bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Emission Reductions Visual Presentation R07: Defining the geomechanical operating limits for subsurface CO2 storage
Authors: Holford Simon
Published: June 2024

Emission Reductions Visual Presentation R07 Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a critical component of proposed pathways to limit global warming, though considerable upscaling is required to meet emissions reduction targets. Quantifying and managing the risks of fault reactivation is a leading barrier to scaling global CCS projects from current levels of ~40 million tonnes of carbon dioxide(CO2) per year (to target levels of several gigatonnes of CO2 per year), because CO2 injection into reservoirs can result in increased pore-fluid pressure and temperature changes, which can reduce the strength of rocks and faults and induce brittle failure. This can result in induced seismicity, whilst hydraulic fracturing of seals could provide pathways for CO2 leakage. Consequently, identifying favourable geomechanical conditions (typically determined through data on pre-injection rock stress, mechanical and elastic properties, and pore-fluid pressures) to minimise deformation of reservoirs and seals represents a key challenge in the selection of safe and effective sites for CCS projects. Critically, however, such geomechanical data are typically spatially limited (i.e. restricted to wells) and mainly consist of pre-injection crustal stress orientation measurements, rather than a full 3D description of the stress tensor and related geomechanical properties. This paper reviews some key geomechanical issues and knowledge gaps (particularly those associated with data availability and limitations) that need to be understood to enable successful reservoir and seal management for CCS projects. We also highlight recent advances in multi-scale and dimensional geomechanical modelling approaches that can be used to assess sites for the secure storage of CO2 as well as other gases, including hydrogen. To access the Visual Presentation click the link on the right. To read the full paper click here
Engineering Visual Presentation E01: Stochastic model for migration and breakage of detrital and authigenic fines
Authors: Dang-Le Bryant
Published: June 2024

Engineering Visual Presentation E01 Mobilisation of attached particles during flow in rocks occurs in geo-energy processes. Particle mobilisation, their migration through rocks and pore plugging yield significant decline in permeability and well injectivity and productivity. While much is currently known about the underlying mechanisms governing the detachment of detrital particles against attracting electrostatic forces, a critical gap exists in the theoretical understanding of detachment by breakage of widely spread authigenic particles, which naturally grow on rock grains during geological times. Previous works derived micro-scale mechanical equilibrium equations for both detrital and authigenic particles, and the upscaling procedure from particle to pore and core scales for detrital fines. In this paper, for the first time we derive a stochastic model for migration and breakage of authigenic fines and authigenic–detrital mixtures. This allows for core-scale transport modelling based on the particle-scale torque balance. We introduce a novel framework for predictive stochastic detachment modelling by particle–rock bond breakage that integrates the beam theory of elastic particle deformation, strength failure criteria and viscous flow around the attached particle. The analytical expressions for stress maxima and stress diagrams for a single particle allow determining the critical failure stresses, breakage points of the beam and breakage flow velocity. The mathematical model describing lab coreflood includes the maximum retention function for both authigenic and detrital fines. The matching laboratory coreflood data under increasing velocity at micro- and core-scales achieved high matching of the experimental data by the model. High matching validates the upscaling and downscaling procedures derived. To access the Visual Presentation click the link on the right. To read the full paper click here
Geoscience Visual Presentation G10: Development of a novel seismic acquisition system based on fully autonomous ocean bottom nodes
Authors: Mancini Fabio
Published: June 2024

Geoscience Visual Presentation G10 It is now established that ocean bottom node (OBN) surveys provide superior seismic data compared to traditional towed streamers, but deployment of the nodes is time-consuming and expensive. As an alternative, we are developing a novel seismic acquisition system that utilises a fleet of fully autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) as OBNs. The objective is to eliminate the reliance on remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) or ropes for deployment, making ocean bottom seismic acquisition significantly more efficient and cost-effective. To succeed, several criteria need to be met, including recording of good geophysical data, system affordability, low power consumption, units’ ability to act autonomously (e.g. steer, land, listen, re-position, surface) and to respond to remote commands (e.g. cease activity, return), a failure recovery protocol, automated deployment and retrieval, and system-wide communications. The ability to record good seismic data was assessed in October 2022, when we performed active-source seismic field trials in the UK. Five AUVs were deployed adjacent to commercial nodes (all units carried identical geophysical payloads) and a series of 2D lines were acquired at varying orientations. Analysis of the data confirmed that our units achieved satisfactory coupling with the seabed. The unit’s in-water capabilities were assessed during multiple field trials in 2022 and 2023, offshore UK and Australia. Tests consisted of simulating seismic acquisition cycle (flights, landings, take-offs and repositioning) where it was verified that missions were reliably executed, including landing within 10 m from pre-planned locations and recording good quality passive seismic data. To access the Visual Presentation click the link on the right. To read the full paper click here
Geoscience Visual Presentation G03: Variation of vertical stress in the McArthur and Beetaloo basins
Authors: Ranjbarkarami Rasoul
Published: June 2024

Geoscience Visual Presentation G03 The McArthur and Beetaloo basins have been the focus of unconventional hydrocarbon exploration, specifically targeting shale gas and tight gas resources. Vertical stress (SV), which is one of the three principal stresses, is a critical parameter in geomechanical analysis of sedimentary basins and has implications in fracture gradient calculation, pore pressure prediction, assessing the present-day stress regime, and hydraulic fracturing design. In addition, variations in vertical stresses can yield additional insights into the tectonic history of an area. In this study, we examine the variability of vertical stress magnitude and vertical stress gradients by employing a systematic analysis of density log and check-shot velocity data obtained from 31 wells located within the McArthur and Beetaloo basins. Our analysis revealed that vertical stress gradients range from 23 to 27 MPa/km (equivalent to ~1.0–1.2 psi/ft), with an average gradient of 25 MPa/km ± 1.0 (1.1 psi/ft). This variability in SV gradients underscores the inadequacy of the commonly assumed 1.0 psi/ft approximation for geomechanical analyses within these basins. The origins of such diverse SV gradients can be attributed to several factors; however, the likely cause of the SV gradient within this region is the presence, thickness, and depth of the shallow high-density volcanic rocks and a complex history of uplift and erosion. To access the Visual Presentation click the link on the right. To read the full paper click here
Geoscience Visual Presentation G04: Evergreening of seismic data to enable carbon storage screening at scale – a case study from the Barrow-Dampier sub-basins
Authors: Seymour Nigel
Published: June 2024

Geoscience Visual Presentation G04 The Barrow-Dampier carbon capture and storage (CCS) regional study is an industry collaboration between Geoscience Australia, Chevron and SLB. A key objective of the study is a focussed reprocessing, depth imaging and merging of 26,150 km2 of input legacy seismic data. The regional merge is providing a robust foundational dataset for basin-scale CCS screening and play-risk mapping, allowing de-risking of capacity and containment of prospective storage locations. To access the Visual Presentation click the link on the right. To read the full paper click here
Health, Safety and Environment Visual Presentation H03: Ammonia – an assessment of potential environmental impacts including prevention and mitigation measures
Authors: Parnum Bethan
Published: June 2024

Health, Safety and Environment Visual Presentation H03 Ammonia (chemical formula NH3) is one of the most widely produced chemicals for industrial and agricultural uses. Ammonia has gained attention as a potential hydrogen and energy carrier, and low carbon substitute fuel for rail and maritime transport. The potential of ammonia for new use cases may lead to an increased footprint of potential environmental impacts. The physical and chemical properties of ammonia offer significant benefits for transportation and storage, but challenges remain due to its highly toxic nature and uses outside of dedicated industrial precincts. Ammonia is typically liquefied to increase density for ready storage and transportation. Unplanned releases of liquid ammonia will result in immediate environmental impacts. Unplanned releases may adversely affect receptor species in aquatic and terrestrial environments, human health, as well as the reputation of the responsible organisation. Dispersion of ammonia into the environment depends on factors that include mixture density, temperature, humidity, wind and wave action, and release mode and direction. Understanding the fate of ammonia is fundamental to adoption of effective mitigation measures. Consequently, it is necessary to understand the behaviour of ammonia in the environment, how unplanned releases can be minimised, and how they can be combatted, in order to appraise its suitability as a low carbon liquid transport fuel. This paper assesses the risks posed by ammonia spills, its fate in aquatic environments, and the applicability of available spill models. It also addresses management measures for the prevention and mitigation of spills noting the highly soluble and toxic nature of the chemical. To access the Visual Presentation click the link on the right. To read the full paper click here
A new vegetation classification for Western Australia’s Two Peoples Bay Nature Reserve and its significance for fire management
Authors: Hopkins A. J. M. , Williams A. A. E. , Harvey J. M. , Hopper Stephen D.
Published: June 2024

Context Vegetation mapping is subject to a diversity of approaches and lack of coordination, leading to low repeatability and predictive power in the species-rich flora of the Southwest Australian Floristic Region. Yet it has potential as a tool of use in fire management. Aims This project, extending over five decades, aimed to develop an authoritative vegetation classification and map plant fire responses at Two Peoples Bay Nature Reserve. Methods Using Muir’s classification approach, field surveys were conducted with aerial photography in hand. Thirty-three vegetation units were identified, described, mapped, and photographed. Defining attributes and taxa were identified for each unit. Key results Map, descriptions, and photographs detail forest, woodlands, mallee, scrub thickets, heath, wetlands, and granite communities on the Reserve. The forest, woodland, and shrublands were adequately classified and mapped. However, granite complex and mallee were least satisfactory, oversimplifying a rich diversity of vegetation types and habitats. Conclusions The Reserve may be divided for management into the central third of heath, shrublands, and low woodlands largely across the isthmus, the dunes and wetlands of the west with a greater diversity of vegetation types, and the eastern granite inselberg attaining 408 m with the most diverse vegetation types. The latter inselberg needs continued protection from fire and other disturbances. Greatest change in vegetation is seen in lowland landscapes where fire activity has also been pronounced. Implications Vegetation mapping has been a valuable aid for managers and fire planning, and for active comanagement with appropriate Aboriginal families.
Reconstruction and interpretation of ionization asymmetry in magnetic confinement via synthetic diagnostics
Authors: Wilkie G.J. , Laggner F. , Hager R. , Rosenthal A. , Ku S.-H. , Churchill R.M. , Horvath L. , Chang C.S. , Bortolon A.
Published: June 2024

Strong poloidal refueling asymmetry in the DIII-D tokamak is inferred from line radiation measurements. Synthetic diagnostics in neutral transport modeling coupled to gyrokinetic simulations illuminate implications for the plasma flow profile in the scrape-off layer of single-null beam-driven discharges. Recycling occurs primarily either on the inner or outer divertor legs, depending on the toroidal magnetic field direction. By reversing the toroidal magnetic field, the observed line radiation asymmetry is nearly eliminated or reversed. It is determined that, while relatively simple physics can describe the observed ionization asymmetry, predicting the overall brightness of the hydrogenic Lyman-α signal requires detailed simulation of the plasma and resulting turbulence. To this end, kinetic plasma simulations fully coupled to comprehensive neutral transport calculations—a novel capability—provide first-principles reproduction of Lyman-α observations on DIII-D.
The role of an in-plane electric field during the merging formation of spherical tokamak plasmas
Authors: Inomoto M. , Suzuki T. , Jin H. , Maeda Y. , Togo Y. , Cho S. , Tanabe H. , Ono Y. , Kawamori E. , Usami S. , Yanai R.
Published: June 2024

Axial merging of two torus plasmas is utilized as a center-solenoid free start-up scheme for a high-beta spherical tokamak (ST) plasma, in which magnetic reconnection under a strong guide field plays dominant roles in energy conversion and equilibrium formation. The ion heating source in magnetic reconnection is the plasma outflow with

E
×
B

drift velocity in the downstream region where the reconnected field lines flow out. Since the inductive reconnection electric field is almost parallel to the magnetic field, particularly in the inboard-side downstream region of magnetic reconnection under a strong guide field, a large electrostatic field in the poloidal plane is spontaneously formed to sustain steady plasma outflow motion in the downstream region. In ST plasma merging experiments, the self-generated electrostatic field in the downstream region does not always balance with the inductive electric field to make the total electric field strictly perpendicular to the total magnetic field. The excess electrostatic field will provide an even faster outflow plasma velocity than the magnetic field line motion and a quick reversal of the toroidal plasma current to form convex flux surfaces.
Fingerprints of the Jahn-Teller and superexchange physics in optical spectra of manganites
Authors: Kovaleva N N , Kusmartseva O E , Kugel K I
Published: June 2024

Transition metal oxides incorporating Jahn-Teller (JT) ions Mn3+ (3d
4) in manganites and Cu2+ (3d
9) in cuprates exhibit outstanding magnetic and electronic properties, including colossal magnetoresistance (CMR) and high-temperature superconductivity (HTSC). The physics of these compounds is associated with the orbitally-degenerate electronic states of JT ions, leading to the linear electron-lattice interaction, complemented by the entirely electronic superexchange (SE) interaction. Here, we discuss the fingerprints of the JT and SE physics in the temperature-dependent complex dielectric function spectra and multi-order Raman scattering spectra measured in a detwinned LaMnO3 crystal, which is a famous compound exhibiting cooperative JT effect, being also a progenitor of magnetic materials exhibiting CMR effect. In accordance with the obtained experimental evidence, the associated effective parameters characterizing the JT and SE physics in manganites are presented.
A semiclassical model for charge transfer along ion chains in silicates
Authors: Archilla Juan F R , Bajārs Jānis , Doi Yusuke , Kimura Masayuki
Published: June 2024

It has been observed in fossil tracks and experiments in the layered silicate mica muscovite the transport of charge through the cation layers sandwiched between the layers of tetrahedra-octahedra-tetrahedra. A classical model for the propagation of anharmonic vibrations along the cation chains has been proposed based on first principles and empirical functions. In that model, several propagating entities have been found as kinks or crowdions and breathers, both with or without wings, the latter for specific velocities and energies. Crowdions are equivalent to moving interstitials and transport electric charge if the moving particle is an ion, but they also imply the movement of mass, which was not observed in the experiments. Breathers, being just vibrational entities, do not transport charge. In this work, we present a semiclassical model obtained by adding a quantum particle, electron or hole to the previous model. We present the construction of the model based on the physics of the system. In particular, the strongly nonlinear vibronic interaction between the nuclei and the extra electron or hole is essential to explain the localized charge transport, which is not compatible with the adiabatic approximation. The formation of vibrational localized charge carriers breaks the lattice symmetry group in a similar fashion to the Jahn-Teller Effect, providing a new stable dynamical state. We study the properties and the coherence of the model through numerical simulations from initial conditions obtained by tail analysis and other means. We observe that although the charge spreads from an initial localization in a lattice at equilibrium, it can be confined basically to a single particle when coupled to a chaotic quasiperiodic breather. This is coherent with the observation that experiments imply that a population of charge is formed due to the decay of potassium unstable isotopes.
Preparation and properties of modified SiO2/epoxy resin superhydrophobic coating
Authors: Zhang Fan , Xu Di , Ma Lingwei , Wang Jinke , Chen Hao , Guo Shiyi
Published: June 2024

In this study, a superhydrophobic coating with excellent mechanical durability, chemical stability, anti-icing property and self-cleaning property was developed based on epoxy resin integrated with modified SiO2 nanoparticles (m-SiO2 NPs). The surface morphology and roughness of the coating were finely controlled by changing the content of m-SiO2 NPs, with optimal hydrophobicity and self-cleaning efficiency observed at the m-SiO2 NPs incorporation of 30 wt%. Benefitting from the three-dimensional stable micro-nano structure on the coating surface, the coating exhibited durable hydrophobicity upon multiple tape-peeling damages and good resistance to both acidic and alkaline corrosive environments. Furthermore, the SiO2-EP coating showed a prominent anti-icing property which could delay the water freezing time from 96 s to 650 s. This coating underscored its potential for applications in environments prone to ice formation.
Particle accelerator power system early fault diagnosis based on deep learning and multi-sensor feature fusion
Authors: Jiqing Zhou , Deming Li , Haijun Su
Published: June 2024

Particle accelerators play a crucial role in scientific research and industrial applications, and enhancing their reliability, ensuring stable operation, and reducing downtime caused by faults are essential for achieving research goals. This paper introduces a novel particle accelerator fault diagnosis method based on deep learning and multi-sensor feature fusion. The approach employs one-dimensional convolution to extract signals from multiple sensors and achieves comprehensive feature fusion of multi-sensor data, effectively overcoming the limitations of individual sensors. It combines 1d convolutional neural networks (1D-CNN) and long short-term memory networks (LSTM) to enhance spatiotemporal feature extraction. This approach efficiently extracts features from multiple sensors while concurrently reducing data length and training time. The study uses real signals from particle accelerators and aims to achieve early detection of faults by identifying abnormal signals preceding accelerator malfunctions. Comparative analysis with other machine learning models and the use of multiple evaluation metrics validate the effectiveness and generalizability of this method. The research provides a better performance fault diagnosis model with significant implications for reducing downtime, troubleshooting faults, and improving the reliability of particle accelerators.
Review of microbial corrosion prevention and control technology in the petroleum industry
Authors: Zhang Yihang
Published: June 2024

In the oil industry, microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) is widespread in aspects such as oil extraction, transportation, and processing. This type of corrosion not only causes structural damage to metal materials, leading to the corrosion and damage of equipment like oil and gas pipelines, storage tanks, and drill rods, thereby shortening their service life, but it may also trigger safety accidents such as fires and explosions, resulting in significant economic losses and safety risks for the oil sector. This article reviews the determination and detection of microbial corrosion, monitoring methods, and the current state of research on various corrosion prevention and control methods. It emphasizes the advantages and disadvantages of different prevention and control methods and their specific effectiveness. Furthermore, it summarizes and prospects the future development trends and challenges faced by MIC prevention and control, aiming to provide some references and guidance for the research on microbial corrosion control.
Heritage and Wellbeing
Authors: Sayer Faye
Published: June 2024

‘Heritage and Wellbeing’ examines the role heritage plays in creating healthier societies. It considers how heritage can support political agendas that positively impact on individual and community wellbeing. The book seeks to explore, through a range of international case studies, how heritage can improve societal wellbeing and in what ways people’s experiences of and participation in heritage affects their wellbeing and mental health. The research presented will provide evidence of how public engagement in and with ‘cultural’ heritage can provide a mechanism to support healthier and happier societies. It indicates that heritage should be regarded by professional, organizations, and policy makers as a key player in policy and practice related to improving wellbeing and mental health.
Introduction
Authors: Sayer Faye
Published: June 2024

This chapter frames heritage’s impact on wellbeing by engaging in the underpinning epistemological frameworks and theoretical paradigms in which wellbeing, wellbeing hypothesis, and wellbeing measurement frameworks stem. Paramount to this discussion is understanding the notion of hedonic and eudaimonic wellbeing, the historiography and phenomenology behind its definition. This includes discussing the theoretical principles underpinning current wellbeing measurements and models of assessment and, critically, issues with current approaches to wellbeing research. It chapters goes on to frame the value of research into heritage wellbeing through exploring wellbeing policy internationally, nationally, and related to heritage.
Improving prevalence estimates of mental health and well-being indicators among sexual minority men: a propensity-weighting approach
Authors: Dharma Christoffer , Smith Peter M , Escobar Michael , Salway Travis , Landsman Victoria , Klassen Ben , Lachowsky Nathan J , Gesink Dionne
Published: June 2024

The prevalence and relative disparities of mental health outcomes and well-being indicators are often inconsistent across studies of sexual minority men (SMM) due to selection biases in community-based surveys (nonprobability sample), as well as misclassification biases in population-based surveys where some SMM often conceal their sexual orientation identities. The present study estimated the prevalence of mental health related outcomes (depressive symptoms, mental health service use, anxiety) and well-being indicators (loneliness and self-rated mental health) among SMM, broken down by sexual orientation using the adjusted logistic propensity score (ALP) weighting. We applied the ALP to correct for selection biases in the 2019 Sex Now data (a community-based survey of SMMs in Canada) by reweighting it to the 2015-2018 Canadian Community Health Survey (a population survey from Statistics Canada). For all SMMs, the ALP-weighted prevalence of depressive symptoms was 15.96% (95% CI, 11.36%-23.83%), while for mental health service use, it was 32.13% (95% CI, 26.09%-41.20%). The ALP estimates lie in between the crude estimates from the two surveys. This method was successful in providing a more accurate estimate than relying on results from one survey alone. We recommend to the use of ALP on other minority populations under certain assumptions.

This article is part of a Special Collection on Mental Health.
spillR: spillover compensation in mass cytometry data
Authors: Guazzini Marco , Reisach Alexander G , Weichwald Sebastian , Seiler Christof
Published: June 2024

Motivation

Channel interference in mass cytometry can cause spillover and may result in miscounting of protein markers. Chevrier et al. introduce an experimental and computational procedure to estimate and compensate for spillover implemented in their R package CATALYST. They assume spillover can be described by a spillover matrix that encodes the ratio between the signal in the unstained spillover receiving and stained spillover emitting channel. They estimate the spillover matrix from experiments with beads. We propose to skip the matrix estimation step and work directly with the full bead distributions. We develop a nonparametric finite mixture model and use the mixture components to estimate the probability of spillover. Spillover correction is often a pre-processing step followed by downstream analyses, and choosing a flexible model reduces the chance of introducing biases that can propagate downstream.

Results

We implement our method in an R package spillR using expectation-maximization to fit the mixture model. We test our method on simulated, semi-simulated, and real data from CATALYST. We find that our method compensates low counts accurately, does not introduce negative counts, avoids overcompensating high counts, and preserves correlations between markers that may be biologically meaningful.

Availability and implementation

Our new R package spillR is on bioconductor at bioconductor.org/packages/spillR. All experiments and plots can be reproduced by compiling the R markdown file spillR_paper.Rmd at github.com/ChristofSeiler/spillR_paper.
Comparison of incidence, causes and prognosis of adult and paediatric epidermal necrolysis: a French population-based study
Authors: Bettuzzi Thomas , Welfringer-Morin Anne , Ingen-Housz-Oro Saskia , Bataille Pauline , Lebrun-Vignes Bénédicte , Bodemer Christine , Sbidian Emilie
Published: June 2024

Background

Epidermal necrolysis (EN), comprising Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic EN, is a rare and severe blistering reaction, mainly induced by drugs. Differences between paediatric and adult patients regarding incidence, causes and outcomes have been discussed but are based on a limited number of patients from small case series.

Objectives

To directly compare the incidence, cause and prognosis of adult and paediatric EN.

Methods

We used data from the French Health System Database (1 January 2013–31 December 2022). We identified adult and paediatric patients hospitalized for EN using the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision codes combined with validated algorithms. Outcomes were the incidence of EN; the presence of a suspected drug before EN onset (defined as a new drug dispensation from 5 to 56 days prehospitalization); and in-hospital mortality. To estimate the association between paediatric EN and the presence of a suspect drug, we computed a multivariable logistic regression with odd ratios (ORs). To estimate the association with mortality, we computed a multivariable Cox proportional hazard ratio (HR) model.

Results

A total of 1440 patients [799 (55.5%) female] with EN were included, comprising 219 children and 1221 adults. Among children, the incidence of EN was 1.5 cases [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.3–1.7] per 1 million person-years vs. 2.6 cases (95% CI 2.5–2.7) in adults. Moreover, children had less chance of being given a culprit drug before the onset of EN [n = 93/219 (42.5%) vs. n = 829/1221 (67.9%)], with an adjusted OR of 0.43 (95% CI 0.32–0.59; P < 0.001), together with a better prognosis: the mortality rate in paediatric patients was 1.4% (95% CI 0.4–3.7) vs. 19.4% (95% CI 17.3–21.7) in adults. The adjusted HR for in-hospital mortality in children was 0.12 (95% CI 0.04–0.38; P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Paediatric EN appears to be rarer, with less chance of being caused by drugs and has a better prognosis than adult EN. These results suggest the existence of different underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical particularities between adult and paediatric patients with EN.
Translating potential improvement in the precision and accuracy of lung nodule measurements on computed tomography scans by software derived from artificial intelligence into impact on clinical practice—a simulation study
Authors: Patel Mubarak , Auguste Peter , Madan Jason , Ghiasvand Hesam , Geppert Julia , Asgharzadeh Asra , Helm Emma , Chen Yen-Fu , Gallacher Daniel
Published: June 2024

Objectives

Accurate measurement of lung nodules is pivotal to lung cancer detection and management. Nodule size forms the main basis of risk categorization in existing guidelines. However, measurements can be highly variable between manual readers. This article explores the impact of potentially improved nodule size measurement assisted by generic artificial intelligence (AI)-derived software on clinical management compared with manual measurement.

Methods

The simulation study created a baseline cohort of people with lung nodules, guided by nodule size distributions reported in the literature. Precision and accuracy were simulated to emulate measurement of nodule size by radiologists with and without the assistance of AI-derived software and by the software alone. Nodule growth was modelled over a 4-year time frame, allowing evaluation of management strategies based on existing clinical guidelines.

Results

Measurement assisted by AI-derived software increased cancer detection compared to an unassisted radiologist for a combined solid and sub-solid nodule population (62.5% vs 61.4%). AI-assisted measurement also correctly identified more benign nodules (95.8% vs 95.4%); however, it was associated with over an additional month of surveillance on average (5.12 vs 3.95 months). On average, with AI assistance people with cancer are diagnosed faster, and people without cancer are monitored longer.

Conclusions

In this simulation, the potential benefits of improved accuracy and precision associated with AI-based diameter measurement is associated with additional monitoring of non-cancerous nodules. AI may offer additional benefits not captured in this simulation, and it is important to generate data supporting these, and adjust guidelines as necessary.

Advances in knowledge

This article shows the effects of greater measurement accuracy associated with AI assistance compared with unassisted measurement.
Under pressure: the interplay of hypertension and white matter hyperintensities with cognition in chronic stroke aphasia
Authors: Hannan Jade , Busby Natalie , Roth Rebecca , Wilmskoetter Janina , Newman-Norlund Roger , Rorden Chris , Bonilha Leonardo , Fridriksson Julius
Published: June 2024

While converging research suggests that increased white matter hyperintensity load is associated with poorer cognition, and the presence of hypertension is associated with increased white matter hyperintensity load, the relationship among hypertension, cognition and white matter hyperintensities is not well understood. We sought to determine the effect of white matter hyperintensity burden on the relationship between hypertension and cognition in individuals with post-stroke aphasia, with the hypothesis that white matter hyperintensity load moderates the relationship between history of hypertension and cognitive function. Health history, Fazekas scores for white matter hyperintensities and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Matrix Reasoning subtest scores for 79 people with aphasia collected as part of the Predicting Outcomes of Language Rehabilitation study at the Center for the Study of Aphasia Recovery at the University of South Carolina and the Medical University of South Carolina were analysed retrospectively. We found that participants with a history of hypertension had increased deep white matter hyperintensity severity (P < 0.001), but not periventricular white matter hyperintensity severity (P = 0.116). Moderation analysis revealed that deep white matter hyperintensity load moderates the relationship between high blood pressure and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale scores when controlling for age, education, aphasia severity and lesion volume. The interaction is significant, showing that a history of high blood pressure and severe deep white matter hyperintensities together are associated with poorer Matrix Reasoning scores. The overall model explains 41.85% of the overall variation in Matrix Reasoning score in this group of participants. These findings underscore the importance of considering cardiovascular risk factors in aphasia treatment, specifically hypertension and its relationship to brain health in post-stroke cognitive function.
The Impact of the ‘Coding Girls’ Program on High School Students’ Skills, Awareness and Aspirations
Authors: Basiglio Stefania , Del Boca Daniela , Pronzato Chiara
Published: June 2024

This article evaluates the impact of the ‘Coding Girls’ educational enrichment program designed to address the underrepresentation of women and girls in the fields of science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM). Implemented in Italy, the program seeks to stimulate the interest of young female students in programming and science, encouraging them to consider STEM-related fields of study. Through a randomized controlled trial involving twenty-eight classes across ten secondary schools in Turin, Italy, we assess the program’s effectiveness. Our results show that Coding Girls significantly enhances the programming skills of both male and female students. Moreover, it raises awareness among students about gender disparities in STEM-related professions. While the program positively influences boys’ aspirations to pursue higher education in STEM disciplines, it does not have a similar effect on girls. (JEL codes: J16 I23)
Sexually Transmitted Infection/Human Immunodeficiency Virus (STI/HIV) Testing, STIs, and HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Use Among Men Who Have Sex With Men and Men Who Have Sex With Men and Women in the United States, 2019–2022
Authors: Tao Guoyu , Patel Chirag G , He Larry , Workowski Kimberly
Published: June 2024

Background

Routine sexually transmitted infection and human immunodeficiency virus (STI/HIV) testing and HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) use are recommended for men who have sex with men (MSM) at increased risk of HIV.

Methods

Using HealthVerity, a large administrative dataset in the United States, we assessed STI/HIV testing, chlamydia and gonorrhea positivity by specimen type, and HIV PrEP use among MSM and men who have sex with men and women (MSMW) at their first visits (index date) for those at increased risk of HIV and STIs from 2019 through 2022.

Results

Among 81 716 MSM and MSMW aged 15–64 years at their index date visit, STI testing rates were 57.9% for chlamydia, 58.1% for gonorrhea, and 52.2% for syphilis testing, respectively; 55.5%, 30.9%, and 18.1% had HIV testing, HIV PrEP use, and PrEP initiation, respectively, among the patients who did not have HIV. Of patients with chlamydia and gonorrhea testing, 48% were tested from the genital site only and 25% from 3 anatomic sites (rectal, pharyngeal, and urogenital). Chlamydia and gonorrhea positivity was 9.8% for chlamydia rectal infection, 7.3% for gonorrhea rectal infection, and 5.3% for gonorrhea pharyngeal infection.

Conclusions

Our results present current medical services provided during initial clinic visits for MSM and MSMW in private outpatient settings. Our study suggests that the assessment of STI/HIV testing is periodically needed due to the high prevalence of infection, and efforts to promote HIV PrEP for MSM and MSMW in private settings are urgently needed.
How well do large language model-based chatbots perform in oral and maxillofacial radiology?
Authors: Jeong Hui , Han Sang-Sun , Yu Youngjae , Kim Saejin , Jeon Kug Jin
Published: June 2024

Objectives

This study evaluated the performance of four large language model (LLM)-based chatbots by comparing their test results with those of dental students on an oral and maxillofacial radiology examination.

Methods

ChatGPT, ChatGPT Plus, Bard, and Bing Chat were tested on 52 questions from regular dental college examinations. These questions were categorized into three educational content areas: basic knowledge, imaging and equipment, and image interpretation. They were also classified as multiple-choice questions (MCQs) and short-answer questions (SAQs). The accuracy rates of the chatbots were compared with the performance of students, and further analysis was conducted based on the educational content and question type.

Results

The students’ overall accuracy rate was 81.2%, while that of the chatbots varied: 50.0% for ChatGPT, 65.4% for ChatGPT Plus, 50.0% for Bard, and 63.5% for Bing Chat. ChatGPT Plus achieved a higher accuracy rate for basic knowledge than the students (93.8% vs. 78.7%). However, all chatbots performed poorly in image interpretation, with accuracy rates below 35.0%. All chatbots scored less than 60.0% on MCQs, but performed better on SAQs.

Conclusions

The performance of chatbots in oral and maxillofacial radiology was unsatisfactory. Further training using specific, relevant data derived solely from reliable sources is required. Additionally, the validity of these chatbots’ responses must be meticulously verified.
Atrial septal defect closure in children at young age is beneficial for left ventricular function
Authors: Sjöberg Pia , Clausen Henning , Arheden Håkan , Liuba Petru , Hedström Erik
Published: June 2024

Aims

Atrial septal defects (ASDs) lead to volume-loaded right ventricles (RVs). ASD closure does not always alleviate symptoms or improve exercise capacity, which is possibly explained by impaired left ventricular (LV) haemodynamics. This study evaluated the effect of ASD closure in children using non-invasive LV pressure–volume (PV) loops derived from cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging and brachial blood pressure, compared with controls.

Methods and results

Twenty-three children with ASD underwent CMR, and 17 of them were re-examined 7 (6–9) months after ASD closure. Twelve controls were included. Haemodynamic variables were derived from PV loops by time-resolved LV volumes and brachial blood pressure. After ASD closure, LV volume increased [76 (70–86) vs. 63 (57–70) mL/m2, P = 0.0001]; however, it was still smaller than in controls [76 (70–86) vs. 82 (78–89) mL/m2, P = 0.048]. Compared with controls, children with ASD had higher contractility [2.6 (2.1–3.3) vs. 1.7 (1.5–2.2) mmHg/mL, P = 0.0076] and arterial elastance [2.1 (1.4–3.1) vs. 1.4 (1.2–2.0) mmHg/mL, P = 0.034]. After ASD closure, both contractility [2.0 (1.4–2.5) mmHg/mL, P = 0.0001] and arterial elastance [1.4 (1.3–2.0) mmHg/mL, P = 0.0002] decreased.

Conclusion

Despite the left-to-right atrial shunt that leads to low LV filling and RV enlargement, the LV remains efficient and there is no evidence of impaired LV haemodynamics in children. Closure of ASD at young age while the ventricle is compliant is thus beneficial for LV function. LV volumes, however, remain small after ASD closure, which may impact long-term cardiovascular risk and exercise performance.
The reference genome of an endangered Asteraceae, Deinandra increscens subsp. villosa, endemic to the Central Coast of California
Authors: McEvoy Susan L , Meyer Rachel S , Hasenstab-Lehman Kristen E , Guilliams C Matt
Published: June 2024

We present a reference genome for the federally endangered Gaviota tarplant, Deinandra increscens subsp. villosa (Madiinae, Asteraceae), an annual herb endemic to the Central California coast. Generating PacBio HiFi, Oxford Nanopore Technologies, and Dovetail Omni-C data, we assembled a haploid consensus genome of 1.67 Gb as 28.7 K scaffolds with a scaffold N50 of 74.9 Mb. We annotated repeat content in 74.8% of the genome. Long terminal repeats (LTRs) covered 44.0% of the genome with Copia families predominant at 22.9% followed by Gypsy at 14.2%. Both Gypsy and Copia elements were common in ancestral peaks of LTRs, and the most abundant element was a Gypsy element containing nested Copia/Angela sequence similarity, reflecting a complex evolutionary history of repeat activity. Gene annotation produced 33,257 genes and 68,942 transcripts, of which 99% were functionally annotated. BUSCO scores for the annotated proteins were 96.0% complete of which 77.6% was single copy and 18.4% duplicates. Whole genome duplication synonymous mutation rates of Gaviota tarplant and sunflower (Helianthus annuus) shared peaks that correspond to the last Asteraceae polyploidization event and subsequent divergence from a common ancestor at ∼27 MYA. Regions of high-density tandem genes were identified, pointing to potentially important loci of environmental adaptation in this species.
Hidden Links Between Skin Microbiome and Skin Imaging Phenome
Authors: Cheng Mingyue , Zhou Hong , Zhang Haobo , Zhang Xinchao , Zhang Shuting , Bai Hong , Zha Yugo , Luo Dan , Chen Dan , Chen Siyuan , Ning Kang , Liu Wei
Published: June 2024

Despite the skin microbiome has been linked to skin health and diseases, its role in modulating human skin appearance remains understudied. Using a total of 1244 face imaging phenomes and 246 cheek metagenomes, we first established three skin age indices by machine learning, including skin phenotype age (SPA), skin microbiota age (SMA), and skin integration age (SIA) as surrogates of phenotypic aging, microbial aging, and their combination, respectively. Moreover, we found that besides aging and gender as intrinsic factors, skin microbiome might also play a role in shaping skin imaging phenotypes (SIPs). Skin taxonomic and functional α diversity was positively linked to melanin, pore, pigment, and ultraviolet spot levels, but negatively linked to sebum, lightening, and porphyrin levels. Furthermore, certain species were correlated with specific SIPs, such as sebum and lightening levels negatively correlated with Corynebacterium matruchotii, Staphylococcus capitis, and Streptococcus sanguinis. Notably, we demonstrated skin microbial potential in predicting SIPs, among which the lightening level presented the least error of 1.8%. Lastly, we provided a reservoir of potential mechanisms through which skin microbiome adjusted the SIPs, including the modulation of pore, wrinkle, and sebum levels by cobalamin and heme synthesis pathways, predominantly driven by Cutibacterium acnes. This pioneering study unveils the paradigm for the hidden links between skin microbiome and skin imaging phenome, providing novel insights into how skin microbiome shapes skin appearance and its healthy aging.
Timing of exposure assessment in studies on Group B streptococcus colonization and preterm birth
Authors: Procter Simon R , Paul Proma , Horváth-Puhó Erzsébet , Gonçalves Bronner P
Published: June 2024

Background

Maternal colonization by the bacterium Group B streptococcus (GBS) increases risk of preterm birth, a condition that has an important impact on the health of children. However, research studies that quantify the effect of GBS colonization on preterm birth have reported variable estimates of the effect measure.

Methods

We performed a simulated cohort study of pregnant women to assess how timing of exposure (GBS colonization) assessment might influence results of studies that address this question. We used published data on longitudinal maternal GBS colonization and on the distribution of preterm births by gestational age to inform parameters used in the simulations.

Results

Assuming that the probability of preterm birth is higher during weeks when pregnant women are colonized by GBS, our results suggest that studies that assess exposure status early during pregnancy are more likely to estimate an association between GBS colonization and preterm birth that is closer to the null, compared with studies that assess exposure either at birth or during gestational weeks matched to preterm births. In sensitivity analyses assuming different colonization acquisition rates and diagnostic sensitivities, we observed similar results.

Conclusions

Accurate quantification of the effect of maternal GBS colonization on the risk of preterm birth is necessary to understand the full health burden linked to this bacterium. In this study, we investigated one possible explanation, related to the timing of exposure assessment, for the variable findings of previous observational studies. Our findings will inform future research on this question.
Copper stress shapes the dynamic behavior of amoebae and their associated bacteria
Authors: Shi Yijing , Ma Lu , Zhou Min , He Zhili , Zhao Yuanchen , Hong Junyue , Zou Xinyue , Zhang Lin , Shu Longfei
Published: June 2024

Amoeba-bacteria interactions are prevalent in both natural ecosystems and engineered environments. Amoebae, as essential consumers, hold significant ecological importance within ecosystems. Besides, they can establish stable symbiotic associations with bacteria. Copper plays a critical role in amoeba predation by either killing or restricting the growth of ingested bacteria in phagosomes. However, certain symbiotic bacteria have evolved mechanisms to persist within the phagosomal vacuole, evading antimicrobial defenses. Despite these insights, the impact of copper on the symbiotic relationships between amoebae and bacteria remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of copper stress on amoebae and their symbiotic relationships with bacteria. Our findings revealed that elevated copper concentration adversely affected amoeba growth and altered cellular fate. Symbiont type significantly influenced the responses of the symbiotic relationships to copper stress. Beneficial symbionts maintained stability under copper stress, but parasitic symbionts exhibited enhanced colonization of amoebae. Furthermore, copper stress favored the transition of symbiotic relationships between amoebae and beneficial symbionts toward the host’s benefit. Conversely, the pathogenic effects of parasitic symbionts on hosts were exacerbated under copper stress. This study sheds light on the intricate response mechanisms of soil amoebae and amoeba-bacteria symbiotic systems to copper stress, providing new insights into symbiotic dynamics under abiotic factors. Additionally, the results underscore the potential risks of copper accumulation in the environment for pathogen transmission and biosafety.