bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Entrepreneurial Competency of Women Farmers in Nasarawa State, Nigeria
Authors: Kagbu J. H.
Published: March 2021

This study examined the entrepreneurial competencies among women farmers in Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Specifically, this paper described the characteristics of the respondents, identified the characteristics (type, form and duration) of enterprises the respondents engaged in, and examined their constraints to entrepreneurial development. Structured interview schedule was used to collect relevant information from 165 women farmers selected through multi-stage sampling procedure across 6 local government areas of Nasarawa State. Descriptive statistics (percentages and mean) were used to analyze the data. Most (82.8%) of the women entrepreneur were married, and had less than secondary education (82.3%). Also the mean age, household size and annual income was 39, 8 and ₦208,759.38 respectively. Furthermore, the majority (81%) did not belong to their respective business associations. Processing was the major type of business engaged in by many (58.8%) as sole proprietor (87.9%). Persistence, commitment to work contract, and risk-taking ranked highest with a mean score of 2.55, 2.47 and 2.40, respectively among the women entrepreneurial characteristics. Lack of start-up capital (95%), poor infrastructural facilities (93%), and inadequate access to relevant information (89%) were the major constraints to women farmers’ entrepreneurial development. Various tiers of government should create the enabling social and physical infrastructure environments to catalyze entrepreneurial development (with special focus for women) in the rural areas.Key words: Entrepreneurial development, women farmers, rural entrepreneurial challenges, Nasarawa State
Perceived Effects of Professionalization of Extension Services by Public and Private Agents in South West Nigeria
Authors: Olorunfemi Oluwasogo David , Oladele Oladimeji Idowu , Olorunfemi Temitope Oluwaseun
Published: March 2021

This study analysed the perceived effects of professionalization of extension services by extension agents in South West Nigeria. A structured questionnaire was used to elicit data from three hundred and one (301) public agents and fifty-five (55) private agents that were selected through a stratified random sampling procedure. The public and private agents had basic knowledge about the concept of professionalization and exhibited a favourable attitude towards professionalizing extension services. There were significant differences in the years of experience (t = 5.35, P ≤ 0.01), farmers group covered (t = -14.09, P ≤ 0.01) and distance to clients travelled (t = - 7.65, P ≤ 0.01) by the public and private agents. Extension agents in both organizations had a positive perception of the effects of professionalization of extension services in enhancing and improving delivery. Extension agents’ knowledge (t = 5.303), attitude (t = 12.733), years of experience (t = 2.758), educational qualification (t = 2.037) and rural-urban background (t = 2.061) were significant determinants of their perceived effects of professionalization on service delivery. Extension agencies should support continuous professional development of extension agents through trainings and acquisition of relevant higher degrees that will help to enhance their knowledge thus upgrading their professionalization-readiness status.

Keywords: Extension agents, extension service, perceived effects, professionalization.
Level of Practice of Safety Precautions against COVID 19 among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal clinics in Central Hospital Benin, Benin City in Nigeria
Authors: Omozuwa ES , Uwaibi NE , Erhabor JO
Published: March 2021

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) has assumed a global health concern since the first case was recorded in Wuhan community China in December 2019. The objective of this paper is to report the level of practice of safety precautions against COVID 19 among pregnant women attending Antenatal Clinics in Central Hospital Benin, Benin City in Nigeria. A self- administered questionnaire on the level of practice of safety precautions against covid19 infection was administered to a total of 420 pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in central Hospital Benin City for Data collection. The results showed that two hundred and four (48.6%) of the respondents reported that they have recently avoided crowded places. Three hundred and seventy two (88.6%) reported recently wearing mask whenever they left home. Three hundred and twenty four (77.1%) of the respondents had good practice of safety precautions against COVID19. The study showed a good practice of safety precautions against COVID19 and this was influenced by the women’s level of education, occupation and knowledge of COVID-19. However, there is still the need to improve the knowledge of the women attending antenatal clinic regarding COVID-19 through health education seminars. Also up scaling the practice of safety precautions could be done through such health education seminars.

Keywords: Pregnant women, Practice, Safety precaution, covid-19
Bifurcation and Sensitivity Analysis of a Malaria Model with Isolated Drug Resistant Population
Authors: Sangotola AO
Published: March 2021

A malaria model with isolated drug resistant population after the first line of treatment is presented using six systems of first order nonlinear differential equations. The disease free equilibrium point and the basic reproduction number are determined. Local stability of the disease free equilibrium is determined and the conditions for the existence of endemic equilibrium. Bifurcation analysis reveals the existence of backward bifurcation. Sensitivity analysis is used to determine the impact of the model parameter on the basic reproduction number. Early detection and using correct dosage will go a long way to prevent drug resistance.

Keywords: Malaria, Bifurcation, Basic reproduction number, Stability, Equilibrium.
Identification and Abundance of Plant-parasitic Nematodes Associated with Amenity Trees in the University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
Authors: Oseni L , Tanimola AA , Wokoma EC , Oladele AT
Published: March 2021

Plant-parasitic nematodes contribute to unnoticeable damages which lead to gradual decline in the values and eventually death of amenity trees. Identification of these nematode pests is vital for their effective management. Reconnaissance survey was carried out to identify amenity tree species present in the University of Port Harcourt (UNIPORT). Composite bulked soil and root samples (126) were collected from amenity trees in UNIPORT and nematode pests were extracted from samples using modified Baerman method. The nematode pests were identified and their populations determined using standard procedures. Relative importance value (RIV) and diversity indices were calculated with appropriate software. Data were processed using descriptive statistics and with analysis of variance. 38 tree species were identified in UNIPORT belonging to 20 families. Terminalia mantaly, Cocos nucifera and Terminalia catappa with RIVs of 15.1, 9.35, and 9.12 respectively were the three most important amenity trees in UNIPORT. Fifteen nematode pest genera; Helicotylenchus, Aporcelaimus, Tylenchulus, Meloidogyne, Scutelonema, Pratylenchus, Tylenchus, Rotylenchoides, Criconema, Hemicyliophora, Trichodorus, Mesodorylaimus, Heterodera, Paratylenchus and Longidorus were associated with 21 of the amenity trees. The three most important nematode pest genera were Helicotylenchus, Tylenchulus and Aporcelaimus with RIVs of 42%, 16% and 5.34%, respectively. Helicotylenchus (RIV 45.41%) and Tylenchulus (RIV 30%) were the most important plant-parasitic nematode genera in the soil and roots of amenity trees, respectively. Helicotylenchus, Tylenchulus and Aporcelaimus were the three most important plant-parasitic nematode genera associated with amenity trees in UNIPORT.

Keywords: Amenity trees, Diversity indices, Identification, Nematode pests, Survey
Evaluation of Emissions of 2-Amino-2-Methyl-1-Propanol Degradation Products by adding Degradation Reactions to the Carbon Dioxide Capture Unit
Authors: Osagie EI
Published: March 2021

Degradation is a major problem which poses lots of emission risk during chemical absorption process with amine solvents. Degradation occurs through irreversible side reactions with CO2 and other flue gas components, forming into products that cannot easily regenerate. The degradation products then react with amines to form thermally stable salts, which accumulate in the system over time. The problems associated with degradation include decreased plant equipment life, foaming, corrosion, high solution viscosity, and increased operating cost. Amines capture about 70 90% CO2 from commercial power stations. These high removal rates have many environmental impacts due to their degradation products. Researchers have therefore shown interest in characterising and quantifying atmospheric emissions of amines and their degradation products. In this study, 2-Amino-2-Methyl-1-Propanol (AMP) degradation reactions were included into a largescale capture plant model to evaluate the influence of process variables, the emissions of AMP and its degradation products. Steadystate simulations were performed using Aspen Plus® V8.4 software to provide a full assessment of the degradation products and their impact on the capture process. This assessment is important because it identifies and quantifies all pollutants emitted from the process plant. The results of the simulation indicate that AMP emissions are 3.04E+03mg/Nm3 of CO2 lean flue gas, while the quantity of AMP lost due to degradation was 37.88kg/s for the largescale capture plant. The results further showed that among the gases emitted, ammonia was highest, while acetone was the highest gas formed. In this study, 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP) degradation reactions were included into a largescale carbon dioxide (CO2) capture plant model to evaluate the influence of process variables, AMP emissions and its degradation products. Steadystate simulations were performed using Aspen Plus® V8.4 software to provide a full assessment of the degradation products and their impact on the largescale AMP capture process. The results of the equilibrium model developed in this study revealed that AMP emissions are 3.04E+03mg/Nm3 of CO2 lean flue gas, while the quantity of AMP lost due to degradation was 37.88kg/s for the largescale capture plant. More importantly, the emissions obtained from the PWOD and PWD are 7.80E+03 mg/Nm3 and 9.82E+03 mg/Nm3 of CO2 respectively.

Keywords: oxidative degradation, 2amino2methyl1 propanol, emissions, modelling
Rare Earth Elements of Ajali Sandstone, SW, Anambra Basin in Nigeria: Implication for Soil Genesis
Authors: Ilevbare M
Published: March 2021

The Ajali Sandstone, South-western, Anambra Basin, was studied for Rare Earth Elements (REEs), using a Phillips 45 channel Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) Emission Spectrometer. The standard deviation of the REEs (Dy, Er, Eu, Y, Yb, La and Nd) averages 3.5 mg/L, 0.34 mg/L, 0.32 mg/L, 3.93 mg/L, 1.96 mg/L, 4.02 mg/L and 2.24 mg/L respectively for each of the sampled locations. The REEs concentrations showed both positive and negative concentration anomalies. The enrichment or depletion of the REEs is generally attributed to their tendency to be incorporated into plagioclase preferentially over other minerals. The Ajali Formation is predominantly sand/sandstone, with clay occurring only as intercalations/thin beds of clay drapes with the increasing particle size of the sand grains, makes the rate of adsorption and distribution of REEs in the soil low, and explains the low values of REEs concentration. Soil organic matter (SOC) plays an important role in the adsorption and migration of REEs in the Ecosystems. The SOC is linearly associated with REEs Concentration as it increases with increasing content of SOC. The Ajali Sandstone studied falls in the vicinity of abandoned cropland to cropland in a lower/gentle slope region, correspondingly low in soil organic matter content and as such slow rate of distribution and migration of REEs concentrations in the Ajali Sandstone. The sesquioxides such as Fe oxides increases as REEs contents increases. The 0.46 mean value of Fe2O3 in the Sandstone of the area studied implies a low REEs adsorption rate and subsequently the very low REEs concentrations of the soils. The istribution of REEs within the Ajali Formation soils were grossly affected by the factors that influenced the adsorption and migration rate of the minerals during magmatic fractionation process, hence the low REEs concentration of the Sediments.

Keywords`: Sansdstone, Anambra Basin, Rare Earth Elements, Magmatic fractionation
Grain Size and Heavy Minerals Analysis of Maastrichtian Sandstone, Anambra Basin, Nigeria: Implication for Aquifer Properties
Authors: Ilevbare M , Imasuen OI
Published: March 2021

The Maastrichtian sediments of Anambra Basin, south western Nigeria was studied for grain characteristics and maturity of the sediments, so that by combining sedimentological characteristics, maturity and its paleoenvironment of deposition of the Ajali sandstone, in order to ascertain the aquifer properties of the groundwater within the study area and by extension the availability of drinking water for both the urban and rural settlers. Grain size analysis (51 samples) and heavy mineral analysis (15 samples each) were analyzed. The textural parameters show that the Sandstone are medium sand, poorly to moderately sorted, coarse to strongly coarse skewed with mesokurtic to leptokurtic grains. The heavy minerals present in lithologic sand and sandstone units of Ajali Formation are mainly zircon, rutile, tourmaline, apatite, staurolite, and opaque minerals (Goethite, hematite, ilmenite), these heavy minerals found in the sandstone are associated with igneous and metamorphic source which indicates that these maastritchian sediments are from basement complex rock The ZTR index of 67.96% and the values of the kurtosis indicates a sub-mature sandstone to mature sandstone, which gives an excellent aquifer properties. Also, the paleoenvironment of deposition of the Maastrichtian sediments is Fluvial. The sand and sandstone bodies deposited in a fluvial system have sheet-like geometries and due to the differences in the extent of aquifer compartmentalization, Sandstone deposited in fluvial environment normally has better hydraulic conductivity which again reveals a good aquifer property. The sedimentological characteristics for the Sandstone exposed at Fugar and environs, is a coarsening upward sequence (increasing grain sizes) with a progressive increase in sorting. since hydraulic conductivity increases with increasing grain sizes and sorting, hence, excellent aquifer characteristics for the groundwater within the study area. The foregoing revealed that the aquifer geometry and properties of the study areas is favourable for the availability of drinking water for both the Urban and rural dwellers within these communities.

Keywords: Aquifer geometry, groundwater, hydraulic conductivity, Anambra Basin
Socio-demographic determinants of travel motivation and behaviour of visitors in nature-based destinations in northern Nigeria
Authors: Wambani P.P. , Ogunjinmi A.A. , Oladeji S.O.
Published: March 2021

This study aimed to assess socio-demographic determinants of travel motivation and behavior of visitors in nature-based destinations in Northern Nigeria. Structured questionnaire was administered to 575 respondents at Chad Basin National Park; CBNP (69), Gashaka Gumti National Park; GGNP (165) and Yankari Game Reserve; YGR (341). Data were analyzed descriptively and inferentially. Results revealed that majority of the respondents at CBNP were males (72.5%), majority of the respondents at GGNP were females (77.6%) and majority of the respondents at YGR were males (53.1%). Visitors were majorly motivated to come to CBNP for enjoyment of nature (27.5%) while source of information about the parks revealed previous trip as the highest in CBNP (29%) and YGR (36.1%) while GGNP recorded friends and relatives as the highest (45.5%). They were majorly motivated to visit GGNP because they wanted to be away from hustle and bustle of cities (33.3%) and they were motivated to visit YGR for game viewing (33.4%). Furthermore, there is significant relationship between travel motivations and sex, marital status, education, occupation, nationality (P<0.01). The determinants of travel motivations were monthly income, occupation and nationality while the determinants of travel behaviours were the socio-demographic factors except age. Game viewing and nature attributes of nature-based destinations should be developed more as these attributes motivate people to visit the sites.
Sex ratio, gonad maturity and size-structure of Pagelus bellotti in Sierra Leone
Authors: Mansaray A. , Konomiya K.J.
Published: March 2021

A total of 135 specimens of Pagellus bellotti were randomly collected from artisanal boats in August 2018. Study of sex ratio, gonad maturity and size-structure of Pagellus bellottii is meagre in Sierra Leone, and forms the basis of the present study. The study will contribute to current knowledge and promote rational exploitation of the stock. Length and weight were measured using a fish measuring board (cm) and digital weight scale (g) respectively. Sex and gonad maturity were macroscopically assessed. Results showed dominant males (71.9%) and significant difference observed (1:2.6) and expected (1:1) female: male sex ratios (p <0.05). Only 11.9% and 11.1% of male and female gonads transcended to the developed stage (Stage IV). The length-frequency distribution for combined sex was unimodal (modal class, 17cm-20.9cm). Mean length and weight respectively were, 19.04±0.32cm and 98.85±5.08g for males and 17.43±0.54cm and 78.61±6.32g for females. Growth exponent (b) for male, female and combined sex was 2.809, 2.928 and 2.850 respectively and the correlation coefficient for all sex categories showed (r > 0.9). Indexes of condition were greater than 1.0 (K > 1) for all sex categories. Results portrayed a heterogeneous gender population of Pagelus bellottii and vast similarity in reproductive strategies by both sexes. The fish comprised of one size group and males may be growing larger than the females. Growth pattern was near-isometric for females and negative allometric for the males, and both sexes were in better condition (K >1.0). An annual study could provide further insight.
Modeling of the toxicity of Eucalyptus globulus Labill essential oil against red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum Herbst
Authors: Ebadollahi A. , Taghinezhad E.
Published: March 2021

Although the application of synthetic chemicals is the main method in the management of insect pests, their overuse has led to public concerns about environmental pollution, threats to human health, and acute and chronic toxicity on non-target organisms. Plant essential oils have introduced as healthy, available, and effective alternatives to detrimental chemicals in recent years. Further, it is necessary to predict the exact amount of required pesticide to save costs and determine the optimal conditions for achievement to the best outcomes. Accordingly, the toxicity of Eucalyptus globulus Labill essential oil against the adults of a cosmopolitan pest Tribolium castaneum Herbst (red flour beetle) along with its modeling and optimization was assessed using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The coefficients of the essential oil concentration and time as independent variables are positive, showing their increase results in the augmentation of insect pest mortality. E. globulus essential oil showed prospective concentration-time dependent fumigant toxicity against T. castaneum. A quadratic polynomial equation was achieved for the toxicity of E. globulus essential oil using multiple regression analysis: 7.33413 + 0.20191A + 0.47313B + 4.64054E-003AB + 0.016349B2, in which A and B are the exposure time and essential oil concentration. The accuracy of the introduced model was approved through the analysis of variance. Results of the optimization indicated that 45.50 μl/l of essential oil and 72.00 h-exposure time would be adequate to achieve 92.45% mortality of T. castaneum. According to the results of current study, E. globulus essential oil has high potential in the management of T. castaneum and the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is a suitable method to the optimization and modelling of this bio-effect.
African Star Apple: Potentials and Application of Some Indigenous Species in Nigeria
Authors: Adekanmi D.G. , Olowofoyeku A.E.
Published: March 2021

Many research in food and pharmaceuticals are focused on the use of materials as close to nature as possible to limit exposure to harmful synthetic  substances. Alternatives are being sought for popular plant based materials leading to increased attention to underutilized plants and creating  ripple effects in agriculture, agribusiness, health and pharmaceuticals. A plant that is attaining prominence in Nigeria and in the rain forests of West  Africa is the African Star Apple. The plant is best known for the juicy pulp of its fruit but the traditional therapeutic use of parts of the plants are also common. Some authors have investigated and documented some benefits obtained from its leaves, stem, root and fruits. This paper focuses on the features, food and pharmaceutical potentials of the oil, flour, extracts and gum form the African Star Apple. Its fruit is rich in minerals and  antioxidant while extracts from various parts of the plant have good antimicrobial and antifungal properties. The review also reveals that the AfricanStar Apple has many potential food and pharmaceutical applications that are yet to be explored.

Keywords: African Star Apple, Chrysophyllum albidum, Phytochemicals, Gum, Extracts.
In Vitro Assay of Bacterial Load on Some Ruminant Hide and Skin from North Western Nigeria
Authors: Zungum I.U. , Imam T.S. , Benjamin B. , Moisule A. , Daya M.G. , Abubakar T. , Bala Z.M. , Peter D.D.
Published: March 2021

Consumption of meat is considered a vital source of essential amino acids, vitamins and minerals which makes it a critical dietary requirement for  humans and other organisms. However, in Sub Saharan Africa, despite accounting for a large chunk of livestock production, it is in short supply due to poverty and cultural practices. Hence, encourages the demand and consumption of other meat products such as singed ruminant hide and skin.  This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of singeing on bacterial population of hides and skin of cattle, camel, goat and sheep sold for human consumption in the seven North-western states of Nigeria using standard methods. Data obtained for the bacteria load showed that the highest mean count for singed hides and skins of cattle, camel, goat and sheep mean log10 CFU/g;5.10±0.13, 5.08±0.10, 5.06±0.05 and 5.05±0.09 respectively which were less than the unsigned (control), mean log10 CFU/g5.71±0.02, 5.70±0.03, 5.71±0.02 and 5.69±0.08. The high occurrence ofbacteria was slightly within unacceptable limits for the ruminant hides and skin sampleslog10 CFU/g; cattle: 5.22 camel: 5.19, goat: 5.23 and sheep: 5.19. This require urgent mitigation as it is slightly contaminated. However, the lower bacterial counts taken for ruminant sampleslog10 CFU/g; cattle: 4.82, camel: 4.83, goat: 4.84 and sheep: 4.79 were all within the marginal acceptable standard. Succinctly, 60% of the ruminant hides and skin samples require correctional measures whereas, 40% were out rightly contaminated. Hence, urgent action is needed across the abattoirs of Northwestern states of Nigeria to curtail the tide of unsafe hides and skin consumptions. Conclusively, the study established as thus; significantly, Singeing reduces (p < 0.05) the bacterial load on ruminant hides and skin and all samples were considerably high and exceeding the WHO  satisfactory level.

Keywords:Hide and skin, Ruminant, Meat, Singeing, Abattoir and Northwestern Nigeria
Heavy Metals Contamination of Soil in the Vicinity of Hawassa Industrial Zone, Ethiopia
Authors: Samuel B. , Solomon S. , Daniel F. , Zinabu G.M. , Riise G.
Published: March 2021

Industrial effluents, containing heavy metals, drain directly into downstream water sources within the Hawassa Industrial Zone. These, water  sources are used for irrigation, drinking water and other domestic purposes. The load of pollutants, environmental risks and potential human impacts are generally, unknown for soil in Ethiopia. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution of soil within the Hawassa Industrial Zone and to evaluate environmental impacts using contamination factor (CF), degree of contamination (Cd), modified degree of contamination (mCd), ecological risk factor (Er), ecological risk index (ERI) and pollution load index (PLI) analyses. Seven heavy metals: Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd and Pb were determined in soil samples from three different sites by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Average concentration of metals decreased in the order of Zn>Cu>Cr>Ni>Pb>As>Cd consistent with the normal order of abundance in non-polluted soils. One way ANOVA revealed significant differences (P<0.05) in the concentrations of Cu, As, Cd and Pb among the sampling sites. Pearson’s correlation, principal component and cluster analyses revealed that heavy metals are originating from different sources. Within the industrial area,  the CF increased in the order of Pb<Cd<Zn<As<Cu<Cr<Ni. The result of Cd revealed that there was considerable to very high contamination of the soil. The mCd index showed moderate contamination of the soils. The Er increased in the order of Zn<Cr<Pb<Cu<Ni<As<Cd and the result of the ERI value revealed considerable ecological risk for the soils. Overall, the study showed that the soils within the Hawassa Industrial Zone are highly contaminated with heavy metals. Therefore, regular monitoring of heavy metals concentration in soil and policy interventions with respect to waste disposal are recommended.

Keywords: Heavy metals, potential ecological risks, pollution load index, soil
Isolation and Characterization of Larvicidal Phenolic Acids from Kotschya thymodora Leaves
Authors: Daniel I.J. , Innocent E. , Sempombe J. , Mugoyela V. , Fossen T.
Published: March 2021

Malaria is a vector borne disease responsible for high morbidity, mortality and poverty in many tropical and subtropical countries. The disease is transmitted through a bite from an infected female Anopheles mosquito, amongst which Anopheles gambiae s.s serves as the most prevalent vector. The control of An. gambiae s.s population can therefore lead to a reduction in malaria spreading. Previous studies have reported the crude  extracts of Kotschya thymodora to be active against the larvae of An. gambiae s.s and Culex quinquefasciatus. In this report the phytochemical study on the crude aqueous ethanolic extract of K. thymodora leaves led to isolation of vanillic acid (1) and protocatechuic acid (2). The structures of these compounds and mosquitoes larvicidal activity against An. gambiae s.s were established by using spectroscopic techniques and WHO protocol of 1996 respectively. The two phenolic acids exhibited a moderate mosquito larvicidal activity with LC50 of 77.35 μg/mL (vanillic acid, 1) and 62.4 μg/mL (protocatechuic acid, 2) after 48 hrs exposure time. This is the first report on the isolation of the two phenolic acids from plants belonging to the genus Kotschya and their larvicidal potential against An. gambiae s.s.

Keywords: larvicidal activity, vanillic acid, protocatechuic acid, Anopheles gambiae s.s and Kotschya thymodora
Quality Assessment and Suitability Evaluation of Soils under Tuber-based Cropping System in Katsina Ala Local Government Area, Benue State, Nigeria
Authors: Adeyolanu O.D. , Oluwatosin G.A. , Denton A.O. , Adelana A.O. , Are K.S. , Adediran J.A.
Published: March 2021

Crop yields together with economic and social benefits of farming depend in part on land management and soil quality. Soil management and  cropping systems have long-term effects on agronomic and environmental functions. This study aimed at assessing soils under yam-based  cropping systems for quality and suitability so as to enhance sustainable production. The study was carried out in Katsina Ala local government area of Benue state where yam is a major crop. Sixteen modal profile were dug, described for characterization and suitability evaluation. Ten cluster locations were selected and twenty soil samples randomly collected within each cluster. The soils were subjected to laboratory analyses and results subjected descriptive statistics. Suitability of the soils for yam, citrus and groundnut were evaluated using parametric approach and soil quality of the area was assessed using Relative Soil Quality Indices (RSQI). The soils encountered are sandy to silty in nature with some having plinthite at depth. The soils, classified as Alfisol, Entisol and Inceptisol are moderately (S2) to highly suitable S1) for the three crops and have moderate to high quality for crop production with percentage soil quality index ranging from 60. 37 to 74.31 %. Soils of the study site are of good quality and are suitable for production of yam, citrus and groundnut. However, because yam is a great feeder and tropical soils are fragile making them prone todegradation, there is need for maintenance of soil fertility through organic matter management for sustainable use.

Keywords: soil quality, suitability, yam, cropping systems, soil management
Contribution of the extractive industry to sustainability in the Middle East and North African (MENA) Region
Authors: Akinsemolu Adenike A.
Published: March 2021

The extractive industry has great potential for mobilizing financial support as well as physical, technological, and human resources to advance the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This article traces developments in the industry with a view to identifying existing gaps in knowledge and the proactive measures needed to ensure that the extractive industry makes a crucial contribution to the society. More specifically, this article explores the historical and current contributions that extractive industries have on social development, political stability, and economic prosperityin the Middle East and North African (MENA) region. Practical and specific examples are used to show the progress made in the attainment or support of the SDGs. The first finding is that the extractive industry in the region has the potential and opportunity to contribute to the attainment of all the 17 SDGs. The second finding is that despite the extractive industry being diverse, the nature and scope of typical activities highlight that various common opportunities can be leveraged on to achieve progress on the SDGs. Thirdly, an unprecedented level of stakeholder cooperation is needed to attain the SDGs. Finally, extractive industries in the MENA region are lagging in furthering SDGs because their activities contribute to  environmental degradation.

Keywords: Sustainable Development Goals; Mining; Middle East; NorthAfrica; Environmental Sustainability.
Comparative analysis of green bond regimes in Nigeria and China
Authors: Oche Alex
Published: March 2021

Climate change has taken the centre stage in the debate of most governments around the world. At regional and international levels, efforts are being made to manage the problems emanating as a result of climate change. Response to the climate change can be summarized under two headings, namely, adaptation and mitigation measures. These measures do not come by cheaply, however. They are capital intensive; hence private sector funds will be needed to fund these adaptation and mitigation projects as public sector funding has remained insufficient. One way to mobilize private sector funds to tackle climate change is by using green bonds. But for green bonds to achieve its potentials as a sustainable  investment tool, there must be a solid regulatory framework for the green bond market. Towards that end, this article analyses soft law instruments as well as national green bond regulations of Nigeria and China. It has been discovered that the Climate Bonds Standard and the Green Bond Principles form the basis of most jurisdictions of green bond regulations. nevertheless, due to regulatory arbitrage, there is no consensus green standard, and this poses a governance challenge to the green bond market. The article concludes that much of the responsibilities in setting green standards and enforcement of green standards rest on the domestic green bond regulations, and this can only be achieved with water-tight regulations for green bonds at domestic levels.

Keywords: Climate Change; Green Bonds; Nigeria; China.
The Power of Education
Authors: Babalola Aare Afe
Published: March 2021

No abstract.
Modelling and Analysis of Photovoltaic System under Partially Shaded Conditions using Improved Harmony Search Algorithm
Authors: Sani S. , Olarinoye G.A. , Okorie P.U.
Published: March 2021

With the increasing penetration of solar electricity in residential, institutional and commercial centres around the globe, the phenomenon of partial shading (PS) in Photovoltaic (PV) power generation is gaining attention. Under Partial shading condition (PSC), cells that are shaded tends to have an equivalent current with cells that are unshaded in series-connection, due to this, the shaded cells operates in reverse bias and consequently becomes load and consumes the generated power. This causes a serious problem known as hotspot. This is characterized by the presence of excessive heat which consequently reduces the total generated power. Recently, researchers use the technique of bypass diodes across the PV cells so that the problem of partial shading can be reduced, but this solution taken alone, has made the nonlinearity and complexity of the system to increase. The shaded cells generate multiple peaks with only one global peak. Conventional Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithms do not differentiates the global peak from local peaks which may end up tracking local peak as global peak, this results in serious power loss. This paper seeks to solve this problem by modelling a PV system under PSC and through the application of Improved Harmony Search algorithm (IHSA) and variable step Perturb & Observe (P&O) to track the global peak instead of local peaks. Simulation was done in MATLAB/Simulink 2018a environment, and the results under standard test condition (STC) and PSC showed that the proposed IHSA had an improvement of 25%, 3.17% and 2.27%, 3.07% and 2.21%, 3.26% and 2.26% when compared with the improved particle swarm optimization (IPSO) under STC and PSC conditions respectively, which had a better advantage of minimizing power oscillation and improving the efficiency of the system, improved MPPT tracking, reduced error and a better tracking efficiency in both conditions.

Keywords: MPPT, photovoltaic system, partial shading, tracking efficiency, Harmony search algorithm
Effect of Tensile Load on the Mechanical Properties of AlSiC Composite Materials using ANSYS Design Modeller
Authors: Ekpu Mathias
Published: March 2021

Aluminium Silicon Carbide (AlSiC) composite materials are used in the electronics industries and other manufacturing companies hence, manufacturing of AlSiC composite materials with the right properties for different applications are vital to most industries. The challenge of testing the same specimens for different properties remains, because most of the tests carried out are destructive. Hence, the use of ANSYS finite element simulation software for the design and analysis of a flat bar specimen. Loads between 3 kN to 21 kN were applied on the specimen since it is within the operating limit of a Universal Tensile Testing Machine (UTTM), while both ends are fixed. The AlSiC composite materials used in this study have a composition of 63 vol% Al (356.2) and 37 vol% SiC and, the resultsshowed that stress was directly proportional to strain. While the calculated Young’s modulus from the stress versus strain plot was approximately 167 GPa for the different tensile loads applied. In addition, the total deformation of the AlSiC composite material increased as the load was increased. Also, the highest deformation of the material was observed around the centre of the test specimen. This is synonymous with the failure observed in practical testing of specimens.

Keywords: AlSiC, tensile load, aluminium MMC, stress analysis, deformation, ANSYS
Factors affecting workers’ delivery of good hygienic and sanitary operations in slaughterhouses in north-central Nigeria
Authors: Alhaji NB , Baiwa M
Published: March 2021

This survey assesses the levels of knowledge and preventive practices of workers on the hygienic and sanitary operations in slaughterhouses in Niger State, north-central Nigeria. A cross sectional survey was conducted on 385 workers aged 20 years and above between January 2013 and April 2013 using structured questionnaires and checklist to assess their knowledge and preventive practices about slaughterhouse operations. Majority  (94.0%) of the respondents were males and most (69.6%) were married. Majority (34.3%) of the workers were in the age group 30–39 years. The mean age of the workers was 40.8±10.7 years. One in five (19.2%) were illiterates. Majority of the respondents 95.6% and 96.4% for meat hygiene and sanitation respectively did not have any previous training. About two-third of the workers (74.5%) had poor knowledge about good slaughterhouse operations and more than two third (86.2%) engage in poor preventive practices. The slaughterhouse workers in the age group 60-69 years were less likely [OR 0.1345; 95% CI 0.0397, 0.4553)] to have poor knowledge of the operations than those in the 20-29 age group. The workers with secondary and tertiary education were less likely [OR 0.3557; 95% CI (0.1706, 0.7418) and OR 0.1259; 95% CI (0.0556, 0.2851) respectively] to have poor knowledge than those without formal education. Workers who know correct definition of slaughterhouse hygiene were less likely [OR 0.3125; 95% CI (0.1862, 0.5244)] to demonstrate poor preventive practices, and those who are aware of the effects of improper operations on public and environmental health were more likely [OR 6.587; 95% CI (4.094, 10.6)] to demonstrate satisfactory preventive practices. This survey indicates the need to sensitize and organize trainings for slaughterhouse workers to improve their knowledge of standard slaughterhouse operations to produce wholesome meat and safeguard public and environmental health.Keywords: Abattoir workers, knowledge, operations, preventive practices, slaughterhouse, Nigeria
Endoparasites of fresh water fishes from rivers in Edo State, Nigeria
Authors: Osimen E.C. , Anagha L.I.
Published: March 2021

Parasites of fish constitute one of the major problems to fish health. Parasites of fish have been a great concern since they often cause disease conditions in fishes. This study described the parasitic faunas of eight fresh water bodies in Edo state (Ikpoba river, Ogba river, Ujogba river, Niger river at Illushi, Obe river, Gelegele river, Niger river at Agenebode and Osomegbe river). The duration of fish sampling was from October, 2017 to November, 2017.The fish samples (whole catch sourced from fishermen) were collected for identification, morphometric analysis and examination for the presence of parasites. One-way ANOVA and Tukey Honest Test were used to compare the data among size classes at the level of p <0.05. Three orders (Lepidosirenformes, Siluriformes and Polyteriformes), eight families  (Protopteridae, Clariddidae, Channiddae, Polypterididae, Melapteridae, Clarotidae, Cichlidae and Lorcariidae) and fourteen genera were examined. The study had an overall prevalence of 25.34%. The highest prevalence of fish parasitic infection was recorded in Niger river along Agenebode. Overall, parasite taxa recovered were nematodes (65.50%), trematodes (27.00%), cestodes (4.27%) and acanthcephalans (3.27%). The most infected fish species was Clarias gariepenus (13.77%). The helminth taxa (nematodes) had the highest prevalence of parasites (65.50%). The largest number of parasites isolated was Camallanus cotti (30.43%) and Procamallanus laevionchus (17.39%). This study showed river Niger at Agenebode with most parasitic prevalence, nematodes as the most prevalent parasitic taxa and Clarias  gariepenus as the most infected fish species.

Keywords: Edo state, Freshwater fishes, Fish parasites, Helminths, Parasite taxa, Nigeria
Clinicopathological features and management of aspergillosis in some poultry farms in Jos metropolis, Nigeria
Authors: Ameji NO , Oladele O.O. , Bamaiyi P.H. , Lombin L.H.
Published: March 2021

Aspergillosis is important in poultry production and human health but difficulty in its ante mortem diagnosis in addition to the  unsuccessful outcome of most management options has made the disease a lingering nightmare to farmers. This study presents the clinicopathological features and management of aspergillosis in some poultry farms in Jos metropolis, Nigeria. Thirteen cases of  aspergillosis from 12 poultry farms were confirmed and managed from April, 2019 to March, 2020 with 7.6% cases in a mixed turkey-broiler farm, 15.4% in broilers and 76.9% in layers. The ages affected ranged from 3 weeks to 21 weeks with 69.2% cases in pullet grower birds of 10 – 21 weeks compared to young chicks, 3 – 9 weeks with 30.8%. The rainy season accounted for 61.8% cases while mortality ranged from 1.0% to 17.4%. The clinical features were consistent and included dyspnoea; inappetence; retarded growth and mortality. While necropsy showed consolidated lungs with caseous nodules; liver with raised grayish or yellowish irregular nodules; peritonitis with the peritoneum and air sacs laced with caseous nodules; diphtheritic membrane and caseous nodules on intestinal mucosa; haemorrhagic bursitis with granulomata; caseous nodules on osseous tissues as well as nodules on the skin and skeletal muscles. Confirmatory diagnoses of  aspergillosis were made by culturing nodules on Sabouraud’s Dextrose Agar. Antifungal susceptibility testing showed CuSO4 to be more susceptible which was used at the dosage of 3g/10L of drinking water for at least 7 days in all the cases. Concurrent bacterial infections were seen in some of the cases and were treated concurrently with antibiotics based on susceptibility testing while farmers using moldy feeds were asked to withdraw such feeds. Conclusively, aspergillosis is prevalent in Jos metropolis with severe impact on production and  may be a silent killer disease in poultry due to constraints in diagnosis and its management.

Keywords: Aspergillosis, clinicopathological features, Jos, management, Nigeria, poultry
Application of 99mTc-DTPA Radiotracer in Persian Cat’s Renal Scintigraphy
Authors: Assadnassab G , Oskoei SD
Published: March 2021

Purpose: To evaluate the suitability of 99mTc-DTPA as a radiotracer in Persian cat's renal scintigraphy.Methods: twelve adult healthy Persian cats were selected. For scintigraphy, the animals were anesthetized and 99mTC-DTPA was injected via the femoral vein as a bolus at a dose of 1.5 mCi. Immediately after intravenous injection of radiotracer, scintigraphic operation was conducted on the renal organ. dministration of the radioisotope and accumulation of radioisotope in the tissues was monitored by specific imaging  theemanatingResults: Distinct scintigraphic scans were obtained using 99mTC-DTPA. Visual comparison of the scans indicates that there was no significant difference in the accumulation of radiotracer. In dynamic scans, symmetric and concurrent distribution of 99mTc-DTPA in the kidney was observed.Conclusion: The results show that the radiopharmaceutical 99mTc-DTPA is suitable for use in Persian cat's renal scintigraphy, and this makes it potentially useful in research and clinical practice.Keywords: Kidney, Persian cat, Radiotracer, Scintigraphy, Technetium-99m diethylene triamine pentacaetic acid (99mTc-DTPA)
Psychological Impact of Life as Refugees: A Pilot Study on a Syrian Camp in Jordan
Authors: Basheti IA , Qunaibi EA , Malas R
Published: March 2021

Purpose: To investigate types and prevalence of psychological distresses endured by Syrian refugees at Alzatary Camp in Jordan.Methods: This observational study was conducted over a period of 2 months (November and December, 2012) at Alzatary Camp for Syrian refugees in Jordan. A validated questionnaire was filled by a field researcher to gather information on respondents’ living conditions, psychological distresses and perspectives of the medical care services provided.Results: The questionnaire was completed for 73 respondents with a mean age of 37.7 ± 11.2. A majority of refugees (63.3 %) lived in tents, and the rest in caravans. Some of the respondents (56 %) suffered from psychological distresses; 46 % believed that psychological therapy and support is needed, out of which 14.5 % reported receiving such therapy. Refugees staying in tents reported low satisfaction with the medical care  services provided (54.2 % vs. 23.8 %) and great need for psychological support (66.7 % vs. 31.3 %) when compared to refugees staying in caravans.Conclusion: Syrian refugees at Alzatary Camp suffer from psychological distress that requires urgent attention. Current medical support is not sufficient, especially for refugees staying in tents.Keywords: Syrian refugees, Jordan camps, Alzatary Camp, Psychological disorders, Mental health
Occupational and Environmental Risks from Mancozeb in Aviation Facilities in the Banana Producing Area of Teapa, Tabasco, Mexico
Authors: Domínguez-Rodríguez V , Obrador-Olán JJ , Adams RH , Zavala-Cruz J , Vaquera-Huerta H , Guerrero-Peña A , Miranda-Cruz E
Published: March 2021

Purpose: To identify occupational risks and practices in the four aerial fumigation facilities in the Sierra banana growing region and to evaluate environmental impacts from Mancozeb use.Methods: Occupational health risks were identified and practices in the four aerial fumigation facilities in the Sierra banana growing region were documented. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with installation managers. To evaluate environmental impact, samples of water and soil were collected and analysed in an acute toxicity bioassay with Vibrio fischeri, using uncontaminated soil and water to establish background levels.Results: Even in the largest and best-equipped facility, serious risks to workers’ health were encountered from inadequate use of protective equipment by workers. Furthermore, excessive use of pesticide, lack of re-use of unused product, poor facility design and poor use of wash-water were observed, resulting in  maximum toxicity of > 5 times background in discharged water. Parallel soil samples were > 20 times  more toxic than background, being most toxic at > 0.5 km from the discharge point.Conclusion: Areas of opportunity to improve worker health and the environment include proper and  consistent use of protective equipment, re-use of unused product, wastewater reduction and appropriate wastewater treatment.Keywords: Black Sigatoka, Ethylene thiourea, Fumigation, Pesticide, Mancozeb, Airports, Microtox, Vibrio fischeri, Occupational health risks, Toxicity