bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Zum Chemismus der Hydridübertragung bei der Schollschen Reaktion
Authors: Nenitzescu Costin D. , Balaban Alexander
Published: June 2007

Bei gelindem Erwärmen des α‐Naphthol‐äthyläthers mit wasserfreier Benzolsulfonsäure in Nitrobenzollösung bildet sich neben 4.4′‐Diäthoxy‐binaphthyl‐(1.1′) der Benzolsulfonsäsureester des p‐Amino‐phenols. Letzterer entsteht auch aus Phenylhydroxylamin und Benzolsulfonsäure in unpolaren Lösungsmitteln; demzufolge ist das Phenylhydroxylamin als das Primäre Reduktionsprodukt des Nitrobenzols in dieser Reaktion anzunehmen. — Die Übertragung des Hydridions von der bei der Schollschen Reaktion als Zwischenprodukt auftretenden dihydroaromatischen Verbindung auf das als Acceptor wirkende Nitrobenzol ist ein durch die Benzolsulfonsäure katalysierter Vorgang. Die katalytische Wirkung dieser Säure auf die Hydridübertragung wurde an einem Modellversuch veranschaulicht. Es wurde 9.10‐Dihydro‐anthracen mit Benzolsulfonsäure in Nitrobenzollösung behandelt, wobei neben Anthracen ebenfalls der Benzolsulfonsäureester des p‐Amino‐phenols entstand. In Abwesenheit von Benzolsulfonsäure findet keine Hydridübertragung statt. — Der Mechanismus der Schollschen Reaktion wird diskutiert.
Die Synthese langkettiger Fettsäuren II: Geradkettige Alkansäuren
Authors: Kaufmann Hans Paul , Stamm Walter
Published: June 2007

Zur Kettenverlängerung von Fettsäuren werden deren Chloride an Äthylen angelagert zu Alkyl‐[β‐chlor‐äthyl]‐ketonen und diese durch Abspaltung von Chlorwasserstoff in die entsprechenden Vinylketone übergeführt, die durch Permanganant‐Oxydation α‐Keto‐fettsäuren liefern. Aus den Alkyl‐[β‐chloräthyl]‐ketonen erhält man über die Alkyl‐[β‐cyan‐äthyl]‐ketone die γ‐Keto‐fettsäuren, mit Hilfe von Natrium‐malonester δ‐Keto‐fettsäuren. Durch Reduktion der Ketosäuren werden die Fettsäuren mit entsprechend verlängerter Kette gewonnen.
Zur Kenntnis der Chrom(II)‐Salze und des Chrom(II)‐oxyds, I
Authors: Lux Hermann , Illmann Günther
Published: June 2007

Die Auflösung von reinstem Elektrolytchrom in Salzsäure, Bromwasserstoffsäure, Jodwasserstoffsäure, Schwefelsäure, Perchlorsäure, Ameisensäure, Essigsäure, oder Oxalsäure führt bei Luftabschluß zu Chrom(II)‐Lösungen, die praktisch frei von dreiwertigem Chrom und infolge ihrer Reinheit ganz ungewöhnlich stabil sind. — Die Darstellung verschiedener, bisher nicht bekannter Salze aus wäßriger Lösung wird beschrieben, so u. a. des grünen Oxalats CrC2O4 · 2H2O, eines blauen Perchlorat‐Hydrats sowie der blauen Hydrate CrCl2 · 4H2O, CrBr2 · 6H2O, CrJ2 · 6H2O und ihrer grünen isomeren Formen. Das bisher als extrem sauerstoffempfindlich bekannte blaue Sulfat CrSO4 · 5H2O ist in reinem Zustand an der Atmosphäre Jahre hindurch haltbar; es ist mit CuSO4 · 5H2O isotyp.
Lupinen‐Alkaloide, VIII. Zur Konfigurationsbestimmung von Chinolizidin‐Derivaten
Authors: Bohlmann Ferdinand
Published: June 2007

Es wird eine charakteristische Bandengruppe im IR‐Spektrum beschrieben, die in Piperidinderivaten nur dann auftritt, wenn mindestens zwei nachbarständige axiale CH‐Bindungen in trans‐Stellung zum einsamen Elektronenpaar am Stickstoff stehen. Dies ist z. B. in trans‐Chinolizidin‐Ringen der Fall, aber nicht, wenn, durch Konstitution und Konfiguration eines Moleküls bedingt, ein cis‐Chinolizidin‐Ringsystem vorliegt. Durch Synthese deuterierter Basen läßt sich die fragliche Bandengruppe eindeutig zuordnen.
Lupinen‐Alkaloide, X. Die Konfiguration des Matrins
Authors: Bohlmann Ferdinand , Weise Wolfgang , Rahtz Dieter , Arndt Christian
Published: June 2007

Unter Benutzung der in den beiden vorangegangenen Arbeiten beschriebenen Gesetzmäßigkeiten der IR‐Spektren von Chinolizidin‐Derivaten und den Geschwindigkeiten der Dehydrierung dieser Verbindungen mit Quecksilber(II)‐acetat wird unter Hinzuziehung weiterer chemischer Reaktionen die Konfiguration des Hauptalkaloids aus Sophora flavescens — des Matrins — aufgeklärt. Dic sich dabei ergebenden stereochemischen Probleme der Reduktion und Hydrierung von Dehydroverbindungen dieser Reihe werden erörtert.
Über die Umsetzung einiger Alkoxy‐p‐benzochinone mit Äthylenimin
Authors: Gauss Walter
Published: June 2007

Unter verschiedenen mit Äthylenimin umgesetzten Alkoxy‐p‐benzochinonen kommt dem 2.6‐Dimethoxy‐benzochinon‐(1.4) eine besondere Bedeutung zu. Es liefert in unerwarteter Reaktion nebeneinander 2.6‐Bis‐äthylenimino‐hydrochinon und 2.3.5‐Tris‐äthylenimino‐benzochinon‐(1.4).
Glutamine supplementation prevents exercise‐induced neutrophil apoptosis and reduces p38 MAPK and JNK phosphorylation and p53 and caspase 3 expression
Authors: Lagranha Claudia J. , Hirabara Sandro M. , Curi Rui , Pithon‐Curi Tania C.
Published: June 2007

We have previously shown that a single session of exercise induces DNA fragmentation, mitochondrial membrane depolarization, increases expression of pro‐apoptotic genes (bax and bcl‐xS) and decreases expression of anti‐apoptotic genes (bcl‐xL) in rat neutrophils. Glutamine supplementation had a protective effect in the apoptosis induced by a single session of exercise. The mechanism involved in the effect of single session of exercise to induce apoptosis was investigated by measuring expression of p53 and caspase 3 and phosphorylation of p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPK) and cJun NH2‐terminal kinase (JNK) in neutrophils from rats supplemented or not with glutamine. Exercise was carried out on a treadmill for 1 h and the rats were killed by decapitation. Neutrophils were obtained by intraperitoneal (i.p.) lavage with PBS, 4 h after injection of oyster glycogen solution. Glutamine supplementation (1g per Kg b.w.) was given by gavage 1 h before the exercise session. Gene expression and protein phosphorylation were then analyzed by reverse transcriptase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and Western blotting, respectively. A single session of exercise increased p38 MAPK and JNK phosphorylation and p53 and caspase 3 expression. Glutamine supplementation partially prevented the increase in p38 MAPK and JNK phosphorylation and p53 expression, and fully abolished the increase in caspase 3 expression. Thus, neutrophil apoptosis induced by a single session of exercise is accompanied by increased p53 and caspase 3 expression and p38 MAPK and JNK phosphorylation. Glutamine supplementation prevents these effects of exercise and reduces apoptosis. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cover Picture: Embedding the Amyloid β‐Peptide Sequence in Green Fluorescent Protein Inhibits Aβ Oligomerization (ChemBioChem 9/2007)
Authors: Takahashi Tsuyoshi , Ohta Kenichi , Mihara Hisakazu
Published: June 2007

The cover picture shows a green fluorescent protein (GFP) variant in which an amyloid β‐peptide (Aβ) sequence is embedded. Through self recognition Aβ can aggregate to toxic species such as soluble oligomers that form β‐sheet structures, and this oligomerization is closely related to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Embedding the Aβ sequence in a GFP scaffold that contains stable β‐sheet structures generates a pseudo‐Aβ surface on GFP. Thus, the GFP variant can bind to Aβ with high affinity, and their interaction effectively inhibits Aβ oligomerization. This strategy could be applied to other amyloid‐related diseases such as prion and Parkinson's diseases. For more information see the full paper by T. Takahashi et al. on p. 985 ff.
Tracking molecular particles in live cells using fuzzy rule‐based system
Authors: Jiang Shan , Zhou Xiaobo , Kirchhausen Tom , Wong Stephen T. C.
Published: June 2007

Recent development of detection techniques of molecular particles in live cells has stimulated interest in developing the new powerful techniques to track the molecular particles in live cells. One special type of cellular microscopy images is about the formation and transportation of clathrin‐coated pits and vesicles. Clathrin‐coated pits are very important in studying the behavior of proteins and lipids in live cells. To answer the question, whether there exist “hot spots” for the formation of Clathrin‐coated pits or the pits and arrays formed randomly on the plasma membrane, it is necessary to track many hundreds of individual pits dynamically in live‐cell microscope movies to capture and monitor how pits and vesicles were formed. Therefore, a motion correspondence algorithm based on fuzzy rule‐based system is proposed to resolve the problem of ambiguous association encountered in these dynamic, live‐cell images of clathrin assemblies. Results show that this method can accurately track most of the particles in the high volume images. © 2007 International Society for Analytical Cytology
High‐throughput screening and characterization of clones selected from phage display libraries
Authors: Yang Loretta , Nolan John P.
Published: June 2007

Background:

Clones from phage display libraries are generally selected by a number of rounds of panning and regrowth, followed by primary screening to identify hits and secondary characterization to identify clones with optimal affinity and specificity. Because functional screening for binding or other activity can be material‐, time‐, and labor‐intensive, sequencing is often used to identify the emergence of a consensus sequence prior functional characterization. However, the consensus sequence is not always the optimal one because factors such as phage growth rates, nonspecific binding, and other selection pressures can bias the selection process.

Methods:

To improve function‐based phage display library screening and characterization, we developed a multiplexed approach employing optically‐encoded microsphere arrays and flow cytometry.

Results:

We show that capture of phage from crude culture supernatants enables the efficient screening of binding activity and the evaluation of binding avidity. The approach uses small volumes and a homogeneous no‐wash format that minimizes reagent consumption and sample handling. The use of optically‐encoded microspheres allows many phage to be screened simultaneously, greatly increasing throughput.

Conclusions:

This approach is flexible, supporting primary and secondary screening for a range of functional assays, and scalable, potentially supporting the screening of thousands to hundreds of thousands of clones per hour. © 2007 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Flow sorting from organ material by intracellular markers
Authors: Moerch Ulrik , Nielsen Henriette S. , Lundsgaard Dorthe , Oleksiewicz Martin B.
Published: June 2007

Background:

Fluorescence‐activated cell sorting (FACS) is an attractive technique for gene or protein expression studies in rare cell populations. For cell types where specific surface markers are not known, intracellular markers can be used. However, this approach is currently held to be difficult, as the required fixation and permeabilization may cause protein modification and RNA degradation.

Methods and Results:

Using the rat thyroid gland as model, rare (parafollicular) and frequent (follicular) endocrine cell types were sorted based on immunostaining for intracellular calcitonin peptide and thyroglobulin protein expression. The sorted cells were compatible with Western blot analysis of proteins, immunoassay detection of calcitonin peptide hormone and RT‐PCR.

Conclusion:

We developed a robust FACS protocol that allows flow sorting of rare cells from dissociated organ material, based on intracellular markers. Our FACS protocol is compatible with downstream analysis of proteins, peptides, and mRNA in the sorted cells. © 2007 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Gas‐Phase Fragmentation Behavior of Vanadium(V) Complexes Containing One Molecule of a C4‐Dicarboxylic Acid
Authors: Kaczorowska Malgorzata , Schwarz Helmut , Schröder Detlef
Published: June 2007

Complexes of vanadium(V) with C4‐dicarboxylic acids, i.e. maleic, fumaric, and succinic acid, are investigated by means of electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry. Under soft conditions of ionization, ESI of a diluted solution of OV(OC2H5)3 in methanol gives rise to complexes, which are best described by the general formula [(XCOO)2VO(C,H4,O)]+ (X = CH, CH2), where the solvent employed delivers the (C,H4,O) unit, whose components are either attached to vanadium as an intact methanol ligand or are distributed over the other atoms. In the complexes containing maleic or succinic acid, the acids appear to act as chelating ligands with coordination of the vanadium center by two oxygen atoms from two different carboxylic groups. In contrast, the trans‐configuration in fumaric acid prevents the formation of similar chelate complexes. The fragmentation reactions of the complexes are studied by collision‐induced dissociation and labeling experiments. For the vanadium(V) complex derived from maleic acid, a preferential elimination of CO2 is observed, followed by combined losses of CO2, CO, and C2H2 or alternatively an intact C4H2O3 unit, which most likely corresponds to maleic anhydride. Instead, evaporation of water followed by loss of carbon monoxide predominates for the corresponding VV cation generated in the presence of succinic acid. Due to the fact that the loss of water involves the central methylene groups of succinic acid, a connection to the vanadium‐oxide‐mediated formation of maleic acid upon partial oxidation of C4‐hydrocarbons is proposed.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Conformational Flexibility in a Carbobicyclic Diphosphinite Ligand
Authors: Fairlamb Ian J. S. , Tommasi Simona , Moulton Benjamin E. , Zheng Wenxu , Lin Zhenyang , Whitwood Adrian C.
Published: June 2007

An unsymmetrical bicyclo[3.2.0]heptanyl diphosphinite ligand, FLEXIphosO, shows flexible coordination modes to palladium centres. The X‐ray crystal structure for [Pd02(P,P′)3] has been determined which reveals that the bicyclic backbone of the FLEXIphosO ligand exists in an exo‐envelope conformation. The change in conformation stands in stark contrast to that observed in mononuclear neutral and cationic palladium(II) complexes containing the FLEXIphosO ligand, where an endo‐envelope is observed in solution and in the solid‐state. Theoretical studies provide an insight into the relative stability of palladium(0) complexes containing the FLEXIphosO ligand. Another large spanning angle ligand, SPANphos, does not form a similar palladium(0) dimer complex under identical reaction conditions, highlighting the unusual behaviour of the FLEXIphosO ligand.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Osmiumporphyrin‐Catalyzed Oxyfunctionalization and Isomerization of Natural (5β)‐Bile Acids with tert‐Butyl Hydroperoxide
Authors: Ogawa Shoujiro , Hosoi Keiji , Iida Takashi , Wakatsuki Yasuo , Makino Mitsuko , Fujimoto Yasuo , Hofmann Alan F.
Published: June 2007

tert‐Butyl hydroperoxide catalyzed by (meso‐5,10,15,20‐tetramesitylporphyrinate)osmium(II) carbonyl [Os(TMP)CO] was shown to be an efficient, versatile oxyfunctionalization system for the methyl ester peracetate derivatives of a series of common, natural (5β)‐bile acids. Hydroxylation at C‐5 and C‐14, ketonization at C‐15 and C‐16, and isomerization at C‐5 and C‐14 in the nucleus were all attained in one step. Factors governing the regioselectivity as well as the mechanism of formation of these compounds are discussed.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Tartaric Acid Amides by the Gabriel Route
Authors: Villa Gonzalez Susana , Carlsen Per
Published: June 2007

Optically active (3R,4R)‐3,4‐diacetoxypyrrolidine‐2,5‐dione was prepared from L‐tartaric acid by ring closure of the ammonium salt of (2R,3R)‐2,3‐diacetoxy‐3‐carbamoylpropanoic acid with thionyl chloride. Mechanistic considerations indicate that the ring closure proceeds through two competing pathways: either direct ring closure of an intermediate acyl chloride or in a parallel route via a ketene intermediate. The cyclic product was further converted into the optically active tartramonoamides and tartradiamides by hydrolysis and reaction with appropriate alkylamines, respectively. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Cover Picture: Comparison of Cyclodextrin‐Dipeptide Inclusion Complexes in the Absence and Presence of Urea by Means of Capillary Electrophoresis, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Molecular Modeling (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 18/2007)
Authors: Waibel Benjamin , Scheiber Josef , Meier Claudia , Hammitzsch Manuela , Baumann Knut , Scriba Gerhard K. E. , Holzgrabe Ulrike
Published: June 2007

The cover picture shows the route that was used to confirm the formation of the possible complex between ?‐cyclodextrin and Ala‐Tyr in the presence of urea. Capillary electrophoresis shows obvious differences in the enantioseparation of the dipeptide both in the presence and absence of urea. Experimental (NMR spectroscopy) and theoretical (molecular dynamics) approaches were used to investigate these differences. Both methods confirm that a complex is formed in which urea is involved in the binding through hydrogen bonds. Details are discussed in the article by U. Holzgrabe et al. on p. 2921 ff.
Evaluation of instrument leak detection capabilities for Smart LDAR application: Chemical plant testing
Authors: Furry D.W. , Harris G. , Ranum D. , Anderson E.P. , Carlstrom V.M. , Sadik W.A. , Shockley C.E. , Siegell J.H. , White G.M.
Published: June 2007

To progress wider application of optical imaging technology for Smart LDAR (Leak Detection And Repair), confirmatory field test data on instrument leak detection capabilities for several chemical species were collected. During this testing, the optical imaging instrument was used to monitor over 73,000 components in 11 different chemical plant process unit areas. Twenty‐eight leaks were found using the optical imaging instrument and 16 of these leaks were bagged to quantify the mass emission rate. The monitoring team was able to check over 3,600 components per hour on average. Included in this paper are a summary of the process areas monitored with the optical imaging instrument and the times these were monitored, the approximate number of components monitored in each process area, the time for this monitoring and the corresponding rate of monitoring for each process area and for the overall test period, list of the components found leaking by the optical imaging instrument, a rough description of the chemical in the process line, the Method 21 reading, and the mass emission rate if bagging was done. A comparison to the previously published laboratory results shows that for all species tested, the detected leak rates fell within the range of the laboratory wind tunnel testing. This confirms the applicability of the wind tunnel tests as a predictive tool for evaluating optical imaging instrument performance in a process plant. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2007
Perinatal iron deficiency results in altered developmental expression of genes mediating energy metabolism and neuronal morphogenesis in hippocampus
Authors: Carlson Erik S. , Stead John D.H. , Neal Charles R. , Petryk Anna , Georgieff Michael K.
Published: June 2007

The human and rat hippocampus is highly susceptible to iron deficiency (ID) during the late fetal, early neonatal time period which is a peak time of regulated brain iron uptake and utilization. ID during this period alters cognitive development and is characterized by distinctive, long‐term changes in hippocampal cellular growth and function. The fundamental processes underlying these changes are not entirely understood. In this study, ID‐induced changes in expression of 25 genes implicated in iron metabolism, including cell growth and energy metabolism, dendrite morphogenesis, and synaptic connectivity were assessed from postnatal day (P) 7 to P65 in hippocampus. All 25 genes showed altered expression during the period of ID (P7, 15, and 30); 10 had changes on P65 after iron repletion. ID caused long‐term diminished protein levels of four factors critical for hippocampal neuron differentiation and plasticity, including CamKIIα, Fkbp1a (Fkbp12), Dlgh4 (PSD‐95), and Vamp1 (Synaptobrevin‐1). ID altered gene expression in the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway and in a gene network implicated in Alzheimer disease etiology. ID during late fetal and early postnatal life alters the levels and timing of expression of critical genes involved in hippocampal development and function. The study provides targets for future studies in elucidating molecular mechanisms underpinning iron's role in cognitive development and function. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Securing skills needed for success. Community job training for negroes
Authors: Blum Albert A.
Published: June 2007

Business, unions, and community organizations will have to cooperate more closely than ever before to provide job training programs for Negroes, if explosive racial disturbances are to be avoided and a large section of unused manpower potential is to be developed.

Much of this work was done during 1963‐64 and some of its other findings will be published in “job Training Through Adult Education: A Second Chance for the Negro and the Community,” in Arthur Ross and Herbert Hill, eds., Employment, Race, and Poverty, Harcourt, Brace and World, 1966.
Wrestling with government
Authors: Johnson Thomas F.
Published: June 2007

Individuals can hardly determine the way large appropriations of federal money are spent in projects such as the War on Poverty, but individuals can influence the legislators who are responsible for passing legislation in the first place. Here are some suggestions for action.
A strategy, structure, human resource database: OASIS
Authors: Ulrich Dave , Geller Andrew , DeSouza Glenn
Published: June 2007

Traditionally, strategic planners and human resource professionals have taken separate approaches in their attempts to improve organization functioning. As a result, strategic planners lack important information that affects the implementation of their plans and human resource managers have little impact on the strategic direction of their orgnizations. The University of Michigan, Hay Associates, and The Strategic Planning Institute have come together in a new venture to build a multicompany database that links organization characteristics and human resource and strategic planning practices with data on company financial performance. The database will be used to make intercompany comparisons on significant organization variables and to identify those practices that lead to improved financial performance.
Organization and human resource professionals in transition
Authors: Sears L. N.
Published: June 2007

A critical issue confronting business management in the 1980s is how to successfully manage organizations and human resource issues at a time of rapid changes in markets, products, technology, and competition. These issues are aggravated by changing social values, government legislation, and international economics which impact on human resource managers even more. This article argues for a new type of professional, one who combines expertise in aligning the organization structure and culture with human resource systems and business strategy. The organization and human resource professionals (O&HR) role described is not totally new but a logical next generation extension of a role currently found at General Electric.
Management roles in the implementation of participative management systems
Authors: Fisher K. Kim
Published: June 2007

Although participative management supposedly cures the ills of low morale and productivity, managers in these organizations are often frustrated with their jobs. Part of this frustration may come from not understanding their changing roles in participative work systems. In this paper I introduce a model of the cycle of participative management which outlines the stages of organization maturity and the appropriate management roles for each stage. I also discuss how the manager acts as a Leader, Facilitator, Enabler, and Coach. My purpose is to help Human Resource Managers understand how management roles will change as the organization evolves to a mature participative work system and to show how they can support this challenging transformation.
Human Resources Management Innovation
Authors: Kossek Ellen Ernst
Published: June 2007

Guided by a general manager's perspective of human resources management (HRM), this paper identifies key factor affecting the introduction of HRM innovations in organizations. Because the essence of market and technological leadership is the development of the organizational capacity to carry out inventive ideas, it is critical to understand the main forces influencing HRM innovation. Following a definition of HRM innovation, six propositions are discussed using current and historical examples. Since HRM innovation also involves change in the social system of the organization, the adoption and diffusion of these innovations can be attributed not only to external environmental forces but also to social processes.
The threat of professional obsolescence: How do professionals at different career stages experience it and cope with it?
Authors: Pazy Asya
Published: June 2007

The accelerated rate of scientific and technological progress puts heavy demands on professionals. To be able to function effectively in the world of modern technology, professionals must continuously update their knowledge and skills so that they do not stay behind and are not threatened by obsolescence. Managers and human resource practitioners need to understand how the threat of obsolescence is perceived, and what professionals actually do to alleviate this threat. An exploratory study, based on in‐depth interviews with 50 professionals in the Israeli high‐tech industry, identified a variety of meanings that professionals assign to the threat of obsolescence, and a variety of updating activities in which they engage in order to cope with these threats. First, three meaning categories were identified: threat in the context of the self, threat in the immediate social context, and threat in the context of the job market. The essence and prevalence of these meanings were different at different career stages. Second, three types of updating resources were identified: structured opportunities, information material, and interpersonal exchange. Both the availability and the utilization of these resources varied with career stage. Implications of the multifaceted view of obsolescence to the management of professional human resources are discussed.
Strategic individual assessment: Issues in providing reliable descriptions
Authors: Ryan Ann Marie , Barbera Karen M. , Sackett Paul R.
Published: June 2007

Individual assessment involves one psychologist making an assessment of an individual for personnel‐related purposes. Individual assessment practice is reviewed, and research on reliability is presented. A study examining the comparability of conclusions reached by consumers is presented. Eighty‐six students and thirty‐eight managers read nine narrative assessment reports (three of each of three job candidates) and attempted to determine which reports described the same candidate. None of the subjects could correctly group the nine reports; a sizeable proportion did no better than chance in grouping the reports. Implications for assessors and consumers of individual assessments are discussed.
Corporate restructuring, ownership‐disciplined alignment, and the reorganization of management
Authors: Useem Michael , Gottlieb Martin M.
Published: June 2007

Intensified focus on shareholder value during the 1980s led to a stress on consistent, integrated linkages among major elements of company organization. Drawing on senior management interviews and documents from six large publicly‐traded corporations and six small firms, we argue that this ownership‐disciplined alignment devolved decision‐making authority into operating business units; contracted headquarters' managers and staff functions; heightened stress on management selection; expanded use of performance‐based compensation; and created mechanisms for internal ownership. Changes in each area of managerial organization have appeared before, but they are now explicitly and systematically focused around enhancing shareholder value.
The expansive executive: How the drive to mastery helps and hinders organizations
Authors: Kaplan Robert E.
Published: June 2007

What drives executives has a great deal to do with how they lead. Executives generally are highly motivated to attain mastery—to achieve at a high level, to be exceptionally capable, to be acknowledged as masterful, and so on. An intense drive to mastery is certainly a prerequisite to effective executive leadership. But in some executives there can be virtually no limit to the extent of their ambition for themselves and their organizations. These driven individuals are capable of going to counterproductive extremes to satisfy their appetites for mastery. So, based on intensive research on character and leadership on senior managers, this article shows how the “expansive” temperament can be a boon or a bane to an organization's existence.
“Please don't make me a hero”: A re‐examination of corporate heroes
Authors: Wilkins Alan L. , Perry Lee Tom , Checketts Alan G.
Published: June 2007

Recent discussions of corporate heroes focus on benefits without examining costs. Although our perceptions are not entirely negative, we have discovered several reasons to be cautious about corporate heroes. We present some of the potential problems associated with creating heroes, and another set of dysfunctions occurring once heroes have been created. Our intention is not to debunk heroes, but to attach a cautionary note to their use in organizations. We fully expect the natural emergence of heroes in many organizations, but also propose that managers can accomplish as much, and often less hazardously, by working on perspective, praise, and trying to influence daily practice in their organizations. This approach is both more explicit and direct in infusing organizations with the same benefits of motivation and meaning derived from having heroes. Moreover, it can lay a foundation of values that ultimately determines what kinds of individuals emerge as heroes.
Creating and managing a vanguard organization: Design and human resource lessons from jossey‐bass
Authors: Lundberg Craig C.
Published: June 2007

A successful publishing firm is examined carefully in order to explicate its unique organizational structure, e.g., a shamrock of two levels of teams with holonomic features; its unusual managerial practices, e.g., strategy formulated bottom‐up; and its distinctive managerial roles, e.g., steward, designer, educator. The firm's associated human resource practices and issues are also discussed in detail.
Human resource management practices to improve quality: A case example of human resource management intervention in government
Authors: Gilbert G. Ronald
Published: June 2007

This article describes the quality approach to management in government and contrasts it with the classic, often more bureaucratic, approach. It places particular focus on Project Pacer Share, a government total quality management effort underway at McClellan Air Force Base where, using quality tools and techniques, major reforms in the United States Civil Service System and human resource management are being tested. Specific human resource management initiatives that need to be undertaken to support organizationwide quality performance are presented.
An analysis of safety and tolerability data from controlled, comparative studies of quetiapine in patients with schizophrenia, focusing on extrapyramidal symptoms
Authors: Timdahl Kristina , Carlsson Anders , Stening Göran
Published: June 2007

Aim

This analysis evaluated the tolerability profile of quetiapine using data from all comparative controlled studies in patients with schizophrenia or related disorders in the AstraZeneca clinical trials database, focusing on extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS).

Methods

Adverse event (AE) data from randomised, double‐blind, controlled studies in the AstraZeneca clinical trials database were pooled, allowing comparison of quetiapine (mean daily doses 357–496 mg/day) with placebo, haloperidol (10.4 mg/day), risperidone (5.5 mg/day) or chlorpromazine (552 mg/day). Incidence of EPS‐related AEs in relation to quetiapine dose was also analysed using a subset of data from fixed‐dose studies.

Results

Data from 4956 patients were analysed. Quetiapine was well tolerated, and did not increase EPS‐related AEs when compared with placebo (9.6 vs. 10.6%, respectively). The incidence of EPS‐related AEs with quetiapine was consistent across the dose range (4.2–13.2% vs. 11.1% with placebo). Patients receiving haloperidol, risperidone and chlorpromazine experienced significantly higher levels of EPS‐related AEs than those on quetiapine. The most common quetiapine‐ associated AEs, with significantly higher incidence than placebo, were sedation, somnolence and orthostatic hypotension.

Conclusion

Quetiapine is generally well tolerated in patients with schizophrenia or related disorders, with placebo‐level EPS‐related AEs. Quetiapine has a more favourable EPS profile than haloperidol, chlorpromazine or risperidone. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mutations of the PIK3CA gene in hereditary colorectal cancers
Authors: Miyaki Michiko , Iijima Takeru , Yamaguchi Tatsuro , Takahashi Keiichi , Matsumoto Hiroshi , Yasutome Michiya , Funata Nobuaki , Mori Takeo
Published: June 2007

Somatic mutations of the PIK3CA gene have recently been detected in various human cancers, including sporadic colorectal cancer. However, mutations of the PIK3CA gene in hereditary colorectal cancers have not been clarified. To elucidate the mutation status in familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), which are the most common hereditary colorectal cancers, we investigated PIK3CA mutations in 163 colorectal tumors, including adenomas, intramucosal carcinomas and invasive carcinomas. For comparison, we also analyzed mutations of the same gene in 160 sporadic colorectal tumors at various histopathological stages. Analysis at exons 1, 7, 9 and 20 of the PIK3CA gene revealed somatic mutations in 21% (8 of 39) of FAP invasive carcinomas, 21% (7 of 34) of HNPCC invasive carcinomas, 15% (8 of 52) of sporadic invasive carcinomas, and 14% (7 of 50) of sporadic colorectal metastases in the liver. Mutations in FAP and HNPCC carcinomas predominantly occurred in the kinase domain (exon 20), while the majority of mutations in sporadic cases occurred in the helical domain (exon 9). Adenomas and intramucosal carcinomas from all patients exhibited no mutations (0 of 148). Our data suggest that PIK3CA mutations contribute to the invasion step from intramucosal carcinoma to invasive carcinoma in colorectal carcinogenesis in FAP and HNPCC patients at a similar extent to that seen in sporadic patients. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Targeting the IGF‐1R using picropodophyllin in the therapeutical 5T2MM mouse model of multiple myeloma: Beneficial effects on tumor growth, angiogenesis, bone disease and survival
Authors: Menu Eline , Jernberg‐Wiklund Helena , De Raeve Hendrik , De Leenheer Evy , Coulton Les , Gallagher Orla , Van Valckenborgh Els , Larsson Olle , Axelson Magnus , Nilsson Kenneth , Van Camp Ben , Croucher Peter , Vanderkerken Karin
Published: June 2007

During the last decade, a central role for insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF‐1) in the pathophysiology of multiple myeloma (MM) has been well established. IGF‐I provided by the tumor–microenvironment interaction may directly and indirectly facilitate the migration, survival and expansion of the MM cells in the bone marrow (BM). The inhibition of the IGF‐1R‐mediated signaling pathway has recently been suggested to be a possible new therapeutic principle in MM. Using the mouse 5T2MM model, we now demonstrate that targeting the IGF‐1R using picropodophyllin (PPP) in a therapeutical setting not only has strong antitumor activity on the established MM tumor but also influences the BM microenvironment by inhibiting angiogenesis and bone disease, having a profound effect on the survival of the mice. At therapeutically achievable concentrations of PPP, the average survival was 180 days for the PPP‐treated mice as compared to 100 days for vehicle‐treated mice. PPP used as single drug treatment in the 5T2MM model resulted in a decrease of tumor burden by 65% while the paraprotein concentrations were reduced by 75%. This decrease was associated with a significant inhibition of tumor‐associated angiogenesis and osteolysis. The present studies on the biological effects of PPP in the 5T2MM model constitute an important experimental platform for future therapeutic implementation. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of coxsackie and adenovirus receptor reduces the lung metastatic potential of murine tumor cells
Authors: Yamashita Manabu , Ino Asami , Kawabata Kenji , Sakurai Fuminori , Mizuguchi Hiroyuki
Published: June 2007

The coxsackie and adenovirus receptor (CAR) is involved in the epithelial cell tight junction, the downregulated expression of which is observed in different cancer types. In the present study, we examined CAR's role in tumor metastasis using a B16 melanoma and CT26 colon adenocarcinoma model of experimental metastasis. In lung metastasis, the colony number of B16 cells stably expressing CAR (B16CAR) was significantly lower than that of the control CAR‐negative B16 cells. B16 and CT26 cells transiently expressing CAR, which were transduced with adenovirus (Ad) vector expressing CAR, also reduced lung metastasis, suggesting that CAR plays a role in the early stage of metastasis. CAR expression significantly decreased the accumulation of B16 cells in the lung after i.v. injection and the migration in vitro. CAR expression reduced expression of αv, α4, β3 and β1 integrin, which play important roles in attachment to cells or basement membrane. Thus, CAR expression likely acts as a metastatic suppressor. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Use of a novel 3D culture model to elucidate the role of mesothelial cells, fibroblasts and extra‐cellular matrices on adhesion and invasion of ovarian cancer cells to the omentum
Authors: Kenny Hilary A. , Krausz Thomas , Yamada Seiko D. , Lengyel Ernst
Published: June 2007

The omentum is a major site of ovarian cancer metastasis. Our goal was to establish a three‐dimensional (3D) model of the key components of the omental microenvironment (mesothelial cells, fibroblasts and extracellular matrices) to study ovarian cancer cell adhesion and invasion. The 3D model comprised of primary human fibroblasts extracted from normal human omentum, mixed with ECM and covered by a layer of primary human mesothelial cells, also from normal human omentum. After addition of ovarian cancer cells, the histological appearance of the 3D culture mimicked microscopic metastases to the omentum from patients with ovarian cancer. When ovarian cancer cells, SKOV3ip.1 and HeyA8, were applied to the 3D omental culture, 60% and 68% of all cells attached, respectively, but only 18% and 25% were able to invade. Ovarian cancer cells preferentially adhered to and invaded collagen I, followed by binding to collagen IV, fibronectin, vitronectin, laminin 10 and 1. Omental mesothelial cells significantly inhibited ovarian cancer cell adhesion and invasion, while omental fibroblasts induced adhesion and invasion. This effect is clearly mediated by direct cell–cell contact, since conditioned medium from mesothelial cells or fibroblasts has a minimal, or no, effect on ovarian cancer cell adhesion and invasion. In summary, we have established a 3D model to study the early steps of ovarian cancer metastasis to the human omentum, and found that omental mesothelial cells inhibit, while omental fibroblasts and the ECM enhance, the attachment and invasion of ovarian cancer cells. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A novel role for Bcl‐2 associated‐athanogene‐1 (Bag‐1) in regulation of the endoplasmic reticulum stress response in mammalian chondrocytes
Authors: Yang Ling , McBurney Denise , Tang Shou‐Ching , Carlson Sara G. , Horton Walter E.
Published: June 2007

BAG‐1 (Bcl‐2 associated athanogene‐1) is a multifunctional protein, linking cell proliferation, cell death, protein folding, and cell stress. In vivo, BAG‐1 is expressed in growth plate and articular cartilage, and the expression of BAG‐1 is decreased with aging. Chondrocytes respond to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress with decreased expression of extracellular matrix proteins, and prolonged ER stress leads to chondrocyte apoptosis. Here we demonstrate for the first time that BAG‐1 is involved in ER stress‐induced apoptosis in chondrocytes. Induction of ER stress through multiple mechanisms all resulted in downregulation of BAG‐1 expression. In addition, direct suppression of BAG‐1 expression resulted in chondrocyte growth arrest and apoptosis, while stable overexpression of BAG‐1 delayed the onset of ER stress‐mediated apoptosis. In addition to regulating apoptosis, we also observed decreased expression of collagen type II in BAG‐1 deficient chondrocytes. In contrast, overexpression of BAG‐1 resulted in increased expression of collagen type II. Moreover, under ER stress conditions, the reduced expression of collagen type II was delayed in chondrocytes overexpressing BAG‐1. These results suggest a novel role for BAG‐1 in supporting viability and matrix expression of chondrocytes. J. Cell. Biochem. 102: 786–800, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of tyroserleutide on gene expression of calmodulin and PI3K in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Zhao Lan , Zhao Qian , Lu Rong , Fu Zheng , Zhu Zhifeng , Jia Jing , Wang Song , Shi Linxi , Jian Xu , Yao Zhi
Published: June 2007

Tyroserleutide (YSL) is a tripeptide compound that has exhibited inhibitory effects on hepatocellular carcinoma in our previous research. The mechanism of this antitumor activity involves the second messenger, Ca2+. Ca2+ influences cell function through the Ca2+/calmodulin (CaM) pathway, and abnormality of the Ca2+/CaM system correlates closely with the occurrence of tumors. In addition, CaM associates with phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K), thereby enhancing the activity of PI3K, which promotes cell proliferation. In order to investigate its anti‐tumor mechanism, we studied the effects of YSL on CaM protein expression and mRNA level, PI3K activity, PI3K regulatory subunit p85 protein expression and mRNA level, and the mRNA level of PI3K catalytic subunits p110α and p110γ in human hepatocellular carcinoma BEL‐7402 xenograft tumors in nude mice. Our results showed that YSL decreased the mRNA level and protein expression of CaM, inhibited the activity of PI3K, and reduced the mRNA level and protein expression of the PI3K regulatory subunit p85 and mRNA level of PI3K catalytic subunits p110α and p110γ. Accordingly, it is suggestive that the anti‐tumor effects of YSL may be mediated by down regulation of CaM and PI3K subunits p85 and p110, influencing the signal transduction pathway in the tumor cells and perhaps overcoming the dysfunctional PI3K activity in tumors. J. Cell. Biochem. 103: 471–478, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of RNA amplification methods and chip platforms for microarray analysis of samples processed by laser capture microdissection
Authors: Caretti Elena , Devarajan Karthik , Coudry Renata , Ross Eric , Clapper Margie L. , Cooper Harry S. , Bellacosa Alfonso
Published: June 2007

Laser capture microdissection (LCM) permits isolation of pure cell populations from which RNA can be extracted, amplified, and subjected to microarray analysis, allowing information to be obtained on the gene expression profile of defined cell types. To avoid amplification artifacts and detect genes expressed at different levels, it is important to optimize the choice of both RNA amplification step and microarray platform. We captured by LCM the same colon cancer biopsy and conducted a cross comparison of distinct RNA amplification methods and different chip platforms. We tested two RNA amplification methods with different chemistry: the one‐cycle Ovation™ system (NuGEN) and the two‐cycle Ribo OA™ method (Arcturus). We also compared two different whole genome platforms, based on Affymetrix technology: the U133 plus 2.0 and the X3P array, with probe sets closer to the 3′ end of transcripts. After RNA amplification, microarray analysis, and data normalization, we investigated reproducibility and correlation of different methods and arrays. Our results indicate that the Arcturus Ribo OA method is superior for both array choices, especially in combination with X3P arrays, showing the lowest variance and Spearman correlation of 0.986. The quicker NuGEN procedure, when coupled with X3P arrays, also yielded excellent results (correlation of 0.951). These observations will be useful for planning large‐scale analyses of LCM‐dissected clinical samples. J. Cell. Biochem. 103: 556–563, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Two new direct product‐type constructions for resolvable group‐divisible designs
Authors: Rees Rolf S.
Published: June 2007

We present two direct product‐type constructions which will prove useful in the construction of resolvable designs. We use our constructions to complete the spectrum for resolvable group‐divisible designs with block size three, as well as to give a short proof of the existence of decompositions of K6n into a one‐factors and b triangle‐factors for any a, b, n with a + 2b = 6n − 1 and a > 1. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Large sets with holes
Authors: Teirlinck Luc
Published: June 2007

We study large sets of disjoint Steiner triple systems “with holes”. The purpose of these structures is to extend the use of large sets of disjoint Steiner triple systems in the construction of various other large set type structures to values of v for which no Steiner triple system of order v exists, i.e., v ≡ 0, 2, 4, or 5 (mod 6). We give constructions for all of these congruence classes. We describe several applications, including applications to large sets of disjoint group divisible designs and to large sets of disjoint separable ordered designs. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
On the existence of room frames of type tu for u = 4 and 5
Authors: Gennian Ge , Lie Zhu
Published: June 2007

In this article, we describe some new constructions for Room frames and use them to show the existence of Room frames of types t4 and t5. Combining the result with those of Dinitz and Stinson leads to the following: the only cases for which the existence of Room frames is undecided are those types t4 where t = 14,22,26,34,38,46,62,74,82,86,98,122,134,146. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Forensic psychology in the Czech republic
Authors: Polišenská Veronika Anna
Published: June 2007

The article discusses the field of Forensic Psychology in Czech Republic. It concentrates upon the successes and stagnations of the field, which can be attributed to the political and historical development of the country. After a brief historical background and demographic information, the article introduces the history and structure of the police force and prison service. The article then moves on to discuss the history and publication development of the field of Forensic Psychology and its use in practice. It characterizes the field from its beginnings between the two wars, to the activities of the Research Institute of Penology from 1967 to1980 and the years following the political change of 1989. The article concludes with the law framework within which the field operates. Based upon this summary of the situation in Czech republic, the author makes an assessment of the status of Forensic Psychology in Czech republic, especially in terms of conducting research for the practice. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.