bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity Underlying Casein Allergy Is Suppressed by Extracellular Vesicles Carrying miRNA-150
Authors: Wąsik Magdalena , Nazimek Katarzyna , Nowak Bernadeta , Askenase Philip W. , Bryniarski Krzysztof
Published: April 2019

In patients with non-IgE-mediated milk allergy, a cellular mechanism of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) is considered. Recent findings prove that cell-mediated reactions can be antigen-specifically inhibited by extracellular vesicles (EVs) carrying miRNA-150. We sought to establish a new mouse model of DTH to casein and test the possibility of antigen-specific suppression of the inflammatory reaction. To produce soluble antigenic peptides, casein was subjected to alkaline hydrolysis. DTH reaction to casein was induced in CBA, C57BL/6, and BALB/c mice by intradermal (id) injection of the antigen. Cells collected from spleens and lymph nodes were positively or negatively selected and transferred to naive recipients intravenously (iv). CBA mice were tolerized by iv injection of mouse erythrocytes conjugated with casein antigen and following id immunization with the same antigen. Suppressive EVs were harvested from cell cultures and serum of tolerized donors by means of ultrafiltration and ultracentrifugation for further therapeutic utilization. The newly established mouse model of DTH to casein was mediated by CD4+ Th1 cells and macrophages, while EVs produced by casein-tolerized animals effectively suppressed effector cell response, in an miRNA-150-dependent manner. Altogether, our observations contribute to the current understanding of non-IgE-mediated allergy to casein and of the possibilities to downregulate this reaction.
Prediction of N-linked Glycoform Profiles of Monoclonal Antibody with Extracellular Metabolites and Two-Step Intracellular Models
Authors: Sha Sha , Huang Zhuangrong , Agarabi Cyrus , Lute Scott , Brorson Kurt , Yoon Seongkyu
Published: April 2019

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are commonly glycosylated and show varying levels of galactose attachment. A set of experiments in our work showed that the galactosylation level of mAbs was altered by the culture conditions of hybridoma cells. The uridine diphosphate galactose (UDP-Gal) is one of the substrates of galactosylation. Based on that, we proposed a two-step model to predict N-linked glycoform profiles by solely using extracellular metabolites from cell culture. At the first step, the flux level of UDP-Gal in each culture was estimated based on a computational flux balance analysis (FBA); its level was found to be linear with the galactosylation degree on mAbs. At the second step, the glycoform profiles especially for G0F (agalactosylated), G1F (monogalactosylated) and G2F (digalactosylated) were predicted by a kinetic model. The model outputs well matched with the experimental data. Our study demonstrated that the integrated mathematical approach combining FBA and kinetic model is a promising strategy to predict glycoform profiles for mAbs during cell culture processes.
Modular Engineering of Biomass Degradation Pathways
Authors: Chaves Julie E. , Presley Gerald N. , Michener Joshua K.
Published: April 2019

Production of fuels and chemicals from renewable lignocellulosic feedstocks is a promising alternative to petroleum-derived compounds. Due to the complexity of lignocellulosic feedstocks, microbial conversion of all potential substrates will require substantial metabolic engineering. Non-model microbes offer desirable physiological traits, but also increase the difficulty of heterologous pathway engineering and optimization. The development of modular design principles that allow metabolic pathways to be used in a variety of novel microbes with minimal strain-specific optimization will enable the rapid construction of microbes for commercial production of biofuels and bioproducts. In this review, we discuss variability of lignocellulosic feedstocks, pathways for catabolism of lignocellulose-derived compounds, challenges to heterologous engineering of catabolic pathways, and opportunities to apply modular pathway design. Implementation of these approaches will simplify the process of modifying non-model microbes to convert diverse lignocellulosic feedstocks.
Biogeographic Ancestry, Cognitive Ability and Socioeconomic Outcomes
Authors: Kirkegaard Emil , Woodley of Menie Michael , Williams Robert , Fuerst John , Meisenberg Gerhard
Published: April 2019

The cause(s) of ubiquitous cognitive differences between American self-identified racial/ethnic groups (SIREs) is uncertain. Evolutionary-genetic models posit that ancestral genetic selection pressures are the ultimate source of these differences. Conversely, sociological models posit that these differences result from racial discrimination. To examine predictions based on these models, we conducted a global admixture analysis using data from the Pediatric Imaging, Neurocognition, and Genetics Study (PING; N = 1,369 American children). Specifically, we employed a standard methodology of genetic epidemiology to determine whether genetic ancestry significantly predicts cognitive ability, independent of SIRE. In regression models using four different codings for SIRE as a covariate, we found incremental relationships between genetic ancestry and both general cognitive ability and parental socioeconomic status (SES). The relationships between global ancestry and cognitive ability were partially attenuated when parental SES was added as a predictor and when cognitive ability was the outcome. Moreover, these associations generally held when subgroups were analyzed separately. Our results are congruent with evolutionary-genetic models of group differences and with certain environmental models that mimic the predictions of evolutionary-genetic ones. Implications for research on race/ethnic differences in the Americas are discussed, as are methods for further exploring the matter.
The Long Road to an Andean Catholic Clergy: From Solórzano to Pèlach I Feliú
Authors: Lee Christine
Published: April 2019

The development of a native clergy in the Andes has long been called for but only recently achieved. Drawing from archival and ethnographic data, this article sets out how intercultural prejudice and discrimination have served to prevent the ordination of native Andeans. In the early colonial period, doubts about the authenticity of Andean conversion to Catholicism were rooted in mainstream Spanish skepticism of and disdain for Andean culture; in the modern day, these same prejudices continue, meaning it is only within the last fifty years that a native clergy has developed in the southern Andes, in the Peruvian diocese of Abancay, as the result of the concerted efforts of its second bishop. Today, Abancay boasts its first generation of native clergy, made up entirely of men who were born and raised in the diocese in which they now serve, and which promises a new, more empathetic institutional relationship between what it has historically meant to be Andean and what it has meant to be Catholic.
Dam Leakage Detection by Borehole Radar: A Case-History Study
Authors: Liu Sixin , Wang Xudong , Lu Qi , Li Honqing , Wang Yuanxin , Deng Li
Published: April 2019

A borehole radar investigation was performed at the Sanzuodian reservoir, Chifeng, China to assess possible leakage paths located in the deep dam foundation. The key methodologies used include both single-hole reflection and cross-hole radar tomography, which make a high-resolution identification of the hydraulic connection paths between upstream and downstream sides possible. The leakage paths are characterized by direct wave loss due to high electromagnetic attenuation in the single-hole reflection profile and the nearly horizontal-banded low-velocity zone in the cross-hole velocity tomography due to possible large internal erosion. Meanwhile, some small structures inside the dam, including the core wall thickness changing point, the connecting point between asphalt and concrete walls, and the contacting interface between the dry and the water-saturated formations can be identified from the single-hole reflection profile clearly. Interpreted leakage paths are proven by the water flow measurement. Borehole radar is a useful high-resolution tool, suitable for deep leakage detection and evaluation.
Impact of Assimilating China Precipitation Analysis Data Merging with Remote Sensing Products Using the 4DVar Method on the Prediction of Heavy Rainfall
Authors: Wang Yuanbing , Chen Yaodeng , Min Jinzhong
Published: April 2019

In this study, the China Hourly Merged Precipitation Analysis (CHMPA) data which combines the satellite-retrieved Climate Prediction Center Morphing (CMORPH) with the automatic weather station precipitation observations is firstly assimilated into the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model using the Four-Dimensional Variational (4DVar) method. The analyses and subsequent forecasts of heavy rainfall during Meiyu season occurred in July 2013 over eastern China is evaluated. Besides, the sensitivity of rainfall forecast skill of assimilating the CHMPA data to the rainfall error, the rainfall thinning distance, and the rainfall accumulation time within assimilation window are investigated in this study. Then, the impact of 4DVar data assimilation with and without CHMPA rainfall data is evaluated to show how the assimilation of CHMPA impacts the precipitation simulations. It is found that assimilation of the CHMPA data helps to produce a better short-range precipitation forecast in this study. The rainfall fields after assimilation of CHMPA is closer to observations in terms of quantity and pattern. However, the leading time of improved forecast is limited to about 18 hours. It is also found that CHMPA data assimilation produces stronger realistic moisture divergence, precipitabale water field and the vertical wind field in the forecasting fields, which eventually contributes to the improved forecast of heavy rainfall. This study can provide references for the assimilation of CHMPA data into the WRF model using 4DVar, which is valuable for limited-area numerical weather prediction and hydrological applications.
Enforcement of Off-Road Vehicle Laws in Iowa
Authors: Qin Evelyn S. , Denning Gerene M. , Jennissen Charles A.
Published: April 2019

Safety laws are among the most successful means of reducing injuries, but their effectiveness is strongly influenced by the level of enforcement. To characterize enforcement of off-road vehicle (ORV) laws statewide, analyses of citations were performed using Iowa Court Information System data. From 2005–2015, 5173 individuals were charged with 5643 citations issued. Citations averaged <5/county/year, decreased dramatically over time, and varied by county when normalized to registered all-terrain vehicles (ATVs). Over 90% of operators cited were male and Caucasian. One-fifth were <18 years old. The top five violations were: operation on a highway/snowmobile trail (51%), registration/identification number not documented/displayed (19%), prohibited use in a park/preserve (5.5%), and operation with more persons than the vehicle is designed to carry (4.4%). The Department of Natural Resources issued the highest percentage of citations, followed in decreasing order by Sheriff, Police, State Patrol, and Conservation officers. Significant differences were identified when citations were compared by sex, age, race, enforcement agency, disposition (guilty vs. not guilty), and when comparing counties with or without an ORV park. These characteristics suggest limited and variable enforcement of laws statewide that may reduce their potential to prevent deaths and injuries, and that improved strategies to support ORV law enforcement are needed.
Towards Integrated Care for Chronic Patients in Belgium: The Pilot Project, an Instrument Supporting the Emergence of Collaborative Networks
Authors: De Winter Mélanie
Published: April 2019

In 2015, the Belgian Health Ministers launched a plan intended to evolve towards an integrated care system for chronic patients. This plan is implemented through pilot projects involving local actors. Therefore, the researcher raised the following research question: how does the use of pilot projects as implementation instruments structure the collaboration between parties involved in a pilot project? The term “pilot project” refers to a collaborative work method coupled with an experimentation purpose. This is further developed in the paper via a literature study. This qualitative research draws on interviews, focus groups, direct observation, and a documentary analysis. During the two first phases of the process, field workers had to create multidisciplinary local consortia and write an application file describing the project they would implement during the third phase, which raised challenging collaboration issues. Many people learned to work together over time, progressively overcoming the traditional fragmentation of care. They met regularly, understood their respective roles, and dealt with controversies through negotiation to reach an agreement on a common project. In conclusion, the researcher shows that, thanks to its characteristics, the pilot project instrument supports the development of collaborative care networks; in this example of community-based integrated care networks.
Perception Towards Organic vs. Conventional Products in Romania
Authors: Stoleru Vasile , Munteanu Neculai , Istrate Andrei
Published: April 2019

The aim of this study was to elicit answers referring to the consumer perception with respect to organic products. Factors that determine behavior were also considered: Gender, age, education, income, or social status. Analysis of data collected revealed that perception is the psycho-cognitive element that may determine the expression of behavior in relation to the organic production system. Furthermore, organic farming in Romania is a relatively recently formed market segment. The study was carried out by using a questionnaire developed specifically for this purpose, on a sample of 226 respondents. The data obtained from the survey were analyzed by employing the contingency coefficient and Pearson chi-square tests, using the SPSS software version 20. The perception of organic food is associated with its nutritional quality or sensory attributes (appearance, taste, flavor).
Local Economic Impact of Wind Energy Development: Analysis of the Regulatory Framework, Taxation, and Income for Galician Municipalities
Authors: Copena Damián , Pérez-Neira David , Simón Xavier
Published: April 2019

Wind energy has rapidly developed in the last decades, generating economic impacts at different territorial scales and contributing to rural development. However, few research works have analysed its economic impact at a local scale, especially in rural areas. Galicia is a Spanish region in which 3300 MW of wind energy have been installed in rural municipalities with low levels of socioeconomic activity and important socio-environmental problems. In this sense, the objective of this work is to analyse the local revenues directly derived from wind power activity in relation to changes in the regulatory framework (1995–2017), as well as to quantify those revenues for the year 2017. For this purpose, information has been systematically collected from secondary sources and complemented with 10 years of field and monitoring work on site at the wind farms. This article reveals the relationship between the regulatory framework and the main sources of income associated with wind power generation (conventional and specific taxes, municipal ownership, and other revenues). In 2017, these revenues amounted to 17.8 million euros. This work discusses how the public policies implemented during the analysed time period limited the direct economic impacts of the installation of wind farms on Galician rural municipalities, and consequently hindered rural development.
Actual Conditions of Mixed Public–Private Planning for Housing Complexes in Beijing
Authors: Chu Chu , Nomura Rie , Mori Suguru
Published: April 2019

Mixed habitation environments have gradually proved to be an effective planning method to promote social integration in many countries. However, due to the differences in the social backgrounds of each country, it is essential to implement construction methods suitable for local conditions. On the other hand, the planning theories and construction methods discussed from multiple perspectives, including an architectural perspective of spatial forms, have been insufficient, which is not conducive to constructing a sustainable dwelling environment. This article aims to clarify the planning status of spatial forms and their issues by investigating existing projects with mixed habitation environments in China. Unlike other countries that have implemented relevant policies for many years, China has just begun to explore relevant schemes (i.e., public-rental housing in private-owned housing complexes) aiming to promote mixed habitation environments. The selected research objects included all projects already inhabited at the end of June 2017 in the city of Beijing. Through field survey, the research objects were divided into eight types via an analysis of building layouts and residents’ traffic lines. The results show that out of the many research objects, two kinds of housing were clearly distinctive, and only a few research objects matched the basic conditions to be defined as a mixed habitation. The conditions are not conducive to the formation of mixed habitation; therefore, a more detailed discussion on how to design a mixed habitation environment is necessary to aid further research.
The Introduction to System Dynamics Approach to Operational Efficiency and Sustainability of Dry Port’s Main Parameters
Authors: Muravev Dmitri , Rakhmangulov Aleksandr , Hu Hao , Zhou Hengshuo
Published: April 2019

The continuous increase of trade between China and Europe brought congestion problems at major Chinese seaports. An effective way to solve this issue is to set up intermodal terminals often called dry ports. However, the dynamics of various influenced factors on dry port’s implementation calls for the adaptive and flexible planning of the terminal. This paper analyzes the shortcomings of previous research related to the dry port’s implementation from the perspective of the applied numerous parameters concerning evaluating its operational efficiency and sustainability. The operational efficiency and sustainability of a dry port are evaluated by the developed system of the main parameters. This system gives the understanding of how these parameters are interrelated between each other and fills the gap in studies of inverse interrelations between main parameters of a dry port. To fully understand the sustainability of the main parameters of a dry port, this paper puts forward the simulation models description of the developed system. The developed model is a practical tool to evaluate the reliability of hypotheses about the functional interrelations between the main parameters of the dry port, as well as to evaluate the sustainability of the system. Finally, in order to develop functional interrelations between main parameters, the data from several Chinese dry ports has been collected. Finally, the developed multi-agent system dynamics model has been validated in the case study of Yiwu dry port located in Zhejiang, China.
Hadronic and Hadron-Like Physics of Dark Matter
Authors: Beylin Vitaly , Khlopov Maxim , Kuksa Vladimir , Volchanskiy Nikolay
Published: April 2019

The problems of simple elementary weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) appeal to extend the physical basis for nonbaryonic dark matter. Such extension involves more sophisticated dark matter candidates from physics beyond the Standard Model (BSM) of elementary particles. We discuss several models of dark matter, predicting new colored, hyper-colored or techni-colored particles and their accelerator and non-accelerator probes. The nontrivial properties of the proposed dark matter candidates can shed new light on the dark matter physics. They provide interesting solutions for the puzzles of direct and indirect dark matter search.
A Functional Ubiquitin-Proteasome System is Required for Efficient Replication of New World Mayaro and Una Alphaviruses
Authors: Llamas-González Yessica Y. , Campos Dalkiria , Pascale Juan M. , Arbiza Juan , González-Santamaría José
Published: April 2019

Mayaro (MAYV) and Una (UNAV) are emerging arboviruses belonging to the Alphavirus genus of the Togaviridae family. These viruses can produce febrile disease with symptoms such as fever, headache, myalgia, skin rash and incapacitating poly-arthralgia. Serological studies indicate that both viruses are circulating in different countries in Latin America. Viruses need the host cell machinery and resources to replicate effectively. One strategy to find new antivirals consists of identifying key cellular pathways or factors that are essential for virus replication. In this study, we analyzed the role of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) in MAYV and UNAV replication. Vero-E6 or HeLa cells were treated with the proteasome inhibitors MG132 or Lactacystin, and viral progeny production was quantified using a plaque assay method. In addition, the synthesis of viral proteins was analyzed by Western blot and confocal microscopy. Our results indicate that treatment with proteasome inhibitors decreases MAYV and UNAV protein synthesis, and also causes a significant dose-dependent decrease in MAYV and UNAV replication. Proteasome activity seems to be important at the early stages of MAYV replication. These findings suggest that the ubiquitin-proteasome system is a possible pharmacological target to inhibit these neglected alphaviruses.
EHDV-2 Infection Prevalence Varies in Culicoides sonorensis after Feeding on Infected White-Tailed Deer over the Course of Viremia
Authors: Mendiola Sandra Y. , Mills Mary K. , Maki Elin , Drolet Barbara S. , Wilson William C. , Berghaus Roy , Stallknecht David E. , Breitenbach Jonathan , McVey D. Scott , Ruder Mark G.
Published: April 2019

Epizootic hemorrhagic disease viruses (EHDVs) are arboviral pathogens of white-tailed deer and other wild and domestic ruminants in North America. Transmitted by various species of Culicoides, EHDVs circulate wherever competent vectors and susceptible ruminant host populations co-exist. The impact of variation in the level and duration of EHDV viremia in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) on Culicoides infection prevalence is not well characterized. Here we examined how infection prevalence in a confirmed North American vector of EHDV-2 (Culicoides sonorensis) varies in response to fluctuations in deer viremia. To accomplish this, five white-tailed deer were experimentally infected with EHDV-2 and colonized C. sonorensis were allowed to feed on deer at 3, 5, 7, 10, 12, 14, 18, and 24 days post infection (dpi). Viremia profiles in deer were determined by virus isolation and titration at the same time points. Blood-fed Culicoides were assayed for virus after a 10-day incubation (27 °C) period. We found that increases in deer EHDV blood titers significantly increased both the likelihood that midges would successfully acquire EHDV and the proportion of midges that reached the titer threshold for transmission competence. Unexpectedly, we identified four infected midge samples (three individuals and one pool) after feeding on one deer 18 and 24 dpi, when viremia was no longer detectable by virus isolation. The ability of ruminants with low-titer viremia to serve as a source of EHDV for blood-feeding Culicoides should be explored further to better understand its potential epidemiological significance.
Identification of RUVBL1 and RUVBL2 as Novel Cellular Interactors of the Ebola Virus Nucleoprotein
Authors: Morwitzer M. Jane , Tritsch Sarah R. , Cazares Lisa H. , Ward Michael D. , Nuss Jonathan E. , Bavari Sina , Reid St Patrick
Published: April 2019

Ebola virus (EBOV) is a filovirus that has become a global public health threat in recent years. EBOV is the causative agent of a severe, often fatal hemorrhagic fever. A productive viral infection relies on the successful recruitment of host factors for various stages of the viral life cycle. To date, several investigations have discovered specific host-pathogen interactions for various EBOV proteins. However, relatively little is known about the EBOV nucleoprotein (NP) with regard to host interactions. In the present study, we aimed to elucidate NP-host protein-protein interactions (PPIs). Affinity purification-mass spectrometry (AP-MS) was used to identify candidate NP cellular interactors. Candidate interactors RUVBL1 and RUVBL2, partner proteins belonging to the AAA+ (ATPases Associated with various cellular Activities) superfamily, were confirmed to interact with NP in co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) and immunofluorescence (IF) experiments. Functional studies using a minigenome system revealed that the siRNA-mediated knockdown of RUVBL1 but not RUVBL2 moderately decreased EBOV minigenome activity. Super resolution structured illumination microscopy (SIM) was used to identify an association between NP and components of the R2TP complex, which includes RUVBL1, RUVBL2, RPAP3, and PIH1D1, suggesting a potential role for the R2TP complex in capsid formation. Moreover, the siRNA-mediated knockdown of RPAP3 and subsequent downregulation of PIH1D1 was shown to have no effect on minigenome activity, further suggesting a role in capsid formation. Overall, we identify RUVBL1 and RUVBL2 as novel interactors of EBOV NP and for the first time report EBOV NP recruitment of the R2TP complex, which may provide novel targets for broad-acting anti-EBOV therapeutics.
Generation of Monoclonal Antibodies against Variable Epitopes of the M Protein of Rabies Virus
Authors: Liu Jie , Zhao Wen , He Wanting , Wang Ningning , Su Jingyin , Ji Senlin , Chen Jian , Wang Dong , Zhou Jiyong , Su Shuo
Published: April 2019

Rabies virus (RABV), the causative agent of rabies, is highly neurovirulent for warm-blooded animals with a mortality rate of up to 100%. The RABV matrix protein (M) is required for virus particle assembly and budding. However, little is known about antigenic differences in the M protein. In this study, five monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), designated 3B9, 4A1, 2B11, 2C1, and 4B11, against the RABV M protein were generated using a recombinant M protein. All five mAbs reacted with the CVS-11 strain but showed no reactivity against the HEP-Flury strain in indirect immunofluorescence and western blotting. The epitope targeted by these mAbs was further identified by peptide scanning using GST-fused peptides. The 25PPYDDD30 peptide was defined as the minimal linear epitope. Alignment of amino acid sequences and phylogenetic analysis of different RABV strains indicated that the variable epitope 25PPDGDD30 is only present in the HEP-Flury and variant Flury strains of clade III, while the other strains resembling ERA and SRVA9 within the clade had another variable epitope, 25PLDDDD30. A Y27D mutation within the epitope was found among the rest of the RABV strains distributed in different clades. However, a single D28G mutation eliminated the reactivity of these five mAbs. In addition, the mAbs were able to recognize wildtype RABV strain in indirect immunofluorescence and western blotting and detect RABV-infected brain tissue using immunohistochemistry. The newly established mAbs and identified epitope may facilitate future investigations in the structure and function of the M protein and the development of diagnostic methods for the detection of different RABV strains worldwide. Most importantly, the epitope recognized by the mAbs against M protein might serve as a novel target for the development of a vaccine targeting RABV virulent strains.
Hydrological Modeling Approach Using Radar-Rainfall Ensemble and Multi-Runoff-Model Blending Technique
Authors: Lee Myungjin , Kang Narae , Joo Hongjun , Kim Hung Soo , Kim Soojun , Lee Jongso
Published: April 2019

The purpose of this study is to reduce the uncertainty in the generation of rainfall data and runoff simulations. We propose a blending technique using a rainfall ensemble and runoff simulation. To create rainfall ensembles, the probabilistic perturbation method was added to the deterministic raw radar rainfall data. Then, we used three rainfall-runoff models that use rainfall ensembles as input data to perform a runoff analysis: The tank model, storage function model, and streamflow synthesis and reservoir regulation model. The generated rainfall ensembles have increased uncertainty when the radar is underestimated, due to rainfall intensity and topographical effects. To confirm the uncertainty, 100 ensembles were created. The mean error between radar rainfall and ground rainfall was approximately 1.808–3.354 dBR. We derived a runoff hydrograph with greatly reduced uncertainty by applying the blending technique to the runoff simulation results and found that uncertainty is improved by more than 10%. The applicability of the method was confirmed by solving the problem of uncertainty in the use of rainfall radar data and runoff models.
ТЮРЕМНА СИСТЕМА ДОБИ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ НАЦІОНАЛЬНОЇ РЕВОЛЮЦІЇ (ДО 100-ЛІТНЬОГО ЮВІЛЕЮ)
Authors: Сокальська О.
Published: April 2019

Визначено та проаналізовано законодавчі й організаційні зміни в тюремній системі та її керівних органах за доби Тимчасового уряду, Центральної Ради та Гетьманату П. П. Скоропадського. Окреслено зміст пенітенціарної доктрини Тимчасового уряду та умови, у яких вона формувалася й реалізовувалася, а також засади діяльності тюремних інспекцій та окремих місць ув’язнення. З’ясовано, кому підпорядковувалися тюремні установи українських губерній упродовж лютого–жовтня 1917 р. та у наступні періоди. Визначено стан тюремного відомства за доби Центральної Ради та Гетьманату, охарактеризовано тюремну політику гетьманського уряду, уточнено персональний склад очільників центрального органу управління тюремною системою у квітні–листопаді 1918 р.
Observing the Transient Pulsations of SMC X-1 with NuSTAR
Authors: Pike Sean N. , Harrison Fiona A. , Bachetti Matteo , Brumback McKinley C. , Fürst Felix S. , Madsen Kristin K. , Pottschmidt Katja , Tomsick John A. , Wilms Jörn
Published: April 2019

We report on Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array observations of transient pulsations in the neutron star X-ray binary SMC X-1. The transition from nonpulsing to pulsing states was not accompanied by a large change in flux. Instead, both pulsing and nonpulsing states were observed in a single observation during the low-flux super-orbital state. During the high state, we measure a pulse period of P = 0.70117(9) s at T
ref = 56145 MJD. Spectral analysis during nonpulsing and pulsing states reveals that the observations can be consistently modeled by an absorbed power law with a phenomenological cutoff resembling a Fermi–Dirac distribution, or by a partially obscured cutoff power law. The shapes of the underlying continua show little variability between epochs, while the covering fraction and column density vary between super-orbital states. The strength of pulsations also varies, leading us to infer that the absence and reemergence of pulsations are related to changing obscuration, such as by a warped accretion disk. SMC X-1 is accreting near or above its Eddington limit, reaching an unabsorbed X-ray luminosity of L
X(2–10 keV) ≈ 5 × 1038 erg s−1. This suggests that SMC X-1 may be a useful local analog to ultraluminous X-ray pulsars (ULXPs), which likewise exhibit strong variability in their pulsed fractions, as well as flux variability on similar timescales. In particular, the gradual pulse turn-on, which has been observed in M82 X-2, is similar to the behavior we observe in SMC X-1. Thus we propose that pulse fraction variability of ULXPs may also be due to variable obscuration.
A Procedure for Making High Dynamic-range Radio Images: Deep Imaging of the Kiloparsec-scale Radio Structures of a Distant Blazar, NRAO 530, with JVLA Data
Authors: Zhao Jun-Hui , Morris Mark R. , Goss W. M.
Published: April 2019

Using JVLA data obtained from A-, B-, and C-array observations of Sgr A* and NRAO 530 (as a calibrator) at 5.5, 9, and 33 GHz during the period between 2012 and 2015, we developed a procedure for the reduction of wideband data at high angular resolution. We have demonstrated that, correcting for residual interferometer errors, such as antenna-based errors caused by residual delays as well as baseline-based closure errors, radio astronomers can now achieve high-fidelity radio images with a dynamic range (peak:rms) exceeding 1,000,000:1. We outline the procedure in detail, noting that it can have broad application in the analysis of broadband continuum observations. Here, we apply this procedure to observations of a distant blazar, NRAO 530, revealing the radio structures surrounding the core in unprecedented detail. Our wideband JVLA image of this source at 5.5 GHz (C-band) shows that the kiloparsec radio structure of NRAO 530 is prominently characterized by a moderately curved western jet terminating at a hot spot where the radiation is stretched farther out into a diffuse radio lobe or plume. Close to the radio core, an abrupt bending of the jet is revealed in the high-resolution (<100 mas) images at 33 GHz (Ka band), showing the evolution of the position angle of the jet from the north at the VLBI scale (50 mas, or ∼400 pc projected) and increasing toward the west at larger VLA scales (1″, or ∼10 kpc). The continuation of the jet axis drift forms a curved western jet extending out to 200 kpc. In contrast to the main radio structure, a faint and broad counter-jet is present on the eastern side with a curvature antisymmetric to that of the western jet. The eastern jet terminates at a bright hot spot, forming an edge-brightened diffuse lobe. A newly recognized compact component, located 0.″6 east of the radio core, is detected in the A-array images at 9 GHz (X-band), suggesting that a more recent ejection has taken place toward the east. In addition, a lower brightness emission extended N–S from the core is detected at a level of 1–10 K in brightness temperature in our 5.5 GHz C-array data. The observed contrast in surface brightness between the western and eastern jet components suggests that the jets on the VLA scale are mildly relativistic. The radiation from the western jet is boosted while the radiation from the receding eastern jet is plausibly suppressed owing to the relativistic Doppler effect.
Testing the Detection Significance on the Large-scale Structure by a JWST Deep Field Survey
Authors: Zhang Hao , Eisenstein Daniel J. , Garrison Lehman H. , Ferrer Douglas W.
Published: April 2019

In preparation for deep extragalactic imaging with the James Webb Space Telescope, we explore the clustering of massive halos at z = 8 and 10 using a large N-body simulation. We find that halos with masses of 109–1011
h
−1
M
⊙, which are those expected to host galaxies detectable with JWST, are highly clustered with bias factors ranging from 5 to 30 depending strongly on mass, as well as on redshift and scale. This results in correlation lengths of 5–10 h
−1 Mpc, similar to those of today’s galaxies. Our results are based on a simulation of 130 billion particles in a box of size 250 h
−1 Mpc using our new high-accuracy Abacus simulation code, the corrections to cosmological initial conditions of Garrison et al., and the Planck 2015 cosmology. We use variations between sub-volumes to estimate the detectability of the clustering. Because of the very strong interhalo clustering, we find that a medium-sized survey with a transverse size of the order of 25 h
−1 comoving Mpc (about 13′) may be able to detect the clustering of z = 8–10 galaxies with only 500–1000 survey objects if the galaxies indeed occupy the most massive dark matter halos.
Hot Accretion Flow around Neutron Stars
Authors: Bu De-Fu , Qiao Erlin , Yang Xiao-Hong
Published: April 2019

We perform for the first time hydrodynamic simulations to study the properties of hot accretion flow (HAF) around a neutron star (NS). The energy carried by the HAF will eventually be radiated out at the surface of the NS. The emitted photons can propagate inside the HAF and cool the HAF via Comptonization. We find that the Compton cooling can affect the properties of the HAF around an NS significantly. We define the Eddington accretion rate as

, with L
Edd and c being the Eddington luminosity and the speed of light, respectively. We define

as the mass accretion rate at the NS surface in units of

. When

, Compton cooling can effectively cool the HAF and suppress wind. Therefore, the mass accretion rate is almost a constant with radius. The density profile is ρ ∝ r
−1.4. When

, the Compton cooling effects become weaker, wind becomes stronger, and accretion rate is proportional to r
0.3–0.5. Consequently, the density profile becomes flatter,

. When

, the Compton cooling effects can be neglected. We find that with the same accretion rate, the temperature of the HAF around an NS is significantly lower than that of the HAF around a black hole (BH). Also, the Compton y-parameter of the HAF around an NS is significantly smaller than that of the HAF around a BH. This result predicts that the HAF around an NS will produce a softer spectrum compared to the HAF around a BH, which is consistent with observations.
Development of a new set of PCR primers for eDNA metabarcoding decapod crustaceans
Authors: Komai Tomoyuki , Gotoh Ryo O. , Sado Tetsuya , Miya Masaki
Published: April 2019

The Decapoda is one of the largest orders within the class Malacostraca, comprising approximately 14,000 extant species and including many commercially important species. For biodiversity monitoring in a non-invasive manner, a new set of PCR primers was developed for metabarcoding environmental DNA (eDNA) from decapod crustaceans. The new primers (herein named “MiDeca”) were designed for two conservative regions of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene, which amplify a short, hyper-variable region (153–184 bp, 164 bp on average) with sufficient interspecific variations. With the use of MiDeca primers and tissue-derived DNA extracts, we successfully determined those sequences (154–189 bp) from 250 species, placed in 186 genera and 65 families across the suborder Dendrobranchiata and 10 of the 11 infraorders of the suborder Pleocyemata. We also preliminarily attempted eDNA metabarcoding from natural seawater collected at Banda, Tateyama, the Pacific coast of central Japan and detected 42 decapod species including 34 and 8 species with sequence identities of > 98% and 80–98%, respectively. The results suggest the usefulness of eDNA metabarcoding with MiDeca primers for biodiversity monitoring of the decapod species. It appears, however, that further optimisation of primer sequences would still be necessary to avoid possible PCR dropouts from eDNA extracts.
Les mythologiques de Lacan : Hamlet en analyse (inhibition, fantasme et sublimation)
Authors: Zafiropoulos Markos
Published: April 2019

La théorie du fantasme produite dans Le désir et son interprétation est suivie l’année d’après par une nouvelle théorie de la sublimation strictement homologue à la première. Ma thèse est que, pour Lacan, la sublimation est au collectif ce que le fantasme est au plan du cas. Les deux opérateurs (fantasme et sublimation) s’écrivent donc avec la même formule (S <> a) et forment autant de prisons de verre qui ne peuvent en aucun cas être endossées comme solutions pour l’expérience psychanalytique menée jusqu’à son terme.
Les symptômes et leurs destins en fin de cure
Authors: De Neuter Patrick
Published: April 2019

Après un survol des positions de Freud et de Lacan quant aux symptômes et à leur destin en fin de cure, et après avoir distingué les symptômes et le Sinthome, l’auteur examine quelques destins possibles du symptôme (persistance et identification au symptôme, allègement ou disparition du symptôme par levée du refoulement et réalisation sans détour des pulsions ou par leur sublimation). Il envisage aussi quelques obstacles à l’allègement des symptômes : leur surdétermination, la satisfaction qu’ils procurent et le masochisme fondamental.
Smart Traffic Management and Secured Framework for Smart Cities
Authors: Rath Mamata
Published: April 2019

Smart traffic administration has been a challenge for the engineers of smart applications in smart urban areas. Regardless of many smart applications such difficulties have not yet been completely comprehended because of an assortment of unpredicted traffic situations in various areas and also the necessity of progressive choice taking parameters. Because of street clog in traffic focuses, individuals in significant metropolitan urban communities are confronting issues amid heading out from one place to another. It makes unforeseen postponements amid travel, increased odds of mishaps, pointless fuel utilization, and unhygienic conditions because of contamination additionally corrupts the wellbeing of general individuals in a typical city situation. This chapter focuses on modern traffic systems and frameworks for smart cities and explains how various challenges are met with an improved mechanism.
Secure Routing Protocols Using Trust-Based Mechanisms in the Internet of Things for Smart City Environment Challenges and Future Trends
Authors: Usman Aminu Bello , Gutierrez Jairo A. , Bichi Abdullahi Baffa
Published: April 2019

The internet of things (IoT) is expected to influence both architecture and infrastructure of current and future smart cities vision. Thus, the requirement and effectiveness of making cities smarter demands suitable provision of secure and efficient communication networks between IoT networking devices. Trust-based routing protocols play an important role in IoT for secure information exchange and communications between IoT networking elements. Thus, this chapter presents the foundation of trust-based protocols from social science to IoT for secure smart city environments. The chapter outlines and discusses the key ideas, notions, and theories that may help the reader to understand the current status and the possible future trends of trust-based protocols in IoT networks for smart cities. The chapter also discusses the implications, requirements, and future research challenges of trust-based protocols in IoT for smart cities.
Intangible Benefits of Self-Help Micro-Credit in Conflict Mitigation and Peace Building
Authors: Sudan Falendra Kumar
Published: April 2019

Jammu and Kashmir State of India has been hit the hardest by ongoing violent conflict with its devastating impact on human lives and development. Demobilization and reintegration into society of all people uprooted and affected by violent conflict—ex-combatants, youth, and women—is an important challenge for development policy planners and decision makers. Demobilization and reintegration are fundamentally about the need for new forms of livelihood for ex-combatants, youth, and female that ultimately requires the creation of new jobs and providing them sustainable employment opportunities on micro enterprises through micro-credit programs. The task is all the tougher because youth, women, and ex-combatants often have no job market skills. Successfully incorporating ex-combatants, youth, and women requires economic sustainability, which has a longer time-frame than the political dimension of demobilization and integration.
Governance and Public Policy Challenges in Managing Disruptive and Innovative Technologies
Authors: Wissink Henry Frank
Published: April 2019

This chapter is an effort to promote and guide thinking about the global and local challenges in how governments respond to innovative and disruptive projects and technologies. The chapter is based on the considerations of and concerns regarding the challenges and changes that we face on a global scale and how it impacts on the notion and need for innovation. Not all inventions or innovations are disruptive or serve the interest of the public at large, and some even may have serious harmful consequences or impacts. These may be unforeseen or sometimes deliberately obscured and perhaps just serve the narrow interests of profiteers. Governments are required to consider their roles and plan to be responsible and proactive to ensure that the best interests of both the business and public sector are pursued for the purposes of long-term sustainability.
Factors Influencing Port Terminal Automation in the Fourth Industrial Revolution
Authors: Padayachee Indira , Mukomana John
Published: April 2019

Port terminals play an integral role in the transportation logistics chain by providing cargo handling, storage, and warehousing services to a range of shipping lines, freight forwarders, and cargo owners. This chapter reports on a case study aimed at determining the challenges and limitations experienced with the current information and communication technology used in port terminals in Durban and examines how technological, organizational, and environmental factors influence port automation. A quantitative approach was adopted, and a questionnaire was designed to collect data. The findings revealed that adequate technology needs to be acquired, and the compatibility and complexity of the technology have the biggest influence on the automation of terminal ports in Durban. Communication with stakeholders and IT skills retention were found to be the most important organizational factors and customer readiness emerged as an important environmental factor influencing the automation of port terminals in Durban.
Deep Learning
Authors: Lakhtaria Kamaljit I. , Modi Darshankumar
Published: April 2019

Deep learning is a subset of machine learning. As the name suggests, deep learning means more and more layers. Deep leaning basically works on the principle of neurons. With the increase in big data or large quantities of data, deep learning methods and techniques have been widely used to extract the useful information. Deep learning can be applied to computer vision, bioinformatics, and speech recognition or on natural language processing. This chapter covers the basics of deep learning, different architectures of deep learning like artificial neural network, feed forward neural network, CNN, recurrent neural network, deep Boltzmann machine, and their comparison. This chapter also summarizes the applications of deep learning in different areas.
A Similarity-Based Object Classification Using Deep Neural Networks
Authors: Parvathi R.  , Pattabiraman V.
Published: April 2019

This chapter proposes a hybrid method for classification of the objects based on deep neural network and a similarity-based search algorithm. The objects are pre-processed with external conditions. After pre-processing and training different deep learning networks with the object dataset, the authors compare the results to find the best model to improve the accuracy of the results based on the features of object images extracted from the feature vector layer of a neural network. RPFOREST (random projection forest) model is used to predict the approximate nearest images. ResNet50, InceptionV3, InceptionV4, and DenseNet169 models are trained with this dataset. A proposal for adaptive finetuning of the deep learning models by determining the number of layers required for finetuning with the help of the RPForest model is given, and this experiment is conducted using the Xception model.