bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantitative Assessment of Ligand Substituent Effects on σ‐ and π‐Contributions to Fe−N Bonds in Spin Crossover FeIIComplexes
Authors: Bondì Luca , Garden Anna L. , Totti Federico , Jerabek Paul , Brooker Sally
Published: February 2022

The effect ofpara‐substituentXon the electronic structure of sixteen tridentate 4‐X‐(2,6‐di(pyrazol‐1‐yl))‐pyridine (bppX) ligands and the corresponding solution spin crossover [FeII(bppX)2]2+complexes is analysed further, to supply quantitative insights into the effect ofXon the σ‐donor and π‐acceptor character of the Fe‐NA(pyridine) bonds. EDA‐NOCV on the sixteenLScomplexes revealed that neitherΔEorb,σ+π(R2=0.48) norΔEorb,π(R2=0.31) correlated with the experimental solution T1/2values (which are expected to reflect the ligand field imposed on the iron centre), but thatΔEorb,σcorrelates well (R2=0.82) and implies that asXchanges fromEDG→EWG(Electron Donating to Withdrawing Group), the ligand becomes a better σ‐donor. This counter‐intuitive result was further probed by Mulliken analysis of theNAatomic orbitals:NA(px) involved in the Fe−N σ‐bond vs. the perpendicularNA(pz) employed in the ligand aromatic π‐system. AsXchangesEDG→EWG, the electron population onNA(pz) decreases, making it a better π‐acceptor, whilst that inNA(px) increases, making it a better σ‐bond donor; both increase ligand field, and T1/2as observed. In 2016, Halcrow, Deeth and co‐workers proposed an intuitively reasonable explanation of the effect of thepara‐Xsubstituents on the

T1/2values in this family of complexes, consistent with the calculated MO energy levels, that M→L π‐backdonation dominates in these M−L bonds. Here the quantitative EDA‐NOCV analysis of the M−L bond contributions provides a more complete, coherent and detailed picture of the relative impact of M−L σ‐versus π‐bonding in determining the observed T1/2, refining the earlier interpretation and revealing the importance of the σ‐bonding. Furthermore, our results are in perfect agreement with the ΔE(HS‐LS) vs. σp+(X) correlation reported in their work.
Oxidation of BINOLs by Hypervalent Iodine Reagents: Facile Synthesis of Xanthenes and Lactones
Authors: Zhang Huaiyuan , Wirth Thomas
Published: February 2022

Xanthene derivatives have broad applications in medicines, fluorescent probes, dyes, food additives, etc. Therefore, much attention was focused on developing the synthetic methods to prepare these compounds. Binaphthyl‐based xanthene derivatives were prepared through the oxidation of BINOLs promoted by the hypervalent iodine reagent iodosylbenzene (PhIO). Nine‐membered lactones were obtained through a similar oxidative reaction when iodoxybenzene (PhIO2) was used. Additionally, one‐pot reactions of BINOLs, PhIO and nucleophiles such as alcohols and amines were also investigated to provide alkoxylated products and amides in good to excellent yields.
Marriage of Heterobuckybowls with Triptycene: Molecular Waterwheels for Separating C60 and C70
Authors: Liu Zhe , Song Wenru , Yang Shaojie , Yuan Chengshan , Liu Zitong , Zhang Hao‐Li , Shao Xiangfeng
Published: February 2022

Exploration of π‐conjugated polycycles, particularly those have π‐frameworks spread over the three‐dimensional space, is essential in materials science and synthetic chemistry as these chemical entities possess featured optoelectronic properties and supramolecular assembly. Herein, the bowl‐shaped trichalcogenasumanenes are fused onto three branches of triptycene through pyrazine units, affording waterwheel‐like three‐dimensional polycycles 4 a/4 b. Because the three branches on 4 a/4 b are chemically equal, the molecular orbitals of 4 a/4 b show degenerate feature that results in the strong UV‐Vis absorbance at steady state. 4 a/4 b exhibit photo‐induced charge‐separation and subsequent charge‐redistribution at transient state, leading to excited state absorption in NIR‐II window (1165–1400 nm). 4 a/4 b are excellent fullerene receptors, and they form 1 : 1 host‐guest complexes with C60/C70 as proved by spectroscopic titrations and single crystal structure analysis. Moreover, 4 a/4 b show much stronger affinity toward C70 than C60. Consequently, 4 a/4 b are able to separate C60 and C70 from their mixture, giving the purity of C60 up to 99.5 %.
Diradicals Photogeneration from Chloroaryl‐Substituted Carboxylic Acids
Authors: Di Terlizzi Lorenzo , Protti Stefano , Ravelli Davide , Fagnoni Maurizio
Published: February 2022

With the aim of generating new, thermally inaccessible diradicals, potentially able to induce a double‐strand DNA cleavage, the photochemistry of a set of chloroaryl‐substituted carboxylic acids in polar media was investigated. The photoheterolytic cleavage of the Ar−Cl bond occurred in each case to form the corresponding triplet phenyl cations. Under basic conditions, the photorelease of the chloride anion was accompanied by an intramolecular electron‐transfer from the carboxylate group to the aromatic radical cationic site to give a diradical species. This latter intermediate could then undergo CO2 loss in a structure‐dependent fashion, according to the stability of the resulting diradical, or abstract a hydrogen atom from the medium. In aqueous environment at physiological pH (pH=7.3), both a phenyl cation and a diradical chemistry was observed. The mechanistic scenario and the role of the various intermediates (aryl cations and diradicals) involved in the process was supported by computational analysis.
Synthesis of Tetrahydro‐4H‐pyrido[1,2‐b]isoquinolin‐4‐ones from Ugi 4‐CR‐Derived Dihydroisoquinoline‐Xanthates**
Authors: Amador‐Sánchez Yoarhy A. , López‐Mendoza Pedro , Mijangos Marco V. , Miranda Luis D.
Published: February 2022

An efficient protocol for the synthesis of poly‐functionalized 1,2,3,6‐tetrahydro‐4H‐pyrido[1,2‐b]isoquinolin‐4‐ones is described. First, propargyl‐containing Ugi adducts were transformed to polysubstituted dihydroisoquinolines by an intramolecular Au‐catalyzed alkyne hydro‐arylation, followed by the alkene isomerization process. Then, these pivotal intermediates were engaged in a xanthate‐based oxidative radical cascade addition/cyclization process with a suitable alkene.
Oxygen reduction reaction at conducting polymer electrodes in a wider context: Insights from modelling concerning outer and inner sphere mechanisms
Authors: Gueskine Viktor , Vagin Mikhail , Berggren Magnus , Crispin Xavier , Zozoulenko Igor
Published: February 2022

Practical interest in oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) has traditionally been due to its application at fuel cells’ cathode following its complete 4e route to the water. In search of new electrode materials, it was discovered that conducting polymers (CPs) also are capable of driving ORR, though predominantly halting the process at 2e reduction leading to hydrogen peroxide generation. As alternative ways to produce this “green oxidant” are attracting increasing attention, a detailed study of the ORR mechanism at CP electrodes gains importance. Here, we summarize our recent theoretical work on the topic, which underscores the fundamental difference between CP and electrocatalytic metal ORR electrodes. Our insights also bring to us the attention of outer‐sphere electron transfer, not unknown but somewhat ignored in the field. We also put the action of CP electrodes in a more general context of chemical ORR and redox mediation responsible for the electrocatalytic ORR mechanism.
Implementation of exactly well‐balanced numerical schemes in the event of shockwaves: A 1D approach for the shallow water equations
Authors: Akbari Majid , Pirzadeh Bahareh
Published: February 2022

This article presents a numerical technique that ensures the exact solution of stationary shockwaves, known as the hydraulic jump, for the one‐dimensional shallow water equations with the geometric source term. The mathematical description of the hydraulic jump is given by the Rankine–Hugoniot condition, at the interface of a control volume, where one variable in the system, the discharge, is supposed to be constant while the remaining variables are discontinuous. However, at the discrete level, the solution could be, for instance, a 3‐state jump, consisting of extra (intermediate) states resulting in the so‐called numerical anomaly. The anomaly is due to the nonlinearity of the Hugoniot locus and the fact that, at these points, a naive formulation is unlikely to avoid the inaccurate representation. The concept used here is simple, limit all discontinuous variables, that is, the surface flow data inside the cell that contains a shock with the data of the nearby cells where the shock is traveling to, allowing the solution to be linear. When used with a number of well‐known numerical solvers, namely Lax–Friedrichs, HLL, and Roe schemes, this approach is confirmed to accurately capture the moving and stationary shockwaves in the trans‐critical flow over nonflat beds.
Nonlinear limits to arbitrage
Authors: Chen Jingzhi , Cai Charlie X. , Faff Robert , Shin Yongcheol
Published: February 2022

We study the nonlinear limits to arbitrage in a model. When mispricing is small, arbitrage activity increases with mispricing because of the higher cost‐adjusted return. However, at high levels of mispricing, arbitrageurs are deterred by larger mispricing as funding constraints become more binding. Testing the model predictions on the index spot‐futures arbitrage with a Markov‐switching model, we document an inverse U‐shaped relationship between mispricing and arbitrage activity. The extreme regime is with the largest mispricing but least arbitrage activity, and coincides with the market turmoil, suggesting that funding constraints become the main driver behind the limit to arbitrage.
Transoral robotic surgery for the identification of unknown primary head and neck squamous cell carcinomas: Its effect on the wait and the weight
Authors: Alzahrani Faisal , Sahovaler Axel , Mundi Neil , Rammal Almoaidbellah , Fnais Naif , MacNeil S. Danielle , Mendez Adrian , Yoo John , Fung Kevin , Laxague Francisco , Warner Andrew , Palma David A. , Nichols Anthony
Published: February 2022

Background

Neck carcinoma of unknown primary (CUP) is a frequent scenario. Transoral robotic mucosectomies (TORM) of pharynx have increased rate of primary identification, but come with cost of treatment delay.

Methods

We reviewed patients who underwent CUP protocol from 2014 to 2020. Patients with cervical nodes carcinoma and failure to localize a primary source were classified as CUP. We determined primary identification rate and postoperative complications.

Results

We included 65 patients underwent TORM. Surgical approach consisted of lingual and/or palatine tonsillectomies. The primary detection rate was 49.2%. Average weight reduction was 2.5 ± 4.3 kg. The average number of days from consultation to definitive treatment was 52.2 ± 18.3.

Conclusion

A systematic approach to patients with CUP showed a promising primary identification rate compared to panendoscopy alone. TORM carries a small risk of complications. The benefits of primary identification must be weighed with the morbidity and delay to definitive treatment.
Relationship between online social support and adolescents’ mental health: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Zhou Ziyao , Cheng Qijin
Published: February 2022

Introduction

The potential benefits of supportive interactions on social networking sites on adolescents’ mental health are promising; however, no systematic evaluation has been conducted on this topic. This review examined empirical research on the relationship between social support derived from social networking sites and adolescents’ mental health both theoretically and empirically.

Methods

Followed PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a systematic literature search on six English and three Chinese databases in February 2020. Four thousand one hundred and seventy‐seven articles were screened first by title, then abstract, and lastly, full articles.

Results

Fourteen studies (five English and nine Chinese) were identified, with total sample of 11,616 adolescents (age: 10–19 years; females: 42.7%–56.3%). Meta‐analysis showed that the correlation of online social support with self‐esteem was moderate and significant (r = .29), but with depression was small and insignificant (r = −.09). Sensitivity analysis indicated that social support from acquaintances on the internet may not be as beneficial as from real‐life acquaintances. Despite that there isn't enough research on other specific mental health outcomes to run a quantitative synthesis, individual studies suggest that online social support (OSS) may be associated with increased self‐identity and life satisfaction, decreased loneliness and social anxiety, it also counteracts the negative effect of stress and cyberbullying on mental health.

Conclusions

OSS might be beneficial for adolescents' mental health, especially self‐esteem, although the causal relationship requires longitudinal studies to confirm, and the underlying mechanisms need further investigation.
Mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, and anti‐adherence characterization of pure titanium fabricated by casting, milling, and selective laser melting
Authors: Wang Yu , Guo Yanyang , Jin Yabing , Wang Yijin , Wang Chen
Published: February 2022

Milling and selective laser melting (SLM) technology have become new options for removable partial denture (RPD) processing. However, whether milling and SLM technology has an impact on the properties of RPD remains unclear, which is also the aim of our study. To investigate the effects of milling and SLM technology on pure titanium, mechanical property, corrosion resistance, and anti‐adherence of specimens were evaluated, and specimens processed by lost‐wax casting were used as control. Compared with casting and milling groups, the SLM group showed enhanced Vickers hardness (402.1 ± 13.0 HV), tensile stress (694.4 ± 4.5 MPa), and larger electrochemical capacitance arc radius compared with casting and milling groups. A series of adhesion‐related genes (Als1, Als3, and HWP1) of Candida albicans cultured on SLM specimens were upregulated for more than two times that of casting and milling groups. However, images from scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy exhibited similar biofilm morphology and biomass of C. albicans on a titanium disk processed by casting, milling, and SLM. Dwindled water contact angle (64.7 ± 0.6°) and higher TiO2 constituents (40.82%) in the SLM group might lead to the incompatibility of genetic expression and biofilm generation. Our findings indicated that SLM is an ideal process to produce titanium dentures, providing a reference on the selection of processing technology for dentists.
Effect of high fat diet on the toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics of chlorpyrifos following acute exposure in male C57BL/6J mice
Authors: Kondakala Sandeep , Ross Matthew K. , Chambers Janice E. , Howell George E.
Published: February 2022

Chlorpyrifos (CPS) is one of the most widely used organophosphate (OP) insecticides. The acute neurotoxicity of OPs results from the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). However, some OPs also inhibit noncholinergic targets including monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), and carboxylesterase (CES). Data have shown that highly lipophilic OPs, including CPS, have a persistent toxic effect in obese patients. Therefore, the present study was designed to determine the effect of high fat diet (HFD) induced obesity on the disposition of CPS and its detoxified metabolite 3,5,6‐trichloro‐2‐pyridinol (TCP) following acute exposure as well as effects on cholinergic and noncholinergic CPS targets. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a standard diet (STD) or HFD for 4 weeks, then treated with vehicle or CPS (25 mg/kg) via oral gavage and euthanized postdosing at 0, 3, 6, and 12 h. Following exposure, CPS levels in adipose tissue of HFD fed animals were increased to a greater extent than in STD fed animals, whereas overall hepatic TCP levels were decreased in HFD fed animals. Red blood cell (RBC) AChE and plasma cholinesterase activities were inhibited regardless of diet intake, but inhibition of RBC AChE activity was significantly lower after 3 h in HFD animals. Hepatic CES and FAAH activities were also significantly decreased following CPS exposure regardless of diet. In conclusion, increased time‐integrated CPS levels in adipose tissue indicate CPS may possibly form a depot there and may be retained longer in obese animals than in normal animals.
Age structure and growth pattern of a high‐altitude lizard population based on age determination by skeletochronology
Authors: Ma Ming , Luo Shuang , Tang Xiaolong , Chen Qiang
Published: February 2022

Age determination provides crucial data regarding the life history of a species. Skeletochronology is considered to be a reliable method for age determination but is seldom applied to the genus Phrynocephalus (Agamidae) as it requires careful bone histological analysis to determine the formation of the lines of arrested growth (LAGs). We analyzed LAGs in different bones of Phrynocephalus vlangalii, a small, high‐altitude lizard, and demonstrated that the phalanges are the best materials for skeletochronology in this species. We also found that the proximal half of the phalangeal diaphysis exhibits the most complete LAGs because of the unidirectional longitudinal growth of the phalange. Histologically, as the embryo bone that developed during the embryonic period was preserved even in very old individuals, no LAGs were eroded by endosteal resorption in the phalanges. The maximum age was 4 years for males and 5 years for females. It was determined that the age at maturity was 3 years for males and 2 or 3 years for females. On the basis of age determination, the age structures of both sexes were compared, and age‐specific growth differences between the sexes were also analyzed. No differences in the snout–vent length were observed between sexes in any age group. However, the tail length of males aged 3 and above was significantly longer than that of females. Thus, the use of phalanges in the age determination of P. vlangalii is effective and can be widely applied to the ecological studies of this species as well as other small lizards.
On the extremal function for graph minors
Authors: Thomason Andrew , Wales Matthew
Published: February 2022

For a graph , let , where means that is a minor of . We show that if has average degree , then
where is an explicitly defined constant. This bound matches a corresponding lower bound shown to hold for almost all such by Norin, Reed, Wood and the first author.
Noninvasive Quantification of Cerebral Blood Flow Using Hybrid PET/MR Imaging to Extract the [15O]H2O Image‐Derived Input Function Free of Partial Volume Errors
Authors: Narciso Lucas , Ssali Tracy , Liu Linshan , Jesso Sarah , Hicks Justin W. , Anazodo Udunna , Finger Elizabeth , St Lawrence Keith
Published: February 2022

Background

Quantification of cerebral blood flow (CBF) with [15O]H2O‐positron emission tomography (PET) requires arterial sampling to measure the input function. This invasive procedure can be avoided by extracting an image‐derived input function (IDIF); however, IDIFs are sensitive to partial volume errors due to the limited spatial resolution of PET.

Purpose

To present an alternative hybrid PET/MR imaging of CBF (PMRFlowIDIF) that uses phase‐contrast (PC) MRI measurements of whole‐brain (WB) CBF to calibrate an IDIF extracted from a WB [15O]H2O time‐activity curve.

Study Type

Technical development and validation.

Animal Model

Twelve juvenile Duroc pigs (83% female).

Population

Thirteen healthy individuals (38% female).

Field Strength/Sequences

3 T; gradient‐echo PC‐MRI.

Assessment

PMRFlowIDIF was validated against PET‐only in a porcine model that included arterial sampling. CBF maps were generated by applying PMRFlowIDIF and two previous PMRFlow methods (PC‐PET and double integration method [DIM]) to [15O]H2O‐PET data acquired from healthy individuals.

Statistical Tests

PMRFlow and PET CBF measurements were compared with regression and correlation analyses. Paired t‐tests were performed to evaluate differences. Potential biases were assessed using one‐sample t‐tests. Reliability was assessed by intraclass correlation coefficients. Statistical significance:  = 0.05.

Results

In the animal study, strong agreement was observed between PMRFlowIDIF (average voxel‐wise CBF, 58.0 ± 16.9 mL/100 g/min) and PET (63.0 ± 18.9 mL/100 g/min). In the human study, PMRFlowDIM (y = 1.11x − 5.16, R2 = 0.99 ± 0.01) and PMRFlowPC−PET (y = 0.87x + 3.82, R2 = 0.97 ± 0.02) performed similarly to PMRFlowIDIF, and CBF was within the expected range (eg, 49.7 ± 7.2 mL/100 g/min for gray matter).

Data Conclusion

Accuracy of PMRFlowIDIF was confirmed in the animal study with the primary source of error attributed to differences in WB CBF measured by PC MRI and PET. In the human study, differences in CBF from PMRFlowIDIF, PMRFlowDIM, and PMRFlowPC−PET were due to the latter two not accounting for blood‐borne activity.

Level of Evidence

2

Technical Efficacy Stage

1
National experience with living donor liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Silverstein Jordyn , Yao Francis Y. , Grab Joshua D. , Braun Hillary J. , Roberts John , Dodge Jennifer L. , Mehta Neil
Published: February 2022

Living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) is an attractive option to decrease waitlist dropout, particularly for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) who face lengthening waiting times. Using the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) national database, trends in LDLT utilization for patients with HCC were evaluated, and post‐LT outcomes for LDLT versus deceased donor liver transplantation (DDLT) were compared. From 1998 to 2018, LT was performed in 20,161 patients with HCC including 726 (3.6%) who received LDLT. The highest LDLT utilization was prior to the 2002 HCC Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease (MELD) exception policy (17.5%) and dropped thereafter (3.1%) with a slight increase following the 6‐month wait policy in 2015 (3.8%). LDLT was more common in patients from long‐wait UNOS regions with blood type O, in those with larger total tumor diameter (2.3 vs. 2.1 cm, p = 0.02), and higher alpha‐fetoprotein at LT (11.5 vs. 9.0 ng/ml, p = 0.04). The 5‐year post‐LT survival (LDLT 77% vs. DDLT 75%), graft survival (72% vs. 72%), and HCC recurrence (11% vs. 13%) were similar between groups (all p > 0.20). In conclusion, LDLT utilization for HCC has remained low since 2002 with only a slight increase after the 6‐month wait policy introduction in 2015. Given the excellent post‐LT survival, LDLT appears to be an underutilized but valuable option for patients with HCC, especially those at high risk for waitlist dropout.
Dynamic contrast‐enhanced MRI parametric mapping using high spatiotemporal resolution Golden‐angle RAdial Sparse Parallel MRI and iterative joint estimation of the arterial input function and pharmacokinetic parameters
Authors: Mazaheri Yousef , Kim Nathanael , Lakhman Yulia , Jafari Ramin , Vargas Alberto , Otazo Ricardo
Published: February 2022

The aim of this work is to develop a data‐driven quantitative dynamic contrast‐enhanced (DCE) MRI technique using Golden‐angle RAdial Sparse Parallel (GRASP) MRI with high spatial resolution and high flexible temporal resolution and pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis with an arterial input function (AIF) estimated directly from the data obtained from each patient. DCE‐MRI was performed on 13 patients with gynecological malignancy using a 3‐T MRI scanner with a single continuous golden‐angle stack‐of‐stars acquisition and image reconstruction with two temporal resolutions, by exploiting a unique feature in GRASP that reconstructs acquired data with user‐defined temporal resolution. Joint estimation of the AIF (both AIF shape and delay) and PK parameters was performed with an iterative algorithm that alternates between AIF and PK estimation. Computer simulations were performed to determine the accuracy (expressed as percentage error [PE]) and precision of the estimated parameters. PK parameters (volume transfer constant [Ktrans], fractional volume of the extravascular extracellular space [ve], and blood plasma volume fraction [vp]) and normalized root‐mean‐square error [nRMSE] (%) of the fitting errors for the tumor contrast kinetic data were measured both with population‐averaged and data‐driven AIFs. On patient data, the Wilcoxon signed‐rank test was performed to compare nRMSE. Simulations demonstrated that GRASP image reconstruction with a temporal resolution of 1 s/frame for AIF estimation and 5 s/frame for PK analysis resulted in an absolute PE of less than 5% in the estimation of Ktrans and ve, and less than 11% in the estimation of vp. The nRMSE (mean ± SD) for the dual temporal resolution image reconstruction and data‐driven AIF was 0.16 ± 0.04 compared with 0.27 ± 0.10 (p < 0.001) with 1 s/frame using population‐averaged AIF, and 0.23 ± 0.07 with 5 s/frame using population‐averaged AIF (p < 0.001). We conclude that DCE‐MRI data acquired and reconstructed with the GRASP technique at dual temporal resolution can successfully be applied to jointly estimate the AIF and PK parameters from a single acquisition resulting in data‐driven AIFs and voxelwise PK parametric maps.
Cost‐effective and accurate flow statistics collection in OpenFlow‐based SDN
Authors: Yan Binghao , Liu Qinrang , Shen Jianliang , Liang Dong , Liu Xingyu
Published: February 2022

Network resource scheduling and optimization require the acquisition of status information as a basis. High‐cost solutions lead to more resource consumption but only bring negligible benefits. To address this challenge, this paper proposes a novel statistics collection method adapted to OpenFlow‐based SDN, which can reduce the measurement cost while ensuring the statistical accuracy. First, based on the complex network theory, we propose multi‐path weighted closeness centrality (MWCC) to perform importance ranking on network switching nodes, which helps us select top‐k key nodes for statistical collection to reduce the overhead. Second, we propose an adaptive flow rule timeout mechanism AFRT. AFRT continuously optimizes the rule timeout values based on statistical results, further balancing flow table overhead and statistical accuracy. A series of simulation results on real network topologies verify the superiority of the proposed method in terms of communication cost, statistical accuracy, and time consumption, compared with the existing representative methods.
Safety and tolerability of aripiprazole in patients with psychosis associated with Parkinson's disease—Results of a multicenter open trial
Authors: Kashihara Kenichi , Maeda Tetsuya , Yoshida Kazuto
Published: February 2022

Aim

To evaluate the effect of aripiprazole on psychosis and motor function in Japanese Parkinson's disease patients.

Methods

Patients with Parkinson's disease and hallucinations and/or delusions were enrolled. They were administered aripiprazole 3 mg/day, with dosage increased or reduced as needed. Patients were evaluated using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), Clinical Global Impression‐Severity (CGI‐S) scale, and Clinical Global Impression‐Improvement scale for psychiatric response; Hoehn & Yahr staging and Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) part III for motor response; Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB) for cognitive response; and Schwab and England Activities of Daily Living scale for daily activities of patients, before and at 2, 4, and 12 weeks after initiation of open‐label aripiprazole administration. This study was registered at the University Hospital Medical Information Network Center (registration number: UMIN000007711).

Results

Nine of the 24 enrolled patients discontinued the study. Among them, eight patients discontinued the trial on account of their worsening parkinsonian symptoms. There were no differences in age, disease duration, disease severity, and MMSE and FAB scores at baseline between patients who continued and discontinued the study. However, in patients who continued aripiprazole administration at 3 mg/day or less significantly improved BPRS, CGI‐S scale, and UPDRS parts I and III scores.

Conclusion

Significant improvements in hallucinations and delusions can be expected, although aripiprazole may aggravate parkinsonism in Parkinson's disease patients. Low‐dose use of aripiprazole may be useful for managing Parkinson's disease patients with psychosis, but only with close observation of extrapyramidal symptoms.
Mixed‐matrix gas separation membranes for sustainable future: A mini review
Authors: Chakrabarty Tina , Giri Arnab Kanti , Sarkar Supriya
Published: February 2022

Mixed‐matrix membranes (MMMs), merging the advantages of polymers and inorganic fillers, has become a preferable choice as future gas separation membrane. Owing to hierarchical structures, MMMs are suitable for high‐performance gas separation capability. Research on extended porous organic/inorganic materials also known as fillers of intrinsic nanopores (FINS) such as porous organic frameworks (POFs), Zeolites, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), porous organic cages (POCs) and analogous metal–organic polyhedral (MOPs) have bloomed over the last two decades. MOFs and POFs have been proposed as good adsorbent and promising filler components for industrial gas separations, due to their prominent porosity and structural flexibility and also for MMMs with good performance in terms of permeance and selectivity. They are compatible for providing additional molecular transport channels as well as having good size‐sieving property. This review briefly outlines the innovative trends in MMMs, highlighted with different porous fillers as well as suitable polymers followed by their synthesis and their suitable application in gas separations. Finally, a state of art and challenges in the direction of actual application of MMMs in different industries are outlined in terms of inter relation and regarding the future direction and potential growth opportunities of MMMs an elaborate discussion is provided.
Influence of trends on subseasonal temperature prediction skill
Authors: Wulff C. Ole , Vitart Frédéric , Domeisen Daniela I. V.
Published: February 2022

Subseasonal‐to‐seasonal (S2S) predictions have a wide range of applications. Improving forecasts on this time‐scale has therefore become a major effort. To evaluate their performance, these forecasts are routinely compared to a reference that forecasts the climatological distribution at any given time. This distribution is commonly assumed to be stationary over the verification period on time‐scales longer than the seasonal cycle. However, there are prominent deviations from this assumption, especially considering trends associated with climate change. By employing synthetic forecast‐verification pairs, we show that estimates of the probabilistic skill of both continuous and categorical forecasts increase as a function of the variance explained by the trend over the verification period, even when there are errors in the trends simulated by the forecasts. We also show this skill enhancement due to the trend in the ECMWF extended‐range ensemble prediction system. We demonstrate that the effects on the skill in an operational forecast setting are currently strongest in the Tropics. Our results show that care needs to be taken when evaluating forecasts that are subject to non‐stationarity on time‐scales much longer than the forecast verification window. This is especially important for determining the skill of categorical forecasts, where assumptions on the stationarity of the climatology enter both in the reference forecast and in the determination of the category thresholds. The results presented in this study are not exclusive to the S2S time‐scale but have wider implications for forecast verification on seasonal to decadal time‐scales, where the existence of trends can further impact forecast skill.
CDX2 downregulation in mouse mural trophectoderm during peri‐implantation is heteronomous, dependent on the YAP‐TEAD pathway and controlled by estrogen‐induced factors
Authors: Suzuki Daisuke , Okura Keitaro , Nagakura Seina , Ogawa Hidehiko
Published: February 2022

Purpose

To investigate the transition of CDX2 expression patterns in mouse trophectoderm (TE) and its regulatory mechanisms during implantation.

Methods

Mouse E3.5–4.5 blastocysts were used to immunostain CDX2, YAP, TEAD4, and ESRRB. Endogenous estrogen signaling was perturbed by administrating estrogen receptor antagonist ICI 182,780 or ovariectomy followed by administration of progesterone and β‐estradiol to elucidate the relationship between the transition of CDX2 expression patterns and ovarian estrogen‐dependent change in the uterine environment.

Results

CDX2 expression was gradually downregulated in the mural TE from E4.0 in vivo, whereas CDX2 downregulation was not observed in blastocysts cultured in KSOM. Fetal bovine serum (FBS) supplementation in KSOM induced CDX2 downregulation independently of blastocyst attachment to dishes. CDX2 downregulation in the mural TE was repressed by administration of ICI 182,780 or by ovariectomy, and administration of β‐estradiol into ovariectomized mice retriggered CDX2 downregulation. Furthermore, Cdx2 expression in the mural TE might be controlled by the YAP‐TEAD pathway.

Conclusions

CDX2 downregulation was induced heteronomously in the mural TE from E4.0 by uterus‐derived factors, the secretion of which was stimulated by ovarian estrogen.
Engineering Steam Induced Surface Oxygen Vacancy onto Ni–Fe Bimetallic Nanocomposite for CO2 Electroreduction
Authors: He Qiang , Zhang Yanxing , Li Haijing , Yang Yang , Chen Shuai , Yan Wenjun , Dong Juncai , Zhang Xian‐Ming , Fan Xiujun
Published: February 2022

Surface oxygen vacancies (Vo) regulation is an effective strategy to improve the electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) performance by lowering the activation energy barrier of CO2; however, the lack of precise control over the local atomic structures severely hinders the large‐scale application of Vo‐activated electrocatalyst for CO2RR. Herein, an efficient strategy to facilitate CO2 activation is developed by introducing Vo into transition metal nanoparticles (NPs) with a steam‐assisted chemical vapor deposition method. With the steam process, abundant surface Vo are introduced into the assembled Ni–Fe bimetallic NPs composite (H‐NiFe/NG), which adjust surface Ni/Fe atoms to low‐valent coordinatively unsaturated Ni (+1)/Fe (+2) sites, serving as electron‐rich centers to adsorb and activate inert CO2 molecules. The as‐prepared H‐NiFe/NG composite exhibits excellent catalytic performance with a maximum Faradaic efficiency of 94% at −0.80 V (vs RHE) for CO production with remarkable stability. The density function theory calculations corroborate that the Ni atoms around surface Vo significantly lower the energy barrier for COOH* intermediate formation, which gives a low overpotential for reducing CO2 to CO, exhibiting superior CO2RR performance. This general synthetic strategy provides a new insight to introduce surface Vo on transition metal for efficient CO2 reduction.
Loss aversion in asymmetric anti‐coordination games
Authors: Wen Yuanji , Masschelein Stijn , Ratan Anmol
Published: February 2022

This paper studies theoretically and experimentally how the possibility of a negative payoff to one player in 2‐by‐2 hawk‐dove games affects the strategic behavior of both players. Exposing column players to a possibility of negative payoff allows us to examine if row players can anticipate the column players' loss aversion. A level‐k model with loss averse agents predicts treatment effects across two versions of hawk‐dove games with and without losses. Our data support a direct effect of loss aversion and fail to support the anticipation of loss aversion. Specifically, the column players in the treatment group are more likely to play Dove when they face losses; while, only few untreated participants acting as row players seem to anticipate such increased propensity of choosing Dove by their opponents. Further, a time effect is documented and found to be explained by increases in participants' depths of strategic reasoning over time.
Analytical Calculation for Multilayer Rotor Eddy Current Losses of High‐Speed Permanent Magnet Machines
Authors: Wang Zicheng , Li Yan , Du Jianmin , Yu Zhanyang
Published: February 2022

This paper deduces an exact model of analytical calculation for the multilayer rotor eddy current losses of high‐speed permanent magnet machines based on the subdomain method. The analytical calculation model solution domain is divided into six parts of subdomains, including permanent magnet, shielding layer, metal retaining sleeve, air gap, slot openings, and windings. The Laplace equation of the air subdomain and the diffusion equation of the eddy current subdomain and the windings subdomain are established with the vector magnetic potential as the independent variable. The eddy current losses of the permanent magnet, shielding layer, and retaining sleeve of the multilayer rotor are calculated considering the slots effect and eddy current reaction. This analytical model is used to study the interfering factors of the multilayer rotor eddy current losses including the shielding layer thickness, carrier ratio, and modulation ratio. Finally, the correctness and regularity of the analytical calculation model are proved by finite element analysis and machine experiment analysis. © 2022 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Awareness and Appreciation of Linguistic Diversity
Authors: Akkari Abdeljalil , Radhouane Myriam
Published: February 2022

In his book Anthropologie structurale [Structural anthropology], Claude Lévi-Strauss (1958) considered that language represented both the perfect cultural component but also that of the intermediary through which all forms of social life establish, transform and perpetuate themselves. In this chapter, we will attempt to synthesize the role that linguistic diversity can play in intercultural approaches in education.
International Migrations and the Management of Identity by the State
Authors: Akkari Abdeljalil , Radhouane Myriam
Published: February 2022

Despite meeting opposition, intercultural approaches to education have still been able to spread. International migrations form a typical part of global phenomena and have resulted in the adoption and legalization of these approaches in many countries. In this chapter, we will look initially at the extent and evolution of international migrations in the world. Then, we will address the different models of access to citizenship. Finally, we will analyse the consequences of restricted access to citizenship for children and young people from migratory backgrounds.
Multicultural Education in the United States
Authors: Akkari Abdeljalil , Radhouane Myriam
Published: February 2022

The United States of America represents a contradictory context for the consideration of cultural diversity in an education system. On the one hand, the Civil Rights Movement and legal decisions have enabled considerable progress to be made in the matter of the right to a quality education for ethnic minorities. On the other hand, the school still suffers from the relics of slavery and racial segregation, because racial mixing remains weak. In this chapter, we will first examine the historical circumstances in the emergence of multiculturalism.
Multicultural Education in Canada
Authors: Akkari Abdeljalil , Radhouane Myriam
Published: February 2022

In this chapter, we will try to retrace the development of inter- and multicultural approaches in Canada, including Quebec. As our analysis progresses, we will reveal the need to distinguish between these two geographical and political entities. First, we deal with the whole country, which will be approached by examining the emergence of the federal policy on multiculturalism. Then, the second part of the chapter is devoted to the history and evolution of schooling for indigenous children. The third part tackles the way multiculturalism has been incorporated into curricula and educational policies. Finally, the fourth part explores the specific features concerning multiculturalism in the Province of Quebec.
Intercultural Education in France
Authors: Akkari Abdeljalil , Radhouane Myriam
Published: February 2022

In the preceding chapters, all the countries that we have dealt with have had a federal form of government granting a large measure of autonomy in educational management to their regions. This is not the case for the French education system, which remains largely centralized with regard to strategies dealing with cultural diversity in the school.
Introduction: Ideas, Expert Networks and Migration
Authors: de Reufels Delia González , Nullmeier Frank
Published: February 2022

This chapter introduces the importance of the circulation of ideas, and of the connections established by networks of experts and migrants for our understanding of social policy dynamics. It presents important contributions to the field and briefly summarises each of the chapters in this final part of the collective volume.
Disparities and Diversification: Feminists in Europe Study War and/or Militaries
Authors: Gray Harriet
Published: February 2022

This chapter discusses the dynamic feminist scholarship on war and militaries produced in contemporary Europe, highlighting work on militarism and militarization, military masculinities, the inclusion of women in armed organizations, military families, conflict-related sexual violence, and ‘everyday’ experiences. It sketches the national and institutional contexts where scholars are located and discusses the political economies that underpin significant disparities in geographical distribution and research focus, despite efforts to diversify scholarship and challenge dominant storylines and assumptions. In emphasizing how ideas and communities of scholars span continents, the chapter troubles the reification of ‘Europe’ as a privileged site of knowledge production.
Feminist Foreign Policy Studies in Europe
Authors: Thomson Jennifer
Published: February 2022

This chapter addresses feminist IR scholarship in Europe on gender and foreign policy. Foreign policy has received comparatively little consideration from feminist scholars and, until recently, the field has been largely gender blind. The chapter discusses feminist scholarship in four key sections, on gender and the idea of ‘normative power’ Europe; the process of EU enlargement and expansion; the securitization/militarization of foreign policy; and, finally, the emerging literature on ‘feminist’ foreign policy. The chapter concludes with a discussion of what has been overlooked in the literature so far and what directions research might pursue in the future.
Feminist Knowledge Production in Europe on Diplomacy and International Negotiation
Authors: Kostadinova Tonka
Published: February 2022

This chapter traces the development of feminist scholarship in Europe on diplomacy and international negotiation. Sensitive to variations between different national contexts, this chapter suggests that the state frames the broader socio-political environment, which incentivizes or discourages the creation of feminist knowledge. This chapter also provides important insights on prevailing silences and limitations of existing research. By outlining both the thematic and the geographical discrepancies in feminist knowledge production on diplomacy across Europe, this chapter calls attention to the systematic disregard of gender as a category of analysis in many European countries and offers useful avenues for further research.
The Alzheimer’s gene SORL1 is a regulator of endosomal traffic and recycling in human neurons
Authors: Mishra Swati , Knupp Allison , Szabo Marcell P. , Williams Charles A. , Kinoshita Chizuru , Hailey Dale W. , Wang Yuliang , Andersen Olav M. , Young Jessica E.
Published: February 2022

Background

Loss of the Sortilin-related receptor 1 (SORL1) gene seems to act as a causal event for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Recent studies have established that loss of SORL1, as well as mutations in autosomal dominant AD genes APP and PSEN1/2, pathogenically converge by swelling early endosomes, AD’s cytopathological hallmark. Acting together with the retromer trafficking complex, SORL1 has been shown to regulate the recycling of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) out of the endosome, contributing to endosomal swelling and to APP misprocessing. We hypothesized that SORL1 plays a broader role in neuronal endosomal recycling and used human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons (hiPSC-Ns) to test this hypothesis. We examined endosomal recycling of three transmembrane proteins linked to AD pathophysiology: APP, the BDNF receptor Tropomyosin-related kinase B (TRKB), and the glutamate receptor subunit AMPA1 (GLUA1).

Methods

We used isogenic hiPSCs engineered to have SORL1 depleted or to have enhanced SORL1 expression. We differentiated neurons from these cell lines and mapped the trafficking of APP, TRKB and GLUA1 within the endosomal network using confocal microscopy. We also performed cell surface recycling and lysosomal degradation assays to assess the functionality of the endosomal network in both SORL1-depleted and -overexpressing neurons. The functional impact of GLUA1 recycling was determined by measuring synaptic activity. Finally, we analyzed alterations in gene expression in SORL1-depleted neurons using RNA sequencing.

Results

We find that as with APP, endosomal trafficking of GLUA1 and TRKB is impaired by loss of SORL1. We show that trafficking of all three cargoes to late endosomes and lysosomes is affected by manipulating SORL1 expression. We also show that depletion of SORL1 significantly impacts the endosomal recycling pathway for APP and GLUA1 at the level of the recycling endosome and trafficking to the cell surface. This has a functional effect on neuronal activity as shown by multi-electrode array (MEA). Conversely, increased SORL1 expression enhances endosomal recycling for APP and GLUA1. Our unbiased transcriptomic data further support SORL1’s role in endosomal recycling. We observe altered expression networks that regulate cell surface trafficking and neurotrophic signaling in SORL1-depleted neurons.

Conclusion

Collectively, and together with other recent observations, these findings suggest that one role for SORL1 is to contribute to endosomal degradation and recycling pathways in neurons, a conclusion that has both pathogenic and therapeutic implications for Alzheimer’s disease.
Map Lattices Coupled by Collisions: Hitting Time Statistics and Collisions Per Lattice Unit
Authors: Bahsoun Wael , Sélley Fanni M.
Published: February 2022

We study map lattices coupled by collision and show how perturbations of transfer operators associated with the spatially periodic approximation of the model can be used to extract information about collisions per lattice unit. More precisely, we study a map on a finite box of L sites with periodic boundary conditions, coupled by collision. We derive, via a non-trivial first-order approximation for the leading eigenvalue of the rare event transfer operator, a formula for the first collision rate and a corresponding first hitting time law. For the former we show that the formula scales at the order of $$L\cdot \varepsilon ^2$$

L
·

ε
2

, where $$\varepsilon $$
ε
is the coupling strength, and for the latter, by tracking the L dependency in our arguments, we show that the error in the law is of order $$O\left( C(L)\frac{L\varepsilon ^2}{\zeta (L)}\cdot \left| \ln \frac{L\varepsilon ^2}{\zeta (L)}\right| \right) $$

O

C

(
L
)

L

ε
2

ζ
(
L
)

·

ln

L

ε
2

ζ
(
L
)

, where $$\zeta (L)$$

ζ
(
L
)

is given in terms of the spectral gap of the rare event transfer operator, and C(L) has an explicit expression. Finally, we derive an explicit formula for the first collision rate per lattice unit.