bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Long‐term effects of a midgestational asphyxial episode in the ovine fetus
Authors: O'Connell Amanda E. , Boyce Amanda C. , Kumarasamy Vasumathy , Douglas‐Denton Rebecca , Bertram John F. , Gibson Karen J.
Published: September 2006

We and others have shown previously that fetuses at midgestation can survive 30 min of complete umbilical cord occlusion, although hydrops fetalis (or gross fetal edema) results. To investigate whether this hydrops resolves by late gestation and if there are any long‐term consequences of the asphyxial insult on the heart and kidneys, eight fetuses were subjected to 30 min of complete umbilical cord occlusion at 0.6 gestation (90 days; term 150 days) and were compared to a sham group (n = 10). During the occlusion period, fetuses became severely hypoxemic, hypercapnemic, and acidotic, with both blood pressure and heart rate decreasing. Most variables had returned to normal by 2‐hr recovery. At 129 ± 1 days of gestation, approximately 40 days post occlusion, some fetuses were still slightly hydropic as skin fold measurements were increased (P < 0.01), although fetal body weight was not different from the sham group. The two groups had similar heart and kidney weights, ventricular cardiac myocyte nucleation, and glomerular number. By contrast, brain weight was reduced by 37% (P < 0.001) and the cerebral lateral ventricles were grossly dilated. Lungs were 50% smaller than in sham fetuses (P < 0.001). Thus, the hydrops that develops at midgestation as a result of a severe asphyxial episode can, but does not always, fully resolve by late gestation. Also, while fetuses at midgestation can survive this asphyxial episode with no long‐term impact in renal or cardiac size, nephron number, or cardiomyocyte nucleation, the brain and lungs are severely affected. Anat Rec Part A, 288A:1112–1120, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Druckstrebentragfähigkeit torsionsbeanspruchter Stahlbetonbalken mit üblicher Betondeckung
Authors: Zedler Thomas , Mark Peter
Published: September 2006

Vergleichsrechnungen auf Basis einer Versuchsdatenbank zeigen, daß die Druckstrebentragfähigkeit unter Torsionsbelastung nach DIN 1045‐1 insbesondere im Falle einer großen Betondeckung deutlich überschätzt wird. Ein Vergleich gegenwärtiger internationaler Normenwerke läßt zudem erkennen, daß generell uneinheitliche Auffassungen über den Einfluß der Betondeckung auf den Bruchwiderstand von Stahlbetonbalken unter Torsionsbelastung bestehen.

In diesem Beitrag werden experimentelle und begleitende theoretische Untersuchungen der Druckstrebentragfähigkeit von Stahlbetonbalken mit heutzutage baupraktischen Betondeckungen unter Torsionsbelastung vorgestellt. Die herausgestellten Versagenseinflüsse aufgreifend, wird ein auf DIN 1045‐1 basierender Bemessungsansatz entwickelt, der ein gleichmäßiges Sicherheitsniveau unabhängig von der vorhandenen Betondeckung sicherstellt.
Application of artificial neural network coupling particle swarm optimization algorithm to biocatalytic production of GABA
Authors: Huang Jun , Mei Le‐He , Xia Jiang
Published: September 2006

The biotransformation of L‐sodium glutamate (L‐MSG) to gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) catalyzed by the cells of Lactobacillus brevis with higher glutamate decarboxylase activity was investigated. The results showed that pH, temperature, and FeSO4 · 7H2O concentration had significantly positive effect on GABA yield. The individual and interactive effects of pH, temperature, and FeSO4 · 7H2O concentration were further optimized in terms of GABA yield. In the present work, an artificial neural network (ANN) and response surface methodology (RSM) models were developed, which incorporated pH, temperature, and FeSO4 · 7H2O concentration as input variables, and GABA yield as output variable. The optimized ANN topology included four neurons in the hidden layer and the best network architecture was 3‐4‐1. The trained ANN gave total root‐mean square error (σ) equal to 1.84 for GABA yield while the RSM gave σ equal to 2.63. The results demonstrated a slightly higher prediction accuracy of ANN compared to RSM. The modeled maximum GABA yield was identified by applying particle swarm optimization algorithm to the ANN model developed. The modeled maximum GABA yield reached 91 mM under the following optimal conditions: 25 mL Na2HPO4‐citric acid buffer (100 mM, pH 4.23), 120 mM L‐MSG, 0.83 g/L FeSO4 · 7H2O, 10 µM PLP, the resting cells obtained from a 60‐h culture broth, 2.68 g dry cell weight (DCW)/L, and without agitation at 40°C for 5 h. The previous high value of GABA yield that was observed was 81.8 mM. The optimized conditions allowed GABA yield to be increased from 81.8 to 90.57 mM after verification experiments test. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;96:924–931. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Quantitation of interaction of lipids with polymer surfaces in cell culture
Authors: Altaras Gina M. , Eklund Carrie , Ranucci Colette , Maheshwari Gargi
Published: September 2006

As cell culture medium development efforts have progressed towards leaner, serum‐free, and chemically defined formulations, it has become increasingly important to ensure that the appropriate concentrations of all nutrients are maintained and delivered at point of use. In light of concurrent efforts to progress to disposable polymeric storage and culture platforms, the characterization and control of medium component interactions with container surfaces can be a key issue in ensuring consistent delivery of these medium formulations. These studies characterize the interactions of lipids with culture surfaces typically encountered in the bioprocess industry using model systems. The extent and kinetics of lipid association with polymeric surfaces were determined using radio‐labeled linoleic acid and cholesterol. The effect of methyl‐β‐cyclodextrin, a component commonly used to solubilize lipids in culture media, on association kinetics was also examined. In addition, loss of lipids across a sterilizing membrane filter was quantified. We find that there is potential for significant loss of hydrophobic components due to non‐specific binding to surfaces at timescales relevant to a typical cell culture process. The extent of loss is dependent on the nature of the hydrophobic component as well as the type of surface. These studies highlight the potential of the extracellular environment to modify medium composition and also emphasize the importance of medium formulation strategies, including those used in the delivery of hydrophobic components. It is noted, however, that the level of loss is very dependent on the specific system including the composition of the culture medium used. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;96:999–1007. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Measurement of fast dynamic intracellular pH in Saccharomyces cerevisiae using benzoic acid pulse
Authors: Kresnowati M.T.A.P. , Suarez‐Mendez C. , Groothuizen M.K. , van Winden W.A. , Heijnen J.J.
Published: September 2006

pH affects many processes on cell metabolism, such as enzyme kinetics. To enhance the understanding of the living cells, it is therefore indispensable to have a method to monitor the pH in living cells. To accomplish this, a dynamic intracellular pH measurement method applying low concentration benzoic acid pulse was developed. The method was thoroughly validated and successfully implemented for measuring fast dynamic intracellular pH of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in response to a glucose pulse perturbation performed in the BioSCOPE set‐up. Fast drop in intracellular pH followed by partial alkalinization was observed following the pulse. The low concentration benzoic acid pulse which was implemented in the method avoids the undesirable effects that may be introduced by benzoic acid to cell metabolism. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;97:86–98. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of shear stress on 3‐D human mesenchymal stem cell construct development in a perfusion bioreactor system: Experiments and hydrodynamic modeling
Authors: Zhao Feng , Chella Ravindran , Ma Teng
Published: September 2006

Shear stress is an important biomechanical parameter in regulating human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) construct development. In this study, the biomechanical characteristics of hMSCs within highly porous 3‐D poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) matrices in a perfusion bioreactor system were analyzed for two flow rates of 0.1 and 1.5 mL/min, respectively over a 20‐day culture period. A 1.4 times higher proliferation rate, higher CFU‐F formation, and more fibronectin and HSP‐47 secretion at day 20 were observed at the flow rate of 0.1 mL/min compared to those at the flow rate of 1.5 mL/min. The higher flow rate of 1.5 mL/min upregulated osteogenic differentiation potential at day 20 as measured by the expression of alkaline phosphatase activity and calcium deposition in the matrix after 14 days osteogenic induction, consistent with those reported in literatures. Mathematical modeling indicated that shear stress existed in the range of 1 × 10−5 to 1 × 10−4 Pa in the constructs up to a depth of 70 µm due to flow penetration in the porous constructs. Analysis of oxygen transport in the constructs for the two flow rates yielded oxygen levels significantly higher than those at which cell growth and metabolism are affected (Jiang et al., 1996). This indicates that differences in convective transport have no significant influence on cell growth and metabolism for the range of flow rates studied. These results demonstrate that shear stress is an important microenvironment parameter that regulates hMSC construct development at a range significantly lower than those reported previously in the perfusion system. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;96: 584–595. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Exploiting Noninnocent (E,E)‐Dibenzylideneacetone (dba) Effects in Palladium(0)‐Mediated Cross‐Coupling Reactions: Modulation of the Electronic Properties of dba Affects Catalyst Activity and Stability in Ligand and Ligand‐Free Reaction Systems
Authors: Fairlamb Ian J. S. , Kapdi Anant R. , Lee Adam F. , McGlacken Gerard P. , Weissburger Felix , de Vries André H. M. , Schmieder‐van de Vondervoort Lizette
Published: September 2006

The reactivity of palladium(0) complexes, [Pd02(dba‐n,n′‐Z)3] (n,n′‐Z=4,4′‐F; 4,4′‐CF3; 4,4′‐H; 4,4′‐MeO) and [Pd0(dba‐n,n′‐Z)2] (n,n′‐Z=4,4′‐CF3; 4,4′‐H; 3,3′,5,5′‐OMe), used as precursor catalysts with suitable donor ligands (e.g. phosphines, N‐heterocyclic carbenes), has been correlated in several palladium(0)‐mediated cross‐coupling processes. Increasing the electron density on the aryl moiety of the dba‐n,n′‐Z ligand increases the overall catalytic activity in the majority of these processes. This effect primarily derives from destabilization of the LnPd0–η2‐dba interaction (in dπ–π* synergic bonding, n=1 or 2), which ultimately increases the global concentration of catalytically active LnPd0 available for reaction with aryl halide in the first committed step in the general catalytic cycle(s) (oxidative addition). Decreasing electron density on the aryl moiety of the dba‐n,n′‐Z ligand stabilizes the Pd0–η2‐dba interaction, reducing catalytic activity. The specific type of dba‐n,n′‐Z ligand appears to also play a stabilizing role in the catalytic cycle, preventing Pd agglomeration, and increasing catalyst longevity. A subtle balance therefore exists between the LnPd0 concentration (and the associated catalytic activity) and catalyst longevity. Changing the type of dba‐n,n′‐Z ligand controls the concentration of LnPd0 and the rate of the oxidative addition step, and not other intimate steps within the catalytic cycle(s), for example, transmetallation (or carbopalladation) and reductive elimination. The role of dba‐n,n′‐Z ligands in Heck arylation is more convoluted and dependant on the alkene substrate employed, although trends have emerged. Changes in the structure of dba‐n,n′‐Z had a minimal affect on Buchwald–Hartwig aryl amination processes. A secondary Michael reaction of dba‐n,n′‐Z with amine and/or base effectively lessens its interference in the catalytic cycle.
Inorganic‐Cored Photoactive Assemblies: Synthesis, Structure, and Photochemical Investigations on Stannoxane‐Supported Multifluorene Compounds
Authors: Chandrasekhar Vadapalli , Thilagar Pakkirisamy , Steiner Alexander , Bickley Jamie F.
Published: September 2006

Organostannoxanes were used as inert supports for the preparation of multichromophore assemblies. The synthesis involves a single‐step procedure and allows the preparation of compounds in which the number of chromophore units can be varied from one to six. Thus, the reactions of LCOOH (1‐fluorenecarboxylic acid) or L′COOH (9‐fluorenecarboxylic acid) with various organostannoxane precursors afforded the fluorenyl derivatives [Ph3SnO2CL] (1), [Ph3SnO2CL′] (2), [{nBu3SnO2CL′′}n] (3), [{nBu3SnO2CL′}n] (4), [{tBu2Sn(OH)O2CL}2] (5), [{tBu2Sn(OH)O2CL′}2] (6), [{[nBu2SnO2CL]2O}2] (7) [{[nBu2SnO2CL′]2O}2] (8), [{nBuSn(O)O2CL}6] (9), and [{nBuSn(O)O2CL′}6] (10). Interestingly, the formation of 3 is accompanied by an unusual oxo‐transfer reaction. The ligand L is oxidized at the 9‐position. Compounds 1, 3, 5, 7, and 8 were characterized by X‐ray crystallography. The solid‐state structures of these compounds reveal rich supramolecular structures owing to multiple intermolecular interactions between the various supramolecular synthons present in these molecules. The optical behavior of 1–10 is primarily dictated by the fluorenyl periphery. These compounds display strong blue fluorescent emission in solution and blue‐green fluorescent emission in the solid state. Fluorescence lifetimes of all of these compounds are on the nanosecond timescale, and this suggests that the emission originates from the singlet excited state to the ground state. Intermolecular interactions in the solid state lead to considerable broadening of the emission bands.
Dependence of s‐waves on continuous dimension: The quantum oscillator and free systems
Authors: Wolf K.B. , Aceves‐de‐la‐Cruz F.
Published: September 2006

Wavefunctions with rotational symmetry (i.e., zero angular momentum) in D dimensions, are called s‐waves. In quantum quadratic systems (free particle, harmonic and repulsive oscillators), their radial parts obey Schrödinger equations with a fictitious centrifugal (for integer D ≥ 4) or centripetal (for D = 2) potential. These Hamiltonians close into the three‐dimensional Lorentz algebra so(2,1), whose exceptional interval corresponds to the critical range of continuous dimensions 0 < D < 4, where they exhibit a one‐parameter family of self‐adjoint extensions in ℒ︁2(ℜ︁+). We study the characterization of these extensions in the harmonic oscillator through their spectra which – except for the Friedrichs extension – are not equally spaced, and we build their time evolution Green function. The oscillator is then contracted to the free particle in continuous‐D dimensions, where the extension structure is mantained in the limit of continuous spectra. Finally, we compute the free time evolution of the expectation values of the Hamiltonian, dilatation generator, and square radius between three distinct sets of ‘heat’‐diffused localized eigenstates. This provides a simple group‐theoretic description of the purported contraction/expansion of Gaussian‐ring s‐waves in D > 0 dimensions.
Normal mode analysis as a prerequisite for drug design: Application to matrix metalloproteinases inhibitors
Authors: Floquet Nicolas , Marechal Jean-Didier , Badet-Denisot Marie-Ange , Robert Charles H. , Dauchez Manuel , Perahia David
Published: September 2006

We demonstrate the utility of normal mode analysis in correctly predicting the binding modes of inhibitors in the active sites of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). We show the accuracy in predicting the positions of MMP‐3 inhibitors is strongly dependent on which structure is used as the target, especially when it has been energy minimized. This dependency can be overcome by using intermediate structures generated along one of the normal modes previously calculated for a given target. These results may be of prime importance for further in silico drug discovery.
CRM1 mediates nuclear export of HDAC7 independently of HDAC7 phosphorylation and association with 14‐3‐3s
Authors: Gao Chengzhuo , Li Xiaofang , Lam Minh , Liu Yu , Chakraborty Sharmistha , Kao Hung-Ying
Published: September 2006

CRM1, 14‐3‐3 proteins, and CaMK play important roles in trafficking of HDAC7, but the interplay between these proteins in this process is not clearly understood. Here, we show that CRM1 is capable of promoting cytoplasmic localization of wild‐type and mutant HDAC7 (S178A/S344A/S479A), which is normally found in the nucleus. Using phospho‐specific antibodies to HDAC7, we demonstrate that CaMK I promotes phosphorylation of S178, S344, and S479 of HDAC7. We also show that endogenous S178‐phosphorylated HDAC7 is localized in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm, whereas S344‐ and S479‐phosphorylated HDAC7 are exclusively localized in the nucleus. An HDAC7 mutant, S178E/S344E/S479E, which lost the ability to bind 14‐3‐3s, is localized in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Furthermore, the nuclear export of S178E/S344E/S479E is inhibited by LMB, but is enhanced by the CRM1. Taken together, these results strongly suggest that CRM1 mediated‐nuclear export of HDAC7 is independent of HDAC7 phosphorylation and its association with 14‐3‐3s.
A proposed model of fat packaging by exchangeable lipid droplet proteins
Authors: Wolins Nathan E. , Brasaemle Dawn L. , Bickel Perry E.
Published: September 2006

Humans have evolved mechanisms of efficient fat storage to survive famine, but these mechanisms contribute to obesity in our current environment of plentiful food and reduced activity. Little is known about how animals package fat within cells. Five related structural proteins serve roles in packaging fat into lipid droplets. The proteins TIP47, S3–12, and OXPAT/MLDP/PAT‐1 move from the cytosol to coat nascent lipid droplets during rapid fat storage. In contrast, perilipin and adipophilin constitutively associate with lipid droplets and play roles in sustained fat storage and regulation of lipolysis. Different tissues express different complements of these lipid droplet proteins. Thus, the tissue‐specific complement of these proteins determines how tissues manage lipid stores.
Genetic diseases of sphingolipid metabolism: Pathological mechanisms and therapeutic options
Authors: Kacher Yaacov , Futerman Anthony H.
Published: September 2006

Although diseases in the pathway of sphingolipid degradation have been known for decades, the first disease in the biosynthetic pathway was only reported in 2004, when a form of infantile‐onset symptomatic epilepsy was described as a genetic defect in GM3 synthase. Presumably other diseases in the sphingolipid biosynthetic pathway will yet be discovered, although many may remain undetected due to their putative lethal phenotypes. In contrast, diseases are known for essentially every step in the pathway of SL degradation, caused by the defective activity of one or other of the lysosomal hydrolases in this pathway. Despite the fact that some of these storage disorders were first discovered in the 19th century, the cellular and biochemical events that cause pathology are still poorly delineated. In this review, we focus on recent advances in our understanding of how defects in the pathways of sphingolipid metabolism may lead to pathology. In addition, we discuss currently‐available and emerging therapeutic options.
Enzyme conformational dynamics during catalysis and in the ‘resting state’ monitored by hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry
Authors: Liu Yu-Hong , Konermann Lars
Published: September 2006

This work reports the use of electrospray mass spectrometry for studying the conformational dynamics of enzymes by amide hydrogen/deuterium exchange (HDX) measurements. A rapid‐mixing quench‐flow approach allows comparisons to be made between the HDX kinetics of free enzymes with those under steady‐state conditions. Experiments carried out on carboxypeptidase B in the absence of substrate and in the presence of saturating concentrations of hippuryl‐Arg result in HDX kinetics that are indistinguishable. This finding implies that the conformational dynamics that mediate HDX are not significantly different in the resting state of the enzyme and during substrate turnover.
Haemozoin (β‐haematin) biomineralization occurs by self‐assembly near the lipid/water interface
Authors: Egan Timothy J. , Chen Jeff Y-J. , de Villiers Katherine A. , Mabotha Tebogo E. , Naidoo Kevin J. , Ncokazi Kanyile K. , Langford Steven J. , McNaughton Don , Pandiancherri Shveta , Wood Bayden R.
Published: September 2006

Several blood‐feeding organisms, including the malaria parasite detoxify haem released from host haemoglobin by conversion to the insoluble crystalline ferriprotoporphyrin IX dimer known as haemozoin. To date the mechanism of haemozoin formation has remained unknown, although lipids or proteins have been suggested to catalyse its formation. We have found that β‐haematin (synthetic haemozoin) forms rapidly under physiologically realistic conditions near octanol/water, pentanol/water and lipid/water interfaces. Molecular dynamics simulations show that a precursor of the haemozoin dimer forms spontaneously in the absence of the competing hydrogen bonds of water, demonstrating that this substance probably self‐assembles near a lipid/water interface in vivo.
Dammarenediol‐II synthase, the first dedicated enzyme for ginsenoside biosynthesis, in Panax ginseng
Authors: Tansakul Pimpimon , Shibuya Masaaki , Kushiro Tetsuo , Ebizuka Yutaka
Published: September 2006

Panax ginseng produces triterpene saponins called ginsenosides, which are classified into two groups by the skeleton of aglycones, namely dammarane type and oleanane type. Dammarane‐type ginsenosides dominate over oleanane type not only in amount but also in structural varieties. However, their sapogenin structure is restricted to two aglycones, protopanaxadiol and protopanaxatriol. So far, the genes encoding oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC) responsible for formation of dammarane skeleton have not been cloned, although OSC yielding oleanane skeleton (β‐amyrin synthase) has been successfully cloned from this plant. In this study, cDNA cloning of OSC producing dammmarane triterpene was attempted from hairy root cultures of P. ginseng by homology based PCR method. A new OSC gene (named as PNA) obtained was expressed in a lanosterol synthase deficient (erg7) Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain GIL77. LC‐MS and NMR analyses identified the accumulated product in the yeast transformant to be dammarenediol‐II, demonstrating PNA to encode dammarenediol‐II synthase.
C‐reactive protein inhibits in vitro oxidation of low‐density lipoprotein
Authors: Rufail Miguel L. , Ramage Samuel C. , van Antwerpen Rik
Published: September 2006

C‐reactive protein (CRP) is elevated in cardiovascular disease and binds to oxidized phosphatidylcholine (oxPtC) in the low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) surface. In the present study, we tested if CRP influences the susceptibility of LDL to oxidation. At physiological concentrations of 1–7 μg/ml, CRP strongly inhibited copper‐mediated oxidation of LDL and phospholipid liposomes in a concentration‐dependent manner. Similar concentrations of different monoclonal antibodies or albumin did not influence LDL oxidation. Antioxidant activity of CRP was inhibited by phosphocholine (PC), indicating that the observed activity involves binding of CRP to oxPtC. These results suggest that CRP may limit atherogenic oxidation of LDL in vivo.
Rice embryogenic calli express a unique set of microRNAs, suggesting regulatory roles of microRNAs in plant post‐embryogenic development
Authors: Luo Yu-Chun , Zhou Hui , Li Yan , Chen Jun-Yu , Yang Jian-Hua , Chen Yue-Qin , Qu Liang-Hu
Published: September 2006

In vitro cultured embryogenic callus was employed as a model to investigate microRNAs (miRNAs) associated with embryogenesis and post‐embryonic development. Thirty‐one miRNAs including 16 novel species were identified from a large number of small RNAs which were cloned from both differentiated and undifferentiated rice embryogenic calli. Four target genes of the miRNAs were further validated. A set of the miRNAs, including miR397 and miR156, exhibited intriguing expression patterns during the transition from undifferentiated to differentiated calli. By exploiting the correlations between the differential expression patterns of these miRNAs and their targets, the regulatory roles of the miRNAs on meristem maintenance and embryogenesis were indicated.
Duox2 exhibits potent heme peroxidase activity in human respiratory tract epithelium
Authors: Harper Richart W. , Xu Changhong , McManus Michael , Heidersbach Amy , Eiserich Jason P.
Published: September 2006

The dual oxidase isozymes Duox1 and Duox2 exhibit functional NADPH:O2 oxidoreductase activity in thyroid and respiratory tract cells and are thought to be essential for H2O2 generation in these tissues. However, it is not universally accepted that the heme peroxidase domains of the Duox isozymes are functional. To address this question, we modulated Duox2 expression in human tracheobronchial epithelial (TBE) cell culture systems and quantified peroxidase activity. We discovered that interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ) induced robust peroxidase activity in TBE cells that paralleled Duox2 expression. IFN‐γ‐induced peroxidase activity was abolished in the presence of sodium azide, which implicated the activation of a heme peroxidase. IFN‐γ‐induced peroxidase activity was abolished in TBE cell lines expressing anti‐Duox2 short hairpin RNA transcripts. Together, these data unequivocally demonstrated that Duox2 contains a functional heme peroxidase in intact respiratory tract epithelium.
Prevalence of Bartonella henselae antibodies in serum of cats with and without clinical signs of central nervous system disease
Authors: Pearce Laurie K. , Radecki Steven V. , Brewer Melissa , Lappin Michael R.
Published: September 2006

Bartonella henselae is occasionally associated with neurological dysfunction in people and some experimentally infected cats. The purpose of this study was to determine whether B henselae seroprevalence or titer magnitude varies among cats with neurological disease, cats with non-neurological diseases, and healthy cats while controlling for age and flea exposure. There was no difference in B henselae seroprevalence rates between cats with seizures and cats with other neurological diseases. Cats with non-neurological disease and healthy cats were more likely than cats with neurological disease to be seropositive. While the median B henselae antibody titer was greater in cats with seizures than in cats with other neurological disease, the median B henselae antibody titer was also greater in healthy cats than cats with seizures. The results suggest that titer magnitude cannot be used alone to document clinical disease associated with B henselae infection and that presence of B henselae antibodies in serum of cats with neurological disease does not prove the clinical signs are related to B henselae.
Split‐thickness skin grafting in postmastoidectomy revision and in lateral temporal bone resection
Authors: Renton John P. , Wetmore Stephen J.
Published: September 2006

Objectives

Use of split‐thickness skin grafts (STSG) in revision canal wall‐down (CWD) mastoidectomy was compared with STSG in lateral temporal bone resection (LTBR).

Study Design and Setting

A retrospective study of 11 patients undergoing revision CWD mastoidectomy and 6 patients undergoing LTBR with STSG in an academic health center setting.

Results

Successful epithelialization of the mastoid cavity occurred in 9 patients (82%) undergoing CWD mastoidectomy. Subjective success, measured as reduction in complaints of otorrhea, occurred in 10 patients (91%). In the 6 patients who underwent LTBR and STSG successful epithelialization of the temporal bone defect occurred in 5 patients (83%).

Conclusions

Successful and rapid epithelialization occurred in the revision mastoidectomy cohort as well as in the primary temporal bone resection cohort.

Significance

Placement of STSG is a useful adjunct in revision CWD mastoidectomy as well as in primary LTBR for cancer.
Acute bacterial rhinosinusitis: A review of U.S. treatment guidelines
Authors: Marple Bradley F. , Brunton Stephen , Ferguson Berrylin J.
Published: September 2006

Acute bacterial rhinosinusitis (ABRS) is a common complication of viral upper respiratory tract infections and is associated with a significant socioeconomic burden. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of ABRS have been produced in association with a number of societies in the United States; these guidelines aim to promote the rational selection of antibiotic therapy to optimize clinical outcomes while minimizing the potential for selection of antibiotic resistance. This article provides an overview of current U.S. guidelines for the treatment of ABRS, focusing on the impact of antibiotic resistance on treatment options.
Epidemiology of head and neck cancer in the United States
Authors: Davies Louise , Welch H. Gilbert
Published: September 2006

Background

Cancer rates of the head and neck are traditionally linked to public health issues.

Objective

To describe the epidemiology of head and neck cancer in the United States.

Design and Setting

National Cancer Institute's Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) program. RESULTS: A total of 75,000 cases of head and neck cancer were diagnosed in 2001. Incidence is rising in thyroid (up 52%), bone (43%) soft tissues (20%), salivary (20%), tongue (16%), tonsil (12%), and nose (12%). Incidence is falling in lip (down 58%), hypopharynx (35%), cervical esophagus (32%), oropharyngeal mucosa (26%), and larynx (26%). There were 30,000 deaths from head and neck cancer in 2001. Mortality has decreased to some degree at all sites except thyroid where it was stable.

Conclusion

Many head and neck cancers have changing incidence and mortality rates contrary to expected changes given trends in public health issues. Further investigation of risk factors, diagnostic practices, and management strategies is warranted.

EBM rating: 2C
Reappraisal of metastatic lymph node topography in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas
Authors: Tao Lei , Lefèvre Marine , Callard Patrice , Périé Sophie , Bernaudin Jean‐François , Guily Jean Lacau St
Published: September 2006

Objective

To analyze the lymphatic distribution of metastatic carcinomatous cells in cervical lymph nodes in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).

Study Design and Setting

We retrospectively reviewed 119 patients treated in our hospital for HNSCC (1999‐2004). Topography of the neck dissection specimens was prospectively classified according to the classification of Robbins. The 4000 lymph nodes were analyzed by optical microscopy using hematoxylin‐eosin‐safran (HES) staining. In cases of negative results in level II, cytokeratin (AE1/AE3) immunodetection was performed.

Results

Metastases were visualized using HES in 6.4% of lymph nodes for oral cavity, and 4.7% of oropharyngeal, 4.4% of hypopharyngeal, and 1.3% of endolaryngeal cancers. The highest incidence of nodal metastasis was observed in level IIa (P < 0.01). In eight patients (6.7%) with lymph node metastases, level II was spared. In these patients, all 134 nodes histologically negative on HES were confirmed to be negative by IHC.

Conclusions

Level IIa is the main level involved in regional metastases of HNSCC, regardless of the primary site of cancer. However, in eight (6.7%) patients, level II was spared, as confirmed by IHC. In these cases, level II did not represent the first step of drainage from the tumor. The sentinel lymph node technique in HNSCC is discussed in light of these results.
Complication rate of minimally invasive cochlear implantation
Authors: Stratigouleas Elias D. , Perry Brian P. , King Susan Marenda , Syms Charles A.
Published: September 2006

Objectives

To assess the complication rate of minimally invasive cochlear implantation (MICI).

Study Design and Setting

Data for this study were obtained via a retrospective analysis of records at the Ear Medical Group, San Antonio, TX, after IRB approval at the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio. The surgical complications of MICI were recorded in a spreadsheet format; 176 patients were included in the study.

Results

A total of 22 (12.5%) complications were noted in the study. There were 0 life‐threatening, 7 major, and 15 minor complications. Of the 7 major complications, 3 were device failures, 2 developed delayed mastoiditis, 1 required receiver/stimulator repositioning, and 1 involved facial paralysis.

Conclusions

MICI is as safe as standard cochlear implantation (SCI) and affords with it other benefits. Eliminating the scalp flap avoids devascularization and minimizes the opportunity of flap infection or necrosis. Complications not related to the flap are similar to SCI.

EBM rating: C‐4
Radiation dosimetry of the FluoroCAT scan for real‐time endoscopic sinus surgery
Authors: Manarey Casey R.A. , Anand Vijay K.
Published: September 2006

Objective/Hypothesis

The FluoroCAT platform of the GE InstaTrak 3500 Plus reconstructs images acquired from the GE OEC 9800 Plus fluoroscope into triplanar images which allow the surgeon to perform real‐time endoscopic sinus and skull‐base surgery. The radiation dosimetry for the new scanning protocol required by the FluoroCAT has not been reported. This study was designed to measure the radiation dose of a FluoroCAT scan and compare this to the dosimetry of an InstaTrak CT scan.

Study Design

Prospective study.

Methods

A standardized CT head phantom was used along with a CT ion chamber to measure radiation exposure. FluoroCAT scans were performed using the GE OEC 9800 Plus fluoroscope. Scans were performed using each of the three fluoroscopic scanning modes on the GE OEC 9800 Plus; normal fluoro, high‐level fluoro, and Digital Ciné at 15 pulses per second (pps).

Results

The highest radiation dose was measured using Digital Ciné 15 pps. The dose measured at the center of the head phantom was 4.1 Gy while the maximum surface dose was 10.7 mGy. The center and surface radiation dose recorded from the CTDIvol reading on the control panel of a GE Lightspeed Plus during an InstaTrak CT scan was 85 mGy.

Conclusions

Using the GE OEC 9800 Plus fluoroscope to accumulate images for the FluoroCAT platform in the InstaTrak 3500 Plus resulted in less radiation compared to an InstaTrak CT scan. This will allow multiple scans to be performed intraoperatively, giving the surgeon the opportunity to perform real‐time endoscopic sinus and skull‐base surgery.

EBM rating: C‐4
Modified superficial parotidectomy: Preserving both the great auricular nerve and the parotid gland fascia
Authors: Zumeng Ya , Zhi Gao , Gang Zhang , Jianhua Wang , Yinghui Tan
Published: September 2006

Objective

To reduce the incidence of sensory deficits and Frey's syndrome by modifying the traditional superficial parotidectomy.

Study Design

After raising the skin flap, the parotid gland fascia (PGF) was elevated to form a posterior pedicle fascial flap and then was replaced after the gland removal. The great auricular nerve (GAN) that runs within the PGF was not separated, so both the GAN and the PGF were preserved. Before this modification, the GAN and PGF were examined anatomically. The complication rates in the modified and control groups were compared.

Results

1) The GAN, which runs within the thick and pycnotic PGF, trifurcates into postauricular, preauricular and lobule branches. The modification could be carried out practically based on the anatomy study. 2) Long‐term sensory deficit was encountered in 13.3% of the control group, but 0% in the modified one. Frey's syndrome was suffered by 66.7% and 16.7% cases in the control and modified group respectively. The incidence of other complications was not significantly different.

Conclusion

Our modification is practical. It decreases the complications significantly.

EBM rating: B‐3b
Removal of nonthyroidal neck masses with improved cosmetic outcomes in skin‐lifting surgery
Authors: Roh Jong‐Lyel , Yoon Yeo‐Hoon , Park Chan
Published: September 2006

Objective

To evaluate the cosmetic benefit of neck skin‐lifting surgery for the removal of nonthyroidal neck masses.

Study Design and Setting

Fifty patients with neck masses were divided into the following 2 surgical groups that were matched in age, sex, and the size, location, and pathology of lesions: skin lifting (n = 25) and conventional (n = 25). The operation time, hospital stay, complications, and subjective satisfaction with the incision scar as assessed on a visual analogue scale (VAS) were compared between the 2 groups.

Results

All but 2 lesions (lymphomas) were benign and were removed completely, drained, or biopsied. The surgery time, hospital stay, and complication rates did not differ significantly between the groups. The mean satisfaction score of the patients was 8.2 ± 1.1 in the skin‐lifting surgery group and 4.8 ± 2.5 in the controls (P < 0.001). The incision scars were commonly hidden by natural hair or collars in the patients who received skin‐lifting surgery.

Conclusion

This surgical technique can be safely applied to most benign masses in the entire neck excluding the thyroid region, especially in patients who prefer neck scars to be invisible.

EBM rating: B‐2b
CT analysis and histopathology of bone remodeling in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Cho Seok Hyun , Min Hyun Jung , Han Hong Xiu , Paik Seung Sam , Kim Kyung Rae
Published: September 2006

Objective

To evaluate the findings of computed tomography (CT) and histopathology of the bulla ethmoidalis as objective markers of bone remodeling in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS).

Methods

Preoperative ostiomeatal unit (OMU) scans and histopathologic findings of the bulla ethmoidalis were performed on 23 patients (39 sides) undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery for CRS. Lund‐Mackay scores and Hounsfield units (HU) of the bulla were checked in coronal CT scans. The pathologist graded the severities of the mucosal and bony changes in histopathology. Statistical analysis was performed using Mann‐Whitney U test and Spearman correlation coefficient (r).

Results

The HU values of the bulla were significantly increased with higher Lund‐Mackay scores in OMU CT (r = 0.405, P = 0.01). The bony grades in histopathology were significantly increased with higher mucosal grades (r = 0.821, P = 0.0001). These findings in CT scans and histopathology were well correlated with each other (r > 0.3, P < 0.05).

Conclusion

HU may be a useful objective marker of bone remodeling in chronic rhinosinusitis.
Association of airway abnormalities and risk factors in 37 subglottic stenosis patients
Authors: Poetker David M. , Ettema Sandra L. , Blumin Joel H. , Toohill Robert J. , Merati Albert L.
Published: September 2006

Objectives

The study objective is to characterize the airway abnormalities in a series of patients with subglottic stenosis (SGS) as they relate to etiology and risk factors.

Study Design and Setting

Retrospective review, academic medical center. Airway characteristics, patient demographics, and suspected risk factors were recorded from a database of SGS cases from 2001 to 2004.

Results

Thirty‐seven patients with SGS were identified; 22 of 37 had isolated SGS (59%). Intubation (10 of 37, 27%), high tracheotomy (4 of 37, 11%), and reflux (5 of 37, 14%) comprised the bulk of cases; 13 of 37 (35%) were considered idiopathic. Of 22 patients with isolated SGS, the majority 18 of 22 (P = 0.06) were women, 59% of which were idiopathic. Multiple‐level cases (0 of 15) were idiopathic (P < 0.001). Intubation was the most common cause of multiple site stenosis (6 of 15, 40%).

Conclusions

The majority of patients in this study had isolated lesions. These patients tend to have no apparent risk factors. Multi‐level cases are associated with prolonged intubation and known injuries. The nature of “idiopathic” stenoses is discussed.

Significance

Clinical examination of SGS may be meaningful in understanding the etiology of the stenosis.
Impact of electrode insertion depth on intracochlear trauma
Authors: Adunka Oliver , Kiefer Jan
Published: September 2006

Objective

To assess the effect of cochlear implant (CI) insertion depth and surgical technique on intracochlear trauma.

Study Design and Setting

Twenty one fresh human temporal bones were implanted with CI electrodes and underwent histologie processing and evaluation. Specimens were grouped into 3 categories: 1) soft implantation technique and standard electrode; 2) soft implantation technique and flexible prototype array; 3) forceful implantations and standard electrode. Based on the grading system (1 to 4), 2 numeric values were calculated indicating the overall severity of cochlear damage (trauma indices).

Results

Mean trauma index values were 13.8, 36.3, and 59.2 for group 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Differences in cochlear trauma (trauma index) were nonsignificant between specimens in groups 1 and 2 but were significant between groups 1 and 3.

Conclusion

This study gives evidence that intracochlear trauma increases with deep insertions. Thus, in cases where cochlear integrity might be important, limited insertions should be achieved.

Conclusion

This study gives evidence that intracochlear trauma increases with deep insertions. Thus, in cases where cochlear integrity might be important, limited insertions should be achieved.
Unusual Corynebacterium mucifaciens isolated from ear and nasal specimens
Authors: Morinaka Setsuko , Kurokawa Manabu , Nukina Masafumi , Nakamura Hiroyuki
Published: September 2006

Objective

Corynebacterium mucifaciens was first proposed as a novel Corynebacterium species in 1997. This report describes our experience with the unexpectedly frequent isolation of C mucifaciens.

Study Design

By using agar supplemented with several antibiotics, microbiological studies were performed on specimens collected from the ear and nose.

Setting

A primary and secondary referral hospital.

Results

The organisms grew slowly. Five strains of C mucifaciens were found in specimens of middle ear effusion (MEE) from patients with otitis media with effusion (OME), and four strains were isolated from the nasal polyps and nasal discharge of patients with chronic sinusitis (CRS).

Conclusions

C mucifaciens was isolated from nine otorhinological specimens.

Significance

This is the first report about the isolation of C mucifaciens from MEE, nasal polyps, and nasal discharge. Although its pathogenetic role is unknown, the characteristics of this microorganism might make it a potential cause of OME and/or CRS, so further studies are necessary.

EBM rating: C‐4
Human serum for tissue engineering of human nasal septal cartilage
Authors: Alexander Thomas H. , Sage August B. , Schumacher Barbara L. , Sah Robert L. , Watson Deborah
Published: September 2006

Objective

To compare the chondrogenic and proliferative effects of pooled human serum (HS) and fetal bovine serum (FBS) on tissue‐engineered human nasal septal chondrocytes.

Study Design and Setting

Human chondrocytes were expanded for one passage in monolayer in medium supplemented with 10% FBS, 2% HS, 10% HS, or 20% HS. Cells were then suspended in alginate beads for 3D culture for 2 weeks with 10% FBS, 2% HS, 10% HS, or 20% HS.

Results

Monolayer cell yields were greater with HS than FBS. In alginate, cellular proliferation, glycosaminoglycan production per cell, and type II collagen were significantly higher with 10% HS compared to 10% FBS controls.

Conclusion

HS results in increased proliferation and production of cartilaginous extracellular matrix by tissue‐engineered human nasal septal chondrocytes, compared to FBS controls.

Significance

Culture with human serum may facilitate creation of neocartilage constructs that more closely resemble native tissue.
Using Learning Style Preferences for Perioperative Clinical Education
Authors: Brazen Linda , Roth Rosemary Ann
Published: September 2006

Individuals who use the assimilator learning style prefer to use abstract conceptualization and reflective observation in learning situations. They are logical thinkers who evaluate and carefully observe situations and concepts rationally before making judgments. The authors constructed theoretical models that perioperative nurses who are assimilators could follow in learning important concepts, such as recommended practices. AORN J 61 (Jan 1995) 189–195.
Systems Approach to Resolving Conduct Issues Among Staff Members
Authors: Thorsness Remar , Sayers Betty
Published: September 2006

This article describes the outcomes of a foundation grant directed toward strengthening hospital nursing groups to improve patient care. The OR director and the grant‐sponsored group facilitator at MeritCare Hospital, Fargo, ND, describe a systems approach to resolving pervasive conduct issues (eg, verbal abuse) in the surgical suite, thereby cultivating a positive work environment for perioperative staff members. AORN J 61 (Jan 1995) 197–209.
Exclusion of Certain Groups from Clinical Research
Authors: Gaberson Kathleen B.
Published: September 2006

Exclusion of Certain Groups from Clinical Research, E. Larson, IMAGE: Journal of Nursing Scholarship, Vol 26, Fall 1994, 185–190
The Practice of Electrocar‐Diography: A Problem‐Solving Guide to Confident Interpretation
Authors: McEwen Donna R.
Published: September 2006

The Practice of Electrocar‐Diography: A Problem‐Solving Guide to Confident Interpretation, fifth ed By Thomas M. Blake 1994, 336 pp $29.50 paperback
Health Care Ethics: Critical Issues
Authors: Garrett Caroline K.
Published: September 2006

Health Care Ethics: Critical Issues By John F. Monagle, David C. Thomasma 1994, 447 pp $59 hardcover
The Health Care Supervisor: Effective Communication
Authors: Taylor Kelly M.
Published: September 2006

The Health Care Supervisor: Effective Communication Edited by Charles R. McConnell 1993, 217 pp $34 paperback
Issues in Cost Accounting for Health Care Organizations
Authors: Nelson‐Conley Cheryl L.
Published: September 2006

Issues in Cost Accounting for Health Care Organizations Edited by Steven A. Finkler 1994, 287 pp $34 paperback