bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A window to the future: Proposal for a lexicography-assisted writing assistant
Authors: Fuertes-Olivera Pedro A. , Tarp Sven
Published: November 2020

The paper initially discusses some of the challenges posed to contemporary lexicography and stresses the need to move upstream in the value chain to guarantee future work. Today’s lexicographers must accept that their product par excellence is not dictionaries, but lexicographical data that can either be presented to the users in the form of dictionaries or be integrated into various types of tools, platforms, and services. From this perspective, the paper describes the functionalities of various digital writing assistants and focuses on one of them, namely the Spanish-English Write Assistant. It illustrates some decisions that have to be taken to prepare a database to feed both this tool and a series of online dictionaries. A proposal on how a big amount of lexicographical data can be presented in a small pop-up window without resorting to data overload will be discussed. In this connection, alternative ways of doing user testing in a digital environment are introduced. Finally, the paper stresses the importance of a human-centered design and terminology.
Lexikographische Konzeption und kulturgeschichtliche Erkenntnis im digitalen Zeitalter
Authors: Lobenstein-Reichmann Anja , Reichmann Oskar
Published: November 2020

Digitization of dictionaries, which were founded in predigital times, face the challenge of modern technics. In the case of the Early New High German dictionary this challenge has proved to be more a chance than a curse. This article demonstrates how the textual structure of the (old) dictionary is transformed in the (new) digital language. It has shown that the new technics produce an added value. This is of course only possible under the condition, that the conception of the dictionary and the formulation by the lexicographer has prepared an elaborated base of semantic informations.
We’ve been Offering It for Years, But Why Do They Come? The Reasons Why Adults Bring Young Children to Public Library Storytimes
Authors: Cahill Maria , Joo Soohyung , Howard Mary , Walker Suzanne
Published: November 2020

While storytime programs for preschool children are offered in nearly all public libraries in the United States, little is known about why adults choose to bring children to participate. This survey study gathered information from 346 parents and caregivers who attended storytime programs at 35 public libraries in three states. Parents and caregivers indicated child enjoyment of hearing stories and participating in activities and the opportunity for children to interact as the primary reasons for attending; however, differences in motivation to attend were noted by community density, relationship to the child, educational level of the adult, and length of attendance. In addition to identifying those aspects of storytimes that resonate most for children and building upon them, librarians should integrate cooperative activities that facilitate interaction. Further, librarians should take stock of their own contexts and modify programs to best address the needs of their specific community.
Nouns and verbs in the speech signal: Are there phonetic correlates of grammatical category?
Authors: Lohmann Arne
Published: November 2020

Over the past decades a considerable number of works have observed differences in the phonetic realization of nouns and verbs. The guiding question in most relevant research is whether such differences are caused by grammatical category per se, or are triggered by more general processes of phonetic implementation that impact nouns and verbs differently. Most studies argue for the latter and focus on one particular process or variable, which is advocated to be responsible for the acoustic differences observed. Among the processes mentioned are pre-boundary lengthening, accentuation, and frequency-induced reduction. Due to the focus on monofactorial explanations, an overview and contextualization of the different processes interacting with the noun-verb distinction is yet missing. The present paper aims to fill this gap. This goal is pursed by providing an in-depth discussion of how grammatical category interacts with a number of different processes that affect acoustic realization. To that end results from the literature on the topic are synthesized with new acoustic analyses of noun-verb homophones from spontaneous speech. The analysis shows that differences in acoustic realization between nouns and verbs are caused by the complex interplay of a number of different processes, defying simple, monofactorial explanations.
Diet of Culpeo fox (Lycalopex culpaeus, Molina 1782): the role of non-native prey in a strongly seasonal environment of south-central Chile
Authors: Boris Castillo-Ravanal  , Vallejos-Garrido Paulo , Rodríguez-Serrano Enrique
Published: November 2020

In this study, we establish the seasonal variation of the Culpeo fox’s diet in a seasonal ecosystem of south-central Chile. By scat analyses, 21 prey taxa were identified, 16 were animal and five were plant species. Mammals (88.47%) were the main biomass contribution with small seasonal fluctuations. Plants contributed the most to the differences observed in all seasons since they showed very marked changes. We determined that the Culpeo fox inhabiting the Andes of south-central Chile feeds mainly on small non-native mammals all year round, and supplements its diet opportunistically from items whose abundance oscillates seasonally.
Zweispurigkeit im polnischen Strafrecht: Regelungsentwicklung und aktuelle Kontroversen
Authors: Krajewski Krzysztof
Published: November 2020

Das Konzept der Zweispurigkeit wurde und wird im polnischen Strafrecht im Vergleich zu Deutschland oder Österreich in einem wesentlich engeren Umfang umgesetzt. Nur im Gesetzbuch aus dem Jahre 1932 war eine der Sicherungsverwahrung ähnliche Einrichtung vorgesehen. Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg aber kamen diese Vorschriften wegen der strikt ablehnenden Haltung der »sozialistischen Strafrechtslehre« gegenüber den sichernden Maßregeln nicht mehr zur Anwendung, und auch das StGB von 1969 hat auf die Einführung von Maßregeln dieser Art verzichtet. Man hat jedoch quasi durch die Hintertür besondere Strafzumessungsmaßnahmen zur Bekämpfung der Rückfallkriminalität eingeführt, mit denen sichernde Maßnahmen durch drastisch verschärfte Repression ersetzt wurden. Im StGB von 1997 hat man im Rückblick auf die Erfahrungen aus der Zeit der autoritären Herrschaft von der Annahme jeglicher sichernden Maßnahmen gegenüber gefährlichen Straftätern abgesehen – das neue StGB blieb zunächst praktisch einspurig. Erst nach 2000 wurde es um neue Vorschriften zur Bekämpfung von Kindesmissbrauch und anderen Sexualstraftaten, inklusive besonderer sichernder Maßregeln ergänzt. 2013 entbrannte eine heftige Auseinandersetzung um die nachträgliche Anwendung solcher Maßnahmen. Das neue Gesetz, dem deutschen ThUG ähnlich, wurde zwar im Jahre 2016 für verfassungskonform befunden, in der Praxis aber ruft die Vollstreckung dieser außerhalb des Strafrechts liegenden Maßnahmen heftige Kontroversen und zahlreiche Bedenken hervor.
Welche Faktoren unterstützen die Legalbewährung psychisch kranker Straftäter?
Authors: Stempkowski Monika
Published: November 2020

Der Anteil jener psychisch kranken, jedoch zurechnungsfähigen Straftäter, die in Österreich nach einer Unterbringung in einer Maßnahme nach § 21 Abs. 2 StGB erneut straffällig wurden, ist über viele Jahre stark gesunken. In einer empirischen Studie wurden Entlassungsgruppen im Detail untersucht und verglichen, um mögliche Ursachen für diese Veränderung zu identifizieren. Es zeigte sich, dass neben einer über die Zeit besseren Selektion bereits entlassungsbereiter Personen primär Verbesserungen in der Betreuung während der Unterbringung sowie im Zuge der bedingten Entlassung für die positive Entwicklung ausschlaggebend waren.
Guilt, Dangerousness and Liability in the Era of Pre-Crime – the Role of Criminology? To Adapt, or to Die, that is the Question!
Authors: Kalac Anna-Maria Getoš
Published: November 2020

There is no doubt that, in terms of criminal policy, we have been living in an era of pre-crime for quite some time now. Whether we like it or not, times have changed and so has the general position on concepts of (criminal) guilt, dangerousness and liability. Whereas once there was a broad consensus that penal repression, at least in principle, should be executed in a strictly postcrime fashion, nowadays the same consensus has been reached on trading freedom (from penal repression) for (promised) security, long before an »actual crime« might even be committed. In this regard, the criminalisation of endangerment and risks only nomotechnically solves the issue of »actual« vs. »potential« crimes – in essence it merely creates a normative fiction of pre-crime crimes, whereas in reality actual crimes do not exist at all. The starting point of criminalisation has clearly shifted away from the guilt of having committed a crime, to the mere dangerousness of potentially committing a crime, which potential as such is purely hypothetical and beyond the grasp of empirical proof. Such shift raises fundamental criminological and sociological questions, just as it highlights our obligation to process and shape this shift. The change of paradigm from post- to pre-crime also makes one wonder about the current and future role of criminology. It makes one wonder about criminology’s capacity to adapt and its willingness to take on a transdisciplinary lead role in scientising or even criminologising the precrime era. In the end it also makes one wonder whether such an engagement would be scientifically justified.
Empirische Erkenntnisse zur Reform des Sexualstrafrechts in Bezug auf die §§ 177 und 184 i StGB und daraus resultierende Schlussfolgerungen für die Vernehmungsgestaltung
Authors: Biedermann Jürgen , Volbert Renate
Published: November 2020

Im November 2016 erfolgte eine bedeutsame Reform des deutschen Sexualstrafrechts, welche in der wissenschaftlichen Literatur und öffentlichen Debatte sowohl mit Hoffnungen als auch Befürchtungen einherging. Die vorliegende Untersuchung widmet sich aktuellen empirischen Erkenntnissen zu den Straftatbeständen des veränderten § 177 StGB (Sexueller Übergriff; sexuelle Nötigung; Vergewaltigung) und des neugeschaffenen § 184 i StGB (Sexuelle Belästigung). So wird für beide Deliktkategorien anhand der bundesweiten Polizeilichen Kriminalstatistik und der Strafverfolgungsstatistik die Entwicklung des polizeilich registrierten Fallaufkommens aufgezeigt und mit der Anzahl der gerichtlichen Entscheidungen verglichen. Eine Analyse der Tatmerkmale aller im Jahr 2018 in Brandenburg registrierten Fälle nach den §§ 177 StGB (n = 390) und 184 i StGB (n = 387) auf Basis der POLAS-Datenbank verwies hinsichtlich der Aufklärung und Beweisbarkeit der fraglichen Taten auf die zentrale Bedeutung der Opferaussage als Personalbeweis. Im Weiteren werden Schlussfolgerungen für eine geeignete Vernehmungstechnik und -protokollierung dargestellt, um das infolge der Reform nunmehr zentrale Tatbestandsmerkmal– den erkennbar den sexuellen Handlungen entgegenstehenden Willen – adäquat aufklären zu können. Eine derartige Vernehmungsgestaltung verbessert zudem die Möglichkeiten, mittels wissenschaftlich etablierter Methoden der Glaubhaftigkeitsbeurteilung sowohl tatsächlich stattgefundene Taten als auch mögliche Falschbeschuldigungen als solche zu identifizieren.
Laboring to communicate: Use of migrant languages in COVID-19 awareness campaign in Qatar
Authors: Ahmad Rizwan , Hillman Sara
Published: November 2020

This study examines the communication strategies employed by Qatar’s government in dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic. The study contributes to a growing body of work on the sociolinguistics of crisis communication. We focus on the use of South and Southeast Asian languages, spoken largely by blue-collar migrant workers, which are often seen as peripheral even though they are spoken by a large segment of the population. The deployment of these languages during Qatar’s COVID-19 awareness campaign assumes further significance against the backdrop of a series of measures taken by the government in the last few years to strengthen the status and use of Arabic. We analyze multilingual printed pamphlets, multilingual audio-visual communication through radio and social media, as well as interviews conducted with key figures who were part of the awareness campaign. Our examination of the availability, accessibility, acceptability, and adaptability of the multilingual awareness materials reveals that while the different languages and modes of communication were important in spreading awareness, equally critical, if not more, was who carried the information and in what forms. We show the significant roles community and religious leaders and social media influencers played in disseminating the awareness information to the diverse migrant language communities.
Optical response of jammed rectangular nanostructures
Authors: Odeh Mutasem , Dupré Matthieu , Kim Kevin , Kanté Boubacar
Published: November 2020

Random jammed dipole scatterers are natural composite and common byproducts of various chemical synthesis techniques. They often form complex aggregates with nontrivial correlations that influence the effective dielectric description of the medium. In this work, we investigate the packing dynamic of rectangular nanostructure under a close packing protocol and study its influence on the optical response of the medium. We show that the maximum packing densities, maximum scattering densities, and percolation threshold densities are all interconnected concepts that can be understood through the lens of Onsager’s exclusion area principle. The emerging positional and orientational correlations between the rectangular dipoles are studied, and various geometrical connections are drawn. The effective dielectric constants of the generated ensembles are then computed through the strong contrast expansion method, leading to several unintuitive results such as scattering suppression at maximum packing densities, as well as densities below the percolation threshold, and maximum scattering in between.
Carbon nanotube mode-locked fiber lasers: recent progress and perspectives
Authors: Dai Lilong , Huang Zinan , Huang Qianqian , Zhao Chang , Rozhin Aleksey , Sergeyev Sergey , Al Araimi Mohammed , Mou Chengbo
Published: November 2020

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) possess remarkable nonlinear optical properties; a particular application is to function as a mode locker used in ultrafast fiber lasers to produce ultrashort optical pulses. Various types of CNT saturable absorbers (SAs) and ultrafast fiber lasers have been demonstrated. In this review, typical fabrication process and development of CNT SAs are discussed and we highlight the recent investigation and progress of state-of-the-art ultrafast fiber lasers covering GHz, bidirectional ultrafast fiber lasers, vectorial mode fiber lasers, comb systems, and mode-locking dynamics. Our perspectives of ultrafast fiber lasers based on CNT SAs are given finally.
Surface plasmon polariton–enhanced photoluminescence of monolayer MoS2 on suspended periodic metallic structures
Authors: Su Huanhuan , Wu Shan , Yang Yuhan , Leng Qing , Huang Lei , Fu Junqi , Wang Qianjin , Liu Hui , Zhou Lin
Published: November 2020

Plasmonic nanostructures have garnered tremendous interest in enhanced light–matter interaction because of their unique capability of extreme field confinement in nanoscale, especially beneficial for boosting the photoluminescence (PL) signals of weak light–matter interaction materials such as transition metal dichalcogenides atomic crystals. Here we report the surface plasmon polariton (SPP)-assisted PL enhancement of MoS2 monolayer via a suspended periodic metallic (SPM) structure. Without involving metallic nanoparticle–based plasmonic geometries, the SPM structure can enable more than two orders of magnitude PL enhancement. Systematic analysis unravels the underlying physics of the pronounced enhancement to two primary plasmonic effects: concentrated local field of SPP enabled excitation rate increment (45.2) as well as the quantum yield amplification (5.4 times) by the SPM nanostructure, overwhelming most of the nanoparticle-based geometries reported thus far. Our results provide a powerful way to boost two-dimensional exciton emission by plasmonic effects which may shed light on the on-chip photonic integration of 2D materials.
Vocabulary of radioanalytical methods (IUPAC Recommendations 2020)
Authors: Chai Zhifang , Chatt Amares , Bode Peter , Kučera Jan , Greenberg Robert , Hibbert David B.
Published: November 2020

These recommendations are a vocabulary of basic radioanalytical terms which are relevant to radioanalysis, nuclear analysis and related techniques. Radioanalytical methods consider all nuclear-related techniques for the characterization of materials where ‘characterization’ refers to compositional (in terms of the identity and quantity of specified elements, nuclides, and their chemical species) and structural (in terms of location, dislocation, etc. of specified elements, nuclides, and their species) analyses, involving nuclear processes (nuclear reactions, nuclear radiations, etc.), nuclear techniques (reactors, accelerators, radiation detectors, etc.), and nuclear effects (hyperfine interactions, etc.). In the present compilation, basic radioanalytical terms are included which are relevant to radioanalysis, nuclear analysis and related techniques.
End-of-line hyphenation of chemical names (IUPAC Recommendations 2020)
Authors: Dijkstra Albert J. , Hellwich Karl-Heinz , Hartshorn Richard M. , Reedijk Jan , Szabo Erik
Published: November 2020

Chemical names can be so long that, when a manuscript is printed, they have to be hyphenated/divided at the end of a line. Many names already contain hyphens, but in some cases, using these hyphens as end-of-line divisions can lead to illogical divisions in print, as can also happen when hyphens are added arbitrarily without considering the ‘chemical’ context. The present document provides guidelines for authors of chemical manuscripts, their publishers and editors, on where to divide chemical names at the end of a line, and instructions on how to avoid these names being divided at illogical places. Readability and chemical sense should prevail when authors insert hyphens. The software used to convert electronic manuscripts to print can now be programmed to avoid illogical end-of-line hyphenation and thereby save the author much time and annoyance when proofreading. The Recommendations also allow readers of the printed article to determine which end-of-line hyphens are an integral part of the name and should not be deleted when ‘undividing’ the name. These Recommendations may also prove useful in languages other than English.
Rationalist Explanations for Two-Front War
Authors: Nakao Keisuke
Published: November 2020

By extending the extant costly-lottery models of dyadic war to three-party bargaining scenarios, we offer rationalist explanations for two-front war, where a state at the center is fought by two enemies at opposing peripheries. We found that even though private information exists only in one front, war can break out in both fronts. Because the war outcome in one front can affect the outcome in the other through the shift of military balance, a peripheral state may preventively join the war ongoing in the other front to leverage its power (e.g. Napoleonic Wars), or the central state may preemptively initiate war in one front to establish its preponderance in the other (e.g. World War I). These findings echo Waltz’s neorealism concern that a multi-polar system may not be so stable as the bipolar system that bargaining models of dyadic war commonly presume.
Molecular docking studies of tea (Thea sinensis Linn.) polyphenols inhibition pattern with Rat P-glycoprotein
Authors: Ali Babar , Jamal Qazi Mohammad Sajid , Mir Showkat R. , Shams Saiba , Kamal Mohammad Amjad
Published: November 2020

Since 3000 B.C., evergreen plant Thea sinensis (Theaceae) is used both as a social and medicinal beverage. Leaves of T. sinensis contain amino acids, vitamins, caffeine, polysaccharides and polyphenols. Most of the natural medicinal actions of tea are due to the availability and abundance of polyphenols mainly catechins. It has also been stated that some catechins were absorbed more rapidly than other compounds after the oral administration of tea and could increase the bio-enhancing activities of anticancer drugs by inhibiting P-glycoprotein (P-gp). The results of the molecular docking showed that polyphenols bind easily to the active P-gp site. All compounds exhibited fluctuating binding affinity ranged from −11.67 to −8.36 kcal/mol. Observed binding energy required for theaflavin to bind to P-gp was lowest (−11.67 kcal/mol). The obtained data that supports all the selected polyphenols inhibited P-gp and therefore may enhance the bioavailability of drugs. This study may play a vital role in finding hotspots in P-gp and eventually may be proved useful in designing compounds with high affinity and specificity to the protein.
Fällt der Apfel weit vom Stamm?
Authors: Häner Melanie , Schaltegger Christoph A.
Published: November 2020

In diesem Übersichtsartikel beleuchten Melanie Häner und Christoph A. Schaltegger den Forschungsstand zur intergenerationellen sozialen Mobilität. Sie grenzen zunächst verschiedene Konzepte und Maße voneinander ab und erläutern den Zusammenhang zwischen der sozialen Ungleichheit und der sozialen Mobilität. Dabei legen sie ein Augenmerk auf die Verwendung von Nachnamen für langfristige Analysen über mehrere Generationen. Anschließend stellen sie den aktuellen Forschungsstand dar, den sie nach den verschiedenen Indikatoren des sozialen Status ordnen. Der Forschung zur Situation in der Schweiz widmen sie ein eigenes Kapitel. Der Beitrag enthält zudem einen Exkurs zum Einfluss der Großeltern und der Mütter. Schließlich nutzen die Autoren die wichtigsten Schlussfolgerungen im Fazit zur Formulierung einer groben Forschungsagenda.
Knowledge, attitude, practice and clinical recommendations of health care workers towards COVID-19: a systematic review
Authors: Hesaraki Mehran , Akbarizadeh Majidreza , Ahmadidarrehsima Sudabeh , Moghadam Mahdieh Poodineh , Izadpanah Fatemeh
Published: November 2020

Objectives

This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge, attitude, practice, and clinical recommendations of health care workers (HCWs) towards COVID-19.

Methods

In this systematic review study, international databases (Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus) were searched for the relevant studies published in English from the inception of databases until July 30, 2020. Hoy et al.’s tool was used to evaluate the quality of studies. All search steps, screening, selection of studies, quality assessment, and data extraction were performed separately by two researchers.

Results

Out of 3460 articles searched, 28 articles conducted on 16,427 HCWs were included in the study. Most of the HCWs had good knowledge (72.2%), a positive attitude (70.9%), and good practice (78.8%) towards COVID-19. The most important clinical recommendation to improve knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) was to provide HCWs with a periodic training program regarding COVID-19. The most important source of information for HCWs on COVID-19 was social networks.

Conclusions

Despite HCWs’ good knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP), it is recommended to periodically review KAP and carry out further studies in different countries as well. It is also recommended to use social media to improve KAP.
Ethical Concepts ‘in Search of a Meaning’: G.H. von Wright’s Broad Framework for (Contextual) Ethics
Authors: Jakola Lassi
Published: November 2020

This article revisits G.H. von Wright’s 1963 proposal of a ‘broad approach to ethics’ and his idea that moral goodness is a non-autonomous form of goodness ‘in search of a meaning’. In von Wright’s view, moral notions are to be examined in a broad framework consisting of various groups of ethically relevant concepts. This framework is described and some connections to Elizabeth Anscombe’s work in the late 1950s are identified. It is argued that von Wright’s broadly construed ethics provides tools for understanding contextual and temporal variation of ‘moral points of view’ and puts traditional ideas concerning the nature of moral philosophy in a new light. However, von Wright failed to draw all the consequences of his own suggestions: accordingly, it is suggested that we have to abandon his view of a philosopher as a ‘moulder’ of concepts for a more context-oriented and elucidative conception of moral philosophy.
What Makes Life a Lie? Love, Truth and the Question of Context
Authors: Kronqvist Camilla
Published: November 2020

Wittgenstein suggested that considering the context in which a word or sentence is used may help show the limitations of some ways of setting up a philosophical problem. In this article, I explore the role this suggestion may have in moral (philosophical) reflection, through a consideration of a literary example taken from Jeanette Winterson’s novel, Written on the Body (2001). Using the example to elucidate ways of speaking in love that seem to embody an important truth and ways of acting and thinking that appear to be a denial of that truth, I discuss and attempt to show how different ways of attending to context may reveal the moral dimensions of this language use. I also consider one point at which attention to context seems to come to a halt and when acknowledging what is ethically significant seems to demand something different from us.
Indexicality, meaning, use
Authors: Ciecierski Tadeusz
Published: November 2020

The article presents two concepts of indexicality. The first, more standard and narrow, identifies indexicality with systematic (meaning controlled) context-sensitivity. The second, broader (derived from the work of Jerzy Pelc), conceives indexicality in terms of the potential variability of the general semiotic characteristics expressions (with respect to the context of use). The text introduces the concept of a pragmatic matrix that serves for a schematic representation of contextual variation. I also recapitulate briefly the views of Jerzy Pelc on the meaning (manner of use) and use of expressions, and briefly indicate its relationship approaches with contemporary debates around contextualism and status of non-sentential speech acts. Finally, the relationship between the broader notion of indexicality and the directival theory of meaning is analyzed.
Iran und Israel: Ist ein Krieg unvermeidlich?
Authors: Inbar Efraim
Published: November 2020

Dieser Aufsatz befasst sich mit dem wachsenden Einfluss Irans in der Politik des Nahen Ostens, dem iranischen Atomprogramm und den strategischen Konsequenzen der iranischen Ambitionen, die allesamt die Wahrscheinlichkeit eines direkten bewaffneten Konflikts zwischen Israel und Iran erhöhen. Er gelangt zu dem Schluss, dass Iran seine nuklearen und hegemonialen Ambitionen unvermindert fortsetzt. Etwaige Bemühungen, einen „Regimewechsel“ herbeizuführen, blieben erfolglos, und Iran macht unbeirrt weiter. Daher besteht eine hohe Wahrscheinlichkeit für einen direkten bewaffneten Konflikt zwischen Israel und Iran.
Language diversity management in higher education: towards an analytical framework
Authors: Darquennes Jeroen , du Plessis Theo , Soler Josep
Published: November 2020

Linguistic diversity and its management have become increasingly significant for higher education institutions around the world. Indeed, in the context of a growing student and staff mobility, information exchange, and networked multilateral interactions, the multiplicity of languages used by university stakeholders in more and more contexts has steadily grown over the past decades. A wide range of scholars (from applied and sociolinguists to higher education researchers) have responded with an equal growing attention to this phenomenon. In this paper, we funnel some of the relevant recent scholarship on the language-planning dimension of the internationalization of higher education, providing as a result an analytical framework that attempts to capture the complex sociolinguistic nature of present-day universities. To date, with only a handful of exceptions, few attempts have been made to provide a comprehensive overview of the different levels, stakeholders, and contexts of language use in higher education. Given the rapid changing nature of language matters in such context, the framework we present in this paper should be useful to both sociolinguists interested in language issues in higher education and to on-the-ground university administrators actively engaged in language planning initiatives in their institutions. The framework, however, is not conceived of as a closed-end solution to language problems at universities today, but rather as a guiding roadmap to think productively about such issues.
(What we don’t know about)Sign Languages in Higher Education in Europe: Mapping Policy and Practice to an analytical framework
Authors: Leeson Lorraine , van den Bogaerde Beppie
Published: November 2020

This paper focuses on issues related to sign language policies in Higher Educational Institutes (HEIs) in Europe. Drawing on the analytical framework proposed by Darquennes/Du Plessis/Soler (2020, i. e. this volume), which serves to address HEI language planning issues at macro, meso and micro levels, we carry out an inventory of how these issues play out for sign languages across Europe. Our investigation reveals the scarcity of information about sign language policies in HEIs, relating to both sign language as a language of instruction and as a subject of study. What becomes clear is that language planning activities (sign language acquisition, sign language status and corpus planning) are taking place in many countries but tend to go undocumented and unresearched. Given the increase in formal recognition of sign languages across Europe, coupled with the ratification of the UN’s Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2006) by all EU member states, it would seem logical to expect that the status and prestige of sign languages would rise, with greater visibility of, and planning for, incorporation of sign languages in HEIs. However, the reality of the situation is unclear, suggesting the need for coordinated effort, supported by key pan-European bodies like the Council of Europe, the European Centre for Modern Languages and the European Commission, to ensure that sign language policy is on the agenda as parts of a rights-based response to deaf communities and the sign languages of Europe. Equally important is the need for European HEIs to embrace sign languages and ensure that they are part of the linguistic landscape. This will support and promote the status planning of sign languages and open up access to HEIs for deaf communities, a group that remains under-represented in academia.
La descortesía encubierta enlo políticamente correctohacia la mujer política en la prensa digital española
Authors: Carrillo Expósito M. Lucía
Published: November 2020

El presente artículo se ocupa de analizar las estrategias comunicativas de la prensa digital española destinadas a amenazar la imagen de la mujer política. Metodológicamente nos situamos en la Lingüística pragmática, en los estudios de la (des)cortesía y en el Análisis del Discurso. La hipótesis que se plantea es que los medios de comunicación que se examinan no participan en el progreso que experimenta la sociedad en materia de igualdad de género, aunque en apariencia lo hacen mediante lopolíticamente correcto. Sin embargo, se advierten estrategias comunicativas orientadas a la agresión. El objetivo del artículo, por tanto, se centra en comprobar si efectivamente existen estrategias comunicativas en los periódicos destinadas a agredir la imagen de la mujer política, en cuanto mujer, con la finalidad de desvirtuar y desautorizar su ejercicio político. Para dicho fin se analiza un corpus de textos periodísticos diferentes géneros recogidos en cuatro rotativos digitales españoles de distinto perfil ideológico-político. Los resultados muestran que la aplicación de la corrección política, el eufemismo o pseudo-eufemismo en el lenguaje del periódico junto a otras estrategias de comunicación ligadas al lector, son aprovechadas por el medio para encubrir posibles ataques dirigidos a la imagen de la mujer política.
Determinants of some special matrices over commutative finite chain rings
Authors: Jitman Somphong
Published: November 2020

Circulant matrices over finite fields and over commutative finite chain rings have been of interest due to their nice algebraic structures and wide applications. In many cases, such matrices over rings have a closed connection with diagonal matrices over their extension rings. In this paper, the determinants of diagonal and circulant matrices over commutative finite chain rings R with residue field 𝔽q are studied. The number of n × n diagonal matrices over R of determinant a is determined for all elements a in R and for all positive integers n. Subsequently, the enumeration of nonsingular n × n circulant matrices over R of determinant a is given for all units a in R and all positive integers n such that gcd(n, q) = 1. In some cases, the number of singular n × n circulant matrices over R with a fixed determinant is determined through the link between the rings of circulant matrices and diagonal matrices. As applications, a brief discussion on the determinants of diagonal and circulant matrices over commutative finite principal ideal rings is given. Finally, some open problems and conjectures are posted
Episodic versus generic eventualities and nominals
Authors: Lee Meng-Chen , Abraham Werner
Published: November 2020

This paper proposes an analysis of the DP structure of Chinese in comparison with German and other West Germanic languages, particularly English. The analysis is linked to sentence structure, particularly event structure of the respective languages and the relation between nominal classifiers and sentential tense. Chinese is a language without nominal declension; German is not as other Indo-European languages. Among the inflectional paradigms, German has retained from earlier periods, and developed further, the coding of topicality in terms of familiarity and anaphoricity. While Chinese shares with German clause syntactic topicality, it does so purely in terms of clause-early and clause-late word order. German, by contrast, involves specific positions in the serial middle field to code referential familiarity, anaphoricity, and, above all, weak versus strong referential weight to distinguish, among other functions, specific versus unspecific reference. The categories involved in coding such properties in German are determiners and the declensional morphology of attributes (‘strong’ versus ‘weak’ inflection providing specific reference). This paper investigates the regularities of weak and strong reference in Chinese. The discussion yields insight into the structural coding that Chinese provides instead of what is encoded in German in morphological terms on adjectival attributes and in terms determiners ((in)definite articles and bare nouns). In the course, the discussion around mass versus count nouns and the role of classifiers is brought up and newly evaluated on the basis of the new referential distinctions.
Analysis of blood gas beyond bicarbonate in outpatients with stage 3–5 chronic kidney disease
Authors: Bozaci Ilter , Doğan Ali Nazmi Can , Aktar Merve , Mahşer Alev , Yıldırım Gizem , Serel Ali , Tatar Erhan
Published: November 2020

Objectives

Metabolic acidosis is a common disorder seen in course of chronic kidney disease (CKD). In this study, we aimed to investigate the association of Base excess (BE), Anion gap (AG) and Delta Ratio with progression of CKD, renal replacement therapy (RRT) requirement and mortality in patients with stage 3–5 CKD.

Methods

A total of 212 patients with stage 3–5 CKD were included in this study. Patients were divided into two groups according to the baseline BE level. Patients were also grouped according to the delta ratio such as non- AG, High AG and mixed type.

Results

Mean BE level was significantly lower (−4.7 ± 4.0 vs. −3.3 ± 4.3; p=0.02) in patients with CKD progression. The patients in group 1 (n: 130) (Be<−2.5) revealed more CKD progression (%53 vs. %32; p=0.002), and RRT requirement (%35 vs. %15; p=0.001). Baseline BE <−2.5 (odds ratio, 0.38; 95% CI, 0.16 to 0.91; p<0.05) and baseline GFR (odds ratio, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.90 to 0.97; p<0.001) were independently related to RRT requirement. Delta BE was independently associated with mortality (odds ratio, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.85–0.96; p<0.01).

Conclusions

Low BE levels were associated with CKD progression and RRT requirement. BE change is associated with mortality during the follow-up of those patients.
Evaluation of binary diagnostic tests accuracy for medical researches
Authors: Karakaya Jale
Published: November 2020

Objectives

The aim of this study is to introduce the features of diagnostic tests. In addition, it will be demonstrated which performance measures can be used for diagnostic tests with binary results, the properties of these measures and how to interpret them.

Materials and Methods

The evaluation of the diagnostic test performance measures may differ depending on whether the test result is numerical or binary. When the diagnostic test result is continuous numerical data, ROC analysis is often utilized. The performance of a diagnostic test with binary results are usually evaluated using the measures of sensitivity and specificity. However, there are some important measures other than these two measures for binary test results. These measures are predictive values, overall accuracy, diagnostic odds ratio, Youden index, and likelihood ratios.

Results

A hypothetical data has been produced based on the studies conducted on the performance of rapid tests (Specific IgM/IgG) according to the RT-PCR test for Covid 19 in the literature. An example of a diagnostic test (Specific IgM/IgG) with a binary result is given and all measurements and their confidence interval are obtained for this data. The performance of rapid test was examined and interpreted.

Conclusion

It is important to design and evaluate the performance of diagnostic/screening tests for health care. In this review, some basic definitions, performance measures that can be used only in evaluating the diagnostic tests with binary results and their confidence intervals are mentioned. Having many different measures provides different interpretations in the evaluation of test performance. Accurately predicting the performance of a diagnostic test depends on many factors. These factors can be study design, criteria of participant selection, sample size calculation, test methods etc. There are guidelines that ensure that all information regarding the conditions under which the study was conducted is in report, in terms of such factors. Therefore, these guidelines are recommended for use of the checklist by many publishers.
Thinking up an original scientific research project
Authors: De la Rosa Miguel A.
Published: November 2020

Writing a research proposal is not a simple task if we wish–and we do usually wish!–to succeed in putting our project into practice. Three different developing stages should indeed be clearly borne in mind from the very beginning. The first stage requires you (the applicant) “To have your own idea”, thus demanding novelty and originality in the way of thinking; the second has the goal “To get your idea funded”, thus entailing project feasibility and persuasion in the way in which the idea is presented; and the third is “To run the project”, thus requiring resources and local implementation. The first step–i.e., to think out of the box, to be different, to be unique–is the most difficult task, the challenging point in the elaboration process. The importance of reading scientific literature, being aware of competitors and developing original thoughts will be discussed. And communication–from brain to brain, from yours to proposal reviewers’ mind–will unavoidably emerge as the voussoir, the wedge-shaped or tapered stone used to construct the whole project. In this context, the three pillars of the Aristotle’s Rhetorical Triangle will be discussed: ethos (credibility), logos (reasoning) and pathos (empathy). It will end with a basic, central principle as “Have the brain full up with the whole story before writing any single word on any blank piece of paper”.
Zielgruppen deutscher Kurorte und Heilbäder – eine Mikrosegmentierung mittels Clusteranalyse
Authors: Hürten Dennis , Kimmich Katharina
Published: November 2020

Die ab 1996 durchgeführten Gesundheitsreformen führten zu einem starken Rückgang ambulanter Vorsorgemaßnahmen. Die deutschen Kurorte und Heilbäder verloren dadurch eine wichtige Einnahmequelle und mussten sich neue Märkte erschließen. Ein wichtiges Segment stellte hierbei der eigenfinanzierte Gesundheitstourismus dar. Es wurde daher immer wichtiger, sich mit den Bedürfnissen und Wünschen der Kundinnen und Kunden auseinanderzusetzen. Auch die Heilbäder und Kurorte Marketing GmbH Baden-Württemberg erkannte diese Notwendigkeit und führte im Jahr 2018 eine eigene Motiv- und Zielgruppenanalyse Die Studie wurde mit finanzieller Unterstützung durch das Ministerium der Justiz und für Europa Baden-Württemberg finanziert. durch. Zentrales Element dieser Studie war eine Klassifikation der Nachfrager/innen mittels Clusteranalysen. Die auf diese Weise ermittelten sechs Gesundheitstourismus-Typen bilden eine wichtige Grundlage für die künftige Vermarktung gesundheitstouristischer Angebote in den höher prädikatisierten Orten Baden-Württembergs.
Myth and Intersections of Myth and Gender in Canadian Culture: Margaret Atwood’s Revision of the Odyssey in The Penelopiad
Authors: Nischik Reingard M.
Published: November 2020

The first part of the article deals with the national myths of Canada. It demonstrates that the long-time supposed lack of myths in Canada may itself be regarded as a myth. After presenting useful meanings of the term myth, the intersections of myth/mythology and gender are considered, both in Canadian culture and in Greek mythology. Linking Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey—the canonized beginnings of Western literature and their foundation on ancient myth—with Canadian culture, Margaret Atwood’s works and their treatment of ancient and social myths are then focussed on, particularly her revisionist rewriting of Homer’s Odyssey in her novel The Penelopiad (2005). This women-centered rewriting of the originally male-dominated story starts from two issues: what led to the hanging of the 12 maids, and what was Penelope really up to? Among the results are an intriguing re-conception of the original main characters, an upgrading of female domestic life, and a debunking not only of Odysseus and his supposedly heroic deeds but also of the authority of ancient myths where precarious not least concerning their conception of gender and gender relations.
Undoing Differences Revisited.
Authors: Hirschauer Stefan
Published: November 2020

Der Beitrag nimmt einen Blick zurück nach vorn auf das Konzept des Undoing Differences. Er soll im Sinne eines theoretischen Zwischenfazits den Nutzen und die Grenzen des Konzepts bestimmen und es in eine neue Reihe von Konzepten eintragen, mit denen sich die Negation und die Indifferenz von Humandifferenzierungen soziologisch erschließen lassen. Der Aufsatz begegnet der (inter)aktionistischen Reichweitenlimitierung des Konzeptes mit seiner Einordnung in drei Zeitebenen negatorischer Prozesse: (1) situative (In)aktivitäten verschiedener Aktivitätsniveaus, (2) Subordination und normative Inhibierung in der Konkurrenz von Unterscheidungen sowie (3) historische Prozesse ihrer Deinstitutionalisierung und Entdifferenzierung. Institutionell verstetigte Differenznegationen machen es unwahrscheinlicher, dass eine Unterscheidung stattfindet und wahrscheinlicher, dass sie misslingt. Sie vermehren Situationen der Ununterschiedenheit – ein Schwebezustand der Indifferenz zwischen der Differenziertheit und der Unterschiedslosigkeit einer Sache.
Radikalisierung oder die Hegemonie eines Paradigmas – Irrititationspotenziale einer biografischen Fallstudie
Authors: Jukschat Nadine , Leimbach Katharina
Published: November 2020

Das „Radikalisierungsparadigma“ hat im gesellschaftlichen, politischen und wissenschaftlichen Diskurs Omnipräsenz erlangt. Dabei erweist es sich bei genauerer Betrachtung als konzeptionell wie analytisch schwach und mit Blick auf seine gesellschaftlichen Implikationen hochproblematisch. Der Beitrag gründet in einem wachsenden Unbehagen der Autor*innen mit dem Radikalisierungsparadigma angesichts eigener Felderfahrungen. Der zugrundeliegende Forschungskontext wird nach einer theoretisch-informierten kritischen Bestandsaufnahme zum Radikalisierungsparadigma skizziert. Es folgt eine ausführliche Einzelfallrekonstruktion einer Biografie, die auf der manifesten Ebene als klassische „Radikalisierung“ erscheint, das Radikalisierungsparadigma jedoch grundlegend irritiert und seine ‚blinden Flecken‘ und Präsumtionen hervortreten lässt. Dies führt uns im Fazit zu einem Plädoyer für einen multiparadigmatischen Gegenstandszugriff sowie eine deutlich stärker kritisch-reflexive Befragung der eigenen Forschungen und ihrer Implikationen.
Interaction of waves in one-dimensional dusty gas flow
Authors: Gupta Pooja , Chaturvedi Rahul Kumar , Singh L. P.
Published: November 2020

The present study uses the theory of weakly nonlinear geometrical acoustics to derive the high-frequency small amplitude asymptotic solution of the one-dimensional quasilinear hyperbolic system of partial differential equations characterizing compressible, unsteady flow with generalized geometry in ideal gas flow with dust particles. The method of multiple time scales is applied to derive the transport equations for the amplitude of resonantly interacting high-frequency waves in a dusty gas. These transport equations are used for the qualitative analysis of nonlinear wave interaction process and self-interaction of nonlinear waves which exist in the system under study. Further, the evolutionary behavior of weak shock waves propagating in ideal gas flow with dust particles is examined here. The progressive wave nature of nonresonant waves terminating into the shock wave and its location is also studied. Further, we analyze the effect of the small solid particles on the propagation of shock wave.
Thermal conversion of CBD grown ZnS thin films to ZnO
Authors: Naseema Kooliyankal , Ribin Kaniyamkandy , Navya Nidiyanga , Prasannan Prasoon
Published: November 2020

Nano crystalline zinc sulfide thin films were deposited onto glass substrates by chemical bath deposition method. One of the samples was annealed at 300 °C for 2 h in air using a muffle furnace. The prepared thin films were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–visible spectroscopy (UV–vis), photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Raman spectroscopy (FT-R) studies before and after annealing. The analysis confirmed the thermal-induced anion substitution and conversion of ZnS crystal to ZnO wurtzite crystal. XRD pattern showed that these films were phase pure and polycrystalline in nature. Optical band gap was found to be 3.86 eV for ZnS and 3.21 eV for ZnO. The films prepared by this simple, low-cost technique are suitable for photovoltaic and optoelectronic applications.