bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pakistani Students' Perceptions about Use of the Internet in Their Academic Activities
Authors: Ali Zarqa S.
Published: June 2014

The aim of the study is to explore Pakistani university students' use of the Internet in their studies and their perceptions of online academic life. Findings show that Internet use for academic purposes has both positive and negative aspects. There is a gender difference in Pakistani students' perceptions about the use of the Internet in their academic activities. While both genders agree that the Internet plays a role in their academic activities, female students have more positive perceptions about its use in their education than do males. It is also evident that users and non-users have different perceptions. The non-users disagree with the scope of the Internet in the academic activities of students, while the users agree that the Internet has a positive role in students' academic pursuits.
Synergism Between Circulating Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor 2 and HbA1c in Determining Renal Decline During 5–18 Years of Follow-up in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes and Proteinuria
Authors: Skupien Jan , Warram James H. , Niewczas Monika A. , Gohda Tomohito , Malecki Maciej , Mychaleckyj Josyf C. , Galecki Andrzej T. , Krolewski Andrzej S.
Published: June 2014

OBJECTIVE

We studied the serum concentration of tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (TNFR2) and the rate of renal decline, a measure of the intensity of the disease process leading to end-stage renal disease (ESRD).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

A cohort of 349 type 1 diabetic patients with proteinuria was followed for 5–18 years. Serum TNFR2, glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and other characteristics were measured at enrollment. We used a novel analytic approach, a joint longitudinal-survival model, fitted to serial estimates of glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) based on serum creatinine (median seven per patient) and time to onset of ESRD (112 patients) to estimate the rate of renal decline (eGFR loss).

RESULTS

At enrollment, all patients had chronic kidney disease stage 1–3. The mean (±SD) rate of eGFR loss during 5–18 years of follow-up was −5.2 (±4.9) mL/min/1.73 m2/year. Serum TNFR2 was the strongest determinant of renal decline and ESRD risk (C-index 0.79). The rate of eGFR loss became steeper with rising concentration of TNFR2, and elevated HbA1c augmented the strength of this association (P = 0.030 for interaction). In patients with HbA1c ≥10.1% (87 mmol/mol), the difference in the rate of eGFR loss between the first and fourth quartiles of TNFR2 was 5.4 mL/min/1.73 m2/year, whereas it was only 1.9 in those with HbA1c <7.9% (63 mmol/mol).

CONCLUSIONS

Circulating TNFR2 is a major determinant of renal decline in patients with type 1 diabetes and proteinuria. Elevated HbA1c magnifies its effect. Although the mechanisms of this synergism are unknown, our findings allow us to stratify patients according to risk of ESRD.
Laser welding for hot-stamped tailor-welded blanks with high-strength steel/high-energy absorption steel
Authors: Kang Minjung , Kim Cheolhee
Published: June 2014

In this research, the laser weldability for tailor-welded blanks (TWBs) made of dissimilar hot-stamping steels was examined. Usibor and Ductibor from ArcelorMittal were combined, since they are steels that possess a high-strength and high-energy absorption, respectively. Additionally, combination of Usibor and SPRC440 was investigated for comparison. After laser butt welding, the specimens were heat-treated at high temperatures, and the subsequent quenching conditions were similar to those in the hot-stamping process. The mechanical and metallurgical characteristics of the welds were then analyzed. The TWBs with Usibor and Ductibor exhibited a high degree of elongation after hot-stamping but those with Usibor and SPRC440 showed a relatively low elongation. The AlSi coating on the base metal was included in the fusion zone, and it led to ferrite formation. However, in the static and high-speed tensile tests, the AlSi coating did not affect the tensile strength of the TWBs, and all tensile specimens were fractured at the base metal of Ductibor.
Graphene crystal growth by thermal precipitation of focused ion beam induced deposition of carbon precursor via patterned-iron thin layers
Authors: Rius Gemma , Perez-Murano Francesc , Yoshimura Masamichi
Published: June 2014

Recently, relevant advances on graphene as a building block of integrated circuits (ICs) have been demonstrated. Graphene growth and device fabrication related processing has been steadily and intensively powered due to commercial interest; however, there are many challenges associated with the incorporation of graphene into commercial applications which includes challenges associated with the synthesis of this material. Specifically, the controlled deposition of single layer large single crystal graphene on arbitrary supports, is particularly challenging. Previously, we have reported the first demonstration of the transformation of focused ion beam induced deposition of carbon (FIBID-C) into patterned graphitic layers by metal-assisted thermal treatment (Ni foils). In this present work, we continue exploiting the FIBID-C approach as a route for graphene deposition. Here, thin patterned Fe layers are used for the catalysis of graphenization and graphitization. We demonstrate the formation of high quality single and few layer graphene, which evidences, the possibility of using Fe as a catalyst for graphene deposition. The mechanism is understood as the minute precipitation of atomic carbon after supersaturation of some iron carbides formed under a high temperature treatment. As a consequence of the complete wetting of FIBID-C and patterned Fe layers, which enable graphene growth, the as-deposited patterns do not preserve their original shape after the thermal treatment
Enseignement explicite du genre des noms en français : expérimentation au primaire en classe d’immersion
Authors: Tipurita Manuela-Elena , Jean Gladys
Published: June 2014

Résumé:

Cet article fait état d’une expérimentation conduite dans des classes de 2e année d’immersion française portant sur l’enseignement explicite des régularités observées dans les terminaisons des noms français qui sont indicatrices de leur genre grammatical (par exemple, le phonème [o] qui prédit le genre masculin pour 93 % des noms possédant cette finale). Les résultats de prétest, post-test immédiat et post-test différé montrent qu’un bref traitement consistant en l’enseignement explicite de quatre terminaisons prédictives du genre (avec énonciation de la règle) a permis aux apprenants d’être significativement plus précis dans leur assignation du genre à des noms connus, et même à des noms inconnus. Il semblerait donc que ce type d’enseignement puisse fonctionner avec des jeunes de ce bas âge, ce qui pourrait diminuer la fossilisation des erreurs de genre par la suite, erreurs qui se retrouvent fréquemment dans les productions des plus grands, qui résistent à la correction et qui engendrent nombre d’erreurs d’accord.
Paying Lip Service to R2P and Genocide Prevention: The Muted Response of the US Atrocities Prevention Board and the USHMM’s Committee on Conscience to the Crisis in the Nuba Mountains
Authors: Totten Samuel
Published: June 2014

This article addresses the response of the United States Atrocities Prevention Board and the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum’s Committee on Conscience to the ongoing crisis in Sudan’s Nuba Mountains (2011–present). First, it provides an overview of the genocide by attrition of the Nuba people perpetrated by the government of Sudan during the late 1980s and early to mid-1990s; second, it delineates the causes and impact of the current crisis in the same region; and, third, it discusses the parallels and differences between the two sets of events. It then examines how, and speculates as to why, the responses of both the Atrocities Prevention Board and the Committee on Conscience have been largely nonexistent and sorely ineffectual.
Failure to Prevent Genocide in Sudan and the Consequences of Impunity: Darfur as Precedent for Abyei, South Kordofan, and Blue Nile
Authors: Reeves Eric
Published: June 2014

The responsibility to protect, adopted with such enthusiastic fanfare at the September 2005 UN World Summit, has proved an abject failure in defining international policy in Sudan. On the contrary, impunity continues to be afforded to even the most egregious atrocity crimes committed by Khartoum’s National Islamic Front/National Congress Party regime, which has been waging a genocidal counterinsurgency campaign in Darfur since early 2003. This impunity extends to the world’s refusal to respond meaningfully to the regime’s military seizure of the contested Abyei region—displacing more than 100,000 of the indigenous Dinka Ngok—and the subsequent genocidal campaign against the people of South Kordofan and Blue Nile. Sudan loomed as the test case for the responsibility to protect doctrine as defined by paragraphs 138 and 139 of the World Summit’s Outcome Document. In the assessment of this essay, its failure has been complete.
Command Responsibility and the Guatemalan Genocide: Genocide as a Military Plan of the Guatemalan Army under the Dictatorships of Generals Lucas Garcia, Rios Montt, and Mejia Victores
Authors: Sanford Victoria
Published: June 2014

Drawing on forensic investigations conducted by the author in the Ixil Area of Guatemala, interviews with international observers, and ethnographic research among the Ixil Maya as well as extensive review of declassified United States government documents and newspaper accounts of the military regime of General Efrain Rios Montt, the author provides evidence that the massacres of Ixil Maya in Guatemala formed a part of a planned genocide and that Rios Montt has command responsibility for the genocide.
Reliability and Validity of Two Versions of the Upper Extremity Functional Index
Authors: Chesworth Bert M. , Hamilton Clayon B. , Walton David M. , Benoit Melissa , Blake Tracy A. , Bredy Heather , Burns Cameron , Chan Lianne , Frey Elizabeth , Gillies Graham , Gravelle Teresa , Ho Rick , Holmes Robert , Lavallée Roland L.J. , MacKinnon Melanie , Merchant Alishah (Jamal) , Sherman Tammy , Spears Kelly , Yardley Darryl
Published: June 2014

Purpose: To examine the reliability, validity, and sensitivity to change of the 20-item version and the Rasch-refined 15-item version of the Upper Extremity Functional Index (UEFI-20 and UEFI-15, respectively) and to determine the impact of arm dominance on the positive minimal clinically important difference (pMCID). Methods: Adults with upper-extremity (UE) dysfunction completed the UEFI-20, Upper Extremity Functional Scale (UEFS), Pain Limitation Scale, and Pain Intensity Scale at their initial physiotherapy assessment (Time 1); 24–48 hours later (Time 2); and 3 weeks into treatment or at discharge, whichever came first (Time 3). Demographics, including working status, were obtained at Time 1. Global ratings of change (GRC) were provided by the treating physiotherapist and patient at Time 3. The UEFI-15 was calculated from relevant items in the UEFI-20. The intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) and minimal detectable change (MDC) quantified test–retest reliability (Time 1–Time 2). Cross-sectional convergent validity was determined by the association (Pearson's r) between Time 1 measures of function and pain. Known-groups validity was evaluated with a one-way ANOVA across three levels of working status. Longitudinal validity was determined by the association (Pearson's r) between function and pain change scores (Time 1–Time 3). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves estimated the pMCID using Time 1–Time 3 change scores and average patient/therapist GRC. Results: Reliability for the UEFI-20 and UEFI-15 was the same (ICC=0.94 for both measures). MDC values were 9.4/80 for the UEFI-20 and 8.8/100 for the UEFI-15. Cross-sectional, known-groups, and longitudinal validity were confirmed for both UEFI measures. pMCID values were 8/80 for the UEFI-20 and 6.7/100 for the UEFI-15; pMCID was higher for people whose non-dominant arm was affected. Conclusions: Both UEFI measures show acceptable reliability and validity. Arm dominance affects pMCID. The UEFI-15 is recommended because it measures only one dimension: UE function.
Are We Driving Our Kids to Unhealthy Habits? Results of the Active Healthy Kids Canada 2013 Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth
Authors: Gray Casey , Larouche Richard , Barnes Joel , Colley Rachel , Bonne Jennifer , Arthur Mike , Cameron Christine , Chaput Jean-Philippe , Faulkner Guy , Janssen Ian , Kolen Angela , Manske Stephen , Salmon Art , Spence John , Timmons Brian , Tremblay Mark
Published: June 2014

This article examines the time trends in patterns of school travel mode among Canadian children and youth to inform the Active Transportation (AT) indicator of the 2013 Active Healthy Kids Canada Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth. The AT grade was assigned based on a comprehensive synthesis of the 2000 and 2010 Physical Activity Monitor studies from the Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute and the 1992, 1998, 2005, and 2010 General Social Survey from Statistics Canada. The results showed that in 2013, AT was graded a D, because less than half of Canadian children and youth used only active modes of transportation to get to and from school. The proportion of Canadian children and youth who used only inactive modes of transportation for school travel increased significantly from 51% to 62% over the last decade. Children and youth from larger communities and those with lower household income levels were significantly more likely to use AT than those living in smaller communities and those in higher income households, respectively. In conclusion, motorized transport for school travel has increased steadily over the last decade across Canada. Regional and socio-demographic disparities should be considered in efforts to increase the number of children using AT.
Direct Analysis of hCGβcf Glycosylation in Normal and Aberrant Pregnancy by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Iles Ray , Cole Laurence , Butler Stephen
Published: June 2014

The analysis of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in clinical chemistry laboratories by specific immunoassay is well established. However, changes in glycosylation are not as easily assayed and yet alterations in hCG glycosylation is associated with abnormal pregnancy. hCGβ-core fragment (hCGβcf) was isolated from the urine of women, pregnant with normal, molar and hyperemesis gravidarum pregnancies. Each sample was subjected to matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI TOF MS) analysis following dithiothreitol (DTT) reduction and fingerprint spectra of peptide hCGβ 6–40 were analyzed. Samples were variably glycosylated, where most structures were small, core and largely mono-antennary. Larger single bi-antennary and mixtures of larger mono-antennary and bi-antennary moieties were also observed in some samples. Larger glycoforms were more abundant in the abnormal pregnancies and tri-antennary carbohydrate moieties were only observed in the samples from molar and hyperemesis gravidarum pregnancies. Given that such spectral profiling differences may be characteristic, development of small sample preparation for mass spectral analysis of hCG may lead to a simpler and faster approach to glycostructural analysis and potentially a novel clinical diagnostic test.
Cespitulones A and B, Cytotoxic Diterpenoids of a New Structure Class from the Soft Coral Cespitularia taeniata
Authors: Lin Yu-Chi , Wang Shih-Sheng , Chen Chung-Hsiung , Kuo Yao-Haur , Shen Ya-Ching
Published: June 2014

Two novel diterpenoids, cespitulones A (1) and B (2), were isolated from extracts of the soft coral Cespitularia taeniata. Both compounds possess an unprecedented bicyclo [10.3.1] ring system with C-C bond connections between C-10 and C-20, and between C-20 and C-11. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analyses. Compound 1 exhibited significant cytotoxicity against human medulloblastoma and colon adenocarcinoma cancer cells.
Resveratrol and Calcium Signaling: Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Relevance
Authors: McCalley Audrey , Kaja Simon , Payne Andrew , Koulen Peter
Published: June 2014

Resveratrol is a naturally occurring compound contributing to cellular defense mechanisms in plants. Its use as a nutritional component and/or supplement in a number of diseases, disorders, and syndromes such as chronic diseases of the central nervous system, cancer, inflammatory diseases, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases has prompted great interest in the underlying molecular mechanisms of action. The present review focuses on resveratrol, specifically its isomer trans-resveratrol, and its effects on intracellular calcium signaling mechanisms. As resveratrol’s mechanisms of action are likely pleiotropic, its effects and interactions with key signaling proteins controlling cellular calcium homeostasis are reviewed and discussed. The clinical relevance of resveratrol’s actions on excitable cells, transformed or cancer cells, immune cells and retinal pigment epithelial cells are contrasted with a review of the molecular mechanisms affecting calcium signaling proteins on the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria. The present review emphasizes the correlation between molecular mechanisms of action that have recently been identified for resveratrol and their clinical implications.
An Alternative Approach to Mapping Thermophysical Units from Martian Thermal Inertia and Albedo Data Using a Combination of Unsupervised Classification Techniques
Authors: Jones Eriita , Caprarelli Graziella , Mills Franklin , Doran Bruce , Clarke Jonathan
Published: June 2014

Thermal inertia and albedo provide information on the distribution of surface materials on Mars. These parameters have been mapped globally on Mars by the Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) onboard the Mars Global Surveyor. Two-dimensional clusters of thermal inertia and albedo reflect the thermophysical attributes of the dominant materials on the surface. In this paper three automated, non-deterministic, algorithmic classification methods are employed for defining thermophysical units: Expectation Maximisation of a Gaussian Mixture Model; Iterative Self-Organizing Data Analysis Technique (ISODATA); and Maximum Likelihood. We analyse the behaviour of the thermophysical classes resulting from the three classifiers, operating on the 2007 TES thermal inertia and albedo datasets. Producing a rigorous mapping of thermophysical classes at ~3 km/pixel resolution remains important for constraining the geologic processes that have shaped the Martian surface on a regional scale, and for choosing appropriate landing sites. The results from applying these algorithms are compared to geologic maps, surface data from lander missions, features derived from imaging, and previous classifications of thermophysical units which utilized manual (and potentially more time consuming) classification methods. These comparisons comprise data suitable for validation of our classifications. Our work shows that a combination of the algorithms—ISODATA and Maximum Likelihood—optimises the sensitivity to the underlying dataspace, and that new information on Martian surface materials can be obtained by using these methods. We demonstrate that the algorithms used here can be applied to define a finer partitioning of albedo and thermal inertia for a more detailed mapping of surface materials, grain sizes and thermal behaviour of the Martian surface and shallow subsurface, at the ~3 km scale.
Household, Personal and Environmental Correlates of Rural Elderly’s Cycling Activity: Evidence from Zhongshan Metropolitan Area, China
Authors: Zhang Yi , Yang Xiaoguang , Li Yuan , Liu Qixing , Li Chaoyang
Published: June 2014

Cycling is an important form of active transport and physical activity to provide substantial health benefits to the elderly. Among voluminous physical activity-related literature, few studies have investigated the correlates of active transport of the rural elderly in China. This study was the first attempt to investigate the impact of the household, personal, and environmental attributes on rural elderly’s cycling activity with data collected in 102 rural neighborhoods of Zhongshan Metropolitan Area, China. The negative binomial regression models suggest that, all else being equal, living in a neighborhood with low proportion of elderly population (over 60), abundant bike lanes, and a compact urban form related to high density and mixed development, are associated with the increase of frequency and duration of the rural elderly’s cycling trips. The models also detect that attitude towards cycling and household bicycle and motorized vehicle ownership are strongly related to cycling trips of the rural elderly in Zhongshan. The findings provide insights for transportation and public health agencies, practitioners, and researchers into the effective design of interventions from the prospective of attitudes, social and built environment on health promotion of the rural elderly in China.
Effects of Lead and Cadmium on Brain Endothelial Cell Survival, Monolayer Permeability, and Crucial Oxidative Stress Markers in an in Vitro Model of the Blood-Brain Barrier
Authors: Tobwala Shakila , Wang Hsiu-Jen , Carey Joshua , Banks William , Ercal Nuran
Published: June 2014

Oxidative stress, which is the loss of balance between antioxidant defense and oxidant production in the cells, is implicated in the molecular mechanism of heavy metal-induced neurotoxicity. Given the key role of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in inducing oxidative stress, we investigated their role in disrupting the integrity and function of immortalized human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hCMEC/D3). To study this, hCMEC/D3 cells were exposed to control media or to media containing different concentrations of Pb or Cd. Those exposed to Pb or Cd showed significantly higher oxidative stress than the untreated group, as indicated by cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS), glutathione (GSH) levels, and catalase enzyme activity. Pb also induced oxidative stress-related disruption of the hCMEC/D3 cell monolayer, as measured by trans-endothelial electrical resistance (TEER), the dextran permeability assay, and the level of tight junction protein, zona occluden protein (ZO-2). However, no significant disruption in the integrity of the endothelial monolayer was seen with cadmium at the concentrations used. Taken together, these results show that Pb and Cd induce cell death and dysfunction in hCMEC/D3 cells and, in the case of Pb, barrier disruption. This suggests blood brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction as a contributing mechanism in Pb and Cd neurotoxicities.
Haut de plage et front dunaire : enregistrement morphologique de la dynamique éolienne et marine dans un système macrotidal (Upper beach and foredune profile : morphological registration of aeolian and marine dynamics in a macrotidal environment)
Authors: Battiau-Queney Yvonne
Published: June 2014

Les plages sableuses de la côte d'Opale (France septentrionale) appartiennent à des systèmes côtiers macrotidaux. Le haut de plage subit successivement, au cours d'un seul cycle semi-diurne de marée, les effets de la dynamique marine, puis de la dynamique éolienne. Au cours d'un cycle lunaire de marée, puis au cours d'un cycle annuel de marée, la durée respective de fonctionnement des deux types de dynamique et leur extension spatiale varient sensiblement sur l'estran. Le haut de plage ne subit les effets du swash qu' un temps relativement très court. Cela explique que les tempêtes ne soient réellement efficaces que si elles sont conjuguées à une marée haute à fort coefficient. Cette dynamique complexe est enregistrée sur le haut de plage et le front maritime de la dune par des formes dont la durée de vie est très variable, si bien que des générations successives de formes n' ayant pas la même signification morphosédimentaire peuvent cohabiter au même endroit. L'interprétation morphodynamique d'une photo ou d'un profil topographique doit tenir compte de cet enchevêtrement de dynamiques sur un espace restreint et dans un temps variable. Quoique spectaculaires sur le court terme, les effets des tempêtes sont réversibles sur de nombreuses plages de la côte d'Opale, grâce aux réserves de sable des dunes bordières et de l'avant-plage.
Transport éolien et notion de fetch sur les plages à barres intertidales, exemple de Leffrinckoucke, Côte d'Opale (Aeolian transport and fetch on intertidal barred beaches : Leffrinckoucke example, Côte d'Opale)
Authors: Vanhée Stéphane
Published: June 2014

Plusieurs campagnes expérimentales de mesures du transport éolien ont été effectuées sur les plages macrotidales de la Côte d'Opale, dans le Nord de la France, en vue d'apprécier la façon dont leur morphologie à barres intertidales module les processus du transport éolien. Ces expériences ont comporté des déploiements conjoints de mâts à plusieurs anémomètres, d'une station météo, de compteurs acoustiques d'impacts de grains en saltation, et de pièges à sables éoliens. Des profils topographiques et des mesures d'humidité de surface de la plage ont été faits lors de chaque campagne, ainsi que des observations systématiques de la rugosité de surface.

Les résultats attestent d'un contrôle de la morphologie barres-bâches et de l'humidité induite ainsi que des figures sédimentaires sur le transport éolien, ce qui nous amène à reconsidérer la notion de fetch éolien sur ce type de plage. Malgré un fetch potentiel qui peut être très important du fait de la largeur de ces plages, le fetch effectif réel est réduit au haut de plage et à la surface lissée du sommet de la première barre, et de surcroît, souvent segmenté par les bâches et les chenaux de vidange de ces dernières qui interceptent les sables. La morphologie barres-bâches, spécifique des plages de la Côte d'Opale, semble donc constituer un facteur limitant pour l'alimentation des dunes.
Villes et frontières sociales : approche historique (Towns and social borderlines : an historical approach)
Authors: Vitoux Marie-Claire , Kammerer Odile
Published: June 2014

La fracture sociale urbaine, dont la spatialisation fait l'objet de nombreuses études actuelles, a une histoire particulière mise en valeur, ici, par la comparaison entre la ville médiévale et la ville industrielle du XIXe siècle. Au cours du long Moyen Age, l'invention de la ville a été le résultat d'une agglomération plus ou moins rapide de divers noyaux urbains (château, abbaye, marché, etc.) avec des frontières topographiques s 'estompant pour «faire corps » au XVe siècle. Au XIXe siècle, en revanche, la ségrégation socio-spatiale dans les villes «matures» entraîne des frontières parfaitement lisibles dans le tissu urbain et emblématique dans l'exemple choisi de Mulhouse. Si la frontière pensée est seconde par rapport à l'organisation sociale au Moyen Age, elle s 'impose au contraire au XIXe siècle, par la mise à distance, le zonage ou la ghettoïsation, voulue et légitimée par la classe dirigeante (les manufacturiers) vis-à-vis des « autres » (les ouvriers). Les frontières spatiales et les frontières conceptualisées n'offrent cependant jamais un caractère d'étanchéité : ce sont plutôt des « eaux territoriales ».
Développement urbain socialement durable et économie solidaire : pour une approche du «tiers secteur» dans l'agglomération de Lausanne (Socially sustainable urban development and solidaristic economy : a "third sector" approach to the agglomeration of Lausanne)
Authors: Racine Jean-Bernard
Published: June 2014

L'article présente quelques tenants et aboutissants d'un projet de recherche en cours sur la mise en place de l'économie solidaire (tiers secteur) dans le contexte urbain lausannois et le développement du capital social au sein de la ville dans la perspective d'un développement urbain socialement durable. Il s'agit de chercher comment se forment de nouveaux liens sociaux à travers le développement et le financement d'organisations à but non lucratif dont les interactions, en leur sein comme avec le secteur public, sont construites et négociées au jour le jour, de montrer comment ils permettent de construire de nouvelles formes de «vivre ensemble» et de montrer que le développement de cet ensemble d'activités, s' inscrivant dans une problématique du renouvellement urbain, permet tout à la fois une inscription économique et une insertion sociale, tout en exigeant un nouveau mode d'articulation entre société civile et intervention étatique.
Le droit à la ville - Espaces de participation, espaces de résistance. Discussion de trois exemples de la ville de Berne (One's right on the city - Spaces of participation, spaces of resistance. Three examples of the city of Berne)
Authors: Bäschlin Elisabeth , Wastl-Walter Doris
Published: June 2014

Nach einer kurzen theoretischen Einfuhrung zum Begriff «Recht auf die Stadt» (droit à la ville), werden drei Beispiele aus der Stadt Bern vorgestellt : Die Bahnhofhalle, das alternative Kulturzentrum Reithalle und das Quartier Tscharnergut. Die Autorinnen stellten sich die Frage nach dem Cha rakter und den Strategien des Widerstandes, den die BenutzerInnen dieser Territorien entwickelt haben, um ihr Recht zu verteidigen. In alien drei Fällen wurde dieses Recht ausgeübt, aber in unterschiedlichem Ausmass, je nach sozialem Einfluss der aktiven Gruppen, aber entscheidend war vor allem die Entschlossenheit der Beteiligten.
Points chauds sociaux : les sans domicile fixe, les nécessiteux et le commerce du sexe à Bâle (Social hot spots : the homeless, the needy and the sex trade in Basel)
Authors: Egli Regula
Published: June 2014

Les recherches qui sous-tendent la présente contribution sont consacrées aux sans domicile fixe, aux nécessiteux et au commerce du sexe à Bâle, tout particulièrement dans le cadre des structures spatiales du centre-ville. Notre étude vise comme objectif une connaissance suffisante des «points chauds sociaux» en vue de la définition d'une politique et d'un aménagement urbain appropriés. A cet effet, nous avons pu mettre en relief la concentration accentuée de la pauvreté et du commerce du sexe à Petit Bâle (Kleinbasel), ainsi que la polarisation qui y est liée face au Grand Bâle (Grossbasel). L'intervention publique souhaitable est d'ordre microspatial, surtout dans les quartiers Altstadt (vieille ville), Clara et Matthäus.
La mutation des emplois hautement qualifiés dans l'agglomération transfrontalière strasbourgeoise ( The mutation of highly qualified labour in the border agglomeration of Strasbourg)
Authors: Wendel Jörg
Published: June 2014

Depuis une décennie environ, l' agglomération de Strasbourg a fortement affirmé et consolidé sa position européenne en tant que pôle scientifique et technologique européen. Toutefois, parallèlement au déploiement économique de certains de ses quartiers et communes aux environs de Strasbourg, la situation économique et sociale s'est détériorée de façon dramatique dans d'autres parties de l'agglomération. A la manière de l'évolution observée dans les grandes villes des Etats-Unis, se développent aussi visiblement à Strasbourg, côte à côte, mais contradictoirement, des sociétés déconnectées les unes des autres. Au bord du périmètre urbain, inséré entre les quartiers relativement cossus du centre-ville et les communes suburbaines prospères, est en train de se structurer une ceinture de quartiers en retard de développement. En dépit de leur proximité immédiate par rapport aux pôles de croissance, ces quartiers sont en effet largement déconnectés de l'évolution socio-économique, dans l 'ensemble très positive. Ils courent le risque de sombrer dans une insignifiance fonctionnelle et économique quasi-complète.
La vidéosurveillance comme mécanisme de production disciplinaire de l'espace public. Une analyse empirique et théorique : l'exemple de la ville de Genève (Video-surveillance as mechanism of disciplinary production of public space. An empirical and theoretical analysis : the example of Geneva)
Authors: Klauser Francisco
Published: June 2014

Die Analyse der räumlichen Verteilung der Videoü- berwachung mit Blick aufden öffentlichen Raum in der Stadt Gen zeigt verschiedene Finalitäten und Strategien der Überwachung auf. Darauf aufbauend, werden die Konsequenzen der vorwiegend privat getragenen Videoüberwachung in bezug auf die Territorialität der Benutzer des öffentlichen Raumes untersucht. Die hauptsächliche Verwendung der Videoüberwachung durch grosskapitalistische private Institutionen verstärkt Tendenzen der Privatisierung, Disziplinierung und Fragmentierung des überwachten Territoriums.
La Suisse s'oriente-t-elle vers une politique nationale des villes et agglomérations ? (Do Switzerland go to a national management of towns and agglomerations ?)
Authors: Odermatt André
Published: June 2014

La distribution des tâches entre les niveaux étatiques, liée au système fiscal suisse, conduit à des charges excessives et pose des problèmes financiers aux noyaux urbains. Des réformes de la péréquation financière et de la répartition des tâches sont en cours, tant à l'échelle nationale qu'à celle des divers cantons. La présente contribution pose la question des domaines dans lesquels les noyaux urbains assument des prestations pour l'ensemble de la Suisse et de quelle façon celles-ci peuvent être acquittées. Cela soulève la question actuelle de l'opportunité d'une politique urbaine nationale.
La relation stratégique Israël-Turquie, une nouvelle donne géopolitique au Proche-Orient (The strategic relation between Israel and Turkey : a geopolitical new deal in Middle-East)
Authors: Akçali Emel
Published: June 2014

La Turquie et Israël ont établi, au cours des années 1990, un partenariat stratégique pour développer leur coopération militaire, politique, économique et culturelle. Les rapports Turquie-Israël reposent sur d'anciennes affinités historiques. Les Juifs constituaient un «millet» au sein de l'Empire Ottoman et la Turquie fut le premier pays musulman à reconnaître l 'Etat hébreu dès 1949. L'article examine quelles sont les retombées de ce partenariat sur les politiques régionales et sur l'équilibre géopolitique du Proche-Orient.
La question de l'eau en Israël et dans les Territoires palestiniens (The problem of the water in Israel and Palestinian Territories)
Authors: Mancebo François
Published: June 2014

Israël et les Territoires disposent de ressources hydriques fort limitées au cœur d'un Proche-Orient aride. Cela suffit-il à faire de l'eau un facteur de conflit ? Cette contribution tente de montrer qu'il n'en est rien. La résolution du problème de l'eau ne peut être envisagée que dans un cadre régional et coopératif : loin d'être fauteuse de guerre, l'eau peut ainsi devenir porteuse de paix, à condition que l'ensemble des acteurs d'un conflit vieux de plus de 50 ans renoncent à instrumentaliser ce thème dans leur très médiatique confrontation.
La dimension politique des lieux sacrés : la vieille ville de Jérusalem entre la Bible et le Coran (The political dimension of sacred places : Jerusalem old town between Bible and Koran)
Authors: Sanguin André-Louis
Published: June 2014

Jérusalem est un site mystico-religieux et historico-sacré pour les trois grandes religions monothéistes. Ce lieu est à lui seul une cosmogonie. Depuis 1996, la dialectique spatiale « temple/mosquées » a engendré une géographie de la violence. La Ville Sainte évolue entre la narration abrahamique et la déterritorialisation chrétienne. Le Temple de Jérusalem est le site le plus important de toute la civilisation juive depuis 30 siècles. La sacralisation de la Jérusalem islamique tire son origine de trois passages du Coran. La solution géopolitique « Jérusalem capitale politique double » constitue le scénario le plus réaliste permettant de passer de la division au partage, notamment après la présentation publique du Plan de Paix de Genève.
Risques naturels et territoires (Natural hazards and territories)
Authors: Veyret Yvette , Beucher Stéphanie , Bonnard J.-Y
Published: June 2014

One can note today a complex territorialisation of hazard and risk. Administrative cutting that are numerous in France, imply a big number of actors and so increase the difficulty of the management of the risk. The risk contributes also to the territory creation governed by specific regulations. Can the risk be managed in a unique framework ? By only one group of actors ? One is still far from such a situation.
La loi et la carte : deux outils de gestion du risque d'incendie dans les forêts méditerranéennes (The law and the map : two management tools of fire hazard in the mediterranean forests)
Authors: Clément Vincent , Jappiot Marielle
Published: June 2014

The forest fire is a permanent risk in the Mediterranean area. Like other countries of Mediterranean Europe, France tries to limit this risk. Through the study of two essential tools in the prevention of forest fire, which are the law and the map, the authors wonder about the specificity of the French case. Is the French strategy of forest fire control comparable with that of the other Mediterranean countries, or is France developing an original model ?
Territoires et acteurs du risque d'inondation torrentielle en France méditerranéenne (Territories and actors of flash flood hazard in french mediterranean area)
Authors: Vinet Freddy , Meschinet de Richemond Nancy
Published: June 2014

Les retours d'expérience qui ont suivi les crues torrentielles de 1999, 2002 et 2003 ont accéléré la prise de conscience de l'Etat et des acteurs locaux et relancé la lutte contre les crues et inondations en France méditerranéenne. Une recomposition territoriale et politique est en cours, marquée par un renforcement du rôle de l'Etat et l'émergence de nouveaux territoires d'action comme les bassins-versants. Mais cette prise en compte du risque est lente dans les processus d'aménagement concertés (SAGE) ou dans les documents de planification plus récents (SCOT).
IDENTIFYING THE KEY RISK FACTORS OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENT INJURY SEVERITY ON SLOVENIAN ROADS USING A NON-PARAMETRIC CLASSIFICATION TREE
Authors: Rovšek Vesna , Batista Milan , Bogunović Branko
Published: June 2014

From both a practical and economic point of view, road transport meets almost all the requirements of modern life, but it is also a source of numerous negative effects, including traffic accidents. In order to design a safe transport system and achieve the ‘zero vision’ goal – no serious injuries or fatalities in traffic accidents – there is a growing need for a systematic approach to this problem. Prior to the assessment of any accident prevention measure it is necessary to identify the most important factors and significant patterns which affect the severity of accidents and injuries. In this study, the crash data from Slovenia pertaining to the period 2005–2009 were analysed with a Classification and Regression Tree (CART) algorithm, one of the most widely applied data mining technique when analysing a large amount of data with several independent quantitative or qualitative variables. Before building a non-parametric classification tree, the data were split into three totally separate subsets, the training set, the testing set, and the evaluation set. Moreover, using the Variable Importance Measure (VIM) the factor of influence of nine independent variables on the target variables were calculated. The results confirm that traffic accidents and injuries on Slovenian roads are caused by a combination of factors, the most important of them being human error, or more precisely, speeding and driving in the wrong lane.
La participation politique en ligne, vers un renouvellement des problématiques ?
Authors: Monnoyer-Smith Laurence , Wojcik Stéphanie
Published: June 2014

La recherche académique sur la participation en ligne a longtemps souffert d’un tropisme techniciste, qu’il soit utopiste ou critique : il s’agissait alors de saisir ce que la technologie « fait » au politique. Or les pratiques potentiellement qualifiées de « politiques » en ligne se sont diversifiées et multipliées, alors même que d’autres champs disciplinaires se saisissant de ces objets contribuaient à en opacifier les contours. Les tentatives récentes de clarifier les controverses sur les frontières de la participation en ligne illustrent la nécessité d’une production conceptuelle nouvelle, susceptible d’appréhender la spécificité des pratiques qui inventent leurs publics comme de nouvelles formes d’expression et de collaboration. Tel est l’objet de ce dossier.
La mise en technologie des projets politiques. Une approche « orientée design » de la participation en ligne
Authors: Badouard Romain
Published: June 2014

Cet article se propose de revenir sur une approche spécifique de la participation politique en ligne, qui s’intéresse non pas aux usages, mais au design des technologies de participation. Émergeant à la croisée des sciences de la communication et des science and technology studies , cette approche cherche à appréhender le processus de « mise en technologie » de projets participatifs, en observant comment des principes et des stratégies peuvent être traduits en ressources techniques. Parce qu’elles configurent nos possibilités d’action sur internet en leur appliquant des formats et contribuent à nous « faire agir », parce qu’elles structurent nos relations en ligne en nous attribuant des rôles et des ressources et conduisent à nous « faire interagir », ces technologies de participation soulèvent des questions en termes d’orientation des comportements politiques. C’est donc à une réflexion sur l’instrumentation numérique d’une « gouvernementalité participative » que nous invite l’étude du design des technologies de participation sur internet.
Human Rights and Technology
Authors: Dueck Judith , Rempel Michael
Published: June 2014

This chapter examines eleven technology issues faced by human rights organizations. These issues are critical if they are to use technology effectively. Although solutions are not proposed, the chapter highlights topics that increasingly require research and concrete solutions in order for human rights organizations to integrate technology tools into their work. The key issues addressed are: rapid technology changes; national security, personal information, and human rights; web security; data relationships; controlled vocabulary (a common language); Semantic Web and human interactivity; search - finding the information; assumptions and ease of use; trust; open source; and social media. These issues, chosen from the human rights and technology backgrounds of the authors, provide a frontier to human rights work that may seem daunting to the newly initiated. Human interaction must remain the key element. Technology must be a servant to the human rights needs and demands.
Crowdsourcing for Human Rights Monitoring
Authors: Heinzelman Jessica , Meier Patrick
Published: June 2014

Accurate information is a foundational element of human rights work. Collecting and presenting factual evidence of violations is critical to the success of advocacy activities and the reputation of organizations reporting on abuses. To ensure credibility, human rights monitoring has historically been conducted through highly controlled organizational structures that face mounting challenges in terms of capacity, cost, and access. The proliferation of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) provide new opportunities to overcome some of these challenges through crowdsourcing. At the same time, however, crowdsourcing raises new challenges of verification and information overload that have made human rights professionals skeptical of their utility. This chapter explores whether the efficiencies gained through an open call for monitoring and reporting abuses provides a net gain for human rights monitoring and analyzes the opportunities and challenges that new and traditional methods pose for verifying crowdsourced human rights reporting.
Social Assistance via the Internet
Authors: Strömberg-Jakka Minna
Published: June 2014

This chapter examines the connection between social assistance and the use of information communication technologies to gain access to social rights as human rights. The research is based on data consisting of 594 online questions and answers related to social assistance. Of these, 160 analysis units were chosen for a detailed content analysis. The aim of the study was to determine what different positions and combinations of positions officials and service users found themselves in during online social service consultation and how service provision was affected by an official’s educational background and the phase of the social assistance process that was in progress. The results show that there are several possible combinations of outcomes and that the educational background of an answering official, as well as the phase of the process for which answers are given, have an impact on the service received.
Mental Health, Post-Secondary Education, and Information Communications Technology
Authors: Martin Jenny , McKay Elspeth
Published: June 2014

The primary aim of this chapter is to explore the use of information and communications technology (ICT) in post-secondary education to provide opportunities for students with mental health difficulties to remain engaged in their studies during times of mental illness. Higher incompletion rates are particularly concerning amongst this group. The authors discuss how improved outcomes can be achieved through effective use of ICT. This is particularly important from a human rights perspective so that people diagnosed with mental illness are afforded the same opportunities as other members of the community. Strategies afforded by ICT tools that are essential for supporting students with mental illness to optimise their chances of success in their post-secondary education outcomes are outlined. The authors combine mental health and human-computer interaction (HCI) to argue for the need to design appropriate instructional ICT strategies to support students experiencing mental illness to remain engaged with their studies. ICT has evolved with powerful and unique features, offering special applications such as educational software, eCommerce, and healthcare. Yet, very little is being said about how to streamline these applications as effective HCI environments to enhance mental health and wellbeing. The chapter explores the positive and negative impact of ICT tools on teaching and learning. In considering mental health and post-secondary education, it focuses on human rights issues of access and equity, disclosure, and stigma. Authors suggest that ICT can enable students to remain engaged with their learning in general, while at the same time promote a deep sense of community.
Health Information Technology and Human Rights
Authors: O’Hanlon Shane
Published: June 2014

Information technology has the potential to transform healthcare and eradicate many of the inequities seen in the area. However, the use of electronic means to process sensitive health data poses significant risks. Electronic health records have been designed to be more secure than traditional paper records, but there have been notable cases where data has been lost, stolen, or viewed by unauthorised persons. Misuse of health information technology can result in severe violations of human rights. In particular, the right to privacy can be eroded by inappropriate protections, which still exist in some health systems. This chapter describes the rights framework in healthcare, analyses legal provisions for protection of health data, considers why such protections are necessary, outlines examples of rights violations, and proposes future directions.