bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Valid Items for Screening Dysphagia Risk in Patients With Stroke
Authors: Daniels Stephanie K. , Anderson Jane A. , Willson Pamela C.
Published: February 2012

Background and Purpose—

Screening for dysphagia is essential to the implementation of preventive therapies for patients with stroke. A systematic review was undertaken to determine the evidence-based validity of dysphagia screening items using instrumental evaluation as the reference standard.

Methods—

Four databases from 1985 through March 2011 were searched using the terms cerebrovascular disease, stroke deglutition disorders, and dysphagia. Eligibility criteria were: homogeneous stroke population, comparison to instrumental examination, clinical examination without equipment, outcome measures of dysphagia or aspiration, and validity of screening items reported or able to be calculated. Articles meeting inclusion criteria were evaluated for methodological rigor. Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive capabilities were calculated for each item.

Results—

Total source documents numbered 832; 86 were reviewed in full and 16 met inclusion criteria. Study quality was variable. Testing swallowing, generally with water, was the most commonly administered item across studies. Both swallowing and nonswallowing items were identified as predictive of aspiration. Neither swallowing protocols nor validity were consistent across studies.

Conclusions—

Numerous behaviors were found to be associated with aspiration. The best combination of nonswallowing and swallowing items as well as the best swallowing protocol remains unclear. Findings of this review will assist in development of valid clinical screening instruments.
Crucifixion as Spectacle in Roman Campania
Authors: Cook John Granger
Published: February 2012

Abstract

Four artifacts from ancient Campania illuminate Roman crucifixion: a notice in Pompeii announcing the execution of some individuals by crucifixion in Cumae during a gladiatorial spectacle; the lex Puteolana which regulated both the crucifixion at private expense of slaves and public crucifixions in that town; the lex Cumana which probably regulated crucifixion there; and a graffito in a taberna of Puteoli that appears to be the oldest surviving Roman portrayal of crucifixion in existence. This evidence provides those in the guild of New Testament studies with additional tools for understanding the scandalous nature of Paul’s gospel of the crucified Christ.
“The Same Fate Is in Store for the Righteous and the Wicked:” Form and Content in Midreshei Aggadah
Authors: Atzmon Arnon
Published: February 2012

Abstract

Over the years, scholars have adopted two parallel approaches to studying midrash aggadah. One approach, investigates questions relating to the compilations themselves, and the other approach focuses on the composition of the smaller, nuclear, midrashic units. The petiḥta or proem has been studied extensively by adherents of both approaches. In this paper, I argue that a flexible model is the one most appropriate for describing the petiḥta: a model which simultaneously utilizes both approaches.

In the course of this paper, I studied one derasha, a petiḥta, and its subsequent evolution in several different compositions (Leviticus Rabbah; Tanḥuma Aharei Mot; Tanḥuma Va-Etchanan). By conducting that comparative study of the derasha, I achieved a fuller understanding of it both in terms of the proem as a product of oral discourse and in terms of the proem’s literary redaction within the context of the midrashic compositions. Ultimately, a better understanding of the petiḥta’s formulation and its Sitz im Leben contributes to our understanding of its contents and allows us to reveal the message that either the darshan or the redactor was attempting to convey.
The LXX Myth and the Rise of Textual Fixity
Authors: Borchardt Francis
Published: February 2012

Abstract

This brief study investigates the desire for a fixed textual form as it pertains to scripture in the Judean tradition. It particularly delves into this phenomenon in three early versions of the Septuagint origin myth. This paper argues that this myth is invaluable for the study of transmission and reception of scripture, as it is one of the earliest testimonies to the desire for a scriptural text to be frozen. By highlighting the ways the author of the Letter of Aristeas, Philo, and Josephus deal with the issue of textual fixity in the origin myth, this study aims to elucidate the range of opinions held by Judeans concerning the process of transmission of their holy books.
Fisheries Regulation in the Maritime Zones of Svalbard
Authors: Molenaar E.J.
Published: February 2012

Abstract

The main focus of this article is the regulation of fishing in the maritime zones of Svalbard in light of both the Spitsbergen Treaty and the international law of the sea. It examines the legal positions of Norway, other states and the European Commission/European Union on, inter alia, the spatial scope of the Spitsbergen Treaty and complements this with analyses of relevant (sub-)regional and bilateral fisheries instruments and Norwegian legislation. These analyses illustrate, inter alia, that the practice of many states and entities involved seeks to reconcile legal positions on the spatial scope of the Spitsbergen Treaty with a raft of other interests. The conclusions also devote attention to possible pathways to resolve diverging positions, as well as to the potential for Norway to address the issue of unregulated fisheries in the context of the rapid pace of climate change in the Arctic.
Territorial Sovereignty Issues in Maritime Disputes: A Jurisdictional Dilemma for Law of the Sea Tribunals
Authors: Buga Irina
Published: February 2012

Abstract

It is unclear whether Law of the Sea tribunals under the Law of the Sea Convention (LOSC, or the Convention) have jurisdiction to determine maritime boundary disputes involving concurrent land sovereignty issues. The text of the Convention and case law are silent in this respect. The only reference is in LOSC Article 298(1)(a)(i), which allows States to make declarations exempting maritime delimitations from compulsory dispute settlement, excluding concurrent territorial questions even from conciliation. However, it leaves unclear whether concurrent land sovereignty issues are also excluded in the absence of such declarations. There are indications that LOS tribunals may be able to decide ancillary land issues so long as these do not constitute the ‘very subject-matter’ of the dispute, or rely on an alternative jurisdictional basis. The question of competence over mixed disputes may be less extensive in effect than is often believed. States should not avoid initiating proceedings based on the view that LOS tribunals might not ultimately exercise jurisdiction.
A Model for Integrated Coastal Management Legislation: A Principled Analysis of New Zealand’s Resource Management Act 1991
Authors: Makgill Robert A. , Rennie Hamish G.
Published: February 2012

Abstract

In this article we set out the key components of Integrated Coastal Management (ICM) legislation and show how the Resource Management Act 1991 (RMA) implements ICM in New Zealand. We briefly discuss why ICM is needed and the definition of ICM. We then identify the key tools for delivering ICM, and outline three general components that we consider need to be provided for in any successful legislative framework for ICM, namely: policy goals, legislative provision and decision-making bodies. Next we discuss five specific kinds of tools that we consider an ICM legal framework should make provision for in order to give effect to ICM in decision making. We finish by acknowledging that the ability of ICM to successfully manage intensive use and conflict is not without criticism, and briefly considering these criticisms in light of New Zealand’s experience with the RMA.
Individual Criminal Responsibility before the International Criminal Court
Authors: Goy Barbara
Published: February 2012

For more than 15 years the two ad hoc Tribunals, the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), have interpreted the requirements of different forms of individual criminal responsibility. It is thus helpful to look at whether and to what extent the jurisprudence of the ICTY/ICTR may provide guidance to the International Criminal Court (ICC). To this end, this article compares the requirements of individual criminal responsibility at the ICTY/ICTR and the ICC. The article concludes that, applied with caution, the jurisprudence of the ICTY/ICTR – as an expression of international law – can assist in interpreting the modes of liability under the ICC Statute. ICTY/ICTR case law seems to be most helpful with regard to accessorial forms of liability, in particular their objective elements. Moreover, it may assist in interpreting the subjective requirements set out in Article 30 ICC Statute.
A Long Path toward Reconciliation and Accountability: A Truth and Reconciliation Commission and a Special Chamber for Burundi?
Authors: Crippa Matteo
Published: February 2012

The recent history of Burundi is characterized by cyclical ethnic strife between the Hutu majority, comprising approximately 85 per cent of the population, and the Tutsi. A peace agreement was signed in 2000, and in 2005 the UN recommended the establishment of a dual mechanism, namely a non-judicial accountability mechanism in the form of a truth commission, and a judicial accountability mechanism in the form of a special chamber. Little progress toward their establishment was achieved, however, with the process stalled by outbreaks of violence and the country’s fragmented political milieu. In 2011, significant momentum has been gained with the completion of a country-wide consultation process and the resumption of negotiations between the government and the UN. Building upon these developments, this article reviews the architecture of the proposed mechanism and sets forth various considerations for the creation of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission and the Special Chamber for Burundi.
What Is So Special About Jus Cogens? – On the Difference between the Ordinary and the Peremptory International Law
Authors: Linderfalk Ulf
Published: February 2012

Abstract

What, exactly, is it about jus cogens that distinguishes it from ordinary international law? In answering this question, international lawyers usually resort to the “the Legal-Consequences-as-Criterion Theory”: while ordinary international law can be rebutted or modified in accordance with the duly expressed will of states, jus cogens norms permit no derogation and allow modification only by the creation of a new norm having the same character. In the present essay, this theory is subjected to analysis and assessment. Section 2 inquires into the relationship between the Legal-Consequences-as-Criterion Theory and the general definition of jus cogens reflected in Article 53 of the 1969 Vienna Convention. As argued, Article 53 is entirely reliant upon the validity of the Legal-Consequences-as-Criterion Theory. Sections 3 and 4 inquire into the assumptions underlying this same Theory. As argued, the Theory does not provide good reasons for the distinction between jus cogens and ordinary international law.
Refutation and Desire: European Perceptions of Shamanism in the Late Eighteenth Century*
Authors: Stuckrad Kocku von
Published: February 2012

The article discusses learned debates that evolved at the end of the eighteenth century in Europe about the interpretation of shamanism. Intellectuals, philosophers, and enlightened monarchs engaged in controversies about shamanism that were clearly linked to Enlightenment ideals of rationality and religious critique. The article addresses the ambivalence of ‘refutation and desire’ in French, German, and Russian responses to shamanism, with special attention to the French Encyclopedists, Johann Gottfried Herder, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, and Catherine the Great. The controversies reveal the intrinsic tension of the European project of ‘modernity’: what was discussed as ‘shamanism,’ ultimately turned out to be the result of European self-reflection.
Phylogenetic analysis of the subgenus Kerteszia of Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae: Anophelinae) based on morphological characters
Authors: COLLUCCI ELIANA
Published: February 2012

Collucci, E. & Sallum, M. A. M.: Phylogenetic analysis of the subgenus Kerteszia of Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae: Anophelinae) based on morphological characters. Insect Syst.
Evol. 34: 361-372. Copenhagen, December 2003. ISSN 1399-560X.

A phylogenetic analysis was carried out for 12 species of Anopheles (Kerteszia) Theobald with Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) oswaldoi (Peryassü), An.
(Stethomyia)
kompi Edwards and An. (Lophopodomyia) squamifemur Antunes as outgroup species. Sixty-six characters were coded from the external morphology of the adult male, adult female, fourth-instar larva and pupa, and analyzed under the parsimony criterion using PAUP. The results confirm that Kerteszia, and the clade Kerteszia
+ Nyssorhynchus, are both monophyletic. Bootstrap support was ≥ 50% for all internal nodes, except for the (An. bellator + An.
homunculus) clade which was < 50%. The results of this study allow a confident estimate of the relationships of species within Kerteszia.
Early evolution of a unique structure: a fossil water measurer from Baltic amber (Hemiptera: Gerromorpha: Hydrometridae)
Authors: MLLER ANDERSEN NILS
Published: February 2012

Andersen, N. M.: Early evolution of a unique structure: a fossil water measurer from Baltic amber (Hemiptera: Gerromorpha: Hydrometridae). Insect Syst.
Evol.
34: 415-426. Copenhagen, December 2003. ISSN 1399-560X.

Water measurers, genus Hydrometra Latreille (Hemiptera-Heteroptera, Hydrometridae) represent a unique morphological type in insects, with their extremely prolonged head and thorax. The fossil record of the family is more extensive than for any other group of semiaquatic bugs (infraorder Gerromorpha), spanning more than 120 Myr of geological history. A new fossil from Baltic amber yields characters that can be used to place it in the extant genus Hydrometra, the most species-rich and widely distributed of all genera of Hydrometridae. The phylogeny of extant and extinct genera is reconstructed and the evolution of the unique head and thorax structure of water measurers is discussed.
Geographie parthenogenesis in the subaptera-group of Phyllodromica (Blattoptera, Blattellidae, Ectobiinae)
Authors: BOHN HORST , KNEBELSBERGER THOMAS
Published: February 2012

Knebelsberger, T. & Bohn, H.: Geographic parthenogenesis in the subaptera-group of Phyllodromica (Blattoptera, Blattellidae, Ectobiinae). Insect
Syst.
Evol. 34: 427-452. Copenhagen, December 2003. ISSN 1399-560X.

A new case of obligatory thelytokous parthenogenesis in Blattoptera is reported in the Mediterranean species Phyllodromica
subaptera (Rambur, 1838) (Blattellidae: Ectobiinae). The females of the parthenogenetic and bisexual forms cannot be distinguished by external features; their distribution was studied by analysis of the sex of the offspring and the contents of spermathecae. The parthenogenetic strain is spread over most of the Mediterranean countries, the bisexual forms are restricted to the Iberian peninsula, a distribution which is in keeping with the term "geographic parthenogenesis".
Regional Climate Variability Impacts on the Annual Grape Yield in Mendoza, Argentina
Authors: Agosta Eduardo , Canziani Pablo , Cavagnaro Martín
Published: February 2012

Mendoza Province is the major Argentinian vitivinicultural region, and its grape production is fundamental for the national vintage. The 1979–2009 climate–annual grape yield relationships are analyzed, and total grape yield is shown to depend significantly on regional “summer” (October–March) precipitation. Precipitation negatively affects yields through plant disease and damage/destruction by hail. At interannual scales, summer regional precipitation variability can explains 25% of the yield variance. Summer precipitation modulates yield with a 6–8-yr period: wet (dry) summers can be associated with larger (smaller) grape damage/loss probability during the summer preceding the vintage, as well as lower (higher) grape yields in the subsequent annual campaign because of bud damage. With respect to monthly mean precipitation at Mendoza Observatory, wetter Novembers/Decembers can lead to lower yields. Hail during the summer of the previous harvest and during December could lower yields. Winter, late spring, and early summer mean maximum temperatures can impact current and subsequent annual yields: warmer (colder) months are linked to enhanced (decreased) yields. These relationships can be associated with circulation and SST conditions in the equatorial and extratropical Pacific Ocean basin and southern South America: SSTs within the southeastern South Pacific are related to western equatorial Pacific SSTs and convection, which modify circulation and water vapor transport over southern South America. Statistical multilinear modeling shows that the observed relationships among yield, precipitation, and temperature can explain at least 60% of the observed interannual yield variability. It is thus possible to quantitatively estimate, some months in advance, the upcoming vintage’s yield.
Radiative–Dynamical Feedbacks in Low Liquid Water Path Stratiform Clouds
Authors: Petters Jonathan L. , Harrington Jerry Y. , Clothiaux Eugene E.
Published: February 2012

When stratiform-cloud-integrated radiative flux divergence (heating) is dependent on liquid water path (LWP) and droplet concentration Nd, feedbacks between cloud dynamics and this heating can exist. These feedbacks can be particularly strong for low LWP stratiform clouds, in which cloud-integrated longwave cooling is sensitive to LWP and Nd. Large-eddy simulations reveal that these radiative–dynamical feedbacks can substantially modify low LWP stratiform cloud evolution when Nd is perturbed.

At night, more rapid initial evaporation of the cloud layer occurs when Nd is high, leading to more cloud breaks and lower LWP values that both result in less total cloud longwave cooling. Weakened circulations result from this reduced longwave cooling and entrainment drying is able to counteract cloud growth. When Nd is low, the cloud layer is better maintained because cloud longwave cooling is still relatively strong.

During the day, the addition of shortwave warming leads to reduced LWP for all values of Nd and, consequently, further reduced longwave cooling and weakened circulations. For high Nd, these reductions are such that the cloud layer cannot be maintained. For lower Nd, the reductions are smaller and the cloud layer thins but does not dissipate.

These results suggest that low LWP cloud layers are more tenuous when Nd is high and are more prone to dissipating during the day. Comparison with other studies suggests the modeled low LWP cloud response may be sensitive to the initial thermodynamic profile and model configuration.
Low-Level Easterly Winds Blowing through the Tsugaru Strait, Japan. Part II: Numerical Simulation of the Event on 5–10 June 2003
Authors: Shimada Teruhisa , Sawada Masahiro , Sha Weiming , Kawamura Hiroshi
Published: February 2012

This paper investigates the structures of and diurnal variations in low-level easterly winds blowing through the Tsugaru Strait and Mutsu Bay on 5–10 June 2003 using a numerical weather prediction model. Cool air that accompanies prevailing easterly winds owing to the persistence of the Okhotsk high intrudes into the strait and the bay below 500 m during the nighttime and retreats during the daytime. This cool-air intrusion and retreat induce diurnal variations in the winds in the east inlet of the strait, in Mutsu Bay, and in the west exit of the strait. In the east inlet, a daytime increase in air temperature within the strait produces a large air temperature difference with the inflowing cool air, and the resulting pressure gradient force accelerates the winds. The cool air flowing into Mutsu Bay is heated over land before entering the bay during the daytime. The resulting changes in cool-air depth and in pressure gradient force strengthen the daytime winds. In the west exit, local pressure gradient force perturbations are induced by the air temperature difference between warm air over the Japan Sea and cool air within the strait, and by variations in the depth of low-level cool air. The accelerated winds in the west exit extend southwestward in close to geostrophic balance during the daytime and undergo a slight anticyclonic rotation to westerly during the nighttime owing to the dominance of the Coriolis effect.
Scripts for the ‘good couple’: Individualization and the reproduction of gender inequality
Authors: Eldén Sara
Published: February 2012

Theorists of late modernity discuss the effects of individualization on heterosexual couples. Processes of individualization are understood in terms of the individualized framework of thinking about self and others permeating Western societies. Sociological analyses of therapeutic manuals appoint them as both a symptom and an effect of individualization processes. In popular therapy, Beck and Beck-Gernsheim encounter evidence of individualism and the disappearance of ‘scripts for a life together’ (protecting ‘me’ against ‘us’), while Anthony Giddens sees potentials for a democratic, pure and gender-equal couple. Their dispute can be settled by analysing constructions of ‘the couple’ when the therapy manuals are put into action. The case in question is Swedish popular therapy as it appears in TV programmes with ‘real’ couples. Analyses of the ongoing interactions demonstrate how new scripts for heterosexual couples are emerging, scripts that hold elements of both traditional and late modern societies and relationships. In these, a ‘normal fantasy’ of the couple is (re)produced, not in the form of traditional authoritarian scripts but in individualized notions of what is a good, normal and happy life, a fantasy that is the responsibility of the individual/couple to complete. Individualized assumptions enable (an indirect) reproduction of stereotypes and inequalities of the genders, e.g. regarding unequal divisions of domestic work, with reference to ‘what is best’ for a specific individual or couple. The author argues for the necessity of revaluing both understandings of individualization in sociological theories and the ‘workings’ of individualized narratives on cultural and individual levels.
Migrant networks and beyond: Exploring the value of the notion of social capital for making sense of ethnic inequalities
Authors: Cederberg Maja
Published: February 2012

This article is concerned with use of the notion of social capital in research into the position and experience of migrants, in particular with regard to the question of inequalities. I start by outlining some key perspectives and debates in the literature on social capital, and argue in favour of Bourdieu’s conceptualization. Here, what defines economic, social, cultural and symbolic resources as ‘capital’, in particular, essentially lies in their convertibility into other resources with the effect of securing advantage or overcoming disadvantage. I then go on to illustrate the argument by drawing on a number of biographical interviews with refugees in Sweden – looking first at the functions played by co-ethnic networks in their accounts, and supporting the argument that many of those functions are not usefully conceptualized in terms of social capital. Second, I suggest that if we are concerned to apply Bourdieu’s conceptualization of social capital to make sense of the position and experience of migrants generally and with regard to inequalities particularly, we need to look beyond intra-ethnic/migrant networks and consider how these are situated in a wider social context and in relation to other social networks. Here, I look at the extent to which my interviewees have emphasized the importance of links to the majority population, and consider the obstacles they have encountered in creating such links. Finally, I highlight that the emphasis Bourdieu puts on power and resource differentials in defining social networks and resources in terms of ‘capital’ also remains important when considering minority–majority relations.
¡Vamos! How School Leaders Promote Equity and Excellence for Bilingual Students
Authors: Scanlan Martin , López Francesca
Published: February 2012

Background: Focusing on culturally and linguistically diverse students, this article presents a narrative synthesis of empirical evidence guiding school leaders to promote educational equity and excellence. Research Design: This study employs a tripartite theoretical model that emphasizes cultivating language proficiency, providing access to high-quality curriculum, and promoting sociocultural integration. Using this as an organizing framework, the article presents a review of 79 empirical articles published from 2000 to 2010. Findings: The article explains how school leaders can use research literature to craft effective and integrated service delivery for their culturally and linguistically diverse students.
Power of Space, Space of Power
Authors: Ukpokolo Chinyere
Published: February 2012

This article looks at the social and cultural complexities that the institutionalization of “ezeship” in non-Igbo states in Nigeria generated and the home-diaspora intersections of power that underlay, contended with, and intersected the sociocultural formation and that eventually contributed to its dissolution. It also investigates the implications of the current scenario on the coordination of disparate Igbo migrant groups in non-Igbo states in Nigeria on one hand and the Igbo sociocultural development on the other. Empirical evidence was employed to generate data for this study. Methods include observation, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions.
Using Illness Narratives to Explore African American Perspectives of Racial Discrimination in Health Care
Authors: Ross Paula T. , Lypson Monica L. , Kumagai Arno K.
Published: February 2012

Explanations for race-based disparities in health and health care abound, yet the mechanisms through which individuals reach determinations of discrimination remains poorly understood. This study collected and analyzed first-person narratives from 12 African American adults regarding their interactions with the health care system to elucidate possible sources of racism and discrimination while seeking medical care. Our analysis revealed that participants reached conclusions of perceived discrimination and differential treatment through their comparative observations and intuitive judgments. In such instances, they found it necessary to develop strategies to overcome the perceived lack of attention they received. Additionally, many participants expressed a considerable difference in the quality of interpersonal interactions between themselves and some of their health care providers, compared to interactions their providers had with patients from groups that are not racially underrepresented. In such instances, participants were compelled to develop strategies to overcome what they perceived to be a lack of attention.
Still Evidence-Based? The Role of Policy Evaluation in Recession and Beyond: The Case of the National Minimum Wage
Authors: Butcher Tim
Published: February 2012

This article explains the role of evidence in determining the recommendations made by the Low Pay Commission (LPC) for the National Minimum Wage (NMW). First, it sets out the process of recommending the minimum wage including the role of evidence. Second, it summarises the evidence available on the impact of the minimum wage before discussing how that evidence has informed the recommendations for the adult rate of the minimum wage in the LPC's reports. It concludes by assessing the extent to which the NMW might be regarded as a success and considers whether the recent financial crisis will alter the evidence-based approach so far adopted by the LPC.
Requiring The Long-Term Unemployed to Train: Is Benefit Conditionality Effective?
Authors: Rolfe Heather
Published: February 2012

Conditionality has increasingly been part of benefit entitlement and its effects have been examined in a number of ways. While the focus of previous research has been on general conditions such as job search and acceptance of job offers, this paper examines conditionality specifically in relation to participation in training. Using data from a qualitative evaluation of a government programme, the Skills Conditionality pilot, the paper uses two hypotheses to critically assess the effectiveness of conditionality as a benefits policy: that it is successful in increasing participation in training; and that it is harmful by reducing time for job search.
Implications of The National Employment Savings Trust for Vulnerable Sectors of the UK Labour Market: A Reduced-Form Statistical Evaluation
Authors: van de Ven Justin
Published: February 2012

The National Employment Savings Trust (NEST) is a new pension scheme that will be introduced for employees on modest incomes in the UK from 2012. This paper draws out the implications of the NEST, focusing upon low-paid employees and their employers using data from the Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings. The results suggest that the NEST will increase labour costs by between 0.6 and 0.8 per cent on average, and have a disproportionate effect on low pay industries and private sector firms employing fewer than 25 employees. The analysis highlights the potential role of the minimum wage to shield low pay workers from paying a share of the subsidies that the NEST will afford to its members.
The Travelling Citizen: Emergent Discourses of Moral Mobility in a Study of Cycling in London
Authors: Green Judith , Steinbach Rebecca , Datta Jessica
Published: February 2012

Drawing on accounts of travelling within London, this article explores the ways in which mobility discourses are tied to the responsibilities of ‘a good citizen’ and suggests that car-dominated automobility has been significantly fractured, at least in one urban setting. A consensus hierarchy of transport modes now configures driving as immoral, as well as dysfunctional, and cycling, in contrast, as particularly laudable. Within this new moral economy of transport, cycling holds the promise of conscientious automobility, enabling a number of explicit and implied citizenship responsibilities to be met. These include ecological responsibilities to the city and global ecosystem, but also responsibilities to enact the ‘new citizen’: a knowledgeable and alert risk-assessor competent to travel in ways that maximize independence, efficiency and health. However, cycling has its own contradictions: whilst enabling some to enact a new ‘moral’ citizenship, it simultaneously underlines the marginal citizenship of less mobile Londoners.
Capital, the State and Democratization: The Case of Turkish Industry
Authors: Yavuz Devrim Adam
Published: February 2012

There has been debate on the nature of the link between capitalist development and democracy on the one hand, and on the primacy of economic and political factors in determining the relationship on the other. Part of the discussion revolves around capital, which has championed democracy in some instances and has been a conservative force in others. This article examines large Turkish business and the reasons that have compelled it to push for significant democratization at the risk of breaking away from the political elite. In-depth interviews reveal that the evolution of the private sector and internationalization of the economy have created a set of opportunities making democracy particularly appealing to large entrepreneurs. However, the Turkish case also indicates that it is a combination of these factors with the state’s lack of responsiveness to the needs of capital that made democracy particularly salient.
The baptism of Jesus as ‘super-sacrament’ of redemption
Authors: Bockmuehl Markus
Published: February 2012

Whereas New Testament criticism has tended to focus on historical and literary and dimensions of each evangelist’s account of Jesus’ baptism, this evidently important Gospel narrative became a crucial vehicle of specifically Trinitarian thought in the patristic period. The present brief ‘think piece’ explores the potential for a correlation between the baptism story in its historical context of Jewish renewal and its highly theological impact in patristic interpretation. The enormous exegetical import of this episode may be said to derive from its function as the ‘super-sacrament’ of Israel’s and Adam’s redemption (cf. J. Macquarrie).
Working Memory Benefits Creative Insight, Musical Improvisation, and Original Ideation Through Maintained Task-Focused Attention
Authors: De Dreu Carsten K. W. , Nijstad Bernard A. , Baas Matthijs , Wolsink Inge , Roskes Marieke
Published: February 2012

Anecdotes from creative eminences suggest that executive control plays an important role in creativity, but scientific evidence is sparse. Invoking the Dual Pathway to Creativity Model, the authors hypothesize that working memory capacity (WMC) relates to creative performance because it enables persistent, focused, and systematic combining of elements and possibilities (persistence). Study 1 indeed showed that under cognitive load, participants performed worse on a creative insight task. Study 2 revealed positive associations between time-on-task and creativity among individuals high but not low in WMC, even after controlling for general intelligence. Study 3 revealed that across trials, semiprofessional cellists performed increasingly more creative improvisations when they had high rather than low WMC. Study 4 showed that WMC predicts original ideation because it allows persistent (rather than flexible) processing. The authors conclude that WMC benefits creativity because it enables the individual to maintain attention focused on the task and prevents undesirable mind wandering.
Teaching strategies and gender in higher education instrumental studios
Authors: Zhukov Katie
Published: February 2012

This study investigates instrumental music teaching strategies in higher education settings, in order to identify those employed and their frequency and context of use. An instrument- and gender-balanced sample of 24 lessons from five institutions was analysed using a researcher-designed observational instrument. The results reveal the predominance of teacher demonstration, general directives and praise as most frequent teaching strategies employed in lessons. Gender differences emerged in the teaching approaches: the male teachers gave more general directives and explanations and the female teachers offered more answers and practice discussions; the male students received the most specific teacher criticism despite uniform use of praise. The findings provide new evidence of teaching practices in advanced instrumental studios and raise questions regarding gender issues in music teaching.
The information environment of agricultural stakeholders in Botswana
Authors: Aina L.O.
Published: February 2012

The study surveyed the agricultural information needs, information sources used and the awareness of the Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA)’s products and services by the various agricultural stakeholders in Botswana. The survey covered 52 agricultural researchers/educators, 30 extension agents, 54 students, 12 commercial farmers, and 45 subsistence farmers. Data collection instruments used for the study were the questionnaire, interview and focus group discussions. The findings reveal that the agricultural stakeholders in Botswana had a wide range of information needs, especially on government programmes, farm problems and identification of market for agricultural products. The prominent information sources used were the Internet, journal articles and technical papers. The study also revealed that most of the stakeholders were not aware of CTA’s products and services and that the Spore magazine was the product mainly used. The Question and Answer Service was rarely used by the stakeholders. The study recommends that the Botswana College of Agriculture (BCA) Library should be selected as the agency to provide agricultural information services to all the stakeholders in Botswana, given its rich information resources in agriculture, and that CTA should reappraise its services in Botswana by ensuring that its services are well utilized by agricultural information stakeholders.
Advancing HIV/AIDS Combination Prevention through mass media: a review of practices in sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Bekalu Mesfin Awoke , Eggermont Steven
Published: February 2012

This paper presents an assessment of the literature on the use of mass media campaigns to advance biomedical, structural and behavioural approaches to HIV/AIDS prevention in sub-Saharan Africa over the past decade (2000–2010). Studies on the use of mass media in HIV/AIDS prevention efforts were searched from two main electronic databases – Web of Science and PubMed. Studies meeting selection criteria were examined for the themes of the mass media programs studied in a content analytic approach. The findings suggest that while there are several biomedical and structural issues which the mass media could well have been instrumental for, their utilization in sub-Saharan Africa seems to be limited to behavioural interventions. It is concluded that at a time when recommendations for Combination Prevention are prevailing, the utilization of the mass media largely limited to a certain domain of HIV/AIDS prevention appears to be worthy of attention.
ISIS2ABCD: a batch program to automatically create a database in ABCD from an existing CDS/ISIS database
Authors: Mêgnigbêto Eustache
Published: February 2012

ISIS2ABCD is an MS-DOS command script that creates automatically, from an existing CDS/ISIS database, a new database compliant with ABCD. It also imports records from the existing database into the newly created database and finally creates and updates the inverted file. This paper introduces ISIS2ABCD, describes its parameters and illustrates the use of the script.
Anticoagulation monitoring during extracorporeal circulation with the Hepcon/HMS device
Authors: Noui N , Zogheib E , Walczak K , Werbrouck A , Amar A Ben , Dupont H , Caus T , Remadi JP
Published: February 2012

Objective: The objective of our study was to compare the standard protocol of anticoagulation to the Hepcon/HMS.

Method: This study included forty-four patients who underwent coronary bypass grafting surgery (CABG), or biological aortic valve replacement (AVR). Unfractionated heparin (UH) was used for patients who underwent operations in the control group (n = 22) (300U/Kg of UH with a goal of an ACT of 400s). The heparin was antagonized dose/dose by protamine. For the patients who underwent operations in the HMS group (n = 22), the heparin and protamine doses were assessed by the Hepcon/HMS device.

Results: The sex ratio amounted to 1.93 (29 men and 15 women) and the mean age was 70 ± 11 years. The patients in the HMS group had a chest closure time that was significantly shorter than patients in the control group. The times were, respectively, 42 ± 15 minutes and 68 ± 27 minutes (p = 0.001). The protamine/heparin ratio was significantly lower in the HMS group (0.62 ± 0.13 vs. 1 ± 0.11) (p = 0.0001). The postoperative bleeding amounted to 804 ± 729 ml in the HMS group versus 1416 ± 1103 in the control group (p = 0.016). In multivariate linear regression analysis, only two independent factors were significantly associated with bleeding: the Hepcon/HMS (OR = 0.1-p = 0.03) and the preoperative hemoglobin rate (OR = 1.4 - p = 0.05). Postoperatively, within 72 hours, the red blood cell transfusion was 1.04 ± 1.5 units for the HMS group and 2.1 ± 1.87 units for the control group (p = 0.05).

Conclusion: During cardiac surgery under CPB, heparin and protamine titration with the Hepcon/HMS device could predict a lower protamine dose and lower postoperative bleeding without higher thromboembolic events, and lower perioperative red blood cell transfusion with a shorter chest closure time.
Changes in Marital and Partner Relationships in the Aftermath of Hurricane Katrina
Authors: Lowe Sarah R. , Rhodes Jean E. , Scoglio Arielle A. J.
Published: February 2012

Little is known about the impact of natural disasters on marital and partner relationships. In this study, the authors aimed to fill this gap by investigating the changes in such relationships in a sample of 40 low-income, mostly African American women who survived Hurricane Katrina. Through in-depth interviews, participants described how the hurricane affected their intimate relationships. The authors found that, although many participants reported negative changes in their relationships, others reported that their relationships grew stronger, often despite initial strain. As a framework for understanding the processes underlying participants’ negative and positive outcomes, the authors drew on the family stress model. Consistent with the model, participants reported that the hurricane led to external stressors, including unemployment and prolonged separations, and that these stressors, in turn, undermined both individual functioning and relational processes (e.g., communication and support). Conversely, participants reporting positive changes experienced new employment opportunities, a greater sense of perspective, and high levels of effective communication and support in their relationships. Based on the findings, policies that reduce the economic strain of low-income families in the aftermath of disasters and empirically supported, culturally sensitive, clinical interventions for individuals and couples are recommended.
Cadmium concentrations in shrimp (Penaeus semisulcatus and Penaeus monodon) caught from the coastal areas in southern Iran
Authors: Rahimi E , Zaker Sh , Farfani MH Dehghani , Araghi M Roghani , Vafaei M , Goudarzi MA
Published: February 2012

This study was undertaken to determine the concentration of cadmium in two shrimp species, namely, Penaeus semisulcatus and Penaeus monodon caught from the coastal areas in southern Iran. Cadmium concentration was determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry in 91 shrimp samples after nitric acid/perchloric acid digestion. Accuracy of the analysis was checked by various methods including the use of reference material. The mean ± SD of cadmium concentrations in shrimp samples were 0.128 ± 0.144 (μg/g). The cadmium concentrations ranged from 0.010 to 0.96 μg/g of the muscle tissues of shrimp. Higher cadmium concentration in shrimp samples was found in summer (significant p < 0.05). The results show that the mean concentration of cadmium in shrimp is lower than the maximum allowed levels according to International standards, although the concentration of cadmium in only one sample was more than the amount recommended by Food and Agriculture Organization. Therefore, no risk to the consumer arises from the cadmium contents of the shrimp caught in these areas.
A Baculovirus Photolyase with DNA Repair Activity and Circadian Clock Regulatory Function
Authors: Biernat Magdalena A. , Eker André P.M. , van Oers Monique M. , Vlak Just M. , van der Horst Gijsbertus T.J. , Chaves Inês
Published: February 2012

Cryptochromes and photolyases belong to the same family of flavoproteins but, despite being structurally conserved, display distinct functions. Photolyases use visible light to repair ultraviolet-induced DNA damage. Cryptochromes, however, function as blue-light receptors, circadian photoreceptors, or repressors of the CLOCK/BMAL1 heterodimer, the transcription activator controlling the molecular circadian clock. Here, we present evidence that the functional divergence between cryptochromes and photolyases is not so univocal. Chrysodeixis chalcites nucleopolyhedrovirus possesses 2 photolyase-like genes: phr1 and phr2. We show that PHR1 and PHR2 are able to bind the CLOCK protein. Only for PHR2, however, the physical interaction with CLOCK represses CLOCK/BMAL1-driven transcription. This result shows that binding of photolyase per se is not sufficient to inhibit the CLOCK/BMAL1 heterodimer. PHR2, furthermore, affects the oscillation of immortalized mouse embryonic fibroblasts, suggesting that PHR2 can regulate the molecular circadian clock. These findings are relevant for further understanding the evolution of cryptochromes and photolyases as well as behavioral changes induced in insects by baculoviruses.
Microarray Analysis of Natural Socially Regulated Plasticity in Circadian Rhythms of Honey Bees
Authors: Rodriguez-Zas Sandra L. , Southey Bruce R. , Shemesh Yair , Rubin Elad B. , Cohen Mira , Robinson Gene E. , Bloch Guy
Published: February 2012

Honey bee workers care for (“nurse”) the brood around the clock without circadian rhythmicity, but then they forage outside with strong circadian rhythms and a consolidated nightly rest. This chronobiological plasticity is associated with variation in the expression of the canonical “clock genes” that regulate the circadian clock: nurse bees show no brain rhythms of expression, while foragers do. These results suggest that the circadian system is organized differently in nurses and foragers. Nurses switch to activity with circadian rhythms shortly after being removed from the hive, suggesting that at least some clock cells in their brain continue to measure time while in the hive. We performed a microarray genome-wide survey to determine general patterns of brain gene expression in nurses and foragers sampled around the clock. We found 160 and 541 transcripts that exhibited significant sinusoidal oscillations in nurses and foragers, respectively, with peaks of expression distributed throughout the day in both task groups. Consistent with earlier studies, transcripts of genes involved in circadian rhythms, including Clockwork Orange that has not been studied before in bees, oscillated in foragers but not in nurses. The oscillating transcripts also were enriched for genes involved in the visual system, “development” and “response to stimuli” (foragers), “muscle contraction” and “microfilament motor gene expression” (nurses), and “generation of precursor metabolites” and “energy” (both). Transcripts of genes encoding P450 enzymes oscillated in both nurses and foragers but with a different phase. This study identified new putative clock-controlled genes in the honey bee and suggests that some brain functions show circadian rhythmicity even in nurse bees that are active around the clock.
Rapid Assessment of Sleep-Wake Behavior in Mice
Authors: Fisher Simon P. , Godinho Sofia I.H. , Pothecary Carina A. , Hankins Mark W. , Foster Russell G. , Peirson Stuart N.
Published: February 2012

Sleep is a fundamental biological rhythm involving the interaction of numerous brain structures and diverse neurotransmitter systems. The primary measures used to define sleep are the electroencephalogram (EEG) and electromyogram (EMG). However, EEG-based methods are often unsuitable for use in high-throughput screens as they are time-intensive and involve invasive surgery. As such, the dissection of sleep mechanisms and the discovery of novel drugs that modulate sleep would benefit greatly from further development of rapid behavioral assays to assess sleep in animal models. Here is described an automated noninvasive approach to evaluate sleep duration, latency, and fragmentation using video tracking of mice in their home cage. This approach provides a high correlation with EEG/EMG measures under both baseline conditions and following administration of pharmacological agents. Moreover, the dose-dependent effects of sedatives, stimulants, and light can be readily detected. This approach is robust yet relatively inexpensive to implement and can be easily incorporated into ongoing screening programs to provide a powerful first-pass screen for assessing sleep and allied behaviors.