bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Origin of climatic data can determine the transferability of species distribution models
Authors: Datta Arunava , Schweiger Oliver , Kühn Ingolf
Published: July 2020

Methodological research on species distribution modelling (SDM) has so far largely focused on the choice of appropriate modelling algorithms and variable selection approaches, but the consequences of choosing amongst different sources of environmental data has scarcely been investigated. Bioclimatic variables are commonly used as predictors in SDMs. Currently, several online databases offer the same sets of bioclimatic variables, but they differ in underlying source of raw data and method of data processing (extrapolation and downscaling). In this paper, we asked whether predictive performance and spatial transferability of SDMs are affected by the choice of two different bioclimatic databases viz. WorldClim 2 and Chelsa 1.2. We used presence-absence data of the invasive plant Ageratina adenophora from the Western Himalaya for training SDMs and a set of independently-collected presence-only datasets from the Central and Eastern Himalaya to evaluate the transferability of the SDMs beyond the training range. We found that the performance of SDMs was, to a large degree, affected by the choice of the climatic dataset. Models calibrated on Chelsa 1.2 outperformed WorldClim 2 in terms of internal evaluation on the calibration dataset. However, when the model was transferred beyond the calibration range to the Central and Eastern Himalaya, models based on WorldClim 2 performed substantially better. We recommend that, in addition to the choice of predictor variables, the choice of predictor datasets with these variables should not be based merely on subjective decision whenever several options are available. Instead, such decisions should be based on robust evaluation of the most appropriate dataset for a given geographic region and species being modelled. Moreover, decisions could also depend on the objective of the study, i.e. projecting within the calibration range or beyond. Therefore, a quantitative evaluation of predictor datasets from alternative sources should be routinely performed as an integral part of the modelling procedure.
Pet or pest? Stable isotope methods for determining the provenance of an invasive alien species
Authors: Hill Katherine G. W. , Nielson Kristine E. , Tyler Jonathan J. , McInerney Francesca A. , Doubleday Zoe A. , Frankham Greta J. , Johnson Rebecca N. , Gillanders Bronwyn M. , Delean Steven , Cassey Phillip
Published: July 2020

The illegal pet trade facilitates the global dispersal of invasive alien species (IAS), providing opportunities for new pests to establish in novel recipient environments. Despite the increasing threat of IAS to the environment and economy, biosecurity efforts often lack suitable, scientifically-based methods to make effective management decisions, such as identifying an established IAS population from a single incursion event. We present a proof-of-concept for a new application of a stable isotope technique to identify wild and captive histories of an invasive pet species. Twelve red-eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans) from historic Australian incursions with putative wild, captive and unknown origins were analysed to: (1) present best-practice methods for stable isotope sampling of T. s. elegans incursions; (2) effectively discriminate between wild and captive groups using stable isotope ratios; and (3) present a framework to expand the methodology for use on other IAS species. A sampling method was developed to obtain carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) stable isotope ratios from the keratin layer of the carapace (shells), which are predominantly influenced by dietary material and trophic level respectively. Both δ13C and δ15N exhibited the potential to distinguish between the wild and captive origins of the samples. Power simulations demonstrated that isotope ratios were consistent across the carapace and a minimum of eight individuals were required to effectively discriminate wild and captive groups, reducing overall sampling costs. Statistical classification effectively separated captive and wild groups by δ15N (captive: δ15N‰ ≥ 9.7‰, minimum of 96% accuracy). This study outlines a practical and accessible method for detecting IAS incursions, to potentially provide biosecurity staff and decision-makers with the tools to quickly identify and manage future IAS incursions.
Les routines automobiles à l’épreuve des perturbations. Comprendre les résistances au changement à partir de récits d’usagers dans la métropole lilloise
Authors: Meissonnier Joël , Richer Cyprien
Published: July 2020

La recherche-action « Heures de pointe, idées de pointe » apporte des enseignements sur la connaissance des tactiques et habitudes des automobilistes de la métropole lilloise. L’enquête qualitative s’est focalisée sur les salariés de deux zones d’activité périphériques disant rencontrer des problèmes de mobilité aux heures de pointe. Utilisant la méthode des carnets de bord ainsi que celle des parcours commentés, l’enquête montre qu’au-delà de la gêne occasionnée par les encombrements routiers, il existe de réelles possibilités de valorisation de l’allongement des temps de parcours dus aux congestions routières, ce qui oblitère significativement les politiques publiques classiques d’incitation au report modal. L’enjeu principal de cette contribution est d’observer la réaction des enquêtés face aux perturbations récurrentes ou ponctuelles associées à l’un des événements exceptionnels. Les résultats montrent à quel point l’automobile apparaît comme un mode de transport souple et résilient. Toutefois, cette résilience trouve rapidement certaines limites dont il est possible de tirer profit pour réduire la vulnérabilité (face à l’aléa) des salariés autosolistes exclusifs. Les situations perturbées, selon leur récurrence et leur intensité, constituent peut-être une nouvelle forme de key-event augurant de la possible évolution des comportements de mobilité. Au même titre qu’un tournant dans la vie familiale, elles viennent créer une rupture, parfois radicale, qui poussent certains automobilistes à réinventer leurs routines de mobilité quotidiennes, voire leurs modes de vie.
Persistance de l’automobilité ? Analyse en trois perspectives
Authors: Laviolette Jérôme , Morency Catherine , Waygood E. Owen D.
Published: July 2020

Le phénomène de « peak-car », la croissance de l’usage des modes actifs et collectifs et un regain d’intérêt pour des aménagements urbains plus denses, mixtes et à échelle humaine, soulèvent la question du déclin des mobilités automobiles. Un cadre d’analyse en trois perspectives est utilisé pour évaluer d’une part, si ce déclin est réel et d’autre part, si celui-ci s’accompagne d’un changement de paradigme dans la planification des transports et de l’aménagement urbain qui indiquerait la fin de l’ automobilité . La question est appliquée spécifiquement pour la province de Québec et ses deux régions métropolitaines, Montréal et Québec. Comme première perspective, l’analyse des indicateurs de motorisation et d’utilisation de l’automobile indique un accroissement soutenu des mobilités automobiles au cours des deux dernières décennies. Comme seconde perspective, l’analyse des documents officiels de planification et de politiques-cadres de la mobilité révèle des constats justes des enjeux de mobilité, mais une reconnaissance inégale de la dépendance à l’automobile. De plus, aucun des documents municipaux et métropolitains ne présente d’objectifs précis de réduction de l’usage de l’automobile et de la motorisation. Finalement, dans une troisième perspective, les projets d’infrastructures priorisés ne sont pas tous cohérents avec les objectifs et visions des documents de planification. En effet, les bénéfices attendus d’ambitieux projets de transport collectif sont compromis par des projets de développement autoroutiers autant à Montréal qu’à Québec. Les justifications de ces projets routiers sont issues d’un paradigme de planification classique largement démontré comme dépassé et inadéquat. La priorité qui leur est donnée semble relever d’une résistance politique au changement de paradigme. Prises ensemble, ces trois perspectives tendent à démontrer qu’en dépit de certains signes positifs, le déclin des mobilités automobiles qui s’appuie sur un changement réel de paradigme de mobilité ne semble pas être amorcé au Québec.
Utilización de los componentes de la imagen país como fuente de competitividad
Authors: Pipoli de Azambuja Gina María , Blanco Santiago Valme
Published: July 2020

L’objectif de cette recherche est d’identifier les composantes de l’image pays des pays d’Amérique du Sud. Une enquête exploratoire de nature qualitative a été réalisée pour analyser la perception des consommateurs des pays, ayant une connaissance élevée ou faible des pays analysés. L’échantillonnage était non probabiliste et comme outil de collecte d’informations, un questionnaire structuré de questions ouvertes et fermées a été utilisé. Les résultats ont montré que l’image pays des pays analysés est composée de plusieurs éléments, sans identifier un élément unique qui se démarque dans l’image pays par rapport à un autre.
Gestión jurídica de las organizaciones comunitarias en Venezuela
Authors: Montes de Oca Rojas Yorberth , Sánchez Limón Mónica Lorena , Castañón Rodríguez Julio César , Rincón Becerra María Teresa
Published: July 2020

L’objectif est d’étudier la gestion juridique des organisations communautaires au Venezuela, du fait que le pays connaît depuis plus de 20 ans des transformations institutionnelles et politiques, dans lesquelles les questions sociales sont essentielles. La recherche est de nature descriptive, explicative et documentaire. Les résultats montrent que : a) Il existe des bases constitutionnelles et juridiques qui soutiennent les processus de responsabilité sociale et de contrôle social ; b) La responsabilité sociale est le prosessus par lequel les organisations de l’État justifient leur gestion et, le contrôle social est l’implication du citoyen dans la gestion publique. La conclusión est qu’il existe des efforts institutionnels et sociaux pour contruire une nouvelle gestion communautaire pour le développement du pays, et que cela nécessite une attention globale de la part des plus hauts niveaux de l’administration publique.
Obéissance ecclésiale comme engagement et protestation
Authors: Siebenrock Roman A. , Kremer Robert
Published: July 2020

L’intention la plus profonde de Karl Rahner ayant toujours été celle d’être un théologien au service de son Église et des hommes, divers conflits sont nés autour de sa théologie, avant et après le Concile Vatican II. Si, dans un premier temps, il a cherché prioritairement à renforcer la position du croyant individuel et la liberté de la parole et de la théologie, il a tenté, après le Concile, de défendre cette première mise en œuvre de l’Église universelle comme le « début d’un début ». À côté du débat autour du « chrétien anonyme », il faut signaler surtout son engagement en faveur d’une nouvelle place des femmes au sein de l’Église. Alors qu’avant le Concile, Rahner était partiellement contesté, mais reconnu, certains, après le Concile, ont mis en doute son orthodoxie objective, signe du changement radical de la théologie et de l’Église à cette époque.
Karl Rahner – Genèse et aspects d’une théologie systématique
Authors: Holzer Vincent
Published: July 2020

Après tant d’études érudites et une réception hors du commun, quelles que soient les aires culturelles et linguistiques, l’œuvre de Karl Rahner continue d’inspirer de nouvelles synthèses théologiques et de nouveaux champs de recherche. Cette propriété, l’œuvre de Karl Rahner la tire de son infrastructure philosophique puissante, disponible pour de nouvelles prospections. L’étude que nous proposons cherche essentiellement à examiner, dans un acte de relecture et d’interprétation critique, les moments instaurateurs de la théologie de Karl Rahner, en privilégiant les grandes polarités qui la caractérisent : « subjectivité et révélation », « libre révélation et ontologie », « transcendantal et catégorial », « théologie de la grâce et christologie transcendantale ». Ces explorations conduisent à une évaluation actualisante.
Imbrication des dominations et conditions d’émancipation
Authors: Gallot Fanny , Zancarini-Fournel Michelle , Noûs Camille
Published: July 2020

Cette introduction revient sur la généalogie du concept d’intersectionnalité, en particulier aux États-Unis, pour aborder sa réception française controversée qu’il faut mettre en relation avec l’usage du concept de race – qui fait également débat. Tout en soulignant que l’articulation des rapports sociaux n’est pas nouvelle dans l’historiographie française, cet article offre quelques pistes sur la manière dont le concept peut renouveler l’histoire sociale, coloniale et migratoire, voire dont il permet de repenser le biopolitique en contexte colonial ou postcolonial. En définitive, il montre que l’approche intersectionnelle en histoire est le produit du contexte politique et social français du début du 21 e  siècle où ces questions se diffusent dans l’espace public à la faveur d’une nouvelle dynamique féministe.
Des mères étrangères
Authors: Fauroux Camille
Published: July 2020

Entre 1940 et 1945, la mobilisation de millions de travailleurs allemands et étrangers pour la production de guerre sur le territoire du Reich constitue une redéfinition des rapports de genre. Partant de la maternité des ouvrières françaises employées alors dans les usines berlinoises, il s’agit de montrer comment les hiérarchies raciales entre femmes contribuent à la construction du genre dans l’Allemagne nationale-socialiste. Entre les privilèges des femmes allemandes et la position subalterne des étrangères d’Europe de l’Est, la place singulière des Françaises révèle les tensions et les dynamiques de la gestion raciale de la maternité par l’État et les entreprises.
La maternité au croisement des oppressions
Authors: Quiroz Lissell
Published: July 2020

À la fin du 20 e  siècle, des stérilisations forcées ont lieu au Pérou, pendant le gouvernement d’Alberto Fujimori. Cet événement tragique et violent concerne près de 70 000 personnes, des femmes autochtones et pauvres dans leur quasi-totalité. Les stérilisations péruviennes sont menées par le gouvernement central sous couvert de lutte contre la pauvreté. Cet article montre qu’il s’agit en réalité d’une politique eugéniste raciste, classiste et misogyne qui cible le ventre des femmes les plus démunies et vulnérables. Le but politique non avoué est en effet de mieux contrôler les populations autochtones, majoritaires dans le pays.
Masculinités en conflit, conflits de masculinities
Authors: Gay Vincent
Published: July 2020

Au début des années 1980, les usines automobiles Citroën et Talbot connaissent de longs conflits dans lesquels les ouvriers immigrés occupent une place de premier plan. Cette crise dans les usines peut être décrite comme une crise de la masculinité hégémonique. Elle met en jeu des masculinités différenciées, résultat d’une longue histoire des relations sociales. Le rapport de subordination entre ces masculinités évolue, comme le montre la description des manifestations de ces masculinités avant et pendant les conflits, notamment les pratiques violentes de différents groupes d’agents.
Fermeture de l’usine Molex
Authors: Oeser Alexandra , Noûs Camille
Published: July 2020

À partir de la description d’un conflit social déclenché par la fermeture d’une usine dans le sud de la France, cet article analyse les processus par lesquels les groupes sociaux mobilisent des images de masculinités différenciées pour dévaloriser « l’ennemi de la lutte ». Cette opération révèle en creux l’image qu’ont respectivement les cadres dirigeants et les salariés licenciés de la bonne manière d’être un homme. Ces mises en scène de soi et de l’autre font partie de différentes stratégies, conscientes et inconscientes, élaborées par les cadres dirigeants (stratégies de management) et les salariés (stratégies de lutte). Elles contribuent ainsi à construire un rapport de force social entre hommes avant et pendant la mobilisation et créent des frontières de classe.
Using Technology to Provide Socially Distanced Professional Development and Continuing Education
Authors: Embree Jennifer L. , Little Amy
Published: July 2020

Providing nursing professional development and continuing education during a pandemic or when participants are only distance accessible may necessitate a shift to online teaching. Shifting requires mindful preparation—meeting the nurses where they are, understanding and practicing using the technology, using effective virtual communication techniques, providing feedback, and evaluating the outcomes.

[
J Contin Educ Nurs
. 2020;51(8):355–358.]
In the Turbine of Experimentation: Tate Modern and the New (?) Rationale of Collective Performance
Authors: Bernard Catherine
Published: July 2020

Artistic experimentation, as well as the concepts elaborated to define it, have undergone considerable changes since the age of the avant-gardes and yet experimentation still retains some of its critical purchase. The present article focuses on recent experimentations in the field of installation and performance art and on the way these works may enlighten us on the kind of critical leverage offered by aesthetic experimentation in its complex and often conflicted relation to our contemporary sensorium. Taking the case of some of the most prominent installations and performances commissioned by Tate Modern as part of the Unilever Series (2000–2012), we intend to understand how the criticality of experimentation as imagined by the great avant-gardes has been queered and reinvented by artists who work within the regime of the spectacular while remaining faithful to the incisive spirit of experimentation. Our first intention is to explore the empiricist legacy of experimentation, by returning to the semantic pairing of scientific and artistic experimentation, as evidenced, for example, in Joseph Wright of Derby’s great oil: An Experiment on a Bird in an Air Pump (1768). Placing the likes of Doris Salcedo’s Shibboleth (2008) and Tino Sehgal’s These Associations (2012) in a long historical and critical perspective, we intend to highlight a still relatively under-explored aspect of experimentation: that of corporeality and sensation in their relation to critical knowledge. Taking experimentation to rely on a subtle tension between sensation and intellection or between experience and concept, we try to show how contemporary experimentation reinvents such a tension. Placed at the very heart of the museum machine and of its economy of attraction, the works in the Unilever Series foregrounded the economy of sensation often harnessing the sensational to a complex critical stance. Working both with and against the sensation regime imposed by the culture industry, these works elaborated complex experiential allegories in which the visitor’s experience worked towards differential modes of being. More specifically even, it was, we argue, their collective logic that gave us to grasp our current regime of visibility and experience, at the juncture of the private and the public, of sensation and corporate culture.
F. H. Bradley’s Neoplatonic Turn in Ethical Studies (1876)
Authors: Rosaye Jean-Paul
Published: July 2020

F. H. Bradley is usually referred to as one of the British neo-Hegelians of the late Victorian period. But the intersection of Hegelian thought with British philosophy at that time was not synonymous with total subservience to Hegel’s metaphysics, and Bradley’s philosophical development offers an appropriate perspective to assess the importance of this case. The Hegelian influence on the British monists of the late 19th century (Edward Caird, Henry Jones, Bernard Bosanquet, Francis Herbert Bradley) is a well-known fact which has been increasingly studied since the 1980s. But attention to the Platonic tinge in the English form of Idealism has generally been neglected. Bertrand Russell, who acted as the main opponent to Idealism in England at the beginning of the 20th century, had capitalised in particular on a bifurcation in the Idealist movement, due to some misunderstanding over the Hegelian influence. In fact, the source of this rift can be traced back to Bradley’s Neoplatonic turn in his Ethical Studies (1876). In this book, Bradley meticulously designed a gradual transformation of his former Hegelian positions towards Neoplatonic intimations of the reflexive motion of the self towards consciousness and complete realization. Bradley’s turn from pure Hegelianism to aspects of the Platonic tradition had important consequences in the subsequent history of the British Idealist movement up to the rise of analytical philosophy in the 20th century.
“Many Rivers to Cross:” Orphic Confluences of Fred D’Aguiar’s Children of Paradise and Wilson Harris’ Palace of the Peacock
Authors: Courbot Léo
Published: July 2020

Seldom does criticism address cross-cultural issues in terms of confluence. In fact, scholars tend to use chaos theory (Glissant, Benitez-Rojo), oceanic tropes (Gilroy, Brathwaite), and linguistic foci (Chamoiseau, Bhabha) to deal with them. This is peculiar, first of all because many cities, on all continents, owe their cosmopolitanism to their having been founded on riverbanks and seashores. Moreover, the word fluency and its derivatives can metaphorically relate watery patterns and linguistic phenomena: metaphor itself can be described as the confluence of a syntagm with an unusual paradigm. As a consequence, if the flowing together of two rivers, springing from different topoi, potentially populated with different cultural groups, can be translated into metaphor, it is likely that topographical confluence lead to tropological manifestations of the cross-cultural: fluid topos and fluent tropos, tropics and tropes, would intertwine into what I tentatively call tropicality. However, although scholars in cross-cultural fields rarely address the fluvial theme, Caribbean novelists Wilson Harris and Fred D’Aguiar show, in their novels, an exceptional awareness of the poetic potential of looking at creolization through the lens of confluence, which is apt, knowing that both authors are of Guyanese upbringing, Guyana meaning “land of many waters” in the language of one of its indigenous tribes: it is in these fluvial waters that Harris, originally a land-surveyor, found his source of inspiration for novels that would, in the next generation of Guyanese authors, greatly influence Fred D’Aguiar. This suggests that in addition to metaphoricity and topography, intertextuality might be looked upon as a third type of confluence, and it is these three types of confluence that I propose to track in D’Aguiar’s latest novel Children of Paradise (2014) and Wilson Harris’ Palace of the Peacock (1962), paying particular attention to how both novels themselves gather into a confluence founded on romantic and Orphic subtexts that, in turn, suggest that romanticism and magic(al) realism might consist in analogous translations of a common, Orphic perception of the environment.
A Sea of Violence and Love: Precarity, Eco-Fiction and the American Factor in Amitav Ghosh’s The Hungry Tide
Authors: Draga Alexandru Maria-Sabina
Published: July 2020

This paper will interrogate a set of popular tropes and clichés that have become characteristic of the emerging genre of eco-fiction (eg. an impending threat such as an ecological disaster; endangered nature as a force in its own right which protects and threatens the human being; the uselessness of science and technology against the unleashed forces of nature) in a reading of Amitav Ghosh’s 2004 novel The Hungry Tide. I will examine the novel’s use of such tropes with hindsight, in the light of Ghosh’s 2016 non-fiction book The Great Derangement: Climate Change and the Unthinkable, where the author’s interest in ecology, global warming and the agency of fiction with respect to ensuing threats to human civilization becomes manifest. Using Graham Huggan and Helen Tiffin’s concept of “green postcolonialism”, I will argue that the two books share a deep concern with the ways in which the relationship between nature and culture, which has changed dramatically in the recent decades, mirrors a change in the relationship between the “West” and the “East”. Thus, if colonialism functioned on the basis of an assumption of superiority with respect to non-European civilizations, it is now non-European forms of knowledge, formerly considered “primitive”, that prevail over Western knowledge when it comes to facing nature’s revolt against various kinds of prolonged human aggression.
Outdoor Leisure Activities in Simon Roberts’s We English Photographic Project: Re-writing landscape and nation
Authors: Chambefort Karine
Published: July 2020

Simon Roberts’s We English series of photographs produced in 2008 has encountered unprecedented success in Britain and abroad. Recording scenes of outdoor leisure activities in various places in England, it has become in a few years the most exhibited series in the history of British photography. It was also published by Chris Boot as a book of fifty-six photographs. The photos show groups of people involved in a variety of activities like hiking, paragliding, angling, hunting, bird watching, horseracing, tobogganing, “mud-racing”, picnicking, or just strolling and relaxing. As the title of the series invites the viewer to consider the Englishness of the activities represented, We English is first analysed as an update on previous representations of English customs, by looking at the rich intertext in Simon Roberts’s pictures, through centuries of English visual culture from 18th century paintings to contemporary photography. Yet this article aims to establish that there is more to Simon Roberts’s project than merely a cultural theatre where English traditions are re-enacted. It is shown that the photographer has considerably broadened the scope through key aesthetic choices. By exploring the relationship between people and public places, We English turns outdoor leisure and landscape into a social theatre. The sense of community and belonging emerges out of shared environment and space rather than from cultural practices that are reproduced and re-presented over time. This paper argues that this approach allows the photographer to reformulate the question of Englishness and national identity altogether and to offer new perspectives on rural England, with outdoor leisure activities creating a sense of openness and conviviality contrasting with previous notions of a closed, stratified, ethnocentric society.
“Tote Clubs”, Dog Tracks and Irish Sweepstake: Controversy and Compromise Over Popular Gambling in Interwar Britain
Authors: Roudaut Emmanuel
Published: July 2020

In Britain, paying upfront to place a bet on a horserace, or any other sporting event, was illegal until 1961. Although it lasted more than a century, this prohibition, frequently condemned as socially discriminatory, proved rapidly unenforceable. Large-scale networks of underground betting prospered, with attendant police corruption. The uneasy balance achieved by the combination of repression and implicit arrangements between lawbreakers and law enforcers was seriously disrupted by three simultaneous developments during the 1930s. The rapid growth of commercial greyhound racing and football pools, combined with the launching of an Irish lottery based on British horsing racing, was highly controversial and led to a tightening of betting laws in 1934. However, the very premises of prohibition were openly questioned during the parliamentary debate, in a context of economic depression and universal suffrage. Dissent came from both sides of the House and was extensively covered by the press. Moreover, some sections of the betting industry had improved their public image and increased their economic and political leverage, which enabled them to obtain significant concessions. Antigambling groups, once so influential, were now put on the defensive, although their moral concerns could occasionally converge with the economic interests of some sport-betting entrepreneurs. Thus, the rejection of a national lottery cleared the way for the expansion of football pools, which facilitated the continuation of the ban for another sixty years by providing a viable commercial alternative. Ostensibly, the compromise of the 1930s was the last great victory of anti-gambling agitation in Britain, but it dented a fragile and ambivalent status quo and sowed the seeds of the liberalising laws of the late twentieth century.
Two Versions of the Truth: Class and Perspective in Early Captivity Narratives
Authors: Auböck Tobias
Published: July 2020

This study deals with early American narratives about North African captivity. The focus is put on two widely differing narratives that were written about the same event (the capture of the USS Philadelphia in 1803), one by an officer, the other by a regular sailor. The aim of this study is to show how class, monetary considerations and literary ambitions influenced the seemingly factual retellings of those events.
“Earth, the chatterer father of all speech”: From Shakespeare’s brave new world! to William Carlos Williams’ Nuevo mundo!
Authors: Aublet Anna
Published: July 2020

When D.H. Lawrence wrote about Shakespeare’s Tempest in 1923, “whatever else you are, be masterless” (Lawrence 1923), he somehow found the perfect motto for William Carlos Williams’ own poetic art. Embarking upon his (con)quest for “the word” (GAN 165) to be the fertile humus on which to found all American literature, William Carlos Williams states: “Oh to hell with Masters and the rest of them. To hell with everything I have myself ever written” (176). He thus attempts to take Whitman’s “barbaric yawp” further and get rid of the old allegiance to the Crown once and for all. Much like Caliban’s voice in The Tempest, the poet’s speech is unstable, it fumbles around the wilderness, thus mimicking the very babbling of a New Continent. Language is therefore mutable, in that English words have to be grafted onto a new land. However they are also mutable insofar as they are very often silenced and hesitant. The poetry born in such a land is wild and wanders outside the confines of the Old World. The words and verses are dented and extravagant, in the first acceptation of the term: they are vagabonds attempting to define the contours of an ever-morphing ground whose first mutation was its name, from India to America, so that in the words of Tony Tanner, “if anything, it is the instability of language and society which has more often made itself felt to the American writer” (Tanner 1971, 27). Shakespeare’s play provides a fertile ground in the analysis of Williams’ modernist approach to language since it is itself set in a liminal space constantly drifting across many countries and continents. Miranda’s expression of bewilderment is somehow mirrored by Williams’ sailors in The Great American Novel (1923) as they first get visual contact with the shores of the New Continent. In this paper, I propose to chart the processes through which the poet manages to claim ownership of his land through language, in spite of its “nearly universal lack of scale” (IAG 75)1. I intend to use Shakespeare’s play, and in particular the figure of Caliban, not as the Native American enslaved by the settlers, as has already been done, but as the allegory of the pilgrimage for the word, the quest pursued by Williams. Like Ahab boarding for the hunt of his life, Williams sets off to capture and tame the brave new American word, using his sense of bewilderment in lieu of a harpoon.
Criminal Courts in England and the United States: A comparative approach to fictional representations as portrayed by two classic examples of courtroom films: Witness for the Prosecution (1957) and Anatomy of a Murder (1959)
Authors: Dubrac Anne-Laure
Published: July 2020

The objective of this paper is to analyse and compare representations of the legal systems of England and the United States in two courtroom films: Witness for the Prosecution (1957) by Billy Wilder and Anatomy of a Murder (1959) by Otto Preminger. After a brief analysis of the links between law and fiction, the article presents an overview of how these films represent the professional environments that are central to their stories. It then explores differences and similarites between English and American law in theory and in practice. Since this article is addressed to French law students, it also makes occassional reference to the Civil Law system and to the inquisitorial procedure.
Partying Critics: A Dual Take on Duality in Graham Greene’s “The End of the Party”
Authors: Jaëck Nathalie , Schmitt Arnaud
Published: July 2020

In this article, two French scholars look back on their practices as critics via a double, reflexive analysis of Graham Greene’s short story, “The End of the Party.” While they belong to the same generation, they were influenced by different theoretical backgrounds: French classical narratology and French theory on the one hand, post-classical narratology and cognitive poetics on the other. This approach was a means for them to assess the nature and relevance of their critical tools, figure out how these tools impact the reading of a selected text and what they reveal about their respective academic practices of literature. From a practical point of view, they worked on the same short story, each writing an independent analysis, and then produced a joint commentary in order to see what the process revealed about their respective approaches to literary theory. The purpose of this strategy was to better understand their critical methods but also the stakes inherent in literary interpretation at the beginning of the twenty first century. Eventually, they hope that this dual analysis will contribute to renew their respective methods.
Three Little Words and the Critical Argument of The Best Show on WFMU
Authors: Britt Thomas
Published: July 2020

Tom Scharpling was the longtime host (October 2000 - December 2013) of The Best Show on WFMU, a music/comedy program that originated on listener-supported New Jersey radio station WFMU and became internationally popular through Internet streaming and podcasting. My paper examines the ways in which “Rock, Rot & Rule,” the sketch that inspired the program, utilizes brevity to satirize the dilemma of criticism. Scharpling interviewed Ronald Thomas Clontle, author of a book titled Rock, Rot & Rule, “the ultimate argument settler,” whose function is to categorize popular music into acts that rock, acts that rot, and acts that rule. The premise of Clontle’s book involves comedic devices like overstatement and simplification. The irony of Clontle’s claim to settle arguments is that his interview has the opposite effect. It infuriates listeners. Impassioned music enthusiasts call in to criticize his methodology, but he cannot be bothered. Unbeknownst to listeners, Clontle is a character played by musician Jon Wurster. He and Scharpling have intricately scripted their interaction, creating a comedy of outrage among people who take music seriously. And therein lies the value of “Rock, Rot & Rule” as an influential instance of brevity in humor. For the unsuspecting listeners of “Rock, Rot & Rule,” Clontle arouses anxiety because he is indicative of the future of criticism.
Meeting the Enemy
Authors: Williams Tom
Published: July 2020

When British soldiers and civilians entered the Allied-occupied Rhineland after the First World War, they were often surprised to discover that the individual Germans they encountered had little in common with the image of the enemy promulgated by British propaganda during the war. While face-to-face encounters with an often disconcertingly friendly civilian population inevitably forced the British to re-evaluate their wartime visions of the enemy, certain negative stereotypes of the German enemy nevertheless persisted in the context of the occupation. Several British commentators even found it necessary to fall back on these stereotypes when trying to explain the friendly attitude of the local population. To some, German friendliness only served to demonstrate the servile disposition of the Germans towards any form of authority; to others, it confirmed the existence of a supposed division in Germany between a liberal, peace-loving and civilized south and west and the “real” enemy, an autocratic, militarist and expansionist Prussia. Moreover, the British self-image in the Rhineland was frequently constructed in opposition to a real or imagined German enemy. The attitude and behaviour of the occupiers was regularly presented as characteristically “British” and measured not only against how the Germans had treated the populations of occupied regions of France and Belgium during the war, but also against how the stereotypical “Hun” would have behaved in the case of a German victory.
“To mutiny against this servitude”: The Sophisticated Democracy of As You Like It
Authors: Cocoual Ifig
Published: July 2020

With philosophers from the Sophists and Plato, through La Boétie and Montaigne, to Jacques Derrida and Chantal Mouffe as its main context, this paper examines a number of political-philosophical aspects of Shakespeare’s As You Like It: its representation of tyrants; the politics of its pastoral mode; its fool’s sophistic rhetoric; and its political animal of a melancholiac, whose exit in the last scene problematizes the apparently conservative restoration. In light of this attempt to think not just about the play but with the play, and to trace the subtleties of its literary thinking or its thinking as literature, it appears that what As You Like It has in common with sophistic practice and democratic theory enables it to look beyond its immediate historical context to a future that could extend beyond our present, and give us food for democratic thought.
Commemorating the Irish Diaspora in the USA: The Role of 19th-century Paintings
Authors: Dochy Amelie
Published: July 2020

This article explores the ways in which 19th-century paintings collected by Americans of Irish descent complement the official celebrations aimed at commemorating the Irish diaspora in the United States. It shows how these paintings are usually selected by art collectors for their authenticity, a quality often associated with artworks conveying stereotypes about Irishness as well as some nostalgia for the homeland. By exhibiting such images, an individual presents his own vision of the past and this private form of remembrance is likely to participate in the construction of a cultural identity in the collective imagination, especially when the collector lends his paintings to a public gallery. Thus, these pictorial symbols of Irishness may move from the private to the public sphere, so that they can enhance the sense national identity deriving from a commemoration organised by the state.
The Shipwrecked Slaves of Tromelin Island: A Crime of Lese-Humanity
Authors: Weeks Joëlle
Published: July 2020

The account of the shipwreck of the French East India Company vessel, the Utile, in 1761 and the ordeal of the marooned slaves provide a specific perspective on the economics, geopolitics, science, ideology and ethics prevailing in the late 18th century. The background to the tragedy of the marooned slaves underlines the role and status of the ports of calls European trading companies occupied to ensure their safe passage to India, ranging from basic havens to settlements or factories. Their economic role on the trade routes was vital as a source of food and water crews needed to get fresh supplies and cure their sick. They were also politically essential and constituted a source of rivalry between the Dutch, Portuguese, English, and French. Ideologically, they reflected the relation with local populations and exploitation of natural resources — the demise of the dodo on Mauritius being a case in point, as well as the transplantation of precious spices to Mauritius by the French naturalist Poivre from the well-protected Dutch factories in Indonesia. Utopian schemes were sometimes enacted on these tiny islands picked randomly or used as safe havens after shipwrecks or again selected as spaces where societies would be born anew for new pilgrims and outcasts. A large body of literature, be it travel accounts, logbooks or fiction, emerged on those topics both in France and Britain foregrounding revolutionary ideas in 18th century Europe.
Salman Rushdie’s Sea World: Haroun and the Sea of Stories
Authors: Volná Ludmila
Published: July 2020

As in works by other Indian writers, water as a symbol plays a crucial role in several novels by Salman Rushdie, the imagery being rooted in the Hindu worldview. Protagonists who find themselves immersed in bodies of water, be it in Midnight’s Children (1981) or The Satanic Verses (1988), are not the same people when they come out of them (if they do). This is true also for Rushdie’s two works for children, Haroun and the Sea of Stories (1991) and Luka and the Fire of Life (2010). In the former, the author introduces different worlds that are nevertheless interconnected, each with a reality of its own. Haroun, the child protagonist, travels from the world of apparent everyday reality (represented by planet Earth) to a Moon world called Kahani. The journey to, and on, the sea waters that cover a large portion of Kahani depicts an entirely different dimension of reality. Stories and dreams occurring in this land of fiction symbolize the healing power of the imaginary. This article proposes an analysis of this literary material using the Hindu worldview as a point of departure and elaborating on the different aspects of Rushdie's representation of the sea.
The Impact of Data Protection Regulations on Start-Up Enterprises
Authors: Boyacioglu Cumhur , Yıldız Orkun
Published: July 2020

Information is vital for enterprises. However, the usage of information uniquely personal data leads to various legal problems. On the one side, enterprises require free and unlimited usage of personal data as much as possible for their continuity and progression. On the other side, natural and legal persons seek legal protection regarding their personal information or market position. It is challenging to find a fair and reasonable balance that can last for an extended period in such a dynamic field. This article evaluates the general tendencies concerning data usage, sharing, and protection problems considering Start-Up enterprises' situation aside from their legal form. The problems mainly arise in the fields of data protection and unfair competition. Some of the legal problems are also related to intellectual property. Instead of trying to find general and local solutions, it seems more useful to seek and find solutions that shall take the interests of various enterprises and companies from diverse sectors and legal traditions employing good practices. Of course, it is not very easy to reach solutions that will be accepted by all the related parties. The legal solutions should not constraint Start-Up enterprises' innovative progress, as well as meeting related parties' protection and fair trade expectations. Otherwise, privacy violations and abuse of competition will be inevitable.
Impact of Smart Technology and Economic Growth for Biomedical Applications
Authors: R. Dhinesh Kumar
Published: July 2020

Commonly, the sensor installed by these entities collects the citizen and infrastructure data by explicit approval. The performance based on the outline of the citizens could be done through AI depending on the data they offer that could promote advancements in the cities, or it could be utilized for the profit of the corporation. Certain barriers should be crossed in order to succeed in achieving the deployments of the cities. Commonly, the only target is to inform AI through the data gathered by the IoT in the real-time process. At certain times, the generation of data is the main part that is done by several elements, and this could be employed in a deliberate way. Certain challenges are also faced in the economic growth and its impact on biomedical industry. This chapter presents the impact of smart technology and economic growth for biomedical applications.
A Comparative Study of Popular CNN Topologies Used for Imagenet Classification
Authors: Alaeddine Hmidi , Jihene Malek
Published: July 2020

Deep Learning is a relatively modern area that is a very important key in various fields such as computer vision with a trend of rapid exponential growth so that data are increasing. Since the introduction of AlexNet, the evolution of image analysis, recognition, and classification have become increasingly rapid and capable of replacing conventional algorithms used in vision tasks. This study focuses on the evolution (depth, width, multiple paths) presented in deep CNN architectures that are trained on the ImageNET database. In addition, an analysis of different characteristics of existing topologies is detailed in order to extract the various strategies used to obtain better performance.
Context, Curriculum, and Community Engagement in Social Justice-Focused Study Abroad Programs
Authors: Chhikara Alankrita , Oudghiri Stephanie , Lolkus Michael , Rondeau-Madrid Erin N. , Phillion JoAnn I.
Published: July 2020

The authors present findings from their study of how preservice teachers (PSTs) experienced and conceptualized social justice during two study abroad (SA) programs to Honduras and Tanzania. This study examined instructor intentionality (II), the purposefulness on the part of instructors in designing the goals and objectives of study abroad through a selection of context, curriculum, and community engagement. Intentional programming that sought to unfossilize prejudices by providing non-Western-centric curricula was emphasized. In this case study, authors analyzed and interpreted data using a framework for social justice rooted in three components: redistribution, recognition, and representation. The themes discussed in this chapter address (1) the influence of partnerships with community members in the development of social justice curricula; (2) differences across SA programs indicative of multiple approaches to social justice; and (3) various contexts, experiences, and curricula in cultivating social justice-minded educators.
If S/He Be Worthy
Authors: Guinibert Matthew , Nairn Angelique
Published: July 2020

This study examined Redditors' reactions to the announcement that Natalie Portman will play female Thor in Thor: Love and Thunder. The discussions on Reddit allowed fans to voice support, trepidation, and condemnation of the announcement. The authors analysed over 4000 Reddit comments using thematic analysis, which resulted in seven themes regarding women's voice and agency. They found that many Redditors engaged in bullying, misogyny, and hate speech while others supported the pro-feminist implications. Further, they found that Marvel's attempts at “going woke” drew condemnation from fans espousing male dominance and dividing those that voiced feminist rhetoric.
Fungi-Mediated Detoxification of Heavy Metals
Authors: Ghosh Suchhanda
Published: July 2020

Heavy metal pollution is one of the major environmental problems today. Therefore, the elimination of heavy metal ions from wastewater is important to protect public health. The use of biological material in the removal and recovery of toxic metals from industrial wastes has gained important credibility during recent years. Several microorganisms including bacteria, algae, yeast, and fungi have been reported to effectively accumulate or adsorb heavy metals through biosorption. Fungal biomaterial has been proved to be efficient as a biosorbent. High percentage of the cell wall material and availability of fungal biomass as a by-product of various antibiotic and food industries makes it an obvious choice. Thus, the chapter deals with detoxification of heavy metals from contaminated sources using biomaterials with special reference to fungi.