bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Writing Degree Binary: An Argument for Interscription
Authors: Berg Christopher
Published: April 2010

Networked electronic text—fragmentary, mutable, connected, and instantly accessible from any computer or handheld device—challenges traditional notions of textual coherence and composition, offering affordances far beyond those possible in traditional, print-based texts, including those made available electronically. Such texts become tools, passively awaiting a user who activates, assimilates, and adapts their contents to his or her particular situation. This article explores the creators' role in such texts, roles that remain underappreciated, unstudied, and misunderstood as a new, and necessary, form of composition activity. Their work is not considered authorship in most traditional senses of composition; although it involves a number of traditional authorial tasks: the decision to connect certain fragments to others, to add affordances beyond those allowed by print, creates the potential for structural coherence and viability of a networked text, potential then realized by users, who themselves become authors of this continually changing text.
A Dozen Years after Open Source's 1998 Birth, It's Time for OpenTechComm
Authors: Still Brian
Published: April 2010

2008 marked the 10-year Anniversary of the Open Source movement, which has had a substantial impact on not only software production and adoption, but also on the sharing and distribution of information. Technical communication as a discipline has taken some advantage of the movement or its derivative software, but this article argues not as much as it could or should. We have adopted Open Source Software (OSS) to manage courses or websites; we have, following the principles of Open Source, made some intellectual resources available; but we have not developed a truly open—open to access, open to use, and open to edit—pedagogical resource that teachers of technical and professional communication courses at every level can rely on to craft free offerings to their students. Now is the ideal time to consider developing OpenTechComm. This article makes the case for why and how it could be implemented.
Factors Influencing Governors' Salaries, 1961-2001
Authors: Tuttle Markland , Bumpass Donald
Published: April 2010

This paper examines the determinants of governors' salaries for the forty-eight contiguous states. State budgetary variables, personal income, population, unemployment rate and state government employment are the primary determinants of governors' compensation. There appears to be a large amount of convergence among salaries over the forty year sample period; the states with lower pay in 1961 experienced faster growth in their governor's compensation. Thus, findings support the view that a governor's pay is based primarily on the responsibility measured by the economic size of the state and the size of a state's government.
An extended photometric stereo algorithm for recovering specular object shape and its reflectance properties
Authors: Zheng Zuoyong , Lizhuang Ma , Zhong Li , Chen Zhihua
Published: April 2010

In Photometric stereo, the existence of specularities hampers to recover the normal map. To deal with this common reflective phenomenon, we introduce a novel representation for specular reflection with a set of specular basis functions with different roughness values. This representation is suitable for any intensively or weakly specular object, and is introduced into the photometric stereo algorithm to recover both the surface shape and its reflectance properties. The reconstructed shapes and re-rendered images validate the proposed algorithm.
Extracting PCB components based on color distribution of highlight areas
Authors: Zeng Zhou , Li Zhuang , Zheng Zuoyong
Published: April 2010

This paper investigates methodologies for locating and identifying the components on a printed circuit board (PCB) used for surface mount device inspection. The proposed scheme consists of two stages: solder joint extraction and protective coating extraction. Solder joints are extracted by first detecting all the highlight areas, and then recognizing and removing the invalid highlight areas which are mainly markings and via-holes. We sum up three color distribution features. And the invalid highlight areas are recognized and removed by comparing the features of the target objects and the reference objects. The sequence of color distribution as a new clue has been applied to clustering solder joints. Each protective coating is extracted by the positions of the clustered solder joints. Experimental results show that the proposed method can extract most of components effectively.
Service-oriented enterprise interoperability in automobile supply chain management
Authors: Zhang Yong , Liu Shijun , Lei Wu , Jiao Yuchang
Published: April 2010

How to enhance interoperability between stakeholders and improve efficiency of supply chain management is the key issue that needs to be addressed in automobile industry. Existing interoperability solutions are suitable only for large enterprises, however, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) lack cheap, easy to integrate and easy to customize solutions. This paper proposes a methodology that provides a guide on how to establish interoperability between enterprises through a federated approach. An interoperability service platform is designed and delivered in the form of Software as a Service (SaaS). This paper introduces the specifications of the service platform and proposes an interactive framework which is used to establish interoperability between the service platform and other on-premise applications.
3D mesh skeleton extraction using prominent segmentation
Authors: Sun Xiaopeng , Pan J. , Wei Xiaopeng
Published: April 2010

Skeleton of 3D mesh is a fundamental shape feature, and is useful for shape description and other many applications in 3D Digital Geometry Processing. This paper presents a novel skeleton extraction algorithm based on feature point and core extraction by the Multidimensional scaling (MDS) transformation. The algorithm first straights the folded prominent branch up, as well as the prominent shape feature points of mesh are computed, a meaningful segmentation is applied under the direction of feature points. The Node-ring of all segmented components is defined by discrete geodesic path on mesh surface, and then the skeleton of every segmented component is defined as the link of the Node-ring's center. As to the core component without prominent feature points, principal curve is used to fit its skeleton. Our algorithm is simple, and invariant both to the pose of the mesh and to the different proportions of model's components.
Blind separation using second order statistics for non-stationary signals
Authors: Du Jun , Liu Ju , Sang Shengju , Wang Jun
Published: April 2010

In the signal processing area, blind source separation (BSS) is a method aiming to recover independent sources from their linear instantaneous mixtures without resorting to any prior knowledge, such as mixing matrices and sources. There have been increased attentions given to blind source separation in many areas, including wireless communication, biomedical imaging processing, multi-microphone array processing, and so on in recent years. In this paper, we propose a new simple BSS technique that exploits second order statistics for nonstationary sources. Our technique utilizes the algebraic structure of the signal model and the subspace structures so as to efficiently recover sources with interference of noise. Computer simulations have demonstrated that, in comparison with other existent methods, our method has better performance in the regimes of low and medium SNRs. For high SNRs, our method is not as promising methods such as the method called AC ('alternating columns')-DC ('diagonal centers') algorithm, but it gives reasonable performance.

 This article has been retracted. Link to the retraction 10.2298/CSIS1004005U
An accelerometer-based gesture recognition algorithm and its application for 3D interaction
Authors: Liu Jianfeng , Pan Zhigeng , Xiangcheng Li
Published: April 2010

This paper proposes an accelerometer-based gesture recognition algorithm. As a pre-process procedure, raw data output by accelerometer should be quantized, and then use discrete Hidden Markov Model to train and recognize them. Based upon this recognition algorithm, we treat gesture as a method of human-computer interaction and use it in 3D interaction subsystem in VR system named VDOM by following steps: establish Gesture-Semantic Map, train standard gestures, finally do recognition. Experimental results show that the system can recognize input gestures quickly with a reliable recognition rate. The users are able to perform most of the typical interaction tasks in virtual environment by this accelerometer-based device.
Robust moving object detection under complex background
Authors: Ding Ying , Wen-Hui Li , Jing-Tao Fan , Hua-Min Yang
Published: April 2010

We present a novel method to robustly and efficiently detect moving object, even under the complexity background, such as illumination changes, long shadows etc. This work is distinguished by three key contributions. The first is the integration of the Local Binary Pattern texture measure which extends the moving object detection work for light illumination changing. The second is the introduction of HSI color space measure which removes shadows for the background subtraction. The third contribution is a novel fuzzy way using the Choquet integral which improves detection accuracy. The experiment results using several dataset videos show the robustness and effectiveness of the proposed method.
Research on optimizing the fault diagnosis strategy of complex electronic equipment
Authors: Wang Hong-Xia , Ye Xiao-Hui , Wang Liang
Published: April 2010

Diagnosis strategy is a testing sequence of the fault detection and isolation. For the distribution of the electronic equipment, a feasible engineering maintenance method is put forward based on the questions of test point selection and diagnosis strategy. The concepts of local diagnosis strategy and global diagnosis strategy are introduced. From which the local optimal diagnosis strategy is determined when the local optimal test points have been introduced by using the test information entropy, furthermore, the global optimal diagnosis strategy is determined by coalescing the local optimal diagnosis strategies. At last, the validity of the method is illustrated by an example from which the conclusion can be drawn that it is an optimal diagnosis strategy and the complexity of computation can be reduced.
Procedure for underground water calculation regime of Pedunculata oak habitat in plain Srem
Authors: Nikic Zoran , Letic Ljubomir , Nikolic Vesna , Filipovic Vladimir
Published: April 2010

The calculation of the influence of the underground water level on the habitat conditions of pedunculate oak in the lowland Ravni Srem is presented. The management method in these forests is greatly determined by moisture regime. Hydrogeological conditions are significant factors of moisture distribution in the soil during the vegetation period. In the river Sava alluvial deposits in Ravni Srem, the serried type of aquifer was formed, mostly of subartesian character, connected with river waters by hydraulic connection. The calculation of underground water regime was adapted to the conditions of two-layer porous environment in the river Sava alluvium, in order to define the oscillations of piezometric pressure in the lower aquifer and the level of underground waters in the upper, less porous layer.
Corruption in Serbia: Unique or a shared Balkan disease?
Authors: van Duyne , Stocco Elena , Milenovic Miroslava
Published: April 2010

The break up of Yugoslavia resulted in successor states in which corruption spread like wildfire, except Slovenia. Therefore, research of corruption in one country of the Western Balkan should be projected against neighbours. Studying corruption in Serbia and projecting it against her neighbours shows that it scores on some indexes in-between. Doing research on the criminal law processing of corruption in Serbia appears to be in many ways a challenge, even if some initial support is provided. The available data appear to be badly managed and full of pitfalls, which makes it difficult to come to firm conclusions. Nevertheless, the first reconnaissance appeared to be useful in the sense that at present the penal law system appears to be mainly populated by 'small fry': serious cases are still rare. The processing time is very long with a usual mild sentencing outcome. The paper provides suggestions for opening up law enforcement.
Evaluation of selected lipid parameters and blood pressure in ethnically-homogenous population of middle-aged persons, depending on gender, age and body mass
Authors: Buciński Adam , Romaszko Jerzy , Targoński Ryszard , Cichowski Leszek , Romaszko Ewa , Zakrzewski Andrzej , Wnuk Małgorzata
Published: April 2010

The study is a retrospective analysis of data obtained from a cardiovascular disease prevention program financed by the National Health Fund (Poland). The aim of the study was to evaluate the population to demonstrate the prevalence of favourable and unfavourable lipid parameters and blood pressure values depending on age and BMI. A total of 2,616 subjects were included in the study (811 men and 1805 women aged between 35 and 55 years of age) who perceived themselves as completely healthy individuals and in whom no cardiovascular disease or diabetes mellitus had been diagnosed. We evaluated blood pressure values, body weight, height, BMI, fasting glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL and LDL in the serum of venous blood. The above-mentioned parameters were compared in women and men depending on BMI and age. It was demonstrated that the epidemiological situation of women in the analysed age group, regardless of the studied parameter and method of its evaluation, is much more favourable than that of men. We have demonstrated that evaluation of the analysed lipid parameters and blood pressure should be performed with consideration to gender and age. Otherwise conclusions may be obtained which are not satisfied by 75-95% of the population in a given age group. Obesity was highlighted as a factor triggering further lipid disturbances and blood pressure increase.
Development of New Product/Process Development Procedure for SMEs
Authors: Šenk Mateja , Metlikovič Peter , Maletič Matjaž , Gomišček Boštjan
Published: April 2010

Development of New Product/Process Development Procedure for SMEs

The result of our research is a developed and implemented set of activities for new process or product development (NPD procedure) for SMEs environment in the plastic processing industry, which enables the production of products and services with a high value added.

The developed NPD procedure consists of five consecutive and overlapping steps: attracting orders, designing a project, developing a product, developing a process and zero production series. Each distinct step is further divided into sub-activities supported by adequate methods and managed in an information system. Investigated and included were three different methodologies use for NPD procedure in the automotive industry such as Advanced Product Quality Planning (APQP), Design for Six Sigma (DFSS) and Stage/Gate methodology.

The results presented in the paper show that the developed NPD procedure significantly improved NPD in terms of cost management and time-effectiveness.
Mother Tongue and Motherhood: Implications for French Language Maintenance in Canada
Authors: Iqbal Isabeau
Published: April 2010

This qualitative study explores how francophone mothers describe barriers to and supports for maintaining their mother tongue. It focuses on the experiences of women who have the primary responsibility for teaching French to their pre-school-aged children. The findings, based on data collected in semi-structured interviews with women residing in Greater Vancouver, show that, compared to before motherhood, the participants were much more motivated to communicate in French and to participate in the francophone community. However, the women felt that lack of resources in the community, lack of time, and having an English-speaking partner limited their ability to actively improve their French. This study highlights the complexity of preventing further language loss and, consequently, the challenge of promoting inter-generational language transmission, given the minority language status of French in British Columbia. The author underscores the need to advance the equal status of Canada's two official languages.
Rethinking Communicative Language Teaching: A Focus on Access to Fluency
Authors: Gatbonton Elizabeth , Segalowitz Norman
Published: April 2010

Although most teachers claim to practise communicative language teaching (CLT), many do not genuinely do so. In this paper, we examine some of the reasons for teachers' resistance to CLT use. We provide a theoretical analysis that focuses on one of the greatest challenges facing CLT methodology -how to promote automatic fluency within this framework. We meet this challenge by proposing a CLT methodology designed to meet specific criteria that will enhance learners' fluency, while addressing teachers' commonly held reservations about CLT. The assumptions and design criteria of the methodology presented here can be operationalized for research purposes, allowing CLT to be evaluated in systematic outcome testing.
Southern Stem Rot Suppression On Peanut With The Insecticide Chlorpyrifos1
Authors: Hagan A. K. , Weeks J. R. , Reed R. B.
Published: April 2010

Chlorpyrifos 15G(2.24 kg a.i./ha), PCNB 10G (11.2 kg a.i./ha), and PCNB 10G + chlorpyrifos 15G(11.2 + 2.24 kg a.i./ha) were compared for the suppression of southern stem rot caused by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. on peanut in on-farm trials on nine farms over three years (1982–1984). Chlorpyrifos, PCNB, and PCNB + chlorpyrifos significantly reduced loci counts all three years. PCNB + chlorpyrifos generally gave the best stem rot suppression and yield response, but there was little difference in disease loci counts between chlorpyrifos and PCNB. PCNB significantly increased yield over the control two years while chlorpyrifos increased yield only one year.
Testing Peanut Seeds for Peanut Stripe Virus1
Authors: Demski J. W. , Warwick D.
Published: April 2010

Peanut seeds were tested by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for peanut stripe virus without affecting their viability. A portion of cotyledon (0.02–0.05 g) was removed from the end of the seed opposite the radicle and triturated in an antigen buffer. Virus was frequently detected in extracts of cotyledons and embryos but seldom in the testa. Portions of one infected seed in ten could be detected. Correlations among ELISA, infectivity assays, and growing out tests were obtained. The ELISA technique has the advantage of detecting individual infected seed allowing the elimination of the infected ones. Identified infected seed can be used for preservation of virus cultures.
Effect of peanut mottle virus on reaction of peanut cv. Tamnut 74 to Cercospora arachidicola
Authors: Melouk H. A. , Sherwood J. L.
Published: April 2010

Two-week old seedlings of Tamnut 74 peanut were inoculated with peanut mottle virus (PMV) or left nontreated, and four weeks later were sprayed with a conidial suspension of Cercospora arachidicola (2 × 104 conidia/mL) prior to placement in a polyethylene enclosure in a growth chamber (22–30 C, 100% RH). After three weeks, number of lesions/leaflet, leaflet area (mm2), necrotic area (mm2)/leaflet, percent necrotic area, conidial density (conidia/mm2) of necrotic area), and conidia/leaflet, was determined on four leaflets for each of 12 PMV-infected and 12 virus-free plants. Conidia/leaflet (one important parameter in evaluating reaction of peanut genotypes to C. arachidicola), lesions/leaflet, area of lesion, and leaflet area was reduced on PMV-infected plants compared to virus-free plants in each of 4 experiments. Similarly, necrotic area/leaflet were reduced in 3 of 4 experiments. Conidia/mm2 of necrotic area was reduced in 2 of 4 experiments. PMV was not detected in conidia of C. arachidicola from PMV infected plants by inoculation to a PMV indicator host, serology, electron microscopy or electrophoresis.
The Effect of Three Digging Dates on Oil Quality, Yield, and Grade of Five Peanut Genotypes Grown Without Leafspot Control1
Authors: Knauft D. A. , Norden A. J. , Gorbet D. W.
Published: April 2010

Five peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes, Southern Runner, Dixie Runner, Florunner, UF82206, and UF714021, were grown for three years, 1982–1984, near Gainesville, Florida without fungicide applications. Three digging dates, averaging 105 days after planting (DAP), 118 DAP, and 132 DAP, were used each year to determine the effects of early harvest as a management practice for peanut production under leafspot pressure. The different digging dates had no effect on fatty acid composition of the five genotypes, and had only minimal effect on the oil content and iodine value. The largest oil quality differences in this study were due to differences among genotypes and year-to-year variation.

The earliest digging date tended to reduce market grade characters, but major pod yield differences were the result of genotype × digging date interactions. Genotypes with little or no resistance to leafspot diseases, such as Florunner and UF 714021, produced nearly 3000 kg/ha without leafspot control up to 118 DAP and then had sharp yield decreases, while resistant genotypes such as Southern Runner and UF 82206 continued to produce pod yields of 3000 kg/ha or higher up to 132 DAP.
Irrigation and Tillage Effects on Peanut Yield in Virginia1
Authors: Wright F. S. , Porter D. M. , Powell N. L. , Ross B. B.
Published: April 2010

During crop years 1980–1983, a field study was conducted in southeastern Virginia on a Norfolk loamy fine sand soil to evaluate the effect of irrigation, underrow ripping, and seedbed preparation methods on peanut yields. The seedbeds were prepared conventionally (flat), with a rotary tiller and bed shaper, with a disk bedder, and with a rolling cultivator. Irrigation increased peanut yield only for crop year 1980 peanuts when there was a severe drought. Irrigation decreased yields for the other 3 years when rainfall was near normal. Some of the decrease in yields with irrigation can be attributed to an increase in the severity of several diseases including leafspot, pod rot, and Sclerotinia blight.

Underrow ripping and seedbed preparation methods had no significant effect on yield and crop values. The effect of an interaction between underrow ripping and irrigation was indicated. Results from this study and previous studies indicated that underrow ripping does not appear to be an advantageous tillage operation for use in peanut production systems in the Virginia-Carolina area. Comparisons of seedbed preparation methods do not suggest that one method was superior to another method. The inconsistent trends in seedbed methods between years can be attributed to elements other than irrigation or underrow ripping treatments. Further studies need to define irrigation methods and amount of irrigation water to apply for efficient peanut production.
Combining Ability of Ontario-Grown Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) for Oil, Fatty Acids, and Taxonomic Characters1,2
Authors: Sykes E. E. , Michaels T. E.
Published: April 2010

Undesirably low oleic acid and high linoleic acid concentrations in seed oil are typical of Valencia peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) produced in a cool, short-season climate. Improved oil quality may be achieved by incorporating Virginia type germplasm into adapted Valencia peanuts. The objectives of this study were to determine the oil quality of nine Valencia and four Virginia peanut lines, evaluate their combining ability for oil concentration, fatty acid composition of the oil, and several taxonomic characters, and assess the potential for developing cultivars adapted to Ontario with improved oil quality. General combining ability (GCA) of the Virginia parents significantly exceeded specific combining ability (SCA) for all fatty acids except arachidic, and also for oleic/linoleic (O/L) ratio, days to first flowering, days to full flowering, and branching pattern (R/R + V ratio). GCA of the Valencia parents significantly exceeded SCA only for oil concentration. Significant SCA estimates were found for oil concentration, palmitic and oleic acids, O/L ratio, and height of the main axis (first date). Significant heterosis was detected for all taxonomic characters except days to first flowering. Genetic variability for all characters except arachidic acid indicates that the development of Ontario cultivars with improved oil quality, in terms of higher oil content and reduced linoleic acid levels, appears feasible through breeding efforts.
Weed Control and Response of Peanuts (Arachis Hypogaea) To Chlorimuron1
Authors: Sims Gregory R. , Wehtje Glenn , McGuire John A. , Hicks T. Vint
Published: April 2010

Experiments were conducted in 1984 and 1985 on a Dothan loamy sand (Plinthic Paleudults) at Headland, Alabama, to evaluate the effects of the ethyl ester formulation of chlorimuron [2-[[[[4-chloro-6-methoxy-2-pyrimidinyl]amino]carbonyl] amino]sulfonyl]benzoic acid] on Florida beggarweed (Desmodium tortuosum (SW) DC.) and sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia L.) control, and yield and grade of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) Treatments consisted of a factorial arrangement of five chlorimuron rates (17.5, 35.0, 52.5, 70.0 for 87.5 g ai/ha) and four application times, preplant incorporated (PPI), preemergence (PRE), ground cracking (EPOT) or post-emergence over the top (POT). Crop injury, as indicated by visual ratings at 8 weeks after planting (WAP) and yield, was excessive with 52.5 g/ha and higher applied PRE or EPOT and with 35.0 g/ha and higher applied POT. Florida beggarweed control at 8 WAP was good with all rates; however, full season control was unacceptable. Control of sicklepod remained good through the entire season. In a separate study, several herbicide systems utilizing chlorimuron in combination with other herbicides were compared to a standard weed control system. While most herbicide systems which included chlorimuron provided yields comparable to the untreated check, none offered any advantage in terms of weed control and yield over the standard.
Heritabilities and Correlations for Pod Yield and Leafspot Resistance in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.): Implications for Early Generation Selection1
Authors: Iroume R. N. , Knauft D. A.
Published: April 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate early generation selection methods for the identification of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) crosses with combined high yield and disease resistance. Eleven crosses were chosen in the S1 on the basis of yield and disease reaction. The S2 was evaluated under natural disease infection for pod yield and leafspot resistance, causal organisms Cercospora arachidicola Hori and Cercosporidium personatum (Berk. and Curt.) Deighton. Resistance was measured by leaf necrotic area and defoliation. Narrow sense heritabilities for all the traits were estimated by sib analysis and regression of S2 plant performance on S1 plant performance. Genetic correlations among traits and the relative efficiency of indirect selection for all the traits were also computed. The results suggest that selection among crosses for all the traits would be advantageous in the S1 (h2f = 67 to 79%) as compared to individual plant selection (h2 = 16 to 26%) or within family selection (h2w = 3 to 5%). Selection of genotypes within crosses would be the poorest strategy in early generations. Negative genetic correlations were noted between yield and leafspot severity. The expected progress in increasing resistance of peanut genotypes through selection for yield (30 to 40% of the response from direct selection for resistance) indicated that selection for yield under disease pressure may be advantageous for developing high yielding, leafspot tolerant genotypes.
Rodent Damage and Control in Peanut Fields in India
Authors: Parshad V. R. , Malhi C. S. , Ahmad N. , Gupta B.
Published: April 2010

Studies were made on the identification, damage and chemical methods of control of rodent pests in irrigated and nonirrigated fields of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) at Ludhiana, India. Peanut fields were infested with Bandicota bengalensis, Tatera indica, Rattus meltada and Mus spp., except that B. bengalensis was absent in nonirrigated fields. These rodents reduced peanut yield by an average 3.86%, a loss of 190.18 rupees/ha ($15.12 US). Severe rodent damage was sporadic with a maximum of 18.97% reduction in peanut yield. Rodents inflicted more damage between 80 to 120 days after planting, i. e. during the pod fill stage of crop growth. A single treatment with poison bait at 80 to 90 days after planting with 2.4% zinc phosphide, 0.005% brodifacoum and 0.005% bromadiolone in cereal baits at the rate of 1 kg/ha resulted in 58.07%, 42.26% and 40.88% rodent control, respectively, in nonirrigated fields. In irrigated fields, 58.70% and 67.02% rodent control was achieved with zinc phosphide and brodifacoum baits respectively. Significantly higher rodent control was obtained with 2 treatments of either brodifacoum or bromadiolone than with a single treatment of any rodenticide. Wax blocks containing 0.005% brodifacoum were less effective than cereal baits containing the same rodenticide. Two applications at 10 day interval of either 0.005% brodifacoum or bromadiolone between 80–100 days after planting is suggested for rodent control in peanut fields.
Variability in Oil Quality Among Peanut Genotypes in the Florida Breeding Program1
Authors: Norden A. J. , Gorbet D. W. , Knauft D. A. , Young C. T.
Published: April 2010

The improvement of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) oil quality has long been an objective of the Florida breeding program, since it influences the shelf-life and nutritional quality of manufactured products. Fatty acid distribution of the peanut genotypes (228 in 1984 and 298 in 1985) from the Gainesville and Marianna locations was determined by gas-liquid chromatography. A wider range in fatty acid composition, especially in oleic and linoleic acids, was found among these genotypes than that reported previously in the literature for the cultivated peanut. Two closely related experimental lines (435–2–1 and 435–2–2) had 80% oleic and 2% linoleic acid, with iodine values of 74. For the Florida breeding lines, iodine values of the oil ranged from 74 to 107 and the oleic/linoleic (O/L) ratios from 0.9 to 35:1. Florunner, by comparison, has an iodine value of 95 and an O/L ratio of slightly less than 2. The oleic acid content of the different experimental lines ranged from 37% to 80%, and the linoleic acid content from 2% to 43%. The magnitude of this variability permits the development of peanut cultivars with a range of oil composition for improved nutritional and industrial purposes. All the oil quality factors were highly significantly affected by genotype, and all but three of the factors were significantly affected by season.
Effect of Hot Water Immersion on Storage Stability of Non-Refrigerated Peanuts1
Authors: Branch A. L. , Worthington R. E. , Roth I. L. , Chinnan M. S. , Nakayama T. O. M.
Published: April 2010

Oxidative stability of Fla Early Bunch and NC7 peanuts immersed in hot water (79 C) for 90 sec and stored under non-refrigerated conditions was evaluated. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that water immersion disrupted structural makeup of the surface to form a glaze and caused coalescence of subcellular bodies. Initial hot water immersion resulted in decreased lipoxygenase activity. Throughout storage, peroxide values, free fatty acid values and lipoxygenase activity were lower in the immersed peanuts than in the non-immersed peanuts. Free fatty acid and peroxide values were significantly higher in the Fla Early Bunch cultivar than the NC7 cultivar.
Potential for Semi-Underground Storage of Farmers Stock Peanuts
Authors: Smith J. S. , Sanders T. H.
Published: April 2010

A small semi-underground warehouse was constructed by waterproofing and placing a 7.6 cm thick precast concrete tank 304.8 cm long by 152.4 cm wide by 152.4 cm deep in the ground with the top of the tank at ground level. Two courses of 20.3-cm concrete blocks were installed above the walls and the warehouse was covered with a sheet-metal gable roof having a 45-degree slope. The warehouse had a peanut storage capacity of approximately 10.2 m3. A fan located in the south gable changed the headspace air once every two minutes. Thermocouples and relative humidity sensors placed at various locations throughout the warehouse indicated temperatures and relative humidities at these locations. Free fatty acid and total carbonyl analyses indicated acceptable quality maintenance in the underground storage and compared well with peanuts in conventional storages. Temperatures were more uniform in the underground warehouse than in the conventional warehouse.
Effect of Host Genotype on Incubation Period, Receptivity, Lesion Diameter, and Leaf Area Damage of Didymella arachidicola on Peanut1
Authors: Subrahmanyam P. , Smith D. H.
Published: April 2010

The effect of host genotype on incubation period, receptivity, lesion diameter and leaf area damage of Didymella arachidicola on nine peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes was investigated under monocyclic infection in the glasshouse. The genotypes, Florunner. P 84/5/256, C 347/5/6, C 346/5/8 and P 105/3/7, resistant to the pathogen in field trials, had a longer incubation period, reduced receptivity, lesion diameter, and percentage leaf area damage, than susceptible genotypes. Among the susceptible genotypes, Tamnut 74 had the shortest incubation period, and highest receptivity, the largest lesion diameter, and percentage leaf area damage. The other susceptible genotypes. Egret, 38/7/20, and P 84/5/112, were intermediate for these variables. Production of pycnidia and pseudothecia of the pathogen could not be demonstrated in infected leaf tissues of any of the genotypes studied. There was significant interaction between plant age and disease development. Younger plants had a shorter incubation period, higher receptivity, larger lesion diameter, and percentage leaf area damage than older plants. Correlation coefficients among incubation period, receptivity, lesion diameter, and leaf area damage were highly significant. The possible role of these variables in disease epidemics and their use in glasshouse screening of peanut germplasm for resistance to D. arachidicola are discussed.
Equipment and Procedures to Measure Peanut Headspace Volatiles1
Authors: Dickens J. W. , Slate A. B. , Pattee H. E.
Published: April 2010

An electronic meter was developed to measure the concentration of organic volatiles in the headspace over samples of comminuted peanuts. The meter consists of a commercially available semiconductor (Taguchi) and a temperature compensation circuit. The conductivity of the sensor increases in the presence of organic volatiles. Calibration of the meter can be made by measuring the volatiles in the headspace over known concentrations of ethyl alcohol in water. Good agreement between meter measurement of the concentration of organic volatiles in the headspace over samples of comminuted peanuts and the percent of freeze-damaged peanuts in the samples was demonstrated. Other tests with peanuts which were cured at 50 C or exposed to −1 C before curing demonstrated the meter can detect these types of objectionable flavors and indicated meter readings were not significantly affected by the moisture content of the peanuts.
The Effect of Loose-Shelled Kernels and Foreign Material on Pirimiphos-Methyl Residues in Stored Farmers Stock Peanuts1
Authors: Arthur F. H. , Redlinger L. M. , Simonaitis R. A.
Published: April 2010

Farmers stock peanuts containing either 0% loose-shelled kernels (LSK) and 0% foreign material (FM), 5% LSK-10% FM, or 10% LSK-20% FM were sprayed with 20 PPM pirimiphos-methyl. Peanut samples were analyzed for insecticide residues during a 1-year storage period. Significantly lower residues were found on in-shell peanuts with 0% LSK-FM than on either of the 2 LSK-FM combinations. Insecticide residues accumulated in the FM and to a lesser extent in the LSK. Negligible residues were found on sound mature kernels from solid pods.
Density of the Lesser Cornstalk Borer, Elasmopalpus lignosellus (Zeller) in Peanut Fields: Endemic and Outbreak Population Configurations
Authors: Mack T. P. , Backman C. B.
Published: April 2010

The population growth of Elasmopalpus lignosellus (Zeller), the lesser cornstalk borer (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), was determined in conventionally tilled Florunner peanut fields in endemic (1983–1985) and outbreak (1986) population configurations. The density of E. lignosellus eggs, larvae, and pupae was estimated by weekly soil flotation and by soil sieving. Adult density and abundance was estimated with pheromone traps, emergence cages, and flush samples.

In the endemic years, low levels of eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults occurred throughout the growing season. Adult populations exhibited 1–2 weak peaks per growing season. The outbreak year was characterized by an exponential increase in E. lignosellus eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults.

A regression relationship was developed from the 1983–1986 data that relates the weekly mean number of E. lignosellus larvae per meter determined by soil sieving to the total rainfall (cm) and the number of hot (≥35 C daily maximum temperature) days in the previous 30 days. This is a predictive tool that can be used to time sampling to predict possible larval population increases before extensive damage occurs.
Colonization of sclerotia of Sclerotinia minor by a potential biocontrol agent, Penicillium citrinum1
Authors: Akem C. N. , Melouk H. A.
Published: April 2010

Sclerotia of Sclerotinia minor were soaked in a conidial suspension (1.3 × 107 conidia/mL) of Penicillium citrinum at 25 ± 2 C for 1 h. This resulted in coating each sclerotium with about 3.7 × 104 conidia. Treated sclerotia were incubated either in the dark on dry or damp Whatman No. 1 filter paper or in pasteurized and nonpasteurized soil at 25 ± 2 C, for up to eight weeks. Colonization by P. citrinum of sclerotia incubated on damp or dry filter paper was 70 and 25%, respectively. Seventy four percent of sclerotia incubated in pasteurized soil were colonized and destroyed by P. citrinum, whereas 55% colonization and destruction occurred in sclerotia incubated in a nonpasteurized soil. Similarly treated sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum variety major and Sclerotium rolfsii were incubated in pasteurized soil and colonized by P. citrinum at 45 and 5%, respectively, over the same period of time. Up to 50% colonization and destruction by P. citrinum has been observed on sclerotia of S. minor recovered from soil in a peanut field in Oklahoma. These findings suggest a potential use of P. citrinum as a biocontrol agent for S. minor.
Embryo Rescue in Wide Crosses in Arachis. 3. In vitro Culture of Peg Tips of A. hypogaea Selfs and Interspecific Hybrids1
Authors: Moss J. P. , Stalker H. T.
Published: April 2010

Embryo rescue in wide crosses in Arachis has only been achieved from culturing ovules excised from well developed pods, or from immature pods derived from flowers treated with gibberellic acid (GA) and which had embryos large enough to dissect without injury. The objective of this study was to determine whether reproductive tissues could grow in vitro without the need to dissect them from the peg tip and to determine the effects of GA application on flowers at the time of pollination, age of peg when cultured, and the presence of the peg meristem on reproductive growth, callus production, and peg elongation in vitro. Pegs elongated in culture only when the peg meristem was not removed. Ovules enlarged and grew out of the surrounding peg tissue in 3.8 to 32.8% of the cultures. Significantly more ovules grew when the peg meristem was removed (p < 0.01) and when 10- and 20- day-old pegs were cultured (p < 0.05). Overall, the most successful treatment for growth of ovules was treating flowers with GA at pollination and culturing without the peg meristem 10 days after pollination when 25.0 and 32.8% of all hybrid and selfed ovules, respectively, grew. Embryo growth was observed in an average of 8.4 and 17.6% of embryo sacs in hybrid and self peg tips, respectively, with several embryos reaching the globular stage after 21 days in vitro. This illustrates the potential for culturing young reproductive tissues of Arachis to recover interspecific hybrids.
Economic Assessment of Herbicide Systems for Minimum-Tillage Peanuts1
Authors: Wilcut John W. , Wehtje Glenn R. , Colvin Daniel L. , Patterson Michael G.
Published: April 2010

Field experiments were conducted in 1983 and 1984 on a Dothan loamy sand at Headland, AL to evaluate herbicide systems for minimum tillage peanut (Arachia hypogaea L. Florunner) production. The influence of minimum tillage-herbicide systems on weed control, peanut yield, market grade, and net returns were examined. Two minimum tillage-herbicide systems provided greater yield and higher net returns with equivalent control of Texas panicum (Panicum texanum Buckle.) and Florida beggarweed [Desmodium tortuosum (SW.)DC] as compared to a conventional tillage-herbicide system. One of these systems included oryzalin [4-(dipropylamino)-3, 5-dinitrobenzenesulfonamide] and paraquat (1, 1′-dimethyl-4,4′bipyridinium ion) applied preemergence followed by an early postemergence application of acetochlor [2-chloro-N-(ethoxymethyl)-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)acetamide] and dinoseb [2-(1-methylpropyl)-4,6-dinitrophenol] and a postemergence-directed application of cyanazine (2-[[4-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]amino]-2-methylpropanenitrile). The other system included benefin [N-butyl-N-ethyl-2,6-dinitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzenamine] and metolachlor (2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2)methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide) applied preplant-incorporated within-the-row followed by an early postemergence application of dinoseb and ethalfluralin [N-ethyl-N-)2-methyl-2-propenyl)-2,6-dinitro-4-(trifluoromethyl) benzenamine] and a postemergence-directed application of paraquat. Herbicide inputs for these two minimum tillage-herbicide systems were greater than for the conventional tillage-herbicide system.
Inheritance of Late Leafspot Resistance and Agronomic Traits in Peanut1
Authors: Jogloy S. , Wynne J. C. , Beute M. K.
Published: April 2010

Twenty peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) populations in F2 generation from an M x N mating design involving five late leafspot (Cercosporidium personatum)-resistant female parents and four adapted male parents were evaluated for late leafspot resistance with a detached leaf culture technique. Agronomic traits were evaluated in the field. Objectives were 1) to identify the best parent for agronomic traits and the best source of resistance to late leafspot, 2) determine the correlations among components of resistance, 3) determine the correlations of resistance and agronomic traits, and 4) estimate heritability of late leafspot resistance. General combining ability was highly significant for agronomic traits and for most measurements of late leafspot resistance. Specific combining ability was significant for pod length and seed size. Of the male parents, NC 6 and NC 7 produced the best progenies for both agronomic traits and late leafspot resistance. Components of resistance to late leafspot among resistant female parents were not significantly different. NC 17090 produced the best progenies for pod yield and seed yield. NC 17135 produced progenies with good agronomic traits. Correlations among components of resistance to late leafspot indicated that lines with increased latent period, decreased lesion number, lesion size and defoliation, and reduced spore production can be selected. However, high yielding plants tended to be susceptible to late leafspot. Broadsense heritability for components of resistance was low to moderate (0.13–0.68). Narrow-sense heritability for parameters of resistance was consistently low (0.0–0.128). Selection for late leafspot resistance in the F2 populations was not effective.
Comparison of Soil Insecticides Alone and In Combination With PCNB for Suppression of Southern Stem Rot of Peanut1
Authors: Hagan A. K. , Weeks J. R. , McGuire J. A.
Published: April 2010

The soil insecticides, chlorpyrifos 15G (2.2 kg a.i./ha), ethoprop 15G (3.3 kg a.i./ha), and fonofos (2.2 kg a.i./ha) were compared with pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB) 10G (11.2 kg a.i./ha) and PCNB (11.2 kg a.i./ha) + insecticide combinations for suppression of southern stem rot caused by Sclerotium rolfsii on peanut in a series of field trials in 1985, 1986, and 1987 in southeastern Alabama. Stem rot loci counts were reduced each year by chlorpyrifos and two of three years of ethoprop, and fonofos compared to the non-treated control. Disease suppression with chlorpyrifos and ethoprop was similar all three years and two of three years with fonofos to that with the fungicide PCNB. Significant differences (P = 0.05) in yield were noted only in 1986 between each of the soil insecticides and the non-treated control. PCNB and PCNB + insecticide combinations with the exception of PCNB + ethoprop in 1985 significantly increased yields over the non-treated control each year. PCNB + insecticide combinations generally provided better disease suppression and/or yield response than each insecticide but not PCNB applied alone. When data were pooled for all 3 years, all treatments significantly reduced disease incidence and significantly increased yield except fonofos and ethoprop.
Dry Matter Accumulation and Nutrient Uptake of High-Yielding Peanut (Arachis Hypogaea L.) Grown in a Sandy Soil1
Authors: Halevy J. , Hartzook A.
Published: April 2010

Growth and NPK uptake of peanut of cultivar Shulamit (Arachis hypogaea L.) grown in a sandy soil (Xeropsamment - Torripsamment) was investigated under favorable semi-arid conditions conducive to high yields. The rate of dry matter production was slow until flowering at 44 days after planting when only 6% of the total dry matter had been produced. From flowering until 111 days. 58% of the total dry matter was produced with an average rate of 97 kg DM ha-1 day-1. Thereafter, from 112 days until 128 days, at the pod ripening stage, the rate was 233 kg DM ha-1 day-1. Total dry matter production was 11,200 kg ha-1, of which 54% was in the leaves and stems and 46% in the pods. The pod dry matter yield was 5200 kg ha-1. The total uptake of N and P followed generally that of dry matter production, whereas highest K uptake occurred at 128 days and then decreased by 26% at harvest time. The total uptake of N, P, and K was 300, 27 and 244 kg ha-1, respectively. At 128 days the N, P, and K in the pods was 63, 71, and 16% of the total uptake of N, P, and K, respectively.
Chlorpyrifos-methyl as a Protectant of Farmers Stock Peanuts1
Authors: Arthur F. H. , Redlinger L. M. , Simonaitis R. A.
Published: April 2010

Runner variety farmers stock peanuts were treated with either distilled water, 52 ppm malathion. or chlorpyrifosmethyl (CM) applied at 10, 15, 20 and 25 ppm, held in a metal shed and artificially infested with insect pest species commonly found in stored peanuts. Peanuts were sampled at 2, 4, 6, 9 and 12 months post-treatment. After 6 months ca 22% of loose-shelled kernels (LSK) in malathion-treated peanuts were damaged by insects; after 9 and 12 months damage increased to 36 and 49%. In contrast, LSK damage in peanuts treated with CM exceeded 6% after 9 and 12 months only in the 10 ppm treatment. Damage to kernels from cracked pods in malathion-treated peanuts was 6.9 and 11.2% after 9 and 12 months, respectively, but damaged cracked pod kernels exceeded 2% only in the 10 ppm CM treatment at 12 months. Degradation of CM residues occurred more slowly than malathion residues during the final 6 months of the test.