bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
COMPARISON OF BUPIVACAINE WITH AND WITHOUT ADRENALIN AND MEPIVACAINE WITH ADRENALIN IN INTRAOCULAR SURGERY
Authors: LAAKA V. , NIKKI P. , TARKKANEN A.
Published: May 2009

A comparative double‐blind study has been made of 0.5% bupivacaine (Marcaine®) with adrenalin 1:200 000, 0.5% bupivacaine plain, and 2% mepivacaine (Carbocaine®) with adrenalin 1:200 000, in a series of 35 patients undergoing cataract and glaucoma surgery.

The onset time of analgesia did not differ in the groups, but the onset of akinesia in orbicularis, and especially in the extraocular muscles, seemed longer in both bupivacaine groups.

The duration of analgesia was about one and a half times as long, and that of akinesia about twice as long in the two bupivacaine groups as in the mepivacaine/adrenalin group.

In the bupivacaine plain group an increased tendency towards conjunctival bleeding was observable during the operation; consequently, bupivacaine with adrenalin is preferable.

In ocular surgery, 0.5% bupivacaine with adrenalin offers a good choice of local analgesic agent when local anesthesia must last a long time. Due to its slow onset, the local blocks have to be administered at least 30 minutes before the surgery is begun.
UNTERSUCHUNGEN ZUR METHODIK EINER “DYNAMISCHEN PUPILLOGRAPHIE”
Authors: KIETZMANN G. , GLIEM H.
Published: May 2009

Bericht über eine pupillographische Untersuchungsmethodik auf photo‐elektrischer Basis, die auch Amplitudenmessungen des Reflexablaufes gestattet. Durch elektronische Steuerung lassen sich Doppel‐und Flimmer‐belichtungen ausführen, so dass das dynamische Reizantwortverhalten des pupillomotorischen Systems auf vielfältige Weise untersucht werden kann.
THE EFFECT OF CHLOROQUINE, CHLORPROMAZINE AND ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION ON THE CORNEAS OF PIGMENTED RABBITS
Authors: BAUM JULES L.
Published: May 2009

Following seven months of chloroquine or chlorpromazine administration in combination with chronic exposure to ultraviolet radiation, chloroquine and chlorpromazine keratopathy could not be produced in the pigmented rabbit. No measurable amounts of chloroquine or chlorpromazine were found in the experimental corneas. The hypothesis, that corneal changes seen in human beings following chloroquine or chlorpromazine therapy were unable to be reproduced in the laboratory animal because these changes were actinic radiation dependent, was not borne out, at least within the limits of this experiment.
HYPHAEMA FROM MICROHAEMANGIOMAS
Authors: SELLMAN ANDERS
Published: May 2009

Spontaneous bleeding into the anterior chamber of the eye because of neovascularisation of the iris is uncommon. Known causes are diabetes, post‐thrombotic changes, vasculitis, glaucoma and various tumours of the eye. An until 1968 unknown type of neovascularisation with microhaemangiomas has been described. Spontaneous bleeding from vessels of this kind in one patient was reported in 1969. After finding one case with spontaneous hyphaema because of microhaemangiomas, the author examined a large population regarding neovascularisation of the iris. Another two cases were found, one with spontaneous hyphaema. The two cases with hyphaema are described and discussed.
EXTRACORPOREAL IRRADIATION OF THE BLOOD AND CORNEAL TRANSPLANTATION
Authors: KROGH ERIK , WEEKE EVA
Published: May 2009

A brief discussion of the cellular —‐ delayed type —‐ hypersensitivity with special regard to graft rejection is given. Various methods of suppressing this process are mentioned, followed by a description of one of the more specific and clinically promising methods ‐ namely extracorporeal irradiation of the blood (ECIB). The first known case in which ECIB was performed prior to and after a corneal transplantation in a previously transplantated eye is reported. The favourable result, although standing alone and not conclusive, should stimulate further, controlled investigation.
SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDIES OF THE TRABECULAR MESHWORK AND THE CANAL OF SCHLEMM ‐ AN ATTEMPT TO LOCALIZE THE MAIN RESISTANCE TO OUTFLOW OF AQUEOUS HUMOR IN MAN
Authors: BILL ANDERS , SVEDBERGH BJÖRN
Published: May 2009

Chamber angle tissue from human eyes was investigated with scanning electron microscopy. The uveal and corneoscleral parts of the trabecular meshwork are described. The endothelial cells of the inner wall of Schlemm's canal arc long and slender and, at most places, are oriented along the lumen of the canal. The average projected surface of a cell towards the canal is about 480 μm2. The total number of endothelial cells in the inner wall of the canal is about 23,000. The cells have pores with diameters up to 3(5) μm. The total number of pores is about 20,000. Calculations show that if all the observed pores exist in vivo, the resistance to outflow in the paths through the endothelial cells is a small fraction of the total resistance to outflow.
SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDIES OF THE CORNEAL ENDOTHELIUM IN MAN AND MONKEYS
Authors: SVEDBERGH BJÖRN , BILL ANDERS
Published: May 2009

The inside of the cornea from human and monkey eyes was investigated with scanning electron microscopy. In man, four zones can be distinguished. Zone I includes most of the cornea. The cells are usually hexagonal, occasionally pentagonal. The cells overlap to a great extent and the nuclei cause low, flat bulges. Few cells have cilia. Drop‐like structures and pits are scattered over the cell surface and probably represent microvilli and openings into pinocytotic vesicles, respectively. The cell borders show much interdigitation and occasional cells have stick‐like structures bridging over the border. Zone II is 500–1000 μm wide. There is less overlapping of the cells and about 50% have a 2–7 μm long central cilium. A few cells have 2–4 cilia. The nuclei bulge less than in Zone I. Zone III is about 50–150 pm wide. In adult human eyes it has an irregular surface due to the presence of Hassall‐Henle's warts. Some cells have cilia. Zone IV lies between Zone III and the trabecular meshwork. It is about 50–100 μm wide and has no warts. The endothelial cells are less regular than in the other zones. Cilia are less frequent than in Zone II. Isolated trabecular cords and openings into subendothelial extensions of the trabecular meshwork are seen. In monkeys the cells of Zone I have no cilia and the cilia of Zone II are scarce. No or few Hassall‐Henle's warts were seen and there was no other feature to distinguish Zone III from Zone IV.
STUDY ON MORPHOLOGY AND FUNCTION OF THE DRAINAGE AREA OF THE EYE OF MAN
Authors: NESTEROV A. P. , BATMANOV Y. E.
Published: May 2009

In meridional sections, the anterior chamber angle is characterised by the width of the entrance into the angle, the shape of the apex, the configuration of the angle recess, and the position of the anterior part of the ciliary body. There are considerable variations in the morphology of the canal of Schlemm. The most important characteristics of the canal include the position of the sinus as regards the apex of the anterior chamber angle, the width of its lumen, and the inclination of the canal of Schlemm towards the anterior chamber. The meridional portion of the ciliary body usually reaches the scleral spur. However, in some eyes the posterior attachment of the ciliary muscle is located behind the scleral spur.

In some presumably normal eyes, a partial blockage of the lumen of the Schlemm's canal was observed. Blockage was achieved experimentally on isolated eyes of man by increasing the pressure in the anterior chamber. The anterior position of the Schlemm's canal, the narrow scleral spur, and the posterior attachment of the ciliary muscle may be considered anatomical predispositions to blockage of the Schlemm's canal and the intertrabecular spaces.
THE VALUE OF PHOTOCOAGULATION IN DIABETIC RETINOPATHY
Authors: ZETTERSTRÖM BIRGITTA
Published: May 2009

Photocoagulation was carried out on 80 patients with bilateral symmetrical diabetic retinopathy whose ages ranged from 21 to 70 years. Only one eye was treated in each case and the response was compared with the condition of the untreated fellow eye. The degree of severity of retinopathy varied; changes such as microaneurysm, retinal oedema, yellow exudate, dilated blood vessels, retinal neovascularisation not involving the vitreous, and intra‐retinal and preretinal haemorrhages were present. Cases which showed formation of new vessels or connective tissue proliferation into the vitreous were excluded.

The follow‐up period varied from 1 to 3 years. All patients were followed up with fundus photographs in colour, estimation of visual acuity, and fluorescein angiography. These procedures showed a clear‐cut remission of retinopathy in 68% of the cases, no improvement in 26% and progression of the lesions in 10%. As regards the situation in the untreated fellow eye, the corresponding percentages were 14, 71, and 15%, respectively.
SIMPLE MANOMETRIC PROCEDURE FOR TEAR PATHWAYS
Authors: KORCHMAROS IMRE
Published: May 2009

We introduced into both canaliculi and the nasal cavity a cannula which was connected to a manometer by a rubber pipe. The air pressure could be directed away from the nasal cavity by pressing and sucking the air at held nostrils, and away from the tear ducts by injecting air through the wall of the rubber pipe. In addition to the examination of the physiological variations (at what suction and pressure the valves close, etc.), the method could be used also to determine the mechanism of certain pathological conditions.
TREATMENT OF CORNEAL ULCERS WITH CYSTEINE
Authors: KRAUSE ULF , NEVASAARI KAISU
Published: May 2009

Consequent to reports of demonstrable collagenolytic activity in connection with several types of corneal ulcer, some twenty patients were treated with cysteine chloride, which is known to inhibit this collagenolytic activity. The drug was administered as 0.1 M eye drops four times a day. In three patients the effect was very good, and in two it was considered favourable. In the other cases, the evaluation of the results was hampered chiefly by pathological conditions concomitant with the corneal affection. The only side effect noted from the drug was smarting. Since it appears to entail no risks, cysteine therapy may be considered worth trying if favourable results cannot be obtained by other medication.
CITRATE AND PYRUVATE CONCENTRATIONS IN BOVINE AQUEOUS HUMOUR
Authors: LAURSEN A. BRUUN
Published: May 2009

The results are reported of enzymatic‐colorimetric determinations of citrate concentrations in aqueous humour and plasma, and of pyruvate concentrations in aqueous humour from cattle aged from 1 to 10 years. The mean citrate concentration in aqueous humour samples from 32 animals was 86.5 ± 16.3 μmol/1 (mean value ± standard deviation). In plasma samples from 27 animals the mean citrate concentration was 110.3 ± 47.2 μmol/1.

In aqueous humour samples from 24 of the 32 cattles, the mean pyruvate concentration was 172.6 ± 35.6 μmol/1.

Regression analysis revealed a relationship between age and the citrate concentrations in aqueous humour (p < 0.001) and between age and the pyruvate concentrations in aqueous humour (0.05 > p > 0.02), the citrate concentrations rising and the pyruvate concentrations falling with increasing age. No relationship was demonstrated between the plasma citrate concentrations and age (0.50 > p > 0.40).
A CASE OF OPTIC DISC ANGIOMA
Authors: LANDBO K.
Published: May 2009

A case of optic disc angioma in one eye of a middle‐aged woman is reported. The angioma did not show any sign of progression, and there were no neurological symptoms. A fluorescein angiography was carried out, showing that the angioma was filled simultaneously with the retinal arteries. It is believable that not all optic disc angiomas should be named yon Hippel tumors.
INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE AND COMMON CAROTID OCCLUSION
Authors: BEST MILTON , POLA RAFAEL , GALIN MILES A.
Published: May 2009

A semilogarithmic relationship has been established between changes in intraocular pressure and ocular vascular volume after acute common carotid occlusion. This relationship has been used to derive a series of equations that relate the ocular blood volume change after acute common carotid occlusion and the resultant pressure changes in the intraocular vascular compartment by a theoretical constant termed the coefficient of vascular rigidity and a variable, Pco, that reflects the pressure dynamics in the carotid system after acute carotid occlusion. A method for estimating Pco in patients using multiple weight carotid compression tonography is described. Pco was found to vary from normal values in patients with chronic cerebrovascular disease.
SECONDARY GLAUCOMA CAUSED BY ORBITAL LYMPHANGIOMA
Authors: NEHEN J. H.
Published: May 2009

The present paper is a case report of monocular glaucoma in an 11‐year‐old boy as a consequence of extraocular venous obstruction caused by a retrobulbar neoplasm, most probably a lymphangioma. The prognosis and therapeutic possibilities are discussed. Glaucomas with this pathogenesis are rare, and lymphangiomas in the orbit have not previously been reported to cause secondary glaucoma.
ILLUMINATION BOX FOR COLOUR VISION TESTS
Authors: FRISéN L. , HEDIN A.
Published: May 2009

An arrangement for the appropriate illumination of colour vision tests is described. It is intended for clinical and laboratory use.
NAUSEA AND VOMITING AFTER OCULAR SURGERY
Authors: NIKKI P. , POHJOLA S.
Published: May 2009

The frequency of postoperative nausea and vomiting following common ocular operations was studied in 110 male and 125 female patients anaesthetized by four different techniques: N2O‐ O2‐relaxant anaesthesia, neurolept analgesia, N2O‐O2‐halothane anaesthesia, and local anaesthesia with 2% mepivacaine. There were no significant differences between these various techniques in regard to the frequency of nausea and vomiting, although local anaesthesia seemed to give the best results in this respect.

In the second part of the study, the antiemetic effect of dehydrobenzperidol was studied in 127 male and 175 female patients. A dose of 2.5 mg of this drug was effective in preventing postoperative vomiting both after N2O‐O2‐relaxant anaesthesia and, more distinctly, after local anaesthesia.
EYE DISEASE IN THE ESKIMO AND IN THE AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINAL: A BRIEF COMPARISON
Authors: MANN IDA
Published: May 2009

Two groups of persons living under very different conditions of environment and culture were studied from the point of view of their eye diseases. The Eskimos of the north of the American Continent are contrasted in this context with the Australian Aboriginals.

The first group, culturally adapted to extreme cold and largely isolated until recently, shows a high incidence of phlyctenulosis and the results of trauma. Strabismus, narrow angle glaucoma and senile cataract were found inter alia. Trachoma, leprosy and nutritional eye disease were absent.

The Australian Aboriginals live in a dry tropical climate. They are highly subject to trachoma, leprosy, and some cataract. Glaucoma, convergent strabismus and nutritional eye disease were absent. In both groups the diet is high in animal protein. Both groups are no longer isolated and the disease pattern is changing.
TREATMENT OF TRAUMATIC HYPHAEMA WITH CORTICOSTEROIDS AND MYDRIATICS
Authors: öHRSTRöM ARNE
Published: May 2009

The incidence of secondary haemorrhage following contusion of the eye in a 9‐year series (356 cases) in which patients who had hyphaema were treated locally with corticosteroids and mydriatics was found to be 2.4%. This figure appears to be the lowest on record.
CONGENITAL DISTICHIASIS
Authors: MUSTONEN EILA
Published: May 2009

Three separate families were examined in three generations after one case of distichiasis had, by chance, been found in every family. No history of consanguinity was found in these families. In the first family 48 members were examined, 45 of them personally by the writer. Nine subjects, most of them myopic, were found to have distichiasis. In the second family 39 members were personally examined and no other case of distichiasis was found. The one patient was myopic. The third family with 7 examined members had also only one case of distichiasis. This patient was hyperopic. Histopathology was studied after two patients from the first family had been operated because of irritation of the eyes by aberrant lashes. The mode of inheritance seemed to be autosoma1 dominant with quite high penetrance. Of the total 11 cases, 8 were myopic.
NEW COMPRESSION TESTS IN GLAUCOMA
Authors: NESTEROV A. P. , CHURBANOVA E. K. , KOLOTKOVA A. I.
Published: May 2009

Two new diagnostic techniques based on the compression of the eye are described. The simplified bulbar pressure test includes the compression of the eyeball through the upper eyelid by a finger for three minutes and subsequent analyses of the intra‐ocular or volume changes. The test proved to be useful for the early detection of chronic glaucoma.

The biomicroscopic compression tast is based on the difference in the reaction of the aqueous veins to the compression of the globe with the force of 30 to 50 g for three minutes. During this period of time the aqueous veins are dilated in normal eyes and tend to be filled with blood in eyes with primary open‐angle glaucoma.
DEFECTIVE DISSOCIATION OF ACCOMMODATION AND CONVERGENCE IN DYSLECTIC CHILDREN
Authors: HAMMERBERG ELSE , NORN M. S.
Published: May 2009

Accommodation was measured in 78 dyslectic children, of whom 21 gave abnormal or subnormal readings. These were given a thorough orthoptic investigation which showed: 1. accommodative insufficiency, 2. convergence deficiency, 3. defective visual acuity in one or both eyes for near in spite of 6/6 at 6 m in the majority of the cases. The investigation showed defective dissociation of accommodation and convergence.

Fifteen accepted the offer of treatment. Through orthoptic treatment they all improve and 13 could be discharged as orthoptically satisfactory.
SYSTEMIC STEROIDS AND OCULAR FLUID DYNAMICS. II
Authors: GODEL V. , FEILER‐OFRY V. , STEIN R.
Published: May 2009

In 59 patients treated with long‐term systemic steroids, 3 distinct groups with different levels of sensitivity to the steroid effect on intraocular pressure and fluid dynamics could be distinguished by a topical dexame‐thasone test. The percental distribution of the 3 pressure‐rise‐level groups and the mean pressure change within each group were equal to those found in a normal population not pre‐treated with systemic steroids. Whereas only 16% of the patients with steroid pressures lower than 18 mmHg were sensitive to topically applied dexamethasone, 70% of the patients responding with intermediate and high pressure rise to topical dexamethasone had systemic steroid pressures in the range of 18 mmHg or more. The effect of systemic steroids on ocular pressure apparently does not affect the magnitude of pressure elevation induced in the positive responders by topical dexamethasone.

Intergroup analysis of the steroid group classified according to dosage and duration of treatment proved that differences in mean values of applanation pressure between the subgroups depend solely on the proportion of positive and negative steroid responders within the subgroups.

The mean systemic steroid C value in the group of patients responding to topical steroid with pressure elevation of 6 mmHg or more was only 10% lower than the same value in patients regarded as non‐responders by the topical dexamethasone test. While pressures of 20 mmHg or more in systemic steroid patients are strongly suspected to be due to the steroid effect, systemic steroid C values lack such predictive value. In accordance with Armaly it was found that the magnitude of the reduction in outflow facility after topically applied dexamethasone was directly related to the initial C and irrespective of this value was greater by a constant and equal amount in steroid responders than in non‐responders. It was similarly found that while in non‐responders the per cent reduction in C values after topical dexamethasone increased with the initial C value, in responders the reduction remained fairly constant and independent of the original C value. It amounted in our steroid patients to almost the same value (50%) as in Armaly's group of normal volunteers. The rate of formation of aqueous humor effected by systemic steroids was higher in patients classified as responders according to the effect of topical steroids on the pressure or the outflow facility. This fact is evidence that systemic steroids exert their influence on ocular pressure in sensitive individuals mainly by an increased inflow.
STUDIES ON THE OCULAR PULSE PRESSURE WAVE IN HUMAN, DOG, AND RABBIT EYES WITH A PNEUMATIC TONOMETER
Authors: TØNJUM ASBJØRN M.
Published: May 2009

A method of studying the intraocular pressure and the ocular pulse pressure by means of pneumatic tonometry is described. Reproducible recordings have been obtained even in conscious rabbits and dogs. The reliability of the recordings of the ocular pulse pressure, or the ocular pulse wave amplitudes, has been confirmed by comparison with a mano‐metric system in which particular attention was paid in the design to avoid damping of the pulse waves. There was fairly good agreement between the values of the pulse pressures obtained with these two methods. Values of intraocular pressures and ocular pulse pressures recorded with the pneumatic tonometer in normal human, rabbit, and dog eyes are given. The ocular pulse pressure values found were considerably higher than those reported by investigators using other methods and other experimental conditions.
CONGENITAL PIT OF THE OPTIC NERVE HEAD ASSOCIATED WITH SEROUS DETACHMENT OF THE MACULA
Authors: MUSTONEN EILA , VARONEN TOINI
Published: May 2009

The biomicroscopic, ophthalmoscopic and fluorescein angiographic features of macular detachment secondary to congenital pit of the optic nerve head in three patients are presented. Fluorescein angiography failed to demonstrate evidence of dye leakage from choroidal, retinal or optic nerve blood vessels into the subretinal fluid. Diffuse fluorescence in the area of serous detachment, due to transmission of choroidal fluorescence through defects in the pigment epithelium, was demonstrated in one patient. All of these three patients were treated with photocoagulation along the temporal margin of the optic nerve head.

A possible good result of this therapy is discussed.
SYSTEMIC STEROIDS AND OCULAR FLUID DYNAMICS
Authors: FEILER‐OFRY V. , GODEL V. , STEIN R.
Published: May 2009

Topical dexamethasone tests performed on 13 patients receiving long‐term systemic steroids proved that the response also to this route of steroid administration is genetically determined and differs only quantitatively but not in principle from that to topical application. Pre‐systemic steroid values of ocular pressure and outflow facility of probands were calculated from data of the first degree relatives. Systemic steroids produce in steroid‐responsive individuals pressure rises which average 60% of those produced by topically applied steroids. Systemic steroids reduce outflow facility by an average of 25%, while the reduction with topical steroids amounts to 60%.
EFFECTS OF NOREPINEPHRINE, ANGIOTENSIN, DIHYDROERGOTAMINE, PAPAVERINE, ISOPROTERENOL, HISTAMINE, NICOTINIC ACID, AND XANTHINOL NICOTINATE ON RETINAL OXYGEN TENSION IN CATS
Authors: ALM ALBERT
Published: May 2009

The oxygen tension in the vitreous body close to the retina, PvrO2, was determined continuously in cats. The effects on PvrO2of intraarterial injections of various vasoactive drugs were determined. The vasoconstrictors norepinephrine, angiotensin and dihydroergotamine did not change PvrO2in five cats. The same result was obtained with the vasodilators isoproterenol, histamine and xanthinol nicotinate in five cats, and with nicotinic acid in six cats, while papaverine invariably increased PvrO2in seven cats when injected intraarterially and in two cats when injected intravenously. It is suggested that the ability to penetrate the blood‐retinal barrier may play an important role in determining the effect of vaso‐active drugs on retinal blood flow.
ON THE OSCILLATORY POTENTIALS OF THE HUMAN ELECTRORETINOGRAM IN LIGHT AND DARK ADAPTATION
Authors: ALGVERE P. , WACHTMEISTER L. , WESTBECK S.
Published: May 2009

The oscillatory potentials of the human ERG were studied in response to a series of three short light flashes of high luminance, the first two flashes conditioning a varying light adaptation of the retina. The energy and dominant frequency of the oscillatory response were evaluated mathematically by a combined impulse response and Fourier analysis. Most prominent oscillations were elicited when the retina was light adapted by strong conditioning flashes and stimulated at intervals of 30 sec or 1 min. The maximal intensity of stimulus light (log Is = 0) was about 5 × 104 photopic candelas/m2. The scotopic b‐wave was evoked at threshold by a stimulus intensity of log Is = ‐ 6.0. A distinct photopic b‐wave was recorded at log Is = ‐ 4.0 and the a‐wave at log Is = ‐ 3.3. Traces of oscillatory potentials were found at log Is = ‐ 3.3 and log Is = ‐ 3.0 in different experiments, thus approximately at the same intensity as the a‐wave. There was a linear increase of the energy of the oscillatory potentials on augmentation of stimulus intensity over three log units. Peak latencies of oscillatory potentials showed a fairly uniform shortening (about 6 msec) on increasing stimulus intensity provided that the retinal light adaptation was kept constant, and the dominant frequency of the oscillatory response remained within 120–130 Hz. When the retinal adaptation to light was increased by stronger conditioning flashes, peak latencies for the first and second oscillatory peak diminished, those for the third and fourth peak showing no significant change. Then, the dominant frequency of the oscillations declined from about 155 Hz (in dark adaptation) to about 110 Hz (in light adaptation). It was found that the peak latencies of the oscillatory potentials are defined by the stimulus intensity, but the frequency of this response varies with the state of retinal neural adaptation caused by short flashes of light.
METHOD OF TESTING DYES FOR VITAL STAINING OF CORNEA AND CONJUNCTIVA
Authors: NORN M. S.
Published: May 2009

Lines are given for testing dyes intended for use in vital staining of the cornea and conjunctiva, especially dyes having properties different from those of the well‐known fluorescein and rose bengal.

A priority list for dye testing has been made comprising six items:

Water‐solubility (a 1% solution in non‐irritant vehicle is desirable).

Toxicity tests (dyes should cause no smarting pain nor effect permanent tatooing).

Microscopy of the mucous thread in the inferior conjunctival fornix (possible staining of mucous fibrils, debris in the mucous thread vacuoles, different cell types, nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, etc.).

Clinical vital staining of normal eyes, keratitis, etc.

Double staining with a known vital stain (successive staining or use of a dye mixture) of a clinical material examined in slit lamp or microscope.

Conclusion and entering in a diagram of the vital stains tested so far.
SPONTANEOUS ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY IN DENERVATED EXTRA‐OCULAR MUSCLES
Authors: JENSEN SVEND FAURSCHOU
Published: May 2009

The occurrence of fibrillation potentials and their duration and amplitude were studied in denervated extra‐ocular muscles from both rabbits and humans. Denervation was total in the rabbits and of various degrees in the humans. Fibrillation potentials were recorded from the denervated rabbit muscles and from 23 of 58 human extra‐ocular muscles with neurogenic atrophy. In the rabbit ocular muscles there was no difference in duration or amplitude between potentials of motor units and fibrillation potentials. In the human ocular muscles the mean duration of 66 fibrillation potentials was 2.0 msec, s.d. 0.4 msec, and the mean duration of the motor unit potentials was 2.8 msec, s.d. 0.4 msec. The mean amplitude of the human fibrillation potentials was 88 μV, s.d. 52 μV, and the mean amplitude of the motor unit potentials was 102 μV, s.d. 58 μV. In the human ocular muscles 93% of the recorded fibrillation potentials were simple triphasic potentials. In the rabbit ocular muscles the distribution of potentials by phase was approximately the same for normal and for denervated muscles.
ON THE OSCILLATORY POTENTIALS OF THE HUMAN ELECTRORETINOGRAM IN LIGHT AND DARK ADAPTATION
Authors: ALGVERE P. , WACHTMEISTER L.
Published: May 2009

The effect of adaptation to backgrounds of different light intensities and subsequent recovery in the dark of the oscillatory potentials and a‐ and b‐waves of human ERG was studied. The total energy and dominant frequency of oscillatory potentials were calculated by a combined impulse response and Fourier analysis.

When recorded in response to strong flashes of light (colour temperature 6500°K) given at 3 minute intervals in dark adaptation, the oscillatory potentials showed a small amplitude and a high frequency (around 145 Hz). On adaptation to a background of about 10‐2photopic candelas/m2which corresponds to the cone threshold, the amplitude of the oscillatory potentials was enhanced and the dominant frequency changed to 90–100 Hz. At a background of about 1 candela/m2where the sensitivity of the photopic b‐wave becomes higher than that of the scotopic b‐wave, there was a decline in the total energy of the oscillatory potentials. At rod saturation no change in energy nor in frequency of the oscillatory potentials was observed. During adaptation to darkness, the dominant frequency of the oscillatory potentials changed from 90–100 Hz to around 145 Hz as the energy of the oscillatory potentials decreased.

When adapted to a background the intensity of which was above the cone threshold, the oscillatory potentials were always present. When the b‐wave was suppressed by a background light the total energy of the oscillatory potentials decreased. The oscillatory potentials are related to photopic retinal function but seem to be influenced also by the scotopic system as well.
ANTERIOR CHAMBER CLEAVAGE SYNDROME
Authors: HOLMARK J. , JENSEN O. A.
Published: May 2009

An otherwise healthy girl had from birth right‐sided microphthalmia with leukomatous cornea and left‐sided staphyloma centrally on a leu‐komatous cornea, surrounded by a deep blue sclera. The intraocular pressure was raised and the staphyloma increased in size. The eyeball was enucleated at three months of age and showed anterior chamber cleavage syndrome. The corneal stroma was replaced by connective tissue. No Bowman's membrane was found and the Descemet's membrane was present only as small coiled remnants centrally. No lens was observed. The iris was seen only in a few sections, as a string attached to the cornea. The posterior part of the eye was normal.

The classification of the case is discussed and it is concluded that it can be considered an advanced atypical case of Peters' anomaly with the rarely seen primary aphakia and combined with Rieger's dysplasia.
THE ISOTONOMETRIC COMPRESSION TEST
Authors: TIERI O. , POLZELLA A. , IURA V.
Published: May 2009

A description is given of a test for determining the ouflow of the aqueous humour. The test consists of compressing the eyeball with a metal funnel attached near the limbus of the cornea by suction. The intraocular pressure increased in this way is kept constant during the test by increasing the suction. The inraocular pressure value is continuously conrolled by an applanation tonometer. The results are based on the amount of extra suction that is necessary to keep the inraocular pressure consant.
MEASUREMENTS OF THE EPISCLERAL VENOUS PRESSURE BY MEANS OF AN AIR JET
Authors: KRAKAU C. E. T. , WIDAKOWICH J. , WILKE K.
Published: May 2009

A method for determination of the venous pressure in the conjunctival and episcleral vessels is described. The external pressure needed for the vessels to collapse is achieved by means of a stream of air directed against the vessel. As the eye is untouched by the instrument, local anaesthetics usually are not needed. The method is fast and easy to perform. The measurements indicate that the pressure of the aqueous‐conveying episcleral veins often is 3–4 mmHg higher than that of the conjunctival veins.
FUNDAL HAEMORRHAGES IN RUPTURED INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSMS
Authors: FAHMY J. A.
Published: May 2009

Among 195 patients with intracranial aneurysms, 79 had fundal haemorrhages (FH), an incidence of 40.5% (99% confidence limits 31–50). FH occurred alone in 26.7% and were associated with papilloedema in 13.8% of the cases. The total incidence was found to be higher than the frequencies found by similar studies, and the reasons are discussed. Among the 79 patients, 33 had mild retinal haemorrhages (grade I), in 25 the haemorrhage was more severe (grade II), and 21 had preretinal or vitreous haemorrhages (grade III). Aneurysms on the anterior communicating artery, with the tendency, upon rupture, to large haemorrhages, were responsible for the greater, part of FH as well as for the most severe cases (grade III), indicating a positive correlation between the amount of bleeding which suddenly occurs in the subarachnoid space and the incidence and severity of FH. No correlation could be demonstrated between the shape and site of FH and the aneurysmal site, or between the laterality of FH and the hemispheric site of the aneurysm.
HEREDITARY CRYSTALLINE CORNEAL DYSTROPHY OF SCHNYDER
Authors: EHLERS NIELS , MATTHIESSEN MARTIN E.
Published: May 2009

A family with three members affected by hereditary crystalline corneal dystrophy of Schnyder is reported. Penetrating keratoplasty was performed in two of the affected members. Clear grafts were obtained. The buttons were examined by light‐ and electronmicroscopy. The epithelium was normal. In the superficial stroma, deposits, often of a crystalline nature, were seen. Electron microscopically the deposits appeared as empty spaces, either of regular geometrical form suggestive of crystals, or smaller, rounded and more irregular. The collagen fibrils were normal. Staining for acid mucopolysaccharides revealed no abnormalities. Adjacent to the lipid deposits were found cells which contained membrane bound granules which appeared empty or contained crystal‐like material. The cells were shown to contain non‐specific As‐acetate esterase and β‐hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase.

It is suggested that the cells are of pathophysiological significance, although their function is at present entirely speculative. Two possibilities are suggested: the cells may be concerned with removal of the deposited material, or they may themselves produce the abnormal material.
LATTICE DYSTROPHY OF THE CORNEA
Authors: KAUNISTO NANNY
Published: May 2009

Before permanent corneal changes originate in lattice dystrophy of the cornea, there are episodes with transient appearance of crystals in the cornea, bulbar conjunctiva, especially in the basement membrane of the epithelium, and the aqueous. The shape of the crystals and a positive Adam's and Sloper's performic acid‐Alcian blue staining reaction in the bulbar conjunctiva indicate cystine or cysteine. Two groups of patients, not consanguineous, were studied. (Group A consisted of 25 patients, group B of 22.) The disease had an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance in both groups. The disease picture in group A differed clearly from that in group B as to age at onset of the symptoms, intensity and duration of the episodes of the disease, degree of damage to the corneal epithelium, and number and quantity of general symptoms. A part of the patients in group B developed amyloidosis at age 50 or later.

The observations suggest that lattice dystrophy is a sequel of a disturbance of (cystine) metabolism and amyloidosis is a secondary phenomenon. Dystrophic streaks in the cornea, at least in part, are injured ciliary nerves.
SCOTOMA DUE TO ARTERIAL HYPOTENSION
Authors: EKBOM K. A.
Published: May 2009

Auto‐observations of a characteristic scotoma due to arterial hypotension are reported. As far as I know, this has not been described in detail before. A small spot appears before each eye, temporal to and near the fixation point. These spots increase in size and unite to form an oval in the central part of the visual field. The oval has an extension of 10° vertically and 17° horizontally. It is a positive scotoma which wholly or partially covers the background. Peripheral to the oval, the visual field is intact. The scotoma fades and disappears while retaining its size and shape. The duration is a few minutes. The scotoma is probably caused by retinal ischemia. It is not identical, however, with the experimental “blackout” provoked by means of a cervical pressure cuff, an aviation centrifuge or ophthalmodynamometry.
INTRAORBITAL VALVE FRACTURE
Authors: BORTHNE ANDERS
Published: May 2009

A blow out fracture with a posteriorly hinged fragment in the orbital floor was found to create a valve mechanism when subperiosteal retraction was exerted on the orbital content for inspection of the fracture site. The valve mechanism which locked a part of the prolapse in the antrum was due to a movable and depressed fragment which hooked the overriding herniated soft tissues with its free edge. A traction on the inferior rectus muscle similar to a forced deduction test was demonstrated to have the same valve closing effect. The surgical problem was solved by freeing the prolapse from the fragment edge in the antrum, and keeping the “valve” open on retraction. This could be carried out without tearing the tissues by means of simple, malleable instruments that were at hand.
EXPERIMENTAL ULTRASONIC EXAMINATIONS OF INTRAOCULAR, INTRASCLERAL AND RETROBULBAR FOREIGN BODIES
Authors: LARSEN JON S. , GJERULDSEN SVEN T.
Published: May 2009

Normal human eyes removed at autopsy with the total orbital contents were used for ultrasonographic examinations of intravitreal, intrascleral, retroscleral and intraorbital foreign bodies. These were of various sizes and materials: iron, brass, aluminium, copper, glass, plastic (polystyrene), stone (slate), cement and wood (oak), and all could be demonstrated by ultrasonography. The smallest intravitreal foreign body (of iron) measured approximately 0.2 times 0.15 times 0.1 mm, the smallest intrascleral (of iron) 0.5 times 0.4 times 0.2 mm and the smallest retroscleral (of iron) 0.7 times 0.5 times 0.25 mm. Foreign bodies in the orbit were much more difficult to detect, and had to be larger to allow proper demonstration by ultrasonography.
CRITICAL FLICKER FREQUENCY (CFF) IN MAN DURING INDUCED OCULAR HYPERTENSION
Authors: BERGGREN LENNART
Published: May 2009

Using a new technique, twelve subjects with healthy eyes, 24–44 years of age were studied by CFF and IOP determinations during acute intraocular pressure rises induced by dynamometry. An abrupt significant decrease in CFF was noted above 40 mmHg. There was no evidence that the CFF level during dynamometry was affected by changes in pupil size, astigmatism or refractive error. It is suggested that the cause of the decrease in CFF may be due to vascular changes in parts of the choroidal circulation. The apparatus has been designed in order to make future clinical use possible. When used for testing normal subjects, the apparatus has been shown to be easy to handle and requires only reasonable cooperation from the test subject. The investigation takes only a few minutes.
OXYPHENBUTAZONUM (TANDERIL®) AS AN ADJUVANT IN TREATMENT OF DENDRITIC KERATITIS
Authors: NORN M. S.
Published: May 2009

A prospective study, based on double‐blind trials, of 29 fresh cases of dendritic keratitis revealed failing effect of oxyphenbutazonum (NFN). Vital staining with fluorescein‐rose bengal showed three phases: I. The proper dendritic pattern lasting on an average five days. II. A collection of vital‐stained dots grouped over the area of the previous pattern, present for about another 22–24 days. This was followed by phase III: a few dots, often scattered diffusely over the whole cornea, present for another 9–11 days on the average. In most cases the rose bengal staining persisted the longest. Geographic ulcer developed in five cases. The duration of iduridine treatment is discussed.
OPHTHALMOLOGICAL FINDINGS IN INFANTILE TYPE OF SO‐CALLED NEURONAL CEROID LIPOFUSCINOSIS
Authors: RAITTA CHRISTINA , SANTAVUORI PIRKKO
Published: May 2009

The ophthalmological findings in 16 children with infantile type of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis are presented. All patients showed signs of a progressive encephalopathy with onset at the age of 8–18 months. Visual failure, ataxia, muscular hypotonia, microcephalia and myoclonic jerks were typical findings. Fluorescein angiography showed narrowing of the retinal vessels and pigmentary dystrophy as well as optic atrophy. The site of the primary defect was thought to be the pigment epithelium and receptor cells. The ERG was abolished.
NYSTAGMOGRAPHICAL STUDIES IN ALAND EYE DISEASE
Authors: van VLIET A. G. M. , WAARDENBURG P. J. , FORSIUS H. , ERIKSSON A. W.
Published: May 2009

An extensive electronystagmographical examination was made of 25 members of a family with Åland eye disease (Forsius‐Eriksson syndrome). It appears that the nystagmus belongs to the syndrome of latent nystagmus. Out of seven investigated male subjects with Åland eye disease, five showed classical latent nystagmus and two had slight manifestations of latent nystagmus. Of nine investigated female subjects, only two revealed a very slight latent nystagmus. According to our studies we can postulate two modes by which latent nystagmus could have been inherited in this family:

an X‐chromosomal dominant type of transmission with decreased or lack of penetrance in a number of female carriers;

a recessive X‐chromosomal transmission with slight nystagmus as a sign of heterozygosity in the female carriers.

The combination of latent nystagmus with the X‐chromosomal Åland eye disease may be explained by pleiotropic gene action.
TOPICAL CORTICOSTEROIDS AND VITREOUS DYNAMICS IN THE RABBIT
Authors: SCHIRRU ALESSANDRO , GIRALDI JOSE PECORI , PELLEGRINO NANDO
Published: May 2009

The instillation of 0.2 % 9α‐fluoro‐16α‐methylprednisolone twice daily in the left eye of rabbits for 30 days induced significant biochemical changes in the vitreous body. Actually, a marked acidification accompanied by a decrease in the buffer base, a notable increase in osmotic pressure and a reduction in the ascorbic acid content were observed. These changes are compared with those evidenced in the blood and aqueous humor. An interpretation of the data obtained is suggested on the basis also of the close relationship existing between the vitreous and the retina.
CONJUNCTIVITIS LIGNEOSA COMBINED WITH A DENTAL AFFECTION
Authors: FRIMODT‐MØLLER JENS
Published: May 2009

A case of conjunctivitis ligneosa which occurred in a girl aged 14 months and which was followed‐up for three years is described. The characteristic features of the disease are mentioned. It is concluded from the peculiar circumstance of the case having apparently undergone complete regression following a dental extraction, that the metabolic disturbance in the mucous connective tissue in the conjunctiva is precipitated by a nonbacterial focus via a possibly autoimmune mechanism.
CEROID‐LIPOFUSCINOSIS (BATTEN'S DISEASE)
Authors: BOLMERS D. J. M. , GABREËLS F. J. M. , JOOSTEN E. M. G. , GABREËLS‐FESTEN A.
Published: May 2009

Two patients with the clinical picture of a late infantile and juvenile amaurotic familial idiocy (Batten's disease) have been examined electron microscopically. The typical cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in the Schwann cells of the sural nerve supported this clinical diagnosis. The importance of sural nerve biopsy in patients with a cerebroretinal degeneration is discussed.
CONJUNCTIVAL SENSITIVITY IN NORMAL EYES
Authors: NORN M. S.
Published: May 2009

Conjunctival sensitivity has been studied using Cochet & Bonnet's esthesiometer on a series of 102 normal eyes. Measurements were performed on 18 areas of each eye.

The cornea was found to be the most sensitive, after which followed the lid margin. The caruncle was less sensitive, and the conjunctiva the least so. The mean values found in the stated four regions were 12 mg, 53–58 mg, 63 mg, and 83–96 mg per 0.0113 mm2, respectively.

No local differences were noticed within the conjunctiva nor within the lid margin.

Sensitivity declines appreciably with increasing age.

The importance of considering the sensitive lid margin when fitting contact lenses is emphasized.
OCCURRENCE OF MENTAL RETARDATION IN PATIENTS WITH RETINOBLASTOMA
Authors: TARKKANEN AHTI
Published: May 2009

In a series of 102 consecutive patients with retinoblastoma, five were mentally retarded. These were classified as showing debility in two cases, and idiocy, imbecility and unclassified mental retardation in one case each. Three of the five patients had bilateral retinoblastoma and two had a positive family history for retinoblastoma. One of the patients had a congenital heart defect and another had a deformed skull. As occasionally retinoblastoma and a deletion of the long arm of a D‐chromosome are seen in combination with mental retardation, the present findings support the opinion that the association of retinoblastoma and mental retardation may represent a variant of the D‐deletion syndrome. Retinoblastoma patients deserve a complete physical and mental evaluation, and the ones exhibiting disorders merit cytogenetic studies.
CLINICAL EXPERIENCE WITH PROPRANOLOL IN THE TREATMENT OF GLAUCOMA
Authors: ÖHRSTRÖM ARNE
Published: May 2009

The literature on the use of propranolol (Inderal® I.C.I.) in ophthalmology is surveyed and the successful use of the drug in the treatment of increased intraocular pressure is documented by four illustrative case reports.
CLINICAL AND FLUORESCEIN ANGIOGRAPHIC FINDINGS OF ACUTE MULTIFOCAL CENTRAL SUBRETINAL INFLAMMATION
Authors: LAATIKAINEN LEILA , ERKKILÁ HEIKKI
Published: May 2009

Three female patients with acute multifocal subretinal central lesions and with almost complete recovery of macular function are presented. The findings and the course of the disease are very similar to acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy described initially by Gass in 1968. Etiology of the disease could not be determined, but the history of solar exposition in two patients suggests the possibility of an exogenous factor.

In the presented cases, fluorescein angiographic findings suggest primary alterations in the choriocapillaris rather than in the pigment epithelial cells.
THE HUMAN ELECTRORETINOGRAM: DC RECORDINGS AT LOW AND CONVENTIONAL STIMULUS INTENSITIES
Authors: KNAVE BENGT , NILSSON SVEN ERIK , LUNT TÖNIS
Published: May 2009

The present paper describes in detail a new method developed for d.c. registration of the human ERG. In this way it was possible to investigate retinal functions that have not earlier been studied clinically, e.g. the retinal responses below the b‐wave threshold, the c‐wave and other slow potentials after cessation of the light stimulus. It is suggested that the method might lead to an earlier diagnosis than before of certain retinal and pigment epithelial disorders induced by drugs or based on other pathological conditions.