bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Postmodernism, feminism and disability
Authors: Fawcett B.
Published: April 2007

Disability issues are achieving increasing prominence in Great Britain and the rest of Europe. However, many of the main arguments, particularly those emphasizing social barriers models of disability, are located within structuralist frameworks. This can be regarded as problematic, as poststructural and postmodern orientations challenge the basic tenets of such formulations. This article explores the making of links between modern and structural and postmodern and poststructural perspectives using a gendered analysis drawn from feminism. It then examines the applicability of the resultant analysis for disability issues, social work and research. In conclusion, it is suggested that the making of such links can enable us to accept and effectively utilize difference and diversity, contradiction, change and fluidity without losing sight of enduring social divisions and associated oppressive responses.
Accumulated knowledge and experience in the treatment of substance abuse
Authors: Segraeus V.
Published: April 2007

This article summarizes the accumulated knowledge and experience of people engaged in the institutional treatment of substance abusers in Sweden. The views of the respondents were obtained by means of the Delphi method, which entails compiling several rounds of written dialogue between researcher and respondents. The study had three rounds. The arguments of experienced staff concerning the professionalization of substance abuse treatment are presented, with the main emphasis being on general trends. At the time of the study, the main dividing line, according to the respondents, lies between the 12‐step program of Alcoholics Anonymous and psychotherapeutic programs. The majority of the respondents believe that knowledge of psychotherapy provides a better understanding of the treatment process. This finding is particularly evident among the staff of drug treatment institutions, two‐thirds of whom are of the opinion that acquiring proficiency in psychotherapy is a way to professionalize treatment. An important aspect is the quality of the relationship between therapist and client. The majority of the respondents believe that it is possible to define the criteria for good treatment.
The reactions of women who have been assaulted and their efforts to gain redress
Authors: Renck B. , Svensson P.‐G.
Published: April 2007

Women who are subjected to violence are affected by the traumatic event but also by the resultant negative or positive social situations arising from the manner in which society works. The aim of this study was to investigate, against the background of a traumatic incident, the significance of social events that occur after the act of violence itself. The picture of victimization and how it is experienced is complex. Two case studies illustrate the attempts of assaulted women to gain redress, but they also show how this is made more difficult by secondary traumatization. An analytical model gives some of the factors in the process of victimization. Assaulted women react to the assault on the basis of their current and previous life situation at the same time as the extent of the assault and the relation of the victim to the attacker are of importance. The representatives of society, volunteers and family and friends act in accordance with the “status” the victim has been implicitly given, which affects the woman's autonomy and her own ability to act. Secondary traumatization caused by a negative attitude from various actors in society makes the process of redress and a return to normal life more difficult.
Dilemmas in the daily work of social insurance officers
Authors: Hensing G. , Timpka T. , Alexanderson K.
Published: April 2007

Social insurance officers, through their work with rehabilitation, have become an important part of the welfare state. The aim of this study was to explore the nature of the dilemmas they experience in their daily work using the critical incident technique. Dilemmas reported concerned 1) cooperation with other agents in the rehabilitation process, 2) internal social insurance routines and 3) direct client management. Consequences of dilemmas were delayed handling, extra work, emotional strain and ethical conflicts. The dilemmas were handled through continued rehabilitation, coordination measures and decision‐making. The findings showed the division of medical investigation and benefit decision in two authorities, the lack of education in behavioral sciences among the officers and divergent goals in different authorities. Further studies are needed on the rehabilitation process as well as the daily practice of social insurance officers.
When is evaluation a scientific activity, when is it not?
Authors: Triseliotis J.
Published: April 2007

Because of the nature of social work, evaluating its impact on users presents a range of definitional and design problems calling into question the scientific basis of its evaluation. Competing paradigms, claiming to be the only seekers of the truth, may not always suit the problem under investigation or may provide limited answers to questions of outcome. Concepts such as truth, objectivity and certainty are elusive even in the physical sciences and are more so when it comes to human interactions with which social work is concerned. With the limitations of each of the established paradigms in mind, the paper puts forward the idea of a composite/pluralist approach. Such an approach can produce relatively reliable and valid results by combining statistical and qualitative methods, including the use of control and comparative samples and of pre‐ and pro‐tests.
Internal evaluation: integrating evaluation and social work practice
Authors: Love A.J.
Published: April 2007

Internal evaluation involves the use of internal staff to evaluate programs or issues of direct relevance to an organization. The use of internal evaluation has been growing rapidly during the last decade. Nevertheless, there is a serious gap in knowledge about internal evaluation, especially for human service and non‐governmental organizations. This paper begins by examining internal evaluation within the discourse of a “new vision” of evaluation that links evaluation closely to management and practice. The paper explores the unique characteristics of internal evaluation, its strengths and weaknesses, the process of internal evaluation, steps in developing internal evaluation capacity, strategies for effective internal evaluation, and positive and negative roles of internal evaluators. It concludes with a look at some recent developments in the evolution of internal evaluation.
Cumulative patterns of well‐being among young social assistance recipients versus other youths
Authors: Overbye E. , Sæbe G.
Published: April 2007

What are the levels of living conditions of young social assistance recipients compared to the youth population at large? This paper investigates living conditions among young social assistance recipients in Norway, compared to a similar age group within the total population. The overall distribution indicates a cumulative rather than compensatory pattern. Social assistance recipients trail behind the population at large across all indicators. They lag more behind the overall population with regard to cumulative levels‐of‐living scores than with regard to each and every indicator. This lends support to the notion that one should adopt an integrated approach in the treatment of youth living on social assistance, rather than focus on any single issue as “the” problem to assess.
Civil criticism and the welfare state
Authors: Ervasti H.J.
Published: April 2007

This article is a report on a Finnish survey on criticism of the welfare state. The research questions are: 1) How commonly do people see the negative sides of the welfare state? 2) What background variables correlate with critical attitudes? Data for the study were gathered in a representative Finnish mail survey (N=2, 949). The main results show that criticism against the welfare state is rather widespread in Finland. The most critical people are those who support the Rightist parties. However, different socio‐economic groups express diverging forms of criticism. People with a lower position in stratification hierarchies are critical of the alleged bureaucracy of the welfare state. The middle classes are more critical about the redistributive effects of the welfare state. However, the widespread criticism cannot be interpreted as a sign of a legitimation crisis. People both support and criticize the welfare state at the same time.
Are there differences in standard of care for the elderly? A comparative study of assistance decisions in Stockholm
Authors: Lagergren M. , Johansson P. A.
Published: April 2007

According to Swedish law, an elderly dependent person is entitled to public services in the form of home help in ordinary housing or a place in special housing — i.e. sheltered housing, a residential home or a nursing home. There are no explicit rules for how much home help a person is entitled to given dependency and other factors, nor are there any explicit criteria to guide the admission to special housing. A study was performed in ten districts in Stockholm in order to determine whether there were systematic differences between the districts with regard to the allotment of care and services to the elderly. It was found that there were in fact significant differences that could not be explained by variations in dependency or other factors of importance for the allotment decision. A minor part of these differences was connected to the different background and experience of the assessing person.
The risks of using TQM philosophy in developing the quality of social welfare services
Authors: Mäntysaari M.
Published: April 2007

Total Quality Management (TQM) seems to be a highly promising strategy for producing better quality in personal social services. However, there are at least four problems in implementing TQM philosophy in social services.

According to the analysis, TQM must be further developed, particularly with regard to needs analysis; it has to be clarified where the TQM approach stands with respect to the matters of workplace democracy and justice, and its methodology has to be reconsidered.
The construction of the medical insurance system in the Republic of Korea, 1963–1989
Authors: Son A. H. K.
Published: April 2007

The task of bringing a whole population into medical insurance coverage is a challenging one for a country's health policy makers. The outcomes of health policy differ significantly from one country to another depending on each state's socio‐economic and political background. Health policy in Korea is to a great extent incremental in character and the consequence of a variety of causal events. This is why it has been difficult to apply the established social welfare theories to the Korean case. In any event, the Korean national medical insurance system, constructed between 1963 and 1989, reveals some similarity to that in Japan, i.e., compartmentalization of financial and administrative units as well as inequality in contributions and benefits. The system also reflects Korea's traditional Confucian value which emphasizes mutual dependence between family members.
Trial evidence: overt and covert communication in court
Authors: Bülow‐Møller Anne Marie
Published: April 2007

This paper isolates and discusses some strategies that are involved in the examination and cross‐examination techniques used in the adversarial system of a criminal trial in the U.S., with material drawn from the mock trial of Lee Harvey Oswald. I argue that communication in the courtroom cannot be described in terms of traditional discourse analysis, since the real communication takes place not between the speakers, but between counsel and jury. Semantic, syntactic and pragmatic features are examined in order to explain how counsel establish credibility for themselves and their witnesses, and how they use particular question types to achieve calculated responses from witnesses, which are again used to flash meta‐messages to the judge and jury.
A concurrent validity study of an ESL indirect measure of writing
Authors: Perkins Kyle , Brutten Sheila R. , Dare Donna E.
Published: April 2007

This study reports a concurrent validity study of an ESL indirect measure of writing based on an information‐processing approach. The indirect measure consisted of anagram‐solving, word‐reordering, sentence‐reordering, and paragraph‐assembly tests. The criterion measure was a direct, holistic measure of writing. Stepwise multiple regression results and a disattenuated validity coefficient indicated that the experimental indirect measure did not exhibit concurrent validity for the sample of writers examined in the study. Directions for future research are discussed.
Cognitive aspects of reading
Authors: Lundberg Ingvar
Published: April 2007

The impact of the cognitive revolution in psychology on current reading research is discussed. The cognitive perspective of reading has revealed a highly complex set of processes ranging from the most peripheral visual processing in letter perception to the highest order processes in text comprehension. In order to use the alphabetic system productively, the child learner has to be able to make an explicit analysis of the phonemic segments of the spoken language. This critical step in literacy acquisition is discussed in some detail. Whereas word recognition among skilled readers seems to be an automatic, modularized bottom‐up process, reading comprehension is a more active, constructive and conceptually driven process. The interpretation process involves schema utilization and the construction of mental models. It is also argued that a full account of reading skill should include metacognitive processes. Finally, some instructional implications of the cognitive analysis are pointed out.
On the development of reading in good and poor readers
Authors: Magnusson Eva , Nauclér Kerstin
Published: April 2007

Data from a longitudinal study with language‐disordered and matched linguistically normal children are used to assess good and poor reading development from grade 1 to grade 4. Reading level is defined as comprehension, not as decoding ability, and the development of the subjects’comprehension, reading accuracy, and reading rate indicates that decoding is not necessarily the prerequisite of comprehension. By means of a linguistically based model for the analysis of reading errors, it is shown that good and poor comprehenders also differ as to reading strategies: good comprehenders tend to use meaningful units to a greater extent than poor comprehenders, their reading errors are more often negligible, and they violate syntactic rules less frequently than do poor readers.
A creativity index for studying the free written production of bilinguals
Authors: Laurén Ulla
Published: April 2007

The corpus of the study consists of essays written by bilingual and monolingual pupils in a Finland‐Swedish comprehensive school. The bilingual pupils live in an environment that encourages the development of additive bilingualism. Additive bilingualism is supposed to create certain cognitive advantages, e.g. linguistic creativity. In the article, the concept of creativity within different research disciplines is examined. At least some components of linguistic creativity seem to be central in the definitions of different research disciplines. A creativity index is proposed, based on a sample of linguistic features that could be considered to correspond to the distinctive features of creativity. Some partial results of the analysis according to the creativity index are given. The combination of measures used does not seem to reveal clearly a consistently higher level of creativity for the bilinguals. The results are discussed with regard to the validity of the creativity index and to the linguistic situation within the population of the empiric study.
Compliance‐gaining as a function of accent: public requests in varieties of Danish
Authors: Kristiansen Tore , Giles Howard
Published: April 2007

This paper is concerned with exploring the relationship between cooperative behaviour and public requests voiced in different Danish accents. Following a method devised by Bourhis and Giles (1976), audiences in a Danish provincial town's five‐screen cinema were asked, over the loudspeaker system, to assist in the planning of future film programmes by completing a questionnaire. This procedure was conducted on four successive nights, each night using a new guise, all of which represented possible norms in the local speech community (viz., Standard Danish, mild and broad Zealand, and Copenhagen varieties). The five audiences were characterized on a series of background variables, making it possible ultimately to demonstrate how different social groups display different levels of cooperation as a function of the guised requests. Although compliance‐gaining was overall most effective when the request was voiced in Standard Danish, intriguing large‐scale differences between audiences emerged. Implications of these findings for applied settings are given, as are their relevance for studies in language attitudes in general.
Exploring the use of a Systemic semantic description
Authors: Gibbons John , Markwick‐Smith Victoria
Published: April 2007

Grammar has begun to resume a prominent place in language teaching, but there are possible problems associated with grammar‐oriented teaching. Form tends to dominate meaning, with all the well‐known problems associated with this. A partial solution to these problems can be found if (a) a meaning‐based grammar is used, and (b) grammar is taught only when it is clearly required and learnable. A Systemic model for a semantico‐grammatical approach is presented, along with an illustration of its usefulness in finding underdeveloped parts of the semanticogrammatical system and a description of a successful preliminary trial in treating them. Since the approach is in its early stages, strong claims are not made.
Some considerations on why a new language is acquired by being used
Authors: Artigal Josep Maria
Published: April 2007

According to the prior assumption that a L2 is acquired by being used as a tool for doing things with others, this article is devoted to an attempt to analyse certain mechanisms which teacher and pupils use in order to build up the meaning of their interaction in the target language. More precisely, it is postulated that it becomes feasible to use a language which the pupils do not yet know because the process of making meaning in this L2 is presented as a social process, initially other‐regulated, in which the joint action undertaken with all the classmates is so organized that it can be used cooperatively as a first shared indexical territory.
Mechanisms of change in urban dialects: the role of class, social network and gender
Authors: Milroy James , Milroy Lesley
Published: April 2007

This paper begins by noting that the dominance of social class as a speaker variable and interpretative category has led to unsatisfactory interpretations of linguistic variability, and it goes on to investigate the use of the variables social class, social network, and gender. Evidence and arguments are produced to suggest that gender difference is often prior to social class in accounting for sociolinguistic variation. Next, the complex relationship between social class and social network is examined. Finally, the article presents data from the authors’own research to demonstrate how all three variables may be implicated in a complex way in an account of language variation and change. The authors conclude that sociolinguistics needs to develop more sophistication in dealing with these variables.
The acquisition of temporal conjunctions by Saudi Arabian learners of English1
Authors: Noor Hashim H.
Published: April 2007

Eighty Saudi EFL students were assessed on their understanding of English temporal conjunctions (TCs) and on the effect of the sentence position of the temporal subordinate clause (initially or finally) on such acquisition. The combined performance of the experimental groups did not show any significant difference between TCs indicating sequence and simultaneity. TCs were categorized according to their relationship in time with the main clause event: e.g., FIRST TCs indicate that the main clause event occurs before that in the temporal clause. Responses over the semantic categories of the TCs varied: SECOND and SAME TIME were more difficult than FIRST. The subjects’performance on individual conjunctions within these semantic categories also varied. Similar to the performance for the control group of native speakers, it was found that before (FIRST), after (SECOND), and when2, while, and as (SAME TIME) were the least difficult conjunctions within these categories for the EFL learners by a significant amount. It was also found that whenever1 and directly (SECOND) and now that2 and whenever2 (SAME TIME) were the most difficult conjunctions for the EFL learners. Weak evidence of transfer (positive and negative) was observed in the data. The experimental and control groups gave similar performances for the conjunctions in the SAME TIME category. The EFL learners performed better on temporal clauses which occurred initially in the sentence than on those which occurred finally. The results also showed that these learners, in processing the temporal conjunctions, faced problems similar to those of L1 learners.
Speech perception and the learnability of languages
Authors: Wode Henning
Published: April 2007

To what extent can natural human languages as abstract systems be learned without any prior (innate?) knowledge of the abstract principles that universally constrain their structure, and why are natural human languages universally restricted as to the kinds of phonological contrasts that occur? This paper explores some aspects of this issue with respect to the contribution of phonology in first (L1) and, to a lesser extent, second language (L2) acquisition. The evidence derives from speech perception, babbling, early L1 and L2 phonemic development, and in particular from new production data on the L1 acquisition of German. It is argued that the evolution of the phonological systems of natural languages and the typology of distinctive features, even in production phonology, is based on the perceptual discontinuities of the auditory system of homo sapiens, that these innate sensitivities are also relied on by neonates for the acquisition of sound systems, and that certain kinds of phonological variation in very early child phonology result from the way mental representations of lexical items develop in children. It is suggested that this functional potential of speech perception provides for the biological basis of sound systems and, consequently, for phonological theory.
First language use in EFL writing: planning in Turkish vs. planning in English
Authors: Akyel Ayşe
Published: April 2007

This study examined English compositions written from plans in English and Turkish. Seventy‐eight Turkish university students from two different proficiency levels (intermediate and advanced) wrote on three different assigned topics: a Turkish culture‐specific topic, a topic related to American/British culture, and a more general topic. The study investigated: 1) if there were differences between the plans written in Turkish and English and the resulting compositions which correlate with the topic and proficiency level; 2) If there were differences between higher‐ and lower‐proficiency writers in terms of plan and composition scores for the three topics and if so, whether these differences could be attributed not only to the proficiency level but also to the language used for the plan. In addition, student responses to a questionnaire about their writing experiences in Turkish and English and their attitudes towards planning in Turkish or in English were analyzed. The findings indicate that the language used for the plan did not make a significant difference in the quality of the plans written by higher‐proficiency students on the three topics but did have an effect on the plans written by lower‐proficiency students on the Turkish and American/British culture‐specific topics. Moreover, the language of the plan did not make a significant difference to the resulting compositions for either group on any of the three topics. Furthermore, as was expected, proficiency level affected the quality of plans and compositions, but the language used for the plan had no significant effect on the differences between higher‐ and lower‐proficiency writers in terms of plan and composition scores. Student questionnaire responses helped to explain the results of this study.
The learning of pronunciation by first and adult second language learners: a multifaceted schema approach
Authors: Puppel Stanislaw
Published: April 2007

The purpose of this paper is to argue for the relevance of the schema theoretic approach to the acquisition of first and second language phonology. It is proposed that the schema of a sound segment consists of five sub‐schemas: the goal of the segment, the path to be traversed in reaching the goal, the actual pattern of features (a feature template), the pattern of motor activation, and the endogenous motor command sub‐schema. It is further proposed that, while the operations of schema‐construction and schema‐updating are performed by first language acquirers, second language learners are confronted with the task of building a competing set of sound schemas.
Lexical teddy bears and advanced learners: a study into the ways Norwegian students cope with English vocabulary
Authors: Hasselgren Angela
Published: April 2007

This article is based on a two‐part investigation into the ways Norwegian advanced learners – first year university students and upper sixth‐formers – cope with English vocabulary in their written language. The study looked at both ‘wrong words’ found in translation texts and ‘different words’ found by comparing the vocabulary elicited by Norwegian students and English native speaker sixth‐formers in response to specific test questions. The principle aims of the investigation were: 1) to establish how learners make wrong lexical choices and what effects these have on the discourse, and 2) to see to what extent Norwegian students use native speaker‐like collocations. The findings indicated that these learners depend heavily on the familiar, either by choosing words and phrases closely resembling their first language or those learnt early or widely used, or by dividing their English vocabulary structure along Norwegian lines, leading to one‐to‐one translation equivalents. This report highlights this learner dependence on ‘lexical teddy bears’ and suggests how it has come about, what effect it has, and how it may be overcome.
Do we need to be silent to be extremely polite? Silence and FTAs1
Authors: Sifianou Maria
Published: April 2007

This paper attempts to investigate the relationship between silence and politeness. More specifically, it focuses on Brown and Levinson's ([1978] 1987) superstrategydon't do the FTA(face‐threatening act) ‐ remain silent. It explores the nature of this superstrategy and the extent to which silence can realise the other major strategies for dealing with FTAs. It is claimed that this strategy is of restricted applicability and different in nature from all the others. It is suggested that the function of silence in the framework of this theory could be better understood as a realisation of the other superstrategies. Moreover, close examination of this strategy casts further doubts on the claimed hierarchy of the strategies and the universal applicability of the model.
Appropriate units in pronunciation teaching: some programmatic pointers1
Authors: Seidlhofer Barbara , Dalton‐Puffer Christiane
Published: April 2007

Pronunciation seems to be back on the agenda in the teaching of English as a foreign or second language. This has resulted in a widelyfelt need to reorganise contents and methodology for this important area. The main reason for this would seem to be that the timehonoured segment‐centred approach is often experienced as unsatisfactory by learners and teachers alike. This paper reviews recent insights into the pragmatics of language use and language learning which point to the importance of larger prefabricated units. Much of the relevant work makes reference to lexicogrammar; this article is a programmatic attempt to examine related work done in different fields and to explore the usefulness of these ideas with relation to the learning and teaching of pronunciation. It is suggested that prefabricated chunks might be a useful starting point for a more holistic approach to pronunciation teaching, an approach that takes into account what is effective for learners to learn rather than what is convenient for teachers to teach.
Language, ageing and ageism: a project for applied linguistics?
Authors: Coupland Nikolas
Published: April 2007

Ten years of an interdisciplinary programme of research into language and ageing is reviewed in this paper. Framed as a cumulative programme drawing on sociolinguistics and the social psychology of language, the research has nevertheless foregrounded many criterial issues in the debate about priorities in applied linguistics (as these have been summarised in Rampton's paper, preceding this in the present collection). A review of the research on ageing focusses on issues of: multi‐disciplinarity versus inter‐disciplinarity; research orientations to ‘subject’ populations; ethical imperatives in language research; interactivity; and linguistic versus ideological perspectives. At least implicitly, a case is presented for considering research on language and ageing as falling within an ideologically grounded applied linguistics.
How applied linguistics is the same as any other science
Authors: Brumfit Christopher
Published: April 2007

This paper comments on Rampton's criticisms of a position characterised by him as “Brumfit/Widdowson”. Applied linguistics is examined as a research project analogous to other “disciplines” and is shown to share a range of characteristics with them. Boundaries and models are ways of imposing metaphorical order on experiental chaos and are provisional, being discarded when their usefulness is exhausted. The need for cross‐disciplinary perspectives in language studies is imposed by the nature of an object of study instantiated in human behaviour or human mental processes. Applied linguistics distinctively models linguistic practices and is the meeting place for scholars concerned with understanding the linguistic elements of social, psychological, pedagogical, economic or any other activity or belief system. It is argued that applied linguistics shares a position intersecting with neighbouring sciences and with all other sciences, each of which demarcates its own space in contested and shared ground.
Self‐presentation and interactional alliances in e‐mail discourse: the style‐ and code‐switches of Greek messages
Authors: Georgakopoulou Alexandra
Published: April 2007

The recent proliferation of linguistic studies of computer‐mediated communication is marked by an emphasis on communication between virtual acquaintances as well as by a limited cross‐fertilization with current advances in sociolinguistically oriented discourse analysis. The point of departure for this paper is the need for a more inclusive strategy in relevant research, in particular in the form of contextualized approaches to computer‐mediated discourse which will shed light on the diversity and multiplicity of the text‐context relationships in the ever‐growing electronic medium. In addition, the study wishes to redress the balance in relation to the data sources in the volume of research by focusing on e(lectronic)‐mail which is (1) exchanged between people who are well‐acquainted and (2) written in Greek. The paper sets out to explore self‐presentation and alliances in e‐mail discourse, and its framework is informed by interactional sociolinguistics and ethnography of communication. The results of the data analysis bring to the fore certain discourse features which are proposed as forming the conventionalized style of e‐mail and providing the frame for the major contextualization cues in the data. These are realized by certain patterns of recurrent code‐centered choices (code‐switches and style‐shifts) which prove to (re‐)frame footings of symmetrical alignments and intimacy between e‐mail participants.
Boys, girls, language and identity: language attitudes and linguistic behaviour in a rural community in Denmark
Authors: Ladegaard Hans J.
Published: April 2007

This article presents results from a study of language attitudes and linguistic behaviour among adolescents of both sexes in a rural community in Denmark. The study concludes that the traditional pattern of boys/men speaking in a significantly more non‐standard way than girls/women is reproduced in the present context, and in the qualitative attitude‐questionnaire the male informants express more genuinely positive attitudes to the language and culture of the local community than the female informants. These findings are then related to the predominant frameworks of gender‐differentiated speech behaviour within sociolinguistics, and it is argued that the existing explanations do not adequately account for the differences recorded in this study. It is suggested that a reconsideration of social identity theory and the constitution of male and female identity may add an important dimension to the traditional sociolinguistic approaches.
Are English and Malay worlds apart? Typological distance and the learning of tense and aspect concepts
Authors: Svalberg Agneta M‐L , Chuchu Hjh Fatimah bte hj awg
Published: April 2007

The research discussed in this paper, carried out at the University of Brunei Darussalam, investigates tense, modality and aspect in the English of adult Malay speakers. We first contrast tense and aspect (TA) in Malay and English in order to arrive at a specification of what Malayspeakers have to learn about English TA. We then examine the use of TA in two English conversations with Malay‐speaking subjects and compare this with a native speaker conversation. The non‐native subjects seem to avoid past time contexts and prefer simple aspect to a greater extent than native speakers. Whether deviations from Standard (British) English (STE) should be considered ‘errors’ or features of a local non‐standard variety is discussed. On the basis of introspective data, it is concluded that the subjects' target variety was STE and that deviations are therefore errors. The possible role of L1 transfer is then explored with reference to Schachter's (1992) view that the learner's previous knowledge imposes constraints on the hypotheses the learner may form about the target language. It is argued that a tenseless L1 is highly likely to have a major influence on the frequency and persistence of TA errors in English.
Who am I/who are we in academic writing?L
Authors: Vassileva Irena
Published: April 2007

One of the conspicuous differences infacademic discourse presentation is the preference for use of the first person singular ‘I’ perspective in some languages versus the first person plural ‘we’ perspective in others. This distinction is due not so much to purely linguistic reasons as to cultural ones. The purpose of this paper is to present some data concerning the employment of the two perspectives in English, German, French, Russian and Bulgarian research articles in linguistics and to suggest some explanations, as well as to point to certain cross‐cultural misunderstandings which may result from the differences established here. An attempt is also made to investigate certain cross‐linguistic and cross‐cultural influences among the five languages. The analysis is based on 5 corpora consisting of 300 pages for each language.
Communication accommodation between patients and health professionals: themes and strategies in satisfying and unsatisfying encounters
Authors: Watson Bernadette M. , Gallois Cynthia
Published: April 2007

This paper examines the relationship between remembered language behaviour and evaluations of interactions between patients and health professionals in hospital settings. One hundred and thirty‐four participants rated 16 descriptions of conversations on 13 items derived from Communication Accommodation Theory (CAT). A thematic analysis of the descriptions had suggested more interpersonal themes for the descriptions of satisfying interactions, and more negative intergroup themes in unsatisfying ones. Ratings were analysed by means of 2x2 ANOVAs, with sex of rater as a between‐subjects variable and type of conversation as a repeated measure. In general, satisfying conversations were rated as containing accommodative use of discourse management, emotional expression, and interpersonal control strategies. Unsatisfying conversations were rated as more overaccommodative or counteraccommodative on these strategies. Discussion centres on differences between themes in the original descriptions, and the predictive value of CAT in distinguishing between satisfying and unsatisfying encounters between patients and health professionals.
On competence, proficiency, and communicative language ability
Authors: Llurda Enric
Published: April 2007

Despite all the many appearances of the terms‘competence’and‘proficiency’in journals, conferences, and dissertations every year, there is still no clear consensus about what the exact meaning conveyed by these words is. Neither is there agreement on the particular adjectives that should be attached to the term‘competence, since the possibilities range from linguistic and communicative to pragmatic, sociolinguistic, discourse, strategic or transitional. After discussing the many different uses of the terms ‘competence’, ‘proficiency’and ‘communicative language ability’in linguistic and applied linguistic literature, the conclusion is that ‘competence’should be accepted in its Chomskyan formulation, whereas ‘communicative language ability’ought to be applied to speakers’ability to use a language and be further divided into two components, namely language proficiency and communicative proficiency.
The origin of contrastive rhetoric revisited
Authors: Ying H.G.
Published: April 2007

Connor (1996, 1997) claims that the origin of early contrastive rhetoric lies in the Sapir‐Whorf hypothesis of linguistic relativity. This article argues that her claim does not appear tenable. The Sapir‐Whorf view of language as a causal determination is not compatible with Kaplan's (1966) position that rhetoric is evolved out of a culture. Furthermore, the Sapir‐Whorf hypothesis is actually rooted in German ideas which also conflict with Kaplan's view. On the other hand, Hymes’ethnography of communication approach can be seen as an important historical antecedent for contrastive rhetoric. Kaplan's view appears to reinforce Hymes’position that it is culture rather than the linguistic form which is the frame of reference for the use of language.
AN OUTLINE OF THE HISTORY OF SCHOLASTIC THEOLOGY IN ISLAM
Authors: Macdonald D. B.
Published: April 2007

This article is reprinted by the kind permission of the Editors from the Encyclopaedia of Islam at present being published at Leyden, Vol. II, pp. 670b–675b. The editor of this magazine and the author of the article gratefully acknowledge this generous permission. We are the more grateful because it will call attention to an Encyclopaedia that is invaluable to all students of Islam, but because of its price inaccessible to most missionaries.—Editor
AL GHAZALI ON PENITENCE
Authors: Naish C. G.
Published: April 2007

Early in 1925 the American Press of Beirut published a pamphlet of forty pages containing selections from Al Ghazali's chapter on the subject of penitence in his Ihyu‐'ulum‐id‐Din. The pamphlet is beautifully printed (though not without misprints) and has on the margins of the pages some well‐chosen parallels from Christian Scripture. The publication of these selections suggested the transiation of them for the use of students who do not read Arabic with sufficient ease. Apparently no English translation of this part of AlGhazali's works has ever been published. The following selections comprise about two‐thirds of those in the pamphlet. The translation has been made after careful comparison with the text published by the Maimaniyeh Press, Cairo, and the text with commentary by Al‐Zabadi. These two texts do not often differ in any important point. For convenience of reference the pages of each have been indicated with the capital letters T (= text, vol. 4), and C (= Commentary, vol. S).—C. G. N.
PERSIAN CHRISTIAN LITERATURE
Authors: Boyce Mrs Arthur C.
Published: April 2007

Piled one above another all the Christian literature available in the Persian language makes a stack fifteen inches high. There are seventy different pieces and several of these are out of print. A copy of each and all available can be bought for about $7.50. The lists which I give are taken with their description almost entirely from Air. Payne's Bulletin, though I have made some slight differences in arrangement. And I have left out all literature not actually printed.
THE NEBI‘ISA AND THE SKULL
Authors: Padwick C. E.
Published: April 2007

Turning over the stock of the Moslem bookshops clustered round the door of the Great Mosque at Damascus, I found, among the heavier works and the little books of devotion, the usual tattered pile of romances sold for the smallest copper coins. I knew its like in Cairo, in Aleppo, in Transjordania, and I knew that stories bought for love of a story often have more influence than text books, so I turned it over, and among the pile of tales of love and crime or of‘Autar the desert hero, I came on one that bore the name of the Nebi‘Isa. This tale, miserably printed and without distinction in Arabic, yet seemed so good a guide to popular, unofficial ideas of the next world on its gloomier side that I brought it back to Cairo. Here I showed the tale bought in Damascus to my friend Mr. Tahir Khemiri, who was born in Tunis. He recognized not only the story but the very phrases that had caught the attention of a child, and said “It's the story my grandmother used to tell me in Tunis.” Since, then, this story gives us a glimpse of the life of popular, unbookish Islam from Damascus to Tunis, I thought it worth translation, that it might be shared by others who care for the common folk and their stories.
MOHAMMED, SEAL OF THE PROPHETS?
Authors: Calverley Edwin E.
Published: April 2007

[The following letter and the reply to the question raised by an Ahmadiyya missionary will be of interest to our readers. We welcome discussions that throw light on the real character of Islam–Ed.]
THE MECCA PILGRIMAGE AND ITS IMPORTANCE TO THE NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES
Authors: VAN DER Meulen D.
Published: April 2007

(Based on the author's recent lecture at the Indisch Genootschap in The Hague and reprinted by permission of the publishers, from the Asiatic Review, London, July, 1940.)
FIRST INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF ARABIC STUDIES, CORDOBA, SPAIN, SEPTEMBER, 1962
Authors: Somogyi Joseph De
Published: April 2007

Traveling in quest of knowledge is absolutely necessary for the acquisition of useful knowledge and perfection through meeting authoritative teachers and having contact with scholars.1
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Bijlefeld Willem A. , Welch Alford T. , Welch Alford T. , Donaldson Dwight M. , Speight R. Marston , Nijim Basheer K. , Grandy Peter B. , Khader Bichara , Jreisat Jamil , Najjar Fauzi M.
Published: April 2007

Book Reviews in This Article:

Al‐Quran Rendered into English. By Syed Abdul Latif.

The Message of the Qur'an Presented in Perspective. By Hashim Amir‐Ali.

Ibn Kammn̄a's Examination of the Three Faiths: A Thirteenth‐Century Essay in the Comparative Study of Religion. Translated from the Arabic, with an Introduction and Notes, by Moshe Perlman.

Arab Civilization to A.D. 1500. By D. M. Dunlop.

The Baha'i Faith: Its History and Teachings. By William McElwee Miller.

Jeunesse, Famille et Développement: Essai sur le changement socio‐culturel dans un pays du Tiers Monde (Tunisie). By Carmel Camilleri.

Jabal al‐Akhdar, Cyrenaica: An Historical Geography of Settlement and Livelihood. By Douglas L. Johnson.

Is Western Civilization Universal? By Maryam Jameelah.

Syria under the Ba'th, 1963‐1966: The Army‐Party Symbiosis. By Itamar Rabinovich.

Politics and Change in Al‐Karak, Jordan. By Peter Gubser.

Man, State, and Society in the Contemporary Middle East. Edited by Jacob M. Landau.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Bijlefeld Willem A. , Boullata Issa J. , Boullata Issa J. , Boullata Issa J. , Boullata Issa J. , Speight R. Marston , Bishop Eric F. F. , Haddad George M. , Adamec Ludwig W.
Published: April 2007

Book Reviews in This Article:

Der Koran. Ed. by Rudi Paret.

Introduction to Classical Arabic Literature. By Ilse Lichtenstadter.

On the Art of Medieval Arabic Literature. By Andras Hamori.

Four Egyptian Literary Critics. By David Semah.

Hispano‐Arabic Strophlc Poetry. Studies by Samuel Miklos Stern.

The Hamadsha: A Study in Moroccan Ethnopsychiatry. By Vincent Crapanzano.

Publish it not… The Middle East Cover‐up. By Christopher Mayhew and Michael Adams.

From Ottomanism to Arabism: Essays on the Origins of Arab Nationalism. By C. Ernest Dawn.

An Inquiry into the Ethnography of Afghanistan. By Henry W. Bellew.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Haddad Wadi' Z. , Bodine J. Jermain , Keer Malcolm H. , Boullata Issa J. , Waltz James , Ahmad Aziz , Haddad Wadi Z. , Al‐Qazzaz Ayab
Published: April 2007

Book Reviews in This Article:

Trois Œuvres Inédites de mystiques musulmans: āqq̄ al‐Bal?, Ibn ?, Niffarā. By Paul Nwyia.

The Formative Period of Islamic Thought. By W. Montgomery Watt.

The Arab Mind. By Raphael Patai.

l̄m̄ al‐Adab al‐M?r f? Mir̄ (Bio‐bibliographical Critical Series), No. 1, h̄āūsayn. By Hamdi Sakkut and Marsden Jones.

A History of the Crusades. Kenneth M. Setton, general editor. Volume III, The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries, edited by Harry W. Hazard.

The Muslim Dilemma in India. By M. R. A. Baig.

Who is Maudoodi ? By Maryam Jameelah.

A Tacit Alliance. By S. K. Crosbie.
THE ‘YAN TATSINE DISTURBANCES IN KANO—A SEARCH FOR PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Chirstelow Allan
Published: April 2007

Thursday, December 18, 1980 was a bright clear day in Kano, a welcome relief from the thick harmattan dust of the previous week. But that afternoon, a dark column of smoke rose up over the city. Word soon spread that the smoke came from trucks set on fire during a clash between police and followers of an obscure, and seemingly eccentric Muslim preacher by the name of Mallam Muhammadu Marwa, who was popularly called by the derisive nickname of Mallam Maitatsine. This nickname was derived from a Hausa phrase which he often used in his public preaching, “Wanda ba ta yarda ba Allah tatsine,” meaning roughly, “May God curse whoever doesn't agree with me.” Over the next ten days, Kano, the largest city in northern Nigeria, was engulfed in fear and confusion.1
EFFECT OF VARIOUS GLYCOLYTIC AND TCA INTERMEDIATES ON AFLATOXIN PRODUCTION
Authors: BUCHANAN R. L. , AYRES J. C.
Published: April 2007

The effects of pyruvate, succinate, citrate, alpha‐keto glutarate, fumarate, malate, lactate, and glycerol supplementation (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 g/100 ml) on aflatoxin production by A. parasiticus NRRL 2999 were examined in synthetic and semi‐synthetic media. Glycerol, lactate, and the 0.5 g/100 ml level of pyruvate stimulated production in the synthetic medium. At the 2.0 g/100 ml level, pyruvate, citrate, alpha‐keto glutarate, fumarate, and malate inhibited aflatoxin accumulation in both media. With the exception of glycerol, all supplements stimulated sporulation and elevated the pH of the cultures.