bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interpretation of Pressure Decline for Minifrac Treatments Initiated at the Interface of Two Formations
Authors: Moschovidis Z. A.
Published: April 2015

The pressure decline analysis of minifrac treatments in uniform formations, using the type curves presented by Nolte1, yields information on leak-off which is necessary for fracture treatment design. A similar analysis for minifracs initiated near or at the interface of two formations of different leak-off characteristics and penetrating both formations is presented in this paper. It is concluded that the type curves given by Nolte can be used for this case with appropriate definitions of an effective (or average) leak-off coefficient and an equivalent fracture radius. The effective leak-off coefficient is the weighted average of the individual leak-off coefficients of each formation, relative to the minifrac areas in the two formations. Similarly the equivalent fracture radius is the radius of a circle of an area equal to the sum of the areas of the minifrac in the two formations. An estimate of the individual leak-off coefficients of each formation may be obtained by a trial and error comparison of simulated values of the P* pressure (as defined by Nolte), using a three dimensional fracturing simulator6,7, with the one obtained directly by minifrac pressure decline type curve analysis. Four examples of application of the new theory to North Sea oil wells are presented.
Porous Media Momentum Equation for Highly Accelerated Flow
Authors: Blick E. F. , Civan F.
Published: April 2015

A new Porous Media Momentum (PMM) equation has been developed to account for unsteady flow through porous media. The equation contains not only the familiar permeability and non-Darcy factor terms but includes acceleration terms as well. For one-dimensional flow in the x-direction the equation takes the form

− ∂ p ∂ x = μ v k + β ρ v 2 + ρ φ 2 v ∂ v ∂ x + ρ φ ∂ v ∂ t

For gases this equation was put in dimensionless form by considering the ideal gas equation of state and neglecting the Klinkenberg effect. The PMM equation was solved for an instantaneous pressure step change at one end of a porous core (1-D flow). The PMM solutions were compared with the Forchheimer equation and the Darcy equation. At very small time (high accelerations) the PMM solutions correlated much better with experimental data than either the Forchheimer or Darcy equations. At large time (low accelerations) there was little difference between the PMM and Forchheimer solutions and experimental data. A bonus of this work is that the model develops an expression for the non-Darcy factor.
Thermodynamic Analysis of Transient Two-Phase Flow in Oil and Gas Reservoirs
Authors: Duruewuru A. U. , Tiab D.
Published: April 2015

This paper presents a new method of analyzing the performance of a flowing well. The method employs a thermodynamic property known as the Availability Function. The advantage of the availability function method of analysis is that it allows for the calculation of the thermodynamic efficiency of all processes, including not only those that are large work producers or consumers but also those that do not have work production or consumption as their goal. The efficiency of a process indicates how close the process is to its ultimate possible performance. It can be used as a way of comparing various processes and to make a sound decision as to where improvements are possible.

In order to simulate the fluid flow behavior, a transient, two-phase flow model was developed in both the reservoir and the wellbore. A one-dimensional flow was assumed for the wellbore model while a radial flow was assumed for the reservoir system. The equations governing the fluid flow behavior in both systems are: (1) mass, (2) momentum, (3) energy, and (4) entropy balance equations. The wellbore model includes heat transfer in the wellbore and heat conduction in the formation.

Finite difference approximation was used in solving the fluid flow equations. The model developed in this study is capable of handling a single component, single phase (oil or gas) or two-phase (oil and gas) flow. The fluid flow equations provide the thermodynamic properties – energy, enthalpy, entropy, and the fluid velocity for use in the calculations of the maximum reversible (theoretical possible) work, the useful energy utilized in the lifting of the hydrocarbon fluid from the bottom of the well to the surface and the energy lost due to irreversibilities. The thermodynamic efficiency of production is obtained from the ratio of the actual work obtainable to the reversible maximum work that could have been obtained in the absence of irreversibilities.

The thermodynamic derivatives and phase properties were predicted by using the multiparameter equation of state which was a modification of the BWR equation of state of Lee and Kesler.

Results obtained from this study show that:

Thermodynamic efficiency of hydrocarbon fluid production increases as production rate increases. A considerable fraction of the fluid energy is lost due to irreversibilities, especially at the early stages of production. The thermodynamic efficiency of fluid production would be greatly improved by minimizing wellbore heat loss. Irreversibilities associated with frictional losses between the fluid and the interior pipe wall do not affect the thermodynamic efficiency of production. A transient model is essential in analyzing the fluid flow behavior, especially at the early stages of production.
Inflow Performance Relationships for Solution-Gas-Drive Reservoirs
Authors: Camacho R. G. , Raghavan R.
Published: April 2015

In this theoretical study, a numerical model was used to examine the influence of pressure level and skin factor on the Inflow Performance Relationship (IPR) of wells producing solution gas drive systems. Examination of the synthetic deliverability curves suggests that the exponent of the deliverability curve is a function of time, and that the exponent is usually greater than unity. The implication of this observation to field data is discussed. The accuracy of procedures given in the literature to predict oil–well deliverabilities is also examined. It is shown that the methods given in the literature can be used to predict future performance provided that the exponent of the deliverability curve is known and extrapolations over large time ranges are avoided. If single point tests are used to predict future performance (such tests assume that the exponent of the deliverability curve is constant), then errors in predictions will be minimized if test conditions correspond closely to actual producing conditions. Under these circumstances errors in rate predictions will be directly influenced by the magnitude of the error that results in assuming that the exponent of the deliverability curve is known. Although, relative permeability and fluid property data are required, the Muskat materials balance equation and the assumption that gas–oil ratio is independent of distance can be used to predict future production rates. This method avoids problems associated with other methods in the literature and always yields reliable results.

New methods to modify the IPR curve to incorporate changes in skin factor are presented. A new definition of flow efficiency that is based on the structure of the deliverability equations for solution gas drive reservoirs is proposed. This definition avoids problems that result when the presently available methods are applied to heavily stimulated wells.
Surface Equipment Cleanup Utilizing In-Situ Heat
Authors: Collesi J. B. , Scott T. A. , McSpadden H. W.
Published: April 2015

A chemical system which is capable of generating heat in situ has been used to remove hydrocarbon deposits, mainly paraffin, from surface equipment and flow lines in the Gulf Coast. The treatments resulted in increased production throughout the structures. The chemical system, treatment design, case histories and results will he discussed.
Formation Damage Related to Hot Oiling
Authors: Barker K. M.
Published: April 2015

Hot oiling as a paraffin removal process and general maintenance technique has been used for years in petroleum production. It is still one of the first tried methods of restoring low or lost production whether due to paraffin or mechanical problems. Hot oiling is so readily accepted that formation damage that develops over years may not be associated with the hot oiling process. The chances of hot oiling causing formation damage are related to the characteristics of the oil used (cloud point, API gravity, chain length of paraffin, percent of paraffin and volatility), the source of the oil, the downhole temperature of the formation and the hot oil process itself. Each of these areas of possible problems will be reviewed and suggestions will be made to minimize or eliminate them. Laboratory tests will be presented for determining if a crude could cause formation damage when used for hot oiling. Field results will be presented for successful cleanup of hot oiling produced formation damage.
Characterization and Control of Formation Damage During Waterflooding of a High-Clay-Content Reservoir
Authors: Leone J. A. , Scott E. M.
Published: April 2015

Permeability damage was suspected as a factor contributing to post-completion production declines observed during waterflooding of a friable to unconsolidated sandstone. A loss in water injectivity also indicated that near-wellbore damage may be occurring. This paper summarizes the laboratory studies undertaken to evaluate and understand permeability damage in this formation. The experimental program consisted primarily of coreflooding experiments to evaluate the influence of injection fluid composition, temperature, mineralogy, and flow velocity on permeability damage. The significance of damage during brine injection was observed to be a strong function of mineralogy. Permeability losses of greater than 60% were observed in cores from some sand intervals, while little or no damage was apparent in cores from another zone in the same well. In the sands that were susceptible to brine damage, a critical velocity below which permeability damage did not occur was repeatedly established. The occurrence of a critical velocity, along with other observations, indicate that the primary damage mechanism is fines migration.
Use of Single-Well Simulators and Economic Performance Criteria To Optimize Fracturing Treatment Design
Authors: Anderson R. W. , Phillips A. M.
Published: April 2015

Low permeability reservoirs are currently being propped with sand, resin coated sand, intermediate density proppants and bauxite. This wide range of proppant cost and performance has resulted in the proliferation of proppant selection models. Initially, a rather vague relationship between well depth and proppant strength dictated the choice of proppant. More recently, computerized models of varying complexity have become available which utilize net present value calculations. The input is based on the operator's performance goals for each well and specific reservoir properties. Simpler, non-computerized approaches also being used include cost/performance comparisons and nomographs. Each type of model, including several of the computerized models, will be examined.

Utilizing these models and net present value calculations, optimum fracturing treatment designs have been developed for low permeability reservoirs such as the Prue in Oklahoma. Typical well conditions are used in each of the selection models and the results are compared. The computerized models allow the operator to determine, prior to fracturing, how changes in proppant type, size, and quantity will affect post-frac production over time periods ranging from several months to many years. Thus, the operator can choose the fracturing treatment design which best satisfies his economic performance goals for a particular well, whether those goals be long term or short term oriented.
A New Approach to the Hyperbolic Curve
Authors: Long D. R. , Davis M. J.
Published: April 2015

A new approach to hyperbolic decline curve analysis has been developed which is efficient and timesaving and has made it possible to determine the hyperbolic b exponents characterized by thousands of wells. After extensive use of the technique the authors have concluded that the range of the b exponent as prescribed by Arps is too narrow.
Emotions during Non-Lucid Problem-Solving Dreams as Evidence of Secondary Consciousness,
Authors: Kozmová Miloslava
Published: April 2015

Emotions dreamers experience in dreams are considered simple experiential awareness and theorized as primary consciousness. The current study investigated emotions as part of a core variable of the problem-solving phenomenon. 979 dreams were analyzed by the method of grounded theory with questions applied through constant comparative analysis to individual instances of dreamers' problem solving. The 29 dreams yielded represent the core variable with 86 different components of cognitive and psychological processes accompanied by dreamers' emotional awareness in emotional signaling, stimulating, self-regulating, or action prompting or preventing roles. The critical emotional awareness during efforts to resolve difficult situations alerts dreamers and allows them to shift from being a passive recipient in the mode of primary consciousness with simple awareness of emotions into the active initiatory and participatory mode of secondary consciousness in which dreamers enrich their problem-solving efforts by reflective and intellectual abstract analyses. These mental efforts are considered an adaptive, self-organizing, goal-oriented process. Future isomorphically based prospective investigations of problem-solving dreams could focus on neural correlates of emotional awareness as a critical component of non-lucid dreamers' capacities to use secondary consciousness.
Orthopaedic Manual Physical Therapy for Shoulder Pain and Impaired Movement in a Patient With Glenohumeral Joint Osteoarthritis: A Case Report
Authors: Crowell Michael S. , Tragord Bradley S.
Published: April 2015

Study Design

Case report.

Background

Comprehensive treatment strategies are needed for individuals with glenohumeral joint osteoarthritis (OA), especially when they are young and active. Prior dislocation, with or without subsequent shoulder stabilization surgery, complicates the clinical presentation and increases the risk of OA progression. The purpose of this case report was to describe an orthopaedic manual physical therapy approach used in a patient with glenohumeral joint OA who presented with shoulder pain and impaired movement.

Case Description

A 38-year-old male military officer presented with left-shoulder pain of 2 months in duration that was unrelieved with a subacromial injection. He reported a history of anterior-inferior dislocation with subsequent stabilization surgery 15 years prior and arthroscopic subacromial decompression 2 years prior. Physical examination demonstrated painful limitations in shoulder elevation and internal/external rotation movements, stiffness with testing using accessory glides, and rotator cuff and scapular musculature weakness associated with pain.

Outcomes

Treatment consisted of 5 sessions provided over 4 weeks. The plan of care included manual physical therapy, exercises, and progressive functional activities specifically tailored to the patient's clinical presentation. Shoulder Pain and Disability Index scores decreased from 43% to 17%, and the Patient-Specific Functional Scale average score improved from 3.0 to 7.3 out of 10. After 4 additional weeks of a home exercise program, the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index score was 4% and Patient-Specific Functional Scale average score was 9.0. Improvements in self-reported function were maintained at 6 months. Four “booster” treatment sessions were administered at 9 months, contributing to sustained outcomes through 1 year.

Discussion

In a young, active patient with glenohumeral joint OA, clinically meaningful short-term improvements in self-reported function and pain, maintained at 1 year, were observed with manual physical therapy and exercise.

Level of Evidence

Therapy, level 4. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2015;45(6):453–461. Epub 30 Apr 2015. doi:10.2519/jospt.2015.5887
Cognitive Functional Therapy for Disabling Nonspecific Chronic Low Back Pain: Multiple Case-Cohort Study
Authors: O'Sullivan Kieran , Dankaerts Wim , O'Sullivan Leonard , O'Sullivan Peter B.
Published: April 2015

Background

Multiple dimensions across the biopsychosocial spectrum are relevant in the management of nonspecific chronic low back pain (NSCLBP). Cognitive functional therapy is a behaviorally targeted intervention that combines normalization of movement and abolition of pain behaviors with cognitive reconceptualization of the NSCLBP problem while targeting psychosocial and lifestyle barriers to recovery.

Objective

The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of cognitive functional therapy for people with disabling NSCLBP who were awaiting an appointment with a specialist medical consultant.

Design

A multiple case-cohort study (n=26) consisting of 3 phases (A1–B–A2) was conducted.

Methods

Measurement phase A1 was a baseline phase during which measurements of pain and functional disability were collected on 3 occasions over 3 months for all participants. During phase B, participants entered a cognitive functional therapy intervention program involving approximately 8 treatments over an average of 12 weeks. Finally, phase A2 was a 12-month, no-treatment follow-up period. Outcomes were analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance or Friedman test (with post hoc Bonferroni correction) across 7 time intervals, depending on normality of data distribution.

Results

Statistically significant reductions in both functional disability and pain were observed immediately postintervention and were maintained over the 12-month follow-up period. These reductions reached clinical significance for both disability and pain. Secondary psychosocial outcomes, including depression, anxiety, back beliefs, fear of physical activity, catastrophizing, and self-efficacy, were significantly improved after the intervention.

Limitations

The study was not a randomized controlled trial. Although primary outcome data were self-reported, the assessor was not blinded.

Conclusions

These promising results suggest that cognitive functional therapy should be compared with other conservative interventions for the management of disabling NSCLBP in secondary care settings in large randomized clinical trials.
Pseudo-Equivalent Groups and Linking
Authors: Haberman Shelby J.
Published: April 2015

Adjustment by minimum discriminant information provides an approach to linking test forms in the case of a nonequivalent groups design with no satisfactory common items. This approach employs background information on individual examinees in each administration so that weighted samples of examinees form pseudo-equivalent groups in the sense that they resemble samples from equivalent groups. Linking methods for equivalent groups are then applied to the weighted samples. To illustrate the approach, 29 administrations from a testing program are linked via the method of pseudo-equivalent groups. Because the forms used are currently linked by use of kernel equating, it is possible to compare the reasonableness of results from pseudo-equivalent groups to results from kernel equating.
Preparation and characterization of silicon nanowires using SEM/FIB and TEM
Authors: Banerjee Sayanti , Muehle Uwe , Löffler Markus , Heinzig Andre , Trommer Jens , Zschech Ehrenfried
Published: April 2015

Due to the electronic and structural properties of silicon, silicon nanowires have a great potential in nanoscale electronic devices and sensors. Silicon nanowires used for reconfigurable field effect transistors are designed, synthesized and characterized after each step in order to ensure excellent electrical and physical properties of the end product and to study various process parameters. In this study, silicon nanowire based reconfigurable field effect transistors are studied as as-grown “forests”, individually, oxidized and after forming Schottky junctions. The analysis is performed using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Focused ion beam based preparation was carried out in the case of samples with Schottky junctions. This paper provides a comprehensive description of sample preparation and characterization of the nanowires.
Thermorheology of Polyethylene Wax Modified Sulfur Asphalt
Authors: Parvez M. A. , Al-Abdul Wahhab H. I. , Hussein I. A. , Al-Mehthel M.
Published: April 2015

The possibility of using polyethylene (PE) wax to modify the rheology of sulfur asphalt binders is investigated. In this study, two industrial wastes namely sulfur and PE wax are used to modify asphalt for pavement applications. Asphalt binders with different amounts of sulfur and wax content are prepared in a high shear blender and rheological tests were carried out in ARES rheometer. PE wax content was varied from 2 to 8 % and sulfur of up to 40 % is used in asphalt binder. Melt rheology is characterized by dynamic frequency sweep, temperature sweep and artificial ageing techniques. Pure and modified asphalt binders are also characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR). Improvement in the viscoelastic properties (G′ and G″) of the sulfur asphalt binders is obtained due to the addition of PE wax. PE wax modification has reduced temperature susceptibility of sulfur asphalt and increased the upper performance temperature. In addition, this wax modification has increased the activation energy and the zero shear viscosity of sulfur asphalt. Optimum sulfur and PE wax contents of the asphalt binder are recommended. Utilization of PE wax and sulfur wastes in asphalt modification proved to enhance asphalt pavement life.
Reframing Problems of Incommensurability in Environmental Conflicts through Pragmatic Sociology: From Value Pluralism to the Plurality of Modes of Engagement with the Environment
Authors: Centemeri Laura
Published: April 2015

This paper presents the contribution of the pragmatic sociology of critical capacities to the understanding of environmental conflicts. In the field of ‘environmental valuation', nowadays colonised by economics, the approach of plural modes (or ‘regimes') of engagement provides a sociological understanding of the unequal power of conflicting ‘languages of valuation'. This frame entails a shift from ‘values’ to ‘modes of valuation', and links modes of valuation to modes of practical engagement and coordination with the surrounding environment. Different social sources of incommensurability are thus detected and reframed as critical tension within and among modes of human coordination with the environment.
Should Ecological Citizenship Advocates Praise the Green State?
Authors: Melo-Escrihuela Carme
Published: April 2015

This article focuses on the relationship between ecological citizenship and the green state and asks whether it is a productive one. First, I examine the political system of an ideal ecological state to assess how it could encourage ecological citizenship. Then, I turn my attention to how eco-states might emerge and be sustained, and the obstacles they may encounter. I show that the green state has a strong potential to develop ecological citizenship, albeit with a rather narrow focus on its deliberative dimension. However, my main point is that this potential may not be fully realised because the green state is grounded on a postliberal ecological democracy and an ecologically modernised economy. Since the green state cannot avoid the problems arising from the nexus between liberal democracy and capitalism, I claim that it is not the most appropriate locus for the cultivation of ecological citizenship.
Delivery of Goods in the Custody of a Third Party: Operation and Basis
Authors: Anderson Craig
Published: April 2015

In this article, Craig Anderson examines the historical origins and current law of the Scottish rules concerning how delivery of goods in the custody of a third party may be validly effected by transferor to transferee. The author suggests that the form of constructive delivery permitted by law is best analysed as an assignation of the transferor's personal right against the custodier. On this argument, the custodier then ceases to hold the goods for the transferor and begins to hold them for the transferee. As a result, the transferee acquires civil possession of the goods and delivery is complete.
Mechanisms of Acquired Resistance to ALK Inhibitors and the Rationale for Treating ALK-positive Lung Cancer
Authors: Isozaki Hideko , Takigawa Nagio , Kiura Katsuyuki
Published: April 2015

The discovery of an echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 (EML4)-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) fusion gene led to improved clinical outcomes in patients with lung cancer after the development of the first ALK-targeting agent, crizotinib. Some second-generation ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), which might be more potent than crizotinib or effective on crizotinib-resistant patients, have been developed. Although these ALK-TKIs show an excellent response initially, most patients eventually acquire resistance. Therefore, careful consideration of the resistance mechanisms might lead to superior therapeutic strategies. Here, we summarize the history of ALK-TKIs and their underlying resistance mechanisms in both the preclinical and clinical settings. In addition, we discuss potential future treatment strategies in ALK-TKI-naïve and -resistant patients with lung cancer harboring the EML4-ALK fusion gene.
On Global Electricity Usage of Communication Technology: Trends to 2030
Authors: Andrae Anders , Edler Tomas
Published: April 2015

This work presents an estimation of the global electricity usage that can be ascribed to Communication Technology (CT) between 2010 and 2030. The scope is three scenarios for use and production of consumer devices, communication networks and data centers. Three different scenarios, best, expected, and worst, are set up, which include annual numbers of sold devices, data traffic and electricity intensities/efficiencies. The most significant trend, regardless of scenario, is that the proportion of use-stage electricity by consumer devices will decrease and will be transferred to the networks and data centers. Still, it seems like wireless access networks will not be the main driver for electricity use. The analysis shows that for the worst-case scenario, CT could use as much as 51% of global electricity in 2030. This will happen if not enough improvement in electricity efficiency of wireless access networks and fixed access networks/data centers is possible. However, until 2030, globally-generated renewable electricity is likely to exceed the electricity demand of all networks and data centers. Nevertheless, the present investigation suggests, for the worst-case scenario, that CT electricity usage could contribute up to 23% of the globally released greenhouse gas emissions in 2030.
Comparison of Output Current Ripple in Single and Dual Three-Phase Inverters for Electric Vehicle Motor Drives
Authors: Loncarski Jelena , Leijon Mats , Srndovic Milan , Rossi Claudio , Grandi Gabriele
Published: April 2015

The standard solution for the traction system in battery powered electric vehicles (EVs) is a two-level (2L) inverter feeding a three-phase motor. A simple and effective way to achieve a three-level (3L) inverter in battery-supplied electric vehicles consists of using two standard three-phase 2L inverters with the open-end winding connection of standard three-phase ac motors. The 3L inverter solution can be usefully adopted in EVs since it combines several benefits such as current ripple reduction, increment of phase motor voltage with limited voltage ratings of the two battery banks, improvement in system reliability, etc. The reduction in current ripple amplitude is particularly relevant since it is a source of electromagnetic interference and audio noise from the inverter-motor power connection cables and from the motor itself. By increasing the inverter switching frequency the ripple amplitude is reduced, but the drive efficiency decreases due to the proportionally increased switching losses. In this paper the peak-to-peak ripple amplitude of the dual-2L inverter is evaluated and compared with the corresponding ripple of the single-2L inverter, considering the same voltage and power motor ratings. The ripple analysis is carried out as a function of the modulation index to cover the whole modulation range of the inverter, and the theoretical results are verified with experimental tests carried out by an inverter-motor drive prototype.
A High-Throughput UHPLC-QqQ-MS Method for Polyphenol Profiling in Rosé Wines
Authors: Lambert Marine , Meudec Emmanuelle , Verbaere Arnaud , Mazerolles Gérard , Wirth Jérémie , Masson Gilles , Cheynier Véronique , Sommerer Nicolas
Published: April 2015

A rapid, sensitive and selective analysis method using Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled to triple-quadrupole Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-QqQ-MS) has been developed for the quantification of polyphenols in rosé wines. The compound detection being based on specific MS transitions in Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM) mode, the present method allows the selective quantification of up to 152 phenolic and two additional non-phenolic wine compounds in 30 min without sample purification or pre-concentration, even at low concentration levels. This method was repeatably applied to a set of 12 rosé wines and thus proved to be suitable for high-throughput and large-scale metabolomics studies.
Antinociceptive Activity and Toxicity Evaluation of the Fatty Oil from Plukenetia polyadenia Mull. Arg. (Euphorbiaceae)
Authors: Mota Amanda , De Lima Anderson , Albuquerque Thayana , Silveira Tiago , Nascimento José , Silva Joyce , Ribeiro Alcy , Maia José , Bastos Gilmara
Published: April 2015

Seed oil (Pp-oil) of Plukenetia polyadenia is used by native people of the Brazilian Amazon against arthritis and rheumatism, spreading it on the arms and legs to reduce the pain and inflammation. Pp-oil was obtained by pressing dried seeds at room temperature to give a 47.0% yield of oil. It was then subjected to fatty acid composition analysis. The principal fatty acids were linoleic acid (46.5%), α-linolenic acid (34.4%) and oleic acid (13.9%). Then, it was evaluated for its antinociceptive activity in mice, using the acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing, hot plate and formalin test models. Additionally, its toxicity was determined. The Pp-oil proved to have no toxicological effects, showing dose-dependent antinociceptive effect under chemical stimulation. At oral doses of 25–100 mg/kg, Pp-oil significantly reduced the abdominal writhes in the writhing test. A higher oral dose of 200 mg/kg did not induce alterations in the latency time of the hot plate test when compared to the control, suggesting an analgesic activity of peripheral origin. At oral doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg, the Pp-oil significantly reduced the second phase of the algic stimulus in the formalin test. In addition, the antinociception of Pp-oil was reversed by naloxone in the evaluation of its mechanism of action. Therefore, the Pp-oil proved to be safe at very high doses and to show significant analgesic properties. The role of Pp-oil is still being investigated with respect the mechanism of action, but the results suggest that opiod receptors could be involved in the antinociception action observed for the oil of P. polyadenia.
Dietary RNAs: New Stories Regarding Oral Delivery
Authors: Yang Jian , Hirschi Kendal , Farmer Lisa
Published: April 2015

microRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small RNAs, are important regulators of various developmental processes in both plants and animals. Several years ago, a report showed the detection of diet-derived plant miRNAs in mammalian tissues and their regulation of mammalian genes, challenging the traditional functions of plant miRNAs. Subsequently, multiple efforts have attempted to replicate these findings, with the results arguing against the uptake of plant dietary miRNAs in healthy consumers. Moreover, several reports suggest the potential for “false positive” detection of plant miRNAs in human tissues. Meanwhile, some research continues to suggest both the presence and function of dietary miRNAs in mammalian tissues. Here we review the recent literature and discuss the strengths and weaknesses of emerging work that suggests the feasibility of dietary delivery of miRNAs. We also discuss future experimental approaches to address this controversial topic.
Land Degradation Assessment Using Residual Trend Analysis of GIMMS NDVI3g, Soil Moisture and Rainfall in Sub-Saharan West Africa from 1982 to 2012
Authors: Ibrahim Yahaya , Balzter Heiko , Kaduk Jörg , Tucker Compton
Published: April 2015

Areas affected by land degradation in Sub-Saharan West Africa between 1982 and 2012 are identified using time-series analysis of vegetation index data derived from satellites. The residual trend (RESTREND) of a Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) time-series is defined as the fraction of the difference between the observed NDVI and the NDVI predicted from climate data. It has been widely used to study desertification and other forms of land degradation in drylands. The method works on the assumption that a negative trend of vegetation photosynthetic capacity is an indication of land degradation if it is independent from climate variability. In the past, many scientists depended on rainfall data as the major climatic factor controlling vegetation productivity in drylands when applying the RESTREND method. However, the water that is directly available to vegetation is stored as soil moisture, which is a function of cumulative rainfall, surface runoff, infiltration and evapotranspiration. In this study, the new NDVI third generation (NDVI3g), which was generated by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration-Goddard Space Flight Center Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies (NASA-GSFC GIMMS) group, was used as a satellite-derived proxy of vegetation productivity, together with the soil moisture index product from the Climate Prediction Center (CPC) and rainfall data from the Climate Research Unit (CRU). The results show that the soil moisture/NDVI pixel-wise residual trend indicates land degraded areas more clearly than rainfall/NDVI. The spatial and temporal trends of the RESTREND in the region follow the patterns of drought episodes, reaffirming the difficulties in separating the impacts of drought and land degradation on vegetation photosynthetic capacity. Therefore, future studies of land degradation and desertification in drylands should go beyond using rainfall as a sole predictor of vegetation condition, and include soil moisture index datasets in the analysis.
A New MEMS Gyroscope Used for Single-Channel Damping
Authors: Zhang Zengping , Zhang Wei , Zhang Fuxue , Wang Biao
Published: April 2015

The silicon micromechanical gyroscope, which will be introduced in this paper, represents a novel MEMS gyroscope concept. It is used for the damping of a single-channel control system of rotating aircraft. It differs from common MEMS gyroscopes in that does not have a drive structure, itself, and only has a sense structure. It is installed on a rotating aircraft, and utilizes the aircraft spin to make its sensing element obtain angular momentum. When the aircraft is subjected to an angular rotation, a periodic Coriolis force is induced in the direction orthogonal to both the angular momentum and the angular velocity input axis. This novel MEMS gyroscope can thus sense angular velocity inputs. The output sensing signal is exactly an amplitude-modulation signal. Its envelope is proportional to the input angular velocity, and the carrier frequency corresponds to the spin frequency of the rotating aircraft, so the MEMS gyroscope can not only sense the transverse angular rotation of an aircraft, but also automatically change the carrier frequency over the change of spin frequency, making it very suitable for the damping of a single-channel control system of a rotating aircraft. In this paper, the motion equation of the MEMS gyroscope has been derived. Then, an analysis has been carried to solve the motion equation and dynamic parameters. Finally, an experimental validation has been done based on a precision three axis rate table. The correlation coefficients between the tested data and the theoretical values are 0.9969, 0.9872 and 0.9842, respectively. These results demonstrate that both the design and sensing mechanism are correct.
Interpretation of 798: Changes in Power of Representation and Sustainability of Industrial Landscape
Authors: Dai Juncheng , Huang Xue , Zhu Huasheng
Published: April 2015

Against the background of economic transformation and urban renewal, the protection and sustainable development of urban industrial landscapes has become an important practical issue, and how to maintain the unique local culture of these landscapes is key to solving the problem. By integrating the concept of “layer” and regarding the landscape as text, this paper will investigate the representation of industrial landscapes and the process of changes in power represented by different actors through different texts from the perspective of representation. The paper selected Beijing 798 as the research area to explore the shaping of changes in the industrial landscape of 798 from a weapon manufacturing area to an arts district, creative industry park and the “pan 798” by the factory owners, government, management committee, artists, media and tourists through different presentation forms, revealing the game process of representation of powers among the coalition between artists, management committee and the government. The paper points out that in fact, the representation of industrial landscape by different actors through different texts is a process that continues to explore and define the value of landscape. However, we need to look at this when the value of the industrial landscape is no longer given by localized life practices, but rather depends on different actors to produce and reproduce the value of landscape by representation, and thereby affecting the sustainable development of industrial landscape.
Membrane-Pore Forming Characteristics of the Bordetella pertussis CyaA-Hemolysin Domain
Authors: Kurehong Chattip , Kanchanawarin Chalermpol , Powthongchin Busaba , Katzenmeier Gerd , Angsuthanasombat Chanan
Published: April 2015

Previously, the 126-kDa Bordetella pertussis CyaA pore-forming/hemolysin (CyaA-Hly) domain was shown to retain its hemolytic activity causing lysis of susceptible erythrocytes. Here, we have succeeded in producing, at large quantity and high purity, the His-tagged CyaA-Hly domain over-expressed in Escherichia coli as a soluble hemolytically-active form. Quantitative assays of hemolysis against sheep erythrocytes revealed that the purified CyaA-Hly domain could function cooperatively by forming an oligomeric pore in the target cell membrane with a Hill coefficient of ~3. When the CyaA-Hly toxin was incorporated into planar lipid bilayers (PLBs) under symmetrical conditions at 1.0 M KCl, 10 mM HEPES buffer (pH 7.4), it produced a clearly resolved single channel with a maximum conductance of ~35 pS. PLB results also revealed that the CyaA-Hly induced channel was unidirectional and opened more frequently at higher negative membrane potentials. Altogether, our results first provide more insights into pore-forming characteristics of the CyaA-Hly domain as being the major pore-forming determinant of which the ability to induce such ion channels in receptor-free membranes could account for its cooperative hemolytic action on the target erythrocytes.
Extracts of Renealmia alpinia (Rottb.) MAAS Protect against Lethality and Systemic Hemorrhage Induced by Bothrops asper Venom: Insights from a Model with Extract Administration before Venom Injection
Authors: Patiño Arley , Quintana Juan , Gutiérrez José , Rucavado Alexandra , Benjumea Dora , Pereañez Jaime
Published: April 2015

Renealmia alpinia (Rottb.) MAAS, obtained by micropropagation (in vitro) and wild forms have previously been shown to inhibit some toxic activities of Bothrops asper snake venom if preincubated before injection. In this study, assays were performed in a murine model in which extracts were administered for three days before venom injection. R. alpinia extracts inhibited lethal activity of B. asper venom injected by intraperitoneal route. Median Effective Dose (ED50) values were 36.6 ± 3.2 mg/kg and 31.7 ± 5.4 mg/kg (p > 0.05) for R. alpinia wild and in vitro extracts, respectively. At a dose of 75 mg/kg, both extracts totally inhibited the lethal activity of the venom. Moreover, this dose prolonged survival time of mice receiving a lethal dose of venom by the intravenous route. At 75 mg/kg, both extracts of R. alpinia reduced the extent of venom-induced pulmonary hemorrhage by 48.0% (in vitro extract) and 34.7% (wild extract), in agreement with histological observations of lung tissue. R. alpinia extracts also inhibited hemorrhage in heart and kidneys, as evidenced by a decrease in mg of hemoglobin/g of organ. These results suggest the possibility of using R. alpinia as a prophylactic agent in snakebite, a hypothesis that needs to be further explored.
High sensitivity and high resolution element 3D analysis by a combined SIMS–SPM instrument
Authors: Fleming Yves , Wirtz Tom
Published: April 2015

Using the recently developed SIMS–SPM prototype, secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) data was combined with topographical data from the scanning probe microscopy (SPM) module for five test structures in order to obtain accurate chemical 3D maps: a polystyrene/polyvinylpyrrolidone (PS/PVP) polymer blend, a nickel-based super-alloy, a titanium carbonitride-based cermet, a reticle test structure and Mg(OH)2 nanoclusters incorporated inside a polymer matrix. The examples illustrate the potential of this combined approach to track and eliminate artefacts related to inhomogeneities of the sputter rates (caused by samples containing various materials, different phases or having a non-flat surface) and inhomogeneities of the secondary ion extraction efficiencies due to local field distortions (caused by topography with high aspect ratios). In this respect, this paper presents the measured relative sputter rates between PVP and PS as well as in between the different phases of the TiCN cermet.
CONSIDERATION OF THE USE PHASE IN CERTIFICATION PROGRAMS FOR RESIDENTIAL GREEN BUILDING
Authors: Patenaude Mario , Plouffe Sylvain
Published: April 2015

The building industry is associated with several environmental impacts. In considering the total building lifecycle, the use phase has a strong influence on the level of impact. According to the literature, the use phase of residential buildings represents up to 92% of energy consumption, constitutes 95% of water consumption (indoor and outdoor), accounts for 45% of the weight of materials used, and produces 50% of the waste (maintenance, repair, and renovation). Green building and certification programs used in North America, such as BOMA-BESt®, LEED®, and Living Building ChallengeTM, aim to reduce the environmental footprint of housing. However, while these certifications provide a useful framework for practices related to buildings and their systems, a documentary analysis shows that they do not adequately take into account the use phase of residential buildings. The purpose of this paper is to show that consideration of the use phase is inconsistent with the impacts associated with it.
Investigation on Fuel Cell Vehicle Development and Customer Demands
Authors: Su Yu Jing , Lu Cong Da , Wen Dong Hui
Published: April 2015

As many countries increased investment on clean energy research and the automobile industry developed rapidly, fuel cell vehicles hold its own place in the history of the automobile industry gradually. By analyzing large car companies in proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) car research and fuel cell car customer requirements, study the design and manufacture of fuel cell vehicles, give some countermeasures for design research.
Study on Vibration Control of Gun Tube with Intelligent Structure
Authors: Peng Feng Sheng , Ning Wei , Shu Lin Sen , Zhang Dong Sheng
Published: April 2015

An active control test is done trying to control the vibration of gun tube. A four-layer piezoelectric actuator is glued on the root of an analogue tube (a steel barrel) and a voltage amplifier is used to regulate the voltage on the actuator restraining vibration of the barrel. With 130 voltages, the vibration acceleration of the simulated free end of the barrel decreases 83 percent from the original 60 m/s2 and he attenuation time is shorted greatly. It can be seen that the vibration of the barrel is decreased obviously. It is feasible and very effective to control the vibration of gun tube by using intelligent structure according to the result of the theoretical analysis and test result.
Thermal-Structural Coupling Analysis of Planetary Roller Screw
Authors: Du Xiao Jun , Li Xiao Qing , Yue Ying Juan , Chen Fei
Published: April 2015

This paper established the finite element model of planetary roller screw (PRS) for thermal structure coupling analysis, and set the model parameters and boundary conditions reasonably, verified the reliability of the calculation model through the comparison and analysis of simulation data obtained, and discussed the effect of force on PRS main bearing member under preloaded and non-preloaded conditions.
Experimental Investigation on Thermophysical Performance of BN/EG Nanofluids Influenced by Dispersant
Authors: Guo Jian Feng , Guo Zhi Qing , Wang Xin Feng , Li Yan Jiao , Lv Qiu Juan
Published: April 2015

Boron nitride/ethylene alcohol (BN/EG) nanofluid was synthesized by two-step method. The effect of dispersant on stability, viscosity and thermal conductivity enhancement was investigated. The experimental results indicated that the addition of anionic dispersant (SHMP) and catioic dispersant (CTAB) will induce the severe deterioration of stability of BN/EG nanofluids. PVP, which belonging to non-ionic dispersant, can improve the stability and fluidity obviously besides keeping the enhancement of thermal conductivity.
Thickness Effect of Polyurethane Foam Core on the Flexural Behaviour of Composite Sandwich Materials
Authors: Ardiyanto Pramaditya , Suwarta Putu , Sutikno  , Sidharta Indra , Wijanarko Wahyu
Published: April 2015

This study explored the feasibility of flexural performance of composite sandwich material composed of various low density polyurethane foam core thickness sandwiched between GFRP skins. The mechanical behaviour of this material was assessed by carrying out a flexural testing. Each spesimen had a nominal dimensions of 110 mm x 30 mm x (c + 4 mm). These spesimens with various core thickness (c) of 2 mm. 5 mm. and 8 mm were then tested in three point bending according to ASTM C 393-00. This study revealed that. by incorporating the thickest core ( 8 mm ) . the bending strength decreases by 42.3 % compared to 5 mm core and it further decreases by 72.6 % compared to 2 mm core. The material stiffness showed positive trend for the thickest core (8 mm). it increases by 53.1 % and 78.1 % compared to 5 mm core and 2 mm core respectively. Low shear modulus of polyurethane foam core contributed to the low bending strength of composite sandwich material with 8 mm core. This was further confirmed by failure analysis under optical microscope which revealed that core shear failure was the dominant failure mechanism for 8 mm core. Meanwhile the dominant failure mechanism for 2 mm core and 5 mm core was microbuckling which confirm the high modulus of GFRP skin. The material stiffness was affected by the high modulus of GFRP skin and the core thickness.