bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On certain conditions of the dental tissues
Authors: Tomes John
Published: April 2021

The temporary teeth, when about to be replaced by the permanent set, lose their fangs by gradual absorption of their substance. The crown, when thus left, having but little hold upon the gum, soon falls out. The manner in which the absorption of the dental tissues is effected has been described in a paper published in the “Philosophical Transactions,” in 1853. The subject is there mentioned in connection with the absorption of bone.
The Formation of Auxospores in Cocconema Cistula, Ehr
Authors: Schmitz FR. , O’Meara E.
Published: April 2021

Pfitzer’s investigations upon the structure and development of the Bacillariaæ have shown that this minute family of monocellular organisms possesses a mode of development which has not been hitherto observed in any other group of either the animal or vegetable kingdom. By means of a continuous process of fission into two the size of the single cells diminishes, till at length it reaches its minimum. Whereupon there interposes a formation of spores—auxospores, as Pfitzer calls them—which checks the regular process of division, and produces cells possessing the maximum size of the species, and in all other respects precisely similar to the mother-cells. These primary cells then commence anew the same process of division, which continuously gives birth to generations of cells, each more diminutive than the preceding. So the life of each "single species undergoes a progressive diminution until, from time to time, a fresh act of rejuvenescence brings back the organism to its original dimensions.
On the Stem-Structure of the Carboniferous Lycopodiaceæ
Authors: Thiselton Dyer W. T.
Published: April 2021

Professor Williamson has recently described, in the ‘Transactions of the Royal Society,’1 the various types of stem-structure possessed by the plants of the Coal-measures which are now, by general consent, referred to the Lycopodiaceæ. The great difference which exists amongst these types is remarkable, and renders them far from easy to correlate with one another. Professor Williamson’s descriptions and drawings leave little or nothing to be desired. But it is altogether doubtful whether the terminology he has employed will find general acceptance. Looking at the relationship of a Lycopod to a flowering plant, it is difficult to see how more than a homoplastic resemblance can be asserted to exist between the stems of the arborescent representatives of either. Professor Williamson, however, is satisfied that the correspondence is homogenetic, and unhesitatingly employs for the fossil Lycopodiaceæ the terms used in describing a dicotyledonous axis. It seems far better, as Mr. Carruthers has urged, to avoid prejudging in this way what is, at the best, hardly an open question. The opposite course, no doubt, has the sanction of Brongniart, but at the time that that botanist wrote such material as he had the opportunity of studying led him to the conclusion that these structures actually belonged to Exogens. Professor Williamson, claiming to have given the coup de grâce to Brongniart’s theory, still uses the terms which were appropriate to it.
Researches on Bacteria1
Authors: Cohn Ferdinand
Published: April 2021

Twenty years ago Cohn published his first researches On Bacteria. In the interim these organs have attained special importance in Pasteur’s theory of fermentations and Hallier’s theory of contagious disease; further, they have been the objective point of certain supposed demonstrations of spontaneous generation. Leuwenhoek and 0. F. Muller already knew Bacteria, but Ehrenberg first distinguished the genera Bacterium, Vibrio, Spirochœta, and Spirillum. Dujardin added somewhat to the systematic knowledge of these forms; but since his time great confusion has been introduced by]the vague use of names and introduction of new terms. Especially Pasteur, whose researches are greatly lessened in value by want of knowledge, on his part, of the terminology and methods of biology, has made confusion. He speaks with “sovereign will” of“végétaux cryptogames microscopiques,” “Animacules,” “Champignons,” “Infusoires,” “Torulacées, Bactéries, Vibrioniens, Monades,” occasionally introducing the varied and undefined names, “Mycoderma,” “Mucor,” “Mucedinées,” and “levure.” Then we have from other writers the terms Microzyma, Bacteridium, Micrococcus, Leptothrix, Mycothrix, Microsporon, Mikrobacterien, Meso-mikrobacterien, Zooglæa, Microsphæra, and Amylobacter.
On a New Alga, Crenothrix Polyspora (Cohn), from the Well-Water of Breslau
Authors: Cohn F. , Archer W.
Published: April 2021

Whilst the water-supply of many large towns, both at home and abroad, is, it is to be be feared, not everything that could be wished as regards purity, it is to be hoped that few are so badly off in that respect as, according to Cohn, the town of Breslau appears to be. The greater part of a paper in the first part of his ‘Beiträge’1, 2 is taken up with an account of the microscopic analysis of samples from various public wells, which revealed all sorts of “abominations.”
On Xanthine and some of its Crystalline Compounds
Authors: Richardson B. Wills
Published: April 2021

For the opportunity of examining microscopically some of the salts of xanthine I am indebted to the kindness of Dr. Neubauer, of Wiesbaden, who sent me a specimen of xanthine from urine, as well as one prepared artificially from guanine. As urine, according to Dr. Neubauer, contains only about one gramme of xanthine in 600 pounds; my obligation to him is therefore not an inconsiderable one.
Archebiosis and Heterogenesis.
Authors: L. Smith H.
Published: April 2021

In investigating a subject so difficult as “The Beginnings of Life,” or “Archebiosis,” as Dr. Bastian calls it, we cannot be too careful in experimenting, or too cautious in interpreting results. Dr. Bastian very properly insists upon this when criticising the views of the “Panspermatists,” and has devised certain experiments, which as they appear to him are crucial. At present I feel disposed to admit the conclusions to which he has arrived from these experiments, viz., that life can originate de novo, so far as Bacteria, Torulæ, and certain minute algoid filaments are concerned, of all of which, however, we have only the slightest knowledge—very little, in fact, except that certain minute things, apparently living, and called by these names, do really exist. Granting, then, for the present, that Dr. Bastian has made out a clearcase as regards the de novo origin of these organisms, one must pause here, and affirm that he has not proved anything beyond this All the wonderful changes and transformations, or at least the majority of them, detailed in Part HI of the second volume of his ‘Beginnings of Life,’ under the name of “Heterogenesis,” are simple conjectures, as he will find when he subjects these statements to such critical tests as he has applied to those of Pasteur, and others of the “air germ” school. This is the more unfortunate, because the perusal of the first volume of Dr. Bastian’s so far really excellent book, led me, as doubtless it has others, to believe that the same care and conscientious search for truth would characterize the whole. But now, when I find so much of manifest error in ground which, for fifteen years past, I have carefully and patiently worked over, I cannot help feeling somewhat shaken as to the truth of the results which Dr. Bastian has arrived at in those parts of his book in which he treats of subjects with which I am less familiar ? If Dr. Bastian, or any one competent, “will but devote two or three months to the careful study of the changes which” (he supposes) “are apt to take place in the substance of many of the fresh water Algæ, or in those beautiful green animalized organisms known by the name of Euglenæ, some of whose marvellous transformations” (as he asserts) “were faithfully described more than twenty years ago in the highly valuable, but much neglected memoir of Dr, Gros,” then he, or any other competent observer, would find that there is no proof - for the majority (if not for all) of these “marvellous transformations;” and Dr. Bastian himself would learn that he would have produced a better book if he (as well as others) had neglected the memoir of Dr. Gros.
Contributions to the Anatomy of Auerbach’s plexus in the Intestine of the Frog and Toad.
Authors: Klein E.
Published: April 2021

(With Plate XVIII.)
A Further Contribution to the Natural History of Bacteria and the Germ Theory of Fermentative Changes
Authors: Lister Joseph
Published: April 2021

(With Plates XIX, XX, XXI.)
Illustrated Guide to the Fish, Amphibian Reptilian, and supposed Mammalian Remains of the Northumberland Carboniferous Strata. With Atlas of Ten Plates
Authors: Pallister Barkas Thomas
Published: April 2021

Mr. Barkas does not seem to be at all sure as to what his work ought to be called, for while the designation given above is quoted from the title-page, we find impressed on the outside boards the alternative title of ‘Manual of CoalMeasure Palæontology.’ The book consists, however, of notes on such fossil vertebrate remains from the Northumberland coal-field as have come under his own observation, and can in no sense be called a “manual” even of any one department of the somewhat extensive domain of “Coal-Measure Palæontology.” The remains described in the ten chapters are for the most part very fragmentary, and have been also mainly derived from one stratum of shale known as the Low Main Coal Shale. Mr. Barkas describes and names as new some fishes, and several Labyrinthodonts. He claims the discovery of true reptilian remains in the Northumberland coal-measures, and even advances the theory that certain footprints and a fragment of a jaw are mammalian. Should the latter supposition prove true Mr. Barkas is certainly on the high road to eminence as a palæontological investigator. We are certainly glad to see these discoveries published in a compact and accessible form, seeing that many of the original descriptions first appeared in the ‘English Mechanic,’ a periodical which most people would consider a somewhat strange medium for the publication of original palaeontological work.
On the Motion Accompanying Assimilation and Growth in the Fucaceæ
Authors: Martin Duncan P.
Published: April 2021

How do the dark olive-coloured Fucoids respire? and whence do they obtain their recondite elementary belongings ? are questions which most physiological botanists have asked themselves during their sea-side rambles. Authority answers readily enough respecting the respiration, and will probably insist that the nitrogenous and non-nitrogenous combinations, the iodine, bromine, the potash, soda, and the phosphates are separated from the sea-water in which they all exist as inorganic substances. It is assumed that the plant exercises a selective function, and that the rushing wave yields up the elements in binary compounds to the superficial cells. These can alone be the agents of the nutrition of the plant, for there is no true root and no special circulatory system. Washed by the sea, the cell-wall permits of an endosmosis, and a liquid enters which is barely salt, and which contains the well-known ultimate principles of these cellular plants. Were the colouring matter of the Fucus green, and were its proximate compounds only combinations of C,H,O, and C,H,O,N, the effect of light and life on the carbonic acid and free ammonia in the sea water would be deemed sufficient to account for the assimilation.
The Resting-Spores of Peronospora infestans, Mont
Authors: Smith Worthington G.
Published: April 2021

The two accompanying photographs (Plate XIX) were taken from nature by the aid of the microscope on July 31st last. They represent the oogonia and antheridia of Peronospora infestans, Mont., from one of the tubers of the American potatoes grown this year in the garden of the Royal Horticultural Society at Chiswick. The whole plant experimented upon was badly attacked by the Peronospora, and on the tuber being cut into halves the exposed surfaces became covered with the normal fruiting branches of the now well-known fungus. On these tubers being kept under glass for further experiment a condition of watery decomposition at once set in, and the tubers and water alike were infested in every direction by hyphæ, oogonia and antheridia, similar to those here figured. I regret that I lost the greater part of the material from this individual tuber, as one half of the specimen suffered from too much moisture and the other half from too little ; every one acquainted with moulds well knows that the least superabundance of moisture or the least drought at once destroys the mould. The bodies here photographed were those present in the turbid fluid which oozed from the Peronospora-in fee ted tuber, and the whole of this liquid I have preserved intact. For three or four days after the exudation had been placed in a phial these reproductive bodies floated, grew, and united in pairs on the surface ; but after the lapse of a week they all descended to the bottom of the phial, where they have ever since remained. Before the phial was sealed repeated experiments were made with a test-tube, before many other observers, to show that the fecundated oospores were present in abundance at the bottom of the liquid.
On the Structure of Hyaline Cartilage
Authors: Thin G.
Published: April 2021

Hyaline cartilage is generally believed to consist of a homogeneous ground substance in which are closed cavities harbouring nucleated cells, the opinions of Bubnoff1 and Heitzmann2 to the contrary not having hitherto found general acceptance.
An Account of Professor Haeckel’s recent Additions to the Gastræa-theory
Authors: Lan-kester E. Ray
Published: April 2021

In the last numbers of the ‘Jenaische Zeitschrift’ Professor Haeckel has continued his important discussion1 of the facts of development in connection with the significance of the primitive germ-layers as the key to animal genealogy. Some useful terms are introduced by him to designate phenomena which have been more or less clearly recognised during the development of this subject in the past three years, and further, some original observations on the development of particular animals are given. By the courtesy of Professor Haeckel I am able to place before the readers of this Journal four of the instructive plates which illustrate his recent contributions to the Gastræa-theory ; and I propose to give some account of his views, without, however, committing myself to complete agreement with them.
Note on Stenogramma Interrupta (Agardh)
Authors: Wright E. Perceval
Published: April 2021

In the number of ‘Grevillea’ for December, 1874, and at p. 88, there will be found a notice, by E. M. Holmes, of Stenogramma interrupta, in which the author states—1. That “the tetrasporic fruit of this rare and beautiful Alga has not hitherto been recorded as occurring in Britain.” 2. That it “is not described in any of the more recent works on Marine Algæ published in England.” 3. That so far as the author is aware, no figure of the tetraspores has ever been published. 4. That though Miss Gifford forwarded a specimen having tetraspores to Dr. W. H. Harvey in 1848, no further notice of the plant was taken by him and that it was probably lost.
Preparation of Sections of Cerebral and Cerebellar Cortex for Microscopic Examination
Authors: Lewis W. Bevan
Published: April 2021

The histological analysis of animal tissues, so far as it relates to processes of preparation and staining for the better differentiation of the elementary constituents under microscopic examination, has long been regarded as an important item in physiological and pathological research. Much has already been accomplished in this sphere of labour, yet much still remains to be done, especially in the histology of the central nervous system. New statements in regard to the staining of brain sections which have recently been advanced require mature consideration and experimental verification before they become standard facts for the guidance of the physiological inquirer. Until this sifting of evidence is accomplished we cannot hope to find any substantial basis for the establishment of histological science.
Observations on the Early Development of the Common Trout (Salmo fario)
Authors: Klein E.
Published: April 2021

In March, 1872, a paper was read before the Royal Microscopical Society, in which I described and illustrated the segmentation and spontaneous movement of the germ of the fertilized trout’s ovum, as observed in the living condition. These observations, as far as the segmentation is concerned, were in accordance with the older assertions of Rusconi, Vogt,1 Lereboullet,2 and Coste, on Teleostean fishes, and were opposed to those of Stricker.3 In that paper (which was printed in the ‘Monthly Microscopical Journal,’ May, 1872) I have stated that in the germ of the trout’s ovum segmentation, at least in its earlier stages, is of the same regular type as in other Teleostean fishes, and that only in the more advanced stages the blastoderm presents the appearance as if the elements of cleavage—i. e. the embryo-cells—originated by being constricted off from the main body of the blastoderm, in a manner similar to that described by Stricker.
Recent Researches on the Nuclei of Animal and Vegetable Cells, and especially of Ova
Authors: Priestley John
Published: April 2021

While much important knowledge of the protoplasmic bodies of cells had rewarded the labours of histological workers, only a few ascertained facts, together with various ill-supported theories, existed respecting the intimate nature and the functions of the nuclei. During the present decade however, much of the energy of research has been directed to repair this deficiency; and the body of fact which we possess concerning nuclei is rapidly gaining in size and solidity. Some of the publications which have assisted in the impulse are those of which an account is now to be attempted.
On the genus Astrorhiza of Sandahl, lately described as Haeckelina
Authors: Bessels Dr. , Carpenter W. B.
Published: April 2021

[In consequence of the publication by Dr. Bessels in the ‘Jenaische Zeitschrift,’ vol. ix, of a description of the animal and test of Astrorhiza as a new genus, the following extract from a paper “On the Rhizopodal Fauna of the Deep Sea,” presented to the Royal Society June 17, 1869 (abstracted in ‘Proceedings of the Royal Society,’ vol. xviii, p. 59), has been forwarded to us for publication by Dr. Carpenter.—Eds.]
Note on Bacterium rubescens and Clathrocystis roseo-persicina
Authors: Lankester
Published: April 2021

I am continually examining new and varied growths of Bacterium rubescens, and the more I see of it, the more I am convinced that Professor Cohn’s separation of it into the various species of Clathrocystis and Monas is altogether untenable. I have before me whilst writing this a rich growth which has the characteristic redder tint (not the bluer peach variety) of Bacterio-purpurin. This growth consists of a dense mass of red-coloured Vibrio of the typical form. I consider it to be like the red-coloured Spirillum described by Dr. Klein in this Journal, October, 1875, and the Ophidomonas sanguinea of Ehrenberg—a form-phase of Bacterium rubescens.
The Process of Aggregation in the Tentacles of Drosera rotundifolia
Authors: Darwin Francis
Published: April 2021

The term “aggregation “is applied by my father1 to the changes which are produced in the tentacles of Drosera, and in certain parts of other plants, by the following agencies:—
On the coincidence of the blastopore and anus in palu-dina vivipara
Authors: Lankester E. Ray
Published: April 2021

Dr. N. Bobretzky, of Kiew, to whom we owe invaluable works on the developmental histories of Astacus, Pal æmon, and Oniscus, has recently published in the ‘Archiv fur Mikrosk. Anatomie’ (vol. xiii, p. 95) a memoir entitled ‘Studien iiber die embryonale Eutwickelung der Gastropoden.” His observations relate almost exclusively to the genera Nassa,Natica and Fusus and were made in Dr. Dohrn’s Zoological Station at Naples. Six plates illustrate this work, which is remarkable for the fact that the studies of which it gives an account are the first in which the method of cutting sections has been applied to the examination of the very delicate and small eggs and embryos of Gastropod Molluscs. Dr. Bobretzky has also used and recommends a method which consists in hardening the embryo in dilute chromic acid and then observing it under the microscope as an opaque object.
Note on the Lymphatics of Mucous Glands
Authors: Kidd P.
Published: April 2021

The subject of this investigation was the mucous glands of the pharynx and œsophagus in the dog. Before proceeding to describe our results we shall shortly state what was previously known on this point.
Epicrisis systematis floridearum. auctore Jacobo Georgio Agardh. lipsiæ: apud t. o. weigel, 1876
Authors: Merrifield Mary P.
Published: April 2021

After an interval of thirteen years Professor Agardh has published, under the above title, the third volume of Pecies, Genera, ET Ordines Algarum.’ The first volume of the work, it will be remembered, contained the Melanospermeæ, the second, which was divided into three parts, contained the Florideæ. Of these parts, the first was published in 1851, the second in 1852, and the third part, which treated of the Rhodomele Æ only, in 1863.
On the Colouring Matters of Various Animals, and especially of Deep-Sea Forms dredged H.M.S. Challenger
Authors: Moseley H. N.
Published: April 2021

During the voyage of the Challenger I made a continued series of observations with the spectroscope on the colouring matters of the various. Invertebrata procured by the dredge and trawl. The colours were examined spectroscopically in almost all cases in which an animal presented marked coloration, but usually further attention was only paid in those instances in which a spectrum presenting isolated bands was obtained, such colouring matters being of most immediate interest because they are able to be readily identified.
The doctrine of contagium vivum and its application to medicine.
Authors: Roberts William
Published: April 2021

Gentlemen,—The notion that contagious diseases are produced by minute organisms has prevailed in a vague way from a remote age; but it is only within the last twenty years—since the publication of Pasteur’s researches on fermentation and putrefaction—that it has assumed the position of a serious pathological doctrine. In the last decade, startling discoveries of organisms in the blood have given this doctrine the support of actual observation; and its application as a guide in the treatment of wounds by Professor Lister has made it a subject of universal interest to medical practitioners.
On the Hinged Teeth of the Common Pike
Authors: Tomes Charles S.
Published: April 2021

Notwithstanding the activity of biological research in almost every other direction, it has happened that the teeth, more especially of reptiles and fishes, have received but little attention, and thus many most interesting peculiarities, although met with in creatures exceedingly common, have escaped notice. The angler (Lophius piscatorius) has long been known to possess hinged teeth, capable of being bent inwards towards the mouth, but by virtue of the elasticity of the hinge at once resuming the upright position when pressure is removed from them; this arrangement was formerly supposed to be peculiar to the angler, but Professor Owen (‘Anatomy of Vertebrates,’ 1866) added Anableps and Pœcilia to his list of fish with movable teeth.
The Red Vascular Fluid of the Earthworm a Corpusculated fluid
Authors: Lankester E. Ray
Published: April 2021

In describing the anatomy of the Earthworm in the sixth volume of this Journal some years since, I made the statement, which was in agreement with the current opinion, that the red vascular fluid of that animal is free from corpuscles. This statement, like several others contained in the same essay, is erroneous. I am happy in this case to be able myself to furnish a more correct account of a feature in the organisation of the Earthworm which, however small and insignificant in point of fact, has yet been the subject of much discussion and speculation.
Note on the Movements of the Vibracula in Caberea Boryi, and on the supposed Common Nervous System in the Polyzoa
Authors: Hincks Thomas
Published: April 2021

The theory of a common or colonial nervous system in the Polyzoa, first propounded by Fritz Müller, must be regarded as still subgudace. The question may be approached on two sides, the histological and the physiological. Müller’s attention seems to have been first drawn to the subject by the behaviour of the polypides in certain cases which, appeared to point to the existence of a system of nerves apart from the individual cells, by which the members of the colony are to some extent controlled, and brought into relation. He refers specially to the energetic movements of the peduncle of Pedicellina, after the fall of the body, and to the simultaneous movements of the cells in Mimosella gracilis, a fact which I had previously observed and recorded. He was thus led to investigate the stems and branches of some of the Ctenostomata, and demonstrated the existence of the (supposed) ganglia and trunks of the colonial system. Smitt adopted his views and made similar observations on the Cheilostomata.
An Account of Reichenbach’s Researches on the early Development of the Rresh-water Crayfish
Authors: Parker T. Jeffery
Published: April 2021

Up to last year three important papers had appeared on the development of Astacus : Rathke’s classical monograph in 1829; Lereboullets ‘Recherches’ in 1812, and Bobretsky’s Russian paper in 1873. In all these highly important results are obtained, and these results are now supplemented, some of them confirmed and others corrected, by the elaborate account of the earlier developmental stages, published during the course of last year, by Heinrich Reichenbach, of Frankfort.
On the Existence of a Head-Kidney in the Embryo Chick, and on Certain Points in the Development of the Müllerian Duct
Authors: Balfour F. M.
Published: April 2021

The following paper is divided into three sections. The first of these records the existence of certain structures in the embryo chick, which eventually become in part the abdominal opening of the Mullerian duct, and which, we believe, correspond with the head-kidney, or “Vorniere” of German authors. The second deals with the growth and development of the Müllerian duct. With reference to this we have come to the conclusion that the Müllerian duct does not develop entirely independently of the Wolffian duct. The third section of our paper is of a more general character, and contains a discussion of the rectifications in the views of the homologies of the parts of the excretory system in Aves, necessitated by the results of our investigations.
Researches on the Flagellate Infusoria and Allied Organisms
Authors: Bütschli O.
Published: April 2021

Professor BÜTSCHLI points out the value of a careful study of the Flagellata, some of which appear to be more nearly allied to the vegetable than to the animal kingdom. He concludes his preface with a hope that he may be able at a future time to amplify the present record.
The Development of the Earth-worm, Lumbricus trapezoides, dugés
Authors: Kleinenberg Nikolas
Published: April 2021

In Ischia, as in the neighbourhood of Naples, the most common of the Luinbricidæ isLumbricus trapezoides (Dugès); it is abundant in gardens and in the muck-heaps of farms. Associated with this, but rarer, and prefering sandy soil and the neighbourhood of water, is another species, probably Lumbriciis teres (Dugès).
The Structure of Haliphysema Tumanowiczii
Authors: Lankester E. Ray
Published: April 2021

(With Plate XXII.)
Observations on the Gregarines of Holothurians
Authors: Minchin E. A.
Published: April 2021

Our first knowledge of the Gregarines of Holothurians dates back to KOLLIKER (1), who in 1858 described “vesicles for the most part stalked, with a distinct envelope, and granular, dark, fat-like contents, which invariably contained two germinal vesicle-like bodies, each with a large, finely granulated, germinal spot-like structure. Some of these structures were sessile on the (blood-) vessels (of the intestine and respiratory trees), and were covered by ciliated peritoneal epithelium, while the stalked ones were apparently always naked.” The author was at a loss to understand the significance of these structures, and “simply recommends them to later observers?’
A New Sporozoon in Amphioxus
Authors: Pollard E. C.
Published: April 2021

My work has been carried on in the Laboratory of Comparative Anatomy at Oxford; and I wish at the commencement of this brief notice to offer my best thanks to Professor Ray Lankester, both for allowing me to work here and for his valuable suggestions and help.
Description of a New Species of Moniligaster from India
Authors: Benham W. Blaxland
Published: April 2021

In June of the present year, 1892, my friend Professor Bell sent me a specimen of a worm collected on the Nilgiris by Mr. T. R. Henderson, which forms a new species of the genus Moniligaster, Perrier, and for which I propose the name M. indicus.
Notes on the Peripatus of Dominica
Authors: Pollard E. C.
Published: April 2021

A number of specimens of Peripatus from Dominica, West Indies, have recently been handed over to me for description by Professor Ray Lankester, to whom I owe my best thanks for intrusting me with this material. The specimens were collected by Mr. Ramage in Dominica, and sent, some alive, some preserved in alcohol, to Professor Lankester.
On Certain Points in the Development and Anatomy of some Earthworms
Authors: Bourne Alfred Gibbs
Published: April 2021

The following notes are selected from a more extended series of observations which I am making upon this subject, and would not have been published separately, but that I wished to take this opportunity of testifying to my regard for one who has been for so long, and still is, my teacher and friend.
A Further Contribution to the Anatomy of Limnocnida tanganyicæ.
Authors: Günther R. T.
Published: April 2021

The present paper is the result of a more minute examination of the same material on which my preliminary account of Limnocnida was based. Having already treated in my previous paper of the more obvious characters of the Medusa, I have endeavoured to avoid needless repetition in the present. The material had been caught and fixed in osmic acid by Mr. A. Swann on the shores of Lake Tanganyika itself, and reached me in a good state of preservation in strong alcohol, as already mentioned in the preliminary notice.
Notes on the Minute Structure of Pelomyxa palustris (Greeff).
Authors: Gould Lilian J.
Published: April 2021

While working as a student in the laboratory of the Linacre Professor at Oxford, during the summer term of 1893, the opportunity was given me of examining a considerable number of specimens of the interesting fresh-water Rhizopod Pelomyxa palustris, originally described by Professor Greeff in 1867 as Pelobius, and later discussed by him under its present name in the ‘Archiv fiir mikroscopische Anatomie,’ Bd. x, 1874. I was enabled, by the kindness of Professor Lankester (to whom my best thanks are due for affording me the material for these observations, as well as for much valuable advice and assistance), to study more than twenty individuals of P. palustris, both in the living state and by means of sections.
Notes on a Gregarine of the Earthworm (Lumbricus herculeus).
Authors: Cecil Bosanquct Wm.
Published: April 2021

While looking through some worms which had been obtained for dissection in Professor Ray Lankester’s laboratory at Oxford, Dr. Benham, Senior Assistant to Professor Lankester, noticed one specimen the hinder end of which appeared to be filled with small white bodies easily visible through the body-wall of the worm. These were preserved by Mr. E. A. Minchin, who identified them as a species of Gregarina, and by whose kindness I was allowed to examine them. As they presented some points of interest, perhaps these few notes may not be out of place.
On Julinia; a New Genus of Compound Ascidians from the Antarctic Ocean
Authors: Caiman W. T.
Published: April 2021

The Ascidian described in the present paper was collected in the Antarctic Ocean by Dr. C. M. Donald, of the whaler “Active,” during the Dundee Whaling Expedition of 1892-93, and was placed along with other specimens in Professor D’Arcy W. Thompson’s hands. Its large size and remarkable appearance attracted attention, and closer examination suggested its possible identity with the species described by Professor Herdman in his report on the Compound Ascidians of the Challenger Expedition (‘Chall. Rep./vol. xiv, pp 250) as (?) ignotus. The specimens on which this species was then tentatively founded, two of them in the Challenger collection and the third in the British Museum, were in an unsatisfactory state of preservation, so that Professor Herdman was unable to determine the genus, or even with certainty the family, to which the species belonged. Our specimen was preserved simply in methylated spirit, but on sectioning it was found to be in a better state than might have been anticipated, giving good results with the usual stains and making possible a fairly complete study of its anatomy. In the following description, Maurice’s monograph on Fragaroides (‘Arch, de Biol.,’ viii, pp. 205—495) has been used for comparison throughout, as being the most complete account we possess of the structure of a Compound Ascidian.
On the Variation of the Tentaculocysts of Aurelia aurita
Authors: Browne Edward T.
Published: April 2021

It was a suggestion from Professor Weldon that led me to examine a large number of specimens of the ephyræ and adult stage of Aurelia aurita for the purpose of finding out the variation in the number of tentaculocysts, and if a variation occurred among the ephyræ to see how far it affected the adults.
A Study of Coccidia met with in Mice.
Authors: Clarke J. Jackson
Published: April 2021

Nearly all that has been published on Coccidia of mice is contained in the writings of Eimer1 and Th. Smith.2 Ludwig Pfeiffer,3 in reference to what these authors have said on this subject, concludes: “Unsern frühern Auseinandersetzung nach, handelt es sich hier um das Schwärmercystenstadium einer Coccidie: das dauercystenstadium ist unbekannt.” In order to supply data which may fill the gap thus indicated, I venture to submit the following observations.
Notes on the Fecundation of the Egg of Sphærechinus granularia, and on the Maturation and Fertilisation of the Egg of Phallusia mammillata
Authors: Hill M. D.
Published: April 2021

It is somewhat remarkable that since the late Professor Fol’s (4) account of the “Quadrille des Centres” in the Echinoderm egg, up till very recently, no further work had been published either to confirm or refute Fol’s original statements. It is therefore with all the more satisfaction that zoologists will welcome the conjoint paper of Messrs. Wilson and Matthews (10), being, as it is, a record of so much careful and accurate work. To the student of cytology, however, the theoretical importance of a clear insight into the complicated phenomena accompanying the maturation and fertilisation of ova is so great, that all evidence gained from independent work, with the help of reliable optical instruments and the most fitting reagents, necessarily becomes of some interest. I propose, therefore, to give in this paper an account of a portion of the work done by me whilst holding the British Association’s table in the Marine Zoological Station at Naples. I have, however, to regret that circumstances forced me to leave Naples before I had completed my observations, especially on the maturation of the sexual cells in Phallusia mammillata. In all cases where a doubt still exists as to the real facts, I have been careful to state so expressly. My thanks are due to the British Association for kindly allowing me the use of their table, and to the officials of the station, by whom I was treated with all possible friendliness.
On Kynotus cingulatus, a New Species of Earthworm from Imerina in Madagascar
Authors: Benham W. Blaxland
Published: April 2021

The subject of the present paper was handed to me by Professor Bell, of the British Museum, in 1893, for identification. The delay of more than a year in completing the description of this worm, which presents points of novelty deserving earlier publication, is due to press of other work. I have once more to acknowledge my indebtedness to my friend Professor Jeffrey Bell, and to tender my thanks to the authorities of the British Museum for their generosity in permitting me to “work my will” on the specimens handed to me.
Notes on Oligochaetes, with the Description of a New Species
Authors: Goodrich Edwin S.
Published: April 2021

The following observations were chiefly made on some worms sent to me by Mr. Damon from a garden at Weymouth. I have to thank Professor Ray Lankester for much help during my researches.
On the Development of Lichenopora verrucaria, Fabr
Authors: Harmer Sidney F.
Published: April 2021

I have formerly had occasion to describe certain very remarkable phenomena in the development of Crisia (6), and I then ventured to suggest that embryonic fission would be found to be characteristic of the whole group of Cyclostomatous Polyzoa. The development of Crisia being, to the best of my belief, without an exact parallel in the entire animal kingdom, it was important to test my former results by the study of some other Cyclostome. A chance discovery of large numbers of the colonies of Lichenopora verrucaria, Fabr., in all stages of development, enabled me not only to confirm the main fact of the occurrence of embryonic fission, but to discover certain previously unsuspected phenomena in the life-history of that species. An abstract of my results has been communicated to the Royal Society (8).
On Arhynchus hemignathi, a new Genus of Acanthocephala
Authors: Shipley Arthur E.
Published: April 2021

In the summer of 1894 I received from Mr. Perkins, of Jesus College, Oxford, seven small parasites which he had noticed adhering lightly to the skin around the anus of a species of bird, Hemignathus procerus, which he collected in the island of Kauai, one of the Sandwich Island group. Each of these parasites was divided into three regions,—a head, a collar, and a trunk; and, in fact, they have an almost ludicrous resemblance to a young Balanoglossus with one or two gill-slits (figs, i, n, and m). On investigating their anatomy it at once became evident that the animals belonged to the group Acauthocephala, and, further, that they differed from the other members of the group in the absence of what is perhaps their most characteristic organ,—from which, indeed, they take their name—the hooked proboscis or introvert. The absence of so characteristic a structure, and the fact that the parasites were found outside the body, i.e. not as an endoparasite, but as an ectoparasite, lightly attached to the skin, made me think that perhaps the hooked introvert had been left behind in the intestine of the host, and that the body of the parasite had passed out of the alimentary canal of the bird. However, careful inspection failed to reveal any trace of a scar or mark where the introvert might have been broken off; and although in the absence of hooks and introvert sheath, &c., the anterior part of the body which I have called the head is as unlike the typical introvert as possible, still in its relation to the lemnisci and to the ligament it occupies the position of that organ, and until we can get further information I think the best plan is to regard this part of the body as equivalent to the eversible part of more normal forms.
The Reproduction and Metamorphosis Of the Common Eel (Anguilla Vulgaris).1
Authors: Grassi G.B
Published: April 2021

Four years of continual researches made by me in collaboration with my pupil, Dr. Calandruccio, have been crowned at last by a success beyond my expectations,—that is to say, have enabled me to dispel in the most important points the great mystery which has hitherto surrounded the reproduction and the development of the Common Eel (Anguilla vulgaris). When I reflect that this mystery has occupied the attention of naturalists since the days of Aristotle, it seems to me that a short extract of my work is perhaps not unworthy to be presented to the Royal Society of London, leaving aside, however, for the present, the morphological part of my results.
The Anatomy of the Earthworm
Authors: Lankester E. Ray
Published: April 2021

Being desirous of publishing a notice of certain new points of structure which I have detected in the earthworm, I thought that it might be well to accompany it with a description of the general anatomy of that Annelid, especially since the later and more accurate observations on this subject have been published as papers in foreign journals, and are scattered about in various French, Belgian, and German periodicals. The appearance too, of a paper in the ‘Philosophical Transactions’ for 1858, by Dr. Williams, in which the anatomy of the reproductive organs of Lumbricus is treated of, has been a further inducement to me to publish my observations on this point. The separate researches of two Continental naturalists, M. Jules d’Udekem and Dr. Ewald Hering, had placed our knowledge of the generative system of the earthworm in a so far satisfactory state that little more remained to be done than to explain a few minor discrepancies between the results arrived at by these authors. Dr. Williams, however, having failed to observe that which is recorded by Dr. Hering and M. d’Udekem, asserts that those authors’ observations are “confused and contradictory,” and proceeds to give a description of ovaries and testes, which he does not confirm by adequate figures, and which, certainly as far as my observations have gone, do not exist. It is therefore necessary, in justice to these two continental observers, to show, if possible, that their observations are not “confused and contradictory,” but that they (more especially Dr. Hering) have given, on the whole, a truthful and accurate account of the reproductive organs of Lumbricus ; that it is Dr. Williams’s observations Which are incorrect, and that consequently that author’s views as to the modification of the ciliated tubuli into reproductive organs are, at any rate, as far as Lumbricus is concerned, untenable.
Principles of Human Physiology
Authors: Carpenter William B. , Power Henry
Published: April 2021

The sixth edition of a work of nearly one thousand pages is no mean testimony to its worth. We shall not, therefore, attempt to criticise this work, but simply afford our readers the means of judging whether the new edition has kept up with its predecessors in those departments where the use of the microscope is necessary. We are not sure that this is a work of supererogation. Researches with the microscope in this country do not at all command the attention which their importance demands, and if we examine the records of our own societies compared with those of other countries of Europe, it is very manifest that the easier methods of observation with the naked eye are favourites with the scientific men of Great Britain. As a physiologist, no microscopist could complain that Dr. Carpenter has neglected to chronicle and estimate those researches which alone could be carried on with the microscope. He has everywhere recognised research by the aid of this instrument, and in his work on the use of the microscope has shown how thoroughlyhe understands the facts that can alone be brought into consideration in the science of physiology by its aid. At the same time we cannot but regard a certain tendency to speculation in the direction of physical and chemical forces, as fraught with danger to physiology, unless accompanied with the sound observation of facts which the microscope alone supplies. On this ground we felt anxious lest Dr. Carpenter, in committing his work to the editorship of another, should diminish its value in relation to all those facts bearing on human physiology which can alone be properly understood by the use of the microscope. We are glad to say that, as far as our examination of this new edition of Dr. Carpenter’s work has gone, we observe no indication on the part of Dr. Power of attaching less importance to microsopical researches than his author.
On the Nephridia of the Polychæta: Part I.—On Hesione, Tyrrhena, and Nephthys
Authors: Goodrich Edwin S.
Published: April 2021

The following observations on Hesione sicula, Dch. (Fallacia sicula), and Tyrrhena Claparedii, Quatref., were begun last year at Naples, and completed at Oxford; those on Nephthys scolopendroides, Dch., and Nephthys cæca, Fabr., were begun at Roscoff, continued at Naples, and finished here.1 The material was examined in all cases both fresh and preserved.
The Pre-ocular and Post-ocular Tentacles and Osphradia of Nautilus
Authors: Willey Arthur
Published: April 2021

The occurrence of a special tentacle in front of the eye and another behind the eye in Nautilus is well known. These tentacles resemble the large number of remaining tentacular appendages in being ringed, and also in being retractile within sheaths, but differ from them in almost every other respect. In the first place, most of the tentacular appendages of Nautilus have essentially an adhesive function, to which is related a prehensile function. They are employed for seizing hold of food and for attachment to surfaces.
On the Structure of Hydractinia echinata
Authors: Collcutt Margaret C.
Published: April 2021

An investigation of the structure and relative positions of the cœnosarc and chitinous parts of Hydractinia echinata was suggested to me by Professor Weldon, for whose generous advice and assistance I cannot be too grateful.
On some Modifications of Structure subservient to Respiration in Decapod Crustacea which burrow in Sand; with some remarks on the Utility of Specific Characters in the genus Calappa, and the description of a new species of Albunea
Authors: Garstang Walter
Published: April 2021

A Good deal of scepticism has been expressed in recent years by various writers as to the utility of the more trivial features which distinguish the genera and species of animals from one another. I do not think that such scepticism can excite much surprise if one remembers that the vast majority of “biologists” are almost exclusively engaged in the study of comparative anatomy and embryology. The amount of attention paid to these branches of biology has long been utterly out of proportion to the scant attention devoted to the scientific study of the habits of animals and of the function of the organs and parts composing their bodies. With isolated and noteworthy exceptions, the only naturalists who seriously add to our knowledge of the latter subjects are those who travel in distant countries, and who are thus thrown into close relations with animals in their native haunts. Yet all the time there are thousands of forms living on our own coasts and almost at our very doors of whose detailed habits and life-conditions we know practically nothing. I venture to think that the time has come for consideration whether the subject of bionomics (in Professor Lankester’s sense of the word) should not receive more adequate recognition than it does at present in the biological curriculum of our universities. That such recognition would almost immediately produce effects in a rapid extension of our knowledge is certain ; and the subject is invested with so much intrinsic interest, as well as with such important bearings on the problems of evolution, that I believe such recognition would also have the effect of attracting many students to the pursuit of morphology who at present avoid it as a region of mere comparative anatomy.
On the Diplochorda
Authors: Masterman A. T.
Published: April 2021

The Structure of Actinotrocha. The Structure of Cephalodiscus.