bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The impact of catering incentives on the dividend policy: evidence from Turkish firms
Authors: Takmaz Sefa , Evrim Mandaci Pınar , Durukan M. Banu
Published: December 2020

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to empirically analyse the propensity to pay dividends and investigate whether the catering theory is valid in an emerging market.

Design/methodology/approach

The sample of this study comprises listed firms on the stock market of Turkey, Borsa Istanbul, with 2,438 observations during the period 1999–2015. In line with previous studies in the literature, appropriate control variables are used that may have an impact on Turkish firms' dividend policy. Control variables are examined in the likelihood of paying dividends by using Fama–Macbeth (1973) style cross-sectional logistic regressions. In addition, the linkage between the dividend premium and the propensity to pay is revealed to test the validity of the catering theory.

Findings

The findings of the study confirm the tenets of the catering theory for Turkey. When a positive dividend premium exists, that is when investors demand dividend, firms cater them and distribute dividend; on the contrary, when there is no demand, firms prefer not to pay. The effect of catering incentives on the dividend policy provides useful information for managers because the catering theory claims that investors' demand for dividends has an impact on the valuation of firms.

Originality/value

In the aftermath of the 2001 financial crisis, Turkey implemented far-reaching reforms and policy initiatives to improve the efficiency of capital markets and to overcome the obstacles sourcing from their culture and civil law origin. With the adoption of these major economic and structural reforms, as a civil law origin country, Turkey has managed to ameliorate the protection of investors as in common law countries. Ferris et al. (2009) state that the catering theory is applicable to firms in common law countries but not in civil law countries. In addition, prior research is not so extensive regarding the impact of catering incentives on the dividend policy of firms in emerging markets. The results of the analyses suggest that the catering theory is valid for Turkey as a civil law origin emerging country, and to the best of authors' knowledge, this study is the first to test the catering theory in the Turkish capital markets.
Alternative microwave curing approach for imparting ease and care characteristics and antimicrobial activity to viscose fabric
Authors: Mostafa Kh M. , El-Sanabary A.A.
Published: December 2020

Purpose

This study aims to use multi-functional viscose fabric that was facilely developed with with respect to ease and care characteristics, reinforcement effect and antibacterial activity by using novel echo friendly antibacterial finish based on citric acid/sodium hypophosphite and the authors’ previously tailor-made poly meth acrylic acid (MAA)-chitosan graft copolymer via alternative microwave curing approach instead of traditional high-temperature cure one.

Design/methodology/approach

Viscose fabric was paddled twice in the cross-linking formulations containing different concentrations of citric acid, poly (MAA)-chitosan graft copolymer and sodium hypophosphite to 90 % wet pick up and dried at 100°C for 3 min in an electric oven. Then, the treated fabrics were placed on the disk spinner of the microwave oven and cured at different power (100–800 Watt) for various durations (60–180 s). The fabric was then water-rinsed and dried at ambient condition before use.

Findings

Results revealed that the above echo friendly method for finished viscose fabrics was found to achieve relatively high dry wrinkle recovery angle and maintain the loss in tensile strength within the acceptable range, as well as antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus as a gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, respectively; in addition to durability up to ten washing cycles. Furthermore, scanning electron microscope images, nitrogen content and add on % of the finished fabric confirmed the penetration of grafted chitosan inside the fabric structure. The tentative mechanism for these reactions is advocated.

Originality/value

The novelty addressed here is undertaken with the advantages of using citric acid as a nonformaldehyde, safe and cheap poly carboxylic acid as a crosslinking agent and sodium hypophosphite as a potential catalyst, in addition to the authors’ noncitable multifunctional echo friendly tailor-made poly (MAA)-chitosan graft copolymer for imparting reinforcement and antibacterial characteristics to viscose fabric that uses the pad-dry/cure microwave fixation for progressively persuaded heat within the fabric during curing.

Research limitations/implications

This was done to see the impact of microwave as green and efficient tool with respect to reduction in organic solvents, chemicals and exposer time as well as fixation temperature on the finishing reaction in comparison with traditional pad-dry-cure method.

Practical implications

Poly (MAA)-chitosan graft copolymer as amphoteric biopolymer was expected to impart multifunctional properties to viscose fabrics especially with comparable dry wrinkle recovery angle and minimize the loss in tensile strength in addition to antibacterial properties in comparison with untreated one.
Co-opetition for corporate social responsibility and sustainability: drivers and success factors
Authors: Kumar Amit , Connell Julia , Bhattacharyya Asit
Published: December 2020

Purpose

Over the past few decades, many initiatives have been proposed in response to critical environmental challenges. However, in most cases, progress has been inadequate, raising questions as to why so few organisations have been successful in adopting effective sustainability measures. To address this dilemma, this paper aims to propose a range of sustainability-related co-opetitive strategies that are likely to be beneficial for organisations and society. The research findings provide support for co-opetitive approaches to corporate social responsibility (CSR) and sustainability by providing evidence within an Australian context.

Design/methodology/approach

Research methods comprised 14 interviews with senior executives/managers from private and public sector organisations in Australia. Thematic content analysis indicates the presence of three types of drivers (commonality-driven, competition-driven and collaboration-driven) and three critical success factors (governance, public policy and relationship principles) related to co-opetition, CSR and sustainability.

Findings

Findings indicate that inter-firm co-opetition could be considered a viable strategy to improve performance across the economic, social and environmental dimensions of sustainability. Limitations concern the number of interviews conducted.

Originality/value

Based on the research findings, a typology was created that depicts different forms of co-opetition in CSR/sustainability and their relationships with firm performance. Moreover, the typology illustrates the importance of co‐opetitive partnerships in supporting effective responses to sustainability challenges and opportunities.
Molecular characteristics of an adhesion molecule containing cholesterol‐dependent cytolysin‐motif produced by mitis group streptococci
Authors: Matsumoto Airi , Tabata Atsushi , Ohkura Kazuto , Oda Hiroki , Kodama Chihiro , Ohkuni Hisashi , Takao Ayuko , Kikuchi Ken , Tomoyasu Toshifumi , Nagamune Hideaki
Published: December 2020

Streptococcus pseudopneumoniae (SPpn) is a relatively new species closely related to S. pneumoniae (SPn) and S. mitis (SM) belonging to the Mitis group of the genus Streptococcus (MGS). Although genes encoding various pneumococcal virulence factors have been observed in the SPpn genome, the pathogenicity of SPpn against human, including the roles of virulence factor candidates, is still unclear. The present study focused on and characterized a candidate virulence factor previously reported in SPpn with deduced multiple functional domains, such as lipase domain, two lectin domains, and cholesterol‐dependent cytolysin‐related domain using various recombinant proteins. The gene was found not only in SPpn but also in the strains of SM and SPn. Moreover, the gene product was expressed in the gene‐positive strains as secreted and cell‐bound forms. The recombinant of gene product showed lipase activity and human cell‐binding activity depending on the function of lectin domain(s), but no hemolytic activity. Thus, based on the distribution of the gene within the MGS and its molecular function, the gene product was named mitilectin (MLC) and its contribution to the potential pathogenicity of the MLC‐producing strains was investigated. Consequently, the treatment with anti‐MLC antibody and the mlc gene‐knockout significantly reduced the human cell‐binding activity of MLC‐producing strains. Therefore, the multifunctional MLC was suggested to be important as an adhesion molecule in considering the potential pathogenicity of the MLC‐producing strains belonging to MGS, such as SPpn and SM.
Implementation of food safety management systems that meets ISO 22000:2018 and HACCP: A case study of capsule biotechnology products of chaga mushroom
Authors: Chen Hsinjung , Liou Bo‐Kang , Hsu Kuo‐Chiang , Chen Chin‐Shuh , Chuang Pei‐Ting
Published: December 2020

In our study, a food safety management system was developed for a chaga mushroom biotechnology product manufacturer, with the purpose of meeting the quality demands of customers and enhancing the manufacturer's reputation. The study focused on identifying the potentially significant hazards present at each stage of the production process for chaga mushroom capsule products, and on ensuring that the biotechnology company in question has fully implemented ISO22000:2018 and the HACCP methodology. The results indicate that, in the 1 year following the implementation of ISO 22000:2018, there was a statistically significant drop (P < 0.05) in the coliforms level of the tested biotechnology product samples that started in the ninth month following implementation. The rapid screening of mycotoxin, heavy metal, and pesticide residue levels also increased monitoring intensity and strengthened the periodic rotation plan, enabling control over potential problems relating to raw materials and ensuring product quality. This finding reveals the importance and necessity of rapid screening for small‐ and medium‐sized food industry enterprises. Furthermore, 1 year after the system's implementation, the defect rate for chaga products was also observed to have declined, and the number of process flow anomalies requiring correction was also found to have decreased significantly (P < 0.05), indicating that safety and quality levels were improving and stabilizing. If implemented over a longer period of time, the food safety management system's benefits would stand out even more, and significant improvements would be observed for more monitored items.

Practical Application

Few studies have touched on food safety management systems (FSMSs) developed for capsule health food products. The enterprise examined in this study had actively worked to improve its quality system and meet its customers' needs through the implementation of the FSMSs.
Photobiomodulation suppresses JNK3 by activation of ERK/MKP7 to attenuate AMPA receptor endocytosis in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Shen Qi , Liu Lei , Gu Xiaotong , Xing Da
Published: December 2020

Alzheimer's disease (AD), a severe age‐related neurodegenerative disorder, lacks effective therapeutic methods at present. Physical approaches such as gamma frequency light flicker that can effectively reduce amyloid load have been reported recently. Our previous research showed that a physical method named photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy rescues Aβ‐induced dendritic atrophy in vitro. However, it remains to be further investigated the mechanism by which PBM affects AD‐related multiple pathological features to improve learning and memory deficits. Here, we found that PBM attenuated Aβ‐induced synaptic dysfunction and neuronal death through MKP7‐dependent suppression of JNK3, a brain‐specific JNK isoform related to neurodegeneration. The results showed PBM‐attenuated amyloid load, AMPA receptor endocytosis, dendrite injury, and inflammatory responses, thereby rescuing memory deficits in APP/PS1 mice. We noted JNK3 phosphorylation was dramatically decreased after PBM treatment in vivo and in vitro. Mechanistically, PBM activated ERK, which subsequently phosphorylated and stabilized MKP7, resulting in JNK3 inactivation. Furthermore, activation of ERK/MKP7 signaling by PBM increased the level of AMPA receptor subunit GluR 1 phosphorylation and attenuated AMPA receptor endocytosis in an AD pathological model. Collectively, these data demonstrated that PBM has potential therapeutic value in reducing multiple pathological features associated with AD, which is achieved by regulating JNK3, thus providing a noninvasive, and drug‐free therapeutic strategy to impede AD progression.
Public perception of laboratory animal testing: Historical, philosophical, and ethical view
Authors: Petetta Francesca , Ciccocioppo Roberto
Published: December 2020

The use of laboratory animals in biomedical research is a matter of intense public debate. Recent statistics indicates that about half of the western population, sensitive to this discussion, would be in favor of animal testing while the other half would oppose it. Here, outlining scientific, historical, ethical, and philosophical aspects, we provide an integrated view explaining the reasons why biomedical research can hardly abandon laboratory animal testing. In this paper, we retrace the historical moments that mark the relationship between humans and other animal species. Then starting from Darwin's position on animal experimentation, we outline the steps that over time allowed the introduction of laws and rules that regulate animals' use in biomedical research. In our analysis, we present the perspectives of various authors, with the aim of delineating a theoretical framework within which to insert the ethical debate on laboratory animals research. Through the analysis of fundamental philosophical concepts and some practical examples, we propose a view according to which laboratory animals experimentation become ethically acceptable as far as it is guided by the goal of improving humans and other animal species (i.e., pets) life. Among the elements analyzed, there is the concept of responsibility that only active moral subjects (humans) have towards themselves and towards passive moral subjects (other animal species). We delineate the principle of cruelty that is useful to understand why research in laboratory animals should not be assimilated to a cruel act. Moreover, we touch upon the concepts of necessity and “good cause” to underline that, if biomedical research would have the possibility to avoid using animals, it would surely do that. To provide an example of the negative consequences occurring from not allowing laboratory animal research, we analyze the recent experience of Covid‐19 epidemic. Finally, recalling the principle of “heuristics and biases” by Kahneman, we discuss why scientists should reconsider the way they are conveying information about their research to the general public.
Tocqueville's State of Nature Foundation
Authors: Rodríguez Raúl G.
Published: December 2020

This article presents an entirely new interpretation of the foundations of Alexis de Tocqueville's liberalism. The current scholarly consensus is that Tocqueville rejects the state of nature foundation of early modern political thought. In contrast to this orthodox view, I maintain that this early modern theory serves as one of the foundations of his political philosophy. This essay contends that Tocqueville's Memoir on Pauperism proves that he has an anthropology that is heavily indebted to state of nature theory, particularly Rousseau's. Moreover, key sections of Democracy in America, read in light of the Memoir on Pauperism, reveal that state of nature theory is operative in Tocqueville's new political science. Finally, The Old Regime and the Revolution explains why Tocqueville was a moderate state of nature thinker. By unearthing this hitherto unnoticed foundation, I hope to challenge scholars to reexamine the enduring importance of Tocqueville's innovative liberalism.
T‐wave and its association with myocardial fibrosis on cardiovascular magnetic resonance examination
Authors: Zareba Karolina M. , Truong Vien T. , Mazur Wojciech , Smart Suzanne M. , Xia Xiaojuan , Couderc Jean‐Philippe , Raman Subha V.
Published: December 2020

Background

Risk stratification in non‐ischemic myocardial disease poses a challenge. While cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) is a comprehensive tool, the electrocardiogram (ECG) provides quick impactful clinical information. Studying the relationships between CMR and ECG can provide much‐needed risk stratification. We evaluated the electrocardiographic signature of myocardial fibrosis defined as presence of late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) or extracellular volume fraction (ECV) ≥29%.

Methods

We evaluated 240 consecutive patients (51% female, 47.1 ± 16.6 years) referred for a clinical CMR who underwent 12‐lead ECGs within 90 days. ECG parameters studied to determine association with myocardial fibrosis included heart rate, QRS amplitude/duration, T‐wave amplitude, corrected QT and QT peak, and Tpeak‐Tend. Abnormal T‐wave was defined as low T‐wave amplitude ≤200 µV or a negative T wave, both in leads II and V5.

Results

Of the 147 (61.3%) patients with myocardial fibrosis, 67 (28.2%) had ECV ≥ 29%, and 132 (54.6%) had non‐ischemic LGE. An abnormal T‐wave was more prevalent in patients with versus without myocardial fibrosis (66% versus 42%, p < .001). Multivariable analysis demonstrated that abnormal T‐wave (OR 1.95, 95% CI 1.09–3.49, p = .03) was associated with myocardial fibrosis (ECV ≥ 29% or LGE) after adjustment for clinical covariates (age, gender, history of hypertension, and heart failure). Dynamic nomogram for predicting myocardial fibrosis using clinical parameters and the T‐wave was developed: https://normogram.shinyapps.io/CMR_Fibrosis/.

Conclusion

Low T‐wave amplitude ≤ 200 µV or negative T‐waves are independently associated with myocardial fibrosis. Prospective evaluation of T‐wave amplitude may identify patients with a high probability of myocardial fibrosis and guide further indication for CMR.
Cognitive and applied ageing: Introduction to special issue
Authors: Hanoch Yaniv , Wood Stacey , James Lori E.
Published: December 2020

Watch a video of this article
Mobile app features that scaffold pre‐school learning: Verbal feedback and leveling designs
Authors: Callaghan Melissa N. , Reich Stephanie M.
Published: December 2020

Guiding hints and challenge can help scaffold learners to progress beyond what they would achieve independently. The interactive and adaptive capabilities of mobile devices allow educational applications (apps) to support learning through scaffolding designs. However, little research has tested the effects of scaffolding features in apps on young children’s learning. Using a 3 × 2 between‐subjects design, this study experimentally tests how three types of app feedback (nonverbal sounds, verbal encouragement, or scaffolded verbal hints) and two types of leveling (gradual vs. random‐ordered challenge) influence 4–5‐year‐old children’s learning of novel words (N = 240). Results showed that scaffolded feedback was especially useful when provided at the beginning of app play (p < .01), and scaffolded leveling through gradual increases in difficulty supported faster and more accurate responses than random order challenge (p < .001).

Practitioner Notes

What is already known about this topic

Researchers have worked to apply what we know about traditional in‐person teaching with young learners and how that might translate to digital platforms.

Parent and teacher scaffolding has been shown to successfully help young children learn. Guidance through increased difficulty and explanatory feedback can help learners gradually build their skills and reflect more deeply on the content they are learning.

What this paper adds

This study adds to the newly growing collection of experiments testing the design features of educational pre‐school apps.

Findings show that scaffolding through educational app feedback and leveling can support young children learning.

Results also show that the impact of scaffolding can depend on when the guidance is presented during app play – at the very beginning of play versus later on.

Implications for practice and/or policy

Findings can help educators and other consumers identify which types of apps are better for scaffolding young children’s learning.

Suggestions are provided to support educational app developers in designing products that are truly effective.

Findings suggest that combinations of app designs may differently impact young children’s learning, providing next step testing conditions for educational app designs.
Rigor and reproducibility training for first year medical students in research pathways
Authors: Lapane Kate L. , Dube Catherine E.
Published: December 2020

In the Spring of 2020, we launched a rigor and reproducibility curriculum for medical students in research training programs. This required class consisted of eight, 2‐h sessions, which transitioned to remote learning in response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) epidemic. The class was graded as pass/fail. Flipped classroom techniques, with multiple hands‐on exercises, were developed for first‐year medical students (MD/PhD [n = 9], Clinical and Translational Research Pathway (CTRP) students [n = 9]). Four focus groups (n = 13 students) and individual interviews with the two instructors were conducted in May 2020. From individual interviews with instructors and focus groups with medical students, the course and its components were favorably reviewed. Students thought the course was novel, important, relevant, and practical—and teaching strategies were effective (e.g., short lectures, interactive small group exercises, and projects). Most students expressed concerns about lack of time for course preparation. Sharper focus and streamlining of preparation work may be required. Pre‐ and post‐student self‐assessments of rigor and reproducibility competencies showed average post‐scores ranging from high/moderate to strong understanding (n = 11). We conclude that rigor and reproducibility can be taught to first‐year medical students in research pathways programs in a highly interactive and remote format.

Study Highlights

WHAT IS THE CURRENT KNOWLEDGE ON THE TOPIC?

The rigor and reproducibility crisis calls for robust training of scientists in best practices for enhancing the research rigor.

WHAT QUESTION DID THIS STUDY ADDRESS?

We evaluated a curriculum to develop physician‐scientists skilled at documenting research workflow from idea generation to publication with reproducibility in mind.

WHAT DOES THIS STUDY ADD TO OUR KNOWLEDGE?

Highly interactive exercises, coupled with a hands‐on replication group project provide a pathway for students to gain competencies important to the improvement of rigor and reproducibility in scientific research. Rigor and reproducibility can be taught in a highly interactive format and using a remote format.

HOW MIGHT THIS CHANGE CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY OR TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE?

Formal training is needed to raise awareness of the reproducibility crisis and improve the rigor of research conducted. If techniques taught are used, the transparency and reproducibility of clinical and translational science will be improved.
The progressive intellectual and neurological deterioration study: a game changer
Authors: van Karnebeek Clara DM
Published: December 2020

This commentary is on the original article by Verity et al. on pages 287–294 of this issue.
Comorbidity indices: how should they be developed?
Authors: Streiner David L
Published: December 2020

This commentary is on the original article by Whitney and Kamdar on pages 313–319 of this issue.
Double‐chambered left ventricle: An unusual finding in a middle‐aged woman
Authors: Monzo Luca , Giannuzzi Sara , Lanzillo Chiara , Ferrazza Alessandro Maria , Calò Leonardo
Published: December 2020

Double‐chambered left ventricle (DCLV) is a rare congenital abnormality and is characterized by the subdivision of the left ventricle into two separate chambers by an abnormal septum or muscle band. This rare congenital entity is usually diagnosed in the neonatal or pediatric age. Nevertheless, it can be asymptomatic and incidentally found in the adulthood. A comprehensive multimodality imaging approach is crucial for the correct final diagnosis.
Assessing the atria in pediatric sickle cell disease: Beyond the dilation
Authors: Loar Robert W. , George Alex , Varghese Nidhy P. , Liu Asela M. , Colquitt John L. , Pignatelli Ricardo H.
Published: December 2020

Background

Diastolic dysfunction (DD) and pulmonary hypertension (PH) are common causes of mortality for sickle cell disease (SCD) patients in developed countries. We hypothesized that left and right atrial strain (LAS‐Ɛ, RAS‐rƐ) are decreased in SCD adolescents, and that worsening values correlate with laboratory markers of disease severity.

Methods

Prospective cohort study of patients with HbSS genotype of SCD was compared with healthy controls. LAS and RAS were measured from 4‐ and 2‐chamber views by a blinded reader. Peak strain and strain rate values were obtained for atrial contraction (ac), reservoir (res), and conduit (con) phases. Mitral/tricuspid Doppler velocities, left atrial volume, right atrial area were obtained. Laboratory variables were obtained from the electronic record with the three prior values being averaged. Differences in variables were assessed with Wilcoxon rank sum test, and correlations assessed with Spearman's coefficient.

Results

There were 33 SCD patients compared to 35 healthy controls of similar age, gender, and size. SCD patients had increased left atrial volume and right atrial area. For LAS, Ɛres was significantly lower in SCD patients. For RAS, RƐcon was significantly lower. Neither measurement correlated with clinical markers. The majority of SCD patients had relatively normal atrial strain values. Those with markedly lower values had similar atrial size.

Conclusions

A sub‐set of SCD patients have markedly low Ɛres and rƐcon. No correlation with clinical markers was identified. Larger, longitudinal studies may determine utility of atrial strain as a screening tool in this at‐risk population.
Rate and predictors of interrupted patient follow‐up after first‐episode psychosis ‐ a retrospective cohort study in France
Authors: Guitter Marie , Laprevote Vincent , Lala Adrian , Sturzu Livia , Dobre Daniela , Schwan Raymund
Published: December 2020

Background

Patient adherence to follow‐up after a first episode of psychosis (FEP) is currently a major challenge. Patient's early adherence reduces the risk of relapse and improves their prognosis in the short and long term. The primary goal of our study was to determine the incidence of treatment disengagement at 1‐year follow‐up in patients with first‐episode schizophrenia, schizophreniform or schizoaffective disorder. The secondary goal was to assess the factors associated with treatment disengagement in this patient population.

Methods

We conducted a monocentric retrospective study of 136 patients in France. Relevant information was collected on sociodemographic, pre‐morbidities and co‐morbidities data, as well as the management and treatment characteristics at 1.3 and 12 months. Survival analysis was used to assess the association between clinical variables, management and treatment disengagement.

Results

Eighty‐four patients (62%) have interrupted their medical follow‐up at 1 year, 16% at 1 month and 34% at 3 months. A higher number of out‐patient appointments after a FEP was associated with better adherence (HR:0.85 p < .0001 95% IC = [0.0–0.9]). Initial management seems to play an important role. Involuntary admissions (HR:7.14 p = .015 95% IC = [1.48–34.52]) and total number of admissions (HR:6.86 p < .0001 95% IC = [2.47–19.05]) predict disengagement at 1 month while an increased number of out‐patient appointments at 3 months predicts adherence (HR:0.60 p < .0001 95% IC = [0.00–0.74]). Being a single parent is associated with disengagement at 3 months (HR:15.51 p = .022 95% IC = [1.49–161.65]).

Conclusions

Incidence of disengagement is high. It might be necessary to change our management in order to develop out‐patient or day‐admission care and intensify care for patients at risk.
Headache at onset of first‐ever ischemic stroke: Clinical characteristics and predictors
Authors: Lebedeva Elena R. , Ushenin Anton V. , Gurary Natalia M. , Tsypushkina Tatiana S. , Gilev Denis V. , Kislyak Nadezda V. , Olesen Jes
Published: December 2020

No studies have prospectively investigated headache at onset of first‐ever ischemic stroke along with a large concurrent control group. Our aims were to answer two important questions: (i) Are headaches at stroke onset causally related to the stroke, and what are their typical clinical characteristics? (ii) What etiology of stroke is associated with these headaches?

The study population consisted of 550 patients (mean age = 63.1, 54% males) with first‐ever ischemic stroke and 192 control patients (mean age = 58.7, 36% males) admitted to the emergency room without any acute neurological deficits or serious disorders. All data were collected prospectively, using a standardized case‐report form during face‐to‐face interviews by neurologists.

Headache at onset of ischemic stroke was present in 82 (14.9%) of 550 patients. More than half (56%) had a new type of headache (mainly migraine‐like) simultaneously with stroke onset, and 36% had headache with altered characteristics (mainly tension‐type‐like headache). Headaches were associated with cardioembolism (p = 0.002, odds ratio [OR] = 2.4, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.4–4.1), posterior circulation stroke (p = 0.01, OR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.2–3.5), infarcts >15 mm (p = 0.03, 95% CI = 1.1–2.7), infarcts of the cerebellum (p = 0.02, OR = 2.3, 95% CI = 1.1–4.8), good neurological status (p = 0.01, OR = 2.5, 95% CI = 1.2–4.9), and low frequency of large‐artery atherosclerosis (p = 0.004, OR = 0.4, 95% CI = 0.2–0.8).

At stroke onset, headache of a new type and headache with altered characteristics were related to ischemic stroke. They were associated with certain etiologies of stroke.
Safety and efficacy of mechanical thrombectomy in infective endocarditis: A matched case–control analysis from the German Stroke Registry–Endovascular Treatment
Authors: Feil Katharina , Küpper Clemens , Tiedt Steffen , Dimitriadis Konstantinos , Herzberg Moriz , Dorn Franziska , Liebig Thomas , Dieterich Marianne , Kellert Lars ,   for the GSR Investigators
Published: December 2020

Background and purpose

Up to 30% of infective endocarditis (IE) patients have ischemic stroke as a complication. Standard treatment with mechanical thrombectomy (MT) with or without intravenous thrombolysis for large vessel occlusion (LVO) has not been evaluated formally in these patients.

Methods

Patients enrolled in the German Stroke Registry–Endovascular Treatment (GSR‐ET) between June 2015 and December 2019 were analyzed. Patients with stroke due to IE and patients with cardioembolic stroke and atrial fibrillation (AF) were compared using propensity score matching. Successful reperfusion was defined as modified Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction score = 2b–3. Modified Rankin Scale (mRS) = 0–2 at 3 months indicated good outcome.

Results

Of 6635 patients, 55 patients (age = 69.0 ± 13.3 years, 43.6% female, median premorbid mRS (pmRS) = 1, interquartile range [IQR] = 0–1, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale [NIHSS] = 15, IQR = 10–21) presented with septic embolic stroke due to IE and were compared to 104 patients (age = 66.5 ± 13.4 years, 39.4% female, pmRS = 0, IQR = 0–2, NIHSS = 16, IQR = 10–20) with cardioembolic stroke due to AF. Successful recanalization was achieved in 74.5% of endocarditis patients compared to 87.5% of controls (p = 0.039). Intracranial hemorrhage rates were comparable (30.9% vs. 21.6%, p = 0.175). Good functional outcome was 20.0% in patients with IE compared to 43.3% in matched patients (p = 0.006), with a significantly higher mortality (60.0% vs. 28.8%, p < 0.001). IE was strongly associated with poor outcome (odds ratio [OR] = 0.32, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.11–0.87, p = 0.03 for good outcome) and mortality (OR = 4.49, 95% CI = 1.80–10.68, p = 0.001).

Conclusions

Although MT results in high successful recanalization rates with acceptable safety profile, patients with LVO stroke due to IE have poor outcome.
Ministering at the Margins in a Time of Pandemic
Authors: Goatley David Emmanuel
Published: December 2020

COVID‐19 is having a devastating effect globally, especially among those who live at the margins of societies. Health and economic crises are impacting communities and countries, with particularly adverse effects on vulnerable populations. COVID‐19’s impact is increased when we factor in racism, land displacement, and gender injustice. The marginalization and oppression experienced from racial injustice, displacement, and gender injustice increase vulnerability and intensify trauma from COVID‐19 globally. Churches can respond effectively to the COVID‐19 pandemic with particular focus on communities at the margins. Churches that respond to COVID‐19 through ministries of evangelism, compassion, empowerment, and advocacy can demonstrate Christ’s love in the midst of the pandemic and contribute to reconciliation and solidarity with vulnerable communities forced to the margins. This article offers insights related to four themes identified by the reference group for the Pilgrimage of Justice and Peace that was initiated at the 10th Assembly of the World Council of Churches in Busan in 2013.
A Search for a Theology of Life
Authors: Kosmidis Nikos
Published: December 2020

The COVID‐19 pandemic offers the opportunity for theological meditation on several themes: life, death, illness, loneliness, fear, human relations, suffering, and social responsibility. This article addresses these themes only briefly, aiming not to build a systematic theological reflection but to share honest thoughts and concerns. Perhaps in our postmodern times we need, not so much theological certainties, but a theology that accompanies human life. Life and death are the only certainties, regardless of our worldview, perceptions, and theological convictions. The current global crisis has illuminated our shortcomings, failures, and disbeliefs on different levels. As Christians, we are united today also around our weakness, grief, and the loss of “normality.” We are challenged, together with the rest of humanity. Could this be a God‐given opportunity for renewal in our theology and church life?
Christ’s Love in the Midst of Pandemic
Authors: Moe‐Lobeda Cynthia D.
Published: December 2020

The COVID‐19 pandemic has revealed vividly the pandemic of economic inequality, the pandemic of racism, and the pandemic of climate catastrophe. This article explores what it means to manifest Christ’s love, moving the world, in the midst of these pandemics. It begins by recalling firm faith claims on which to build a response, moving on to “reading” the context of these four pandemics, noting five signs of the times as guides for discerning how to respond. It concludes with four suggestions regarding gospel‐grounded response: (1) seeking to address one of these pandemics without deep attention to the others is dangerous; (2) the four pandemics converge in a holy call to economic restructuring; (3) the movement toward a moral economy is not an impossible dream; and (4) religion, including the World Council of Churches, has a crucial role to play. They are suggestions, in other words, about the form of Christ’s love moving the world in the midst of these pandemics.
Caught in a bottleneck: Habitat loss for woolly mammoths in central North America and the ice‐free corridor during the last deglaciation
Authors: Wang Yue , Widga Chris , Graham Russell W. , McGuire Jenny L. , Porter Warren , Wårlind David , Williams John W.
Published: December 2020

Aim

Identifying how climate change, habitat loss, and corridors interact to influence species survival or extinction is critical to understanding macro‐scale biodiversity dynamics under changing environments. In North America, the ice‐free corridor was the only major pathway for northward migration by megafaunal species during the last deglaciation. However, the timing and interplay among the late Quaternary megafaunal extinctions, climate change, habitat structure, and the opening and reforestation of the ice‐free corridor have been unclear.

Location

North America.

Time period

15–10 ka.

Major taxa studied

Woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius).

Methods

For central North America and the ice‐free corridor between 15 and 10 ka, we used a series of models and continental‐scale datasets to reconstruct habitat characteristics and assess habitat suitability. The models and datasets include biophysical and statistical niche models Niche Mapper and Maxent, downscaled climate simulations from CCSM3 SynTraCE, LPJ‐GUESS simulations of net primary productivity (NPP) and woody cover, and woody cover based upon fossil pollen from Neotoma.

Results

The ice‐free corridor may have been of limited suitability for traversal by mammoths and other grazers due to persistently low productivity by herbaceous plants and quick reforestation after opening 14 ka. Simultaneously, rapid reforestation and decreased forage productivity may have led to declining habitat suitability in central North America. This was possibly amplified by a positive feedback loop driven by reduced herbivory pressures, as mammoth population decline led to the further loss of open habitat.

Main conclusions

Declining habitat availability south of the Laurentide Ice Sheet and limited habitat availability in the ice‐free corridor were contributing factors in North American extinctions of woolly mammoths and other large grazers that likely operated synergistically with anthropogenic pressures. The role of habitat loss and attenuated corridor suitability for the woolly mammoth extinction reinforce the critical importance of protected habitat connectivity during changing climates, particularly for large vertebrates.
Usefulness of CogEvo, a computerized cognitive assessment and training tool, for distinguishing patients with mild Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment from cognitively normal older people
Authors: Takechi Hajime , Yoshino Hiroshi
Published: December 2020

Aim

This study aimed to assess whether CogEvo, a computerized cognitive assessment and training tool, could distinguish patients with mild Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment from cognitively normal older people.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study enrolled 166 participants with Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment and cognitively normal older people. In CogEvo, five types of cognitive tasks were carried out, and the z‐scores were used as a composite score. Logistic regression and receiver operating characteristics analyses were then carried out to evaluate the usefulness of CogEvo in distinguishing between the three groups.

Results

CogEvo and Mini‐Mental State Examination scores showed excellent correlation, and could significantly differentiate between the Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment and cognitively normal older people groups (Mini‐Mental State Examination 20.4 ± 3.5, 25.5 ± 1.6 and 27.6 ± 2.0, respectively; CogEvo: −1.9 ± 0.9, −0.8 ± 0.8 and 0.0 ± 1.0, respectively; both P < 0.001 by analysis of variance). Logistic regression analysis adjusted for age, sex and years of education significantly differentiated the mild cognitive dysfunction group (mild cognitive impairment plus mild Alzheimer's disease; n = 78) from the cognitively normal group (n = 88) (P < 0.001), whereas receiver operating characteristics analysis showed moderate accuracy (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve 0.830).

Conclusions

These results suggest that CogEvo, a computerized cognitive assessment tool, is useful for evaluating early‐stage cognitive impairment. Further studies are required to assess its effectiveness as a combination assessment and training tool. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2021; 21: 192–196.
Increased case‐finding and uptake of direct‐acting antiviral treatment essential for micro‐elimination of hepatitis C among people living with HIV: a national record linkage study
Authors: McLeod A , Hutchinson SJ , Smith S , Leen C , Clifford S , McAuley A , Wallace LA , Barclay ST , Bramley P , Dillon JF , Fraser A , Gunson RN , Hayes PC , Kennedy N , Peters E , Templeton K , Goldberg DJ
Published: December 2020

Objectives

Micro‐elimination of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in people living with HIV (PLHIV) and co‐infected with HCV has been proposed as a key contribution to the overall goal of HCV elimination. While other studies have examined micro‐elimination in HIV‐treated cohorts, few have considered HCV micro‐elimination among those not treated for HIV or at a national level.

Methods

Through data linkage of national and sentinel surveillance data, we examined the extent of HCV testing, diagnosis and treatment among a cohort of PLHIV in Scotland identified through the national database of HIV‐diagnosed individuals, up to the end of 2017.

Results

Of 5018 PLHIV, an estimated 797 (15%) had never been tested for HCV and 70 (9%) of these had undiagnosed chronic HCV. The odds of never having been tested for HCV were the highest in those not on HIV treatment [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 7.21, 95% confidence interval (CI): 5.15–10.10). Overall HCV antibody positivity was 11%, and it was at its highest among people who inject drugs (49%). Most of those with chronic HCV (91%) had attended an HCV treatment clinic but only half had been successfully treated (54% for those on HIV treatment, 12% for those not) by the end of 2017. The odds of never having been treated for HCV were the highest in those not on HIV treatment (aOR = 3.60, 95% CI: 1.59–8.15).

Conclusions

Our data demonstrate that micro‐elimination of HCV in PLHIV is achievable but progress will require increased effort to engage and treat those co‐infected, including those not being treated for their HIV.
Does Twitter Happiness Sentiment predict cryptocurrency?
Authors: Naeem Muhammad Abubakr , Mbarki Imen , Suleman Muhammed Tahir , Vo Xuan Vinh , Shahzad Syed Jawad Hussain
Published: December 2020

We examine the predictive ability of Twitter Happiness Sentiment for six major cryptocurrencies using daily data from August 7, 2015 to December 31, 2019. At first instance, our results conclude a significant nonlinear relationship between Twitter Happiness Sentiment and cryptocurrencies. The nonlinear dependence structure is further enhanced when using the quantile‐on‐quantile (QQ) analysis, which indicates that high and low sentiment predicts returns of five cryptocurrencies. These findings are statistically and economically significant.
Effects of Aloe vera in adults with mucocutaneous problems: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Gok Metin Zehra , Helvaci Aylin , Gulbahar Eren Merve
Published: December 2020

Aims

To analyse the different types of Aloe vera (AV) effects on various mucocutaneous problems among adults.

Design

A systematic review and meta‐analysis.

Data Sources

An exhaustive scanning of PubMed, Medline, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar databases was conducted from January 2000–December 2019.

Review Methods

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) publishing reports on the effects of AV in various mucocutaneous problems, psoriasis, burn, wound‐healing were included. The standardized mean differences (SMD) with 95% confidence Intervals (CIs) were determined for the main outcomes, heterogeneity was analysed using theI2test and the risk of bias in the studies was reviewed by the Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool.

Results

The study included 23 trials with a total of 4,023 participants. Six trials were included in the meta‐analysis. The results indicated no significant differences in pain scores as assessed by the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) (SMD = 0.11, 95% CI: −0.37 to 0.59). The Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI) scores were significantly lower following AV gel application in two of the studies (SMD = −1.32 95% CI: −1.86 to −0.78). Considering results in a systematic manner, AV accelerated tissue epithelialization and wound‐healing process (N = 3), reduced oral mucositis (N = 3), and improved quality of life (N = 1).

Conclusion

AV might have beneficial effects in reducing pain scores and the severity of mucocutaneous problems compared with placebo, especially with limited mild to moderate adverse effects.

Impact

AV may be used as an alternative and integrative approach to reducing symptom severity in mucocutaneous problems and the wound‐healing process. High quality and well‐designed RCTs are still needed to elucidate the effects of AV in a variety of dosages and forms among adults with mucocutaneous problems.
Women and atrial fibrillation
Authors: Volgman Annabelle Santos , Benjamin Emelia J. , Curtis Anne B. , Fang Margaret C. , Lindley Kathryn J. , Naccarelli Gerald V. , Pepine Carl J. , Quesada Odayme , Vaseghi Marmar , Waldo Albert L. , Wenger Nanette K. , Russo Andrea M. ,   American College of Cardiology Committee on Cardiovascular Disease in Women
Published: December 2020

Atrial fibrillation (AF) remains a growing problem in the United States and worldwide, imposing a high individual and health system burden, including increased resource consumption due to repeated hospitalizations, stroke, dementia, heart failure, and death. This comprehensive review summarizes the most recent data on sex‐related differences in risks associated with AF. Women with AF have increased risk of stroke and death compared to men, and possible reasons for this disparity are explored. Women also continue to have worse symptoms and quality of life, and poorer outcomes with stroke prevention, as well as with rate and rhythm control management strategies. Many current rhythm control treatment strategies for AF, including cardioversion and ablation, are used less frequently in women as compared to men, whereas women are more likely to be treated with rate control strategies or antiarrhythmic drugs. Sex differences should be considered in treating women with AF to improve outcomes and women and men should be offered the same interventions for AF. We need to improve the evidence base to understand if variation in utilization of rate and rhythm control management between men and women represents health inequities or appropriate clinical judgement.