bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
BIOCENOTIC HETEROGENEITY IN ANTHROPOZOOCENOSES FOR EGGS. ASSESSMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL RISK
Authors: Kirov Veselin , Tchoukanov Alexander
Published: December 2021

The biosphere and ecosystems are characterized by energy, chemical and spatial heterogeneity. To assess the effectiveness of anthropogenic activity in the transformation of a natural environment into an eco-technical system for eggs, the criterion of "biocenotic heterogeneity" is proposed which connects the said heterogeneities and is therefore considered to be integral.When biosynthesis is formed in eco-technical systems, a characteristic feature is the continuity of the production process, which requires anthropogenic formation of a new type of trophic chain. The lack of autotrophic organisms in biosynthesis and the transformation of the ecotope from a source of food resources (as in natural ecosystems) into a habitat of the economically useful population is the cause of the torn circle of matter in the eco-systems of egg, meat or milk production. The break of the matter circle is at 4 points: the introduction of biogenic elements and energy with the ration, which includes components derived from ecotopes geographically remote from the ecotechnical system; in drinking water, which also occurs in many farms from a geographically remote ecotope; in the export of the secondary organic production used for human food; in the disposal of organic waste /manure, animal bodies, etc./. The lack of biopotentials of a bioreduction unit forces the resulting waste biomass to be removed from the ecotope.Two-component mesocosmos model has been applied to modeling the eco-technical system for eggs, and studies have been conducted with 5 lines of laying hеns. The increase in biocenotic heterogeneity has led to a hundredfold increase in bio-productivity at the primary bio-consumers level, with the ability to manage the quality of the produced produce. the environmental risk is increased as it stems from the linearity of the technological processes, which results in organic manure. The manure is a prominent risk factor, so this is the reason to make a risk assessment of his storage for 180-days. There are greenhouse gases and nitrogen emission. The environmental risk is also due to pathogenic microorganisms in the manure. In the fresh manure the microbial landscape is as follows: total number – 2.8.1010; Cl. perfringens – 3.9.103; E. coli -6.1.104 and Enterococcus - 2.2.108.. When we have a storage of manure for 180 days, we do not have a microbial decontamination. The changes in a number of hygiene indicator microorganisms in the manure (calculated on a dry matter basis) are as fallow: increase of total number with 336%; Cl. perfringens –with 564%, E. coli - with 180,3% and reducing of microorganisms of the genus. Enterococcus – with 66,4%.
ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT OF LEAD AND CADMIUM CONTENT IN EGGS FOUND IN ECOTECHNOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
Authors: Kirov Veselin , Tchoukanov Alexander
Published: December 2021

Lead and cadmium studies have been conducted in the egg eco-system trophic chain, which is a continuation study on the chemical heterogeneity of the biosphere, assessed at the ecosystem level. For the realization of the ecologilization, a two-module model of an eco-technical system for production of eggs with models of the two main types of trophic chains is proposed: pasture and detritus type.The main product of the linearity of the technological processes in livestock breeding is fertilizer. From the point of view of efficient management of eco-technical systems to minimize environmental risk, the ecological assessment of the fertilizer for the purpose of its utilization is appropriate. It belongs to the Odum Classification Conglomerates I (1975), which includes organic substances that are potentials of nutrients and energy, and should be utilized as resources for recipients in agro-ecological or aquatic ecosystems. The fertilizer is materially different from other products under this group due to the large number of pathogenic microorganisms. Organic substances in the fertilizer are a risk factor due to the emission of greenhouse gases and toxic substances to the atmosphere and pathogenic microorganisms are biological pollutants with high risk potential due to the risk of it causing human and animal diseases.Our research has focused on the quality of products used for human food and the particularities of the movement of matter in eco-technical systems (Baykov, 1994, Baykov & Tyrawska, 1991, Baykov et al., 1996, Baykov et al. 2003). The experiments were carried out in models of eco-technical systems for eggs on the scale of "mesocosmos" via classification of Odum (1986) by analyzing the physicochemical indicators of the two elements of the incoming stream: feedstock and drinking water and an assessment of the chemical heterogeneity at the ecosystem level was performed by analyzing and hygienically assessing the physical characteristics of products used for human food.Proposed, are criteria for assessing the ecological risk of chemical heterogeneity at ecosystem level: eco-technical Clark (Ec), Clark of safety (Cs), Clark of concentrating (Cc) and Clark of technology (Ct). The results show the possibility of assessing environmental risk through the Cs criterion applied to mass of the egg/ feedstock /and for the processed manure. The ecological risk is managed through the Cs and Ct criteria by regulating the amount of toxic factors in the input stream to guarantee safe for human health secondary biological production.
ELECTRICAL ENERGY MEASURING MODUL WITH GALVANOMAGNETIC CURRENT TRANSDUCER
Authors: Draganov Nikola
Published: December 2021

In our time, electrical energy has been used in all household and industrial settings. This is achieved by the ability of the device to convert it into another form of energy – mechanical, lifting, light, heat, and many more. etc., and vice versa. Exactly this variety of energy converters enables the development of electronics, communications, transport, health, energy, but also the search for and the creation of new sources and converters known as alternative sources of energy.The generation and consumption of electrical energy does not end there. In order to assess the quantity and quality of the generated electrical energy, special devices known as electric meters are needed. Measurement of electrical energy is important for both households and industry, as well as for its production and efficient use. There are different methods and means for electrical energy measurement. They work on the basis of different physical principles – induction, electromagnetic, galvanomagnetic, etc., but the task of all of them is to show the result of the current and voltage integrated in time.Various methods are known for the basic parameters measurement defining the value of electrical energy (electrical current and voltage). With the development of microelectronics, and in particular of sensor technology, various sensor transducers have been developed to measure electrical energy through a high precision electric circuit using a contact and/or contactless method. One of the most commonly used sensor transducers for measurement of electrical current in modern energy meters are magneto-sensitive ICs. They are characterized by high reliability of the output signal, temperature and electrostatic steadiness and not least a long period of trouble-free operation1. The sensible element in magneto-sensitive ICs is most often a Hall element or a magnetoresistor. It measures the current flowing through the conductor by converting the magnetic field around it into electrical voltage. The advantage of magneto-sensitive ICs is possibility in a semiconductor chip to create sensitive element and a processing and forming signal circuit. This makes the measuring channel more secure and compatible with integrated circuits for processing and transmitting measurement data.The article presents an experimental model of an electronic module for electrical energy measurement in a single phase AC current circuit. The measuring module is realized on the basis of a specialized integrated circuit ADE series of the Analog Device Company for electrical energy measurement and a current channel, realized by a magnetic-sensitive integrated circuit ACS of the Allegro MicroSistem Inc. for electrical current measurement. Presented are a block and schematic circuit diagrams, experimental design and experimental results showing the performance of the device.
SOLAR POWER POTENTIAL IN THE REPUBLIC SERBIA
Authors: Šmelcerović Miodrag , Dimitrijević Oliver
Published: December 2021

Average solar radiation in Serbia is about 40% higher than the European average. Despite that, the use of solar energy for electricity generation is far behind the countries of the European Union. Creating conditions for the development and functionality of sustainable markets solar system is of great importance for the economy and the preservation of the natural environment in Serbia. Popularization of photovoltaic production equipment will lead to a reduction in prices and greater use of these devices by the population. Area needed for photovoltaic installation, which is sufficient for a family of four from 7-15m² anywhere in the world. The average solar energy that reaches the Earth's 4kWh / m². The efficiency of photovoltaic technology is a low 10%, which means that it is possible to produce 0.4 kWh / m² per day. An average family spends about 6000 kWh per year, or 4 kWh per day per person. In this work we wanted to show the possibility of using solar energy. Also, the work presents technological capabilities of today's replacement of dirty technologies with it. Special emphasis is placed on good practice example of building a solar power plant. Confirmed the economic viability of solar power plant. In near future we even anticipate a full transition to solar energy technology, as the primary source of energy. Solar energy is clean, renewable, cheap, affordable and perfect in every respect as a source of energy for future technologies. The legislation favors the use of renewable solar energy .For its exploitation there are no legal obstacles like wind energy and hydropower. The energy that the sun emits during a year per 1 m2 of the roof in Serbia equals the energy obtained from burning 130 liters of oil, and when it is completely free. The greatest potential for using solar energy have cities in southern Serbia - Niš, Kuršumlija and Vranje.
AN ALTERNATIVE FOR ENERGY CONSUMPTION REDUCTION IN DRIP IRRIGATION
Authors: Georgiev Dimitar
Published: December 2021

The energy consumption in drip irrigation systems as well as in the other irrigation techniques and technologies is an important indicator and an essential part of the operating costs. In contrast to the other irrigation techniques, the irrigation water runoff is smaller because of the fact that only part of the soil surface around the plants is wetted. Nevertheless, taking into account that in most cases the working head in the drippers is 10 m, and there are hydraulic head losses in conducting network, losses in the filters and accessories in the network, then the working head at the beginning of these systems reaches comparatively high values – 35 - 45 m. Taking this into consideration, the author suggests for the first time a new technical solution aimed at the reduction of the working head in the drip laterals and drippers, and more reliable operation of the drip irrigation systems. By now, all companies producing systems for classic drip irrigation in the world offer drip laterals with built-in single and similar nozzles drippers with a long path of the water at the point of water supply, the drippers being of two types-cylindrical and flat. The essence of the suggested solution is that instead of single drippers at the water supply point polynomial drippers are suggested to be built-in, also with a long path of water, consisting of several, located one after another, smaller drippers, connected between each other with a flexible tie (like a chain), both in the cylindrical type and in the flat type. Besides the energy consumption reduction, the new solution features other advantages as well: realization of a larger wetted area of the soil contour and consequently, wetted volume due to the disconcerted water supply at several points of the polynomial dripper; increasing the working flow rate of the drippers for minimum growth of the pressure in them, and a lower probability for termination of the water supply in case of clogging of some of the nozzles drippers; the time for irrigation is reduced.
SYNTHESIS AND SIMULATION OF COMBINATION CIRCUITS THROUGH THE BASIC FUNCTIONS OF A PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLER
Authors: Hinova Аntoaneta
Published: December 2021

The purpose of this article is to assist and enrich the laboratory and teaching practice in technical and vocational education with preliminary information, examples and solved tasks. The advantages of electronic modeling, which is designed to facilitate the ever-expanding electronization of the learning process, are explained. The synthesis of combinatoric summers is a task related to the methodology of practical study of digital and logic circuits through a programmable logic controller. The schematic examples are intended for students, students, teachers - specialists and lecturers in all technical specialties of vocational high schools, colleges and universities. Examples are presented illustrating the advantages of electronic modeling in research and design, the possible application of software products for electronics in the automation of engineering work and in non-electrical subjects such as electrical engineering, electrical equipment, mechatronics and others. The programmable logic controller"LOGO" from Siemens is easily portable, simplified enough to study the programming with it and, moreover, the virtual simulation of the circuits can be monitored at every stage of their operation. The teaching practice shows that the combination of LOGO's PLC programming environment and the study of the synthesis of combinational aggregators in this environment gives the fastest and highest results in the learning process, especially in non-electronic specialties. The method can also be successfully applied in design practice. The Siemens LOGO module is highly functional and easy to operate. It runs and runs on Windows, Linux, MacOSX. Programs can be tested, recorded, printed and archived independently of the controller. LOGO on a modular principle is easily portable, needs fewer accessories and can be expanded as needed. Other advantages include simple installation and easy programming. The LOGO controller remembers the program permanently, it is not erased when the power is turned off. The program remains stored until it is deleted with the corresponding command. The program part can be used for computer simulations of synthesized circuits and without the physical presence of the controller.The best result compared to other simulators is obtained with the CEEMS controller due to its main advantages of visualizing the work environment. The simplicity of installation and uninstall, the poor computer requirements, the ability to monitor and record all the simulation variants and the individual windows are discussed in this material.
„TSUKAHARA“ VAULT TRAINING IN THE STAGE OF SPORT IMPROVEMENT (AGE 10-11)
Authors: Tankusheva Neli
Published: December 2021

From the observations made at international competitions for juniors – European championships (ECh) and European Youth Olympic Games (EYOG) we found that some of the most commonly performed vaults are those of II, III, and IV structural groups, in particular – “Handsprig fwd” , “Tsukahara”, and “Yurchenko”. The present study aims to optimize the training method of training the Vault “Tsukahara”, in girls in the stage of sport improvement (age 10-11). Within the period 2018-2019 a sports and pedagogical experiment was conducted in which Bulgarian gymnasts at 10-11 years of age were studied. The experimental methodology is focused in 3 main directions: physical qualities – particularly with regards to vault; jumps from trampoline, preparatory exercises for vault apparatus from III structure group. The study confirmed the notion that the base vault in gymnastics is “Handsprig (without salto )“ and found that the age of 9-10 years is most appropriate for initial training of “Tsukahara” vault. The conducted pedagogical experiment confirms the necessity of obligatory inclusion of trampoline and special physical preparation work in the weekly training program cycle, equivalent to the four female apparatuses. Deliberate work on the proposed methodology has led to positive results in the experimental group. The prepared multimedia computer product [11] is designed for the needs of gymnastics.q
NORMATIVE BASIS FOR EVALUATION OF COORDINATION ABILITIES OF 9-10 YEAR OLD PUPILS
Authors: M. Tankusheva Nikolina
Published: December 2021

Motor abilities, including coordination abilities, represent fundamental prerequisite for future high performance in the field of physical education and sport. In primary school age the foundation is laid for further development of coordination abilities, as well as to acquire knowledge, skills and habits to practice coordination exercises. This 9-10 years old period is called the "golden age" in relation with the pace of development of these abilities.The aim of this research is to establish the actual status of the coordination abilities of the third grade pupils in Bulgaria and draw up a normative table for control and evaluation on its basis. 1073 children, at the age of 9 and 10 years, including 564 boys and 509 girls in third grade, from 13 Bulgarian primary schools have been tested, using the test battery of Hirtz et al. (1985): Тest 1: Backwards ball throw at a target; Test 2: Long jump test (1 м); Test 3: Orientation shuttle run test aiming at numbered targets. To evaluate the status of each of the indicators examined the so-called Six Sigma method was applied and a normative table for the coordination abilities was developed, respectively for boys and girls. The average level of the pupils who participated in the test responds to rating 4.0
PERFORMANCE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF MANAGEMENT IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR
Authors: Koleci Baki , Koleci Redon
Published: December 2021

Performance measurement has attracted the attention of many researchers in the area of managerial accountability over the last two decades. However, most of them focus on measuring performance only in the private sector. Meanwhile, since several years, especially after the publication of the "New Public Management" doctrine, performance measurement has emerged as an important research priority in the public sector. This does not mean that it has not previously shown interest in the public sector's efficiency problem, but it has been limited in the context of the policy appraisal concept. This concept has functioned more as a tool for assessing public policy delineation and has eventually served to redraft existing policies or practices rather than a system of measurement and performance management of public institutions.Policy evaluation methodologies are very useful, but they can only be used within a framework that assumes the presence of managerial behavior in the public sector. Where legal laws and regulations serve as a basis for dealing with issues, it is very difficult to it is assumed that efficiency will be a fundamental priority. The concept of governance, recent decades, is closely related to the process of modeling assessment procedures. Governance, as such, generally refers to the tools that serve to direct, control and co-ordinate individuals and organizations, partly autonomous ones, in the name of the interests they contribute to (Lynn, Heinrich and Hill, 1999).Some of the recent problems in the area of governance include issues of formal control over authoritative decision-makers and decentralization; focusing on powerful interest groups or goals that are difficult to describe (eg "efficiency" and "high credibility"), as well as comparing different governance regimes.A full description and analysis of the governance model is a prerequisite for further study of performance measurement in public sector activity.The logic of governance in the public sector is simple: lawmakers create the legal framework, administrators deal with enforcement, and the public pays, at least in theory, enjoys the benefits. Lawmakers are elected to act during a mandate (usually four years), but also the administrators (bureaucrats and civil servants) are nominated and supposed to have a long-term career in implementing policies and legal acts. The latter should serve professionally and implement legal acts adopted by lawmakers, using the maximum of their knowledge. There is still an open discussion on how to evaluate the achievements of civil servants and the policy effectiveness they implement.Governance is a division of responsibilities, it should serve as a tool that facilitates the continuous improvement of work in the public sector. Only redistribution of formal authority can have little or no effect on the desirable consequences with all the opposing claims expressed by some administrative reformers.
PERSPECTIVE AND MANAGEMENT OF TOURIST ENVIRONMENT IN THE REPUBLIC OF KOSOVO
Authors: Koleci Baki , Koleci Redon
Published: December 2021

Tourism in developed countries, but also in some transition countries, is an important export product and a generator of employment. It includes a wide array of phenomena and relationships that arise during the touristic journey, while in its realization it comes to the economic, but also the ecological, social and cultural aspect of life. Tourism in Kosovo is an important economic branch. The Tourism Industry of Kosovo has realized 10-12% of the domestic social product, depending on the year in question and whether all the direct factors (hotel industry, gastronomy) or indirect factors (agriculture, construction, etc.) have been taken into account. The large turnout of the tourism economy in the local social product reveals, in the first place, the weaknesses of other sectors of the economy, while the tourism potential has not been utilized as well. Intensive development is largely spontaneous and uncontrolled in post-war hotels, accompanied by imbalance in the environment and territory. These consequences are detrimental to the interests of the two groups: local residents and respective tour operators. Quality planning of space is one of the most important preconditions for the long-term and sustainable development of tourism in Kosovo. It is appreciated that after defining the status of Kosovo, the interest of investors to invest in the tourism sector is greater, but also in other sectors of the economy that directly or indirectly influence the development of the tourism sector so that the government most works for the development of tourism in different regions of Kosovo, is now in the final stage the international tender for the privatization of Brezovica, where according to the information there are a number of interested persons appearing in the tender for privatization of the tourist complex of Brezovica. Today's modern tourism does not ask where we are going but what we will do where we are going. Kosovo institutions are seriously involved in managing tourism firstly to build conditions to attract foreign tourists and to convince citizens themselves that there are conditions in their country, the money they spend in other countries can help the economy of Kosovo. However, the conditions and nature that nature has created in Kosovo requires a more serious approach to elevating it to a higher level given the conditions to be met to keep up the turret. Tourism is an industry characterized by intensive labor involvement. Human resources for this industry have been rated as "raw materials" or are anticipated by experts as the most important factor to be faced by this industry over the last decades and onwards the Kosovo government has set up a university education school for tourism which can be said that there are many well-prepared frames. Starting from this apparent tourism site, infrastructure and building up of incomparable units is progressing day by day. It is time to evaluate the motivation of visitors who pay for a couple of days of summer or winter in one place.
NEW LATIN LANGUAGE TEXTBOOK FOR MEDICAL SPECIALTIES
Authors: Mirchev Dimitar
Published: December 2021

For a long time in Bulgaria, there has been a need for a suitable Latin textbook for medical specialties with a 30-hour course, such as nursing, obstetrics, dental assistance, etc. The authors Dimitar Mirchev, PhD and Assoc. prof. Rossen Milanov aim to fill this niche through the preparation of the presented textbook. The textbook is based on the existing Latin-language textbooks in Bulgaria, while at the same time the authors strive to improve the available methodical systems for the education of students with a schedule of 30 hours per term. The main feature of the textbook is the separation of the grammar into 15 topics, according to the number of study weeks for the specialties mentioned. The authors’ purpose is to offer a balanced amount of exercises corresponding to the limited amount of time for the students to acquire the desired knowledge. This is also one of the main differences between the existing textbooks for а 60-hour schedule and the current textbook. The selection and synthesis of these exercises and the achievement of the final goal, namely the acquisition of sufficient Latin terminology corresponding to the actual needs in the students’ practical field, proved to be a difficult task and a great challenge for the authors. In Bulgaria, before 1989, there are relatively few Latin-language textbooks for medical specialties. Then the nursing and obstetrics are outside the higher education system and study in special secondary schools or colleges, while in the higher schools they prepare specialties of medicine, dentistry and pharmacy. For this reason, Latin textbooks are divided respectively for higher education institutions and for secondary school specialties. Since 2007 the nursing and obstetrics enter the higher education system and receive a Bachelor's degree. These specialties are taught in Latin, usually with textbooks prepared for medicine and dentistry. Basically this is not a problem, but gradually textbooks that are appropriate for these specialties have been prepared, according to their academic workload. Nowadays , there are no more than 3-4 textbooks in Bulgaria for classes of 30 hours. In this article, the above-mentioned textbook will be presented, highlighting its advantages and benefits on the basis of existing ones. Nurses, obstetrics and other specialties with similar workload in latin language have chiefly difficulties in learning the grammar that is absolutely necessary for the proper use of anatomical and clinical terminology. At the same time, the practice shows that all medical specialists are hampered by the correct pronunciation of medical terms, which is also a major challenge for the teachers. The textbook is divided into a grammar part with exercises according to the teaching material, greek terminology and Latin-Bulgarian and Bulgarian-Latin dictionary.
THE IMPORTANCE OF PHILOSOPHICAL ANTHROPOLOGY FOR MEDICINE
Authors: Mirchev Dimitar
Published: December 2021

Nowadays we have a need not only for means of existence but also means of a better existence. Medicine is one such tool, hence the requirements of it are constantly increasing. Modern medicine, as an integrative science, needs comprehensive knowledge of the human being, based on the philosophical science as well as on the accumulated empirical knowledge in the medical field, because no discipline individually is able to answer the questions of the meaning of human existence. Therefore, for the most precise knowing of human beings, wide knowledge is necessary, consisting of philosophical and medical notions about the processes that take place in the human organism, aided by philosophical anthropology. Anthropology serves as the foundation of all sciences concerning human knowledge, origin and culture - medicine, ontology, history, archeology, ethnology, etc. In order to understand the main aspects of a specific science and, particularly philosophical anthropology and its relation to medicine, it is necessary to clarify the notion of philosophical anthropology. The multifaceted nature of the question of the essence of man and his attitude to the world around him finds expression in the formation of philosophical anthropology as the main direction in philosophy. In the history of human thought, the term "philosophical anthropology" is used with double meaning. On one hand, anthropology comprises ancient and modern philosophical views of man, which, although not developed as a self-study, contain a certain understanding of the nature of man as an individual and person. on the other hand, this concept is entirely determined by the emphasis on man as a subject of philosophical reflection. The different aspects and diversity of human existence require an objective research and an authoritative answer to the question of the meaning of human life and place of human beings. In a certain sense, all fundamental problems of philosophy can be reduced to the question, what is the essence of man and his place in being and the world. Based on the unique human nature, different philosophical schools and directions attempt to respond to the fundamental question of the meaning of life. The affirmation of contemporary philosophical anthropology as an independent science in the 20s of the twentieth century is largely due to the german philosopher Max Scheler (1874-1928) and his fundamental work "The Human Place in the Cosmos". Significant contributions to the development of anthropology have also Kant, Plesner, Gellen, Pascal, Ortega and Gasset, Ludwig Feuerbach, Karl Jaspers, William James, Erich Rothacker, as well as the anthropological ideas and views in the theories of the different directions in medicine, psychology, sociology, biology, ecology etc.
THE CHALLENGES OF DEVELOPING EFFECTIVE WRITING SKILLS FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES IN STUDENTS IN THE REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA
Authors: Trajanoska Ivana , Andonova Marija
Published: December 2021

Leonard J. Rosen defines academic writing as an “informed, logical, clear, well structured, and based on evidence” (Rosen, 2009) prose style which serves to describe, understand, and further investigate the world around us. Academic writing rests upon common standards of logic and clarity which enable writers to enter into a conversation through their writing. Developing effective writing skills for academic purposes is a crucial aspect of higher education. These skills are indispensable for the students since they affect their overall academic success, but also their life outside the university. The present paper deals with the challenges of developing effective writing skills for academic purposes in the Macedonian language in students in the Republic of North Macedonia. It presents a part of the findings of a five-year research conducted at the higher education institution University American College Skopje (UACS). The aim of the research is to explore the gap between the expected already acquired writing skills at secondary school and the writing skills for academic purposes the students should develop in higher education. The present paper presents the data obtained from the self-evaluation process conducted from spring semester 2015 until spring semester 2019. The quantitative research method was used in the research and the quantitative data obtained were analyzed, textually interpreted, and visually presented. Twenty nine point three percent of the students said that they knew how to write a short essay where they would present evidence for a point of view and 32.4% said that they are not sure how to do this. Even though writing an essay (titled “project assignment”) is a required part of the mandatory State Baccalaureate (Matura) exam since 2010 and all students had completed it in order to enroll at University, 38.3% of the students involved in the research said that they do not know how to do this.
NEOROMANTIC ELEMENTS IN J.R.R. TOLKIEN'S WRITING
Authors: Kečan Ana
Published: December 2021

Neoromanticism or the Neo romantic movement may be easier to define, than it is to frame within a strict time framework. Some see it as a 20th-century resurgence of romantic ideas which began around 1928 and lasted up to the mid-1950s, while others locate it within a larger framework going back to the 1880s (being a reaction against naturalism) and lasting up to today. Depending on which timeline one adopts, it is sometimes synonymous with post-romanticism and late romanticism. However, regardless of its timeline, the movement has had profound effects lasting well into the end of the 20th century, becoming a reaction against modernism and postmodernism, and spreading into areas such as painting, music, literature, cinema, as well as architecture. As a movement, neoromanticism seeks to revive both romanticism and medievalism (the influence and appearance of ‘the medieval’ in the society and culture of later ages) by promoting the power of imagination, the exotic, the unfamiliar, further characterized by the expression of strong emotions (such as terror, awe, horror and love) as well as the promotion of supernatural experiences, the use and interest in Jungian archetypes and the semi-mystical conjuring of home. Furthermore, neoromanticism feels strongly against industrialization and the disconnectedness from nature in the modern world, rejecting the dichotomy between society and nature. It also embodies a wish or desire for a Utopian connection to nature uncoupled from social expectations and tradition, and going back to nature that has not been victimized by human civilization and industry. Most of these ideas may be found embodied in both the life and the writings of J.R.R. Tolkien, who famously declared to his son that he was, in fact, a Hobbit. His writings abound in creatures who not only live in harmony with nature (the Elves, the Hobbits), but embody it as well (the Ents) because romanticism (and subsequently neoromanticism) is, in essence, all about nature. In contrast, the evil of the main antagonists in his mythology (Melkor/Morgoth, Sauron, Saruman) is seen through their destruction of nature. Tolkien actually reverses the romantic line of vision with the creation of the Shire, which is seen as a ‘post-medieval’ society that has developed out of the Middle Ages, making Tolkien a medievalist dreaming of an organic and harmonious continuation of transformed and ‘purified’ Middle Ages as found in the Shire. This essay will present several of these characteristics mentioned and how the creatures of Tolkien’s mythology present a reaction against the industrialization of his time and neighboring county, while showing how these are ideas are still (perhaps even more so) relevant in the 21st century as well.
BAKHTIN'S DIALOGISM IN THE NOVEL THREE DAUGHTERS OFMADAME LIANG BY PEARL S. BUCK
Authors: Gjorgjievska Eva
Published: December 2021

The paper analyzes the novel of the American writer Pearl S. Buck from the perspective of dialogism introduced as a concept by the Russian theorist and philosopher Mikhail Bakhtin, at the same time when was written the Pearl Buck`s novel (1969), that is, in the middle of the twentieth century, with no direct influence between the two authors but a similar arrangement of the narrative model in both of their works. Under Mikhail Bakhtin's dialogism, one can understand the abolition of the monologue principle of speech and its replacement with two or more perspectives or voices that exist in parallel and independently of the narrator's or author's voice. The author's point of view can no longer be explained by the ideology of one of his characters, because they occupy a dominant flow in the novel and their truth persists without the author's authoritative control, in constant interpersonal debate and dialogue. Such a diversity of ideological perspectives was observed in the novel written by Pearl Buck, where, at the height of the great changes on the Chinese soil, when the revolutionary movements resulted in the introduction of the communist order and the cultural revolution in the country, the three daughters of Madame Liang were called upon by the state to return from America and to adapt to the new living conditions in their home country. The conflict of mentality and the issue of patriotism for each one of them, including Madame Liang, evolves in a different way, each one finding herself in a unique situation to choose between her own good and the collective faith. Bakhtin's dialogism can be found on many levels in the novel: as a dialogue between the old traditional and the new modern worldview, as a dialogue between the various ideological perspectives of the characters who accept or reject the changes, as a dialogue between the scientific ethics of the Chinese and the American continent, as a critique of the monologic surveillance of China's new communist order, as an intertextual dialogue between the speech of the characters and the inserted excerpts of the traditional Book of Changes, as a blend or conflict of two cultures, Chinese and American, as a view of the past or towards the future ... As a concluding remark of the paper, one idea of Bakhtin's work is taken, and that is the connection between ethics and aesthetics in his theoretical works, as well as the concept of the ultimate freedom of the narrator's thought in building the integrity of his characters, which almost can not be achieved in any way other than through creation. As a consequence of this claim, the life choices of each of the characters of Pearl Buck's novel and their relationship with the creative activity are considered, and at the same time the approach of the narrator of the novel that distances himself, but at the same time confirms the existence of the literary characters.
THE GRAMMATICAL CONCEPT „NOUN“ IN THE PROCESS OF LINGUISTIC CREATION OF FOREIGN STUDENTS TO BULGARIAN LANGUAGE
Authors: Dimitrov Vasil
Published: December 2021

The interest in the problems of foreign language learning and the process of building linguistic attitudes among foreigners is essential in language learning. The awareness of language as a system with its links and subsystems means understanding the need to also study it in a particular system.The model of communicative competence includes not only linguistic but also psychophysical and social characteristics, i.e. not only knowledge of language but also abilities for the realization of comprehensive discourse in various communicative situations. This model is crafted and enriched over time. In the process of learning a noun, it is very important that students develop competence concerning the parts of speech as well as their proper use in the communication process. One of the essential aspects of the learning process is the development of language competence. We find it very important to be able to adapt the scientific knowledge so that foreigners can understand it and apply it in the communication. The scope of communicative competence concerning the nouns suggests that account must be taken not only of the language code but also of what can be said; to whom; how to build; how to interpret discourse according to social roles and situations, knowledge and value orientations in communication.The concept of the lessons is oriented towards the formation of communicative competence in the Bulgarian language, while at the same time emphasis is also placed on the deepening of the linguistic knowledge of the students studying Bulgarian language. The descriptive approach in the presentation of linguistic information is balanced by the practically oriented selection of topics for dialogic or monologic texts that reinforce the competence of learners to participate in situations of communication reproducing similar scenarios to their professional practice.Graded by complexity and subject matter, the different exercises and tasks for editing, transforming or constructing are consistent with the professional terminology that is necessary for medics, dentists and pharmacists to master to be adequate participants in the learning process concerning relevant professional areas.The established concept of working with foreign students in Bulgarian language education is being tested and improved to establish a reliable and modern socio-cultural context of the formation of grammatical notions and the development of linguistic attitudes among foreigners towards the language.
РАЗБИЙ-ПЪРТИНА IN THE DICTIONARY OF NAYDEN GEROV
Authors: Baeva Albena
Published: December 2021

The study of persistent phrases and phrases is the subject of phraseology. Various classifications of sustainable combinations are known. Thematic groupings are also of interest and are regarded as characteristic of folk psychology. Comparative studies of individual narrower or wider corresponding phrases are often found. This article explores corresponding sustainable combinations in Bulgarian and French, which refer to a waste-monger (spender).Attention is also drawn to the particular situation of complex words, some of which are characterized as composites, especially in terms of spelling, which testifies that they have not reached complex words (composites) and others can refer to persistent expressions in view of the period under consideration.
FEATURES OF THE SEMANTIC FIELD FOR NAMING THE TIMES OF THE YEAR (ACCORDING TO THE DICTIONARY OF THE BULGARIAN LANGUAGE BY NAYDEN GEROV)
Authors: Baeva Albena
Published: December 2021

The names of the times of the year have always been of interest from various linguistic points of view - in terms of their etymology, synonymous names, the meaningful relations between the lexes, a comparative study with the names in other Slavic languages. The article discusses some peculiarities of the relations between the lexes in the semantic field of the times of the year. Attention is drawn to missing members in the field and an attempt is made to clarify the reasons for this lack, based on more general linguistic development trends.
THE GREAT RETURN OF RELIGION TO THE 21 ST CENTURY
Authors: Eminov Ilhan
Published: December 2021

Religion is a cultural system of designated behaviors and practices, morals, worldviews, texts, sanctified places, prophecies, ethics or organizations, that relates humanity to supernatural transcendental , or spiritual elements. However, there is no scholary consensus over what precisely constitutes a religion. In this moment therе are an estimated 10 000 distinct religions worldwide but about 84% of the world’s population is affiliated whit one of the five largest religion groups namely Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism or form of folk religion. In the 21 st century we are witnessing the great return of religion especially in the Balkans.
COMMERCALIZATION OF KNOWLEDGE INTO INNOVATION IN THEORY OF ECONOMIC GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Cvetanović Slobodan , Novaković Igor
Published: December 2021

Theoretical explications of the category of economic development imply the application of research methods that touch not only the economic but also the numerous political, demographic, ethical and environmental dimensions of development. Primarily because of this fact, theoretical explications of economic development can be very imprecise in form and sometimes of a very extensive nature, despite the fact that a descriptive method in the study of particular economic phenomena can significantly replace analytical precision. In any case, logical consistency in qualifying the phenomena characteristic of the theoretical explication of economic development plays an extremely important role and importance. If the content of the theory of economic development is understood in this way, it can also be interpreted as its effort to determine the conditions conducive to achieving a high rate of economic growth over a long period. This is why economic development theorists use a far broader and more diverse analytical ways in their research compared to researchers interested solely in economic growth issues.In addition to standard factors of production (land, labor and capital), neoclassical theory of economic growth also recognized production factors of intangible character in the form of residuals, that is, innovations understood in the broadest sense of the word. This fact can be marked as a key change in economic science related to economic development research. However, a major drawback of the neoclassical theory of economic development is the neglect of explaining the drivers of innovation as a key factor in economic growth. Relying, at the same time, on the dominant linear model of innovation, neoclassical theory states that knowledge commercialized into innovation is by far the most significant driver of economic growth. However, neoclassical models assume that innovations occur spontaneously and that they represent a logical response to market stimuli, that is, they possess traits of the public good, which was basically the greatest weakness of this theoretical direction.Endogenous growth models in conceptual terms have succeeded in overcoming the stagnant neoclassical economic theory theorem that economic growth, in the absence of knowledge valorized in innovation, is a time-limited process. The key drivers of knowledge in new theories of economic growth and development are endogenous and crucial in the process of creating new value. They account for the manifestation of external effects, that is, they explain the possibility of declining returns on production factors at the aggregate level due to the unlimited possibilities of commercialization of knowledge into innovation.