bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigation on upconversion luminescence in Yb3+/Er3+‐codoped Gd2SiO5 single crystal
Authors: Xu Xiaodong , Xu Wenwei , Cheng Yan , Li Dongzhen , Cheng Shishu , Wu Feng , Zhao Zhiwei , Zhou Guoqing , Xu Jun
Published: September 2009

Yb3+/Er3+‐codoped Gd2SiO5 (Yb,Er:GSO) single crystal was grown by the Czochralski method. The upconversion properties of the crystal under 940 nm excitation were investigated. Intense emission bands centered at 521, 548, and 652 nm corresponding to the transitions 2H11/2 → 4I15/2, 4S3/2 → 4I15/2, and 4F9/2 → 4I15/2 of Er3+, respectively, were observed at room temperature. The dependence of the intensity of the Er3+ emission on the pump power and possible upconversion mechanism were discussed and evaluated.
A hard semiconductor OsN4 with high elastic constant c44
Authors: Zhao Wen Jie , Xu Hong Bin , Wang Yuan Xu
Published: September 2009

Using the first‐principles method, we have investigated OsN4 with the orthorhombic Pbca structure. Its elastic constant c44 is larger than all the synthesized 5d transition metal nitrides and borides; besides, OsN4 is found to exhibit large bulk and shear moduli, and small Poisson's ratio. The calculated band structure shows that OsN4 is a semiconductor with a band gap of 0.70 eV. Its insulating behavior mainly comes from the antibonding formed between the nearest N and N and the nearest Os and N atoms. In a word, OsN4 is expected to be a ultra‐hard semiconductor. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
X‐ray excited optical luminescence from crystalline silicon
Authors: Gundel Paul , Martinez‐Criado Gema , Schubert Martin C. , Sans Juan Angel , Kwapil Wolfram , Warta Wilhelm , Weber Eicke R.
Published: September 2009

Synchrotron based X‐ray excited optical luminescence (XEOL) has been measured with many direct bandgap semiconductors. We present XEOL measurements on crystalline silicon (Si), obtained despite of its indirect bandgap and the consequently low luminescence efficiency. Spectra of monocrystalline and multicrystalline (mc) Si at room temperature are compared to theoretical spectra. A possible application in the synchrotron‐based research on mc‐Si is exemplified by combining XEOL, X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy, photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, and microscope images of grain boundaries. This approach can be utilized to investigate the recombination activity of metal precipitates, to analyze areas of different lifetimes on mc‐Si samples and to correlate additional material parameters to XRF measurements. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A computational study of the carboxylic acid of phloroglucinol in vacuo and in water solution
Authors: Mammino Liliana , Kabanda Mwadham M.
Published: September 2009

2,4,6‐Trihydroxybenzoic acid (FA) is the carboxylic acid of phloroglucinol and, in turn, the parent compound of many biologically active compounds. The biological activities of FA are “extreme” among trihydroxybenzoic acids (e.g., lowest antioxidant activity, highest toxicity toward crustaceans). A complete MP2/6‐31++G(d,p) conformational study in vacuo shows that the lowest energy conformers contain two intramolecular hydrogen bonds between the COOH function and the twoorthophenolic OH, with the Z form of COOH preferred over the E form. Comparisons with conformers in which the H‐bonds are removed enable fairly reliable evaluations of their energy, because of an off‐plane shift of COOH on H‐bond removal, decreasing the effects of lone pair repulsion. Comparisons with the other hydroxybenzoic acids (extensively calculated in vacuo at the same level of theory) suggest that FA has the strongest intramolecular H‐bonds. PCM calculations of FA in water solution show the same sequence of relative stabilities as in vacuo, with narrower differences because of the greater solvent stabilization of higher energy conformers. Calculations of adducts with water molecules H‐bonded to different donor–acceptor centers of FA show the preferred arrangements of water molecules around the different regions of FA and confirm that the stronger intramolecular H‐bonds are not broken on competition with the possibility of formation of intermolecular H‐bonds. HF/6‐31++G(d,p) calculations of adducts, in which the FA molecule is completely surrounded by water molecules, show that 14–16 water molecules (depending on the FA conformer geometry) realize arrangements corresponding to a presumable first solvation layer, with all the water molecules directly H‐bonded to donor–acceptor centers of FA or bridging water molecules directly H‐bonded to them. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010
Absolute stability of Lurie networked control systems
Authors: Hao Fei , Zhao Xianghui
Published: September 2009

This paper is concerned with the absolute stability problem of networked control systems (NCSs) with the controlled plant being Lurie systems (Lurie NCSs), in which the network‐induced delays are assumed to be time‐varying and bounded. First, in consideration of both the time‐varying network‐induced delays and data packet dropouts, the Lurie NCSs can be modeled as a multiple‐delays Lurie system. Then, a delay‐dependent absolute stability condition is established by using the Lyapunov–Krasovskii method. Next, two approaches to controller design are proposed in the terms of simple algebra criteria, which are easily solved via the toolbox in Matlab. Furthermore, the main results can be extended to robust absolute stability of Lurie NCSs with the structured uncertainties, where robust absolute stability conditions and approaches to robust controller design are presented. Finally, two numerical examples are worked out to illustrate the feasibility and the effectiveness of the proposed method. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A frailty model approach for regression analysis of multivariate current status data
Authors: Chen Man‐Hua , Tong Xingwei , Sun Jianguo
Published: September 2009

This paper discusses regression analysis of multivariate current status failure time data (The Statistical Analysis of Interval‐censoring Failure Time Data. Springer: New York, 2006), which occur quite often in, for example, tumorigenicity experiments and epidemiologic investigations of the natural history of a disease. For the problem, several marginal approaches have been proposed that model each failure time of interest individually (Biometrics2000;56:940–943;Statist. Med.2002;21:3715–3726). In this paper, we present a full likelihood approach based on the proportional hazards frailty model. For estimation, an Expectation Maximization (EM) algorithm is developed and simulation studies suggest that the presented approach performs well for practical situations. The approach is applied to a set of bivariate current status data arising from a tumorigenicity experiment. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sampling of subpopulations in two‐stage surveys
Authors: Clark Robert Graham
Published: September 2009

Many health and other surveys aim to produce statistics on small subpopulations, such as specific ethnic groups or the indigenous population of a country. In most countries, there is no reliable sampling frame of the subpopulations of interest, hence it is necessary to sample from the general population, which can be very expensive. A range of issues and strategies for sampling rare subpopulations is reviewed. The most common approaches in practice are the use of a large screening sample, and disproportionate sampling by strata. Optimal sample designs have been derived for the case of one‐stage sampling, but most household interview surveys use two or more stages of selection. This paper develops optimal designs for two‐stage sampling, where there is auxiliary information on subpopulation numbers for each primary sampling unit. Various alternative designs are evaluated using a simulated population derived from the New Zealand Census. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study on the seismic performance of a multi‐tower connected structure
Authors: Zhou Ying , Lu Xilin , Lu Wensheng , Qian Jiang
Published: September 2009

Many reinforced concrete or steel reinforced concrete single‐tower buildings have been built in China. The structural performance of such one‐tower structural systems depends on that of the primary components that are structural walls or moment‐resistant frames. For multi‐tower connected structures, problems become more complex. A multi‐tower connected building, with large floor slab openings in plan and long‐span truss in elevation, was thus studied because of its structural complexity and irregularity. First, a 1/25 scaled model structure was tested on the shake table under minor, moderate, and major earthquake levels. Then, the dynamic responses of the model structure were interpreted to those of the prototype structure according to the similitude laws. The experimental results were also compared with the numerical analysis of a three‐dimensional finite element model for the irregular structure. Both experimental and analytical results demonstrate that, despite of the structural complexity, the overall responses of the building meet the requirements of the Chinese design code and the torsion of the structure is not remarkable. It is suggested that the strength and stiffness of the long‐span connecting truss should be improved due to the potentially large vertical acceleration under strong earthquakes. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrochemistry of graphene: new horizons for sensing and energy storage
Authors: Pumera Martin
Published: September 2009

Graphene is a new 2D nanomaterial with outstanding material, physical, chemical, and electrochemical properties. In this review, we first discuss the methods of preparing graphene sheets and their chemistry. Following that, the fundamental reasons governing the electrochemistry of graphene are meaningfully described. Graphene is an excellent electrode material with the advantages of conductivity and electrochemistry of sp2 carbon but without the disadvantages related to carbon nanotubes, such as residual metallic impurities. We highlight important applications of graphene and graphene nanoplatelets for sensing, biosensing, and energy storage. © 2009 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Chem Rec 9: 211–223; 2009: Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI 10.1002/tcr.200900008
Organophosphine syntheses via activation of the phosphorus‐silicon bond of silylphosphines
Authors: Hayashi Minoru
Published: September 2009

This paper describes the recent advances in the syntheses of organophosphines by forming several types of phosphorus‐carbon bonds via activation of the phosphorus‐silicon bond of silylphosphines. In this account, the activation methods are classified into three types: nucleophile‐induced activations, reactions with Lewis acid‐activated electrophiles, and transition metal catalyzed reactions. Nucleophile‐induced activations of silylphosphines, especially by a fluoride, generated a reactive phosphide equivalent for selective formation of a P‐C bond. Silylphosphines also reacted selectively with Lewis acid‐activated electrophiles. The Lewis acid mediated/catalyzed additions and substitutions, to form sp3‐carbon‐phosphorus bonds including an asymmetric reaction, are described. Several important types of transition metal catalyzed reactions of silylphosphines are also mentioned in this account. Selective formation of a P‐C bond is achieved through these activations to produce a variety of functional organophosphines including optically active ones. © 2009 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Chem Rec 9: 236–245; 2009: Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI 10.1002/tcr.200900011
Ultrasound methods to distinguish between malignant and benign adnexal masses in the hands of examiners with different levels of experience
Authors: Van Holsbeke C. , Daemen A. , Yazbek J. , Holland T. K. , Bourne T. , Mesens T. , Lannoo L. , De Moor B. , De Jonge E. , Testa A. C. , Valentin L. , Jurkovic D. , Timmerman D.
Published: September 2009

Objectives

To determine the effect of an ultrasound training course on the performance of pattern recognition when used by less experienced examiners and to compare the performance of pattern recognition, a logistic regression model and a scoring system to estimate the risk of malignancy between examiners with different levels of experience.

Methods

Using ultrasound images of selected adnexal masses, two trainees classified the masses as benign or malignant by using pattern recognition both before and after they had attended a theoretical gynecological ultrasound course. They also classified the masses by using a logistic regression model and a scoring system, but only after they had attended the course. The performance of these three methods when they were used by the trainees was then compared with that when they were used by experts.

Results

One hundred and sixty‐five adnexal masses were included, of which 42% were malignant (21% invasive tumors and 21% borderline tumors). The area under the receiver–operating characteristics curve of pattern recognition when used by the trainees was similar before and after they had attended the course. Training decreased sensitivity (84% vs. 70% for Trainee 1, P = 0.004; 70% vs. 61% for Trainee 2, P = 0.058) and increased specificity (77% vs. 92% for Trainee 1, P = 0.001; 89% vs. 95% for Trainee 2, P = 0.058). The performance of pattern recognition was poorer in the hands of the trainees than in the hands of the experts. The sensitivities of the logistic regression model were 70% and 54% for the trainees vs. 83% for an expert (P = 0.020 and < 0.001, respectively) and the specificities were 84% and 94% vs. 89% (P = 0.25 and 0.59, respectively). The sensitivities of the scoring system were 59% and 54% for the trai‐nees vs. 75% for the expert (P = 0.002 and < 0.001, respectively), and the specificities were 90% and 93% vs. 85% (P = 0.103 and 0.008, respectively).

Conclusion

Theoretical ultrasound teaching did not seem to improve the performance of pattern recognition in the hands of trainees. A logistic regression model and a scoring system to classify adnexal masses as benign or malignant perform less well when they were used by inexperienced examiners than when used by an expert. Before using a model or a scoring system, experience and/or proper training are likely to be of paramount importance if diagnostic performance is to be optimized. Copyright © 2009 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Half Antiperovskites: IV. Crystallographic and Electronic Structure Investigations onA2Rh3S2(A= In, Sn, Tl, Pb, Bi)
Authors: Anusca Irina , Schmid Andreas , Peter Philipp , Rothballer Jan , Pielnhofer Florian , Weihrich Richard
Published: September 2009

The crystal and electronic structures of ordered half antiperovskitesA2Rh3S2=ARh3/2S (A= In, Sn, Tl, Pb, Bi) are investigated. From powder and single crystal data superstructures, rhodium site ordering, trends in bonding and coordination are analysed with respect to theAsite atom. Comparisons address isotypic and isoelectronic relations to monoclinic parkerite (Bi2Ni3S2) type superconductors, the trigonal half‐metal ferromagnet Sn2Co3S2, and rhodium‐containing antiperovskites. Local structure and bonding is analysed with respect to the ordered occupation of half of S2A4sites (= perovskite oxygen sites) and interlinking to 2D networks [Rh3S2]∞δ–by face‐, edge‐ and corner‐sharing. The theoretical part includes DFT band structure and ELF calculations, systematic comparisons to rhodium and antiperovskites, as well as spin‐polarised calculations on Sn2Rh3S2and Pb2Rh3S2.
Syntheses and Characterization of Two Coordination Polymers Constructed by the Ligand 3,5‐Bis(pyridin‐4‐ylmethoxy)benzoic Acid
Authors: Xu Guang‐Juan , Zhao Ya‐Hui , Shao Kui‐Zhan , Xu Yan‐Hong , Wang Xin‐Long , Su Zhong‐Min , Yan Li‐Kai
Published: September 2009

Two coordination polymers, namely [Zn(L1)(OAc)]·H2O (1) and [Cd(L1)2] (2), where L1 = 3,5‐bis(pyridin‐4‐ylmethoxy)benzoic acid, have been synthesized under hydrothermal conditions and characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. Complex 1 has a 2D layer structure in which the hydrogen bonds between lattice water molecules and uncoordinated carboxylate oxygen atoms of the ligand L1 in the adjacent layers extend the 2D layer into a 3D supramolecular architecture. The structure of 2 is a 2D (3,5)‐connected net with (3·52)(32·53·64·7) topology. In addition, the luminescent properties of complexes 1 and 2 have been studied in the solid state at room temperature.
Ternary Hydroxides II. Synthesis and Crystal Structure of the Layered Barium Hexahydroxidostannate(IV) Pentahydrate, Ba[Sn(OH)6]·5H2O
Authors: Kamaha Shouassi , Reuter Hans
Published: September 2009

Single crystals of Ba[Sn(OH)6]·5H2O (1) were grown by three different methods and the crystal structure was determined by X‐ray diffraction (monoclinic, P21/c, a = 10.3119(2) Å, b = 8.6079(2) Å, c = 23.4906(4) Å, β = 90.774(1)°, V = 2084.93(7) Å3, Z = 8). The fundamental primary building units (PBU′s) consist of two octahedral [Sn(OH)6]2– ions and two monocapped square antiprisms of {Ba(OH)4(H2O)5}. The latter and one of the two {Sn(OH)6} octahedra are linked together through common edges resulting in the formation of layers, the secondary building units (SBU′s). These layers can be described in terms of two {BaO9} Zweier single chains parallel to the b axis which are linked together every second antiprism through common edges with one of its two adjacent chains. The holes between these chains are filled from the {Sn(OH)6} octahedra. In contrast, the second {Sn(OH)6} octahedron has the function of a spacer separating the SBU′s from each other. Furthermore, the interlayer space is filled by five additional water molecules which are not part of any coordination sphere. All building units are held together by an extended network of hydrogen bonds with structural data that indicate medium strong to weak interactions.
Introduction of Copper Ions in the Hexagonal Channels of the Apatite Type La–Sr and La–Ca Silicates
Authors: Kazin Pavel E. , Zykin Mikhail A. , Gazizova Olga R. , Tretyakov Yury D.
Published: September 2009

Copper‐containing and copper‐free La–M (M = Sr, Ca) silicates with an apatite‐type structure were prepared by solid state reaction at 1400 °C in air. Samples were studied by powder X‐ray diffraction, electron microscopy with EDX analysis, and magnetic measurements. The crystal structures of the samples were refined by the Rietveld method. Copper was incorporated into the hexagonal channels forming linear O–Cu–O groups with the site occupancies up to 0.37 for M = Sr and 0.31 for M = Ca. The impact of the introduced copper was a substantial increase of the hexagonal channel diameter and a somewhat smaller increase of the lattice parameters. Copper‐containing samples were diamagnetic and not brightly colored in contrast to copper‐doped phosphate apatites.
Surface Effects in the Pressure‐Induced Structural Transformation of a ZnO Nanorod
Authors: Frenzel Johannes , Seifert Gotthard , Zahn Dirk
Published: September 2009

We report on molecular dynamics simulations of an atomistic zinc oxide nanorod model embedded in a pressure medium. The transformation of the nanorod from wurtzite to rocksalt structure is investigated using both “brute‐force” over‐pressurization and transition path sampling at a much lower pressure. The latter approach yields the underlying mechanisms at more realistic conditions and reveals the interplay of the morphogenesis of the rocksalt‐type structure domains with shape deformation of the overall nanorod. Surface effects are observed to not only influence dedicated nucleation sites but also impose control mechanisms to phase growth and to specific shape deformation.
Syntheses, Characterization, and Electrochemical Anion Recognition Investigation of New N‐5‐Ferrocenylisophthalic Amino Acid Methyl Esters
Authors: Liu Wei , Zheng Haijin , Du Lingzhi , Chen Bingyi , Song Maoping
Published: September 2009

The N‐5‐ferrocenylisophthalic amino acid methyl esters derivatives 4a–f were prepared by direct condensation of 5‐ferrocenylisophthalic dichloride to the corresponding amino acid methyl esters. The compounds were fully characterized by a range of NMR spectroscopic techniques, mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) and cyclovoltammetry (CV). The cyclovoltammetric behavior of 4a–f showed one pair of well‐defined and stable redox waves in potential range of 0.0–0.9 V at the GC electrode, which were attributed to the Fc/Fc+ redox process. Electrochemical investigations of 4a–f demonstrated that addition of H2PO4– resulted in large shifts of the respective Fc/Fc+ couple to more negative potentials (ca. 39–68 mV), which suggests that compounds 4a–f have good abilities in recognizing H2PO4–. Moreover, 1H NMR spectroscopic anion titration studies of 4c and 4e strongly suggest the contributions of the amide and Ar–H protons as the important hydrogen donors in anion binding.
Zur Elektronenstruktur hochsymmetrischer Verbindungen der f‐Elemente 44 [1]. Erstmalige parametrische Analyse des Absorptionsspektrums einer Molekülverbindung des trivalenten Urans: Tris[hydrotris(1‐pyrazolyl)borato]uran(III)
Authors: Apostolidis Christos , Morgenstern Alfred , Rebizant Jean , Kanellakopulos Basil , Walter Olaf , Powietzka Bernhard , Karbowiak Miroslav , Reddmann Hauke , Amberger Hanns‐Dieter
Published: September 2009

The absorption spectrum of tris[hydrotris(1‐pyrazolyl)borato]uranium(III) (UTp3) was run at room and low temperatures. From the spectra obtained, a truncated crystal field (CF) splitting pattern could be derived, and simulated by fitting the free parameters of a phenomenological Hamiltonian achieving an r.m.s. deviation of 37.7 cm–1for 29 assignments. The parameters used allow the insertion of the Tp ligand into empirical spectrochemical, nephelauxetic and relativistic nephelauxetic series of UIIIcompounds, and the set‐up of experimentally based nonrelativistic and relativistic molecular orbital schemes of UTp3in the f range. Using the wavefunctions and eigenvalues of the fit, the experimentally determined temperature dependence (in the range 1.34–294.4 K) of μ2effcould be reproduced adopting an orbital reduction factor k = 0.99.
X‐ray Structure and Magnetic Properties of Two New Iron(II) 1D Coordination Polymers with Bis(imidazolyle)methane as Bridging Ligand
Authors: Pfaffeneder Toni , Bauer Wolfgang , Weber Birgit
Published: September 2009

The reaction of iron(II) acetate with the tetradentate Schiff base like ligands H2L1 ((E,E)‐[{diethyl 2,2′‐[1,2‐phenylenebis(iminomethylidyne)]bis[3‐oxobutanato]) and H2L2 ([3,3′]‐[1,2‐phenylene‐bis(iminomethylidyne)]bis(2,4‐pentane‐dionato)‐N,N′,O2,O2′]) leads to the formation of the octahedral N2O4 coordinated iron complexes [FeL1(MeOH)2] and [FeL2(MeOH)2], respectively. Conversion of both with bimm (bis(1‐imidazolyle)methane) leads to the 1D coordination polymers [FeL1(bimm)]·0.5MeOH (1) and [FeL2(bimm)] (2). Compound 1 is a pure high‐spin (HS) complex, which was characterised by using magnetic measurements and X‐ray structure analysis. Compound 2 undergoes an irregular and incomplete thermal spin transition.
Hydroaluminierung von Silicium‐zentrierten Dialkinen – Synthese gemischt‐substituierter Alkenyl‐alkinylsilane
Authors: Uhl Werner , Heller Denis
Published: September 2009

Bis(phenylethynyl)silanes reacted with equimolar quantities of various dialkylaluminium hydrides, R2Al–H [R = CH2tBu, tBu, iBu, CH(SiMe3)2], by hydroalumination and addition of a Al–H bond to a C≡C triple bond. Alkenyl‐alkynylsilanes were formed, which had the aluminium atoms in geminal positions with the silicon atoms and adopt a cis arrangement of aluminium and hydrogen at the resulting C=C double bonds in most cases. cis/trans‐Rearrangement with the formation the trans‐addition products was observed only for the two sterically least shielded compounds. Intramolecular interactions of the coordinatively unsaturated aluminium atoms with the α‐carbon atoms of the intact alkynyl groups were detected by crystal structure determinations for the tert‐butyl and neopentyl derivatives, whereas they did not occur with bulky bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl substituents.
Palladium(II) and Platinum(II) Saccharinate Complexes with 2‐Aminomethylpyridine and 2‐Aminoethylpyridine: Synthesis, Characterization, Crystal Structures, and Thermal Properties
Authors: Yilmaz Veysel T. , Ertem Ahsen , Guney Emel , Buyukgungor Orhan
Published: September 2009

trans‐[Pd(ampy)2](sac)2 (1), trans‐[Pt(ampy)2](sac)2 (2), trans‐[Pd(aepy)2](sac)2·2H2O (3) and trans‐[Pt(aepy)2](sac)2·2H2O (4) (sac = saccharinate, ampy = 2‐aminomethylpyridine and aepy = 2‐aminoethylpyridine) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, FTIR, and X‐ray single crystal diffraction. In all cases, the palladium(II) and platinum(II) ions sit on the center of symmetry and are coordinated by the bidentate chelating ampy or aepy ligands, and the sac ions remain as a counterion. In complex 2, the cations and sac anions are connected by N–H···O hydrogen bonds as well as aromatic π–π stacking interactions into a two‐dimensional supramolecular network, whereas in 3 and 4, they are linked by N–H···O hydrogen bonds into chains, which are further assembled into a two‐dimensional array by OW–H···O hydrogen bonds. All complexes were investigated by IR spectroscopy and thermal analyses.
Synthesis of a New Modification of Lithium Chloride Confirming Theoretical Predictions
Authors: Bach Andreas , Fischer Dieter , Jansen Martin
Published: September 2009

In accordance with prior calculations, the new polymorph β‐LiCl (wurtzite structure type) has been synthesised, by the low‐temperature atomic‐beam‐deposition (LT–ABD) technique, in a mixture with α‐LiCl (rock salt structure type) by depositing LiCl vapour (2 to 5.3 × 10–4 mbar) onto a cooled substrate (–30 to –60 °C). The maximum β‐LiCl fraction of 53 % was obtained using a sapphire (0001) substrate at –50 °C and 3.7 × 10–4 mbar LiCl vapour pressure. The proportion of the new polymorph contained in the bulk sample decreases as temperature or vapour pressure deviate from these values, until finally the rock salt type LiCl is found exclusively. When the samples are warmed up to room temperature, β‐LiCl irreversibly transforms to α‐LiCl. The X‐ray diffraction pattern of the two phase LiCl sample measured at –50 °C has been indexed and refined based on a hexagonal unit cell for β‐LiCl with the lattice constants a = 3.852(1) Å and c = 6.118(1) Å and a cubic unit cell for α‐LiCl with the lattice constant a = 5.0630(8) Å. By Rietveld refinement the wurtzite type ofstructure (P63mc, No. 186) was suggested for the new hexagonal modification of LiCl with the Li–Cl distances (2.32 and 2.34 Å) being 8 % smaller than those of α‐LiCl. Moreover, the cell volume decreases as much as 16 % during the transition from β‐LiCl to α‐LiCl. Both the shifts in bond lengths and volume correspond well with the situation encountered for LiBr and LiI. Besides the variation of LiCl vapour pressure and substrate temperature, also different substrate materials were employed for testing their influence on formation of the β‐LiCl polymorph.
Adhesional Small Bowel Obstruction in the Absence of Previous Operations: Management and Outcomes
Authors: Butt Muhammad U. , Velmahos George C. , Zacharias Nikos , Alam Hasan B. , de Moya Marc , King David R.
Published: September 2009

Background

The majority of small bowel obstructions (SBO) are the result of adhesions caused by a previous abdominal operation. On rare occasions, adhesional SBO occurs in the absence of such an operation. Our objective was to describe the management, findings, and outcomes of unexplained adhesional SBO (UA‐SBO) and examine whether preoperative diagnostic uncertainty leads to delays in therapy and complications.

Methods

The medical records of all adhesional SBO patients admitted to the Massachusetts General Hospital between January 1, 1997 and December 31, 2007 were screened. UA‐SBO records were reviewed in detail. Each UA‐SBO patient was matched with an adhesional SBO patient with abdominal surgical history (SH‐SBO) according to gender, age (±7 years), white blood cell count (±3000/mm3), time interval from the onset of symptoms to the time of admission (±24 h), and year of admission (±4 years). Outcomes included time from admission to operation, morbidity, mortality, and length of hospital stay.

Results

Of 1,036 patients with adhesional SBO, 34 (3.3%) had UA‐SBO. Adhesiolysis was sufficient in 31 patients, whereas 3 required an enterectomy. UA‐SBO patients were similar in terms of demographics, clinical presentation, and initial laboratory tests with SH‐SBO patients. There was no difference in any of the outcomes between the two groups.

Conclusions

In this study of UA‐SBO, diagnostic delays were not found and patient outcomes were similar to those of patients with SH‐SBO.
Predicting Morbidity and Mortality After Hepatic Resection in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma: The Role of Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease Score
Authors: Hsu Kuang‐Yu , Chau Gar‐Yang , Lui Wing‐Yiu , Tsay Shyh‐Haw , King Kuang‐Liang , Wu Chew‐Wun
Published: September 2009

Background

The Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score is currently used as a disease severity index of cirrhotic patients awaiting liver transplantation. This study evaluated the usefulness of the MELD score in predicting mortality and morbidity of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) undergoing hepatic resection.

Methods

The study cohort consisted of 1,017 patients who underwent hepatic resection for HCC between 1991 and 2005. Patient variables were examined by univariate and multivariate analyses to identify risk factors for morbidity and mortality. Accuracy in predicting mortality was assessed with the area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC) analysis.

Results

The morbidity and mortality rates were 30.7% and 1.9%, respectively. Age, liver cirrhosis, operation time, and MELD score were risk factors for mortality, whereas indocyanine green retention rate at 15‐min value, operation time, blood loss, and Child‐Turcotte‐Pugh score were risk factors for morbidity. Patients with MELD score >8 had higher mortality (4.0% vs. 0.6%, p = 0.004) and higher liver‐related morbidities (16.1% vs. 4.3%, p < 0.001), including massive ascites, intra‐abdominal hemorrhage, and hepatic failure, compared with patients with MELD score <6. High MELD score also was related to longer postoperative hospital stay (score >8, 14.5 days vs. score <6, 12.6 days, p = 0.015). The AUC for MELD score as a predictor of mortality was 0.718, indicating high clinical usefulness.

Conclusions

The MELD score relates with mortality and liver‐related morbidities in HCC patients who undergo hepatic resection. A MELD sore >8 represents the trigger for intensive treatment to improve patient outcome.
Providing mental health services to adult offenders in Victoria, Australia: Overcoming barriers
Authors: Mullen P. , Ogloff J.
Published: September 2009

Purpose

To illustrate the development of the interface between general and forensic mental health services in Victoria, Australia.

Method

Developing effective cooperation between the general and forensic mental health services requires overcoming a number of barriers. The attitude of general services that antisocial behaviour was none of their business was tackled through ongoing workshops and education days over several years. The resistance to providing care to those disabled by severe personality disorders or substance abuse was reduced by presenting and promoting models of care developed in forensic community and inpatient services which prioritised these areas. The reluctance of general services to accept offenders was reduced by involving general services in court liaison clinics and in prisoner release plans. Cooperation was enhanced by the provision of risk assessments, the sharing of responsibility for troublesome patients, and a problem behaviours clinic to support general services in coping with stalkers, sex offenders and threateners.

Conclusions

Active engagement with general services was promoted at the level of providing education, specialised assessments and a referral source for difficult patients. This generated a positive interface between forensic and general mental health services, which improved the quality of care delivered to mentally abnormal offenders.
An increase in substance misuse rather than other mental disorders has led to increased forensic treatment rates in the Czech Republic
Authors: Vevera J. , Svarc J. , Grohmannova K. , Spilkova J. , Raboch J. , Cerny M. , Kalisova L. , Bartonkova M. , Bob P. , Susta M.
Published: September 2009

It is suggested that limited access to appropriate care forces psychiatric patients towards forensic treatment or to the prison system. According to our data, the number of prisoners, the number of hospitalized psychiatric patients (from 1987 to 2007), the number of court ordered forensic treatments in the Czech Republic (from 1991 to 2007), and the rate of people in psychiatric and sex offender forensic treatment has remained constant. However, an increase (162%) in number of treatments imposed for abusing illicit drugs did occur during this period. This increase contributed to the correlation between both the number of sentences given for protective treatment and the number of all sentenced persons (Pearson cor. 0.647, p < 0,001) and the number of prisoners (Pearson cor. 0.798, p < 0,001). The analysis of all admissions to a forensic facility from a catchment area of 1,260,318 inhabitants shows no increase in number of admission between 2002 and 2007. The same data prove that the number of patients ordered to psychiatric and sexology treatment remained steady and did not reflect changes in the number of prisoners or number of hospitalized patients. This could be explained by a high number of psychiatric hospitalizations protecting the patients from deteriorating to criminal behaviour.
Explaining Vertical Integration: Lessons from the American Automobile Industry
Authors: Langlois Richard N. , Robertson Paul L.
Published: September 2009

The early history of the American automobile industry provides fertile hunting grounds for theorists seeking corroboration of various, conflicting theories of vertical integration. An examination of the whole history suggests that no single theory always fits the facts perfectly. A complete explanation must combine specific theories in a way that is attentive to such factors as industry life-cycle, demand, economies of scale, and appropriability. If there is any “general” theory, it lies in the set of “dynamic” transaction-cost approaches rather than in the asset-specificity approach now dominant.
Was There a Solution to the Ancien Régime's Financial Dilemma?
Authors: White Eugene Nelson
Published: September 2009

The fiscal policy accomplishments of the ancien régime during its last two decades in France have been greatly underappreciated. While the collapse of the monarchy has been attributed to persistent peacetime deficits, these did not appear until the mid-1780s when earlier reforms and successful budget policies were abandoned by reactionary finance ministers. Had the earlier policies been continued, it is unlikely that a severe crisis would have occurred in 1788/89.
Wartime Prosperity? A Reassessment of the U.S. Economy in the 1940s
Authors: Higgs Robert
Published: September 2009

Relying on standard measures of macroeconomic performance, historians and economists believe that “war prosperity” prevailed in the United States during World War II. This belief is ill-founded, because it does not recognize that the United States had a command economy during the war. From 1942 to 1946 some macroeconomic performance measures are statistically inaccurate; others are conceptually inappropriate. A better grounded interpretation is that during the war the economy was a huge arsenal in which the well-being of consumers deteriorated. After the war genuine prosperity returned for the first time since 1929.
Avoiding Holdup: Asset Specificity and Technical Change in the Cuban Sugar Industry, 1899–1929
Authors: Dye Alan
Published: September 2009

Asset specificity can have profound influences on the economic structure of a country. An example is post-colonial Cuba. This article demonstrates that the existence of site specificity in assets generated problems of holdup for sugar mill owners in their contractual relations with cane suppliers. Recognition of that incentive structure offers an institutional explanation for the post-1900 concentration of U.S. investment in the eastern provinces. To reduce transaction costs, mill managers avoided investing in the western part of the island where the sugar industry was well established. A consequence was the relative decline of the western region.
Storage and English Government Intervention in Early Modern Grain Markets
Authors: Nielsen Randall
Published: September 2009

In 1587 the English Privy Council issued its first Book of Orders for the relief of dearth, a program of grain-market control that included forced delivery of private stocks to local markets in crisis periods. The policy has been described as an effective response to irrational hoarding and credited for a significant reduction in English grain-price variance. In contrast, I find support for an alternative profit maximizing model of storage. The occurrence of similar price stabilization in other European markets in the early seventeenth century is also demonstrated, suggesting English policy was not the cause.
Monetary Populism in Nineteenth-Century America: An Open Economy Interpretation
Authors: Frieden Jeffry A.
Published: September 2009

The battle over gold is typically explained as driven by proinflation debtors. However, going off gold would also have caused a depreciation, raising tradable prices relative to nontradables prices and helping producers of exportable primary products. An analysis of Congressional votes on monetary legislation indicates that higher constituency debt levels were not associated with opposition to gold, whereas mining and agricultural production were. This suggests that gold politics was at least as much about the impact of the exchange rate on relative prices as it was about inflation of the overall price level.
Chain Migration and Information Networks: Evidence From Nineteenth-Century Hesse-Cassel
Authors: Wegge Simone A.
Published: September 2009

Chain migration was an important factor in European migrants' decisions in the nineteenth century. This article demonstrates that previous migrations have long-run effects and continue to impact the decisions of future migrants for many years. Chain migration produces not only more migration but different migrants. Migrants from over 1,300 different German villages are classified as networked and non-networked. The most definitive results from comparing the two types of migrants are the figures on cash assets because they support the model's prediction that socially networked migrants needed less cash than non-networked migrants to accomplish their migration goals.
From Central planning to the Market: The American Transition, 1945–1947
Authors: Higgs Robert
Published: September 2009

The orthodox view of U.S. reconversion after World War II relies on unacceptable GDP figures for the wartime economy and misinterprets the low level of unemployment during the war. For the postwar transtition, the emphasis on consumer demand financed by drawing down liquid assets accumulated during the war is inconsistent with the facts. The success of the transition depended on the reestablishement of “regime certainty,” which in turn depended on diminishing the influence of the more zealous New Dealers. Wartime and postwar political development created sufficient regime certainty for the postwar market system to generate genuine prosperity.
Agriculture and Development in Prussian Upper Silesia, 1846–1913
Authors: Haines Michael R.
Published: September 2009

Agrarian growth was related to overall development inRegierungsbezirkOppeln in Germany between 1846 and 1913. Oppeln was characterized by an ethnically mixed population (Polish and German) as well as by both agricultural and industrial development. Using new estimates of agricultural output, acreage, and yields, agrarian growth and its sources are described and its linkages to the nonagrarian sector are explored. Variation among subdistricts (Kreise) is also studied. Agriculture experienced uneven growth, but it supported overall growth through rising incomes, provision of labor to the nonagricultural sector, and helping to restrain growth in food prices.
A Comparison of Levels of GDP Per Capita in Developed and Developing Countries, 1700–1980
Authors: Maddison Angus
Published: September 2009

This paper examines the evolution of the per capita income gap between developed and developing countries. Landes and Kuznets suggest that Western countries already had a big lead before their economic growth accelerated, but Bairoch has recently claimed that European living standards in the mid-eighteenth century were lower than in the rest of the world. I think the existing evidence supports the Landes-Kuznets position, and that Bairoch probably overstates the contemporary income gap and understates per capita income growth in the developing world. But there are contradictory elements in the evidence, on which further research is needed.
Industrial Research and Firm Size, Survival, and Growth in American Manufacturing, 1921–1946: An Assessment
Authors: Mowery David C.
Published: September 2009

The literature on the development of American industrial research suggests that during the twentieth century large firms “dominated” industrial research, and reaped the majority of the benefits from such activity. This paper utilizes new data to analyze both the relationship between firm size and research employment and the impact of research activity on firm growth and survival during 1921–1946. The results suggest that large firms were no more research-intensive than were small firms during the 1921–1946 period. Research activity significantly enhanced the probability of firms' survival among the ranks of the 200 largest manufacturing firms during 1921–1946. Research employment also improved the growth performance of both large and small firms during 1933–1946.
Was There a Golden Age of Flexible Wages? Evidence from Ohio Manufacturing, 1892–1910
Authors: Sundstrom William A.
Published: September 2009

Several macroeconomic studies have found evidence of diminishing cyclical wage flexibility in the United States since the turn of the century. But the importance of wage reductions during downturns must be questioned even for the era of allegedly flexible wages. This article shows that during the severe contractions of 1893 and 1908 only a small minority of Ohio manufacturing workers experienced cuts in their wage rates.The apparent downward flexibility of average earnings in these data was largely the consequence of changes in the occupational composition of the employed work force rather than pay cuts for individual workers.
Nuclear Power Reactors: A Study in Technological Lock-in
Authors: Cowan Robin
Published: September 2009

Recent theory has predicted that if competing technologies operate under dynamic increasing returns, one, possibly inferior, technology will dominate the market. The history of nuclear power technology is used to illustrate these results. Light water is considered inferior to other technologies, yet it dominates the market for power reactors. This is largely due to the early adoption and heavy development by the U.S. Navy of light water for submarine propulsion. When a market for civilian power emerged, light water had a large head start, and by the time other technologies were ready to enter the market, light water was entrenched.
Making the Effort: The Contours of Racial Discrimination in Detroit’s Labor Markets, 1920–1940
Authors: Maloney Thomas N. , Whatley Warren C.
Published: September 2009

In 1940 the Ford Motor Company employed half of the black men in Detroit but only 14 percent of the whites. We find that black Detroiters were concentrated at Ford because they were excluded from working elsewhere. Those most affected were young married black men. A Ford job was virtually the only opportunity they had to earn a family wage; but to keep it, they had to put out the extra effort that Ford required. White married men in Detroit had better employment opportunities elsewhere, so they tended to avoid Ford or leave very quickly.
State-Sponsored Insurance of Bank Deposits in the United States, 1907–1929
Authors: White Eugene Nelson
Published: September 2009

Before the creation of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation in 1933, several states established deposit guarantee funds. The key factor influencing the adoption of deposit insurance by a state was the structure of its banking industry. In states where small unit banks were dominant, there was strong support for guarantee funds to protect deposits; in other states there was more interest in branch banking. The failure to design the guarantee funds in accordance with sound principles of insurance brought about their demise and led to increased branch banking.
English Open Fields and Enclosures: Retardation or Productivity Improvements
Authors: Turner Michael
Published: September 2009

This paper is concerned with the relative efficiency of farming in open fields or enclosures in England. It uses surveys covering the acreage, yield, and output of the principal grain crops for the period 1795–1801, initially concentrating in some detail on selected but widely distributed English counties before concluding with a section which summarizes the data for England. Efficiency meant improvements in per unit acre yields and in total parish output. But it also had important implications for total agricultural productivity because the land which was saved by improved farming in enclosures was used to promote a better balance between arable and animal farming.
Franklin D. Roosevelt, Electric Utilities, and the Power of Competition
Authors: Emmons William M.
Published: September 2009

Historical verdicts on the economic effects of Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal have been decidedly mixed. This article examines the New Deal's impact on the electric utility industry. In contrast to Roosevelt's cartel-like policies toward other sectors, his approach to the electric utilities involved the infusion of various forms of direct and indirect competition. Statistical evidence and econometric analysis suggest that Roosevelt's procompetitive strategy produced superior outcomes relative to traditional “natural monopoly” approaches to electric utility regulation.