bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
HAIR COAT CHARACTERISTICS OF BISON, DOMESTIC × BISON HYBRIDS, CATTALO, AND CERTAIN DOMESTIC BREEDS OF BEEF CATTLE
Authors: Peters H. F. , Slen S. B.
Published: March 2010

Domestic × bison hybrids and cattalo had greater weights of winter hair coat per unit of skin area than Hereford, Angus, or Shorthorn cattle. Bison had greater hair weights per unit area than either cattalo or Herefords.The greater weight of hair per unit area in the part-bison cattle was due to a greater density of coat (number of fibers per unit area). Hybrid cows averaged 455 mg of clean hair and 13,714 fibers per sq. in. in the mid-rib section, whereas Hereford cows averaged 280 mg of hair and 4,533 fibers per sq. in. The Hereford had greater mean fiber thickness.The bison excelled in hair coat density and fineness of hair fiber. There was a significant (P < 0.01) sex difference in density in the bison, heifer calves averaging 19,296 fibers per sq. in. in the mid-rib section and bull calves 14,139 fibers per sq. in. Hair clipped from the thigh area of the bison averaged significantly (P < 0.01) less in mean fiber length and more in mean fiber thickness than hair clipped from the mid-rib and shoulder areas.Within breeds, there was a correlation of 0.60 (P < 0.01) between weight per unit area and density of coat, 0.45 (P < 0.01) between weight per unit area and mean fiber length, and 0.12 between weight per unit area and mean fiber thickness. The correlation between density and mean fiber thickness was −0.42 (P < 0.01). The multiple correlation between weight of hair per unit area and the two factors, density and length, was 0.81 (P < 0.01).There was a correlation of 0.995 (P < 0.01) between raw and clean weights of hair per unit area, and the average yield of clean hair was 81%.
THE EFFECTS OF PLASTIC PACKAGING AND OTHER TREATMENTS ON HATCHING EGGS
Authors: Proudfoot F. G.
Published: March 2010

A total of 9360 eggs was used in two series of experiments to study the effect of pre-incubation treatments on hatchability, egg weight, and chick weight. These treatments involved plastic packaging, alterations in atmospheric carbon dioxide, temperature, humidity, and time during the pre-incubation stage.Hatchability was maintained at a higher level when eggs were enclosed in plastic film during the pre-incubation period. There was also evidence that plastic packaging was more beneficial when eggs were held at adverse temperatures. Temperatures from 50 to 66° F did not appear to have a detrimental effect on hatchability when eggs were held for short storage periods. An increase in the carbon dioxide concentration in the egg storage environment depressed hatchability.Long pre-incubation holding periods tended to decrease egg weight at setting time and at the 18th day of incubation but appeared to increase chick weight. Temperatures ranging from 50 to 64° F had little effect on egg and chick weights. High humidity levels increased egg weight (when eggs were not enclosed in plastic packages) but this weight difference disappeared during incubation.
PREDICTION OF FAT-TO-PROTEIN RATIO IN LAMB CARCASSES
Authors: Jordan W. A. , Pritchard G. I. , Heaney D. P. , Jeffers H. F.
Published: March 2010

A study of relationships between weights or simple measures of body proportions and fat-to-protein ratio in lamb carcasses (ether extract-to-N × 6.25 in completely ground carcass side) showed several positive relationships of practical importance. Width of carcass at shoulders was the most useful criterion (r = 0.68) for predicting fat-to-protein ratio, followed by carcass weight, body weight, heart girth, and carcass depth with r values of 0.64, 0.60, 0.58, and 0.52 respectively. While these relationships lead to prediction equations that are not sufficiently precise for most scientific investigations, they are sufficiently high to warrant consideration when assessing the value of such measurements in carcass evaluation and in selection. Leg length, carcass length, and carcass width at hips had lower relationships to fat-to-protein ratio in carcasses, which were of doubtful value even for practical purposes. Area of eye of lean showed no relationship to fat-to-protein ratio.
NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS FOR CANADIAN YORKSHIRE SWINE: IV. A STUDY OF THE LYSINE, TRYPTOPHAN, RIBOFLAVIN, AND PANTOTHENIC ACID REQUIREMENTS OF PIGS WEIGHING 50 TO 100 POUNDS
Authors: Bell J. M.
Published: March 2010

Eight basic rations were linear programmed electronically with 13 nutrients controlled. The rations differed as follows: (1) based on the minimum requirements, (2) 15% increase in levels of 12 nutrients, (3) 15% increase in lysine, (4) 15% increase in tryptophan, (5) 15% increase in both lysine and tryptophan, (6) riboflavin at 75% of minimum requirement, (7) pantothenic acid at 75% of the minimum requirement, and (8) 15% increase in lysine and tryptophan; riboflavin and pantothenic acid at 75%. A corresponding series of rations was supplemented with 10 p.p.m. oxytetracycline + 2 p.p.m. oleandomycin.Forty-eight barrows and forty-eight gilts were employed in combined growth, feed utilization, and digestibility trials over the weight interval 50–100 lb.The results confirmed the nutritional inadequacy of grower rations based on the minimum standards and provided evidence that an increase in lysine level from 0.65 to 0.75% was as effective as increasing the levels of 12 nutrients. Increasing tryptophan level and reducing the riboflavin level did not affect growth or feed utilization. Decreasing the level of pantothenic acid was associated with improved growth and feed efficiency but further work is being undertaken to determine whether the response was due to this vitamin per se.
EFFECTS OF LOW FLUCTUATING TEMPERATURES ON FARM ANIMALS: V. INFLUENCE OF HUMIDITY ON LACTATING DAIRY COWS
Authors: Williams C. M. , Bell J. M.
Published: March 2010

The respiration rate, heart rate, milk composition, and milk production of Holstein–Friesian cows were measured during the winter in a loose-housing type barn which resulted in conditions of moderate relative humidity (72–79%) and low fluctuating ambient air temperatures (−3°F and above). These results are compared with the results from a similar study carried out the previous winter when humidities in the barn ranged from 90 to 100%. This study confirmed the conclusions of the previous year that changes in respiration rate are closely related to changes in air temperatures and that heart rate and rectal temperatures are unaffected by low fluctuating temperatures. Milk production did not decrease with decreasing air temperatures in this study as reported previously with higher humidity readings. A negative correlation between percentage butterfat and relative humidity was observed.
THE EFFECT OF NITROGEN AND OTHER GASES ON THE HATCHABILITY OF EGGS STORED IN PLASTIC BAGS
Authors: Proudfoot F. G.
Published: March 2010

not available
INFLUENCE OF SOURCE AND LEVEL OF ENERGY AND LEVEL OF PROTEIN INTAKE ON SOW PERFORMANCE DURING GROWTH, GESTATION, AND LACTATION: I. GAIN, ENERGY REQUIREMENTS, AND REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE
Authors: Bowland J. P.
Published: March 2010

From an average initial weight of 44 lb to the end of the second lactation, 60 sows (littermates from 12 litters) were fed two levels and two sources of energy and two levels of protein in 5 ration groups. To 215 lb liveweight a restriction of energy, with or without protein restriction, resulted in slower gains, improved efficiency of energy (total digestible nutrients or apparent digestible energy) utilization and lower backfat thickness. Sows fed rations formulated to meet U.S. N.R.C. nutrient requirements, and allowed no access to pasture, performed similarly during two gestation and lactation cycles when they were fed ad libitum during growth and 6 lb per day during gestation or when they were restricted in feed intake by 20% during growth and 8% during gestation. During lactation all sows were fed at an energy level based on the number of suckling pigs. The addition of 20% extra protein to the ration of sows fed at a restricted level, full-feeding sows during gestation that had been restricted during growth, or the addition of 15% stabilized tallow to supply 20% of the energy in the rations during growth and reproduction had no significant effect on conception rates, number, or weight of pigs born alive or weaned. Sows fed the ration containing tallow at an intake to equalize energy consumption with sows full-fed the control ration were heavier at the end of the experiment than the other sows.Within lots, there were significant positive correlations between weight gain during the first gestation and loss during the first lactation, gain during the first and second gestation, gain during gestation and litter birth weight as well as litter weaning weight, litter birth weight and litter weaning weight, and number of pigs born alive following each gestation. Between lots, which gives an indication of nutritional effects, gain in weight during gestation was negatively correlated (r = −.73) with the number of pigs born alive.
INFLUENCE OF SOURCE AND LEVEL OF ENERGY AND LEVEL OF PROTEIN INTAKE ON SOW PERFORMANCE DURING GROWTH, GESTATION, AND LACTATION: II. EFFICIENCY OF ENERGY TRANSFER TO THE LITTER
Authors: Bowland J. P.
Published: March 2010

Sixty sows which were fed in five ration groups and which received different sources (no supplemental fat versus 15% stabilized tallow in the ration) and levels of energy and levels of protein were used to evaluate energetic efficiency of the sow in producing pigs to a weaning age of 5 weeks. Twenty per cent energy restriction during growth and eight per cent during reproduction, with or without protein restriction, were compared with energy and protein intakes that met U.S. N.R.C. requirements for growing pigs and for gilts. When adjusted for sow weight gain or loss, the energetic efficiency of sows in producing weanling pigs did not vary significantly between ration groups. The correlation coefficient (r) between energetic efficiency of litter gain and total weight of pigs weaned in the litter was.85. During the first lactation 19.2% and during the second lactation 19.7% of the apparent digestible energy in the feed was used for litter gain. When gestation and lactation were combined, the efficiency of litter gain was 13.1 and 14.6% for the first and second reproductive cycles respectively. An overall efficiency of litter gain of 11.4% was obtained when the energy requirement of gilts for growth was also included. The energetic efficiency of litter gain had a slight negative association with the average daily gain of the sows up to 215 lb liveweight. The r between either number of pigs weaned or the weaning weight of pigs in the litter from which dams were selected and total weight of pigs weaned in a sow’s first two litters was.43.
THE EFFECT OF HORMONES, BUFFER SALTS, AND PROTEIN QUALITY ON THE FEEDING OF SPRING LAMBS
Authors: Woolfitt W. C. , Howell W. E. , Bell J. M.
Published: March 2010

Lambs treated with ear implants of estradiol–progesterone and diethylstilbestrol (DES) were similar to the control lambs in rate of gain, feed efficiency, and carcass grade. Lambs receiving diethylstilbestrol orally appeared to respond less favorably than the control lambs. The gains of lambs receiving sodium bicarbonate were somewhat better than controls, approaching significance at the 5% level. Feed efficiency was improved in the sodium bicarbonate group with no significant change in carcass quality. Lambs fed rations that contained 2% sodium citrate or 2% sodium bicarbonate plus 2% sodium citrate gained more slowly than the control lambs. In addition, feed efficiency was adversely affected. There was no advantage in feeding fish meal in lieu of linseed oil meal.
THE RELATION BETWEEN BIRTH WEIGHT, SUBSEQUENT WEIGHTS, BODY WEIGHT GAIN, AND FEED CONSUMPTION OF HOLSTEIN–FRIESIAN STEERS
Authors: Forrest R. J.
Published: March 2010

The birth weight of a Holstein–Friesian bull calf was positively correlated with the length of the gestation period of the dam. An increase of 1 day in the gestation period resulted in an approximate increase of 1 lb in the birth weight of the calf. Birth weight, in turn, was correlated with body weight of a Holstein–Friesian steer up to 7 months of age, but this correlation disappeared when the animals were 14 months old. When only the calves having birth weights ranging between 87 and 112 lb were considered, this correlation was no longer significant by the time the animals reached 4 months of age. On the other hand, there was no correlation between birth weight and rate of gain at any time after the animals reached 200 lb body weight. Thus, birth weight can be expected to be of some importance when considering veal, but not beef, production.
HORMONAL CONTROL OF ESTRUS AND ITS EFFECT ON FERTILITY IN CYCLING EWES
Authors: Howell W. E. , Woolfitt W. C.
Published: March 2010

With an experiment involving 70 grade Rambouillet and crossbred ewes it was found that progesterone given orally with and without pregnant mare serum (P.M.S.), and progesterone by injection with P.M.S., resulted in appreciable estrual control in ewes. The administration of P.M.S. resulted in multiple ovulation and improved control of estrus when used in combination with progesterone given orally or by injection. Estradiol, 17-B-cyclopentyl-propionate (E.C.P.) alone, or in combination with P.M.S., gave no control of estrus, and conception rates were lowered in animals on these two treatments.
THE EFFECTS OF BREED AND CERTAIN ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON BIRTH AND WEANING TRAITS OF RANGE SHEEP
Authors: Vesely J. A. , Peters H. F.
Published: March 2010

Data collected during a 4-year period from 830 lambs of the Rambouillet, Romnelet, Canadian Corriedale, and Romeldale breeds were used to estimate the effects of breed and certain environmental factors on birth weight, weaning weight, face cover, conformation, and condition score.Rambouillets ranked first in birth weight and weaning weight, had most wool on the face, and scored poorest in conformation. Romnelets ranked second in weaning weight, had least wool-covering on the face, and were judged superior to the other breeds in conformation and condition. Canadian Corriedales had heavier lambs at birth than Romeldales; however, the Romeldales were more open in the face and scored better in conformation and condition.Year was one of the major sources of variation in weaning weight and conformation. Breed and sex contributed largely to variation in face-cover score. Effects of birth and rearing type (single, twin, or twin raised singly) on birth weight, weaning weight, conformation, and condition were significant (P < 0.01) and accounted for a large part of the total variation in birth weight, weaning weight, and condition score. Age of dam had significant effects on birth weight (P < 0.01) and weaning weight (P < 0.05) but was relatively unimportant as a source of variation. Birth weight increased with advancing date of birth, and weaning weight, body conformation score, and condition score improved with age at weaning.The percentage of total variability (sum of squares) due to the fitting of constants for the factors studied was: birth weight, 47; weaning weight, 47; face cover, 19; conformation, 37; and condition, 24.
PASTURE REARING AND MILK-REPLACER FEEDING OF DAIRY CALVES
Authors: Gorrill A. D. L.
Published: March 2010

Ayrshire bull calves were utilized in two feeding trials with the following treatments in factorial design: indoors vs. pasture, whole milk vs. milk-replacer, 3 or 4 lb starter daily to 15 weeks of age in the first trial and 2 or 3 lb in the second. All calves received the same treatment after 15 weeks, fall pasture and winter drylot.The average daily body weight gain from 1 week of age to weaning at 130 ± 2 lb was 1.05 lb and did not differ appreciably among treatments. Starter intake was increased markedly by indoor and (or) milk-replacer feeding. Calves receiving milk-replacer indoors consumed an average of 1 lb starter per day; calves fed whole milk on pasture ate only 0.4 lb starter per day. Weight gains from weaning to 15 weeks of age on pasture were 1.5 lb/day for calves weaned from whole milk, and 1.2 lb/day for those previously fed milk-replacer. Starter levels had little effect on the performance of the pasture — whole milk group. Indoor rearing compared with pasture rearing during this period significantly decreased calf gains, the greatest reduction occurring from milk-replacer and (or) low starter level. Calf performance to 1 year of age did not differ as a result of preweaning liquid diet, starter levels, and in the first trial initial rearing environment (1.4 lb/day). The 2-lb starter level significantly decreased yearly gains for calves initially reared indoors compared with pasture.
A COMPARISON OF GROWTH AND CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS OF PUREBRED SHORTHORN AND CROSSBRED BEEF STEERS
Authors: Hidiroglou M. , Charette L. A. , Patterson J. S.
Published: March 2010

The influence of breed of sire on carcass traits was examined by studying data collected on 134 steers produced by mating Shorthorn cows with Shorthorn, Angus, Hereford, and Charolais bulls. The steers were fed out in two groups: one group was slaughtered at 18 to 23 months as they reached a live weight of 900–1000 lb and the other group at approximately 30 months of age. In each group the steers sired by Charolais bulls gained more rapidly, possessed more bone, produced heavier carcass weight, and showed largest eye muscle measurements. There were no appreciable differences among the crosses within the sire groups represented by the British breeds except that Hereford × Shorthorn surpassed Angus × Shorthorn and Shorthorn in growth rate significantly and for a slight superiority in marbling for the Angus compared with the Shorthorn.
WEIGHT CHANGES IN CATTLE ON DRY RANGE IN RELATION TO CHEMICAL TREATMENTS FOR FLY CONTROL
Authors: Haufe W. O. , Thompson C. O. M.
Published: March 2010

The weight gains of yearling calves were analysed in a field experiment primarily designed to compare the distribution of flies among animals in two large herds, one unprotected and the other treated regularly for the control of biting flies. The treated animals received three applications of Co-Ral as a 0.5% wettable-powder suspension at 3-week intervals. Weight gains in the treated herd were lower by 6.5% of body weight as compared with the control herd. Weight gains increased in the treated herd after DDT was substituted for Co-Ral in the fly-control operation. The reduction in weight gains in the treated herd was attributed to subclinical toxicity of the organophosphate pesticide during repeated treatments.
THE INFLUENCE OF SEX ON THE RESPONSE OF SELF-FED PIGS TO RATION DILUTION DURING THE FINISHING PERIOD
Authors: Beacom S. E.
Published: March 2010

Two replicated experiments, involving 256 Yorkshire pigs, were conducted to determine the response of barrows and gilts to dilution of finishing rations. In the first experiment an oat–barley basal ration was diluted with 10% increments of a mixture of alfalfa meal and ground oat hulls. In the second, a wheat–barley basal ration was diluted with 15% increments of each of two diluents, an alfalfa meal – oat hull mixture and ground oat hulls alone.In both experiments, rate of gain of barrows was more adversely affected than that of gilts as the level of ration dilution increased. Dilution of the oat–barley basal ration at the 50% level reduced daily gains of gilts and barrows by 26 and 44% respectively. When the wheat–barley basal ration was diluted with 45% of the mixed diluent, daily gains of gilts were improved slightly while those of the barrows were reduced by 15%. When the oat hull diluent was used at the 45% level, daily gains of gilts and barrows were reduced by 4 and 18% respectively when compared with controls fed no diluent.The alfalfa meal – oat hull diluent, added to the wheat–barley ration, increased the proportion of A grades in barrows and gilts; when added to the oat–barley ration the only improvement occurred with barrows. The oat hull diluent had little effect on carcass grades.
THE ANTI-ESTROGENIC ACTIVITY OF CERTAIN LEGUMES AND GRASSES
Authors: Biely Jennia , Kitts W. D.
Published: March 2010

The anti-estrogenic activity of 13 legumes and grasses has been assayed by use of weanling ovariectomized rats. The results display a wide range of anti-estrogenic activity depending on the species, the date of harvest, and the stage of growth. The existence of a relationship between the anti-estrogenic and estrogenic activities of the plant materials examined is discussed.
A STUDY OF RATES OF GROWTH OF YORKSHIRE, LACOMBE, LANDRACE, AND CROSSBRED PIGS FROM BIRTH TO 200 LB
Authors: Bell J. M.
Published: March 2010

Growth records were obtained from 12 research establishments across Canada for pigs fed according to current (1960–63) recommendations of nutrition and management. Growth curves showing age in days and weight in pounds are presented for the various breeds and crossbreds, for between-station comparisons, for comparison of upper and lower quartiles in purebred pigs, and for comparison of growth rates of purebreds with that of Yorkshires of 20 to 25 years ago.Age at 200 lb averaged from 152 to 187 days, among 10 stations for the Yorkshire breed. Pigs of each of the pure breeds reached 200 lb about 3 weeks earlier than that indicated in previous studies. Crossbred pigs of each of four different crosses grew more rapidly than average Yorkshires, some reaching 200 lb in 140 days and having gains in excess of 2.3 lb/day during the finishing period. Yorkshire, Lacombe, and Landrace pigs had similar growth curves. The upper quartile averaged 1.8 and the lower 1.4 lb/day gain between 100 and 200 lb weights. Slow-maturing pigs tended to be below average throughout life but differences in maturity between stations seemed to reflect differing rates of gain in early life, since finishing period gains were similar in 8 of 10 stations.
A TECHNIQUE FOR DETERMINING APPROXIMATE FRACTURE PROPAGATION RATES OF EGG SHELLS
Authors: Voisey Peter W. , Hunt J. R.
Published: March 2010

not available
VARIATION IN FATTY ACID COMPOSITION AMONG LIVER, PERIRENAL FAT, AND RIB TISSUES OF STEER CARCASSES
Authors: Roberts W. K.
Published: March 2010

Tissue samples (liver, perirenal fat, and non-bone tissue from 9th to 11th rib cut) were obtained from carcasses of Hereford steers that had been fattened in two different groups during two consecutive years, and were analyzed for fatty acids by gas–liquid chromatography. Myristic acid was significantly (P < 0.01) lower in liver than perirenal or rib tissues (non-bone tissue from 9th to 11th rib cut). Palmitic acid levels were significantly (P < 0.01) different among the tissues in one group, but not in the other. Palmitoleic acid was found in all areas with the highest level, within groups, occurring in rib tissue (av. 4.8%). Perirenal fat contained significantly (P < 0.01) more stearic acid than either rib or liver tissues and oleic acid was significantly (P < 0.01) higher in rib than in the other tissues. The liver tissue contained approximately 9.1% linoleic acid, which was significantly (P < 0.01) higher in perirenal or rib tissues (less than 2%). Linolenic and arachidonic acids were detected in liver, but not in the other tissues.
BREED AND SEX EFFECTS ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WEIGHT AND FATNESS IN LACOMBE AND YORKSHIRE SWINE AND THEIR RECIPROCAL CROSSES
Authors: Rahnefeld G. W.
Published: March 2010

The relationship between thickness of fat measured at the shoulder, last rib, and loin of live pigs and market weight (86.2 to 95.2 kg) was studied in 1596 pigs from the Lacombe and Yorkshire breeds and their reciprocal crosses. No significant breed or sex differences were found in the proportion of fat at the three sites. Breed and sex differences were evident in the average depth of fat. The regression coefficients for the mean of three fat measurements on market weight were.016 ±.003,.019 ±.007, and.017 ±.004 for Lacombe males, barrows, and females respectively;.039 ±.002,.036 ±.005, and.041 ±.001 for Yorkshire males, barrows and females respectively;.027 ±.005 and.029 ±.004 for barrows and females from the Lacombe male × Yorkshire female mating; and.023 ±.007 and.021 ±.009 for barrows and females from the Yorkshire male × Lacombe female mating. Comparisons between animals measured at a relatively constant weight should be made after the fat measurement is adjusted for variations in body weight. The results of this study indicate that separate corrections should be applied for each breed. Separate corrections for sexes within breeds do not appear warranted.
RELATIONSHIPS AND VARIATION AMONG CERTAIN LAMB CARCASS TRAITS
Authors: Boylan W. J. , Seale M. E.
Published: March 2010

Data obtained over a 2-year period on 120 lamb carcasses provided estimates of the covariation among the traits of loin eye area (longissimus dorsi), backfat thickness, percent shoulder, percent rack, percent loin, percent leg, and dressing percent.Percent leg, percent shoulder, and loin eye area decreased with an increase in fatness while percent loin, percent rack, and dressing percent increased. Carcass weight accounted for about 46% and 31% respectively of the variation in loin eye area and dressing percent, but less than 10% for any other traits.An examination of the variation among the traits showed that highly significant (P <.01) year differences occurred for loin eye area, percent shoulder, percent rack, percent leg, and dressing percent, but not for backfat thickness and percent loin.Breed differences were found to exist between Suffolk and line M lambs for all traits studied. Sex differences were found for backfat thickness, percent shoulder, percent loin, and dressing percent. However, most of these differences occurred between ewes and wethers or ewes and rams.
SUMMER TREATMENTS FOR CATTLE GRUB CONTROL AND THEIR EFFECTS ON HORN FLIES AND CATTLE WEIGHT GAINS
Authors: Khan M. A. , Lawson J. E.
Published: March 2010

Spraying yearlings with 2% Co-Ral in July was 100% effective for systemic control of cattle grubs (Hypoderma spp.). Spraying spring calves with 1% Co-Ral in August was equally effective, and gave better control (P < 0.01) than spraying with 1 or 2% Co-Ral in June or 0.5% Co-Ral in July. Co-Ral sprays were not suitable for horn fly (Haematobia irritans L.) control.Two per cent Sevin sprayed on calves in June or July did not control cattle grubs, and only partially controlled horn flies.Compared with the control group, the average daily gain was higher (P < 0.05) to weaning but lower (P < 0.05) in the feedlot in calves sprayed with 2% Sevin in June. Similarly, it was higher (P < 0.05) from birth to the end of the feedlot period in calves sprayed with 2% Co-Ral in June, but lower (P < 0.05) in calves sprayed with 0.5% Co-Ral in July.Mild toxicosis occurred in five calves sprayed with 2% Co-Ral in June, and subclinical toxicosis in calves sprayed with 1% Co-Ral in August.
WEIGHT LOSSES BY CATTLE CHANGED FROM HAY OR SILAGE TO GRASS
Authors: Hidiroglou M. , Charette L. A. , Paterson J. S.
Published: March 2010

Liveweight losses of steers changed from winter rations of hay or silage to pasture averaged 6 to 10% over four successive seasons. All groups lost weight, the greatest losses occurring during the first 4 days. In two years out of four, hay-fed steers lost less weight than silage-fed animals. However, there was no significant difference in weight 10 days postpasture. Supplemental hay feeding for 5 days postpasture did not prevent losses. Neither hay nor silage of the type fed will acclimatize cattle to pasture.
LITTER SIZE AND SEX BALANCE AS CRITERIA OF ELIGIBILITY FOR PROGENY OR SIB TESTING OF PIGS
Authors: Fredeen H. T.
Published: March 2010

Standards for litter size and sex balance required by performance test programs are examined. Approximately 16% of all gilt litters will wean fewer than four pigs and thus be unable to meet the conventional standard of four pigs for litter testing. Imposing the restriction that the sexes be equally represented in the test group will eliminate an additional 15% or more of the litters. The further restriction that at least six pigs be weaned will exclude another 10%. In practice the net result of these restrictions will be the elimination of from 41 to 56% of all gilt litters, a proposition that is detrimental to the development of constructive selection programs. Essentially the same figures would apply to second and subsequent litters. Review of the genetic evidence pertaining to these restrictive regulations suggests that they have no technical validity and are unwarranted in programs supporting selective improvement.
THE EFFECTS OF BREED AND CERTAIN ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON WOOL TRAITS OF RANGE SHEEP
Authors: Vesely J. A. , Peters H. F. , Slen S. B.
Published: March 2010

Effects of breed and certain environmental factors on seven wool traits were studied in Rambouillet, Romnelet, Canadian Corriedale, and Romeldale sheep. This study included 766 fleeces of 338 mature ewes sheared during 1953 to 1956 and fleeces of 251 yearling ewes sheared during 1954 to 1957.Breed and year effects were the most important sources of variation. Rambouillet yearlings and mature ewes produced more raw wool than Romnelets and Romeldales (P < 0.01), and mature Rambouillets produced more clean wool than Canadian Corriedales, Romnelets, and Romeldales (P < 0.01). Romnelet yearling and mature ewes had a longer staple than Rambouillets (P < 0.01). Rambouillet yearlings and mature ewes produced the finest and most uniform fleeces with the lowest percentage yield.Age of dam had no effect on the wool traits of yearling ewes. Singles and twins or triplets raised singly produced more raw and clean wool than twins (P < 0.01). Dry ewes produced more wool than ewes with lambs (P < 0.01). Wool traits of ewes raising singles did not differ from those of ewes raising twins.
THE DIGESTIBILITY OF POTATO PULP PROTEIN BY SOME SPECIES OF FARM ANIMALS
Authors: Nicholson J. W. G. , Friend D. W.
Published: March 2010

The digestibility of dried potato pulp, a by-product from the cold water extraction of starch from raw potato, was determined in two experiments with sheep and one with pigs. Both animal species digested the organic matter satisfactorily (77% and 84% for the sheep and pigs respectively), but the apparent digestibility of the crude protein was low (27% and 23% respectively). An exploratory experiment showed that a horse readily consumed a concentrate mixture containing 50% dried potato pulp and digested a high proportion of the organic matter. The addition of soybean oil meal to a ration of hay and potato pulp for sheep resulted in a 25% reduction in the apparent digestibility of the potato pulp protein. Possible causes of the low apparent digestibility of potato pulp protein are discussed.
SYSTEMIC TREATMENTS FOR CONTROL OF CATTLE GRUBS HYPODERMA SPP. IN AN ISOLATED RANGE HERD
Authors: Rich G. B.
Published: March 2010

The effect on infestation by cattle grubs Hypoderma species of six annual systemic insecticide treatments was studied in a range herd isolated by at least 10 miles from locations where adjacent herds could have dropped pupae. After two treatments the infestation was reduced from 30.2 to 1.6 grubs per untreated calf, remaining at approximately this low level until after the fifth treatment when it decreased to 0.2 grubs per untreated calf. After the sixth treatment the infestation persisted at 1.7 grubs per untreated calf, and, in the absence of insecticide treatment in the 7th year, increased to 10.2 grubs per untreated calf in the 8th year. Summer fly disturbance had been a long-standing herd management problem, but did not recur after the first systemic insecticide treatment. Herd management restricted sampling to calves. Failure to eliminate grubs was attributed to either high survival of grubs in the unsampled mature animals, or to migration of female Hypoderma into the spring range. These results provide little basis for optimism concerning projects in organized areas for control of grubs with single annual applications of currently available systemic insecticides.
SEASONAL CALVINGS BY LACTATION IN R.O.P.-TESTED HOLSTEIN–FRIESIAN HERDS IN RELATION TO CONTEMPORARY COMPARISONS
Authors: Gravir K. , Hickman C. G.
Published: March 2010

Frequency distributions of number of herd calvings by lactation and season are given for the Canadian Holstein breed using recent official records of performance. A minimum of 14 and 15% first-lactation animals had no contemporaries for the two spring seasons studied and the corresponding percentage for two fall seasons were 4 and 5. Thirty-seven percent of all herds with first-lactation cows contained only one first-lactation record for both spring seasons and the frequency of such herds for the two fall seasons was 16 and 20 percent. The relative proportion of first-lactation animals per herd differed between seasons. The average number of calvings per herd was close to 10 for fall and spring seasons or 20 for a 12-month period.
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AFFECTING PRE- AND POST-WEANING TRAITS OF HEREFORD BULL CALVES
Authors: Burgess T. D. , Bowman G. H.
Published: March 2010

Records of 1372 Hereford bull calves tested under the Ontario Advance Registry Policy for beef cattle were analyzed to estimate the effect of age of dam, season of birth, and year of birth on 240-day (weaning) weight, average daily gain (postweaning), and weight per day of age.Two- and three-year-old cows weaned calves 34.3 and 13.5 lb below the population average. As age of cow increased from 4 to 8 years little change occurred; however, older cows weaned calves 13.5 lb above average. Weight per day of age showed a trend identical with weaning weight. Age of cow did not influence postweaning growth. Calves born during the fall and winter weaned slightly heavier than those born during the spring and summer. Although certain trends were evident and differences were significant, less than 10% of the total sum of squares were partitioned by the combined effect of age of dam, season, and year. An appropriate set of adjustment factors based on the analysis would be provided by the addition of 40 and 15 lb respectively to the weaning weights of calves from 2- and 3-year-old cows, and of.12 lb to the weight per day of age of calves from 2-year-old cows. It is postulated that under good environment calves from older cows will grow as well as their contemporaries from cows of a middle-age group.
INFLUENCE OF SELENIUM ON THE SELENIUM CONTENTS OF HAIR AND ON THE INCIDENCE OF NUTRITIONAL MUSCULAR DISEASE IN BEEF CATTLE
Authors: Hidiroglou M. , Carson R. B. , Brossard G. A.
Published: March 2010

In this study, the selenium content of forage from farms in northern Ontario where nutritional muscular disease is very severe was less than 0.1 p.p.m. Variations in the sulphur content of forage did not appear to affect the occurrence of the disease. A combination of vitamin E and selenium given to pregnant dams or directly to calves was completely effective in preventing the disease. Data on the selenium content of the hair of dams and calves are presented. Calves, sick or dead from white muscle disease, were born to cows with low selenium content of the hair (range 0.06–0.23 p.p.m.). No white muscle disease was observed in calves from dams with selenium content of the hair above 0.25 p.p.m. Selenium content of the hair was generally greater in the selenium-treated calves or those born to selenium-treated dams. It seems probable that the selenium content of hair may be a helpful factor in diagnosing white muscle disease.
STUDIES ON METHODS AND MATERIALS FOR TESTING ALFALFA FOR RESISTANCE TO BACTERIAL WILT
Authors: Cormack M. W. , Peake R. W. , Downey R. K.
Published: March 2010

Several methods for inoculation of alfalfa with the bacterial wilt organism were compared in the greenhouse and field. The root-ball soak method, not previously described, proved particularly rapid and effective for greenhouse tests. All methods of root and crown inoculation tested gave good results, but spraying and other methods of stem inoculation were not dependable. In the field, the best results were obtained with bare-root soak inoculation before transplanting, and with hypodermic injection of the roots in the fall.Cultures of the bacterium of tested virulence and infected plant materials proved equally effective as inoculum, but the latter were more easily handled and stored. The organism remained highly viable in dried plant material stored for three years at room temperature, 5 °C, and −20 °C. The pulverized plant inoculum gave best results when soaked in water for 4 to 12 hours before use. It was gradually inactivated with longer periods of soak.Infection increased progressively with age in seedlings and rooted cuttings of Grimm alfalfa inoculated in the greenhouse at ages ranging from 3 to 10 weeks. Maximum susceptibility at 7 to 10 weeks of age was associated with the extensive formation of secondary tissues in the root and crown. The disease generally developed more rapidly in seedlings than in clonal material.
DISCRIMINANT FUNCTION ANALYSIS IN IDENTIFICATION OF PEACH VARIETIES IN NURSERY TREES
Authors: LAPINS K. , NASH S. W.
Published: March 2010

Discriminant function analysis was applied to test the possibility of identifying five peach varieties from nursery trees which had been measured for five leaf characteristics. Variation of the five leaf characters was found to be mainly in two dimensions and was expressed by two discriminant functions. The compound scores of two discriminant functions of the varieties could be simply plotted on two axes of a chart. Application of the discriminant functions is simple and consists in comparing the compound scores of an unknown sample to those of the average values of known varieties by plotting them on the chart. Individual 20-leaf samples, when plotted on the chart, were found to scatter rather widely and the points representing related varieties frequently overlapped. However, using variety Valiant as standard and adjusting the variation caused by location effect, variation was reduced to such an extent that application of discriminant functions in peach variety identification could be considered practicable.
A COMPARISON OF THE LINE INTERCEPTION, VERTICAL POINT QUADRAT, AND LOOP METHODS AS USED IN MEASURING BASAL AREA OF GRASSLAND VEGETATION
Authors: Johnston A.
Published: March 2010

A study was designed to determine the most efficient sample size and number of samples when any one of the line-interception, vertical point quadrat, or loop methods of vegetation survey is used, on different range types in southern Alberta. The procedure has involved obtaining basal area measurements by all methods on ten transects, 100 feet long, within each range type.Sampling intensities sufficient to sample the dominant and minor species to within ± 10 per cent of their true mean basal area, and the precision obtained when minor species were sampled at intensities found adequate for the dominant species, were calculated. Measurement of minor species at the latter intensities was highly variable. The loop method was the most rapid in the field, detected least species, and gave the most variable data. Data collected by this method were especially variable when the dominant plant species were of the single stemmed type. The line interception method was the most time-consuming, detected more species than either the loop or point methods and gave data which were slightly more variable than the point method. The point method gave the least variable data and, in general, seemed the most satisfactory of the three methods in the vegetative types studied.
GENETIC CHANGES IN APPLES INDUCED BY THERMAL NEUTRONS
Authors: Bishop C. J.
Published: March 2010

Sectorial colour changes in Cortland apples showed a marked increase over controls following irradiation of the dormant scions with 2–8 hours' exposure to thermal neutrons. This type of atomic radiation appeared to be much more effective than were x-rays in producing gene mutations. Both sectorial and complete colour sports were found, the latter being very dark red and readily distinguishable from the colour of the normal Cortland. About 5 hours' exposure with a thermal neutron dosage of about 13 × 1012neutrons per cm2appeared to be the optimum treatment for this apple variety.
CHARACTERISTICS OF SPRAY DEPOSITS RESULTING FROM AIRCRAFT APPLICATION OF OIL-CARRIER SPRAYS
Authors: Sexsmith J. J. , Anderson D. T. , Russell G. C. , Hopewell W. W. , Hurtig H.
Published: March 2010

Assessments were made of the physical properties of spray deposits from upwind and crosswind, single and multiple flight applications of oil-carrier spray applied by a small aircraft equipped for commercial weed spraying. Volume deposits were determined colorimetrically on petri dish collections of the dyed spray. Droplet assessment data were obtained from photographic enlargement of printflex sampling cards.Three peaks of spray deposit were found, resulting from the propeller blast and the wing-tip vortices. A greater percentage of spray was recovered at ground level, and more variation in volume deposit and droplet size occurred across the effective spray swath, in the upwind flight than in the crosswind flight application. Information obtained from these tests will be used in the construction of a spray booth, designed to apply simulated aerial sprays on a practical small-plot basis, for determining the causes of injury to grain crops resulting from aerial application of herbicide-oil mixtures.
STUDIES ON THE ESTABLISHMENT OF CULTIVATED GRASSES AND LEGUMES ON BURNED-OVER LAND IN NORTHERN CANADA
Authors: Anderson C. H. , Elliott C. R.
Published: March 2010

The establishment is reported of nine forage species on various soil types. The areas involved had been burned over in September, 1950. Seedings of grasses and legumes were made at two locations late in October, 1950, about six weeks after the burn and at four locations in early April the following spring.Percentage ground cover was determined for each species in the first and fifth years after seeding. Time of seeding did not influence the establishment of the grasses but the performance of the spring-seeded legumes was superior to that of those seeded in autumn. Creeping red fescue, bromegrass and alfalfa exhibited the greatest adaptability, while crested wheatgrass and red clover proved unsatisfactory for reclaiming burned-over soils in this region. Sweet clover established itself readily and, since the plots were not grazed, reseeding was prevalent. Grasses showed symptoms of nitrogen deficiency except where legumes were present.
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL ASPECTS RELATED TO MEALINESS IN THE POTATO
Authors: Unrau A. M. , Nylund R. E.
Published: March 2010

An investigation was undertaken to determine chemical and physical properties of potatoes which would explain the non-correlation of specific gravity with mealiness which has been encountered in some cases. It was shown that mealiness is not necessarily positively correlated with specific gravity of tubers but it was possible to correlate mealiness as determined by organoleptic methods with such factors as resistance to shear of boiled tubers and viscosity of suspensions of lyophilized tissue as measured by a Brabender Amylograph. Dry matter, starch content and amylose content were positively, sugar content negatively, correlated with mealiness. Crude protein content and starch granule size did not appear to be associated with mealiness. A negative correlation between polysaccharide content and mealiness was evident. The nature of the non-starch polysaccharide apparently present in the potato tuber and the molecular structure of the two starch components, amylose and amylopectin, deserve more extensive investigation.
THE EFFECT OF SWATHING AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF MATURITY ON THE BUSHEL WEIGHT AND YIELD OF WHEAT
Authors: Dodds M. E.
Published: March 2010

Tests were conducted over a 3-year period to determine the earliest stage of maturity at which wheat could be swathed without loss of quality or yield.Wheat was cut daily over a period of several weeks. Kernel moisture content was used as a measure of maturity, an attempt being made to remain within the moisture range of 50 to 14.5 per cent. Weights per bushel and yield in bushels per acre were determined at the time of picking up the swath with the combine.A variance analysis of the data indicated that wheat may be swathed at a stage when the kernel moisture content is 35 per cent without loss of yield or bushel weight. Correlations between kernel moisture at swathing and final weight per bushel indicated that an association existed until the moisture dropped to 35 per cent. The relationship was not significantly correlated beyond this point. Similarly, the correlations between kernel moisture at swathing and yield pointed to an association that was present down to the 35 per cent moisture level but was not significant at later stages of maturity.
PRIMARY PLACE OF ACTION AND SYMPTOMS INDUCED IN PLANTS BY 3-(4-CHLOROPHENYL)-1, 1-DIMETHYLUREA
Authors: Minshall Wm. Harold
Published: March 2010

Application of monuron to kidney-bean, tomato, spinach, corn, and barley produced the following symptoms: acute water-soak blotch, silver blotch, indeterminate grey blotch, wilt, petiole collapse, stem collapse, rapid yellowing, abscission, and partial chlorosis. These symptoms and the conditions under which they developed are described. In the gross response of plants to monuron treatment two or more symptoms usually were involved and the syndrome was influenced by plant species, dose, and environmental conditions. The primary place of monuron action was in the shoots of plants.In excised leaves internal concentrations of 100 to 400 micrograms of monuron per gram fresh weight produced extensive acute water-soak blotching within a matter of hours. Internal concentrations of 25 to 50 micrograms per gram fresh weight produced, after several days, such symptoms as wilt, silver blotch, indeterminate grey blotch, rapid yellowing, and abscission in addition to the few isolated acute water-soak blotches which developed soon after treatment.
THE INHERITANCE OF RUST RESISTANCE. II. THE INHERITANCE OF STEM RUST RESISTANCE IN SIX ADDITIONAL VARIETIES OF COMMON WHEAT
Authors: Knott D. R.
Published: March 2010

The inheritance of resistance to races 15B and 56 of stem rust was studied in the varieties Africa No. 43, Kenya C9906, Kenya 338.AC.2.E.2, Egypt Na101, Veadeiro and Red Egyptian type (P.I. 170910). Each variety was analysed genetically on the basis of data obtained from a backcross to the rust susceptible variety Marquis. The interrelationships of the genes in the varieties were determined from diallel crosses. With the exception of Veadeiro, the varieties all carried various combinations of genes reported in the first paper of this series. Veadeiro has a mature plant resistance to race 15B which is probably conditioned by two additive genes not previously noted.
EFFECT OF INSECTICIDES AND HERBICIDES APPLIED TO SOIL ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF PLANT DISEASES. I. THE SEEDLING DISEASE OF BARLEY CAUSED BY HELMINTHOSPORIUM SATIVUM P. K. & B.
Authors: Richardson Lloyd T.
Published: March 2010

From the results obtained when nine insecticides and ten herbicides were applied at a series of dosages to soil infested to various degrees with Helminthosporium sativum P.K. & B. it was found possible to separate these chemicals into four groups on the basis of their effects on the growth of barley seedlings and on the development of rootrot infection. Group A (schradan, isodrin, DCU, IPX, and TCA) affected neither host nor disease development. Group B (lindane, dieldrin, and DDT) stimulated the growth of barley seedlings without affecting disease development. Group C (maleic hydrazide and heptachlor) stimulated seedling growth but increased the severity of infection. Group D (aldrin, endrin, chlordane, NPA, 2,4-D, monuron, DNBP, and dalapon) did not affect the growth of seedlings but reduced rootrot infection. Only DNBP was toxic to H. sativum in culture.