bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Law, custom and myth: Aspects of the social position of women in classical Athens
Authors: Gould John
Published: May 2006

It is some years now since the Oxford anthropologist Edwin Ardener in his article ‘Belief and the problem of women’ drew attention to the striking lack of progress that had been made in understanding traditional societies as they are seen from the point of view of women: ‘the models of a society made by most ethnographers tend to be models derived from the male portion of that society’. The result, as he pointed out, is that, in considering social structure, ‘we are, for practical purposes, in a male world. The study of women is on a level little higher than the study of the ducks and fowl they commonly own.’ He went on to put forward an explanation of the fact, by suggesting that, since the dominant structure of society is articulated and communicated in terms of a male world-position, women constitute a ‘muted group’, made inarticulate by the lack of a language in which to communicate their particular sense of society and its relationship to the totality of experience.
Dorians and Ionians
Authors: Alty John
Published: May 2006

In his ‘Essay on the value of applying the ethnic criterion to the study of Greek history and civilisation’, Edouard Will examined the two most numerous and politically important ethnic divisions of the Greek race in Classical times, the Dorians and the Ionians, and came to the conclusion that they inspired no true ethnic feeling amongst the Greeks. Other historians have tended towards a similar view. Although some writers have felt unconvinced of the thesis, no one has analysed the sources used by Will and his supporters to suggest why they may not after all imply the conclusions which Will drew. This article will attempt to do so. In particular I shall try to show first that there is good evidence for the importance of ethnic feeling at the time of the Peloponnesian war, and, secondly, that we should not regard Peloponnesian war propaganda as the sole cause of this feeling. The article will concentrate upon the treatment of this subject by Thucydides and Herodotus, the interpretation of which is, I think, most in need of revaluation. Their evidence seems to me most important because they frequently document and in some cases give their own analysis of occasions where ethnic feeling seems to play a part, many of which are either contemporaneous with them or lie in the fairly recent past. I shall, however, also consider to what extent their evidence is supported by other sources.
The Paroemiographers on: ΤΑ ΤΡΙΑ ΤΩΝ ΣΤΗΣΙΧΟΡΟΥ
Authors: Davies M.
Published: May 2006

As the last of his ‘artis metricae scriptorum testimonia’ for Stesichorus, 275 (b), Page gives the following entry: ‘Suda iv 586 A[dler] s.v. τρία Στησιχόρου … ἐπῳδικὴ γὰρ πᾶσα ἡ Στησιχόρου ποίησις; Diogenian. cent. vii 14 (et alii) οὐδὲ τὰ τρία Στησιχόρου γινώσκεις, sim. al., vid. L–S ad loc. i 288’. There are, in fact, far more testimonia than indicated by the out-dated and rather meagre note of Leutsch-Schneidewin, and it is essential to discover the way in which these various references are phrased. For an attempt to reach the original form of the proverb, and an interpretation based on the exact wording of this original, was the basis of Otto Crusius’ ‘Stesichorus und die epodische Composition in der gr. Lyrik’, the only truly critical examination of the proverb's various forms and sources that has so far been undertaken.
Homeric Values and Homeric Society
Authors: Adkins A. W. H.
Published: May 2006

Dr Long's interest in my work (JHS xc [1970] 121–39; hereafter referred to as ‘Long’) is naturally very welcome; but it seems to me to require further comment in its turn. In order to advance the discussion, I shall be compelled to refer on a number of occasions to what I have written elsewhere in articles, and indeed on other pages of Merit and Responsibility. I shall begin with some very general points, some concerned with philosophy, some with interpretation.

First, can ‘an historical reference for Homeric society’ be found ‘in the individual oikos, such that Homeric values can be seen to derive consistently from its needs’? The ‘facts of Homeric life’ to which I endeavour to relate my analysis of Homeric values are those contained in Professor M. I. Finley's admirable The World of Odysseus. My very occasional disagreements are concerned with interpretations within an agreed framework: Professor Finley's framework. I shall turn to the historicity of the society in a moment; but there seems in any case to be no prima facie absurdity in employing the tools of the social anthropologist on an overtly fictional society, say More's Utopia, with the intention, perhaps, of displaying incongruities and discrepancies: however fictional it might be, there would still be a society and values to discuss.
Sickles and Strigils
Authors: Boardman John
Published: May 2006

At least fifty small iron sickles were found in the pit on Rheneia to which the Athenians removed the contents of the Delos graves during the purification of 425 B.C. Various scholars have attempted to associate these with Thucydides' (i 8.1) report of the identification of Carian graves by the armour found in them on the occasion of the purification, and Herodotus' remark (vii 93) that Carian soldiers carried daggers and sickles (drepana). Similar sickles were also found in fifth-century graves on Rheneia, so the practice was clearly not a particularly ancient one in Herodotus' and Thucydides' day, but it was equally not a normal practice in any other part of Greece. The pit yielded the usual assemblage of Classical grave furniture with one notable exception — strigils — and it is worth considering whether, on Delos and Rheneia, these simpler small iron blades, like sickles, were employed as strigils. The usual Classical strigil is an elaborate affair of bronze with a curved hollow blade and shaped handle. It was used to scrape oil and dirt from an athlete's skin, a regular piece of palaestra equipment, and regarded as a peculiarly personal possession, like a man's favourite pipe or razor. On several Archaic and a few Classical gravestones the dead is characterised as an athlete with strigil and oil bottle, and strigils are very common offerings in Classical graves all over Greece. We would expect them on Delos: we have the ‘sickles’ instead. Clearly, for the purpose of removing oil from the body they would have served just as well. They are small for agricultural use (blades 10 to 17 cm. long) and with only one hole for fastening they could hardly be considered very sturdy implements.
[Xenophon] Ath. Pol. iii 4 and the question of choruses at the Hephaestia and Promethia
Authors: Moore John M.
Published: May 2006

In a recent article, J. K. Davies suggested that there were no choral events at the festivals of the Hephaestia and Promethia. He rested his case on the fact that ‘the basic document concerning the festival [sc. the Hephaestia], IG i2 84 of 421/0 refers (probably) to gymnasiarchs (lines 20–21) and nowhere to choregoi or choruses’, and he went on to say that ‘the general heortological tradition [sc. about the Hephaestia]…knew nothing of musical contests’. On this basis, he rejected the contrary evidence of [Xenophon] Ath.Pol. iii 4 which specifically mentions the Hephaestia and Promethia in a list of five festivals to which choregoi were allotted. He suggested that either the author of Ath. Pol. was mistaken, or an emendation of the text proposed by Kirchhoff should be accepted; the emendation inserts seven words into the text, and so switches the reference from choregoi to gymnasiarchs.
Aeschylus' ὓμνος δέσμιος (Eum. 306) and Attic judicial curse tablets
Authors: Faraone Christopher A.
Published: May 2006

When the Erinyes catch up with Orestes in Athens they find him clutching the archaic wooden statue of Athena and invoking her aid along with that of Apollo (Eum. 235 ff.). The Erinyes scorn his prayers and bid him hear their ‘binding song’: ὕμνον δ’ ἀκούσῃ τόνδε δέσμιον (306). Wecklein in his 1888 edition of the play remarked ‘erinnert an magische Künste’ and quoted Laws 933a, where Plato, discussing murder by poison, makes brief mention of the popular belief in sorcerers, incantations and binding spells (καταδέσεις). Subsequent commentators repeat Wecklein's brief note nearly verbatim and then elaborate it along two different lines, either claiming some vague Orphic source (Thomson 1938) or citing Wuensch's Defixionum Tabellae Atticae (Blass 1907; Groeneboom 1952). More recently, Lebeck argued that the ostensible title (‘binding song’) is incompatible with the actual content of the stasimon (Apollo's encroachment on the Erinyes’ power); she concluded that the title is irrelevant or at best only of secondary importance.’ Thus on the whole, this ὕμνος δέσμιος has been treated as a remnant of magical or chthonic lore too obscure to have any real bearing on our understanding of the immediate dramatic situation in Eumenides. I shall argue to the contrary that the song is closely related to a specific kind of curse tablet used to affect the outcome of law cases in Athens as early as the 5th century bc, and as such it is important to the dramatic context of a tragedy which depicts the mythical foundation of Athens’ first homicide court.
Perikles and the defence of Attika during the Peloponnesian War
Authors: Spence I. G.
Published: May 2006

Given the increasing interest in ancient military history it seems timely to set Perikles' Peloponnesian War policy of avoiding major land battles in the context of the military options available and how these worked in practice. I should, however, sound one note of caution from the start. My discussion (especially sections I and II) represents a modern assessment of the defence strategies and options available to Athens in 431. While Perikles and his successors undoubtedly considered how best to fight the war, it would be misleading to even imply that their thought processes involved conducting an analysis anywhere near as sophisticated as the one which follows. Quite simply they lacked the theoretical concepts and even the technical vocabulary to do so. There was no history or tradition of staff college appreciations in fifth century Athens and no body of technical or theoretical military literature, and it seems clear that even experienced and successful commanders did not look at war with the same sort of theoretical constructs which we take for granted today.
Lady Chatterley's Loverand the Attic orators: the social composition of the Athenian jury
Authors: Todd Stephen
Published: May 2006

The starting-point of this paper is one of the most disastrous pieces of advocacy in modern legal history. In October 1960, Penguin Books were prosecuted under Section 2 of the 1959 Obscene Publications Act for publishing an unexpurgated edition ofLady Chatterley's Lover.On the first day of the trial, Mr. Mervyn Griffith-Jones, Senior Treasury Counsel (i.e. Crown Prosecutor), did his best to wreck his case on the strength of one remark. He had previously tried to show that he was himself a man of the world: ‘Let me emphasize this on behalf of the prosecution: do not approach this matter in any priggish, high-minded, super-correct, mid-Victorian manner’. He now proceeded to work this out in practice: ‘Would you approve of your young sons, young daughters—because girls can read as well as boys—reading this book? Is it a book that you would have lying around in your own house? Is it even a book that you would wish your wife or your servants to read?’
Aspects of Seleucid Royal Ideology: The Cylinder of Antiochus I from Borsippa
Authors: Kuhrt Amélie , Sherwin-White Susan
Published: May 2006

A major contention of our bookHellenism in the Eastwas that the most profitable way for making progress in understanding the Achaemenid and Seleucid empires was to try to evaluate, sensitively, the very disparate types of evidence within their own social and cultural contexts, however difficult this might be in practice. In the case of the Antiochus I cylinder we are confronted by an inscribed object whose significance lies as much in its physical form as in the content of the text it bears. These aspects are inextricably intertwined as part of a tradition specific to Mesopotamian culture—object and text combined are the physical representation of a major, longstanding, sociopolitical institution for which a mass of earlier evidence exists. It is all too understandable that Greco-Roman scholars, who have been the primary students of the hellenistic world, should find it hard to know how to approach such material emanating from an unfamiliar cultural milieu. Yet, for once, this text isnotfragmentary—it is a long, well-preserved document, easy to read and readily accessible in translation which in itself demonstrates an acknowledgment by hellenistic historians of the potential importance of this non-Greek text for understanding Seleucid history.
History and image: the Penelope Painter's Akropolis (Louvre G372 and 480/79 BC)
Authors: Cromey Robert D.
Published: May 2006

Why the Athenians of the classical era seem never to have set their own greatest historical moments into representational art has remained a major problem for historians and art historians alike. In attempting an answer, perhaps more attention should be given to one of the explanations by Aischines of why it would be wrong for the Demos to honor Demosthenes with a crown (iii 183-192). In brief, Aischines says that in the great days of the democracy, the days of unforgettable victories, it was undemocratic for a great man to be exalted in art when the achievement in truth belonged to the Demos. He adds pointedly that some great men of that era adhered to this patriotic ethic themselves, while others like Miltiades had their attempts at prominence in representational arts rebuffed or sharply diminished in scale.
Arrian the epic poet
Authors: Swain Simon
Published: May 2006

We know of several Greek translators of works originally written in Latin. Of non-Christian, purely literary material, we know of six. First, there is Claudius' powerful freedman, Polybius, who turned Homer into Latin prose and Vergil into Greek prose (SenecaConsol. ad Polyb. 8.2, 11.5). Then, under Hadrian we have Zenobius ‘the sophist’, who translates Sallust'sHistoriesand “so-called Wars’ (Suda Z 73). The translation into Greek of Hyginus' Fabulae can be dated precisely, for its unknown author tells us that he copied it up on 11th September 207 (CGILiii 56.3off.). Similarly, the extant translation of Eutropius'Breviariumby Paianios, probably a pupil of Libanius, can be dated securely to about 380. The translation of the same by Capito (SudaK 342), which survives in excerpts, is placed with some confidence at the beginning of the sixth century. The date and identity of the last of our translators, ‘Arrian the epic poet’, who rendered theGeorgicsof Vergil (SudaA 3867), is unclear.
Casualties and reinforcements of citizen soldiers in Greece and Macedonia
Authors: Hammond N. G. L.
Published: May 2006

The contention of this paper is that the growing disbelief in the ancient casualty figures of one's own side and the tendency to regard them as ‘propagandist’ are generally mistaken. The arguments turn on the origins of the figures and on the practicalities of warfare. In the last section special attention is given to those of Alexander's citizen forces. The casualties of mercenaries are not considered.
The Hellenic Disaster in Egypt
Authors: Holladay †A. J.
Published: May 2006

For a long time there has been a dispute about the gravity of the disaster suffered by the Athenians and their allies in Egypt in 454 BC. Thucydides i 104 and 110.4 says that 200 ships sailed there (a figure now commonly accepted); that, six years later, a further force of 50 arrived just after the disaster; and that the majority of these was lost. As all the ships which were already in Egypt at that time were also lost the total would seem to be about 230–40.

This was generally accepted by scholars of the last century, but in this century many scholars have come to doubt so overwhelming a loss in relation to the League's total resources. This scepticism is made possible by Thucydides' failure to say specifically how many ships were actually in Egypt when the disaster befell—whether, in fact, 200 had remained there for six years (Thuc. i 109 says that the Athenians and their allies remained, but this is not conclusive for 200 nor for 6 years).
Herakles' attributes and their appropriation by Eros
Authors: Woodford Susan
Published: May 2006

This note discusses some of the images and ideas that led to the depiction of Eros with the attributes of Herakles (PLATE IVa), an iconographical type that was developed and elaborated in the Hellenistic and Roman periods.

Eros was not, in fact, the first to appropriate for himself the attributes of Herakles. From an early period popular imagination realised that even the mighty Herakles would occasionally be placed in a situation that lesser creatures could take advantage of. Before the Hellenistic period Kerkopes, satyrs and goat-legged Pans made use of whatever opportunities there were to steal Herakles' attributes; thereafter these subhuman thieves appear to have been replaced by a group of Erotes or a single Eros.
The duration of an Athenian political trial
Authors: Worthington Ian
Published: May 2006

The procedures involved in, and duration of, Athenian trials have been the subject of much attention, and it is the communis opinio that a public trial in Athens lasted for one day only. Yet the evidence for this is mostly circumstantial and difficulties arise when one tries to reconcile a lengthy trial, as evidenced by the existence of very long speeches, with a one-day trial period. The purpose of this note is to question the standard view and to put forward the suggestion that certain trials could extend up to two or three days in length. By way of introduction we may summarize what evidence we have.

According to AP 67.1 only one public (as distinct from private) case per day was tried in a court of law and the modern assumption is that the issue had to be resolved by the end of that day. Therefore, the speeches of both prosecution and defence were of a fixed length of time and measured by the κλεψύδρα. This was a large amphora with a plugged hole at the bottom which was filled with water.
Homer's linguistic forebears
Authors: Wyatt William F.
Published: May 2006

M. L. West has recently presented a magisterial account of the history of Greek epic in which Aeolic phases and other entities are assumed. His account is the more impressive because it combines linguistic features skilfully handled with an account of the thematic development of epic, and also specifies at what stages the various linguistic features entered the tradition. West assumes an Aeolic phase, or phases, of heroic epic composition, and accounts for the presence of Aeolic forms (162): ‘It has usually been inferred that they are just a residue left after Ionian poets had adapted an Aeolic poetic language into their own dialect as far as it would go. This is, I have no doubt, the correct interpretation.’ I think it is not.
The origins of the Pontic house
Authors: Bosworth A.B. , Wheatley P.V.
Published: May 2006

The royal house of Pontus claimed to be descended from the cream of the old Persian nobility, the Seven Families, and to have received its lands as the gift of Darius I. The claim is first attested by Polybius (although in its essence it may go back to Hieronymus of Cardia), and it became common currency in the reign of Mithridates Eupator. Since Théodore Reinach wrote his magisterial history of the Pontic kingdom, the royal pretensions of the regime have been dismissed as apocryphal.
The humanitarian aspect of the Melian Dialogue
Authors: Bosworth A. B.
Published: May 2006

My title is deliberately provocative. What could be less humanitarian than the Melian Dialogue? For most readers of Thucydides it is the paradigm of imperial brutality, ranking with the braggadocio of Sennacherib's Rabshakeh in its insistence upon the coercive force of temporal power. The Melians are assured that the rule of law is not applicable to them. As the weaker party they can only accept the demands of the stronger and be content that they are not more extreme. Appeals to moral or religious norms are quite irrelevant, for in their position the Melians simply cannot afford them—as little as Mr. Doolittle could afford middle-class morality. The message is a hard one, and it has elicited outrage over the centuries from the majority of scholars (usually comfortable citizens of a colonial empire) who tend to prefer the καλὰ ὀνόματα of propaganda to the harsh underlying realities of imperial expansion. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, writing shortly after a war to protect western values had resulted in a new world order, finds it inconceivable that Athenian generals could discount divinely-inspired hope and insist on the imperative of force or that the Melians, that tiny state, would prefer the nobler to the safer course. In this he is echoed by George Grote, writing in the expansionist days of the early nineteenth century: ‘a civilized conqueror is bound by received international morality to furnish some justification—a good plea, if he can—a false plea or a sham plea if he has not better’. Instead, says Grote, the Athenian envoy ‘disdains the conventional arts of civilized diplomacy’; and the inevitable conclusion for him, as it had been for Dionysius, is that the Dialogue is fundamentally bogus, a composition of Thucydides ‘to bring out the sentiments of a disdainful and confident conqueror in dramatic antithesis’.
Aristophanes Lysistrate 637
Authors: Carey C.
Published: May 2006

At Lysistrate 614-705, after the actors have left the acting area, the two half-choruses, instead of addressing the audience directly in a parabasis as we expect, engage in a debate which displays some of the features of a regular parabasis. The male half-chorus after removing their outer garments (615) perform a lyric stanza followed by an epirrhema, whereupon the women likewise prepare to sing by disencumbering themselves (637): ἀλλὰ θώμεσθ᾿ ὧ φίλαι γρᾶες ταδὶ πρῶτον χαμαί’ ‘but, old dears, let's first put these things on the ground’. The two most recent commentators both suppose, as scholars have long assumed, that the women at this stage remove their outer garments. I wish to suggest an alternative possibility, that the female half-chorus remove only one garment, at 686, and that at 637 they merely put down their pitchers in preparation for their first lyric stanza. This is not a new suggestion, but it has never been adequately discussed.
Hagiographic geography: travel and allegory in theLife of Apollonius of Tyana
Authors: Elsner John
Published: May 2006

In this paper I shall explore the motif of travel in theLife of Apollonius of Tyana, composed by Philostratus in the first half of the third century AD and published after 217. This text, apart from its novelistic, hagiographic and apologetic features, is an exemplary portrait of an ideal life. One aspect of its appeal (rather ignored in modern scholars' keenness to assess its veracity and the extent of Philostratus' elaboration) is the metaphorical nature of much of the work's content—designed to create an ideal literary image of the Greek philosopher in the Roman empire. I examine the theme of travel (with its deep debts to ancient ethnography, pilgrimage writing and the novel) as a masterly rhetorical device on the part of Philostratus by which to establish and demonstrate the superiority of Apollonius.
Some ghost facts from Achaemenid Babylonian texts
Authors: Stolper Matthew W.
Published: May 2006

The remarks below on UET 4 193 aim to correct the published accounts of that text in response to inquiries about its chronological implications. The long epigraphic comments are necessary to explain what might otherwise seem to readers unfamiliar with cuneiform script to be a suspiciously sharp discrepancy in interpretation. I take the occasion to append comments on two other ‘ghost facts’, a term meant as an analogy to ‘ghost words’.
Walwe. and .Kali.
Authors: Wallace Robert W.
Published: May 2006

Twenty electrum coins, of similar early Anatolian lion-head types, are stamped with the legend WALWE or some part of it. This legend, retrograde, was situated on the die between two facing lion heads. Although extant coins of this kind, none larger than ‘thirds’, reproduce only one lion head (facing either left or right), traces of the opposing snout on seven of the twenty coins permit reconstruction of the type. The legend itself is often incomplete–or else absent altogether. However, as Weidauer points out, the location of extant letters in relation to the lion head seems to indicate that it began with the initial digamma and was not longer than six letters
The Unity of Callimachus' hymn to Artemis
Authors: Bing Peter , Uhrmeister Volker
Published: May 2006

At the start of the section entitled ‘structure’ in his commentary on Callimachus'Hymn to Artemis, Fritz Bornmann notes that the third Hymn has enjoyed less success among critics than any other. ‘They lament’, he says, ‘the lack of unity'. And indeed, beginning with Wilamowitz, this has been not only the dominant, but the only view of the hymn. The latter part of the poem, said Wilamowitz, ‘macht trotz allen Künsten den Eindruck eines gelehrten Nachtrages' und es ist das auch’, he adds. Some forty years later K.J. McKay put it this way: ‘If there is a stronger unifying principle in this straggling composition than the idea of weaving together a number of disparate strands into a ‘historic day’ in the life of Artemis (with vv. 183–268 as a possibly unfortunate addition), it still eludes us'. And recently, Michael Hasiam has remarked on the poem's ‘disjointed tail section’. The hymn, to his mind, ‘progressively disintegrates, as the clear structural framework with which it started fades totally from view’. Even Herter, in his famous and influential essay on the hymn, ‘Kallimachos und Homer‘, echoes this opinion of the final third of the poem. The commentator Bornmann concludes: ‘this estimation is essentially correct’.
Signaling pathway of ginsenoside‐Rg1 leading to nitric oxide production in endothelial cells
Authors: Leung Kar Wah , Cheng Yuen-Kit , Mak Nai Ki , Chan Kelvin K.C. , David Fan T.P. , Wong Ricky N.S.
Published: May 2006

We here provide definitive evidence that ginsenoside‐Rg1, the pharmacologically active component of ginseng, is a functional ligand of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) as determined by fluorescence polarization assay. Rg1 increased the phosphorylation of GR, phosphatidylinositol‐3 kinase (PI3K), Akt/PKB and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) leading to increase nitric oxide (NO) production in human umbilical vein endothelial cell. Rg1‐induced eNOS phosphorylation and NO production were significantly reduced by RU486, LY294,002, or SH‐6. Also, knockdown of GR completely eliminated the Rg1‐induced NO production. This study revealed that Rg1 can indeed serve as an agonist ligand for GR and the activated GR can induce rapid NO production from eNOS via the non‐transcriptional PI3K/Akt pathway.
Estimating precipitation normals for USCRN stations
Authors: Sun Bomin , Peterson Thomas C.
Published: May 2006

Normals estimation in this study is based on the fact that monthly precipitation anomalies at any target location are similar to those of neighboring stations. Precipitation normals have been generated for stations of the newly developed U.S. Climate Reference Network (USCRN) by using data from this network and 4629 stations of the National Weather Service Cooperative Station network (COOP). This analysis evaluated several variations of estimation approaches. The best method that was used in USCRN normals estimation was one that included the use of monthly departure data from ∼11 neighboring COOP stations (within ∼78 km of a USCRN station), and a weighting scheme that used the inverse square difference in monthly precipitation totals between the COOP and USCRN stations. When the estimated normals are based on a few years of data (e.g., 3 years of data), their errors are about 9–12% of true normals, and are about 19–28% of the typical magnitude of year‐to‐year variability. This suggests that these estimated USCRN normals can be useful in climate monitoring and assessment.
Variability of the tropospheric mixing and of streamer formation and their impact on the lifetime of observed ozone layers
Authors: Colette A. , Ancellet G.
Published: May 2006

The impact of the variability of the persistence of tropospheric layers on the distribution of observed ozone layers is quantified by means of Lagrangian modeling. More than 3000 ozone anomalies were detected above Europe in vertical profiles in 1997 and 1998. The origin of the layers is identified with backward Lagrangian particle dispersion computations. Forward simulations are used to evaluate the growth rate of the plume in order to discuss the lifetime of the layers. Stratospheric intrusions are most sensitive to the horizontal strain, especially in winter, and the mixing of layers coming from the planetary boundary layer is enhanced by the summertime convection. The respective role of the origin of the layers and the seasonality is discussed, as well as the formation of streamers. These results underline the need to account for the variability of the tropospheric mixing in investigations of transport processes based on climatologies of tropospheric layers.
Coherent structures in an airfoil boundary layer and wake at low Reynolds numbers
Authors: Yarusevych Serhiy , Sullivan Pierre E. , Kawall John G.
Published: May 2006

Boundary layer and turbulent wake development for a NACA 0025 airfoil at low Reynolds numbers was studied experimentally. Wind tunnel experiments were carried out for a range of Reynolds numbers and three angles of attack. Laminar boundary layer separation occurs on the upper surface of the airfoil for all Reynolds numbers and angles of attack examined. Two flow regimes are investigated (i) boundary layer separation without reattachment and (ii) separation bubble formation. The results suggest that coherent structures form in the separated flow region and the wake of the airfoil for both flow regimes. The formation of the roll-up vortices in the separated shear layer is linked to inviscid spatial growth of disturbances and is attributed to the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability. Linear stability theory can be employed to adequately describe the salient characteristics of such vortices and the initial stage of the separated shear layer transition. The development of the roll-up vortices leads to boundary layer transition, and the vortices break down during the transition process. Vortex shedding also occurs in the airfoil wake and vortices form in the near-wake region. It is shown that the boundary layer behavior has a profound effect on the identified coherent structures, and each of the two flow regimes is associated with distinctly different vortex shedding characteristics.
Laminar flow instability in a rectangular channel with a cylindrical core
Authors: Gosset A. , Tavoularis S.
Published: May 2006

Experiments in laminar flow in a rectangular channel containing a cylindrical rod have revealed a flow instability in the form of weak pulsations across the gap between the rod and the channel wall. The instability occurs when the Reynolds number reaches a critical value, which increases as the gap diminishes. As the Reynolds number is increased, the pulsations become stronger and develop, first into hairpin-shaped patterns, then into quasiperiodic laminar vortices, which alternate on either side of the gap. Eventually, the flow becomes turbulent, albeit preserving a quasiperiodic vortical structure. Within the present experimental range, the Strouhal number of the pulsations increases with increasing Reynolds number. The instability process is discussed in the context of previous analyses of low-speed streak instability of wall-bounded flows and transition to turbulence.
Progress and Location Based Localized Power Aware Routing for Ad Hoc and Sensor Wireless Networks
Authors: Kuruvila Johnson , Nayak Amiya , Stojmenovic Ivan
Published: May 2006

In this article we propose several new progress based, localized, power, and cost aware algorithms for routing in ad hoc wireless networks. These algorithms attempt to minimize the total power and/or cost needed to route a message from source to destination. In localized algorithms, each node makes routing decisions solely on the basis of location of itself, its neighbors and destination. The new algorithms are based on the notion of proportional progress. A node currently holding the packet will forward it to a neighbor, closer to destination than itself, which minimizes the ratio of power and/or cost to reach that neighbor, and the progress made, measured as the reduction in distance to destination, or projection along the line to destination. First, we propose Power Progress, Iterative Power Progress, Projection Power Progress, and Iterative Projection Power Progress algorithms, where the proportional progress is defined in terms of power measure. The power metrics are then replaced by cost or power-cost metrics to define the proportional progress in terms of cost or power-cost measure, resulting in the cost and power-cost variants of the above algorithms. All the new proposed methods are implemented and their performances are compared with other competitive localized algorithms, shortest path. NC (Nearest Closer), and greedy schemes. The new power and cost localized schemes are conceptually simpler than existing schemes, and have similar or somewhat better performance in our experiments. Our localized schemes are shown to be competitive with globalized shortest weighted path based schemes.
pho2, a Phosphate Overaccumulator, Is Caused by a Nonsense Mutation in a MicroRNA399 Target Gene
Authors: Aung Kyaw , Lin Shu-I , Wu Chia-Chune , Huang Yu-Ting , Su Chun-lin , Chiou Tzyy-Jen
Published: May 2006

We recently demonstrated that microRNA399 (miR399) controls inorganic phosphate (Pi) homeostasis by regulating the expression of UBC24 encoding a ubiquitin-conjugating E2 enzyme in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Transgenic plants overexpressing miR399 accumulated excessive Pi in the shoots and displayed Pi toxic symptoms. In this study, we revealed that a previously identified Pi overaccumulator, pho2, is caused by a single nucleotide mutation resulting in early termination within the UBC24 gene. The level of full-length UBC24 mRNA was reduced and no UBC24 protein was detected in the pho2 mutant, whereas up-regulation of miR399 by Pi deficiency was not affected. Several characteristics of Pi toxicity in the pho2 mutant were similar to those in the miR399-overexpressing and UBC24 T-DNA knockout plants: both Pi uptake and translocation of Pi from roots to shoots increased and Pi remobilization within leaves was impaired. These phenotypes of the pho2 mutation could be rescued by introduction of a wild-type copy of UBC24. Kinetic analyses revealed that greater Pi uptake in the pho2 and miR399-overexpressing plants is due to increased Vmax. The transcript level of most PHT1 Pi transporter genes was not significantly altered, except PHT1;8 whose expression was enhanced in Pi-sufficient roots of pho2 and miR399-overexpressing compared with wild-type plants. In addition, changes in the expression of several organelle-specific Pi transporters were noticed, which may be associated with the redistribution of intracellular Pi under excess Pi. Furthermore, miR399 and UBC24 were colocalized in the vascular cylinder. This observation not only provides important insight into the interaction between miR399 and UBC24 mRNA, but also supports their systemic function in Pi translocation and remobilization.
Defects in the Cytochrome b6/f Complex Prevent Light-Induced Expression of Nuclear Genes Involved in Chlorophyll Biosynthesis
Authors: Shao Ning , Vallon Olivier , Dent Rachel , Niyogi Krishna K. , Beck Christoph F.
Published: May 2006

Mutants with defects in the cytochrome (cyt) b6/f complex were analyzed for their effect on the expression of a subgroup of nuclear genes encoding plastid-localized enzymes participating in chlorophyll biosynthesis. Their defects ranged from complete loss of the cytb6/f complex to point mutations affecting specifically the quinone-binding QO site. In these seven mutants, light induction of the tetrapyrrole biosynthetic genes was either abolished or strongly reduced. In contrast, a normal induction of chlorophyll biosynthesis genes was observed in mutants with defects in photosystem II, photosystem I, or plastocyanin, or in wild-type cells treated with 3-(3′4′-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea or 2,5-dibromo-3-methyl-6-isopropyl benzoquinone. We conclude that the redox state of the plastoquinone pool does not control light induction of these chlorophyll biosynthetic genes. The signal that affects expression of the nuclear genes appears to solely depend on the integrity of the cytb6/f complex QO site. Since light induction of these genes in Chlamydomonas has recently been shown to involve the blue light receptor phototropin, the results suggest that cytb6/f activity regulates a plastid-derived factor required for their expression. This signaling pathway differs from that which regulates state transitions, since mutant stt7, lacking a protein kinase involved in phosphorylation of the light-harvesting complex II, was not altered in the expression of the chlorophyll biosynthetic genes.
Fractographic Montage for a Si3N4–SiC Nanocomposite
Authors: Kašiarová Monika , Dusza Ján , Hnatko Miroslav , Šajgalík Pavol , Reece Michael J.
Published: May 2006

A silicon nitride–silicon carbide nanocomposite has been prepared by an in situ method that utilizes C+SiO2 carbo‐thermal reduction during the sintering process. The materials consist of a silicon nitride matrix, with an average grain size of 140 nm, and inter‐ and intragranular SiC particles with sizes of approximately 250 and 45 nm, respectively. The four‐point bending strength and its distribution were investigated. The fracture origins were identified and characterized using fractographic methods, and a fractographic montage of the Weibull plot and fracture origins was constructed. The fracture origins were subsurface and volume located processing defects with sizes from 5 to 460 μm, mainly in the form of clusters of pores, together with clusters of large SiC grains.
Dynamic behavioural interpretation of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia with molecular biomarkers
Authors: Baak J P A , Kruse A-J , Robboy S J , Janssen E A M , van Diermen B , Skaland I
Published: May 2006

The microscopic phenotype of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) reflects a fine balance between factors that promote or reduce CIN development. A shortcoming of the current grading system is its reliance on static morphology and microscopic haematoxylin–eosin features of the epithelium alone. In reality, CIN is a dynamic process, and the epithelium may exhibit differing results over time. Functional biomarkers p16, Ki-67, p53, retinoblastoma protein cytokeratin (CK)14 and CK13, help in the assessment of an individual CIN’s lesion’s potential for progression and regression. The aggregate information provided by these biomarkers exceeds the value of the classic grading system. Consequently, many more CINs that will either regress or progress can be accurately identified. These findings agree with known molecular interactions between HPV and the host. For accurate interpretation of a CIN, it is essential that these biomarkers be determined quantitatively and separately in the superficial, middle and deep layers of the epithelium. Such geography-specific epithelial evaluations of quantitative biomarkers emphasise the dynamic nature of a particular CIN lesion, thereby changing the art of static morphology grading into dynamic interpretation of the diseased tissue, with a strong prognostic effect.
The Fallacy Of The “Triple Heritage” Thesis: A Critique
Authors: Habtu Hailu
Published: May 2006

Ali Mazrui's “The Semitic Impact on Black Africa: Arab and Jewish Cultural Influences” is interesting reading. That is perhaps the only kind thing one can say about it. As sheer academic exercise, it is its own justification. However, its purpose is much more obscure, its pontifical pronouncements shaky, and its historical allusions as accurate as often as not. The theme of Africa as a “cultural bazaar” where “a wide variety of ideas and values, drawn from different civilizations compete for the attention of African buyers” has been labored to a nauseating degree. Its hidden premise is the existence of an African cultural vacuum, or near-vacuum, destined to be filled by “universalistic” civilizations such as Greco-Roman (Christian, European, Western, etc.) or Judaeo-Arabic (Semitic, Hebraic, Arabic, etc.), although Judaism has not historically exhibited a proselytizing strain, and insularity, on the contrary, appeared to characterize it.
Public Agencies and Private Agencies
Authors: Barnett James D.
Published: May 2006

Is there any fundamental distinction between so-called “public” and “private” agencies, officers, institutions, corporations, associations, persons—legal entities and quasi-entities of all sorts? It is the theory of the courts that such a distinction exists, but their attempts through a maze of decisions logically to establish a principle of distinction have been futile.

Several bases of distinction have been adopted by the courts, including, first, the purpose or interest involved. “An office … seems to comprehend every charge or employment in which the public is interested.” Thus “private corporations are those which are created for the immediate benefit and advantage of individuals…. Public corporations are those which are created for public purposes.”

However, it is held that the whole interest in the corporation must be public to make it a public corporation. “Public corporations are political corporations or such as are founded wholly for public purposes and the whole interest in which is in the public. The fact of the public having an interest in the works or property or the object of a corporation, does not make it a public corporation.”
The Political System of Imperial China
Authors: Quigley Harold Scott
Published: May 2006

For more than two thousand years the government of China exhibited, in the main, the elements which characterized it when, in the reign of Ch'in Shih Huang Ti (221–209 B.C.), feudalism was abolished and a centralized system inaugurated. Through successive dynasties the changes introduced were in matters of detail. These facts admonish to unusual caution in the accepttance of the present system at its face value. “Republic,” “president,” “cabinet,” “parliament,” “courts,” “democracy,” —these are titles of Western institutions which continued to stand for the corresponding institutions in China when the latter were established upon the model of the former. Even in Western states the meaning of these terms varies, as does their application in actual government. It would be strange if a decade of republicanism in China had evolved a political organization which still remains largely an ideal among nations which have spent centuries of effort toward its attainment. New terms are applied more readily than old ways are altered. Different clothes may be a disguise, not a sure gauge of habitat or occupation. The more one strives to understand present political forces in China, the more is he driven to study the old régime.
Growth of Presidential Government in Europe
Authors: Martin Charles E.
Published: May 2006

The Unites States of America was the only country that came through the World War with its fundamental principles of government unchanged. War necessitates a powerful and, in a parliamentary sense, irresponsible executive. Wars cannot be won by deliberate assemblies nor by executives harassed by such assemblies. That great national emergencies call for a dictator—a powerful and politically irresponsible executive—the Romans discovered two thousand years ago, and we of the twentieth century have re-discovered. To win the war France set up a dictator, and his name was Georges Clémenceau : to win the war, Great Britain set up a dictator, and his name was Lloyd-George; to win the war the United States set up a dictator, and his name was Woodrow Wilson. To have attempted to carry on government under old parliamentary forms would have been ruinous, for warfare requires quick and decisive action—the very thing deliberative assemblies lack.

The proposition is submitted that a government based upon a separation of powers lends itself more readily to concentrated and politically irresponsible executive power than do other forms of government. The parliamentary system is essentially a union of powers. Its differentiating characteristic is an intimate relation between the executive and the legislative branches, a relation so intimate as to amount to union. The executive can at all times be questioned and criticised by the legislative, and can be brought to task for its political failures. That results in responsibility and responsiveness, two sound principles of government. But under the strain of war the parliamentary system of responsible government broke down.
Effects of the League of Nations Covenant
Authors: Wright Quincy
Published: May 2006

The League of Nations covenant is designed to “promote international coöperation and to achieve international peace and security.” To accomplish the first it provides organs of conference and recommendation and coördinates the numerous international unions already existing with some new ones. To accomplish the second, the members of the league covenant to refrain from acting or to act in a specified manner, in specified circumstances. “Scrupulous respect for all treaty obligations” is emphasized; thus in relation to the treaty of peace of which it is a part, the covenant is comparable to the various forms of oaths, hostages, and guaranties of previous peace treaties.

No intention of modifying international law is expressed. On the contrary “the understandings of international law” are to be firmly established “as the actual rules of conduct among governments.” In fact, however, the character of law is dependent upon the character of its sanction. Law and organization are interdependent, and the covenant when put in operation will modify international law, though less in its specific rules than in certain assumptions upon which they have heretofore been supposed to rest.
Remarks on President Goodnow's Paper
Authors: Bose Sudhindra
Published: May 2006

I have listened with unusual interest to the learned paper on “Reform in China” just read by President Goodnow. It seems to me, however, that the Occidental people find no end of difficulty in understanding and interpreting our Oriental laws, customs, and institutions. We are told, for instance, that the Chinese like other Asians, who are mainly agricultural peoples, are unfit for representative government. I doubt if this statement can stand the test of adequate proof. Take, for example, the people of China, whose recorded history runs back to 2800 B. C. These Celestials, these agriculturalists, had from time immemorial enjoyed local self-government, had been accustomed to “take communal action:” they would close up their business and resist the imposition of an unjust tax. It is to be remembered that the powers of the mother of parliaments developed in this fashion. “The financial functions of parliamentary assemblies are always the centre of their action.”

In India, another agricultural country, we had the village community which contained the true germs of representative government. These village communities have frequently been described by such authorities as Sir Charles Metcalf, Sir Henry Maine as “little republics.”