bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF CHONDRUS CRISPUS ON FERTILITY, PREGNANCY, AND POST-NATAL WELFARE OF SHROPSHIRE EWES
Authors: BREWER D. , McLACHLAN J. , NEISH A. C. , SHACKLOCK P. F. , TAYLOR A. , MacINTYRE T. M.
Published: March 2010

Shropshire ewes, aged 4 to 9 years, were dosed once weekly with Chondrus crispus (Irish moss) grown in large tanks in a greenhouse. The seaweed was fed at two levels (250 and 500 g wet wt/wk) by an oesophageal tube within 4 h of harvest from the tanks. Four to 8 wk after dosing commenced the ewes were tupped, and the dosing continued until 1 wk before parturition. Few differences were noticed in the two dosed groups. Nineteen lambs were obtained from 12 dosed ewes and 15 lambs from 12 controls. The mean loss in weight of the dosed ewes in the 4 wk following parturition was 0.50 kg/day and the corresponding loss by the controls was 0.45 kg/day. In the same period the mean daily weight gain of the lamb was 0.25 kg for the singles from both groups, 0.18 kg for the twins from the dosed sheep, and 0.21 kg for the twins from the controls. At shearing the dosed ewes gave a mean fleece weight of 3.09 kg, whereas the control groups had an average fleece weight of 3.57 kg. It is concluded that at the dose level used C. crispus was not acutely toxic.
EFFECTS OF FLUID INTAKE LEVEL AND DRY MATTER CONCENTRATION ON THE INCIDENCE OF SCOURS IN MILK REPLACER-FED CALVES
Authors: STILES R. P. , GRIEVE D. G. , BUTLER D. G. , WILLOUGHBY R. A.
Published: March 2010

Thirty-six Holstein calves were used for this experiment from the 3rd to the 20th day of age. During this time, a commercial milk replacer containing 10% fat and 20% protein was fed at three fluid intake levels: low (L), medium (M) and high (H); and three dietary dry matter (DM) concentrations: dilute (D), normal (N) and concentrated (C). Results showed that calves offered the replacer at intake level H had a greater number of days of loose feces, dull demeanor and moderate or severe dehydration compared to calves receiving L and M treatments. Calves fed the highest DM concentration (C) had a greater number of days when the rectal temperature was greater than 39 C, as compared to calves fed treatment D. A higher incidence of scouring was observed during days 9–14 of age than in days 3–8 or 15–20. All calves lost weight during the trial, the greatest weight losses occurring with calves fed the fluid level L and DM concentration D. It was concluded that level of fluid intake was of greater importance in control of calf scours than was dietary dry matter concentration.
EFFECTS OF THREE PROTEIN LEVELS WITH AND WITHOUT ADDED FAT ON THE PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS OF HEAVY VEAL CALVES
Authors: STILES R. P. , GRIEVE D. G. , GILLIS W. A.
Published: March 2010

Twenty-four Holstein bull calves were fed high concentrate rations containing 12, 15 or 18% crude protein (as fed basis), with or without 4% added tallow, from 12 wk of age (avg wt 85 kg) to 200 kg liveweight. Seven calves were removed from trial during the course of the experiment due to salmonellosis (1), bloat (3) and calcium or magnesum deficiency (3). Dietary protein level had no effect (P < 0.05) on average daily gains, feed intake, or feed efficiency. Average daily gains were 1.02, 0.95 and 0.93 kg for 12, 15 and 18% protein diets, respectively. Calves fed 4% added tallow were more efficient in feed conversion than those fed no added tallow (adjusted mean difference of 0.43 ±.29 kg feed per kg gain, P < 0.05). Increasing levels of dietary protein produced a significant linear increase in protein content (P < 0.05) of meat samples. The addition of 4% dietary tallow increased the water, protein and fat content of bone samples and depressed ash. Taste panel ratings for flavor, tenderness and overall satisfaction were higher for calves that received no added tallow in their rations. Feed cost per kg gain was lowest for the ration containing 12% protein and 0% added fat. It was concluded that a 12% crude protein high-grain ration fed to calves from 12 wk to 200 kg resulted in performance comparable to 15 and 18% protein rations and that the only benefit from added fat was an improvement in feed efficiency.
EFFECTS OF ENFORCED EXERCISE ON GROWING PIGS: FEED INTAKE, RATE OF GAIN, FEED CONVERSION, DISSECTED CARCASS COMPOSITION, AND MUSCLE WEIGHT DISTRIBUTION
Authors: MURRAY D. M. , BOWLAND J. P. , BERG R. T. , YOUNG B. A.
Published: March 2010

The effects of enforced exercise on performance and carcass composition of growing pigs were studied on eight crossbred gilts. Four animals were exercised periodically on a treadmill from a liveweight of 12 to 60 kg; the remaining four animals acted as a control group. Pigs were exercised three afternoons a week for a period of 60 min at a speed of 2 km/h. Animals were slaughtered at a liveweight of 60 kg and the left side of each carcass dissected into individual muscles, fat and bone. Proximate analyses were conducted on two selected muscles. There were no significant differences between the groups overall (0 to 9 wk) in feed intake, weight gain or efficiency of feed conversion. From 7 to 9 wk the exercised group grew at a significantly faster rate and consumed significantly less feed per kg liveweight than the control group. The enhanced rate of gain of the exercised group during this period occurred even though feed intakes of the two groups were similar. It is suggested that this improved gain may have been due to a compensatory growth effect associated with a relative decrease in the severity of the exercise treatment as the pigs increased in size. Exercise treatment had no significant effects on carcass weight or on the weight of the following organs: blood, heart, liver, kidneys, spleen, alimentary tract tissue and alimentary tract fat. Similarly, enforced exercise had no significant effects on either the proportion of carcass muscle, fat and bone or on muscle distribution. Chemical analysis of M. psoas major from exercised animals showed a significantly higher protein and lower moisture content, respectively, than those from control animals. Composition of M. biceps brachii in exercised and control animals was similar.
AVAILABILITY OF AMINO ACIDS FROM BARLEY, WHEAT, TRITICALE, AND SOYBEAN MEAL FOR GROWING PIGS
Authors: SAUER W. C. , GIOVANNETTI P. M. , STOTHERS S. C.
Published: March 2010

Amino acid (AA) availabilities from barley, wheat, triticale and soybean meal for barrows weighing 10 and 30 kg were determined by the fecal analysis method. In general, the true availability of each essential AA decreased in the following order: soybean meal > triticale > wheat > barley. Lysine was the least available (P < 0.05) essential AA from the cereal grains. When pigs were fed either triticale, wheat or barley, the respective lysine availabilities were 86, 81 and 77% (10-kg barrows) and 78, 67 and 65% (30-kg barrows). Availabilities of isoleucine, methionine, threonine and valine were similar and were grouped as the next least available essential AA from the cereal grains. Their availabilities varied between 90–92, 87–90 and 85–88% for the 10-kg pigs and between 87–88, 85–86 and 82–85% for the 30-kg pigs fed triticale, wheat and barley, respectively. Methionine was the least available essential AA (86.3%) from soybean meal for the 30-kg barrows. However, the availability of methionine was not significantly different (P < 0.05) from those of lysine, threonine and valine.
POSTMORTEM pH CHANGE AS RELATED TO TENDERNESS AND WATER-HOLDING CAPACITY OF MUSCLE FROM STEER, BULL AND HEIFER CARCASSES
Authors: MARTIN A. H. , FREDEEN H. T.
Published: March 2010

The patterns of postmortem pH change for four major bovine muscles, the semimembranosus, adductor, longissimus dorsi, and brachialis, were examined on carcasses from 130 bulls, 54 steers, and 40 heifers reared and slaughtered contemporaneously. Various muscle properties were related to rate and extent of pH change. Regression of pH on time for each of the four muscles was similar, although each of the four muscles differed (P < 0.05) at all pH recordings. Carcasses were designated fast-, medium-, and slow-glycolyzing on the basis of pH readings recorded within 2 h postmortem. Only 5 and 11% of the steers and heifers, respectively, were classed "slow" whereas approximately 30% of the bull carcasses fell into this category. This classification did not differentiate carcasses of any sex with respect to tenderness (shear values) or to water-holding capacity. Considerable sex heterogeneity of correlation coefficients was evident, with those from bulls generally being of greatest magnitude because of the tendency for bulls to be stressed by shipping and handling during the immediate pre-slaughter period. Where preslaughter stress effects were not important, postmortem pH measurements were not useful predictors of tenderness or water retention properties of muscle.
EVALUATION OF WHOLE CROP OAT SILAGE AS A BASAL FORAGE FOR LACTATING COWS
Authors: FISHER L. J. , LESSARD J. R. , LODGE G. A.
Published: March 2010

Corn silage ensiled at 33% dry matter (DM) (Treatment CS); oats harvested at the milk stage of maturity and ensiled with oat grain (Treatment OG); oats harvested at the milk stage of maturity and wilted prior to ensiling (Treatment OM) and oats harvested at the soft dough stage of maturity and ensiled (Treatment OSD) were fed to each of 16 lactating cows during four successive 49-day periods, according to a switchback design. The silages as fed contained 34.5, 34.2, 31.9 and 36.6% dry matter (DM) and 8.6, 14.0, 14.4 and 10.5% protein for Treatments CS, OG, OM, and OSD, respectively. Forage dry matter (DM) intake was significantly greater (P < 0.01) on Treatment OG than on CS, and significantly less (P < 0.01) on Treatment OM than on either CS, OG or OSD. Milk yield was significantly higher (P < 0.05) on Treatment OG than on OM. Milk protein percent was higher (P < 0.05) on Treatment CS than on OSD, and lactose percent was lower (P < 0.01) on Treatment CS than on OG. There was no significant effect (P > 0.05) of treatment on the acetate:propionate ratio in the rumen fluid. However, molar percent of rumen butyrate was significantly (P < 0.05) lower on Treatment OM than on either CS or OG. The apparent digestibilities of silage DM were 58.6, 58.0, 60.8, and 52.9, and of silage crude protein were 43.3, 65.3, 63.8, and 55.0 for Treatments CS, OG, OM, and OSD, respectively. Efficiencies of conversion of dietary energy and protein to milk energy and protein were also calculated.
GROWTH RESPONSES OF CHICKS AND RATS FED DIETS CONTAINING FOUR CULTIVARS OF RAW OR AUTOCLAVED FABA BEANS
Authors: MARQUARDT R. R. , CAMPBELL L. D. , STOTHERS S. C. , McKIRDY J. A.
Published: March 2010

Experiments were conducted with 480 male Leghorn chicks and 60 male Wistar strain rats over 21- and 35-day periods, respectively, to study the influence of heat treatment (autoclaved for 0, 15 or 30 min at 120 C) on the growth depressing factor(s) in four faba bean (Vicia faba L. var minor) cultivars (Klein-Thuringer, Diana, Hertz-Freya and Ackerperle). All diets, which were supplemented with methionine, contained 90% faba beans. Autoclaved (average of the two autoclaving times) as compared to raw faba beans in diets of chicks and rats resulted in significant (P < 0.05) improvements in the respective weight gains (9 and 6%) and feed:gain ratios (14 and 6%). Heat treatment of the faba beans also reduced (P < 0.01) feed intake (6%) and pancreas (16%) and liver (4%) sizes in chicks. The 30-min compared to the 15-min autoclaving time tended to give slightly greater improvements in growth responses. The response in chicks fed the autoclaved diets was more dramatic than that in rats, suggesting a difference between chicks and rats in their sensitivity to the thermo-labile facor(s) in raw faba bean. Hemagglutinin activity levels were markedly reduced, and trypsin inhibitor levels were reduced by approximately 50% in faba beans that had been autoclaved for 15 or 30 min. Weight gains in both chicks and rats as well as feed:gain ratio in chicks were positively associated (P < 0.05) with protein level in the diets. Pancreas size, however, did not differ (P > 0.05) among chicks fed the various faba bean cultivars. Trypsin inhibitor and hemagglutinin activity levels in the various cultivars were similar. These results suggest that the levels of growth depressing factors in the four cultivars are not markedly different.
AGE OF DAM, SEX AND ENVIRONMENTAL INTERACTIONS AFFECTING PREWEANING AVERAGE DAILY GAINS OF BEEF CATTLE
Authors: SCHAEFFER L. R. , WILTON J. W.
Published: March 2010

Records on 25,571 Angus and 69,058 Hereford calves were used to calculate herd, cow and error components of variance by Henderson’s Method 2. Repeatability of preweaning average daily gain was found to be 0.27 for Angus and 0.33 for Hereford. Best linear unbiased estimates were calculated for age of dam–sex–type of feeding (creep vs. noncreep) and for age of dam–sex–herd performance level subclasses for both Angus and Hereford. Three-way interactions were found to be statistically nonsignificant as were age of dam by type of feeding interactions for both breeds. Age of dam by sex and sex by type of feeding interactions were found to be significant, as were age of dam by herd performance level and sex of calf by herd performance level.
EFFECTS OF EXERCISE ON PALATABILITY AND COOKING CHARACTERISTICS OF PORK
Authors: HAWRYSH ZENIA J. , MURRAY D. M. , BOWLAND J. P.
Published: March 2010

The eating quality and cooking characteristics of longissimus dorsi roasts obtained from exercised and nonexercised pigs were compared. Cooking time, percentage cooking losses and percent drip in thaw were similar. Subjective evaluation of the palatability characteristics of the roasts indicate that there were no differences in texture, flavor, juiciness and tenderness attributable to exercise. Objective measurements of juiciness and tenderness support taste panel evaluations. Chemical analyses of the raw longissimus dorsi muscle for percentages of moisture, fat (ether extract), protein (nitrogen × 6.25) and ash showed no significant differences between samples from exercised and nonexercised animals. The collagen content based on hydroxyproline analyses of samples of biceps femoris and psoas major muscles from exercised and nonexercised pigs were also similar.
ACID-TREATED HIGH MOISTURE BARLEY FOR DAIRY COWS
Authors: INGALLS J. R. , CLARK K. W. , SHARMA H. R.
Published: March 2010

Twelve dairy cows in early lactation were assigned to four dairy concentrates (dry barley, dry barley treated with propionic and acetic acids, high moisture barley treated with propionic and acetic acids and high moisture barley ensiled) in a changeover design. All cows received whole plant barley silage at about 40% of the total dry matter (DM) intake. The dairy concentrates were mixed with the silage at the time of feeding and the mixtures fed ad libitum. Silage intakes appeared to be lower for cows receiving high moisture barley; however, total intake was not different (P > 0.05) among treatments. Milk yield was lower (P < 0.05) for cows receiving the high moisture acid-treated grain compared to those receiving the dry untreated grain. Yield of fat corrected milk (FCM), % butterfat (BF) and % solids not fat (SNF) were not different (P > 0.05) among treatments. In this study there did not appear to be any fat depression with the high moisture grains even though, on average, DM intake by the cows on this diet contained a lower proportion of silage.
COMPARISON OF NIGERIAN YELLOW CORN, GUINEA CORN (SORGHUM) AND PEANUT MEAL (GROUNDNUT CAKE) WITH CANADIAN CORN AND SOYBEAN MEAL
Authors: OROK E. J. , BOWLAND J. P.
Published: March 2010

Three Nigerian foodstuffs, yellow corn (maize) C(Nig), guinea corn (sorghum) GC, and peanut meal (groundnut cake) PNM were evaluated chemically and biologically in comparison with Canadian yellow corn C(Can) and Canadian soybean meal SBM. Treatments consisted of seven isocaloric (3,600 kcal digestible energy/kg) diets based on combinations of the cereals and protein supplements upon which were superimposed three (20, 16 and 12%) protein levels. Diets were fed to weanling Sprague-Dawley rats for an experimental period of 4 wk. Chemical analyses revealed expected differences in crude protein, fat and amino acids between PNM and SBM. Other than in arginine and phenylalanine, PNM contained fewer essential amino acids than SBM. PNM-supplemented diets resulted in more carcass fat and less carcass lean than SBM-supplemented ones. Although there were no obvious differences in the protein and amino acid composition of the three cereals, there were interactions between these energy sources and the protein supplements. SBM gave its best performance with GC and PNM gave its best performance with C(Can). Supplementation of C(Can)–PNM diet with DL-methionine and L-lysine did not significantly improve gains. Dietary protein level showed an inverse relationship (P < 0.01) to protein and energy digestibilities expressed as percentages, although daily N retention was positively related to dietary protein level. Liveweight gain and empty body weight gain did not give equivalent relative performance to that of dry matter empty body weight gain.
NIGERIAN COCOA HUSKS AND CASSAVA MEAL AS SOURCES OF ENERGY FOR RATS FED SOYBEAN MEAL- OR PEANUT MEAL-SUPPLEMENTED DIETS
Authors: OROK E. J. , BOWLAND J. P.
Published: March 2010

Nigerian cocoa husks (CH) and cassava meal (CM) were evaluated chemically and biologically in comparison with Canadian yellow corn(C), Canadian soybean meal (SBM) and U.S.A. peanut meal (PNM) using weanling Sprague-Dawley rats. The growth experiment lasted 4 wk. Five major dietary energy-protein combinations were employed, one of which was supplemented with DL-methionine and L-lysine. Each major dietary category was subdivided into three isocaloric (3,600 kcal digestible energy/kg) subgroups containing 20, 16 and 12% crude protein respectively. The crude fat, crude protein and amino acid contents of the foodstuffs and prussic acid contents of CM and cassava root peels, and the theobromine content of detoxified and undetoxified CH were determined. Energy source substantially influenced the response to protein supplementation of the diets. Inclusion of CM at 30 to 50% of the diet gave the best overall performance. Isonitrogenous substitution of dethrobrominized CH for 6.7% corn in the C-PNM diet gave growth response and energy and nitrogen digestibilities which compared favorably with C-PNM or C-PNM supplemented with DL-methionine and L-lysine, thus suggesting that detheobrominized CH could be efficiently utilized in animal diets.
NIGERIAN PARA RUBBER SEED MEAL AS AN ENERGY AND PROTEIN SOURCE FOR RATS FED SOYBEAN MEAL- OR PEANUT MEAL-SUPPLEMENTED DIETS
Authors: OROK E. J. , BOWLAND J. P.
Published: March 2010

Proximate, amino acid and fatty acid analyses were conducted on a sample of para rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) seeds (RS) obtained from Nigeria. The nutritive value of RS meal (RSM) for weanling Sprague-Dawley rats was tested with soybean meal (SBM)- or peanut meal (PNM)-supplemented diets fed at three protein levels (20, 16 and 12%), by including in the diets 7.4 to 12.4% meal prepared from either fresh or autoclaved decorticated RS. The feeding period was 4 wk, in the last week of which energy and nitrogen digestibilities were determined, followed by carcass analyses for protein, fat and ash. Kernels represented 57.0% of undecorticated RS. Meal from decorticated RS contained 3.9% moisture, 6.50 kcal gross energy/g, 43.3% crude fat, 18.3% crude protein, 3.8% crude fiber, 3.1% ash and 27.5% nitrogen-free extract. Rate of gain, energy and nitrogen digestibilities and carcass composition of rats fed diets containing RSM were comparable to those on the respective diets without RSM. Average food intake of rats fed RSM-supplemented diets was lower (P < 0.01) than that of rats on the SBM-supplemented diet. This lower consumption of diets containing RSM was consistent with their higher DE and ME (kcal/g food). Autoclaving RS had no consistent effects on the various measurements.
EFFECTS OF SEVERAL WEANING PROCEDURES ON THE INTERVAL OF ESTRUS IN SOWS
Authors: KING GORDON J.
Published: March 2010

not available
MINERAL ANALYSES OF CORN SILAGE PRODUCED IN ONTARIO
Authors: BUCHANAN-SMITH J. G. , EVANS ESSI , POLUCH S. O.
Published: March 2010

not available
EFFECTS OF A COLD ENVIRONMENT AND GROWTH RATE ON REPRODUCTIVE EFFICIENCY IN GILTS
Authors: DYCK G. W.
Published: March 2010

The effects of a cold environment and growth rate on reproductive efficiency at 60 days of pregnancy were studied in 96 Lacombe gilts. On each of two consecutive years, four Lacombe boars were assigned to 48 gilts for a 42-day breeding period commencing 6 December. The animals were individually housed in a heated piggery (10–15 C) and in outside lots with a wooden cabin for shelter (mean maximum −12 C, mean minimum −22 C). The gilts were fed at a level to provide for minimum growth (0.03 kg/day) and moderate growth (0.36 kg/day). Gilts housed in the piggery were fed 1.5 and 3.0 kg/day, whereas the gilts housed outside had their feed consumption increased by a maximum of 1 kg/day to maintain similar growth rates. The cold environment had no effect on ovulation rate (12.9), fetal survival (71%), fetal weight (106 g), uterine weight (1,486 g) and ovarian weight (14.4 g) as measured at 60 days of pregnancy. The mean weight of the corpora lutea was greater for gilts housed in the outside lots (498 vs. 459 g). Gilts with the moderate growth rate had a greater ovulation rate (13.4 vs. 12.3, P < 0.05), lower fetal survival (65.6 vs. 77.7%, P < 0.01), heavier fetuses (112.6 vs. 98.0 g, P < 0.01), heavier uteri (1,556 vs. 1,391 g, P < 0.05), heavier ovaries (15.4 vs. 13.1 g, P < 0.01), and heavier corpora lutea (500 vs. 448 mg, P < 0.01) than the gilts with minimum growth rate. Pregnancy rate, as a percentage of the gilts on the experiment that became pregnant, was similar for the two winter environments (piggery, 77.1%; outside lots, 72.9%). Pregnancy rate was greater for the gilts with the moderate growth rate (85.4 vs. 64.6%, P < 0.05).
INTERRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN BLOOD METABOLITES AND AN EVALUATION OF THEIR USE AS CRITERIA OF ENERGY STATUS OF COWS IN EARLY LACTATION
Authors: ERFLE J. D. , FISHER L. J. , SAUER F. D.
Published: March 2010

Correlation and regression coefficients were calculated for blood metabolites, milk components, energy balance and efficiency of energy utilization for a total of 120 cows. The animals were on propylene glycol and glycerol feeding experiments, and correlation coefficients were calculated for combinations of parameters with the objective of assessing the effect of additive and level of additive on the constancy of these relationships. In order to attempt an explanation of the variation in relationships between treatment groups, two groups each comprising 19 animals were chosen, based on blood ketone body levels. These groups provided a comparison between stressed (ketotic) and non-stressed (control) animals. Blood glucose was more highly correlated with acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate than with free fatty acids when calculated for treatment groups. When calculated for the two selected groups, significant correlations (P < 0.01) for glucose vs. acetoacetate, β-hydroxybutyrate and free fatty acids were −0.56, −0.61 and −0.28, respectively, for the ketotic group. No significant correlations (P > 0.05) were found between these parameters in the control group. The correlations between blood glucose, acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate and energy balance were very low. Plasma-free fatty acid levels were more closely associated with energy balance than were the other blood metabolites. When energy balance and free fatty acid correlations were compared for ketotic and control groups, only the control group showed a significant (P < 0.01) coefficient (r = − 0.42). The correlation between mean plasma-free fatty acids and mean body weight change over the experimental period for all animals, with time and treatment effects removed, was significant (r = − 0.54, P < 0.01). The estimated free fatty acid level at zero body weight change was 0.53 μ eq per ml plasma. It is concluded that although free fatty acid levels are more sensitive than glucose as an indicator of energy status of the lactating cow, the excessive variability of this relationship during early lactation drastically limits its usefulness.
FEED CONSUMPTION AND GROWTH OF DAIRY HEIFER AND BULL CALVES FED CALF STARTERS DIFFERING IN PROTEIN CONTENT
Authors: JONES G. M. , JACOBS L. P. , MARTIN L. J.
Published: March 2010

Four groups of five Holstein heifer calves were fed calf starter ad libitum from the 5th through the 16th wk. Diets differed in crude protein (CP) content (9.3, 17.8, and 22.2% CP) and were compared to a 21% CP, high-fat milk replacer (HFMR) during 28-day periods. Voluntary intake was not affected by starter CP content. However, increasing dietary CP content increased gains and feed efficiency. Gains were similar between the high-protein starter and the HFMR. When calves in one group received a different starter each day, voluntary consumption of the low-protein starter was reduced. In the second experiment, the HFMR and a starter containing either 10.6, 15.3, or 22.8% CP were fed to Holstein bull calves from wk 2 through 4. The starters were each fed for 21-day periods to each group of calves after weaning from HFMR. A fourth group received a starter of different CP content each day. A fifth group received only HFMR for the entire period. After the 4th wk, calves fed HFMR consumed less dry matter (DM) but gained weight most rapidly. Average daily gains were increased by the medium- and high- over the low-protein calf starter (P < 0.05). Feed efficiency was subsequently reduced by this diet. A ration containing no more than 18% CP was satisfactory for dairy-replacement heifers. However, additional studies should examine the feasibility of marketing 136-kg calves on high-energy calf starters.
DIGESTIBILITY OF MILK REPLACERS CONTAINING RAPESEED OIL, FED TO DAIRY CALVES UNDER A MONTH OLD
Authors: BELL J. M. , ADAMS SANDRA C. M.
Published: March 2010

Sixteen calves 3–28 days of age were fed milk replacers containing 15% added fat with 0, 5, 10 or 15% rapeseed oil (27% erucic acid) substituting for lard. The protein in these replacers was entirely of milk origin. The rapeseed oil was 69% digestible, compared to 94% for the lard, and its use resulted in depression of the digestibility of protein from 80 to 66% as the portion of rapeseed oil rose from 0 to 15%. Three calves were fed a milk replacer containing 10% lard and 10% rapeseed oil, in which 60% of the protein of milk origin was replaced by protein from fish protein concentrate and from brewers’ yeast. The calves showed progressive improvement in their ability to digest amino acids in successive 2-day periods. Average amino acid digestibility increased from 72% at 4–6 days of age to 87% at 16–18 days of age, at which time utilization about equalled that expected on milk-origin diets.
THE NUTRITIONAL VALUE AND TRYPSIN INHIBITOR CONTENT OF PROCESSED SOYBEANS FOR LAMB MILK REPLACERS
Authors: GORRILL A. D. L. , NICHOLSON J. W. G. , JONES J. D.
Published: March 2010

Full-fat soybean flour (FFSF) was prepared from dehulled soybeans by extraction with water and NaHCO3, colloid milling, cooking and spray-drying. The apparent destruction of soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI) prior to cooking was variable. A rat bioassay for SBTI was conducted with diets containing 1.6% nitrogen from cooked and uncooked FFSF. Cooking the FFSF for 1 h markedly improved rat growth (4.0 vs. 2.6 g/day, P < 0.01) and weight gain/protein intake (3.3 vs. 2.5, P < 0.01). The cooked FFSF was also used in three lamb experiments to supply 0, 30, 50 or 60% of the nitrogen in milk replacers. Apparent digestion coefficients for energy were 88, 92 and 92% (P < 0.05), and for nitrogen were 94, 95 and 92% for lambs fed milk replacers containing 0, 30 or 60% of the nitrogen from FFSF. The percent of total nitrogen intake retained was 61, 63 and 55, respectively. The lower energy digestion by lambs on the zero FFSF diet was attributed to the fat being supplied only by tallow. In another experiment, when unrefined soybean oil, equal to that supplied by FFSF, was used in place of the tallow in an all-milk protein milk replacer, energy digestion by lambs was greater than with a milk replacer containing FFSF. Milk replacers containing a mixture of spray-dried skim milk and whey powders resulted in higher nitrogen digestion and retention by lambs than did a mixture of roller-dried buttermilk and whey powders, when 50% of the nitrogen was supplied by FFSF. It was concluded that milk replacers containing up to 60% of the total dietary nitrogen from FFSF were utilized satisfactorily by milk-fed lambs.
PERFORMANCE OF LACTATING DAIRY COWS FED COMPLETE PELLETED DIETS BASED ON WHEAT STRAW, BARLEY AND WHEAT
Authors: BLAIR T. , CHRISTENSEN D. A. , MANNS J. G.
Published: March 2010

Lactation performance, serum glucose, free amino acids, insulin and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) concentrations were measured in dairy cows to evaluate three complete pelleted diets. Digestion coefficients were obtained with steers. The diets contained 17.5, 32.5 and 47.5% wheat straw, (designated LS, MS and HS, respectively). Overall health remained satisfactory. Energy digestibility increased from 64.0% on LS, to 69.6% on MS, and to 76.2% on LS. Fat-corrected milk yield and solids-corrected milk yield tended to be lower on LS, whereas total milk solids, percent milk fat and grams of milk fat yield were lower on LS than on MS and HS. Milk protein and solids-not-fat percentages were elevated on the LS diet. Little variation was observed in serum amino acid concentrations. A significant (P < 0.005) negative correlation (−0.52) was observed between milk fat percent and serum insulin.
COPPER AND ZINC SUPPLEMENTATION OF PIG DIETS CONTAINING SOYBEAN MEAL OR RAPESEED MEAL (BRASSICA CAMPESTRIS cv. SPAN)
Authors: OMOLE T. A. , BOWLAND J. P.
Published: March 2010

Forty-eight crossbred pigs, equalized as to sex, were fed isocaloric, isonitrogenous diets with protein supplements from either soybean meal (SBM), rapeseed meal (RSM) from Brassica campestris cv. Span (low erucic acid oil) seed or a combination of SBM and RSM. Diets containing each source of protein were supplemented with 10, 135 or 210 ppm copper; some of the diets supplemented with 210 ppm copper were further supplemented with 200 ppm zinc in addition to the 50 ppm zinc added to all diets. Feed intake, efficiency of feed utilization and digestion coefficients for energy and nitrogen were not significantly (P < 0.05) affected by supplemental minerals, protein source or sex. Gain was lower (P < 0.10) for pigs fed RSM compared with SBM or SBM and RSM combined. Copper concentrations in the liver and kidney increased with increase in dietary copper levels. Two hundred and fifty ppm zinc decreased (nonsignificantly) copper stores in livers and kidneys of copper-fed pigs. Muscle and fat copper levels were not influenced by dietary minerals. Oleic acid (18:1) was higher in the depot fats of pigs receiving high level copper supplements. Dietary zinc or protein did not significantly affect fatty acid composition of adipose tissue.
EFFECTS OF FEEDING SOYA FLOUR ON THE PERFORMANCE OF GROWING–FURRING MINK
Authors: BELZILE R. J. , POLIQUIN L. S.
Published: March 2010

A trial for testing the replacement value of semipurified soya flour (SF) for raw meat was conducted with 30 male Pastel mink. The SF contained 72% crude protein and its amino acid composition revealed an inferior lysine and methionine content as compared to meat. Mink were fed wet diets containing zero, 9.6, 17, 24.2 and 32% SF on a dry matter basis. Weight gain was significantly lower (P < 0.05) for the group fed 32% SF. Mink fed 24.2% SF had intermediate gains, although they had the highest feed intake (P < 0.05). Length of pelts was shorter (P < 0.05) for the 24.2 and 32% SF groups, but pelt quality was the same for all groups. Carcasses of mink fed 24.2 and 32% SF tended to have less abdominal fat, but the difference was not significant (P > 0.05). This experiment showed that mink fed up to and including 17% SF perform well.
EFFECTS OF VOLATILE FATTY ACID TREATMENT ON THE PROTECTION OF PROTEIN IN THE RUMEN
Authors: ATWAL A. S. , MILLIGAN L. P. , YOUNG B. A.
Published: March 2010

The increase of ammonia in rumen fluid in response to a single dose of protein supplement was used to assess microbial degradation of proteins in the rumen of sheep and cattle held without feed for about 16 h. The administration of 300 g of soybean meal and promine (50:50) pellets (9.4-mm diam) via the rumen fistula of sheep resulted in a rectilinear increase in ammonia concentration in rumen fluid over a 5-h period. The rates of increase of rumen ammonia from isonitrogenous amounts of untreated and 20% volatile fatty acid (VFA)-treated protein pellets were 9.4 and 1.5 mM/h, respectively. The decrease in the rate of protein degradation was proportional to the amount of VFA incorporated and the size of particles in the supplement. When a protein supplement containing common feed ingredients (soybean meal, herring meal and ground barley) was treated with 15% VFA and fed in meal form or as pellets to sheep and cows, the rumen ammonia was maintained for about 10 h at a lower concentration than that after feeding untreated preparations. Treatment of proteins with VFA may be useful in protecting proteins from microbial degradation in the rumen and allowing provision of supplemental protein to the lower digestive tract.
RAPESEED OILS LOW OR HIGH IN ERUCIC ACID IN MILK REPLACERS FOR LAMBS: THEIR EFFECTS ON GROWTH, DIGESTION, NITROGEN BALANCE AND INTERNAL ORGANS
Authors: GORRILL A. D. L. , WALKER D. M.
Published: March 2010

Unrefined rapeseed (Brassica napus) oils which contained 0.4 (Oro), 16.0 (Bronowski) and 39.3% (Target) erucic acid were compared with butter oil as the sole source of fat in milk replacers for lambs. Lambs were fed 210 kcal gross energy/kg body weight0.73 per day for 2 wk, and then were killed to determine effects of the oils on internal organs. Lamb body weight gains were similar on the Oro and butter oil diets (37 vs. 41 g/kg0.73/day), but were less on the Bronowski and Target oil diets (32 and 19 g/kg0.73/day, respectively). Nutrients in the Oro oil diet were highly digestible, but were less than those in butter oil (94 vs. 99% apparent fat digestibility). Lambs fed the Bronowski and Target oil diets digested only 74 and 82% of the fat. Lambs fed the butter, Oro, Bronowski and Target oil diets retained 72, 62, 57 and 48%, respectively, of the nitrogen consumed. Livers from lambs fed the Target oil diet were pale and showed fatty tissue infiltration. Lambs fed the Bronowski and Target oil diets had enlarged thyroid glands. It was concluded that Oro rapeseed oil could effectively replace all or part of animal fats used in lamb milk replacers.
RELATIONSHIPS OF VARIOUS PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERS TO DIGESTIBLE ENERGY IN WHEAT AND BARLEY CULTIVARS
Authors: BHATTY R. S. , CHRISTISON G. I. , SOSULSKI F. W. , HARVEY B. L. , HUGHES G. R. , BERDAHL J. D.
Published: March 2010

Seventeen cultivars of hard and soft spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and 29 cultivars of two-row and six-row barley (Hordeum distichum and H. vulgare) were examined for bulk weight (BW), 1,000-kernel weight (KW) and plumpness, and analyzed for gross composition, amylose, gross energy (GE), β-glucan (barley only), and for sedimentation (wheat only). Digestion coefficients and digestible energy (DE) values of the cultivars were determined by mouse-feeding. The ranges in protein, starch, amylose, and GE varied from 5 to 15%, whereas ether extract, fiber, ash and β-glucan contents varied from 1 to 3%. Except for sedimentation in wheat, and plumpness in barley there were no major differences in physical or chemical characters between hard and soft wheats or between two- and six-row barley. In wheat, DE was significantly correlated with BW (−0.59, P < 0.05), KW (−0.53, P < 0.05), plumpness (−0.55, P < 0.05), fiber (+0.72, P < 0.01), ash (−0.52, P < 0.05), sedimentation (−0.57, P < 0.05) and GE (+0.97, P < 0.01). Digestion coefficient was significantly correlated with protein (−0.58, P < 0.05), ash (−0.56, P < 0.05), and sedimentation (−0.57, P < 0.05). In barley, DE was significantly correlated with protein (+0.41, P < 0.05) and GE (+0.82, P < 0.01), and digestion coefficient was significantly correlated with BW (+0.55, P < 0.01), plumpness (+0.45, P < 0.05), ether extract (+0.50, P < 0.01), and fiber (−0.52, P < 0.01). For use as selection criteria the most significant correlations were between DE and GE and sedimentation in wheat, and between DE and GE in barley.
DEFICIENCY OF METHIONINE IN RAW AND AUTOCLAVED FABA BEANS IN CHICK DIETS
Authors: MARQUARDT R. R. , CAMPBELL L. D.
Published: March 2010

Productive performance was determined for chicks fed diets (21% protein) containing 87% of either raw or autoclaved faba beans (Vicia faba L. var. minor) and varying levels of added methionine. Autoclaved, compared with raw, faba bean diets improved weight gains (10%, P < 0.01) and feed:gain ratios (10%, P < 0.01), and decreased pancreas size (17%, P < 0.01). Liver size was not affected (P > 0.05). Optimal productive performance was obtained for birds consuming diets containing 0.21% or more added methionine. The total dietary methionine and sulfur amino acid levels under these conditions were 0.43 and 0.68%, respectively. The addition of methionine (0.21%) to the basal diet improved growth rate 110% (P < 0.01), feed intake 33% (P < 0.01) and feed: gain ratio 38% (P < 0.01), and decreased relative pancreas and liver size 14 and 21%, respectively (P < 0.01). The methionine level of faba beans used in this study was 0.17% of the entire bean or 0.9 g/100 g of protein. Based on chemical analysis, the balance of the other amino acids in faba beans relative to those required by chicks appears to be good.
UTILIZATION OF GROUND SEED OR MEAL FROM LOW ERUCIC ACID RAPE (BRASSICA CAMPESTRIS cv. SPAN) IN DIETS FOR GROWING–FINISHING PIGS
Authors: CASTELL A. G. , MALLARD T. M.
Published: March 2010

Sixty-four pigs, fed ad libitum from 24 to 91 kg liveweight, were used to compare the effects upon live performance, carcass measurements and backfat composition of including rapeseed meal, derived from B. campestris (cv. Span) or B. napus (cv. Target), or ground Span rapeseed as 10% of diets based on barley with meatmeal or soybean meal as the source of supplementary protein. A further 32 pigs were similarly fed on barley/meatmeal diets containing 0, 4, 8 or 12% of the ground Span rapeseed. Pigs receiving diets containing Span or Target rapeseed meals grew 5 and 15%, respectively, slower than those fed the control diets (0.75 kg/day). The feed:gain ratio was improved with the Span diets (3.77 vs. 3.87) but not with the Target diets (3.97). Estimates of carcass quality also suggested that the meal from Span was superior. Backfat composition was similar on all rapeseed meal diets. Increasing the level of dietary rapeseed tended to reduce the growth rate by up to 11%, but improved the feed:gain ratio up to 8%, and the carcass quality. At levels exceeding 4% there was a marked increase in the degree of unsaturation of the backfat, reflecting increased proportions of linoleic and linolenic acids.
GROUND RAPESEED FROM LOW ERUCIC ACID (LEAR) CULTIVARS SPAN AND ZEPHYR WITH OR WITHOUT ORGANIC ACID TREATMENT AS A DIETARY INGREDIENT FOR GROWING–FINISHING PIGS
Authors: BOWLAND J. P. , NEWELL J. A.
Published: March 2010

Sixty-four crossbred weanling pigs, equalized between gilts and barrows, were fed ad libitum from 17 to 89 kg liveweight on eight dietary treatments. Diets contained 0 or 10% ground full-fat rapeseed of either Brassica campestris cv. Span or Brassica napus cv. Zephyr, both low erucic acid types. The rapeseed was treated with 0, 5 or 10% of a mixture of ⅔ acetic–⅓ propionic acid prior to grinding. One treatment was fed a diet without rapeseed or organic acids and a second fed 1% organic acids without rapeseed, a level equivalent to 10% acid added to rapeseed. The two rapeseed cultivars were similar in composition except that Span contained 1.0% C 22:1 (erucic acid) in the oil compared with 5.2% C 22:1 in Zephyr. Daily feed intake, daily gain and efficiency of feed conversion were not significantly influenced by treatment. Digestible energy (DE) per kg gain was depressed by rapeseed with or without organic acid treatment. DE and metabolizable energy coefficients were reduced by the inclusion of dietary rapeseed with or without organic acids, but the acids alone did not depress digestibility. Digestible nitrogen (DN) and N retention were not influenced significantly by diet. There was an overall trend for improved carcass quality in all treatments receiving rapeseed, or rapeseed with organic acids. There was a general increase in 18:2, 18:3 and 20:1 and decrease in 16:0, 18:0 and 16:1 (Zephyr rapeseed only) fatty acids in the carcass backfat of pigs receiving rapeseed or rapeseed plus organic acids. There was less than 0.05% C 22:1 in any of the backfats. There were no significant treatment × sex interactions. Gilts had superior carcass leanness and superior DE and DN coefficients with improved N retention compared with barrows.
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE METABOLIZABLE ENERGY VALUE OF RAPESEED MEAL: LEVEL IN DIET, EFFECTS OF STEAM-PELLETING, AGE OF CHICK, LENGTH OF TIME ON DIET, VARIETY OF RAPESEED AND OIL EXTRACTION PROCEDURE
Authors: BAYLEY H. S. , SLINGER S. J. , SUMMERS J. D. , ASHTON G. C.
Published: March 2010

Three experiments were carried out with young chicks which showed that steam-pelleting and regrinding a sample of rapeseed meal prior to its incorporation into an assay diet increased its metabolizable energy value, possibly due to improved digestion of the fibrous material in the rapeseed meal. Level of inclusion of the rapeseed meal in the assay diet did not influence the contribution of the rapeseed meal to the overall metabolizable energy of the diet. Neither the age of the chick nor the length of time that the chicks had received the rapeseed meal containing assay diets had sufficient influence on determined metabolizable energy value to account for the wide discrepancies found between published reports of the metabolizable energy value of rapeseed meal. Ten samples of rapeseed meal which had been prepared from either B. napus or B. campestris cultivars by the all solvent, the pre-press solvent or the expeller process were examined. All 10 samples were fed to young chicks and 5 of these samples were fed to mature roosters. The metabolizable energy values of the B. napus meals were very similar for both types of birds, but for the B. campestris the values tended to be higher for the roosters. In these experiments, nitrogen-corrected metabolizable energy values of from 1.34 to 2.00 kcal/g were found; half of this variation could be attributed to variation in fat content of the meals.
AGE–MONTH ADJUSTMENT OF CANADIAN DAIRY PRODUCTION RECORDS
Authors: MAO I. L. , BURNSIDE E. B. , WILTON J. W. , FREEMAN M. G.
Published: March 2010

Records of Performance (ROP) in dairy production for Ayrshire, Guernsey, Holstein and Jersey breeds were analyzed to estimate constants (age–month subclass averages adjusted for herd differences, time trend and cow culling effect) which can be used for a new Breed Class Average system for simultaneous adjustment of age and month of calving differences. Age, month, and age by month interaction effects were highly significant and thus we conclude that a joint adjustment for age and seasonal variation is necessary. Seasonal variation was sufficiently continuous to warrant age adjustment within individual month. Within breed adjustment for age–month of calving is necessary, but within geographical region and/or lactation number adjustment is not recommended.
EFFECTS OF MICROWAVE RADIATIONS ON HATCHABILITY AND GROWTH IN CHICKENS AND TURKEYS
Authors: HILLS G. A. , KONDRA P. A. , HAMID M. A. K.
Published: March 2010

In five experiments chick and turkey embryos, at different stages of development, were subjected to low density microwave radiations of 0.2 mw/cm2 or a trace density below 0.05 mw/cm2 and at a frequency of 6 GHz. In two other experiments, chick embryos, during the 1st 2 days of development, were subjected to high density microwave radiations ranging from 0.051 w/cm2 to 1.02 w/cm2 and at a frequency of 2.45 GHz, for various times of exposure. All radiations were continuous wave (cw). Results show that the above low density radiations had no significant effect on hatchability or growth of chickens and turkeys to 2 wk of age. The high density treatments, ranging from 0.246 w/cm2 to 1.02 w/cm2, resulted in reduced hatch-ability of chicken eggs. The magnitude of this effect increased with age of embryo, with density of radiation and with length of exposure.
ENZYMES OF PYRUVATE AND PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE CARBOXYLATION IN RUMEN BACTERIA
Authors: ATWAL A. S. , SAUER F. D.
Published: March 2010

Extracts of mixed bacteria collected from bovine rumen fluid contained enzymes that carboxylated pyruvate and phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP). Fresh extracts showed high pyruvate carboxylase activity (EC 6.4.1.1. pyruvate carboxylase) which, however, was cold-labile and lost activity on dialysis at 4 C. Enzyme(s) catalyzing the carboxylation of PEP were stable under these conditions. The carboxylation of PEP was maximally stimulated by ADP and to a lesser degree by GDP. The ADP–requiring PEP carboxykinase [EC 4.1.1.49 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (ATP)] was equally active with either Mg++ or Mn++ and showed maximum activity at pH 6.5. The GDP–requiring PEP carboxykinase [EC 4.1.1.32 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP)] required Mn++ and was almost inactive if Mg++ was substituted. Maximum activity was at pH 7.0. These nucleotides were most effective at 2.5-mM concentration and were inhibitory at higher concentrations. In the absence of added ADP or GDP, the carboxylation of PEP continued at a low but persistent rate. Precipitation with ammonium sulphate and adsorption on calcium phosphate gel resulted in fractions containing different proportions of the three activities. These results suggest that in mixed rumen bacterial extracts there are four separate enzymes capable of synthesizing oxaloacetate: one that catalyzes the carboxylation of pyruvate and three that catalyze the carboxylation of PEP.
RAPESEED PROTEIN AND AMINO ACID SUPPLEMENTS IN MILK REPLACERS FOR LAMBS: THEIR EFFECTS ON NUTRIENT DIGESTION AND NITROGEN RETENTION
Authors: GORRILL A. D. L. , NICHOLSON J. W. G. , WALKER D. M. , JONES J. D.
Published: March 2010

Dehulled Bronowski rapeseed (Brassica napus) was either solvent-extracted and ground to a flour (RF), or heated and water- and solvent-extracted to produce a protein concentrate (RPC), for incorporation into milk replacers for lambs. When RPC replaced 0, 25 or 50% of the milk nitrogen in the diet, apparent nitrogen digestion by lambs was 93, 94 and 90%, respectively (P > 0.05), and retention of absorbed nitrogen was 74, 70 (P < 0.05) and 67% (P < 0.01), respectively. In a second experiment with diets containing 50% of the nitrogen from RF or RPC, apparent nitrogen digestion by lambs was 83 and 91% (P < 0.05), and retention of absorbed nitrogen was 59 and 63%. Apparent digestion of nitrogen was 77 and 90% (P < 0.01), and retention of absorbed nitrogen was 48 and 57% (P < 0.05), by lambs fed diets containing RF or RPC as the sole dietary nitrogen source. Supplementation of the RPC with isoleucine, lysine and phenylalanine to levels present in whole milk proteins, and methionine equal to that in egg protein, resulted in no significant improvement in apparent nitrogen digestion or retention by lambs. These results indicate a potential use for RFC to supply at least 25% of the total nitrogen in milk replacers, but only questionable potential for RF since it was not well utilized by milk-fed lambs.