bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Environmental Footprint Factors on Nigerian University Campus: Multi-Criteria Analysis and System Dynamics Modelling
Authors: Aasa Olaoluwa Paul , Jesuleye Olalekan Aquila , Adepoju Adeyemi Oluwaseun
Published: July 2020

Performing their role as think tank and model of the world in environmental management, universities need a more inclusive and “whole-of-university” approach to environmental issues. Accordingly, this study adopted Participatory Action Research (PAR) design to the analysis Environmental Footprint (EF) factors on university campus using Multi-criteria Analysis (MCA) and System Dynamics (SD) Model. A group of 13 informants who are environmental experts on The Federal University of Technology, Akure (FUTA), Nigeria campus were purposively selected to form an environmental assessment team for the study. Primary data were collected using environmental factors assessment form designed for the purpose after initial aggregation of contents from secondary sources. Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA) revealed that energyprint (48.00 per cent) is the highest driver of environmental footprint followed by transportprint (30.20 per cent) and wasteprint (21.80 per cent) respectively while 'survival capability (best practices)' (40.70 per cent) was found to have the highest possibility of reducing it than any other inhibitors – legitimacy (environmental regulation) (34.60 per cent) and resource capability (societal practices) (24.70 per cent). To achieve a reduction in environmental footprint, scenario analyses based on Stock and Flow model of System Dynamics showed that the institution should annually combine Corporate Social Responsibility and University Rules and Regulations in proportions, 53.6 per cent and 46.4 per cent respectively. Thus, the study recommended the implementation institution-wide policy supported by awareness creation among stakeholders to foster both individual and institutional level commitments for reducing footprints.
FEM Based Modal and Harmonic Response Study of Stepped Shaft Having Cracks and Optimize Using ANN Method
Authors: Kumawat Asha , Waghulde K. B. , Kumawat Sanjay
Published: July 2020

In the present research study, modal and harmonic response analysis is performed for a stepped shaft made of SS-304 material using the FEM simulation technique. In the present study crack effect is also considered to find the role of cracks during modal analysis. Total six mode shapes are considered in this study and 500 N force is considered for harmonic response analysis. The simulation is performed using Ansys WB based APDL solver. The main outcome for this study is the critical speed of shaft for rotation from 10 RPM to 80K RPM, stress, deformation of the shaft without crack, and with crack. The selected shaft is stepped in nature, total length of shaft is 300 mm having three diameters of 20 mm, 40 mm, and 60 mm. The natural frequency for all six node shapes is from 1000 Hz to 4000 Hz having deformation from 15 mm to 30 mm approx for all combinations of crack in the shaft. After all simulation it is found that for all mode shapes, the stability and strength of the shaft are good during vibration conditions.
A Study of Dispense Needle for Die Attach Voids Mitigation
Authors: Rodriguez R. , Bacquian B. C. , Gomez F. R. , Jr. E. Graycochea
Published: July 2020

The need of data storage devices and new technologies continues to grow with more robust and stable functioning capability. With that, improvement and utilization never stop for a seamless output. One device that is currently on new product introduction is a quad-flat no-leads (QFN) utilizing a tapeless leadframe technology. The new device used highly conductive glue with metal spacer and has experienced gross glue voids defect parts per million (ppm). Glue voids were measured for cumulative voids criteria, with values higher compared to the specification. The study used analysis of variance (ANOVA) on the dispense needle diameter and revealed the effect levels of needle diameter on cumulative voids reduction. For subsequent works, the configuration could be applied for packages with similar requirement.
Synthesis and Pharmacological Activity of Some Pyrazolone Derivatives
Authors: Alam Faruk , Amin Ruhul
Published: July 2020

A sequence of novel pyrazolone derivative was produced by the reaction of 2, 4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine (0.1 mol) and ethyl acetoacetate with benzaldehydes followed by hydrazine hydrate and  finally treated with secondary amine and formaldehyde and the synthesized compounds were characterized by their physical properties (M.P and TLC) and UV, IR, 1HNMR, Mass spectroscopic studies respectively. The entire synthesized complex was tested for their anthelmintic, antimicrobial and haemostatic activity against gram-positive and gram-negative strains of bacteria and Eudrilus eugenia and human venous blood. The antimicrobial activity of synthesized pyrazolone derivatives was assessed by agar cup method. All the synthesized complexes were screened for the antimicrobial, athelmintic and haemostatic activity against some gram (+ve), Gram(-ve) organisms, Eudrilus eugenia and human venous blood. The complexes exhibited reasonable to upright activity when compared with the standard one.
Electoral Reform and the Fate of Factions: The Case of Japan's Liberal Democratic Party
Authors: COX GARY W. , ROSENBLUTH FRANCES McCALL , THIES MICHAEL F.
Published: July 2002

For years, scholars and pundits have blamed Japan's single, non-transferable vote (SNTV) electoral system for the factions that divide and organize the ruling Liberal Democratic Party

(LDP). In January 1994, Japan abandoned SNTV, and the first election under the new rules occurred in October 1996. If SNTV did in fact sustain the factions, it makes sense that the factional structure ought to have weakened under the new rules. In this article, we provide an informal model of what the old factional exchange between leaders and followers was like and investigate the extent to which the terms of this exchange, and hence the characteristics of Japanese factionalism, have begun to change under the new rules. We expect and find the largest decline in factional leaders' role in the area of nominations, and the slightest changes, at least in the short run, in the allocation of posts. On the other side of the exchange, we find that followers appear less willing to march to their leaders' tunes in LDP presidential elections.
ITLOS FLAGS ITS INTENT
Authors: O'Keefe Roger
Published: July 2002

The M/V “Saiga” (No. 2) (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines v. Guinea) (1999) 38 I.L.M. 1323 was, on the facts if not on the docket, the continuation and conclusion of The M/V “Saiga” 110 I.L.R. 736, the first case to be heard by the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) established under the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea. The cases arose out of an incident in which the Saiga—a Cypriot-owned, Scottish-managed and Swiss-chartered tanker flying the flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines—was detected refuelling fishing vessels at sea (“bunkering”) in the Exclusive Economic Zone, and in violation of the customs laws, of Guinea. Guinean patrol craft forcibly arrested the Saiga, injuring a Ukrainian crewman and a Senegalese painter, and escorted the ship to port, where its Ukrainian master was convicted of customs offences. As well as a suspended sentence of six months’ imprisonment, the court imposed a substantial fine, seizing the vessel and confiscating its cargo by way of guarantee.
FOR LOVE OR MONEY? DEPENDENT CARERS AND FAMILY PROVISION
Authors: Bridge Stuart
Published: July 2002

LOUISE Rose, born with serious physical and mental disabilities as a result of medical negligence at delivery, obtained £250,000 by way of settlement of her claim against the defendant health authority. This sum, administered by the Court of Protection, was used to enable her mother, Mrs. Bouette, to purchase a house in which they could both live. Its price was met as to three-quarters by the damages fund and as to one-quarter by her mother, and beneficial interests were declared in the property to represent their respective contributions. Mrs. Bouette received regular payments from the Court of Protection to cover Louise's living expenses and to purchase equipment for Louise, as well as social security benefits from the State in respect of her care for Louise. On Louise's death, at the age of fourteen, the rules of intestacy dictated that her estate, comprising her 75% share in the house and the residual fund, was to be divided in equal shares between her parents. Although Louise's father had separated from her mother when Louise was eight months old, he had an equal entitlement to the daughter's property, and realisation of his share would inevitably involve sale of the house. Mrs. Bouette accordingly brought a claim under the Inheritance (Provision for Family and Dependants) Act 1975, arguing that she was dependent on her daughter immediately before her death, and that she had not obtained reasonable financial provision as a result of the operation of the intestacy rules. The father applied to strike out the mother's claim, and the question of her dependency was tried as a preliminary issue: Bouette v. Rose, sub nom. Re B (deceased) [2000] 1 All E.R. 665.
RESPONSE OF WHEAT TO NITROGEN AND POTASSIUM IN SALINE SOILS
Authors: Singh K. N. , Sharma D. P.
Published: July 2002

A field experiment to evaluate the effect of N, K and time of K application on the growth, yield and chemical composition of wheat (Triticum aestivum) grown in saline soil with subsurface drainage, was conducted at the Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal Research Farm, Sampla during the winter seasons of 1992–93 to 1994–95. The treatments consisted of three levels each of N (0, 120 and 150 kg ha−1) and K (0, 50 and 75 kg ha−1) with the K applied at two different times (full basal and half basal + half top dressed 30 d after sowing). The growth characteristics (plant height, number of tillers and dry matter weight m−2 recorded at 60 d after sowing) and yield-attributing parameters (number of productive tillers and length of spikes) increased significantly with increasing N levels up to 150 kg ha−1 and K levels up to 50 kg ha−1. Similar responses of N and K were also observed on grain and straw yields of wheat. Time of K application had no significant effect on growth and yields. The N concentration in grain and straw increased significantly with the application of 120 kg N ha−1 over control. Application of K had no significant effect on the concentration of N in grain and straw. The K concentration in grain and straw increased significantly due to the application of 50 kg K ha−1 but it was unaffected by the time of K application. Application of K increased the efficiency of utilization of applied N. A trend towards declining salinity of the soil profile due to leaching through the subsurface drainage system was observed from 1992–93 to 1994–95. For three consecutive years the status of available N and K in surface soil (0–30 cm depth) increased due to their respective applications. This field study indicates that 150 kg N and 50 kg K ha−1 should be applied under canal-irrigated conditions to get the sustainable and optimum yield of wheat in saline soils.
Stratigraphy of the Bandas del Sur Formation: an extracaldera
record of Quaternary phonolitic explosive eruptions from the
Las Cañadas edifice, Tenerife (Canary Islands)
Authors: BRYAN S. E. , MARTÍ J. , CAS R. A. F.
Published: July 2002

Explosive volcanism has dominated the large phonolitic shield volcano
of Tenerife, the Las
Cañadas edifice, for the last 1.5 m.y. Pyroclastic deposits of the
Bandas del Sur Formation are exposed
along the southern flanks, and record the last two of at least three long-term
cycles of caldera-forming
explosive eruptions. Each cycle began with flank fissure eruptions of alkali
basalt lava, followed by
minor eruptions of basanite to phonotephrite lavas. Minor phonotephritic
to phonolitic lava effusions
also occurred on the flanks of the edifice during the latter stages of
the second explosive cycle. Non-welded
plinian fall deposits and ignimbrites are the dominant explosive products
preserved on the
southern flanks. Of these, a significant volume has been dispersed offshore.
Many pyroclastic units of
the second explosive cycle exhibit compositional zonation. Banded pumice
occurs in most units of the
third (youngest) explosive cycle, and ignimbrites typically contain mixed
phenocryst assemblages,
indicating the role of magma mixing/mingling prior to eruption. At
least four major eruptions of the
third cycle began with phreatomagmatic activity, producing lithic-poor,
accretionary lapilli-bearing
fallout and/or surge deposits. The repeated, brief phase of phreatomagmatism
at the onset of these
eruptions is interpreted as reflecting an exhaustive water supply, probably
a small caldera lake that was
periodically established during the third cycle. Accidental syenite becomes
an increasingly important
lithic clast type in ignimbrites up-sequence, and is interpreted as recording
the progressive development
of a plutonic complex beneath the summit caldera.

Successive eruptions during each explosive cycle increased in volume,
with the largest eruption
occurring at the end of the cycle. More than ten major explosive eruptions
vented moderately large
volumes (1−[ges ]10 km3) of phonolitic magma during the
last two cycles. Culminating each explosive
cycle was the emplacement of relatively large volume (>5−10 km3)
ignimbrites with coarse, vent-derived
lithic breccias, interpreted to record a major phase of caldera collapse.
In the extracaldera
record, explosive cycles are separated by ∼0.2 m.y. periods of non-explosive
activity. Repose periods
were characterized by erosion, remobilization of pyroclastic deposits by
discharge events, and pedogenesis.
The current period of non-explosive activity is characterized by the construction
of the Teide-Pico
Viejo stratovolcanic complex within the summit caldera. This suggests that
eruptive hiatuses in
the extracaldera record may reflect effusive activity and stratovolcano
or shield-building phases within
the summit caldera. Alternating effusive and explosive cycles have thus
been important in the volcanic
evolution of the Las Cañadas edifice.
Ammonoid morphological signal versus sea-level changes
Authors: NEIGE P. , MARCHAND D. , BONNOT A.
Published: July 2002

The morphological diversity, considered as a biological

signal, of a series of four Upper Callovian (Middle Jurassic)

ammonite populations of Côte-d’Or (France) is quantified.

These populations fall within two third-order sequences of a

second-order transgression. A sampling method that adheres as closely

as possible to the morphological characteristics of the populations

is established. It is valuable in that it eliminates the subjectivity

related to taxonomy to allow more objective comparisons between the

biological signal (shell morphology) and the physical signal

(eustasy).
Soft-bodied fossils from the roof shales of the Wigan Four
Foot coal seam, Westhoughton, Lancashire, UK
Authors: ANDERSON L. I. , DUNLOP J. A. , EAGAR R. M. C. , HORROCKS C. A. , WILSON H. M.
Published: July 2002

Exceptionally preserved fossils are described from the Westhoughton opencast coal pit near
Wigan, Lancashire, UK (uppermost Westphalian A, Lower Modiolaris Chronozone, regularis faunal
belt). The fossils occur within sideritic concretions in a 1.5-metre zone above the Wigan Four Foot coal
seam. Arthropods dominate the fauna and include arachnids, arthropleurids, crustaceans, eurypterids,
euthycarcinoids, millipedes and xiphosurans. Vertebrates are represented by a single palaeoniscid fish,
numerous disarticulated scales and coprolites. Upright Sigillaria trees, massive bedded units and a
general lack of trace fossils in the roof shales of the Wigan Four Foot coal seam suggest that deposition
of the beds containing these concretions was relatively rapid. Discovery of similar faunas at the
equivalent stratigraphic level some distance away point to regional rather than localized controls on
exceptional preservation.
The Neoproterozoic Dalradian Supergroup of Scotland: an
alternative hypothesis
Authors: PRAVE A. R.
Published: July 2002

The Dalradian Supergroup is interpreted traditionally as recording c. 300 m.y. of ‘episodic’
Neoproterozoic rifting. However, lower Dalradian (pre-Easdale Subgroup) facies architecture is
incompatible with rift-basin fill, and no unambiguous Neoproterozoic extensional structures are present
in those rocks. Consequently, no objective evidence exists to infer that Dalradian sedimentation
was initiated during extensional tectonism. That, combined with the accumulating data for contractile
deformation in Scotland at c. 870–800 Ma, the Knoydartian orogeny, permits the proposal of an alternative
tectonostratigraphic evolution for the Dalradian. I propose that Dalradian basin genesis was
initiated as a foredeep in response to Knoydartian orogenesis. The coarsening- and shallowing-upward,
6–8 km-thick Grampian Group–lower Lochaber Subgroup succession arguably represents a
flysch to molasse Knoydartian foredeep overlain by a moderately stable post-orogenic shelfal sequence
recorded by the relatively uniform thinner (c. 4 km) and compositionally more mature rocks of the
upper Lochaber through Islay subgroups. Lithospheric-scale extensional tectonism and rifting did not
occur until the late Neoproterozoic, as marked by the laterally variable, volcanic- and igneous-bearing
Easdale Subgroup, and was followed by the late Neoproterozoic–early Palaeozoic Iapetan rift-to-drift
transition through the Southern Highland Group.
IDEOLOGY AND THE ANCIEN RÉGIME
Authors: PARKER DAVID
Published: July 2002

Politics, ideology and the law in early modern Europe: essays in honour of J. H. M. Salmon. Edited
by Adrianna E. Bakos. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 1994.
Pp. xii+343. ISBN 1-878822-39-X. £55.00.

Changing identities in early modern France. Edited by Michael Wolfe. Durham and London:
Duke University Press, 1997. Pp. vii+390. ISBN 0-8223-1908-X. £42.50

Royal and republican sovereignty in early modern Europe: essays in memory of Ragnhild Hatton.
Edited by Robert Oresko, G. C. Gibbs, and H. M. Scott. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1997. Pp. xxi+671. ISBN 0-521-41910-7. £70.00

Images of kingship in early modern France. By Adrianna Bakos. London and New York:
Routledge, 1997. Pp. x+249. ISBN 0-415-15478-2. £52.50.
PRINCE CHARLES IN THE PARLIAMENTS OF 1621 AND 1624
Authors: KYLE CHRIS R.
Published: July 2002

This article explores the actions of Prince Charles in
the parliaments of 1621 and 1624.
It discusses his role in the electoral process, his activities in
parliaments, and the legislation which
affected his interests. It begins by exploring the precedents for
the heir to the throne being summoned
to parliament, before examining his political apprenticeship in
1621, and how his actions in 1624
reveal the difficulties in controlling the reversionary interest.
Throughout the two parliaments, Charles
was an active participant, taking part in debates in the House of
Lords, committee meetings, joint
conferences, and in liaising between the king and parliament. The
article concludes by suggesting that
Charles, although successful in achieving some of his aims, believed that
he had been able to
manipulate parliament for his own ends when in fact the tide
of events ran with him and deluded him.
This led to a false assumption that he could control parliament
– a notion which had disastrous
consequences when he summoned his own parliaments after he had
succeeded to the throne in 1625.
JØRGEN S. NIELSEN, Towards a European Islam (London: Macmillan Press, 1999). Pp. 163. $59.95 cloth.
Authors: Soper J. Christopher
Published: July 2002

Jørgen Nielsen's Towards a European Islam provides a very good introduction to the role that Islam plays in the experience of most non-European immigrants to Western Europe. As Nielsen correctly notes, there is an overwhelmingly Muslim character to immigration in the region, but few of the recent studies on immigration have looked systematically at the issue of the role religion plays in the lives of these newly arrived migrants. This relative silence is surprising given that there are an estimated 9 million Muslims in Western Europe, which makes them the largest religious minority in the region. Nielsen's book, therefore, is a healthy corrective for a literature that too often ignores this important question. The book's greatest strength is its description of the complex process by which Muslims seek to integrate their religious values and practices into social and political cultures that are not well suited to accommodating those views.
CIVIL SOCIETY, TRIBAL PROCESS, AND CHANGE IN JORDAN: AN ANTHROPOLOGICAL VIEW
Authors: Antoun Richard T.
Published: July 2002

In the 1990s, the concept of civil society has inspired a variety of publications by Western scholars studying the Middle East and has become the rallying cry for representatives of Western governments interested in promoting democracy in the region. The great majority of such publications and government promotions assume that the Middle East does not have, or has only in very weakly developed forms, the institutions that constitute a civil society. By “civil institutions” they mean such things as labor unions, political parties, independent newspapers and universities, and, most important, voluntary associations—for example, human-rights organizations, professional associations, charitable organizations, and non-governmental organizations.1 Discounted in this discussion is the possibility that the Middle East has its own resilient civil institutions undergoing their own transformations in the global society at the end of the century. In Jordan, this gigantic oversight reflects a misunderstanding of what “tribal” institutions are and do.
Alpha-amylase activity of wheat grain from crops

differing in grain drying rate
Authors: KETTLEWELL P. S. , CASHMAN M. M.
Published: July 2002

The hypothesis was tested that slow grain drying stimulates pre-maturity

alpha-amylase activity in

wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Grain drying rate in 91 commercial
crops

of cultivars Avalon or Mercia

grown over the years 1988–90 was estimated from the slope of linear

regressions of moisture content

on time. Incipient sprouting was detected in some samples from 1988 using
the

fluoroscein dibutyrate

test, but results from a beta-limit dextrin gel assay indicated that pre-maturity

alpha-amylase was

probably the major source of alpha-amylase activity in these samples. Although

year-to-year

differences in ln alpha-amylase activity and Hagberg falling number tended
to

be associated with

seasonal differences in drying rate, there was no evidence of a relationship

between either ln alpha-amylase activity or Hagberg falling number and
drying

rate after the year effect was removed by an

analysis of covariance. A second dataset from one crop in each of 14 years
at

one site showed

significant positive linear relationships between cumulative potential

evapotranspiration calculated

over different periods during grain ripening and Hagberg falling number

(excluding 3 years when

incipient sprouting was thought to occur). It was concluded that pre-maturity

alpha-amylase activity

was stimulated by an unknown environmental factor differing between seasons

and associated with

seasonal differences in drying rate and cumulative potential evapotranspiration.
The effect of nutritional status on protein degradation

and components of the calpain system in skeletal muscle of weaned wether
lambs
Authors: THOMSON B. C. , HOSKING B. J. , SAINZ R. D. , ODDY V. H.
Published: July 2002

The association between the rate of protein degradation and the
components

of the calpain system

in lambs fed at sub-maintenance, maintenance and supra-maintenance levels

of nutrition was investigated. Weights of the cold carcass, liver, kidney,
pluck and

m. semitendinosus increased with

nutritional level (P<0·05). The rate of protein degradation
in the

hind-limb was determined using

an in vivo arterio-venous method. Blood flow, protein gain

and protein synthesis across the hind-limb

increased with nutritional status (P<0·05). There was
an

increase in the amount of protein

synthesised per unit of RNA (mg RNA/g protein) with improved nutritional

status. The rate of protein degradation across the hind-limb increased
between the

sub-maintenance and maintenance

treatments (P<0·05) but there was no further increase

above maintenance (P>0·10). The activity

of the components of the calpain system was determined after

separation on a DEAE-Sepharose

column with a stepwise gradient with increasing NaCl concentrations.

Although there were no

significant effects of nutritional status on the components of the calpain

system, there was a negative

association between the rate of protein degradation and the activity of

μ-calpain (R2=0·61;

P<0·005) and a weak positive association between calpastatin

activity and protein gain (R2=0·44;

P<0·05).
Climate change: a response surface study of the effects
of CO2 and temperature on the growth of beetroot, carrots and
onions
Authors: WURR D. C. E. , HAND D. W. , EDMONDSON R. N. , FELLOWS J. R. , HANNAH M. A. , CRIBB D. M.
Published: July 2002

Ten daylit, controlled-environment cabinets were used to
investigate the possible impacts of global
rises in atmospheric CO2 concentration and temperature
on beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.), carrot
(Daucus carota L.) and bulb onion (Allium cepa L.)
plants. Their responses to CO2 concentrations of
350, 450, 550, 650 and 750 vpm and temperatures of 12, 13·5,
15, 16·5 and 18°C were examined by
using a fractional factorial design for the two treatment factors.
Use of the daylit cabinets allowed
the plants to be grown in natural light, common atmospheric humidities

(vpd 0·7 kPa) and non-limiting supplies of water and mineral nutrients.

Polynomial models were used to summarize the whole plant dry weight
and fresh weight yield
responses and to indicate the potential impact of climate change.
Additionally, the models were used
to generate predictions of the percentage change in whole plant dry
weight and plant fresh weight
yield for the years 2025 and 2050 relative to 1992. Baseline values of

350 vpm for CO2 and a mean
temperature of 13·5°C for 1992 together with forecast
CO2 values of 407 and 442 vpm and
temperature increases of 0·7 and 1·1 C for 2025 and
2050 respectively were used. For 2025, fresh
weight yield changes of +19%, +9% and +13% were obtained for beetroot,
carrot and onion
crops respectively, while for 2050 the respective changes were +32%, +13%
and +21%.

Measurements of the ratio of the maximum diameter of the bulb to the

minimum diameter of the
neck for onions showed that there was little or no influence of CO2,

whereas the effect of temperature
was substantial. Bulbing was accelerated by high temperature and was greatly
delayed at low
temperature. At temperatures <15°C, the delays to bulbing resulted
in the development of
undesirable, thick-necked onions which tended to remain green with erect
leaves. These results
suggest, therefore, that a warmer climate will be advantageous
for the commercial production of bulb onions in Britain.
What Gender is the Consumer?: The Role of Gender
Connotations in Defining the Political
Authors: DONOHUE KATHLEEN G.
Published: July 2002

The 1890s and the 1930s were periods of intense consumer activism
during which organized consumers pressured government to regulate
business on behalf of the consuming public. In both periods, however,
the heightened awareness of the consumer had an impact that extended
beyond the realm of grass-roots activism or government regulation. One
of the areas profoundly affected by this heightened awareness was
political–economic thought. In both periods, political–economic theorists
turned their attention to the consumer, debating such issues as whether
humans were fundamentally producers or consumers, whether civic
identity should be rooted in the consumer or the producer identity, and
whether the “good society” was one based on “producerist” or
“consumerist” values.
BREAST-FEEDING, DIARRHOEA AND SANITATION AS COMPONENTS OF INFANT AND CHILD HEALTH: A STUDY OF LARGE SCALE SURVEY DATA FROM GHANA AND NIGERIA
Authors: AHIADEKE CLEMENT
Published: July 2002

Using Demographic and Health Survey datasets from Ghana and Nigeria, this study examined whether the protective effects of breast-feeding are greatest where the poorest sanitation conditions prevail. It was found that mixed-fed infants aged between 0 and 11 months tend to have a higher risk of diarrhoea than fully breast-fed children, while the risk of diarrhoea among weaned infants is twice that of mixed-fed infants. The probit regression models employed in the analysis were used to predict the probability of diarrhoea associated with each breast-feeding pattern for both ‘poor’ and ‘good’ sanitation areas. It was found that the risk of diarrhoea among mixed-fed infants in the poor sanitation areas tends to be high while the same risk among fully breast-fed infants tends to be minimal. In essence, the health risks of mixed feeding are real, particularly for infants aged less than 7 months, and are even worse for those weaned before 6 months of age.
BIOSOCIAL FACTORS AFFECTING VITAMIN D STATUS OF WOMEN OF CHILDBEARING AGE IN THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
Authors: DAWODU ADEKUNLE , ABSOOD GAMIL , PATEL MAHENDRA , AGARWAL MUKESH , EZIMOKHAI MUTAIRU , ABDULRAZZAQ YOUSEF , KHALAYLI GHALIB
Published: July 2002

Low serum 25-OHD in female Arab subjects, which may predispose their infants to hypocalcaemia, has been suggested to be due to inadequate sunshine exposure, but may include other sociobiological factors. The effects of duration of sunshine exposure - weighted against the magnitude of clothing (UV exposure) and other sociobiological variables such as age, education and living accommodation - on serum 25-OHD and mineral status of 33 UAE national women of childbearing age were compared with those of 25 non-Gulf Arabs and seventeen Europeans. Serum concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase and intact parathyroid hormone among the groups were not significantly different. The serum concentration of 25-OHD in UAE nationals was 8·6 ng/ml (4·5–17·4), mean±1 SD, and in non-Gulf Arabs 12·6 ng/ml (6·0-26·4); both these values were significantly lower (p=<50·0001) than the 64·3 ng/ml (49-84·3) found in Europeans. Compared with Europeans, the UAE and non-Gulf Arabs in this study were younger, had fewer years of education and had significantly lower clothing and UV scores (p<0·0001). Furthermore, there was a positive correlation (r=0·59425) between serum 25-OHD and UV score, but not with length of exposure. After adjusting for other confounding variables, nationality, clothing and UV scores remained major determinants of serum 25-OHD (p<0·0001). Therefore, limited skin exposure to sunlight appears to be an important determinant of vitamin D status in our subjects. Strategies to increase vitamin D stores should include vitamin D supplementation or advice on effective sunlight exposure.
Finite Reynolds number effects in the propagation of an air finger into a liquid-filled flexible-walled channel
Authors: HEIL MATTHIAS
Published: July 2002

This paper investigates finite Reynolds number effects in the problem of the
propagation of an air finger into a liquid-filled flexible-walled two-dimensional channel.
The study is motivated by the physiological problem of pulmonary airway reopening.
A fully consistent model of the fluid–structure interaction is formulated and solved
numerically using coupled finite element discretizations of the free-surface Navier–Stokes
equations and the Lagrangian wall equations. It is shown that for parameter
values which are representative of the conditions in the lung and in typical laboratory
experiments, fluid inertia plays a surprisingly important role: even for relatively
modest ratios of Reynolds and capillary numbers (Re/Ca ≈ 5–10), the pressure
required to drive the air finger at a given speed increases significantly compared
to the zero Reynolds number case. Fluid inertia leads to significant changes in the
velocity and pressure fields near the bubble tip and is responsible for a noticeable
change in the wall deformation pattern ahead of the bubble. For some parameter
variations (such as variations in the wall tension), finite Reynolds number effects
are shown to lead to qualitative changes in the system's behaviour. Finally, the
implications of the result for pulmonary airway reopening are discussed.
Lifting multi-blade flows with interaction
Authors: BOWLES R. G. A. , SMITH F. T.
Published: July 2002

Planar flow past multiple successive blades and wakes is studied for nearly aligned
configurations with normal non-symmetry inducing lift. The typical blade lies relatively
near the centreline of the oncoming wake from the preceding blade. The central
motion over a wide parameter range is in condensed periodic boundary layers and
wakes with fixed displacement, buried within surrounding incident shear flow. This is
accompanied, however, by streamwise jumps in the pressure, velocity and mass flux,
across the leading edge of each blade, a new and surprising feature which is supported
by the combination of incident shears and a solid surface and which is related to the
normal flow through the multi-blade system. The leading-edge jumps are required
in order to satisfy the equi-pressure condition at the trailing edge. Computational
results include separating flows and show the lift and drag, and these are followed by
a short-blade analysis which captures the main flow properties explicitly. The results
agree qualitatively with experiments and direct simulations for rotor blade flows. The
jump feature also extends for example to a single blade immersed in the relatively
large wake of an upstream blade.
Fluidization by lift of 300 circular particles in plane Poiseuille flow by direct numerical simulation
Authors: CHOI HYOUNG G. , JOSEPH DANIEL D.
Published: July 2002

We study the transport of a slurry of heavier-than-liquid circular particles in a plane
pressure-driven flow in a direct simulation. The flow is calculated in a periodic domain
containing 300 circular particles. The study leads to the concept of fluidization by lift
in which all the particles are suspended by lift forces against gravity perpendicular to
the flow. The study is framed as an initial-value problem in which a closely packed
cubic array of particles resting on the bottom of the channel is lifted into suspension.
All the details of the flow are resolved numerically without model assumptions. The
fluidization of circular particles first involves bed inflation in which liquid is driven
into the bed by high pressure at the front and low pressure at the back of each circle
in the top row. This kind of bed inflation occurs even at very low Reynolds numbers
but it takes more time for the bed to inflate as the Reynolds number is reduced.
It appears that the bed will not inflate if the shear Reynolds number is below the
critical value for single particle lift-off. The flows with a single particle are completely
determined by a shear Reynolds number and a gravity parameter when the density
ratio and aspect ratio parameters are specified. In the multi-particle case, the volume
fraction and distribution also matters. The transition to a fully fluidized slurry by
waves is discussed.

An analytical model of the steady motion of a single particle dragged forward in
a Poiseuille flow is derived and compared with a simulation. The undisturbed fluid
velocity is always larger than the particle velocity, producing a fluid hold-up. The
effect of the hold-up in the many particle case is to greatly reduce the velocity of
the mixture which may be described by a two-fluid model in which the solid laden
mixture is regarded as a second fluid with effective properties.
Shear flow of highly concentrated emulsions of
deformable drops by numerical simulations
Authors: ZINCHENKO ALEXANDER Z. , DAVIS ROBERT H.
Published: July 2002

An efficient algorithm for hydrodynamical interaction of many deformable drops
subject to shear flow at small Reynolds numbers with triply periodic boundaries is
developed. The algorithm, at each time step, is a hybrid of boundary-integral and
economical multipole techniques, and scales practically linearly with the number of
drops N in the range N < 1000, for NΔ ∼ 103 boundary elements per drop. A new
near-singularity subtraction in the double layer overcomes the divergence of velocity
iterations at high drop volume fractions c and substantial viscosity ratio γ. Extensive
long-time simulations for N = 100–200 and NΔ = 1000–2000 are performed up to
c = 0.55 and drop-to-medium viscosity ratios up to λ = 5, to calculate the
non-dimensional emulsion viscosity μ* = Σ12/(μeγ˙), and the first N1 = (Σ11−Σ22)/(μe[mid ]γ˙[mid ])
and second N2 = (Σ22−Σ33)/(μe[mid ]γ˙[mid ]) normal stress differences, where γ˙ is the shear
rate, μe is the matrix viscosity, and Σij is the average stress tensor. For c = 0.45 and
0.5, μ* is a strong function of the capillary number Ca = μe[mid ]γ˙[mid ]a/σ (where a is the
non-deformed drop radius, and σ is the interfacial tension) for Ca [Lt ] 1, so that most
of the shear thinning occurs for nearly non-deformed drops. For c = 0.55 and λ = 1,
however, the results suggest phase transition to a partially ordered state at Ca [les ] 0.05,
and μ* becomes a weaker function of c and Ca; using λ = 3 delays phase transition
to smaller Ca. A positive first normal stress difference, N1, is a strong function of Ca;
the second normal stress difference, N2, is always negative and is a relatively weak
function of Ca. It is found at c = 0.5 that small systems (N ∼ 10) fail to predict
the correct behaviour of the viscosity and can give particularly large errors for N1,
while larger systems N [ges ] O(102)show very good convergence. For N ∼ 102 and
NΔ ∼ 103, the present algorithm is two orders of magnitude faster than a standard
boundary-integral code, which has made the calculations feasible.
Confined axisymmetric laminar jets with large expansion ratios
Authors: REVUELTA A. , SÁNCHEZ A. L. , LIÑÁN A.
Published: July 2002

This paper investigates the steady round laminar jet discharging into a coaxial duct
when the jet Reynolds number, Rej, is large and the ratio of the jet radius to the
duct radius, ε, is small. The analysis considers the distinguished double limit in which
the Reynolds number Rea = Rejε
for the final downstream flow is of order unity,
when four different regions can be identified in the flow field. Near the entrance, the
outer confinement exerts a negligible influence on the incoming jet, which develops
as a slender unconfined jet with constant momentum flux. The jet entrains outer
fluid, inducing a slow back flow motion of the surrounding fluid near the backstep.
Further downstream, the jet grows to fill the duct, exchanging momentum with the
surrounding recirculating flow in a slender region where the Reynolds number is
still of the order of Rej. The streamsurface bounding the toroidal vortex eventually
intersects the outer wall, in a non-slender transition zone to the final downstream
region of parallel streamlines. In the region of jet development, and also in the
main region of recirculating flow, the boundary-layer approximation can be used to
describe the flow, while the full Navier–Stokes equations are needed to describe the
outer region surrounding the jet and the final transition region, with
Rea = Rejε
entering as the relevant parameter to characterize the resulting non-slender flows.
On an approximate model for the shape of a

liquid–air interface receding in a capillary tube
Authors: RAMÉ E.
Published: July 2002

A good approximation to modelling the shape of a liquid–air

meniscus advancing or

receding in a capillary tube of radius a can be

constructed by balancing the curvature

of the interface with the sum of a viscous stress valid near the contact
line and a

constant static pressure. This model has unique solutions for each value
of the

boundary condition, i.e. the dynamic contact angle. When the

meniscus recedes at very

small capillary numbers, the model predicts a critical

receding velocity beyond which

a liquid layer of the receding fluid (a liquid tail) develops along

the solid (see figure 4).

The length of the layer increases as the receding speed and the

contact angle decrease.

This layer regime is characterized by menisci whose macroscopic

curvature is >1/a.
Global capillary instability of an inclined jet
Authors: YAKUBENKO P. A.
Published: July 2002

The primary goal of the paper is to demonstrate that a circular
jet

of inviscid liquid,

which issues from a nozzle at an angle to the gravitational field, can

sustain a self-excited linear global mode. The mode is found for the

flow that is locally convectively

unstable at every point, i.e. has no region of local absolute instability.
A simple

experiment shows that the mode can evolve into a wave of finite amplitude,
which is

localized in space near the nozzle.

Section 2 of the paper summarizes some recent developments in the linear
theory

of stability of weakly inhomogeneous flows.
Dynamics of localized disturbances in

engineering flows: a report on Euromech Colloquium 353
Authors: DELFS JAN , OERTEL JR HERBERT
Published: July 2002

Euromech Colloquium 353, held at the University of Karlsruhe, Germany,

1–3 April

1996 brought together scientists working in the field of localized disturbances
of

flows in order to discuss new developments and the potential for application.
The

colloquium attracted a total of 56 participants from nine European countries,
i.e.

France, Germany, The Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Sweden, Switzerland,
Ukraine

and United Kingdom as well as from the US and Israel.
Instabilities and bifurcation of non-equilibrium
two-phase flows
Authors: ADAM STEPHAN , SCHNERR GÜNTER H.
Published: July 2002

New instabilites of unsteady transonic flows
with non-equilibrium phase transition
are presented including unsymmetric flow patterns with moving oblique shock
systems in supersonic nozzles with perfectly symmetric shapes. The phenomena
were
first detected when performing experiments in our supersonic wind tunnel
with
atmospheric supply and could be perfectly reproduced by numerical simulations
based
on the Euler equations, i.e. neglecting the viscosity of the fluid. The
formation of
the liquid phase is modelled using the classical nucleation theory for
the steady state together with the Hertz–Knudsen droplet growth law
and
yields qualitatively and
quantitatively excellent agreement with experiments in the unsteady flow
regime with
high-frequency oscillations including the unstable transient change of
the structure
from symmetric to unsymmetric flow.

For engineering applications the sudden increase or decrease of the
frequency by
a factor 2 or more and of the pressure amplitude at the bifurcation limits
is of
immediate practical interest, e.g. for flutter excitation of turbomachinery
blading.
Non-isotropic dissipation in non-homogeneous turbulence
Authors: OBERLACK MARTIN
Published: July 2002

On the basis of the two-point velocity correlation

equation a new tensor length-scale equation and in turn a

dissipation rate tensor equation and the pressure–strain

correlation are derived by means of asymptotic analysis and frame-invariance

considerations. The new dissipation rate tensor equation can account for
non-isotropy

effects of the dissipation rate and streamline curvature. The entire

analysis is valid

for incompressible as well as for compressible turbulence in the limit
of small Mach

numbers. The pressure–strain correlation is expressed as

a functional of the two-point

correlation, leading to an extended compressible version of the linear
formulation

of the pressure–strain correlation. In this turbulence

modelling approach the only

terms which still need ad hoc closure assumptions are the

triple correlation of the

fluctuating velocities and a tensor relation between the length scale and

the dissipation

rate tensor. Hence, a consistent formulation of the return term in the

pressure–strain

correlation and the dissipation tensor equation is achieved. The model
has been

integrated numerically for several different homogeneous and inhomogeneous
test

cases and results are compared with DNS, LES and experimental data.
Dynamic simulation of shear thickening in concentrated colloidal suspensions
Authors: DRATLER D. I. , SCHOWALTER W. R. , HOFFMAN R. L.
Published: July 2002

Stokesian Dynamics has been used to investigate the origins of

shear thickening in

concentrated colloidal suspensions. For this study, we considered a monolayer

suspension composed of charge-stabilized non-Brownian monosized rigid spheres

dispersed at an areal fraction of ϕa=0.74 in a

Newtonian liquid. The suspension was

subjected to a linear shear field. In agreement with established

experimental data, our

results indicate that shear thickening in this system is associated with

an order–disorder

transition of the suspension microstructure. Below the critical shear rate
at

which this transition occurs, the suspension microstructure consists of

two-dimensional analogues

of experimentally observed sliding layer configurations. Above

this critical shear rate,

suspensions are disordered, contain particle clusters, and exhibit viscosities
and

microstructures characteristic of suspensions of non-Brownian hard spheres.
In

addition, suspensions possessing the sliding layer microstructure at the
beginning of

supercritical shearing tend to retain this microstructure for a period
of time before

disordering. The onset of this disorder is due to the formation of particle
doublets

within the suspension. Once formed, these doublets rotate,

due to the bulk motion, and

disrupt the long-range order of the suspension. The cross-stream component
of the

centre-to-centre separation vector associated with the two

particles forming a doublet,

which is zero when the doublet is perfectly aligned with the bulk

velocity vector, grows

exponentially with time. This strongly suggests that the evolution of

these doublets is

due to a change in the stability of the sliding layer configurations,

with this type of

ordered microstructure being linearly unstable above a critical shear rate.
This

contention is supported by results of a stability analysis.

The analysis shows that a

single string of particles is subject to a linear instability leading

to the formation of

particle doublets. Simulations were repeated with different numbers of

particles in the

computational domain, with the results found to be qualitatively independent
of

system size.
On the characteristics of vortex filaments in isotropic turbulence
Authors: JIMÉNEZ JAVIER , WRAY ALAN A.
Published: July 2002

The statistical properties of the strong coherent vortices observed
in numerical
simulations of isotropic turbulence are studied. When compiled at axial
vorticity levels
ω/ω′∼Re1/2λ,

where ω′ is the r.m.s. vorticity magnitude for the flow as
a whole,
they have radii of the order of the Kolmogorov scale and internal velocity
differences
of the order of the r.m.s. velocity of the flow u′.
Theoretical arguments are given
to explain these scalings. It is shown that the filaments are inhomogeneous
Burgers'
vortices driven by an axial stretching which behaves like the strain fluctuations
of the
background flow. It is suggested that they are the strongest members in
a class of
coherent objects, the weakest of which have radii of the order of the Taylor
microscale,
and indirect evidence is presented that they are unstable. A model is proposed
in
which this instability leads to a cascade of coherent filaments whose radii
are below
the dissipative scale of the flow as a whole. A family of such cascades
separates the
self-similar inertial range from the dissipative limit. At the vorticity
level given above,
the filaments occupy a volume fraction which scales as
Re−2λ, and their total length
increases as
O(Reλ). The length of individual filaments
scales as
the integral length of the flow, but there is a shorter internal length
of the order
of the Taylor microscale.