bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Citizen Advisory Boards and Public Involvement: The Role of Citizens in Public Decision Making, Post–Cold War Demilitarization, and Environmental Cleanup
Authors: Walker Paul F.
Published: September 2002

The demise of the Cold War in the late 1980s catalyzed a dramatic reduction in standing armies and widespread
closure of military bases throughout the two competing alliances, the Warsaw Treaty Organization
(WTO), also known as the Warsaw Pact, and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).
Similarly, the dismemberment of the WTO and the breakup of the Soviet Union have led to major reductions in
Russian and East European forces. These historic contractions in Russian, American, and allied militaries at the
end of the twentieth century and the Cold War have presented a number of major challenges to each country. One
major challenge is environmental—how to destroy millions of tons of obsolete, dangerous, and costly war
munitions and weapons inventories, and how to clean up the polluted legacies that capital‐intensive
militaries have left behind on military bases and civilian communities. This article traces the development of
mechanisms to increase the role of citizens in public decision making involving post–Cold War
demilitarization and environmental cleanup. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Livestock Revenue Insurance
Authors: Hart Chad E. , Babcock Bruce A. , Hayes Dermot J.
Published: September 2002

This study outlines several possible structures for livestock revenue insurance. The policies take the form of an exotic option, an Asian basket option. The actuarially fair premiums for these policies are equal to the prices of the options they represent. Because of the complexity of pricing Asian basket options, we combined two techniques for pricing options to reach the actuarially fair premiums. Projected premiums, producer welfare, and program efficiency are evaluated for the insurance products and existing market tools. Using efficiency ratios and certainty equivalent returns, we compare the insurance policies to strategies involving existing futures and options. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 21:553–580, 2001
Rapid effects of triiodothyronine on immediate‐early gene expression in Schwann cells
Authors: Mercier Gilles , Turque Nathalie , Schumacher Michael
Published: September 2002

In the peripheral nervous system, triiodothyronine (T3) plays an important role in the development and regeneration of nerve fibers and in myelin formation. However, the target genes of T3 in peripheral nerves remain to be identified. We investigated whether T3 activated genes of transcription factors in Schwann cells. Expression of egr‐1 (krox‐24), egr‐2 (krox‐20), egr‐3, c‐jun, junB, c‐fos, fosB, fra‐1, fra‐2, and CREB genes was analyzed by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) in Schwann cells isolated from neonatal rat sciatic nerves and in the cell lines MSC‐80 (mouse Schwann cells), NIH‐3T3 (mouse fibroblasts), and CHO (Chinese hamster ovary cells). Some of these transcription factors have been shown to be involved in Schwann cell differentiation. T3 triggered a rapid (15–30 min), transient (1–2‐h) and strong (6‐ to 15‐fold) stimulation of Egr‐1, Egr‐2, Egr‐3, Jun B, c‐Fos, and Fos B mRNA expression in Schwann cells. In contrast, expression of c‐Jun, Fra‐1, Fra‐2, and CREB mRNA was not affected by T3. The stimulatory effects of T3 could be abolished by adding actinomycin D. T3 triggered the same pattern of gene stimulation in the mouse Schwann cell line MSC80, but not in the NIH‐3T3 and CHO cell lines. Serum activated all the genes that responded to T3 and in addition fra‐1 and fra‐2, but not c‐jun and CREB. Immunoblotting showed that the increase in Egr‐1 and c‐Fos mRNA levels was accompanied by an increase in the corresponding proteins. In addition, shifts of the protein bands indicated a posttranslational modification of the two proteins. These effects of T3 are likely to be mediated by the intracellular T3 receptor, as the D‐isomer RT3 and T0, which do not bind to T3 receptors, proved ineffective. The present data suggested that T3 may regulate Schwann cell functions and differentiation by transiently activating the expression of specific transcription factors. GLIA 35:81–89, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preparation, structure, and reactivity of a new heterocyclic system‐1‐thio‐2,8‐diphenyl‐2,5,8‐triaza‐1λ5‐phosphabicyclo[3.3.0]octane
Authors: Laurens Susan , Ichharam Vimal V. H. , Modro Tomasz A.
Published: September 2002

A new heterocyclic system, 1‐thio‐2,8‐diphenyl‐2,5,8‐triaza‐1λ5‐phosphabicyclo[3.3.0]octane, has been prepared, and its structure was confirmed by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Preliminary reactivity studies demonstrated a complex mechanism for the acid‐catalyzed methanolysis. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis indicates a reversible substitution leading to the monocyclic, eight‐membered product, followed by two rearrangement reactions: isomerization to the 1,3,2‐diazaphosphorinane derivative, and to the SMe thioester via the oxygen → sulfur migration of the methyl group. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 12:327–332, 2001
π‐facial diastereoselection of hydride reduction of 1,3‐diheteran‐5‐ones: application of the exterior frontier orbital extension model
Authors: Kaneno Daisuke , Zhang Jian , Iwaoka Michio , Tomoda Shuji
Published: September 2002

To obtain further evidence for the importance of the ground state conformational and orbital properties in π‐facial diastereoselection of 1,3‐diheteran‐5‐ones (heteroatom = O, S, Se), 2‐phenyl‐1,3‐diselenan‐5‐one (3a) has been synthesized, and its π‐facial diastereoselection upon hydride reduction has been examined. The experimental data of π‐facial stereoselection of 3a has been successfully rationalized by the exterior frontier orbital extension model (the EFOE model). Intrinsic reaction coordinate (IRC) and natural bond orbital (NBO) analyses of transition states of LiAlH4 reduction of this ketone have strongly indicated that the transition state effects (the torsional strain of the carbonyl moieties and the antiperiplanar effects involving the incipient bond proposed by the conventional theoretical models for π‐facial diastereoselection; the Felkin‐Anh model and the Cieplak model) are not responsible for facial selection. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 12:358–368, 2001
Preparation, structure, and reactivity of pentacoordinate disilanes bearing an 8‐charcogeno‐1‐naphthyl group and a heteroatom on the same silicon atom
Authors: Toshimitsu Akio , Hirao Shino , Saeki Tomoyuki , Asahara Masahiro , Tamao Kohei
Published: September 2002

The pentacoordinate disilanes bearing an 8‐chalcogeno‐1‐naphthyl group and an ethoxy group (or a fluorine atom) on the same silicon center are found to be thermally stable, in sharp contrast to the thermal lability of the analogous disilanes coordinated by the group 15 elements, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, to α‐elimination of the ethoxysilane (or fluorosilane) to generate the base‐coordinated silylenes. As the reasons for this different behavior, two possibilities are pointed out as follows: (1) the nitrogen‐coordinated disilanes are destabilized due to the distortion of the naphthyl moiety, and (2) silylenes are more stabilized by coordination with the group 15 elements than with the group 16 elements. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 12:392–397, 2001
Synthesis, characterization, and photoreactions of 1,2‐disiladigermacyclobutane
Authors: Hashimoto Hisako , Yagihashi Yusuke , Ignatovich Lubov , Kira Mitsuo
Published: September 2002

A new four‐membered ring compound having a Si2Ge2 skeleton, octaisopropyl‐1,2‐disiladigermacyclobutane (1), was synthesized by the reductive coupling of tetraisopropyl‐1,2‐dichlorosilagermane with sodium in toluene. The structure of 1, which has one Ge–Ge bond, one Si–Si bond, and two Ge–Si bonds in a ring, was confirmed by chemical derivatization; the reactions of 1 with m‐chloroperoxybenzoic acid and PCl5 led to the selective cleavage of the Ge–Ge bond in 1. The selective extrusion of a germylene from 1 was observed at the initial stage of the photolysis using 254 nm light. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 12:398–405, 2001
A discrete random effects probit model with application to the demand for preventive care
Authors: Deb Partha
Published: September 2002

I have developed a random effects probit model in which the distribution of the random intercept is approximated by a discrete density. Monte Carlo results show that only three to four points of support are required for the discrete density to closely mimic normal and chi‐squared densities and provide unbiased estimates of the structural parameters and the variance of the random intercept. The empirical application shows that both observed family characteristics and unobserved family‐level heterogeneity are important determinants of the demand for preventive care. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
GABAergic control of synaptic summation in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons
Authors: Enoki Ryosuke , Inoue Masashi , Hashimoto Yoshinori , Kudo Yoshihisa , Miyakawa Hiroyoshi
Published: September 2002

The primary function of neurons is to integrate synaptic inputs and to transmit the results to other cells. It was shown previously that separate excitatory inputs to hippocampal pyramidal neurons are summated nonlinearly. In the hippocampus, responses of pyramidal neurons are influenced by GABAergic inputs in feed‐forward or feedback manner, and also by oscillatory network activities. It is likely that these GABAergic inputs regulate the way synaptic inputs are summated. To examine the roles of GABAergic inputs on synaptic summation, we made whole‐cell recordings from the cell bodies of CA1 pyramidal neurons in rat hippocampal slices while stimulating two independent input pathways with short interstimulus intervals, and examined the manner by which postsynaptic potentials were summated. We found that: 1) the summation of the perforant pathway and the Schaffer collateral pathway inputs was sublinear when the interval between two inputs was shorter than 30 ms, 2) the blockade of GABAA receptors partially suppressed the sublinearity, and 3) further blockade of GABAB receptors removed the sublinearity totally. We also found that 4) the summation was superlinear under the concomitant blockade of GABAA and GABAB receptors when the two inputs arrived with no delay. Thus our study demonstrates that GABAergic inputs are responsible for keeping the summation of two separate inputs on CA1 pyramidal neurons sublinear. Hippocampus 2001;11:683–689. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Involvement of noradrenergic innervation from locus coeruleus to hippocampal formation in negative feedback regulation of penile erection in the rat
Authors: Chang Alice Y.W. , Huang Chun‐Ming , Chan Julie Y.H. , Chan Samuel H.H.
Published: September 2002

We demonstrated previously that a novel negative feedback mechanism for the regulation of penile erection, which is triggered by ascending sensory inputs initiated by tumescence of the penis, exists in the hippocampal formation (HF). This study further elucidated the role of the locus coeruleus (LC), which is the largest aggregate of norepinephrine‐containing neurons in the brain and provides the major noradrenergic innervation to the HF, in this process. Adult male Sprague‐Dawley rats that were anesthetized and maintained with chloral hydrate were used. The intracavernous pressure (ICP) recorded from the corpus cavernosum of the penis was used as the experimental index for penile erection. Electrical activation of the LC elicited a significant reduction in baseline ICP. Similar observations were obtained on microinjection bilaterally into the hippocampal CA1 or CA3 subfield or dentate gyrus of equimolar doses (5 nmol) of norepinephrine (α1‐, α2‐agonist), phenylephrine (α1‐agonist), or BHT 933 (α2‐agonist). Bilateral electrolytic lesions of the LC discernibly enhanced the magnitude and/or duration of the elevation in ICP induced by intracavernous administration of papaverine (400 μg). A potentiation of the papaverine‐evoked ICP increase was also observed following pretreatment with bilateral hippocampal application of equimolar doses (250 pmol) of either prazosin (α1‐, α2B‐, α2C‐antagonist), naftopidil (α1A/D‐antagonist), yohimbine (α2‐antagonst), or rauwolscine (α2B‐, α2C‐antagonist). None of these antagonists, however, affected baseline ICP. These results suggest that noradrenergic innervation of the HF that originates from the LC may play an active role in negative feedback regulation of penile erection, engaging at least α1A/D‐, α2B‐, and α2C‐adrenoceptors in the HF. Hippocampus 2001;11:783–792. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expanding the horizons of depression: beyond the monoamine hypothesis
Authors: Hindmarch I.
Published: September 2002

The monoamine hypothesis has dominated our understanding of depression and of pharmacological approaches to its management and it has produced several generations of antidepressant agents, ranging from the monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), through tricyclics (TCAs) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), to the recently introduced selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (NARI), reboxetine. Greater receptor selectivity has improved tolerability, but not efficacy, when newer compounds are compared with the original tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Essentially, the newer antidepressants have the same distinguishing feature as older ones, i.e. acute enhancement of monoaminergic neurotransmission. The monoamine hypothesis cannot conclusively link the acute biochemical action of antidepressants on monoamine levels with their delayed clinical effect of 10–14 days, nor can it explain the mode of action of antidepressants that are effective despite being very weak inhibitors of monoaminergic transmission (e.g. iprindole) or, incongruously, enhancing monoamine uptake (e.g. tianeptine). Compared with other fields of medicine, there has been a lack of progress in understanding the pathophysiology of depression and producing truly novel antidepressant agents. Other biological approaches to depression, such as overactivity of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, hippocampal neural plasticity in response to stress, and the link between the inflammatory response and depression, offer new approaches to finding pharmacological agents, aided by improved techniques for visualising the human brain, better animal models, and increased knowledge of human markers of depression. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Role of within‐lake processes and hydrobiogeochemical changes over 16 years in a watershed in the Adirondack Mountains of New York State, USA
Authors: Mitchell Myron J. , McHale Patrick J. , Inamdar Shreeram , Raynal Dudley J.
Published: September 2002

Hydrological and biogeochemical relationships were evaluated for the Arbutus Watershed in the Adirondack Mountains of New York State. Wet‐only precipitation inputs (weekly) and discharge losses were evaluated from 1983 to 1998. Precipitation from 1983–98 had significant (p<0·05) decreases in concentrations of Ca2+(−0·10µmolcl−1year−1), Mg2+(−0·07µmolcl−1year−1), K+(−0·01µmolcl−1year−1), Na+(−0·04µmolcl−1year−1), Cl−(−0·07µmolc l−1year−1), SO42−(−0·82µmolcl−1year−1) and H+(−0·55µmolcl−1year−1), whereas NH4+ and NO3− concentrations did not change.

For the same period, there were decreases in solute concentrations in the Arbutus Lake outlet for Ca2+(−1·18µmolcl−1year−1), Mg2+(−0·32µmolcl−1year−1), K+(−0·33µmolcl−1year−1), Cl−(−0·17µmolcl−1year−1) and SO42−(−1·90µmolcl−1year−1) and a significant increase in NH4+ concentrations (+0·07µmolcl−1year−1). For the period from 1995 through 1998 the discharge measurements for the outlet and the major inlet of Arbutus Lake were combined with weekly chemical measurements supplemented with storm sampling. At the inlet there were significant relationships (p<0·05) between discharge rates and the concentrations of all solutes except Cl−, but only for Na+, NO3−, H+ and Al did these relationships explain more than 20% of the variation in solute concentrations. April had the greatest rates of discharge and solute flux of any month due to spring snowmelt. The dormant season (October–May) accounted for >80% of the discharge in the inlet and outlet of Arbutus Lake and >78% of the flux of all solutes. For 1995–98 the mass balances of discharge losses from the catchment draining into Arbutus Lake inlet versus precipitation inputs suggest that internal watershed processes resulted in net generation of Ca2+(−1342molcha−1year−1), Mg2+(−313molcha−1year−1), K+(−35molcha−1year−1), SO42−(−635molcha−1year−1) and Cl−(−45molcha−1year−1) and net retention of inorganic N solutes (NO3−+NH4+: 204 molc ha−1 year−1) and H+(424molcha−1year−1). Concentrations and fluxes of Ca2+, H+, NO3−, SO42− and Al were lower at the lake outlet compared with the inlet. A comparison of mass balances at the Arbutus Lake inlet and outlet suggested that these decreases may have been due to within‐lake biotic processes and/or dilution from other water sources to the lake. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of physician advice on alcohol consumption: count regression with an endogenous treatment effect
Authors: Kenkel Donald S. , Terza Joseph V.
Published: September 2002

Although there are encouraging trends, alcohol abuse continues to be a significant public health problem. Econometric studies of alcohol demand have yielded a great deal of information for alcohol abuse prevention policy. These studies suggest that higher alcohol taxes and stricter drunk‐driving policies can reduce heavy drinking and drunk driving. In this paper we explore the role physician advice plays in the campaign to prevent alcohol‐related problems. Compared to alcohol taxation, physician advice is a more precisely targeted intervention that does not impose extra costs on responsible drinkers. Compared to the resource costs of arresting, processing, and punishing drunk drivers, physician advice may be a lower‐cost intervention. To provide a basis for alcohol policy analysis, we use an alcohol demand framework to test whether physician‐provided information about the adverse consequences of alcohol abuse shifts demand to more moderate levels. There are three aspects of our alcohol demand model that complicate the estimation: (1) the dependent variable is non‐negative (it is a count variable—number of drinks consumed); (2) a non‐trivial number of sample observations have zero values for the dependent variable; and (3) because the data we use is non‐experimental, the treatment variable indicating receipt of advice from a physician may be endogenous. We implement an estimation method that is specifically designed to deal with these three complicating factors. Our results show that advice has a substantial and significant impact on alcohol consumption by males with hypertension, and that failing to account for the endogeneity of advice masks this result. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Toxicokinetics of bromodichloroacetate in B6C3F1 mice
Authors: Merdink J. L. , Bull R. J. , Schultz I. R.
Published: September 2002

The oral and i.v. elimination kinetics were investigated for bromodichloroacetate (BDCA), a haloacetate found in drinking water. The BDCA was administered at a dose of 5, 20 and 100 mg kg−1 to B6C3F1 mice and appears to distribute to the total body water with a mean volume of distribution of 427 ± 79 ml kg−1. It is subject to first‐pass hepatic metabolism with a range of bioavailabilities of 0.28–0.73. A mean terminal half‐life of 1.37 ± 0.21 h. was calculated from the two lower doses of both i.v. and oral administration. Non‐linear behavior was exhibited at doses greater than 20 mg kg−1, with a much higher than expected area under the curve (AUC), a decrease in total body clearance (CLb) and an increase in the terminal half‐life to 2.3 h at the highest dose. The average CLb was 220 ml h−1 kg−1 for the lower two doses but decreased to 156 ml h−1 kg−1 at the high dose. The BDCA is primarily eliminated by metabolism, with only 2.4% of the parent dose being recovered in the urine at the high dose. The unbound renal clearance, as calculated from the high dose, was 15.0 ml h−1 kg−1. The BDCA is moderately bound to plasma proteins (fu = 0.28) and preferentially distributes to the plasma with a blood/plasma ratio of 0.88. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Expression of translation initiation factor IF2 is regulated during osteoblast differentiation
Authors: Weber Janet A. , Gay Carol V.
Published: September 2002

We isolated and characterized a cDNA for the N‐terminal half of the eukaryotic initiation of translation factor 2 (cIF2) during a screen of chicken osteoblast cDNAs. The apparent size of the message for this protein, ∼5.6 kb, is slightly larger in size than that for human IF2 (hIF2). There is a high degree of sequence similarity between the human and chicken N‐terminal portions of the protein that extends to the encoding nucleotide sequence. The tissue specific expression pattern for cIF2 and hIF2 are similar, being moderately abundant in brain, liver, and skeletal muscle, and detectable in kidney, chondrocytes, and freshly isolated osteoblasts. The ratio of message for cIF2 to that of β‐actin was 0.10 and 0.18 for liver and brain. Message levels peak in osteoblasts between 8 and 12 days of culture, coinciding with high levels of matrix protein synthesis. At peak expression, the ratio of cIF2:β‐actin for 8 day osteoblasts was 0.76. Treatment of osteoblast cultures with cycloheximide markedly reduces the level of cIF2 message indicating that novel protein synthesis is required for its expression. Hybridization of RNA samples from either chicken osteoblasts or a human osteoblast cell line with a probe for a subunit of human eukaryotic initiation of translation factor 2 (eIF2α), the housekeeping initiation factor, indicates that levels of eIF2 remain low. With hIF2, cIF2 represents the only other vertebrate homolog of IF2 for which a major portion of the coding sequence has been identified. This is the first report of regulated expression for a eukaryotic IF2 and is the first demonstration of its abundance in osteoblasts. J. Cell. Biochem. 81: 700–714, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prenatal sonographic diagnosis of adrenal neuroblastoma
Authors: Grandó Alvaro , Monteggía Vicente , Gandara Carlos , Ruano Rodrigo , Bunduki Victor , Zugaib Marcelo
Published: September 2002

Neuroblastoma is the most frequent extracranial solid tumor in childhood, but it is seldom diagnosed prenatally. We report a case of adrenal neuroblastoma identified at 39 weeks' menstrual age and successfully treated by postnatal surgery and chemotherapy. Sonography revealed a hyperechoic mass in the right upper quadrant of the fetal abdomen associated with hydramnios and hydronephrosis. Two days after delivery, the tumor was resected. No metastasis was identified. The infant received 6 cycles of chemotherapy, and at 2 years of age she was well, with no signs of recurrence. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 29:250–253, 2001.
Sonographic diagnosis of ascaris‐induced cholecystitis and pancreatitis in a child
Authors: Grover Shabnam Bhandari , Pati Nalin K. , Rattan Simmi K.
Published: September 2002

We describe the sonographic diagnosis of ascaris‐induced acute cholecystitis and pancreatitis in a 2‐year‐old girl. Abdominal sonography revealed a grossly distended gallbladder with a thick (0.5‐cm) wall. The common bile duct was dilated to 0.6 cm without sludge or calculi. The pancreas was hypoechoic, with an enlarged, 3.3‐cm pancreatic head. Sonography showed dilatation of the small‐ and large‐bowel loops, with multiple roundworms in duodenal and colonic loops. Sonography has an important role not only in the diagnosis of this uncommon condition but also in the documentation of its unusual etiologic agent. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 29:254–259, 2001.
Do prostaglandins regulate external gill regression in anurans?
Authors: Warkentin Karen M. , Wassersug Richard J.
Published: September 2002

Although the endocrinological mechanism controlling regression of the internal, larval gills of anurans (frogs and toads) is well understood, the mechanism regulating loss of the external, embryonic gills is not known. Based on the homology of the mammalian ductus arteriosus with a portion of the amphibian branchial arches, and the regulation of blood flow in the mammalian ductus by prostaglandins of the E family (PGEs), we hypothesized that anuran external gill loss is also regulated by PGEs. To test this hypothesis, we topically applied both PGE2 and a synthetic analogue of PGE1, misoprostol, to embryos and young hatchlings of the red‐eyed treefrog, Agalychnis callidryas. Both agents accelerated external gill regression. Furthermore, misoprostol overrode the inhibitory effect of hypoxia on gill regression in hatchlings and induced rapid loss of external gills in embryos, which normally maintain the gills until hatching. These observations support the hypothesis that PGEs regulate anuran external gill loss. The specific site of action for prostaglandins within the gills is not known; however, PGEs are secreted in the oral mucus of tadpoles, and this could be a natural topical source for these agents. PGEs offer a tool for manipulation of external gills and should facilitate tests of the physiological importance of these structures. J. Exp. Zool. 289:366–373, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Growth, feeding frequency, protein turnover, and amino acid metabolism in European lobster Homarus gammarus L.
Authors: Mente Eleni , Houlihan Dominic F. , Smith Kerry
Published: September 2002

The effect of feeding frequency on growth and protein metabolism in the European lobster, Homarus gammarus, was investigated. Fourth (IV) stage lobsters H. gammarus were fed individually a marine animal meal (herring/mussels meal) for 56 days. Feeding a daily ration equivalent to 10% of their body weight gave better growth than feeding daily rations of 5% and 20%. Protein synthesis rates were similar for the three food rations but protein growth rates were significantly lower and protein degradation rates highest in the 5% body weight per day ration group. The efficiency with which synthesised protein was retained as growth was found to be 38% in the in the 10% ratio group. Protein synthesis rates of lobsters were found to be lower than those for shrimps (Penaeus vannamei). The amino acid flux also suggests a lower protein conversion efficiency than shrimps P. vannamei. The results suggests that lobsters are slow, periodic feeders and that growth can be readily increased by manipulation of particular environmental factors such as feeding frequency. J. Exp. Zool. 289:419–432, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High level expression of recombinant mumps nucleoprotein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its evaluation in mumps IgM serology
Authors: Samuel Dhanraj , Sasnauskas Kestutis , Jin Li , Beard Stuart , Zvirbliene Aurelija , Gedvilaite Alma , Cohen Bernard
Published: September 2002

To develop improved reagents for mumps serology a high‐level yeast expression system was employed to produce recombinant mumps nucleoprotein (rNP). The rNP was purified by CsCl gradient centrifugation and yielded approximately 15 mg/l of yeast culture. Electron microscopy of the rNP revealed characteristic herring‐bone structures. The electrophoretic mobility of rNP in yeast cells was similar to native NP in SDS‐PAGE. Monoclonal antibodies to rNP reacted with native mumps virus nucleoprotein by immunofluorescence assay. A monoclonal antibody to native mumps virus NP reacted with rNP by Western blot assay. The rNP was investigated as antigen in an IgM capture enzyme immunoassay (EIA) using a horseradish peroxidase conjugate of monoclonal antibody to the rNP. Eighteen sera previously found to be positive by IgM capture radioimmunoassay (MACRIA) and 30 sera that were mumps IgM negative by MACRIA were tested by mumps IgM capture EIA. The results for the two test were concordant. In addition, 26 rheumatoid factor positive sera and 35 sera that were IgM positive for measles, rubella or parvovirus B19 were tested. Fifty‐nine sera were negative by mumps IgM capture EIA but two sera collected from two infants 3 and 6 weeks after mumps, measles and rubella vaccination were positive. Mumps MACRIA confirmed these results. Compared to MACRIA the overall sensitivity was 100% (20/20) and specificity was 96.8% (30/31). The yeast expressed rNP was highly immunogenic and suitable for use in IgM capture EIA for the diagnosis of mumps. J. Med. Virol. 66:123–130, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A study of cyclonic disturbances over India and the adjacent ocean
Authors: Patwardhan S.K. , Bhalme H.N.
Published: September 2002

Annual and seasonal frequencies of cyclonic disturbances that occurred over the area extending from 5°N to 30°N and 50°E to 100°E are examined for the period 1891–1998. The analysis revealed a significant decreasing trend in annual as well as seasonal frequency of cyclonic disturbances in the monsoon season, The frequency of cyclonic disturbances in the monsoon season also shows the typical quasi‐biennial oscillation. On the decadal time scale, frequencies in the monsoon season, as well as annual cyclonic disturbances, show a decreasing trend. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
Correlation fields for solar radiation in northeast Brazil
Authors: Ceballos Juan Carlos , Monteiro De Souza Jaidete , Targino Dantas Admir Creso
Published: September 2002

Daily data of solar irradiation were used for analysing spatial decrease of correlation coefficients within northeast Brazil (a region extending over more than l.5 million km2). Available data of the regional climatological network correspond to typical distances between stations of 150 km and more. Two 3‐month periods were chosen: March–April–May (MAM) and August–September–October (ASO) 1975. It was found that spatial distribution of correlation for daily irradiations does not allow linear interpolations based on network data. However, factor analysis of 5‐day means (particularly useful for agricultural purposes) allowed identification of four regions with internal similarity of time series behaviour, which is induced by the influence of typical meteorological systems. For this time‐scale, correlation coefficients may be 0.7 and higher at rather long distances (in some cases, more than 600 km), so that the climatological network can provide data for a detailed description of the regional distribution of mean irradiation. For shorter time and space scales, a too dense solarimetric network would be necessary, and the use of modern techniques using satellite monitoring over the region may be more appropriate. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
Elemental δ13C at Allen's Cave, Nullarbor Plain, Australia: assessing post‐depositional disturbance and reconstructing past environments
Authors: Turney C. S. M. , Bird M. I. , Roberts R. G.
Published: September 2002

The degree to which post‐depositional disturbance can be assessed in archaeological sequences is critical for the development of robust chronologies for such deposits. A common approach is the identification of conjoined artefacts distributed through the sequence as a measure of disturbance following deposition, although this method is relatively labour intensive and does not provide a continuous record of disturbance through the entire sequence. Here we present δ13C values for different size fractions (<125 and >125 µm) of chemically resistant charcoal distributed through a sedimentary profile at Allen's Cave, South Australia. The curves generated from both size fractions parallel one another, indicating minimal disturbance through the entire profile and providing greater confidence in the luminescence and radiocarbon chronologies reported previously for the site. In addition, the elemental δ13C values provide an indication of greater aridity (compared with present) persisting in this area from ca. 45 to 12 ka, consistent with other proxy records. The onset of the Holocene is marked by a shift to wetter conditions, probably as a result of post‐glacial marine transgression and closer proximity to the coastline. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Marketing information systems in tourism and hospitality small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises: a study of Internet use for market intelligence
Authors: Wood Emma
Published: September 2002

This study investigates the nature of marketing information systems (MkIS) within small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) and focuses on the importance of external information and market intelligence. The sources of market intelligence are investigated with particular emphasis on understanding the usefulness of the Internet for external information gathering. The empirical research to support the study uses survey methods to investigate marketing information systems, market intelligence and Internet use within hospitality and tourism SMEs in the Yorkshire and Humber region.

The findings indicate that SMEs in this sector make use of informal marketing information systems which mainly concentrate on internal and immediate operating environment data. Important wider market intelligence is underutilised owing mainly to the resource constraints of these smaller businesses. The Internet has not yet been recognised as an important source for market intelligence despite having the benefits of providing much of the necessary data more quickly and at a lower cost than many other sources. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kinetics and mechanism of the oxidation of aliphatic aldehydes by tetrabutylammonium tribromide
Authors: Baghmar Manju , Sharma Pradeep K.
Published: September 2002

The oxidation of six aliphatic aldehydes by tetrabutylammonium tribromide (TBATB) in aqueous acetic acid resulted in the formation of corresponding carboxylic acids. The reaction is first order with respect to TBATB and the aldehydes. The oxidation of deuteriated acetaldehyde (MeCDO) showed the presence of substantial kinetic isotope effect (kH/kD = 5.92 at 298 K). Addition of tetrabutylammonium chloride has no effect on the reaction rate. Tribromide ion has been proposed as the reactive oxidizing species. The rate constants correlate well with Taft's σ* values, the reaction constant being negative. A mechanism involving a hydride‐ion transfer from the aldehyde hydrate to the oxidant in the rate‐determining step has been suggested. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 33: 390–395, 2001
Gas‐phase pyrolysis in organic synthesis. Part 3: Novel cyclization of 2‐arylhydrazonopropanals into cinnolines1
Authors: Kumar Ajith , Al‐Awadi Nouria A. , Elnagdi Mohamed H. , Ibrahim Yehia A. , Kaul Kamini
Published: September 2002

3‐oxo‐3‐aryl‐2‐arylhydrazonopropanals (1) have been converted under thermal gas‐phase conditions cleanly into cinnolines (2). A plausible mechanism is suggested to account for this transformation based on the kinetics and products of reaction. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 33: 402–406, 2001
Rate constants for the reactions of HCCCO and NCCO radicals with molecular oxygen
Authors: Imamura Takashi , Washida Nobuaki
Published: September 2002

Reactions of HCCCO and NCCO radicals with O2 have been studied by a combination of pulsed laser photolysis and photoionization mass spectrometry. HCCCO was produced by 193‐nm photolysis of methylpropiolate or 3‐butyn‐2‐one, and NCCO was formed by 193‐nm photolysis of acetylcyanide. The rate constants obtained at 298 ± 3 K were (6.5 ± 0.7) × 10−12 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 for the HCCCO + O2 reaction, and no pressure dependence was observed between 1.5 and 16 Torr of N2 as a bath gas. Because HCO and HCCO radicals were observed as reaction products, it was confirmed that the reaction proceeds by a two‐body reaction. On the other hand, the rate constants of NCCO with O2 depended on the total pressure and were (5.4–8.8) × 10−13 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 for total pressures 2.0–15.5 Torr of N2, confirming that the reaction proceeds by a three‐body process. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 33: 440–448, 2001
Reactions in microemulsion media: Schiff bases with targeting/anchoring module as kinetic sensors to map the polarity pocket of a microemulsion droplet
Authors: Mishra B. K. , Patel Namita , Dash P. K. , Behera G. B.
Published: September 2002

The hydrolysis of some tailor‐made Schiff bases having flexible spacers between aldimine groups and alkoxy groups at ortho (o) or para (p) position in the benzene ring has been investigated in microemulsion media. The kinetic data of acid‐catalyzed hydrolysis in anionic (sodium lauryl sulphate: NaLS) and cationic (cetyltrimethyl ammoniumbromide: CTAB) microemulsion media have been explained considering the localization of the Schiff bases at various probable pockets of the microemulsion droplet. The results are in conformity to the solubilization studies of the reported Schiff bases in microemulsions (Dash et al., Spectrochim Acta 1996, 52A, 349). The change in reactivity due to change in the spacer length and position of the alkoxy group in the Schiff bases has been rationalized on the basis of localization sites of the reaction center at different polarity pockets of the reaction media. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 33: 458–464, 2001
Microsurgical repair after crush‐avulsion injury of the femoral vein in rats: Prevention of microvascular thrombosis with recombinant human tissue‐type plasminogen activator (rt‐PA)
Authors: Lykoudis Efstathios G. , Contodimos George B. , Tsoutsos Dimosthenis A. , Frangia Konstantina B. , Papalois Apostolos E. , Stamatopoulos Constantinos N. , Ioannovich John D.
Published: September 2002

Vein thrombosis is often encountered in microsurgery, especially in the case of crush‐avulsion injuries. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of systemic administration of recombinant tissue‐type plasminogen activator (rt‐PA) on the patency of the femoral vein of the rat, which had previously sustained a crush‐avulsion injury. The study consisted of 3 groups of male Wistar rats, 20 animals each. A standardized crush‐avulsion injury model was used. After microvascular repair of the femoral vein, the animals received either normal saline (group A), heparin 100 U/kg body weight (group B), or rt‐PA 3.5 mg/kg body weight (group C) systemically. Patency tests were performed at 20 minutes, 48 hours, and 1 week after blood flow reestablishment. According to our results, the patency rate of the rt‐PA group was significantly higher than in both the control and heparin groups. © 2001 Wiley Liss, Inc. MICROSURGERY 21:357–361, 2001
Responses of a parasitic protozoan to osmotic stress
Authors: Blum J. Joseph
Published: September 2002

Leishmania major and L. donovani are parasitic protozoa that cause serious disease throughout the tropical and sub‐tropical regions of the world. They respond rapidly to osmotic stress. A sudden increase in osmolality causes a change in cell shape and an inhibition of the rates of oxidation of alanine, proline, and several other nutrients. A sudden decrease in osmolality also causes a change in shape (swelling) and extrusion of alanine and several other amino acids and of Na and Cl. The rate of release of amino acids in response to acute hypo‐osmolality is closely fit by a two exponential equation under a variety of conditions, such as the presence of activators or inhibitors of certain protein kinases and protein phospahatases and of arachidonic acid. These results are consistent with evidence suggesting the presence of two pools of alanine in Leishmania. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identifiability and stability results of one emerging crack in heterogeneous media by one boundary measurements
Authors: Nicaise Serge , Zaïr Ouahiba
Published: September 2002

We consider the inverse problem of determining one emerging crack in a plane heterogeneous medium. We show that one measurement on a part of the boundary with appropriate flux uniquely determines such a crack. We further establish a local Lipschitz continuity result. At the end, we give an approximation result for the nonstationary heat equation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The three‐dimensional motion of slender filaments
Authors: Gueron Shay , Levit‐Gurevich Konstantin
Published: September 2002

This paper models the dynamics of a three‐dimensional inextensible filament, as a function of a given velocity distribution along its centreline. This geometric problem has various applications in physics, engineering and biology, e.g. the dynamics of vortex lines, the motion of bacterial flagella, and the motion of eukaryotic cilia and flagella.

A previously proposed solution to the problem used time evolution equations for the centreline of the filament, which were expressed in the Frenet co‐ordinate system. Unfortunately, this approach is limited because singularities occur when the filament straightens, even partially. To overcome the singularity problem we express the dynamics of the filament in a different intrinsic co‐ordinate system, named ‘body co‐ordinates’. This also enables us to take into account the twisting motion of the filament.

We apply our method to simulate three‐dimensional motion of cilia, while taking into account the hydrodynamic effect of the flat surface from which they emerge and the hydrodynamic interactions between the cilia. This is the first model that enables robust and consistent simulations of three‐dimensional ciliary motion with non‐local hydrodynamics, at a computational cost which is comparable with that of the planar model. We provide here a complete and detailed description and derivation of our model equations together with all the necessary details for numerical implementation, hoping that this modelling template would become a useful tool for further studies of the internal mechanism of cilia and flagella. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An iterative domain decomposition method for waveguide problems
Authors: Zhu H. Q. , Long Y. , Luk K. M. , Wu Z. D.
Published: September 2002

An absorbing fictitious boundary condition (FBC) is presented to generate an iterative domain decomposition method (DDM) for analyzing waveguide problems. The FBC for connecting the subdomains on a fictitious boundary is developed according to the actual field distribution in the waveguide to ensure the propagation of waves between adjacent subdomains. Numerical experiments demonstrate that the proposed iterative algorithm can acquire a convergent solution accurately. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 30: 252–254, 2001.
Impact of the contact nature on the microwave behavior of optically controlled passive components
Authors: Ahouassa P. , Boussey J. , Bouthinon M. , Vilcot A.
Published: September 2002

The photoinduced load obtained by illuminating the open end of a microstrip line on a semiconductor substrate is reported to be dependent on the nature of the metal/semiconductor contact. We have used the R//C model to study the photoinduced behavior according to the applied dc voltages, optical powers, and microwave signal frequency. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 30: 257–261, 2001.
An adaptive predistortion linearizer using a digital signal processor
Authors: Min Yikyu , Lee Sehyun , Lee Sangseol
Published: September 2002

This paper presents the new architecture of an adaptive predistortion linearizer. In the proposed linearizer, most of the processes, including the predistortion, are performed with a digital signal processor (DSP). The recursive least squares (RLS) algorithm is employed for the optimization process to minimize the errors between the predistorter and postdistorter output signals. Simulation results demonstrate that the spectral spreading is reduced by about 30 dB. The convergence and reconvergence performance of the linearizer is also satisfactory. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 30: 283–286, 2001.
Susceptibility‐induced T2‐shortening and unrestricted diffusion
Authors: Gossuin Yves , Gillis Pierre , Lo Bue Francesco
Published: September 2002

In this work, discrepancies between recent theories for susceptibility‐induced T2‐shortening and classical results, namely outer sphere theory and diffusion through local fields with random gradients, are considered. These discrepancies are assigned to the use of unrestricted diffusion in the new theories. Magn Reson Med 47:194–195, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Single‐shot diffusion trace 1H NMR spectroscopy
Authors: de Graaf Robin A. , Braun Kees P.J. , Nicolay Klaas
Published: September 2002

Ignoring diffusion anisotropy can severely hamper the quantitative determination of water and metabolite diffusion in complex tissues. The measurement of the trace of the diffusion tensor provides unambiguous and rotationally invariant ADC values, but usually requires three separate experiments. A single‐shot technique developed earlier, originally designed for diffusion trace MR imaging (Mori and van Zijl, Magn Reson Med 1995;33:41–52), was improved and adapted for diffusion trace MR spectroscopy. A double spin‐echo pulse sequence was incorporated with four pairs of bipolar gradients with specific predetermined relative signs in each of the three orthogonal directions. The combination of gradient directions leads to cancellation of all off‐diagonal tensor elements while constructively adding the diagonal elements. Furthermore, the pulse scheme provides complete compensation for cross‐terms between static magnetic field gradients and the applied diffusion gradients, while simultaneously avoiding cross‐terms with localization gradients. The sequence was tested at 4.7 T in vivo on rat brain for MRI and on rat skeletal muscle and brain for MRS. It is shown that the average ADC as determined from the measurement of the ADCs in the three orthogonal directions is in close agreement with the ADC obtained along the trace of the diffusion tensor in a single acquisition, for both water and metabolite diffusion. The large differences in water and metabolite diffusion coefficients as measured in the individual orthogonal directions illustrate the need for diffusion trace measurements when accurate and rotationally invariant diffusion quantitation is required. The pulse scheme presented here may be applied for such purposes in MRS and MRI studies. Magn Reson Med 45:741–748, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of incremental with multipoint MUNE methods in transgenic ALS mice
Authors: Shefner Jeremy M. , Cudkowicz Merit E. , Brown Robert H.
Published: September 2002

Several methods of motor unit number estimation (MUNE) are in current use. Uncertainty still exists about which is preferable and how results obtained from one method compare to another. We studied changes with MUNE over time in the SOD1G93A transgenic mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), using both incremental and multipoint methods. This mouse model of motor neuron degeneration is highly consistent, with a monotonic decline in motor neuron number starting at approximately 60 days of life. Five mice were studied four times each, starting at day 60 of life and approximately every 20 days thereafter, using both methods. Results were quite comparable for both methods, with the incremental method yielding slightly higher estimates of motor unit size, and hence smaller MUNEs. Correlations between the two methods were 0.71 for single motor unit action potential (SMUAP) amplitude and 0.95 for MUNE. In this model, therefore, both MUNE methods yield similar estimates and are equally effective at documenting progression of a lower motor neuron disorder. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Muscle Nerve 25: 39–42, 2002