bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regioselective Metal‐Free Click Polymerization of Azides and Alkynes
Authors: Qin Anjun , Liu Yong , Tang Ben Zhong
Published: February 2015

The Cu(I)‐catalyzed azide‐alkyne click polymerization is well developed and broadly applied to the preparation of functional polymers. The removal of copper residues from the resultant polymers is, however, difficult. One way to completely circumvent this difficulty is to develop click polymerization without the use of metallic catalysts, i.e., metal‐free click polymerization (MFCP). Herein, recent efforts towards developing MFCP of activated alkynes and azides, and of activated azides and alkynes, to produce regioregular polytriazoles are summarized, and the properties and applications of the resultant polymers are also briefly discussed.

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Derived models and supercompact measures on
Authors: Trang Nam
Published: February 2015

The main result of this paper is Theorem , which shows that it is possible for derived models to satisfy “ω1 is ‐supercompact”. Other constructions of models of this theory are also discussed; in particular, Theorem constructs a normal fine measure on and hence a model of “Θ is regular”+“ω1 is ‐supercompact” from a model of “Θ is measurable”.
On weakly circularly minimal groups
Authors: Kulpeshov Beibut Sh. , Verbovskiy Viktor V.
Published: February 2015

Here we study properties of weakly circularly minimal cyclically ordered groups. The main result of the paper is that any weakly circularly minimal cyclically ordered group is abelian.
Generalized Silver and Miller measurability
Authors: Laguzzi Giorgio
Published: February 2015

We present some results about the burgeoning research area concerning set theory of the “κ‐reals”. We focus on some notions of measurability coming from generalizations of Silver and Miller trees. We present analogies and mostly differences from the classical setting.
The theory of integrally closed domains is not finitely axiomatizable
Authors: Oman Greg
Published: February 2015

It is well‐known that the theory of algebraically closed fields is not finitely axiomatizable. In this note, we prove that the theory of integrally closed integral domains is also not finitely axiomatizable.
Chemical Cross‐linking of Polypropylenes Towards New Shape Memory Polymers
Authors: Raidt Thomas , Hoeher Robin , Katzenberg Frank , Tiller Joerg C.
Published: February 2015

In this work, syndiotactic polypropylene (sPP) as well as isotactic polypropylene (iPP) are cross‐linked to gain a shape memory effect. Both prepared PP networks exhibit maximum strains of 700%, stored strains of up to 680%, and recoveries of nearly 100%. While x‐iPP is stable for many cycles, x‐sPP ruptures after the first shape‐memory cycle. It is shown by wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (WAXS) experiments that cross‐linked iPP exhibits homoepitaxy in the temporary, stretched shape but in contrast to previous reports it contains a higher amount of daughter than mother crystals.

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Probabilistic Schmid factors and scatter of low cycle fatigue (LCF) life
Authors: Gottschalk H. , Schmitz S. , Seibel T. , Rollmann G. , Krause R. , Beck T.
Published: February 2015

We investigated the scatter in the cycles to crack initiation for conventionally cast specimens of the superalloy RENE 80 in total strain controlled low cycle fatigue (LCF) tests at 850 °C. The grains at the location of crack initiation are investigated using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) measurements with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). This results in determination of maximal Schmid factors for the slip system that lead to the initiation of the low cycle fatigue surface crack. It is shown using stress – life and strain – life models, that taking into account the Schmid factor considerably reduces the scatter in low cycle fatigue life estimation. This is used to propose a probabilistic model for low cycle fatigue life based on random grain orientations. Using Monte Carlo simulation, we determined the probability distribution for the maximal Schmid factor in an uniaxial stress state under isotropic random orientations of the grain. This is used to calculate failure probabilities under the above mentioned model and to compare them with experimental data. Based on extreme value statistics, it is discussed whether a high maximal Schmid factor can be considered as causally related to an early initiation of a low cycle fatigue crack and we present some rather surprising experimental evidence. In the last section conclusions are formulated and future directions of research are outlined.
The blow‐up criteria of smooth solutions to the generalized and ideal incompressible viscoelastic flow
Authors: Yuan Baoquan , Li Rui
Published: February 2015

In this paper, we prove two blow‐up criteria of smooth solution: one for the generalized incompressible Oldroyd model with fractional Laplacian velocity dissipation (−Δ)αu in the space
and one for the inviscid Oldroyd model. Assume that (u(t,x),F(t,x)) is a smooth solution to the generalized Oldroyd model in [0,T); then, the solution (u(t,x),F(t,x)) does not develop singularity until t = T provided
. For the ideal impressible viscoelastic flow, it is shown that the smooth solution (u,F) can be extended beyond T if
, which is an improvement of the result given by Hu and Hynd (A blowup criterion for ideal viscoelastic flow, J. Math. Fluid Mech., 15(2013), 431–437). Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A class of interface problems for the Helmholtz equation in
Authors: Speck F.‐O.
Published: February 2015

Motivated by the Sommerfeld diffraction problem, we consider interface problems for the n‐dimensional Helmholtz equation in
(due to xn>0 or xn<0, respectively, with main interest in n = 3) where the interface Γ = ∂Ω is identified with
and divided into two parts, Σ and Σ′, with different transmission conditions of first and second kind. These two parts are half‐spaces of
(half‐planes for n = 3) and more general sets in the first part of the paper. The aim of this work is to construct resolvent operators acting from the interface data into the energy space H1(Ω) and representing the solution explicitly. The approach is based upon a factorization conception for Wiener–Hopf operators (according to the interface equations), the so‐called Wiener–Hopf factorization through an intermediate space, that includes Simonenko's well‐known ‘generalized factorization of matrix functions in Lp spaces’ and avoids an interpretation of the factors as unbounded operators. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
From History to Microscopy
Authors: Charlet Bertrand , Gallagher Joseph
Published: February 2015

Adaptive optics (AO) is a technology that optical designers are looking to more and more. AO can look like a magical solution: A completely blurred image can be restored to diffraction limited quality. In the beginning, this technology was developed for astronomical telescopes. It was soon transferred to vision science, and it is quickly becoming an essential technique in optical microscopy to compensate for specimen‐induced optical aberrations to acquire high resolution images.
Face Recognition and Head Tracking in Embedded Systems
Authors: Ivantysynova Lenka , Scheffer Tobias
Published: February 2015

New, efficient algorithms make it possible to embed head tracking and face recognition with high frame rates in devices with simple, mobile CPUs. This provides an unintrusive basis for personalization of cars, TV sets, and many other devices. Head‐tracking enables the creation of simple and intuitive user interfaces that are sensitive to the user's gaze point.
Doing the Waltz with Light
Authors: Ritsch‐Marte Monika
Published: February 2015

Light with orbital angular momentum can be compared to a bundle of spaghetti held together firmly and twisted in the middle. Such optical spiral waves have numerous applications. For example, they can be used to selectively sort particles with optical tweezers. In microscopy, they enable edge enhancement, and in quantum cryptography, spiral waves allow for more information to be entangled.
Anoro Ellipta: dry powder LAMA/LABA combination for COPD
Authors: Chaplin Steve
Published: February 2015

Anoro Ellipta is the first inhaler to combine a LAMA and a LABA in a single unit. Here we present the clinical data relating to its efficacy and adverse events and look at its place in the management of COPD.
Polypharmacy – appropriate, problematic or both?
Authors: Payne Rupert , Duerden Martin
Published: February 2015

In the second article of our polypharmacy series the authors explore the difference between appropriate and problematic polypharmacy, and illustrate how in some circumstances these two states can co‐exist.
Turning peptides in comb silicone polymers
Authors: Jebors Said , Pinese Coline , Nottelet Benjamin , Parra Karine , Amblard Muriel , Mehdi Ahmad , Martinez Jean , Subra Gilles
Published: February 2015

We have recently reported on a new class of silicone–peptide‵ biopolymers obtained by polymerization of di‐functionalized chlorodimethylsilyl hybrid peptides. Herein, we describe a related strategy based on dichloromethylsilane‐derived peptides, which yield novel polymers with a polysiloxane backbone, comparable with a silicone‐bearing pendent peptide chains. Interestingly, polymerization is chemoselective toward amino acids side‐chains and proceeds in a single step in very mild conditions (neutral pH, water, and room temperature). As potential application, a cationic sequence was polymerized and used for antibacterial coating. Copyright © 2015 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Noncollinear magnetism in post‐perovskites from first principles: Comparison between CaRhO3 and NaNiF3
Authors: Garcia‐Castro A. C. , Romero A. H. , Bousquet E.
Published: February 2015

Based on first‐principles calculations, we study the noncollinear magnetism in the post‐perovskites (pPv) phase of NaNiF and CaRhO crystals. We find that the magnetic canting is one of the most promising properties of pPv systems, which is allowed by symmetry in all the pPv crystals with a magnetically active B‐site. In the pPv phase of NaNiF, which has a antiferromagnetic ground state with a ferromagnetic canting, we obtain a magnetic canting amplitude of about 0.1 atom, which is much larger than in the one obtained in CaRhO (canting amplitude of 0.04 ). We also computed the exchange constants (), the single‐ion anisotropy (SIA) parameters and the anti‐symmetric magnetic coupling described by the Dzyaloshinsky–Moriya (DM) interaction in order to scrutinize the origin of the magnetic canting. We find that the canting in NaNiF is mainly due to the DM interaction, while in CaRhO, both DM and SIA contribute to the magnetic canting. Our calculations thus confirm the noncollinear magnetic ground‐state solution experimentally observed in both compounds and the calculated magnetic exchange interactions also confirm the quasi‐2D magnetic behavior reported in pPv.
Competitive retro‐cycloaddition reactions in heterocyclic fullerene bis‐adducts ions: selective removal of the heterocyclic moieties
Authors: Suárez Margarita , Maroto Enrique E. , Filippone Salvatore , Martín Nazario , Martínez‐Álvarez Roberto
Published: February 2015

RATIONALE

We have investigated the fragmentation reactions of ions from bis‐adducts containing isoxazolino‐, pyrrolidino‐ and methanofullerene moieties.

METHODS

The fragmentation reactions induced by collision‐induced dissociation (CID) of ions generated under electrospray ionization (ESI) in positive and negative modes of detection using an ion‐trap spectrometer have been investigated.

RESULTS

The competitive retro‐cycloaddition process between isoxazoline and pyrrolidine rings fused to [60]fullerene reveals that it is strongly dependent on the experimental negative or positive ESI experimental conditions. Thus, whereas retro‐cycloaddition reaction is favored in the pyrrolidine ring under negative conditions, the protonation occurring on the nitrogen atom of the pyrrolidine ring under positive conditions precludes its retro‐cycloaddition and, therefore, only the isoxazoline ring undergoes the retro‐cycloaddition process. The obtained experimental results are different from those reported when the reaction is carried out under thermal conditions. Competitive retro‐cycloaddition reactions of isoxazolino‐ and methanofullerenes show that the heterocyclic ring undergoes cycloelimination, leaving the methanofullerene moiety unchanged. In this case, the same selectivity is observed under thermal and gas‐phase conditions.

CONCLUSIONS

The observed selectivity in the heterocyclic removal in these [60]fullerene derivatives is reversed from negative conditions (radical anions) to positive conditions (protonated molecules). Moreover, the retro‐cycloaddition reaction behaves differently under spectrometric and thermal conditions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Size‐reduced two‐dimensional integrated magnetic sensor fabricated in 0.18‐μm CMOS process
Authors: Kimura Takayuki , Uno Kazuya , Masuzawa Toru
Published: February 2015

Two‐dimensional integrated magnetic sensors have been investigated in order to reduce their size for use in a magnetic self‐levitation motor. The two‐dimensional integrated magnetic sensor investigated in this paper is composed of a 16 × 16 array of Hall sensors and fabricated by a 0.18‐μm complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) standard process. The sizes of the Hall elements are 1 × 1, 2 × 2, 3 × 3, and 6 × 6 μm2. Hall element of dimension 1 × 1 μm2was the minimum size in the fabrication process rule. The dimension of one pixel in which the Hall element was embedded was 20 × 20 μm2. The average sensitivity of the arrayed Hall sensors at four sizes was about 0.140 mV/mT with a DC magnetic field. The product sensitivity at four sizes of Hall sensors was about 0.089 mV/(mA·mT), which is better than that of our previous work. Degradation of the product sensitivity was not seen in reduced‐size Hall elements. These results reveal that a Hall element of size 1 × 1 μm2 has enough sensitivity for sensing the impeller position of a magnetically suspended motor. © 2015 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Of wood and rivers: bridging the perception gap
Authors: Wohl Ellen
Published: February 2015

Wood and beaver dams were historically much more abundant along river corridors from the tropics to the boreal zone. An extensive scientific literature documents the physical and ecological functions created by instream and floodplain wood. By enhancing physical diversity, wood mediates fluxes of water, solutes, organic matter, and sediment; enhances habitat abundance and diversity; promotes retention and biogeochemical uptake of nutrients; and increases biodiversity. Perceptions of wood in rivers, however, remain largely negative and wood is seldom incorporated in river management and restoration plans outside of the U.S. Pacific Northwest. People are unused to seeing wood in river corridors as a result of a long history of deliberate wood removal from rivers, combined with altered land cover and river engineering that reduced quantities of wood in rivers. Negative perceptions of wood in rivers may also reflect hazards, including damage to infrastructure from mobile wood or wood accumulations at bridges that enhance flood damages. People are also unused to seeing beavers in river corridors because of a long history of beaver trapping and substantially reduced beaver populations throughout Eurasia and North America. Extensive and sustained removal of wood and beavers from river corridors has created substantial changes in the appearance and function of rivers. As river restoration increasingly emphasizes re‐creation of processes rather than static forms, the river science community has an opportunity to increase public recognition of the vital role played by wood and beavers in sustaining physically and biologically diverse and resilient river ecosystems. WIREs Water 2015, 2:167–176. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1076

This article is categorized under:

Water and Life > Conservation, Management, and Awareness

Science of Water > Water Extremes

Human Water > Water as Imagined and Represented
Dysbindin (DTNBP1) variants are associated with hallucinations in schizophrenia
Authors: Cheah S.-Y. , Lawford B.R. , Young R.M. , Morris C.P. , Voisey J.
Published: February 2015

Background:

Dystrobrevin binding protein 1 (DTNBP1) is a schizophrenia susceptibility gene involved with neurotransmission regulation (especially dopamine and glutamate) and neurodevelopment. The gene is known to be associated with cognitive deficit phenotypes within schizophrenia. In our previous studies,DTNBP1was found associated not only with schizophrenia but with other psychiatric disorders including psychotic depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, nicotine dependence and opiate dependence. These findings suggest thatDNTBP1may be involved in pathways that lead to multiple psychiatric phenotypes. In this study, we explored the association betweenDTNBP1SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) and multiple psychiatric phenotypes included in the Diagnostic Interview of Psychosis (DIP).

Methods:

FiveDTNBP1SNPs, rs17470454, rs1997679, rs4236167, rs9370822 and rs9370823, were genotyped in 235 schizophrenia subjects screened for various phenotypes in the domains of depression, mania, hallucinations, delusions, subjective thought disorder, behaviour and affect, and speech disorder. SNP-phenotype association was determined with ANOVA under general, dominant/recessive and over-dominance models.

Results:

Post hoc tests determined that SNP rs1997679 was associated with visual hallucination; SNP rs4236167 was associated with general auditory hallucination as well as specific features including non-verbal, abusive and third-person form auditory hallucinations; and SNP rs9370822 was associated with visual and olfactory hallucinations. SNPs that survived correction for multiple testing were rs4236167 for third-person and abusive form auditory hallucinations; and rs9370822 for olfactory hallucinations.

Conclusion:

These data suggest thatDTNBP1is likely to play a role in development of auditory related, visual and olfactory hallucinations which is consistent with evidence ofDTNBP1activity in the auditory processing regions, in visual processing and in the regulation of glutamate and dopamine activity.
Usefulness of a wearable cardioverter defibrillator combined with catheter ablation for ventricular tachyarrhythmia storms after a myocardial infarction: A case report
Authors: Yoshikawa Yusuke , Kaitani Kazuaki , Onishi Naoaki , Tamura Toshihiro , Izumi Chisato , Nakagawa Yoshihisa
Published: February 2015

We report a case of a 60‐year‐old man with recurrent poly‐ and monomorphic ventricular tachycardia related to a recent myocardial infarction. Due to drug‐refractory ventricular tachycardia despite complete revascularization, he underwent catheter ablation. Afterwards, he was fitted with a wearable cardioverter defibrillator. Three months later, no ventricular tachycardia had been recorded and an electrophysiologic study failed to induce an episode. Thus, wearable cardioverter defibrillators are useful bridging devices pending a final decision to implant a cardioverter defibrillator.
Wilderness Emergency Medical Services Medical Director Course: Core Content Developed With Delphi Technique
Authors: Millin Michael G. , Hawkins Seth , Demond Anthony , Stiller Gregory , McGinnis Henderson D. , Baker Rogers Janna , Smith William R.
Published: February 2015

The National Association of Emergency Medical Services Physicians’ (NAEMSP) position on the role of medical oversight within an operational Emergency Medical Service (EMS) program highlights the importance of integrating specially trained medical directors within the structure of these programs. In response, the NAEMSP Wilderness EMS (WEMS) Committee recognized the need for the development of an educational curriculum to provide physicians with the unique skills needed to be a medical director for a WEMS agency. This paper describes the Delphi process used to create the subject matter core content, as well as the actual core content developed. This core content was the foundation for the development of a specific WEMS medical director curriculum, the Wilderness EMS Medical Director Course.
Determination of Risk Factors for Recurrent Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia in a Veterans Affairs Healthcare System Population
Authors: Albertson Justin , McDanel Jennifer S. , Carnahan Ryan , Chrischilles Elizabeth , Perencevich Eli N. , Goto Michihiko , Jiang Lan , Alexander Bruce , Schweizer Marin L.
Published: February 2015

OBJECTIVE

To identify important risk factors for recurrent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) to assist clinicians in identifying high-risk patients for continued surveillance and follow-up.

METHODS

In this retrospective cohort study, we examined patients with MRSA bacteremia at 122 Veterans Affairs medical facilities from January 1, 2003, through December 31, 2010. Recurrent MRSA bacteremia was identified by a positive blood culture result from 2 to 180 days after index hospitalization discharge. Subset analyses were performed to evaluate risk factors for early-onset (2–60 days after discharge) and late-onset (61–180 days after discharge) recurrence. Risk factors were evaluated using Cox proportional hazards regression.

RESULTS

Of 18,425 patients, 1,159 (6.3%) had recurrent MRSA bacteremia. The median time to recurrence was 63 days. Longer duration of index bacteremia, increased severity of illness, receipt of only vancomycin, community-acquired infection, and several comorbidities were risk factors for recurrence. Congestive heart failure, hypertension, and rheumatoid arthritis/collagen disease were risk factors for early-onset but not late-onset recurrence. Geographic region and cardiac arrhythmias were risk factors for late-onset but not early-onset recurrence.

CONCLUSIONS

Risk factors for recurrent MRSA bacteremia included comorbidities, severity of illness, duration of bacteremia, and receipt of only vancomycin. Awareness of risk factors may be important at patient discharge for implementation of quality improvement initiatives including surveillance, follow-up, and education for high-risk patients.

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2015;00(0): 1–7
Maximizing the efficiency of a flexible propulsor using experimental optimization
Authors: Quinn Daniel B. , Lauder George V. , Smits Alexander J.
Published: February 2015

Experimental gradient-based optimization is used to maximize the propulsive efficiency of a heaving and pitching flexible panel. Optimum and near-optimum conditions are studied via direct force measurements and particle image velocimetry (PIV). The net thrust and power scale predictably with the frequency and amplitude of the leading edge, but the efficiency shows a complex multimodal response. Optimum pitch and heave motions are found to produce nearly twice the efficiencies of optimum heave-only motions. Efficiency is globally optimized when (i) the Strouhal number is within an optimal range that varies weakly with amplitude and boundary conditions; (ii) the panel is actuated at a resonant frequency of the fluid–panel system; (iii) heave amplitude is tuned such that trailing-edge amplitude is maximized while the flow along the body remains attached; and (iv) the maximum pitch angle and phase lag are chosen so that the effective angle of attack is minimized. The multi-dimensionality and multi-modality of the efficiency response demonstrate that experimental optimization is well-suited for the design of flexible underwater propulsors.
Numerical simulations of three-dimensional plunging breaking waves: generation and evolution of aerated vortex filaments
Authors: Lubin P. , Glockner S.
Published: February 2015

The scope of this work is to present and discuss the results obtained from simulating three-dimensional plunging breaking waves by solving the Navier–Stokes equations, in air and water. Recent progress in computational capabilities has allowed us to run fine three-dimensional simulations, giving us the opportunity to study for the first time fine vortex filaments generated during the early stage of the wave breaking phenomenon. To date, no experimental observations have been made in laboratories, and these structures have only been visualised in rare documentary footage (e.g. BBC 2009 South Pacific. Available on YouTube, 7BOhDaJH0m4). These fine coherent structures are three-dimensional streamwise vortical tubes, like vortex filaments, connecting the splash-up and the main tube of air, elongated in the main flow direction. The first part of the paper is devoted to the presentation of the model and numerical methods. The air entrainment occurring when waves break is then carefully described. Thanks to the high resolution of the grid, these fine elongated structures are simulated and explained.
On the prevalence of linear versus nonlinear thinking in undergraduate business education: A lot of rhetoric, not enough evidence
Authors: Costigan Robert D. , Brink Kyle E.
Published: February 2015

The purpose of this research is to examine the undergraduate learning goals of business programs and determine if these goals are skewed in the directions posed by critics of undergraduate business education. The underlying theme of many critiques is that nonlinear-thinking processes are underrepresented in undergraduate business curricula, whereas linear-thinking processes are overrepresented. The learning goals of 208 Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business International-accredited business programs were coded into two goal categories: linear thinking and nonlinear thinking. The results support the contention that nonlinear-thinking processes have a lesser presence in the typical undergraduate business program’s curriculum. These findings are consistent across research and teaching universities.
Vulnerability and power on networks
Authors: BOZZO ENRICO , FRANCESCHET MASSIMO , RINALDI FRANCA
Published: February 2015

Inspired by socio-political scenarios, like dictatorships, in which a minority of people exercise control over a majority of weakly interconnected individuals, we propose vulnerability and power measures defined on groups of actors of networks. We establish an unexpected connection between network vulnerability and graph regularizability. We use the Shapley value of coalition games to introduce fresh notions of vulnerability and power at node level defined in terms of the corresponding measures at group level. We investigate the computational complexity of computing the defined measures, both at group and node levels, and provide effective methods to quantify them. Finally we test vulnerability and power on both artificial and real networks.
An acute intake of plant stanol esters alters immune-related pathways in the jejunum of healthy volunteers
Authors: De Smet Els , Mensink Ronald P. , Boekschoten Mark V. , de Ridder Rogier , Germeraad Wilfred T. V. , Wolfs Tim G. A. M. , Plat Jogchum
Published: February 2015

Plant sterols and stanols inhibit intestinal cholesterol absorption and consequently lower serum LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations. The underlying mechanisms are not yet known.In vitroand animal studies have suggested that changes in intestinal sterol metabolism are attributed to the LDL-C-lowering effects of plant stanol esters. However, similar studies in human subjects are lacking. Therefore, we examined the effects of an acute intake of plant stanol esters on gene expression profiles of the upper small intestine in healthy volunteers. In a double-blind cross-over design, fourteen healthy subjects (eight female and six male; age 21–55 years), with a BMI ranging from 21 to 29 kg/m2, received in random order a shake with or without plant stanol esters (4 g). At 5 h after consumption of the shake, biopsies were taken from the duodenum (around the papilla of Vater) and from the jejunum (20 cm distal from the papilla of Vater). Microarray analysis showed that the expression profiles of genes involved in sterol metabolism were not altered. Surprisingly, the pathways involved in T-cell functions were down-regulated in the jejunum. Furthermore, immunohistochemical analysis showed that the number of CD3 (cluster of differentiation number 3), CD4 (cluster of differentiation number 4) and Foxp3+(forkhead box P3-positive) cells was reduced in the plant stanol ester condition compared with the control condition, which is in line with the microarray data. The physiological and functional consequences of the plant stanol ester-induced reduction of intestinal T-cell-based immune activity in healthy subjects deserve further investigation.
Bioavailability of free lysine and protein-bound lysine from casein and fishmeal in juvenile turbot (Psetta maxima)
Authors: Kroeckel Saskia , Dietz Carsten , Schulz Carsten , Susenbeth Andreas
Published: February 2015

In the present study, a linear regression analysis between lysine intake and lysine retention was conducted to investigate the efficiency of lysine utilisation (kLys) at marginal lysine intake of either protein-bound or free lysine sources in juvenile turbot (Psetta maxima). For this purpose, nine isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated to contain 2·25–4·12 g lysine/100 g crude protein (CP) to ensure that lysine was the first-limiting amino acid in all diets. The basal diet contained 2·25 g lysine/100 g CP. Graded levels of casein (Cas), fishmeal (FM) and l-lysine HCl (Lys) were added to the experimental diets to achieve stepwise lysine increments. A total of 240 fish (initial weight 50·1 g) were hand-fed all the experimental diets once daily until apparent satiation over a period of 56 d. Feed intake was significantly affected by dietary lysine concentration rather than by dietary lysine source. Specific growth rate increased significantly at higher lysine concentrations (P< 0·001). CP, crude lipid and crude ash contents in the whole body were affected by the dietary treatments. The linear regression slope between lysine retention and lysine intake (kLys) was similar between all the dietary lysine sources. The kLys values for the diets supplemented with Cas, Lys or FM were 0·833, 0·857 and 0·684, respectively. The bioavailability of lysine from the respective lysine sources was determined by a slope-ratio approach. The bioavailability of lysine (relative to the reference lysine source Cas) from FM and Lys was 82·1 and 103 %, respectively. Nutrient requirement for maintenance was in the range of 16·7–23·4 mg/kg0·8 per d, and did not differ between the treatments. There were no significant differences in lysine utilisation efficiency or bioavailability of protein-bound or crystalline lysine from the respective sources observed when lysine was confirmed to be the first-limiting nutrient.
Salt influence on surface microorganisms and ripening of soft ewe cheese
Authors: Tabla Rafael , Gómez Antonia , Rebollo José E , Roa Isidro
Published: February 2015

The effect of different brining treatments on salt uptake and diffusion during the first 30 d of ripening was determined in soft ewe cheese. Additionally, salt influence on surface microorganisms and physicochemical parameters was evaluated. Cheeses were placed into different brine solutions (14, 18 and 24°Bé) at 5 and 10 °C for 1, 2 or 3 h. Samples from rind, outer core and inner core were analysed at 0, 7, 15 and 30 d. Complete salt diffusion from rind to the inner core took about 15 d. The resulting salt gradient favoured the development of a pH gradient from the surface to the inner core. Salt concentration also had a significant effect on the growth of surface microorganisms (mesophiles, pseudomonads and halotolerants). However, mould and yeasts were not affected throughout ripening by the salt levels achieved. Brine salting by immersion for 3 h at 10 °C in 24°B brine was found to be the most suitable treatment to control pseudomonads in cheese rind, as spoilage microorganism.
Influence of milk somatic cell content on Parmigiano-Reggiano cheese yield
Authors: Summer Andrea , Franceschi Piero , Formaggioni Paolo , Malacarne Massimo
Published: February 2015

The aim of this study was to determine the influence of the somatic cell content (SCC) of milk on Parmigiano-Reggiano cheese yield, produced in commercial cheese factories under field conditions. The study was carried out following the production of 56 batches of Parmigiano-Reggiano in 13 commercial cheese factories by processing milk collected from Italian Friesian cattle herds. The vat-milk (V-milk) used for making each cheese batch was obtained by mixing evening milk (partially skimmed following spontaneous separation of fat overnight, natural creaming) and morning milk. The batches of cheese produced were divided into 5 classes according to the SCC value of the evening milk determined prior to natural creaming (class 1, from 0 to 200 000; 2, 201 000–300 000; 3, 301 000–400 000; 4, 401 000–500 000; 5, over 501 000 cells/ml). The cheese yield was calculated as the amount of 24-h cheese, expressed in kilograms, obtained from 100 kg of V-milk (24 h ACY). The values of fat, crude protein, true protein, casein and 24 h ACY of V-milk were negatively correlated with the somatic cell score (SCS) of the evening milk. Conversely, a positive correlation was observed between chloride and SCS. Fat, protein fractions (crude protein, casein and whey proteins), P and titratable acidity of V-milk were positively correlated with its 24 h ACY, while chloride, pH and SCS showed a negative correlation. A significant drop in 24 h ACY was observed in classes 3, 4 and 5, therefore when the SCC of the evening milk exceeded 300 000 cells/ml. Finally a lower recovery of milk fat in cheese was observed as SCC of evening milk increase.
Surgical treatment of glottic cancer: retrospective analysis of 192 cases in a multidisciplinary tertiary care centre in Pune, India
Authors: Kelkar D S , Gandhi S S , Oka G A
Published: February 2015

Objectives:

A multidisciplinary team approach is required for the preservation of voice and appropriate management of glottic cancer. This study aimed to investigate the outcomes of surgically treated glottic cancers of all stages. All aspects of surgical management, such as laser cordectomy, partial laryngectomy, total laryngectomy with voice prosthesis, and salvage laryngectomy, conducted at a single tertiary care institute in India, were reviewed.

Method:

A retrospective analysis of hospital records was performed for 192 glottic cancer patients who were surgically treated between 2003 and 2007.

Results:

Patients with tumour stages 1 or 2 glottic cancer treated with laser cordectomy had a local control rate of 85 per cent and five-year survival rate of 98.6 per cent. The findings suggest that the number of partial laryngectomies performed for stage 3 tumours is declining. Patients with a tumour stage 3 lesion with a fixed hemilarynx or a tumour stage 4 lesion, treated with total laryngectomy, were found to have a five-year survival rate of 61.6 per cent. Nodal status was significantly associated with five-year survival rate.

Conclusion:

Surgery offers a viable five-year survival rate in glottic cancer patients.
COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF NAVIGATED RADIOFREQUENCY ABLATION FOR HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA IN CHINA
Authors: Lai Yizhen , Li Kai , Li Junbo , Liu Sheena Xin
Published: February 2015

Objectives: Real-time virtual sonography (RVS) is a promising navigation technique for percutaneous radiofrequency ablation (RFA) treatment, especially in ablating nodules poorly visualized on conventional ultrasonography (US). However, its cost-effectiveness has not been established. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of RVS navigated RFA (RVS-RFA) relative to US guided RFA (US-RFA) in patients with small hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in China, from the modified societal perspective.

Methods: A state-transition Markov model was created using TreeAge Pro™ 2012. The parameters used in the model, including natural history of HCC patients, procedure efficacy and related costs, were obtained from a systematic search of literature through PubMed, EMBASE, and Science Citation Index databases. The simulated cohort was patients with solitary, small HCC (<3 cm in diameter) and Child-Pugh class A or B, whose tumors are poorly visualized in B-mode US but clearly detectable by CT or MRI.

Results: In this cohort of difficult cases, RVS-RFA was a preferred strategy saving 2,467 CNY ($392) throughout the patient's life while gaining additional 1.4 QALYs compared with conventional US guidance. The results were sensitive to the efficacy of US-RFA and RVS-RFA including complete ablation rate and local recurrence rate, the median survival for patients with progressive HCC, the probability of performing RFA for recurrent HCC, and the cost of RVS navigation, disposable needle or hospitalization.

Conclusions: RVS-RFA is a dominant strategy for patients with small HCC unidentifiable in B-mode US, in terms of cost savings and QALYs gained, relative to the conventional US-guided method.
VOLUME 30: PUBLIC HEALTH INTERVENTIONS AND NUTRITION AS A PREVENTATIVE HEALTH TECHNOLOGY
Authors: Lenoir-Wijnkoop Irene
Published: February 2015

In the wake of the UN Summit on non-communicable diseases (NCDs) (1), the subject has become a priority on most health agendas and scientific publications in this area have increased considerably over the past few years. NCDs are a threat, both for the sustainability of public health structures and for the wellbeing of the general population worldwide. Many risk factors have been identified as preventable and the determining role of lifestyle habits, such as physical exercise and food, in the pathogenesis of NCDs is now generally acknowledged.
XVIII.—On the Functions which are represented by the Expansions of the Interpolation-Theory
Authors: Whittaker E. T.
Published: February 2015

Let ƒ(x) be a given function of a variable x. We shall suppose that ƒ(x) is a one-valued analytic function, so that its Taylor's expansion in any part of the plane of the complex variable x can be derived from its Taylor's expansion in any other part of the plane by the process of analytic continuation.
Stochastic Interest Rates and Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average Processes
Authors: Dhaene Jan
Published: February 2015

A practical method is developed for computing moments of insurance functions when interest rates are assumed to follow an autoregressive integrated moving average process.
CCAMLR’s precautionary approach to management focusing on Ross Sea toothfish fishery
Authors: Hanchet Stuart , Sainsbury Keith , Butterworth Doug , Darby Chris , Bizikov Viacheslav , Rune Godø Olav , Ichii Taro , Kock Karl-Hermann , López Abellán Luis , Vacchi Marino
Published: February 2015

Several recent papers have criticized the scientific robustness of the fisheries management system used by the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR), including that for Ross Sea toothfish. Here we present a response from the wider CCAMLR community to address concerns and to correct some apparent misconceptions about how CCAMLR acts to promote conservation whilst allowing safe exploitation in all of its fisheries. A key aspect of CCAMLR’s approach is its adaptive feedback nature; regular monitoring and analysis allows for adjustments to be made, as necessary, to provide a robust management system despite the statistical uncertainties inherent in any single assessment. Within the Ross Sea, application of CCAMLR’s precautionary approach has allowed the toothfish fishery to develop in a steady fashion with an associated accumulation of data and greater scientific understanding. Regular stock assessments of the fishery have been carried out since 2005, and the 2013 stock assessment estimated current spawning stock biomass to be at 75% of the pre-exploitation level. There will always be additional uncertainties which need to be addressed, but where information is lacking the CCAMLR approach to management ensures exploitation rates are at a level commensurate with a precautionary approach.
Illuminating the Monuments: Observation and Speculation on the Structure and Function of the Cairns at Balnuaran of Clava
Authors: Trevarthen David
Published: February 2015

The cairns at Balnuaran of Clava show a structural relationship to the annual cycle, most clearly in their alignment on Midwinter sunset. The stones used in their construction fall into simple colour classes: ‘red’, ‘white’ and ‘black’. All three, but especially the black, appear to show selective arrangement in the cairns. A preliminary study of the relationships between the position of coloured stones and certain solar alignments, using both direct opposition and shadow casting, indicates that choice of colour may have been a significant factor in the positioning of stones within the monuments. Moreover the three colours seem to show a consistent pattern of meaning across a wide spectrum of cultures, which may imply a universal psychological factor in their symbolic use.
Framework and form: burgage plots, street lines and domestic architecture in early urban Scotland
Authors: STELL GEOFFREY , TAIT ROBIN
Published: February 2015

This article explores some of the ways in which the closely regulated layouts and property boundaries within Scottish medieval towns may have influenced the form and character of domestic buildings during the late medieval and early modern periods. Drawing together strands of scattered evidence from archaeology, morphology, history and architecture, it re-examines how plot boundaries, main thoroughfares and subsidiary access passages acted as site constraints in relation to the design and configuration of individual structures or groups of buildings, focusing in particular on building frontages and so-called ‘encroachments’ such as booths, stairs, galleries and arcades.
Influence of CHDs on psycho-social and neurodevelopmental outcomes in children with Down syndrome
Authors: Visootsak Jeannie , Huddleston Lillie , Buterbaugh Allison , Perkins Adrienne , Sherman Stephanie , Hunter Jessica
Published: February 2015

Objective

To evaluate the family psycho-social outcomes of children with Down syndrome and atrioventricular septal defect, and examine the impact of these variables on the child’s neurodevelopmental outcome.

Methods

This was a cross-sectional study that consisted of 57 children with Down syndrome – 20 cases and 37 controls – of ~12–14 months of age. In both groups, we assessed the development of the child, the quality of the child’s home environment, and parenting stress.

Results

Compared with the Down syndrome without CHD group, the atrioventricular septal defect group revealed lower scores in all developmental domains, less optimal home environments, and higher parental stress. Significant differences in development were seen in the areas of cognition (p=0.04), expressive language (p=0.05), and gross motor (p<0.01). The Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment revealed significant differences in emotional and verbal responsiveness of the mother between the two groups. The Parenting Stress Index revealed that the Down syndrome with atrioventricular septal defect group had a significantly higher child demandingness subdomain scores compared with the Down syndrome without CHD group.

Conclusions

The diagnosis of a CHD in addition to the diagnosis of Down syndrome may provide additional stress to the child and parents, elevating parental concern and disrupting family dynamics, resulting in further neurodevelopmental deficits. Finding that parental stress and home environment may play a role in the neurodevelopmental outcomes may prompt new family-directed interventions and anticipatory guidance for the families of children with Down syndrome who have a CHD.
Determinants of quality of life in children and adolescents with CHD: a systematic review
Authors: Drakouli Maria , Petsios Konstantinos , Giannakopoulou Margarita , Patiraki Elisabeth , Voutoufianaki Ioanna , Matziou Vasiliki
Published: February 2015

Purpose

This review aims to outline a systematic approach for the assessment of quality of life in children and adolescents with CHD and to cite its main determinants.

Methods

A systematic critical literature search in PubMed, Scopus, and Cinahl databases resulted in 954 papers published after 2000. After the quality assessment, 32 original articles met the inclusion criteria.

Results

Methodological quality of the included studies varied greatly, showing a moderate quality. Impaired quality of life was associated with more severe cardiac lesions. Children with CHD, after cardiac surgery, reported diminished quality of life concerning physical, psycho-social, emotional, and school functioning. The majority of clinical studies showed significant differences among children and their parents’ responses regarding their quality of life, with a tendency of children to report greater quality of life scores than their parents. According to our analysis, concerning children with CHD, the most cited determinants of their quality of life were as follows: (a) parental support; (b) lower socio-economic status; (c) limitations due to physical impairment; (d) sense of coherence; as well as (e) the level of child’s everyday anxiety and depression. These findings suggest that differences in quality of life issues may exist across lesion severities.

Conclusion

Quality of life in children with CHD should be assessed according to age; severity; therapeutic approach; acceptance of the disease; and personality features. Effective management and early recognition of significant impairments in quality of life could impact clinical outcomes in children with CHD.
Hospital Bed Surge Capacity in the Event of a Mass-Casualty Incident
Authors: Davis Daniel P. , Poste Jennifer C. , Hicks Toni , Polk Deanna , Rymer Thérèse E. , Jacoby Irving
Published: February 2015

Introduction:

Traditional strategies to determine hospital bed surge capacity have relied on cross-sectional hospital census data, which underestimate the true surge capacity in the event of a mass-casualtyincident.

Objective:

To determine hospital bed surge capacity for the County more accurately using physician and nurse manager assessments for the disposition of all in-patients at multiple facilities.

Methods:

Overnight- and day-shift nurse managers from each in-patient unit at four different hospitals were approached to make assessments for each patient as to their predicted disposition at 2, 24, and 72 hours post-event in the case of a mass-casualty incident, including transfer to a hypothetical, onsite nursing facility. Physicians at the two academic institutions also were approached for comparison. Age, gender, and admission diagnosis also were recorded for each patient.

Results:

A total of 1,741 assessments of 788 patients by 82 nurse managers aabnd 25 physicians from the four institutions were included. Nurse managers assessed approximately one-third of all patients as dischargeable at 24 hours and approximately one-half at 72 hours; one-quarter of the patients were assessed as being transferable to a hypothetical, on-site nursing facility at both time points. Physicians were more likely than werenurse managers to send patients to such a facility or discharge them, but less likely to transfer patients outof the intensive care unit (ICU). Inter-facility variability was explained by differences in the distribution of patient diagnoses.

Conclusions:

A large proportion of in-patients can be discharged within 24 and 72 hours in the event of a mass-casualty incident (MCI). Additional beds can be made available if an on-site nursing facility is made available. Both physicians and nurse managers should be included on the team that makes patient dispositions in the event of a MCI.