bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conjugation in
Escherichia coli
Authors: Boyer Herbert
Published: January 2020

Boyer, Herbert
(Yale University, New Haven, Conn.). Conjugation in
Escherichia coli
. J. Bacteriol.
91:
1767–1772. 1966.—The sex factor of
Escherichia coli
K-12 was introduced into an E. coli B/r strain by circumventing the host-controlled modification and restriction incompatibilities known to exist between these closely related strains. The sexual properties of the constructed F
+
B strain and its Hfr derivatives were examined. These studies showed that the
E. coli
strain B/r F
+
and Hfr derivatives are similar to the
E. coli
strain K-12 F
+
and Hfr derivatives. However, the site of sex factor integration was found to be dependent on the host genome.
Lysis of
Vibrio succinogenes
by Ethylenediamine-tetraacetic Acid or Lysozyme
Authors: Wolin M. J.
Published: January 2020

Wolin
, M. J. (University of Illinois, Urbana). Lysis of
Vibrio succinogenes
by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid or lysozyme. J. Bacteriol.
91:
1781–1786. 1966.—Cell suspensions of
Vibrio succinogenes
are lysed by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) or lysozyme. Lysis occurs at alkaline
p
H and is prevented by 0.15
m
NaCl or KCl or 0.3
m
sucrose. The addition of 10
−3
m
Mg
++
, 10
−3
m
spermine, or 10
−2
m
Ca
++
prevents lysozyme lysis, and 10
−4
m
spermine prevents EDTA lysis. EDTA lysis leads to the formation of a cell ghost, and lysozyme lysis leads to the formation of an empty round body. Freezing and thawing of cells permits lysozyme attack which is not prevented by the protective agents mentioned above. Much of the cell protein, and almost all of the nucleic acids, are released from the cells during EDTA lysis. Treatment of frozen-thawed cells with lysozyme at neutral
p
H does not cause release of more than 50% of the cell protein and 60% of the nucleic acids of the cells.
Drug Resistance of Enteric Bacteria VI. Introduction of Bacteriophage P1
CM
into
Salmonella typhi
and Formation of P1
dCM
and F-
CM
Elements
Authors: Kondo Eiko , Mitsuhashi Susumu
Published: January 2020

Kondo, Eiko
(Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan),
and Susumu Mitsuhashi
. Drug resistance of enteric bacteria. VI. Introduction of bacteriophage P1
CM
into
Salmonella typhi
and formation of P1
dCM
and F-
CM
elements. J. Bacteriol.
91:
1787–1794. 1966.—Bacteriophage P1
CM
was introduced into
Salmonella typhi
by means of both phage infection and conjugation with
Escherichia coli
F
+
lysogenic for the phage. Upon incubation with a P1
CM
phage lysate,
S. typhi
and
S. abony
yield
CM
r
cells which are lysogenic for P1
CM
, but
S. typhimurium
LT2 does not. The P1
CM
phage is adsorbed slightly to
S. typhi
, but no infectious centers are formed when the phage is plated on this strain. Tests on P1
CM
-adsorbing capacity of the
S. typhi
P1
CM
+
strain and on plaque formation and transduction ability of the recovered phage from this strain indicated that the cell and the phage population did not have any special advantage over the original cell and phage population. Conjugation of
S. typhi
with
E. coli
F
+
carrying P1
CM
+
gave three types of
S. typhi CM
r
clones: those which carry the whole P1
CM
phage, those with the P1
dCM
element, and those with nontransferable
CM
r
. The second type has the F factor and is sensitive to f phages in spite of its typical behavior, serologically and biochemically, as
S. typhi
. It can donate the P1
dCM
and F
+
characters to
E. coli
F
−
or F
−
/P1 strains. As a consequence of conjugation with the
E. coli
F
+
strain, the
CM
r
character of the third type of
S. typhi
, the nontransferable
CM
r
element, acquired conjugational transferability, owing to the formation of the element, F-
CM
. This element can be transferred to an
E. coli
F
−
strain at a very high frequency (ca. 10
0
). Both the F and
CM
r
determinants are jointly transduced with P1 phage and are jointly eliminated by acridine dye treatment.
Distribution of C
14
from Glucose-
1-C
14
in the Lipid Fractions of
Debaryomyces hansenii
Authors: Merdinger Emanuel , Frye Rosalind H.
Published: January 2020

Merdinger, Emanuel
(Roosevelt University, Chicago, Ill.),
and Rosalind H. Frye
. Distribution of C
14
from glucose-
1-C
14
in the lipid fractions of
Debaryomyces hansenii
. J. Bacteriol.
91:
1831–1833. 1966.—
Debaryomyces hansenii
cells were grown in a medium containing yeast extract, malt extract, glucose, sodium chloride, and nutrient salts, to which glucose-
1-C
14
was added. The lipids extracted from the cells were fractionated by use of a single column packed with silicic acid. Of the total C
14
added to the culture medium, the neutral lipid fractions contained 21.06% while the phospholipid portions contained only 0.89%. The highest amount of C
14
among the neutral lipids was found in the fraction containing the hydrocarbons (11.64%). Among the phospholipids, the highest amount (0.66%) was found in phosphatidyl serine and phosphatidyl ethanolamine.
Effect of Various Nonionic Surfactants on Growth of
Escherichia coli
Authors: Rose Michael J. , Aron Stephen A. , Janicki Bernard W.
Published: January 2020

Rose, Michael
J.,
Jr.
(Veterans Administration Hospital, Washington, D.C.),
Stephen A. Aron, and Bernard W. Janicki
. Effect of various nonionic surfactants on growth of
Escherichia coli
. J. Bacteriol.
91:
1863–1868. 1966.—
Escherichia coli
cultivated in media containing 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, or 4.0% concentrations of surface-active polyoxyethylene derivatives of formaldehyde polymers of octyl phenol (Triton WR-1339; Macrocyclon) or of sorbitan mono-fatty acid esters (Tween 20, 40, 60, and 80) exhibited significantly retarded growth only at the highest concentration. To determine the mechanism of bacteriostasis, certain derivatives and compounds related to the surfactants were investigated. Experiments with compounds related to the Triton-type agents demonstrated that incorporation of monomeric substances (Triton X-205, X-305, Igepal CA-730, or Dowfax 9N20) into the medium at a concentration of 4.0% did not inhibit the growth of
E. coli
. It was concluded that the formaldehyde polymer was essential for growth inhibition by the polyoxyethylene derivatives of octyl phenol. The inhibitory activity of the Tween compounds, in contrast, appeared to result from the unesterified fatty acids which contaminate the commercial preparations. Polyol (60), the sorbitan polyoxyethylene derivative of Tween 60 and the basic structural unit of all the Tween-type compounds, and a Tween 80 preparation which was purified by extraction of the unesterified oleic acid, were not inhibitory. Moreover, the amount of free oleic acid present as a contaminant of Tween 80 was found to be sufficient to cause significant growth inhibition. These results and the observation that
E. coli
does not appear to hydrolyze the esterified fatty acid of Tween 80 led to the conclusion that growth inhibition obtained with various Tween compounds probaby is a function of their respective fatty acid contaminants.
Immunochemical and Enzymatic Studies on Glutamate Dehydrogenase and a Related Mutant Protein fromNeurospora crassa
Authors: Roberts D. B.
Published: January 2020

Roberts, D. B. (University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England). Immunochemical and enzymatic studies on glutamate dehydrogenase and a related mutant protein fromNeurospora crassa. J. Bacteriol.91:1888–1895. 1966.—When an investigation was made of the inhibition ofNeurosporaglutamate dehydrogenase by bivalent and univalent antibodies, it was shown that the enzyme inhibition is not complete even with excess antibodies. The residual activity was some three times greater with bivalent antibodies, in spite of the observation that the ratio of inhibiting antibodies to catalytic sites was 2:1 for both types of antibody. Substrates did not affect the inhibition of enzyme activity, nor did antibodies affect theKmfor either substrate. An allosteric mechanism for the inhibition of glutamate dehydrogenase by antibodies is proposed. It was also demonstrated that the mutant proteinam-3 can be activated, to show glutamate dehydrogenase activity, by a number of activators. The requirement for the activation was the presence of a carboxymethyl group. The data suggest that the nonactivated protein has two combining sites forl-glutamate: the catalytic and activating sites. The wild-type enzyme has only one of these sites. Because the activating site is distinct from the catalytic site, an allosteric mechanism was postulated for activation. Inhibition ofam-3 activity by antibodies is achieved either by a mechanism similar to the inhibition of wild-type activity or by the antibodies preventing the activation of the mutant protein. Theam-3 protein can be activated by antibodies. Consequently, there appeared to be a relation the phenomena of enzyme inhibition andam-3 activation by antibodies; i.e., they alter the configuration of the catalytic site. This alteration was necessary for the activation ofam-3, but inhibited the activity of the wild-type enzyme.
Topography and Dynamics of Synthesis of Structural Proteins of Newcastle Disease Virus
Authors: Zhdanov Victor M. , Azadova Nonna B. , Uryvayev Leonid V.
Published: January 2020

Zhdanov, VictorM. (The D. I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology, Moscow, USSR),Nonna B. Azadova, and Leonid V. Uryvayev. Topography and dynamics of synthesis of structural proteins of Newcastle disease virus. J. Bacteriol.91:1902–1906. 1966.—Newcastle disease virus S and V antigens are synthesized in the cytoplasm, as revealed by the immunofluorescence method. In some experiments, S antigen was found also in the nucleoli. Actinomycin D moderately decreased the titer of infectious virus and V antigen and accelerated the time of appearance of mature virus. Proflavine sharply decreased the synthesis of both antigens and the release of mature virus.
Immunochemical Study of Parainfluenza Virus (Type 2) in Amnion Cells
Authors: Cyr C. De Vaux St. , Howe C.
Published: January 2020

de Vaux St. Cyr
, C. Columbia University, New York, N.Y.),
and C. Howe
. Immunochemical study of parainfluenza virus (type 2) in amnion cells. J. Bacteriol.
91:
1911–1916. 1966.—Immunoelectrophoretic analysis of stable amnion cells in which parainfluenza virus (type 2) was being actively synthesized revealed at least three precipitating antigens not found in normal cells. These “new” antigens differed from viral neuraminidase and hemagglutinin in both specificity and electrophoretic mobility; their identity and function remain to be elucidated.
Tetracycline Inhibition of Cell-Free Protein Synthesis I. Binding of Tetracycline to Components of the System
Authors: Day L. E.
Published: January 2020

Day
, L. E. (Chas. Pfizer & Co., Inc., Groton, Conn.). Tetracycline inhibition of cell-free protein synthesis. I. Binding of tetracycline to components of the system. J. Bacteriol.
91:
1917–1923. 1966.—Tetracycline, an inhibitor of cell-free protein synthesis, effected the dissociation of
Escherichia coli
100
S
ribosomes to 70
S
particles in vivo and in vitro, but was not observed to mediate the further degradation of these particles. The antibiotic was bound by both 50
S
(Svedberg) and 30
S
subunits of 70
S
ribosomes and also by
E. coli
soluble RNA (sRNA), polyuridylic acid (poly U), and polyadenylic acid (poly A). The binding to ribosomal subunits was higher at 5 × 10
−4
m
Mg
++
than at 10
−2
m
Mg
++
. The binding to polynucleotide chains was highest when Mg
++
was not added to the reaction mixture.
Plaque Enhancement of Enteroviruses by Magnesium Chloride, Cysteine, and Pancreatin
Authors: Wallis Craig , Morales Fred , Powell Joycelyn , Melnick Joseph L.
Published: January 2020

Wallis, Craig(Baylor University College of Medicine, Houston, Tex.),Fred Morales, Joycelyn Powell, and Joseph L. Melnick. Plaque enhancement of enteroviruses by magnesium chloride, cysteine, and pancreatin. J. Bacteriol.91:1932–1935. 1966.—Plaque formation of 21 echoviruses (types 1–6, 9, 13, 15–19, 23–26, 29–32) and 8 coxsackieviruses (B1–6, A7, and A9) was enhanced by increased concentrations of MgCl2,l-cysteine, and pancreatin in agar overlay medium. In most cases, cationic and anionic polymers (diethylaminoethyl dextran, dextran sulfate, or protamine sulfate) were ineffective. All strains of poliovirus and group B coxsackieviruses were enhanced under agar by MgCl2. Five of the eight coxsackieviruses tested were also enhanced by cysteine or pancreatin. Certain enteroviruses, which have been difficult to assay by plaque method, can now be quantified effectively by incorporation of additives such as MgCl2, cysteine, or pancreatin into the overlay medium.
Identification of Enteroviruses by Hemagglutination-Inhibition
Authors: Kern Jerome , Rosen Leon
Published: January 2020

Kern, Jerome(Pacific Research Section, Honolulu, Hawaii),and Leon Rosen. Identification of enteroviruses by hemagglutination-inhibition. J. Bacteriol.91:1936–1942. 1966.—Approximately 40% of a group of 906 enterovirus isolates cytopathic for monkey cell cultures were found to possess hemagglutinins for human erythrocytes when tested at temperatures of 4 and 37 C and atpH 5.8 and 7.3. The hemagglutinating isolates could be classified by relatively simple techniques into 18 serotypes. Four of these serotypes, echovirus type 24 and coxsackievirus B types 1, 5, and 6, had not previously been known to include hemagglutinating strains. One serotype, Toluca-3, represented a previously unrecognized enterovirus, and two other serotypes may also represent previously unrecognized enteroviruses.
Effect of Poliovirus on Deoxyribonucleic Acid Synthesis in HeLa Cells
Authors: Ackermann W. W. , Cox D. C. , Kurtz H. , Powers C. D. , Davies S. J.
Published: January 2020

Ackermann
, W. W. (University of Michigan, Ann Arbor), D. C.
Cox, H. Kurtz, C. D. Powers, and S. J. Davies
. Effect of poliovirus on deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in HeLa cells. J. Bacteriol.
91:
1943–1952. 1966.—Both poliovirus and arginine stimulated deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis in cultures of HeLa cells which were preconditioned by incubation in a medium deficient in arginine. However, the number of cells producing DNA was unaffected. DNA synthesis in such preconditioned cells was 10 to 20% of the maximal value obtained with a full complement of amino acids. Inhibition of DNA synthesis was produced in these cultures either by increasing the multiplicity of exposure above 40 plaque-forming units of virus per cell or by increasing the concentration of the deficient amino acid at the time of virus addition. Inhibition of DNA synthesis resulted from a reduction in the fraction of cells producing DNA. The concentration of arginine required for viral inhibition of DNA synthesis is greater than that for viral multiplication.
Yaba Tumor Poxvirus Synthesis In Vitro II. Adsorption, Inactivation, and Assay Studies
Authors: Yohn David S. , Marmol Fanny R. , Haendiges Victoria A. , Grace James T.
Published: January 2020

Yohn, David
S. (Roswell Park Memorial Institute, Buffalo, N.Y.),
Fanny R. Marmol, Victoria A. Haendiges, and James T. Grace, Jr.
Yaba tumor poxvirus synthesis in vitro. II. Adsorption, inactivation, and assay studies. J. Bacteriol.
91:
1953–1958. 1966.—Means to increase the efficiency of the Yaba tumor poxvirus assay in BSC-1 cell cultures were sought. A method was devised wherein 0.4 ml of each virus dilution was layered onto BSC-1 cells in 80-mm Leighton tubes and permitted to adsorb at 25 C for 18 hr prior to incubation at 35 C. The diluent found most reliable was medium 199 containing 50% bovine amniotic fluid adjusted to 2.0 m
m
calcium and 1.0 m
m
magnesium at
p
H 7.0. These modifications yielded highly reproducible titrations with a greater than twofold increase in assay sensitivity. Irreversible adsorption of Yaba virus by BSC-1 cells proceeds comparatively slowly at 25 to 33 C. Although the process is more rapid at 35 or 37 C, the increased thermal lability of the virus at these temperatures results in lower titers than with virus adsorbed at 25 C for longer periods of time. Yaba poxvirus appears to be 5 to 10 times more sensitive to thermal inactivation than vaccinia poxvirus.
Comparative Study of Seven Picornaviruses of Man
Authors: Jamison Richard M. , Mayor Heather D.
Published: January 2020

Jamison, RichardM. (Baylor University College of Medicine, Houston, Tex.),and Heather D. Mayor. Comparative study of seven picornaviruses of man. J. Bacteriol.91:1971–1976. 1966.—The buoyant densities in CsCl and potassium tartrate of seven acid-resistant picornaviruses of man were determined. The viruses studied were found to be a relatively homogeneous group. Buoyant densities ranged from 1.32 to 1.35 g/cc in CsCl and 1.21 to 1.23 g/cc in potassium tartrate. The buoyant density of each virus did not vary by more than 0.01 g/cc. The host cell of origin and passage level did not influence the buoyant density of the virions. However, measurements of the diameters of purified virions by a standard method have shown that there are considerable size variations among these picornaviruses. The diameters ranged from 18 to 25 mμ. Echovirus 19 and poliovirus 1 were significantly larger (mean diameter, 23.5 mμ) than echoviruses 4, 6, 16, and 23, and coxsackievirus B2 (mean diameter, 21.0 mμ).
Yaba Tumor Poxvirus Synthesis In Vitro I. Cytopathological, Histochemical, and Immunofluorescent Studies
Authors: Yohn David S. , Haendiges Victoria A. , Grace James T.
Published: January 2020

Yohn, DavidS. (Roswell Park Memorial Institute, Buffalo, N.Y.),Victoria A. Haendiges, and James T. Grace, Jr.Yaba tumor poxvirus synthesis in vitro. I. Cytopathological, histochemical, and immunofluorescent studies. J. Bacteriol.91:1977–1985. 1966.—Yaba tumor poxvirus synthesis in BSC-1 cell culture was followed sequentially with light microscopy, immunofluorescent microscopy, and various histochemical stains. The first evidence of infection was detected at 24 hr when nucleoli became hypertrophic, reflecting enhanced ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis. At 36 hr, deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis was detected in the cytoplasm. This was immediately followed by or associated with antigen synthesis at paranuclear sites and enhanced RNA synthesis in the cytoplasm. Cytoplasmic inclusions were readily apparent at 4 days in initially infected cells. Contiguous spread of virus was judged to have occurred around the third day of infection. The time required to complete the synthetic cycle from time of infection to production of infectious progeny was estimated to be of the order of 60 hr. This cycle is 6 to 10 times longer than for vaccinia virus. By light microscopy, cytopathic effects (CPE) were detectable in 5 days in heavily infected cultures. With 100 units or less of infectious virus, CPE was not readily detected until the 10th to 14th day. At this time, focal areas of infection classified either as microtumors or microplaques were present. Secondary foci appeared during the 4th week of incubation.
Yaba Tumor Poxvirus Synthesis In Vitro III. Growth Kinetics
Authors: Yohn David S. , Haendiges Victoria A. , De Harven Etienne
Published: January 2020

Yohn, DavidS. (Roswell Park Memorial Institute, Buffalo, N.Y.),Victoria A. Haendiges, and Etienne de Harven. Yaba tumor poxvirus synthesis in vitro. III. Growth kinetics. J. Bacteriol.91:1986–1991. 1966.—The infectious synthetic cycle of Yaba poxvirus by BSC-1 cells at 35 C is described and discussed together with related observations obtained by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. After adsorption of virus at 25 C, at least 6 hr of incubation at 35 C was required before viral eclipse was demonstrable. Infectious progeny appeared after an additional 48 hr of incubation at 35 C. Newly synthesized virus particles were seen at 68 hr but not at 44 hr by electron microscopy. Maximal maturation occurred between 100 and 120 hr. Maximal yields were obtained from the 5th through the 8th day. The differences in kinetics between Yaba and vaccinia poxviruses, as described for the latter in the literature, are discussed. Possible factors accounting for these differences are enumerated.
Electron Microscopy of
Staphylococcus aureus
Cell Wall Lysis
Authors: Virgilio R. , González C. , Muñoz Nubia , Mendoza Silvia
Published: January 2020

Virgilio, Rafael
(Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile), C.
González, Nubia Muñoz, and Silvia Mendoza
. Electron microscopy of
Staphylococcus aureus
cell wall lysis. J. Bacteriol.
91:
2018–2024. 1966.—A crude suspension of
Staphylococcus aureus
cell walls (strain Cowan III) in buffer solution was shown by electron microscopy to lyse slightly after 16 hr, probably owing to the action of autolysin. The lysis was considerably faster and more intense after the addition of lysozyme. A remarkable reduction in thickness and rigidity of the cell walls, together with the appearance of many irregular protrusions in their outlines, was observed after 2 hr; after 16 hr, there remained only a few recognizable cell wall fragments but many residual particulate remnants. When autolysin was previously inactivated by trypsin, there was a complete inhibition of the lytic action of lysozyme; on the other hand, when autolysin was inactivated by heat and lysozyme was added, a distinct decrease in the thickness of the cell walls was observed, but there was no destruction of the walls. The lytic action of lysozyme, after treatment with hot 5% trichloroacetic acid, gave rise to a marked dissolution of the structure of the cell walls, which became lost against the background, without, however, showing ostensible alteration of wall outlines. From a morphological point of view, the lytic action of autolysin plus lysozyme was quite different from that of trichloroacetic acid plus lysozyme, as shown by electron micrographs, but in both cases it was very intense. This would suggest different mechanisms of action for these agents.
Ultrastructure ofLampropedia hyalina
Authors: Pangborn Jack , Starr Mortimer P.
Published: January 2020

Pangborn, Jack(University of California, Davis),and Mortimer P. Starr. Ultrastructure ofLampropedia hyalina. J. Bacteriol.91:2025–2030. 1966.—In an effort to learn more about the structural bases for the sheeting format ofLampropedia hyalina, ultrathin sections were cut which were precisely oriented either parallel to or perpendicular to the plane of growth; these were examined by electron microscopy.Lampropediacells show cytological features typical of gram-negative bacteria. In addition, three uniquely structured layers are found exterior to the cell walls. Details are presented regarding the fine structures and geometric relationships of these layers; their probable origins and involvements in the characteristic cellular juxtaposition are discussed.
Attachment and Structural Features of Flagella of Certain Bacilli
Authors: Abram Dinah , Vatter A. E. , Koffler Henry
Published: January 2020

Abram, Dinah
(Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind.), A. E.
Vatter, and Henry Koffler
. Attachment and structural features of flagella of certain bacilli. J. Bacteriol.
91:
2045–2068. 1966.—The attachment of flagella to cells of various mesophilic and thermophilic strains of
Bacillus
was studied electron microscopically. Studies of ghost cells and membrane fragments indicate that flagella are connected to the cytoplasmic membrane. Flagella removed from cells mechanically, during autolysis, or by phage lysis, have attached to the base of their proximal hooks material that is heterogeneous in character. In part, this material consists of cytoplasmic membrane; its varied shape appears to be caused by the folding of the membrane around the proximal end of the flagellum at the site of attachment. It is uncertain whether this material represents a real structure or an artifact. Highresolution microscopy reveals differences in the fine structure of intact flagella of the various strains studied. The proximal hook and the flagellar filament are distinct in morphology and fine structure. A specialized structure is associated with the hook of flagella of
B. brevis
and
B. circulans
. The filament of flagella of
B. stearothermophilus
2184 has two regions that show marked differences in the manner in which the subunits appear to be organized. No correlation was found between the site of origin of flagella and the location of reduced tellurite when the reduction of potassium tellurite was used to indicate the loci of enzymatic respiratory activities.
Synthesis of Nucleic Acid and Protein in L Cells Infected with the Agent of Meningopneumonitis
Authors: Schechter Esther M.
Published: January 2020

Schechter, EstherM. (The University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill.). Synthesis of nucleic acid and protein in L cells infected with the agent of meningopneumonitis. J. Bacteriol.91:2069–2080. 1966.—Synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), and protein in uninfected L cells and in L cells infected with the meningopneumonitis agent was compared by measuring rates of incorporation of H3-cytidine and C14-lysine into nuclear, cytoplasmic, and agent fractions in successive 5-hr periods during the meningopneumonitis growth cycle. Synthesis of meningopneumonitis DNA, RNA, and protein was first clearly evident in the labeling period 15 to 20 hr after infection, soon after initiation of agent multiplication. The rates of synthesis of agent DNA, RNA, and protein increased logarithmically for a brief period and then declined. However, rates of isotope incorporation into all three meningopneumonitis macromolecules were sustained at near maximal values throughout the remainder of the meningopneumonitis growth cycle. These data are most readily interpreted in terms of multiplication of the meningopneumonitis agent by binary fission. The L cell response to infection was a decreased rate of DNA and RNA synthesis and an accelerated rate of cell death. Host protein synthesis was unaffected. The inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis in infected L cells probably involved competition between host and parasite for nucleic acid precursors. Different sublines of L cells varied greatly in the degree to which their nucleic acid-synthesizing mechanisms were damaged by infection. The cytoplasm of infected L cells contained newly synthesized DNA and RNA that could not be accounted for as intact meningopneumonitis cells. This nucleic acid probably arose from disintegration of the fragile intracellular forms of the meningopneumonitis agent.
Isolation and Characterization of Fractions ofMycoplasma pneumoniaeI. Chemical and Chromatographic Separation
Authors: Prescott B. , Sobeslavsky O. , Caldes G. , Chanock R. M.
Published: January 2020

Prescott, B. (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Md.),O. Sobeslavsky, G. Caldes, and R. M. Chanock. Isolation and characterization of fractions ofMycoplasma pneumoniae. I. Chemical and chromatographic separation. J. Bacteriol.91:2117–2125. 1966.—Fractionation ofMycoplasma pneumoniae, cultured on a beef heart infusion-horse serum-yeast extract medium, was carried out by chemical and chromatographic procedures. The chemical method yielded eight fractions consisting of lipid, carbohydrates, and proteins. Four protein-rich fractions were isolated by chromatographing a supernatant fluid of sonically treated organisms on Sephadex G-25. The 12 fractions were tested for serological and antigenic activity in vitro and in vivo. The lipid fraction was serologically active and the relative order of activity of the protein fractions appeared to depend on the amount of lipid present in the molecule. The highly serologically active Sephadex G-25 protein fraction 1 prepared chromatographically contained 15% lipid in the molecule, whereas the less serologically active protein fraction 2 prepared by chemical means contained 2% lipid. The acetone-extracted lipid fraction was chromatographed on thin-layer chromatography plates and found to consist of nine fractions. Serological activity was associated with only the first three spots above the origin. Lipid extracted from the protein fractions seemed to be similar to the acetone-extracted lipid from the sediment of the sonically treated organisms.
Isolation and Characterization of Fractions ofMycoplasma pneumoniaeII. Antigenicity and Immunogenicity
Authors: Sobeslavsky O. , Prescott B. , James W. D. , Chanock R. M.
Published: January 2020

Sobeslavsky, O. (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Md.),B. Prescott, W. D. James, and R. M. Chanock. Isolation and characterization of fractions ofMycoplasma pneumoniae. II. Antigenicity and immunogenicity. J. Bacteriol.91:2126–2138. 1966.—Chemical and chromatographic fractions of disruptedMycoplasma pneumoniaeorganisms were examined for serological and immunogenic activity. Complement-fixing activity was associated with lipid components, whereas precipitin activity was chiefly associated with polysaccharide components. When chemically extracted lipids were separated by thin-layer silica gel chromatography, only three of the nine fractions exhibited complement-fixing activity. Although lipids were highly active serologically, they were only weakly immunogenic. However, lipids combined with protein in lipoprotein complexes were highly immunogenic, stimulating high levels of complement-fixing, indirect-hemagglutinating, and growth-inhibiting antibodies. The specificity of these antibodies was directed chiefly against the serologically active lipid constituents of the organism. It was suggested that these serologically active lipids are present at the sites on the limiting membrane ofM. pneumoniaeat which antibody acts to inhibit growth of the organism. Only protein fractions adsorbed to tanned erythrocytes. The main function of protein in the indirect-hemagglutination reaction appeared to be that of serving as a carrier for the serologically active lipids.
Preparation of Highly Immunogenic Ribosomal Fractions ofMycobacterium tuberculosisby Use of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate
Authors: Youmans Anne S. , Youmans Guy P.
Published: January 2020

Youmans, AnneS. (Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Ill.),and Guy P. Youmans. Preparation of highly immunogenic ribosomal fractions ofMycobacterium tuberculosisby use of sodium dodecyl sulfate. J. Bacteriol.91:2139–2145. 1966.—Ribosomal fractions ofMycobacterium tuberculosis, strain H37Ra, were prepared by treatment of the intracellular particulate fraction with 0.25 or 0.5% sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) followed by centrifugation at 144,700 ×gfor 3 hr. This procedure has greatly simplified the preparation of ribosomal fractions and has given fractions composed of approximately 50% ribonucleic acid (RNA) and 15 to 20% protein. When incorporated into Freund's incomplete adjuvant and injected intraperitoneally into CF-1 mice, the SDS ribosomal fractions were more immunogenic than the particulate fractions from which they were prepared. They were as much as 100 times more immunogenic than ribosomal fractions prepared by differential centrifugation, 1 μg (dry weight) per mouse being sufficient for the induction of some immunity. However, none of these ribosomal preparations, in comparable doses, was as immunogenic as the living cells from which they were prepared. It was also shown that the addition of 10−4mMgCl2to the final diluent increased immunogenic activity, whereas larger concentrations (10−3m) reduced immunogenic activity. Preparation of the ribosomal fraction from ruptured cells in one continuous process during the course of 1 day increased the activity. Two-week-old H37Ra cells contained more RNA and were more immunogenic than the older cultures which have been used in the past.
Endotoxin-Induced Hypersensitivity to Histamine in Mice I. Contrasting Effects of Bacterial Lipopolysaccharides and the Classical Histamine-Sensitizing Factor ofBordetella pertussis
Authors: Pieroni Robert E. , Broderick Edward J. , Levine Leo
Published: January 2020

Pieroni, RobertE. (Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston),Edward J. Broderick, and Leo Levine. Endotoxin-induced hypersensitivity to histamine in mice. I. Contrasting effects of bacterial lipopolysaccharides and the classical histamine-sensitizing factor ofBordetella pertussis. J. Bacteriol.91:2169–2174. 1966.—The capacity of typhoid and possibly of pertussis endotoxins to induce histamine-shock susceptibility in some of the mice that survive graded doses of these endotoxins was confirmed. It was demonstrated, however, that pertussis endotoxin cannot be the main source of the typical histamine sensitization of pertussis vaccine. The following points are made. (i) With typhoid and pertussis endotoxins as inducers of histamine shock, no systematic relation between deaths and induction dose could be found, and 100% mortality could not be achieved. In contrast, with pertussis protective fraction as inducer, there was clear dose-response regression, with 100% mortality possible. (ii) The major part of the histamine-sensitizing activity of pertussis vaccine or its extracts was destroyed by trypsinization or by heating for 30 min at 100 C. These processes do not affect the histamine-sensitizing activity of the endotoxins. The implication for purified pertussis vaccine with high histamine-sensitization capacity is that endotoxin need not necessarily be present. The significance and possible mechanisms of action of endotoxin-induced histamine sensitivity are briefly discussed.
Effect of Aerosol Age on the Infectivity of AirbornePasteurella tularensisforMacaca mulattaand Man
Authors: Sawyer William D. , Jemski Joseph V. , Hogge Arthur L. , Eigelsbach Henry T. , Wolfe Elwood K. , Dangerfield Harry G. , Gochenour William S. , Crozier Dan
Published: January 2020

Sawyer, WilliamD. (U.S. Army Medical Unit, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md.),Joseph V. Jemski, Arthur L. Hogge, Jr., Henry T. Eigelsbach, Elwood K. Wolfe, Harry G. Dangerfield, William S. Gochenour, Jr., and Dan Crozier. Effect of aerosol age on the infectivity of airbornePasteurella tularensisforMacaca mulattaand man. J. Bacteriol.91:2180–2184. 1966.—In aging aerosols ofPasteurella tularensisSCHU-S4, the respiratory infectivity for man andMacaca mulattadecreased more rapidly than the viability of the organisms. Infectivity was diminished after 120 min, and was reduced 10-fold after 180 min. These findings confirmed previous observations made in mice and guinea pigs, and also revealed that smaller losses of infectivity were detectable in the primate hosts.
Separation and Properties of a Red Cell Sensitizing Substance from Streptococci
Authors: Moskowitz Merwin
Published: January 2020

Moskowitz, Merwin
(Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind.). Separation and properties of a red cell sensitizing substance from streptococci. J. Bacteriol.
91:
2200–2204. 1966.—An antigen that binds onto red cells and causes them to be agglutinated by antiserum was separated from streptococci. Various procedures to extract the antigen from streptococci were investigated, and the greatest amount of antigen was obtained by extraction of cells with a phenol-water mixture. The reaction of the antigen with red cells was shown to be reversible by use of the Ashby mixed agglutination technique. The antigen also combines with a number of different tissues, and it was demonstrated that the antigen could be transferred from red cells to tissues and vice versa. An hypothesis is presented on the basis of these findings which suggests a possible role for this antigen in the etiology of rheumatic fever.
Carbohydrate Catabolism of
Mima polymorpha
I. Supplemental Energy from Glucose Added to a Growth Medium
Authors: Bell Emily J. , Marus Adrienne
Published: January 2020

Bell, Emily J.
(University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio),
and Adrienne Marus
. Carbohydrate catabolism of
Mima polymorpha
. I. Supplemental energy from glucose added to a growth medium. J. Bacteriol.
91:
2223–2228. 1966.—
Mima polymorpha
, unable to grow in the presence of nonphosphorylated sugars as sole source of carbon and energy, grows rapidly and well in the presence of acetate, ethyl alcohol, short-chained fatty acids, and permeable intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Chemical evidence indicates, however, a limited uptake of glucose. Further, glucose, although incapable of supporting growth as the sole source of carbon and energy, does increase both the rate of growth and the total cell crop when added as an ancillary nutrient to cells growing in a mineral salts medium which contains 0.03
m
acetate as the carbon and energy source. A yield of energy from an abortive catabolism of glucose is hypothesized. In addition to the enhancement of growth rate and total cell crop, this hypothesis is supported by the facts that: (i) transport systems for the slightly permeable phosphorylated hexoses appear to be induced when glucose is incorporated into a medium capable of supporting growth and (ii) the rate of induction and the total activity of an inducible enzyme, isocitrate lyase E.C. 4.1.3.1., are markedly increased in the presence of supplemental glucose.
Carbohydrate Catabolism of
Mima polymorpha
II. Abortive Catabolism of Glucose
Authors: Marus Adrienne , Bell Emily J.
Published: January 2020

Marus, Adrienne
(University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio),
and Emily J. Bell
. Carbohydrate catabolism of
Mima polymorpha
. II. Abortive catabolism of glucose. J. Bacteriol.
91:
2229–2236. 1966.—
Mima polymorpha
, unable to grow in the presence of glucose as a sole carbon and energy source, is able to obtain supplemental, utilizable energy from the partial catabolism of this substrate. Various enzymes of hexose catabolism have been assayed in this organism and in
M. polymorpha
M, a mutant obtained by ultraviolet irradiation. The parent strain contains a functional glucose dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, diphosphofructoaldolase, and a 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate aldolase, but is lacking in glucokinase, gluconokinase, 2-ketogluconokinase, and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase. The enzymes present indicate partially functioning hexose diphosphate and Entner-Doudoroff pathways. The absence of kinases explains the inability of the strain to grow on glucose and an absence of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase would indicate the absence of the complete pentose pathway. The mutant strain,
M. polymorpha
M, possesses, in addition to those enzymes produced by the wild type, both gluconokinase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase. The presence of the former explains the mutant's ability to grow on glucose, and the presence of the latter indicates a more complete pentose shunt. The supplemental energy obtained from partial glucose catabolism (to gluconic acid) may be obtained from a cytochrome-linked reaction of the glucose dehydrogenase.
Pyruvate-Carbon Dioxide Exchange Reaction of
Desulfovibrio desulfuricans
Authors: Suh Byungse , Akagi J. M.
Published: January 2020

Suh, Byungse
(University of Kansas, Lawrence),
and J. M. Akagi
. Pyruvate-carbon dioxide exchange reaction of
Desulfovibrio desulfuricans
. J. Bacteriol.
91:
2281–2285. 1966.—The pyruvate-CO
2
exchange reaction, catalyzed by
Desulfovibrio desulfuricans
, required the presence of phosphate and coenzyme A. However, the requirement for phosphate disappeared when the concentration of coenzyme A was increased to a level of 3.8 × 10
−3
m
. Passing crude extracts through a diethylaminoethyl-cellulose column and an Amberlite CG-50 ion-exchange column, to remove ferredoxin and cytochrome
c
3
, resulted in a marked decrease in exchange activity; full activity was restored by the addition of ferredoxin or cytochrome
c
3
. Fe
++
or Co
++
stimulated the exchange of CO
2
into pyruvate.
Production of Interferon by Alveolar Macrophages
Authors: Acton Jean D. , Myrvik Quentin N.
Published: January 2020

Acton, JeanD. (Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, N.C.),and Quentin N. Myrvik. Production of interferon by alveolar macrophages. J. Bacteriol.91:2300–2304. 1966.—Rabbit alveolar macrophages inoculated with parainfluenza-3 virus in vitro produce a viral inhibitor which possesses the properties of interferon. The interferon is nondialyzable, is stable atpH 4, is not sedimented at 100,000 ×g, exhibits species specificity, and can passively protect other alveolar macrophages from infection with virulent rabbitpox virus. The possible significance of alveolar macrophage-produced interferon is discussed.
Urea and Thermal Mutants of Poliovirus
Authors: Hallum J. V. , Youngner J. S.
Published: January 2020

Hallum, J. V. (University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa.),and J. S. Youngner. Urea and thermal mutants of poliovirus. J. Bacteriol.91:2305–2308. 1966.—Thermally selected mutants of poliovirus which differed in sensitivity to heating at 50 C were inactivated with urea. With 3murea, urea resistance paralleled thermal resistance. In contrast, when urea-resistant mutants were selected from thermosensitive, urea-sensitive, wild-type poliovirus, the 50 C sensitivity of the selected mutants did not change. These findings indicate a lack of covariance of the urea and the 50 C-inactivation markers of poliovirus.
Differential Inhibitory Effects of Actinomycin D Among Strains of Poliovirus
Authors: Schaffer Frederick L. , Gordon Marjorie
Published: January 2020

Schaffer, Frederick
L. (University of California, Berkeley),
and Marjorie Gordon
. Differential inhibitory effects of actinomycin D among strains of poliovirus. J. Bacteriol.
91:
2309–2316. 1966.—Actinomycin D exerted a differential effect on the ability of strains of poliovirus to replicate in HeLa cells. LSc-2ab was studied as an example of a strain markedly inhibited by actinomycin; MEF
1
served as a control strain with minimal inhibition. The effect was noted at an actinomycin concentration of 0.1 μg/ml, but 2.5 μg/ml was used for most studies. Variability in the effect was attributed, in part, to physiological factors. Actinomycin was effective when present during the first 2 hr of LSc infection, but had little effect if present at later times. It did not block adsorption or initiation of ecilpse. It did block synthesis of ribonucleic acid in LSc-infected cells. Several possible modes of action are discussed, the most attractive being that actinomycin blocks synthesis of some cell component, the concentration of which is more critical for replication of some poliovirus strains than others.
Presence and Persistence of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Bovine Skin
Authors: Gailiunas Peter , Cottral George E.
Published: January 2020

Gailiunas, Peter
(Plum Island Animal Disease Laboratory, Greenport, N. Y.),
and George E. Cottral
. Presence and persistence of foot-and-mouth disease virus in bovine skin. J. Bacteriol.
91:
2333–2338. 1966.—This study established that the seven known antigenic types of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) have consistent affinity to all areas of bovine skin, even though gross cutaneous lesions usually are found only in the pedal area. Considerable amounts of FMDV were present in skin of 13 different body areas, irrespective of the presence of hair. All skin specimens from the trunk of 50 experimentally infected steers, necropsied from 12 hr to 7 days postinoculation (DPI), contained FMDV in the dermal and epidermal tissues. In skins of some steers, FMDV persisted for as long as 5 days after cessation of viremia. The highest average virus titer, 10
3.6
plaque-forming units (PFU) per g of skin, was found at 2 DPI. Some areas of the trunk and extremities had titers of approximately 10
5.0
PFU per g of skin. Characteristic gross lesions were not observed in sampling areas. The present observations have epizootiological importance for hides offered in international trade, because FMDV localized intracutaneously is more difficult to inactivate than virus adhering to hide surfaces.
Growth Characteristics of Two Rhinovirus Strains in WI-26 and Monkey Kidney Cells
Authors: Haff R. F. , Wohlsen B. , Force E. E. , Stewart R. C.
Published: January 2020

Haff
, R. F. (Smith Kline & French Laboratories, Philadelphia, Pa.), B.
Wohlsen, E. E. Force, and R. C. Stewart
. Growth characteristics of two rhinovirus strains in WI-26 and monkey kidney cells. J. Bacteriol.
91:
2339–2342. 1966.—Viruses with 1059 and HGP serotype and with human and monkey host range characteristics, respectively, were employed. Adsorption kinetics of the 1059 and HGP strains to WI-26 cells, and HGP to Green African monkey kidney cells (MKC), were similar. Fifty per cent of the virus was adsorbed to cell monolayers within 10 min; adsorption was essentially complete by 2 hr. The 1059 strain failed to adsorb to MKC, at least to an appreciable extent. Lack of receptors for adsorption of 1059 accounts for the inability of this cell to support multiplication of the virus. It is probable that MKC are refractory to infection with other H strains of rhinovirus for the same reason. Single-step multiplication cycles have been described for the HGP strain in WI-26 and MKC cultures and for the 1059 strain in WI-26 cells. In both cells, HGP exhibited a latent period of 7 hr. Increase of intracellular and cell-associated virus appeared somewhat prior to that of extracellular virus. Maximal titers were attained by 9 to 10 hr. In contrast, initial increase of 1059 in WI-26 cells occurred after 10 hr. Titer rose to peak level 15 hr after infection. Yield of 1059 in WI-26 cells was also fivefold lower than that of HGP in either cell system.
Host Influence on the Characteristics of Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus
Authors: Heydrick Fred P. , Wachter Ralph F. , Hearn Henry J.
Published: January 2020

Heydrick, FredP. (Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md.),Ralph F. Wachter, and Henry J. Hearn, Jr.Host influence on the characteristics of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus. J. Bacteriol.91:2343–2348. 1966.—Alterations in plaque size, virulence, and lipid content of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus were examined for possible interrelationships among these properties during 10 serial passages in embryonated eggs, suckling mice, chick embryo fibroblasts, and L cells. The chick embryo host maintained the same large-plaque and virulence properties of the virus through 10 passages as seen in the original seed. Passage of virus in either L cells or chick fibroblasts rapidly produced populations that were, in the main, intermediate with respect to plaque size and virulence. Passage of virus in suckling mouse brain yielded populations that were intermediate with respect to plaque size only. The nature of the lipid of the virus, in terms of the ratio of petroleum ether-soluble to -insoluble lipid, changed after only one passage in all systems except in chick embryos. Nine additional serial passages failed to enhance these changes in viral lipid, suggesting that the decrease in the large-plaque and virulence properties was not directly associated with changes in lipid content.
Inapparent Viral Infection of Cells In Vitro III. Manifestations of Infection of L Mouse Cells by Japanese Encephalitis Virus
Authors: Dubbs D. R. , Scherer W. F.
Published: January 2020

Dubbs, D. R. (University of Minnesota, Minneapolis),and W. F. Scherer. Inapparent viral infection of cells in vitro. III. Manifestations of infection of L mouse cells by Japanese encephalitis virus. J. Bacteriol.91:2349–2355. 1966.—Nine strains of Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus were propagated serially in cultures of L cells reaching titers of 103.5to 106.3. Although cytopathic effects were not seen in cultures of contiguous L cells after infection with JE virus, cell growth was inhibited. Moreover, cell destruction was readily apparent in infected cultures of sparse, noncontiguous L cells. Differences in the size of cell population of infected and noninfected cultures (i) occurred despite only 0.2 to 3.5% of the cells in infected cultures being associated with infectious virus, (ii) were greater in actively growing cultures than in those kept in maintenance media, and (iii) were probably in part related to an interferon produced in infected cultures.