bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Plants as Chemical Factories
Authors: Bavishi Krutika , Møller Birger Lindberg
Published: September 2023

This chapter reviews plants as chemical factories. We obtain a vast array of chemicals such as flavours, fragrances, and drugs from plants that are products of their metabolism. Plant metabolism can be classified as primary or secondary. The products of primary metabolism are crucial for the life processes, while those of secondary metabolism mostly help in environmental adaptation and survival. There are tens of thousands of secondary metabolites, which can be broadly classified based on their chemical structures into terpenoids, alkaloids, and phenolics. The chapter then looks at the practice of culturing plant cells in vitro, plant metabolic engineering, and microalgal cultures. Co-production of valuable chemicals like secondary plant metabolites is essential to the commercial success of microalgal cultures as a source of biofuel.
Plants as Factories for the Production of Protein Biologics
Authors: Chen Qiang
Published: September 2023

This chapter examines plants as factories for the production of protein biologics. Plants have been used as a source of natural pharmaceuticals for a long time, and still provide a quarter of all prescription pharmaceuticals. They are not used as a source of protein pharmaceuticals, but can be modified to produce protein-based biologics. Genes for biologics can be delivered into plant cells either directly by particle bombardment with a gene gun or indirectly through infection with modified plant viruses or Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of the nuclear genome. The chapter then looks at agroinfiltration, new vectors for gene delivery, and how a plant-manufactured biologic has been approved to treat a genetic disease in humans.
Mineral Nutrition
Authors: Taiz Lincoln , Zeiger Eduardo , Møller Ian Max , Murphy Angus
Published: September 2023

This chapter evaluates mineral nutrition, which is the study of how plants obtain and use mineral nutrients. Mineral nutrients are elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium that plants acquire primarily in the form of inorganic ions from the soil. Although mineral nutrients continually cycle through all organisms, they enter the biosphere predominantly through the root systems of plants; in a sense, plants act as the “miners” of Earth's crust. The large surface area of roots and their ability to absorb inorganic ions at low concentrations from the soil solution increase the effectiveness of mineral acquisition by plants. After being absorbed by roots, the mineral elements are translocated to the different parts of the plant, where they serve in numerous biological functions. The chapter then looks at plant disorders, the treatment of nutritional deficiencies, and the roles of soil, roots, and microbes.
Photosynthesis: The Light Reactions
Authors: Taiz Lincoln , Zeiger Eduardo , Møller Ian Max , Murphy Angus
Published: September 2023

This chapter addresses the role of light in photosynthesis, the structure of the photosynthetic apparatus, and the processes that begin with the excitation of chlorophyll by light and culminate in the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and NADPH. The term photosynthesis literally means “synthesis using light”. Photosynthetic organisms use solar energy to synthesize complex carbon compounds. More specifically, light energy drives the synthesis of carbohydrates and generation of oxygen from carbon dioxide and water. The chapter begins by exploring the nature of light, the properties of pigments, and the various roles of pigments, before considering key experiments in understanding photosynthesis. It then looks at the organization of the photosynthetic apparatus and light-absorbing antenna systems, the mechanisms of electron transport, proton transport and ATP synthesis in the chloroplast.
Embryogenesis
Authors: Taiz Lincoln , Zeiger Eduardo , Møller Ian Max , Murphy Angus
Published: September 2023

This chapter examines the essential characteristics of plant embryogenesis and the nature of the mechanisms that guide embryo formation. The sporophytic, or diploid, phase of plant development begins with the formation of a single cell, the zygote, which results from the fusion of the two haploid gametes, egg and sperm. During embryogenesis, the zygote transforms into a multicellular embryo with a characteristic rudimentary organization. The overall sequence of embryonic development follows a predictable pattern, reflecting the need for the embryo to be effectively packaged within the confines of the maternally derived tissues comprising the seed. The chapter compares the processes of embryogenesis in eudicots and monocots. It also looks at the formation and maintenance of apical meristems.
Jumping to new hosts: the diversification of flea beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticini) in the context of their host plant associations
Authors: Letsch Harald , Beran Franziska
Published: September 2023

Flea beetles (Alticini) represent one of the most diverse groups within the family Chrysomelidae and are associated with more than 100 different plant families. Conspicuously, only 10 genera account for about a quarter of flea beetle diversity, whereas about 380 genera each comprise less than 10 species, indicating different rates of diversification within the Alticini. Here, we reconstructed the phylogenetic relationships of 608 species in 101 Alticini genera using mitogenomes and cytochrome oxidase I, and applied several frameworks of clade-specific diversification rate analyses. Increased diversification rates were consistently detected in the cosmopolitan genera Altica Goffroy, Longitarsus Berthold, and Phyllotreta Chevrolat, and in neotropical taxa of the subtribe Oedionychina. In addition, we tested whether the evolution of specialized interactions with plants of the order Brassicales influenced the diversification of Phyllotreta and Psylliodes Berthold flea beetles. Specialization on Brassicales was only associated with increased diversification rates in Phyllotreta but not in Psylliodes. Our results indicate that host associations per se do not explain different diversification rates and lay the groundwork for investigating the evolutionary drivers of rapid radiations in Alticini.
Combining antimicrobial substances for Campylobacter post harvest mitigation on chicken breast fillet and chicken skin — any synergistic effects?
Authors: Bogun Katrin , Peh Elisa , Siekmann Lisa , Plötz Madeleine , Kittler Sophie
Published: September 2023

Aims

To reduce Campylobacter along the food chain, we investigated the mitigation potential of four antimicrobial compounds against Campylobacter using a new evaluation scheme.

Methods and Results

Using the checkerboard method, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of two organic acids (peroxyacetic acid and lactic acid) and two plant extracts (carvacrol and resveratrol) against a C. jejuni and a C. coli field isolate were determined as well as the fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) indices of combined treatment. The lowest MIC values were found for peroxyacetic acid (0.03 mg mL−1) and carvacrol (0.06 mg mL−1). Based on subsequent sensory studies, peroxyacetic acid and carvacrol were selected for challenge tests to quantitatively determine the reducing potential against Campylobacter on chicken meat and chicken skin. Applying peroxyacetic acid significantly reduced Campylobacter counts on chicken skin with maximum reductions of 3.3 log-units (P < .0001), while the combination of peroxyacetic acid and carvacrol resulted in significant reductions of only 0.4 log-units on chicken breast fillet 24 hours after treatment but not thereafter (P = .0192).

Conclusions

Peroxyacetic acid is suitable as a postharvest intervention measure to reduce Campylobacter concentration on chicken skin without reducing consumer acceptance.
PSXIII-17 Effects of dietary forage inclusion during finishing on growth performance, feeding behavior, and ruminal fermentation in steers at risk for acidosis
Authors: Dornbach Colten W , McCann Joshua C
Published: September 2023

The objective was to evaluate the effects of dietary forage inclusion during finishing on growth performance, feeding behavior, and ruminal fermentation in steers at risk for acidosis. Angus × Simmental steers (n = 240; body weight = 350 ± 58 kg) were blocked by body weight and allotted into 18 pens. Feeding behavior was collected and analyzed from the initial 45 d steers were fed a high-moisture corn-based finishing ration in GrowSafe bunks to determine steers (20%) at greatest risk for developing acidosis. The at-risk steers (n = 48) were utilized in a randomized complete block design. Steers were stratified by initial body weight within block and assigned to 8 pens of 6 steers. Pens were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 dietary treatments: (1) 15% (15CS) or (2) 30% corn silage (30CS) on a dry matter basis where corn silage replaced high moisture corn in the finishing diet. Overall body weight, average daily gain, dry matter intake, and gain:feed were not affected (P ≥ 0.19) by treatment. Carcass characteristics were not affected by treatment (P ≥ 0.39). Steers consuming 30CS had greater (P ≤ 0.05) meal frequency and eating rate, as well as decreased meal length, from d 0 to 112. Fluctuations in dry matter intake during the final 56 d of finishing were not affected by treatment (P ≥ 0.20). Ruminal pH was collected prior to feeding and tended to exhibit a treatment × day effect (P = 0.05) with 30CS steers having increased ruminal pH on d 56 and 112. No treatment × day effect was observed for molar proportions of acetate, propionate, and butyrate (P ≥ 0.11) in ruminal fluid. Overall, increasing dietary forage during finishing altered feeding behaviors and ruminal fermentation in steers at risk for acidosis, but did not affect growth performance.
Prolactin promotes crop epithelial proliferation of domestic pigeons (Columba livia) through the Hippo signaling pathway
Authors: Zhu Jianguo , Teng Xingyi , Wang Liuxiong , Zheng Mingde , Meng Yu , Liu Tingwu , Liu Ying , Huan Haixia , Gong Daoqing , Xie Peng
Published: September 2023

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether prolactin (PRL) regulates the proliferation of pigeon crop epithelium through the Hippo signaling pathway during the breeding cycle. Twenty-four pairs of adult pigeons were allotted to four groups by different breeding stages, and their crops and serum were sampled. Eighteen pairs of young pigeons were selected and divided into three groups for the injection experiments. The results showed that the serum PRL content and crop epithelial thickness of pigeons increased significantly at day 17 of incubation (I17) and day 1 of chick-rearing (R1). In males, the mRNA levels of yes-associated transcriptional regulator (YAP) and snail family transcriptional repressor 2 (SNAI2) were peaked at I17, and the gene levels of large tumor suppressor kinase 1 (LATS1), serine/threonine kinase 3 (STK3), TEA domain transcription factor 3 (TEAD3), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), MYC proto-oncogene (c-Myc) and SRY-box transcription factor 2 (SOX2) reached the maximum value at R1. In females, the gene expression of YAP, STK3, TEAD3, and SOX2 reached the greatest level at I17, the expression profile of SAV1, CTGF, and c-Myc were maximized at R1. In males, the protein levels of LATS1 and YAP were maximized at R1 and the CTGF expression was upregulated at I17. In females, LATS1, YAP, and CTGF reached a maximum value at I17, and the expression level of phosphorylated YAP was minimized at I17 in males and females. Subcutaneous injection of prolactin (injected for 6 d, 10 μg per kg body weight every day) on the left crop of pigeons can promote the proliferation of crop epithelium by increasing the CTGF level and reducing the phosphorylation level of YAP. YAP-TEAD inhibitor verteporfin (injection for 6 d, 2.5 mg per kg body weight every day) can inhibit the proliferation of crop epithelium induced by prolactin by inhibiting YAP and CTGF expression. In conclusion, PRL can participate in crop cell proliferation of pigeons by promoting the expression of YAP and CTGF in Hippo pathway.
Spurious heating of stellar motions by dark matter particles in cosmological simulations of galaxy formation
Authors: Ludlow Aaron D , Fall S Michael , Wilkinson Matthew J , Schaye Joop , Obreschkow Danail
Published: September 2023

We use two cosmological simulations to study the impact of spurious heating of stellar motions within simulated galaxies by dark matter (DM) particles. The simulations share the same numerical and subgrid parameters, but one used a factor of 7 more DM particles. Many galaxy properties are unaffected by spurious heating, including their masses, star formation histories, and the spatial distribution of their gaseous baryons. The distribution and kinematics of stellar and DM particles, however, are affected. Below a resolution-dependent virial mass, $M_{200}^{\rm spur}$, galaxies have higher characteristic velocities, larger sizes, and more angular momentum in the simulation with lower DM mass resolution; haloes have higher central densities and lower velocity dispersions. Above $M_{200}^{\rm spur}$, galaxies and haloes have similar properties in both runs. The differences arise due to spurious heating, which transfers energy from DM to stellar particles, causing galaxies to heat up and haloes to cool down. The value of $M_{200}^{\rm spur}$ can be derived from an empirical disc heating model, and coincides with the mass below which the predicted spurious velocity dispersion exceeds the measured velocity dispersion of simulated galaxies. We predict that galaxies in the $100^3\, {\rm Mpc}^3$eagle run and IllustrisTNG-100 are robust to spurious collisional effects at their half-mass radii provided $M_{200}^{\rm spur}\approx 10^{11.7}\, {\rm M_\odot }$; for the $25^3\, {\rm Mpc}^3$eagle run and IllustrisTNG-50, we predict $M_{200}^{\rm spur}\approx 10^{11}\, {\rm M_\odot }$. Suppressing spurious heating at smaller/larger radii, or for older/younger stellar populations, requires haloes to be resolved with more/fewer DM particles.
Bending instabilities of m = 1 mode in disc galaxies: interplay between dark matter halo and vertical pressure
Authors: Goyary Sagar S , Saha Kanak , Singh H Shanjit , Sarkar Suchira
Published: September 2023

A self-gravitating, differentially rotating galactic disc under vertical hydrostatic equilibrium is supported by the vertical pressure gradient force against the gravitational collapse. Such discs are known to support various bending modes, for example warps, corrugation, or scalloping (typically, higher order bending modes) of which m = 1 bending modes (warps) are the most prevalent ones in galactic discs. Here, we present a detailed theoretical analysis of the bending instability in realistic models of disc galaxies in which an exponential stellar disc is under vertical equilibrium and residing in a cold rigid dark matter halo. A quadratic eigenvalue equation describing the bending modes is formulated and solved for the complete eigen spectrum for a set of model disc galaxies by varying their physical properties such as disc scale-height, and dark matter halo mass. It is shown that the vertical pressure gradient force can excite unstable bending modes in such a disc as well as large scale discrete modes. Further, it is shown that the unstable eigen modes in a thinner disc grow faster than those in a thicker disc. The bending instabilities are found to be suppressed in discs dominated by massive dark matter halo. We estimate the growth time-scales and corresponding wavelength of the m = 1 unstable bending modes in Milky Way like galaxies and discuss its implication.
Genetic analysis is compatible with recent human-mediated range expansion of Filopaludina from India into the Mesopotamian Plain
Authors: Stelbrink Björn , Zwair Hanan , Al-Fanharawi Ali Abdulhamza , von Rintelen Thomas
Published: September 2023

In the present study, we genetically analyse populations of ‘Filopaludina bengalensis’ from the Euphrates River (Iraq), more than 4,000 km from its type locality. By sequencing several mitochondrial and nuclear genes, we aimed to test whether this population indeed belongs to F. bengalensis from India and how it is related to other members of the genus. Our molecular phylogeny shows that the individuals from Iraq form a monophyletic group together with other populations of F. bengalensis from India and F. doliaris from Indochina. The haplotype network indicates closer affinities to populations from western India and further suggests, with support from subfossil records, that the Mesopotamian Plain was colonized by humans some centuries ago. However, given the very limited sampling across the Mesopotamian Plain, further studies are needed in order to obtain a more robust insight into the phylogeographical history of this species across the region.
From the Flight Deck to the Bedside: Core Aviation Concepts Applied to Acute Care Physical Therapist Practice and Education
Authors: Shoemaker Michael J , Collins Sean M
Published: September 2023

The health care industry has sought to reduce errors and patient harm by drawing upon human factors research developed largely in the aviation industry. However, literature that explicitly applies human factors concepts to physical therapist practice is scarce. Therefore, this clinical perspective highlights the key concepts in aviation safety and training that should be considered for application to physical therapist education and practice in the acute care setting, including the law of primacy, pilot in command, crew resource management, situational awareness, the instrument scan, currency versus proficiency, the advanced qualification program, and the use of checklists. The authors identify, discuss, and apply existing parallel concepts in physical therapist literature. The authors then challenge acute care physical therapists, academic faculty, and clinical instructors on ways to integrate these concepts in practice.
More Borders to Cross: The Financial and Psychological Impact of Immigrant Discrimination during COVID-19
Authors: Hill Rebekah , Saasa Sherinah , Rai Abha , Beard Ty , Doyle Keeley
Published: September 2023

Systemic disadvantages have led to adverse outcomes for immigrants and racially minoritized communities during the COVID-19 pandemic, including disproportionate rates of exposure, health-related discrimination, higher unemployment rates, lack of adequate health insurance, and stigmatization for the spread of the virus. This study explored the impact of perceived discrimination on the financial and psychological well-being of U.S.-based immigrants during the COVID-19 pandemic. Cross-sectional data were collected from 222 foreign-born adult immigrants between March and May 2021. Multiple linear and logistic regression was used to examine the impact of perceived everyday discrimination on immigrant stress levels and financial stability, controlling for sociodemographic factors. Study participants belonged to diverse racial groups: 43.2% White, 37.4% Asian, 9.9% Black, 5.9% Hispanic/Latinx; 3.6% identified as “other.” Findings showed that discrimination was associated with financial stability (OR = 0.27, p < .01), and stress (β = .19, p < .01). Perceptions of discrimination post-COVID-19 were also significantly associated with stress (β = .23, p < .01) Findings contribute to the limited research on immigrant experiences during COVID-19 and highlight adverse effects of discrimination on immigrants’ psychological and financial outcomes. Intervention efforts aimed at improving immigrant health and well-being should recognize, explore, and mitigate the intersectional factors that influence discriminatory experiences of immigrants in the United States.
Classification of Isocrinida (Echinodermata: Crinoidea) with the description of a new extant genus and species from the western Pacific
Authors: Améziane Nadia , Eléaume Marc , Roux Michel
Published: September 2023

Previous molecular phylogenetic reconstructions have highlighted frequent convergences and iterations of external morphological characters during the evolution of crinoids. Classifications of extant and fossil crinoids based on these characters need to be thoroughly revised. This is particularly the case for the Isocrinida. We propose a new classification of this order based on molecular data and ontogenetic analysis of the derived characters displayed on ossicles and their articulations. The argument is strengthened by the discovery and description of a species belonging to a new genus (Panglaocrinus isseliformis gen. nov., sp. nov.) closely related to the genus Isselicrinus, which was abundant and widespread during the Late Cretaceous and Eocene. Extant Isocrinida appear to be divided into two major lineages that we interpret as two distinct families: Isocrinidae and Balanocrinidae. Isocrinidae are represented by the subfamily Metacrininae (genera Metacrinus and Saracrinus), while Balanocrinidae comprise four subfamilies: Balanocrininae (Neocrinus), Diplocrininae (Endoxocrinus and Teliocrinus), Isselicrininae (Panglaocrinus), and Proisocrininae (Proisocrinus). In the absence of molecular data, the genus Cenocrinus has not been attributed to any subfamily, but its close relationship to Balanocrinidae is suggested. Possible relationships between Mesozoic and modern taxa are discussed, although descriptions of arms in the palaeontological record are often important details.
Spatial mapping of colorectal cancer screening uptake and associated factors
Authors: Dagne Getachew A.
Published: September 2023

Objective

Over the past decades, it has been understood that the availability of screening tests has contributed to a steady decline in incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC). However, it is also seen that there is a geographic disparity in the use of such tests across small areas. The aim of this study is to examine small-area level barrier factors that may impact CRC screening uptake and to delineate coldspot (low uptake of screening) counties in Florida.

Methods

Data on the percentages of county-level CRC screening uptakes in 2016 and county-level barrier factors for screening were obtained from the Florida Department of Health, Division of Public Health Statistics & Performance Management. Bayesian spatial beta models were used to produce posterior probability of deceedance to identify coldspots for CRC screening rates.

Results

Unadjusted screening rates using sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy test ranged from 56.8 to 85%. Bayesian spatial beta models were fitted to the proportion data. At an ecological level, we found that an increasing rate of CRC screening uptake for either of the test types (colon/rectum exam, stool-based test) was strongly associated with a higher health insurance coverage, and lower percentage of population that speak English less than very well (immigration) at county level. Eleven coldspot counties out of 67 total were also identified.

Conclusion

This study suggests that health insurance disparities in the use of CRC screening tests are an important factor that may need more attention for resource allocation and health policy targeting small areas with low uptake of screening.
Guiding HIV-1 vaccine development with preclinical nonhuman primate research
Authors: Counts James A. , Saunders Kevin O.
Published: September 2023

Purpose of the review

Nonhuman primates (NHPs) are seen as the closest animal model to humans in terms of anatomy and immune system makeup. Here, we review how preclinical studies in this model system are teaching the field of HIV vaccinology the basic immunology that is needed to induce broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) with vaccination and elicit protective T cell responses. These lessons are being translated into clinical trials to advance towards protective active vaccination against HIV-1 infection.

Recent findings

Preclinical vaccination studies in NHPs have shown that highly engineered HIV-1 immunogens can initiate bnAb precursors providing proof of concept for Phase I clinical trials. Additionally, NHP models of HIV-1 infection are elucidating the pathways for bnAb development while serving as systems to evaluate vaccine protection. Innovative immunization strategies have increased affinity maturation of HIV-1 antibodies in long-lived germinal centers. Preclinical studies in macaques have defined the protective level of neutralizing antibodies and have shown that T cell responses can synergize with antibody-mediated immunity to provide protection in the presence of lower neutralizing antibody titers.

The NHP model provides vaccine regimens and desired antibody and T cell responses that serve as benchmarks for clinical trials, accelerating HIV vaccine design.
Targeted Nipple Reinnervation in Gender-affirming Mastectomy Using Autologous Nerve Graft
Authors: Truong Albert Y. , Chinta Malini , Chen Yunchan , Black Grant G. , Valerio Ian L. , Gfrerer Lisa
Published: September 2023

Our team recently described targeted nipple reinnervation (TNR) during female-to-male gender-affirming mastectomy with free nipple grafting using either direct nerve coaptation or nerve allograft. The goals of TNR are to improve sensation (including erogenous sensation) and prevent numbness, paresthesias, chronic pain, and phantom sensation. Here, we describe our modified technique, which has evolved to use autologous intercostal nerve branches as donor nerves for reinnervation if direct nerve coaptation cannot be achieved. During TNR, the T3-T5 sensory branches are preserved and coapted to the repositioned nipple–areolar complex (NAC). In patients with donor nerves that were not adequate in length to allow for direct coaptation, autologous intercostal nerve branches were not used for coaptation (branches present along the chest wall that would otherwise be lost) or one of the T3-T5 branches were harvested. An end-to-end nerve repair between the autograft and donor nerves was done, and the donor nerve/autograft complex was coapted to the NAC. Targeted muscle reinnervation was performed after autograft harvest to prevent neuroma formation. TNR with intercostal nerve autograft is technically feasible in female-to-male gender-affirming mastectomy with free nipple grafting when direct coaptation is not possible. Chest reinnervation using autologous intercostal nerve branches as donor nerves is another option for reinnervation when the nerves are too short for direct coaptation. Because the collection of long-term data is ongoing, the effectiveness of NAC reinnervation using our technique will be described in a future publication.
Improved Operative Efficiency and Surgical Times in Autologous Breast Reconstruction: A 15-year Single-center Retrospective Review
Authors: Todd Anna R. , Genereux Olivia , Schrag Christiaan , Hatchell Alexandra , Matthews Jennifer
Published: September 2023

Background:

Autologous breast reconstruction using a free deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap is a complex procedure that requires a dedicated approach to achieve operative efficiency. We analyzed data for DIEP flaps at a single center over 15 years to identify factors contributing to operative efficiency.

Methods:

A single-center, retrospective cohort analysis was performed of consecutive patients undergoing autologous breast reconstruction using DIEP free flaps between January 1, 2005, and December 31, 2019. Data were abstracted a priori from electronic medical records. Analysis was conducted by a medical statistician.

Results:

Analysis of 416 unilateral and 320 bilateral cases (1056 flaps) demonstrated reduction in operative times from 2005 to 2019 (11.7–8.2 hours for bilateral and 8.4–6.2 hours for unilateral, P < 0.000). On regression analysis, factors significantly correlating with reduced operative times include the use of venous couplers (P < 0.000), and the internal mammary versus the thoracodorsal recipient vessels (P < 0.000). Individual surgeon experience correlated with reduced OR times. Post-operative length of stay decreased significantly, without an increase in 30-day readmission or emergency presentations. Flap failure occurred in two cases. Flap take-back rate was 2% (n = 23) with no change between 2005 and 2019.

Conclusions:

Operative times for breast reconstruction have decreased significantly at this center over 15 years. The introduction of venous couplers, use of the internal mammary system, and year of surgery significantly correlated with decreased operative times. Surgeon experience and a shift in surgical workflow for DIEP flap reconstruction likely contributed to the latter finding.
Lifestyle management of hypertension: International Society of Hypertension position paper endorsed by the World Hypertension League and European Society of Hypertension
Authors: Charchar Fadi J. , Prestes Priscilla R. , Mills Charlotte , Ching Siew Mooi , Neupane Dinesh , Marques Francine Z. , Sharman James E. , Vogt Liffert , Burrell Louise M. , Korostovtseva Lyudmila , Zec Manja , Patil Mansi , Schultz Martin G. , Wallen Matthew P. , Renna Nicolás F. , Islam Sheikh Mohammed Shariful , Hiremath Swapnil , Gyeltshen Tshewang , Chia Yook-Chin , Gupta Abhinav , Schutte Aletta E. , Klein Britt , Borghi Claudio , Browning Colette J. , Czesnikiewicz-Guzik Marta , Lee Hae-Young , Itoh Hiroshi , Miura Katsuyuki , Brunström Mattias , Campbell Norm R.C. , Akinnibossun Olutope Arinola , Veerabhadrappa Praveen , Wainford Richard D. , Kruger Ruan , Thomas Shane A. , Komori Takahiro , Ralapanawa Udaya , Cornelissen Véronique A. , Kapil Vikas , Li Yan , Zhang Yuqing , Jafar Tazeen H. , Khan Nadia , Williams Bryan , Stergiou George , Tomaszewski Maciej
Published: September 2023

Hypertension, defined as persistently elevated systolic blood pressure (SBP) >140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) at least 90 mmHg (International Society of Hypertension guidelines), affects over 1.5 billion people worldwide. Hypertension is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) events (e.g. coronary heart disease, heart failure and stroke) and death. An international panel of experts convened by the International Society of Hypertension College of Experts compiled lifestyle management recommendations as first-line strategy to prevent and control hypertension in adulthood. We also recommend that lifestyle changes be continued even when blood pressure-lowering medications are prescribed. Specific recommendations based on literature evidence are summarized with advice to start these measures early in life, including maintaining a healthy body weight, increased levels of different types of physical activity, healthy eating and drinking, avoidance and cessation of smoking and alcohol use, management of stress and sleep levels. We also discuss the relevance of specific approaches including consumption of sodium, potassium, sugar, fibre, coffee, tea, intermittent fasting as well as integrated strategies to implement these recommendations using, for example, behaviour change-related technologies and digital tools.
Cutting Edge: Corneal Stromal Lenticule Implantation (Corneal Stromal Augmentation) for Ectatic Disorders
Authors: Niazi Sana , Moshirfar Majid , Doroodgar Farideh , Alió Del Barrio Jorge L. , Jafarinasab Mohammad-Reza , Alió Jorge L.
Published: September 2023

The ectatic disease of the cornea poses a significant challenge for ophthalmologists because commonly used treatments to improve visual acuity, such as spectacles and contact lenses, may not be effective, especially in advanced stages. In addition, the preferred surgical management, corneal transplantation, has various issues related to tissue availability, the steep learning curve, and postoperative complications such as tissue stability and half-life. Ongoing research for an alternative to keratoplasty has suggested various methods, such as corneal crosslinking, which can improve visual function when combined with other techniques. Early reports have become available on the feasibility and safety of different strategies for corneal stromal augmentation, both with and without corneal crosslinking, and their favorable clinical outcomes, including visual and keratometry improvements. Here, we explore the cutting-edge advancements in stromal lenticule implantation, encompassing different facets of the procedure.
“The mere imagination scares me”—evidence for fear responses during mental imagery of pain-associated interoceptive sensations in adolescents with chronic pain
Authors: Opdensteinen Kim D. , Rach Hannah , Gruszka Piotr , Schaan Luca , Adolph Dirk , Pané-Farré Christiane A. , Benke Christoph , Dierolf Angelika M. , Schneider Silvia , Hechler Tanja
Published: September 2023

According to the bio-informational theory of emotion by Lang, mental imagery of fearful stimuli activates physiological and behavioural response systems, even in the absence of sensory input. We investigated whether instructed mental imagery of pain-associated (not painful) interoceptive sensations entails a threat value and elicits increased startle response, skin conductance level (SCL), and heart rate (HR) indicative of defensive mobilization in adolescents with chronic pain. Additionally, self-reported measures (fear, fear of pain, desire to avoid) were assessed. Adolescents (11-18 years) with chronic headache (CH, n = 46) or chronic abdominal pain (CAP, n = 29) and a control group (n = 28) were asked to imagine individualized pain-associated, neutral and standardized fear scripts. During pain-associated compared with neutral imagery, both pain groups showed higher mean HR, with CH also showing higher HR reactivity, while HR acceleration was not observed within control group. In contrast, during pain-associated compared with neutral imagery, startle response magnitude and SCL remained unchanged in all groups. Additionally, overall levels in self-reports were higher during pain-associated compared with neutral imagery, but significantly more pronounced in the pain groups compared with the control group. Results suggest that the mere imagination of pain-associated sensations elicits specific autonomic fear responses accompanied by increased self-reported fear in adolescents with chronic pain. The specific modulation of heart rate shed new light on our understanding of multimodal fear responses in adolescents with chronic pain and may help to refine paradigms to decrease fear of interoceptive sensations in chronic pain.
Inflammatory biomarkers in patients with painful knee osteoarthritis: exploring the potential link to chronic postoperative pain after total knee arthroplasty—a secondary analysis
Authors: Giordano Rocco , Ghafouri Bijar , Arendt-Nielsen Lars , Petersen Kristian Kjær-Staal
Published: September 2023

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is the end-stage treatment of knee osteoarthritis (OA), and approximately 20% of patients experience chronic postoperative pain. Studies indicate that inflammatory biomarkers might be associated with pain in OA and potentially linked to the development of chronic postoperative pain after TKA. This study aimed to (1) evaluate preoperative serum levels of inflammatory biomarkers in patients with OA and healthy control subjects, (2) investigate preoperative differences of inflammatory biomarker profiles in subgroups of patients, and (3) compare subgroups of patients with and without postoperative pain 12 months after surgery. Serum samples from patients with OA scheduled for TKA (n = 127) and healthy participants (n = 39) were analyzed. Patients completed the Knee-injury-and-Osteoarthritis-Outcome-Score (KOOS) questionnaire and rated their clinical pain intensity using a visual analog scale (VAS) before and 12 months after TKA. Hierarchical cluster analysis and Orthogonal Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis were used to compare groups (patients vs control subjects) and to identify subgroups of patients in relation to postoperative outcomes. Difference in preoperative and postoperative VAS and KOOS scores were compared across subgroups. Twelve inflammatory markers were differentially expressed in patients when compared with control subjects. Cluster analysis identified 2 subgroups of patients with 23 proteins being significantly different (P < 0.01). The 12-months postoperative VAS and KOOS scores were significantly different between subgroups of patients (P < 0.05). This study identified differences in specific inflammatory biomarker profiles when comparing patients with OA and control subjects. Cluster analysis identified 2 subgroups of patients with OA, with one subgroup demonstrating comparatively worse 12-month postoperative pain intensity and function scores.
The genetic variant SLC2A1-rs1105297 is associated with the differential analgesic response to a glucose-based treatment in newborns
Authors: Farinella Riccardo , Falchi Fabio , Tavanti Arianna , Tuoni Cristina , Di Nino Maria Grazia , Filippi Luca , Ciantelli Massimiliano , Rizzato Cosmeri , Campa Daniele
Published: September 2023

Neonatal pain is a critical issue in clinical practice. The oral administration of glucose-based solutions is currently one of the most common and effective nonpharmacologic strategies for neonatal pain relief in daily minor procedures. However, a varying degree of analgesic efficacy has been reported for this treatment. Environmental, maternal, and genetic factors may explain this variability and potentially allow for a personalized analgesic approach, maximizing therapeutic efficacy and preventing side effects. We investigated the exposome (ie, the set of clinical and anthropometric variables potentially affecting the response to the therapy) and the genetic variability of the noradrenaline transporter gene (solute carrier family 6 member 2 [SLC6A2]) and 2 glucose transporter genes (solute carrier family 2 member 1 [SLC2A1] and 2 [SLC2A2]) in relation to the neonatal analgesic efficacy of a 33% glucose solution. The study population consisted in a homogeneous sample of more than 1400 healthy term newborns. No association for the exposome was observed, whereas a statistically significant association between the G allele of SLC2A1-rs1105297 and a fourfold decreased probability of responding to the therapy was identified after multiple-testing correction (odds ratio of 3.98, 95% confidence interval 1.95-9.17; P = 4.05 × 10−4). This allele decreases the expression of SLC2A1-AS1, causing the upregulation of SLC2A1 in the dorsal striatum, which has been suggested to be involved in reward-related processes through the binding of opioids to the striatal mu-opioid receptors. Altogether, these results suggest the involvement of SLC2A1 in the analgesic process and highlight the importance of host genetics for defining personalized analgesic treatments.
Prader–Willi syndrome: an update
Authors: Duis Jessica
Published: September 2023

Purpose of review

Sleep disorders in Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS) range from respiratory to neurological disorders of sleep. We now recognize the role of excessive daytime sleepiness (present in the infant period and throughout life), and a modified narcolepsy phenotype with or without cataplexy. Disordered sleep in PWS may present with symptoms pervasive to daily function, including inattention at school, irritability, and behavioral outbursts. This review highlights the spectrum of sleep disordered breathing and neurological disorders of sleep in individuals with PWS as well as the current knowledge of management.

Recent findings

This article covers the literature characterizing sleep disorders in PWS, including treatment strategies.

The review highlights the importance of considering disorders of sleep in PWS and the current treatment options.
Be aware of the “O” sign in the bipolar cup dissociation during closed reduction of bipolar dislocation: A case report
Authors: Sim Seung-Bo , Son Sang-Woo , Shim Bum-Jin
Published: September 2023

Rationale:

Bipolar cup dissociation following hip hemiarthroplasty is a rare complication of which only a few cases have been reported, and it usually requires revision surgery because of difficulties in closed reduction.

Patient concerns:

We report the case of a 57-year-old man who underwent bipolar hemiarthroplasty 2 months ago caused by a left femoral neck fracture. Postoperatively, bipolar dislocation occurred thrice, and the patient showed bipolar cup dissociation during closed reduction maneuver at the recent visit. At the time of this event, no consideration was given to the shape of the prosthesis on the radiograph.

Diagnoses:

The patient was diagnosed with early bipolar cup dissociation.

Interventions:

The patient underwent revision surgery to replace and reassemble the femoral head component.

Outcomes:

No further dislocation occurred following the surgery.

Lessons:

To avoid dissociation of the components during closed reduction, it would be helpful to have knowledge of the “O” sign, a concentric circle shape of the prosthesis on the radiograph.

Level of evidence:

Level V, case report.
Demonstration Projects to Test Built Environment Changes: A Systematic Review
Authors: Balis Laura E. , Porter Gwenndolyn , Grocke-Dewey Michelle
Published: September 2023

Context:

Built environment interventions (pedestrian/bicycle infrastructure and enhanced access) mitigate barriers to physical activity by making the healthy choice the default choice. Demonstration projects (eg, temporary pedestrian lanes or sidewalks marked with tape) are used to test these interventions before making permanent changes. However, it is unknown whether demonstration projects lead to desired built environment changes.

Objective:

To systematically review the literature to determine outcomes and overall public health impacts of demonstration projects and whether they lead to permanent changes to the built environment.

Design:

Systematic review, conducted from March to September 2022 by searching PubMed and EBSCOhost for peer-reviewed literature and Google for gray (non–peer-reviewed) literature. Inclusion criteria were policy, systems, or environmental interventions; temporary implementation; and presence of evaluation data. Exclusion criteria were individual/interpersonal-level interventions, permanent implementation, and absence of evaluation data. Two authors coded for inclusion/exclusion and resolved discrepancies, coded a portion of included sources and resolved discrepancies, refined coding guide definitions, and coded remaining sources.

Main Outcome Measures:

Data were extracted based on the expanded RE-AIM (Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, Maintenance) framework, which incorporates constructs of the Implementation Outcomes Framework (acceptability, appropriateness, feasibility).

Results:

Gray (N = 23) and peer-reviewed (N = 1) sources describing unique demonstration projects (N = 31) met inclusion criteria. Projects tested built environment interventions including traffic calming measures, crosswalks, bike lanes, intersection design, and trails. Sources primarily reported effectiveness (typically improved safety), maintenance, acceptability, and appropriateness. Most sources did not report projects leading to permanent changes to the built environment.

Conclusions:

Based on inconsistent reporting of key outcomes (number of community members reached, changes to physical activity levels), overall impacts are unknown. Most demonstration projects captured community members' feedback, which was typically positive, but it is unknown whether feedback led to long-term changes. We recommend providing improved demonstration project guidance for practitioners to facilitate robust data collection, including suggested evaluation methods and tools.
68Ga-FAPI–Avid Submental Ectopic Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma and Lateral Neck Lymphadenopathy With Low 18F-FDG Uptake
Authors: Shi Yuan , Tang Linglin , Fei Mengjia , Liu Jianjun , Wang Zhuoying
Published: September 2023

Ectopic thyroid tissue is rare and generally occurs along the thyroglossal duct or in lateral cervical region. We reported 18F-FDG and 68Ga-FAPI findings of a 28-year-old woman with previously diagnosed BRAF-mutated lateral lymph node metastasis of unknown primary site. Low 18F-FDG but increased 68Ga-FAPI uptake was seen in a submental pretracheal nodular lesion. Postsurgical pathologic report verified the diagnosis of ectopic papillary thyroid carcinoma. High FAP expression in the tumor sample corresponded to its imaging manifestations.
Rapid flapping and fiber-reinforced membrane wings are key to high-performance bat flight
Authors: Lauber Marin , Weymouth Gabriel D. , Limbert Georges
Published: September 2023

Bats fly using significantly different wing motions than other fliers, stemming from the complex interplay of their membrane wings’ motion and structural properties. Biological studies show that many bats fly at Strouhal numbers, the ratio of flapping to flight speed, 50-150% above the range typically associated with optimal locomotion. We use high-resolution fluid-structure interaction simulations of a bat wing to independently study the role of kinematics and material/structural properties on aerodynamic performance and show that peak propulsive and lift efficiencies for a bat-like wing motion require flapping 66% faster than for a symmetric motion, agreeing with the increased flapping frequency observed in zoological studies. In addition, we find that reduced membrane stiffness is associated with improved propulsive efficiency until the membrane flutters, but that incorporating microstructural anisotropy arising from biological fiber reinforcement enables a tenfold reduction of the flutter energy whilst maintaining high aerodynamic efficiency. Our results indicate that animals with specialized flapping motions may have correspondingly specialized flapping speeds, in contrast to arguments for a universally efficient Strouhal range. Additionally, our study demonstrates the significant role that the microstructural constitutive properties of the membrane wing of a bat can have on its propulsive performance.
Pharmacologic inhibition of BAF chromatin remodeling complexes as a therapeutic approach to transcription factor-dependent cancers
Authors: Centore Richard C. , Soares Luis M. M. , Topal Salih , Vaswani Rishi G. , Ichikawa Kana , Li Zhifang , Fan Hong , Setser Jeremy W. , Lahr David L. , Zawadzke Laura E. , Chen Xueying , Barnash Kimberly D. , Muwanguzi Jordana , Anthony Neville , Sandoval Gabriel J. , Feldman Katharine , Elliott GiNell , Adam Ammar , Huang David , Davenport Yunji , Schiller Shawn , Wilson Kevin J. , Voigt Johannes , Xu Lan , Hentemann Martin , Millan David S. , Chan Ho Man , Decicco Carl P. , Kruger Ryan G. , Bellon Steven F.
Published: September 2023

The BRG/Brahma-associated factors (BAF or mSWI/SNF) family of chromatin remodeling complexes are critical regulators of gene expression and are major determinants of cancer and other diseases. Two paralog ATPases, SMARCA4 and SMARCA2 (BRG1 and BRM, respectively), provide the enzymatic activity required for chromatin remodeling. Here, we discover and characterize a novel series of compounds that potently and selectively inhibit SMARCA4/SMARCA2. Mutational and biochemical studies demonstrate that these inhibitors act through a unique mode of inhibition, distinct from reported SMARCA4/SMARCA2 inhibitors. Across a range of cancer cell lines, SMARCA4/SMARCA2 inhibition resulted in lineage-specific changes in chromatin accessibility at binding sites for key transcription factors (TFs). In uveal melanoma (UM), BAF inhibition resulted in loss of enhancer occupancy of SOX10 and MITF, two essential TFs, leading to down-regulation of the melanocytic gene expression program. In a mouse xenograft model of UM, SMARCA4/SMARCA2 inhibition was well tolerated and resulted in dose-dependent tumor regression correlating with pharmacodynamic modulation of BAF-target gene expression. These data provide the foundation for first-in-human studies of BAF ATPase inhibition as a novel therapeutic to treat TF-dependent cancers.