bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells as a potential source of biomarkers to test the efficacy of weight‐loss strategies
Authors: Reynés Bàrbara , Díaz‐Rúa Rubén , Cifre Margalida , Oliver Paula , Palou Andreu
Published: October 2014

Objectives

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) constitute an easily obtainable blood cell fraction useful in nutrition and obesity studies. Our aim was to study the potential use of PBMC to reflect metabolic recovery associated with weight loss in rats.

Methods

By real‐time PCR, the fasting response of key energy homeostatic genes in PBMC samples of control and cafeteria‐obese rats and of rats fed a control diet after the intake of a cafeteria diet (post‐cafeteria model) was analyzed.

Results

Fasting caused decreased mRNA expression of lipogenic (Fasn and Srebp1a) and adipogenic (Pparγ) genes in PBMC, whereas it increased the expression of the key beta‐oxidation gene Cpt1a and the orexigenic gene Npy. Fasting response of the genes studied was impaired in cafeteria‐obese animals but was recovered in post‐cafeteria rats, which showed a significant body weight decrease and normalization of adipose and metabolic parameters. Npy expression analyzed in PBMC has been revealed to be especially useful as a marker of fasting sensitivity, as its fasting response is not affected by the age of the animals and it is recovered even after shorter time of exposure to a balanced diet.

Conclusions

PBMC reflect homeostatic balance recovery associated with weight loss in obese animals, when reverting from a hyperlipidic to a control balanced diet.
Pathogenesis of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus
Authors: van den Brand Judith MA , Smits Saskia L , Haagmans Bart L
Published: October 2014

Human coronaviruses (CoVs) mostly cause a common cold that is mild and self‐limiting. Zoonotic transmission of CoVs such as the recently identified Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)‐CoV and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)‐CoV, on the other hand, may be associated with severe lower respiratory tract infection. This article reviews the clinical and pathological data available on MERS and compares it to SARS. Most importantly, chest radiographs and imaging results of patients with MERS show features that resemble the findings of organizing pneumonia, different from the lesions in SARS patients, which show fibrocellular intra‐alveolar organization with a bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia‐like pattern. These findings are in line with differences in the induction of cytopathological changes, induction of host gene responses and sensitivity to the antiviral effect of interferons in vitro when comparing both MERS‐CoV and SARS‐CoV. The challenge will be to translate these findings into an integrated picture of MERS pathogenesis in humans and to develop intervention strategies that will eventually allow the effective control of this newly emerging infectious disease. Copyright © 2014 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The olfactory nerve: a shortcut for influenza and other viral diseases into the central nervous system
Authors: van Riel Debby , Verdijk Rob , Kuiken Thijs
Published: October 2014

The olfactory nerve consists mainly of olfactory receptor neurons and directly connects the nasal cavity with the central nervous system (CNS). Each olfactory receptor neuron projects a dendrite into the nasal cavity on the apical side, and on the basal side extends its axon through the cribriform plate into the olfactory bulb of the brain. Viruses that can use the olfactory nerve as a shortcut into the CNS include influenza A virus, herpesviruses, poliovirus, paramyxoviruses, vesicular stomatitis virus, rabies virus, parainfluenza virus, adenoviruses, Japanese encephalitis virus, West Nile virus, chikungunya virus, La Crosse virus, mouse hepatitis virus, and bunyaviruses. However, mechanisms of transport via the olfactory nerve and subsequent spread through the CNS are poorly understood. Proposed mechanisms are either infection of olfactory receptor neurons themselves or diffusion through channels formed by olfactory ensheathing cells. Subsequent virus spread through the CNS could occur by multiple mechanisms, including trans‐synaptic transport and microfusion. Viral infection of the CNS can lead to damage from infection of nerve cells per se, from the immune response, or from a combination of both. Clinical consequences range from nervous dysfunction in the absence of histopathological changes to severe meningoencephalitis and neurodegenerative disease. Copyright © 2014 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Formation mechanism of polyaniline self‐assembled needles and urchin‐like structures assisted by magnesium oxide
Authors: Ibrahim Michael , Bassil Maria , Khoury Tony , Demirci Umit B , El Tahchi Mario , Miele Philippe
Published: October 2014

The polyaniline (PANI) morphological structure is strongly correlated with the preparation procedure, yielding diverse geometries such as nano‐tubes, belts, rods, fibres and particles. In this study, the synthesis of a novel PANI morphology of consisting of hollow needles and urchin‐like structures is presented and its formation mechanism is explained. The polymer was synthesized by chemical oxidative polymerization of aniline in the presence of magnesium oxide as a structural directing agent. The morphological study of the urchin‐like PANI was conducted using scanning electron microscopy and in situ monitoring of needle growth was done using optical microscopy. The structure and functional groups of these novel structures were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Additionally, the formation mechanism is modelled based on the multi‐layer theory where a core–shell structure exists between the polymer (shell) and the magnesium oxide particles (core). © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Electron‐spin resonance (ESR) characterization of quintet spin‐state bis‐nitroxide‐bearing cyclopentane‐1,3‐diyl diradicals
Authors: Omokawa Yasuyuki , Hatano Sayaka , Abe Manabu
Published: October 2014

High‐spin organic molecules have attracted much attention as spin sources for magnetic materials. In this paper, a novel high‐spin organic molecule was designed according to a logical strategy. A 2,2‐dimethylcyclopentane‐1,3‐diyl diradical unit was utilized as a spin source and a spin‐bridged fragment. In addition, nitroxides were introduced as spin sources. Quintet electron‐spin resonance (ESR) signals, which were attributed to the 1,3‐di(3′‐nitoroxyphenyl)‐2,2‐dimethylcyclopentane‐1,3‐diyl tetraradical (TR), were observed in a 2‐methyltetrahydrofuran glassy matrix at 80 K after the photodenitrogenation of a newly synthesized azoalkanes AZ. A simulation of the signal provided the zero‐field splitting parameters D (|D|/hc = 0.0127 cm−1) and E (|E|/hc = 0.0014 cm−1) for the quintet state of the tetraradical TR. The parameter D of the quintet state of TR was found similar to those of the previously reported quintet spin states of tetraradical TR1 with two cyclobutane‐1,3‐diyl units (0.0190 cm−1) and TR2 with two 2,2‐dimethylcyclopentane‐1,3‐diyl diradicals (0.0116 cm−1). Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Risk assessment challenges to 20:20 vision
Authors: Summers Angela
Published: October 2014

Decision makers need reproducible, believable results to support investment decisions. A wide variety of hazard identification and risk analysis methods are available to support process safety decisions. All methods require knowledge in the fundamentals of process design and experience in the process operation under consideration. Every method has uncertainty and no method yields any better reflection of the risk than the level of engagement that the analyst or team has in the assessment. Traditional approaches work well on processes with a long history of operation, but are difficult to apply in the rapidly evolving environment of modern manufacturing. This article discusses the challenges that the risk analysis process is facing in today's work environment. These challenges include understanding that the calculations are only a model for process safety events that harm people, events with low calculated likelihood can still occur, and management systems with metrics are critical to sustain the performance of the identified protection layers. These challenges are met by adapting current tools and work processes for recording process data to also collect data on abnormal operation and protection layer failure. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 34: 119–125, 2015
Hospital initiated NSAIDs and reducing CV risk
Authors: Livingstone Carina , Wright Julia , Fyfe Marion
Published: October 2014

The authors use national hospital prescribing data to examine the claim that hospitals are responsible for the inertia in moving away from NSAIDs with less favourable CV risk profiles.
Nondispersive Raman lines in the D‐band region for ferrocene functionalized carbon nanotubes
Authors: Kuzmany H. , Shi L. , Pichler T. , Kramberger C. , Chernov A. , Liu X.
Published: October 2014

Carbon‐rich fillers like ferrocene can be transformed into an inner tube with extremely small diameter if they are filled into HiPco tubes. For ferrocene@HiPco three new Raman bands appear in the D‐band region during this transformation. These bands do not show dispersion and exhibit a strong resonance for red laser excitation. The observed resonance is for the outgoing phonon at 1247 cm for an electronic transition at 1.84 eV. Maximum response for the new lines is observed for transformation of the filled tubes between 800 and 900°C. In addition to the three bands in the D‐band region also an enhanced band at 470 cm is observed with the same sensitivity to transformation temperature. In order to obtain more information on the origin of the new bands deuterium substituted FeCp was used. The new lines turned out to be sensitive to this substitution which is considered as a strong indication of their origin from organic compounds created inside or in between the tubes during the transformation process.
Konstruktion und Bau der Osthafenbrücke in Frankfurt am Main
Authors: Springer Johannes , Dieter Alwin , Schidzig Rüdiger , Kowalski Peter
Published: October 2014

Die neue Osthafenbrücke in Frankfurt am Main ist in vielerlei Hinsicht ein bemerkenswertes Bauwerk. Mit einer Stützweite von 175 m gehört sie zu den großen Stabbogenverbundbrücken in Deutschland. Zum ersten Mal seit längerer Zeit wurden für eine Straßenbrücke dieser Größe bei der Osthafenbrücke wieder vollverschlossene Spiralseile als Hänger verwendet. Die Hängerseile sind in Brückenlängsrichtung geneigt und einfach gekreuzt. Neben einem geschichtlichen Rückblick sowie Details zu Entwurf, Ausschreibung und Vergabe berichtet der vorliegende Beitrag über Besonderheiten der Statik, der Konstruktion und der Montage der neuen Mainbrücke. Dabei wird insbesondere auf die vollverschlossenen Hängerseile eingegangen.

Construction and building of the new Osthafen Bridge in Frankfurt/Main, Germany. The new Osthafen Bridge in Frankfurt/Main, is a remarkable structure in many respects. With a span of 175 m it is among the largest composite arch bridges in Germany. For the first time in a while, locked coil strands have been used as hangers for a road bridge of this dimension. In the longitudinal direction of the bridge the hanger cables are inclined and crossed. Apart from a historical overview, details concerning design and tendering process, this article outlines specifics of the structural design, construction and erection of the new bridge over the river Main. In this context the article focuses on the locked coil strand hanger cables.
Spektakulärer Großbrückenbau in Schweden
Authors: Lüttger Stephan , Pfeiffer Michael , Schidzig Rüdiger
Published: October 2014

Im Februar 2011 konnte die Firmengruppe Max Bögl als Partner im Joint Venture Sundsvallsbron durch einen Sondervorschlag im Design‐und‐Build‐Verfahren den Auftrag für den Neubau der Autobahn E4 Seequerung in Sundsvall, Schweden gewinnen. Ausschlaggebend für den Erfolg des Sondervorschlags war insbesondere das innovative Montagekonzept des Hauptüberbaus. Mit den sehr kalten und langen Wintern in Mittelschweden musste der 23 000 t‐Stahlüberbau innerhalb nur eines Sommers montierbar sein. Dies war nur durch ein ausgeklügeltes Logistikkonzept und durch die Serienvorfertigung von Einzelbauteilen mit bis zu 38 m Breite, 160 m Länge und Einzelstückgewichten von bis zu 2 500 t möglich. Aus den hohen technischen Anforderungen und dem sehr engen Terminplan entstand dabei ganz nebenbei eine der modernsten halbautomatisierten Fertigungsstraßen im europäischen Stahlbau.

Spectacular bridge construction in Sweden – The Sundsvall Bridge sets new international standards. In February 2011 company Max Bögl as part of the Joint Venture Sundsvallsbron got the contract for the design and build of the new Sundsvall Bridge in Sweden. This was mainly achieved due to the developed innovative erection concept of the main bridge construction. The very cold and long winters in Sweden made it necessary to erect the 23 000 t steel bridge just within one summer period. This was only possible with a sophisticated logistic concept and a batch prefabrication of sections with widths of up to 38 m, lengths of 160 m and single component weights of up to 2 500 t. With the high technical requirements and the very tight time schedule along the way one of Europe‘s latest semi‐automatic steel production lines was established.
Experimentelle Untersuchungen von Slim‐Floor‐Trägern in Verbundbauweise
Authors: Braun Matthias , Hechler Oliver , Obiala Renata , Kuhlmann Ulrike , Eggert Florian , Hauf Gunter , Konrad Matthias
Published: October 2014

Die Kombination von integrierten Deckenträgern mit Betondübeln ermöglicht eine äußerst materialsparende und wirtschaftliche Realisierung weitgespannter Slim‐Floor‐Träger in Verbundbauweise (Composite Slim‐Floor Beams – CoSFB). Mangels Bemessungsregeln für diese vorgesehene Anwendung wurden ab 2009 Bauteil‐ und Push‐Out‐Versuche zur Untersuchung des Tragverhaltens der Betondübel durchgeführt und der Einfluss der für die Tragfähigkeit maßgebenden Parameter bestimmt [1]. In diesem Beitrag werden die durchgeführten Versuche und deren Auswertung beschrieben sowie die Bestimmung der charakteristischen Tragfähigkeit der CoSFB‐Betondübel ausführlich erläutert. Die Ergebnisse sind in eine allgemeine bauaufsichtliche Zulassung [2] eingeflossen, worin neben den Dübeltragfähigkeiten auch Anwendungsgrenzen und Bestimmungen zur Ausführung geregelt sind.

Experimental investigation of Composite Slim‐Floor Beams – Application of concrete dowels. The combination of integrated beams with concrete dowels allows for a significant material saving and an economical realization of long‐span Composite Slim‐Floor Beams (CoSFB). Due to lack of design rules for the proposed application, since 2009 member tests and Push‐Out tests were performed in order to investigate the load bearing behaviour of the concrete dowels and to determine an influence of relevant parameters on the resistance of the system [1]. This paper describes the accomplished tests and the evaluation of the experimental results as well as it explains the determination of the characteristic resistance of CoSFB concrete dowels. The results led to a general technical approval [2] in which the dowel load bearing capacity, application limits and rules for execution are given.
Gewächshäuser – Die neuen DIN SPEC Spezifikationen in Deutschland
Authors: Pertermann Ina , Puthli Ram , Ummenhofer Thomas
Published: October 2014

Gewächshäuser sind Sonderkonstruktionen des Stahlleichtbaus. Sie sind in Deutschland seit 1958 in einer eigenen Gewächshausfachnorm geregelt, deren Vornormversion, die DINV 11535‐1: 1998‐02, noch heute bauaufsichtlich eingeführt ist. Diese Vornorm bezieht sich jedoch noch auf die alte Normenreihe DIN 1055, was eine Reihe von Fragen und Problemen aufwarf. Im März 2014 sind zwei neue DIN‐Spezifikationen erschienen, die DIN SPEC 18071 für Produktionsgewächshäuser und die DIN SPEC 18072 für Verkaufsgewächshäuser, die sich beide auf das aktuelle Eurocode‐Bemessungskonzept stützen und die für den modernen Gewächshausbau erforderlichen Spezifizierungen und Erweiterungen enthalten. Über die neuen Regelungen, die Erkenntnisse aus Fachgesprächen, der Fachliteratur und internationalen Normungsvorhaben berücksichtigen, wird in diesem Beitrag berichtet.

Greenhouses – The new DIN SPEC regulations in Germany. Horticultural greenhouses are especially purpose‐built lightweight steel structures. In Germany, there has been a Horticultural Greenhouse Preliminary Standard since 1958, the DINV 11535‐1:1982‐02, which is still applicable and approved by the building authorities. However, this standard still refers to the older DIN 1055 series of standards, which has resulted in a series of queries and problems. In March 2014, two new DIN Specifications were released, the DIN SPEC 18071 for Production Greenhouses and the DIN SPEC 18072 for Sales Greenhouses, which are both based on the latest Eurocode design concept and which contain the specifications and upgrades required for modern greenhouse design and construction. This article presents the new regulations, which reflect the findings and conclusions from technical discussions, technical literature and international standard projects.
Der Stahlbau der Elbphilharmonie
Authors: Böhling Stefan , Klaas Boris , Socher Tino
Published: October 2014

Bei der Elbphilharmonie in Hamburg kann man ohne Übertreibung von einem Projekt mit hohem architektonischen Anspruch sprechen. Zahlreiche technische und konstruktiv innovative Lösungen sind Teil der Architektur und ermöglichen erst den neuen, aufgesetzten Gebäudekörper auf dem historischen Kaispeicher mit dem integrierten großen Konzertsaal. Ohne Baustellenzugang oder näherer Projektkenntnisse wird dabei dem Außenstehenden gar nicht ersichtlich sein, in welchen Bereichen der Stahlbau eine tragende Rolle bei diesem Megaprojekt spielt.

Dieser Beitrag soll zeigen, wie die herausfordernde Bautechnik gerade in zahlreichen stahlbauspezifischen Konstruktionen im Bereich des Rohbaus in der Ausführung planerisch gelöst und umgesetzt worden sind. Geschildert werden diese Erfahrungen anhand einiger herausragender Beispiele aus Sicht des ausführenden Generalunternehmers HOCHTIEF zusammen mit der zurzeit ausführenden Stahlbaufirma, der Firma spannverbund GmbH.

Structural steelwork of the Elbphilharmonie. The Elbphilharmonie in Hamburg without exaggeration can be called a project of high‐class architecture. Numerous technical and construction finesses are part of the architecture and only allow the new building structure with its integrated great concert hall to be placed upon the historical warehouse. Without access to the construction site or deeper project knowledge, it will not be obvious for an outsider, in which areas structural steelwork is playing an important part in this challenging project.

This paper therefore intends to show, how the technical challenges especially in steelwork specific parts of the structural work were dealt with in planning and execution. These experiences are described from the point of view of the general contractor HOCHTIEF and one of the main steelwork contractors, spannverbund GmbH.
:envihab Institut für Luft‐ und Raumfahrtmedizin Köln
Authors: Klingelhöfer Tina
Published: October 2014

Die große Flexibilität für wechselnde wissenschaftliche Anforderungen wird durch ein weitspannendes, raumhohes und umlaufend auskragendes Stahlfachwerk ermöglicht. Der steife Dachkörper ruht auf regelmäßig angeordneten Stahlverbundstützen in der Nutzebene. Der Synergieeffekt aus der doppelten Funktion des Daches als Tragwerk und großzügiger Technikzentrale trägt zur Nachhaltigkeit des Gebäudes bei. Die flächig angeordneten technischen Anlagen erlauben die individuelle Anbindung der einzelnen Module, die Belegung kann sich den wandelnden Wissenschaftsanforderungen anpassen und vielfältige Nutzungsszenarien ermöglichen. Im Beitrag wird aus der Sicht der ausführenden Stahlbaufirma Christmann

:envihab Institute for aviation and space medicine Cologne – Zero gravity build with steel. The great flexibility for changing scientific demands is made possible with a long spanning, story high and circumferentially cantilevering steel lattice. The stiff roof structure rests on regularly arranged composite columns in the actual building space below. The synergy effect of the double function as roof structure and spacious utility floor contributes to the sustainability of the building. The distributed technical equipment allows the individual connection of modules, which can be adjusted according to changing scientific requirements and hence allows various utilization scenarios. In this paper the technical challenges are described from the point of view of the steel contractor Christmann
Ectopic expression of cancer/testis antigen SSX2 induces DNA damage and promotes genomic instability
Authors: Greve Katrine B.V. , Lindgreen Jonas N. , Terp Mikkel G. , Pedersen Christina B. , Schmidt Steffen , Mollenhauer Jan , Kristensen Stine B. , Andersen Rikke S. , Relster Mette M. , Ditzel Henrik J. , Gjerstorff Morten F.
Published: October 2014

SSX cancer/testis antigens are frequently expressed in melanoma tumors and represent attractive targets for immunotherapy, but their role in melanoma tumorigenesis has remained elusive. Here, we investigated the cellular effects of SSX2 expression. In A375 melanoma cells, SSX2 expression resulted in an increased DNA content and enlargement of cell nuclei, suggestive of replication aberrations. The cells further displayed signs of DNA damage and genomic instability, associated with p53‐mediated G1 cell cycle arrest and a late apoptotic response. These results suggest a model wherein SSX2‐mediated replication stress translates into mitotic defects and genomic instability. Arrest of cell growth and induction of DNA double‐strand breaks was also observed in MCF7 breast cancer cells in response to SSX2 expression. Additionally, MCF7 cells with ectopic SSX2 expression demonstrated typical signs of senescence (i.e. an irregular and enlarged cell shape, enhanced β‐galactosidase activity and DNA double‐strand breaks). Since replication defects, DNA damage and senescence are interconnected and well‐documented effects of oncogene expression, we tested the oncogenic potential of SSX2. Importantly, knockdown of SSX2 expression in melanoma cell lines demonstrated that SSX2 supports the growth of melanoma cells. Our results reveal two important phenotypes of ectopic SSX2 expression that may drive/support tumorigenesis: First, immediate induction of genomic instability, and second, long‐term support of tumor cell growth.
Dysregulation of calcium homeostasis in muscular dystrophies
Authors: Vallejo-Illarramendi Ainara , Toral-Ojeda Ivan , Aldanondo Garazi , López de Munain Adolfo
Published: October 2014

Muscular dystrophies are a group of diseases characterised by the primary wasting of skeletal muscle, which compromises patient mobility and in the most severe cases originate a complete paralysis and premature death. Existing evidence implicates calcium dysregulation as an underlying crucial event in the pathophysiology of several muscular dystrophies, such as dystrophinopathies, calpainopathies or myotonic dystrophy among others. Duchenne muscular dystrophy is the most frequent myopathy in childhood, and calpainopathy or LGMD2A is the most common form of limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, whereas myotonic dystrophy is the most frequent inherited muscle disease worldwide. In this review, we summarise recent advances in our understanding of calcium ion cycling through the sarcolemma, the sarcoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, and its involvement in the pathogenesis of these dystrophies. We also discuss some of the clinical implications of recent findings regarding Ca2+handling as well as novel approaches to treat muscular dystrophies targeting Ca2+regulatory proteins.
Gravity wave emission in an atmosphere-like configuration of the differentially heated rotating annulus experiment
Authors: Borchert Sebastian , Achatz Ulrich , Fruman Mark D.
Published: October 2014

A finite-volume model of the classic differentially heated rotating annulus experiment is used to study the spontaneous emission of gravity waves (GWs) from jet stream imbalances, which may be an important source of these waves in the atmosphere and for which no satisfactory parameterisation exists. Experiments were performed using a classic laboratory configuration as well as using a much wider and shallower annulus with a much larger temperature difference between the inner and outer cylinder walls. The latter configuration is more atmosphere-like, in particular since the Brunt–Väisälä frequency is larger than the inertial frequency, resulting in more realistic GW dispersion properties. In both experiments, the model is initialised with a baroclinically unstable axisymmetric state established using a two-dimensional version of the code, and a low-azimuthal-mode baroclinic wave featuring a meandering jet is allowed to develop. Possible regions of GW activity are identified by the horizontal velocity divergence and a modal decomposition of the small-scale structures of the flow. Results indicate GW activity in both annulus configurations close to the inner cylinder wall and within the baroclinic wave. The former is attributable to boundary layer instabilities, while the latter possibly originates in part from spontaneous GW emission from the baroclinic wave.
Interfacial instabilities in sediment suspension flows
Authors: Abedi Maryam , Jalali Mir Abbas , Maleki Maniya
Published: October 2014

We report the existence of interfacial instability in the two-dimensional channel flow of a sediment suspension whose particles diffuse in the carrier fluid due to shear-induced collisions. We derive partial differential equations that govern the deformations of the interface between the sediment suspension and the clear fluid, and devise a perturbation method that preserves the positivity of the particle volume fraction. We solve perturbed momentum, particle transport and deforming interface equations to show that a Kelvin–Helmholtz-type unstable wave develops at the interface for wavelengths longer than a critical value. Short-wavelength oscillations of the interface are damped due to shear-induced diffusion of particles. We also show that the lowest critical Reynolds number, above which the interface is unstable, occurs for intermediate values of the total volume fraction of particles.
Local boundary layer scales in turbulent Rayleigh–Bénard convection
Authors: Scheel Janet D. , Schumacher Jörg
Published: October 2014

We compute fully local boundary layer scales in three-dimensional turbulent Rayleigh–Bénard convection. These scales are directly connected to the highly intermittent fluctuations of the fluxes of momentum and heat at the isothermal top and bottom walls and are statistically distributed around the corresponding mean thickness scales. The local boundary layer scales also reflect the strong spatial inhomogeneities of both boundary layers due to the large-scale, but complex and intermittent, circulation that builds up in closed convection cells. Similar to turbulent boundary layers, we define inner scales based on local shear stress that can be consistently extended to the classical viscous scales in bulk turbulence, e.g. the Kolmogorov scale, and outer scales based on slopes at the wall. We discuss the consequences of our generalization, in particular the scaling of our inner and outer boundary layer thicknesses and the resulting shear Reynolds number with respect to the Rayleigh number. The mean outer thickness scale for the temperature field is close to the standard definition of a thermal boundary layer thickness. In the case of the velocity field, under certain conditions the outer scale follows a scaling similar to that of the Prandtl–Blasius type definition with respect to the Rayleigh number, but differs quantitatively. The friction coefficient$\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}c_{\epsilon }$scaling is found to fall right between the laminar and turbulent limits, which indicates that the boundary layer exhibits transitional behaviour. Additionally, we conduct an analysis of the recently suggested dissipation layer thickness scales versus the Rayleigh number and find a transition in the scaling. All our investigations are based on highly accurate spectral element simulations that reproduce gradients and their fluctuations reliably. The study is done for a Prandtl number of$\mathit{Pr}=0.7$and for Rayleigh numbers that extend over almost five orders of magnitude,$3\times 10^5\le \mathit{Ra} \le 10^{10}$, in cells with an aspect ratio of one. We also performed one study with an aspect ratio equal to three in the case of$\mathit{Ra}=10^8$. For both aspect ratios, we find that the scale distributions depend on the position at the plates where the analysis is conducted.
Psychology and culture: exploring clinical psychology in Australia and the Malay Archipelago
Authors: Geerlings Lennie R.C. , Thompson Claire L. , Lundberg Anita
Published: October 2014

This paper provides landmarks for the study of the historical development and current expansion of academic psychology and clinical psychology education in Australia and three countries of the Malay Archipelago (Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore). It reviews literature on the history of clinical psychology, and information from universities and psychological associations, and includes an overview of the current providers and forms of psychology education programmes and their curricula. A critical analysis informed by cultural anthropology indicates that psychology has only to a small extent been adjusted to different cultural contexts, while ‘western’ models of the discipline remain dominant. The neglect of attention to culture in psychology and clinical psychology raises important questions about the future of the discipline in the tropical regions of Australia and the Malay Archipelago.
The Political Mobilization of Ethnic and Religious Identities in Africa
Authors: McCAULEY JOHN F.
Published: October 2014

When elites mobilize supporters according to different cleavages, or when individuals realign themselves along new identity lines, do their political preferences change? Scholars have focused predominantly on the size of potential coalitions that leaders construct, to the exclusion of other changes that might occur when one or another identity type is made salient. In this article, I argue that changes in the salience of ethnicity and religion in Africa are associated with variation in policy preferences at the individual level. I test this claim empirically using data from a framing experiment in Côte d’Ivoire and Ghana. By randomly assigning participants to either a religious or an ethno-linguistic context, I show that group members primed to ethnicity prioritize club goods, the access to which is a function of where they live. Otherwise identical individuals primed to religion prioritize behavioral policies and moral probity. These findings are explained by the geographic boundedness of ethnic groups and the geographic expansiveness of (world) religions in the study area.
ON THE PRIME GRAPH OF SIMPLE GROUPS
Authors: BURNESS TIMOTHY C. , COVATO ELISA
Published: October 2014

Let $G$ be a finite group, let ${\it\pi}(G)$ be the set of prime divisors of $|G|$ and let ${\rm\Gamma}(G)$ be the prime graph of $G$. This graph has vertex set ${\it\pi}(G)$, and two vertices $r$ and $s$ are adjacent if and only if $G$ contains an element of order $rs$. Many properties of these graphs have been studied in recent years, with a particular focus on the prime graphs of finite simple groups. In this note, we determine the pairs $(G,H)$, where $G$ is simple and $H$ is a proper subgroup of $G$ such that ${\rm\Gamma}(G)={\rm\Gamma}(H)$.
BMI gain and insulin resistance among school-aged children: a population-based longitudinal study in the Brazilian Amazon
Authors: Lourenço Barbara H. , Gimeno Suely G. A. , Cardoso Marly A. ,   for the ACTION Study Team
Published: October 2014

Investigation of the determinants of metabolic outcomes associated with non-communicable diseases is increasingly important in developing countries, but such parameters have not been explored extensively during childhood. The present study assessed the impact of weight gain, measured as BMI-for-age Z-scores, on glucose and insulin concentrations, homeostasis model assessment index of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) values, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure during school years among Amazonian children. A population-based prospective study of 696 children aged >4 to ≤ 10 years with complete anthropometric information at baseline (51 % females and 86 % of mixed race) was carried out; 411 children had data on metabolic parameters after a median follow-up period of 2·0 years (range 1·7–2·6 years). During follow-up, there was a significant increase in the proportion of overweight children (BMI-for-age Z-score >1) from 10·1 to 15·8 % (P= 0·003). In linear regression models adjusted for the child's sex, age, race/ethnicity, baseline household wealth, birth weight and pubertal development stage, for each unit of BMI-for-age Z-score variation during follow-up, an increase of 8·58 (95 % CI 7·68, 9·60) pmol/l in fasting plasma insulin concentrations and 1·47 (95 % CI 1·30, 1·66) in HOMA-IR values was observed. There was no significant impact of weight gain on glucose concentrations and systolic and diastolic blood pressure. In conclusion, we found evidence that an increase in BMI during a 2-year period affected insulin resistance during school years. Considering the significant increase in overweight in this age group, special attention should be paid to monitoring increases in BMI in children from the Brazilian Amazon.
Canon Formation and Social Conflict in Fourth-Century Egypt: Athanasius of Alexandria's Thirty-Ninth Festal Letter
Authors: Brakke David
Published: October 2014

In histories of the formation of the Christian biblical canon, the thirty-ninthFestal Letterof Athanasius of Alexandria, written for Easter 367, holds a justifiably prominent place. Not only is this letter the earliest extant Christian document to list precisely the twenty-seven books that eventually formed the generally accepted canon of the New Testament, but Athanasius is also the first Christian author known to have applied the term “canonized” (κανονιςόμενα) specifically to the books that made up his Old and New Testaments. Athanasius's canon is explicitly closed: “In these books alone,” the bishop declares, “the teaching of piety is proclaimed. ‘Let no one add to or subtract from them’ (LXX Deut 12:32).” The significance of this document goes beyond these formal and terminological issues, however, for the extant fragments of the letter provide a glimpse into the social and political factors that accompanied the attempted formation of a closed canon of the Bible in one ancient Christian setting. Christianity in fourthcentury Egypt was characterized by diverse and conflicting modes of social identity and spiritual formation: study groups led by charismatic teachers, Melitian communities centered around the veneration of martyrs, and the emerging structure of imperial orthodoxy headed by Athanasius all presented themselves as legitimate expressions of Christian piety. Within this complex setting, the formation of a biblical canon with a proper mode of interpretation was an important step in the formation of an official catholic church in Egypt with its parish-centered spirituality.
Legitimacy faultlines in international society: The responsibility to protect and prosecute after Libya
Authors: RALPH JASON , GALLAGHER ADRIAN
Published: October 2014

There is a perceived legitimacy deficit in contemporary international society. A symptom of this is the political contestation surrounding the 2011 Libyan crisis and its influence on the 2011–13 Syrian crisis. This involved criticism being levelled at the coalition led by the so-called Permanent-3 for the way they implemented the protection of civilians mandate, as well as for the referral of the Libyan situation to the International Criminal Court. How the P3 respond to these developments will be driven in part by how this ‘legitimacy fault line’ is interpreted. The purpose of this article is to first give an interpretation that is informed by the work of contemporary English School scholars and the political theorists they draw on; and second to provide the context in which specific policy recommendations may guide the response of the P3 states. We argue that because the new legitimacy fault line divides on the procedural question ofwho decides howinternational society should meet its responsibilities rather than substantive disagreements aboutwhatthose responsibilities are (that is, human protection and justice) the challenge to the liberal agenda of the P3 is not radical. However, we also argue that ignoring the procedural concerns of the African and BRICS states is not outcome neutral and could in fact do harm to both the ICC and the wider implementation of R2P. We consider two proposals for procedural reform and examine how the P3 response would impact on their claim to be good international citizens.
Responses of physically abused boys to interadult anger involving their mothers
Authors: Cummings E. Mark , Hennessy Kevin D. , Rabideau Gerald J. , Cicchetti Dante
Published: October 2014

This study reports observationally based assessments of the responses of physically abused and nonabused boys to interadult anger involving their mothers. Physically abused boys were more behaviorally reactive to interadult anger than comparison subjects, evidencing more problem-focused coping behaviors and greater aggressiveness. Thus, rather than habituating to others' hostility due to their history of exposure to familial violence, abused children appeared more aroused and angered by it and more motivated to intervene. As the matched low-socioeconomic status nonmaltreated sample was also exposed to interparent physical aggression, the results suggest that greater anger and aggression across multiple family subsystems (parent-child, interparental) may have cumulative effects. The study thus advances knowledge toward a more specific process-based understanding of relations between history of family conflict and child outcomes.
Coexistence of nontrivial solutions of the one-dimensional Ginzburg-Landau equation: A computer-assisted proof
Authors: CORREC ANAÏS , LESSARD JEAN-PHILIPPE
Published: October 2014

In this paper, Chebyshev series and rigorous numerics are combined to compute solutions of the Euler-Lagrange equations for the one-dimensional Ginzburg-Landau model of superconductivity. The idea is to recast solutions as fixed points of a Newton-like operator defined on a Banach space of rapidly decaying Chebyshev coefficients. Analytic estimates, the radii polynomials and the contraction mapping theorem are combined to show existence of solutions near numerical approximations. Coexistence of as many as seven nontrivial solutions is proved.
Breeding ecology and predictors of nest success in the Critically Endangered Ridgway’s HawkButeo ridgwayi
Authors: WOOLAVER LANCE G. , NICHOLS RINA K. , MORTON EUGENE S. , STUTCHBURY BRIDGET J. M.
Published: October 2014

Ridgway’s HawkButeo ridgwayiis a Critically Endangered forest raptor endemic to the island of Hispaniola in the Caribbean. The species is currently limited to a small area on the north-east coast of the island, with fewer than 110 pairs remaining. From 2005 to 2009 we studied its breeding ecology, finding that Ridgway’s Hawks have a clutch size (2.0 ± 0.4 eggs) similar to other tropical raptors and islandButeospecies. Fledging rate of 0.64 fledglings per active nest (fledgling nest-1) with pairs raising a single brood per year was also similar to that of other tropicalButeospecies. Nest success was 40% (n= 151), with the majority of nest failures caused by human disturbance. The two significant predictors of nest success and fledging rate were related to human persecution: nest height and territory disturbance index. Pairs were able to tolerate human activity in their territory if there was no direct disturbance to the immediate nest area. Conservation planning for Ridgway’s Hawk must focus on community awareness programmes targeting local user groups within Los Haitises National Park regarding the uniqueness and endangered status of the hawk, and effective protection of the remaining karst forest in Los Haitises.
ENTRY COSTS, FINANCIAL FRICTIONS, AND CROSS-COUNTRY DIFFERENCES IN INCOME AND TFP
Authors: Bah El-hadj , Fang Lei
Published: October 2014

This paper develops a model to assess the quantitative effects of entry costs and financial frictions on cross-country income and total factor productivity (TFP) differences, with a primary focus on the interaction between entry costs and financial frictions. The model is calibrated to match the establishment-level statistics for the U.S. economy, assuming a perfect financial market. The simulations based on the calibrated model show that entry costs and financial frictions together account for 55% and 46% of the cross-country variation in output and TFP in the data. Moreover, a substantial portion of the variation is accounted for by the interaction between entry costs and financial frictions. The main mechanism is that financial frictions amplify the effect of entry costs.
Community pharmacy as a setting for public health nutrition action: Australian nutritionists’ perspectives
Authors: Maher Judith H , Lowe John , Hughes Roger
Published: October 2014

Objective

To explore public health nutritionists’ perceptions of nutrition and its place in community pharmacy (CP) presently and into the future; and to explore perceived opportunities, feasibility and scope of public health nutrition (PHN) interventions in CP, with a focus on maternal and infant nutrition.

Design

Qualitative data were gathered through semi-structured interviews and drew on hermeneutics as the theoretical framework for analysis and interpretation.

Setting

Queensland, Australia.

Subjects

Public health nutritionists, identified through purposive, criterion sampling, were chosen due to (i) their role as potential stakeholders, (ii) their knowledge and emphasis on nutrition and (iii) their practice experience.

Results

Opportunities for PHN action focused primarily on actions relating to early nutrient supplementation in pregnancy and breast-feeding protection and promotion. Opportunities in CP were constrained by practitioners’ perception of (i) conflict between health care and commercial interests in CP, (ii) problematic practices in CP and (iii) values and motivations of practitioners and other stakeholders in the CP sector. Strategies were suggested to improve practices and enhance the setting from a PHN perspective. Participants suggested both collaborative and regulatory approaches to achieve settings-based changes, identifying the need for these to coexist for effective outcomes.

Conclusions

Public health nutritionists suggest that opportunities for PHN action are constrained by perceived conflicted interests and that consumers need to be adequately protected from the influence of commercial interests. PHN action in this setting needs adequate reflection on evidence as well as ethics ensuring that practices are ‘for the good’ of mothers and infants.
Spezifische Effekte von EEG-basiertem Neurofeedbacktraining auf kognitive Leistungen nach einem Schlaganfall
Authors: Hofer Daniela , Kober Silvia Erika , Reichert Johanna Louise , Krenn Margit , Farveleder Katharina , Grieshofer Peter , Neuper Christa , Wood Guilherme
Published: October 2014

Der Schlaganfall ist weltweit die häufigste neurologische Erkrankung und oft treten Störungen kognitiver Funktionen als Folgeerscheinungen auf. In dieser Studie wurde untersucht, inwiefern ein Elektroenzephalographie (EEG) basiertes Neurofeedbacktraining (NFT) genutzt werden kann, um neuronale Plastizität nach einem Schlaganfall anzuregen und spezifische kognitive Leistungen von Schlaganfallpatienten zu verbessern. Vorgängerstudien an neurologisch gesunden Probanden konnten zeigen, dass eine willentliche Erhöhung des sensomotorischen Rhythmus (SMR, 12 – 15 Hz) mit einer Verbesserung des deklarativen Gedächtnisses (Langzeitgedächtnis) und eine Verringerung des Theta/Beta Quotienten (4 – 8 Hz/13 – 21 Hz) mit einer Verbesserung der Aufmerksamkeit und Impulskontrolle einhergehen. Sieben neurologisch gesunde Personen (Kontrollgruppe) und sieben Schlaganfallpatienten mit Gedächtnisdefiziten erhielten ein SMR Neurofeedbacktraining. Sechs Schlaganfallpatienten mit Störungen der Aufmerksamkeit und Inhibitionskontrolle nahmen an einem Theta/Beta Neurofeedbacktraining teil. Um die Spezifität der beiden Neurofeedbacktrainings zu überprüfen, wurden vor und nach den Trainings generelle kognitive Fähigkeiten mittels einer umfangreichen neuropsychologischen Testbatterie erhoben. Alle Teilnehmer erhielten 10 Neurofeedback Sitzungen (SMR oder Theta/Beta), wobei sie die Aufgabe hatten ein audio-visuelles Feedbacksignal, das ihre eigene Gehirnaktivität widerspiegelte, zu kontrollieren. Bei Schlaganfallpatienten konnten positive Effekte des Neurofeedbacktrainings auf die kognitive Leistung festgestellt werden. Die Patientengruppen wiesen vor dem Training beträchtliche kognitive Leistungsdefizite im Vergleich zur Kontrollgruppe auf. Nach dem Training unterschieden sie sich jedoch in ihrer kognitiven Leistung nicht mehr auffällig von den Kontrollpersonen. Zusätzliche Analysen bestätigten die Spezifität der unterschiedlichen Trainingsprotokolle. So zeigten die Kontrollgruppe und die SMR Patientengruppe die stärksten Verbesserungen und ebenso die geringsten Verschlechterungen in ihrer deklarativen Gedächtnisleistung im Vergleich zur Theta/Beta Patientengruppe. Währenddessen verbesserte sich die Theta/Beta Patientengruppe im Vergleich zu den anderen Gruppen vor allem in den Tests zu Inhibition und Flexibilität und wies gleichzeitig die geringsten Verschlechterungen auf.