bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vascular Cell Glycocalyx-Mediated Vascular Remodeling Induced by Hemodynamic Environmental Alteration
Authors: Liu Jiajia , Kang Hongyan , Ma Xuejiao , Sun Anqiang , Luan Huiqin , Deng Xiaoyan , Fan Yubo
Published: April 2018

Vascular remodeling induced by hemodynamic stimuli contributes to the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases. The importance of vascular cells (endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells) glycocalyx in the mechanotransduction of flow-induced shear stress at the cellular and molecular levels has been demonstrated over the past decade. However, its potential mechanotransduction role in vascular remodeling has triggered little attention. In the present study, a home-made apparatus was used to expose the rat abdominal aorta to sterile, flow or no flow, normal-pressure or high-pressure conditions for 4 days. The histomophometric, cellular, and molecular analysis of vessels were performed. The results showed that after exposing the vessels in the flow and high-pressure condition, the apoptotic rate, the cell number, and the RNA level of contractile marker gene smooth muscle 22 of smooth muscle cells were significantly increased, whereas the expression of nitric oxide synthase, α-smooth muscle actin, smoothelin, and calponion showed no significant differences compared with the flow and normal-pressure groups. Moreover, the histomophometric analysis of vascular walls suggested a remodeling induced by flow and high-pressure loading consistent with the classic hypertensive aortic phenotype, which is characterized by a thicker and more rigid vascular wall as well as increased aortic diameter. However, those phenomena were totally abolished after compromising the integrity of glycocalyx by the treatment of vessels with hyaluronidase, which provided evidence of the important mechanotransduction role of the vascular cells glycocalyx in vascular remodeling induced by hemodynamic stimuli.
Delays in the Air or Ground Transfer of Patients for Endovascular Thrombectomy
Authors: Regenhardt Robert W. , Mecca Adam P. , Flavin Stephanie A. , Boulouis Gregoire , Lauer Arne , Zachrison Kori Sauser , Boomhower James , Patel Aman B. , Hirsch Joshua A. , Schwamm Lee H. , Leslie-Mazwi Thabele M.
Published: April 2018

Background and Purpose—

For suspected large vessel occlusion patients efficient transfer to centers that provide endovascular therapy (ET) is critical to maximizing treatment opportunity. Our objective was to examine associations between transfer time, modes of transfer, ET, and outcomes within a hub-and-spoke telestroke network.

Methods—

Patients with ischemic stroke were included if transferred to a single hub hospital between January 2011 and October 2015 with National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale>6, onset<12 hours from hub arrival with complete clinical, imaging, and transfer data. Transfer time was the interval between initiation of telestroke consult and arrival at the hub. Algorithms were created for ideal transfer times; ideal time was subtracted from actual time to calculate delay. We examined bivariate relationships between transfer time and several clinical outcomes and used multivariable regression modeling to explore possible predictors of delay.

Results—

Of 234 patients that met inclusion criteria, 51% were transferred by ambulance and 49% by helicopter; 27% underwent ET (36% achieved modified Rankin Scale score of 0–2 at 90 days). Median actual transfer time was 132 minutes (interquartile range, 103–165), compared with median ideal transfer time at 102 minutes (interquartile range, 96–123). Longer transfer time was associated with decreased likelihood of undergoing ET (odds ratio, 0.990;
P
=0.003). Nocturnal transfer (18:00 to 06:00 hours) was associated with significantly longer delay (β=20.5;
P
<0.0005), whereas intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) delivery at spoke hospital was not. The median delay for nocturnal transfer was 31 minutes (interquartile range, 11–51), compared with daytime at 14 minutes (interquartile range, −9 to 36).

Conclusions—

Within a large telestroke network, there was an association between longer transfer time and decreased likelihood of undergoing ET. Nocturnal transfers were associated with a substantial delay relative to daytime transfers. In contrast, delivery of tPA was not associated with delays, underscoring the impact of effective protocols at spoke hospitals. More efficient transfer may enable higher ET treatment rates. Metrics and protocols for transfer, especially at night, may improve transfer times.
Brain-to-Brain Synchrony and Learning Outcomes Vary by Student–Teacher Dynamics: Evidence from a Real-world Classroom Electroencephalography Study
Authors: Bevilacqua Dana , Davidesco Ido , Wan Lu , Chaloner Kim , Rowland Jess , Ding Mingzhou , Poeppel David , Dikker Suzanne
Published: April 2018

How does the human brain support real-world learning? We used wireless electroencephalography to collect neurophysiological data from a group of 12 senior high school students and their teacher during regular biology lessons. Six scheduled classes over the course of the semester were organized such that class materials were presented using different teaching styles (videos and lectures), and students completed a multiple-choice quiz after each class to measure their retention of that lesson's content. Both students' brain-to-brain synchrony and their content retention were higher for videos than lectures across the six classes. Brain-to-brain synchrony between the teacher and students varied as a function of student engagement as well as teacher likeability: Students who reported greater social closeness to the teacher showed higher brain-to-brain synchrony with the teacher, but this was only the case for lectures—that is, when the teacher is an integral part of the content presentation. Furthermore, students' retention of the class content correlated with student–teacher closeness, but not with brain-to-brain synchrony. These findings expand on existing social neuroscience research by showing that social factors such as perceived closeness are reflected in brain-to-brain synchrony in real-world group settings and can predict cognitive outcomes such as students' academic performance.
The Fabric of Answer: Constructing a National Facade
Authors: Roche Sophie
Published: April 2018

The fabric of answer ( fabrika javob) refers to the efforts of Tajikistan’s State Committee for National Security to respond to discussions in the media as well as among people (rumors). Its primary goal is to shape the outside facade of the country and shut down, ridicule or negate critical and dissident speech. The main goal is to work on the image (imijsoz) of the country, which is done by exploiting the notions of vatan (homeland) and millat (nation). The fabric of answer has become the main agent for deciding who is part of the homeland and nation and who is a traitor and enemy. Based on documents and internet discussions, this article demonstrates how the fabric of answer interferes in human lives and online discussions. The use of homeland and nation serves to emotionalize discussions and divert readers’ attention from social problems and criticism.
Talking about and Doing Elections: The Shaping of a Local Electoral Field in Western Afghanistan
Authors: Kazemi Said Reza
Published: April 2018

This paper investigates elections as the construction of a two-faceted field in a semi-urban area in Herat, western Afghanistan. Looking at Afghanistan’s 2014 presidential and provincial council elections, the paper first surveys the elections as a discursive field. It tries to understand what the local people, given their historical and social contexts, said about the elections. The second facet examines the elections as a performative field, attempting to unpack how local actors enacted the elections. The paper shows that an election’s discursive and performative framing needs to be situated in the wider historical and social contexts of a place. It also shows that in a place where there is greater freedom immediately following an oppressive era (for instance, that of the Taliban) and where there is egalitarianism among elites, the election is turned into a lively and unpredictable process where the discourse is marked by polyphony and instability, and the performance is characterized by mobilization of ties on various fronts and by shifting differentiation of local actors on political, generational, gender, and other grounds.
Revision of Lutnes Cameron (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae)
Authors: GIBSON GARY A. P.
Published: April 2018

Argaleostatus Gibson, 1995 is synonymized under Lutnes Cameron, 1884 (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae: Eupelminae) n. syn. and its type species, Eupelmus testaceus Cameron, 1884, is transferred to Lutnes as L. testaceus (Cameron) n. comb. The species of Lutnes are revised and six species are recognized, including the type species, Lutnes ornaticornis Cameron, 1884, plus L. testaceus, L. biguttatus (Girault, 1913), and three new species, L. aurantimacula Gibson n. sp. (Ecuador), L. infucatus Gibson n. sp. (Ecuador), and L. afrotropicus Gibson n. sp. (Cameroon). The first five species are based on females from the Neotropical region, whereas the last species is based on a female from Cameroon. This Afrotropical record is the first for the genus outside of the Neotropical region. Males are unrecognized for the genus. Monophyly and relationships of the genus are discussed and the species are keyed and illustrated through macrophotography.
Aglaotilla, a new genus of Australian Mutillidae (Hymenoptera) with metallic coloration
Authors: BROTHERS DENIS J.
Published: April 2018

The genus Aglaotilla Brothers, gen. nov., is described for 14 striking species of Australian Mutillidae related to Ephutomorpha André, 1902, characterized by bright metallic coloration and strong punctation. The description of both sexes is possible through sex associations revealed by rearings from mud nests and trap nests. Both sexes of the type species, Ephutomorpha submetallescens Turner, 1916, are described and illustrated, the male for the first time. New combinations and a new name are proposed, as follows: Aglaotilla aeruginosa (Smith, 1879), comb. nov. (from Mutilla); A. australis (André, 1898), comb. nov. (from Mutilla); A. cuprea (André, 1901), comb. nov., stat. nov. (from Mutilla); A. dilecta (Turner, 1916), comb. nov. (from Ephutomorpha); A. ignita (Smith, 1855), comb. nov. (from Mutilla); A. metallica (Smith, 1855), comb. nov. (from Mutilla); A. mira (André, 1895), comb. nov. (from Mutilla (Sphaerophthalma [sic.])); A. nigroaenea (Smith, 1855), comb. nov. (from Mutilla); A. picturata (Turner, 1914), comb. nov. (from Ephutomorpha); A. semicuprea (André, 1898), comb. nov. (from Mutilla); A. submetallescens (Turner, 1916), comb. nov. (from Ephutomorpha); A. viridatis (Smith, 1855), comb. nov. (from Mutilla); A. viridiaurea (André, 1895), comb. nov. (from Mutilla (Sphaerophthalma [sic.])); A. discolor Brothers, nom. nov. (= Ephutomorpha aeneidorsis Turner, 1916, not Ephutomorpha lauta var. aeneidorsis André, 1903).
Early Warnings of Severe Convection Using the ECMWF Extreme Forecast Index
Authors: Tsonevsky Ivan , Doswell Charles A. , Brooks Harold E.
Published: April 2018

ECMWF provides the ensemble-based extreme forecast index (EFI) and shift of tails (SOT) products to facilitate forecasting severe weather in the medium range. Exploiting the ingredients-based method of forecasting deep moist convection, two parameters, convective available potential energy (CAPE) and a composite CAPE–shear parameter, have been recently added to the EFI/SOT, targeting severe convective weather. Verification results based on the area under the relative operating characteristic curve (ROCA) show high skill of both EFIs at discriminating between severe and nonsevere convection in the medium range over Europe and the United States. In the first 7 days of the forecast ROCA values show significant skill, staying well above the no-skill threshold of 0.5. Two case studies are presented to give some practical considerations and discuss certain limitations of the EFI/SOT forecasts and how they could be overcome. In particular, both convective EFI/SOT products are good at providing guidance for where and when severe convection is possible if there is sufficient lift for convective initiation. Probability of precipitation is suggested as a suitable ensemble product for assessing whether convection is likely to be initiated. The model climate should also be considered when determining whether severe convection is possible; EFI and SOT values are related to the climatological frequency of occurrence of deep, moist convection over a given place and time of year.
Who do state policy makers listen to? The case of teacher evaluation
Authors: White Rachel S.
Published: April 2018

As the Every Student Succeeds Act is returning authority over teacher evaluation policies back to the states, policy makers at the state level have the opportunity to revise their policies. But who will they listen to when it comes to potential reforms? The author surveyed education policy makers to determine to what degree teachers, education leaders, and the general public are likely to influence their decisions. Their responses revealed that policy makers value voices of constituents over those of the general public, that Democrats and Republicans respond differently to teacher preferences, that responses to individual teacher voices are different from responses to union voices, and that school leaders’ voices are valued by almost all policy makers.
What makes difficult history difficult?
Authors: Gross Magdalena H. , Terra Luke
Published: April 2018

All modern nation-states have periods of difficult history that teachers fail to address or address inadequately. The authors present a framework for defining difficult histories and understanding what makes them difficult. These events 1) are central to a nation’s history, 2) contradict accepted histories or values, 3) connect with present problems, 4) involve violence enacted by the state or large groups of citizens, and 5) create disequilibria that require changes to historical understandings that may carry a personal or social cost.
Leadership
Authors: Starr Joshua P.
Published: April 2018

Questions about student suspension rates require educators to balance the fact that students’ misbehavior can disrupt their classmates learning with the reality that schools tend to punish Black and Latino students more harshly than White and Asian students. Joshua Starr describes how he confronted this problem in Montgomery County not by setting a numerical goal for reducing suspensions but by encouraging educators to look at the data and find ways to improve relationships between teachers and students.
Reaching Families Where They Are: Examining an Innovative Book Distribution Program
Authors: Neuman Susan B. , Knapczyk Jillian J.
Published: April 2018

This study examines a community-wide effort to promote greater access to books through the mechanisms of physical and psychological proximity. It addresses the seasonal summer slide through an innovative book distribution program in neighborhoods identified as book deserts. Four low-income neighborhoods were provided with vending machines used to dispense free children’s books over the summer months. Within a design research framework, the study was designed to capture how, why, and in what ways these machines were used in communities. Results indicated that providing greater access through close physical proximity to books and greater adult support enhanced children’s opportunities to learn.
‘At least it’s not a ghetto anymore’: Experiencing gentrification and ‘false choice urbanism’ in Rotterdam’s Afrikaanderwijk
Authors: Doucet Brian , Koenders Daphne
Published: April 2018

Gentrification has become a central pillar of urban policy in cities around the world. Proponents often frame it as a necessity and the sole alternative to neighbourhood decline. Critics call this a ‘false choice’ as it ignores other possibilities for improvement without gentrification. But how do working-class residents who live through the process of gentrification view the impact it has on their neighbourhood? Do they see it in such a stark binary way? This article addresses these questions by using qualitative interviews with long-term residents of the Afrikaanderwijk, a multicultural neighbourhood in Rotterdam where municipally-led gentrification is taking place. In contrast to much of the Anglo-Saxon literature on experiencing gentrification, our respondents had far more mixed, complex and ambivalent perspectives on the process. To some extent, this was due to the neighbourhood’s recent history as a stigmatised ‘ghetto’ and the expectation that the arrival of white, ethnically Dutch middle-class people would help to improve the neighbourhood, which was ranked worst in the country in 2000. We also stress the role of local context, such as the early phase of gentrification and the comparatively strong social housing sector and tenant protection laws in the Netherlands, in contributing towards a more nuanced experience of gentrification.
Rethinking the Exploration of Dichotomous Data: Mokken Scale Analysis Versus Factorial Analysis
Authors: Antino Mirko , Alvarado Jesús M. , Asún Rodrigo A. , Bliese Paul
Published: April 2018

The need to determine the correct dimensionality of theoretical constructs and generate valid measurement instruments when underlying items are categorical has generated a significant volume of research in the social sciences. This article presents two studies contrasting different categorical exploratory techniques. The first study compares Mokken scale analysis (MSA) and two-factor-based exploratory techniques for noncontinuous variables: item factor analysis and Normal Ogive Harmonic Analysis Robust Method (NOHARM). Comparisons are conducted across techniques and in reference to the common principal component analysis model using simulated data under conditions of two-dimensionality with different degrees of correlation ( r = .0 to .6). The second study shows the theoretical and practical results of using MSA and NOHARM (the factorial technique which functioned best in the first study) on two nonsimulated data sets. The nonsimulated data are particularly interesting because MSA was used to solve a theoretical debate. Based on the results from both studies, we show that the ability of NOHARM to detect dimensionality and scalability is similar to MSA when the data comprise two uncorrelated latent dimensions; however, NOHARM is preferable when data are drawn from instruments containing latent dimensions weakly or moderately correlated. This article discusses the theoretical and practical implications of these findings.
Ghosts of inventions: Patent law’s digital mediations
Authors: Kang Hyo Yoon
Published: April 2018

This article examines the shifts in the material ordering of inventions in patent law organization and their effects on the meaning and scope of inventions as intellectual property. Formats and media are constitutive of the establishment and stabilization of inventions as objects of intellectual property. Modern patent law’s materiality had been dominated by paper documents but ever more consists of digital images, files, and networked data. The article traces and analyzes such effects of digital media on the meaning of intellectual/intangible property and argues that inventions increasingly matter as digital data in the legal realm.
Students’ adherence to dietary recommendations and their food consumption habits
Authors: Stroebele-Benschop Nanette , Dieze Anastasia , Hilzendegen Carolin
Published: April 2018

Background:

Habitual behavior rather than intention has been linked to food intake patterns.

Aim:

The purpose of this study was to examine the adherence to dietary recommendations in university students and to analyze whether habit strength predicts food consumption.

Methods:

A student sample of the University (University of Hohenheim) was recruited ( n = 103; age range 18–30 years). Habit strength for consuming the food groups fruits, vegetables, whole grains, milk, meat, convenience foods, sugary and savory snacks, water and sugar-sweetened beverages was measured using a questionnaire. Food intake was measured via a self-administered online food frequency survey two weeks later, which was then compared to dietary recommendations. For associations of habit strength and consumption, Kendall’s Tau-c correlation coefficient was calculated.

Results:

The majority of students failed to meet the recommendations for all food groups except meat, eggs, oil, fat, and water. Only 4.2% of men (15.4% of women) consumed the recommended daily amount of vegetables. Fruit recommendations were met by 20.8% of men (43.6% of women). Habit strength was significantly associated with the consumption of most food groups.

Conclusion:

Adhering to dietary recommendations appeared to be difficult. Educational efforts should be undertaken to improve students’ diet considering habit strength as an important determinant of food intake.
The epidemiology of 5-methoxy-N, N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) use: Benefits, consequences, patterns of use, subjective effects, and reasons for consumption
Authors: Davis Alan K , Barsuglia Joseph P , Lancelotta Rafael , Grant Robert M , Renn Elise
Published: April 2018

Background/aim:

5-Methoxy- N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) is a psychoactive compound found in several plants and in high concentrations in Bufo alvarius toad venom. Synthetic, toad, and plant-sourced 5-MeO-DMT are used for spiritual and recreational purposes and may have psychotherapeutic effects. However, the use of 5-MeO-DMT is not well understood. Therefore, we examined patterns of use, motivations for consumption, subjective effects, and potential benefits and consequences associated with 5-MeO-DMT use.

Methods:

Using internet-based advertisements, 515 respondents ( Mage=35.4. SD=11.7; male=79%; White/Caucasian=86%; United States resident=42%) completed a web-based survey.

Results:

Most respondents consumed 5-MeO-DMT infrequently (<once/year), for spiritual exploration, and had used less than four times in their lifetime. The majority (average of 90%) reported moderate-to-strong mystical-type experiences ( Mintensity=3.64, SD=1.11; range 0–5; e.g., ineffability, timelessness, awe/amazement, experience of pure being/awareness), and relatively fewer (average of 37%) experienced very slight challenging experiences ( Mintensity=0.95, SD=0.91; range 0–5; e.g., anxiousness, fear). Less than half (39%) reported repeated consumption during the same session, and very few reported drug craving/desire (8%), or legal (1%), medical (1%), or psychiatric (1%) problems related to use. Furthermore, of those who reported being diagnosed with psychiatric disorders, the majority reported improvements in symptoms following 5-MeO-DMT use, including improvements related to post-traumatic stress disorder (79%), depression (77%), anxiety (69%), and alcoholism (66%) or drug use disorder (60%).

Conclusion:

Findings suggest that 5-MeO-DMT is used infrequently, predominantly for spiritual exploration, has low potential for addiction, and might have psychotherapeutic effects. Future research should examine the safety and pharmacokinetics of 5-MeO-DMT administration in humans using rigorous experimental designs.
MicroRNA-based therapeutics in central nervous system injuries
Authors: Sun Ping , Liu Da Zhi , Jickling Glen C , Sharp Frank R , Yin Ke-Jie
Published: April 2018

Central nervous system (CNS) injuries, such as stroke, traumatic brain injury (TBI) and spinal cord injury (SCI), are important causes of death and long-term disability worldwide. MicroRNA (miRNA), small non-coding RNA molecules that negatively regulate gene expression, can serve as diagnostic biomarkers and are emerging as novel therapeutic targets for CNS injuries. MiRNA-based therapeutics include miRNA mimics and inhibitors (antagomiRs) to respectively decrease and increase the expression of target genes. In this review, we summarize current miRNA-based therapeutic applications in stroke, TBI and SCI. Administration methods, time windows and dosage for effective delivery of miRNA-based drugs into CNS are discussed. The underlying mechanisms of miRNA-based therapeutics are reviewed including oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, blood–brain barrier protection, angiogenesis and neurogenesis. Pharmacological agents that protect against CNS injuries by targeting specific miRNAs are presented along with the challenges and therapeutic potential of miRNA-based therapies.
Dyadic and Group-Level Positive Friendship Characteristics and Susceptibility to Perceived Delinquent Peer Substance Use
Authors: Meisel Samuel N. , Colder Craig R.
Published: April 2018

Peer relations researchers have suggested that dyadic and peer group relationship characteristics may interact with each other to affect behavior. Building on prior work that has pitted the relative effects of dyadic and peer group relationship characteristics on susceptibility to peer influence, the present study sought to integrate dyadic and group characteristics into a moderational model by testing whether friendship quality and peer group identification together exacerbate risk for conforming to peer norms for substance use. This longitudinal study included 387 early adolescents assessed annually for 4 years. Participants completed measures of perceived peer delinquency, friendship quality, peer group identification, and substance use frequency. Results indicated that perceived peer delinquency had the strongest association with substance use for adolescents characterized by high friendship quality and high peer group identification. These findings highlight the importance of considering the joint effects of multiple peer relationship characteristics on susceptibility to peer influence.
Time-Series Review of Highway Performance Monitoring System Data
Authors: Simpson Amy L. , Bryce James M. , Rada Gonzalo R. J. , Groeger Jonathan L.
Published: April 2018

The passing of the Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act required the FHWA to adopt pavement performance measures for evaluating the condition of the interstate highway system (IHS) and the national highway system (NHS). In January 2015, the FHWA issued a notice of proposed rulemaking (NPRM) to establish performance measures to assess pavement conditions on the IHS and NHS, with the final rule published in January 2017. The four measures were 1) Percentage of pavements on the IHS in good condition; 2) Percentage of pavements on the IHS in poor condition; 3) Percentage of pavements on the NHS (excluding IHS) in good condition; and 4) Percentage of pavements on the NHS (excluding IHS) in poor condition. Pavement condition is determined by the following metrics in the Highway Performance Monitoring System (HPMS): International Roughness Index, cracking percent, rutting, and faulting. FHWA commissioned a study to collate a statistically significant sample of the IHS to evaluate the efficacy of the HPMS and to recommend improvements in data collection and reporting processes to meet NPRM requirements. As part of the referenced study, a time-series review was conducted of the HPMS to identify changes in the data from 2013 to 2015 and to determine how these data compare with the study-collected data. This paper discusses the review of HPMS data, identifying changes in the pavement condition metrics, and overall condition. In general, the HPMS database exhibited improvements, with more complete data and fewer anomalies, in 2015 compared with 2013.
Purification processes of xenogeneic bone substitutes and their impact on tissue reactions and regeneration
Authors: Perić Kačarević Zeljka , Kavehei Faraz , Houshmand Alireza , Franke Jörg , Smeets Ralf , Rimashevskiy Denis , Wenisch Sabine , Schnettler Reinhard , Jung Ole , Barbeck Mike
Published: April 2018

Xenogeneic bone substitute materials are widely used in oral implantology. Prior to their clinical use, purification of the former bone tissue has to be conducted to ensure the removal of immunogenic components and pathogens. Different physicochemical methods are applied for purification of the donor tissue, and temperature treatment is one of these methods. Differences in these methods and especially the application of different temperatures for purification may lead to different material characteristics, which may influence the tissue reactions to these materials and the related (bone) healing process. However, little is known about the different material characteristics and their influences on the healing process. Thus, the aim of this mini-review is to summarize the preparation processes and the related material characteristics, safety aspects, tissue reactions, resorbability and preclinical and clinical data of two widely used xenogeneic bone substitutes that mainly differ in the temperature treatment: sintered (cerabone®) and non-sintered (Bio-Oss®) bovine-bone materials. Based on the summarized data from the literature, a connection between the material-induced tissue reactions and the consequences for the healing processes are presented with the aim of translation into their clinical application.
Approved and Off-Label Use of Prescribed Psychotropic Medications among Federal Canadian Inmates
Authors: Brown Gregory P. , Stewart Lynn A. , Rabinowitz Terry , Boudreau Harold , Wright Angela J.
Published: April 2018

Objective:

To examine psychotropic medication prescription practices in federal Canadian penitentiaries.

Method:

468 files were drawn from a purposive sample of thirteen Canadian federal institutions representing the five regions, different security levels, and male and female designated facilities. Information on the names of all psychotropic medications prescribed, indications for use, dosage, frequency, and route of administration was retrieved. Designation of approved or off-label use of medications was determined by consulting: (1) the Health Canada (2016) Drug Product Database, (2) the Canadian Compendium of Pharmaceuticals and Specialties 2016, and (3) the American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information 2016. Prescription rates were examined by gender, Indigenous ancestry, drug class, institutional infractions, and current offence.

Results:

36.2% of prescriptions for psychotropic medication were coded as ‘off-label’. Anxiolytic/hypnotics drugs were the psychotropic drugs most commonly used for off-label purposes. There were no differences in the prevalence of approved versus off-label prescriptions based on Indigenous ancestry or gender, and no pattern of elevated off-label prescription practices for offenders involved in institutional misconducts or those sentenced for the most serious crimes.

Conclusions:

The rates of prescribing ‘off-label’ psychotropic medication are not elevated relative to other correctional settings or to rates cited in Canadian surveys conducted in the community.
Electronic Book for Promoting Emergent Math: A Comparison Between Kindergarteners at Risk for Learning Disabilities and With Typical Development
Authors: Segal-Drori Ora , Kalmanovich Liron Ben Haim , Shamir Adina
Published: April 2018

The aim of the study was to examine the effect of an activity with an educational electronic storybook with math content on the emergent math of kindergarteners at risk for learning disabilities (LD) compared with kindergarteners with typical development (TD). The study included 107 kindergarteners aged 4.6 to 7. Both the participants at risk for LD ( n = 51) and those with TD ( n = 56) were randomly divided into two groups: an experimental group that received an intervention with the electronic book and a control group that participated in the regular kindergarten activity during that time. The findings indicated greater improvement in the intervention groups compared with the control groups in the measures “essence of addition” and “ordinal numbers.” Both the group at risk for LD and the group with TD showed significant improvement following the intervention. The implications of these results for young children in general, and for kindergarteners at risk for LD in particular, are discussed.
Forms of Inter-party Cooperation: Electoral Coalitions and Party Mergers
Authors: Ibenskas Raimondas , Bolleyer Nicole
Published: April 2018

This article is part of the special cluster titled Parties and Democratic Linkage in Post-Communist Europe, guest edited by Lori Thorlakson, and will be published in the August 2018 issue of EEPS

Various forms of inter-party cooperation have important effects on party system fragmentation and stability in young democracies. However, the conceptualisation and measurement of these forms of inter-party cooperation and the examination of their consequences on party system development remain limited in the literature on parties and party systems. This research addresses this gap in the scholarship in three ways. First, we present the analytical scheme of different types of party cooperation. We argue that the forms of inter-party cooperation vary on two dimensions. The first dimension refers to their structural basis: the stability of the cooperation as captured by whether it is rule-based or, in other words, underpinned by shared rules that are mutually accepted. The second dimension refers to their scope: the number of functional areas of party life subject to cooperation. The two dimensions lead us to four basic forms of inter-party cooperation: (1) non-rule-based, functionally restricted coalitions; (2) rule-based, functionally restricted coalitions; (3) non-rule-based organization-wide mergers; and (4) rule-based organization-wide mergers. Second, we develop theoretical expectations on the frequency of these forms of inter-party cooperation in Central and Eastern Europe. Third, to test these expectations, we present empirical evidence on the number of electoral coalitions and mergers in the first six electoral periods in 10 countries in the region. The results of the analyses support our expectations: non-rule-based organization-wide mergers are rare. The other three forms of party cooperation (non-rule-based coalitions; rule-based coalitions; rule-based mergers) are fairly common in most countries in the region, although less so in the more recent electoral periods.
Properties and characterization of wood plastic composites made from agro-waste materials and post-used expanded polyester foam
Authors: Pao Ch’ng Zhin , Yeng Chan Ming
Published: April 2018

Recently, many agricultural waste were left for open burning or as landfill in many agricultural land, for example, coconut shells. Besides, expanded polystyrene (EPS) foam is one of the most used plastic products which mostly ends up in landfilling as many of its products were made for one-time use only. In order to reduce these wastes, this project focuses on the preparation of a new material that is coconut shell powder (CSP)-filled EPS wood plastic composite (WPC). This research investigates the effects of CSP content and alkaline treatment with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) on mechanical and water absorption properties of EPS/CSP WPCs. The mechanical properties, such as tensile strength, Young’s modulus and flexural modulus, increased as the CSP content increased. However, elongation at break and flexural strength decreased with CSP content. Moreover, water absorption of EPS/CSP WPCs showed an increasing trend with CSP content. After alkali treatment, the mechanical properties of EPS/CSP WPCs were enhanced, but the water absorption properties of treated EPS/CSP WPCs were reduced due to the reduction of the –OH groups of CSP. Fourier transform infrared analysis was carried out to measure the functional groups of untreated and treated CSP. The fracture surface of CSP, untreated and treated EPS/CSP WPCs were examined by scanning electron microscopy.
PVDF-HFP and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium thiocyanate–doped polymer electrolyte for efficient supercapacitors
Authors: Tuhania Pankaj , Singh Pramod K , Bhattacharya B , Dhapola Pawan S , Yadav Shivani , Shukla PK , Gupta Meenal
Published: April 2018

The sole aim of the present article is to develop an ionic liquid (IL)-doped solid polymer electrolyte for an electrochemical double-layer capacitor (EDLC). A solution cast technique was adopted to develop a solid polymer electrolyte of poly (vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) as host polymer and low-viscosity IL (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium thiocyanate) as dopant. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurement showed a six orders of magnitude enhancement in conductivity ( σ) by IL doping. A linear sweep voltammetric investigation of the electrolyte films exhibited a good electrochemical stability window of 3.6 V. Polarized optical microscopy of the synthesized films revealed a reduction in crystallinity by IL doping. Infrared spectroscopy further affirms the composite nature of the film. The maximum conductivity value of 2.65 mS/cm is obtained for 80% of the ionic-doped system. Using maximum conductivity film and porous carbon-based electrodes, we have developed EDLCs that show a specific capacitance value of 2.36 F/g.
Which insect repellents should we choose? Implications from results of local market survey and review of current guidelines
Authors: Lo Wai Ling , Mok Ka Leung , Yu Pui Ming Stephanie Dorothy
Published: April 2018

Mosquito-borne diseases are global problems. The use of topical insect repellents is a key measure recommended by health authorities to prevent mosquito-borne diseases. Despite more than a hundred commercial products available in the market, there are relatively few active ingredients used across these formulations. The most common active components are diethyltoluamide, picaridin, p-menthane-3,8-diol, ethyl butylacetylaminopropionate (IR3535) and a range of plant-derived products. Research has shown that each of these active ingredients vary in the duration of protection provided against biting mosquitoes. However, the wide spectrum of commercial preparations and various recommendations from different health authorities make it a challenge to pick an effective product for end users as well as healthcare personnel. A local market survey was conducted to assess the mosquito repellent formulae in available products in Hong Kong, and a review of the current recommendations issued by local and overseas authorities on choosing the suitable insect repellents is performed with consideration of recent research and currently available topical repellents in the market.
Supraclavicular area swelling in neurofibromatosis patient
Authors: Lee Duk Hee , Lee Jae Hee , Kim Keon , Lim Ji Yeon , Choi Yoon Hee
Published: April 2018

Neurofibromatosis 1 is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by cafe-au-lait spots, cutaneous neurofibroma, and bony deformities. Vascular abnormality such as stenosis, aneurysm, or rupture associated with neurofibromatosis 1 is rare. Rupture of vertebral artery aneurysm into the thoracic cavity is extremely rare. The outcomes of patients with aneurysmal ruptures are very poor when spontaneous hemothorax occur. A 31-year-old woman presented to the emergency department with left shoulder pain and with both lower chest wall pain and left supraclavicular area swelling. The chest computed tomography scan revealed about 4-cm pseudo-aneurysm probable arising from the left vertebral artery with large hematoma at left supraclavicular area. Neurofibromatosis 1 is generally being regarded as a benign disease but has the potential for serious vascular complications. When aneurysms were ruptured, cervical hematoma, hemothorax, or hypotension was developed. It is potentially a life-threatening condition, so it must require emergent management. Emergency physicians must remember the relation of neurofibromatosis 1 and serious vascular complications and ensure rapid access to rule out vascular lesions, so as to prevent the life-threatening condition.
Distal ulnar fracture nonunion management: An uncommon case report
Authors: Lo Chi Kin , Kam Wing Lok
Published: April 2018

Introduction:

Isolated distal ulnar fracture is an uncommon injury. Only a few case series that look into the management of ulnar fracture nonunion have been reported in the literature.

Case presentation:

A middle‐aged manual worker presented to us for isolated fracture of his left distal ulna. He received open reduction and fixation of the distal ulnar fracture using distal ulna locking plate. It was complicated with nonunion and he complained of persistent wrist pain. This distal ulnar fracture nonunion was finally treated by Sauve‐Kapandji procedure with good functional outcome.

Discussion:

Displaced distal ulnar fracture should be reduced anatomically with rigid fixation to prevent disruption of the distal radioulnar joint. Fracture nonunion was traditionally managed with revision osteosynthesis and bone grafting. It is, however, technically difficult at the distal ulnar region because of the poor bone stock and lack of soft tissue coverage.

Conclusion:

We have demonstrated that the Sauvé‐Kapandji procedure is a good treatment alternative for distal ulnar fracture nonunion.
A Health Plan’s Journey to Identifying Meaningful Quality Measures
Authors: Roberts Misty , Green Faith , Holt Worthe
Published: April 2018

The number of quality measures in health care is overwhelming, and reporting requirements are inconsistent. Value-based payments emphasize the need to prioritize quality measures and align across organizations. This article describes the process Humana undertook to reduce the quality measurement burden, refine measure consistency across the organization, ensure alignment with national standards, and relate quality measures to improved health outcomes within the health plan. Of the 1100 measures identified in use at Humana, 699 were duplicative or inconsistent. The biggest challenge was reaching consensus on similar measures while staying within regulatory and accrediting agency constraints. After review, physicians, quality experts, and business leaders prioritized 208 quality measures grounded in evidence, supported by credible organizations, and impactful to health outcomes. A governance committee was created to provide ongoing, proactive quality measure review. These efforts allow Humana to better support value-based payments by reducing complexity and helping physicians focus on meaningful measures.
Running Local: Gender Stereotyping and Female Candidates in Local Elections
Authors: Bauer Nichole M.
Published: April 2018

An implicit assumption underlying the gender stereotyping literature is that female candidates have an advantage in local elections. Two factors motivate this assumption. First, some local issues, such as the provision of social services, fit into the stereotypic strengths of female politicians. Second, as the level of office increases, so too does the perceived masculinity of the office. Research on local policymaking, however, indicates that the tasks associated with local political offices, such as economic competition with other cites, require masculine rather than feminine qualities. I integrate research on local policymaking with the gender stereotyping literature to clarify the role of gender stereotypes in local elections. Using two national survey experiments, I find that female candidates, especially Republican female candidates, benefit from emphasizing masculine stereotypes and not feminine stereotypes.
An Examination of Blood Cell Membrane Potential as a Diagnostic Test of Attention Deficit Disorder in Children
Authors: Stepanova Ekaterina , Findling Robert L. , Kaplin Dana , Frimpong Bernice , Pikalova Sofia , Young Andrea S.
Published: April 2018

Objective: To reexamine previous findings that reported that blood cells’ membrane potential ratios (MPRs™) differ between youth with ADHD and controls and to determine whether psychostimulants affect MPRs™. Method: Forty-four youth (ages 6-17) with ADHD (not currently taking psychostimulants; n = 24) and controls ( n = 20) completed the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview 7 (MINI 7) and a blood draw to determine MPR™. Youth with ADHD provided another blood draw 30 days after receiving psychostimulants. Results: MPR™ values of participants with ADHD who were not taking stimulants were not significantly different from those of the controls. MPR’s™ sensitivity was 79.2% and specificity 25.0%. Among youth with ADHD, there was a trending association between lower MPRs™ and taking stimulants (compared with baseline). Conclusion: Results neither replicate prior findings nor support MPRs’™ utility in diagnosing ADHD in youth. We identified possible MPR™ changes after participants with ADHD began stimulants. Further studies are needed to establish the clinical significance of this finding.
Understanding feline emotions: … and their role in problem behaviours
Authors: Heath Sarah
Published: April 2018

Practical relevance:

Despite its importance, emotional health is a subject that is sadly neglected in the context of companion animals. Understanding emotions is at the heart of veterinary behavioural medicine and is key to preventing, managing and treating reported behavioural problems in domestic cats.

Clinical challenges:

On a daily basis, veterinary practices are presented with the physical health impact of emotional health and with emotionally motivated behaviours that are undesirable to owners and/or detrimental to the cat. Emotional health is of equal importance to physical health and lies at the very core of veterinary medicine. Clinically, the emotional motivation for a behaviour must be identified before an assessment is made of whether the motivation is contextually appropriate and whether the cat’s response is justified and normal, or abnormal in the circumstances.

Evidence base:

The majority of referenced evidence for our understanding of emotional motivations in mammals has come from the human field, but recently there has been increasing interest in the emotional health of non-human animals and a resulting growth in research. This review draws on the published literature and the author’s personal experience to explore how emotions can influence feline behaviours.

Global importance:

Understanding the importance of emotional health is a major factor in ensuring positive welfare for cats, wherever they are kept as companion animals. It impacts on their physical health and their quality of life, and also on the relationship between cat and owner.
Overexpression of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors on reactive astrocytes drives neuropathology of multiple sclerosis rebound after fingolimod discontinuation
Authors: Giordana Maria Teresa , Cavalla Paola , Uccelli Antonio , Laroni Alice , Bandini Fabio , Vercellino Marco , Mancardi Gianluigi
Published: April 2018

We present the neuropathological description of an autoptic case of fatal rebound of disease activity after fingolimod discontinuation in a multiple sclerosis patient. MRI prior to the fatal outcome showed several large tumefactive demyelinating lesions. These lesions were characterized by prominent astrocytic gliosis, with a remarkable preponderance of large hypertrophic reactive astrocytes showing intense expression of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1. Prominent astrocytic gliosis was also diffusely observed in the normal-appearing white matter. Dysregulated sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling on astrocytes following fingolimod withdrawal might represent a possible contributing mechanism to disease rebound and might account for the unusual radiological and neuropathological features observed in the present case.