bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Progress and Challenges in the Direct Carbon Fuel Cell Technology
Authors: Chen Jun Jie , Gao Xu Hui , Yan Long Fei , Xu De Guang
Published: December 2022

Fuel cells are under development for a range of applications for transport, stationary and portable power appliances. Fuel cell technology has advanced to the stage where commercial field trials for both transport and stationary applications are in progress. Direct Carbon Fuel Cells (DCFC) utilize solid carbon as the fuel and have historically attracted less investment than other types of gas or liquid fed fuel cells. However, volatility in gas and oil commodity prices and the increasing concern about the environmental impact of burning heavy fossil fuels for power generation has led to DCFCs gaining more attention within the global study community. A DCFC converts the chemical energy in solid carbon directly into electricity through its direct electrochemical oxidation. The fuel utilization can be almost 100% as the fuel feed and product gases are distinct phases and thus can be easily separated. This is not the case with other fuel cell types for which the fuel utilization within the cell is typically limited to below 85%. The theoretical efficiency is also high, around 100%. The combination of these two factors, lead to the projected electric efficiency of DCFC approaching 80% - approximately twice the efficiency of current generation coal fired power plants, thus leading to a 50% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. The amount of CO2 for storage/sequestration is also halved. Moreover, the exit gas is an almost pure CO2 stream, requiring little or no gas separation before compression for sequestration. Therefore, the energy and cost penalties to capture the CO2 will also be significantly less than for other technologies. Furthermore, a variety of abundant fuels such as coal, coke, tar, biomass and organic waste can be used. Despite these advantages, the technology is at an early stage of development requiring solutions to many complex challenges related to materials degradation, fuel delivery, reaction kinetics, stack fabrication and system design, before it can be considered for commercialization. This paper, following a brief introduction to other fuel cells, reviews in detail the current status of the direct carbon fuel cell technology, recent progress, technical challenges and discusses the future of the technology.
Recommended Cross Sections and Optical Potential of Dy Isotopes for Neutron Induced Reactions at 14.0 MeV
Authors: Al-Alawy Iman Tarik , Ahmed Firas Hashem
Published: December 2022

The evaluation is based mainly on the calculations of the nuclear optical model potential and the relevant parameters which are collected and selected from References Input Parameter Library (RIPL-3) which is being developed under the international project coordinated by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). The analyzing of a complete energy range has been done starting from threshold energy for each reaction. The cross sections are reproduced in fine steps of incident neutron energy with 0.01MeV intervals with their corresponding errors. The recommended cross sections for available experimental data taken from EXFOR library have been calculated for all the considered neutron induced reactions for Dy (Z=66; A=162-164) isotopes. The calculated results are analyzed and compared with the experimental data. The optimized optical potential model parameters give a very good agreement with the experimental data over the energy range 13.4-14.87MeV for neutron induced cross section reactions (n,p) for spherical Dy-162 target element, (n,2H), (n,d), (n,n+p),and (n,p) for spherical Dy-163 target element, and (n,2H) and (n,p) for spherical Dy-164 target element.
Microwave Assisted Synthesis of Novel N-(Benzo[d]Thiazol-2-yl)-2-((2,4'-Dioxospiro[Indoline-3,2'-Thiazolidin]-3'-yl)Amino)Acetamide Derivatives as Potent Antibacterial Agents
Authors: Borad Mayuri A. , Bhoi Manoj N. , Parmar Jagruti A. , Patel Hitesh D.
Published: December 2022

As part of continuing studies in emerging new antibacterial agent, a novel series of N-(benzo[d] thiazol-2-yl)-2-((2,4’-dioxospiro[indoline-3, 2’-thiazolidin]-3'-yl)amino)acetamide derivatives were synthesized by sequencing reaction of 2-aminobenzothiazole with chloroacetyl chloride, hydrazine hydrate, isatin and Thioglycolic acid. The novel heterocycles were characterized by elemental analyses and various spectroscopic techniques. The synthesized compounds were tested in-vitro antibacterial activity against two Gram-positive and two Gram-negative bacteria. Bacteriological results showed that compound 5c possessed a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity against the tested microorganisms.
Microwave Supported Synthesis and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Bis-Pyrazole Derivatives from N-Phenyl Glutarimides
Authors: Dhivare Ravindra S. , Rajput S.S.
Published: December 2022

A simple ecofriendly microwave supported solvent free synthesis of bis-chalcones was carried out by the reaction of di-substituted 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy benzaldehyde with different substituted N-phenylpiperidine-2,6-diones in presence of neutral corundum. By the same way the novel bis-pyrazoles were developed from bis-chalcones and hydrazine hydrate with neutral corundum. All the derivatives were characterized and screened their antimicrobial potencies.
New Bound States for Modified Vibrational-Rotational Structure of Supersingular Plus Coulomb Potential of the Schrödinger Equation in One-Electron Atoms
Authors: Maireche Abdelmadjid
Published: December 2022

In this study, three-dimensional modified time-independent Schrödinger equation of modified vibrational-rotational structure of supersingular plus Coulomb (v.r.s.c) potential was solved using Boopp’s shift method instead to apply star product, in the framework of both noncommutativity three dimensional real space and phase (NC: 3D-RSP). We have obtained the explicit energy eigenvalues for ground state and first excited state for interactions in one-electron atoms. Furthermore, the obtained corrections of energies are depended on infinitesimal parameters (Θ,χ) and (θ,σ) which are induced by position-position and momentum-momentum noncommutativity, respectively, in addition to the discreet atomic quantum numbers: j=l±1/2,s=±1/2,l and the angular momentum quantum number m. We have also shown that, the usual states in ordinary three dimensional spaces for ordinary vibrational-rotational structure of supersingular plus Coulomb potential are canceled and has been replaced by new degenerated 2(2l+1) sub-states in the extended new quantum symmetries of (NC: 3D-RSP).
Linear Magnitudes Estimated via Expense of Incompletely Defined Potential Energy were Likely Overestimated by over 3.48 %
Authors: Czajko Jakub
Published: December 2022

Since former definition of work done by any radial/center-bound (central) force field (and consequently thus also of the corresponding to it expense of potential energy of the field) was incompletely defined (so that these two basic notions were valid only for purely radial phenomena), some indirect estimations of those linear magnitudes that relied on the former (incomplete yet always presumed as total) potential energy may have been overestimated. New, operationally complete and thus mathematically lawful definition of total rate of work done by the field implies presence of a certain (experimentally observed but formerly quite unanticipated and thus routinely unaccounted for) nonradial angular contribution to the total potential energy. Hence some previous calculations of those linear magnitudes, which were indirectly estimated via expense of potential energy spent on the work done, may have been quite inadvertently overrated by over 3.48 %. This was because the extra potential energy that is spent on twisting the path that is deflected by the source of the field was disregarded in the former, incomplete definition of work done, even though such nonradial twisting is generally required by proven Frenet-Serret formulas of differential geometry. This present assessment is based upon purely mathematical premises, but similar prior nonradial angular formula utilized here has already retrodicted the 10.56 % excess over Einstein‟s prediction of deflection of light that was observed in several unbiased experiments, and it has reconciled some other experiments that could neither be explained nor reconciled by general theory of relativity, which, as radial by design, does not account for nonradial or mixed phenomena
Evaluation of Chemical and Physico-Chemical Indicators of Water of the Starzyc Lake on the Basis of the European Union Water Framework Directive
Authors: Daniszewski Piotr , Konieczny Ryszard
Published: December 2022

The work shows the evaluation of physico-chemical parameters of water Starzyc lake, based on the European Union Water Framework Directive. Research was carried out in the years 2008-2009, in the period from April to October. With each of the three measuring stations on the tested water samples were taken two separate Lakes for chemical analysis. At the place of sampling were numbered pH. Trying to test water were taken by Polish Standards. Collected water samples were fixed in accordance with the recommendations in the Polish Standards. Other indicators for the quality of the waters have been tagged within 24 hours from the moment of download attempts. Have studied lake close to neutral pH 7.64 to 7.76. All lakes in accordance with the classification of the European Union Water Framework Directive have been included in the first class. Studies have shown a diverse water quality in lakes in relation to tested indicators. By analyzing the average annual values can be noted that the pH of the water, the O2diss and the concentration of NO3-showed a relatively small variation in all investigated Lakes. The level of the General Suspension in Starzyc lake the peasant was on level II class. The concentration in the surface layer of Ptot. Lake is little differentiated, is at level II and III quality class according to the classification of the European Union Water Framework Directive. The concentration of total phosphorus is 0,32-0,47 mg⋅dm–3.
Potential Gravitational - Solar Electromagnetic Spectral Radiance Interaction as the Source of the Earth’s Background Free Oscillations
Authors: Persinger Michael A.
Published: December 2022

The origins of the continuous free oscillations of the whole earth have been attributed to coupling between the solid earth and atmosphere primarily through the fundamental spheroidal mode 0S29 oscillation of ~3.7 mHz. The origins of these interference patterns have been attributed to an excitation source just above the Earth’s surface. However, comparable surface oscillations have been measured in the Sun’s photosphere. The cube root of the product of the gravitational constant, the spectral radiance of the sun, and the square of the frequency produced an acceleration value that was identical to the measured amplitude of the free Earth oscillations (~0.4∙10-11 m∙s-2). The quantitative convergence suggests these narrow-band accelerations may emerge within the Sun-Earth system as it moves through galactic space.
Total Alkaline Phosphatase Activity in Bottom Sediments of Szmaragdowe Lake in the City of Szczecin (North-West Poland)
Authors: Daniszewski Piotr
Published: December 2022

Level of activity alkaline phosphatase (APA) has an important impact on the chemical and biological processes taking place in the aquatic environment. APA belongs to a group of indicators, who tells us about the extent limitations to development of biomass in the tank water. Water of Szmaragdowe lake were the subjects of 2008-2012 (July – September). Total alkaline phosphatase activity was determined seven times a year in these environments. A study of seasonal fluctuations showed that a maximum total alkaline phosphatase activity, both in the bottom sediment, occurred in spring (May) and summer (July, August). Total alkaline phosphatase activity in the bottom sediment of Szmaragdowe lake over the five-year period of study oscillated between 764.1 to 7938.7 nmol PO4·dm–3·h–1. In the littoral it ranged from 3107.4 to 7938.7 nmol PO4·dm–3·h–1, and in sublittoral from 764.1 to 3429.5 nmol PO4·dm–3·h–1.
Activity of Total Alkaline Phosphatase in Water of the Barlinek Lake of the during Stagnation Time of 2008
Authors: Daniszewski Piotr
Published: December 2022

To estimate differentiation of activity of total alkaline phosphatase in water of the Barlinek Lake, of the during stagnation time of 2008. Studies upon water revealed that, among the zones analyzed, upper sublittoral layer was characterized by the highest phosphatase activity. From the analysis of seasonal oscillations it follows that activity maximum for alkaline phosphatase, both in water, occurred July 2008.
Synthesis and Biological Activity of 1,2,4-Triazolo-[3,4-b]Thiadiazole as Antimicrobial Agents
Authors: Vekariya Piyush B. , Pandya Jalpa R. , Goswami Vaishali , Joshi Hitendra S.
Published: December 2022

Some novel 6-fluoro chroman derivatives having 1,2,4-triazolo-[3,4-b]thiadiazole were synthesized and characterized by IR, NMR and mass spectral analysis. All synthesized compounds were screened for antimicrobial activity using broth dilution method. All the compounds showed good antimicrobial activity and compound 5e showed significant antibacterial activity.
The Effect of Heat Treatment on the Mechanical Properties of SAE 1035 Steel
Authors: Obiukwu Osita , Udeani Henry , Ubani Progress
Published: December 2022

The effect of various heat treatment operations (annealing, normalizing, tempering) on mechanical properties of 0.35% carbon steel was investigated. The change in the value of endurance limit of the material as a result of the various heat-treatment operations were studied thoroughly. It was found that the specimens tempered at low temperature (200°C) exhibited the best fatigue strength. Microscope was used to characterize the structural properties resulting from different heat treatment processes. The results from the tensile tests impact tests and hardness tests showed that the mechanical properties variate at every heat-treatment conditions. The microstructure of differently heat-treated steels was also studied.
Adsorption of Methylene Blue (MB) from Aqueous Solution Using Mixed Sorbents Prepared from Date Pit and Olive Stone
Authors: Abed F. , Louhab K.
Published: December 2022

The present study focuses on the recovery of the mixed waste food « the date pits and olive stones» in the field of industrial liquid effluent treatment.The materials was mixed and used in their native form to improve their adsorptive capacity. A rang of physicochemical analysis was performed, for the characterization of adsorbents used, among them: FTIR spectroscopy. In order to test the performances of these adsorbents we are interested in cationic dye the methylene blue considered as pollutant. The effects of several parameters such as contact times, initial concentration of dye, solution pH, and temperature and the proportion of date pits and olive stones in the mixture, were studied in batch system. The result showed that the contact time for removal of all the dyes is about ten minutes, for different concentration of the solution studied colour. For a pH range that varies between 3 and 10, it was found that a large percentage removal of dye was found for pH values above 4. Modelling of experimental results was performed using models of Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, which show that adsorption follows the Langmuir model with high correlation coefficients.
Protocol Optimization for Surface Sterilization of Sugarcane Variety (B-52/298)
Authors: Belete Yonas Zeslase , Kalu Hagos
Published: December 2022

The aim of this study was to optimize conditions for surface sterilization of ex-plants of B-52/298 sugarcane cultivar variety. Experiment was carried out to determine the optimum concentrations of surface sterilizing agents and at what time they optimally sterilize. This experiment was conducted at MIT Plant Tissue Culture and Micro-propagation Laboratory Center, situated in Mekelle City. Three chemisterilants (Sodium Hypochlorite, Mercuric Chloride and Ethanol) were taken for the investigation. Three of the sterilizing agents were used in different concentrations at various time intervals and each fungal and bacterial contamination was evaluated in intervals of three days from the initiation time for two weeks. The numbers of each contamination, clean cultures and dead ones were counted. Most of the contaminations were found to be fungal, while there was considerable numbers of cultures that were of bacterial contamination. Only a few of the cultures were observed as dead. Among these sterilizing chemicals, 60% Ethanol was found to be a better sterilizing agent when acted on the ex-plants for 6.5 minutes, resulting in 33.3% clean cultures.
Synthesis and Characterization of Fluorene-Based Polymers Having Azine Unit for Blue Light Emission
Authors: Geng Zhong Min , Kijima Masashi
Published: December 2022

Two types of donor-acceptor copolymers were designed and synthesized by combination of an electron donor unit of fluorene sequences and an electron acceptor azine unit such as 1,2,4,5-tetrazine and 1,3,5-triazine. They were well soluble in common organic solvents with the number average molecular weight (Mn) of 7.0 and 14.5 kg mol-1, respectively, and have good thermal stability showing about at 360 °C with 5 wt% loss in TGA. Two copolymers exhibited intense blue photoluminescence with emission peak maxima at 437 and 421 nm in CHCl3, and 451 and 422 nm in the film state, respectively. These polymers exhibited good fluorescence quantum efficiencies in CHCl3 (φfl = 0.63, 0.97). Energy levels of the highest occupied molecular orbital and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy levels estimated by cyclic voltammetry were to be –5.83, –6.0 eV and –2.85, –2.88 eV, respectively.
Preliminary Analysis on the Solar Burst Type III and the Effect of the Magnetic Reconnection
Authors: Husien Nurulhazwani , Hamidi Zety Sharizat , Shariff N.N.M. , Monstein C.
Published: December 2022

From the data from a BLEIN Callisto site, we aim to provide a comprehensive description of the synopsis formation and dynamics of a a single solar burst type III and magnetic reconnection effect. The data above is the solar radio burst type iii occurred on 10th September 2005 between 05:44 UT till 06:00 UT.This eruption has started since 5:55 UT with a formation of type III solar burst. The wave emission process of solar radio burst type III from magnetic reconnection region in a solar flare were investigated by using a two-dimensional, that are electromagnetic and relativistic particle-in-cell code. The solar radio burst type III initially impose into two plasma populations : background dense plasma and hot electrons that can be generated by the magnetic reconnection process in a solar flare. The conversion of the energy stored in the magnetic field by a process called the magnetic reconnection released the energy in the solar flares and related phenomena. By the launching the e-CALLISTO network, its prove the existence of the magnetic reconnection on the surface of the sun in radio region.
The Analysis of Copper-Iron Metallic Mixture by Means of XRD and XRF
Authors: Omar Halo Dalshad
Published: December 2022

The objective of the paper has been given on observations based on studies of the three samples of copper-iron (Cu-Fe) alloy have been prepared from 3gm mass of copper of 99.9 % purity powder and adding 1gm weight of iron powder and adding 1.5gm weight of iron powder. A discussion about simple and low cost preparation of Cu-Fe alloy by Mini Mill 2 Panalytical and preparation of the sample was rotating at 10 min and in case of grinding samples at high speed 300 rpm. Herzog press Panalytical used to produce pressed powder Cu-Fe alloy. The characters of Cu-Fe particles are depending on their size, shape and chemical surroundings. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) (Model: Panalytical Empyrean) study is most important tool used in powder materials science. For studied three samples the value of (111) plane has the highest value compared to other planes. The spectra obtained were analyzed using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) (Model: Rigaku-NEX CG). From the spectra obtained, there were some elements to be present in the sample were Cu-Fe. The intensity of Cu pure is larger than impurity copper samples analysis by XRD and XRF. Also impurity affects the intensity, (2θ) position and shape of the X-ray spectra.
Influence of Waste Disposal Sites on the Environment in Miedzyzdoje of 2005 - 2007
Authors: Daniszewski Piotr , Draszawka-Bołzan Beata
Published: December 2022

Waste is inseparable element of human activity. In Poland, the system of it’s management is typically extensive because waste is almost entirely deposited in landfills. Landfilling is the oldest method of waste management, but it is also the least desirable method of its neutralization. During the operation of communal waste landfill, waste effects on such environmental elements as air, soil, water, plants and animals. A number of requirements for the location of the facility, its construction, use and handling after operation is supposed to prevent environmental pollution and provide safety for people.The modern waste disposal sites having cleavage in the form of geomembrane, effectively limit the outflow of wastes to the ground waters and neighbouring soils. Further actions which are taken in order to segregate wastes, can eliminate negative effect of waste disposal sites on the environment.
Next Lepton
Authors: Baurov Yu. A.
Published: December 2022

The physics of lepton masses nature is shown on the base of theory of byuons, the theory of "life" of special unobservable discrete objects – byuons from which the surrounding space and the world of elementary particles are formed. An essential distinction of that theory from the modern models in the classical and quantum field theories is that the potentials of physical fields (gravitational, electromagnetic, asf.) gain exactly fixable, measurable values. The theory of byuons predicts the existence of a next lepton (80,4GeV.) which mass is very same with W-boson mass.
Formation and Biological Evaluation of 4-Thiazolidinone Derivatives for their Pharmacological Activity
Authors: Parmar Kokila A. , Parajapati Sarju N.
Published: December 2022

Thiazolidin-4-one is a versatile lead molecule for designing potential bioactive agents. An expeditious method for preparation of 4-thiazolidinones 7(a-h) are an important class of heterocycles, having potential biological importance due to their unique features. The process of convert of imine (Schiff’s base) to 4-thiazolidinone through an intermediate of THF mercapto acetic acid with anhydrous zinc chloride is important synthetic method for preparation of 4-thiazolidinone. The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by IR, 1H-NMR, 13C NMR and Mass spectral studies. The compounds were screened for their antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Esherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was determined by disc diffusion technique. All the synthesized compounds exhibited promising antimicrobial activity against the studied set of microorganisms.
A Novel and Efficient Synthesis of [1,2,3]-Triazolyl Substituted Benzo[c]Coumarins and Evaluation of their Antimicrobial Activity
Authors: Gohil Neha N. , Kundaliya Kaushik N. , Brahmbhatt Dinkar I.
Published: December 2022

A series of novel [1,2,3]-triazolyl substituted benzo [c] coumarins have been synthesized by reacting various 3-coumarinoyl methyl pyridinium bromide salts with 1-(5-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl) ethanones in the presence of sodium acetate in refluxing acetic acid. The structures of the synthesized compounds have been elucidated by IR,1H-NMR,13C-NMR and Mass spectral data. All the synthesized compounds have been screened for theirinvitroanti-bacterial and anti-fungal activities. Some of the compounds have been found to be active against some bacterial and fungal pathogens compared to standard drugs.
Effect of Annealing Temperature on the Optical Properties of ZnO Nanoparticles
Authors: Ismail Raid A. , Habubi Nadir F. , Abid Hussam R.
Published: December 2022

In this work, ZnO films were prepared by drop casting technique. The films were deposited on quartz substrates under different annealing time (15, 30, 45 and 60 min.) at a constant temperature (800 °C). The optical properties were achieved by measuring the absorbance and transmittance spectra in the wavelength range (200-900) nm. It was found that the absorbance decreases while transmission increases as the annealing time increases, while the reflectance decreases as the annealing time increases. The optical measurements indicate the kind of transition which was a direct allowed with an average band gap energies lie between 3.3 eV and 3.54 eV with the change of annealing time.
Validation of HPLC Method for Quantitative Determination of Pirimiphos Methyl
Authors: Tamilselvan C. , Joseph S. John , Mugunthan G. , Musthaq Ahamed S. Syed
Published: December 2022

The objective of this research to optimise the HPLC method was developed for quantitative determination of Pirimiphos-methyl. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a 250 x 4.6 mm i.d. reversed phase column Qualisil BDS 5u C18, Using deionized acetonitrile:water in the ratio of 85:15 v/v respectively as mobile phase. The eluent was monitored at 254 nm. A sharp peak was obtained for the Pirimiphos-methyl at 9.29 min. The UV Spectrophotometric method performed at 254 nm after full scan analysis using methanol as a solvent. The result revealed that both methods are suitable to carry out routine analysis of Pirimiphos methyl, However HPLC results showed high precise, accurate and sensitive than the UV Spectrophotometer. Hence HPLC method is suitable for trace analysis of Pirimiphos methyl in environmental samples.
Performance Evaluation and Comparison of Different Noise, Apply on PNG Image Format Used in Deconvolution Wiener Filter (FFT) Algorithm
Authors: Chaurasia Kalpana , Sharma Nidhi
Published: December 2022

Image Restoration is a field of Image Processing. This deals with recovering an original and sharp image from a degraded image using degradation & restoration function. This study focus on restoration of degraded images which have been blurred by known degradation function. PNG (Tag Index Format) are considered for analyzing the image restoration techniques deconvolution using wiener filter (FFT) algorithm with an information of the Point Spread Function (PSF) corrupted blurred image and then corrupted by Different noise. Performance analysis is done to measure the efficiency by which image is recovered. The analysis is done on the basis of various performance metrics like Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), Mean Square Error(MSE),Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE).
Acoustical Studies of Some Synthesized Schiff Base Derivatives in Dimethylsulphoxide at 303.15 K, by Ultrasonic Velocity Measurement
Authors: Gopi C. , Santhi N.
Published: December 2022

The density, viscosity and sound velocity of five Schiff bases (1-5) derivatives in DMSO solutions have been studied at 303.15 K over a wide range of concentration. From these experimental data, some acoustical parameters such as Molar volume (Vm), Specific Acoustic Impedance (Z), Adiabatic compressibility (βad), Intermolecular Free Length (Lf), Rao’s Constant (R), Molar compressibility (W), Relaxation time(τ), van der Waals constant (b), Relaxation strength (r), Relative association (RA), Isothermal compressibility ( ) , Isothermal expansion co-efficient (α) ,Free volume (Vf) and Internal pressure (πi) and Ultrasonic attenuation (α/f²) have been evaluated. A fairly good correlation between a given parameter and concentration is observed. The results are interpreted in terms of molecular interactions like solvent-solvent, solvent-solute and solute-solute interactions.
Efficient and Eco-Friendly Synthesis of Fluorenone Azines by Using Sulphated Titania Acid Catalyst
Authors: Arun V. , Sankaran K.R.
Published: December 2022

Conjugated unsymmetrical azines have been synthesized in the presence of acid catalyst sulphated-titania (TiO2-SO42-) from fluorenone hydrazone with substituted aldehydes and acetophenones by using mortar and pestle. The scope of present synthetic route avoid in solvents, simple operating method and shorter reaction time. Special feature of synthetic method is recyclable catalyst for all in reactions.
Physics of Hypercumulation: Jet Formation in Shaped Charge and Ablatively-Driven Implosion of Hollow Cones
Authors: Minin Igor Vladilenovich , Minin O.V.
Published: December 2022

In this letter we suggest a new approach to the physical principles for hypercumulative plasma jet formation. This new approach leads to several new results which are of fundamental importance. The simulation results of hypercumulative plasma jet are discussed. It has been shown that the increase of the plasma jet speed in the suggested configuration is 25-30% and the increase of jet pulse is more than 90 times which are not achievable in the classical cumulation.
Studies on some Primary Metabolites Extraction and Quantification in Different Plant Parts of Eupatorium triplinerve Vahl.
Authors: Sugumar N. , Karthikeyan S.
Published: December 2022

Medicinal plant is most exclusive sources of life saving drugs for the majority of the world population. Laboratory evaluations were made assess the study of primary metabolites of various plants in selected species Eupatorium triplinerve Vahl. During the present investigation comparative study of primary metabolites Carbohydrates, Protein, Ascorbic acid, Starch, Sugar, Chlorophyll, Carotenoids and Total phenol of genus Eupatorium triplinerve were undertaken for study and all the their chemical composition. The leaf highest amount of chlorophyll-a (4.95gm), chlorophyll-b (4.05gm), carotenoids (3.29gm),ascorbic acid (41.13gm/gdm), sugar (3.92gm/gdm), starch(5.89gm/gdm)protein (67.82µg/mg), total phenol (84.00gm/gdm). The root lowest amount of sugar (2.00gm/gdm), starch (3.15gm/gdm), protein (60.01µg/mg), ascorbic acid (43.09gm/gdm), total phenol (65.13gm/gdm).
Infrared, 1H-NMR Spectral Studies of some Methyl 6-O-Myristoyl-α-D-Glucopyranoside Derivatives: Assessment of Antimicrobial Effects
Authors: Kawsar Sarkar M.A. , Mymona Khaleda , Asma Refat , Manchur Mohammad A. , Koide Yasuhiro , Ozeki Yasuhiro
Published: December 2022

This study was carried out to regioselective myristoylation of methyl α-D-glucopyranoside (1) using the direct acylation method gave the corresponding methyl 6-O-myristoyl-α-D-glucopyranoside (2) in fair yield. A number of 2,3,4-tri-O-acyl derivatives (3-15) of this 6-O-substitution product using a wide variety of acylating agents were also prepared in order to obtain newer derivatives of synthetic and biological importance. The reaction conditions are reasonably simple and yields were very good. The structures of the title compounds (2-15) were established by using analytical, physicochemical techniques and spectroscopic data (IR and 1H-NMR). All the synthesized compounds were employed as test chemicals for in vitro antimicrobial functionality test against Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Gram-negative Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria and plant pathogenic fungi Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans. For comparative studies, antimicrobial activity of standard antibiotics, Ampicillin and Nystatin were also carried out against these microorganisms. The study revealed that the tested samples exhibited moderate to good antibacterial and antifungal activities. It was also observed that the test substances were more effective against fungal phytopathogens than those of the human bacterial strains. Encouragingly, a number of tested chemicals showed nearest antibacterial and antifungal activities with the standard antibiotics employed.
Study on Driving Behavior of Public Transport Drivers in Kerala
Authors: Sanjai R. J.
Published: December 2022

A lot of crashes involving heavy vehicles have been reported over the years in Kerala. Faulty driving behavior is widely regarded as the major cause of such crashes. This study considers the drivers’ perceptions and their socio-demographic background to understand the behavioral variations. The study is done based on a questionnaire survey on public transport operators from which their behavioral characteristics are noted. The study area is divided into three parts namely, North, Central and South Kerala with a fixed sample at each of these regions. The sample size is fixed based on Bill Godden’s method for infinite population. Accordingly, a sample of 384 vehicles was surveyed from each region. Thus, data for a total of 1,152 public transport vehicles were taken from all three regions namely North, South, and Central Kerala. From this sample, the variations in violations, errors and lapses among drivers are noted based on various causative factors. Analyses of these behavioral factors are done to study the influence on aberrant behavior and accident occurrence in public transport vehicle plying in Kerala. A linear regression model is developed to state the importance of causative factors in the occurrence of crashes.
Multifunctional PID Neuro-Controller for Synchronous Generator
Authors: Tiliouine Hocine
Published: December 2022

This paper deals with a PID Neuro-Controller (PIDNC) for synchronous generator system. The controller is based on artificial neural network and adaptive control strategy. It ensures two functions: maintaining the generator voltage at its desired value and damping electromechanical oscillations. The performance of the proposed controller is evaluated on the basis of simulation tests. A comparative study of the results obtained with PIDNC and those with conventional PID was performed.
Analytical Method Validation of Simultaneous Determination of Spironolactone and Furosemide in Tablet Formulation and its Statistical Evaluation
Authors: Ram Rajesh R. , Ram Vijay R. , Joshi Hitendra S.
Published: December 2022

The objective of current study was to Statistical Comparison for Precision and Intermediate Precision study for Analytical Method Validation of Spironolactone and Furosemide in tablet formulation and developed easy, exact and correct isocratic stability indicating reversed phase HPLC assay method and validated for determination of Spironolactone and Furosemide in solid pharmaceutical dosage forms. Isocratic RP-HPLC separation was achieved on an SGE make 150 4.6mm SS Wakosil II 5C18RS 5 μm column (Part Number: 206610 and Serial Number: A01-063) using mobile phase of Acetonitrile- Ammonium acetate buffer (50:50, v/v) at a flow rate of 1.1 ml/min and the detection was carried out at 254 nm using photo-diode array detector. The method was validated for specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy, robustness and solution stability. The method was linear in the drug concentration range of 40-160 µg/ml with a correlation coefficient 0.9977 and 0.9953 for Spironolactone and Furosemide respectively. The precision (RSD) amongst six-sample preparation was 0.87% and 1.1 % for Spironolactone and Furosemide respectively. For repeatability and intermediate precision (RSD) amongst six-sample preparation was 0.46 % and 0.20 % for Spironolactone and Furosemide respectively. As result shown that for furosemide, % RSD was 1.12% and in ANOVA study Significance F value found 0.625502408 and for spironolactone Precision study and Intermediate precision study % RSD was 0.68, in ANOVA study Significance F value found 0.905843808.
Dielectric and Conductivity Properties of Some Wood Composites
Authors: Varada Rajulu K.Ch. , Mohanty B.N.
Published: December 2022

This study presents the dielectric and conductivity properties as function of temperature and frequency of wood based composites. These properties were measured by an open-ended coaxial probe at frequency range between 100 kHz to 100MHz, temperature from 30OC to 200OC which is fully computer interfaced. It has been observed that dielectric constant (ε') and dielectric loss factor (ε") increase with increasing temperature and decrease with increasing frequency. At low temperature region, the conductivity depends significantly on the frequency. However, with the increase in temperature dielectric relaxation takes place and the dependency of the conductivity on frequency get reduced. The patterns of variation were established for the studied specimens and discrepancies were discussed. The study of dielectric properties will help in improving the drying, heating and gluing processes of wood and wood based products.
Measuring Heavy Metals Content in Wastewater Using Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy
Authors: Ali S. , Jamil H. , Imran M.
Published: December 2022

In the present study, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has been applied for the determination of chromium and cadmium contents in wastewater of different canneries surrounding by leather factories. The plasma was generated with a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser having a fundamental wavelength of 1064 nm and delivers maximum pulse energy of 180 mJ. Experimental conditions were optimized to improve the sensitivity and to get a reasonable signal from the generated plasma. The results show that the concentration of chromium and cadmium are varying in different samples depending on the incoming flow of the wastewater from factories. The results from LIBS and standard analytical technique called flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS) were compared and found in good agreement within the experimental uncertainties.
Edge Detection in Ultrasound Images Based on Modified Unsharp and Wavelet Transform Filters
Authors: Jamila Harbi S. , Daraam Batool , Ali Waseem M.
Published: December 2022

Some image processing applications like segmentation need effective techniques that work as edge detection and extraction, many filters in this field fail to achieve the desired result and consequently the further processing fails, so it is needed sometimes to modify a technique to work in robust and effective way. In ultrasound, although it is a common and real-time non-destructive test methods, but processing and analyzing such images require special filters and modifications to overcome some weakness sides in this field, especially when scanning objects comparable to the acoustic wavelength. In this paper, two modified filters were suggested, first one is two-step unsharp filter, in this techniques the image was enhanced twice the first time the edges that extracted from the original scaled image where added back to the image, and in the second time the same edges were added to the scaled enhanced image. The second technique is summarized as adding back the Low-High and High-Low bands that were extracted previously from the original image by Haar wavelet transform to the image which reinforce its edges.
Performance Comparison of Varistor Models under High Current Derivative Impulses
Authors: Edirisinghe Mahesh , Montaño Raul , Cooray Vernon , Roman F.
Published: December 2022

Surge protective devices (SPD) testing procedures are mainly performed with standard current pulse types. However, none of these standard current waveforms reproduce the very fast rise time and the large peak current derivatives observed in subsequent return strokes. In the literature there are several mathematical models to represent metal oxide varistor that have been developed based on standard impulse conditions. These models are being used routinely in the analysis of the various electronic circuits under transient conditions. In this paper, a study was conducted to have a performance comparison between the two varistor models, simplified varistor model and Durbak's model, available in the literature under high current derivative impulses. The experiments and simulations were performed on disk type varistors with different diameter sizes, i.e., 20 mm, 10 mm, and 05mm with nominal operating voltage of 230 V. The Roman Generator developed at Uppsala University was used as the high current derivative impulse generator which can produce a peak current up to 1500 A with 10 ns rise time and its rate-of-rise is in the order of 1011 A/s. The results showed that for standard 8/20 µs lightning impulses, simulation results of these models had a good agreement with the experimental data. However, these two models need to be improving in order to improve their performance under high current derivative impulses into the sub-microsecond range.
Influence of Improved (Nano) Systems on Cultivated Corn Growth, Development and Yield
Authors: Voropaeva N. , Karpachev V. , Varlamov V. , Figovsky Oleg L.
Published: December 2022

Using physiologically active, complex, polyfunctional, multicomponent (nano) systems – (nano) chips in the pre-sowing soya treatment (nano) technology allows precise seeding; enhancing field seed germination; reducing plant morbidity rate considerably or even deleting disease incidents; increasing plant adaptability to unfavorable environmental conditions; expanding crop yield; improving products quality by not using toxic chemical means of plant protection; intensifying competitive ability of agricultural products as well as assuring environmental safety in crop cultivation regions.
Synthesis of N′-(5-Arylazosalicylidene)Nicotinohydrazide - Characterization and DFT Analysis
Authors: Santhi N. , Sankaran K.R.
Published: December 2022

Novel organic compounds N′-(5-arylazosalicylidene) nicotinohydrazide (3) and their derivatives (4 and 5) were synthesized and their structures were elucidated and confirmed by the spectral techniques like IR, 1H, 13C and 2D NMR. The stable configuration of the above structures achieved theoretically using DFT method with the 6-31G(d,p) chosen level of basis set. Molecular orbital properties like HOMO, LUMO, MEP were analyzed and reported. The topological properties behavior of atoms in molecules were studied using AIM and NBO analysis which reveals the presence of bonding, ring formation and hydrogen bonding in the compounds. Finally the electrical properties like dipolemoment, polarizability, hyperpolarizability have been studied using DFT at the same level of basis set and provides information about material science applications of the above synthesized compounds.
Interdisciplinary Analysis of Annual Space Weather Activity in Relation to Mortality Associated with Cerebrovascular Disease: A Novel Model of Solar-Terrestrial Interaction
Authors: Caswell Joseph M. , Carniello Trevor N. , Mekers William F.T.
Published: December 2022

A combination of heliobiological and biometeorological perspectives on human biology and epidemiology has recently yielded many intriguing results suggesting relationships with various measures of space weather. The convergence of empirical results with quantitative dimensional analyses has also proven incredibly effective in explaining similar results and in constructing new models of solar-terrestrial interaction. In the current study, we applied these approaches to the analysis of annual mortality rates associated with cerebrovascular diseases in Canada from 1979 to 2009 to determine potential overlap with our previous work on hypertensive disease mortality with heliogeophysical factors and derive values for constructing a novel model of solar influence on terrestrial biology. Annual cerebrovascular disease mortality displayed a strong non-linear trend over time. As suspected, correlation analyses with various measures of solar, geomagnetic, and cosmic ray features suggested a significant relationship between cerebrovascular mortality and the plasma beta function for solar wind pressures which was phase shifted by ~5 to 6 years. After removing a fourth-order polynomial trend from cerebrovascular data, the dominant cycle demonstrated was ~14.60 years, offset from the ~10.90 year cycle of the average plasma beta by approximately 6 years. Finally, we employed relevant values from these results for dimensional analysis using physical constants from physics, neuroscience, and astronomy in order to help describe an Earth-Sun circuit connected by magnetic flux lines through which pressure waves might propagate, resulting in a lagged or cumulative influence on cerebrovascular-related death.
Critics of Existent Theory of Mathematical Pendulum Part 2
Authors: Pluta Zdzisław , Hryniewicz Tadeusz
Published: December 2022

In the second part of the paper, the thesis is proved to state that the existent theory describes simply a shadow of the rotating apparent mathematical pendulum. Hence, it appears, even that existent description is not sufficiently adequate. Finally, all defects of the theory, which resulted in so inadequate description of the oscillation motion of the simple mathematical pendulum, have been revealed. The necessity to re-build the existent theory has been indicated in the conclusion. Return to the source is to be the first, essential step on the new path of the cognitive action.
Innovative Application Technology for Challenging Inducers of Disease Resistance in Spring Rape in (Nano) Chips
Authors: Karpachev V. , Voropaeva N. , Tkachev A. , Muhin V. , Varlamov V. , Figovsky Oleg L.
Published: December 2022

The present level of development of agricultural science has led to the emergence of a new method of plant protection, it is based on improving the immune potential of plants using elicitors, but not on the destruction of pathogens using pesticides. We have studied the effect of disease resistance inducers based on chitosan, organic acids and other substances with elicitor activity, being part of (nano) chips of different composition (matrix carrier - modified natural minerals, activated carbons, nanotubes, graphene, etc..) for pre-sowing seed treatment and for foliar fertilizing. We have studied their influence on growth, development, the incidence of rape plants, the quantity and quality of their crop. We have also determined the efficiency of (nano) chips depending upon their nature and carrier matrix composition.
Synthesis, Characterization and Evaluation of Biological Activity of some Substituted(E)-2-Benzylidenehydrazinecarbothio Amides
Authors: Vijayakumar R. , Rajarajan M. , Senbagam R. , Balaji S. , Manikandan V. , Vanangamudi Ganesan , Thirunarayanan Ganesamoorthy
Published: December 2022

A series of substituted (E)-2-benzylidenehydrazinecarbothioamide compounds were synthesized by condensation of thiosemicarbazide with substituted benzaldehydes. The synthesized substituted (E)-2-benzylidenehydrazinecarbothioamide compounds were characterized by their physical constants, UV, IR and NMR spectra. The antimicrobial activities of these synthesized substituted (E)-2-benzylidenehydrazinecarbothioamide compounds have been screened by Bauer-Kirby method using human pathogenic bacteria and fungal species. The antimicrobial activities of all synthesized (E)-2-benzylidenehydrazinecarbothioamide compounds have shown significant activity.
Microwave Assisted Synthesis of 2,5-Distyryl-1,3,4-Oxadiazole Derivatives as Anti Microbial Agents
Authors: Namera Dipti L. , Rathod Jaynt B. , Maheta Rupali H. , Bhoya Umed C.
Published: December 2022

A new series of 2,5-distyryl-1,3,4-oxadiazoles derivatives have been synthesized from cinnamic hydrazide on reaction with various cinnamic acid derivatives. The structures of synthesized compounds have been elucidated by spectral studies like IR, 1HNMR, Mass and also Elemental Analysis. Furthermore, all synthesized compounds were screened for In Vitro anti microbial activity against the gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and gram negative (Escherichia coli) bacterial strain. In which some the compounds show potential inhibition against the test organisms.
Polymerisation of Aniline on the Butterfly Scale: Bio-Interface Polymerisation
Authors: Goto Hiromasa
Published: December 2022

Synthesis of polyaniline on butterfly scale was carried out. Polyaniline emeraldine salt was deposited on the surface of the buttefly scales to form bio/synthetic polymer composite. This research demonstrates bio-interface polymerisation on the butterfly scales.