bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Increased sea ice melt as a driver of enhanced Arctic phytoplankton blooming
Authors: Castagno Andrew P. , Wagner Till J. W. , Cape Mattias R. , Lester Conner W. , Bailey Elizabeth , Alves‐de‐Souza Catharina , York Robert A. , Fleming Alyson H.
Published: June 2023

Phytoplankton primary production in the Arctic Ocean has been increasing over the last two decades. In 2019, a record spring bloom occurred in Fram Strait, characterized by a peak in chlorophyll that was reached weeks earlier than in other years and was larger than any previously recorded May bloom. Here, we consider the conditions that led to this event and examine drivers of spring phytoplankton blooms in Fram Strait using in situ, remote sensing, and data assimilation methods. From samples collected during the May 2019 bloom, we observe a direct relationship between sea ice meltwater in the upper water column and chlorophyll a pigment concentrations. We place the 2019 spring dynamics in context of the past 20 years, a period marked by rapid change in climatic conditions. Our findings suggest that increased advection of sea ice into the region and warmer surface temperatures led to a rise in meltwater input and stronger near‐surface stratification. Over this time period, we identify large‐scale spatial correlations in Fram Strait between increased chlorophyll a concentrations and increased freshwater flux from sea ice melt.
Management of cirrhotic ascites: Seven‐step treatment protocol based on the Japanese evidence‐based clinical practice guidelines for liver cirrhosis 2020
Authors: Yoshiji Hitoshi
Published: June 2023

Liver cirrhosis is a severe illness, associated with multiple complications, which can lead to liver failure. One of the major complications of cirrhosis is ascites. This review describes a stepped treatment approach for the management of ascites in Japanese patients with cirrhosis. It is broadly based on the 2020 update of the Japanese clinical practice guidelines for liver cirrhosis, which is briefly compared with guidelines from Europe and the United States. Step 1 is sodium restriction at a level suitable for Japanese individuals (5–7 g/day), Step 2 is albumin treatment to counteract underlying hypoalbuminemia, Step 3 is initiation of diuretic treatment with spironolactone, followed by add‐on loop diuretic treatment at Step 4. Patients that are refractory to sodium restriction and sodium diuretics can be treated with tolvaptan (Step 5) – a vasopressin V2 receptor antagonist that is available in Japan. Patients at Steps 6 and 7 have refractory ascites and are treated with large volume paracentesis in combination with an albumin infusion. High‐dose albumin infusion (6–8 g/L) at the time of large volume paracentesis has recently become possible in Japan. Cell‐free and concentrated ascites reinfusion therapy is also an option at Step 6. Two of the treatment options at Step 7 are limited in Japan (transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts are not approved, and access to liver donors is very limited), but patients can undergo a peritoneovenous shunt if no other options are available. While challenges remain in the treatment of ascites, adopting this stepwise treatment approach may improve patient outcomes.
How do (false) positively screened patients experience a screening programme for liver cirrhosis or fibrosis in Germany? A qualitative study
Authors: Fichtner Urs A. , Arslanow Anita , Binder Harald , Galle Peter R. , Labenz Christian , Lammert Frank , Ortner Julia , Stelzer Dominikus , Velthuis Louis , Farin‐Glattacker Erik
Published: June 2023

Objective

This study aimed to explore psychosocial consequences of (false) positive liver screening results and to identify influencing factors for perceived strain within a multistage screening programme for liver cirrhosis and fibrosis in Germany.

Methods

Between June 2018 and May 2019, all positively screened patients were asked to participate in the study (n = 158). N = 11 telephone interviews and n = 4 follow‐up interviews were conducted. Semi‐structured telephone interviews were carried out. The analysis followed a structuring content analysis approach. Thereby, categories were first defined deductively. Second, the categories were revised inductively based on the data.

Results

The main themes found regarding the consequences of the screening were categorised in emotional reactions and behavioural reactions. Few respondents described negative emotional consequences related to screening. Those seem to be mostly driven by suboptimal patient–provider communication and might be worsened when transparent information transfer fails to happen. As a result, patients sought information and support in their social environment. All patients reported positive attitudes towards liver screening.

Conclusion

To reduce the potential occurrence of psychosocial consequences during the screening process, medical screening should be performed in the context of transparent information. Regular health communication on the side of health professionals and increasing patients' health literacy might contribute to avoiding negative emotions in line with screening.

Patient or Public Contribution

This study recognises the wide‐ranging patients' perspectives regarding the consequences of liver screening which should be taken into consideration when implementing a new screening programme to ensure a patient‐centred approach.
Structural and photoluminescent features of Eu3+ activated single‐phase niobate phosphor for lighting applications
Authors: Verma Animesh , Sahu Mukesh K. , Deepali  , Pandey Mrinal , Rao Peta Koteswara , Jayasimhadri Mula
Published: June 2023

Single‐phase barium sodium niobate phosphor (Ba2NaNb5O15: BNNO) doped with europium (Eu3+) ions have been synthesized by solid‐state reaction route. Pure and single‐phase formation with the tetragonal structure of the synthesized Eu3+‐doped BNNO (BNNO: Eu3+) phosphor was confirmed by X‐ray diffraction. The SEM image of BNNO sample indicates irregular morphology and nonuniform micron‐sized particle formation. The intense excitation peak located at 463 nm appeared in the excitation spectrum for BNNO: Eu3+ phosphors when monitored atred (615 nm) emission of Eu3+ ions. Under 463 nm excitation, the emission spectra for BNNO: Eu3+ exhibit dominant red (615 nm) emission peak. The luminescence intensity increases progressively up to the 10.0 mol% of Eu3+ ions and decreases further due to the concertation quenching effect. The energy transfer mechanism responsible for concentration quenching has been investigated in detail. The chromaticity coordinates assessed for BNNO: Eu3+ phosphors, which are located in the red region of Commission International de l'Eclairage 1931 diagram. The structural, morphological, and spectroscopic results attained for the synthesized phosphor (BNNO: Eu3+) demonstrate potential candidature as a red component phosphor in solid‐state lighting applications.
Prison labour, customs preference schemes and decent work: Critical analysis and outlook
Authors: SITZIA Andrea , LOPEZ Benoît
Published: June 2023

In customs preference schemes, prison labour is primarily viewed as unfair competition, to be rejected out of hand. This form of employment can, however, be understood differently, notably by considering the conditions under which it may constitute decent work, and by seeing it as a tool for rehabilitation. Following an in‐depth legal analysis, in which they compare the relevant standards of the ILO to EU and WTO customs regulations in the light of the capability approach, the authors call for the development of a set of rules drawing on several branches of law relating to prison labour.
L'impact des traités internationaux se limite‐t‐il aux États qui les ont ratifiés? L'influence des conventions de l'OIT relatives à la protection de la maternité dans 160 pays entre 1883 et 2018
Authors: SON Keonhi
Published: June 2023

Les États qui ratifient les conventions internationales de l'OIT ne sont pas les seuls à se conformer à leurs dispositions. D'autres aussi adaptent leur législation en conséquence pour renforcer leur légitimité. S'appuyant sur une nouvelle base de données longitudinales, l'autrice retrace l'évolution des dispositions concernant le congé de maternité dans 160 pays entre 1883 et 2018 au regard de l'adoption par la Conférence internationale du Travail des conventions relatives à la protection de la maternité. Elle constate qu'à la suite de cette adoption tant les États ratificateurs que les États non ratificateurs ont élargi leur régime de congé de maternité rémunéré.
Timing and setting of billed advance care planning among Medicare decedents in 2017–2019
Authors: Gotanda Hiroshi , Walling Anne M. , Zhang Jessica J. , Xu Haiyong , Tsugawa Yusuke
Published: June 2023

Background

The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) began to reimburse clinicians for advance care planning (ACP) discussions, effective January 1, 2016. We sought to characterize the timing and setting of first‐billed ACP discussions among Medicare decedents to inform future research on ACP billing codes.

Methods

Using a random 20% sample of Medicare fee‐for‐service beneficiaries aged 66 years and older who died in 2017–2019, we described the timing (relative to death) and setting (inpatient, nursing home, office, or outpatient with or without Medicare Annual Wellness Visit [AWV], home or community, or elsewhere) of the first‐billed ACP discussion for each beneficiary.

Results

Our study included 695,985 decedents (mean [SD] years of age, 83.2 [8.8]; 54.2% female); the proportion of decedents who had at least one billed ACP discussion increased from 9.7% in 2017 to 21.9% in 2019. We found that the proportion of first‐billed ACP discussions held during the last month of life decreased from 37.0% in 2017 to 26.2% in 2019, while the proportion of first‐billed ACP discussions held more than 12 months before death increased from 11.1% in 2017 to 35.2% in 2019. We also found that the proportion of first‐billed ACP discussions held in the office or outpatient setting along with AWV increased over time (from 10.7% in 2017 to 14.1% in 2019), while the proportion held in the inpatient setting decreased (from 41.7% in 2017 to 38.0% in 2019).

Conclusions

We found that with increasing exposure to the CMS policy change, uptake of the ACP billing code has increased; first‐billed ACP discussions are occurring sooner before the end‐of‐life stage and are more likely to occur with AWV. Future studies should evaluate changes in ACP practice patterns, rather than only an increasing uptake in ACP billing codes, following the policy implementation.
The Effect of a Mindfulness‐Based Stress Reduction Program on Premenstrual Symptoms: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Şener Çetin Nurdilan , Şolt Kırca Ayça
Published: June 2023

Introduction

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is an important health problem that affects women of childbearing age. Mindfulness, a meditation practice that cultivates the acceptance of events as they occur in the moment without judgment, is a promising strategy to help women cope with PMS. This study aimed to test the efficacy of a mindfulness‐based stress reduction (MBSR) program in decreasing premenstrual symptoms compared with a control group.

Methods

This study was a prospective, single‐masked randomized controlled trial conducted between February and April 2022 with 90 university students. Participants were women between 20 and 30 years of age, scored at least 45 on the Premenstrual Syndrome Scale (PMSS), and were not receiving other treatments for PMS. Participants were randomized into experimental (MBSR) and control groups in a 1:1 allocation. MBSR was provided in 8 weekly sessions lasting 2.5 hours and a 6‐hour silence retreat during week 6. Symptoms of PMS were evaluated with the PMSS at baseline and postintervention. Differences between groups were compared postintervention using analysis of covariance to correct for baseline scores. The study was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov before the data collection process was initiated (NCT05191108).

Results

Of the 90 enrolled participants, 74 participants completed the study and postintervention assessment (37 in each group). Immediately postintervention, the women in the experimental group had significantly lower PMS symptoms than women in the control group (PMSS total score, 96.35 vs 123.02; P < .001). The effect size for the change in premenstrual symptoms was large (partial η2, 0.510). Specific symptoms measured by the PMSS subscales all showed significant reductions in scores in the MBSR group compared with the control group.

Discussion

A mindfulness stress reduction program was effective in reducing premenstrual symptoms. MBSR programs may be used as a therapy for PMS. Future studies should test MBSR in larger and more diverse groups of women with PMS.
Differential pericyte marker expression in craniofacial benign and malignant vascular tumors
Authors: Lu Amy Z. , Chandra Dave , Chandra Srinivasa R. , James Aaron W. , Hsu Ginny Ching‐Yun
Published: June 2023

Background

Vascular anomalies and tumors are common in the head, neck, and craniofacial areas and are associated with abnormalities in the angiomatous architecture. However, the etiology and molecular basis for the pathogenesis of most vascular lesions are still unknown. Pericytes are mural cells that surround endothelial cells. Besides angiogenesis and other physiological functions, pericytes play an important role in vascularized tissue repair and as resident mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells. Perivascular cells demonstrate a distinct immunohistochemical profile, including expression of alpha‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA), CD146, CD105, and PDGFRβ, without endothelial differentiation (absence of CD31 and CD34 immunoreactivity). These pericyte markers have been shown to be expressed in soft tissue hemangiomas. However, they have not been fully examined in intraosseous hemangiomas.

Methods

In this study, we compared mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) expression of CD146 and α‐SMA markers in pericytes from hemangiomas from different tissues and malignant vascular tumors.

Results

The results demonstrated an increased expression of pericyte markers in perivascular cells of benign hemangiomas, especially intraosseous hemangiomas and a significantly reduced expression of pericyte markers in malignant angiosarcomas.

Conclusion

The evidence provides insight into the function of pericytes in vascular tumors and suggests their role in vascular tumor disease types.
Effect of aging and obesity on esophageal mucosal integrity as measured by baseline impedance
Authors: Voulgaris Theodoros , Hoshino Shintaro , Sifrim Daniel , Yazaki Etsuro
Published: June 2023

Aim

Low mean nocturnal baseline impedance (MNBI) values support gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) diagnosis. Recent data denote that age and obesity may affect MNBI. We aimed to evaluate diagnostic MNBI cutoffs as also the effect of aging and body mass index (BMI) on MNBI.

Methods

In total 311 patients (M/F: 139/172, mean age: 47 ± 13) referred for typical GERD symptoms that have undertaken both high‐resolution manometry (HRM) and pH‐Impedance studies off PPI were evaluated. MNBI at 3, 5, and 17 cm over lower esophageal sphincter (LES) were evaluated. GERD was diagnosed if acid exposure time (AET) >6%.

Results

Mean BMI was 26.6 ± 5.9 kg/cm2. GERD was diagnosed in 39.2% and 13.5% had inconclusive GERD. MNBI was correlated to patients' age, BMI, AET, and the length of LES‐CD separation and at 3 cm also to the total number of reflux and LES hypotension. In the multivariate analysis MNBI at 3 and 5 cm was independently correlated only to age, BMI, and AET. Patients with definite GERD showed lower MNBI at 3 cm compared with inconclusive GERD though both showed lower values when compared with GERD absence. At 3 cm MNBI ability for diagnosing GERD was good (0.815, p < 0.001 95% CI: 0.766–0.863) with an optimal cutoff point of 1281 Ohm.

Conclusion

According to our study findings age and BMI affect independently lower esophageal MNBI values in patients evaluated for GERD. MNBI significantly aids toward GERD diagnosis though in a real‐life setting MNBI values much lower than the one previously proposed should be used.
Metabolic and transcriptomic study of pennycress natural variation identifies targets for oil improvement
Authors: Arias Cintia Lucía , García Navarrete Leidy Tatiana , Mukundi Eric , Swanson Tyler , Yang Fan , Hernandez Jonathan , Grotewold Erich , Alonso Ana Paula
Published: June 2023

Pennycress (Thlaspi arvense L.), a member of the Brassicaceae family, produces seed oil high in erucic acid, suitable for biodiesel and aviation fuel. Although pennycress, a winter annual, could be grown as a dedicated bioenergy crop, an increase in its seed oil content is required to improve its economic competitiveness. The success of crop improvement relies upon finding the right combination of biomarkers and targets, and the best genetic engineering and/or breeding strategies. In this work, we combined biomass composition with metabolomic and transcriptomic studies of developing embryos from 22 pennycress natural variants to identify targets for oil improvement. The selected accession collection presented diverse levels of fatty acids at maturity ranging from 29% to 41%. Pearson correlation analyses, weighted gene co‐expression network analysis and biomarker identifications were used as complementary approaches to detect associations between metabolite level or gene expression and oil content at maturity. The results indicated that improving seed oil content can lead to a concomitant increase in the proportion of erucic acid without affecting the weight of embryos. Processes, such as carbon partitioning towards the chloroplast, lipid metabolism, photosynthesis, and a tight control of nitrogen availability, were found to be key for oil improvement in pennycress. Besides identifying specific targets, our results also provide guidance regarding the best timing for their modification, early or middle maturation. Thus, this work lays out promising strategies, specific for pennycress, to accelerate the successful development of lines with increased seed oil content for biofuel applications.
Melanoma and subcutaneous adipose tissue: Role of peritumoral adipokines in disease characterization and prognosis
Authors: Molinelli Elisa , Ceccarelli Gabriele , Fantone Sonia , Di Mercurio Eleonora , Gambini Daisy , Maurizi Andrea , Perugini Jessica , Tossetta Giovanni , Brisigotti Valerio , De Simoni Edoardo , Sapigni Claudia , Rizzetto Giulio , Campanati Anna , Simonetti Oriana , Marzioni Daniela , Offidani Annamaria
Published: June 2023

In the last decades, the concept of adipose organ has emerged, giving adipose tissue an active endocrine and immunologic function through the secretion of multiple cytokines and chemokines that seem to be implicated in the development and progression of several cancer, including cutaneous melanoma. In this pilot experimental study, we analyzed the expression in the peritumor subcutaneous adipose tissue of the most significant adipokines involved in the processes of carcinogenesis and metastasis in a population of melanoma patients and in two control groups composed of melanocytic nevi and epidermoid cysts, respectively. We correlated the results obtained with the main disease prognostic factors observing a statistically significant increase in the expression of PAI1, LEP, CXCL1, NAMPT, and TNF‐α at the level of the peritumor tissue of the melanoma samples compared to the control groups and a correlation of the same with the histopathological prognostic factor of melanoma. Our preliminary study shows that the overexpression of PAI1, LEP, CXCL1, NAMPT, and TNF‐α may contribute to the growth and to the local aggressiveness of cutaneous melanoma. It opens the hypothesis of a direct oncogenic role of subcutaneous adipose tissue and adipokines in the tumorigenesis of melanoma.
Association between dependency and long sleep duration among elderly people: a community‐based study
Authors: Ding XiWen , Pan YiYang , Chen Yuan , Li Ying
Published: June 2023

Background

Long sleep duration is a common sleep disorder among elderly people. Dependency increases with increasing age. This study aimed to assess the association between dependency and long sleep duration among elderly people.

Methods

This study is a population‐based cross‐sectional study. A total of 1152 participants aged ≥ 60 years were selected from 26 locations in China by a complex multistage sampling design. Data were collected through face‐to‐face interviews. Sleep duration was measured using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Dependency was assessed using Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory‐II. Hierarchical multiple linear regression analysis was used to evaluate the efficacy of sleep‐related factors and psychological factors for sleep duration. Analysis of covariance and logistic regression analysis were performed to evaluate the association between the dependency score and sleep duration, and the strength of dependency effect on sleep duration.

Results

A total of 1120 participants were valid for the analysis. Among them, 15.8% of participants had a dependency score ≥60 points. The results of hierarchical multiple linear regression analysis showed that sleep duration was positively associated with dependency scores. Analysis of covariance indicated a J‐shaped association between dependency scores and sleep duration. The results of logistic regression analysis showed dependency was significantly associated with long sleep duration, and the odds ratio was 3.52 (95% CI, 1.87–6.63; P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Dependency was significantly associated with long sleep duration among elderly people. The results suggested that dependent intervention may be a strategy that needs urgent implementation to reduce long sleep duration among elderly people.
Plant‐based feed additives in Cyprinus carpio aquaculture
Authors: Kuebutornye Felix Kofi Agbeko , Roy Koushik , Folorunso Ewumi Azeez , Mraz Jan
Published: June 2023

Species feeding lower at the food web like cyprinids (carp) are often advocated for sustainable aquaculture. However, their gastrointestinal biology (lack of stomach) has limited their acid‐peptic digestion, acid lysis of plants and invertebrate tissues, and phosphorus uptake. This review presents data from 118 articles on the use of plant‐based feed additives (PFAs) in Cyprinus carpio (common carp). Our review shows that most PFA research in carp is focused on improving feed and nutrient utilization efficiency along various levels (in vivo digestibility, metabolizability to in situ nutrient loading), while other half is focused on ensuring animal welfare standards (biomass, immunity, welfare). Several reviewed plant‐based additives however tend to do both. The PFAs include essential oils (EOs), plant‐part extracts (PPEs), medicinal plants (herbs) and spices. The effective inclusion rate of EOs is lower (0.5%–0.75%). Whereas PPEs, herbs and spices work at a generic inclusion rate of 2%–5% in carp feeds. Even at an optimum inclusion rate, there are factors controlling PFAs efficacy such as methods of preparation (reviewed). PFAs like lemon beebrush, geranium, dill, Rosemary pepper and common mallow with/without certain pre‐conditions are better to avoid in cyprinid diets. Although certain PFAs may potentially alter organoleptic qualities of carp flesh or might assist in training carp immunity, information on these aspects is limited. The review also provides a quick guide to researchers and feed companies interested in exploring the potential of PFAs in C. carpio aquaculture. Potential PFAs that could be valuable for cyprinids, but not yet explored are also listed.
Multi‐drug resistant and rifampin‐resistant tuberculosis in transplant recipients
Authors: Abad Cybele Lara R. , Razonable Raymund R.
Published: June 2023

Background

Management of multidrug‐resistant (MDR) and rifampin‐resistant (RR) tuberculosis is challenging. Data on transplant recipients is limited. We reviewed published literature to examine treatment choices, outcomes, and adverse effects from MDR‐TB/RR‐TB treatment in transplant recipients.

Methods

Multiple databases from inception to 12/2022 were reviewed using the keywords “drug‐resistant TB” or “drug‐resistant tuberculosis” or “multidrug‐resistant TB” or “multidrug‐resistant tuberculosis”. MDR‐TB was defined as resistance to isoniazid (H) and rifampin (R), and RR if resistant to rifampin alone. Cases without patient‐level data and reports which did not describe treatment and/or outcomes for MDR‐TB were excluded.

Results

A total of 12 patients (10 solid organ transplants and two hematopoietic cell transplants) were included. Of these, 11 were MDR‐TB and one was RR‐TB. Seven recipients were male. The median age was 41.5 (range 16–60) years. Pre‐transplant evaluation for the majority (8/12, 66.7%) did not reveal a prior history of TB or TB treatment, but 9/12 were from TB intermediate or high‐burden countries. Seven patients were initially treated with the quadruple first‐line anti‐TB regimen. Those who had early RR confirmation (5/12) via Xpert MTB/RIF assay were initiated on alternative therapies. Final regimens were individualized based on susceptibility profiles and tolerability. Adverse events were reported in seven recipients, including acute kidney injury (n = 3), cytopenias (n = 3), and jaundice (n = 2). Four recipients died, with two deaths attributable to TB. The remaining eight patients who survived had functioning allografts at the last follow‐up.

Conclusions

MDR‐TB treatment in transplant recipients is associated with many complications. Xpert MTB/RIF detected RR early and guided early empiric therapy.

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Ammonia as an Aircraft Fuel: A Critical Assessment From Airport to Wake
Authors: Otto Marcel , Vesely Ladislav , Kapat Jayanta , Stoia Michael , Applegate Nicholas D. , Natsui Gregory
Published: June 2023

Zero-emission aviation initiatives have mainly focused on using hydrogen or drop-in biofuels and sustainable aviation fuels (SAF) to replace fossil-based jet fuels to achieve near-term reductions in carbon emissions with minimal impacts on the global aircraft fleet and supporting infrastructure. Despite significant advances in the production of such fuels, scaling up manufacturing capability to be cost-competitive is an ongoing effort. This paper discusses ammonia as a near-zero-emission carrier of green hydrogen for aviation. Ammonia is proposed as a carrier of hydrogen fuel, a thermal sink for compressor intercooling, and cooling of cooling air, for NOx elimination, and for condensation of water vapor to reduce contrail formation. A two-pronged investigation is presented, where first, a holistic discussion on alternative fuels identifies ammonia as a suitable hydrogen carrier for aviation. Second, the implications and potentials of ammonia are discussed and analyzed at the airframe and engine system level. Stemming from the already established fertilizer industry, a robust supply chain for ammonia exists together with experience in handling large quantities of the fluid despite its higher toxicity compared to hydrogen and other alternative aviation fuels of the future. It is found that ammonia requires significantly less water than SAF in production, on par with hydrogen, at comparable life cycle emission levels. The feasibility of heat exchangers for compressor intercooling and turbine-cooled cooling air, enabled by ammonia’s non-coking properties, is demonstrated, and paves the way toward efficient zero-emission engine cores.
Optimal Composition of Palm Oil Biomass to Minimize Biomass Power Plants’ Greenhouse Gases Emission
Authors: Harahap Muhammad Awaluddin , Haeruman Agus , Mokheimer Esmail M. A.
Published: June 2023

The increasing energy demand and rising concern about climate change have become two significant factors in finding alternative energy sources other than fossil fuels. Biomass has been implemented by several tropical countries such as Indonesia and Malaysia to answer this challenge by utilizing palm oil by-products as boiler fuels to generate steam for palm oil mill (POM) processing as well as for electricity generation. Fiber and kernel shell have become two major palm oil residues that have been implemented for this purpose. Moreover, empty fruit bunch (EFB) can also become another alternative biomass to fuel the boiler. This study is aimed at analyzing and optimizing the utilization of fiber, shell, and EFB by adjusting percentile contents of those three constituents and evaluating the CO2 production. The result of this analysis indicates that the best composition to minimize the CO2 of the biomass power plant is using 70% fiber, 0% shell, and 30% EFB. However, the increase of NO2 and SO2 must also be considered to find the correct balance between those three emissions. In addition, EFB should be pretreated (drying and shredding) before the combustion to reduce the water content and the dimension of EFB.
Division 5—High Temperature Reactors
Authors: Jetter Robert I. , Mitchell Mark , Morton D. Keith
Published: June 2023

This chapter provides commentary on a new division under Section III of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel (BPV) Code. This Division 5 was first published as part of the 2011 Addenda to the 2010 Edition of the BPV Code. The chapter provides information on the scope and need for Division 5, the structure of Division 5, where the rules originated, the basis for the elevated temperature rules specified in Division 5, the various changes made in finalizing Division 5, and the future near-term and long-term expectations for Division 5 development. It reflects the 2015 Edition of Division 5. Division 5 identifies rules for high temperature reactors (HTRs) based on only two classifications, Class A for safety-related components and Class B for non-safety related but with special treatment components. It contains general requirements for both metals and graphite in Subsection HA, Subpart A and Subpart B, respectively. Rules for Class A metallic pressure boundary components, Class B metallic pressure boundary components, and Class A core support structures at both low temperature conditions (under Subpart A) and elevated temperature conditions (under Subpart B) are contained in Subsections HB, HC, and HG, respectively. Rules for Class A and B metallic supports are contained in Subsection NF, Subpart A. Finally, new rules for nonmetallic core support structures (graphite) are contained in Subsection HH, Subpart A. Consistent with current Code practice, the primary concern of Division 5 is the integrity of the components under design, operating conditions (including normal, upset, emergency, and faulted), and test conditions. Division 5 covers all construction aspects of these components, including administrative requirements, material selection and qualification, design, fabrication, examination, inspection, testing, quality assurance, and documentation.

History

Effective with the 2015 Edition of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, “Subsection NH of Div. 1 of Section III” was discontinued and the subject matter transferred to Subsection HB, “Class A Metallic Pressure Boundary Components,” Subpart B, “Elevated Temperature Service” of Div. 5 of Section III. Accordingly, the subject matter previously covered in Chapter 12 of Fourth Edition and prior editions is now covered in an expanded version of Chapter 17 “Division.

The current online edition was updated by Robert I. Jetter and Mark Mitchell with contributions from the BPV Committee on Construction of Nuclear Facility Components (III).
ASME Section VI: Recommended Rules for the Care and Operation of Heating Boilers
Authors: Smith Clayton T.
Published: June 2023

This chapter provides criteria and commentary for ASME Section VI, which presents guidelines for the safe and efficient operation of steam-heating boilers, hot-water-supply boilers, and hot-water-heating boilers after installation. These rules are nonmandatory unless they are adopted into the laws of a governmental jurisdiction. The chapter is divided into nine parts, along with the necessary figures and tables for each part. Part 1 covers the scope of the chapter, provides some background on the use of illustrations and manufacturer’s information, and includes a glossary of terms applicable to boilers, fuels, fuel-burning equipment, combustion, and water treatment. Part 2 deals with the classification of boilers based on their design, construction, and application. Different types of boilers, such as steel, cast iron, modular, and vacuum boilers, are described and illustrated. The requirements of accessories such as safety relief valves and pressure gages, and their installation are addressed in Part 3. Part 4 deals with the characteristics of common fuels used for combustion in boilers such as gas, oil, coal, and wood products. Part 5 provides information on the controls for managing the functions of the fuel-burning equipment, namely operating, limit, safety, and programming controls. Part 6 covers all the requirements of boiler-room facilities for safe operation and maintenance. Recommendations for the operation, maintenance, and repair of steam boilers are included in Part 7 in addition to the procedures for inspection of steam boilers. Part 8 deals with the operation, maintenance, and repair guidelines for hot-water boilers and tests and inspections of hot-water-supply and hot-water-heating boilers. Water treatment considerations, boiler water problems, the chemicals used for water treatment and their functions, treatment alternatives, and various procedures are discussed in Part 9.
Part 2, Section II—Materials and Specifications
Authors: Upitis Elmar , Moen Richard A. , Carpenter Marvin L. , Newell William , Grubb John F. , Sutherlin Richard C. , Henry Jeffrey , Chaudouet Anne
Published: June 2023

This chapter presents various specifications for the materials used in the construction of boilers. The first section of this chapter traces the chronological evolution of materials and associated technologies, from the need for materials to accommodate riveted construction to the acceptance of fusion welding as a fabrication process. Included in this discussion are the application of advanced materials, the revisions to the basis for setting allowable stress values, and the acceptance of Material Specifications other than those approved by ASTM. The next two sections discuss Code Section II, Part A–Ferrous Material Specifications and Part B–Nonferrous Material Specifications. The discussion covers the following: Guideline on the approval of new materials under the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel (BPV) Code; Submittal of Technical Inquiries to the Boiler and Pressure Vessel Committee; and Guidelines on Multiple Marking of Materials. The fourth section provides the basis for the Specifications and Standards covered by Section II, Part C–Specification for Welding Rods, Electrodes, and Filler Metals, and their relations to the ANSI/AWS specifications. Included in the discussion are the electrode classification system, material descriptions, welding material applications, welding material procurement, and filler metal certification. The fifth section reviews important aspects of Section II, Part D–Properties. The discussion covers the properties of ferrous and nonferrous alloys used in the design of components for the BPV and Nuclear Construction Codes. The final section discusses Section II, Part A and Part B—International Material Specifications. ASME Section II includes rules for acceptance of material specifications of recognized National or International organizations other than ASTM. The section also discusses the process of adoption of the Committee for Standardization specifications in Europe with consequences on the corresponding ASME specifications.

History

Dennis Rahoi, Marvin L. Carpenter and Domenic A. Canonico were the original authors of this chapter. The second and third editions were updated by Marvin L. Carpenter, Elmar Upitis and Richard A. Moen. The fourth edition was updated by Elmar Upitis, Marvin L. Carpenter, John F. Grubb, Richard C. Sutherlin, Jeffrey Henry, C. W. Rowley and Anne Chaudoulet. The fifth edition was updated by Richard C. Sutherlin, Jeffrey Henry, and Anne Chaudoulet The current online edition was updated by Anne Chaudouet, Elmar Upitis and John Grubb.
A Commentary for Understanding and Applying the Principles of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code
Authors: Reedy Roger F.
Published: June 2023

This chapter provides a commentary on the principles of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code to help users apply common sense when using the Code. It provides engineers, owners, inspectors, regulatory institutions, and other Code users with a better understanding of the basic principles of the Code. The chapter begins with a discussion on the design factors used by the ASME Committee to determine allowable stress and the requirements for a Design Specification and a Stress Report. It then provides information on the seismic design requirements and describes the use of Service Levels A, B, C, and D to provide increased allowable stresses for upset, emergency, and faulted plant conditions, as appropriate. The chapter emphasizes the need for good engineering judgment by knowledgeable professional engineers. This is essential for understanding which computer output should be used or how the output must be modified. The chapter discusses the revision made in the Foreword to the ASME Code in the 1992 Addenda to specify that engineering dimensions require tolerances and that Code-specified dimensions are based on nominal sizes. A brief note is provided on the identification of the proper allowance for erosion and corrosion caused by service conditions. The chapter also points out concerns with the use of finite element analysis in design activities. Forming operations for pressure vessels and postweld heat treatment of some welded configurations are briefly covered. In addition, the chapter discusses the importance of performance-based quality assurance programs and the use of thermal relief devices to protect pressure vessels or piping against pressure that results from the heat of the fluid contained in the component. Other issues addressed include the evaluation of new hypothetical loads on equipment that has been Code Stamped, and the purpose of hydrostatic testing of pressurized equipment.
Sex differences in musculoskeletal injury epidemiology and subsequent loss of tactical readiness during Marine Corps Officer Candidates School
Authors: Lovalekar Mita , Bird M B , Koltun K J , Steele E , Forse J , Vera Cruz J L , Bannister A F , Burns I , Mi Q , Martin B J , Nindl B C
Published: June 2023

Introduction

The US Marine Corps (USMC) Officer Candidates School (OCS) is a 10-week training course for Marine Officer Candidates (MOCs). OCS training is rigorous and demanding, which results in a high risk of musculoskeletal injuries (MSIs). The objective of this analysis was to describe MSIs among women and men during the USMC OCS at Quantico, Virginia, from September 2020 to November 2021.

Methods

This prospective cohort study assessed MSIs that occurred among 736 MOCs (women: 17.8% of sample, men: 82.2%). Data for the study were derived from routinely collected injury data by athletic trainers and physical therapists embedded within the training units. Injury incidence, event at the time of injury occurrence, anatomic location, injury type and disposition following injury were described. Fisher’s exact tests were used to compare proportions of injured women and men.

Results

The cumulative injury incidence was higher among women (39.7%) compared with men (23.1%, p<0.001). When specific events associated with injuries were reported, most frequent events were the obstacle course (women: 20.9% of injuries, men: 12.9%) and the conditioning hike (women: 11.6%, men: 6.9%). Most injures affected the lower body (women: 67.4%, men: 70.8%). The most frequent body part injured was the lower leg (18.6%) in women and the knee (23.3%) in men. The most frequent injury type was strain (women: 39.5%, men: 24.3%), followed by sprain (women: 16.3%, men: 14.9%). A greater percentage of female (92.3%) compared with male MOCs (69.3%; p<0.001) were assigned light duty status following MSIs.

Conclusions

Mitigation of injuries during OCS events such as the obstacle course and the conditioning hike needs further investigation. The high risk of overuse lower leg injuries among women and the higher incidence of injuries among women compared with men underscore the need for further investigation of modifiable sex-specific injury risk factors.
Family Trees for Enumeration
Authors: Nakano Shin-Ichi
Published: June 2023

In this paper we design efficient algorithms for enumerating (1) the rooted trees with exactly [Formula: see text] vertices, (2) the maximal planar graphs with exactly [Formula: see text] vertices and (3) the linear extensions of a given poset. Those algorithms are based on tree structures of objects, called the family trees.

The first algorithm enumerates each ordered tree with exactly [Formula: see text] vertices in [Formula: see text] time for each after [Formula: see text] time preprocessing. The second algorithm enumerates each maximal planar graph with exactly [Formula: see text] vertices in [Formula: see text] time for each on average. The third algorithm enumerates each linear extension of a given poset in [Formula: see text] time for each after [Formula: see text] time preprocessing, where [Formula: see text] is the number of the element in the set of the poset.
Fractional conformable differential time-delayed problems: Theoretical analysis and numerical implementation using reproducing Hilbert’s approximate scheme
Authors: Benseghir Roumaissa , Arqub Omar Abu , Maayah Banan
Published: June 2023

The intention of this analysis is to declare and demonstrate the complete foundational theorem of existence and uniqueness for fractional conformable initial value time-delayed models incorporating time delays. The utilized proof is based on Picard’s iterative method and the fixed point theorem. Thereafter, to showcase the outcomes of our theoretical research and as an application for numerical solutions, we propose an effective numerical method based on the reproducing kernel Hilbert approximation to solve some fractional time-delayed problems. Afterward, the construction of appropriate Hilbert spaces, derivation of the kernel functions, representation of the unique delayed solution and algorithm solution steps are also discussed and utilized. Indeed, the series solution, the convergence, and the error analysis outcomes are debated and discussed. For comparative analysis, we describe our gained results in the constructed tables and figures which help us to compare the numerical solution with the exact one. Concluding notes, keynotes and future are listed in the closing portion.
Third-order nonlinearity and functional data analysis of ADP-doped PVA/PVP polymer composites
Authors: Gowtham G. K. , Somashekarappa H. , Somashekar R.
Published: June 2023

The structural dependence of nonlinear optical properties associated with ADP-doped PVA/PVP polymer composites is discussed in this work. Polymer composites are fabricated using the solution casting method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to perform structural analysis on these samples whose average crystallite size increases with an increase in dopant concentration. Results from UV–Vis–NIR spectra show that the samples are transparent in the IR region. The Z-scan technique was established by following the method described by Sheik-Bahae et al. The shape of the open aperture plot suggests that the samples exhibit two-photon absorption. The NLO properties such as nonlinear absorption coefficient ([Formula: see text], two-photon absorption cross-section ([Formula: see text] and the imaginary part of third-order nonlinear susceptibility [Formula: see text] were investigated at 1064 nm and these values were found to be in the order of [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]W/cm, [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]cm4/GW and [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]esu, respectively. The open aperture Z-scan method yielded optical limiting data, from which the optical limiting threshold was calculated to be in the order of [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]W/m2. Functional data analysis uses a suitable basis representation to assess the functional correlation between global and local variables.
INVASION AND SUPERINFECTION IN DETERMINISTIC AND STOCHASTIC TWO-STRAIN DENGUE MODELS WITH DEMOGRAPHIC AND SEASONAL VARIATION
Authors: NIPA KANIZ FATEMA , JANG SOPHIA R. , ALLEN LINDA J. S.
Published: June 2023

The effects of seasonality on disease invasion and superinfection are investigated in dengue epidemic models with two viral strains. A two-strain host–vector nonautonomous ODE is formulated with seasonal periodicity in either vector recruitment or transmission. The basic reproduction number is derived and the dynamics of the single-strain periodic subsystem are summarized. Conditions for uniform persistence and existence of a single-strain periodic solution are verified and the invasion reproduction number is derived. A time-nonhomogeneous, continuous-time Markov chain (CTMC) is formulated from the ODE framework. The basic and invasion reproduction numbers apply to the ODE and CTMC. In the case of invasion, after one strain is established and the invasion reproduction number exceeds one, the ODE predicts a successful invasion, but in the CTMC, there is a periodic probability of invasion that depends on time and size of the invasion. A multitype branching process approximation of the CTMC provides an analytical method to predict the periodic probability of invasion. The numerical results show that the peak time of invasion is related to the current endemic strain and the dominant seasonal driver but it often precedes the peak time of the seasonal driver.
CAPUTO TIME FRACTIONAL MODEL BASED ON GENERALIZED FOURIER’S AND FICK’S LAWS FOR BRINKMAN-TYPE FLUID: EXACT SOLUTION VIA INTEGRAL TRANSFORM
Authors: MURTAZA SAQIB , AHMAD ZUBAIR , ALBALWI M. DAHER , AKHTAR Z. , KHAN MUHAMMAD ASAD , AHMAD HIJAZ , BALEANU DUMITRU
Published: June 2023

This paper proposes a new method for the development of the Caputo time fractional model. The method relies on generalized Fourier’s and Fick’ laws to describe the flow behavior of Brinkman-type fluids. An analysis of the free convection flow through a channel is carried out using a new transformation method. This transformation affects fluid energy and concentration equations. The specific governing equations are solved using a Laplace transform and Fourier sine transform. We obtain the solutions of the governing partial differential equations (PDEs) in terms of the Mittag–Leffler function. Mathematical software has been used for both graphical and numerical computation in order to examine the effects of embedded parameters. From graphical and tabular analysis, fractional-order solution provides more than one layer for fluid behavior, thermal, and concentration distribution in the channel. Experimentalists and engineers can choose from many best-fitted layers to compare their data and results. A deviation in the velocity profile’s behavior is also seen for larger values of the Brinkman parameter.
THE FRACTIONAL-ORDER SYSTEM OF SINGULAR AND NON-SINGULAR THERMO-ELASTICITY SYSTEM IN THE SENSE OF HOMOTOPY PERTURBATION TRANSFORM METHOD
Authors: IQBAL NAVEED
Published: June 2023

This paper investigates the mathematical result of the nonlinear fractional scheme of equations representing the singular and non-singular thermoelastic system. The suggested method is a graceful combination of Shehu transformation with homotopy perturbation method and fractional derivative described with the Caputo operator. To show and confirm the effectiveness of the future method, I examined three cases and evaluated in terms of fractional-order the projected model. Furthermore, the physical behavior of the fractional-order solution achieved has been shown in graphs, and the mathematical model is proved to confirm the accuracy. The solutions achieved clarify that the suggested methodology is simple to apply, highly organized, and accurate to study the attitude of nonlinear system differential equations of arbitrary order arising in the related fields of engineering and science.