bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Post-Fire Canopy Height Recovery in Canada’s Boreal Forests Using Airborne Laser Scanner (ALS)
Authors: Magnussen Steen , Wulder Michael A.
Published: June 2012

Canopy height data collected with an airborne laser scanner (ALS) flown across unmanaged parts of Canada’s boreal forest in the summer of 2010 were used—as stand-alone data—to derive a least-squares polynomial (LSPOL) between presumed post-fire recovered canopy heights and duration (in years) since fire (YSF). Flight lines of the > 25,000-km ALS survey intersected 163 historic fires with a known day of detection and fire perimeter. A sequential statistical testing procedure was developed to separate post-fire recovered canopy heights from pre-fire canopy heights. Of the 153 fires with > 5 YSF, 121 cases (89%) could be resolved to a complete or partial post-fire canopy replacement. The estimated LSPOL can be used to estimate post-fire aboveground biomass and carbon sequestration in areas where alternative information is dated or absent. These LIDAR derived findings are especially useful as existing growth information is largely developed for higher productivity ecosystems and not applicable to these ecosystems subject to large wildfires.
Categorizing Wetland Vegetation by Airborne Laser Scanning on Lake Balaton and Kis-Balaton, Hungary
Authors: Zlinszky András , Mücke Werner , Lehner Hubert , Briese Christian , Pfeifer Norbert
Published: June 2012

Outlining patches dominated by different plants in wetland vegetation provides information on species succession, microhabitat patterns, wetland health and ecosystem services. Aerial photogrammetry and hyperspectral imaging are the usual data acquisition methods but the application of airborne laser scanning (ALS) as a standalone tool also holds promises for this field since it can be used to quantify 3-dimensional vegetation structure. Lake Balaton is a large shallow lake in western Hungary with shore wetlands that have been in decline since the 1970s. In August 2010, an ALS survey of the shores of Lake Balaton was completed with 1 pt/m2 discrete echo recording. The resulting ALS dataset was processed to several output rasters describing vegetation and terrain properties, creating a sufficient number of independent variables for each raster cell to allow for basic multivariate classification. An expert-generated decision tree algorithm was applied to outline wetland areas, and within these, patches dominated by Typha sp. Carex sp., and Phragmites australis. Reed health was mapped into four categories: healthy, stressed, ruderal and die-back. The output map was tested against a set of 775 geo-tagged ground photographs and had a user’s accuracy of > 97% for detecting non-wetland features (trees, artificial surfaces and low density Scirpus stands), > 72% for dominant genus detection and > 80% for most reed health categories (with 62% for one category). Overall classification accuracy was 82.5%, Cohen’s Kappa 0.80, which is similar to some hyperspectral or multispectral-ALS fusion studies. Compared to hyperspectral imaging, the processing chain of ALS can be automated in a similar way but relies directly on differences in vegetation structure and actively sensed reflectance and is thus probably more robust. The data acquisition parameters are similar to the national surveys of several European countries, suggesting that these existing datasets could be used for vegetation mapping and monitoring.
Use of the 28-Joint Count Yields Significantly Higher Concordance Between Different Examiners Than the 66/68-Joint Count
Authors: GRUNKE MATHIAS , WITT MATTHIAS N. , RONNEBERGER MONIKA , SCHNEZ AMELIE , LAUBENDER RUEDIGER P. , ENGELBRECHT MATTHIAS , KAVANAUGH ARTHUR , SCHULZE-KOOPS HENDRIK
Published: June 2012

Objective.

Joint counts are the key outcome measure in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). There is a great variability between different assessors of the same patient; this variability can be reduced by standardized training. The training effect is far less pronounced for the 66/68-joint count compared to the 28-joint count. We evaluated the reason for the higher interrater disagreement in the 66/68 compared to the 28-joint count.

Methods.

Participants in joint examination seminars evaluated a patient with RA before and after training in the European League Against Rheumatism technique. Joints were rated positive or negative for tenderness and swelling. The number of positive joints and the variability between examiners before and after the training were compared. Concordance was calculated for every single joint using the Fleiss-Kappa test.

Results.

In total, 256 health professionals were instructed in the 66/68-joint count and 84 in the 28-joint count. The disagreement between examiners was higher for swelling than for tenderness. After the training, there was a significant reduction of interrater variability, which was more pronounced in the 28 than in the 66/68-joint count. Comparisons between joint counts revealed that the joints of the feet were more likely to be rated negative, yet interrater disagreement was still high.

Conclusion.

Standardization of joint examination significantly reduces variability between assessors. The better performance of the 28-joint count is due to the lower number of joints examined, especially the foot joints, which remain difficult to assess reliably even after training.
Le Japon à fronts renversés. Stoetzel versus Benedict
Authors: Affergan Francis
Published: June 2012

Résumé Nous nous proposons dans cet article de confronter deux lectures du Japon de l’immédiat après-guerre. La première, celle de Ruth Benedict, est restée célèbre en raison d’une approche inaugurale d’une société japonaise qu’en tant qu’anthropologue, elle n’a pas visitée. La seconde, celle de Jean Stoetzel, relevant de la sociologie statistique d’enquête, s’est appuyée sur une étude de terrain très fouillée, surtout auprès de la jeunesse. Cette double lecture d’un même objet nous aura enseigné qu’en sciences sociales, les méthodes et les enquêtes se pratiquent souvent à fronts renversés. Le sociologue quantitativiste a révélé, grâce à une approche authentiquement ethnographique, une réalité d’une grande complexité. L’anthropologue, endeuillée par l’absence de données de terrain, nous livre, quant à elle, une réflexion philosophique et abstraite sur un Japon plus rêvé que réel, plus idéalisé que présent et dont la beauté nous conduit aux confins d’une fiction inattendue.
Max Weber et l'anthropologie
Authors: Löwy Michael , Varikas Eleni
Published: June 2012

Résumé Malgré la présence évidente d’analyses de type anthropologique dans ses écrits, Weber est rarement considéré comme anthropologue. Il nous semble cependant que le « moment anthropologique » est bel et bien une des composantes de son œuvre : une bonne partie de ses écrits porte sur les sociétés dites « archaïques ». Au fond, son projet scientifique – comment émerge la modernité rationnelle occidentale – ne prend sens que dans l’écart avec les sociétés non modernes, « primitives ». Weber est donc bien anthropologue, au sens où il rend raison des sociétés prémodernes, et de cette analyse découlent des concepts utiles pour comprendre la modernité. Anthropologie et sociologie sont inséparables d’une approche historique. Ce qui les distingue n’est pas tant la méthode ou les objets – religion, normes sociales, famille – que le type de société/communauté étudiée.
Interprétations de la cohésion sociale et perceptions du rôle des institutions de l'État social
Authors: Guibet Lafaye Caroline , Kieffer Annick
Published: June 2012

Résumé La référence à la cohésion sociale est, depuis les années 1980, récurrente dans le discours politique mais la littérature scientifique qui lui est consacrée demeure réduite. Nous nous appuierons sur l’ European Social Survey 4 e édition (2008) pour reconstruire des représentations individuelles et des conceptions déterminées de la cohésion sociale en France. L’analyse des jugements, formulés par les enquêtés, concernant les politiques sociales, la solidarité sociale et la coexistence des différents groupes sociaux dans le cadre national permet de mettre en évidence des attitudes typiques à l’égard de la cohésion sociale. Au sein de chacune d’entre elles prévalent des facteurs spécifiquement caractérisables et jugés déterminants dans la constitution de la cohésion sociale. L’ensemble de cette étude contribue à mettre en évidence la cohérence des représentations de la cohésion sociale émergeant dans cette enquête.
Les tontines favorisent-elles la performance des entreprises au Cameroun ?
Authors: Rozas Sonia Tello , Gauthier Bernard
Published: June 2012

Résumé Les Associations d’épargne et de crédit rotatif (AECR), connues aussi sous le nom de tontines au Cameroun et en Afrique francophone, constituent l’une des formes d’organisation les plus populaires pour financer des projets dans les pays où l’accès au crédit est restreint. Dans cette étude, nous analysons l’effet de la participation aux tontines entrepreneuriales sur la performance des entreprises. À l’aide de données du secteur manufacturier, nous examinons, en particulier, l’hypothèse selon laquelle les réseaux sociaux auxquels les tontines sont associées permettent d’avoir accès à des fonds financiers, de surmonter les défaillances du marché formel ainsi que d’améliorer la performance entrepreneuriale. Nous observons que les tontines ont un effet positif et significatif sur la croissance de l’emploi et des ventes au sein des entreprises. De plus, les résultats étayent l’hypothèse selon laquelle les ressources tontinières servent principalement à financer les flux de trésorerie plutôt qu’à augmenter le capital ou qu’à réaliser des investissements. Classification JEL : 012, O17, G21
L'impact des aléas pluviométriques sur les disparités régionales de pauvreté au Sénégal
Authors: Cabral François Joseph
Published: June 2012

Résumé Dans cet article, nous tentons d’évaluer l’impact de chocs pluviométriques sur la pauvreté à l’échelle des différentes zones agro-écologiques du Sénégal à l’aide d’un modèle d’équilibre général calculable dynamique dans lequel nous intégrons un indice qui capte les fluctuations pluviométriques. Les résultats de nos simulations attestent que l’impact d’une mauvaise pluviométrie est davantage ressenti par les ruraux des zones agro-écologiques du bassin arachidier, de la zone sylvo-pastorale et de la Casamance, relativement plus dépendantes de la pluviométrie dans leurs activités de production. Compte tenu des liens inter-branches entre l’agriculture et le reste de l’économie, les urbains, en particulier ceux résidant hors de la capitale, sont également affectés. En revanche, lorsque surviennent des périodes d’excédents pluviométriques, l’incidence de la pauvreté baisse chez toutes les catégories de ménages. Classification JEL : Q1, O13, I3, C6
Within-crown distribution, attack, and germination of Curculio occidentis-damaged and Cydia latiferreana-damaged Garry oak acorns in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Otvos Imre S. , Mills Doris A. , Conder Nicholas
Published: May 2012

Garry oak, Quercus garryana Douglas ex Hooker (Fagaceae), is part of a unique ecosystem in British Columbia, Canada, which is rich in rare and endangered plant species. Garry oak recruitment is critical to the existence of this ecosystem, therefore, the effect of Curculio occidentis (Casey) (filbert weevil; Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Cydia latiferreana (Walsingham) (filbertworm; Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) on acorn germination is of great interest. Together these two insects infested 80.7%, 75.1%, and 51.3% of acorns collected in 1996, 1997 (low crop years), and 1998 (high crop year), respectively. Filbertworm infestation did not vary with crown level. Filbert weevil infestation did not vary with crown level during poor crop years, but significantly more filbert weevil-infested acorns were found in the lower than the middle and upper portions of the trees during the high crop year. Severely damaged acorns did not germinate, and acorns with light to moderate feeding damage had lower germination success than undamaged acorns, but growth of germinated seedlings in the light to moderate damage category was unaffected. This study showed, for the first time, that these two insect species infested a large proportion of Garry oak acorns on the tree in British Columbia, and that light to moderate damage of the acorn has relatively low impact on seedling growth.
Simple Bone Cyst of Mandible Mimicking Periapical Cyst
Authors: Babu HS Charan , Rai Bhagawan Das , Nair Manju A. , Astekar Madhusudan S.
Published: June 2012

Simple bone cysts (SBC) are pseudocysts occurring less commonly in the maxillofacial region. The uncertain and unclear etiopathogenesis led to numerous synonyms to refer this particular cyst. These cysts are devoid of an epithelial lining and are usually empty or contain blood or straw-colored fluid. In jaws initially it mimics a periapical cyst and later can lead to cortical bone expansion warranting for radical approach, which is seldom required. SBC is predominantly diagnosed in first two decades of life. Here we report a case of solitary bone cyst mimicking a periapical cyst of a mandibular molar in a 37-year-old patient.
Headaches as somatoform disorders in children and adolescents
Authors: Emich-Widera Ewa , Kazek Beata , Szwed-Białożyt Barbara , Kopyta Ilona , Kostorz Anna
Published: May 2012

Somatoform disorders are often the main cause for seeking professional advice and performing a number of specialist checks. The aim of the study was to determine the frequency of somatoform disorders in the form of headaches in children and adolescents neurologically diagnosed and the risk factors thereof. Analysis of the biological and situational risk factors were established. Somatoform disorders were diagnosed in 27 out of 276 children with headaches. We concluded that in the differential diagnosis of headaches, somato-form headaches should not be omitted as every 10th patient in the developmental age diag nosed on the neurological ward because of headache shows signs of somatoform heada -ches. In diagnostically difficult cases it is recommended that analysis of biological and situational risk factors be performed with special attention paid to chronic disease of the patient and/or in his immediate family, the patient's psychological disorders and dysfunctional or low social status families. The creation of separate criteria for somatoform disorders of the developmental age should be considered.
Die rol van coping in die verband tussen geestelike welstand en depressie by predikante
Authors: Swanepoel Philé , Esterhuyse Karel G.F. , Beukes Roelf , Nortjé Nico
Published: June 2012

The role of coping in the relationship between spiritual wellbeing and depression amongst ministers. The aim of this study was to determine the role of coping in the relationship between spiritual well-being and depression among ministers. The research group consisted of 53 Dutch Reformed ministers, all serving in the Northern Cape. Coping was measured by means of the Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced Questionnaire (Carver, Scheier & Weintraub 1989), spiritual well-being by means of the Spiritual Well-being Questionnaire (Gomez & Fisher 2003:1977), and depression by means of the Beck Depression Inventory-II (Beck, Steer & Brown 1996:1−2). The results of this study indicated that problem-focused coping and emotion-focused coping showed no direct relationship with depression. Problem- focused coping also plays no significant role in the relationship between spiritual well-being and depression. Emotion-focused coping, however, plays a role in the relationship between environment-related spiritual well-being and depression. Significant negative relationships between spiritual well-being and depression were found. A significant positive relationship was found between dysfunctional coping and depression. Dysfunctional coping was identified as a mediator in the relationship between personal spiritual well-being and depression. The results of this study are supported by the literature.
Vegetation of the clinics of the Dr Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality, North West Province
Authors: Pretorius C. , Prinsloo E. , Powrie L. , Theunissen M. , Cilliers Sarel S.
Published: May 2012

In this study 26 clinic gardens were studied in terms of plant species composition,richness and ecosystem services. Management and other social aspects of these gardens werealso investigated.
Establishing a mammalian cell culture which detects and semi-quantifies (anti-)androgen activity in the environment
Authors: Swiegelaar C.R. , Pieters Rialet
Published: May 2012

There is evidence that the South African aquatic system isbeing polluted by endocrine disrupting chemicals. The aim of this study was to evaluate theeffectiveness of a reporter gene assay to determine (anti-) androgenic effects in the aquaticenvironment. Androgen activity was found in some of the samples tested.
The Syngeneic BT4C Rat Malignant Glioma is a Valuable Model to study Myelomonocytic cells in Tumors
Authors: Wirth Thomas , Ahmad Farizan , Pacholska Agnieszka , Samaranayake Haritha , Ylä-Herttuala Seppo
Published: May 2012

Background

The impact of infiltrating macrophages on tumor progression in malignant gliomas has been studied extensively. However, there is a lack of animal models for studying the role of infiltrating macrophages in malignant gliomas. Material and methods: The BT4C rat malignant glioma model was characterized by immunohistochemical analysis of inflammatory cell types associated with the tumors.

Results

BT4C malignant gliomas are highly vascularized tumors with an infiltrative behavior. BT4C gliomas demonstrated a high infiltration rate of macrophages. Particularly, a CD68/VEGFR-1 positive subtype of macrophages was detected at the edges of malignant gliomas. Also, CD133 positive cells were located mainly at the infiltrative edges of gliomas, whereas VEGFR-2 was highly expressed throughout the malignant glioma.

Conclusion

The immunocompetent BT4C rat malignant glioma model shows features similar to its human counterpart, which makes it a valuable model to study the impact of tumor associated macrophages in the pathology of malignant gliomas.
Analysis of genotype × environment interaction in rain-fed durum wheat of Iran using GGE-biplot and non-parametric methods
Authors: Mohammadi Reza , Amri Ahmed
Published: June 2012

Mohammadi, R. and Amri, A. 2012. Analysis of genotype × environment interaction in rain-fed durum wheat of Iran using GGE-biplot and non-parametric methods. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 757–770. Multi-environment trials (MET) are conducted annually throughout the world in order to use the information contained in MET data for genotype evaluation and mega-environment identification. In this study, grain yield data of 13 durum and one bread wheat genotypes grown in 16 diversified environments (differing in winter temperatures and water regimes) were used to analyze genotype by environment (GE) interactions in rain-fed durum MET data in Iran. The main objectives were (i) to investigate the possibility of dividing the test locations representative for rain-fed durum production in Iran into mega-environments using the genotype main effect plus GE interaction (GGE) biplot model and (ii) to compare the effectiveness of the GGE-biplot and several non-parametric stability measures (NPSM), which are not well-documented, for evaluating the stability performance of genotypes tested and the possibility of recommending the best genotype(s) for commercial release in the rain-fed areas of Iran. The results indicate that the grain yield of different genotypes was significantly influenced by environmental effect. The greater GE interaction relative to genotype effect suggested significant environmental groups with different top-yielding genotypes. Warm environments differed from cold environments in the ranking of genotypes, while moderate environments were highly divergent and correlated with both cold and warm environments. Cold and warm environments were better than moderate environments in both discriminating and representativeness, suggesting the efficiency and accuracy of genotype selection would be greatly enhanced in such environments. According to the NPSM, genotypes tend to be classified into groups related to the static and dynamic concepts of stability. Both the GGE-biplot and NPSM methods were found to be useful, and generally gave similar results in identifying high-yielding and stable genotypes. In contrast to NPSM, the GGE-biplot analysis would serve as a better platform to analyze MET data, because it always explicitly indicates the average yield and stability of the genotypes and the discriminating ability and representativeness of the test environments.
Effect of rate and timing of potassium chloride application on the yield and quality of potato (Solanum tuberosum L. ‘Russet Burbank’)
Authors: Mohr Ramona M. , Tomasiewicz Dale J.
Published: June 2012

Mohr, R. M. and Tomasiewicz, D. J. 2012. Effect of rate and timing of potassium chloride application on the yield and quality of potato ( Solanum tuberosum L. ‘Russet Burbank’). Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 783–794. Potassium is frequently applied to irrigated potato in Manitoba. Field experiments were conducted at two sites in each of 2006, 2007 and 2008 to assess effects of rate and timing of potassium chloride (KCl) application on the yield, quality, and nutrient status of irrigated potato (Solanum tuberosum ‘Russet Burbank’) in southern Manitoba. Preplant application of KCl increased total and marketable yield at one site, and tended (0.05<P ≤ 0.10) to increase total and marketable yield at three additional sites. At three of the four K-responsive sites, soil test K levels were <200 mg NH4OAc-extractable K kg−1, the level below which K fertilizer is recommended based on existing guidelines. Effects of timing of KCl application on total and marketable yield were limited although, averaged across sites, KCl applied at hilling reduced the yield of small tubers (<85 g) and increased the proportion of larger tubers (170 to 340 g) compared with preplant application. Averaged across sites, KCl applied preplant or at hilling reduced specific gravity compared with the 0 KCl treatments. Improvements in fry colour with KCl application were evident at only one site. Petiole and tuber K and Cl− concentration, K and Cl− removal in harvested tubers, and post-harvest soil test K concentration increased with KCl application. However, petiole K concentration measured 82 to 85 d after planting predicted only 24% of the variability in relative marketable yield for sites containing between 164 and 632 mg NH4OAc-extractable K kg−1 to 15 cm. Results demonstrate the potential for yield increases and specific gravity declines with KCl application under Manitoba conditions, but suggest that further research will be required to better predict the potential for yield responses using soil and petiole testing.
Transcend Durum wheat
Authors: Singh A. K. , Clarke J. M. , Knox R. E. , DePauw R. M. , McCaig T. N. , Fernandez M. R. , Clarke F. R.
Published: June 2012

Singh, A. K., Clarke, J. M., Knox, R. E., DePauw, R. M., McCaig, T. N., Fernandez, M. R. and Clarke, F. R. 2012. Transcend durum wheat. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 809–813. Transcend durum wheat [Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn.] is adapted to the durum production area of the Canadian prairies. It combines high grain yield, grain protein concentration, test weight, yellow grain and dough pigment, and low grain cadmium concentration. Transcend has strong straw, slightly more days to maturity, and improved Fusarium head blight resistance compared to Strongfield.
Effects of nitrogen on photosynthetic characteristics of leaves from two different stay-green corn (Zea mays L.) varieties at the grain-filling stage
Authors: Li G. , Zhang Z.-S. , Gao H.-Y. , Liu P. , Dong S.-T. , Zhang J.-W. , Zhao B.
Published: June 2012

Li, G., Zhang, Z.-S., Gao, H.-Y., Liu, P., Dong, S.-T., Zhang, J.-W. and Zhao, B. 2012. Effects of nitrogen on photosynthetic characteristics of leaves from two different stay-green corn ( Zea mays L.) varieties at the grain-filling stage. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 671–680. The effects of nitrogen on the photosynthetic characteristics of two different stay-green corn (Zea mays L.) at the grain-filling stage were studied. Using a stay-green inbred line (Q319) and a non-stay-green inbred line (HZ4) as materials, using fast chlorophyll fluorescence-induction kinetics and 820 nm light-absorption curves, we analyzed the influences of nitrogen supplementation on photosystem I (PS I) and photosystem II (PS II). The results show that nitrogen fertilization has significant effects on promoting the net photosynthetic rate (P n ) in leaves at the grain-filling stage and on single-plant grain yield at the harvest stage (P<0.05) in Q319, whereas there is no significant effect in HZ4. Analyses performed using JIP-Test showed that nitrogen fertilization significantly increased electron donor and acceptor performance in the reaction center of PS II (P<0.05). The increased performance of the electron transport chain at a point after the electron acceptor in the PS II reaction center was greater in Q319 than in HZ4, reducing excessive excitation energy production in PS II and significantly improving the coordination between PS II and PS I. Although the performance of the electron transport chain after the electron acceptor in the PS II reaction center was increased in HZ4, the increase was not substantial enough to improve the coordination between PS II and PS I; therefore, P n and grain yield were still significantly lower than those of Q319.
Surface Structure and Anti-Corrosion Properties of Copper Treated by a Dopamine-Assisted 11-Mercaptoundecanoic Acid Film
Authors: Chen Y. , Chen S. , Lei Y.
Published: June 2012

An 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA) film was successfully prepared on the dopamine-modified copper substrates with good adhesive force and corrosion resistance. The formation and surface structure of the film were characterized by water contact angle measurement, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The inhibition behavior of the complex film was investigated using Tafel polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in 3.5 wt% sodium chloride (NaCl) solution. The electrochemical results show that the poly(dopamine)/MUA complex film improves greatly the corrosion resistance and interfacial adhesive force on copper substrate. The inhibition efficiency of the poly(dopamine)/MUA complex film increases to 97.7%.
Effects of Ion-Exchange and Hydrolysis Mechanisms on Lead Silicate Glass Corrosion
Authors: Rahimi R. Ali , Sadrnezhaad S.K.
Published: June 2012

Corrosion of lead silicate glass (LSG) contacting 0.5 M aqueous nitric acid (HNO3) was investigated via scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma analysis, and weight-loss measurement to determine the respective contributions of the ion-exchange vs. the hydrolysis reactions. The LSG having mole ratios of less than 0.7 showed very little weight loss with no Si network deterioration. At XM > 0.7, the mechanism changed into the hydrolysis, which caused the formation of a network-less gel layer resting at the solid/liquid interface. Addition of titania (TiO2) and zirconia (ZrO2) had disparate effects: XM < 0.7 improved corrosion resistance; while XM > 0.7 caused detrimental consequences.
Spatial and temporal variation of anthropogenic black carbon emissions in China for the period 1980–2009
Authors: Qin Y. , Xie S. D.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. Multi-year inventories of anthropogenic black carbon emissions, including both fuel consumption and biomass open burning, at a high spatial resolution of 0.25°×0.25° have been constructed in China using GIS methodology for the period 1980–2009, based on official statistical data and time-varying emission factors. Results show that black carbon emissions increased from 0.87 Tg in 1980 to 1.88 Tg in 2009 with a peak in about 1995, and had been continually increasing in the first decade of the 21 century. Residential contribution to the total BC emissions declined from 82.03% in 1980 to 42.33% in 2009 at a continuous diminishing trend, but had always been the dominant contributor in China. While contributions from industry and transportation sectors had increased notably. BC emissions were mainly concentrated in the central eastern districts, the three northeastern provinces and the Sichuan Basin, covering 22.30% of China's territory, but were responsible for 43.02%, 50.47%, 50.69% and 54.30% of the national black carbon emissions in 1985, 1995, 2005 and 2009, respectively. Besides, China made up 70%–85% of BC emissions in East Asia, half of the emissions in Asia, and accounted for averagely 18.97% of the global BC emissions during the estimation period.
Differences in the reactivity of ammonium salts with methylamine
Authors: Liu Y. , Han C. , Liu C. , Ma J. , Ma Q. , He H.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. The heterogeneous uptake of methylamine (MA) onto (NH4)2SO4, NH4HSO4, NH4NO3 and NH4Cl was investigated using a Knudsen cell reactor coupled to a quadrupole mass spectrometer, in situ Raman spectrometer and theoretical calculations. Exchange reactions were observed between MA and NH4NO3, (NH4)2SO4, and NH4Cl were observed at 298 K. Simple acid-base reaction for MA was found taking place on NH4HSO4. CH3NH3NO3 and CH3NH3Cl are not stable at low pressure and have higher dissociation vapor pressure than methylammonium sulfate. The observed uptake coefficients of MA on (NH4)2SO4, NH4HSO4, NH4NO3 and NH4Cl at 298 K were measured to be 6.30±1.03×10−3, 1.78±0.36×10−2, 8.79±1.99×10−3 and 2.29±0.28×10−3, respectively. A linear free energy relationship was found for the heterogeneous reactions between MA and NH4Cl, (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3. Namely, the natural logarithm of uptake coefficients of MA on these ammonium salts is linearly related to the electrostatic potential of the H atom in the NH4+ group.
Simulating ultrafine particle formation in Europe using a regional CTM: contribution of primary emissions versus secondary formation to aerosol number concentrations
Authors: Fountoukis C. , Riipinen I. , Denier van der Gon H. A. C. , Charalampidis P. E. , Pilinis C. , Wiedensohler A. , O'Dowd C. , Putaud J. P. , Moerman M. , Pandis S. N.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. A three-dimensional regional chemical transport model (CTM) with detailed aerosol microphysics, PMCAMx-UF, was applied to the European domain to simulate the contribution of direct emissions and secondary formation to total particle number concentrations during May 2008. PMCAMx-UF uses the Dynamic Model for Aerosol Nucleation and the Two-Moment Aerosol Sectional (TOMAS) algorithm to track both aerosol number and mass concentration using a sectional approach. The model predicts nucleation events that occur over scales of hundreds up to thousands of kilometers especially over the Balkans and Southeast Europe. The model predictions were compared against measurements from 7 sites across Europe. The model reproduces more than 70% of the hourly concentrations of particles larger than 10 nm (N10) within a factor of 2. About half of these particles are predicted to originate from nucleation in the lower troposphere. Regional nucleation is predicted to increase the total particle number concentration by approximately a factor of 3. For particles larger than 100 nm the effect varies from an increase of 20% in the eastern Mediterranean to a decrease of 20% in southern Spain and Portugal resulting in a small average increase of around 1% over the whole domain. Nucleation has a significant effect in the predicted N50 levels (up to a factor of 2 increase) mainly in areas where there are condensable vapors to grow the particles to larger sizes. A semi-empirical ternary sulfuric acid-ammonia-water parameterization performs better than the activation or the kinetic parameterizations in reproducing the observations. Reducing emissions of ammonia and sulfur dioxide affects certain parts of the number size distribution.
Characterization of a boreal convective boundary layer and its impact on atmospheric chemistry during HUMPPA-COPEC-2010
Authors: Ouwersloot H. G. , Vilà-Guerau de Arellano J. , Nölscher A. C. , Krol M. C. , Ganzeveld L. N. , Breitenberger C. , Mammarella I. , Williams J. , Lelieveld J.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. We studied the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) dynamics and the impact on atmospheric chemistry during the HUMPPA-COPEC-2010 campaign. We used vertical profiles of potential temperature and specific moisture, obtained from 132 radio soundings, to determine the main boundary layer characteristics during the campaign. We propose a classification according to several main ABL prototypes. Further, we performed a case study of a single day characterized as a convective boundary layer to analyse the influence of the dynamics on the chemical evolution of the ABL, using a systematic analysis that can easily be extended to other periods during HUMPPA-COPEC-2010. We used a mixed layer model, initialized and constrained by observations. In particular, we investigated the role of large scale atmospheric dynamics (subsidence and advection) on the ABL development and the evolution of chemical species concentrations. We find that, if the large scale forcings are taken into account, the ABL dynamics are represented satisfactorily. Subsequently, we studied the impact of mixing with a residual layer aloft during the morning transition on atmospheric chemistry. The time evolution of NOx and O3 concentrations, including morning peaks, can be explained and accurately simulated by incorporating the transition of the ABL dynamics from night to day. We demonstrate the importance of the ABL height evolution for the representation of atmospheric chemistry. Our findings underscore the need to couple the dynamics and chemistry at different spatial scales (from turbulence to mesoscale) in chemistry-transport models and in the interpretation of observational data.
Contribution of garbage burning to chloride and PM2.5 in Mexico City
Authors: Li G. , Lei W. , Bei N. , Molina L. T.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. The contribution of garbage burning (GB) emissions to chloride and PM2.5 in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA) is investigated for the period of 24 to 29 March during the MILAGRO-2006 campaign using the WRF-CHEM model. When the MCMA-2006 official emission inventory without biomass burning is used in the simulations, the WRF-CHEM model significantly underestimates the observed particulate chloride in the urban and the suburban areas. The inclusion of GB emissions substantially improves the simulations of particulate chloride; GB contributes more than 60 % of the observation, indicating it is a major source of particulate chloride in Mexico City. GB yields up to 3 pbb HCl at the ground level in the city, which is mainly caused by the burning of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) in the garbage. GB is also an important source of PM2.5, contributing about 3–30 % simulated PM2.5 mass on average. More modeling work is needed to evaluate the GB contribution to hazardous air toxics, such as dioxin, which is found to be released at high level from PVC burning in laboratory experiments.
MIPAS-STR measurements in the Arctic UTLS in winter/spring 2010: instrument characterization, retrieval and validation
Authors: Woiwode W. , Oelhaf H. , Gulde T. , Piesch C. , Maucher G. , Ebersoldt A. , Keim C. , Höpfner M. , Khaykin S. , Ravegnani F. , Ulanovsky A. E. , Volk C. M. , Hösen E. , Dörnbrack A. , Ungermann J. , Kalicinsky C. , Orphal J.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. The mid-infrared FTIR-limb-sounder Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding–STRatospheric aircraft (MIPAS-STR) was deployed onboard the research aircraft M55 Geophysica during the RECONCILE campaign (Reconciliation of Essential Process Parameters for an Enhanced Predictability of Arctic Stratospheric Ozone Loss and its Climate Interactions) in the Arctic winter/spring 2010. From the MIPAS-STR measurements, vertical profiles and 2-dimensional vertical cross-sections of temperature and trace gases are retrieved. Detailed mesoscale structures of polar vortex air, extra vortex air and vortex filaments are identified in the results at typical vertical resolutions of 1 to 2 km and typical horizontal sampling densities of 45 or 25 km, depending on the sampling programme. Results are shown for the RECONCILE flight 11 on 2 March 2010 and are validated with collocated in-situ measurements of temperature, O3, CFC-11, CFC-12 and H2O. Exceptional agreement is found for the in-situ comparisons of temperature and O3, with mean differences (vertical profile/along flight track) of 0.2/−0.2 K for temperature and −0.01/0.05 ppmv for O3 and corresponding sample standard deviations of the mean differences of 0.7/0.6 K and 0.1/0.3 ppmv. The comparison of the retrieved vertical cross-sections of HNO3 from MIPAS-STR and the infrared limb-sounder Cryogenic Infrared Spectrometers and Telescopes for the Atmosphere–New Frontiers (CRISTA–NF) indicates a high degree of agreement. We discuss MIPAS-STR in its current configuration, the spectral and radiometric calibration of the measurements and the retrieval of atmospheric parameters from the spectra. The MIPAS-STR measurements are significantly affected by continuum-like contributions, which are attributed to background aerosol and broad spectral signatures from interfering trace gases, and are important for mid-infrared limb-sounding in the Upper Troposphere/Lower Stratosphere (UTLS) region. Taking into consideration continuum-like effects, we present a scheme suitable for accurate retrievals of temperature and an extended set of trace gases, including the correction of a systematic line-of-sight offset.
A gas chromatographic instrument for measurement of hydrogen cyanide in the lower atmosphere
Authors: Ambrose J. L. , Zhou Y. , Haase K. , Mayne H. R. , Talbot R. , Sive B. C.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. A gas-chromatographic (GC) instrument was developed for measuring hydrogen cyanide (HCN) in the lower atmosphere. The main features of the instrument are (1) a cryogen-free cooler for sample dehumidification and enrichment, (2) a porous polymer PLOT column for analyte separation, (3) a flame thermionic detector (FTD) for sensitive and selective detection, and (4) a dynamic dilution system for calibration. We deployed the instrument for a ∼4 month period from January–June, 2010 at the AIRMAP atmospheric monitoring station Thompson Farm 2 (THF2) in rural Durham, NH. A subset of measurements made during 3–31 March is presented here with a detailed description of the instrument features and performance characteristics. The temporal resolution of the measurements was ~20 min, with a 75 s sample capture time. The 1σ measurement precision was <10% and the instrument response linearity was excellent on a calibration scale of 0.10–0.75 ppbv (±5%). The estimated method detection limit (MDL) and accuracy were 0.021 ppbv and 15%, respectively. From 3–31 March 2010, ambient HCN mixing ratios ranged from 0.15–1.0 ppbv (±15%), with a mean value of 0.36 ± 0.16 ppbv (1σ). The approximate mean background HCN mixing ratio of 0.20 ± 0.04 ppbv appeared to agree well with tropospheric column measurements reported previously. The GC-FTD HCN measurements were strongly correlated with acetonitrile (CH3CN) measured concurrently with a proton transfer-reaction mass spectrometer (PTR-MS), as anticipated given our understanding that the nitriles share a common primary biomass burning source to the global atmosphere. The nitriles were overall only weakly correlated with carbon monoxide (CO), which is reasonable considering the greater diversity of sources for CO. However, strong correlations with CO were observed on several nights under stable atmospheric conditions and suggest regional combustion-based sources for the nitriles. These results demonstrate that the GC-FTD instrument is capable of making long term, in-situ measurements of HCN in the lower atmosphere. To date, similar measurements have not been performed, yet they are critically needed to (1) better evaluate the regional scale distribution of HCN in the atmosphere and (2) discern the influence of biomass burning on surface air composition in remote regions.
Comparison of methods for the determination of NO-O3-NO2 fluxes and chemical interactions over a bare soil
Authors: Stella P. , Loubet B. , Laville P. , Lamaud E. , Cazaunau M. , Laufs S. , Bernard F. , Grosselin B. , Mascher N. , Kurtenbach R. , Mellouki A. , Kleffmann J. , Cellier P.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. Tropospheric ozone (O3) is a known greenhouse gas responsible for impacts on human and animal health and ecosystem functioning. In addition, O3 plays an important role in tropospheric chemistry, together with nitrogen oxides. The determination of surface-atmosphere exchange fluxes of these trace gases is a prerequisite to establish their atmospheric budget and evaluate their impact onto the biosphere. In this study, O3, nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) fluxes were measured using the aerodynamic gradient method over a bare soil in an agricultural field. Ozone and NO fluxes were also measured using eddy-covariance and automatic chambers, respectively. The aerodynamic gradient measurement system, composed of fast response sensors, was capable to measure significant differences in NO and O3 mixing ratios between heights. However, due to local advection, NO2 mixing ratios were highly non-stationary and NO2 fluxes were, therefore, not significantly different from zero. The chemical reactions between O3, NO and NO2 led to little ozone flux divergence between the surface and the measurement height (less than 1% of the flux on average), whereas the NO flux divergence was about 10% on average. The use of fast response sensors allowed reducing the flux uncertainty. The aerodynamic gradient and the eddy-covariance methods gave comparable O3 fluxes. The chamber NO fluxes were down to 70% lower than the aerodynamic gradient fluxes, probably because of either the spatial heterogeneity of the soil NO emissions or the perturbation due to the chamber itself.
Six years of mesospheric CO estimated from ground-based frequency-switched microwave radiometry at 57° N compared with satellite instruments
Authors: Forkman P. , Christensen O. M. , Eriksson P. , Urban J. , Funke B.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. Measurements of mesospheric carbon monoxide, CO, provide important information about the dynamics in the mesosphere region since CO has a long lifetime at these altitudes. Ground-based measurements of mesospheric CO made at the Onsala Space Observatory, OSO, (57° N, 12° E) are presented. The dataset covers the period 2002–2008 and is hence uniquely long. The simple and stable 115 GHz frequency-switched radiometer, calibration method, retrieval procedure and error characterization are described. A comparison between our measurements and co-located CO measurements from the satellite sensors ACE-FTS on Scisat (v2.2), MLS on Aura (v3-3), MIPAS on Envisat (V3O_CO_12 + 13 and V4O_CO_200) and SMR on Odin (v225 and v021) is done. Our instrument, OSO, and the four satellite instruments show the same general variation of the vertical distribution of mesospheric CO in both the annual cycle and in shorter time period events with high CO mixing ratios during winter and very low amounts during summer in the observed 55–85 km altitude range. During 2004–2008 the agreement of the OSO instrument and the satellite sensors ACE-FTS, MLS and MIPAS(200) is good in the altitude range 55–70 km. Above 70 km OSO show up to 25% higher CO column values compared to both ACE and MLS. For the time period 2002–2003 CO from MIPAS(12 + 13) is up to 60% lower than OSO between 55 and 70 km. Mesospheric CO from the two versions of SMR deviates up to ±65% when compared to OSO, but the analysis is based on only a few co-locations.
First quantitative bias estimates for tropospheric NO2 columns retrieved from SCIAMACHY, OMI, and GOME-2 using a common standard
Authors: Irie H. , Boersma K. F. , Kanaya Y. , Takashima H. , Pan X. , Wang Z. F.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. For the intercomparison of tropospheric nitrogen dioxide NO2 vertical column density (VCD) data from three different satellite sensors (SCIAMACHY, OMI, and GOME-2), we use a common standard to quantitatively evaluate the biases for the respective data sets. As the standard, a regression analysis using a single set of collocated ground-based Multi-Axis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) observations at several sites in Japan and China in 2006–2011 is adopted. Examination of various spatial coincidence criteria indicates that the slope of the regression line can be influenced by the spatial distribution of NO2 over the area considered. While the slope varies systematically with the distance between the MAX-DOAS and satellite observation points around Tokyo in Japan, such a systematic dependence is not clearly seen and correlation coefficients are generally higher in comparisons at sites in China. On the basis of these results, we focus mainly on comparisons over China and best estimate the biases in SCIAMACHY, OMI, and GOME-2 data (TM4NO2A and DOMINO version 2 products) against the MAX-DOAS observations to be −5±14 %, −10±14 %, and +1±14 %, respectively, which are all small and insignificant. We suggest that these small biases now allow analyses combining these satellite data for air quality studies that are more systematic and quantitative than previously possible.
Study of the microphysical properties associated with the Monsoon Intraseasonal Oscillation as seen from the TRMM observations
Authors: Halder M. , Mukhopadhyay P. , Halder S.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. The spatio-temporal variability of Indian Summer Monsoon is well studied based on different types of rainfall data. However, very few attempts have been made to study the underlying role of clouds and its hydrometeors on Monsoon Intraseasonal Oscillations. The northward propagating Monsoon Intraseasonal Oscillations and its characteristics remain a challenge for the numerical modelers even today. In view of this, we have set out to analyze the role of cloud hydrometeors and their linkage with northward propagating Monsoon Intraseasonal Oscillations. The science question that we intend to address here is whether the different phases of the cloud hydrometeors show similar propagation characteristics as that of rainfall, and what are the relations of their phases with the convection centre using Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission data. In answering the question, we have analyzed ten years of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission 2A12 hydrometeor data over Indian region. Our analyses show that the cloud water and cloud ice do show a large scale organization during the Indian Summer Monsoon regime of June–September, and systematically progress northward getting initiated over equatorial Indian Ocean. On further analyses, we found that cloud water actually leads the rainfall and cloud ice lags the rainfall. We have further demonstrated the process by analyzing dynamical parameters from Modern Era-Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications. The presence of cloud water in the lower troposphere in the leading edge of rainfall indicates the lower level moistening and preconditioning of the convective instability due to enhanced moisture convergence. Subsequently, deep convection is triggered, which generates hydrometeor above freezing level and cloud ice in the upper troposphere. To quantify objectively the relation among cloud liquid water, cloud ice and rainfall, the lag correlation is computed with respect to convection center, where the above hypothesis is established that cloud liquid water leads the rainfall and cloud ice lag. This relation among hydrometeors may help the numerical modelers to incorporate such processes for capturing the characteristics of Monsoon Intraseasonal Oscillations.