bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Place matters: Analyzing the roots of political distrust and Brexit narratives at a local level
Authors: Olivas Osuna José Javier , Kiefel Max , Gartzou Katsouyanni Kira
Published: July 2021

Based on comparative qualitative research in five local authority areas, this article argues that local context is key to understanding the roots of the U.K.'s crisis of political trust and the result of the 2016 E.U. referendum. The competing cultural and economic causes of discontent suggested by the literature were found to be deeply intertwined when analyzed from a local perspective. The sense of political disempowerment and negative attitudes toward migration were ingrained in and reinforced by locally specific socio‐economic and political trajectories. These experiences were articulated and amplified by dominant discourses, which channeled frustration against the political elite and the E.U. These populist narratives, promoted by the Leave campaign and the tabloid press, became dominant in certain areas, decisively shaping citizens' voting behavior. Overall, the article highlights the value of studying how local experiences and interpretations mediate the interplay of cultural and economic causes of discontent and political distrust.
Gender apartheid: The challenges of breaking into “man's world”
Authors: Adisa Toyin Ajibade , Gbadamosi Gbolahan , Adekoya Olatunji David
Published: July 2021

Drawing on feminist/gender theory and the notion that women self‐allocate to occupations with which they identify, this study examines the challenges confronted by women working in male‐dominated occupations in a highly patriarchal setting. The findings reveal that women working in “male‐typed” occupations in Nigeria are “lone wolves” in a marginal revolution. They experience social ostracism, impaired spousal relationships, and a lack of support from friends and family. Furthermore, the entrenchment of patriarchal culture, the requirement of physical strength, and the lack of trust on the part of clients pose significant barriers to their success in male‐dominated professions. These problems further breed and reinforce occupational gender segregation. The prospects of reducing occupational gender segregation and the underrepresentation of women in “male‐typed” occupations appear slim due to cultural beliefs and the patriarchal orientation in the study context.
PRAME expression in melanocytic lesions of the conjunctiva
Authors: Šekoranja Daja , Hawlina Gregor , Pižem Jože
Published: July 2021

Aims

PRAME (PReferentially expressed Antigen in MElanoma) is a tumour‐associated antigen that is preferentially strongly expressed in most cutaneous melanomas but not or only focally in naevi. Our aim was to evaluate PRAME expression in melanocytic lesions of the conjunctiva.

Methods and results

Surgical specimens of 114 conjunctival melanocytic naevi of different types (including 67 common, 25 combined deep penetrating and 21 inflamed juvenile naevi), 30 invasive melanomas, 10 in‐situ melanomas, 23 primary acquired melanoses (PAM) without atypia and 11 PAM with atypia were analysed for PRAME expression by immunohistochemistry. Nuclear positivity for PRAME in melanocytes was assessed as the percentage of positive nuclei: negative (0%), 1+ (1–25%), 2+ (26–50%), 3+ (51–75%) and 4+ (> 75%). In 113 of 114 conjunctival melanocytic naevi, PRAME was either completely negative or focally 1+ positive. Diffuse 4+ PRAME expression was identified in 17 of 30 (57%) invasive melanomas, seven of 10 (70%) in‐situ melanomas, four of five (80%) PAM with severe atypia, none of three PAM with moderate atypia, none of three PAM with mild atypia, one of 23 (4%) PAM without atypia and none of 114 naevi. Diffuse 4+ PRAME expression in invasive melanomas correlated with a higher mitotic count but was not related to age and gender of the patients, Breslow thickness, location or mutational status.

Conclusion

Diffuse 4+ PRAME positivity is highly specific for malignant conjunctival melanocytic lesions. PRAME is therefore a useful ancillary marker to support the diagnosis of a suspected conjunctival melanoma.
The utility of a myeloid mutation panel for the diagnosis of myelodysplastic syndrome and myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasm
Authors: Ibrar Warda , Zhang Weiwei , Cox Jesse Lee , Cushman‐Vokoun Allison , Fu Kai , Greiner Timothy C. , Yuan Ji
Published: July 2021

Introduction

The diagnosis of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms (MDS/MPN) is based on morphology and cytogenetics/FISH findings per 2017 WHO classification. With rare exceptions, somatic mutations have not been incorporated as the diagnostic criteria.

Methods

We analyzed the utility of mutational analysis with a targeted 54‐gene or 40‐gene next‐generation sequencing (NGS) panel in the diagnosis of MDS and MDS/MPN.

Results

We retrospectively collected 92 patients who presented with unexplained cytopenia with or without cytosis, including 32 low‐grade MDS (MDS‐L), 18 high‐grade MDS (MDS‐H), 5 therapy‐related MDS (MDS‐TR), 19 MDS/MPN, and 18 negative cases. Of 92 patients, 197 somatic mutations involving 38 genes were detected and had variant allele frequency (VAF) ranging from 3% to 99%. The most common mutated genes were TET2, ASXL1, RUNX1, TP53, SRSF2, and SF3B1. MDS‐L, MDS‐H, MDS‐TR, and MDS/MPN showed an average number of somatic mutations with a mean VAF of 1.9/33%, 2.6/30%, 2/36%, and 4/41%, respectively. SF3B1 mutations were exclusively observed in MDS‐L and MDS/MPN. TP53 gene mutations were more frequently seen in MDS‐H and MDS‐TR. Among 34 patients with a diagnosis of MDS or MDS/MPN with normal cytogenetics, 31 patients (91%) had at least 1 mutation and 24 patients (71%) had ≥2 mutations with ≥10% VAF.

Conclusion

A myeloid mutational panel provides additional evidence of clonality besides cytogenetics/FISH studies in the diagnosis of cytopenia with or without cytosis. Two or more mutations with ≥10% VAF highly predicts MDS and MDS/MPN with a positive predictive value of 100%.
Gramine promotes functional recovery after spinal cord injury via ameliorating microglia activation
Authors: Lu Xiaolang , Lu Fengfeng , Yu Jiachen , Xue Xinghe , Jiang Hongyi , Jiang Liting , Yang Yang
Published: July 2021

In recent years, a large number of studies have reported that neuroinflammation aggravates the occurrence of secondary injury after spinal cord injury. Gramine (GM), a natural indole alkaloid, possesses various pharmacological properties; however, the anti‐inflammation property remains unclear. In our study, Gramine was investigated in vitro and in vivo to explore the neuroprotection effects. In vitro experiment, our results suggest that Gramine treatment can inhibit release of pro‐inflammatory mediators. Moreover, Gramine prevented apoptosis of PC12 cells which was caused by activated HAPI microglia, and the inflammatory secretion ability of microglia was inhibited by Gramine through NF‐κB pathway. The in vivo experiment is that 80 mg/kg Gramine was injected orthotopically to rats after spinal cord injury (SCI). Behavioural and histological analyses demonstrated that Gramine treatment may alleviate microglia activation and then boost recovery of motor function after SCI. Overall, our research has demonstrated that Gramine exerts suppressed microglia activation and promotes motor functional recovery after SCI through NF‐κB pathway, which may put forward the prospect of clinical treatment of inflammation‐related central nervous diseases.
Investigating job satisfaction in palliative rehabilitation: Reflections and perspectives of health professionals working with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Gamskjaer Tine , Werlauff Ulla , Handberg Charlotte
Published: July 2021

Study Rationale

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a progressive neurodegenerative disease which causes impairment of the motor functions in the upper and lower limbs and bulbar muscles with a median survival time is three years from the first appearance of symptoms. There is massive psychological impact on health professionals to persons with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, hence the work leads to multiple challenges and stressful and demanding situations with high risk of experiencing diminished personal well‐being including burnout, moral distress, and compassion fatigue.

Aim

To investigate reflections and perspectives from health professionals working within palliative rehabilitation for elements of importance in relation to job satisfaction.

Methods and Materials

The design was qualitative and based on the phenomenological‐hermeneutical methodology by Paul Ricoeur's interpretation theory. Data consisted of two semi‐structured focus group interviews with a total of 12 specialized health professionals: Nurses, Psychologists, Physicians, Occupational Therapists, Physiotherapists, and Social workers, working within a hospital setting of specialized palliative rehabilitation for people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and their families.

Results

The analysis revealed insight into four themes: fundamental drive, working conditions, value of collegiality and work‐life balance. Fundamental drive was deeply rooted in the professionals' sense of having a meaningful job. Working conditions such as self‐management were important for job satisfaction as were good collegial relations. Finally, a good balance between working life and private life was considered important for job satisfaction.

Conclusion

Our study indicates that work within the field of palliative rehabilitation is experienced as enriching and beneficial under the right circumstances and in an appreciatory working environment. We found elements like autonomy, mastery, purpose, collegiality, and work‐life balance to be of great importance. Our findings can help guide managements and health professionals in other palliative rehabilitation contexts to ensure satisfied employees and to optimize the quality of care.
A magnetic resonance imaging modality for non‐invasively distinguishing progression of liver fibrosis by visualizing hepatic platelet‐derived growth factor receptor‐beta expression in mice
Authors: Wu Ling , Huang Xiao‐quan , Li Na , Xie Cao , Rao Sheng‐xiang , Chen Shi‐yao , Li Feng
Published: July 2021

Background and aim

Activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are the most critical cells responsible for liver fibrosis, and platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF) is the most prominent mitogen for HSCs in fibrogenesis. This study aimed to explore the potential of gadolinium (Gd)‐labeled cyclic peptides (pPB) targeting PDGF receptor‐β (PDGFR‐β) as a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) radiotracer to identify the progression of liver fibrosis by imaging hepatic PDGFR‐β expression.

Methods

Mice treated with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) were used to mimic hepatic fibrosis in vivo. The binding activity of FITC‐labeled pPB to PDGFR‐β was assessed in cultured human HSCs (HSC‐LX2). MRI was performed to visualize hepatic PDGFR‐β expression in mice with different degrees of liver fibrosis after Gd‐labeled pPB was injected.

Results

Hepatic PDGFR‐β expression level was correlated with the severity of liver fibrosis, and the majority of cells expressing PDGFR‐β were found to be activated HSCs in fibrotic livers. Culture‐activated human HSCs expressed abundant PDGFR‐β, and FITC‐labeled pPB could bind to these cells in a concentration‐dependent and time‐dependent manner. With Gd‐labeled pPB as a tracer, an MRI modality demonstrated that the relative hepatic T1‐weighted MRI signal value progressively increased with the severity of hepatic fibrosis and reduced with remission.

Conclusions

Hepatic PDGFR‐β expression reflects the progression of hepatic fibrosis, and MRI using Gd‐labeled pPB as a tracer exhibits potential for distinguishing liver fibrosis staging in mice.
Erythropoietin and derivatives: Potential beneficial effects on the brain
Authors: Vittori Daniela C. , Chamorro María E. , Hernández Yender V. , Maltaneri Romina E. , Nesse Alcira B.
Published: July 2021

Erythropoietin (Epo), the main erythropoiesis‐stimulating factor widely prescribed to overcome anemia, is also known nowadays for its cytoprotective action on non‐hematopoietic tissues. In this context, Epo showed not only its ability to cross the blood‐brain barrier, but also its expression in the brain of mammals. In clinical trials, recombinant Epo treatment has been shown to stimulate neurogenesis; improve cognition; and activate antiapoptotic, antioxidant, and anti‐inflammatory signaling pathways. These mechanisms, proposed to characterize a neuroprotective property, opened new perspectives on the Epo pharmacological potencies. However, many questions arise about a possible physiological role of Epo in the central nervous system (CNS) and the factors or environmental conditions that induce its expression. Although Epo may be considered a strong candidate to be used against neuronal damage, long‐term treatments, particularly when high Epo doses are needed, may induce thromboembolic complications associated with increases in hematocrit and blood viscosity. To avoid these adverse effects, different Epo analogs without erythropoietic activity but maintaining neuroprotection ability are currently being investigated. Carbamylated erythropoietin, as well as alternative molecules like Epo fusion proteins and partial peptides of Epo, seems to match this profile. This review will focus on the discussion of experimental evidence reported in recent years linking erythropoietin and CNS function through investigations aimed at finding benefits in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, it will review the proposed mechanisms for novel derivatives which may clarify and, eventually, improve the neuroprotective action of Epo.

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Prevalence of incidental brain MRI findings of clinical relevance in a diverse Hispanic/Latino population
Authors: Ivanovic Vladimir , Seiler Stephan , Tarraf Wassim , Crivello Emily , Martinez Oliver , Lipton Richard B. , Isasi Carmen R. , Copello Tatiana Gomez , Talavera Gregory A. , Gallo Linda C. , Lamar Melissa , Testai Fernando , Schneiderman Neil , Gellman Marc D. , Daviglus Martha , Gonzalez Hector M. , DeCarli Charles , Lipton Michael L.
Published: July 2021

Background and Purpose

There is limited literature on the prevalence of incidental brain MRI findings in the Hispanic/Latino population, despite their increased prevalence of vascular disease and undertreatment of chronic conditions. The purpose of our study was to determine the prevalence of clinically relevant incidental findings on brain MRI examinations obtained as a part of the Study of Latinos–Investigation of NeuroCognitive Aging MRI (SOL‐INCA‐MRI) study.

Methods

Brain MRI examinations were obtained on 1389 participants in the SOL‐INCA‐MRI study, a cross‐sectional ancillary study of the Hispanic Community Health Study, Study of Latinos, which is a longitudinal, community‐based study. Study design of SOL‐INCA‐MRI involves imaging cognitively normal and participants with mild cognitive impairment. Brain MRI findings were categorized as Level 1 (normal), Level 1.5 (findings of unclear medical significance), Level 2 (potential medical concern), or Level 3 (medically urgent). This article focuses on Level 2 and Level 3 findings.

Results

The average age of the sample was 60.8 years (+/– 10.3 years), 66.1% were females. Level 2 and 3 findings were identified in 117 participants, (8.4%), of which 109 (7.8%) were recommended for medical follow‐up (Level 2), and 8 (0.6%) were recommended for immediate medical attention (Level 3). Brain MRI findings consisted of chronic infarction in 33 (2.4%), vascular abnormality in 27 (1.9%), intracranial mass in 20 (1.4%), other intracranial findings in 28 (2.0%), and skull base/extracranial findings in 26 (1.9%) patients.

Conclusion

Incidental findings of clinical relevance were common among SOL‐INCA‐MRI participants, but rarely required urgent medical intervention.
Voting with abstention
Authors: Bolle Friedel
Published: July 2021

Most voting models in the literature neglect abstention, but is such a simplification justified? I investigate this question in a model with outside pressure on voters. For sequential voting (e.g., roll call votes), with and without an abstention option, there is a unique subgame perfect equilibrium, which implies that true majorities always succeed. Abstention can be an equilibrium strategy for some voters, in particular under complex decision rules (e.g., weighted voting, double majorities). Simultaneous voting often has a unique pure strategy equilibrium but also a plethora of mixed and pure/mixed strategy equilibria. Therefore, only with equilibrium selection, can we evaluate the consequences of neglecting abstention. For equal weight voting, equilibria selected by the procedure of Harsanyi and Selten change completely with an abstention option, even if abstention itself is not or rarely used. With small enough outside pressure, however, the selected equilibrium honors true majorities in both cases.
Determinants of HCV‐related complications in Italian primary care patients
Authors: Grattagliano Ignazio , Rossi Alessandro , Marconi Ettore , Lapi Francesco , Cricelli Claudio
Published: July 2021

Background and Aims

This study aimed to assess the demographic and clinical determinants of liver complications in Hepatitis C virus (HCV)‐positive patients in primary care setting.

Methods

Using the Health Search database, we selected a cohort of patients aged ≥14 diagnosed with HCV between 2002 and 2017. Patients were followed up until the occurrence of cirrhosis and other disease progressions such as oesophageal varices, hepatocellular carcinoma and/or liver transplantation. The candidate determinants for the risk of HCV‐related complications included sex, age, smoking status, liver fibrosis (measured by fibrosis 4 index [FIB‐4]), infections by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), other forms of hepatitis, abuse of alcohol or illicit substances or drugs, obesity, metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus and renal disease. Cox regression was used to test the association between candidate determinants and the outcome.

Results

The cohort included 8299 HCV‐positive patients (50.93% men) with an overall prevalence rate equal to 0.61%. At least one HCV‐related complication was found in 12.2% of patients, with a mean time‐to‐event equal to 8.1 year. Along with male sex and advanced age, a FIB‐4 greater than 3.25 and the presence of diabetes were associated with a greater risk of HCV‐related complications.

Conclusion

Our study shows that patients with certain demographics and clinical characteristics are more prone to incur in HCV‐related complications. The knowledge and early identification of these determinants by GPs may result in reducing disease progression and related healthcare costs through a closer monitoring.
Young, timid, and risk takers
Authors: Guasoni Paolo , Nagy Lóránt , Rásonyi Miklós
Published: July 2021

Time‐varying asset returns lead highly risk‐averse investors to choose market‐timing exposures that increase in their horizon, in agreement with the common advice to reduce risk with age, but in contrast to theoretical work that prescribes constant portfolio weights. In a market where an investor with constant absolute risk aversion and finite horizon trades an asset with temporary fluctuations, we find asymptotically optimal investment strategies that are independent of the asset's average return and decline over time with a power of the remaining horizon, with the exponent determined by the curvature of mean reversion. For long‐term safe assets, which have a zero average return, the investor's certainty equivalent declines over time at a lower rate, implying that a nonzero average return is negligible for asymptotically optimal strategies but critical to their performance.
The zinc finger protein StMR1 affects the pathogenicity and melanin synthesis of Setosphaeria turcica and directly regulates the expression of DHN melanin synthesis pathway genes
Authors: Zhang Zexue , Jia Hui , Liu Ning , Li Haixiao , Meng Qingjiang , Wu Nan , Cao Zhiyan , Dong Jingao
Published: July 2021

The infection and colonization of pathogenic fungi are often regulated by transcription factors. In our previous study, the zinc finger protein‐encoding gene StMR1 was found to be highly expressed during the infection process of Setosphaeria turcica, the pathogen causing northern corn leaf blight. Evolutionary tree analysis showed that this gene was associated with regulatory factors of melanin synthesis. However, the regulatory mechanism of melanin synthesis and its effect on pathogenicity remain unclear. In this study, the function of StMR1 was analyzed by gene knockout. When the expression level of StMR1 in the mutants was significantly reduced, the colony color became lighter, the mycelia were curved and transparent, and the mutant showed a significant loss of pathogenicity. In addition, compared with wild‐type, the accumulation of melanin decreased significantly in ΔStmr1. RNA‐seq analysis revealed 1,981 differentially expressed genes between the wild‐type and knockout mutant, among which 39 genes were involved in melanin metabolism. qPCR revealed that the expression levels of six key genes in the melanin synthesis pathway were significantly reduced. ChIP‐PCR and yeast one‐hybrid assays confirmed that StMR1 directly binds to the promoters of St3HNR, St4HNR, StPKS, and StLAC2 in the DHN melanin synthesis pathway and regulates gene expression. The C2H2‐type zinc fingers and Zn(Ⅱ)2Cys6 binuclear cluster in StMR1 were important for the binding to targets.
Description of Evandromyia cristacapita sp. nov., a new sand fly species of the Argentinian Chaco
Authors: Szelag E. A. , Galati E. A. B. , Rosa J. R. , Andrade Filho J. D. , Salomón O. D.
Published: July 2021

A new species of phlebotomine sand fly collected in the rural and peri‐urban areas of wet and dry subregions of the Chaco Province, Argentina, is described. Illustrations of male and female adults are presented. Morphological characters allow the inclusion of the new species within the Evandromyia genus, Barrettomyia subgenus, Cortelezzii series (Diptera: Psychodidae). Furthermore, we present an identification key for the Cortelezzii series of the Barrettomyia subgenus with a new distinct species complex for its correct identification. The species was denominated as Evandromyia cristacapita sp. nov.
Coprinopsis hispida: a new coprinoid species from lowland Northern Pakistan
Authors: Hussain Shah , Afshan Najam Ul Sehar , Khan Junaid , Ahmad Habib , Sher Hassan , Khalid Abdul N.
Published: July 2021

Coprinopsis hispida is described and illustrated as a new species from lowland northern Pakistan. Morphological characters and phylogenetic analyses based on nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacers (ITS1‐5.8S‐ITS2 = ITS) were used to clarify the taxonomic identity of the species. Coprinopsis hispida belongs to C. section Alopeciae and is distinguishable from related species by having a medium‐sized basidioma, convex to plane pileus which is covered with silvery‐white fibrils, ellipsoid to amygdaliform basidiospores measuring 8.5–10.5 × 5.5–7.0 µm, smooth, dark brown, with a central germ‐pore that is 1.0–1.5 µm wide. Morphological characters are discussed and compared with other species of the section. With this report, the number of species of Coprinopsis known from Pakistan is raised to six.
Dietary fiber‐derived short‐chain fatty acids: A potential therapeutic target to alleviate obesity‐related nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Zhang Shumin , Zhao Jingwen , Xie Fei , He Hengxun , Johnston Lee J. , Dai Xiaofeng , Wu Chaodong , Ma Xi
Published: July 2021

Over the past several decades, increasing global prevalence of obesity‐related nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been one of main challenges to human health. Recently, increasing evidence has validated connections among short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), a physiologically relevant concentration, the intestinal microbiota, and host metabolism. In this review, we summarized crosstalk between SCFAs and host metabolism in relation to NAFLD pathophysiology, focusing on recent advances. Firstly, how SCFAs are generated and absorbed under different nutritional conditions in the gut. Secondly, how SCFAs maintain gut barrier and alleviate hepatic inflammatory responses. Thirdly, how SCFAs maintain hepatic energy balance through controlling appetite and mediating the glucose homeostasis at the systemic level. Fourthly, G‐protein‐coupled receptors (GPRs) are widely involved in the above metabolic processes regulated by SCFAs. Overall, this review aimed to provide new insights into the prospects of SCFAs as a potential therapeutic target in management of liver diseases.
Assessing performance of white endosperm testers with varying resistance reactions to Striga (Striga hermonthica) for evaluating resistant maize (Zea mays) inbred lines
Authors: Afolabi Samson , Menkir Abebe , Oyekunle Muhyideen , Abdullahi Ubale , Gedil Melaku , Meseka Silvestro , Mengesha Wende
Published: July 2021

Identification of testers is crucial for hybrid maize breeding programme. However, limited information is available about ideal testers for characterising the combining ability of Striga resistant maize inbreds. This study was conducted to assess the relative value of three inbred testers with varying resistance reactions to Striga for determining the combining ability of Striga resistant inbreds. Ninety testcrosses involving 30 Striga resistant inbreds and three testers were evaluated under artificial and natural Striga infestation and non‐infested conditions at two locations for 2 years. Lines x tester interaction was significant (p ≤ .05) for most traits, indicating differential ranking of lines by the testers. The GCA effects of testers for most traits were high, highlighting the predominance of additive gene action in controlling the overall performance of testcrosses. The resistant and tolerant testers exhibited desirable GCA effects, broader testcross performance, greater genetic variances and consistent ranking of testcrosses under both growing conditions than the susceptible tester. These testers can be successfully used for identifying superior Striga resistant inbreds to develop high yielding and resistant hybrids for commercialization.
Deterrence against Terrorist Attacks in Sports‐Mega Events: A Method to Identify the Optimal Portfolio of Defensive Countermeasures
Authors: Zawadzki Marcelo , Montibeller Gilberto , Cox Bruce , Belderrain Carmen
Published: July 2021

Sports mega‐events, such as the Olympic Games or the Super Bowl, are attractive targets for terrorist organizations, due to their visibility, size, and number of people involved. Two characteristics of sports mega‐events, however, make them distinctive in comparison with other well‐studied target protection problems in counterterrorism analysis (such as transportation hubs or infrastructure facilities). First, defensive measures are often publicly known. Second, their finite horizon means that deterrence against any attack must be prioritized. In this article we thus propose a method that identifies the best portfolio of defensive measures the defense may adopt, given a fixed budget, to minimize the chances of suffering a terrorist attack during a sports mega‐event. The method makes some relevant contributions to adversarial risk analysis: (i) it represents attackers that can choose among multiple attack scenarios and the no‐attack scenario; (ii) it measures the deterrence effect caused by synergic portfolios of defensive measures; and (iii) it proposes an algorithm that identifies dominated portfolios and may, thus, overcome the scalability problems inherent to this portfolio optimization. We apply this method to a real‐world defense problem, revisiting the defensive countermeasure planning for the 2016 Brazilian Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. In the case study, we find a nonlinear relationship between budget expenditure and deterrence, as well as a decreasing marginal effectiveness use of resources after a given budget threshold, which would support a more efficient allocation of investments in the Games defense.
Genetic variations associated with non‐contact muscle injuries in sport: A systematic review
Authors: Lim Tifanny , Santiago Catalina , Pareja‐Galeano Helios , Iturriaga Tamara , Sosa‐Pedreschi Alicia , Fuku Noriyuki , Pérez‐Ruiz Margarita , Yvert Thomas
Published: July 2021

Introduction

Non‐contact muscle injuries (NCMI) account for a large proportion of sport injuries, affecting athletes’ performance and career, team results and financial aspects. Recently, genetic factors have been attributed a role in the susceptibility of an athlete to sustain NCMI. However, data in this field are only just starting to emerge.

Objectives

To review available knowledge of genetic variations associated with sport‐related NCMI.

Methods

The databases Pubmed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched for relevant articles published until February 2021. The records selected for review were original articles published in peer‐reviewed journals describing studies that have examined NCMI‐related genetic variations in adult subjects (17–60 years) practicing any sport. The data extracted from the studies identified were as follows: general information, and data on genetic polymorphisms and NCMI risk, incidence and recovery time and/or severity.

Results

Seventeen studies examining 47 genes and 59 polymorphisms were finally included. 29 polymorphisms affecting 25 genes were found significantly associated with NCMI risk, incidence, recovery time, and/or severity. These genes pertain to three functional categories: (i) muscle fiber structural/contractile properties, (ii) muscle repair and regeneration, or (iii) muscle fiber external matrix composition and maintenance.

Conclusion

Our review confirmed the important role of genetics in NCMI. Some gene variants have practical implications such as differences of several weeks in recovery time detected between genotypes. Knowledge in this field is still in its early stages. Future studies need to examine a wider diversity of sports and standardize their methods and outcome measures.
An analysis of outcomes for pediatric trauma warm fresh whole blood recipients in Iraq and Afghanistan
Authors: Lauby Ryann S. , Cuenca Camaren M. , Borgman Matthew A. , Fisher Andrew D. , Bebarta Vikhyat S. , Moore Earnest E. , Spinella Philip C. , Bynum James , Schauer Steven G.
Published: July 2021

Background

Whole blood therapy—which contains the ideal balance of components, and particularly fresh whole blood—has been shown to be beneficial in adult trauma. It remains unclear whether there is potential benefit in the pediatric population.

Study Design and Methods

This is a secondary analysis of previously published data analyzing pediatric casualties undergoing massive transfusion in the Department of Defense Trauma Registry. Pediatric patients with traumatic injury who were transfused at least one blood product were included in the analysis. We compared children who received component therapy exclusively to those who received any amount of warm fresh whole blood.

Results

Of the 3439 pediatric casualties within our dataset, 1244 were transfused at least one blood product within the first 24 h. There were 848 patients without severe head injury. Within this cohort, 23 children received warm fresh whole blood overall, 20 of whom did not have severe head injury. In an adjusted analysis, the odds ratio (95% confidence interval [CI]) for survival for warm fresh whole blood recipients was 2.86 (0.40–20.45). After removing children with severe brain injury, there was an independent association with improved survival for warm fresh whole blood recipients with an odds ratio (95% CI) of 58.63 (2.70–1272.67).

Discussion

Our data suggest that warm fresh whole blood may be associated with improved survival in children without severe head injury. Larger prospective studies are needed to assess the efficacy and safety of whole blood in children with severe traumatic bleeding.
Comparison between a laser lancing device and lancet for capillary blood sampling, capillary blood hemoglobin measurement, and blood typing
Authors: Kim Jeeyong , Yoon Soo‐Young , Lim Chae Seung , Yoon Jung
Published: July 2021

Background

Blood donor screening includes tests using capillary blood, which is usually obtained by finger pricking using a lancet; however, the lancet has some shortcomings, such as skin puncture pain and needle stick injury. Recently, laser lancing devices for finger‐prick sampling have been developed. We compared capillary blood Hb (cHb) levels and blood typing results obtained using a laser lancing device with those obtained using a lancet.

Study design and methods

cHb levels, blood typing results, and skin puncture pain scores were assessed in 191 participants. Finger‐prick sampling was performed using LMT‐1000 (LaMeditech, Seoul, Korea) and a lancet on the same finger on different hands. Paired venous Hb (vHb) levels were assessed in 103 participants using an automated hematology analyzer and compared with the cHb levels obtained using both lancing devices.

Results

The paired cHb results obtained with the laser lancing device and lancet showed a strong correlation (r = 0.927, p < .001) without any significant difference (p = .113) and a substantial agreement (κ = 0.654) for the identification of participants with a low Hb level (<12.5 g/dl). cHb levels were significantly higher than vHb levels with both lancing devices (mean differences: 0.27–0.43 g/dl). The results of blood typing using the laser lancing device showed 100% accuracy. Use of the laser lancing device showed significantly lower skin puncture pain scores (p < .001).

Conclusion

Use of a laser lancing device for capillary Hb measurement and blood typing showed accurate results, with significantly reduced skin puncture pain. Laser lancing devices could be feasible for donor screening tests.
Immediate intravenous iron administration improves anaemia recovery following total knee arthroplasty: A propensity‐matched analysis
Authors: Park Hee‐Sun , Bin Seong‐Il , Kim Ha‐Jung , Kim Jinsun , Kim Hyungtae , Ro Youngjin , Koh Won Uk
Published: July 2021

Background and Objectives

Patients who undergo total knee arthroplasty (TKA) have a risk of postoperative anaemia. This observational study evaluated whether single‐dose intravenous ferric carboxymaltose (FCM) administered immediately after TKA facilitates the correction of anaemia.

Materials and Methods

We retrospectively analysed 722 patients who underwent primary TKA. The FCM group receiving 1000 mg intravenous FCM within one postoperative hour was compared with the non‐FCM group that did not receive the medication. A propensity score matching with multiple logistic regression analysis was used to minimize intergroup differences in the baseline characteristics and postoperative blood loss. The rate and severity of postoperative anaemia were compared between the groups, along with haemoglobin (Hb) value, transfusion rate and complications.

Results

After propensity score matching, 231 patients were included in each group. In the FCM group, the rate of anaemia at postoperative day (POD) 7 (p = 0.021) and postoperative week (POW) 5 (p < 0.001) and the transfusion rate were significantly lower (p = 0.008). The rate of moderate to severe anaemia at POW‐5 was also significantly lower in the FCM group (p < 0.001). In patients without preoperative anaemia (n = 322), the transfusion rate and rate and severity of anaemia at POD‐7 and POW‐5 were significantly lower in the FCM group than in the non‐FCM group.

Conclusion

Postoperative intravenous FCM administration facilitated recovery of surgery‐related anaemia by improving Hb and may reduce the need for transfusion in TKA patients. Preoperative non‐anaemic patients could also benefit from accelerated recovery by intravenous iron treatment.
Molecular systematics, higher‐rank classification and Gondwanan origins of Cryptocephalinae leaf beetles
Authors: Gómez‐Zurita Jesús , Cardoso Anabela
Published: July 2021

With 5,300 species, the Cryptocephalinae is the fourth largest subfamily of the megadiverse Chrysomelidae beetles. This subfamily currently merges groups that were traditionally considered subfamilies of their own, including the fulcidacines, clytrines and cryptocephalines, and it is believed to be sister to the Lamprosomatinae, forming a natural group characterized by immature stages developing within the protection of a solid case of organic matter known as scatoshell. However, hypotheses on the higher‐level systematics of this diverse group and the recognition of its closest relatives have been numerous and none of them tested with phylogenetic approaches, save for an unpublished study based on morphology. In this work, we provide the first molecular phylogenetic hypothesis for a large dataset of Cryptocephalinae (167 species, 66 genera) based on the analysis of five gene fragments, including up to 3,488 aligned nucleotide positions of the mitochondrial DNAcox1andrrnS, and the nuclearly encoded LSU, elongation factor 1‐alpha and polyadenylate binding protein 1. The phylogeny confirms the sister‐group relationship between Cryptocephalinae and Lamprosomatinae and identifies the Eumolpinae as the sister to this assemblage. Moreover, it partly refutes the current system for Cryptocephalinae giving support to five tribes in the subfamily: Fulcidacini and Clytrini, matching the current system, Pachybrachini separated from Cryptocephalini, and a new subantarctic tribe, Mylassinitrib. n., divergent from the other lineages. Among Clytrini, data support inclusion of Ischyopachina within New World Babiina, which together with New World Megalostomina would be sister to Old World Clytrina. In Cryptocephalini, after exclusion of pachybrachines, four subtribes are distinguished, of which only Stylosomina matches the current system. Otherwise, the current Monachulina are dismantled into three clades deserving subtribal status, one of which, former New World Monachulina genera, is unambiguously transferred to Cryptocephalina. A molecular clock calibrated using paleontological and biogeographic information places the origin of the subfamily in the Early Cretaceous and the split of the main evolutionary lineages temporally and geographically congruent with the fragmentation of major Gondwanan territories.
The Unified Theory of Tubesheet Design—Part III: Comparison With ASME Method and Case Study
Authors: Zhu Hong-Song , Zhai Jinguo , Zhou Guo-Yan
Published: July 2021

Based on the unified theory of tubesheet (TS) design for fixed TS heat exchangers (HEXs), floating head and U-tube HEXs presented in Part I and Part II, theoretical and numerical comparisons with ASME method are performed in this paper as Part III. Theoretical comparisons show that ASME method can be obtained from the special case of the simplified mechanical model of the unified theory. Numerical Comparison results indicate that predictions given by the unified theory agree well with finite element analysis (FEA), while ASME results are not accurate or not correct. Numerical comparisons also indicate that ASME results of TS stresses are not always conservative and may lead to unsafety design.
Data-Driven Sensitivity Analysis for Static Mechanical Properties of Additively Manufactured Ti–6Al–4V
Authors: Sharma Antriksh , Chen Jie , Diewald Evan , Imanian Anahita , Beuth Jack , Liu Yongming
Published: July 2021

Additive manufacturing (AM) has been extensively investigated in recent years to explore its application in a wide range of engineering functionalities, such as mechanical, acoustic, thermal, and electrical properties. A data-driven approach is proposed to investigate the influence of major fabrication parameters in the laser-based additively manufactured Ti–6Al–4V. Two separate laser-based powder bed fusion techniques, i.e., selective laser melting (SLM) and direct metal laser sintering (DMLS), have been investigated and several data regarding the tensile properties of Ti–6Al–4V alloy with their corresponding fabrication parameters are collected from open literature. Statistical data analysis is performed for four fabrication parameters (scanning speed, laser power, hatch spacing, and powder layer thickness) and three postfabrication parameters (heating temperature, heating time, and hot isostatically pressed or not) which are major influencing factors and have been investigated by several researchers to identify their behavior on the static mechanical properties (i.e., yielding strength, ultimate tensile strength, and elongation). To identify the behavior of the relationship between the input and output parameters, both linear regression analysis and artificial neural network (ANN) models are developed using 53 and 100 datasets for SLM and DMLS processes, respectively. The linear regression model resulted in an average R squared value of 0.351 and 0.507 compared to 0.908 and 0.833 in the case of nonlinear ANN modeling for SLM and DMLS based modeling, respectively. Both local and global sensitivity analyses are carried out to identify the important factors for future optimal design. Based on the current study, local sensitivity analysis (SA) suggests that SLM is most sensitive to laser power, scanning speed, and heat treatment temperature while DMLS is most sensitive to heat treatment temperature, hatch spacing, and laser power. In the case of DMLS fabricated Ti–6Al–4V alloy, laser power, and scan speed are found to be the most impactful input parameters for tensile properties of the alloy while heating time turned out to be the least affecting parameter. The global sensitivity analysis results can be used to tailor the alloy's static properties as per the requirement while results from local sensitivity analysis could be useful to optimize the already tailored design properties. Sobol's global sensitivity analysis implicates laser power, heating temperature, and hatch spacing to be the most influential parameters for alloy strength while powder layer thickness followed by scanning speed to be the prominent parameters for elongation for SLM fabricated Ti–6Al–4V alloy. Future work would still be needed to eradicate some of the limitations of this study related to limited dataset availability.
Capturing the S-Shape of Pump-Turbines by Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations Using an Anisotropic Turbulence Model
Authors: Casartelli Ernesto , Del Rio Armando , Mangani Luca , Schmid Angelika
Published: July 2021

Pump-turbines cope very well with modern electricity-market demand, having high operational flexibility and storage capabilities. Nevertheless, dynamic operation of these machines can lead to very challenging transient conditions, depending on the shape of the characteristic. Mechanical integrity can be correspondingly affected. Therefore, assessment of the characteristic during the design phase is of crucial importance. In the past years, different attempts to accurately compute the characteristic under steady and transient conditions have been undertaken using Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) computational fluid dynamics. While the k–ω shear stress transport (SST) turbulence model has become the reference for machine design, it often fails for conditions close to or around instabilities. Under unstable conditions, which are characterized by continuous unsteady vortex formation, turbulence isotropy as assumed by linear two equation models is no longer the right choice. Accordingly, a turbulence model able to capture anisotropy, explicit algebraic Reynolds stress model (EARSM), has been implemented in an in-house code and used for the computation of the characteristic of various machines, stable and unstable, to assess the model performance. In this paper, computations of three different dynamic pump-turbine operating conditions are presented. Results using steady boundary conditions (BC) in the unstable region as well as transient BC like load-rejection and runaway are computed with EARSM, showing its superiority compared to linear two equation models. The model's capability to capture anisotropic effects—such as the influence of corners—produces more physical flow structures in the vaneless space, which lead to an overall improvement of the predicted stability characteristics.
Functional plasma-sprayed hydroxylapatite coatings for medical application: Clinical performance requirements and key property enhancement
Authors: Heimann Robert B.
Published: July 2021

Functional hydroxylapatite (HAp) coatings deposited by atmospheric plasma spraying on parts of hip and knee endoprosthetic implants, artificial dental roots, spinal implants, and other medical devices serve to aid in osseointegration by providing a biocompatible and osseoconductive/osseoinductive template for bone growth-supporting actions of cytokines and noncollagenous proteins and proteoglycans, mediated by transmembrane proteins such as integrins. To be successful in this task, HAp coatings need to be carefully designed and optimized by closely controlling key properties such as phase composition, degree of crystallinity, crystallographic texture, thickness, adhesion strength to the implant surface, porosity, pore size distribution, surface nanostructure and roughness, residual coating stresses, and dissolution kinetics during in vivo contact with extracellular fluid. As this contribution discusses salient aspects of design, properties, and application of HAp coatings, it attempts to chart ways toward improving their in vivo performance and, thus, may be considered a helping hand and guiding manual of instruction for their successful deposition. In this review, much contextual recourse has been taken to the work of the present author and his research group during the last two and a half decades.
Effect of Home-Based Exercise Program on Physical Function and Balance in Older Adults With Sarcopenia: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Study
Authors: Sen Ekin Ilke , Eyigor Sibel , Dikici Yagli Merve , Ozcete Zeynep Alev , Aydin Tugba , Kesiktas Fatma Nur , Aydin Filiz Yildiz , Vural Meltem , Sahin Nilay , Karan Ayse
Published: July 2021

In the prospective, randomized, controlled multicenter study, 100 patients who were clinically diagnosed with sarcopenia were assigned to either a home-based exercise group or a control group. The home-based training program included exercises with gradually increasing intensity comprising posture, stretching and upper- and lower-extremity muscle-strengthening exercises, balance and coordination exercises, and gait training. Before and 3 months after the exercise program, all the patients were evaluated. The 6-min walking test and Berg Balance Scale scores increased significantly after 3 months in the home-based exercise group compared with the controls. There was also a significant decrease in timed up and go test scores and a significant improvement in quality of life in the exercise group compared with the control group. Our findings indicated that a home-based exercise program can have a positive effect on physical function, balance, and quality of life in patients with sarcopenia.
Kinematic Variables of Disabled Swimmers and Their Correlation With the International Paralympic Committee Classification
Authors: dos Santos Karini Borges , Bento Paulo Cesar Barauce , Payton Carl , Rodacki André Luiz Felix
Published: July 2021

This study described the kinematic variables of disabled swimmers’ performance and correlated them with their functional classification. Twenty-one impaired swimmers (S5–S10) performed 50-m maximum front-crawl swimming while being recorded by four underwater cameras. Swimming velocity, stroke rate, stroke length, intracycle velocity variation, stroke dimensions, hand velocity, and coordination index were analyzed. Kendall rank was used to correlate stroke parameters and functional classification with p < .05. Swimming velocity, stroke length, and submerged phase were positively correlated with the para swimmers functional classification (.61, .50, and .41; p < .05, respectively), while stroke rate, velocity hand for each phase, coordination index, and intracyclic velocity variation were not (τ between −.11 and .45; p > .05). Thus, some objective kinematic variables of the impaired swimmers help to support current classification. Improving hand velocity seems to be a crucial point to be improved among disabled swimmers.