bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EV/PHEV – CHANGING REVENUE & PROFIT POOLS IN THE AUTOMOTIVE VALUE CHAIN REQUIRE NEW BUSINESS MODELS
Authors: Bernhart Wolfgang , Zhang Junyi , Wagenleitner Juri
Published: May 2018

OEMs need to take action to cope with the changes brought about by the shift to the electric powertrain. As EVs gain market share, revenue pools along the value chain will change significantly. Higher battery costs, decreased fuel and energy revenues, less aftermarket potential, increased variabilization of costs, more value-added services and additional revenues from recycling are all factors affecting revenue and profit pools. To adapt to these changes, OEMs need to proactively secure their future business. They can capture value in new EV components, make leasing/service their main sales channel, leverage lower variable costs or explore recycling. There is tremendous potential for suppliers of components for the new electrified powertrain. OEMs will assume a large portion of the additional value-added especially at first, but this will decline as specialization rises. The expected growth in EV and PHEV depends heavily on driving down battery costs. Even if these costs are successfully lowered, electric vehicles will still cost significantly more than vehicles with internal combustion engines. However, not enough customers are willing to pay the difference, at least in a traditional purchase. Yet viable alternatives exist if they are marketed correctly. New and existing services can be bundled into attractive mobility-oriented packages for the customer. These packages, plus partnerships with public transit providers, mean that OEMs will be acting increasingly as general mobility providers. All these changes mean that OEMs need new business models for the growing but highly competitive EV market.
Evaluation of a multipurpose hybrid vehicle concept
Authors: Alessandrini Adriano , Filippi Francesco , Ortenzi Fernando , Orecchini Fabio
Published: May 2018

The HOST project developed concept and prototype for an innovative low polluting modular transport mean suitable for the urban transport of people and goods. Main HOST commercial innovation is to use one vehicle for four different transport service in the 24 hours thus lowering the extra-cost of having a low polluting vehicle. HOST has been dimensioned to supply four different urban transport services: nocturne collective taxi, daytime car sharing, daytime freight collection and distribution and nocturne garbage collection. The user acceptance, energy and environmental and financial evaluation are reported in this paper. The user acceptance evaluation showed that HOST characteristics (transshipment capabilities, enhanced maneuverability and environmental concern) are interesting, but issues as the technological complexity and lack of infrastructures have to be resolved. The powertrain, a hybrid series, has considerably lower emissions levels than conventional vehicles while consumption is comparable for all the services but car-sharing in which HOST consumes more due to its higher weight. The financial evaluation shows that at the moment, to build the HOST powertrain, about 165 000 € are needed and a complete vehicle with also the cabin could cost about 290 000 €. To be financially competitive, the global cost of HOST should be between 220 000 and 230 000 €; 60 000€ less than the cost of the prototype.
Green Solar Electric Vehicle Changing the Future Lifestyle of Human
Authors: Su Qingfeng , Zhang Genfa , Lai Jianming , Feng Shijun , Shi Weimin
Published: May 2018

Electric vehicle with more advantages of no noise, no pollution, saving energy and reduce carbon dioxide emissions is to power-driven vehicle with a motor drive wheels moving. Solar electric vehicle can make to reduce our greenhouse gas emissions and other pollution. All advantages of solar electric vehicle make research and application of solar electric vehicle as a “hot spot” of automotive industry and the trend of future cars. Solar electric vehicle is made of PV panels, battery, electric motor, vehicle controller and vehicle body. Solar electric vehicle drives using dual-mode of PV and battery hybrid. It can be achieved PV-driven and battery-driven independently. In good sunny conditions, the full charge endurance of solar electric vehicle can be increased about 35% substantially compared with no PV panels. Solar electric vehicle can achieve low-carbon, energy saving, environmental protection and true zero-emissions for the future of human life.
Hierarchical control of vehicular fuel cell / battery hybrid powertrain
Authors: Xu Liangfei , Ouyang Minggao , Li Jianqiu , Hua Jianfeng
Published: May 2018

In a proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell/battery hybrid vehicle, a fuel cell system fulfills the stationary power demand, and a traction battery provides the accelerating power and recycles braking energy. The entire system is coordinated by a distributed control system, incorporating three key strategies: 1) vehicle control, 2) fuel cell control and 3) battery management. They make up a hierarchical control system. This paper introduces a hierarchical control strategy for a fuel cell / battery hybrid powertrain applied in a city bus. The vehicle control strategy comprises three parts: an energy management strategy, a brake regeneration strategy and an active tolerant control strategy. The entire powertrain power is split between the fuel cell system and the battery in such a way that the fuel cell system works in a quasi-steady state and the battery can keep charge sustaining. The braking energy is recycled on the basis of the pedal position and the rotational speed of the electric motor. An active tolerance control strategy is developed to guarantee the work of the entire system in case of malfunctions. A fuel cell system consists of a water and heat management system, an air system, a humidifier system and a hydrogen in-out let system. Control strategies are designed to regulate air supply and water cooling temperature. Primary tasks of a battery management system are to estimate the state of charge (SOC), and to keep the temperature in safety range. A real-time applicable strategy for SOC is developed. The temperature of the battery is controlled by some air fans with on-off strategy. The hierarchical control system was applied on a fuel cell city bus. Experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed strategy.
Influence of powertrain parameters on vehicle performance of a fuel cell / battery city bus
Authors: Xu Liangfei , Ouyang Minggao , Li Jianqiu , Hua Jianfeng
Published: May 2018

Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell is favored in automotive applications because it is clean, efficiency and quiet. Performance of a fuel cell-powered vehicle depends on two aspects, the component sizing and the control strategy. The former determines how good a vehicle can be, and the latter decides the degree of exploiting system potential. This paper presents the influence of primary parameters of the hybrid powertrain on vehicle performance. Generally speaking, the performance of a vehicle can be evaluated using following indicators: the maximal speed that can be reached, the accelerating time from zero to a certain speed, the maximal climbing angle, the mileage in a certain condition and the hydrogen consumption in a specific cycle. When the vehicle moves, the fuel cell system fulfills the stationary power requirement, and the battery supplies the accelerating power and recycles brake energy. The vehicle performance is affected by parameters of the hybrid powertrain, e.g. the maximal power of PEM fuel cell system, the PEM fuel cell average efficiency, the battery charging/discharging resistances, the battery open circuit voltage and the vehicle auxiliary power. A theoretical model describing the relationship between these parameters and vehicle performance is firstly proposed. The model is verified by several prototypes of fuel cell city buses developed in past years. Influence of system parameters on vehicle performance is explained in detail. Several suggestions for improving the entire system performance are proposed.
Key Technologies of Hybrid Solar Electric Midibus Development
Authors: Xiong Hui-yuan , Zong Zhi-jian , Chen Cheng-he
Published: May 2018

The solar and lithium-ion hybrid electric midibus is a new energy vehicles.According to the 21 low-speed integrated Li-ion power midibus’s design and development requirements,this paper introduces some key Technologies need to be resolved,such as vehicle dynamic parameter matching technology, Lightweight design, high efficiency motor and controler technology, solar panels and charger technology, Battery management technology and advanced vehicle control technology. Based on the analysis of the key technologies, this paper put forward the corresponding solutions and implementation plan, and the midibus prototype is also developed. Through the vehicle and some components testing and experiments, which verify the correctness of such Key Techniques.
Load sharing control of dual energy storage power system in heavy duty series hybrid vehicles
Authors: Halme Jukka , Liukkonen Matti , Suomela Jussi
Published: May 2018

Heavy duty off-road vehicle (HDOR) duty cycles are very different than passenger car cycles. HDOR duty cycles are characterized by heavy transient loads and highly varying constant power demands. Straddle carriers and mine loaders can operate 20 hours per day while cars are most of the time idle. Batteries and supercapacitors have different qualities in terms of power and energy density and cyclic life time. Hybridization of HDOR driveline reduces fuel consumption and contributes to cleaner workspace environment due to reduced emission. This paper presents new load sharing control method for battery & supercapacitor series hybrid heavy-duty off-road vehicle. Both energy storages have separate DC/DCconverters. Control strategy ensures that both energy storages are used optimally based on their characteristic strengths. Implications of this control strategy are reduced consumption and more importantly improved battery lifetime. Control strategy is presented; simulation results for control performance are presented and discussed.
Object-oriented Physical Modeling and Simulation of Fuel Cell Vehicle Powertrain
Authors: Yun Xiong , Zhong Zai-min , Sun Ze-chang , Tong Zhang
Published: May 2018

Fuel cell vehicle (FCV) is the focus of new energy vehicles research, in which the study of the powertrain is one of the crucial. This paper introduces the structure and working principle of the FCV powertrain, and analyses the critical powertrain components. According to complex and multi-domain characteristics of the powertrain, this paper presents an object-oriented modeling language to unify the physical modeling method and establish the physical model of FCV powertrain and the critical components base upon Maplesim platform. Using combined simulation based on Maplesim and Simulink and the results show the effectiveness of the model.
Parallel HEV Hybrid Controller Modeling for Power Management
Authors: Adel Boukehili , Zhang Youtong , Sun shuai
Published: May 2018

In this paper, a parallel HEV hybrid controller is developed in the MATLAB/Simulink environment. Using the driver commands, the battery state of charge and the engine map, a set of efficient rules has been developed to efficiently split the power between the engine and the motor. The steps are: 1) Estimate the instantaneous torque demand. 2) Using the estimated torque, the feedback signals and the engine map, find the best operating point and then split the power and let the engine work as near as possible to this efficient point, that can be done by controlling the motor (or generator). In the case of motor, let its torque supply the rest of the torque needed, while the engine works near its efficient point, or in the case of generator, let its torque supply an additional load to put the engine in an efficient point. 3) Control the motor to supply the transient torque demand, and keep the engine torque constant as long time as possible, this help to reduce fuel consumption. Finally simulations of a conventional and hybrid vehicle are performed using Simulink environment to check the controller and series of results will prove the effectiveness of the proposed controller and will show the advantage of hybrid powertrain over conventional one in term of fuel economy.
Research and Design on Digital PFC of 2kW On-board Charger
Authors: Xiong Yun , Huang Yu , Zhong Zaimin , Zhang Tong
Published: May 2018

This paper researches and designs a digital controlled boost power factor correction (PFC) of 2kW on-board charger with the method of continuous conduction mode (CCM), which is based on the DSP of TMS320F280. Multiple-loop control strategy with the instantaneous outer voltage loop and inner current loop is used in the PFC converter. The results confirm that digital controllers are able to be used for high performance PFC converters.
Research on Braking Stability of Electro-mechanical Hybrid Braking System in Electric Vehicles
Authors: Ji Fenzhu , Tian Mi
Published: May 2018

For the electro-mechanical hybrid braking system, which is composed of electric brake and general friction brake, the models of electric braking force, total braking force and the utilization adhesion coefficient for front and rear axles were established based on the analysis of braking torque distribution. The variation relationship between electric braking force and friction braking force in different braking intensity was calculated and analyzed with the paralleled-hybridized braking control strategy. Taking USA urban driving circle UDDS as an example, the utilization adhesion coefficient of front and rear axles was calculated at different braking intensity for a certain Electric Vehicles (EVs), and the braking stability was also analyzed for front-wheel drive EVs. The calculation results indicate that the utilization adhesion coefficient of front axle is always greater than that of rear axle, which means the front axle always locked ahead of the rear axle, thus the braking stability meets the requirement. The calculation results also have certain instructive significance on the anti-lock braking system (ABS) and electric brake-force distribution (EBD) of EVs.
Research on Genetic-fuzzy Control Strategy for Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Authors: Yang Shichun , Li Ming , Weng Haoyu , Liu Bao , Li Qiang , Zhu Yongli , Liu Xiu
Published: May 2018

Fuzzy control strategy is developed for the dual-clutch single-axis torque coupling parallel hybrid electric vehicle. In this paper the torque distribution fuzzy controller which has been designed for the hybrid vehicle which is optimized by genetic algorithms. The simulation model of the hybrid vehicle was built upon matlab / simulink and ADVISOR software. Then a fuzzy rules and correspondent membership functions had been established and the input language variable and output language variable use trapeziform and deltoid membership functions. After design of fuzzy logic torque controller, the genetic algorithm was introduced and used it to optimize the fuzzy logic torque controller. Under typical condition NEDC, the fuzzy control strategy is optimized both by genetic algorithms with the constraint condition of economy performance and by integrated constraint conditions of economy performance and emission performance. Optimization results show that when the controller is only optimize fuzzy control strategy for economy performance the fuel consumption decreased by 5.3% but the emission of CO and NOx both increased, but when the controller both optimize fuzzy control strategy for economy performance and emission performance the fuel consumption decreased by 4.3% with emission quality improved. So the fuzzy control strategy optimize by the genetic algorithm can improve the fuel consumption obvious.
Research on On-line Monitoring Methods of High Voltage Parameter in Electric Vehicles
Authors: Zhao Chunming , Li Qing
Published: May 2018

Safety control and protection strategy of high-voltage system of electric vehicles include analysis of circuit condition before connection to high voltage terminal, transient current prevention for capacitive load, real-time monitoring and analysis of high-voltage system during operation, disconnecting strategy of high voltage terminals, vehicle dynamic safety and cooperative management of electrical systems, etc. Monitoring and analysis of some critical parameters of high voltage system such as insulation, electrical harness and connector condition are the basis and difficulties in high-voltage safety and protection. This paper presents several mathematical models of monitoring critical parameters, and experiments were also done to evaluate the model. Disadvantages of the commonly used calculation method are discussed. Single point insulation defect model is introduced and diagnosis method of multiple points defect is also discussed. To satisfy high voltage safety management system based on micro-controller, online diagnosis method of related parameters is studied. Hardware-in-loop (HIL) and complete vehicle experiment were conducted to prove the validity, response and reliability of the proposed method.
Sizing and fuel consumption evaluation methodology for hybrid light duty vehicles
Authors: Marc Nicolas , Prada Eric , Sciarretta Antonio , Anwer Shadab , Vangraefschepe Franck , Badin François , Charlet Alain , Higelin Pascal
Published: May 2018

This paper presents a methodology dedicated to component sizing and fuel consumption evaluation of different degree of hybridization for light duty vehicles applications. The methodology will be described together with vehicle and components simulation and sizing principles. To ensure a systematic approach, with no bias for any of the cases considered, the energy management of the hybrid drivetrain will be carried out thanks to an optimization based on the Pontryagin's Minimum Principle. As hybrid fuel consumption is highly dependant on vehicle type of use, the hybrid vehicles will be evaluated on different actual use driving patterns as well as on missions representing the daily usage of the vehicle. The methodology and a panel of results are presented in the paper.
SOC Estimation Based on the Model of Ni-MH Battery Dynamic Hysteresis Characteristic
Authors: Lu Rengui , Wang Tiansi , Feng Fei , Zhu Chunbo
Published: May 2018

Accurate estimation of battery State of Charge (SOC) is essential for battery control and effective energy management of Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV). Taking the dynamic hysteresis characteristic of battery into account, an equivalent circuit model is built. Based on the Hybrid Pulse Power Characterization (HPPC) test data, the parameters was adopt by means of on-line least-square regression. The accuracy of SOC estimation algorithm was verified by the energy balance test, the energy consumption test, New Europe Driving Cycle (NEDC) test and real vehicle driving cycle test, respectively. The experimental results show that this method is with high accuracy and reliability.
The Research of Fault Processing Strategy for Fuel Cell Vehicle Based on Classification Principle
Authors: Xiong Yun , Yin Ting-ting , Peng Feng , Tong Zhang , Ping Chen
Published: May 2018

The paper proposes a fault processing strategy based on classification principle. Detail the realization of the strategy for a fuel cell vehicle which is developed by Tongji University and shanghai fuel cell vehicle powertrain Co., Ltd. Emphasis on the definition of fuel cell vehicle fault classification and the processing strategy of three grade faults. The practicability of the fault processing strategy has been proved by the application in fuel cell vehicle of Shanghai Fuel Cell Vehicle Powertrain Co., Ltd (Copyright 2010 EVS25).
Vehicle Dynamic Simulation for Efficiency Optimization of Four-wheel Independent Driven Electric Vehicle
Authors: Gu Jing , Ouyang Minggao , Li Jianqiu
Published: May 2018

Electric vehicle is considered to be the solution for energy crisis and environment pollution in individual transportation. However, electric vehicles are still not competitive with conventional vehicles limited by the driving range with the state-of-art power battery technology. Therefore, energy efficiency is of crucial importance for battery electric vehicles due to the limited stored energy. In order to optimize the energy efficiency of a four-wheel independently driven electric vehicle, the model consisting of the vehicle dynamics model, wheel motor model and PNGV model of LiFePO4 power battery was developed in Matlab/Simulink. As the motor efficiency is low in small torque range, motors should work as much as possible in high efficiency range in order to extend the driving range. A new control algorithm was developed to distribute the total torque requirement dynamically to four wheel motors. When the total torque requirement is low, only two motors drive the vehicle and when the total torque requirement is high, four motors should work together to deliver the required torque. The vehicle switches between 2-wheel drive mode and 4-wheel drive mode according to the driving condition using the new control algorithm. Simulations of the new control algorithm were carried out on a modified urban drive cycle. The result showed that an improvement in driving range was achieved with the new control algorithm.
288V/8Ah Manganese Type Li-ion Battery System for Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Authors: Li Wencheng , Lu Shigang , Pang Jing , Wu Guoliang , Jin Weiren , Liu Sha
Published: May 2018

A 288V/8Ah manganese type Li-ion battery system for hybrid electric vehicle was developed. The performances of single-cell and battery system were tested. For the single-cell, the discharge power and regen power are more than 312.5W and 250W at 45-85% DOD, respectively, and the cycle life is more than 2000 cycles. For the battery system, the continuous discharge power is 41kW at 20C rate, and an 80% charge capacity can be achieved in 10 minutes. The values of voltage difference of 80 single-cells are stable with 0.05V, 0.1V and 0.2V at 1C, 10C and 20C rate in the range of 15%-75% DOD in the battery system, respectively. The discharge power and regen power of battery system are more than 25kW and 20kW at 45-85% DOD, respectively, and its available energy is about 1000Wh. The 288V/8Ah battery system with a good discharge rate performance and a fast charging capability could be used in HEV.
A Controlling Method of Motor-Terminal Surge Voltage and Induced-Electromagnetic Interference Noise for Electric Vehicles
Authors: Mutoh Nobuyoshi , Konuma Takahiro
Published: May 2018

This paper describes a controlling method of motor-terminal surge voltage and induced-electromagnetic interference (EMI) noise which is effective in electric vehicles (EVs) with high density packaging structures. First, high frequency circuit parameters (HFCPs) to influence surges occurring at the motor terminals when a motor is connected to a pulse width modulation (PWM) inverter with short leads are clarified through transient circuit analyses and experiments. Then, a controlling method of the surge voltage and induced-EMI noise is proposed which uses a multi-layer power printed circuit. By applying the clarified HFCPs to an equivalent circuit expressing the multi-layer power printed circuit, damping resistance and bypass capacitance for suppressing surge voltage and the induced-EMI noise are determined. The effectiveness of the surge voltage and EMI noise controller using the values obtained through the analyses is verified through simulations and experiments.
Active Damper Control System Based on LMFC
Authors: Lin J.K. , Cheng K.W.E. , Cheung N.C. , Zhang Z. , Xue X.D. , Zhao S.W.
Published: May 2018

All electric-damper is now a fashionable method for vehicle balance as the development of the high power linear and motor drive system allow the fast and efficient solution to dampers. The conventional damper is then replaced by active motor drive that provides faster response than the conventional system. In this paper, an LMFC method is proposed to provide a better control method for the four dampers that is located in the vehicle. The 4-coordinate control is difficult as they are closely related to each other. The heave position, pitch and roll angle are the main concerns to keep consistent for the passenger’s comfort and ride performance. To achieve this goal, an effective LMCF is investigated and applied to the active damper system, with its simplicity and reliable for implementation. For the active damper system, the inner loop is with PD control to eliminate the disturbances and nonlinearities, while the outer loop is with linear model following control to track the required dynamic performance. The computed results verify the proposed control methods, and the dynamic response of the active damper systems is studied by optimization
Design of Planetary Plug-in Hybrid Powertrain and Its Control Strategy
Authors: Szumanowski Antoni , Liu Zhiyin , Chang Yuhua
Published: May 2018

This paper presents the new compact hybrid planetary transmission drive (CHPTD) as a solution of plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV). The presented CHPTD is more compact and lower costs than other seriesparallel hybrid drives equipped with planetary transmission and two motors. Proper architecture and elements were designed to achieve functions of PHEV. The powertrain and its components were optimized and determined by nonlinear dynamic modeling and simulations. Parameters of powertrain were adjusted and optimized by observation of simulation results. Two basic control strategies were analyzed to achieve minimum energy consumption and suitable operation range of battery state of charge. The very effective operation of the worked out powertrain was proved by tests in different driving conditions regarding city traffic and suburb area. The advantages of planetary transmission which is power summing mechanical unit, was obtained by proper design and control of innovative high energy saving electromagnetic clutch/brake device based on classic dual-diaphragm spring system.
Driving Torque Distribution Method for Front-and- Rear- Wheel-Independent-Drive-Type Electric Vehicles (FRID EVs) at the Time of Cornering
Authors: Mutoh Nobuyoshi , Nishida Osamu , Takayanagi Tatsuya , Kato Tadahiko , Murakami Kazutoshi
Published: May 2018

This paper describes a driving torque distribution method for front–and-rear-wheel-independent-drivetype electric vehicles (FRID EVs) in which it is possible to get stable steering on a low friction coefficient road surface. This method is characterized by distributing driving torque to the left and right wheels of the front and rear wheels, considering not only load movement of the longitudinal direction but also load movement of the lateral direction which is generated at cornering. The load movements are estimated by detecting components of the 3-axis directions, i.e., longitudinal and lateral accelerations and yaw rate, and the steering angle and friction coefficient μ of the road surface. The effectiveness of the proposed driving torque distribution method was verified using simulators equivalent to the prototype FRID EV simulated with Matlab/Simulink and CarSim software. This method is expected to be indispensable to improving running performance of FRID EVs.
For the Automotive Gas Turbine Hybrid-Electric Vehicles A Challenge to the Virtually Zero-Emission Concepts
Authors: Fijalkowski Bogdan Thaddeus
Published: May 2018

The paper describes four novels virtually zero-emission three-stage automotive gas turbine propulsion and/or dispulsion powertrains for parallel hybrid-electric vehicles. In these automotive gas turbines with oxy-fuel combustion (i.e., methane in a nearly pure oxygen environment), each including three turbine rotors operating upon independent shafts, one rotor is designed to drive the compressor or pump, one is designed to produce the main part of the power output and the third rotor is adapted to aid the two first mentioned rotors. Full-time and/or part-time exhaust gas recirculation introduces exhaust gas or liquid into the compressor’s air intake or the pump’s fluid inlet of the compressor or pump replacing some of the air or supercritical fluid, respectively.
On-line Parameter Estimation Method for IPMSM Based on Decoupling Control
Authors: Wang Aimeng , Jia Xingwang , Shi Wenjuan
Published: May 2018

This paper proposed on-line parameter estimation method to compensate the magnetic cross-saturation effect on the interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) control system for electric vehicle. The decoupling control model for IPMSM with magnetic saturation compensation based on SVPWM (Space Vector PWM) method is established. Though comparing the simulation results between model with saturation compensation of parameter estimation and ones without saturation compensation, it is verified that the control performance with saturation compensation is more stable and more accurate than that of without compensation over speed operating region especially at higher speed. The on-line parameter estimation method based on decoupling control improves the system following-up performance, robustness and the control accuracy effectively.
OPTIMIZATION DESIGN OF THE IWME
Authors: MENG Lei , SHAO Pengli
Published: May 2018

The IWME (Integrated Wheels of Mechanics and Electrics) includes an In-Wheel PMSM (Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor), a reduction device, a brake device, the lubricating and cooling system, and so on in the hub of the tyre. It’s the key factor to improve the performance of EV (Eletric Vehicle) and HEV (Hybird Electric Vehicle). In this paper, The IWME will be applied to a special type vehicle and mid-heavy vehicle; its integrated composition is complex. The authors have advanced the simulation analysis method of the motorized wheel based on PMSM. By the method, the main dynamic system parameters of the IWME are analyzed and simulated forward and backward with the Matlab/Simulink models of the IWME and the vehicle, in order to adapt the vehicle and to test its dynamic response. With the FEA (Finite Element Analysis), the optimization design of the IWME has been achieved. The shell structures and supporters of major components and parts have been strengthened. By evaluating the final optimization results, integrated design level has been improved according to the design method in the paper. Copyright Form of EVS25.
Research of the hybrid power train dynamic test system
Authors: Li Zheng , Deng Yuanfa , Xin Jixin , Xiong Xianling , Xu Pingxing , Li Zhaoming , Jin Wanhu
Published: May 2018

Based on the technology of conventional engine dynamic test system, using high dynamic AC frequency conversion dynamometer, developing of the simulators of road load, vehicle inertia, driver etc., a heavy duty hybrid power train dynamic test stand is developed. The stand can supply a near real road environment for hybrid power train of the vehicle. The R&D of different coupling structure of hybrid power train can be executed in the test system. All kinds of vehicle performance tests including power performance tests, energy economy tests, special hybrid function tests etc. can be implemented in it. The developed hybrid power train dynamic test system is a useful tool for developing the key technology of hybrid electric bus.
Technology and Application for Cooperation between EV Network Design and Remote Diagnostic Service
Authors: Kuo Li-Chun , Chen Min-Chin
Published: May 2018

Energy depletion becomes much more popular especially for petroleum decline sharply, all country on the earth try to decrease their usage of petroleum seriously. Electric vehicle (EV) technology holds much promise for reducing the demand for petroleum and reducing the emission of carbon dioxide. However, the most important issue for EV is its power supply – battery module. Therefore, we propose this architecture which is cooperate between EV network design and remote diagnostic service in order to extend the life of battery and raise the safety of EV driving. All of systems on the vehicle can communication each other and have appropriate action to raise the efficiency of battery usage through the EV network design. Otherwise, the remote diagnostic service can provide drivers the better strategy to resolve some simple problem and recharge the battery via this cooperative architecture. This architecture can increase the mass population of EV and guarantee the quality of battery to raise the utility rate.
Vehicle Inter-dependent Control Transmission Architectures - VICTA
Authors: LUK Patrick Chi Kwong , JIN Liqiang , HU Changjian , JINUPUN Ken
Published: May 2018

This paper proposes a novel hybridized vehicle inter-dependent control transmission architecture (VICTA) that offers key advantages over existing systems. It embodies a compact torque generation system formed by two or more electric machines axially linked through a conventional mechanical differential gear assembly by means of a simple yet innovative pair of co-axial shafts. The resultant electric-mechanical hybridized drivetrain system allows a unique and automatic way of transmitting, differentially and inter-dependently, the electromagnetic torques generated by the motors at either side of differential gear. A realistic virtual prototype of the VICTA based on MATLAB/Simulink modules is developed to validate the concept. Comprehensive performance prediction tests, including steering maneuvering and variations of the road surface, are undertaken. Excellent simulation results from the VICTA virtual prototype demonstrate its stability and motility performance. The results also confirm the VICTA concept has key advantages such as reliability, modularity, high efficiency and simplicity, and yet does not inherit the undesirable features of high unsprung mass or complex software control that continue to challenge and even flaw the existing systems.
Design and operation of the hydrogen supply chain for fuel-cell vehicles in Expo Shanghai 2010
Authors: Pan Xiangmin , Lv Hong , Zhou Wei , Ma Jianxin , Gao Dingyun
Published: May 2018

During the Expo Shanghai 2010, 196 fuel-cell vehicles (FCVs) were used to transport visitors in and around the Expo Site. To ensure a reliable fuel supply to these FCVs, a well-designed hydrogen supply chain was established, including an industrial by-product hydrogen purification facility, two fixed hydrogen refueling stations and two mobile hydrogen refueling stations. This paper describes the design of this hydrogen supply chain. The experiences, learnings and quantitative findings from the operation of this hydrogen infrastructure are also presented. In general, the hydrogen supply chain performed well in terms of hydrogen quality and the stations availability. The fact that the FCVs were refueled over 20000 times without major incidents can clearly be seen as a success.
Synchrophasors, Active Transformers, and Energy Storage in the Context of Fast Charge EV Infrastructure
Authors: Botsford Charles W.
Published: May 2018

Electric vehicle (EV) fast charging capabilities, and availability of fast charge infrastructure, are perhaps the greatest remaining obstacles in the future widespread use of EVs. Solving fast charging paradigms and issues will enhance driver and electric utility acceptance of EVs. Potential impact to the grid is one of the perceived issues. The technologies to transform EV fast chargers, a grid load, into a valuable grid asset, exist in the form of components and a system approach that includes:

Synchrophasors
Active Transformers
Grid-Level Energy Storage
Demand Response and Time of Use pricing

Many of these technologies and strategies are in place or in the advanced stages of development. This would allow this system approach to become commercial as the widespread adoption of EVs unfolds.
The Development of Remote Self-Learning Platform for Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Authors: Zhuang JiHui , Xie Hui , Yan Ying , Zhu ZhongWen , Yan FangChao
Published: May 2018

The analysis of statistic data from real-time driving cycle of hybrid electric vehicle shows relationships that help to optimize control strategy. This paper presents a remote self-learning platform based on general packer radio service (GPRS) for control strategy optimization to hybrid electric vehicle. The platform adopts an in-vehicle device to acquire real-time driving data through CAN bus and communicate wirelessly with central server by GPRS network and INTERNET. A fast clustering method is introduced to classify real-time driving data as different driving cycle. According to driving cycle, online statistical analysis is implemented in central server to obtain energy consumption result, and the optimized control strategy is updated by in-vehicle device. During the process of update to control strategy, the wireless communication quality is a vital factor for completeness of data. A Model-based control algorithm to solve wireless network congestion problem is realized depending on the characteristics of the communication quality. The test result shows that the communication process can be improved greatly and the communication quality is increased 30% at least by this algorithm. The transmission load would be reduced automatically in order to make the communication be normal as soon as possible when the network is under congestion.The study shows that the remote self-learning platform is effective to define and characterize driving cycle of hybrid electric vehicle. In the sample application, remote self-learning platform plays an importance role in optimizing the control and energy management strategy of hybrid electric vehicle.
Driver influence in hybrid vehicle economic appraisal
Authors: Alessandrini Adriano , Filippi Francesco , Ortenzi Fernando , Orecchini Fabio
Published: May 2018

Hybrids are seen as a potential solution to urban traffic pollution and energy consumption; however studies show how pollution economic appraisal is one order of magnitude lower than fuel cost putting all the burden of the economic success the hybrid capability of reducing fuel consumption.Two Honda Civic Hybrid of the Italian Ministry of Environment fleet were constantly monitored while driven one each by the calmest and by the most aggressive of the Ministry drivers to assess driver effects on air pollutant emissions.Measurements have shown how the aggressive driver emits 10 times more VOC, and 4 times more CO and NOx than the calm driver while consuming 35% more fuel. In the economic appraisal over the expected 14 years vehicle life however the aggressive driver costs 16 300 € while the aggressive one 22 500 € only 38% more. This is due to the extremely low cost of emissions (excluding CO2) which is 160 € for the calm driver and 610 € for the aggressive one for the entire life of the vehicle.Unless pollutants are monetized according to the position where they are “left” in the atmosphere there is no way emission differences between cars and drivers can be reflected in any economic appraisal.
Evaluation of Electric Vehicles based on Long-term Travel Activity Data of Passenger Cars
Authors: Kondo Yoshinori , Kato Hideki , Matsuhashi Keisuke
Published: May 2018

This study aimed to clarify whether currently available electric vehicles (EVs) could feasibly match the performance of gasoline-powered passenger cars with respect to the actual travel activity data collected for 18 gasoline-powered cars over the years 2006 and 2007 in Tsukuba in Japan. We examined 3 types of EV of different vehicle size and battery capacity, and calculated the running energy of each based on the vehicle specifications and actual speed pattern data. Auxiliary energy consumption such as that required for headlights at nighttime and air-conditioning on hot or cold days was added to the running energy. Supposing charging ability of 100V and 8A at home, when the energy consumed during a day did not exceed the initial available energy of the battery, we determined that the EV could replace a gasolinepowered vehicle for that day. Our calculations showed that an EV with a 9 kWh battery could completely replace only 1 of the 18 cars, and EVs with a 16 or 24 kWh battery could completely replace only 3 more. However, we found that an EV with a 16 or 24 kWh battery could replace 17 out of the 18 cars if we accept that we may not be able to use the EV or may need to use fast charging 2 days a month. Simply increasing the battery capacity is not sufficient because the larger the EV’s battery the bigger and heavier the vehicle and the longer the charging time needed. Though it is necessary to improve the charging ability at home, it might be a good policy that we think the use of other transportation rather than making an EV perfect so as to match the long-range travel needs one or two days a month.
Fuel Cell Hybrid Taxi Well-to-Wheel Life-Cycle Analysis
Authors: Baptista Patricia , Ribau João , Bravo João , Silva Carla , Adcock Paul , Kells Ashley
Published: May 2018

In a collaboration led by hydrogen fuel cell developer Intelligent Energy, a fleet of classic London cabs fitted out with hydrogen fuel cell power systems will be produced, with the objective of having a small fleet ready for full road trials in time for the 2012 Olympics. This research develops the Well-to-Wheel (WTW) Life-Cycle Analysis (LCA) for two hydrogen powered vehicle powertrain options (fuel cell plug-in hybrid vehicle, PHEV-FC; and fuel cell hybrid vehicle, HEV-FC), in comparison to the conventional ICE Diesel Taxi and a full electric vehicle (EV). In terms of energy pathways, the introduction of these different vehicle technologies is associated with alternative energy sources in a Taxi fleet so the following fuel pathways are compared: diesel, considering the average European diesel fuel characteristics; electricity, considering the 2008 UK electricity generation mix; and hydrogen, considering the compressed hydrogen option from centralized natural gas reforming. This Well-to-Wheel analysis combines the Tank-to-Wheel (TTW), which accounts for the emissions and fuel consumption that result from moving the vehicle through its drive cycle, with the Well-to-Tank (WTT), which accounts for the fuel production stage. For the European certification driving cycle (NEDC), the PHEV-FC Taxi resulted in the lower WTW energy and CO2 emissions results (2.99 MJ/km and 159 g/km), followed by the HEV-FC Taxi (3.28 MJ/km and 174 g/km), and by the EV (3.21 MJ/km and 173 g/km), compared to the ICE Diesel (3.60 MJ/km and 280 g/km). For a more demanding London driving cycle a 33, 28, 54 and 154% increase in the WTW energy consumption and CO2 emissions is observed for the PHEV-FC Taxi, HEV-FC Taxi, EV and ICE Diesel respectively.
Life Cycle Assessment of Rapeseed Biodiesel
Authors: Li Na , Guo Yan
Published: May 2018

Life Cycle Assessment(LCA), objective of which is to elucidate the impact of biodiesel on energy supply and natural environment and its economic value while giving an assessment on commercialization application of biodiesel, is performed in this study. Based on LCA methodology, production cost and CO2 emission estimation of rapeseed biodiesel industry were conducted. Results of the assessment indicate that the total amount of absorbed CO2 during the whole life cycle of rapeseed biodiesel is much larger than that has been emitted and rapeseed biodiesel is really an environment-friendly energy source. With the contribution of biodiesel derived from rapeseed oil made during the process of its full life cycle, green house emissions could be enormously reduced. However, in terms of production cost, the phenomenon that considerable portion of the total cost is occupied by the cost of raw material is observed in rapeseed biodiesel. Specifically, the portion of raw material cost is larger than 89% while the portion of crew oil is larger than 87%. The improvement of economical efficiency in the commercialization application of rapeseed biodiesel depends on the reduction of raw material cost. If we want to develop rapeseed biodiesel in China, government’s encouraging policies, such as tax exceptions and financial subsidies, are necessary.
Modelling, Evaluation and Optimization of Vehicle-to-Grid Operation
Authors: Gao Shuang , Chau K. T. , Chan C. C. , Wu Diyun
Published: May 2018

This paper describes a simulation model of PHEV integration with the grid. This model provides primary PHEV charging and discharging scenarios based on the general PHEV owner behaviors and the typical PHEV charging circuitry configuration. Initially, the uncontrolled PHEV charging scenarios are performed to evaluate the impact of the PHEV loading on the distribution grid operation. The night charging scenario is chosen for detailed analysis and the load flow is used to calculate the power distribution and loss on the 33-bus test power network. The results indicate the inadequacy of current power capacity to meet the growing electricity demand from PHEVs. A simple control method of off-peak charging is performed to show the improvement in voltage levelling and line loading. Therefore, the appropriate control scheme should be derived for regulating the PHEV charging and discharging. An optimal algorithm is proposed for utilizing the PHEV charging and discharging power in a distribution system to minimize the total real power loss. During charging period, the power rate of individual battery charging is coordinated according to the optimal objective and constraints of charger, battery and power grid. Compared to the uncontrolled PHEV charging results, the optimal algorithm can achieve the maximum loss reduction for each charging scenario. Moreover, voltage drop at each node is limited in a tolerable range while the tightened branch current restrictions are satisfied.
Evaluation of Environmental-friendliness of Waseda Advanced Electric Micro Bus
Authors: Kamiya Yushi , Sato Kimihiko , Daisho Yasuhiro
Published: May 2018

The Waseda Advanced Electric Micro Bus (WEB) has been developed and tested for convenient regional public transportation. By adopting an advanced hybrid electric power supply system (Nickel Sodium Chloride Battery & Super capacitor for WEB-1, Nickel Sodium Chloride Battery & Li-ion Battery for WEB-2) and related key components, significant improvements in energy consumption and CO2 emissions have been achieved, compared to that of an equivalent diesel micro bus.
Quantitative Research on the Diffusion Speed of EV based on Diffusion Process Analysis of New Consumer Electronics Products
Authors: Yamaguchi Namio
Published: May 2018

Predicting how the electric vehicle market will develop in the future is an important issue, not only for countries that have been leading the car market, such as Japan, but also for developing countries. Thus, in order to predict the diffusion of electric vehicles, the diffusion speed and price transition of existing cars were analyzed quantitatively, and research was performed to clarify the optimum prediction method for the diffusion rate of a car. In a prior study, the diffusion speed and price transition of new products after the commencement of sales were studied using consumer electronics products. The key roles played by the engineering development and the production and sales of a key device for each consumer electronics product were established. Furthermore, the obtained results could be extended to the auto industry, where the same tendency is observed. In this study, the results were expressed by a quantitative pattern and applied to the prediction of the diffusion speed and price transition of an electric vehicle. First, in relation to the diffusion, it was found that the countrywide establishment of quick charge stations has priority over a reduction in the price of an electric vehicle. Next, in order to predict the diffusion speed, electric vehicles were divided into compact EVs (replacements for compact cars) and micro-EVs (think of a product category between a compact car and a motorcycle), and were analyzed individually. Each key device was specified, and estimations were made of its development, production, and supply. The use of this method revealed that the diffusion rate for compact EVs will reach 20% approximately 14 years from the commencement of sales and that the diffusion speed for micro-EVs is dependent on the battery development speed.