bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Classification of Groupers Genus Epinephelus with Description of Four Species for the First Time in the Iraqi Marine Waters
Authors: Almukhtar Mustafa Ahmed , Alfaisal Abass Jasim , Mustafa Fawzei , Hassan Audai Mohamed , Abdulgahni Sadjad , Hammed Tariq
Published: June 2022

This study was carried out to check the classification of the Groupers (Genus: Epinephelus), which considered as a main group in the marine Iraqi fisheries. Fishes were collected from Al- FAO city South of Al-Basrah, and from Basrah city fish market. Many Groupers species had been registered in Iraq, the largest registered number was thirteen species. Fifteen species were described in this study; four were described for the first time in Iraq, which were Epinephelus coioides, Epinephelus polylepis, Epinephelus epistictus and Epinephelus malabaricus. The presence and classification of other species had been confirmed, which include E. areolatus; Epinephelus bleekeri; Epinephelus diacanthus and Epinephelus stoliczkae. It was found that the presence of four species were suspicious, these are Epinephelus longispinis (Epinephelus fario); Epinephelus merra; Epinephelus fuscoguttatus and Epinephelus sexfasciatus. While other species were expected to be found, if more efforts will be done, and they were recognized by the fishermen to be found in the Iraqi fishing ground, these are Epinephelus coruleopunctatus, Epinephelus fasciatus and Epinephelus latifasciatus. Field classification key for some of the groupers in the Iraqi Marine waters ,were designed taking into account coloration pattern, morphological characteristics for quick identification of the species
IMPLEMENTASI PEMBELAJARAN BERBASIS AL ISLAM KEMUHAMMADIYAHAN DI TAMAN KANAK-KANAK
Authors: SUNDARI SRI , PURWANTO ANIM
Published: June 2022

The goal of this study was to explain the implementation of Al Islam Kemuhammadiyahan (AIK) early childhood learning at TK Aisyiyah Bustanul Athfal 84 West Jakarta in terms of the development of Islamic and Kemuhammadiyahan (AIK) religious education, the learning process, and learning outcomes. This is a qualitative study using a case study approach. This study included 39 kids' parents, Aisyiyah branch managers, principals, instructors, and teachers. Observation, interviews, and documentation were used to obtain data. Source triangulation and technical triangulation are data evaluation and validation approaches. The use of AlK learning is connected with the expansion of Islam and Muhammadiyah education through habituation activities such as reading daily prayers, reading iqra', ablution, and good behavior, according to research findings. In terms of student learning objectives, children are taught to acquire Islamic religious values and morals in everyday life through habituation exercises carried out on a regular basis utilizing curriculum materials such as worship, morality, muamalah, Al-Quran, and prayer. Furthermore, it is stated that AIK learning may be employed as a characteristic of school learning in kindergarten.
ABSTRAKTujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan pelaksanaan pembelajaran anak usia dini berbasis Al Islam Kemuhammadiyahan (AIK) di TK Aisyiyah Bustanul Athfal 84 Jakarta Barat ditinjau dari perkembangan pendidikan agama Islam dan Kemuhammadiyahan (AIK), proses pembelajaran, dan hasil belajar. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan teknik studi kasus. Pengelola cabang Aisyiyah, kepala sekolah, pengajar, dan orang tua dari 39 murid ikut ambil bagian dalam penelitian ini. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Triangulasi sumber dan triangulasi teknis adalah teknik untuk mengevaluasi dan memvalidasi data. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penerapan pembelajaran AlK terjalin dengan pertumbuhan agama Islam dan pendidikan Muhammadiyah melalui kegiatan pembiasaan seperti membaca doa harian, membaca iqra', wudhu, dan perilaku yang baik.  Dari segi hasil belajar siswa, anak dilatih untuk memperoleh nilai-nilai agama Islam dan akhlak yang baik dalam kehidupan sehari-hari melalui kegiatan pembiasaan yang dilakukan setiap hari dengan menggunakan materi kurikulum seperti ibadah, akhlak, muamalah, Al-Quran, dan sholat. Selanjutnya, disimpulkan bahwa pembelajaran AIK dapat digunakan di taman kanak-kanak sebagai fitur pembelajaran sekolah.
PENGGUNAAN EMOTIONAL FREEDOM TECHNIQUE (EFT) UNTUK MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR SISWA
Authors: HERMAWAN CECE
Published: June 2022

The purpose of this study was to determine the application of the Emotional Freedom Technique model to improve student learning outcomes in class VIII Mts. Darul Ulum YTM Tanjung Sari, Bogor Regency. and knowing the obstacles experienced by students regarding learning outcomes on prism and pyramid material. The method used in this study is a quasi-experimental method and data collection techniques with tests, questionnaires, and observations. The population in this study were students of class VIII Mts. Darul Ulum YTM Tanjung Sari, Bogor Regency. The sampling technique used was Cluster Random Sampling. The first hypothesis, the application of the Emotional Freedom Technique model can improve student learning outcomes in class VIII MTs. Darul Ulum YTM Tanjung Sari, Bogor Regency, was verified by looking at the results of the pretest and posttest. The average value of the initial test (pretest) in the EFT method class is 18,333 with an ability level of 18% which indicates a low level, while the average value of the final test (posttest) is 34,667 with an ability level of 34% which indicates a low level, in other words experienced an increase of 15% or 55. Based on these data, it can be seen that there was an increase in the learning process of students after using the Emotional Freedom Technique model. This shows a significant increase. Thus, the Emotional Freedom Technique model can improve student learning outcomes even though students experience obstacles.
ABSTRAKTujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui penerapan model Emotional Freedom Technique untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa pada siswa kelas VIII Mts. Darul Ulum YTM Tanjung Sari Kabupaten Bogor.dan mengetahui kendala yang dialami siswa mengenai hasil belajar pada materi prisma dan limas. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode quasi eksperimen dan teknik pengumpulan data dengan tes, angket, dan observasi. Populasi dalam penelitian ini siswa kelas VIII Mts. Darul Ulum YTM Tanjung Sari Kabupaten Bogor. Teknik pengambilan sampel dengan menggunakan Cluster Random Sampling. Hipotesis pertama, penerapan model Emotional Freedom Technique dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa pada kelas VIII MTs. Darul Ulum YTM Tanjung Sari Kabupaten Bogor teruji kebenarannya dengan melihat hasil pretest dan posttest. Nilai rata-rata tes awal (pretest) di kelas metode EFT yaitu 18.333 dengan tingkat kemampuan 18% yang menunjukan taraf rendah, sedangkan nilai rata-rata tes akhir (posttest) yaitu 34.667 dengan tingkat kemampuan 34% yang menunjukan taraf kurang, dengan kata lain mengalami peningkatan 15% atau 55. Berdasarkan data tersebut dapat diketahui terjadi peningkatan dalam proses pembelajaran pada siswa setelah menggunakan model Emotional Freedom Technique. Hal tersebut menunjukan adanya peningkatan yang signifikan. Dengan demikian, model Emotional Freedom Technique dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa meskipun siswa mengalami kendala.
IMPLEMENTASI STRUKTUR CERITA ARCHPLOT PADA FILM ANIMASI HYBRID BERJUDUL BHUMI
Authors: SURASA SURASA
Published: June 2022

The structure of the storyline archplot is a storyline that has a goal orientation where the occurrence of a good or bad event that makes a character's life change, encourages the desire of the character to struggle consciously or unconsciously to restore his life as before. Characters will be encouraged to undergo a missionary journey based on their desire to fight the forces of antagonism (inner, personal, extra-personal). Characters may or may not achieve their goals. Archplot has the characteristics of 3 acts, 6 stages and 5 turning points. These three rounds consist of beginning/Set-Up (act 1), middle confrontation (act 2), end resolution (act 3). While the six parts consist of Set-Up, new situation, progress, complications & higher stakes, final push, and aftermath. Then, the turning point of the story consists of opportunity, change of plans, point of no return, major setback and climax. The animated film “BHUMI” was made using hybrid animation techniques. This technique is a combination of two-dimensional and three-dimensional animation media.
ABSTRAKmerupakan alur cerita yang mempunyai orientasi tujuan dimana terjadinya suatu peristiwa baik atau buruk yang membuat kehidupan karakter berubah, mendorong keinginan dari karakter untuk berjuang secara sadar maupun tidak sadar untuk mengembalikan kehidupannya seperti semula. Karakter akan didorong untuk menjalani suatu perjalanan misi didasari keinginannya melawan kekuatan antagonisme (inner, personal, extra-personal). Karakter bisa atau tidak bisa mencapai tujuannya. Archplot mempunyai ciri-ciri terdapat 3 babak (acts), 6 bagian (stages) dan 5 titik balik cerita (turning points). Ketiga babak ini terdiri dari beginning/Set-Up (act 1), middle confrontation (act 2), end resolution (act 3). Sedangkan keenam bagian terdiri dari Set-Up, new situation, progress, complications & higher stakes, final push, dan aftermath. Lalu, titik balik cerita terdiri dari opportunity, change of plans, point of no return, major setback dan climax. Film animasi “BHUMI” ini dibuat dengan teknik animasi hybrid. Teknik ini merupakan kombinasi media animasi dua dimensi dan tiga dimensi.
MANAJEMEN SARANA PRASARANA DAN MUTU TENAGA PENDIDIK TERHADAP PENINGKATAN MUTU PEMBELAJARAN DI SMK SE-KECAMATAN SUKAMULYA KABUPATEN TANGERANG
Authors: ABDUROHMAN MOCHAMAD , SUPARDI SUPARDI , QURTUBI AHMAD
Published: June 2022

This study aims to determine the effect of management of facilities and infrastructure in improving the quality of learning in SMK throughout Sukamulya District, Kab. Tangerang, as well as to determine the quality of educators in improving the quality of learning in SMK throughout Sukamulya District, Kab. Tangerang. In conducting this research, the writer uses a quantitative approach with a research sample of 60 teachers, determines the size of the sample from SMK in one sub-district using the Slovin formula. Research data were taken through questionnaires, observations, and interviews. Analysis of the data used is descriptive analysis and quantitative analysis with SPSS 23.0 program. The results of the study can be concluded that, based on the results, it is known that tcount 4.372 is greater than ttable with a value of 4.06, with a significance level of 0.000 0.05, the conclusion that the hypothesis Ha is accepted and H0 is rejected, thus this hypothesis is accepted, because there is a relationship between Strategic management of madrasa principals with quality education. While the value of tcount 9.550 is greater than ttable 4.06 with a significance level of 0.000 less than 0.05 with the hypothesis Ha is accepted and Ho is rejected, with the conclusion that there is an influence between teacher performance in improving the quality of education
ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh manajemen sarana dan prasarana dalam meningkatkan mutu penmbelajaran di SMK Se-Kecamatan Sukamulya Kab. Tangerang, serta untuk mengetahui Mutu Tenaga Pendidik dalam meningkatkan mutu pembelajaran di SMK Se-Kecamatan Sukamulya Kab. Tangerang. Dalam melakukan penelitian ini penulis menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan sampel penelitian berjumlah 60 guru, menentukan besarnya ukuran sampel dari SMK di satu se-kecamatan dengan menggunakan  rumus Slovin. Data penelitian diambil melalui angket, observasi, dan wawancara. Analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis deskripsi dan analisis kuantitatif dengan program SPSS 23.0. Hasil penelitian dapat diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa, berdasarkan hasil nilai diketahui thitung 4,372 lebih besar dari ttabel dengan nilai 4,06, dengan taraf signifikansi 0,000 ? 0,05, kesimpulan hipotesisnya Ha diterima dan H0 ditolak, dengan demikian hipotesis ini diterima, karena ada hubungan antara Manajemen strategi kepala madrasah dengan mutu pendidikan. Sedangkan nilai thitung 9,550 lebih besar dari ttabel 4,06 dengan taraf signifikansi 0,000 kurang dari 0,05 dengan hipotesis Ha diterima dan Ho ditolak, dengan kesimpulan ada pengaruh antara kinerja guru dalam meningkatkan mutu pendidikan
PENDEKATAN STRUKTURAL THINK SQUARE SHARE (TSS) UNTUK MENINGKATKAN ACTIVE, JOYFUL, EFFECTIVE LEARNING (AJEL) MATERI BANGUN RUANG SISI LENGKUNG
Authors: KHOMSAH NUR HIDAYATUL
Published: June 2022

The problem of low learning activities and mathematics learning outcomes in class IXF MTsN 2 Purbalingga, will be overcome by using the Think Square Share learning approach, starting with individual work at the think stage, then in groups of four at the square stage and finally sharing with a presentation in front of the class. at the share stage. Active learning in this study can be achieved with a percentage of 62.44% in the medium category in the first cycle, the second cycle by 67.25% in the high category, and the third cycle in the high category by 69.69%. So TSS can increase student activity. Fun learning in this study can be achieved with a percentage of 62.18% in the high category in the first cycle, the second cycle by 66.00% in the high category, and in the third cycle by 68.16% in the high category.
ABSTRAKMasalah rendahnya aktivitas belajar dan hasil belajar matematika di kelas IXF MTsN 2 Purbalingga, akan diatasi dengan menggunakan pendekatan pembelajaran Think Square Share, yaitu diawali dengan kerja individu pada tahapan think, kemudian berkelompok empat-empat pada tahapan square dan yang terakhir berbagi dengan presentasi didepan kelas pada tahap share. Pembelajaran aktif pada penelitian ini dapat tercapai dengan persentase sebesar 62,44% kategori sedang pada siklus I, siklus II sebesar 67,25 % kategori tinggi, dan siklus III diperoleh 69,69 % kategori tinggi. Jadi TSS dapat meningkatkan keaktifan peserta didik. Pembelajaran menyenangkan pada penelitian ini dapat tercapai dengan persentase sebesar 62,18% kategori tinggi pada siklus I, siklus II sebesar 66,00% kategori tinggi, dan siklus III sebesar 68,16% kategori tinggi.
An Improved OSIRIS NO2 Profile Retrieval in the UTLS and Intercomparison with ACE-FTS and SAGE III/ISS
Authors: Dubé Kimberlee , Zawada Daniel , Bourassa Adam , Degenstein Doug , Randel William , Flittner David , Sheese Patrick , Walker Kaley
Published: June 2022

Abstract. The v7.2 NO2 retrieval for the Optical Spectrograph and InfraRed Imager System (OSIRIS) was designed to improve sensitivity in the Upper Troposphere-Lower Stratosphere (UTLS) and to reduce an observed low bias in the previous version, v6.0. The details of this retrieval are described, and then the data are compared to coincident NO2 profiles from the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment – Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS) and the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment III on the International Space Station (SAGE III/ISS). The the PRATMO photochemical box model was used to account for differences in the measurement times of the instruments: all datasets were scaled to the same local solar time of 12:00 pm. Coincident ACE-FTS and OSIRIS NO2 measurements agree within 20 % throughout much of the stratosphere. Coincident SAGE III/ISS and OSIRIS NO2 measurements also agree within 20 %, with OSIRIS biased low at all altitudes and latitudes. The ACE-FTS, OSIRIS, and SAGE III-ISS NO2 monthly zonal mean data show very similar variability in time at most altitude and latitudes.
How to develop new digital knowledge transfer products for communicating strategies and new ways towards a carbon-neutral Germany
Authors: Preuschmann Swantje , Blome Tanja , Görl Knut , Köhnke Fiona , Steuri Bettina , El Zohbi Juliane , Rechid Diana , Schultz Martin , Sun Jianing , Jacob Daniela
Published: June 2022

Abstract. Human-induced climate change is one of the most pressing challenges of our time. The Helmholtz Association is making essential research contributions to mitigate the causes and impacts of climate change and find ways to adapt. The “Net-Zero-2050” project, the Cluster I of the Helmholtz Climate Initiative, scientifically investigates and evaluates strategies and new ways to reduce, extract and permanently store carbon emissions. Two digital knowledge transfer products (DKTPs) were developed to present the complex research results comprehensively: (1) the “Net-Zero-2050 Web-Atlas” provides information on methods and technologies for CO2 reduction and possible reduction paths; (2) the “Soil Carbon App” provides simulated soil carbon data to estimate climate protection potentials through different land management methods. Both formats intend to support users in making informed decisions and developing appropriate climate neutrality strategies. During the two DKTPs development, common main challenges were identified regarding concepts and stakeholder involvement. Along with that, specific approaches to solving the tasks could be distilled for each product. In the still-evolving arena of digital knowledge transfer, no standard methods can be applied. At the same time, communication of climate research results to decision-makers is becoming more and more relevant. This paper extracts the challenges and gives approaches to facilitate a transfer of the gained experience to future similar projects.
Mechanistic modelling of the variability of methane emissions from an artificial reservoir
Authors: Lomov Victor , Stepanenko Victor , Grechushnikova Maria , Repina Irina
Published: June 2022

Abstract. We present the first mechanistic model LAKE2.3 for prediction of methane emissions from artificial reservoirs. Estimates of CH4 emissions from the Mozhaysk reservoir (Moscow region) surface provided by the model are demonstrated. The annual emission value was 361 tC-CH4 yr-1, the average flux 37.7 mgC-CH4 m-2 day-1. The methane emission according to the model were shown to be in good agreement with the observation data. The ebullition makes the largest contribution to the total emission (up to 95 %). During the heating period, an increase of methane emission is observed both in the model and empirical data with a maximum before the onset of the autumn overturn. Effective parameter for calibrating the diffusion component of methane flux in the model is the potential rate of methane oxidation in the Michaelis-Menten reaction, and the same for ebullition is the temperature dependence parameter for methane production in bottom sediments – q10.
Equatorial waves resolved by balloon-borne Global Navigation Satellite System Radio Occultation in the Strateole-2 Campaign
Authors: Cao Bing , Haase Jennifer S. , Murphy Michael J. , Alexander M. Joan , Bramberger Martina , Hertzog Albert
Published: June 2022

Abstract. Current climate models have difficulty representing realistic wave-mean flow interactions, partly because the contribution from waves with fine-vertical scales is poorly known. There are few direct observations of these waves and most models have difficulty resolving them. This observational challenge cannot be addressed by satellite or sparse ground-based methods. The Strateole-2 long-duration stratospheric superpressure balloons that drift with the horizontal wind on constant density surfaces provide a unique platform for wave observations across a broad range of spatial and temporal scales. For the first time, balloon-borne Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) radio occultation (RO) is used to provide high vertical resolution equatorial wave observations. By tracking navigation signal refractive delays from GPS satellites near the horizon, 40–50 temperature profiles were retrieved daily, from balloon flight altitude (∼20 km) down to 6–8 km altitude, forming an orthogonal pattern of observations over a broad area (±400–500 km) surrounding the flight track. The refractivity profiles show an excellent agreement of better than 0.2 % with co-located radiosonde, spaceborne COSMIC-2 RO and reanalysis products. The 200–500 m vertical resolution and consecutive sampling in time and space make it possible to extract properties of Kelvin waves to shorter period gravity waves with vertical wavelengths as short as 2–3 km. A short dataset from the extra Galileo and GLONASS constellations demonstrates the feasibility to nearly double the sampling density in planned follow-on campaigns. The results will contribute to improved estimates of momentum forces for wave driving of the Quasi-biennial Oscillation (QBO) and improved QBO representation in models, and illustrate the importance of measuring intrinsic period in the Lagrangian reference frame.
A map of global peatland extent created using machine learning (Peat-ML)
Authors: Melton Joe R. , Chan Ed , Millard Koreen , Fortier Matthew , Winton R. Scott , Martín-López Javier M. , Cadillo-Quiroz Hinsby , Kidd Darren , Verchot Louis V.
Published: June 2022

Abstract. Peatlands store large amounts of soil carbon and freshwater, constituting an important component of the global carbon and hydrologic cycles. Accurate information on the global extent and distribution of peatlands is presently lacking but is needed by Earth system models (ESMs) to simulate the effects of climate change on the global carbon and hydrologic balance. Here, we present Peat-ML, a spatially continuous global map of peatland fractional coverage generated using machine learning (ML) techniques suitable for use as a prescribed geophysical field in an ESM. Inputs to our statistical model follow drivers of peatland formation and include spatially distributed climate, geomorphological and soil data, and remotely sensed vegetation indices. Available maps of peatland fractional coverage for 14 relatively extensive regions were used along with mapped ecoregions of non-peatland areas to train the statistical model. In addition to qualitative comparisons to other maps in the literature, we estimated model error in two ways. The first estimate used the training data in a blocked leave-one-out cross-validation strategy designed to minimize the influence of spatial autocorrelation. That approach yielded an average r2 of 0.73 with a root-mean-square error and mean bias error of 9.11 % and −0.36 %, respectively. Our second error estimate was generated by comparing Peat-ML against a high-quality, extensively ground-truthed map generated by Ducks Unlimited Canada for the Canadian Boreal Plains region. This comparison suggests our map to be of comparable quality to mapping products generated through more traditional approaches, at least for boreal peatlands.
Bias adjustment and downscaling of snow cover fraction projections from regional climate models using remote sensing for the European Alps
Authors: Matiu Michael , Hanzer Florian
Published: June 2022

Abstract. Mountain seasonal snow cover is undergoing major changes due to global climate change. Assessments of future snow cover usually rely on physically based models, and often include post-processed meteorology. Alternatively, we here propose a direct statistical adjustment of snow cover fraction from regional climate models by using long-term remote-sensing observations. We compared different bias-adjustment routines (delta change, quantile mapping, and quantile delta mapping) and explored a downscaling based on historical observations for the Greater Alpine Region in Europe. All bias-adjustment methods account for systematic biases, for example due to topographic smoothing, and reduce model spread in future projections. The
trend-preserving methods delta change and quantile delta mapping were found
to be more suitable for snow cover fraction than quantile mapping. Averaged over the study region and whole year, snow cover fraction decreases from 12.5 % in 2001–2020 to 10.4 % (8.9 %, 11.5 %; model spread) in 2071–2100 under RCP2.6 (representative concentration pathway), and to 6.4 % (4.1 %, 7.8 %) under RCP8.5 (bias-adjusted estimates from quantile delta mapping). In addition, changes strongly depended on season and elevation. The comparison of the statistical downscaling to a high-resolution physically based model yields similar results for the elevation range covered by the climate models, but different elevation gradients of change above and below. Downscaling showed overall potential but requires further research. Since climate model and remote-sensing observations are available globally, the proposed methods are potentially widely applicable but are limited to snow cover fraction.
Hydrological concept formation inside long short-term memory (LSTM) networks
Authors: Lees Thomas , Reece Steven , Kratzert Frederik , Klotz Daniel , Gauch Martin , De Bruijn Jens , Kumar Sahu Reetik , Greve Peter , Slater Louise , Dadson Simon J.
Published: June 2022

Abstract. Neural networks have been shown to be extremely effective rainfall-runoff models, where the river discharge is predicted from meteorological inputs. However, the question remains: what have these models learned? Is it possible to extract information about the learned relationships that map inputs to outputs, and do these mappings represent known hydrological concepts? Small-scale experiments have demonstrated that the internal states of long short-term memory networks (LSTMs), a particular neural network architecture predisposed to hydrological modelling, can be interpreted. By extracting the tensors which represent the learned translation from inputs (precipitation, temperature, and potential evapotranspiration) to outputs (discharge), this research seeks to understand what information the LSTM captures about the hydrological system. We assess the hypothesis that the LSTM replicates real-world processes and that we can extract information about these processes from the internal states of the LSTM. We examine the cell-state vector, which represents the memory of the LSTM, and explore the ways in which the LSTM learns to reproduce stores of water, such as soil moisture and snow cover. We use a simple regression approach to map the LSTM state vector to our target stores (soil moisture and snow). Good correlations (R2>0.8) between the probe outputs and the target variables of interest provide evidence that the LSTM contains information that reflects known hydrological processes comparable with the concept of variable-capacity soil moisture stores. The implications of this study are threefold: (1) LSTMs reproduce known hydrological processes. (2) While conceptual models have theoretical assumptions embedded in the model a priori, the LSTM derives these from the data. These learned representations are interpretable by scientists. (3) LSTMs can be used to gain an estimate of intermediate stores of water such as soil moisture. While machine learning interpretability is still a nascent field and our approach reflects a simple technique for exploring what the model has learned, the results are robust to different initial conditions and to a variety of benchmarking experiments. We therefore argue that deep learning approaches can be used to advance our scientific goals as well as our predictive goals.
Large landslides and glacial lakes: a new chapter of the Patagonian Ice Sheet story
Authors: Pánek Tomáš , Břežný Michal , Schönfeldt Elisabeth , Winocur Diego
Published: June 2022

Although ice retreat is widely considered to be an important factor in landslide origin, many links between deglaciation and slope instabilities are yet to be discovered. Here we focus on the origin and chronology of exceptionally large landslides situated along the eastern margin of the former Patagonian Ice Sheet (PIS). Accumulations of the largest rock avalanches in the former PIS territory are concentrated in the Lago Pueyrredón valley at the eastern foothills of the Patagonian Andes in Argentina. Long-runout landslides have formed along the rims of sedimentary and volcanic mesetas, but also on the slopes of moraines from the Last Glacial Maximum. At least two rock avalanches have volumes greater than 1 km3 and many other landslide accumulations have volumes in the order of tens to hundreds of million m3. Using cross-cutting relationships with glacial and lacustrine sediments and using OSL and 14C dating, we found that the largest volume of landslides occurred between ~17 and ~11 ka. This period coincides with the most rapid phase of PIS retreat, the greatest intensity of glacial isostatic uplift, and the existence of a dropping glacial lake along the foothills of the Patagonian Andes. The position of paleoshorelines in the landslide bodies and, in many places, folded and thrusted lacustrine sediments at the contact with rock avalanche deposits indicate that the landslides collapsed directly into the glacial lake. Although the landslides along the former glacial lobe of Lago Pueyrredón continue today, they are at least an order of magnitude smaller than the rock and debris avalanches that occurred before the drainage of the glacial lake around 10-11 ka. Preliminary numerical modeling results indicate that large postglacial landslides may have been triggered by a combination of rapid sequential glacial lake drawdowns and seismicity due to glacial isostatic adjustment. We conclude that in addition to direct links such as glacial oversteepening, debuttressing and permafrost degradation, the retreat of ice sheets and the subsequent formation of transient large glacial lakes can fundamentally alter stability conditions, especially if the slopes are built by weak sedimentary and volcanic rocks.
Permafrost and large slope instabilities – observations, models and implications
Authors: Etzelmuller Bernd
Published: June 2022

Large unstable rock slopes (LURS) are common in formerly and present glaciated mountain environments. Many of these instabilities started moving or failed shortly after deglaciation due to debutressing. However, many LURS failed long after deglaciation or showed varying creep velocities during Holocene. This has been partly attributed to warming and thawing of permafrost, which might influence rock slope stability. This presentation reviews recent studies on the relation of permafrost distribution and rock slope stability in Norwegian mountains, summarizing new observations, models and interpretations, in cooperation with the Norwegian Geological Survey (NGU), The Norwegian Water and Energy Directorate (NVE), University College of Western Norway, Technical University in Munich (Germany), University of Tromsø and EDTYM (France). 
Quantifying the Rapid Expansion and Outburst Susceptibility of Cascading Moraine-dammed lakes in the Sikkim Himalaya: The Case of Gurudongmar Lake Complex
Authors: Chowdhury Arindam , Kroczek Tomáš , De Sunil Kumar , Vilímek Vít , Sharma Milap Chand , Debnath Manasi
Published: June 2022

The ongoing retreat of glaciers in the Sikkim Himalaya as a result of climate change (Racoviteanu et al., 2015; Chowdhury et al., 2021) has far-reaching implications for the development and expansion of glacial lakes. Gurudongmar lake complex (GLC) represents a typical paternoster lake system, resembling a series of glacial lakes connected by single or braided streams with a surface or subsurface drainage system. A detailed study of the GLC evolution and outburst susceptibility assessment is required. Glacial lake volume estimation and lake outburst susceptibility assessment were carried out to reveal different characteristics for all four lakes (GL-1, GL-2, GL-3, and GL-4) from the lake complex. Each of these lakes has a moderate to very high potential to outburst. As the dam of GL-1 provides no retention capacity, there is a very high potential of a combined effect with the sudden failure of the moraine-dams of GL-2 or GL-3 located upstream. Temporal analysis of GLC using optical remote sensing data and in-field investigations revealed a rapidly increasing total lake area by ~74 ± 3%, with an expansion rate of +0.03 ± 0.002 km2 a–1 between 1962 and 2018 due to climate change and ongoing glacier retreat. The overall lake area expansion rates are dependent on climate-driven factors, and constantly increasing average air temperature is responsible for the enlargement of the lake areas. Simultaneously, changes in GLC expansion velocity are driven by changes in the total amount of precipitation. The deficit in precipitation probably triggered the initial higher rate from 1962 to 1988 during the winter and spring seasons. The post-1990s positive anomaly in precipitation might have reduced the rate of the glacial lake area expansion considerably.
The Inception Horizon Hypothesis applied to karst development in the Burren: linking subsurface to surface
Authors: Watson Robert A. , Fiaschi Simone , Holohan Eoghan P.
Published: June 2022

The Inception Horizon Hypothesis (IHH) was developed to explain the spatial distribution of subsurface karst features. In large cave systems, passages are commonly developed within quite narrow elevation ‘levels’ that correlate with stratigraphic horizons (bedding planes) between lithologically distinct limestone beds. These horizons guide the first phases of speleogenesis and, combined with structural surfaces such as faults and joints, provide a framework for speleogenesis in a karst area. Despite the established link between speleogenesis and surface karst landforms, the IHH has not been extended thus far to explain the development of surface karst geomorphology. Using the example of the world-renowned limestone karst area of the Burren in Co. Clare, Western Ireland, we here show that an ‘inception framework’ concept can be used to explain the evolution of both subsurface and surface karst features.

Over 60 km of cave passages have been previously mapped in the Burren. Speleogenesis is guided by both stratigraphic and structural surfaces. Some limestone units contain numerous paleokarstic surfaces, as well as thin non-carbonate horizons (‘clay wayboards’), along which cave passages are preferentially developed. Additionally, a suite of sub-vertical, north-north-east orientated veins, associated with the Variscan orogenic stress field, are vertically persistent through the entire limestone sequence. These calcite or silica-rich veins guide cave passage formation for several kilometres over a vertical range of > 100 m in some cases.

We conducted a new mapping of the surface karst in the Burren, with a focus on the distribution and morphology of enclosed depressions (dolines and uvalas). High-resolution remote sensing datasets, consisting of optical aerial imagery and associated digital surface models, were acquired for the Burren’s entire 250 km2 area in 2017. We have used these data, complimented by fieldwork, to record over 2500 karst depressions, representing a 25-fold increase on the existing database (109 dolines were recorded previously). We also performed a morphometric analysis to elucidate the primary controls on depression distribution and form. Our new data demonstrate that evolution of the surface karst geomorphology in the Burren, like the subsurface karst, is also primarily controlled by an inception framework comprising key stratigraphic horizons and structural surfaces (vein-associated lineaments).
"Simply the best": searching for the world's top geotourism destinations
Authors: Gray Murray
Published: June 2022

Several attempts have been made over recent years to list the world’s top tourism, nature or geological sites. In this presentation an attempt will be made to identify the world’s 10 top geotourism destinations, with alternative sites in some cases, using the criteria of visual impact, site quality, educational potential and reasonable tourist accessibility. An additional requirement is to ensure that the list presents sites that are both internally geodiverse and represents the world’s geodiversity as far as this is possible in a limited assessment. The list has also been designed to include sites from all the continents. Most of the sites are geomorphologically based. The proposed list of sites is intended to be the start rather than the end of a process that may eventually lead to an internationally endorsed list of the world’s top geotourism destinations that can be used to raise the public profile of geology/geomorphology, geotourism and geoheritage.
Sediment transport connectivity and its response in the fluvial ecosystem detected with high-resolution data
Authors: Rusnák Miloš , Lehotský Milan , Kidová Anna , Kaňuk Ján , Šašak Ján , Labaš Peter , Michaleje Lukáš , Sládek Ján
Published: June 2022

The sediment transport is crucial for maintaining a good ecological condition of the aquatic ecosystem. Moreover, the study of sediment transport requires multitemporal and multiscale approaches using more sophisticated tools, such as precise imaging and generation of novel 3D technology, calculation elevation model, tracer particles analyses, ground-penetrating radar recording, grain size analyses etc. Consequently, transitioning from local to catchment scale, using high-resolution topography datasets, is the main challenge for system linkage identification using numerical methods and an exhaustive inventory of processes involved in the sediment cascade. The sediment bedload transport monitoring and analyses of spatio-temporal variability of this process were studied in the natural, braided-wandering river system of the Belá River with a multi-channel planform. High-resolution data collection from UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) and TLS (Terrestrial Laser Scanning) will be used for detailed topographic model and point cloud generation. Channel bathymetry was calculated from drone imagery and field inventory depth data. Historical aerial photographs were used for long-term channel adjustment and represent the horizontal extent of sedimentation with the impact of vegetation cover. Historical analyses have shown that pattern dynamics activate channel-floodplain movement and initiate a sediment cascade. Sediment supply to the channels correlates with the magnitude of flood events (maximum discharge, cumulative discharge, cumulative discharge higher than RI1.5, and duration of discharges higher than RI1.5) and lateral migration is the main factor controlling system. During the one specific reach survey from March 2016 to November 2018, were transported 10,103 m3 (25,964 tonnes) of fine-grained sediment into the river channel and intensive bed incisions accelerated into the channel bedrock.   
Identification and assessment of sediment sources and sediment transfer processes in a Mediterranean Agroecosystem in the Northern Apennines, Italy 
Authors: La Licata Manuel , Bettoni Manuele , Bosino Alberto , Maerker Michael
Published: June 2022

The management of Mediterranean agroecosystems is crucial to prevent, reduct, and mitigate sediment-related threats like soil erosion, water quality issues, or reservoir sedimentation. Hence, the assessment of sediment connectivity and sediment dynamics at catchment scale is essential for identifying hotspot areas susceptible to sediment loss. Therefore, the identification of type, extent, and location of sediment sources and the analysis of the connectivity between these sources and the channel network are a prerequisite for assessing sediment yield and transport. This study is aimed at elaborating an integrated georeferenced inventory map of sediment landforms and evaluating sediment (dis)connectivity within a Mediterranean agricultural catchment located in Val d’Arda (Northern Apennines, Italy). We performed extensive geomorphic field surveys together with the application of remote and proximal sensing methods in order to identify and characterize the dominant processes involved in the sediment production and transportation throughout the catchment. Based on a detailed terrain analysis using a high-resolution DTM we quantified the physical (structural) linkages between catchment compartments, sediment sources and the drainage pattern following a morphometric connectivity approach. Our study revealed that the Val d’Arda catchment is widely characterized by several large active landslides, in particular complex earthflows and mudflows, but also wide dormant coalescent landslides with small evidence of intermittent reactivation, which are directly linked to the channel network. The terrain analysis highlights clear evidence about the role of such geomorphic processes in shaping the topographic features of the catchment, e.g. their influence on the steepness of the slopes and the lateral morphological evolution of the fluvial system. The processes active in the study area are highly influenced by the structural sediment connectivity and present high spatio-temporally variability. Moreover, we identified several rill-interril, piping and gully systems, whose genesis and evolution appeared to be mainly controlled by lithology and land-use. In some cases these systems have evolved into badlands, with a high potential in terms of soil loss and sediment production. On the other hand, several badlands’ systems are stabilizing, showing revegetation processes, becoming active only due to shallow mudflows. In this study we show that the comparison between the sediment landforms and topography-based connectivity maps allows to highlight the main processes involved in the sediment production and their role in downslope transfer of sediments.
Assessment of fire effects to flood susceptibility: the case of the summer 2021 forest fires in Greece
Authors: Evelpidou Niki , Karkani Anna , Tzouxanioti Maria , Spyrou Evangelos , Gavalas Theodore , Saitis Giannis , Petropoulos Alexandros
Published: June 2022

Greece, as the rest of the Mediterranean countries, faces wildland fires every year. Besides their short-term socioeconomic impacts, the ecological destruction and the loss of human lives, forest fires also increase the burnt areas’ susceptibility to floods, as the vegetation, which acted in a protective way against runoff and soil erosion, is massively removed. Among the most severe wildland fire events in Greece were those of summer 2021, which were synchronous to very severe heat waves that hit the broader area of the Balkan Peninsula. More than 3,600 Km2 of land were burnt and a significant amount of natural vegetation was removed. Four of the burnt areas are examined in this work, namely Attica, Northern Euboea, the Peloponnese, and Rhodes in order to assess their susceptibility to future flood events. The burnt areas were mapped, and their geological and geomorphological features were studied, while flood risk assessment was accomplished through logical rules applied in G.I.S. In this work we present the results of the flood risk assessment.
Anthropocene erosion dynamics and sediment connectivity in a central Italy landscape with badlands
Authors: Vergari Francesca , Troiani Francesco , Cavalli Marco , Faulkner Hazel , Del Monte Maurizio
Published: June 2022

In the Mediterranean region, natural soil loss susceptibility is enhanced by human pressure, that has a long history and seems to be the main driver of changes in sediment supply during the Anthropocene. Badland areas in non-arid landscapes can be ideal sites to investigate the role of human activities in triggering erosion processes in the current context of global change, as their origin has been related to scenarios of widespread land degradation. So far, little attention has been given to the relationship between slope processes and river morphodynamics in badland landscapes. In this context, the exploration of sediment connectivity can be informative, considering the rapid morphoevolution and consequent off-site effects.

Anthropocene hillslope morphodynamics and sediment connectivity within a representative badland area located in southern Tuscany (Italy) was explored, in order to better delineate the recent erosion dynamics. The relative importance of the role of man activities in the medium-term landscape evolution and how far it can be connected to the triggering and/or mitigation of hillslope processes is discussed.

In order to achieve these general purposes, the research approach included i) a multitemporal survey of the erosion dynamics at catchment scale, ii) the analysis of the land use changes during the last century and iii) the geomorphometric indexing of the structural connectivity of a representative catchment located in the Upper Orcia River valley, starting from a 1 m resolution DEM (Digital Elevation Model) derived from LiDAR (Laser Detection and Ranging).

Starting from the mid-20th century, the area has been subjected to artificial reforestation with conifers (performed mainly on upland areas), impressive land reclamation (many badland areas have been levelled due to the enlargement of croplands), pasture decrease as a consequence of rural land abandonment, with the subsequent increase in the vegetation cover. Everything merges with a recent reduction of hillslope denudation rates, that can be related to the observed channel adjustments during the last decades.

Outcomes of this research can be useful for a deeper comprehension of the effects of man-induced changes on the slope-channel systems and, in a wider context, can be helpful for supporting the decision making in a perspective of sustainable development.
Response of a Large Periglacial River to the current Climate Change
Authors: Gautier Emmanuèle , Dépret Thomas , Thommeret Nathalie , Costard François , Mousset Marie , Konstantinov Pavel , Fedorov Alexander , Virmoux Clément
Published: June 2022

Recent evidence has shown that Arctic regions have warmed about twice as much as elsewhere on the planet over the last decades, and that high-latitude periglacial processes and hydrological systems are deeply impacted by rising temperatures. The study presents recent results concerning the fluvial dynamics of a large periglacial river, the Lena River. The Lena river drains a large basin (2.9 million km²) entirely occupied by permafrost (77% with a deep and continuous permafrost). We had previously demonstrated that in the Lena basin, the climate change induces important increase in the river water discharge, that destabilizes the fluvial bed. Here we focus on the fluvial islands dynamics by examining islands with permafrost and islands without permafrost, such comparison being considered as a good indicator of the sensitivity of the hydrosytem to climate change. Island changes are precisely examined: morphological parameters of about 100 islands are surveyed using a GIS on seven series of aerial photographs and satellite images of a 100 km-long reach, for the 1967 – 2017 period. Furthermore, data obtained on several monitored islands allow to analyze the control factors.

Field surveys and monitoring of islands shows that within a zone of thick and continuous permafrost, the Lena floodplain is far from being thermally and geomorphologically homogenous: the floodplain rather consists of a juxtaposition of seasonally frozen islands and permanently frozen islands.  First, the analysis demonstrates that the two types of islands present different dynamics in terms of erosion and sedimentation. A major change is observed for islands with permafrost at the beginning of the 21st century: they clearly underwent a stronger erosion for the last twenty years. During the same period, numerous small and non-frozen islands have been formed. Second, the morphological parameters are analyzed with respect to factors that play a major part: water discharge (duration of bar-full, bankfull and flood discharges, number and season of flood peaks…) and temperature of the river water and of the island ground. The submersion of islands during flooding do not deeply modify the thermal regime within the island ground. However, the duration of the discharge exceeding the bar-full level can induce a marked erosion of island bank, especially in summer. Thus, our study highlights the complexity of large river responses across Arctic periglacial environments.