bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thermodynamic Study on the Azeotropic Mixture Composed of Ethanol and Toluene
Authors: Zhao‐Dong Nan , Zhi‐Cheng Tan , Jun Xing
Published: August 2005

The molar heat capacity of the azeotropic mixture composed of ethanol and toluene was measured by a high precision adiabatic calorimeter from 80 to 320 K. The glass transition and phase transitions of the azeotropic mixture were determined based on the heat capacity measurements. A glass transition at 103.350 K was found. A solid‐solid phase transition at 127.282 K, two solid‐liquid phase transitions at 153.612 and 160.584 K were observed, which correspond to the transition of metastable crystal to stable crystal of ethanol and the melting of ethanol and toluene, respectively. The thermodynamic functions and the excess ones of the mixture relative to the standard temperature 298.15 K were derived based on the relationships of the thermodynamic functions and the function of the measured heat capacity with respect to temperature.
Full Non‐Rigid Group and Symmetry of Dimethyltrichloro‐phosphorus
Authors: Ali Reza Ashrafi
Published: August 2005

In this work, a simple method is described, by means of which it is possible to calculate character tables for the symmetry group of molecules consisting of a number of NH3 groups attached to a rigid framework. The full non‐rigid group (f‐NRG) of dimethyltrichlorophosphorus with the symmetry group D3h was studied. It has been proven that it is a group of order 216 with 27 conjugacy classes and its character table computed. Finally, thePermutation‐Inversion group of this molecule was calculated.
Study on the Crystal Structure of a Macrocycle and Tyrosinase Activity of Its Dinuclear Copper Complexes
Authors: Hong Zhou , Zhi‐Quan Pan , Qin‐Hui Luo , Guang‐Quan Mei , De‐Liang Long , Jiu‐Tong Chen
Published: August 2005

A ring‐contracted form macrocycle, 29,30‐dioxo‐3,6,9,17,20,23,29,30‐octaazapentacyclo[23,3,1,111,15,02,6,016,20]‐triacontaneocta‐1(28),9,11(12),13,15(30),23,25(29),26‐ene (L) was synthesized by condensation of diethyltriamine with pyridine‐1‐oxide‐2,6‐dicarboxaldehyde. A porous three‐dimensional layer structure in its crystal was formed by self‐assembly through hydrogen bonds and π‐π interaction. Its dinuclear copper(I) complex [Cu2L(MeOH)2](BF4)2·2H2O and dinuclear‐copper(II) complex [Cu2L(MeOH)2](ClO4)4·2H2O were obtained and could oxidize catalytically four phenolic substrates hydroquinone, 2‐methyl‐hydroquinone, 2,6‐di‐tert‐butylphenol and 2,6‐dimethylphenol, in a mixture of methanol and acetonitrile (V:V, 4:1). The copper(I) complex reacted with dioxygen to form an oxygenated species as an initial active intermediate for oxidation of the phenols. Oxidation of the substrates by the copper(II) complex produced a copper(I) complex and the oxidation products of the substrates.
Characterization and Crystal Structure of Tris(N′‐ethyl‐N‐piperazinyl‐carbodithioato‐s,s′)cobalt(III) Complex: Co(S2CNC4H8NC2H5)3·3H2O
Authors: Ying Wang , Lian‐He Yan
Published: August 2005

The title compound has been prepared and characterized by elemental analyses, infrared and NMR spectra, and thermal analyses. The crystal and molecular structure of tris(N′‐ethyl‐N‐piperazinly‐carbodithioato‐s,s′)cobalt(III) complex, Co(S2CNC4H8NC2H5)3·3H2O, was determined by X‐ray diffraction methods. The compound crystallizes in trigonal system, space group R‐3, with lattice parameters a=1.37700(19) nm, b=1.37700(19) nm, c=3.0090(6) nm, γ=120°, Mr=680.98, V=4.9411(14) nm3, Z=6, Dc=1.373 g/cm3, F(000)=2160, R=0.0510 and wR=0.1436. In the structure, central Co atom coordination geometry is slightly distorted octahedron with the six S atoms from the three bidentate S2CNC4H8NC2H5 ligands. The octahedron is distorted resulting from forced configuration of the four‐membered chelate ring. The six CoS bond distances are in the range of 0.22682(13)‐0.22703(14) nm. The IR and NMR spectral data are in agreement with the structural data. The thermal analytical data indicate that it decomposed completely at the temperature of 799.97 °C, leaving CoS.
Production of Synthesis Gas via Methane Reforming with CO2 on Ni/SiO2 Catalysts Promoted by Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals
Authors: Ping Chen , Zhao‐Yin Hou , Xiao‐Ming Zheng
Published: August 2005

Ni/SiO2 catalysts promoted by alkali metals K and Cs or alkaline earth metals Mg, Ca, Sr and Ba were prepared, characterized by H2‐TPR and XRD, and used for the production of synthesis gas via methane reforming with CO2. Though K and Cs promoted Ni catalysts could eliminate coke deposition, the reforming activity of these promoted catalysts was decreased heavily. Mg and Ca promoted Ni/SiO2 catalysts exhibited excellent coke resistance ability with minor loss of the reforming activity of Ni/SiO2. Ba showed poor coke resistance ability and small amount of Sr increased the formation of coke. The possible mechanism of these promoters was discussed.
Self‐inclusion of a New Calix[4]arene Derivative via Associated Acetonitrile: X‐ray Diffraction and Density Functional Theory Studies
Authors: Gao‐Sheng Yang , Ren Miao , Yi‐Zhi Li , Chen Jin , Jin Hong , Zi‐Jian Guo , Long‐Gen Zhu
Published: August 2005

A new calix[4]arene derivative, 11,23‐bis(hydroxyiminomethyl)‐25,27‐dihydroxy‐26,28‐di‐n‐propoxycalix[4]arene (B), was synthesized and a compound, with composition of B·2CH3CN, was fully characterized. 1H NMR showed that B in the B·2CH3CN adopts a cone conformation. X‐ray diffraction analysis confirmed the conformation found in solution. In the crystal network, self‐inclusion phenomenon is present in a dimeric unit of B·2CH3CN via embedding each other. The noncovalent interaction energies were calculated at B3LYP/6‐311G(d) level and corrected by basis set superposition error (BSSE). In half a dimeric unit, one CH3CN is stabilized via hydrogen bonding formed between nitrogen atom of the acetonitrile and one hydroxyimino group, with bonding energy of −5.02 kJ·mol−1, and the other one stabilized by hydrogen bonding formed between nitrogen atom of the acetonitrile and the other hydroxyimino group, with bonding energy of −14.23 kJ·mol−1, and by inclusion to hydrophobic cavity of the other half of the dimeric unit via CH···π interaction, with bonding energy of −3.77 kJ·mol−1, doubling of which is a driving force for embedding two B·2CH3CN together.
Intramolecular Charge Transfer with 1‐Naphthanilides and 2‐Naphthanilides
Authors: Li‐Hong Liu , Lin Guo , Chun‐Hua Liu , Xuan Zhang , Yun‐Bao Jiang
Published: August 2005

A series of 1‐naphthanilides (1) and 2‐naphthanilides (2) with varied substituents at the para‐ or meta‐position of anilino phenyl ring were prepared and their absorption and fluorescence spectra in a nonpolar solvent cyclohexane were investigated. An abnormal long wavelength emission assigned to the charge transfer (CT) state was found for all of the prepared naphthanilides in cyclohexane. A linear free energy correlation between the CT emission energies and the Hammett constants of the substituent was found within series 1 and 2. The value of the linear slope with 1 (0.42 eV) was higher than that with 2 (0.32 eV) being close to that of the substituted benzanilides 3 (0.31 eV). The higher slope value suggested higher charge separation extent in the CT state of 1 than that of 2. It was found that the corresponding linear slope of anilino‐substituted benzanilides remained unchanged when para‐, meta‐, ortho‐, or ortho, ortho‐methyls were introduced into the anilino moiety, which ruled out the possible contribution of the difference in the steric effect and the electron accepting ability of the naphthoyl acceptor in 1 and 2. Compared with the early reported N‐substituted‐benzoyl‐aminonaphthalene derivatives 4 and 5, it was considered that 1‐naphthoyl enhanced the charge transfer in 1 and the proximity of its 1La and 1Lb states was suggested to be responsible. It was shown that 1‐ and/or 2‐substituted naphthalene cores acting as either electron acceptor (naphthoyl) or electron donor (aminonaphthalene) were different in not only electron accepting (donating) ability but also shaping the charge transfer pathway.
dentification of Novel Pesticides and Impurities by the Combination of LC‐MS with GC‐MS Analysis
Authors: Su‐Yan Zhang , Yu Geng , Yin‐Long Guo , Hao Wang , Long Lü
Published: August 2005

High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) have been utilized to analyze the synthesized 2‐(2‐arylaminomethylphenoxy)pyrimidine derivatives, which are a new kind of environmentally benign herbicides and have passed the temporary pesticide registration. The identification of main product and impurities has been achieved according to the UV and mass spectra. Moreover, one impurity, introduced by the raw material in the last step of the synthetic route, was identified by GC‐MS analysis. It can be concluded that the combination of chromatography and mass spectrometry, including LC‐MS and GC‐MS, provided a vital tool of the pesticide science.
Synthesis, Structure and Biological Activities of Novel Triazole Compounds Containing Thioamide Group
Authors: Fa‐Qian Liu , Yong‐Qi Qin , Liang‐Zhong Xu , Lu‐De Lu , Xu‐Jie Yang , Xin Wang
Published: August 2005

Two compounds 2‐benzoyl‐N‐phenyl‐2‐(1,2,4‐triazol‐1‐yl)thioacetamide (1) and 2‐(4‐chlorobenzoyl)‐N‐phenyl‐ 2‐(1,2,4‐triazol‐1‐yl)thioacetamide (2) were synthesized from substituted acetophenone, triazole and phenyl isothiocyanate by several step reactions. The structure of compound 1 was determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. It crystallizes in monoclinic system with space group P21/c, a=0.8806(2) nm, b=1.2097(2) nm,c=1.4809(3) nm, β=105.88°, Z=4, V=1.5173(6) nm3, Dc=1.411 Mg/m3, μ=0.22 mm‐1, F(000)=672, finalR1=0.040 and Rw=0.103. There is obvious potentially weak CH···N intermolecular interaction in the crystal, which stabilizes the structure. The results of biological test show that the two compounds have antifungal and plant growth regulating activities.
Two New Oxoaporphine Alkaloids from Thalictrum elegans
Authors: Zhi‐Yuan Liang , Xiao‐Sheng Yang , Ye Wang , Xiao‐Jiang Hao
Published: August 2005

Two new oxoaporphine alkaloids, 1,2,3,10‐tetramethoxy‐9‐(2‐hydroxy‐4,5‐dimethoxybenzyloxy)oxoaporphine (1) and 1,2,3,10‐tetramethoxy‐9‐(4,5‐dimethoxy‐2‐formylphenoxy)oxoaporphine (2), were isolated from Thalictrum elegans. Their structures were elucidated based on spectroscopic analysis including 1D, 2D NMR, IR and MS.
Spectroscopic Interrogation of Layer‐by‐layer Assembled Films of Conjugated Polyelectrolytes
Authors: Hai‐Ping Wu , Hui Xu , Chun‐Hai Fan
Published: August 2005

Layer‐by‐layer fluorescent conjugated polyelectrolyte films have been studied. The photoluminescence of conjugate polyelectrolytes was observed to be highly tunable during this film assembly process. Efficient photoinduced electron transfer from thus prepared highly luminescent film to a natural electron‐transfer protein cytochrome c has also been observed.
A deterministic‐control‐based approach motion by curvature
Authors: Kohn Robert , Serfaty Sylvia
Published: August 2005

The level‐set formulation of motion by mean curvature is a degenerate parabolic equation. We show that its solution can be interpreted as the value function of a deterministic two‐person game. More precisely, we give a family of discrete‐time, two‐person games whose value functions converge in the continuous‐time limit to the solution of the motion‐by‐curvature PDE. For a convex domain, the boundary's “first arrival time” solves a degenerate elliptic equation; this corresponds, in our game‐theoretic setting, to a minimum‐exit‐time problem. For a nonconvex domain the two‐person game still makes sense; we draw a connection between its minimum exit time and the evolution of curves with velocity equal to the “positive part of the curvature.” These results are unexpected, because the value function of a deterministic control problem is normally the solution of a first‐order Hamilton‐Jacobi equation. Our situation is different because the usual first‐order calculation is singular. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characterization of antibodies that inhibit HIV gp120 antigen processing and presentation
Authors: Tuen Michael , Visciano Maria Luisa , Chien Peter C. , Cohen Sandra , Chen Pei‐de , Robinson James , He Yuxian , Pinter Abraham , Gorny Miroslaw K. , Hioe Catarina E.
Published: August 2005

Antibodies to the CD4‐binding site (CD4bs) of HIV‐1 envelope gp120 have been shown to inhibit MHC class II presentation of this antigen, but the mechanism is not fully understood. To define the key determinants contributing to the inhibitory activity of these antibodies, a panel of anti‐CD4bs monoclonal antibodies with different affinities was studied and compared to antibodies specific for the chemokine receptor‐binding site or other gp120 regions. Anti‐CD4bs antibodies that completely obstruct gp120 presentation exhibit three common properties: relatively high affinity for gp120, acid‐stable interaction with gp120, and the capacity to slow the kinetics of gp120 proteolytic processing. None of these antibodies prevents gp120 internalization into APC. Notably, the broadly virus‐neutralizing anti‐CD4bs IgG1b12 does not block gp120 presentation as strongly, because although IgG1b12 has a relatively high affinity, it dissociates from gp120 more readily at acidic pH and only moderately retards gp120 proteolysis. Other anti‐gp120 antibodies, regardless of their affinities, do not affect gp120 presentation. Hence, high‐affinity anti‐CD4bs antibodies that do not dissociate from gp120 at endolysosomal pH obstruct gp120 processing and prevent MHC class II presentation of this antigen. The presence of such antibodies could contribute to the dearth of anti‐gp120 T helper responses in chronically HIV‐1‐infected patients.
Differential expression of human granzymes A, B, and K in natural killer cells and during CD8+ T cell differentiation in peripheral blood
Authors: Bratke Kai , Kuepper Michael , Bade Britta , Virchow J. Christian , Luttmann Werner
Published: August 2005

NK cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes can induce apoptosis in virus‐infected and transformed target cells via the granule exocytosis pathway. The key components of the cytolytic granules are perforin and several serine esterases, termed granzymes. While the cellular distribution of human granzymes A (GrA) and B (GrB) has been well characterized much less is known about the expression pattern of human granzyme K (GrK). In this study GrA, GrB, and GrK expression was analyzed in human peripheral blood lymphocytes using flow cytometry. There was a distinct population of GrK expressing CD8+ T cells with a CD27+/CD28+/CCR5high/CCR7–/perforin–/low/IFN‐γ+ memory‐like phenotype, while all CD56bright NK cells were also positive for GrK. In addition, GrK was also expressed in subpopulations of CD56+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, and TCRγδ+ T cells. In contrast, GrB was primarily expressed in CD56dim NK cells and differentiated memory CD8+ T cells with the CD27–/low/CD28–/low/CCR5–/low/CCR7–/CD11b+/perforinhigh phenotype. Only few CD8+ T cells expressed both GrB and GrK. GrA was found to be co‐expressed in all GrB‐ and GrK‐expressing T cells. Our findings suggest that granzyme expression during the differentiation process of memory CD8+ T cells might be as follows: GrA+/GrB–/GrK+ → GrA+/GrB+/GrK+ → GrA+/GrB+/GrK–.
Soluble, dimeric HLA DR4‐peptide chimeras: An approach for detection and immunoregulation of human type‐1 diabetes
Authors: Preda Ioana , McEvoy Robert C. , Lin Marvin , Bona Constantin A. , Rapaport Robert , Brumeanu Teodor D. , Casares Sofia
Published: August 2005

Still there are no effective methods to predict or cure type 1 diabetes (T1D) in humans. Soluble, dimeric MHC class II‐peptide (DEF) chimeras have potential for both early diagnosis and immunospecific therapy. DEF chimeras prevent and reverse diabetes in mice by stimulating antigen‐specific type 1 T regulatory cell (Tr1)‐like cells. We also showed that diabetes could be predicted by changes in the phenotype of autoreactive CD4 T cells in peripheral blood. Herein, we demonstrated that human DEF (HLA‐DR*0401/Fcγ1) chimeras expressing peptides of β‐cell antigens stimulate Tr1‐like cells in blood of patients with T1D, non‐diabetic relatives, and controls. Furthermore, the specific and stable binding of DEF chimeras to cognate TCR and CD4 coreceptor allowed quantification and phenotyping of autoreactive CD4 T cells in non‐stimulated blood by FACS. Our results indicate that (1) autoreactive CD4 T cells to GAD65 autoantigen are commonly present in humans expressing diabetes‐susceptible HLA‐DR*0401 molecules; (2) these autoreactive T cells undergo avidity maturation upon encountering the self antigen early in life; (3) the disease is associated with an imbalance between autoreactive CD4+CD25+ and CD4+CD69+ T cells specific for GAD65. Based on this, we propose a model to explain the kinetics of autoreactive CD4 T cells in blood during the natural history of T1D.
Expansion of CD4 T cells expressing a highly restricted TCR structure specific for a single parasite epitope correlates with high pathology in murine schistosomiasis
Authors: Finger Eduardo , Brodeur Peter H. , Hernandez Hector J. , Stadecker Miguel J.
Published: August 2005

The hepatic immunopathology in schistosomiasis mansoni is mediated by CD4 T cells specific for egg antigens and varies considerably among mouse strains. Previous studies in high pathology C3H mice suggested that a strong T cell response was due to the recognition of an immunodominant epitope within the major egg antigen Sm‐p40 (Sm‐p40234–246). Using a panel of T cell hybridomas, we have now examined the egg antigen‐specific TCR repertoire in two high pathology strains, C3H and CBA. We found that nearly half of the hybridomas responded to the Sm‐p40234–246 epitope and, of these, nearly all expressed Vα11.3 associated with Vβ8. Furthermore, in response to egg antigen stimulation, transcript levels of Vα11.3J36 (the most prevalent rearrangement expressed by Sm‐p40234–246‐specific hybridomas), increased in high pathology (CBA) but not in low pathology (BALB/c) strains. Our findings suggest that exacerbated schistosome egg‐induced immunopathology can be driven by T cells expressing a highly restricted TCR structure specific for a single parasite epitope.
Understanding what makes a good versus a bad vaccine
Authors: Harari Alexandre , Pantaleo Giuseppe
Published: August 2005

The majority of the HIV vaccines under development are aimed at stimulating T cell responses. Therefore, it is critical to delineate the factors regulating the generation of the T cell responses and to develop strategies maximizing vaccine‐induced T cell responses. The identification of these factors and the delineation of the kinetics of the generation of vaccine‐induced immune responses have been hard to investigate, due to the limited number of precursor naive antigen‐specific T cells. To overcome these obstacles, Estcourt and collaborators have developed an elegant strategy that consists of an in vivo mouse model employing transfer of naive CFSE‐labeled TCR‐transgenic T lymphocytes into syngeneic nontransgenic recipients prior to vaccination. Using this model, the authors demonstrate that the dose, the route of administration and the type of vaccine determine the magnitude, the dissemination and the kinetics of vaccine‐induced T cell responses. Furthermore, the mouse model of Estcourt and collaborators may represent the basis for the development of powerful in vivo experimental strategies to evaluate vaccine candidates.

See accompanying article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eji.200535184
The Reaction Mechanism of Spirocylization and Stereoselectivity Studies for the Calyculin C16–C25 Fragment
Authors: Rauhala Vesa , Nättinen Kalle , Rissanen Kari , Koskinen Ari M. P.
Published: August 2005

The mechanism of the double intramolecular hetero‐Michael addition, a key reaction in the planned synthesis of the natural product calyculin C, has been studied by NMR. The cyclization follows Baldwin’s rules and proceeds first through a six‐membered ring closure (6‐endo‐dig), followed by a five‐membered ring cyclization (5‐exo‐trig). (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
New Building Blocks Based on Truxene Cores: Synthesis of Functionalized syn‐Tri‐ and ‐Hexasubstituted Derivatives
Authors: González‐Cantalapiedra Esther , Ruiz Marta , Gómez‐Lor Berta , Alonso Beatriz , García‐Cuadrado Domingo , Cárdenas Diego J. , Echavarren Antonio M.
Published: August 2005

Hexasubstituted truxenes are obtained in one step by alkylation of the potassium anion of truxene. Subsequent derivatization provides truxene derivatives with six carboxy, amino, or hydroxy groups at their peripheries. Alkylation of syn‐5,10,15‐tribenzyl derivatives with a different benzyl bromide derivative affords mixtures of anti‐ and syn‐hexasubstituted truxenes. Truxenes with phenols or benzoquinone groups have also been synthesized by starting from truxenetrione. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Stripping Voltammetry of Mercury(II) with a Chemically Modified Carbon Paste Electrode Containing Silica Gel Functionalized with 2,5‐Dimercapto‐1,3,4‐thiadiazole
Authors: Filho Newton L. Dias , Ribeiro do Carmo Devaney
Published: August 2005

The accumulation voltammetry of mercury(II) was investigated at a carbon paste electrode chemically modified with silica gel functionalized with 2,5‐dimercapto‐1,3,4‐thiadiazole (DTTPSG‐CPE). The repetitive cyclic voltammogram of mercury(II) solution in the potential range −0.2 to +0.8 V (vs. Ag/AgCl), (0.02 mol L−1 KNO3 ; v=20 mV s−1) show two peaks one at about 0.0 V and other at 0.31 V. However, the cathodic wave peak, around 0.0 V, is irregular and changes its form in each cycle. This peak at about 0.0 V is the reduction current for mercury(II) accumulated in the DTTPSG‐CPE. The anodic wave peak at 0.31 V is well‐defined and does not change during the cycles. The resultant material was characterized by cyclic and differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry performed with the electrode in differents supporting electrolytes. The mercury response was evaluated with respect to pH, electrode composition, preconcentration time, mercury concentration, “cleaning” solution, possible interferences and other variables. The precision for six determinations (n=6) of 0.05 and 0.20 mg L−1 Hg(II) was 2.8 and 2.2% (relative standard deviation), respectively. The method was satisfactory and used to determine the concentration of mercury(II) in natural waters contaminated by this metal.
Testing bedload transport formulae using morphologic transport estimates and field data: lower Fraser River, British Columbia
Authors: Martin Yvonne , Ham Darren
Published: August 2005

Morphologic transport estimates available for a 65‐km stretch of Fraser River over the period 1952–1999 provide a unique opportunity to evaluate the performance of bedload transport formulae for a large river over decadal time scales. Formulae tested in this paper include the original and rational versions of the Bagnold formula, the Meyer‐Peter and Muller formula and a stream power correlation. The generalized approach adopted herein does not account for spatial variability in flow, bed structure and channel morphology. However, river managers and engineers, as well as those studying rivers within the context of long‐term landscape change, may find this approach satisfactory as it has minimal data requirements and provides a level of process specification that may be commensurable with longer time scales. Hydraulic geometry equations for width and depth are defined using morphologic maps based on aerial photography and bathymetric survey data. Comparison of transport predictions with bedload transport measurements completed at Mission indicates that the original Bagnold formula most closely approximates the main trends in the field data. Sensitivity analyses are conducted to evaluate the impact of inaccuracies in input variables width, depth, slope and grain size on transport predictions. The formulae differ in their sensitivity to input variables and between reaches. Average annual bedload transport predictions for the four formulae show that they vary between each other as well as from the morphologic transport estimates. The original Bagnold and Meyer‐Peter and Muller formulae provide the best transport predictions, although the former underestimates while the latter overestimates transport rates. Based on our findings, an error margin of up to an order of magnitude can be expected when adopting generalized approaches for the prediction of bedload transport. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantifying the effect of a freeze–thaw cycle on soil erosion: laboratory experiments
Authors: Ferrick M. G. , Gatto L. W.
Published: August 2005

In this paper we quantitatively test the hypothesis that soil freeze–thaw (FT) processes significantly increase the potential for upland hillslope erosion during run‐off events that follow thaw. We selected a highly frost‐susceptible silt to obtain an upper bound on FT effects, and completed three series of six experiments each to quantify differences in soil erosion and rill development in a bare soil following a single FT cycle. Each series represented a specific soil moisture range: 16–18 per cent, 27–30 per cent and 37–40 per cent by volume, with nominal flow rates of 0·4, 1·2 and 2·4 L/min and slopes of 8° and 15°. Each experiment used two identical soil bins: one a control (C) that remained unfrozen, and another that was frozen and thawed once. Standard soil characterization tests did not detect significant differences between the FT and C bins. We measured cross‐sectional geometry of an imposed straight rectangular rill before each experiment, sediment load during and rill cross‐sections after. Changes in cross section provided detailed measures of erosion at specific locations, while sediment load from time series run‐off samples integrated the rill erosion. Several parameters, including average maximum rill width, average maximum rill depth, rill cross‐section depth measures and sediment load, all followed similar trends. Each was greater in the FT than in the C, with values that generally increased with slope and flow. However, soil moisture was the only parameter that affected the FT/C ratios. Average sediment load grouped by soil moisture provided FT/C ratios of 2·4, 3·0 and 5·0 for low, mid and high moisture, respectively. In contrast, a ‘dry’ experiment at 4–5 per cent soil moisture had FT/C of 1·02 for sediment load. These results show a dramatic increase with soil moisture in the rate and quantity of bare soil eroded due to the FT cycle. As both FT and C results were highly sensitive to initial conditions, minimum differences in soil weight, bulk density and soil moisture through each series of experiments were required to achieve consistent results, indicating that rill erosion may be chaotic. Published in 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Role of hepatocyte growth factor activator (HGF activator) in invasive growth of human glioblastoma cells in vivo
Authors: Uchinokura Shunro , Miyata Shiro , Fukushima Tsuyoshi , Itoh Hiroshi , Nakano Shinichi , Wakisaka Shinichiro , Kataoka Hiroaki
Published: August 2005

Hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF) is a multifunctional growth factor that is involved in invasive growth of tumor cells via its receptor MET, a protein product of c‐met proto‐oncogene. HGF activator (HGFA) is a serine proteinase responsible for the activation of proform of HGF/SF (proHGF/SF). In our study, we examined the effects of engineered expression of HGFA on 2 human glioblastoma cell lines (YKG‐1 and U251). Both cells expressed MET, while only YKG‐1 expressed endogenous proHGF/SF. Enhanced MET phosphorylation and increased migratory activity were induced by the expression of HGFA in YKG‐1 cells in vitro in the presence of thrombin, which is a known activator of proHGFA. In contrast, MET phosphorylation was consistently observed in U251 that lacked endogenous HGF/SF, suggesting ligand‐independent activation of MET in this cell line. Consequently, the expression of HGFA in U251 did not enhance the MET phosphorylation and following cellular response even with the thrombin treatment. However, addition of exogenous proHGF/SF resulted in enhanced migratory activity of HGFA‐expressing U251 cells in the presence of thrombin in vitro. The engineered HGFA expression resulted in significantly enhanced tumor growth with increased vascular density in vivo when YKG‐1 cells were implanted in nude mouse brain. This effect was not observed in U251 lacking endogenous proHGF/SF. These results indicate the possible existence of multiple mechanisms of MET activation in glioblastomas and that the activation system of proHGF/SF is important in progression of glioblastomas that express endogenous proHGF/SF and require ligand‐dependent MET activation. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ursodeoxycholic acid inhibits interleukin beta 1 and deoxycholic acid‐induced activation of NF‐κB and AP‐1 in human colon cancer cells
Authors: Shah Syed A. , Volkov Yuri , Arfin Qamrul , Abdel‐Latif Mohamed M. , Kelleher Dermot
Published: August 2005

Deoxycholic acid (DCA) has been implicated in colorectal carcinogenesis in humans with effects on proliferation and apoptosis, mediated at least in part by activation of transcription factors nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB), activator protein 1 (AP‐1) and protein kinase C (PKC) enzymes. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is reported to reduce the frequency of colonic carcinogenesis in ulcerative colitis patients. Hence, we postulated that it might differ from DCA in its regulation of these transcription factors. The aim of the study was to determine effects of DCA and UDCA on NF‐κB and AP‐1 activation and explore its relationship to PKC. Human colonic tumour cell lines HCT116 were treated with DCA, UDCA, alone or pretreated with UDCA followed by DCA or IL‐1β. In other experiments, cells were pretreated with PKC inhibitors and then stimulated with DCA and IL‐1β or PMA. Gel shift assays were performed on nuclear extracts of the cells for NF‐κB and AP‐1 analysis. Western blot analyses and immunofluorescence were performed for Rel A (p65) and IκB‐α levels on the treated cells. DCA increased NF‐κB and AP‐1 DNA binding. UDCA did not increase DNA binding of NF‐κB and AP‐1 and UDCA pretreatment inhibited DCA‐induced NF‐κB and AP‐1 DNA binding. PKC inhibitors blocked DCA‐induced NF‐κB and AP‐1 activation. These results were validated by Western blot analysis for RelA and IκB‐α. In conclusion, UDCA did not induce NF‐κB and AP‐1 DNA binding but also blocked DCA‐induced NF‐κB and AP‐1 activation. These findings suggest a possible mechanistic role for UDCA in blocking pathways thought to be involved in colon carcinogenesis. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Conjugated linoleic acid inhibits peritoneal metastasis in human gastrointestinal cancer cells
Authors: Kuniyasu Hiroki , Yoshida Kazuhiro , Sasaki Takamitsu , Sasahira Tomonori , Fujii Kiyomu , Ohmori Hitoshi
Published: August 2005

The effect of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on peritoneal metastasis was examined by in vitro treatment of cancer cells and mouse peritoneal metastasis models. First, cell growth of MKN28 human gastric cancer cells and Colo320 human colon cancer cells was suppressed by CLA in a dose‐dependent manner with an increment in apoptosis. CLA significantly inhibited invasion into type IV collagen‐coated membrane of MKN28 and Colo320 cells (p < 0.05). CLA‐induced growth inhibition was recovered by the exposure to antisense S‐oligodeoxynucleotide for peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR)‐γ in both cell lines. BALB/c nu‐nu mice were inoculated with MKN28 and Colo320 cells into their peritoneal cavity, and administrated with CLA intraperitoneally (weekly, 4 times). CLA treatment did not affect food intake or weight gain of mice. CLA treatment significantly decreased metastatic foci of both cells in the peritoneal cavity (p < 0.005). Survival rate in mice inoculated with MKN28 or Colo320 cells was significantly recovered by CLA treatment (p = 0.0025 and 0.0052, respectively). Protein production in MKN28 and Colo320 cells treated with CLA showed a decrease in epidermal growth factor receptor and transforming growth factor‐α and an increase in Bax. These findings suggest that CLA inhibits metastasis of human gastric and colon cancer cells. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Retracted: Curcumin (diferuloylmethane) inhibits constitutive active NF‐κB, leading to suppression of cell growth of human T‐cell leukemia virus type I‐infected T‐cell lines and primary adult T‐cell leukemia cells
Authors: Tomita Mariko , Kawakami Hirochika , Uchihara Jun‐nosuke , Okudaira Taeko , Masuda Masato , Takasu Nobuyuki , Matsuda Takehiro , Ohta Takao , Tanaka Yuetsu , Ohshiro Kazuiku , Mori Naoki
Published: August 2005

Retraction: The following article has been retracted through agreement between the first author and several coauthors, the journal Editor‐in‐Chief, Peter Lichter, and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.: Tomita M, Kawakami H, Uchihara JN, Okudaira T, Masuda M, Takasu N, Matsuda T, Ohta T, Tanaka Y, Ohshiro K, Mori N. (2006). Curcumin (diferuloylmethane) inhibits constitutive activeNF‐kappaB, leading to suppression of cell growth of human T‐cell leukemia virus type I‐infected T‐cell lines and primary adult T‐cell leukemia cells. Int J Cancer; 118 (February (3)): 765‐772, published online on 16 AUG 2005 in Wiley Online Library (www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com). After an investigation the retraction has been agreed due to inappropriate duplication of images and overlap with other published work
Distribution of Epstein‐Barr viral load in serum of individuals from nasopharyngeal carcinoma high‐risk families in Taiwan
Authors: Yang Xiaohong (Rose) , Goldstein Alisa M. , Chen Chien‐Jen , Rabkin Charles S. , Chen Jen‐Yang , Cheng Yu‐Juen , Hsu Wan‐Lun , Sun Brenda , Diehl Scott R. , Liu Mei‐Ying , Walters Michael , Shao Wen , Ortiz‐Conde Betty A. , Whitby Denise , Elmore Sandra H. , Gulley Margaret L. , Hildesheim Allan
Published: August 2005

The utility of EBV load as a tumor marker in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients suggests that it might also serve as a screening test for individuals who are at high risk for developing NPC. We previously demonstrated that unaffected individuals from high‐risk families had elevated anti‐EBV antibody levels compared to community controls. In this study, we measured EBV load using 2 different real‐time PCR assays (targeting BamH1W and polymerase gene sequences, respectively) carried out in 2 independent research labs in serum samples from 19 untreated NPC cases, 11 healthy community controls and 100 unaffected individuals from families in which 2 or more individuals were affected with NPC. EBV genomes were detectable in 68% of NPC cases by the EBV BamH1W assay and in 74% by the EBV polymerase assay (κ = 0.64). Patients with stage III or IV disease had significantly higher EBV load compared to those with stage I or II disease (p = 0.008). EBV DNA was detected in a single community control sample by the EBV BamH1W assay and in none of the samples by the EBV polymerase assay. Only one of 100 unaffected family members tested positive by both assays. An additional 14 were positive by only one of the 2 EBV load assays used and usually in only one of the duplicate wells tested, all with very low viral loads (3–50 copies/ml). In addition, EBV load did not correlate with EBV serology results (anti‐VCA, anti‐DNase, anti‐EBNA‐1) among these unaffected family members. In conclusion, our study suggests limited clinical utility of the EBV load test, in its current configuration, to screen individuals from high‐risk families. Should a more sensitive or specific molecular assay be developed that is capable of detecting and distinguishing tumor‐derived EBV genomes or gene products from true negatives, it could be evaluated as a possible screening tool for asymptomatic and early‐stage NPC. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
U‐2940, a human B‐cell line derived from a diffuse large cell lymphoma sequential to Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Sambade Clara , Berglund Mattias , Lagercrantz Svetlana , Sällström Jan , Reis Rui M. , Enblad Gunilla , Glimelius Bengt , Sundström Christer
Published: August 2005

Several patterns of association between Hodgkin and non‐Hodgkin lymphomas are recognized, some of which support a common cellular origin or shared transformation events for both malignancies. We describe the U‐2940 cell line derived from a diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma with some features consistent with mediastinal large B‐cell lymphoma, clinically apparent 1 month after the initial course of chemotherapy for Hodgkin's disease, fulfilling the criteria for composite malignancies. U‐2940 cells display a mature B phenotype with hypermutated IgH rearrangement typical of germinal/postgerminal center origin. The cell line is negative for Epstein‐Barr virus and no evidence of t(14;18) was found. U‐2940 cells display multiple chromosomal rearrangements similar to recurrent aberrations described in both Hodgkin and non‐Hodgkin lymphomas, also partially shared by U‐2932 derived from a B‐cell lymphoma sequential to Hodgkin's disease. The original large B‐cell lymphoma and the U‐2940 cell line bear microsatellite instability, an abnormality associated with particular subtypes of non‐Hodgkin lymphomas and found in tissues involved by Hodgkin lymphoma. Therefore, U‐2940 cells bear several features known to occur in Hodgkin and in non‐Hodgkin lymphomas, leading to the assumption that this cell line may constitute a useful tool to address elective pathways of lymphomagenesis and eventually the Hodgkin and non‐Hodgkin lymphoma association. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Macrophage migration and gene expression in response to tumor hypoxia
Authors: Murdoch Craig , Lewis Claire E.
Published: August 2005

Monocytes are recruited into tumors from the circulation along defined chemotactic gradients and they then differentiate into tumor‐associated macrophages (TAMs). Recent evidence has shown that large numbers of TAMs are attracted to and retained in avascular and necrotic areas, where they are exposed to tumor hypoxia. At these sites, TAMs appear to undergo marked phenotypic changes with activation of hypoxia‐inducible transcription factors, dramatically upregulating the expression of a large number of genes encoding mitogenic, proangiogenic and prometastatic cytokines and enzymes. As a consequence, high TAMs density has been correlated with increased tumor growth and angiogenesis in various tumor types. Since hypoxia is a hallmark feature of malignant tumors and hypoxic tumor cells are relatively resistant to radio‐ and chemotherapy, these areas have become a target for novel forms of anticancer therapy. These include hypoxia‐targeted gene therapy in which macrophages are armed with therapeutic genes that are activated by hypoxia‐responsive promoter elements. This restricts transgene expression to hypoxic areas, where the gene product is then released and acts on neighboring hypoxic tumor cells or proliferating blood vessels. In this way, the responses of macrophages to tumor hypoxia can be exploited to deliver potent antitumor agents to these poorly vascularized, and thus largely inaccessible, areas of tumors. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spectrum of cancers among HIV‐infected persons in Africa: The Uganda AIDS‐Cancer Registry Match Study
Authors: Mbulaiteye Sam M. , Katabira Elly T. , Wabinga Henry , Parkin Donald M. , Virgo Phillip , Ochai Robert , Workneh Meklit , Coutinho Alex , Engels Eric A.
Published: August 2005

Although more than 25 million people in sub‐Saharan Africa have human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, little is known regarding their cancer risk. We investigated cancer risk among persons with HIV/AIDS in Uganda using record‐linkage. We linked records of 12,607 HIV‐infected persons attending The AIDS Support Organization (TASO) in Kyadondo County from October 1988 through December 2002 to the Kampala Cancer Registry. We calculated standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) to identify increased cancer risks in the early (4–27 months after TASO registration), late (28–60 months), or combined (4–60 months) incidence periods. We identified 378 cancers (181 prevalent, 197 incident) among TASO participants. Of incident cancers, 137 (70%) were AIDS‐defining cancers. Risk was increased in the early‐incident period, compared to the general population, for the AIDS‐defining cancers: Kaposi sarcoma (SIR 6.4, 95%CI 4.8–8.4), non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (6.7, 1.8–17), and cervical carcinoma (2.4, 1.1–4.4). These three cancers were also increased in the combined periods. Risks of five non‐AIDS‐defining cancers were increased in the combined periods: Hodgkin lymphoma (5.7, 1.2–17) and cancers of the conjunctiva (SIR 4.0; 1.5–8.7), kidney (16, 1.8–58), thyroid (5.7, 1.1–16), and uterus (5.5, 1.5–14). Cancers of the breast, nasopharynx, and lung were increased either in the early or late incident periods only. Among 407 children, seven cancers were observed, of which five were Kaposi sarcoma. The application of a record‐linkage design in Africa broadens the repertoire of epidemiological tools for studying HIV‐infected populations. We confirm the increased risks of AIDS‐defining cancers and report increased risks of a few non‐AIDS‐defining cancers. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Vitamin antioxidants, lipid peroxidation and the systemic inflammatory response in patients with prostate cancer
Authors: Almushatat Ahmed S.K. , Talwar Dinesh , McArdle Peter A. , Williamson Cathy , Sattar Naveed , O'Reilly Denis St. J , Underwood Mark A. , McMillan Donald C.
Published: August 2005

The relationship between lipid soluble antioxidant vitamins, lipid peroxidation, disease stage and the systemic inflammatory response were examined in healthy subjects (n = 14), patients with benign prostate hyperplasia BPH (n = 20), localized (n = 40) and metastatic (n = 38) prostate cancer. Prostate cancer patients had higher concentrations of malondialdehyde (p < 0.05) and lower circulating concentrations of lutein (p < 0.05), lycopene (p < 0.001) and β‐carotene (p < 0.05). Patients with metastatic prostate cancer, when compared with patients having localized disease, had a higher Gleason score (p < 0.01) and had more hormonal treatment, but lower concentrations of PSA (p < 0.05), α‐tocopherol (p ≤ 0.05), retinol (p < 0.01), lutein (p < 0.05) and lycopene (p < 0.01). In the prostate cancer patients, PSA was correlated with the concentrations of the lipid peroxidation product, malondialdehyde (rs = 0.353, p = 0.002). C‐reactive protein was not correlated with the vitamin antioxidants nor malondialdehyde. In contrast, there was a negative correlation between malondialdehyde concentrations and both lutein (rs = −0.263, p = 0.020) and lycopene (rs = −0.269, p = 0.017). These results indicate that lower concentrations of carotenoids, in particular, lycopene reflect disease progression rather than the systemic inflammatory response in patients with prostate cancer. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vivo effects of RGD‐coated titanium implants inserted in two bone‐gap models
Authors: Elmengaard Brian , Bechtold Joan E. , Søballe Kjeld
Published: August 2005

RGD (Arg‐Gly‐Asp) coating has been suggested to enhance implant fixation by facilitating the adhesion of osteogenic cells to implant surfaces. Orthopedic implants are unavoidably surrounded partly by gaps, and these regions represent a challenging environment for osseointegration. We examined the effects of cyclic RGD‐coated implants on tissue integration and implant fixation in two cancellous bone‐gap models. In canines, we inserted loaded RGD‐coated implants with 0.75‐mm gap (n = 8) and unloaded RGD‐coated implants with 1.5‐mm gap (n = 8) into the distal femur and proximal tibia, respectively. Control gap implants without RGD were inserted contralaterally. The titanium alloy (Ti‐6Al‐4V) implants were plasma sprayed and cylindrical. The observation period was 4 weeks and the fixation was evaluated by push‐out test and histomorphometry. Mechanical implant fixation was improved for RGD‐coated implants. Unloaded RGD‐coated implants showed a significant increase in bone whereas both loaded and unloaded implants showed a significant reduction in fibrous tissue anchorage. The results are encouraging, because RGD had an overall positive effect on the fixation of titanium implants in regions where gaps exist with the surrounding bone. RGD peptide coatings can potentially be used to enhance tissue integration in these challenging environments. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2005
Assimilating cell sheets and hybrid scaffolds for dermal tissue engineering
Authors: Ng Kee Woei , Tham Wanrong , Lim Thiam Chye , Werner Hutmacher Dietmar
Published: August 2005

Cell sheets can be used to produce neo‐tissue with mature extracellular matrix. However, extensive contraction of cell sheets remains a problem. We devised a technique to overcome this problem and applied it to tissue engineer a dermal construct. Human dermal fibroblasts were cultured with poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid)‐collagen meshes and collagen‐hyaluronic acid foams. Resulting cell sheets were folded over the scaffolds to form dermal constructs. Human keratinocytes were cultured on these dermal constructs to assess their ability to support bilayered skin regeneration. Dermal constructs produced with collagen‐hyaluronic acid foams showed minimal contraction, while those with poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid)‐collagen meshes curled up. Cell proliferation and metabolic activity profiles were characterized with PicoGreen® and AlamarBlue™ assays, respectively. Fluorescent labeling showed high cell viability and F‐actin expression within the constructs. Collagen deposition was detected by immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy. Transforming Growth Factor‐α and β1, Keratinocyte Growth Factor and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor were produced at various stages of culture, measured by RT‐PCR and ELISA. These results indicated that assimilating cell sheets with mechanically stable scaffolds could produce viable dermal‐like constructs that do not contract. Repeated enzymatic treatment cycles for cell expansion is unnecessary, while the issue of poor cell seeding efficiency in scaffolds is eliminated. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2005
Interaction of human osteoblasts with bioinert and bioactive ceramic substrates
Authors: Rokusek Debra , Davitt Christine , Bandyopadhyay Amit , Bose Susmita , Hosick Howard L.
Published: August 2005

The objective of this study was to compare adhesion, replication, and differentiation of human osteoblasts (OPC1 cell line) on two different ceramic substrates: a bioinert alumina (A12O3), and a bioactive hydroxyapatite (HAp). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal scanning microscopy were used to assess production and distribution of specific osteoblast proteins. Cells grew readily on HAp and alumina. On alumina and HAp, OPC1 cells produced distinctive cell‐to‐cell and cell‐to‐scaffold filopodia and microextensions. OPC1 cells proliferated faster on HAp than on alumina substrates. Adhesion was further assessed by observing production of the protein vinculin. On alumina, vinculin was detected throughout the cytoplasm, with some peripheral punctate regions. On HAp, OPC1 cells developed few punctate peripheral regions of vinculin; rather, the protein was strongly localized within the cytoplasm. Finally, we measured accumulation of the marker osteopontin (OPN). OPN was first detectable on day 5 and increased through day 11 of culture on alumina. OPC1 cells on HAp produced substantial amounts of OPN beginning at day 5, with apparent secretion from the cells by culture day 11. These results suggest that the function of osteoblasts is strongly affected by the properties of ceramic surfaces, and rapid attachment of osteoblasts may result in earlier differentiation on HAp than on alumina. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2005