robinson Andrew
Published: June 2019

Amid growing political unrest in Germany, Albert Einstein paid three short visits to Oxford in the early 1930s. Andrew Robinson reveals why this celebrated physicist travelled to Britain and how Einstein seduced – and then shocked – his audiences with his new thinking about how science works
Black holes and revelations
Authors: Robinson Andrew
Published: June 2019

Science journalist Ron Cowen’s brief but rewarding book – Gravity’s Century: From Einstein’s Eclipse to Images of Black Holes – celebrates two great scientific events concerning gravity that occurred almost exactly a century apart: the November 1919 confirmation of Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity, and the April 2017 observation of a black hole.
Spaltenstein varieties of pure dimension
Authors: Li Yiqiang
Published: June 2019

We show that Spaltenstein varieties of classical groups are pure dimensional when the Jordan-type of the nilpotent element involved is an even or odd partition. We further show that they are Lagrangian in the partial resolutions of the associated nilpotent Slodowy slices, from which their dimensions are known to be one half of the dimension of the partial resolution minus the dimension of the nilpotent orbit. The results are then extended to the

σ
\sigma

-quiver-variety setting.
Real Kähler submanifolds in codimension 6
Authors: de Carvalho Alcides , Guimarães Felippe
Published: June 2019

We show that a real Kähler submanifold in codimension

6
6

is essentially a holomorphic submanifold of another real Kähler submanifold in lower codimension if the second fundamental form is not sufficiently degenerated. We also give a shorter proof of this result when the real Kähler submanifold is minimal, using recent results about isometric rigidity.
On modules 𝑀 with 𝜏(𝑀)≅𝜈Ω^{𝑑+2}(𝑀) for isolated singularities of Krull dimension 𝑑
Authors: Marczinzik René
Published: June 2019

A classical formula for the Auslander–Reiten translate

τ
\tau

says that

τ
(
M
)
≅
ν

Ω
2

(
M
)

\tau (M)\cong \nu \Omega ^2(M)

for every indecomposable module

M
M

of a selfinjective Artin algebra. We generalise this by showing that for a

2
d

2d

-periodic isolated singularity

A
A

of Krull dimension

d
d

, we have for the Auslander–Reiten translate of an indecomposable nonprojective Cohen-Macaulay

A
A

-module

M
M

,

τ
(
M
)
≅
ν

Ω

d
+
2

(
M
)

\tau (M)\cong \nu \Omega ^{d+2}(M)

if and only if
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper E x t Subscript upper A Superscript d plus 1 Baseline left-parenthesis upper M comma upper A right-parenthesis equals upper E x t Subscript upper A Superscript d plus 2 Baseline left-parenthesis upper M comma upper A right-parenthesis equals 0">

Ext
A

d
+
1

⁡
(
M
,
A
)
=

Ext
A

d
+
2

⁡
(
M
,
A
)
=
0

\operatorname {Ext}_A^{d+1}(M,A)=\operatorname {Ext}_A^{d+2}(M,A)=0

. We give several applications for Artin algebras.
Local-global principles for zero-cycles on homogeneous spaces over arithmetic function fields
Authors: Colliot-Thélène J.-L. , Harbater D. , Hartmann J. , Krashen D. , Parimala R. , Suresh V.
Published: June 2019

We study the existence of zero-cycles of degree one on varieties that are defined over a function field of a curve over a complete discretely valued field. We show that local-global principles hold for such zero-cycles provided that local-global principles hold for the existence of rational points over extensions of the function field. This assertion is analogous to a known result concerning varieties over number fields. Many of our results are shown to hold more generally in the henselian case.
Pseudo–Anosov mapping classes from pure mapping classes
Authors: Watanabe Yohsuke
Published: June 2019

We study types of mapping classes which arise as a product of a given mapping class and powers of certain pure mapping classes. We derive an explicit constant depending only on a surface such that almost all above pure mapping classes give rise to pseudo–Anosov type whenever their powers are larger than the constant. Throughout this study, we also give various ways of constructing pseudo–Anosov mapping classes. Furthermore, we are able to capture the stable lengths of all pseudo–Anosov mapping classes constructed by our methods.
Uncountable 𝑛-dimensional excellent regular local rings with countable spectra
Authors: Loepp S. , Michaelsen A.
Published: June 2019

We prove that, for any

n
≥
0

n\geq 0

, there exists an uncountable

n
n

-dimensional excellent regular local ring with a countable spectrum.
Delirium research, education and practice
Authors: MacLullich Alasdair M J , Shenkin Susan D
Published: June 2019

Delirium research and clinical care have seen great strides in the last decade. Age and Ageing is making freely available an online collection of 15 papers published since 2012 which provides an overview of the range of research in delirium. It covers prevention and prediction, interventions and their health economic evaluations, outcomes following delirium, and clinical application in a review of the recent SIGN guidelines. The majority of studies took place in hospitals, but we also introduce some important research about another group at high risk of delirium: care home residents. We highlight the importance of delirium education. The studies comprised a range of methodologies (systematic reviews/meta-analysis, observational studies, trials and qualitative research). The selected papers are exemplars of work that has clear clinical implications. Given that delirium affects 15–20% of hospital patients, studies or analysis of existing data with clinical relevance have the potential for enormous impact on practice and on more efficient use of healthcare resources. There is, however, still a great deal of work to be done to implement what is known to be effective, and so reduce the incidence of this distressing condition, and to support those affected: not only patients, but also families and carers, as well as staff in secondary and primary care, including care homes.
Gamma models for estimating the odds ratio for a skewed biomarker measured in pools and subject to errors
Authors: Van Domelen Dane R , Mitchell Emily M , Perkins Neil J , Schisterman Enrique F , Manatunga Amita K , Huang Yijian , Lyles Robert H
Published: June 2019

Measuring a biomarker in pooled samples from multiple cases or controls can lead to cost-effective estimation of a covariate-adjusted odds ratio, particularly for expensive assays. But pooled measurements may be affected by assay-related measurement error (ME) and/or pooling-related processing error (PE), which can induce bias if ignored. Building on recently developed methods for a normal biomarker subject to additive errors, we present two related estimators for a right-skewed biomarker subject to multiplicative errors: one based on logistic regression and the other based on a Gamma discriminant function model. Applied to a reproductive health dataset with a right-skewed cytokine measured in pools of size 1 and 2, both methods suggest no association with spontaneous abortion. The fitted models indicate little ME but fairly severe PE, the latter of which is much too large to ignore. Simulations mimicking these data with a non-unity odds ratio confirm validity of the estimators and illustrate how PE can detract from pooling-related gains in statistical efficiency. These methods address a key issue associated with the homogeneous pools study design and should facilitate valid odds ratio estimation at a lower cost in a wide range of scenarios.
Making Crime a Sustainable Development Issue: From ‘Drugs and Thugs’ to ‘Peaceful and Inclusive Societies’
Authors: Blaustein Jarrett , Chodor Tom , Pino Nathan W
Published: June 2019

Development has long featured on the United Nations (UN) crime policy agenda; however, crime was only officially recognized by the international community as a global development priority following the adoption of the Sustainable Development Goals in 2015. Adopting a sociological institutionalist perspective, this article sets out to account for how this recognition was achieved. We draw on interviews with senior UN crime policy insiders and documentary sources to analyse the efforts of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) to amplify awareness of the crime-development link following the omission of this issue from the Millenium Development Goals and amidst significant institutional and material pressures to strengthen its ties to the wider UN system. The article accounts for the political construction of the crime-development nexus and the important role that UNODC has historically played in facilitating global governance in this emergent and increasingly expansive sphere of policy and practice.
Long non-coding RNA JPX correlates with poor prognosis and tumor progression in non-small-cell lung cancer by interacting with miR-145-5p and CCND2
Authors: Jin Meng , Ren Jie , Luo Miao , You Zhenxi , Fang Yuanyuan , Han Yin , Li Guangcai , Liu Huiguo
Published: June 2019

Emerging studies have shown that the aberrant expression and function of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in carcinogenesis and the development of various cancers. The long noncoding RNA JPX (lncRNA JPX) on the X chromosome is an activator of X-inactive-specific transcript (XIST) and is a molecular switch for X-chromosome inactivation. However, the exact mechanism by which JPX acts in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is not well studied. Here, through integrating clinical data and a series of functional experiments, we found that lncRNA JPX expression is significantly upregulated in NSCLC tissues compared with that in paired adjacent normal tissues from two independent datasets and significantly associated with a poor survival and other malignant phenotypes (tumor stage, tumor volume) of NSCLC. Furthermore, we elucidated that JPX functions as an oncogene in NSCLC-promoting cell proliferation and cell migration by affecting cell-cycle progression. Mechanistically, JPX upregulates cyclin D2 (CCND2) expression in a competing endogenous RNA mechanism by interacting with miR-145-5p, thus provoking the development and progression of NSCLC. These findings reveal the mechanism of X-chromosome lncRNA JPX and its core regulatory circuitry JPX/miR-145-5p/CCND2 in the development and progression of NSCLC, which bring us closer to an understanding of the molecular drivers of NSCLC.