bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Simulação de um densímetro nuclear utilizando o código Monte Carlo MCNP-4C
Authors: Penna Rodrigo , Da Silva Clemente José Gusmão Carneiro , Gomes Paulo Maurício Costa
Published: October 2015

Foi Utilizado o código Monte Carlo (MCNP-4C) para simular um densímetro nuclear capaz de medir a densidade da madeira superficialmente. Utilizou-se uma fonte de Amerício-241, de baixa energia (E= 60 Kev) o que permite uma maior segurança na operação. Os resultados mostraram que a densidade da madeira pode ser medida partir da radiação espalhada devido ao Efeito Compton. A técnica representa um avanço em relação à metodologia atual.
Tecnologias Informacionais e Comunicacionais no Ensino de Matemática: a produção de atividades investigativas num curso de Mestrado Profissional em Educação Matemática.
Authors: Reis Frederico Da Silva , Alves Davis Oliveira , Brito Alexandre Botelho , Camargo Chrisley Bruno Ribeiro , Esteves Fausto Rogério , Machado Ronaldo Asevedo
Published: October 2015

O presente trabalho traz uma reflexão sobre a utilização de Tecnologias Informacionais e Comunicacionais no ensino de Matemática como uma tendência de pesquisa e prática em Educação Matemática que implica numa mudança do cenário atual da sala de aula e do papel de seus principais atores: o professor, que passa a ser um mediador na construção do ensino, e os alunos, que devem assumir uma postura de agentes ativos na construção de seu conhecimento. A seguir, apresentamos atividades investigativas elaboradas e testadas por alunos do Mestrado Profissional em Educação Matemática da Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, envolvendo alguns conteúdos de Geometria e Álgebra trabalhados nos Ensinos Fundamental e Médio, sob a forma de seqüências para a sala de aula que podem ser utilizadas por Professores de Matemática. Com isso, buscamos contribuir para o desenvolvimento profissional desses docentes e destacar o papel das tecnologias na sala de aula de Matemática, redirecionando o seu processo de ensino, visando uma aprendizagem significativa.
CORRELAÇÃO ENTRE EXTRATO SECO TOTAL, COMPOSIÇÃO FENÓLICA TOTAL E INTENSIDADE DE COR DE CACHAÇAS ENVELHECIDAS EM TONÉIS DE CARVALHO (QUERCUS SP) E AMBURANA (AMBURANA CEARENSIS) EM UM PERÍODO DE 12 MESES
Authors: Santiago Wilder Douglas , Cardoso Maria das Graças , Gomes Marcos De Souza , Rodrigues Leonardo Milani Avelar , Cardoso Rodolfo Romaniello , Brandão Rafaela Magalhães
Published: October 2015

O envelhecimento é a última etapa do processo de produção de cachaça, não sendo obrigatória sua realização. É uma etapa importante na fabricação da cachaça, que possibilita ao produtor agregar valor em sua bebida. Durante o processo de envelhecimento, ocorrem tanto a extração de componentes da madeira pela cachaça, contribuindo para o desenvolvimento de uma cor diferenciada, como também o contato com o oxigênio atmosférico que entra pelos poros da madeira, favorecendo reações de oxidação dos componentes presentes na cachaça, conferindo à bebida características sensoriais extremamente distintas. Assim, os objetivos deste trabalho foram determinar e quantificar extrato seco total, composição fenólica total e intensidade de cor de cachaças envelhecidas em tonéis de carvalho e amburana em um período de 12 meses e averiguar possível correlação linear destes parâmetros analisados. De acordo com os resultados de extrato seco, composição fenólica total e intensidade de cor, constatou-se uma correlação linear positiva satisfatória entre eles em ambas as madeiras. As variações ocorridas no aumento de um dos parâmetros acarretam um aumento em outro ao longo do envelhecimento da bebida.
COMPARAÇÃO DO PERFIL FÍSICO-QUÍMICO DE CACHAÇAS ENVELHECIDAS EM TONÉIS DE CARVALHO (QUERCUS SP) E AMBURANA (AMBURANA CEARENSIS)
Authors: Santiago Wilder Douglas , Cardoso Maria das Graças , Santiago Juliana De Andrade , Rodrigues Leonardo Milani Avelar , Silva Bruno Leuzinger da , Caetano Alex Rodrigues Silva
Published: October 2015

A cachaça, tradicional e popular bebida brasileira, é o destilado mais consumido em nosso país. O conhecimento de sua composição química é importante, visto que os estudos dos compostos potencialmente tóxicos têm sido um fator determinante no controle de qualidade. O hábito do envelhecimento está se tornando uma prática comum entre os produtores que buscam agregar valores ao seu produto. Madeiras nativas vêm sendo usadas para o envelhecimento, substituindo a tradicional madeira de carvalho. O presente trabalho objetivou realizar um acompanhamento periódico da qualidade físico-química, quanto aos teores de grau alcoólico, acidez volátil, ésteres, aldeídos, álcoois superiores, furfural, metanol e cobre da cachaça no processo de produção e no envelhecimento em tonéis de carvalho (Quercus sp) e amburana (Amburana cearensis). A bebida foi produzida em um alambique artesanal, situado no sul do Estado de Minas Gerais. As análises físico-químicas foram realizadas de acordo com as especificações estabelecidas pelo Ministério de Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA). Pelos resultados, foi possível observar que as médias das frações do destilado em estudo apresentaram resultados diferenciados quanto à composição química e mantiveram essa diferença ao longo do período de envelhecimento da cachaça em ambos os tonéis de madeira em estudo.
ANÁLISE DA CENTRALIDADE DA CEASA MINAS EM RELAÇÃO AOS FLUXOS HORTIGRANJEIROS EM MINAS GERAIS
Authors: Faria Sérgio Gontijo , Souza Antonio Carlos Silva
Published: October 2015

Este trabalho pretende estudar a centralidade da Ceasa Minas em relação aos fluxos de hortigranjeiros no Estado de Minas Gerais, considerando o aumento da produção e o distanciamento das zonas produtoras.
UMA ABORDAGEM SOBRE PROBLEMAS DE SEGURANÇA DA INFORMAÇÃO POR MEIO DO DESENVOLVIMENTO DE APLICAÇÕES MALICIOSAS PARA ANDROID
Authors: Inácio Leandro Rodrigues , Leocádio Gomes Antônio Ricardo
Published: October 2015

Este artigo discute o desenvolvimento de aplicações maliciosas e o nível de conhecimento do usuário sobre segurança do Sistema Operacional móvel Android. Este trabalho visa a demonstrar o nível de dificuldade envolvido no desenvolvimento de uma aplicação maliciosa até a fase de disseminação.
Modelo de Artigo da Revista e-xacta
Authors: Barroso Magali M. A.
Published: October 2015

Estabelece o modelo de formatação dos artigos a serem submetidos à Revista e-xacta, publicada pelo Centro Universitário de Belo Horizonte - UniBH.
ARQUITETURA DE TERRA: ALTERNATIVA SUSTENTÁVEL PARA OS IMPACTOS AMBIENTAIS CAUSADOS PELA CONSTRUÇÃO CIVIL
Authors: Souza Gabriel Agenor de Araújo , Moreira Junior Juarez Caetano , Santos Mayra Lise Vitor , Mendonça Rafael Silva , Faria Tamires De Fátima Campras de , Marques Márcia Rodrigues
Published: October 2015

A construção civil é uma das maiores contribuintes para a crise ambiental no mundo. No ciclo de vida das construções em geral, são considerados: a produção dos materiais, a sua construção, seu uso, demolição e reciclagem ou gerenciamento dos resíduos. Verificando os aspectos ambientais envolvidos nos processos construtivos seria possível entender os impactos gerados e assim inserir um projeto nas decisões relativas à gestão ambiental da obra. Visando ao entendimento dos impactos ambientais, neste trabalho foi utilizada a análise da construção civil para a comparação de recursos naturais utilizados, entre eles cimento, cerâmica e ferro, visando encontrar alguns problemas gerados por suas produções e propor uma nova alternativa, sendo esta a arquitetura de terra. No Brasil a arquitetura de terra é uma técnica utilizada de forma pontual, essencialmente no período colonial. Ela vem sendo buscada novamente na atualidade como uma alternativa para aprimorar a ideia de sustentabilidade.
AVALIAÇÃO DO POTENCIAL BIOTECNOLÓGICO DE ASPERGILLUS PARASITICUS UCP 1281 NO BIOTRATAMENTO DE EFLUENTES DA INDÚSTRIA DE LATICÍNIOS E PRODUÇÃO DE LIPÍDEOS
Authors: Reis Roberta Leite Santos , Leão Nairane Da Silva Rosa , Souza Adriana Ferreira de , Silva Glayce Kelli Barbosa da , Luna Marcos Antônio Cavalcanti , Silva Carlos Alberto Alves da , Okada Kaoru
Published: October 2015

Neste trabalho foi realizada a identificação de Aspergillus sp (SIS 16), isolado de amostra do solo da região da Caatinga no estado de Pernambuco, e avaliado o potencial biotecnológico deste, no biotratamento de efluentes da indústria láctea. O isolado foi identificado, através das características macroscópicas e microscópicas como A. parasiticus (UCP1281). O potencial para biotratamento de efluentes ricos em lipídeos foi analisado avaliando-se a produção de lipase por A. parasiticus (UCP1281) através de fermentação submersa em agitador orbital em meio padrão, na presença de óleo de oliva 0,5 g L-1 durante 120 h nas temperaturas de 28 °C e 37 ºC, 150 rpm. Foram determinados a curva de crescimento, pH e atividade lipolítica. Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram que com 96 h, a 28 °C, foi obtida a melhor atividade lipolítica alcançados 5,2 U mL-1. Considerando-se os resultados, foram realizados os ensaios utilizando os resíduos da indústria láctea (soro de leite e resíduo de sorvete) através de um planejamento fatorial completo de 22, utilizando as mesmas condições do ensaio anterior. Foram determinados também, além dos parâmetros anteriores, o percentual de lipídeos acumulado na biomassa de A. parasiticus (UCP1281). Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram que a melhor condição foi no ensaio 4 (45 % de resíduo de sorvete e 30 % de soro de leite), com produção de biomassa de 68,1 g L-1, a atividade lipolítica de 20,0 U mL-1 e o maior percentual de acúmulo de lipídeos na biomassa 67,61 %. Os resultados demonstraram o potencial deste isolado no biotratamento de efluentes da indústria láctea, assim como para a produção de lipídeos, uma vez que o micro-organismo converteu eficientemente o soro de leite e o resíduo de sorvete em biomassa com alto percentual de lipídeos nas suas células.
MODELO DO ARTIGO/TEMPLATE
Authors: Castro Vitorio Delogo de
Published: October 2015

Estabelece o modelo de formatação dos artigos a serem submetidos à Revista e-xacta, publicada pelo Centro Universitário de Belo Horizonte - UniBH.
AVALIAÇÃO DO POTENCIAL DE AMOSTRAS DE ASPERGILLUS SSP ISOLADAS DA CAATINGA PARA PRODUÇÃO DE LACASE
Authors: Melo Tiago Lira de , Luna Marcos Antônio Cavalcanti , Silva Leonor Alves de Oliveira da , Campos-Takaki Galba Maria de , Alves da Silva Carlos Alberto
Published: October 2015

Os estudos envolvendo novos micro-organismos produtores de enzimas têm aumentado nas últimas décadas devido à imensa diversidade microbiana existente, principalmente em ambientes como a Caatinga que apresenta uma microbiota pouco conhecida. As lacases são enzimas que apresentam sua atuação sobre uma grande variedade de compostos químicos, tornando-a uma enzima extremamente versátil e com um elevado potencial para ser utilizada em várias aplicações biotecnológicas industriais. Os efluentes agroindustriais, principalmente os da indústria de alimentos, muitas vezes são descartados de maneira incorreta no meio ambiente e apresentam um elevado poder nutricional que poderia ser aproveitado na formulação de meios para produção de inúmeras enzimas lignocelulolíticas. Neste sentido os fungos vêm sendo amplamente utilizados na produção dessas enzimas. Foram realizados estudos de produção de lacase em meio sólido utilizando 6 amostras de Aspergillus ssp isoladas da Caatinga de Pernambuco em diferentes temperaturas (28, 37 e 45 oC), pH (5, 6, 7, 8 e 9) e indutores da enzima (tween 20, ácido tânico e o sulfato de cobre). Após o processo de seleção em meio sólido, foram realizados ensaios de produção através de fermentação submersa utilizando 3 meios diferentes, durante 120 horas, 150 rpm 28 oC. Os resultados evidenciaram que a amostra SIS 14 apresentou o maior halo de produção da enzima 3,0 cm, na temperatura de 28oC, pH 6,0 e o Tween 20 como indutor. No processo de produção através de fermentação submersa foram avaliadas a determinação da atividade enzimática, pH e biomassa em intervalos de 24 horas, durante 5 dias. O meio 3 foi o que apresentou a maior atividade enzimática 0,3 U L-1 no período de 96 horas.
SÍNTESE DE NANOPARTÍCULAS METÁLICAS E ÓXIDOS METÁLICOS SUPORTADAS EM CARVÃO ATIVADO PARA REMOÇÃO DE ESCHERICHIA COLI DA ÁGUA
Authors: Arakawa Flávia Sayuri , Shimabuku Quelen Letícia , Silveira Carole , Bazana Simone De Lima , Bueno Maicon Ramon , Moreti Lívia De Oliveira Ruiz , Camacho Franciele Pereira , Heidemann Giseli , Bergamasco Rosângela
Published: October 2015

Materiais antibacterianos para aplicação na purificação de água foram produzidos a partir de carvão ativado suportados com nanopartículas (NPs) de prata (Ag) e cobre (Cu). Os materiais foram produzidos utilizando-se o método de impregnação a vácuo com soluções aquosas dos sais metálicos de nitrato de prata (AgNO3) e sulfato de cobre (CuSO4.5H2O) em diferentes concentrações, seguido da etapa de decomposição térmica para síntese das NPs de Ag e Cu no carvão ativado. A caracterização textural dos materiais foi realizada através de técnicas de medidas de área superficial específica BET, área de microporos (método t) e volume e diâmetro de poros (método HK); a caracterização estrutural foi realizada por análises de Difratometria de Raios-X (DRX) e a caracterização morfológica por Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão (MET). Os materiais produzidos em diferentes concentrações: C/Ag 0,3 % Cu 1,0 %, C/Ag 0,3 % e C/Cu 1,0 %, foram avaliados em relação à atividade antibacteriana contra as bactérias Escherichia coli em filtros de purificação de água, conforme estabelecido pela norma ABNT NBR 16098:2012, nas condições de 5 % e 95 % da vida útil do filtro. Os materiais modificados somente com NPs de Ag (C/Ag 0,3 %) e NPs de Cu (C/Cu 1,0 %) mostraram uma atividade antibacteriana inferior a 2 log de remoção de (1,36 log/1,07 log) e (1,31 log/0,94 log), respectivamente. Em contrapartida, o material produzido com a combinação de NPs de Ag e Cu (C/Ag 0,3 %Cu 1,0 %) mostrou uma elevada atividade antibacteriana (4,91 log/ 3,75 log), inibindo completamente o crescimento bacteriano e, por conseguinte, este pode ser considerado como potencial material antibacteriano na purificação da água.
Declaração Responsabilidade-Direitos Autorais-Permissão para Publicação
Authors: Castro Vitorio Delogo de
Published: October 2015

Este documento deve ser assinado por todos os autores e registrado como Documento Suplementar, no ato da submissão do artigo à Revista e-xacta.
Editorial V. 8, N. 1 (2015)
Authors: Castro Vitorio Delogo de
Published: October 2015

Trata-se da apresentação dos artigos que compõem esta edição, seus autores, as Instituições em que estão vinculados e os resumos
Effect of Toothpaste Application Prior to Dental Bleaching on Whitening Effectiveness and Enamel Properties
Authors: Vieira-Junior WF , Lima DANL , Tabchoury CPM , Ambrosano GMB , Aguiar FHB , Lovadino JR
Published: October 2015

Objective

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects on the enamel properties and effectiveness of bleaching using 35% hydrogen peroxide (HP) when applying toothpastes with different active agents prior to dental bleaching.

Methods

Seventy enamel blocks (4 × 4 × 2 mm) were submitted to in vitro treatment protocols in a tooth-brushing machine (n=10): with distilled water and exposure to placebo gel (negative control [NC]) or HP bleaching (positive control [PC]); and brushing with differing toothpastes prior to HP bleaching, including potassium nitrate toothpaste (PN) containing NaF, conventional sodium monofluorophosphate toothpaste (FT), arginine-based toothpastes (PA and SAN), or a toothpaste containing bioactive glass (NM). Color changes were determined using the CIE L*a*b* system (ΔE, ΔL, Δa, and Δb), and a roughness (Ra) analysis was performed before and after treatments. Surface microhardness (SMH) and cross-sectional microhardness (CSMH) were analyzed after treatment. Data were analyzed with repeated measures ANOVA for Ra, one-way ANOVA (SMH, ΔE, ΔL, Δa, and Δb), split-plot ANOVA (CSMH), and Tukey post hoc test (α<0.05). The relationship between the physical surface properties and color properties was evaluated using a multivariate Canonical correlation analysis.

Results

Color changes were statistically similar in the bleached groups. After treatments, SMH and CSMH decreased in PC. SMH increased significantly in the toothpaste groups vs the negative and positive control (NM > PA = SAN > all other groups) or decreased HP effects (CSMH). Ra increased in all bleached groups, with the exception of NM, which did not differ from the NC. The variation in the color variables (ΔL, Δa, and Δb) explained 21% of the variation in the physical surface variables (Ra and SMH).

Conclusion

The application of toothpaste prior to dental bleaching did not interfere with the effectiveness of treatment. The bioactive glass based toothpaste protected the enamel against the deleterious effects of dental bleaching.
Effects of Nonpharmacological Interventions for Dizziness in Older People: Systematic Review
Authors: Kendall Julie C. , Hartvigsen Jan , Azari Michael F. , French Simon D.
Published: October 2015

Background

Nonpharmacological interventions have been shown to have some effectiveness in adults with dizziness; however, the effectiveness of these interventions in older people is unknown.

Purpose

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of conservative nonpharmacological interventions for dizziness in older people.

Data Sources

The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PubMed, EMBASE, SCOPUS, CINAHL, AMED, Index to Chiropractic Literature, PsycINFO, and MANTIS were searched from inception to May 2014.

Study Selection

Two investigators independently screened controlled trials with participants who were more than 60 years old and experienced dizziness. Studies of participants with dizziness from a specific diagnosis, such as Ménière disease and benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, were excluded. Outcome measures from the selected studies included self-reported dizziness and postural balance.

Data Extraction

Two investigators independently extracted data on participants, interventions, comparison group, outcome measures, and results. The risk of bias of the included studies was assessed with Cochrane guidelines.

Data Synthesis

Seven articles consisting of 7 controlled trials were included. All studies involved some form of exercise, including vestibular rehabilitation exercises, postural balance exercises, and tai chi exercise, as the main intervention. The studies had a high risk of bias because of the lack of adequate randomization and allocation concealment, the lack of reporting on cointerventions, the lack of reporting on reasons for dropouts, and the lack of reporting on participant adherence.

Limitations

Heterogeneity among the included studies in interventions and outcome measures prohibited a meta-analysis. Only 2 studies reported a significant difference between the intervention group and the comparison group for self-reported dizziness.

Conclusions

There is insufficient evidence to determine the effectiveness of nonpharmacological treatments for dizziness in older people. Current evidence is hampered by a high risk of bias, and well-designed trials with adequate masking, randomization, and adherence are needed.
An Innovative, Strengths-Based, Peer Mentoring Approach to Professional Development for Registered Dietitians
Authors: Vogt Kara , Johnson Frances , Fraser Valli , Koh Jiak Chin , McQueen Kay , Thornhill Jaki , Verbowski Vashti
Published: October 2015

The Professional Development Network (PDN) program was implemented to enhance mentoring and learning opportunities for dietitians at a multisite health care organization. Program development, implementation, and evaluation were carried out by a Professional Practice Council composed of dietitians in the organization. An exploratory evaluation was conducted after the first year of PDN implementation. Evaluation data were collected from an online survey containing open- and closed-ended questions and PDN documents submitted by dietitians. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. Survey results indicate the PDN provided a mechanism for dietitians to learn from each other, apply learning to their career development, reflect on their strengths, and connect with others in the department. Analysis of PDN documents showed that dietitians pursued learning related to clinical practice, technology, private practice, and research. Mentoring interactions were also described by participants within PDN documents. Findings from this study demonstrate how multiple frameworks from academic literature can be integrated to create a professional development program in a dietetics practice environment. Evaluation results from this study may provide useful insights for others interested in implementing professional development programming.
Assessing the Consumer Food Environment in Restaurants by Neighbourhood Distress Level across Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
Authors: Wang Jin , Engler-Stringer Rachel , Muhajarine Nazeem
Published: October 2015

Purpose: To assess the consumer food environment in restaurants in Saskatoon, using the Nutrition Environment Measures Survey for Restaurants (NEMS-R), to examine differences by neighbourhood distress level and to reflect on the need for further refinement of the assessment of restaurant consumer food environments.

Methods: Neighbourhoods were classified as low, middle, or high distress level based on the socioeconomic indicators (income, employment, and education) in the Material Deprivation Index. Differences in restaurant consumer food environments, indicated by mean NEMS-R total and sub-scores, were examined by various restaurant categories and by varying neighbourhood distress levels.

Results: Chain coffee shops and pita and sandwich restaurants had higher NEMS-R totals and “Healthy Entrées” sub-scores; however, burger and chicken restaurants and pizza restaurants had more barriers to healthful eating. Although restaurants in lower distress level neighbourhoods generally rated healthier (higher NEMS-R scores), only a few measures (such as “Facilitators” and “Barriers”) significantly differed by neighbourhood distress level.

Conclusions: The findings highlight the importance of developing interventions to improve restaurant consumer food environments, especially in neighbourhoods with higher distress levels. The results suggest that reliable measures of the consumer food environment could be developed beginning with what can be measured by NEMS-R.
Causes of 30-day readmission after neurosurgery of the spine
Authors: Cusimano Michael D. , Pshonyak Iryna , Lee Michael Y. , Ilie Gabriela
Published: October 2015

OBJECT

Thirty-day readmission has been cited as an important indicator of the quality of care in several fields of medicine. The aim of this systematic review was to examine rate of readmission and factors relevant to readmission after neurosurgery of the spine.

METHODS

The authors carried out a systematic review using several databases, searches of cited reference lists, and a manual search of the JNS Publishing Group journals (Journal of Neurosurgery; Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine; Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics; and Neurosurgical Focus), Neurosurgery, Acta Neurochirurgica, and Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences. A quality review was performed using STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) criteria and reported according to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines.

RESULTS

A systematic review of 1136 records published between 1947 and 2014 revealed 31 potentially eligible studies, and 5 studies met inclusion criteria for content and quality. Readmission rates varied from 2.54% to 14.7%. Sequelae that could be traced back to complications that arose during neurosurgery of the spine were a prime reason for readmission after discharge. Increasing age, poor physical status, and comorbid illnesses were also important risk factors for 30-day readmission.

CONCLUSIONS

Readmission rates have predictable factors that can be addressed. Strategies to reduce readmission that relate to patient-centered factors, complication avoidance during neurosurgery, standardization with system-wide protocols, and moving toward a culture of nonpunitive system-wide error and “near miss” investigations and quality improvement are discussed.
Symptomatic migration of a Kirschner wire into the spinal canal without spinal cord injury: case report
Authors: Minić Ljubodrag , Lepić Milan , Novaković Nenad , Mandić-Rajčević Stefan
Published: October 2015

The migration of Kirschner wires (K-wires) is a rare but significant complication of osteosynthesis interventions, and numerous cases of wire migrations have been reported in the literature. Nevertheless, migration into the spinal canal is very rare, with only 10 cases reported thus far. The authors present a case of K-wire migration into the spinal canal, together with a review of the relevant literature.

A 30-year-old male who had suffered a right clavicle fracture in a motorcycle accident was treated with 2 K-wires. Four months after the initial fixation, while he was lifting his child, he experienced short-term pain in his back, numbness in all 4 extremities, followed by a spontaneous decrease in numbness affecting only the ulnar nerve dermatomes bilaterally, and a persistent headache. No urinary incontinence was present.

Simple radiography studies of the cervical spine revealed a wire in the spinal canal, penetrating the T-2 foramen and reaching the contralateral foramen of the same vertebra. Computerized tomography showed the wire positioned in front of the spinal cord. Surgery for wire extraction was performed with the patient under general anesthesia, and he experienced relief of the symptoms immediately after surgery.

This case is unique because the wire caused no damage to the spinal cord but did cause compression-related symptomatology and headache, which have not been reported in osteosynthesis wire migration to the thoracic region.
Exploring the use of transformation group priors and the method of maximum relative entropy for Bayesian glaciological inversions
Authors: Arthern Robert J.
Published: October 2015

Ice-sheet models can be used to forecast ice losses from Antarctica and Greenland, but to fully quantify the risks associated with sea-level rise, probabilistic forecasts are needed. These require estimates of the probability density function (PDF) for various model parameters (e.g. the basal drag coefficient and ice viscosity). To infer such parameters from satellite observations it is common to use inverse methods. Two related approaches are in use: (1) minimization of a cost function that describes the misfit to the observations, often accompanied by explicit or implicit regularization, or (2) use of Bayes’ theorem to update prior assumptions about the probability of parameters. Both approaches have much in common and questions of regularization often map onto implicit choices of prior probabilities that are made explicit in the Bayesian framework. In both approaches questions can arise that seem to demand subjective input. One way to specify prior PDFs more objectively is by deriving transformation group priors that are invariant to symmetries of the problem, and then maximizing relative entropy, subject to any additional constraints. Here we investigate the application of these methods to the derivation of priors for a Bayesian approach to an idealized glaciological inverse problem.
Registration of Two Double Rust Resistant Germplasms, HA‐R12 and HA‐R13 for Confection Sunflower
Authors: Ma G. J. , Seiler G. J. , Markell S. G. , Gulya T. J. , Qi L. L.
Published: October 2015

Two confection sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) germplasms, HA‐R12 (Reg. No. GP‐333, PI 673104) and HA‐R13 (Reg. No. GP‐334, PI 673105), were developed by the USDA‐ARS, Sunflower and Plant Biology Research Unit, Fargo, ND, in collaboration with the North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station, and released in July 2014. Sunflower rust (caused by Puccinia helianthi Schwein.) is a major yield‐ and quality‐limiting factor for sunflower production worldwide. Because of the evolution of new rust pathotypes, it is important to combine multiple resistance genes into one sunflower genotype to overcome the newly emerging virulent races. HA‐R12 and HA‐R13 were developed by the pedigree method and DNA marker‐assisted selection. HA‐R12 harbors the rust resistance (R) genes, R2 from MC29 (AUS) and R13a from HA‐R6. HA‐R13 contains R5 from HA‐R2 and R13a from HA‐R6. Marker testing and rust resistance evaluation confirmed that HA‐R12 and HA‐R13 each separately harbors two rust resistance genes in the homozygous condition, with both lines showing high levels of resistance to rust races 336 and 777, a predominant race and one of the most virulent races currently identified in the United States, respectively. HA‐R12 and HA‐R13 will provide urgently needed rust resistance genes that can be incorporated into commercial confection hybrids, providing broad‐spectrum rust resistance.
Metabolic Disorders in the Transition Period Indicate that the Dairy Cows’ Ability to Adapt is Overstressed
Authors: Sundrum Albert
Published: October 2015

Metabolic disorders are a key problem in the transition period of dairy cows and often appear before the onset of further health problems. They mainly derive from difficulties the animals have in adapting to changes and disturbances occurring both outside and inside the organisms and due to varying gaps between nutrient supply and demand. Adaptation is a functional and target-oriented process involving the whole organism and thus cannot be narrowed down to single factors. Most problems which challenge the organisms can be solved in a number of different ways. To understand the mechanisms of adaptation, the interconnectedness of variables and the nutrient flow within a metabolic network need to be considered. Metabolic disorders indicate an overstressed ability to balance input, partitioning and output variables. Dairy cows will more easily succeed in adapting and in avoiding dysfunctional processes in the transition period when the gap between nutrient and energy demands and their supply is restricted. Dairy farms vary widely in relation to the living conditions of the animals. The complexity of nutritional and metabolic processes Animals 2015, 5 979 and their large variations on various scales contradict any attempts to predict the outcome of animals’ adaptation in a farm specific situation. Any attempts to reduce the prevalence of metabolic disorders and associated production diseases should rely on continuous and comprehensive monitoring with appropriate indicators on the farm level. Furthermore, low levels of disorders and diseases should be seen as a further significant goal which carries weight in addition to productivity goals. In the long run, low disease levels can only be expected when farmers realize that they can gain a competitive advantage over competitors with higher levels of disease.
Reciprocity in Labor Market Relationships: Evidence from an Experiment across High-Income OECD Countries
Authors: Waichman Israel , Siang Ch’ng , Requate Till , Shafran Aric , Camacho-Cuena Eva , Iida Yoshio , Shahrabani Shosh
Published: October 2015

We study differences in behavior across countries in a labor market context. To this end, we conducted a bilateral gift-exchange experiment comparing the behavior of subjects from five high-income OECD countries: Germany, Spain, Israel, Japan and the USA. We observe that in all countries, effort levels are increasing while rejection rates are decreasing in wage offers. However, we also find considerable differences in behavior across countries in both one-shot and repeated relationships, the most striking between Germany and Spain. We also discuss the influence of socio-economic indicators and the implications of our findings.
Cardiovascular Complications of Pregnancy
Authors: Gongora Maria , Wenger Nanette
Published: October 2015

Pregnancy causes significant metabolic and hemodynamic changes in a woman’s physiology to allow for fetal growth. The inability to adapt to these changes might result in the development of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (hypertension, preeclampsia or eclampsia), gestational diabetes and preterm birth. Contrary to previous beliefs these complications are not limited to the pregnancy period and may leave permanent vascular and metabolic damage. There is in addition, a direct association between these disorders and increased risk of future cardiovascular disease (CVD, including hypertension, ischemic heart disease, heart failure and stroke) and diabetes mellitus. Despite abundant evidence of this association, women who present with these complications of pregnancy do not receive adequate postpartum follow up and counseling regarding their increased risk of future CVD. The postpartum period in these women represents a unique opportunity to intervene with lifestyle modifications designed to reduce the development of premature cardiovascular complications. In some cases it allows early diagnosis and treatment of chronic hypertension or diabetes mellitus. The awareness of this relationship is growing in the medical community, especially among obstetricians and primary care physicians, who play a pivotal role in detecting these complications and assuring appropriate follow up.
Polymer/Carbon-Based Hybrid Aerogels: Preparation, Properties and Applications
Authors: Zuo Lizeng , Zhang Youfang , Zhang Longsheng , Miao Yue-E , Fan Wei , Liu Tianxi
Published: October 2015

Aerogels are synthetic porous materials derived from sol-gel materials in which the liquid component has been replaced with gas to leave intact solid nanostructures without pore collapse. Recently, aerogels based on natural or synthetic polymers, called polymer or organic aerogels, have been widely explored due to their porous structures and unique properties, such as high specific surface area, low density, low thermal conductivity and dielectric constant. This paper gives a comprehensive review about the most recent progresses in preparation, structures and properties of polymer and their derived carbon-based aerogels, as well as their potential applications in various fields including energy storage, adsorption, thermal insulation and flame retardancy. To facilitate further research and development, the technical challenges are discussed, and several future research directions are also suggested in this review.
A Mild and Regioselective Ring-Opening of Aziridines with Acid Anhydride Using TBD or PS-TBD as a Catalyst
Authors: Matsukawa Satoru , Mouri Yasutaka
Published: October 2015

The ring-opening of N-tosylaziridines with various acid anhydrides catalyzed by 5 mol % of 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4,4,0]dec-5-ene (TBD) afforded the corresponding β-amino esters in excellent yields under mild reaction conditions. Polymer-supported catalyst, PS-TBD also acts as a good catalyst for this reaction. PS-TBD was easily recovered and reused with minimal loss of activity.
Depth-Sensor-Based Monitoring of Therapeutic Exercises
Authors: Su Mu-Chun , Jhang Jhih-Jie , Hsieh Yi-Zeng , Yeh Shih-Ching , Lin Shih-Chieh , Lee Shu-Fang , Tseng Kai-Ping
Published: October 2015

In this paper, we propose a self-organizing feature map-based (SOM) monitoring system which is able to evaluate whether the physiotherapeutic exercise performed by a patient matches the corresponding assigned exercise. It allows patients to be able to perform their physiotherapeutic exercises on their own, but their progress during exercises can be monitored. The performance of the proposed the SOM-based monitoring system is tested on a database consisting of 12 different types of physiotherapeutic exercises. An average 98.8% correct rate was achieved.
Variability associated with assessing changes in position of a canine uncemented femoral stem prosthesis
Authors: Korani H. M. , Marcellin-Little D. J. , Roe S. C.
Published: October 2015

Objective: Evaluate variability associated with assessing changes in the position of uncemented femoral stems.

Methods: Stem level, canal fill, stem angle, and version angle were measured on craniocaudal horizontal beam (CCHB) and open leg lateral (OLL) radiographic projections of the femur of 20 dogs that had uncemented total hip replacement. Intraobserver and inter -observer repeatability were determined on immediate postoperative (PO) images. Differences in position were calculated between the first (3 months – R1) and second (6 months – R2) re-evaluation (R1-R2) time points, and between PO and R1.

Results: The measurement process was very repeatable. For R1-R2, the stem appeared to subside 0.8 ± 1.4 mm for measurements based on the greater trochanter on the CCHB images, but there was a wide range (-3.9 to 2 mm; positive values indicate proximad movement). Measurements based on the inter-trochanteric crest on the OLL images had the same mean, and also a wide range (-4.4 to 2.1 mm; negative values indicate proximad movement). For PO-R1, the stem appeared to subside 1.8 ± 2.0 mm (CCHB, based on the greater trochanter, range -7.7 to 2.2 mm), 1.6 ± 1.5 mm (CCHB, based on the intertrochanteric crest, range -0.7 to 4.3 mm); and 2.1 ± 2.1 mm (OLL, based on the intertrochanteric crest, range -1.6 to 6.8 mm).

Conclusion: The position of a stable stem can appear different on subsequent re-evaluations, but this may be due to variability associated with inconsistency of positioning of the patient and limb.

Clinical significance: Documenting subsidence in individual patients should not rely on calculations based on a single measurement.
Herbarium records are reliable sources of phenological change driven by climate and provide novel insights into species' phenological cueing mechanisms
Authors: Davis Charles C. , Willis Charles G. , Connolly Bryan , Kelly Courtland , Ellison Aaron M.
Published: October 2015

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:

Climate change has resulted in major changes in the phenology of some species but not others. Long‐term field observational records provide the best assessment of these changes, but geographic and taxonomic biases limit their utility. Plant specimens in herbaria have been hypothesized to provide a wealth of additional data for studying phenological responses to climatic change. However, no study to our knowledge has comprehensively addressed whether herbarium data are accurate measures of phenological response and thus applicable to addressing such questions.

METHODS:

We compared flowering phenology determined from field observations (years 1852–1858, 1875, 1878–1908, 2003–2006, 2011–2013) and herbarium records (1852–2013) of 20 species from New England, United States.

KEY RESULTS:

Earliest flowering date estimated from herbarium records faithfully reflected field observations of first flowering date and substantially increased the sampling range across climatic conditions. Additionally, although most species demonstrated a response to interannual temperature variation, long‐term temporal changes in phenological response were not detectable.

CONCLUSIONS:

Our findings support the use of herbarium records for understanding plant phenological responses to changes in temperature, and also importantly establish a new use of herbarium collections: inferring primary phenological cueing mechanisms of individual species (e.g., temperature, winter chilling, photoperiod). These latter data are lacking from most investigations of phenological change, but are vital for understanding differential responses of individual species to ongoing climate change.
Asymmetric 1,4-bis(ethynyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octane rotators via monocarbinol functionalization. Ready access to polyrotors
Authors: Lemouchi Cyprien , Batail Patrick
Published: October 2015

Asymmetric rotators with a 1,4-bis(ethynyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octane (BCO) core are needed for engineering crystalline arrays of functional molecular rotors. Their synthesis uses carbinol, 2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ol, as a protecting group because of its polar character and its ability to sustain orthogonal functionalization with the further advantage of being readily removed. The synthesis in good yields of unprecedented asymmetric rotors and polyrotors demonstrates the efficiency of this strategy.
Reanalyzing Definiteness in Bangla
Authors: Biswas Priyanka
Published: October 2015

Definite descriptions in Bangla are expressed via two morpho-syntactic patterns, namely the bare classifier and the bare noun, discussed in detail in Simpson et al. 2011. The bare classifier form consists of a noun phrase and a classifier without a numeral, syntactically derived by NP-movement across the classifier (“NP-raising”). In the bare noun form, there is no classifier or a numeral accompanying the NP. In this paper, I argue that two factors, “anaphoricity” and “uniqueness”, play important roles in the selection of the pattern of the definite expression in Bangla. The NP-raising structure is used exclusively in anaphoric contexts, and shows similar properties to “strong article” definites cross-linguistically (cf. Schwarz 2009). Uniqueness-based definites are expressed by bare nouns, which are otherwise similar in distribution to the “weak article” definites (Schwarz 2009). This paper contributes to our overall understanding of definiteness in Bangla, and of the cross-linguistic expression of anaphoricity and uniqueness aspects of definiteness.
Color Categories in Language Contact: ‘Pygmy’ Hunter-Gatherers and Bantu Farmers
Authors: Grimm Nadine
Published: October 2015

When speakers adopt colors from another language, do they only borrow certain lexical forms or do they absorb whole concepts? And if both a lexical term and a color category are borrowed, are they both borrowed at the same time or is one of them borrowed first? In this paper, I address the question of how color categories are borrowed, providing evidence from Gyeli ‘Pygmy’ hunter-gatherers (PHGs) in contact with Bantu farmers in southern Cameroon. The data shows rich variability in borrowing patterns. Color categories are not borrowed in toto, but only partially, i.e. the resulting color category in the recipient language only partially coincides with the color category in the donor language. Further, the borrowing of a color category may or may not be in conjunction with the borrowing of a color term from the recipient language. While Gyeli PHGs borrow a lexical term first from neighboring Bantu farmer languages and then expand the color category in a second step, the path of borrowing of Bantu farmers from colonial languages is the inverse. Farmer languages first adopt a new color category, but reject loanwords. Their second step in acquiring a new color is to find a name for the new color category.
Multiple Relative Marking in 19th Century West Rumelian Turkish
Authors: Dombrowski Andrew
Published: October 2015

West Rumelian Turkish (WRT) refers to the dialects of Turkish spoken in the western Balkans. It is now spoken primarily in Macedonia and Kosovo, but was previously spoken more broadly in Bosnia, Greece, Albania, and Serbia. They differ from other dialects of Turkish in that they have been heavily affected by neighboring Indo-European languages like Serbian, Albanian, Aromanian, Romani, and Greek, and have undergone many of the changes characteristic of the Balkan Sprachbund (Friedman 2003).  In this paper, I present a pattern of multiply-marked relative clauses in Pulevski’s Turkish that has not been attested elsewhere in Turkic, in which relative clauses can be marked with one of six different combinations of overt participial morphology.  I argue that this variation is caused by two factors: first, the fusion of the constructions {ći + finite verb} and {participle} into a new construction {ći + participle} and second, the introduction of relative marking using the interrogative ‘which’ based on models in surrounding Indo-European languages.
The Articulatory Function of the Larynx and the Origins of Speech
Authors: Esling John H.
Published: October 2015

The ‘laryngeal articulator,’ consisting of the glottal mechanism, the supraglottic tube, the pharyngeal/epiglottal mechanism, and including three levels of folds: the vocal folds, the ventricular folds, and the aryepiglottic folds, is shown to be responsible for the generation of multiple source vibrations and for the complex modification of the pharyngeal resonating chamber that accounts for a wide range of contrastive auditory qualities. These qualities are observed in a surprisingly large number of the languages of the world, both linguistically and paralinguistically, and they account for sounds which have been labeled as ‘pharyngeal,’ as ‘epiglottal,’ and as various phonation types. They reflect an expanding range of what have been known as the ‘states of the glottis’ and which may be more properly termed ‘states of the larynx.’ It has also been observed that infants, in their first months of life, produce a range of qualities, reflecting both phonatory possibilities and stricture types, that can also be attributed to the laryngeal articulator mechanism. Systematic observation of infants’ early speech production reveals that the control of articulatory detail in the pharynx is mastered during the first year of life. Understanding and control of manner of articulation in the pharynx appears to be a prerequisite for expanding articulatory control into the oral vocal tract. Taking the pharynx as a starting point for the ontogenetic learning of the speech production capacity offers fruitful insights into the phylogenetic development of speech.
Additive Focus and Additional Functions of Karbi (Tibeto-Burman) =tā1
Authors: Konnerth Linda
Published: October 2015

This study examines different functions of the enclitic =tā in Karbi with the goal to contribute to a cross-linguistic typology of additive focus markers. Karbi =tā translates as the English additive particle ‘also,’ but additionally occurs in at least five other constructions, as laid out in this paper. Specifically, the data show that besides 1) marking additive focus, =tā may 2) function as a coordinator, or 3) indicate the scalar additive meaning ‘even.’ Through that function =tā also appears to be part of concessive conjunctions. Furthermore, =tā functions 4) to mark universal quantification. Perhaps related to this latter function, =tā occurs seemingly just idiomatically with certain adverbs. Attaching to verbs, this enclitic occurs 5) in a copy verb construction that seems to have an intensifying function. Finally and most intriguingly, =tā functions 6) as a discourse structuring device.
Opacity in Crimean Tatar: The Interaction of Vowel Harmony and Syncope
Authors: Kavitskaya Darya
Published: October 2015

The sociolinguistic history of CT is complex and tragic, and the dialectological research is rather difficult. In 1944, all Crimean Tatars were deported from Crimea by the Soviet government, mainly to Uzbekistan, but also to other places in the former Soviet Union, including Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, and several locations in Russia (Fisher 1978). During the exile, the speakers of CT did not generally live in communities corresponding to their dialects and were surrounded by other Turkic languages, e.g., Uzbek, as well as non-Turkic languages, e.g., Russian. Crimean Tatars were only allowed to return to Crimea at the beginning of the 90s. Former inhabitants of certain areas of Crimea attempted to resettle in their native villages, but they encountered great difficulties in doing so and were forced to settle far from their original homes.  All these factors contributed to the dialect mixture. The dialectological distinctions are clear only in the speech of those consultants who were born and preferably reached their teens before the time of the deportation. The data collected from these older speakers of CT form the basis for the investigation presented in this paper.