bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lohengrin
Authors: Millington Barry
Published: November 2023

By 3 August of that year a prose scenario had been outlined and by 27 November the versification completed. Wagner then made his first complete draft, on two staves (completed 30 July 1846), followed by the second draft with elaboration of instrumental and choral parts. Various changes were made to the poem during composition, especially in Act 3. Probably for this reason the second complete draft for Act 3 was made before those for Acts 1 and 2, but there is no evidence to suggest that the acts were originally composed in anything other than the usual order. The full score was written out between 1 January and 28 April 1848. Wagner, by 1850 in exile in Switzerland, was not present at the first performance. The work was received well in Germany, but Wagner was unable to hear it until 1861, when it was given in Vienna. The first performance in Bayreuth did not take place until 1894, when Mottl conducted a cast including Ernest van Dyck and Lillian Nordica. The performances at Bologna in 1871 were the first of any Wagner opera to be given in Italy and it was premiered in the United States, at the Stradttheater in New York, the same year.
Tristan und Isolde
Authors: Millington Barry
Published: November 2023

Handlung (drama) in three acts set to Wagner’s own libretto; first performed in Munich, at the Königliches Hofund Nationaltheater, on 10 June 1865. The conductor at the première was Hans von Bülow; Isolde was sung by Malvina Schnorr von Carolsfeld, and Tristan by her husband Ludwig Schnorr von Carolsfeld, who died only three weeks after the final performance. The cast also included Anna Deinet (Brangäne), Ludwig Zottmayr (King Mark), and Anton Mitterwurzer (Kurwenal).
Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg
Authors: Millington Barry
Published: November 2023

Wagner conceived Die Meistersinger in 1845 as a comic appendage to Tannhäuser, in the same way that a satyr play followed a Greek tragedy. His first prose draft for the work was written in Marienbad in July that year, using Georg Gottfried Gervinus’s Geschichte der poetischen National-Literatur der Deutschen of 1835-42 for historical background. Other relevant volumes in Wagner’s Dresden library include Jacob Grimm’s Überden altdeutschen Meistergesang (1811), J. G. Büsching’s edition of Hans Sachs’s plays (1816-19) and Friedrich Furchau’s life of Sachs (1820). The second and third prose drafts date from November 1861 (the former probably 14-16 November, the latter, containing minor revisions, prepared on 18 November for Schott). At this point, Wagner found J. C. Wagenseil’s Nuremberg Chronicle of 1697 a particularly rich source of information on the ancient crafts and guilds and on other aspects of Nuremberg. Also evident are motifs from such contemporary stories as E. T. A. Hoffmann’s Meister Martin der Küfner und seine Gesellen, which is set in 16th-century Nuremberg.
Siegfried
Authors: Millington Barry
Published: November 2023

The first sketches for Jung-Siegfried (the opera’s original title, subsequently changed to Der junge Siegfried) date probably from 3–24 May 1851. The prose draft followed between 24 May and 1 June, and two days later Wagner began the versification, ending at midday on 24 June. Following the writing of the poems for Die Walküre and Das Rheingold, Wagner subjected his texts for Der junge Siegfried and Siegfrieds Tod (later Götterdämmerung) to revision (Nov–Dec 1852). The final poem was incorporated into the private printing of the entire Ring text in February 1853. Der junge Siegfried and Siegfrieds Tod were definitively named Siegfried and Götterdämmerung in 1856.
Götterdämmerung
Authors: Millington Barry
Published: November 2023

Third day of Der Ring des Nibelungen in a prologue and three acts set to Wagner’s own libretto; first performed in Bayreuth, at the Festspielhaus, on 17 August 1876. For the original cast see Der Ring des Nibelungen. The first draft of Siegfrieds Tod (originally spelt Siegfried’s Tod and later renamed Götterdämmerung) is dated (at the end) 20 October 1848. This draft begins in the hall of the Gibichungs, but having been persuaded that too much background knowledge to the story was presupposed, Wagner added a prologue some time before 12 November.
Beyond the Dopamine Theory
Authors: Freedman Robert
Published: November 2023

The dopamine theory of schizophrenia grew out of the profound effects of the neuroleptic drugs, and it has had the predictive value of guiding the design of ever more potent drugs. Chlorpromazine required a mean daily dose of 400 to 800 mg. Haloperidol, the most potent of the D2 dopamine receptor antagonists, was equally as effective in doses of 1 to 5 mg. There have been many attempts to find definitive biological evidence that there is increase in dopamine transmission by some mechanism in schizophrenia. Increased dopamine metabolism, altered dopamine receptors, and genetic deficits in any molecule related to dopamine have been difficult to substantiate by any technique of molecular biology or brain imaging. This lack of evidence fits with the clinical observation that schizophrenia is not cured by these drugs.
Seizing The Dance An Apprenticeship in Elanga’s Camp
Authors: Kisliuk Michelle
Published: November 2023

When we returned to Bagandou from the Congo in October 1988, we learned that a group of BaAka from Ndanga- the Bongboku clan - had arrived unexpectedly near the village. They had set up a temporary camp along the Bodikala path (the one that leads to Ndanga), only a fifteen-minute walk from Bagandou center through fields and overgrowth. Since here the forest has been cut back by generations of farmers, BaAka camp sites near the village usually end up in these overgrown fields.

Within the next few months, many BaAka, including the others from Ndanga, would congregate near the village because their bilo had asked them to come help with the coffee harvest. A pattern for many BaAka of the region is to come to the village every other year, during the harvest, to provide labor. Until this dry season of 1988-89, however, those of Ndanga had not made camp near Bagandou for several years, preferring to avoid the village. But this season the families of Elanga and Sandimba had to come early, because Elanga’s second wife, Ngola, was very ill, and the cause was apparently sorcery. The story was that several months earlier, Ngola had stolen some yams from a milo’s field at Ndanga, not knowing that the owner had set protective charms there to bring illness upon any thief. Learning of these charms, the family had come to Bagandou to seek a remedy, but discovered that the curse was irreversible. Sadly, Ngola died in Bagandou a week before our arrival.
The Orchestration
Authors: Steven Suskin
Published: November 2023

The art of theatrical orchestration is a cumbersome subject, in part because the techniques—as well as the needs and the possibilities—are limitless. The first thing that should be said is that, in theatrical presentations, even musical comedies or musical dramas, music is only one of many contributing elements. The music of the composer, as well as the work of the orchestrator, must almost always share the stage with other elements (although I can think of some composers who might well dispute this). This is not the case in the symphonic world, and opera has customarily bowed low to the all-powerful fellow who writes the tunes. But, as Walker took pains to point out, the first function of music in the theatre must be to “aid and enrich what is happening on the stage.” The aim of any theatrical production is to attract and hold the interest of the audience. Music is a main ingredient, yes, and sometimes the main ingredient, but if the story and characters don’t grab the theatregoer, the production is unlikely to succeed.
Beyond War
Authors: Fry Douglas P
Published: November 2023

The classic opening scene of 2001, A Space Odyssey shows an ape-man wreaking havoc with humanity’s first invention--a bone used as a weapon to kill a rival. It’s an image that fits well with popular notions of our species as inherently violent, with the idea that humans are--and always have been--warlike by nature. But as Douglas P. Fry convincingly argues in Beyond War, the facts show that our ancient ancestors were not innately warlike--and neither are we. Fry points out that, for perhaps ninety-nine percent of our history, for well over a million years, humans lived in nomadic hunter-and-gatherer groups, egalitarian bands where generosity was highly valued and warfare was a rarity. Drawing on archaeology and fascinating fieldwork on hunter-gatherer bands from around the world, Fry debunks the idea that war is ancient and inevitable. For instance, among Aboriginal Australians--who numbered some 750,000 individuals before the arrival of Europeans, all living in hunter-gathering groups--warfare was an extreme anomaly. There was individual violence and aggression, of course, but the Aborigines had sophisticated methods of resolving disputes, controlling individual outbursts, and preventing loss of life. Fry shows that, far from being natural, warfare actually appeared quite recently along with changes in social organization and especially the rise of states. But Fry also points out that even today, when war seems ever present (at least on television), the vast majority of us live peaceful, nonviolent lives. We are not as warlike as it might seem, and if we can learn from our ancestors, we may be able to move beyond war to provide real justice and security for the people of the world. A profoundly heartening view of human nature, Beyond War offers a hopeful perspective on our species and a positive prognosis for a future without war.
Charting a New Direction
Authors: Fry Douglas P
Published: November 2023

This book takes the road less traveled. It examines how cultural beliefs about war bias scientific interpretations, affect perceptions of human nature, and may even close our minds to the possibility of developing alternatives to armed conflict. The book reexamines existing interpretations against the actual evidence in an attempt to untangle fact from fantasy. As we will discover, there is a lot of fantasy floating around out there. A thorough review of the evidence leads, first, to a critique of the status quo picture of war and human nature-here dubbed the “man the warrior” perspective -and, second, to the construction of a new interpretation of human aggression.
Do Nonwarring Societies Actually Exist?
Authors: Fry Douglas P
Published: November 2023

A batch of recent books from archaeology, primatology, and psychology echo a Hobbesian theme: Humans are warlike by nature. The Dark Side of Man melodramatically asserts: “We live in a world in which cheaters, robbers, rapists, murderers, and warmongers lurk in every human landscape.” An evolutionary psychology textbook explains that “human recorded history, including hundreds of ethnographies of tribal cultures around the globe, reveals male coalitional warfare to be pervasive across cultures worldwide.” Demonic Males argues that human warfare has ancient evolutionary roots: “Chimpanzee-like violence preceded and paved the way for human war, making modern humans the dazed survivors of a continuous, 5-million-year habit of lethal aggression.”
“A Competent Force”
Authors: Symonds Craig L
Published: November 2023

An Hour Before Midnight on May 10, two days short of a month after Fox first appeared off Charleston in the Baltic, the screw steamer USS Niagara arrived off that city to inaugurate a naval blockade. The Niagara was an imposing vessel. Newer, larger, and more heavily armed than the Powhatan, whose absence had so infuriated Fox a month earlier, it displaced more than 5,500 tons and boasted a dozen giant eleven-inch smoothbore Dahlgren guns, each weighing eight tons and capable of hurling either a 165-pound iron bolt or an eleven-inch explosive shell more than a mile.
“I Shall Have to Cut This Knot”
Authors: Symonds Craig L
Published: November 2023

It Was Not All Bad News. Though the reports from the Army of the Potomac were devastating, those from the West were more positive, even electrifying. After his capture of Grand Gulf, Grant marched inland, brushed aside a rebel force under Joseph E. Johnston, and captured the Mississippi state capital, Jackson, on May 14. He then turned west toward Vicksburg’s back door, defeating the main Confederate army of John C. Pemberton at Champion Hill on May 16, and soon his forces were closing in on the city.
Keyboards and a Summary of Early-Rock Instrumentation
Authors: Everett Walter
Published: November 2023

If the best-known guitarists of the 1950s and ‘60s were not the most popular artists of that era, pianists and organists received even less recognition. True, rock ‘n’ roll began to make noise under the fingers of Little Richard, Fats Domino, and Jerry Lee Lewis at a time when other pianists like Nat King Cole, Ray Charles, Dave Brubeck, Roger Williams, and Henry Mancini were top-drawer attractions. But how many keyboardists rose to a similar stature before Elton John, Carole King, Stevie Wonder, Rick Wakeman, Keith Emerson, and Billy Joel did in the 1970s? Most toiled in obscurity through the 1960s—Ian Stewart was a full member of the Rolling Stones in all but publicity; session players such as Floyd Cramer, Nicky Hopkins, Larry Knechtel, Al Kooper, Leon Russell, and John Paul Jones were only sometimes credited on the records on which they contributed key parts. It is little known that Aretha Franklin played many of her own keyboard parts, and the group keyboardists who were most indelibly linked to their instruments, principally among them Felix Cavaliere of the Rascals and Rod Argent of the Zombies, were never household names. Keyboardists rarely enjoyed front-line status on stage; their instruments often kept them behind
Sweetening with Band, Orchestral, and Other Instruments
Authors: Everett Walter
Published: November 2023

The instruments covered thus far are basic to all rock and most pop music. But every instrument common to the wind band and the orchestra, and many from folk usage are heard in the pop-rock literature as well. At times, an orchestra or band of any size appears as a whole and on its own; at others, a record producer will book expert performers—session musicians—to add soloists, small groupings, or large sections of instruments to a rock group for just the right touch of sweetening. We’ll discuss and provide examples of each member of the woodwind, brass, percussion, and string sections, so you’ll be able to recognize all of their colors and understand a bit about how they’re used. Along the way, we’ll take note of several other less formal instruments that don’t have orchestral roles but have found their way into our repertoire nevertheless.
Alzira
Authors: Parker Roger
Published: November 2023

Tragedia lirica in a prologue and two acts set to a libretto by Salvadore Cammarano after Voltaire’s play Al1ire, ou Les A mericains; first performed in Naples, Teatro San Carlo, on 12 August 1845. The cast at the premiere included Filippo Coletti (Gusmano), Gaetano Fraschini (Zamoro), and Eugenia Tadolini (Alzira). There were two reasons why Al1ira, Verdi’s eighth opera, was something of a special event. It was the first he had written specially for the famous Teatro San Carlo in Naples, and so offered him the opportunity to con front a significant public and theatre with whom he had so far had little success. More than this, it presented a chance to collaborate with Salvadore Cammarano, resident poet at the San Carlo, certainly the most famous librettist still working in Italy, and renowned for his string of successes in the previous decade with Gaetano Donizetti.
Jérusalem
Authors: Parker Roger
Published: November 2023

Opera in four acts set to a libretto by Alphonse Royer and Gustave Vaez after Temistocle Solera’s and Verdi’s earlier opera I Lombardi alla prima crociata; first performed in Paris, Opera, on 26 November 1847. The cast at the premiere included Gilbert Louis Duprez (Gaston), Charles Portheaut (the Count), Adolphe Alizard (Roger), and Esther Julian van Gelder (Helene). The great Paris opera house, the Academie Royale de Musique (often sim ply called the Opera), had been making overtures to Verdi for some two years when, in the summer of 1847, he signed a contract to supply the theatre with a ‘new’ work by November of that year. As had Rossini and Donizetti, Verdi offered for his debut at the Opera a revision of one of his earlier Italian operas; with the help of Royer and Vaez, both of whom had considerable experience in such matters, he fashioned a French version from I Lombardi alla prima crociata, first performed in 184 3 and not previously seen in Paris. The librettists retained little of the original plot apart from its basis in a crusade: in vocal terms, the lovers Giselda and Oronte become Helene and Gaston, the warring brothers Arvino and Pagano become the Count of Toulouse-now a baritone rather than tenor-and Roger. As well as adding the obligatory ballet, Verdi decided on some wide-ranging structural changes, adding much new music, cutting what he considered weak or inappropriate, and leaving only a few of the original numbers in their former positions. Jerusalem was well received in Paris. However, and in spite of being in many ways superior to / Lombardi, the opera failed to establish itself in either the French repertory or (retranslated as Gerusalemme) on Italian stages. It is today only occasionally revived. The following summary will mention musical detail only in passages new to the revised opera.
La battaglia di Legnano
Authors: Parker Roger
Published: November 2023

Tragedia lirica in four acts set to a libretto by Salvadore Cammarano after Joseph Mery’s play La Bataille de Toulouse; first performed in Rome, Teatro Argentina, 27 January 1849. The cast at the premiere included Filippo Colini (Rolando), Teresa De Giuli Borsi (Lida), and Gaetano Fraschini (Arrigo). The revolutions that swept through Italy and much of the rest of Europe in 1848-and in particular Milan’s ‘cinque giornate’, when in five days of tough street fighting the Milanese forced the Austrians temporarily from their city-inspired Verdi to attempt an opera in which the theme of patriotism would be overt. Together with his librettist Cammarano, he decided to compose an opera set in twelfth-century Italy, the epoch of the Lombard league, adapting for the purpose a recent French drama. Work on La battaglia di Legnano took up most of 1848, and by the time it was finished Milan and many other cities were long back in Austrian hands. But Rome was still a beleaguered republic, and the premiere of the opera took place there in what must have been highly charged circumstances. It was a clamorous success, with the entire final act encored. Understandably, though, the opera was extremely difficult to get past the censors in the repressive, counterrevolutionary atmosphere of the 1850s; and it is in this context hardly surprising that La battaglia failed to make its way in the 1850s. Even before the first performance, Verdi’s publisher Ricordi had approached Cammarano about a ‘sanitized’ version (that is, with a setting removed from Italy), and although L’assedio di Arlem (set in the Flemish-Spanish wars) had a few outings, it never established itself. In the mid-185os Verdi voiced an intention of rehabilitating La battaglia by subjecting it to a thorough revision; but his ideas came to nothing, and the work virtually disappeared from the theatre until its occasional modern revival.
Simon Boccanegra
Authors: Parker Roger
Published: November 2023

Opera in a prologue and three acts set to a libretto by Francesco Maria Piave (with additions by Giuseppe Montanelli) after Antonio Garcia Gutierrez’s play Simon Bocanegra; first performed in Venice, Teatro La Fenice, on 12 March 1857. The revised version, with additions and alterations by Arrigo Boito, was first performed in Milan, Teatro alla Scala, on 24 March 1881. The cast at the 1857 premiere included Leone Giraldoni (Boccanegra), Giuseppe Echeverria (Fiesco), Luigia Bendazzi (Amelia) and Carlo Negrini (Gabriele). For the 1881 revised version the cast included Victor Maurel (Boccanegra), Edouard de Reszke (Fiesco), Anna D’ Angeri (Amelia), and Francesco Tamagno (Gabriele). Verdi was approached to write a new opera for the Teatro La Fenice in Venice, in the spring of 1856, at the instigation of the librettist Francesco Maria Piave. (His last premiere there had been another Piave opera, La traYiata in 1853.) By May of that year a contract had been agreed with the theatre, the subject to be Gutierrez’s play Simon Bocanegra; Piave set to work according to precise instructions from the composer. In fact, Verdi himself supplied a complete prose sketch of the action, one so detailed that he insisted that his sketch rather than a draft of the libretto be submitted to the censors for approval. From August 1856 Verdi was in Paris, and in part because communication was difficult with Italy-based Piave, he took on a local collaborator, the exiled revolutionary Giuseppe Montanelli, who drafted several scenes. Verdi began composing in the autumn of 1856; as the date of the premiere approached, he showed his usual close concern with the staging and choice of performers. The premiere was only a moderate success; the libretto in particular received some harsh criticism. Subsequent revivals in the late 1850s were occasionally successful, although the 1859 La Scala premiere was a complete fiasco.
Falstaff
Authors: Parker Roger
Published: November 2023

Commedia lirica in three acts set to a libretto by Arrigo Boito after William Shakespeare’s plays The Merry Wives of Windsor and King Henry IV; first performed in Milan, Teatro alla Scala, on 9 February 1893. Verdi, who by the time he came to write his last operas was a national monument, talked intermittently of writing a comic opera during the latter part of his career, but never found a libretto to his taste until some two years after the success of Otelia in 1887. His librettist for that opera, Arrigo Boito, suggested a work largely based on Shakespeare’s The Merry We Yes of Wendsor. Verdi was immediately enthusiastic about Boito’s draft scenario, made relatively few structural suggestions, and by August 1889 even announced that he was writing a fugue ( quite possibly the comic fugue that ends the opera). Composer and librettist worked closely together during the winter of 1889-90, and by the spring of 1890 the libretto was complete. The composing of the opera took a considerable time, or rather was carried out in short bursts of activity interspersed with long fallow periods.
The Performers
Authors: Rushton Julian
Published: November 2023

The performers of Mozart’s operas were primarily singers, a class of musicians about whom the quantity of biographical information, despite major research undertaken in recent years, is highly variable. We may trace the entire career of Nancy Storace, but for other singers even dates of birth and death have not been established.

Mozart played little or no part in choosing singers for his operas. Nevertheless, his well-known concern to write effectively for them conditioned his working methods. Awaiting the arrival of a singer in Milan, his father wrote: ‘Wolfgang refuses to do the work twice over and prefers to wait for his arrival so as to fit the costume to his figure’ (letter of 24 November 1770). Writing home from Mannheim (28 February 1778), Mozart echoed this remark in connection with concert arias for Raaff, Dorothea Wendling, and Aloysia Weber: ‘I like an aria to fit a singer as perfectly as a well-made suit of clothes’. Many operas of the time were only performed during one season, even if they were successful, like Mozart’s Milan opere serie.
The Romanesca
Authors: Gjerdingen Robert O
Published: November 2023

for the patrons of gallant music, making informed judgments about compositions and their performances required familiarity with the important schemata of the style. For the composers, making works worthy of praise required being able to produce exemplars of every schema correct in every detail. The more passive knowledge of patrons could be gleaned from frequent listening to the typical phrases of gallant music. The active, operationalized knowledge of composers was carefully taught to them by music masters— maestros. The greatest maestros of the age worked in Italy, and they developed a unique method of instruction centered on the pertinent—the instructional bass. A pertinent resembled the bass part given to eighteenth-century accompanists, with the difference being the lack of any other players or their parts. The pertinent was the bass to a virtual ensemble that played in the mind of the student and became sound through realization at the keyboard. In behavioral terms, the pertinent, which often changed clefs temporarily to become any voice in the virtual ensemble, provided a series of stimuli to a series of schemata, and the learned responses of the student resulted in the multivehicle fabric of a series of phrases and cadences. From seeing only one feature of a particular schema—any one of its characteristic parts—the student learned to complete the entire pattern, and in doing so committed every aspect of the schema to memory. The result was fluency in the style and the ability to “speak” this courtly language.
The Prinner
Authors: Gjerdingen Robert O
Published: November 2023

gallant society valued polite y et playful conversation. In the skillful turn-taking that animated courtly banter, the ability to come up with an elegant riposte was at least as important as the ability to lead off. The slyest, most teasingly ambiguous opening gambit could fall flat if no one found a riposte to counter it. The chosen riposte could be effective even if it were conventional—perhaps an old saying or proverb—as long as it was employed with a certain flair at just the right moment. An ill-chosen riposte could be a social disaster. Isabelle de Charier (1740–1805) was a brilliant, highly educated woman in courtly society at The Hague. She had real gifts as a writer, and many critics feel that her letters are among the finest of her time. In 1764 she wrote to her secret male correspondent about a young man who had the notion of marrying her. Her letter mentions that she had asked the suitor, alluding to Corneille’s French tragedy about an ancient Roman general, “Do you know Cana?” The poor man, guessing she must be referring to something in antiquity, responded, “Oh yes, I read it in Latin.”1 His riposte doomed him.
A Theme and Variations by Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf
Authors: Gjerdingen Robert O
Published: November 2023

the string qua rets of Carl Dotters von Dittersdorf (1739–1799), though contemporaneous with the onset of the French Revolution, nonetheless suggest the continuity of tradition, the stability of the ancient régime, and the careful refinement of decades of gallant musical craftsmanship. Dittersdorf was fully conversant with the rapidly developing styles of quartet writing in Vienna. He had, after all, played in a string quartet whose members included Haydn, Mozart, and Johann Baptist Withal (1739–1813), with Dittersdorf likely taking the first violin part. Yet he had a conservative temperament. Over fifty years had passed since the publication of the minuet by Somas discussed in chapter 5, but the organization of the theme from the variations movement of Dittersdorf’s second string quartet is fully comparable with the model set down by that earlier Italian master.
A Grave SOSTENUTO by Baldassare Galuppi
Authors: Gjerdingen Robert O
Published: November 2023

ha d there been opinion polls in the eighteenth century, Baldassare Galuppi (1706–1785) would have been among the most frequently named as “greatest composer.” Not only were his operas and sacred works tremendously popular, but he enjoyed great esteem among musicians owing to the obvious high quality of his work. For over forty years the great courts of Europe vied for the services of the lauded chapel master of St. Mark’s in Venice, and young musicians everywhere carefully studied his scores.
AN ALLEGRO by Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf
Authors: Gjerdingen Robert O
Published: November 2023

in size and scope, the Allegro from Dittersdorf’s sixth string quintet far surpasses the movements presented in previous chapters. More notes are played in its first eight bars than in all of the Somas minuet in chapter 5. Yet Dittersdorf’s writing is still largely grounded in the Italian gallant. It was his “mother tongue,” taught to him from about age twelve by Giuseppe Bonn (1711–1788), who had been sent to Naples by Charles VI to study with Durante and Leo. So Dittersdorf, like Haydn, was a direct product of what the French came to describe as l’école d’Italie1—the Italian School.
An Andante by Johann Christian Bach
Authors: Gjerdingen Robert O
Published: November 2023

The small is great, when it is natural—fluent and lightly scored and solid in its composition. To compose like that is more difficult than to write all the artificial harmonic progressions incomprehensible to most people, and melodies difficult to perform. Did Bach lower himself by this? Never! Good writing and the ordering of things, il filo [the thread]—this distinguishes the master from the bungler, even in trifles.1 Leopold was seeking to influence his son by invoking a name that the younger Mozart held in high esteem. “Bach,” however, meant Johann Christian Bach (1735–1782), Italian trained, Catholic like the Mozarts, and master of music to Queen Charlotte of England. And though Mozart did eventually acquaint himself with some music by Bach’s less well known older brother (C. P. E.) and deceased father (J. S.), he always viewed the Bach who had written operas for Naples as the great model, the man whose style he worked to emulate more assiduously than any other during his early years.
A Larghetto by Leonardo Leo
Authors: Gjerdingen Robert O
Published: November 2023

the words came first in gala toper a. To an expert on early eighteenthcentury music, that is obvious. Yet since relatively few readers of this volume may have that expertise, permit me to continue with a series of similar statements that, while obvious to a few, are yet worth repeating given the long reign of opera serial as the absolute ruler of the gallant musical world.
An Allegro by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Authors: Gjerdingen Robert O
Published: November 2023

“for beginners” (furan finger) was a phrase once attached to the sonata KV545, though few beginners play it well. The subtitle does, nevertheless, hint at the infantilizeton of gallant music by later generations. Mozart’s Allegro, which by gallant standards was a remarkably sophisticated and advanced composition, seemed childishly simple to Romantic pianists more accustomed to the physically demanding works of Schumann, Liszt, or Rubenstein. No longer hearing a discourse of courtly schemata, their attention turned to the movement’s lack of bravura, chromatic harmonies, remote modulations, and perceived drama or narrative. While still allowing for Mozart’s continued high status and for the work’s origin at roughly the same time as his most revered symphonies, the Romantics reconceived his Allegro as propaedeutic—one of the worthy “steps to Parnassus” to be climbed by the apprentice pianist. Its many ascending and descending scales in sixtenth notes no doubt echoed the earnest “methods” for the training of young players. The work scrupulously avoids physical demands that would have exceeded the ability of a talented child executant—much of the time only a single note is played in each hand, and smaller hands need only stretch to the occasional octave. At no time do more than three notes need to played in a chord, and then only within the span of a seventh.
Complex Diseases: Molecular Genetic Contributions To Elucidation Of Etiopathogenesis Of Late-Onset Neurodegenerative Diseases
Authors: Smith Moyra
Published: November 2023

In complex diseases, genetic factors and environmental factors both play a role, and disease manifestations often occur later in life. Single gene defects may play the most important role in some forms of these diseases; often these constitute the rare forms of that disease and age of onset is somewhat earlier. Identification of genes involved in these rare earlier onset forms has provided great insight into the disease processes, and these insights are also relevant to the pathogenesis of the later onset forms. This is true, for example, in Parkinson disease (PD) and Alzheimer disease (AD). More often there is evidence that genetic susceptibility, determined by a number of different genes, inter- acts with specific environmental factors to lead to late-onset disorders. The specific changes or alteration in the genes that influence risk of late-onset disorders may occur with relatively high frequency within the population and be classified as polymorphisms.
Pharmacogenetics And Pharmacogenomics
Authors: Smith Moyra
Published: November 2023

Recent developments in genomics have led to significant changes in strategies for drug design. Rognan (2007) reviewed chemogenomic strategies and noted that changes are based on the following: The availability of genome sequences of at least 180 different organisms High-throughput miniaturization of chemical synthesis The potential for biological evaluation of multiple compounds and their effects on gene and protein expression
Going to School
Authors: Marschark Marc
Published: November 2023

After deciding which language they want their deaf child exposed to during the preschool years, deciding on what kind of school they want for their child to attend is perhaps the most difficult decision parents have to make. As this chapter will make clear, the choice of schools may “lock in” the language decision until children are either able to learn a second language or until parents abandon one system that does not fully meet their child’s needs and attempt to “start over” with another. This is not to say that it has to be this way, just that it is.
Learning to Read and Write
Authors: Marschark Marc
Published: November 2023

This chapter is about literacy, and specifically the kind of literacy of greatest interest to most parents and teachers of deaf and hearing children: the ability to read and write in English.1 But there are different kinds and definitions of literacy. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the original sense of the term literacy related to the assumption that anyone who understood the idea of combining letters of the alphabet —the basic building blocks of written language —could use it in a creative, appropriate way to get and use an education. Thus, we refer to people becoming “lettered” or acquiring “knowledge of letters,” and “Doctor of Letters” is considered a prestigious, if largely ceremonial, title for the honorary college degrees conferred on politicians and celebrities.
Where Do We Go From Here?
Authors: Marschark Marc
Published: November 2023

The preceding chapters have discussed what it means to be deaf technically, practically, and culturally. They have examined a variety of issues confronting children who grow up deaf, as well as their parents and teachers. In discussions of everything from language to laws and from education to cochlear implants, the emphasis has been on providing deaf children with access to all that they need for normal and successful lives. Beyond this, however, there is much more.
Through A Glass Darkly: Reading the History of the Vietnamese Communist Party, 1945–1975
Authors: Quinn-Judge Sophie
Published: November 2023

During its three decades of war, North Vietnam was a complex, evolving organism, subjected to extreme internal and external pressures. But the further away we get from the war, the more the complexities of Vietnamese politics are likely to be forgotten. The biggest pitfall in our writing about wartime Vietnam is still our eagerness to generalize about “the enemy.” This may be a consequence of our lack of documentation on decision-making processes in the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV). We see only small glimpses of the daily debates and accommodations that would go on in any political movement, in contrast to the vast amount of documentation that we possess on U.S. policy development. We can follow month by month Robert McNamara’s or Lyndon Johnson’s agonizing over their choices, but still have to speculate about much that occurred in Hanoi. Our tendency to generalize also grows out of oversimplified views of communist systems as brutally efficient and monolithic, lacking the subtle grays of Western politics. The Stalinist model has led to an assumption that communist leaders are invariably all-powerful. It is striking, for example, how many writers allow Vo Nguyen Giap to personify the DRV’s military leadership or who use Ho Chi Minh as shorthand to represent the North Vietnamese politburo. Lyndon Johnson’s habit of describing policy in terms of how “Old Ho” would react is not atypical. These conventions betray real ignorance of the day-to-day workings of the DRV political system—as there appear to have been significant periods when neither man played a leading decision-making role. The contested side of major decisions and the acrimony surrounding them, however, are not things that communist parties like to publicize. Party historians in Hanoi have been content to let Ho Chi Minh’s image stand as the iconic representation of communist power.
Vision, Power, And Agency: The Ascent of Ngo Dinh Diem, 1945–1954
Authors: Miller Edward
Published: November 2023

Who was Ngo Dinh Diem? In the decades since his 1963 assassination, historians and other writers have offered diverse interpretations of his life and career. That Diem was an important figure in the history of the Indochina wars is not in dispute—after all, the conflict that became the “American war” in Vietnam began as a revolt against Diem’s South Vietnamese regime—but there is no consensus about why and how he came to play such a key role. During Diem’s tenure in power (1954–1963), many in Vietnam and elsewhere described him as an American puppet who had been installed and supported by Washington to serve U.S. objectives in the Cold War. Accounts written since the 1960s, in contrast, have emphasized his notorious unwillingness to accept American advice and the fact that his alliance with the United States eventually fell apart. Many scholars have thus come to reject the notion that Diem was merely a creature of U.S. foreign policy and have instead portrayed him as a product of premodern “traditions,” such as Catholicism or Confucianism. Among these scholars, however, there is no consensus about the meaning and consequences of these “traditional” qualities. In some recent histories, Diem appears as a sage-like national hero who was thwarted by fickle allies; in others, he is portrayed as an inflexible autocrat who was doomed by his adherence to outdated ideas about rulership.
The Adventurous Journey of Nixon in the World
Authors: Logevall Fredrik , Preston Andrew
Published: November 2023

In the grand trajectory of “the American Century,” the 1970s stand out as a curious anomaly. For most of this era, especially the periods following World War II and the end of the Cold War, the United States was far more powerful than any other country—more powerful, even, than its only superpower rival, the Soviet Union. The strength and endurance of American power lay not only in its military might, important though it was; in addition to arms, America had few real challengers in terms of economic, political, diplomatic, and cultural power. But in the late 1960s, and for a variety of reasons that all peaked around the same time, America’s dominance began to wane.
The Frailties of Grand Strategies: A Comparison of Détente and Ostpolitik
Authors: Sarotte Mary Elise
Published: November 2023

Ostpolitik, or Eastern policy, is the name given to the negotiated process of partial reconciliation between West Germany and its Warsaw Pact neighbors in the middle years of the Cold War. Like the word détente, it is a vague term comprising everything from very specific, formal treaties to very general declarations of interest in using diplomacy and high-level visits to reduce tensions. To complicate matters, analysts sometimes further subdivide Ostpolitik into contrasting categories.
History from Below: The United States and Latin America in the Nixon Years
Authors: Lawrence Mark Atwood
Published: November 2023

Latin America ranked at the bottom of Richard Nixon and Henry Kissinger’s global priorities. In public, the president and his national security adviser phrased their view diplomatically, suggesting merely that the time had come to scale back U.S. ambitions in the hemisphere. Behind closed doors, the two spoke more bluntly. “Latin America doesn’t matter,” Nixon exclaimed in 1971. “People don’t give one damn about Latin America,” he added. “The only thing that matters in the world is Japan, China, Russia, and Europe.” Kissinger differed only in the sophistication with which he expressed him- self. Latin America, like the rest of the third world, was “not important,” Kissinger told the Chilean foreign minister in 1969.
Conceptualizing U.S. Women’s History through the History of Medicine
Authors: Tannenbaum Rebecca
Published: November 2023

The history of medicine, public health, and reproduction is a rich area for teachers and scholars of women’s history. The reverse is also true: Women’s history is an excellent topic for investigating and discussing important themes in the history of medicine. Teachers at all levels will find that topics in the history of women and medicine speak to each other in multiple ways, illuminating themes not just concerning women and the body but broader themes in American history as well.
Thinking Globally about U.S. Women’s History
Authors: Frederickson Mary E
Published: November 2023

Thinking globally about women’s history in the United States expands our understanding of the social, political, and economic changes that have taken place throughout the world and provides new perspectives on major topics in American history. A global focus, in contrast to traditional national or continent-centered history, contextualizes the experiences of American women across time and place and uncovers the shared histories of women around the world. Contemporary globalization has increased the interconnectedness of capital and labor and transformed the lives of women on every continent in terms of family, work, and culture. Witnessing these changes today alerts us to the importance and potential of examining patterns and lessons of global exchange in the past.
History You Can Touch: Teaching Women’s History through Three-Dimensional Objects
Authors: Derousie Anne M , Rose Vivien E
Published: November 2023

Where visual or other documentary evidence is scant, the power of objects to reveal the unknown and unnoticed is of particular use. Like nutritious and healing weeds in a suburban lawn, three-dimensional objects offer previously unnoticed benefits to instructors inviting students to consider an inclusive perspective as they reframe and remember U.S. history. The variety and multiplicity of women’s experiences can be touched through three-dimensional primary sources, engaging students with different learning styles; cementing skills of observation, analysis, and construction of narrative; and fostering awareness of what the objects around them can say about race, class, and gender.
Group Management Skills
Authors: Romanelli Adam Stein Lisa Hunter , Olin Serene , Burton Geraldine
Published: November 2023

Group participation can be an important part of parents’ journey toward empowerment. An effective group has the potential to provide parents with motivation and social support, connect parents to similar others in their community, give parents a place to share their experiences, and generate political power for systematic change. As a parent advisor, you should understand that involving parents in a community of peers can have many benefits that go beyond your one-to-one work with each family. Being part of a larger community affords parents the opportunity of meeting others who have “come through the trenches.” Parents can share and learn through one another’s experiences and, in the process, empower one another with shared knowledge and successes. This experience can offer an important sense of camaraderie and validation to families, who often feel isolated and frustrated in their efforts of advocating for their special needs children across various systems. Being a part of a successful family support group can be critical to making a family feel effective and motivated.
Understanding Psychiatric Diagnoses
Authors: Romanelli Lisa Hunter , Stein Adam , Olin Serene
Published: November 2023

As a parent advisor, it is important to know how mental disorders are diagnosed in children. The diagnostic process can often seem difficult and confusing to parents. The information in this chapter should be used as a resource to help parents understand how diagnostic labels are determined and used. However, diagnosing and treating mental disorders is a complex task, and appropriate training is required. The material provided in this chapter should be used for informational purposes only. It is not a substitute for a thorough evaluation or treatment by a licensed mental health provider.
Working With Providers
Authors: Olin Serene , Burton Geradline
Published: November 2023

It is important for parents to work effectively with their child’s mental health care provider during treatment. This chapter provides information to help prepare parents for the treatment process. It includes tips to help parents form a productive partnership with providers. Finally, it offers strategies for assertive communication.
School-Based Options for Special Education
Authors: Watkins Romanelli , Romanelli Lisa Hunter
Published: November 2023

One of your greatest accomplishments as a parent advisor will be helping families get special education services without putting a child into a special education program. Many parents are surprised to learn that their child can get special education services while in a regular, general education classroom. Despite many advances in special education programs, many families still consider “special education” to be anything but special. This chapter outlines the broad array of services that are available to students in a general education setting. The two main types of supports are supplementary aids and services and related services. There are also several additional services that may be available to families.
Other Options for Special Education
Authors: Watkins RueZalia
Published: November 2023

As the needs of students become more pronounced, services in a general education setting may not be enough. It may be necessary for parents to place their child in a more restrictive environment than the regular classroom. Options include special education programs, home instructions, day treatment or therapeutic schools, hospital-based instruction, and residential programs.
Individual Education Plan Versus Section 504 Plan
Authors: Watkins RueZalia
Published: November 2023

As parents seek services for their child, an important part of your job will be helping them understand how to request and use an Individual Education Plan (IEP) or a Section 504 plan. Both processes can be used to access school services for students with special needs. Part IV of this book provides more information on specific services available. This chapter focuses on the differences between these two approaches and the procedures for using them to get help for students.