bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and catalytic activity of novel xylyl‐linked benzimidazolium salts
Authors: Demir Serpil , Özdemir Ismail , Çetinkaya Bekir
Published: November 2009

The reaction of 1‐alkylbenzimidazole derivatives with o‐/p‐di(chloromethyl)benzene results in the formation of the new o‐/p‐xylyl‐linked bis(benzimidazolium) salts, 1 and 2, respectively. The salts were characterized by NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The in situ prepared complexes derived from Pd(OAc)2–1 and 2 exhibit catalytic activity (61–98%), to give the Heck coupling products of aryl bromides and styrene. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimal server allocation in general, finite, multi‐server queueing networks
Authors: Smith J. MacGregor , Cruz F. R. B. , van Woensel T.
Published: November 2009

Queueing networks with finite buffers, multiple servers, arbitrary acyclic, series‐parallel topologies, and general service time distributions are considered in this paper. An approach to optimally allocate servers to series, merge, and split topologies and their combinations is demonstrated. The methodology builds on two‐moment approximations to the service time distribution embedded in the generalized expansion method for computing the performance measures in complex finite queueing networks and Powell's algorithm for optimally allocating servers to the network topology. Convexity of the objective function along with results from computational experiments is presented for showing the efficacy of the methodology. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Meta‐Analysis of Diagnostic Test Accuracy Studies with Multiple Thresholds using Survival Methods
Authors: Putter H. , Fiocco M. , Stijnen T.
Published: November 2009

Diagnostic tests play an important role in clinical practice. The objective of a diagnostic test accuracy study is to compare an experimental diagnostic test with a reference standard. The majority of these studies dichotomize test results into two categories: negative and positive. But often the underlying test results may be categorized into more than two, ordered, categories. This article concerns the situation where multiple studies have evaluated the same diagnostic test with the same multiple thresholds in a population of non‐diseased and diseased individuals. Recently, bivariate meta‐analysis has been proposed for the pooling of sensitivity and specificity, which are likely to be negatively correlated within studies. These ideas have been extended to the situation of diagnostic tests with multiple thresholds, leading to a multinomial model with multivariate normal between‐study variation. This approach is efficient, but computer‐intensive and its convergence is highly dependent on starting values. Moreover, monotonicity of the sensitivities/specificities for increasing thresholds is not guaranteed. Here, we propose a Poisson‐correlated gamma frailty model, previously applied to a seemingly quite different situation, meta‐analysis of paired survival curves. Since the approach is based on hazards, it guarantees monotonicity of the sensitivities/specificities for increasing thresholds. The approach is less efficient than the multinomial/normal approach. On the other hand, the Poisson‐correlated gamma frailty model makes no assumptions on the relationship between sensitivity and specificity, gives consistent results, appears to be quite robust against different between‐study variation models, and is computationally very fast and reliable with regard to the overall sensitivities/specificities.
Probing the Local Structure of Pure Ionic Liquid Salts with Solid‐ and Liquid‐State NMR
Authors: Gordon Peter G. , Brouwer Darren H. , Ripmeester John A.
Published: November 2009

Room‐temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) are gaining increasing interest and are considered part of the green chemistry paradigm due to their negligible vapour pressure and ease of recycling. Evidence of liquid‐state order, observed by IR and Raman spectroscopy, diffraction studies, and simulated by ab initio methods, has been reported in the literature. Here, quadrupolar nuclei are used as NMR probes to extract information about the solid and possible residual order in the liquid state of RTILs. To this end, the anisotropic nature and field dependence of quadrupolar and chemical shift interactions are exploited. Relaxation time measurements and a search for residual second‐order quadrupolar coupling were employed to investigate the molecular motions present in the liquid state and infer what kind of order is present. The results obtained indicate that on a timescale of ∼10−8 sec or longer, RTILs behave as isotropic liquids without residual order.
Lethal injection of potassium chloride: first description of the pathological appearance of organs
Authors: Coulibaly Béma , Piercecchi‐Marti Marie‐Dominique , Bartoli Christophe , Liprandi Agnes , Léonetti Georges , Pellissier Jean‐François
Published: November 2009

Lethal injection of potassium chloride (KCl) can be used as a method of either suicide or homicide. As biological tests are still inadequate to differentiate endogenous from exogenous potassium, at the scene of death the cause can only be suspected. We wished to determine the usefulness of conventional pathological examination in this context and carried out a study in four fetuses after medical termination of pregnancy for serious disease. Pregnancy was terminated by KCl injection in two cases and by injection of lidocaine and sufentanil in the other two cases. In each of the two fetuses in which KCl injection was performed, macroscopic examination showed whitish deposits on the tissues and histological examination showed clumps of lanceolate crystals in the internal organs. In the two fetuses which received lidocaine and sufentanil injection, no deposits were visible on macroscopic examination and no crystals were seen on histological examination. These findings suggest that pathological study may have useful applications in forensic medicine when death by potassium injection is suspected. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydroxylated PCB induces Ca2+oscillations and alterations of membrane potential in cultured cortical cells
Authors: Londoño Marina , Shimokawa Noriaki , Miyazaki Wataru , Iwasaki Toshiharu , Koibuchi Noriyuki
Published: November 2009

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are known as environmental pollutants that may cause adverse health effects. Although some congeners have been shown to affect brain development or function, the molecular mechanisms mediating their toxicity are not yet fully understood. Since signal transduction via intracellular Ca2+is crucial for neuronal development and plasticity, we investigated the effect of PCBs on Ca2+homeostasis and membrane potential in cultured mouse cortical cells. Acute exposure to hydroxylated PCB 106 [4(OH)‐2′,3,3′,4′,5′‐pentachlorobiphenyl, OH‐PCB 106, 0.1 μm] caused recurring Ca2+oscillations that were classified into three prototypes. Although extracellular Ca2+deprivation significantly reduced the oscillations, 54% of the cells still showed different patterns of oscillations or gradual increase in the intracellular Ca2+concentration, indicating possible involvement of multiple Ca2+channels in a cell‐specific manner. Such a possibility was further confirmed by differential responses to several channel/receptor blockers, including nifedipine, ryanodine, xestospongine and tetrodotoxin. Although all chemicals had partial inhibition action in different subsets of neurons, nifedipine blocked the OH‐PCB 106 action in the largest subpopulation of cells and with the greatest magnitude. Ryanodine also blocked the action with a similar magnitude, but in a smaller subpopulation of cells. Moreover, OH‐PCB 106 induced depolarization of the plasma membrane in all the recorded cells. Taken together, our results indicate that OH‐PCB 106 alters membrane potential as well as Ca2+dynamics in part by inducing extracellular influx and/or intracellular release of Ca2+. These mechanisms may be responsible for their neurotoxicity. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural analysis of xCsCl(1−x)Ga2S3 glasses by means of DFT calculations and Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Cuisset Arnaud , Hindle Francis , Laureyns Jacky , Bychkov Eugène
Published: November 2009

The alkali metal halide doping of gallium‐sulfide glasses yields improvements in the optical, thermal and glass forming properties. To understand these improvements, the short‐range order of xCsCl(1 − x)Ga2S3 glasses was probed by Raman spectroscopy. Raman spectra have been interpreted using density functional theory (DFT) harmonic frequency calculations on specific clusters of GaS4H4 and/or GaS3H3Cl tetrahedral subunits. The assignment of the observed vibrational bands confirms the main structural conclusions obtained with X‐ray and neutron diffraction experiments and gives some new insights into the gallium‐network present in the xCsCl(1 − x)Ga2S3 glasses. At the lowest concentration, the observed spectrum may be interpreted with small clusters such as dimers and trimers connected by corner‐sharing (CS) GaS4H4 tetrahedral subunits. The vibrational fingerprints of tri‐clusters with three‐fold coordinated sulfur atoms have also been identified; however, no Raman signature of chlorine‐doped subunits has been found to be caused by their insufficient intensity. For higher CsCl concentrations, distinct spectral features corresponding to chlorine‐doped clusters appear and are increasing in intensity with x. In other words, undoped and Cl‐doped tetrahedra coexist in the xCsCl(1 − x)Ga2S3 glasses. The added chlorine atoms induce a fragmentation of the glass network and replace the sulfur atoms in the CS tetrahedral environment. The comparison of the observed spectra with theoretical predictions and diffraction data favoured one‐fold coordinated chlorine atoms in the glass network. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multimodality bronchoscopic imaging of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis
Authors: Colt Henri G. , Murgu Septimiu D. , Jung Bockhyun , Ahn Yeh‐Chan , Brenner Matt
Published: November 2009

Objectives/Hypothesis.

Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) of the central airways requires removal to potentially reduce recurrence and risk for malignant transformation. Analogous to the principles of treatment for early lung cancer, a precise determination of the extent of cartilage invasion could help guide therapeutic decisions and monitor response to treatment. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a bronchoscopy platform comprised of white light bronchoscopy (WLB), endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS), and optical coherence tomography (OCT) could identify layered microstructure of RRP and underlying cartilage.

Study Design.

Case study.

Methods.

A bronchoscopy platform consisting of commercially available WLB, EBUS using a 7.5 MHz convex probe (BF‐UC 160F; Olympus Optical Co. Ltd, Tokyo, Japan), and a time‐domain OCT with front imaging and inside actuation (Niris Imaging System; Imalux Corp., Cleveland, OH) was used in a patient with tracheal stenosis from RRP. Findings are compared with results of histology and the characteristics of imaging modalities are discussed.

Results.

WLB revealed tracheal pedunculated lesions. EBUS showed a 1‐cm hypoechogenic density corresponding to the papilloma, visualized above a hyperechogenic density corresponding to tracheal cartilage. There was no sonographic evidence of cartilage disruption or adjacent lymphadenopathy. OCT revealed a layer of heterogeneous light backscattering suggesting the mucosal papilloma, and a layer of high‐degree scattering, corresponding to the central fibrovascular core noted on histology.

Conclusions.

Layered microstructures of RRP and underlying airway cartilage can be identified using a combination of acoustic and optical bronchoscopic imaging modalities with different resolution and depth of penetration characteristics. Laryngoscope, 2010
Notes on local o‐minimality
Authors: Toffalori Carlo , Vozoris Kathryn
Published: November 2009

We introduce and study some local versions of o‐minimality, requiring that every definable set decomposes as the union of finitely many isolated points and intervals in a suitable neighbourhood of every point. Motivating examples are the expansions of the ordered reals by sine, cosine and other periodic functions (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Immobilization of Candida antarctica lipase B on Polystyrene Nanoparticles
Authors: Miletić Nemanja , Abetz Volker , Ebert Katrin , Loos Katja
Published: November 2009

Polystyrene (PS) nanoparticles were prepared via a nanoprecipitation process. The influence of the pH of the buffer solution used during the immobilization process on the loading of Candida antarctica lipase B (Cal‐B) and on the hydrolytic activity (hydrolysis of p‐nitrophenyl acetate) of the immobilized Cal‐B was studied. The pH of the buffer solution has no influence on enzyme loading, while immobilized enzyme activity is very dependent on the pH of adsorption. Cal‐B immobilized on PS nanoparticles in buffer solution pH 6.8 performed higher hydrolytic activity than crude enzyme powder and Novozyme 435.

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Ambivalence toward undergoing invasive prenatal testing: an exploration of its origins
Authors: Sapp Julie Chevalier , Hull Sara Chandros , Duffer Shelby , Zornetzer Sarah , Sutton Erica , Marteau Theresa M. , Biesecker Barbara Bowles
Published: November 2009

Objective

This study explores ambivalence toward undergoing amniocentesis among pregnant women with overall positive attitudes. Its novelty lies in the characterization of the type and origins of the ambivalence.

Method

Thirty‐six women between 35 and 44 years of age were recruited from a US prenatal testing center to participate in structured telephone interviews.

Results

Thirty women chose to undergo testing. Attitudes toward undergoing amniocentesis were generally positive, although all participants simultaneously described feeling ambivalent. The women desired the information that amniocentesis could provide yet did not want to place their fetus at risk. Participants cited religious, moral, ethical and intellectual values important in shaping their attitudes toward undergoing amniocentesis. Important referents such as partners, other pregnant women, family members and physicians influenced their decisions.

Conclusion

Tensions were evident among the intellectual, moral and spiritual values that contribute to ambivalence toward undergoing amniocentesis. Illuminating and discussing such tensions during the genetic counseling sessions prior to testing may resolve some of this ambivalence and thereby increase the quality of decisions women make. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel analogues of arginine vasopressin containing α‐2‐indanylglycine enantiomers in position 2
Authors: Kwiatkowska Anna , Śleszyńska Małgorzta , Derdowska Izabela , Prahl Adam , Sobolewski Dariusz , Borovičková Lenka , Slaninová Jiřina , Lammek Bernard
Published: November 2009

Continuing our efforts to obtain potent and selective analogues of AVP we synthesized and pharmacologically evaluated ten new compounds modified at position 2 with α‐2‐indanylglycine or itsD‐enantiomer (Igl orD‐Igl, respectively). All the peptides were tested for pressor, antidiuretic, andin vitrouterotonic activities. We also determined the binding affinity of these compounds to human OT receptor. The Igl2substitution resulted in a significant change of the pharmacological profile of the peptides. The new analogues were moderate or potent OT antagonists (pA2values ranging from 7.19 to 7.98) and practically did not interact with V1aand V2receptors. It is worth emphasizing that these new peptides were exceptionally selective. On the other hand, theD‐Igl2substituted counterparts turned out to be weak antagonists of the pressor response to AVP and displayed no antidiuretic activity. Some of the results were unexpected, e.g. dual activity in the rat uterotonic testin vitro: theD‐Igl peptides showed a strong antioxytocic potency (pA2values ranging from 7.70 to 8.20) at low concentrations and full agonism at high concentrations. The results provided useful information about the SAR of AVP analogues. Copyright © 2009 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Direct observation of particle flow in semi‐solid alloys by synchrotron X‐ray micro‐radioscopy
Authors: Zabler Simon , Rack Alexander , Rueda Antonio , Helfen Lukas , García‐Moreno Francisco , Banhart John
Published: November 2009

The flow of a semi‐solid aluminium–germanium alloy Al–Ge32 (wt.%) into a thin cavity was monitored by in situ micro‐radioscopy using polychromatic hard X‐ray synchrotron radiation. X‐ray images were recorded at an acquisition speed of 67 frames/s using an indirect X‐ray pixel detector in combination with a CMOS camera. Liquid drainage and de‐/re‐agglomeration of small aluminium‐rich solid particle clusters – associated with the slurry's thixotropic behaviour – could be visualized. The technique and first results obtained are discussed in terms of their future application and possible improvements.

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Radiographic image sequence showing fast injection of semi‐solid slurry into the mould. Solid Al‐rich particles appear brighter than the surrounding liquid Al–Ge melt.
Highly efficient and selective enrichment of peptide subsets combining fluorous chemistry with reversed‐phase chromatography
Authors: Ying Wantao , Perlman David H. , Li Lei , Théberge Roger , Costello Catherine E. , McComb Mark E.
Published: November 2009

The selective capture of target peptides poses a great challenge to modern chemists and biologists, especially when enriching them from proteome samples possessing extremes in concentration dynamic range and sequence diversity. While approaches based on traditional techniques such as biotin‐avidin pairing offer versatile tools to design strategies for selective enrichment, problems are still encountered due to sample loss or poor selectivity of enrichment. Here we show that the recently introduced fluorous chemistry approach has attractive properties as an alternative method for selective enrichment. Through appending a perfluorine group to the target peptide, it is possible to dramatically increase the peptide's hydrophobicity and thus enable facile separation of labeled from non‐labeled peptides. Use of reversed‐phase chromatography allowed for improved peptide recovery in comparison with results obtained using the formerly reported fluorous bonded phase methods. Furthermore, this approach also allowed for on‐line separation and identification of both labeled and unlabeled peptides in a single experiment. The net result is an increase in the confidence of protein identification by tandem mass spectrometry (MS2) as all peptides and subsequent information are retained. Successful off‐line and on‐line enrichment of cysteine‐containing peptides was obtained, and high quality MS2 spectra were obtained by tandem mass spectrometry due to the stability of the tag, allowing for facile identification via standard database searching. We believe that this strategy holds great promise for selective enrichment and identification of low abundance target proteins or peptides. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Janus‐SAM Approach for the Flexible Functionalization of Gold and Titanium Oxide Surfaces
Authors: Bhat Rahila , Sell Stephan , Wagner Ralf , Zhang Jian Tao , Pan Changjiang , Garipcan Bora , Boland Wilhelm , Bossert Jörg , Klemm Elisabeth , Jandt Klaus D.
Published: November 2009

A novel approach is developed to address the requirement of multiple stamps and inks for microcontact printing (µCP) onto different substrate surfaces. This approach relies on µCP one divalent molecule, which is able to form Janus self‐assembled monolayers (JSAMs) with a labile cleavable centre, thus providing a facile method for the chemical derivatization of different substrate surfaces. This study presents an answer to the challenges presented within a highly versatile application, µCP. N‐(3‐diethylphosphatoxy)propyl‐11‐mercaptoundecanamide is used for the first time as an ink for µCP onto both gold and titanium oxide surfaces, utilizing the same polydimethylsiloxane stamp. Following printing, the JSAMs are enzymatically treated on these two different substrates to reveal different functional groups. The newly formed surfaces are subjected to additional surface reactions and used for the chemisorption of bovine serum albumin. At each stage, these JSAMs are characterized by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and dynamic water‐contact‐angle measurements. Confocal laser scanning microscopy is used for the characterization of the adsorbed proteins.
The Indians' Impossible Civil Code
Authors: Herrenschmidt Olivier
Published: November 2009

The Uniform Civil Code which, as written in the 1950 Constitution of the Indian Union, should be enacted, still does not (and will probably never) exist. This paper examines the tactics used by the opponents in the Constituent and Legislative Assembly (1946-1951) who succeeded to wreck a proposed “modernisation” of theHindu Personnal Law, which could have been a first step towards that Uniform Code. In a very clever way, they never claimed to defend thedharmatreatises which had codified and legitimated aBrahmanical Social Orderfor centuries, but only wanted to maintain the multiplicity and diversity of customs and usages of the Hindu people.
Spectral analysis of nonlinear flows
Authors: ROWLEY CLARENCE W. , MEZIĆ IGOR , BAGHERI SHERVIN , SCHLATTER PHILIPP , HENNINGSON DAN S.
Published: November 2009

We present a technique for describing the global behaviour of complex nonlinear flows by decomposing the flow into modes determined from spectral analysis of the Koopman operator, an infinite-dimensional linear operator associated with the full nonlinear system. These modes, referred to as Koopman modes, are associated with a particular observable, and may be determined directly from data (either numerical or experimental) using a variant of a standard Arnoldi method. They have an associated temporal frequency and growth rate and may be viewed as a nonlinear generalization of global eigenmodes of a linearized system. They provide an alternative to proper orthogonal decomposition, and in the case of periodic data the Koopman modes reduce to a discrete temporal Fourier transform. The Arnoldi method used for computations is identical to the dynamic mode decomposition recently proposed by Schmid & Sesterhenn (Sixty-First Annual Meeting of the APS Division of Fluid Dynamics, 2008), so dynamic mode decomposition can be thought of as an algorithm for finding Koopman modes. We illustrate the method on an example of a jet in crossflow, and show that the method captures the dominant frequencies and elucidates the associated spatial structures.
A Census of Intestinal Parasites of Lambs in South Wales
Authors: Fenwick David W.
Published: November 2009

It is a rather surprising fact, that very little information is available regarding the numbers of different species of parasites normally present in apparently healthy lambs, and the frequency of occurrence of these parasites. Often all that can be said is that one species is fairly common, occurring in large numbers, while another is of infrequent occurrence, being present in comparatively small numbers. Without exact data it would be impossible for one to determine with any degree of certainty the importance of any parasite as an agent responsible for the deterioration of stock, nor would one be justified in ascribing the “low” or poor condition of a lamb to any particular worm present in its gut.
On the Presence of Hooks on the Rostellum ofHymenolepis microps
Authors: Clapham Phyllis A.
Published: November 2009

Hymenolepis micropsis a well known cestode inhabiting red grouseLagopus scoticus, blackcockLyrurus tetrixand capercailzieTetrao urogallusin Europe. Recently the presence of this worm in America has been recorded by Jones and in Canada by Clark. In both cases the host was the ruffed grouse,Bonasa umbellus. It is a species which is easily recognisable because it possesses a very large cirrus sac in the mature part of the worm which passes unchanged into the gravid segments. It is found in grouse in the British Isles mainly in the summer months and then it occurs in enormous numbers. When the gut is opened the strobilae appear as a thick rope, being tangled so closely that it is very difficult to obtain a complete specimen.
On the Structure of the Cyst Wall of Heterodera schachtii (Schmidt)
Authors: Franklin Mary T.
Published: November 2009

The examination under the high power of the microscope of the walls of Heterodera cysts found on the roots of Agrostis stolonifera L. (Franklin 1938) showed the presence of rows of markings having the appearance of small punctations, and led to the tentative diagnosis of these cysts as H. punctata Thorne. By the kindness of Dr. Thorne the writer has been able to compare her cysts with some of Dr. Thorne's material, and has found that the surface markings have the same appearance. The writer would like here to acknowledge her indebtedness to Dr. Thorne for kindly lending his material. Cysts of several strains of H. schachtii have since been examined to find out if they also bear distinctive markings of any kind.
The Effect on Seed Potatoes of Formalin Treatment for the Destruction of Adherent Eelworm Cysts
Authors: Franklin Mary T.
Published: November 2009

Laboratory experiments have shown that cysts of the eelworm Heterodera schachtii adhering to seed potato tubers are killed by immersion of the tubers for 6 hours in 5% formalin solution (Franklin 1939). Further experiments were designed to determine what effect such treatment has on the seed tubers and on the resulting crop.
A Helminthological Survey in Northern Rhodesia
Authors: Buckley J. J. C.
Published: November 2009

In the Chambezi-Luapula area of the Northern Province of Northern Rhodesia, 2,575 Africans were examined for intestinal helminths and 2,017 for urinary helminths. The examinations were carried out in situ in the native villages in widespread localities representing different topographical parts of the area.

The average infection rates of the helminthic infections found were as follows: hookworm, 52.2%; Strongyloides, 13.3%; Ascaris lumbricoides, 3.7%; Enterobius vermicularis, 0.85%; Trichuris trichiura, 0.3%; Trichostrongylus sp., 0.1%; Schistosoma haematobium, 14.7%; S. mansoni, 6.99%; Hymenolepis nana, 0.09%; H. diminuta, 0.04%; Taenia sp., 0.04%.

The survey revealed regions or foci of relatively high and relatively low incidence in the case of each of the major species. The relationship of this to topographical and other factors is discussed.

Examination of 459 Africans for Mf. bancrofti revealed three positives, but none of these had definitely contracted the infection in N. Rhodesia. Mf. Perstans was found in 5.4% of those examined; this infection is endemic in the country.
The in vitro Effect of Normal and Immune Serum upon the Cercariæ of Schistosoma mansoni
Authors: Standen O. D.
Published: November 2009

The majority of normal sera proved in vitro to be cercaricidal to larvae of S. mansoni. Of 502 normal sera. 21 per cent, were noncercaricidal whereas the remainder exhibited varying degrees of cercaricidal potency.

The cercaricidal factor was thermolabile and disappeared during storage. It bore several points of similarity to complement.

The cercaricidal factor was present to a varying degree in sera from all species investigated. Apparently normal sera from all cattle and different proportions of other species, caused an enveloping precipitate to form around the cercariae. This bore no obvious relationship to the nematode worm burden or presence of F. hepatica.

An enveloping precipitate formed around cercariae of S. mansoni when placed in vitro in immune sera and incubated at 87°C. This occurred in serum immune to S. haematobium as well as to S. mansoni. It is not known-whether age and weight of infection influence the rate and extent of envelope precipitation.
The Development of Acquired Resistance by Sheep to Infestation with the Nematode Trichostrongylus axei
Authors: Gibson T. E.
Published: November 2009

An experiment on six pairs of twin lambs earned out in 1946–6 was repeated in 1946–7, comparable results being obtained in the two years. One of each pair of twins was given 10,000, 15,000 or 20,000 infective larvae of Trichostrongylus axei when one month old; and four months later all the lambs were given 40 daily doses of 4,000 infective larvae of Trichostrongylus axei. Egg counts and weight gains were recorded weekly and when they were nine months old the surviving lambs were killed and examined post-mortem. The results show that the smaller doses of larvae given to lambs one month old increased their resistance to the second infestation but that the high doses (20,000 or more) decreased the resistance. There was an intermediate dosage level at which no effect, either of increased or decreased resistance, was observed.

The results of this experiment are discussed in relation to the work of other authors on resistance in animals to superinfection with parasites. It is suggested that the resistance to parasitic gastritis developed by sheep in the field may be partly a result of the intake of small numbers of larvae early in life and that it may actually be beneficial to expose young lambs to light infestations. It is, however, dangerous to expose them to a high level of infestation at an early age and because of the difficulty of assessing the dose of larvae necessary to stimulate resistance in a particular lamb, even by artificial infestation, it is impossible to make precise practical recommendations.
The Cestodes of Pinnipeds in the Arctic and other Regions
Authors: Markowski Stanislaw
Published: November 2009

A comparative study has been made of the Pseudophyllidean cestodes harboured by Pinnipeds, mainly from the Northern Hemisphere. Thirty species of this group of cestodes have been recorded in the literature, and as a result of the present study these may be divided into the following:

Valid species: Diphyllobothrium cordatum (Leuckart, 1868); D. elegans (Krabbe, 1865); D. glaciale (Cholodkovsky, 1915); D. hians (Diesing, 1850); D. lanceolatum (Krabbe, 1865); D. scoticum (Rennie & Reid, 1912); Diplogonoporus tetrapterus (v. Siebold, 1848); D. fasciatus (Krabbe, 1865); and Pyramicocephalus phocarum (Fabricius, 1780).
Studies on the Morphology and Life-History ofStrongyloides mirzain.sp. from Snakes in India
Authors: Singh Satya Narayan
Published: November 2009

In 1985, the writer in collaboration with Prof. M. B. Mirza describedStrongyloidesfrom John's Sand-boa (Eryx johnii) in Aligarh and assigned it toS. stercoralis, creating for its reception a new variety,S. stercoralis var. eryxi.

During July and August, 1950, while examining certain snakes at Hyderabad for helminth parasites, the writer found thatStrongyloidesinfection was very common in the Rat-snake.Ptyas(Zamenis)mucosus, for almost all the snakes examined were found infected. In light infections not more than a few, ten to fifteen worms, were obtained from a single host, but as many as 100 to 125 specimens were collected from heavily parasitized snakes. It was also observed that though they may be found throughout the length of the oesophagus and the intestine, the seat of heaviest infection is the duodenum of the host.

It seemed rather strange that one and the same species should parasitize a reptile as well as a mammal so a detailed study of the worm, both in its parasitic and free-living generations, was undertaken with a view to determining definitely whether, as previously believed, it is identical with the human wormStrongyloides stercoralis. As a result of this study the writer has come to the conclusion that the species infesting certain snakes in India is not identical with the human worm,S. stercoralisor any other species of the genus hitherto described.
A Note on the Specific Identity ofTrichostrongylus longispicularisGordon, 1933
Authors: Sommerville R. I.
Published: November 2009

The nematodeTrichostrongylus longispiculariswas described by Gordon (1933) from a single male recovered from a sheep in New South Wales. Gordon considered that the male of this species could be readily distinguished from the males of other species of the genus recorded from ruminants by an asymmetrical dorsal ray of the bursa and by the length and form of the spicules. The dorsal ray is described as being bifid, one bifurcation being simple and the other possessing secondary branches, one situated internally and the other externally. The slender spicules were 184·6 microns long, and terminated in fine sickle-shaped structures.

Andrews (1934 and 1935) recorded the species from cattle in the United States. In his first description (Andrews, 1934) he noted that his specimens agreed very closely with the description published by Gordon (1933), but he referred to hook-like projections on the spicules. However, he failed to find these projections in the specimen discussed in his record of 1935. As he made no reference to the dorsal ray of the bursa, it is presumed that this agreed with the description and figure published by Gordon (1933).T. longispiculariswas subsequently reported by Roberts (1938 and 1939) from cattle in Queensland, but no comments were made on its morphology.
A New Echinostome Trematode, Pameileenia gambiensis gen. et sp. nov. from the Intestine of a Colubrid Snake in West Africa
Authors: Wright C. A. , Smithers S. R.
Published: November 2009

A new echinostome fluke Pameileenia gambiensis gen. et sp. nov. is described from a water snake Grayia tholloni from Gambia. A note on the distribution of the host is included since this is the first record of it from the Senegambia region.
The Use of Di-n-Butyl Tin Dilaurate for Treatment of Chickens Experimentally Infected with Davainea proglottina
Authors: Abdou A. H.
Published: November 2009

Up to the present time no taeniacidal agent has been established on the basis of adequate evidence as satisfactory for the removal of tapeworms, especially Davainea proglottina, from poultry. Tapeworms are generally regarded as responsible for considerable damage to the poultry industry. The principal remedies that have been recommended are areca nut, turpentine, oil of chenopodium, extract of male fern, Kamala, pomegranate root bark, arecolin hydrobromide and thymol.
Studies on the Serological Response in Sheep to Naturally Acquired Gastro-intestinal Nematodes. I. Preparation of Antigens and Evaluation of Serological Techniques
Authors: Soulsby E. J. L.
Published: November 2009

Antigens were prepared by low temperature methods to preserve “functional” antigen. These antigens showed marked cross reactivity and were satisfactory in complement fixation tests.

The passive haemagglutination test using “functional” antigen gave titres which were higher than those obtained with the complement fixation test. High antibody titres were observed in sheep naturally infested with nematodes and a relationship between antibody titre and egg count was demonstrated.
The First Record of Raillietina (Raillietina) celebensis (Janicki, 1902), (Cestoda) in Man from Australia, with a Critical Survey of Previous Cases
Authors: Baer Jean G. , Sandars Dorothea F.
Published: November 2009

Gravid proglottides of Raillietina (R.) celebensis (Janicki) are reported from a child in Brisbane, Queensland. Complete tapeworms of the same species are reported from Rattus assimilis Gould, from Mt. Glorious, South Queensland. A critical survey is made of all the cases previously recorded from man. Raillietina (R.) madagascariensis is for the present, regarded as a species sub judice. Raillietina (R.) demerariensis var. trinitatae Cameron & Reesal, 1951 has been raised to specific rank and named R. (R.) trinitatae (Cameron & Reesal, 1951) nov.comb. The synonyms of R. (R.) celebensis; R. (R.) demarariensis; R. (R.) alouattae and R. (R.) trinitatae, are discussed.
Observations on the Life Cycle ofDavainea proglottinain Britain
Authors: Abdou A. H.
Published: November 2009

1. The life-cycle of the fowl tapewormDavainea proglottinaand its various intermediate hosts are described briefly.

2. Studies on the different species of slugs in Great Britain under natural conditions were carried out and a short, simple method of differentiating the species has been presented.

3. A satisfactory method of keeping and breeding these slugs under laboratory conditions is described.

4. Feeding experiments of the different slugs on freshly collected gravid proglottides confirm that the intermediate hosts, as published by Grassi and Rovelli are as follows:Agriolimax agrestis, Limax cinereus, Limax flavus; by Wetzel,Arion empericorum(A. ater),Arion hortensis, Arion circumscriptusandArion intermedius. In addition to these known intermediate hosts, the writer succeeded in infecting the following species:Agriolimax reticulatus, Agriolimax carvanae, Milax gracilisandMilax sowerbyiwhich may accordingly serve under natural conditions as intermediate hosts forD. proglottina.

5. The common field or grey slug (Agr. reticulatus) and the garden slug (Arion hortensis) seem to be the most important intermediate hosts forD. proglottina. in Great Britain. Slugs of nearly every age of these two species were experimentally exposed to infection with almost 100% positive results. Both these slugs are the most prevalent and widely distributed species in this country. This fact and the wet climatic conditions which obtain in this country are thus very favourable factors in the propagation of the tapeworm.

6. Slugs of different ages were experimentally infected and it was found that younger ones were more susceptible, butAgriolimax reticulatusof almost all ages became infected.

7. From the last experiment it may be concluded that slugs will feed on the droppings of fowl despite the presence of a sufficient normal diet, in this case clean lettuce.
Observations on the Bionomics of the Free-living First Stage Larvae of the Sheep Lungworm, Muellerius capillaris
Authors: Rose J. H.
Published: November 2009

1. Observations on faecal pellets, herbage and soil, under natural climatic conditions, indicate that the larvae of M. capillaris survive for several months. The majority of the surviving larvae remain in the faecal pellets, and do not pass on to the herbage.

2. In the laboratory, larvae survived for many weeks in dry faeces, but the longevity was less in wet faeces. They survived better at a low temperature range of 3–6°C, than at higher temperatures.

3. They exhibit a considerable degree of resistance to desiccation; some survived for a maximum of fourteen days at a relative humidity of 75%.

4. Bright sunlight rapidly kills off the larvae.

5. They can survive at temperatures below freezing point. All of the larvae were alive after three days' continuous freezing, but none were alive after being frozen for twelve days.
Cestoda fromRattus assimilis(Gould, 1858) from Australia
Authors: Sandars Dorothea F.
Published: November 2009

Four species of adult cestodes and one larval form were recovered fromRattus assimilis(Gould, 1858) from Queensland.Hymenolepis diminutaRudolphi, 1819; and the cysticercus ofTaenia taeniae-formis(Batsch, 1786) are new host records for Australia; the same infestations withRaillietina(Raillietina)celebensis(Janicki, 1902) have also been recorded by Baer and Sandars (1956). Two new species, viz:—Choanotaenia ratticolaandHymenolepis australiensisare described.

The type specimens are lodged in the Queensland Museum, Brisbane. Cotype and other specimens studied are also lodged in the Queensland Museum and in the Institut de Zoologie, Université de Neuchâtel, Switzerland; the Department of Parasitology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and in the British Museum (Natural History).
Abnormal Migration inPolystoma integerrimum
Authors: Williams Joan B.
Published: November 2009

Rana temporariatadpoles which had been naturally infected by larvae ofPolystoma integerrimumwere kept in the laboratory under conditions precluding the continuous re-infection which occurs in nature. One tadpole was seen to have two larvae attached to the skin of the ventral surface of the body, which were moving towards the posterior end. The tadpole measured 7·9 mm. in body length and 20·8 mm. in total length, and its stage of development corresponded to stage 5 in the table of development and metamorphosis compiled by Rugh (1951); it was collected in mid-May and had been kept for twelve days under laboratory conditions. The tadpole was fixed and dissected: the bladder had not developed, and the gills showed no indication of atrophy; the alimentary canal was long and heavily coiled, and filled with food. In addition to the two larvae observed on the skin, one larva was found in the branchial chamber, two were in the cloacal tube, seven occupied the cloacal chamber and two had travelled up the right ureter to the kidney; the alimentary canal was free of larvae. All fourteen larvae were gyrodactyloids.
The pathogenesis of a single challenge dose ofHaemonchus contortusin lambs under six months of age
Authors: Hunter A. R. , Mackenzie Grace
Published: November 2009

The pathogenesis ofH. contortusinfection in lambs under 6 months of age challenged orally with 10,000 third stage infective larvae is described. The development of the parasite and its relationship to haematological and pathological changes are discussed, with particular reference to specific cellular mobilizations, and detailed descriptions are given of the haematology and parasitology, gross pathology and histopathology at 4, 7, 12, 18, 22 and 35 days after infection. Dramatic changes had developed by day 12.
Pathophysiology ofMesocestoides cortiinfection in the mouse
Authors: White T. R. , Thompson R. C. A. , Penhale W. J. , Pass D. A. , Mills J. N.
Published: November 2009

Liver histology and serum enzyme and protein changes were studied in two strains of mice showing different initial susceptibilities to infection withMesocestoides corti. The results show an increase in ALT and AST levels during the period of invasion and proliferation in the liver and a decrease in the levels of these two enzymes following encapsulation of the parasite in the liver and liver regeneration. A progressive loss of albumin was accompanied by increases in the levels of the beta- and gamma-globulins. These changes are discussed in the light of our knowledge of the effects of this parasite upon its host.
Amino acids of Hymenolepis palmarum (Johri, 1956) and chemotaxonomic studies on hymenolepidid cestodes
Authors: Bhalya Anjali , Seth Amita , Malhotra Sandeep K. , Capoor V. N.
Published: November 2009

Chemotaxonomic patterns in the distribution of amino acids of Hymenolepis palmarum (Jouri, 1956) and other hymenolepidids revealed the common presence of β-aminoisobutyric acid, lysine, phcnylalaninc and tyrosine but 3,4 dihydroxyphenylalanine and norleucine were exclusive to H. palmarum. Both qualitative and quantitative differences in amino acids have been recorded.
Effects of gamma-irradiation on the infective larvae ofBunostomum trigonocephalum(Rud., 1808) in lambs
Authors: Srivastava V. K. , Singh K. Suresh
Published: November 2009

Infective larvae ofBunostomum trigonocephalumexposed to gamma-irradiation at 60 kr failed to develop in the lamb. At levels of 20 and 40 kr, the infectivity of the larvae was reduced and fewer worms developed with a predominating female population. The worms developing from the irradiated larvae were smaller and the sex organs were ill developed. The females developing from larave irradiated at 40kr were functionally sterile with atrophied uterus devoid of eggs.
Protection of sheep against Schistosoma bovis using cryopreserved radiation-attenuated schistosomula
Authors: James E. R. , Dobinson A. R. , Andrews B. J. , Bickle Q. D. , Taylor M. G. , Ham P. J.
Published: November 2009

Three sheep were vaccinated with two doses of 3 Krad-irradiated cryopreserved Schistosoma bovis schistosomula containing 20,000 and 17,000 organisms respectively, injected intramusculary 23 days apart after storage in liquid nitrogen for between 9 and 46 days. A challenge of 5360 S. bovis cercariae was administered percutaneously approximately four weeks after the last vaccine dose to these animals and to three controls. Post-challenge the vaccinated animals gained significantly more weight (27%v.9%), produceed fewer eggs in their facces, showed a smaller reduction in PCV values (–18%v, –27%) and were over-all in better condition than control animals . At perfusion 49·1% fewer adult worms were found in the vaccinated sheep than in controls. The tissue egg burdens were similar in both groups. Histopathologically both groups were similar except that fewer and smaller egg lesions were observed in the livers of vaccinated animals.
The nature of antigens common to both the metacestodes ofTaenia crassicepsand its laboratory host
Authors: Chernin J.
Published: November 2009

Metacestodes ofTaenia crassicepswere cultured in laboratory rats and mice, washed in glycine/hydrochloric acid (Gly/Hcl) buffer pH 2·4 and phosphate buffered saline (PBS) pH 7·2 and a soluble extract of the metacestodes (SEM) was prepared from larvae washed in both buffers. The SEM and the original washings were examined for host IgG and a common host antigen (CHA). CHA was present in both the SEM and Washings but IgG only in the washings and, in metacestodes from mice only in the Gly/HCl washings). Metacestodes washed in Gly/HCl were not viable.

Metacestodes were also maintainedin vitroin a peptide nutrient agar and 0·9% saline at 37°C and a SEM was prepared from these; metacestodes from mice had neither host IgG nor CHA but those from rats had CHA but not IgG. SEM prepared from ‘normal’ metacestodes showed that the CHA consisted of at least two entities, only one having a common identity with the IgG. These results suggest that molecules of both host IgG and a common host antigen are present on the tegument of these parasites.
Where is My Grotowski? The Masquerade Plays On
Authors: Baumrin Seth
Published: November 2009

Seth Baumrin's present research focuses on Grotowski in the context of Poland and the Polska Zjednoczona Partia Robotnicza (PZPR, Polish United Party of Workers) during the years 1956 to 1989. For this he has consulted archives in Poland, notably in Wroclaw, and has conducted more than eighty interviews with people close to Grotowski and to the PZPR, as well as with Grotowski scholars. This research was integral to his participation in events in Poland during the Year of Grotowski, including the major theatre festival in Wroclaw, ‘The World as a Place of Truth’, organized and supported by the Grotowski Institute, directed by Jaroslaw Fret. What follows is a snapshot of his personal view of our present conceptions and misconceptions of Grotowski – and of how we relate to him. Seth Baumrin is an Assistant Professor at John Jay College of Criminal Justice in New York. His numerous theatre and opera productions include Milhaud's Médée, Lorca's As Five Years Pass and Carson McCullers's The Member of the Wedding.
Source duration of deep very low frequency earthquakes in western Shikoku, Japan
Authors: Matsuzawa Takanori , Obara Kazushige , Maeda Takuto
Published: November 2009

The source durations of very low frequency earthquakes in western Shikoku, Japan were estimated. Nineteen very low frequency earthquakes were located in this region between 14 and 17 March 2007 that migrated southward with tremor activity. The source durations of four Mw 3.5–3.8 very low frequency earthquakes were estimated by comparing simulated and observed seismograms to be 12–18 s. The ratio of seismic moment and source duration is 1–5 × 1013 Nm/s. This value is several to ten times larger than those in southern Kii, Japan. Such a ratio difference may reflect the nature of very low frequency earthquake between these regions. If a stress drop of 0.003–3 MPa is assumed, then the slip propagation velocity of very low frequency earthquakes ranges from several tens to several hundreds of m/s.