bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Epilogue
Authors: Érdi Péter
Published: September 2019

The closing chapter summarizes the book’s statements about the reality, illusion, and manipulation of objectivity. Whether we like it or not, ranking is with us and will remain with us for the foreseeable future. Computer scientists design ranking algorithms, and modern computers can process huge datasets with these algorithms. We are not always happy with the results, so we might ask whether, when, and how the results of a ranking algorithm should be controlled by content curators. Recent public debates about the use and misuse of data reinforce the message of the book that we need the combination of human and computational intelligence.
The United States and Pakistan’s Nuclear Weapons Program, 1975–1990
Authors: Taliaferro Jeffrey W.
Published: September 2019

Chapter 4 examines the proliferation dispute between the United States and Pakistan. As with the Middle East, averting containment failure in South Asia was the overriding aim of the Ford, Carter, and Reagan administrations. Slowing or halting the clandestine Pakistani nuclear weapons program was always a subordinate goal. The Soviet Union’s invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 was the turning point. Chapter 4 examines the oscillations in US nonproliferation policies toward Pakistan, from the Ford administration’s offer of advanced fighters for nuclear restraint in 1975–1976, to the Carter administration’s imposition of sanctions in early1979, to the Reagan administration’s provision of a $1.4 billion foreign military assistance package and efforts to circumvent nonproliferation legislation in exchange for Pakistani dictator General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq’s pledge not to cross four nuclear “red lines” from 1981 to 1988, to the George H. W. Bush administration’s resumption of sanctions after the Soviet pullout from Afghanistan in 1990.
The United States and Taiwan’s Nuclear Weapons Program, 1967–1978
Authors: Taliaferro Jeffrey W.
Published: September 2019

Chapter 6 examines the nonproliferation dispute between the United States and the Republic of China (ROC) on Taiwan between 1967 and 1987. Like the South Korean case, the Nixon administration’s efforts to extricate the United States from the Vietnam War, draw down US troop levels in East and Southeast Asia, and seek a rapprochement with the People’s Republic of China precipitated this dispute. The overriding goal of the Nixon, Ford, and Carter administrations was to enlist China as an ally of convenience against the Soviet Union, but without completely abandoning Taiwan. The Ford and the Carter administrations used a mix of threats to suspend bilateral nuclear cooperation and promises of limited arms transfers to convince ROC premier (and later president) Chiang Ching-kuo to abandon nuclear weapons research in the late 1970s. Reports that Taiwan achieved a “controlled” nuclear reaction in 1987 led the Reagan administration to demand ROC president Lee Teng-hui renounce all nuclear weapons research.
Doves Among Hawks
Authors: Cohen Samy
Published: September 2019

What has become of Israel's peace movement? In the early 1980s, it was a major political force, bringing hundreds of thousands onto the streets; but since then, its importance has declined amid spiralling violence. Now, and especially since the second Intifada of 2000–5, the “doves” of the Israel/Palestine conflict struggle to be heard over its 'hawks', and the days of mass mobilization are over. "Doves Among” Hawks charts the successes and failures of a beleaguered peace movement, from its formation after the Six-Day War to the current security-obsessed climate, where Israel's “doves” seem to be fighting a lost and outdated battle. Samy Cohen's history of a peace process that once took on the Israeli settler movements exposes how that cause has been derailed and demoralized by suicide attacks. But the peace movement is not dead—it has simply transformed. From human rights monitors to lobbies of the bereaved, Cohen reveals a multitude of smaller, grassroots organizations that have emerged with unexpected energy. These lawyers, doctors, army reservists, former diplomats and senior security personnel are the unsung heroes of his story.
Rabin: Peace Without the Peace Camp
Authors: Cohen Samy
Published: September 2019

This chapter describes the ambivalent relations between Peace Now and Yitzhak Rabin. Peace Now had had no role whatsoever in drawing up the Oslo agreements. Between 1993 and 1995, while the terms were being drafted by the Oslo negotiators, Peace Now found itself marginalized. And when Rabin went to Washington in September 1995 to sign the Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, he invited only one peace activist to accompany him–the founder of an NGO for bereaved parents, who had supported his efforts in support of peace–ignoring Peace Now and its longstanding commitment to a negotiated settlement. The movement's influence was clearly on the wane. Paradoxically, the very peace for which Peace Now and other groups had fought so hard did them barely any good. There are several factors that help explain this phenomenon, the most important of which is the views of the prime minister himself: Rabin mistrusted the peace movement.
The Peace Camp Without Rabin
Authors: Cohen Samy
Published: September 2019

Yitzhak Rabin's assassination triggered a burst of enthusiasm for his project. In the months that followed, his supporters continued the struggle. It was a good opportunity for the dovish left to capitalize on the widespread emotion and so to consolidate its base and marshal support for the peace process. It was able to count on the support of Shimon Peres, who had meanwhile been named interim prime minister. He was committed to abiding by the commitments of his predecessor and was also very popular. The context could not have been more favorable to Israeli pacifists. Yet the opportunity was missed. Rabin's assassination did not benefit his supporters. The image of the peace camp continued to deteriorate and increasingly seemed to go against the grain of the dominant public mood in Israel. This chapter explains this inability to capitalize on the “Rabin effect".
From the Dream of Peace to the Grip of Fear
Authors: Cohen Samy
Published: September 2019

This chapter tries to take stock of half a century of activism by the dovish left. The peace camp promised peace but has failed to deliver it. Many Israelis no longer believe it is possible to undo everything that the various governments, right and left alike, have done in terms of building settlements. An analysis of the trajectory of the peace camp since the 1960s shows “however” a more nuanced picture. Peace movements did help to change attitudes. They can take credit for eroding the systematic hostility toward recognizing the Palestinian aspiration to nationhood and bringing around the most moderate Israelis, those unhappy with maintaining the status quo, to the idea of the two-state solution. Recognition of Palestinian nationhood became a reality. The majority of Israelis have come around to supporting the two-state solution. Another achievement to put on the dovish left's scorecard: many Israelis wanted to take charge of their future, “to do something concrete,” and to make themselves useful without waiting for policymakers to get around to reaching a peace agreement. In these respects, the Israeli peace camp has quite a respectable track record.
Conclusion
Authors: Cohen Samy
Published: September 2019

One of the major consequences of the polarization within Israeli society is the deep fracture between the majority of Israelis and the various peace movements. The general public no longer has faith in its pacifists and appreciates human rights organizations even less. The peace camp is perceived as dangerous, ineffective, and at risk of corroding the Zionist narrative of the right to the land of Israel, which insists that there is only one victim in the conflict. Conversely, peace activists no longer expect support from their fellow citizens or their political leaders. Most now seek backing from abroad. This is a major change, which has nevertheless largely gone unnoticed.
Crying the News
Authors: DiGirolamo Vincent
Published: September 2019

From the brilliant Benjamin Franklin to the dauntless Ragged Dick and the high-kicking Jack Kelley, hero of the Disney musical Newsies, newsboys have long commanded attention as symbols of struggle and success. But what do we really know about them? Crying the News: A History of America’s Newsboys places this idealized occupational group at the center of the American experience, analyzing their dual role as economic actors and cultural symbols over a century of war and peace, prosperity and depression, exploitation and reform. The book chronicles the career of hawkers and carriers from the 1830s to the 1930s in all parts of the country and on the railroads that linked them. It examines the place of girls in the trade and the distinctive experience and representation of black, immigrant, and disabled news peddlers. Based on a wealth of primary sources, including rare and iconic visual material, Crying the News reveals the formative role of newsboys in corporate welfare schemes, scientific management practices, and employee liability laws. It documents scores of forgotten newsboy strikes and unions, and their affiliation with the Knights of Labor, American Federation of Labor, and Industrial Workers of the World. The result is an epic history of print capitalism and working-class childhood from the pavement up.
Press Philanthropy and the Politics of Want
Authors: DiGirolamo Vincent
Published: September 2019

To better recruit and discipline their young distribution force, newspaper publishers and circulation managers in the 1880s became pioneers of corporate welfare. Led by Joseph Pulitzer in St. Louis, E. W. Scripps in Detroit and Cincinnati, Victor Lawson in Chicago, and George Booth in Grand Rapids, Michigan, they organized newsboy banquets, excursions, clubs, schools, and marching bands. They also sponsored newsboy boxing tournaments and fielded newsboy baseball teams. A dozen eastern newspapers formed their own newsboy baseball league. Newsboys took full advantage of these programs, as well as the newsboy homes and reading rooms founded by the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union, but they also organized unions, struck for better pay and working conditions, and participated in political campaigns and protests. Ultimately, they sought justice over charity.
Son of the Forgotten Man
Authors: DiGirolamo Vincent
Published: September 2019

The Great Depression exposed newsboys to the vicissitudes of the market and the power of the state in new ways. They formed unions, joined strikes, and, for a time, came under federal protection. Publishers argued that newsboys were not employees but independent contractors who should be exempt the Fair Labor Standards Act and other New Deal measures. Caught up in this tug-of-war between a paternalistic capitalist press and an expansive welfare state, the American newsboy became a contested figure in popular culture, appearing in WPA murals, proletarian novels, and other works as a symbol of working-class resentment more than as an icon of bourgeois virtue. The shrill, restless son of the Forgotten Man, he helped America reassess the merits of laissez faire capitalism and recalibrate government’s responsibility to citizens young and old.
Introduction
Authors: Hooghe Liesbet , Lenz Tobias , Marks Gary
Published: September 2019

Chapter 1 sets out the core puzzle of international governance, introduces postfunctionalist theory, and situates it in relation to realism, liberal institutionalism, and constructivism. Postfunctionalism theorizes how conceptions of community constrain the functional provision of public goods across territorial scale. It hypothesizes that international organization is social as well as functional and provides a precise and falsifiable explanation of the institutional set-up of an IO, including its membership, contractual basis, policy portfolio, and the extent to which an IO pools authority in collective decision making and delegates authority to independent actors.
Philosophical Foundations of a Postfunctionalist Theory of International Organization
Authors: Hooghe Liesbet , Lenz Tobias , Marks Gary
Published: September 2019

Chapter 2 lays out the hard core of a postfunctionalist theory of international organization. The point of departure is to conceive governance as a social contract among rational actors to escape anarchy. It refines social contract theory by assuming that a contract for governance can concentrate authority or disperse it across territorial scales by bundling problems or decomposing them among separate jurisdictions. Postfunctionalism proposes that the willingness to conclude a highly incomplete contract depends on whether participants think of themselves as a community. The remainder of the book specifies and tests the theory’s observational implications.
The Basic Set-Up
Authors: Hooghe Liesbet , Lenz Tobias , Marks Gary
Published: September 2019

Chapter 4 explains the basic set-up of an IO—its membership, contract, and policy portfolio. It conceives the basic set-up as resulting from the tension between the functional benefits of providing public goods at an international scale and the preference of exclusive communities for self-rule. The theory expects international organization to be bimodal. General purpose IOs build on transnational community to contract cooperation as an open-ended venture among peoples. Task-specific IOs contract cooperation narrowly so that states, no matter how diverse, can come together to problem-solve in a targeted way. General purpose and task-specific IOs relate to their constituencies differently, and this shapes the scale of their membership, their openness to membership growth, and the breadth and dynamism of their policy portfolios.
Bell Nonlocality in Quantum Theory
Authors: Scarani Valerio
Published: September 2019

All the examples of nonlocality that we know are accurately described within quantum theory. This chapter presents the study of CHSH and some systematic results. In particular, we learn that separable states can only give rise to local behaviors, while pure entangled states are nonlocal resources. The case of mixed entangled states is then introduced.
Utilitarian Justice and the Tasks of Law
Authors: Postema Gerald J.
Published: September 2019

This chapter discusses the early writings of Bentham. A central theme running through all of his jurisprudential writing is the conflict between the demand for stability and certainty of law and the need for flexibility in adjudication. Bentham regarded the principle of utility as the sole and sovereign rational decision principle, and insisted that judges must be free to respond to the constantly varying demands of utility in particular cases. The chapter first sets out in a quite general form the problems and issues around which Bentham's jurisprudence developed. It begins with a look at his early reflections on justice, rules, and utility. It then traces how Bentham shaped these early ideas into structuring elements of his developing theory of law. This discussion fixes the basic direction of Bentham's thought and uncovers important guiding assumptions regarding the central aim or task of law.
Utilitarian International Order
Authors: Postema Gerald J.
Published: September 2019

International politics was integral to Bentham’s comprehensive jurisprudential project. His perspective on international law was that of a legislator, an engineer of global order, not that of expositor or theorist of the existing law. He articulated a (quasi-) cosmopolitan principle for the governance of a state-pluralist global order: the ultimate aim of international law, he argued, is the greatest common and equal utility of all nations. This principle articulates a standard of equal, mutual benefit and builds in a proviso that permits derogation from arrangements or laws that work greatly to the disadvantage of any given nation. He envisioned the global order as a loose affiliation of equal sovereign states, each of which participates on an equal basis in a common congress accorded legislative authority through their participation and is subject to judgments of a common tribunal. Bentham’s ultimate solution to the problem of war was threefold: (i) the law was to be put on a clear, authoritative, and fully public basis in a carefully drafted and systematic code; (ii) all disputes arising in international relations were to be directed to this code and a common tribunal was empowered to resolve the disputes in an impartial way; (iii) judgments of the tribunal were to be enforced by the soft power of Public Opinion Tribunal consisting of both nations and individuals.
Bentham
Authors: Postema Gerald J.
Published: September 2019

Bentham was one of the first, and among the most thorough, theorists of publicity of the modern era. Publicity is a pervasive theme running through all of Bentham’s moral, political, and legal theory; it is foundational to his thought. Bentham constructed a systematic theory of public reason, integrating utility and law into a complex framework for public reasoning, with a detailed architecture of public space, and constructing a network of key institutions and incentives for public accountability and public deliberation. He designed these institutions to secure the transparency of every exercise of ruling power and to encourage, educate, and empower the public in their critical task of holding officials to their responsibilities under the law. This chapter brings together the most important occurrences of the idea of publicity, documenting Bentham’s reliance on it throughout his career and demonstrating its centrality to his moral, legal, and political thought.
Investigating Revolution
Authors: Jones Polly
Published: September 2019

‘Fiery Revolutionaries’ was a major forum for experimentation with the Soviet historical novel, and fuelled the craze for historicist writing and thinking throughout late socialism. The series’ aim of revitalizing revolutionary myth chimed with the burgeoning historical and documentary interests of many late Soviet writers: this often persuaded them to join the series, and stimulated an enduring ‘historical turn’ within their careers. In turn, their works contributed to vibrant public debates about historical truth and documentary literature, and also about revolutionary selfhood, ethics, violence, and terror, extending and enriching the debates of the thaw. The second part of the chapter focuses in on the sophisticated, multi-faceted representation of the late nineteenth-century ‘People’s Will’ (Narodnaia volia) movement in the series’ texts, by writers including Iurii Davydov, Iurii Trifonov, and Vladimir Voinovich, which allowed them to pose complex questions about the origins of Bolshevism, as well as reflecting through ‘Aesopian’ poetics on late Soviet ‘stagnation’ and the dissident movement.
Heaney and Hesiod
Authors: Fowler Rowena
Published: September 2019

Heaney acknowledges an affinity with the farmer-poet, the source of a literary tradition which is inspired but rooted: rural and provincial rather than courtly, urban, or cosmopolitan. Distinguishing between ‘rural’ and ‘pastoral’, he draws connections between Hesiod and Kavanagh, Burns and Clare, poets who influenced and authenticated his own style. I explore the relation of poetic vocation to agricultural labour, discussing the encounter with the Muses in the Theogony and the Works and Days and its resonances in Heaney’s writing from the early ‘Personal Helicon’ to Human Chain. Heaney (like Hesiod) returns most often to the ‘expert’ art of the ploughman; I show how the shape and achievement of the ploughed field mirror those of the poem. I conclude with Heaney’s recognition of Hesiod in the ‘Sonnets from Hellas’.
Seamus Heaney
Authors: McDonald Marianne
Published: September 2019

This chapter considers Heaney’s work linked with Greek tragedy, the Sophoclean versions The Cure At Troy and The Burial At Thebes and the sequence ‘Mycenae Lookout’ in the collection The Spirit Level (1996). It argues that Heaney used classical Greek drama not only to touch on the Irish troubles but also to present his personal views and values, sometimes employing images from his background as the son of a Catholic father, and often influenced by his upbringing as an Irish Catholic. He depicted war and the lust for violence, but always expressed hope, and a desire for the fires of war to be cleansed by the waters of a miraculous healing well.
‘Weird Brightness’ and the Riverbank
Authors: McDonald Peter
Published: September 2019

This chapter begins with a reading from a Virgilian perspective of the third section of the title poem from Heaney’s Seeing Things (1991): here, the poet gives an account of his own early memory of his father after an accident, coming back ‘undrowned’ from the river into which he had toppled on a cart. The chapter will examine in more detail a relevant passage from Heaney’s late translation of Aeneid VI (Virgil’s encounter with Charon). Next, section XI of the ‘Route 110’ sequence (in Human Chain (2010)) will be read in relation to the river motif, and there will be a discussion of Heaney’s term ‘translation’ in that poem, with consideration of its purchase of some fundamental aspects of his poetic theory and practice. The chapter will continue to a reading of an uncollected late piece, ‘The City’, in which Heaney reflects on (amongst other things) the differences between Virgilian and Homeric angles on poetry and suffering, and it will finish with an analysis of the first section (‘Sidhe’) of the Human Chain poem ‘Wraiths’, in order to focus on the poet’s reconciliation of both Virgilian and Irish elements of a metaphysical poetic.
Heaney as Translator
Authors: Harrison Stephen
Published: September 2019

This chapter looks in detail at Heaney’s considerable competence in Latin as shown in his translations of Virgil and Horace. It moves from some early Horatian versions through the versions of Virgilian pastoral in Electric Light (2001), exploring the full range of verbal engagement with a Latin text, through the Horace version of ‘Anything Can Happen’ in District and Circle (2006) to the posthumous version of the whole of Virgil’s Aeneid VI (2016). Where the evidence is available, it scrutinises the detailed choices made by Heaney in consecutive drafts, and assesses his considerable gifts in rendering formal and elevated Latin poetry readable for a modern audience in a form which is both dignified and natural.
The origins of closed and open ecosystems
Authors: Bond William J.
Published: September 2019

Explanations for vegetation change in the past, including the ‘deep past’ (many millions of years ago) are deeply rooted in the idea that climate determines major vegetation patterns. But other factors have also changed, including large fluctuations in atmospheric CO2, influencing plant growth, and atmospheric oxygen, altering fire activity. Vertebrate herbivores have changed from gigantic dinosaurs, to small forest mammals, to the giant beasts of the Pleistocene. Plant growth forms dominating current biomes are relatively recent; broadleaved tropical and temperate forests only became common 50 million years ago (50 Ma), and C4 savannas began to sweep over the tropics from ~7 Ma. This chapter describes the changing fortunes of uncertain ecosystems and the forces that drove those changes. Researching the deep past exposes the antiquity of fire and large vertebrate consumers as processes creating open ecosystems. The past is also a test of our understanding of uncertain ecosystems in the present.
Leonard Woolf
Authors: Leventhal Fred , Stansky Peter
Published: September 2019

This is a wide-ranging biography of Leonard Woolf (1880–1969), an important yet somewhat neglected figure in British life. He is in the unusual position of being overshadowed by his wife, Virginia Woolf, and his role in helping her is part of this study. He was born in London to a father who was a successful barrister but whose early death left the family in economic difficulty. Though he abandoned his Judaism when young, being Jewish was deeply significant in shaping Leonard’s ideas, as well as the Hellenism imbibed as a student at both St Paul’s and Trinity College, Cambridge. Despite his secularism, there were surprisingly spiritual dimensions to his life. At Cambridge he was a member of the secret discussion group, the Apostles, as were his friends Lytton Stracheyand John Maynard Keynes, thus becoming part of the later Bloomsbury Group. He spent seven years as a successful civil servant in Ceylon, which later enabled him to write brilliantly about empire as well as a powerful novel, The Village in the Jungle. Returning to London in 1911, he married Virginia Woolf the next year. In 1917 they founded the Hogarth Press, a successful and significant publishing house. During his long life he became a major figure, a prolific writer on a range of subjects, most importantly international affairs, especially the creation of the League of Nations, a range of domestic problems, and issues of imperialism, particularly in Africa. He was a seminal figure in twentieth-century British life.
Virginia and After
Authors: Leventhal Fred , Stansky Peter
Published: September 2019

When Leonard returned from Ceylon after seven years on home leave, his growing doubts about a career in the civil service, and his falling in love with Virginia Stephen, led him to resign. For the rest of his life he would be a central member of the Bloomsbury Group and deeply involved in its cultural and literary activities. On his marriage in 1912, he devoted himself to enabling his wife to become an extremely important writer and to being the custodian of her work after her suicide in 1941. Together they founded the small but highly successful publishing house, the Hogarth Press. Through his innumerable reviews he was a major literary figure, but he abandoned fiction after his second novel, The Wise Virgins. After Virginia’s death, his life was enriched through the companionship of Trekkie Parsons. Also in his last decade he wrote five superb short volumes of autobiography.
Socialism and Civilized Society
Authors: Leventhal Fred , Stansky Peter
Published: September 2019

Leonard’s autobiography reveals his apolitical upbringing, although exposure to East End poverty and the experience of the First World War turned him into a political animal. The Fabian Society and the Cooperative movement converted him to socialism, while he continued to cherish the conviction that there is no higher value than the individual. He always defined civilization by reference to fifth-century Athens, which embraced freedom, equality, and tolerance. It was this belief that led him to deplore Stalinism as a travesty of Marxist objectives. In his later political writings, imbued with anti-communist sentiments, he argued that it was never right to do a great evil so that a greater good might result, a view that prompted heated exchanges with Kingsley Martin. In addition to writing polemical books and articles, he devoted more than thirty years to his magnum opus, the two-volume After the Deluge and its successor Principia Politica, a resounding defense of liberal values in the face of human aggression and an exploration of communal psychology, whose prolixity received a cool reception from critics.
Role honorifics
Authors: McCready Elin
Published: September 2019

This chapter considers a kind of honorific which doesn't directly reference register: rather, it introduces a predication of a property which is relevant to social status or formality as a result of social facts and speaker knowledge of those facts. This chapter treats such honorification in terms of default reasoning about intention on the basis of social facts and speaker use of certain expressions.
Climate change
Authors: Trenberth Kevin E. , Hurrell James W.
Published: September 2019

The climate is changing from human activities. This has major implications for the future and for human society and ecosystems, including birds. However, it is often masked by natural variability and there is great weather-related variability. This chapter reviews observed changes in climate, with a focus on changes in surface climate including variations in major patterns (modes) of climate variability and teleconnections. Of particular importance are changes in extremes. It describes how natural and anthropogenic drivers of climate change are assessed using climate models and concludes with a brief summary of future projected changes in climate and their impacts.
Long-term time series of ornithological data
Authors: Møller Anders Pape , Hochachka Wesley M.
Published: September 2019

There are numerous sources of data relevant for studies of the effects of climate change. Here we provide a classification of such data and their advantages and drawbacks. Long-term data can be classified into data from long-term population studies, nest record schemes, bird surveys, breeding and winter atlases, bird ringing information, bird ringing stations, bird observation depositories, and museum collections. Such data differ enormously in quality, but also in their usefulness. They range from long-term population studies of individually banded birds that can be used for genetic, evolution, and ecology studies to studies of presence/absence data. There are relatively few individual-based population studies while databases of records of individuals are much more abundant, albeit still useful for many purposes. Different databases also vary consistently in data quality, and there is scope for methodological studies and comparative analyses of multiple data bases.
Quantifying the climatic sensitivity of individuals, populations, and species
Authors: van de Pol Martijn , Bailey Liam D.
Published: September 2019

To understand the effects of climate change and predict its future impacts, biologists relate variation in biological variables to spatial or temporal variation in weather variables. It is often unclear a priori which weather variables are important, over which period they act, and in what way they affect biological responses. Recently, multiple methods have been proposed to determine climatic sensitivity. Yet there has been little critical comparison of these different methods, making it difficult to determine the most appropriate method for different situations. Furthermore, evolutionary and behavioural biologists investigate individual variation in phenotypically plastic responses to weather, while ecologists and conservation biologists investigate variation among populations or species in climatic sensitivity. How do we quantify climatic sensitivities in such a way that they can be used effectively for such comparative studies? We provide an overview of systematic approaches, the pros and cons of different methods available, and outstanding challenges.
Changes in timing of breeding and reproductive success in birds
Authors: Dunn Peter O.
Published: September 2019

Many studies on birds have shown advancing dates of egg-laying in response to climate change. This chapter reviews the latest knowledge about the roles of photoperiod, food abundance, body condition, and hormones in regulating the timing of egg-laying. A variety of responses and predictors have been discovered in recent studies, some of which may be related to whether a species relies on daily food intake (‘income’) or stored resources (‘capital’) for breeding. The literature on advancing laying dates shows that the rate is dependent on the number of broods per season, habitat, and trophic level. Mismatches between timing of breeding and peaks in food supply are often mentioned as a potential threat to populations. However, to date, there is no association between changes in laying date and population trends, which suggests that the effects of climate change on bird populations may be driven by other factors.
Evolutionary consequences of climate change in birds
Authors: Teplitsky Céline , Charmantier Anne
Published: September 2019

There is now overwhelming evidence that the recent rapid climate change has multiple consequences for birds: their abilities to adapt to climate change is thus a major issue. To understand the evolutionary consequences of climate change, an assessment of how it alters selection pressures is needed. As expected, climate change increases selection for earlier breeding but non-intuitive selection patterns are likely to arise for traits other than phenology. Evolutionary responses to these new selection pressures depend on the evolutionary potential in wild bird populations. Heritability alone is not sufficient to predict responses to selection, as many genetic factors (e.g., genetic correlations, indirect genetic effects) can affect evolutionary trajectories. Altogether, studies investigating the nature of responses to climate change in wild populations (plastic vs microevolutionary responses) are still scarce but suggest that the majority of responses would be due to plasticity.
Bird communities and climate change
Authors: Brotons Lluís , Herrando Sergi , Jiguet Frédéric , Lehikoinen Aleksi
Published: September 2019

Climate variability drives many aspects of the ecology of species directly or indirectly through changes in habitat type and structure, and thus long-term climatic variability has been thought to be the key determinant of community structure and change at large spatial scales. We review potential and reported impacts of climate change on shifts in bird community structure and composition. Bird communities are expected to change structure and composition, but observed changes appear generally slower than expected from temperature changes. However, we still lack a better understanding of regional differences in bird community responses to the different components of climate change and the explicit integration of climate with other global changes such as land uses, pollution, and invasive species. Finally, we propose a conceptual framework to guide our capability of understanding models and anticipate impacts of climate change on bird communities in a context of general and global environmental change.
Climate change in other taxa and links to bird studies
Authors: Inouye David W.
Published: September 2019

Phenological responses to climate change are the most commonly measured responses of plants and animals to climate change, and most studies show that species are advancing the timing of their seasonal activities in response to warming temperatures. Birds interact with a wide range of other species, playing roles as herbivores, predators, prey, and disease hosts. Because the species they interact with are all likely changing phenology and distribution in response to the changing climate, but often at different rates, mismatches with historical patterns are affecting ecological communities in a variety of ways. Unexpected phenomena such as increases in frost damage, and less surprising ones such as developing phenological mismatches between migratory and sedentary species, are discussed as case histories illustrating these changes.
Integrability in statistical physics and quantum spin chains
Authors: Jacobsen Jesper Lykke
Published: September 2019

This chapter illustrates basic concepts of quantum integrable systems on two important models of statistical physics: the Q-state Potts model and the O(n) model. Both models are transformed into loop and vertex models that provide representations of the dense and dilute Temperley–Lieb algebras. The identification of the corresponding integrable R-matrices leads to the solution of both models by the algebraic Bethe Ansatz technique. Elementary excitations are discussed in the critical case and the link to conformal field theory in the thermodynamic limit is established. The concluding sections outline the solution of a specific model of the theta point of collapsing polymers, leading to a continuum limit with a non-compact target space.
Spectrum of N=4 supersymmetric Yang–Mills theory and the quantum spectral curve
Authors: Gromov Nikolay
Published: September 2019

This chapter describes the recently developed quantum spectral curve (QSC) approach for the non-perturbative planar spectrum of integrable N=4 supersymmetric Yang–Mills gauge theory in a pedagogical way, starting from the harmonic oscillator and avoiding a long historical path. Many examples and exercises are provided. At the end a list is given of recent and possible future applications of the QSC.
Localization and N=2 supersymmetric field theory
Authors: Pestun Vasily
Published: September 2019

The lectures give an introduction to supersymmetric gauge theories from a mathematical perspective. Basic notions about Kähler and special Kähler geometry, and electric–magnetic duality are introduced. Supersymmetry and N = 1 and N = 2 supersymmetric gauge theories are defined and described in detail. The last section deals with the Seiberg–Witten integrable system and Hitchin systems
Waves
Authors: Woollings Tim
Published: September 2019

The chapter opens with a description of severe weather events which occurred across Asia in the summer of 2010. These events were linked in atmospheric physics by a Rossby wave, which causes the jet stream to meander north and south. The concept of vorticity is introduced in order to give a basic understanding of Rossby waves. Some characteristics of the jet stream over Asia are also discussed, such as how it changes with the seasons.
Storm
Authors: Woollings Tim
Published: September 2019

Some of the history of the jet stream is given here, such as its early identification from Japan using an ingenious system of balloons and the importance of strong, high-altitude winds that emerged during the Second World War. The chapter also discusses mid-latitude cyclones in more detail, covering some of the key historical developments and physical concepts as well as outlining the characteristic structure of these storms.
Confession
Authors: Woollings Tim
Published: September 2019

The book ends with a discussion of different viewpoints in fluid dynamics and the complexity of flow trajectories in the atmosphere. A final analogy for the jet stream is given which highlights that it is not quite as simple as the ‘river of air’ image that is often used.
Fighting for the Empire
Authors: Hassett Dónal
Published: September 2019

This chapter explores the history of military service in Algeria and across the colonial world before and during the Great War. It introduces the reader to key concepts from the fields of colonial history and First World War studies that are crucial to understanding the political legacies of the entanglement of the colonies and, especially, Algeria with the Great War. Taking a comparative approach, it explains the range of legal categories that underpinned colonial rule within the different empires and considers how the rights and responsibilities they implied were connected to and altered by military service. The chapter also examines the variety of attitudes toward the use of colonial soldiers in the different imperial polities and asks how these influenced the expectations of post-war reform in the colonies.
Pensions, Posts, and Petitions
Authors: Hassett Dónal
Published: September 2019

This chapters shifts focus away from the collective toward the individual, considering how indigenous veterans, war widows, and orphans evoked participation in the war to ensure access to state provision. It examines how actors often considered marginal in the colonial order set about claiming their legal entitlements from the state. Using the correspondence between individual claimants and the colonial administration, this chapter explores the complexity of the daily negotiation between the colonized, their intermediaries, and the apparatus of the colonial state. It considers the extent to which the colonial state’s conception of its duties to indigenous rights-holders and its attempts to meet these duties overlapped and/or contrasted with claimants’ understanding of their own rights. In doing so, it exposes the variety of forms of contact between the colonial state and its subjects that emerged as a result of the Great War and that heretofore have largely gone unstudied.
Libel, Sin, and Virtue
Authors: Lake Peter , Questier Michael
Published: September 2019

At the same time, attempts to construct ‘true’ accounts of what had recently happened inside the Catholic community produced allegations that what the other side said was simply libellous and what they wrote constituted ‘libels’, against which the self-evident virtue of the libeller’s critics could be easily established. Robert Parsons in particular deployed a classically Jesuit rhetoric of the discernment of spirits to attack his enemies here, though he in turn was the target of similar attacks by his appellant enemies, notably by William Watson and Anthony Copley.
Mandeville
Authors: Crisp Roger
Published: September 2019

This chapter discusses the views on self-interest and morality of the Anglo-Dutch philosopher and satirist Bernard Mandeville (1670–1733), focusing in particular on Mandeville’s famous Fable of the Bees. Mandeville’s rigorist conception of morality is described. It is explained how, on that conception, fallen human beings can still distinguish virtue from vice. Mandeville’s recommendation of a life of piety and humility is critically interpreted, and some account offered of how Mandeville came to be so widely misunderstood as a Hobbesian, who advocated a form of egoism which makes no room for self-standing moral reasons.
Taking Apart the World
Authors: Corry Richard
Published: September 2019

This chapter develops a characterization of the kind of reductive explanation that is the topic of the book. In particular, the book is concerned with substantive causal reductions rather than Nagel-style theory reductions. The characterization of reductive explanation that is developed here is based on Marie Kaiser’s account of explanatory reduction in biology, and, like Kaiser’s account, it highlights the importance of the fact that reductive explanations treat component systems as if they were parts in isolation. That is, in a reductive explanation it is assumed that our knowledge of how an element behaves in isolation can be useful in understanding the role that part plays when it is part of a complex system.
Macroscopic Power and Influence
Authors: Corry Richard
Published: September 2019

This chapter shows how causal powers and causal influences can be composed, both synchronically and asynchronically, to form composite powers and composite influences, which are a common feature of reductive explanation. Indeed, outside fundamental physics it is likely that many, if not all, the powers and influences mentioned will be composite rather than fundamental. A major part of this chapter involves defending the idea that composite influences can be composed of more basic component influences. In particular, it defends the idea from objections against the existence of composite and component forces. Since forces are paradigmatic examples of causal influence, these arguments will also be objections to the concept of composite influences more generally. Finally, having defended an account of the relation between composite and component powers, it show that this account defuses an argument recently advanced by Alexander Bird, who concludes that there are few, if any, true macroscopic powers.
From Postmaterialism to Sustainable Materialism
Authors: Schlosberg David , Craven Luke
Published: September 2019

We begin the analysis with a discussion of why movement actors shift from more classic political action and policy development into the development of sustainable materialist practices. There is a clear frustration and disillusionment with both contemporary material life on the one hand, and liberal pluralism and capital on the other. The postmaterialist approach to environmental movements is inadequate in a number of ways, as the movements we explore illustrate a clear frustration and disillusionment with both contemporary material life on the one hand, and liberal pluralism and capital on the other. We introduce and discuss a range of other approaches to material action, including lifestyle politics, political consumerism, sustainable consumption, and postcapitalist frameworks, but also lay out their limitations in fully encompassing and explaining sustainable materialist movements.
Conclusion
Authors: Schlosberg David , Craven Luke
Published: September 2019

We conclude with a discussion of the potential of the sustainable material movements we examine in local food systems, community energy, and sustainable fashion. The focus is on the breadth and diversity of the influence of such movements—from small-scale and local impacts on political engagement and environmental sustainability, to the economic empowerment of local businesses and its impact on economic insecurity, to larger issues of systemic change in production and consumption systems. We discuss both the actual potential, as well as the real critiques and limitations, of sustainable materialist action. And we end with a return to the value of positing possibilities, alternative practices, and prefigurative politics in social movements.
The French Revolutionary Tradition in Russian and Soviet Politics, Political Thought, and Culture
Authors: Bergman Jay
Published: September 2019

Because they were Marxists, the Bolsheviks in Russia, both before and after taking power in 1917, believed that the past was prologue: that embedded in history was a Holy Grail, a series of mysterious but nonetheless accessible and comprehensible universal laws, that explained the course of history from beginning to end; those who understood these laws would be able to mould the future to conform to their own expectations. But what should the Bolsheviks do if their Marxist ideology proved to be either erroneous or insufficient—if it could not explain, or explain fully, the course of events that followed the revolution they carried out in the country they called the Soviet Union? Something else would have to perform this function. The underlying argument of this book is that the Bolsheviks saw the revolutions in France in 1789, 1830, 1848, and 1871 as supplying practically everything Marxism lacked. In fact, these four events comprised what for the Bolsheviks was a genuine Revolutionary Tradition. The English Revolution and the Puritan Commonwealth of the seventeenth century were not without utility—the Bolsheviks cited them and occasionally utilised them as propaganda—but these paled in comparison to what the revolutions in France offered a century later, namely legitimacy, inspiration, guidance in constructing socialism and communism, and, not least, useful fodder for political and personal polemics.
The French Revolution in the Russian Revolutionary Movement
Authors: Bergman Jay
Published: September 2019

The focus of Chapter 2 is exclusively on the Russian revolutionary movement, with special attention devoted to what revolutionaries in Russia understood to be the essence of ‘Jacobinism’. Mistaking the Jacobins in the French Revolution for advocates of the conspiratorial methods they deemed necessary in Russia, many found solace and confirmation of their own revolutionary virtue in the personal qualities they believed the Jacobins possessed. But on what these qualities actually were there was no consensus. In fact, some revolutionaries, such as Kropotkin, abhorred the Jacobins and considered their penchant for centralizing political authority morally abhorrent and tactically foolish; others, such as the terrorists of Narodnaia Volia (who assassinated Tsar Alexander II in 1881), disagreed. Because the Bolsheviks considered themselves the rightful heirs of the intelligentsia (from which the revolutionary movement emerged), they were acutely conscious of the revolutionaries who preceded them chronologically, and found it necessary to adjudicate their divergent opinions on the French Revolution.