bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative evaluation of deep learning and machine learning techniques for sentiment analysis of electronic product review data
Authors: Nagelli Archana , Saleena B. , Prakash B.
Published: February 2025

The primary thoughts, perceptions, attitudes, feedback, and even emotions expressed by people on social networking and e-commerce sites are the primary focus of sentiment analysis also referred to as opinion mining. It provides meaningful information to various stakeholders and customers in influencing their next move. However, the biggest challenge is the extraction of relevant information from the tremendous data. Machine learning and deep learning techniques have obtained remarkable success in exemplifying and classifying information. Machine learning works with the binary classification of information, whereas deep learning provides automatic feature detection. A study was carried out to extract the relevant information from the Amazon reviews dataset of electronics products. The Naïve Bayes, support vector machine, decision tree, convolution neural network, long short term memory, recursive neural networks, and recurrent neural networks were used on the dataset after applying different data preprocessing. To evaluate the performance of various machine learning and deep learning techniques, frameworks, F1 score, precision, recall as well as, accuracy was used. The results suggest that deep learning techniques have outperformed the machine learning techniques, and RNN shows the highest accuracy among all the techniques.
20.5.13.2 Arenecarboxylic Acid Esters (Update 2024)
Authors: Ying J. , Wu X.-F.
Published: February 2025

Arenecarboxylic acid esters are prevalent motifs in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, polymers, and natural products. They are also versatile building blocks in organic synthesis. Traditionally, esters are prepared via activation of acids or acid anhydrides, followed by nucleophilic substitution. However, these methods usually require harsh reaction conditions and two steps. Over the past couple of decades, alternative synthetic approaches have been developed, including Chan—Lam-type reactions, oxidative esterification, carbonylation, and addition of carboxylic acids to unsaturated carbon—carbon bonds. This review highlights recent developments of these transformations with some selected works reported between 2002 and 2022, and serves as an update to the previous (2007) Science of Synthesis chapter on the preparation of arenecarboxylic acid esters (Section 20.5.13).
20.5.1.7.16 Catalytic α-Arylation of Alkyl Alkanoates
Authors: Liao L. , Zhang Y. , Yu J.-S.
Published: February 2025

α-Aryl carboxylic esters are important motifs or precursors in a wide variety of drugs, bioactive natural products, and pharmacologically active compounds. This chapter is an update to enrich the original Science of Synthesis chapter dedicated to the synthesis of alkyl alkanoates “Synthesis with Retention of the Functional Group” (Section 20.5.1.7). The current review focuses on recent advances in the catalytic α-arylation of alkyl alkanoates, and describes methods for the synthesis of α-aryl carboxylic compounds reported in the period 2001–2022. Seven main approaches are introduced: α-arylations of alkyl esters or their enolates, α-arylations of Reformatsky reagents with aryl halides, α-arylations of silyl ketene acetals, α-arylations of α-halo esters, α-arylations of α-diazo esters, decarboxylative or deacetylative α-arylation of β-carbonyl esters, and reductive C—O bond arylation of oxalates derived from α-hydroxy esters.
Phase-locking characteristics and dynamics of the subharmonic entrainment of breathing temporal solitons
Authors: Dong Heng , Yao Xiankun , Zhang Qian
Published: February 2025

Subharmonic entrainment (SHE) of the breathing solitons, an intriguing resonance phenomenon, arises from frequency locking between the breathing frequency and the cavity repetition frequency. This study investigates the phase-locking characteristics and dynamics of the SHE of breathing temporal cavity solitons. We reveal that the breathing solitons arise from the periodic enhancement and depletion of coherence between solitons and pump light, achieving SHE locking across various periods within the stringent parameter ranges of driving intensity, detuning, and cavity finesse. Furthermore, we summarize the excitation condition of SHE within the phase-locking region, enhancing the understanding of the dynamics of SHE. Our research could provide valuable insights into the generation and regulation of SHE.
Dust-acoustic solitons in self-gravitating magnetized dusty plasmas
Authors: Sultana S. , Mobarak Hossen M. , Islam S. , Mamun A. A.
Published: February 2025

A four-component self-gravitating magnetized plasma (comprised of inertial positively and negatively charged dust, and non-inertial electrons and ions following Maxwellian distribution) is considered to study the linear and nonlinear wave properties in such plasmas associated with dust-acoustic waves. The Korteweg–de Vries (K-dV) equation (via reductive perturbation approach) is derived, and the solution of the K-dV equation is used to examine the basic properties (e.g., amplitude, width, and polarity) of finite but small-amplitude dust-acoustic solitary waves in the considered plasmas. It is seen that the plasma model considered here supports both polarity solitary structures. It is observed that not only the basic properties but also the existence regimes of the solitary structures are modified significantly due to the presence of external magnetic field and self-gravitational effects.
Integrated modeling of advanced tokamaks for tearing mode avoidance on DIII-D
Authors: Kim Kyungjin , Park J. M. , La Haye R. J. , Na Y.-S.
Published: February 2025

Understanding the physics of the onset and evolution of tearing modes (TMs) in tokamak plasmas is crucial for high-performance steady-state operations. The onset condition of (m,n) = (2,1) tearing stability, Δ′>Δc′>0, has been studied in DIII-D steady-state hybrid discharges with accurate equilibrium reconstruction and well-measured plasma profiles. Here, m is the poloidal mode number and n is the toroidal mode number. The onset of n=1 TMs is carefully identified using the Mirnov array to determine in-phase signals for the onset time and using electron cyclotron emission measurements to trace back from the saturated island width in the experiments for both initial island width and its growth rate. The tearing stability index Δ′ at TM onset is calculated in multiple ways, using the modified Rutherford equation and using the PEST-III or resistive DCON magnetohydrodynamic codes, and the results are in reasonable agreement with each other. The calculated Δ′ is compared with an analytical formula of the tearing stability threshold Δc′ to determine the condition for the mode onset, Δ′>Δc′. Finally, the local gradient effect of the plasma current and the pressure profiles on the tearing stability is investigated in terms of the difference between Δ′ and Δc′ through a series of modeled equilibria with the parametric variations. A database of experimental mode instability onsets is compatible with the simulated regions of instability obtained from the parametric variations.
An AlN/AlxGa1-xN/GaN graded channel HEMT with enhanced power and linearity performance
Authors: Du Xiang , Mi Min-Han , Wang Peng-Fei , Lu Mao-Teng , Zhou Yu-Wei , Gong Can , Ouyang Xiao-Ping , Ma Xiao-Hua , Hao Yue
Published: February 2025

In this work, an AlN/AlxGa1-xN/GaN graded channel HEMT (AlN. GC HEMT) with enhanced power and linearity performance has been proposed. With the adoption of a strong-polarized AlN barrier and a graded AlxGa1-xN channel, a current density of 1806 mA/mm and a transconductance (Gm) gate voltage swing (GVS-Gm) of 7 V were gained. At 3.6 GHz load pull measurements with a drain voltage (VDS) of 8 V, the AlN. GC HEMT exhibited a maximum output power density (Pout) of 2.2 W/mm. Two-tone intermodulation distortion measurement further revealed an output third-order intercept point (OIP3) of 35.5 dBm and a corresponding linearity figure of merit (OIP3/PDC) of 11.2 dB. The improved performance can be attributed to the hybrid 2DEG and 3DEG distribution in the channel, where the high density 2DEG contributes to a large output capacity, and the smooth 3DEG facilitates a sustained and stable charge accumulation with bias variation. These results indicate the potential of AlN. GC HEMT in 5G applications that target high power density and high linearity.
Evaluation of bias-dependent band structure changes in metal–oxide–semiconductor structures with varying doping concentrations using laboratory hard x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
Authors: Minowa Takuya , Usuda Koji , Yokogawa Ryo , Ogura Atsushi
Published: February 2025

Direct observation of the band structure variation of electrical devices, such as MOSFETs, during device operation is the most important for understanding MOSFET device operation. However, there are a few reports on the direct measurement of variation in the metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) interface band structure during operation, and further investigation is required. This paper focuses on elucidating the changes in the band structure at buried interfaces under applied bias using a nondestructive approach. We conducted measurements using bias-applied laboratory hard x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (Lab. HAXPES) with liquid gallium (Ga) x-ray source on MOS structures, which are widely recognized as fundamental and commonly used devices. We utilize HAXPES with Ga x-ray, providing high-energy/intensity x-rays, to achieve sufficient detection depth and enable observation of the deeper regions of the silicon substrate buried under gold and silicon dioxide layers. As a result, this approach allowed us to observe bias-dependent peak shifts resulting from changes in the band structure in detail. We observe HAXPES peak shift caused by the different substrate concentrations. Additionally, we obtained detailed information on band bending by applying a wider range of bias compared to previous bias applied HAXPES.
Experimental investigation of the impact of directional distribution on the geometric characteristics of focused waves in finite water depth
Authors: He Yanli , Gao Zhe , Wang Lei , Li Jinxuan , Dong Guohai
Published: February 2025

In actual wave fields, short-crested behavior is typically observed due to the superposition of wave components with varying wave frequencies and directional distributions. However, most of previous studies have simplified these as two-dimensional waves, neglecting the impact of directional distribution and leading to an incomplete understanding of its influence on nonlinear characteristics. This study investigates multi-directional focused waves with a single frequency in a laboratory setting. The comparison reveals that, unlike wave frequency, the vertical asymmetry factor influenced by directional distribution is linked to the variation in the period from zero-upcrossing to the crest. In multi-directional waves, the wave steepness defined for unidirectional waves is inadequate for measuring nonlinearity. There can be instances where the ratio of the subsequent envelope height at half the characteristic period to the preceding one exceeds 1, indicating a configuration highly prone to extreme events, especially with wider directional distributions. Furthermore, the deviation of the higher-order energy ratio from the theoretical solution increases with wave steepness (defined for the corresponding unidirectional waves) when the directional distribution is relatively concentrated, but no clear conclusion is reached at the directional distribution with θmax = 60°. This suggests that multi-directional waves, particularly with θmax greater than 45°, warrant more attention as a critical inflection point. These findings provide a reference for future research on multi-directional, multi-frequency wave components.
Deciphering the molecular mechanism of post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 through comorbidity network analysis
Authors: Tian Lue , Wan Eric , Celine Chui Sze Ling , Li Shirely , Chan Esther , Luo Hao , Wong Ian C. K. , Zhang Qingpeng
Published: February 2025

The post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) poses a significant health challenge in the post-pandemic world. However, the underlying biological mechanisms of PASC remain intricate and elusive. Network-based methods can leverage electronic health record data and biological knowledge to investigate the impact of COVID-19 on PASC and uncover the underlying biological mechanisms. This study analyzed territory-wide longitudinal electronic health records (from January 1, 2020 to August 31, 2022) of 50 296 COVID-19 patients and a healthy non-exposed group of 100 592 individuals to determine the impact of COVID-19 on disease progression, provide molecular insights, and identify associated biomarkers. We constructed a comorbidity network and performed disease-protein mapping and protein–protein interaction network analysis to reveal the impact of COVID-19 on disease trajectories. Results showed disparities in prevalent disease comorbidity patterns, with certain patterns exhibiting a more pronounced influence by COVID-19. Overlapping proteins elucidate the biological mechanisms of COVID-19's impact on each comorbidity pattern, and essential proteins can be identified based on their weights. Our findings can help clarify the biological mechanisms of COVID-19, discover intervention methods, and decode the molecular basis of comorbidity associations, while also yielding potential biomarkers and corresponding treatments for specific disease progression patterns.
Superresolving optical ruler based on spatial mode demultiplexing for systems evolving under Brownian motion
Authors: Schlichtholz Konrad
Published: February 2025

The development of super-resolution techniques, i.e., allowing for efficient resolution below the Rayleigh limit, became one of the important branches in contemporary optics and metrology. Recent findings show that perfect spatial mode demultiplexing (SPADE) into Hermite-Gauss modes followed by photon counting enables one to reach the quantum limit of precision in the task of estimation of separation between two weak stationary sources in the sub-Rayleigh regime. In order to check the limitations of the method, various imperfections such as misalignment or crosstalk between the modes were considered. Possible applications of the method in microscopy call for the adaptive measurement scheme, as the position of the measured system can evolve in time, causing non-negligible misalignment. In this paper, we examine the impact of Brownian motion of the center of the system of two weak incoherent sources on adaptive SPADE measurement precision limits. The analysis is carried out using Fisher information, from which the limit of precision can be obtained by Cramér-Rao bound. As a result, we find that Rayleigh's curse is present in such a scenario; however, SPADE measurement can outperform perfect direct imaging. What is more, a suitable adjustment of the measurement time between alignments allows measurement with near-optimal precision.
Graphene microelectrodes for real-time impedance spectroscopy of neural cells in organ-on-a-chip
Authors: Ouedraogo Lionel Jean Gabriel , Kling McKayla , Hashemi Nicole N.
Published: February 2025

This study presents the development and characterization of a graphene-based sensor integrated into a microfluidic chip for real-time monitoring of cell growth and viability in an organ-on-a-chip platform. The sensor fabrication involved the metabolization of graphene from graphite using a simple and cost-effective method. The sensor design, created using SolidWorks, featured electrodes capable of detecting environmental changes through impedance sensing. A mold was created using a cutter plotter to overcome challenges in achieving the desired sensor shape, and the graphene electrodes were then printed on a polyester (PETE) membrane. The conductivity of the electrodes was optimized through annealing, by considering the temperature limits of the membrane. Annealing at 150 °C for 40 min yielded electrodes with the desired conductivity while maintaining membrane integrity. The annealing parameters were confirmed through cell culture experiments for compatibility with cellular growth. The scaled electrodes were integrated into a microfluidic chip, and their performance was evaluated using cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results demonstrated the successful functioning of the electrodes within the chip. The developed graphene-based sensor offers promising applications in other organ-on-a-chip studies, as well as in cellular studies and biosensing, through real-time monitoring of cell growth and viability that was achieved by measuring impedance changes resulting from cell attachment.
A study on the decomposition and reconstruction of flow field of large-span flexible photovoltaic array based on dynamical mode decomposition
Authors: Yu Wei , Ke Shitang , Wang Boyang , Zhang Chunwei , Wang Wencai
Published: February 2025

The flow field of a large-span flexible photovoltaic (PV) array exhibits high-dimensional dynamic characteristics with significant inter-row interference, and it is difficult to directly capture the full dynamic distribution characteristics of the flow under the inter-row interference through the physical wind tunnel test, but the data-driven reduced-order algorithm provides a new idea to realize the accurate reconstruction and prediction of its complex flow field. A 40-meter-span flexible photovoltaic array demonstration project by the State Power is analyzed using large eddy simulation to study the distribution of average and fluctuating wind pressure on the array, and the driving mechanism and vorticity evolution law of flow field are revealed. The flow field of a photovoltaic array is decomposed using the dynamical mode decomposition (DMD), and a reduced-order model of flow field evolution based on the I-mode criterion is established for reconstruction and error analysis within the snapshot number. The results show that the interference effect of the photovoltaic array is most significant in the second row on the windward side; the main modes capture key flow features and characterize the internal mechanism of flow field evolution, and the results of the flow field reconstruction by the reduced-order model of flow field evolution within the snapshot number can describe and fit the basic characteristics of the original flow field. The conclusions are significant for identifying the basic physical mechanisms and dynamic evolution of the flow field, providing a reference for optimizing and predicting the wind load design of large-span flexible photovoltaic arrays.
Study on thermal quenching mechanism and recombination dynamics of Si-bound exciton transition in AlN
Authors: Li Guoping , Tang Ning , Ji Chen , Wang Qikun , Wu Liang , Fu Lei , Zhang Shixiong , Chen Shuaiyu , Zhang Erfei , Zhang Tianyu , Xu Fujun , Ge Weikun , Shen Bo
Published: February 2025

Steady-state photoluminescence (PL) and time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy are employed to study near-band edge excitonic emission lines in an aluminum nitride (AlN) film over a range of temperatures. The thermal quenching of the neutral silicon-bound exciton (Si0X) emission peak in AlN is observed, which is caused by the thermally activated processes from Si0X to two types of free exciton (Γ1 and Γ5), along with a two-electron satellite (TES) transition as a competing pathway. Among these, the activation process to the higher-energy Γ1 free exciton state is predominant, which may be related to the symmetry of the exciton states. The non-monotonic temperature dependence of the TES emission intensity is observed, which originates from the predominance of the thermally activated TES transition rate at low temperatures, as opposed to the delocalization tendency of Si0X. Due to the rapid reduction in the nonradiative recombination lifetime, the PL lifetime of the Si0X emission peak decreases from 160 ps at 4.5 K to 15 ps at 80 K. Meantime, the radiative recombination lifetime increases with temperature, which further accelerates the thermal quenching of the Si0X emission peak to some extent.
Dual-channel fiber-optic biosensors based on LSPR and SPR for the trace detection of rabies virus
Authors: He Juan , Pan Houren , Feng Luwei , Feng Wenlin
Published: February 2025

In this paper, a transmissive dual-channel fiber-optic biosensor based on local surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is designed for the simultaneous detection of rabies virus antibody and temperature. In the traditional dual-channel SPR sensor structure, it is necessary to coat different metal films on two channels to obtain two independent SPR signals in one probe. In this work, the dopamine hydrochloride was used to separate two resonance peaks. Sensing channel 1 is used as an immunosensing road by using the LSPR effect, coating its surface with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs)/IRMOF-3/thiomalic acid and adsorbing rabies virus antigens to enhance the loading of biomolecules on the surface of the sensor and the immune response. The sensing channel 2 adopts a silver film to excite the SPR effect, then the position of the SPR resonance peak is shifted back by dopamine hydrochloride, and, finally, a layer of polydimethylsiloxane is coated as a temperature sensing channel. The results show that the sensitivity of the sensor is 0.504 nm/°C in the temperature range of 30–35 °C, and it has good temperature stability. The high sensitivity detection of rabies virus was achieved in the range of 0.1–103 pg/ml. The sensitivity and detection limit are 3.065 nm/(log(pg/ml)) and 0.234 pg/ml, respectively. It performed well in the clinical sample detection. The sensor has a good prospect in the clinical detection of rabies virus.
Comparative study on the fractional rheology-informed neural networks for the time-dependent mechanical behavior of polymer solutions
Authors: Meng Ruifan , Chen Jiecheng , Xu Zihong
Published: February 2025

In this paper, fractional rheology-informed neural networks (f-RhINNs) are established to predict the time-dependent mechanical behaviors of polymer solutions. Both constant-order and variable-order fractional constitutive models are derived and imposed as physical constraints within the f-RhINNs framework. To enhance training accuracy and robustness, a self-generating data method is also developed, producing expanded datasets via a forward-inverse problem loop. Next, the effectiveness of the proposed f-RhINNs is validated by the experimental data of polyacrylamide (PAAm) aqueous solutions under time-varying shear rates. It is demonstrated that under the balanced data and model weights, the variable-order f-RhINN (Vof-RhINN) captures the stress-shear rate relationship of PAAm solutions more accurately than the constant-order form, especially in the initial stress overshoot stage. Furthermore, the law of order function shows a consistent increase with the increase in strain rate at different concentrations, which proves that the Vof-RhINN reasonably reflects the physical mechanism that higher shear rates enhancing the flowability of PAAm solutions. Finally, the extrapolation prediction ability of the Vof-RhINN for the stress response at different concentrations outside the training data is verified. These findings highlight the potential of Vof-RhINN to provide rapid and accurate predictions for the rheological behaviors of polymer solutions with new formulations, which is of great significance in scientific research and engineering applications.
Optimization of an empirical equation in drop shape theory and a structural–mechanical analysis of a caved ore and rock particle flow system
Authors: Sun Hao , Zhao Lishan , Elmo Davide , Wei Lichang , Zhou Shenggui
Published: February 2025

The void ratio of the caved ore and rock particle system, which is a common and critical factor affecting draw, has not received much attention. In this paper, numerical draw tests were conducted to investigate the flow mechanism of caved ore and rock under varying void ratios. The study established a quantitative relationship between the void ratio of the particle system and the shape evolution of the isolated extraction zone (IEZ). To optimize the empirical equation for the IEZ shape, the drop shape (DS) theory was employed. Furthermore, a structural-mechanical analysis of the packing and flow particle systems was performed using the statistical mechanics method. The results demonstrated the following findings: (1) The void ratio significantly impacts the structural-mechanical characteristics of the gravity flow systems. As the void ratio increases, the IEZ shape transitions from a DS to an approximately ellipsoid shape and eventually to an upside-down DS. (2) With an increasing void ratio, the packing system of the caved ore and rock tends to become isotropic. This leads to a decrease in the degree of order, average coordination number, and average stress. (3) Notable correlations and consistency are observed in the laws governing the evolution of stress.
A population viability analysis of K’gari (Fraser Island) wongari (dingoes)
Authors: Appleby Robert , Smith Bradley P. , Jones Darryl , Conroy Gabriel , Behrendorff Linda
Published: February 2025

Small, isolated populations such as those found on islands are at an increased risk of extinction. This includes K’gari (Fraser Island) wongari (dingoes). Although aspects of wongari ecology and behaviour are well documented, much about population dynamics remains uncertain. Even where relevant research has been conducted (e.g. population abundance), results remain equivocal. We conducted a population viability analysis (PVA) to investigate the influence of different abundance estimates, along with variable rates of mortality, carrying capacity, catastrophes and breeding success on extinction probability. In favourable, undisturbed conditions, modelling showed a high probability of population persistence over 50 and 100 years. Consistently high levels of mortality resulted in increased extinction probabilities, especially at low- and mid-level population sizes. Promiscuous breeding behaviour, higher female breeding success, and higher male availability reduced extinction probabilities. Our approach demonstrated the utility of population viability analysis for identifying important factors that meaningfully contribute to wongari extinction risk. However, inferences and actionable recommendations for managers were limited owing to a paucity of information for certain, critical parameters. Our findings highlighted the need for better data on wongari reproduction and mortality to help fill significant knowledge gaps required to accurately predict the long-term survival of this iconic population.
Habitat for the endangered ephemeral Monotaxis macrophylla (Euphorbiaceae) in New South Wales: how do predictions compare with the evidence?
Authors: Bell Stephen A. J.
Published: February 2025

Context The endangered ephemeral herb Monotaxis macrophylla (Euphorbiaceae) has limited (~211) records throughout its known range in eastern Australia. In New South Wales (NSW), the 127 occurrences are spread over more than half of the state, and for regulatory purposes this has led to 262 Plant Community Types (PCTs) being predicted as suitable habitat for the species in the BioNet Threatened Biodiversity Data Collection (TBDC). Under the Biodiversity Assessment Method currently in use in NSW, Monotaxis macrophylla is to be specifically addressed for any development site where one or more of the 262 PCTs occur. Aims To assess how predicted habitats for Monotaxis macrophylla as shown in the TBDC compare with evidence of occurrence. Methods Examination of all available voucher collections, observations records, and the literature for eastern Australia was undertaken, and reviewed against the New South Wales PCT classification. Key results Monotaxis macrophylla was found to be affiliated with only 15 PCTs in NSW at best, but only 10 of these are currently included in the list of predicted PCTs for the species. The weight of evidence from existing presence data clearly shows that 10 heath and rocky scrub PCTs identified for Monotaxis macrophylla in NSW comprise 121 (95%) of all NSW records. Analysis of records in Queensland against Regional Ecosystems did not identify additional PCT-affiliated vegetation that might also support the species elsewhere in NSW. Conclusions The revised suite of 15 PCTs known or expected to support Monotaxis macrophylla occupies just 14,660 km2 or 1.8% of the State (potentially less if low-confidence PCTs are removed), compared with more than 27,000 km2 or 3.4% for the predicted 262 PCTs. Implications Currently, if any development is proposed within land that supports one or more of the 262 PCTs linked to Monotaxis macrophylla, appropriately timed targeted surveys are required to discount its presence, or it must be assumed to be present. This review has highlighted that predicted habitats should be evidence based by using known presence data, rather than assumed using broad understandings of possible habitat, and regular revision of predicted habitats within regulatory frameworks for all threatened species is recommended.
A size-dependent ideal solution model for liquid–solid phase equilibria prediction in aqueous organic solutions
Authors: Alliston Spencer P. , Dames Chris , Powell-Palm Matthew J.
Published: February 2025

Predictive synthesis of aqueous organic solutions with desired liquid–solid phase equilibria could drive progress in industrial chemistry, cryopreservation, and beyond, but is limited by the predictive power of current solution thermodynamics models. In particular, few analytical models enable accurate liquidus and eutectic prediction based only on bulk thermodynamic properties of the pure components, requiring instead either direct measurement or costly simulation of solution properties. In this work, we demonstrate that a simple modification to the canonical ideal solution theory accounting for the entropic effects of dissimilar molecule sizes can transform its predictive power. Incorporating a Flory-style entropy of mixing term that includes both the mole and volume fractions of each component, we derive size-dependent equations for the ideal chemical potential and liquidus temperature, and use them to predict the binary phase diagrams of water and 10 organic solutes of varying sizes. We show that size-dependent prediction outperforms the ideal model in all cases, reducing average error in the predicted liquidus temperature by 59% (to 5.6 K), eutectic temperature by 45% (to 9.7 K), and eutectic composition by 43% (to 4.7 mol%), as compared to experimental data. Furthermore, by retaining the ideal assumption that the enthalpy of mixing is zero, we demonstrate that, for aqueous organic solutions, much of the deviation from ideality that is typically attributed to molecular interactions may in fact be explained by simple entropic size effects. These results suggest an underappreciated dominance of mixing entropy in these solutions, and provide a simple approach to predicting their phase equilibria.
A Link Between White Dwarf Pulsars and Polars: Multiwavelength Observations of the 9.36-minute Period Variable Gaia22ayj
Authors: Rodriguez Antonio C. , El-Badry Kareem , Hakala Pasi , Rodríguez-Gil Pablo , Bao Tong , Galiullin Ilkham , Kurlander Jacob A. , Law Casey J. , Pelisoli Ingrid , Schreiber Matthias R. , Burdge Kevin , Caiazzo Ilaria , Roestel Jan van , Szkody Paula , Drake Andrew J. , Buckley David A. H. , Potter Stephen B. , Gaensicke Boris , Mori Kaya , Bellm Eric C. , Kulkarni Shrinivas R. , Prince Thomas A. , Graham Matthew , Kasliwal Mansi M. , Rose Sam , Sharma Yashvi , Ahumada Tomás , Anand Shreya , Viitanen Akke , Wold Avery , Chen Tracy X. , Riddle Reed , Smith Roger
Published: February 2025

White dwarfs (WDs) are the most abundant compact objects, and recent surveys have suggested that over a third of WDs in accreting binaries host a strong (B  ≳ 1 MG) magnetic field. However, the origin and evolution of WD magnetism remain under debate. Two WD pulsars, AR Sco and J191213.72–441045.1 (J1912), have been found, which are non-accreting binaries hosting rapidly spinning (1.97 minutes and 5.30 minutes, respectively) magnetic WDs. The WD in AR Sco is slowing down on a

P
/

P

̇

≈
5.6
×
1

0

6

yr timescale. It is believed they will eventually become polars, accreting systems in which a magnetic WD (B  ≈ 10−240 MG) accretes from a Roche lobe-filling donor spinning in sync with the orbit (≳78 minutes). Here, we present multiwavelength data and analysis of Gaia22ayj, which outbursted in 2022 March. We find that Gaia22ayj is a magnetic accreting WD that is rapidly spinning down (

P
/

P

̇

=
6
.

1

−
0.2

+
0.3

×
1

0

6

yr) like WD pulsars, but shows clear evidence of accretion, like polars. Strong linear polarization (40%) is detected in Gaia22ayj; such high levels have only been seen in the WD pulsar AR Sco and demonstrate the WD is magnetic. High speed photometry reveals a 9.36 minutes period accompanying a high amplitude (∼2 mag) modulation. We associate this with a WD spin or spin–orbit beat period, not an orbital period as was previously suggested. Fast (60 s) optical spectroscopy reveals a broad “hump,” reminiscent of cyclotron emission in polars, between 4000 and 8000 Å. We find an X-ray luminosity of

L

X

=
2
.

7

−
0.8

+
6.2

×
1

0

32

ergs

−
1

in the 0.3–8 keV energy range, while two very large array radio campaigns resulted in a non-detection with a F

r
 < 15.8 μJy 3σ upper limit. The shared properties of both WD pulsars and polars suggest that Gaia22ayj is a missing link between the two classes of magnetic WD binaries.
Energies of the strongly-dissipative quantum scalar field
Authors: Jafari Marjan
Published: February 2025

Dynamics and energies of a quantum dissipative scalar field at finite temperature and in strong-coupling regime are investigated. The Lagrangian of the total system is canonically quantized and symmetric correlation functions are obtained. To employ the thermo-field technique, the density operator of the strongly dissipative scalar field is introduced. Mean energy, internal energy, and thermally averaged energy of the system are calculated. Also, mean energy and internal energy are written in terms of probability distribution function in frequency domain that is shown the energy functions satisfy the quantum counterpart of the energy equipartition theorem. In the weak coupling regime, all the energy expressions reduce to

ℏ
ω

2

coth
⁡
(

ℏ
ω

2

K
B

T

)

, that is the familiar result.
Development of rust removal device for underground contact line in coal mine
Authors: Liu Yurong
Published: February 2025

In order to effectively solve the rust of rail catenary in underground coal mines, the advantages and disadvantages of physical rust removal, laser rust removal, and chemical rust removal are analyzed. The more suitable physical rust removal is selected. At the same time, the design requirements and functional requirements of the rust removal device are studied, and the rust removal device with automatic lifting, left and right offset compensation, and adjustable pressure is developed. The de-rusting work of the overhead contact line was successfully completed through the industrial test on-site, which verified the feasibility of the device, improved the efficiency of the dedusting of the overhead contact lines in the underground coal mines, and reduced labor intensity.
Research on fault diagnosis of the suspension gap sensor based on PBC-PCA-LSSVM
Authors: Tang Kaiyi , Di Yuanjian , Lv Gengchen , Jiang Yue
Published: February 2025

The suspension gap sensor is essential for the suspension control system of high-speed maglev trains. Its functional failure can have a significant impact on the stability of the suspension point. In the context of engineering applications, the limited number of samples and the high dimension of diagnostic data present a severe challenge to the real-time and accurate diagnosis of sensor malfunctions. To tackle this issue, this paper introduces a fault diagnosis method for the suspension gap sensor of maglev trains based on the point-biserial correlation (PBC), principal component analysis (PCA), and least squares support vector machine (LSSVM). Initially, the PBC and PCA methods are employed to process the monitoring data to reduce its dimension. Subsequently, the pre-processed data is imported into LSSVM for fault diagnosis, which enables the real-time identification of the fault status of the suspension gap sensor. The experimental results show that the proposed method is effective in accurately identifying the measurement faults of the suspension gap sensor while exhibiting a rapid inference speed in comparison to alternative models.
Influence of Variation in contact angle of porous surfaces with different particle stacks on the permeability properties of porous media
Authors: Hu Renfei , Wang Zixiong , Zhang Guotao , Wang Xiaoyi
Published: February 2025

The ease of fluid movement within porous media is characterized by its permeability performance, and this property has significant implications in soil hydrology and materials science. Porous media were built using various particle arrangements to examine the permeation performance of droplets in particle-stacked porous media. The COMSOL simulation program and the level set method (LS) were used to track changes in the two-phase interface during the droplet permeation process, allowing for the investigation of the effects of various contact angles on the permeation process of droplets on the porous media surface. It is discovered that in comparison to the porous media created by mixed in-line particle stacking, the deeper the penetration is and the better the droplet penetration performance is, the smaller the internal pores of the porous media model with in-line particle stacking is; in addition, when the contact angle varies between 30° and 60°, the droplet penetration performance is worse at 120° and better at 60°. A theoretical foundation for comprehending droplet permeation in porous media is provided by the findings.
Study on mechanical properties of two-dimensional roller cutter penetrating different particle systems
Authors: Zhang Yiwen , Liu Yuan , Lu Zhongshan
Published: February 2025

In order to study the mechanical properties of the disc cutter penetrating the particle system, a composite particle system model of the monodisperse particle system and soft and hard interlayered composite particle system was established based on the discrete element method, in which the monodisperse particle system was divided into hard particle system and soft particle system, combined with the complex network theory, and the crack propagation phenomenon and force chain were analyzed from the perspective of mesomechanics, and the distribution and evolution of the second invariant of stress and stress deviation were revealed. The results show that the composite particle system is prone to form long cracks. The force chain under the hob cutter is asymmetrically distributed, and the force chain transmission is generated inside the particle system. With the increase of depth, the average stress F in the monodisperse particle system conforms to the polynomial distribution, and the average stress F in the composite particle system increases first and then decreases with the increase of penetration depth. The clustering coefficient and the shortest path of the force-chain network of the composite particle system are sensitive to the penetration process. At the same distance and depth, the J2max of the hard layer particle system is significantly larger than that of the composite particle system.
Study on the influence of axial feed rate on the accuracy of internal gears in power skiving
Authors: Li Jiwu , Zhao Yun
Published: February 2025

In order to improve the machining accuracy of internal gear, the machining accuracy of internal gear was studied using the power skiving technology. In this paper, the geometric model of the power skiving process without considering the manufacturing and installation errors of the cutter is constructed. The generation mechanism of the profile error and the tooth direction error of the internal gear is studied. The influence of the axial feed rate on the gear scraping process is analyzed, and the optimal feeding mode is obtained. The simulation results show that the influence of axial feed rate on the profile error and the tooth direction error is less than 1 μm. With the increase in feed rate, the profile error and the tooth direction error both increase and the profile error is greater than the tooth direction error. Compared with the simulation results, the error of the profile obtained by the actual machining experiment is larger than the theoretical error, and the increased value is within the range of tool error, which verifies the validity of the geometric model in estimating the process of skiving.
Numerical simulation of stud-type four-way erosion under fracturing conditions
Authors: Li Yong , Zhang Zhiqiang , Wang Xiaogang , Hu Yuanhang , Tan Aifang , Zhang Hao , Zhang Jingqiu , Yang Wei
Published: February 2025

The stud-type four-way valve is commonly employed in high-pressure fracturing manifolds, where the inner wall of the valve is subjected to significant erosion and wear due to particle impact and high internal pressure during fracturing operations. This study establishes a theoretical model for erosion wear and utilizes FLUENT simulation software to analyze the variation of erosion wear under different operating conditions for both the Φ130-105 full four-way valve and the Φ130-78 four-way valve. Additionally, it investigates the influence of corner radius at the intersection on the maximum erosion rate, providing theoretical insights for mitigating erosion wear and enhancing the longevity of these valves. Research findings indicate that: (1) For the Φ130-105 full four-way valve under spacing plugging and adjacent plugging working condition, an increase in fluid flow velocity and particle mass flow rate significantly exacerbates erosion wear. Moreover, there is an opposite trend in erosion wear with increasing particle diameter under these two conditions; (2) In working condition “three in and one out” of the Φ130-78 four-way valve, erosion wear increases with higher speed difference between two pipes; while in working condition “two in and one out”, increased fluid flow velocity also notably intensifies erosion wear. Furthermore, an increase in particle diameter leads to reduced maximum erosive damage under both conditions, whereas an increase in mass flow rate results in elevated maximum erosive rates; (3) The introduction of a circular radius at the intersection effectively reduces erosive damage. The optimal circular radius at this intersection is found to be 40 mm for the Φ130-105 full four-way valve and 55 mm for the 0130-78 four-way valve.
Numerical simulation for friction stir welding of dissimilar materials
Authors: Sun Huanhuan , Liu Yilin , Liu Ping , Feng Xinyuan , Wu Dan
Published: February 2025

TiB2/7050 composite is a new kind of lightweight and high-strength engineering material. Friction stir welding is a reliable method for realizing its high-quality connection. In this paper, the friction stir welding processing of TiB2/7050 composite and 7075Al dissimilar materials was simulated. The influence of welding parameters on the flow field and temperature field was studied. The results show that the welding heat input is moderate, and the plastic flow of weld metal is sufficient when the rotating speed of the stirring head is 1200 r/min and the traveling speed is 150 mm/min. The work can provide important references for the reliable connection of TiB2/7050-7075Al dissimilar materials.
Simulation research on the grinding force of a single abrasive particle
Authors: Guan Peng , Feng Zehao , Lin Renliang , Chen Jiaying
Published: February 2025

The grinding process is very complicated, and its mechanism is difficult to explain by traditional research methods because of the irregularity of its surface. The purpose of this paper is to change this process into a single grinding process and to obtain the changing rules of grinding force during grinding. Conclusion: The grinding process is accompanied by the stages of scraping, ploughing, and chip formation. The increase in the front angle of the grain leads to a decrease in grinding force, and the increase in grinding speed leads to a slow increase in grinding force. If the grinding depth increases, the tangential grinding force will increase significantly. The average error obtained by the mathematical model is less than 15%, which meets the requirement of simulation reliability.
Analysis of microstructure and properties of mn-reduced trip steel at different annealing temperatures
Authors: Yuan Bingyu , Xu Yunbo , Hou Xingxia , Gao Yijing
Published: February 2025

The microstructure and properties of Mn-reduced TRIP steel at different IA temperatures were analyzed in this paper. By dilatometer, the Ac1 and Ac3 were measured, which are 740°C and 969°C, respectively. According to the K-M equation, 790°C is the optimal IA temperature with 24.3% RA. The samples annealed for 5 minutes at 770-830°C were characterized and tensile detection was performed. The results reveal that the rising IA temperature gives rise to cementite dissolves and the volume fraction of M/A Island increases gradually. YS and TE decrease first and then increase, YS ranges from 436 MPa to 665 Mpa, and TE ranges from 10.87% to 23.9%. UTS increases monotonically from 878 MPa to 1366 MPa. In conclusion, the sample annealed at 800°C has excellent mechanical properties (UTS=1224 MPa, TE=17.54%). Therefore, 800°C is considered to be the actual optimal IA temperature, containing 25.4% RA. This study provides a theoretical foundation for the subsequent experiment.
Experimental research on the spreading performance of fire extinguishing foam with different expansion
Authors: Chen Yang , Bao Zhiming , Jing Lishuai , Ke Xin
Published: February 2025

In this paper, the spreading properties of foam with different expansions were compared and analyzed, and the reasons were discussed by studying the archaeological properties of foam. The experiment shows that the viscosity and yield stress of foam increase with the increase of expansion ratio, which results in the slow spreading speed of foam on the fuel layer. In addition, the foam with the expansion ratio 6 can quickly form a “water film” due to its accelerated liquid separation process, and the spreading speed on the oil surface is significantly improved. This study provides theoretical support for the optimization and application of foam fire extinguishing technology.
Simulation and experimental study of laser ignition characteristics of potassium boron nitrate
Authors: Li Linpeng , Ba Shuhong
Published: February 2025

To investigate the laser ignition law of B/KNO3, based on the solid-phase reaction, a simulation model of the laser ignition of B/KNO3 was established by using COMSOL software, and the ignition delay time and ignition threshold of B/KNO3 were simulated and calculated under the conditions of different laser powers, spot diameters, and rising edge times. The results show that the ignition delay time of B/KNO3 is shortened with the increase of laser power and increased with the increase of spot diameter. The laser ignition of B/KNO3 was carried out by using a laser with a wavelength of 808 nm and a power density of 194.28 W.cm−2. It was found that the ignition delay time of B/KNO3 was 112 ms and the ignition threshold was 274.75 mJ.