bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social Judgment of People with a Disability in the Workplace
Authors: Louvet Eva , Rohmer Odile , Dubois Nicole
Published: August 2009

This research investigates the social judgment of people with a disability in a professional context. In Study 1, participants without a disability were asked to rate people with a disability on scales measuring competence and warmth. In Study 2 individuals with and without a disability were asked to present themselves in such a way as to make the best possible impression on a potential employer. In a second round, they were asked to make the best possible impression assuming that they had (or did not have) a disability. As predicted, people with a disability were systematically presented as warm, but incompetent. This evaluation was observed in groups of people with and in those without a disability.
Using a Probe Detection Task to Assess the Timing of Intrinsic Pleasantness Appraisals
Authors: Flykt Anders , Dan Elise S. , Scherer Klaus R.
Published: August 2009

The occurrence and timing of emotion-antecedent appraisal checks are difficult to assess. We report an attempt to estimate the time window of the intrinsic pleasantness check using a dual-task probe paradigm. In three experiments, participants viewed negative and positive pictures. Their other task was speeded response on a probe superimposed on the pictures with different stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs). Longer probe-reaction times were observed for negative than for positive pictures. This effect appeared at SOA 300 ms or 350 ms, suggesting that the intrinsic pleasantness appraisal check yields a differential behavioral outcome around 300 ms after stimulus onset, and seems to continue unless attention to picture content is inhibited. This paradigm might be successfully used for the mental chronography of appraisal processes.
Therapie chronischer Schmerzen
Authors: Buettner
Published: August 2009

Chronische Schmerzen stellen nach wie vor auch in den so genannten entwickelten Ländern ein beträchtliches Gesundheitsproblem dar, das sozio-ökonomisch von grosser Bedeutung ist. Medizinisch werden die fundamentalen Prozesse der Chronifizierung und die Mechanismen der Schmerzentstehung teilweise verstanden. Die daraus resultierenden Mechanismus-orientierten Therapien haben sich bisher nur z.T. als wirklich erfolgreich gezeigt (Analgetika bei reinem Nozizeptorschmerz, Kanalblocker bei der Neuralgie, Opioide bei vielen Tumorschmerzen). Das Ziel einer erfolgreichen Schmerztherapie kann gerade in den therapierefraktären Fällen nur durch einen interdisziplinären Ansatz unter Einbeziehung physikalischer Methoden, der Physiotherapie, der psychologisch/psychiatrischen Mitbehandlung, einer rationalen medikamentösen Kombinationstherapie und allenfalls als ultima ratio durch semi-invasive und invasive Therapien erreicht werden.
Alkohol, Wasser, Salz und Koma
Authors: Spakowski  , Nikolic  , Giambarba
Published: August 2009

Wir berichten über eine 52-jährige Patientin mit äthylischer Leberzirrhose, die nach Korrektur einer interkurrenten Hyponatriämie plötzlich komatös wurde. Nach Ausschluss banaler Ursachen konnten wir in der Magnetresonanztomographie eine symmetrische osmotische Myelinolyse beider Thalami nachweisen. Im Kommentar diskutieren wir die neuesten epidemiologischen Daten, die Pathophysiologie der osmotischen Myelinolyse, die Gefahr der Behandlung einer chronischen schweren Hyponatriämie sowie die therapeutischen Optionen bei bestehender Myelinolyse.
Gewalthaltige Computerspiele und aggressives Verhalten im Jugendalter
Authors: Koglin Ute , Witthöft Jan , Petermann Franz
Published: August 2009

Zusammenfassung. Es lässt sich ein Anstieg aggressiven Verhaltens bei Jugendlichen durch den Konsum gewalthaltiger Computerspiele belegen. Ausgehend vom lernpsychologischen General-Aggression-Model (GAM) und einem Selektionsansatz, der diesen Anstieg durch zuvor bestehende Persönlichkeitsunterschiede erklärt, wurden im Rahmen einer Online-Befragung 155 Jugendliche (14 bis 21 Jahre) zum Konsum gewalthaltiger Computerspiele, aggressivem Verhalten und Persönlichkeitsmerkmalen (Big-Five Kurzversion) befragt. Die Ergebnisse bestätigen einen Zusammenhang zwischen dem Konsum gewalthaltiger Computerspiele und physisch aggressivem Verhalten, aber nicht zu verbal aggressivem Verhalten. Dieser Zusammenhang existiert unabhängig von Ausprägungen spezifischer Persönlichkeitsmerkmale und wird durch Offenheit für neue Erfahrungen beeinflusst: Jugendliche, die kaum an neuen Erfahrungen interessiert sind und sich zudem verstärkt Gewaltdarstellungen im Spiel wünschen, berichten über signifikant mehr physisch aggressives Verhalten. Mediatoranalysen verdeutlichen, dass der Zusammenhang zwischen dem Konsum gewalthaltiger Spiele und physisch aggressivem Verhalten – in Anlehnung an das GAM – über das Ausmaß von Ärger vermittelt wird.
Sexuelle Aggression und Opfererfahrung unter Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen
Authors: Krahé Barbara
Published: August 2009

Zusammenfassung. Die internationale Forschungsliteratur belegt, dass unfreiwillige sexuelle Interaktionen unter Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen weit verbreitet sind. Ausgehend von einer kurzen Bestandsaufnahme dieser Literatur stellt der Beitrag zwei eigene Studien zum Verbreitungsgrad und zu Risikofaktoren sexuell aggressiven Täterhandelns und sexueller Viktimisierung vor. Neben der traditionellen Konstellation männlicher Täter und weiblicher Opfer werden sexuelle Aggression von Frauen gegenüber Männern sowie sexuelle Viktimisierung von Männern durch Frauen betrachtet. Bezogen auf Risikofaktoren für Täterhandeln und Vulnerabilitätsfaktoren für Opfererfahrungen liegt der Schwerpunkt auf der Betrachtung biografischer Variablen (z.B. kindliche Missbrauchserfahrungen) sowie aktualgenetischer Faktoren (z.B. mehrdeutige Kommunikation sexueller Absichten), wobei der Verankerung von Risikoelementen sexueller Aggression in „sexuellen Skripts”, d.h. Verhaltensdrehbüchern für freiwillige sexuelle Interaktionen, besondere Bedeutung beigemessen wird. Abschließend werden die Implikationen der Befunde für die Entwicklung von Präventionsmaßnahmen diskutiert.
A fluvial record of active fault‐propagation folding, Salsomaggiore anticline, northern Apennines, Italy
Authors: Wilson Luke F. , Pazzaglia Frank J. , Anastasio David J.
Published: August 2009

Fault‐propagation folds offer the potential to relate folding to underlying fault propagation and slip provided that fold kinematics can be established. Fluvial terraces have been recognized as kinematic indicators, but precise relationships between surface uplift and various folding mechanisms remain largely unexplored. This study takes advantage of a well‐preserved, progressively deformed suite of middle Pleistocene to Recent fluvial terraces above a growing fault‐propagation fold at the Apennine mountain front, northern Italy, to constrain the recent fold kinematics and place them in the context of a longer growth history gleaned from older growth strata. The geometry of straths and overlying terrace deposits defines a fixed anticlinal hinge, a rolling synclinal hinge, proxies for fault tip propagation rates, rock uplift rates, and tilting rates, and how these features and rates vary over the last ∼800 ka along ∼15 km of strike length. Field studies are augmented with DEM‐based quantitative geomorphic analyses that document catchment hypsometry, mean anticlinal hinge elevation, and long profile form. Notably, long‐term rock uplift rates (using incision as a proxy) are uniformly correlated with fault propagation and associated synclinal hinge migration, mean anticlinal hinge elevation and variations in catchment hypsometries. Channels that cross the forelimb at a high angle to the fold hinge generally have higher concavities, but channel steepness, commonly thought to reflect rock uplift, is more strongly adjusted to rock type. This study elucidates a new understanding of a complex fold growth history extending back at least 10 Ma and provides a novel demonstration of how fluvial terraces may be utilized to constrain fault‐related fold kinematics.
Dynamic path selection along branched faults: Experiments involving sub‐Rayleigh and supershear ruptures
Authors: Rousseau Carl‐Ernst , Rosakis Ares J.
Published: August 2009

Building upon previous laboratory earthquake experiments of dynamic shear rupture growth taking place along faults with simple kinks, new and complex fault geometries involving cohesively held fault branches are studied. Asymmetric impact at the specimen boundaries controls the incoming shear ruptures, which are manipulated to propagate at either sub‐Rayleigh or supershear velocities. High‐speed photography and dynamic photoelasticity are used with a model material, Homalite‐100, to monitor incoming and outgoing rupture propagation, acceleration, deceleration, or arrest at the vicinity of the branch location. Differences and similarities of rupture velocity history between cases involving faults with either simple kinks or branches, on the one hand, and sub‐Rayleigh and supershear incoming ruptures, on the other, are highlighted and explained. Results of the experiments show a clear general bias toward large branch inclination, smaller branch angles appearing to be overshadowed and suppressed by the stress field associated with the main fault. Of great interest, also, is the sustenance of rupture propagation along a branch by the Mach cone, when the initial rupture is supershear driven. Generally, higher rupture speeds favors larger arrays of branching angles to be triggered. A companion analysis by Templeton et al. (2009) featuring detailed numerical simulations of these experiments provides further insight into the observed phenomena.
Finite element simulations of dynamic shear rupture experiments and dynamic path selection along kinked and branched faults
Authors: Templeton Elizabeth L. , Baudet Aurélie , Bhat Harsha S. , Dmowska Renata , Rice James R. , Rosakis Ares J. , Rousseau Carl‐Ernst
Published: August 2009

We analyze the nucleation and propagation of shear cracks along nonplanar, kinked, and branched fault paths corresponding to the configurations used in recent laboratory fracture studies by Rousseau and Rosakis (2003, 2009). The aim is to reproduce numerically those shear rupture experiments and from that provide an insight into processes which are active when a crack, initially propagating in mode II along a straight path, interacts with a bend in the fault or a branching junction. The experiments involved impact loading of thin Homalite‐100 (a photoelastic polymer) plates, which had been cut along bent or branched paths and weakly glued back together everywhere except along a starter notch near the impact site. Strain gage recordings and high‐speed photography of isochromatic lines provided characterization of the transient deformation fields associated with the impact and fracture propagation. We found that dynamic explicit 2‐D plane‐stress finite element analyses with a simple linear slip‐weakening description of cohesive and frictional strength of the bonded interfaces can reproduce the qualitative rupture behavior past the bend and branch junctions in most cases and reproduce the principal features revealed by the photographs of dynamic isochromatic line patterns. The presence of a kink or branch can cause an abrupt change in rupture propagation velocity. Additionally, the finite element results allow comparison between total slip accumulated along the main and inclined fault segments. We found that slip along inclined faults can be substantially less than slip along the main fault, and the amount depends on the branch angle and kink or branch configuration.
Dust deposition to the East China Sea and its biogeochemical implications
Authors: Hsu Shih‐Chieh , Liu Shaw Chen , Arimoto Richard , Liu Tsun‐Hsien , Huang Yi‐Tang , Tsai Fujung , Lin Fei‐Jan , Kao Shuh‐Ji
Published: August 2009

Atmospheric Al concentrations published by Hsu et al. (2008) are used together with new information on mass particle‐size distributions (MSDs) to calculate dust deposition to northern Taiwan and to evaluate the significance of the process for the East China Sea (ECS). Seasonal variations in aerosol Al in northern Taiwan show maxima in spring and winter and minima in summer and fall. The MSD of Al and Fe is monomodal, with a mean mass median diameter of 3.6 ± 1.2 μm, and the dry deposition velocity integrated over the entire MSD is 2.0 ± 1.5 cm s−1. The estimated dust deposition to the ECS is ∼20 g m−2 a−1, with wet deposition accounting for three fourths of the total. The quantity of dust deposited decreases exponentially with distance from the source regions. The annual dust input to the entire ECS is estimated to be ∼17 Mt, and when compared with riverine discharge, dust deposition appears to be a significant source of sediments and dissolved Fe. The large quantities of dust deposited also could have significant implications for the biogeochemical cycling of Fe (and Al), including effects on phytoplankton populations.
Forests and floods: A new paradigm sheds light on age‐old controversies
Authors: Alila Younes , Kuraś Piotr K. , Schnorbus Markus , Hudson Robert
Published: August 2009

The science of forests and floods is embroiled in conflict and is in urgent need of reevaluation in light of changing climates, insect epidemics, logging, and deforestation worldwide. Here we show how an inappropriate pairing of floods by meteorological input in analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and analysis of variance (ANOVA), statistical tests used extensively for evaluating the effects of forest harvesting on floods smaller and larger than an average event, leads to incorrect estimates of changes in flood magnitude because neither the tests nor the pairing account for changes in flood frequency. We also illustrate how ANCOVA and ANOVA, originally designed for detecting changes in means, do not account for any forest harvesting induced change in variance and its critical effects on the frequency and magnitude of larger floods. The outcomes of numerous studies, which applied ANCOVA and ANOVA inappropriately, are based on logical fallacies and have contributed to an ever widening disparity between science, public perception, and often land‐management policies for decades. We demonstrate how only an approach that pairs floods by similar frequency, well established in other disciplines, can evaluate the effects of forest harvesting on the inextricably linked magnitude and frequency of floods. We call for a reevaluation of past studies and the century‐old, preconceived, and indefensible paradigm that shaped our scientific perception of the relation between forests, floods, and the biophysical environment.
On the stationarity of annual flood peaks in the continental United States during the 20th century
Authors: Villarini Gabriele , Serinaldi Francesco , Smith James A. , Krajewski Witold F.
Published: August 2009

Annual peak discharge records from 50 stations in the continental United States with at least 100 years of record are used to investigate stationarity of flood peaks during the 20th century. We examine temporal trends in flood peaks and abrupt changes in the mean and/or variance of flood peak distributions. Change point analysis for detecting abrupt changes in flood distributions is performed using the nonparametric Pettitt test. Two nonparametric (Mann‐Kendall and Spearman) tests and one parametric (Pearson) test are used to detect the presence of temporal trends. Generalized additive models for location, scale, and shape (GAMLSS) are also used to parametrically model the annual peak data, exploiting their flexibility to account for abrupt changes and temporal trends in the parameters of the distribution functions. Additionally, the presence of long‐term persistence is investigated through estimation of the Hurst exponent, and an alternative interpretation of the results in terms of long‐term persistence is provided. Many of the drainage basins represented in this study have been affected by regulation through systems of reservoirs, and all of the drainage basins have experienced significant land use changes during the 20th century. Despite the profound changes that have occurred to drainage basins throughout the continental United States and the recognition that elements of the hydrologic cycle are being altered by human‐induced climate change, it is easier to proclaim the demise of stationarity of flood peaks than to prove it through analyses of annual flood peak data.
Geospatial Visualization Tool Kit for Scientists Using Fortran
Authors: Chiang Gen‐Tao , White Toby O. H. , Dove Martin T.
Published: August 2009

In recent years, visualization for the Earth and environmental sciences has developed significantly. Among the most notable advances has been the rise of Web‐based tools colloquially called “geobrowsers.” These tools enable users from a range of sciences to access an enormous quantity of satellite and aerial photography with detailed maps to create a high‐quality “virtual Earth” [e.g., McCaffrey et al., 2008; Oberlies et al., 2009]. One important geobrowser is Google Earth (http://earth.google.com/). It provides free tools for most major computing platforms and handheld devices, together with the ability to incorporate data from users.
A Forum for Evaluating Forecasts of the North American Monsoon
Authors: Gochis D. , Schemm J. , Shi W. , Long L. , Higgins W. , Douglas A.
Published: August 2009

The North American Monsoon (NAM) system is an annual weather pattern that brings summer rains to the dry regions of the United States southwest and northwestern Mexico. Broader effects are that NAM exerts substantial control on the warm‐season climate over North America and is responsible for the occurrence of many high‐impact weather and climate events such as floods and droughts. The North American Monsoon Experiment (NAME) [Higgins et al., 2005] was developed and implemented in an effort to improve the low prediction skill of intraseasonal and seasonal forecasts of NAM behavior.
McNutt to Be Nominated to Lead U.S. Geological Survey
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: August 2009

U.S. President Barack Obama announced on 9 July his intention to nominate Marcia McNutt as director of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and science advisor to the Secretary of the Interior. McNutt, who served as AGU president from 2000 to 2002, currently is president and chief executive officer of the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, in Moss Landing, Calif.

[Scientific information from the U.S. Geological Survey is crucial to solving the most important problems facing society–finding sufficient supplies of fresh water and clean energy and providing accurate information that allows citizens to prepare intelligently for climate change. I look forward to leading such a respected institution at this critical time,” McNutt said.
Multiple Scientific Uses of Radio Occultation: Global Navigation Satellite System Radio Occultation Workshop; Pasadena, California, 7–9 April 2009
Authors: Mannucci Anthony J. , Rocken Christian
Published: August 2009

There is a clear need for observing systems that characterize decadal‐scale changes of the climate system. A National Research Council (NRC) report, “Earth science and applications from space” (2007); recommends the radio occultation (RO) technique to monitor climate change. Radio occultation establishes a global climate benchmark by measuring the effect of atmospheric temperature, pressure, and water vapor on radio signals propagating above the outer edge of Earth's surface, known as the limb. The atmospherically induced delays are tied to atomic clock standards via the Global Positioning System (GPS). Measurements obtained decades apart can be intercompared without concern for intersatellite bias or calibration drift.
Peatlands and Global Carbon Cycle Modeling: Peatland Ecosystem Analysis and Training Network (PeatNet) Workshop; Durham, New Hampshire, 14–15 May 2009
Authors: Roulet Nigel , Frolking Steve
Published: August 2009

Peatlands cover 3–5% of the global land surface, contain about 20% of all terrestrial organic carbon, and contribute significantly to total biogenic methane emissions to the atmosphere. More than one third of northern peatlands contain permafrost. Northern peatlands are likely to experience the consequences of climate warming earlier, more rapidly, and to a greater degree than many of the Earth's other major ecosystems.

To map out how peatlands could be incorporated into global‐scale coupled climate‐carbon models and to determine what research and model development would be needed to overcome major obstacles, 17 scientists with expertise in peatland ecology, biogeochemistry and vegetation modeling, and global‐scale coupled climate‐carbon modeling participated in a workshop organized by the U.S. National Science Foundationsponsored PeatNet (http://www.peatnet.siu.edu/).
Assessing Effects of Rising Carbon Dioxide Levels on Ocean Ecosystems: Carbon Productivity Responses to Increased Dissolved Inorganic Carbon Concentrations in Surface Ocean: Exploring the Feasibility of an in Situ Mesoscale Carbon Addition Experiment; Palisades, New York, 23–24 March 2009
Authors: Lance Veronica P.
Published: August 2009

To assess the effects of future elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) levels on ocean biogeochemistry and ecosystems, it is desirable to mimic such an environment in nature. A workshop to explore an in situ open ocean mesoscale CO2 perturbation experiment that would simulate the oceanic conditions expected toward the end of this century was held at Lamont‐Doherty Earth Observatory at Columbia University (LDEO). The objectives were to evaluate the current understanding of the potential effects on open ocean ecosystems and biogeochemical cycling resulting from carbon chemistry and pH changes in response to increased atmospheric partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) and to examine the scientific justification and logistical feasibility of an in situ open ocean mesoscale CO2/pH perturbation experiment. The 15 participants represented fields of modeling and physical, geochemical, and biological oceanography.
New Abstract Submission Software System for AGU Meetings
Authors: Ward Joanna
Published: August 2009

New software for submitting abstracts has been deployed by AGU for the 2009 Fall Meeting. “Abstract Central” is a simplified interface providing a secure, complete method for abstract submission with easy‐to‐follow steps and a fresh look. A major component of the system will be an itinerary planner, downloadable to mobile devices, to help meeting attendees schedule their time at AGU conferences.

Increased access to customer service is a key element that abstract submitters will find especially helpful. A call center, as well as 24‐hour Web‐based and e‐mail technical support, will be available to help members.
Beatty Receives 2009 Robert C. Cowen Award
Authors: Solomon Sean C. , Beatty J. Kelly
Published: August 2009

J. Kelly Beatty received the 2009 Robert C. Cowen Award for Sustained Achievement in Science Journalism at the Joint Assembly, held 26 May 2009 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The award honors “lifetime achievement in scientific journalism.”
Are Sunspots Different During This Solar Minimum?
Authors: Livingston W. , Penn M.
Published: August 2009

For hundreds of years, humans have observed that the Sun has displayed activity where the number of sunspots increases and then decreases at approximately 11‐year intervals. Sunspots are dark regions on the solar disk with magnetic field strengths greater than 1500 gauss (see Figure 1), and the 11‐year sunspot cycle is actually a 22‐year cycle in the solar magnetic field, with sunspots showing the same hemispheric magnetic polarity on alternate 11‐year cycles. The last solar maximum occurred in 2001, and the magnetically active sunspots at that time produced powerful flares causing large geomagnetic disturbances and disrupting some space‐based technology.

But something is unusual about the current sunspot cycle. The current solar minimum has been unusually long, and with more than 670 days without sunspots through June 2009, the number of spotless days has not been equaled since 1933 (see http://users.telenet.be/j.janssens/Spotless/Spotless.html). The solar wind is reported to be in a uniquely low energy state since space measurements began nearly 40 years ago [Fisk and Zhao, 2009].
Toward Physical Understanding of Cloud Entrainment‐Detrainment Processes: Workshop on Concepts for Convective Parameterizations in Large‐Scale Models II: Entrainment and Detrainment in Convective Plumes; Prague, Czech Republic, 25–27 March 2009
Authors: Yano Jun‐Ichi , Bechtold Peter
Published: August 2009

Convective clouds play a critical role in climate. These clouds are typically parameterized in atmospheric models by assuming the clouds to be embedded in a homogenous environment. One of the key ingredients of this formulation is prescribing the rates of mass exchange between the clouds and their environment by parameters called entrainment (flux into cloud) and detrainment (flux from cloud). The mass exchange controls vertical profiles of temperature, moisture, and liquid water within clouds, and consequently also their vertical extent. In spite of their critical importance in climate models, these parameters are not objectively well determined and so are currently simply tuned.
Lebans, Handman, McDonald, and Lurie Receive 2009 Walter Sullivan Award for Excellence in Science Journalism—Features
Authors: Weaver Andrew J. , Handman Jim
Published: August 2009

Jim Lebans, Jim Handman, Bob McDonald, and Zerah Lurie of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) Radio's Quirks & Quarks program received the Walter Sullivan Award at the Joint Assembly, held 26 May 2009 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Lebans, Handman, McDonald, and Lurie were honored for “Canada 2050: Our Future in a Changing Climate,” an eight‐part, audio portrait of Canada after 4 decades of expected climate change, depicted through the words of Canadian scientists at the forefront of predicting climate, ecological, and societal transformations.
Report Focuses on Integrity and Accessibility of Research Data
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: August 2009

Rapid advances in digital technologies and enormous increases in the amount of data generated by research projects and a variety of instruments and sensors are providing new research opportunities. These advances, however, also can present challenges for ensuring that digital technologies are not used inappropriately and for managing an increasing amount of data, according to a new report issued by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, and Institute of Medicine on 22 July.

The new report, entitled “Ensuring the integrity, accessibility, and stewardship of research data in the digital age,” provides general principles and recommendations about the handling of research data. The report notes that the development of policies, standards, and infrastructure “is a critically important task” that will require a sustained effort from stakeholders including researchers, research institutions and sponsors, and professional societies and journals.
Chandra Observatory marks 10 years in space
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: August 2009

NASA's Chandra X‐ray Observatory, originally envisioned as a 5‐year mission, was deployed into an elliptical orbit around Earth 10 years ago, on 23 July 1999. The most powerful X‐ray telescope yet, Chandra has provided a peak into the high‐energy universe and has independently confirmed the existence of dark energy. Martin Weisskopf, Chandra project scientist at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Ala., said discoveries made possible by the observatory “have made dramatic changes to our understanding of the universe and its constituents.”

“The Great Observatories program—of which Chandra is a major part—shows how astronomers need as many tools as possible to tackle the big questions out there,” said Ed Weiler, associate administrator of NASA's Science Mission Directorate at NASA Headquarters in Washington. The Hubble Space Telescope, Compton Gamma Ray Observatory, and Spitzer Space Telescope are NASA's other Great Observatories.
Coral bleaching likely in Caribbean and other regions
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: August 2009

Conditions are favorable for significant coral bleaching and infectious coral disease outbreaks in the Caribbean, especially in the Lesser Antilles, scientists from the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Coral Reef Watch Program indicated in a 22 July announcement. Scientists are concerned that bleaching could reach or exceed the levels recorded in 2005, when up to 90% of corals there were bleached and more than half of those died. The forecast is based on the agency's July Coral Reef Watch outlook, which expects continued high water temperatures through October 2009.

Other areas of concern are the central Pacific region including the equatorial Line Islands and Kiribati, according to NOAA. Coral bleaching is associated with increased ocean temperatures, among other factors, which causes the coral to expel symbiotic microalgae and causes coral tissue to appear to be bleached.
Early Career Workshop Focuses on Leadership Qualities: Marine Geoscience Leadership Symposium; Washington, D.C., 23–27 March 2009
Authors: Meth Charna , Schuffert Jeff
Published: August 2009

Earth and marine geoscientists are crossing the boundaries between traditional scientific disciplines, pushing the frontiers of scientific research, and addressing the needs of society. As it becomes increasingly important for scientists to form interdisciplinary collaborations and communicate their science to the public and policy makers, early career scientists are seeking insight into the nontraditional skills needed today to achieve a successful career. With funding from the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF), the Consortium for Ocean Leadership organized the first Marine Geoscience Leadership Symposium to provide leadership training to early career scientists.

Through meetings with more than 40 leaders from the academic, policy, and education communities, the symposium exposed the 25 participants to leadership qualities intended to help them navigate the laboratory and beyond. The discussions and activities covered the tangible and intangible aspects of building a career, such as proposal writing, research funding, building interdisciplinary collaborations, and communicating to nonacademic audiences.
Correction [to “Apollo 11 Mission commemorated”]
Authors: Anonymous
Published: August 2009

In the 28 July 2009 issue of Eos (90(30), 258), a date was incorrect in the news item entitled “Apollo 11 Mission Commemorated.” NASA astronaut Eugene Cernan was referring to the 1970s, not the 1960s, in talking about his expectation of when humans would be back on the Moon.

Eos regrets this error.
Emissions of ozone‐depleting halocarbons from China
Authors: Vollmer M. K. , Zhou L. X. , Greally B. R. , Henne S. , Yao B. , Reimann S. , Stordal F. , Cunnold D. M. , Zhang X. C. , Maione M. , Zhang F. , Huang J. , Simmonds P. G.
Published: August 2009

National emission inventories of ozone‐depleting substances (ODS) play a key role in the control mechanisms of the Montreal Protocol's emission reduction plans. New quasi‐continuous ground‐based atmospheric measurements allow us to estimate China's current emissions of the most effective ODS. This serves as an independent validation of China's ODS consumption data reported to the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Emissions of most first‐generation ODS have declined in recent years, suggesting compliance with the regulations of China's advanced phase‐out program. In contrast the emissions of some second‐generation ODS have increased. Because China is currently one of the largest consumers of first generation ODS, the country's upcoming complete phase‐out will be crucial for the rate of decline of atmospheric ODS hence the eventual recovery of the stratospheric ozone.
Eastern Mediterranean Transient and reversal of the Ionian Sea circulation
Authors: Borzelli Gian Luca Eusebi , Gačić Miroslav , Cardin Vanessa , Civitarese Giuseppe
Published: August 2009

Maps of the remotely sensed Absolute Dynamic Topography (ADT) and Sea Surface Temperature (SST) over the Eastern Mediterranean in the period June 1993 to June 2001 show a dramatic and sudden change in the sea surface structure. This change, which is presumably associated with the relaxation of the Eastern Mediterranean Transient (EMT), had taken place by the middle of 1997 and consisted of a complete reversal of the Ionian upper‐layer circulation from anticyclonic to cyclonic. In the EMT phase, SST and ADT maps suggest enhanced communication between the Ionian and the Aegean basins as well as Aegean waters spreading northward along the eastern Ionian flank. Negative wind vorticity in the Ionian suggests that the switch of the upper‐layer circulation from anticyclonic to cyclonic cannot be explained in terms of the wind forcing. Therefore, we suggest the predominance of the baroclinic vorticity production term in determining the upper‐layer circulation inversion.
Discrete classification and electron energy spectra of Titan's varied magnetospheric environment
Authors: Rymer A. M. , Smith H. T. , Wellbrock A. , Coates A. J. , Young D. T.
Published: August 2009

We analyse combined electron spectra across the dynamic range of both Cassini electron sensors in order to characterise the background plasma environment near Titan for 54 Cassini‐Titan encounters as of May 2009. We characterise the encounters into four broad types: Plasma sheet, Lobe‐like, Magnetosheath and Bimodal. Despite many encounters occurring close to the magnetopause only two encounters to date were predominantly in the magnetosheath (T32 and T42). Bimodal encounters contain two distinct electron populations, the low energy component of the bi‐modal populations is apparently associated with local water group products. Additionally, a hot lobe‐like environment is also occasionally observed and is suggestively linked to increased local pick‐up. We find that 34 of 54 encounters analysed are associated with one of these groups while the remaining encounters exhibit a combination of these environments. We provide typical electron properties and spectra for each plasma regime and list the encounters appropriate to each.
Long‐term changes in summer weekend effect over northeastern China and the connection with regional warming
Authors: Ho Chang‐Hoi , Choi Yong‐Sang , Hur Sun‐Kyong
Published: August 2009

The 7‐day cycle of human activities may lead to the “weekend effect” in climate variables and air pollutants. The weekend effect is defined as the average value (e.g., the diurnal temperature range) for Saturday through Monday minus the average value for Wednesday through Friday. A composite of the ground observations over northeastern China presents that, during 26‐year (1980–2005) summers, the weekend effect in the diurnal temperature range increased by 1.2°C. Conversely, the weekend effects in the relative humidity, cloud amount, and light rain (≤5 mm day−1) events decreased. These changes are due to a shifted phase of the weekly cycle of the meteorological variables. The long‐term change in weekend effects have a high correlation coefficient (∣r∣ ≈ 0.8) with the decrease in relative humidity over the region, which is likely induced by regional warming. The results suggest that regional warming is a possible factor in a transition of dominant aerosol effects in the weekend effect.
Microphysical modeling of a midlatitude “polar stratospheric cloud” event: Comparisons against multiwavelength ground‐based and spaceborne lidar data
Authors: Jumelet Julien , Bekki Slimane , Seifert Patric , Montoux Nadège , Vernier Jean‐Paul , Pelon Jacques
Published: August 2009

A high‐resolution transport model containing a fully explicit size‐resolving microphysical scheme is used to study a large‐scale polar stratospheric cloud (PSC) case detected by lidar at midlatitudes between 17 and 23 February 2008. The model simulations, initialized using European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) fields and Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) Aura data, are validated locally against ground‐based (Institute for Tropospheric Research Multiwavelength Atmospheric Raman lidar for Temperature, Humidity, and Aerosol profiling (IfT MARTHA)) lidar measurements at Leipzig and globally against spaceborne (Cloud‐Aerosol LIdar with Orthogonal Polarization/Cloud‐Aerosol‐Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIOP/CALIPSO)) lidar backscatter measurements. By assuming a 1 K cold bias on the ECMWF temperatures and under the assumption of equilibrated spherical PSC particles, our model produces fields of optical and microphysical parameters like the total surface area density (A) and volume (V). A, and V, as well as the median radius of the PSC size distribution, compare favorably to the corresponding values derived from multiwavelength lidar backscatter measurements. Around 21 km, A and V are found to be around 10 μm2 cm−3 and 1 μm3 cm−3, respectively. The median radius of the Supercooled Ternary Solution particle size distribution is estimated to be around 0.3 μm using both the model calculations and the lidar‐derived size distribution parameters. Overall, despite the simplifications on the microphysical scheme, the model is able to reproduce the salient features of the local and global lidar observations. The results clearly demonstrate the value of CALIOP products for large‐scale studies, exploiting chemistry‐transport models.
Note on the weekly cycle of storm heights over the southeast United States
Authors: Bell Thomas L. , Yoo Jung‐Moon , Lee Myong‐In
Published: August 2009

An earlier paper by Bell et al. (2008) showed satellite evidence that average summertime (1998–2005) rainfall over the noncoastal southeast U.S. varied with the day of the week in a statistically significant way, with the maximum occurring midweek (Tuesday–Thursday). An explanation was proposed in which the recurring midweek increase in air pollution over the area causes a shift in the drop size distribution in clouds to smaller sizes as the clouds develop. The smaller droplets could be carried to higher altitudes where their freezing releases additional latent heat, invigorating the storms. Evidence for this phenomenon was provided by storm height distributions obtained from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission radar, but the statistical significance of the midweek increase in storm heights was unclear. An improved statistical analysis of the storm height distributions is provided here, indicating that the probability that storms climb above altitudes of 7–15 km is increased midweek relative to weekends (Saturday–Monday) for afternoon storms (1200–2400 LT). The morning storm heights, on the other hand, are found not to exhibit statistically significant shifts, which would be consistent with the above explanation. Morning storm statistics are also found to be much more sensitive than afternoon storm statistics to the exact area over which the averages are taken.
Microglial Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein 1 Mediates the Effect of Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator on Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Activity in the Ischemic Brain
Authors: Zhang Chen , An Jie , Haile Woldeab B , Echeverry Ramiro , Strickland Dudley K , Yepes Manuel
Published: August 2009

Studies in animal models of cerebral ischemia indicate that besides its thrombolytic effect, treatment with tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) also induces an increase in matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) activity in the ischemic tissue associated with the development of cerebral edema. Earlier, we had shown that the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) is a substrate for tPA in the brain. In this study, we investigated the effect of the interaction between tPA and microglial LRP1 on MMP-9 activity after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). We found that exposure to oxygen–glucose deprivation (OGD) conditions increases MMP-9 activity in wild-type (Wt) and plasminogen-deficient (Plg−/−) microglia, but not in tPA (tPA−/−) or LRP1-deficient (macLRP−) cells. Treatment with tPA increases MMP-9 expression in tPA−/− but not in macLRP− microglia. Middle cerebral artery occlusion increases MMP-9 expression and activity in Wt but not in tPA−/− or macLRP− mice, and treatment with tPA increases MMP-9 activity in tPA−/− mice but not in macLRP− animals. Finally, MCAO-induced ischemic edema and degradation of the interendothelial right junction protein claudin-5 were significantly attenuated in tPA−/− and macLRP− mice. The results of our study indicate that the interaction between tPA and microglial LRP1 increases MMP-9 expression and activity resulting in the degradation of claudin-5 and development of cerebral edema.
Thermoelectric transport properties of highly oriented FeSb2 thin films
Authors: Sun Y. , Johnsen S. , Eklund P. , Sillassen M. , Bøttiger J. , Oeschler N. , Sun P. , Steglich F. , Iversen B. B.
Published: August 2009

Highly textured FeSb2 films were produced on quartz wafers by a sputtering method. Their resistivity and Seebeck coefficient (S) were measured and a maximum absolute value of S∼160 μV K−1 at 50 K was obtained. Hall measurements were employed to study the charge carrier concentrations and Hall mobilities of the FeSb2 films. By comparing with the transport properties of FeSb2 single crystals and an extrinsically doped FeSb1.98Te0.02 single crystal, the thermoelectric properties of the FeSb2 films are demonstrated to be dominated by the intrinsic properties of FeSb2 at a high charge carrier concentration.
Transient hydrodynamical behavior by dynamical nonequilibrium molecular dynamics: The formation of convective cells
Authors: Mugnai M. L. , Caprara S. , Ciccotti G. , Pierleoni C. , Mareschal M.
Published: August 2009

We present a method based on dynamical nonequilibrium molecular dynamics (D-NEMD) that allows one to produce rigorous ensemble averages for the transient regimes. We illustrate the method by describing the formation of convective cells within a two-dimensional fluid system of soft disks in which a gravity field and a thermal gradient are present. We analyze two different physical settings, with the thermal gradient orthogonal or parallel to the gravity field. In both settings, we follow the formation of the convective flows from the initial time, when the perturbation is turned on, to the steady state. In the first setting (orthogonal fields) we investigate several different cases, varying the initial stationary ensemble and the perturbing field. We find that the final steady-state convective cell is independent of the specific sequence of perturbation fields, which only affects the transient behavior. In all cases, we find that the convective roll is formed through a sequence of damped oscillations of the local fields (density, temperature, and velocity), superimposed to an overall relaxation toward the local steady-state values. Then, we show how D-NEMD can be applied to the Rayleigh–Bénard (RB) setting (parallel fields). In these conditions, the convective flow only establishes above a threshold, without a preferred verse of rotation. We analyze only the response to the ignition of the gravity field in a stationary system under the action of a vertical thermal gradient. Also in this case we characterize the transient response by following the evolution of the density, temperature, and velocity fields until the steady-state RB convective cell is formed. The observed transients are similar to those observed in the case of orthogonal fields. However, the final steady states are quite different. Finally, we briefly discuss the conditions for the general applicability of the D-NEMD method.
Vortex states in patterned exchange biased NiO/Ni samples
Authors: Asshoff Pablo , Theis-Bröhl Katharina , Petracic Oleg , Zabel Hartmut
Published: August 2009

We investigated the magnetization reversal of arrays of exchange biased NiO/Ni squares with superconducting quantum interference device magnetometry and micromagnetic simulations. The edges of the squares were 0.5, 1.5, and 3.0 μm long. The NiO/Ni structures exhibit vortexlike hysteresis loops, and micromagnetic calculations show that this feature is due to several vortices nucleating in the islands. Furthermore, for the arrays with squares of 1.5 μm edge length, the sign of the exchange bias field changes, as compared to the same continuous NiO/Ni layer. We attribute the vortex nucleation and the change in the exchange bias field to the interplay between shape and unidirectional anisotropy.
Gas phase electronic spectrum of T-shaped AlC2 radical
Authors: Apetrei C. , Knight A. E. W. , Chasovskikh E. , Jochnowitz E. B. , Ding H. , Maier J. P.
Published: August 2009

Gas phase electronic transitions for the C̃ B22←X̃ A21 and D̃ B21←X̃ A21 band systems of T-shaped AlC2 (C2v) radical have been measured in the 345–475 nm range. Vibrational analyses of both band systems are reported. Simulation of several rotationally resolved bands confirms previously obtained rotational parameters for the C̃ B22 state. The radical is produced by ablating an aluminum rod in the presence of acetylene gas. The resulting supersonic molecular beam is probed using both mass-selective resonant two-color two-photon ionization and laser induced fluorescence. Ab initio calculations and vertical electronic excitation energies help the assignment. Vibrational frequencies for the X̃ A21, C̃ B22, and D̃ B21 states have been determined. Rotational analysis of a number of bands yields spectroscopic constants for one vibronic state in the C̃ B22 manifold and the origin band of the D̃ B21←X̃ A21 system.
Spatial localization of 1/f noise sources in AlSb/InAs high-electron-mobility transistors
Authors: Andrei Petru , Kruppa Walter , Boos J. Brad , Bennett Brian R.
Published: August 2009

A numerical technique is developed for the spatial localization of 1/f noise sources in AlSb/InAs high-electron-mobility transistors. The technique is based on the microscopic modeling of 1/f noise using the method of Langevin random sources, in which the noise sources are introduced nonuniformly throughout the device. An efficient algorithm is proposed for the determination of the spatial distribution of these noise sources and local (mesh point) values of the Hooge parameter. The algorithm takes advantage of the linearity between the terminal noise current and the power of the noise sources and uses an optimization approach based on linear least-squares minimizations to find the distribution from the experimental noise characteristics. The density of noise sources in the InAs channel is found to be much larger near the top interface than at the bottom interface. The local values of the Hooge parameter vary from 10−2 at the top to 3×10−4 at the bottom of the channel.
Power dependent photoluminescence of ZnO
Authors: Cui J. B. , Thomas M. A.
Published: August 2009

The effect of excitation power on the photoluminescence (PL) of three types of ZnO samples, including a polycrystalline pellet, thin film, and nanowires, was investigated. The intensity ratio of the defect to band edge emission as well as the overall spectral line shape of the defect emission was strongly affected by the excitation power. A blueshift of the defect emissions at high excitation powers was observed, indicating that donor-acceptor transitions are responsible for the defect emissions. The power dependent PL also suggests that comparisons of defect concentrations among ZnO samples may be possible only if the PL spectra are measured under the same excitation power.