bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of the compound eyes of dragonflies (odonata). III. Adult compound eyes
Authors: Sherk Truman E.
Published: June 2005

The distribution of ommatidial diameters and interommatidial angles, as determined by measuring the angles between the optic axes of adjacent ommatidia, are mapped across the surface of the compound eyes of a variety of species selected for different adult behaviors, developmental histories, and taxonomic positions. The size of the visual fields, prey capture foveas, foveas composed of large dorsal ommatidia, and other specializations in the numbers of ommatidia that view various directions in the visual field are discussed in relation to adult behavior.

Advanced species have less resemblence between their larval and adult eyes than primitive species. In contrast to their larvae, adults increase the monocular resolution of each eye at the expense of binocular vision. Most species have foveas which view in approximately the anterior direction, instead of in a region of binocular overlap, and many species have foveal bands which view along the horizon. Some advanced perching species, which approach their prey and other odonates from below, have an additional vertical foveal band that views along a vertical plane from the anterior direction to a more dorsal direction. The most unusual foveal band is seen in active flying species. The large dorsal ommatidia of the migratory Anax junius, which cover approximately one third of the eye surface, view a narrow region of the visual field that extends along a plane from the most lateral direction of one eye to a dorsal direction, and continues without interruption to the most lateral direction of the other eye.
Identification of eight‐cell tw32 homozygous lethal mutants by aberrant compaction
Authors: Granholm Nels H. , Johnson Phyllis M.
Published: June 2005

Early cleavage stage (4‐ and uncompacted 8‐cell) embryos from experimental (+/tw32 × +/t32) and control (♂ +/tw32 × ♀ +/T) matings were recovered at 56 hours post coitum, cultured, separated into uncompacted and compacted 8‐cell embryo groups, and either analyzed histologically for cytoplasmic lipids or cultured through the morula‐to‐blastocyst transformation. Abnormal compaction was associated with excess cytoplasmic lipids at the 8‐cell stage (P < 0.01). Also, 89.2% (33/37) of the original uncompacted experimental embryos underwent developmental arrest characteristic of tw32 homozygous lethals. Thus, aberrant compaction, a newly reported symptom of the tw32/tw32 syndrome, affords a visual means to identify tw32 homozygotes at 8‐cell stages.
In vitro inhibition of mouse dental development by tetracycline
Authors: Kerley Michael A. , Kollar Edward J.
Published: June 2005

Embryonic molars and incisors were dissected from mandibles of 15‐day post‐fertilization C57BL/10 mouse embryos and were cultured in vitro for six days on agar‐solidified Eagle's basal medium. Experimental explants were cultured on medium which was the same as the control except that 50, 75 or 100 μg/ml tetracycline was added. Treated explants of both incisors and molars were suppressed in development and reduced in size. Enamel organs and dental papillae of all tooth germs subjected to higher tetracycline concentrations were abnormal in structure and differentiation of ameloblasts and odontoblasts was inhibited. Explants treated with higher dosage levels of the drug were more severely affected than those exposed to lower concentrations. Recovery from the suppression induced by tetracycline was observed in explants transferred to control medium for four days of growth following treatment. Differentiated ameloblasts and odontoblasts observed in the recovering tooth germs indicated that the inhibition in development was temporary. The results of this study showed that tetracycline can alter dental development in vitro prior to mineralization. The observed inhibition may be related to a disruption of collagen biosynthesis which is thought to play a role in the controlling epithelial‐mesenchymal interaction involved in tooth germ morphogenesis.
Uptake OF Ca2+ is one of the earliest responses to fertilization of sea urchin eggs
Authors: Paul Miles , Johnston Randal N.
Published: June 2005

Sea urchin eggs take up Ca for 10 min following insemination (determined as uptake of 45Ca from the SW (3)). Although 90% of this uptake occurs after the beginning of the cortical reaction and may represent external binding of Ca to the egg surface coats, there is a brief phase of uptake (0–30 sec) which precedes the cortical reaction; this may represent a Ca flux into the eggs.
The excretion of NH4+ and its ouabain sensitivity in aquatic annelids and molluscs
Authors: Mangum C. P. , Dykens J. A. , Henry R. P. , Polites G.
Published: June 2005

Ammonia is excreted against a molecular gradient in several species of annelids and molluscs. Ammonia excretion is also inhibited by exposure to ouabain in concentrations that do not affect circulation or ventilation. These results indicate that ammonia crosses the excretory epithelium in the ionized form, and that the process is linked to the activity of the Na+ + K+ ATPases.
Penetration of the zona‐free or intact eggs by foreign spermatozoa and the fertilization of deer mouse eggs in vitro
Authors: Hanada A. , Chang M. C.
Published: June 2005

Zona‐free eggs were introduced to fresh or preincubated sperm suspensions and the penetration of eggs by foreign spermatozoa was examined, as evidenced by enlargement of the sperm head and formation of the male pronucleus. It was found that zona‐free hamster eggs can be penetrated by guinea‐pig, deer mouse and rabbit spermatozoa but zona‐free rat, mouse and rabbit eggs cannot be penetrated by guinea‐pig spermatozoa. Furthermore, zona‐free rat and mouse eggs cannot be penetrated by spermatozoa from two species of deer mice and the Mongolian gerbil. The zona pellucida of a few intact rat eggs can be penetrated by mouse (6%) and by P. leucopus spermatozoa (14%) but enlargement of the sperm head and formation of pronuclei were observed in the former but not in the latter. It seems that (1) sperm capacitation is required for the penetration of zona‐free eggs, (2) the attachment of foreign spermatozoa to eggs may indicate their potential ability of penetration in some cases, (3) there is a certain affinity between the vitellus of one species and spermatozoa from another species, (4) the block to the entry of foreign spermatozoa is not only in the zona pellucida but also in the vitelline membrane, (5) zona‐free hamster eggs can be penetrated by spermatozoa of six species, (6) mouse spermatozoa can penetrate zona‐free eggs of three species, and (7) fertilization of intact P. maniculatus eggs can be achieved in vitro.
Rabbit acrosin: Immunological dissimilarity to rabbit trypsin
Authors: Dudkiewicz Alan B. , Lehnhardt William F. , Johnson David A. , Travis James , Williams William L.
Published: June 2005

Antibodies obtained from guinea pigs injected with rabbit pancreatic trypsin together with antibodies raised in rabbits against bovine acrosin or bovine pancreatic trypsin were reacted against various mammalian trypsins and acrosins in double diffusion tests. The results of immunodiffusion analyses reveal antigenic dissimilarity between rabbit acrosin and rabbit trypsin.
Serum protein depletion by cultured rat embryos
Authors: Klein Norman W. , Minghetti Phillip P. , Jackson Susan K. , Vogler Mary A.
Published: June 2005

Cultures of 10‐day rat embryos depleted a protein band with a molecular weight of approximately 125,000 from the rat serum medium. Delayed centrifuged serum differed from immediately centrifuged serum by a reduction in the staining intensity of the 125,000 molecular weight protein band and by the absence of two high molecular weight (>200,000) protein bands.
High levels of inosine monophosphate in the erythrocytes of elasmobranchs
Authors: Coates Michael , Paton Barbara C. , Thompson Judith
Published: June 2005

The acid soluble organic phosphates of the erythrocytes of three species of elasmobranchs were assayed by chromatography on Dowex 1 anion exchange columns. Organic phosphates in the peaks eluted from these columns were identified by their ultraviolet absorption spectra and by further chromatography on paper. All three species are unusual amongst the vertebrates in that their erythrocytes contain high levels of inosine monophosphate (IMP). IMP has little effect on the oxygen affinity of the hemoglobins of the two species tested.
Radioautographic and biochemical studies of secretion of venom protein in the South American rattlesnake Crotalus durissus terrificus
Authors: Marchi F. , Haddad A. , De Lucca F. L.
Published: June 2005

Protein secretion was investigated in the main venom gland of the South American rattlesnake, using radioautographic and biochemical techniques after a single intracardiac injection of L‐(3,5‐3H)tyrosine. All the snakes were injected at the fourth day of the secretory cycle and killed at 1/2, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 24 hours after injection. Most of the radioactive amino acid is cleared from the blood stream up to four hours after injection. On the other hand the specific activity (c.p.m./mg of protein) of the intracellular proteins reaches a peak at the 4‐hour time interval decreasing aftewards. There was a good correlation between the values of the specific activity of the intracellular proteins and those of the silver grain density over the secretory cells at the several time intervals after the injection of 3H‐tyrosine. The results of the quantitative analysis carried out in light‐ and electron‐microscope radioautographs led to the conclusion that venom proteins are synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum of the secretory cells, transferred to the Golgi apparatus from where they are carried to the secretory tubule lumen by the secretion granules. The fact that the values of the relative concentration of the radioactivity of the intracisternal granules double at the last three time intervals, strongly suggests that these structures are formed by the aggregation of the amorphous material present inside the cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
Structure, function, and long‐term maintenance of the isolated turtle colon
Authors: Lefevre M. E. , Reisman L.
Published: June 2005

We describe the 5‐day maintenance of sacs of turtle colonic mucosa in enriched bathing solutions. The mean maximum transepithelial potential difference (PD) developed by the sacs in Ringer solution enriched with tissue‐culture medium and gassed with 95% air‐5% CO2 was 126 mV at 24 hours. Lower values were observed in other solutions. The PD of 24‐hour sacs was partially or totally inhibited by ouabain, replacement of Na by choline in mucosal bathing fluids, or removal of Ca from serosal bathing fluids. The sacs transported Na in excess of H2O forming a dilute mucosal solution. The responses of four different sac preparations (normally oriented or everted, and stripped normally oriented or everted) to long incubation were compared. Stripped normally oriented tissue developed the highest PD and maintained the lowest water content. The morphology of fresh and long‐incubated tissue was examined. This investigation demonstrates that the turtle colon can be maintained in vitro for long periods, and it provides information on the morphology and physiology of this tissue.
Differential concanavalin A‐induced agglutination of eight‐cell preimplantation mouse embryos before and after compaction
Authors: Rector J. T. , Granholm N. H.
Published: June 2005

Eight‐cell mouse embryos undergo a morphogenetically significant process termed compaction during which blastomeres flatten against one another maximizing their areas of cell‐cell contact. Data presented here show striking differences (P<0.01) in Con A‐induced agglutination between groups of uncompacted and compacted embryos suggesting that the compaction process is accompanied by changes in blastomere surface properties.
Toxicity of bog water to embryonic and larval anuran amphibians
Authors: Saber Peter A. , Dunson William A.
Published: June 2005

A survey of the amphibians of a north temperate zone bog revealed that a number of species common in suitable locations nearby were absent from the bog. Several species of anuran larvae and embryos suffered high mortality when placed in the naturally acidic stream draining the bog. Mortality of bullfrog larvae (Rana catesbeiana) placed at a number of sites along the natural pH gradient (pH 3.9–6.6) formed by this stream was significantly greater than in those placed in a clearwater control stream (pH 6.6–6.9). This lethality of stream water even at moderate pH's near 6.0 indicates that a toxic factor other than acidity may be involved. In the laboratory, mortality of clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) embryos was significantly greater in unaltered bog water (pH 4.0–4.3) than in bog water neutralized with sodium hydroxide or in charcoal filtered tap water. The latter two conditions did not show significant mortality differences. This implies that low pH is the principal source of toxicity for Xenopus.
The strategy of growth in the mesonephric kidney of adult Xenopus laevis
Authors: Goldin Geoffrey , Fabian Barry
Published: June 2005

Partially nephrectomized adult Xenopus laevis were injected with tritiated thymidine on the sixth post‐operative day when only the cells of the distal tubules synthesize DNA. Autoradiographs prepared from animals killed after a further four days of recovery in the absence of the isotope revealed the presence of labelled proximal tubule cells. This suggests that the distal tubule of the nephron contains a population of ‘nephrogenic cells’ which give rise to new proximal tubule cells as well as to new distal tubule cells.
Continuous recording of erythrophore membrane potential during change of stage in Ocypode pallidula (Crustacea)
Authors: Hayashi J. H. , Cooke I. M.
Published: June 2005

Intracellular recordings of membrane potential were obtained from the central region of Erythrophore of the ghost crab (Ocypode pallidula) in all stages of aggregation. Stable membrane potentials were recorded from 58 cells. The potential was unrelated to stage. The average value was −59.0 ± 5.86 mV; the mode was −60 mV. The mode analyzed by stage was also −60mV. Fourteen erythrophores were continuously recorded during one or more complete cycles of aggregation, in response to erythrophore concentrating hormone (applied as an eyestalk extract), and subsequent reexpansion during continued saline perfusion. Membrane potential varied by less than 3 mV from its initial value and did so in a random manner. Injection of hyperpolarizing or depolarizing currents of up to 10−8 A for periods as long as ten minutes caused no visible responses. Current‐voltage relations, observed for six cells, were linear over the range tested (± 20 mV) and provided estimates of input resistance which averaged 18 megohms. A marked increase in electrode voltage noise, from less than 0.5 mV to as much as 2 mV, upon penetration of chromatophores was consistently observed. Changes of membrane potential are not involved in the responses of erythrophores to neurohormones nor associated with migration of pigment granules. Membrane potentials do not vary with the state of aggregation of these cells.
Immunological specificity of anti‐zona binding to zona pellucida
Authors: Sacco Anthony G.
Published: June 2005

Biochemically purified and F(ab′)2 immunoglobulin fractions were prepared from several antisera, including a human serum, which contained anti‐zona pellucida activity. Antizona activity was monitored either by the formation of the antibody produced precipitation layer on the zona following antiserum treatment and/or by the indirect fluorescent antibody method. No changes in anti‐zona activity were observed when the purified and the digested immunoglobulin preparations from each antiserum were compared to their whole serum counterparts. It is concluded that anti‐zona binding to the zona as well as the formation of the precipitation layer on the zona is the result of a specific antigen antibody reaction.
The survival of embryos of the annual fish Nothobranchius guentheri exposed to temperature extremes and the subsequent effects on embryonic Diapause
Authors: Matias Jonathan R. , Markofsky Jules
Published: June 2005

Nothobranchius guentheri is an East African annual fish found in temporary bodies of water in areas of alternating rainy and dry seasons. During the dry season the embryos may be exposed to temperature extremes. Embryos have been reported to undergo diapause (developmental arrest), and are thus able to withstand the variable durations of the dry seasons. Since the embryos appear to endure long durations in diapause, and since in diapause they may be exposed to large variations in temperature, we have attempted to determine the thermal tolerance and responsiveness of embryos at diapause and at stages exclusive of diapause. Embryos were exposed to temperatures ranging from −8‐40°C for variable durations of time, and survival, abnormalities and developmental rates determined. Both Diapause I and Diapause II embryos were much less sensitive to temperature extremes than were the other stages, and Diapause II was much less sensitive than Diapause I. Abnormalities only occurred under certain temperature exposures but showed the highest frequency at the early stages of development. Short exposure of Diapause I embryos to −8 and 3.4°C eliminated Diapause II, while short exposure to 40°C enhanced its duration. Although it has been proposed that the onset and duration of the diapauses are denendent on the oxygen concentration of the water, we propose that temper ature may also be another imposrant factor.
Oxygen affinity of the hemolymph of the mesopelagic mysidacean Gnathophausia ingens
Authors: Freel Robert W.
Published: June 2005

The absorption spectrum of hemolymph from the mesopelagic mysidacean Gnathophausia ingens indicates the presence of a hemocyanin. Oxygen equilibrium curves of G. ingens hemolymph demonstrate an unusually high affinity for oxygen which may be physiologically significant for this aerobic, permanent resident of the oxygen minimum layer.
Intra‐ and interspecific transplantation of limb buds in crustacea: A new method for studying central and peripheral interactions in crustacean limbs
Authors: Trinkaus‐Randall V. , Mittenthal J. E.
Published: June 2005

Limb buds can be transplanted intra‐ and interspecifically in the fiddler crabs, Uca pugnax and Uca pugilator. These two species differ morphologically, behaviorally, and physiologically. This technique provides a method for examining the relative roles of host and donor tissues in studies of morphology and behavior.
Proteolytic degradation of protamine during thiol‐induced nuclear decondensation in rabbit spermatozoa
Authors: Chang T. S. K. , Zirkin Barry R.
Published: June 2005

Rabbit sperm nuclei decondensed when incubated with dithiothreitol and Triton X‐100. Protamine isolated from these nuclei during the course of treatment exhibited marked and progressive degradation. Timed interval experiments revealed that the degradation of protamine significantly preceded sperm nuclear decondensation and reached its maximum extent before decondensation was completed. Studies with protease inhibitors demonstrated that proteolysis was involved in both nuclear decondensation and protamine degradation.
Trypsinization increases lectin‐induced agglutinability of uncapacitated guinea pig sperm
Authors: Talbot Prudence , Franklin L. E.
Published: June 2005

Capacitated guinea pig sperm are more agglutinable by the lectin soybean agglutinin (SBA) than uncapacitated sperm (Talbot and Franklin, ′78). This study demonstrates that uncapacitated guinea pig sperm become as agglutinable by SBA as capacitated sperm when treated with trypsin, but not chymotrypsin. The pattern of lectin induced sperm agglutination after trypsinization resembles that for capacitated sperm. Also, trypsinization specifically increases SBA induced agglutination and does not affect agglutination by RCA‐60; similar results are obtained during in vitro capacitation. Taken together, these data may indicate that a trypsin‐like enzyme modifies the sperm surface during capacitation.
A large‐scale laboratory maintenance system for gravid purple sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus)
Authors: Leahy Patrick S. , Tutschulte Theodore C. , Britten Roy J. , Davidson Eric H.
Published: June 2005

A large‐scale laboratory facility for the maintenance of several thousand gravid sea urchins (S. purpuratus) is described. Gametes of this species provide an important research resource for studies of animal development. Methods are described for culturing adult S. purpuratus for periods up to two years or more with almost no mortality after the first three to four weeks following collection. Adult females can be maintained in a fertile state in the culture system for four to six months. When spawned, gravid females living in the culture facility will routinely regenerate normal sized populations of fertile oocytes at 1 to 2‐month intervals. Such females can be used repeatedly as a source of mature gametes for laboratory research. The reproductive performance of these females can be predicted approximately by the number of late vitellogenic oocytes present in their ovaries. After several months the pool of these oocytes is exhausted and no further mature oocytes can be found for a long period. We show, however, that such females are able to carry out a complete annual cycle of oogenesis if held for a long enough period of time in the culture system.
Gradients of proliferation of ciliary basal bodies and the determination of the position of the oral primordium in Tetrahymena
Authors: Kaczanowski Andrzej
Published: June 2005

The pattern of proliferation of new basal bodies in ciliary rows (somatic proliferation) in Tetrahymena was observed. Starved and refed cells were used, because proliferation in these cells is more pronounced than that under other circumstances. The formation of new basal bodies is locally determined by the position of “old” pre‐existing basal body (short range determination). However, the probability of proliferation associated with any given “old” basal body differs very much. This probability is determined by the spatial coordinates of the particular region of the cell (long range determination); however some randomness in this process was also observed. Two different gradients of proliferation were found. The first gradient is circumferential with a maximum number of new basal bodies added in ciliary rows n, 1, 2 and 3 and the minimum number added in ciliary rows 7, 8 and 9. The second is an antero‐posterior gradient with the highest number of new basal bodies added in the midbody region. Moreover, at least in some cases, new oral primordia first appear, as a random proliferation of new basal bodies adjacent to a few old cilia of ciliary row No. 1, resembling somatic proliferation. Then, 2, 3 or even more clumps of basal bodies appear, each having one old cilium posteriorly. These clumps, however, are not linear groups within the ciliary row but instead they form small fields of basal bodies. These findings suggest, that the same two‐gradient system for new basal body addition operates during somatic proliferation and also determines the position of the new oral primordium as the site of the highest gradient value at the intersection of two gradients.
Electron microscopic observation on sperm penetration and pronuclear formation in the fish egg
Authors: Iwamatsu T. , Ohta T.
Published: June 2005

Unfertilized eggs of the medaka, Oryzias latipes were inseminated after being mechanically freed from the chorion. In the first step of penetration, as soon as it reached the vitelline surface, the whole spermatozoon was quickly enclosed by ooplasmic protrusions (fertilization cone) of the vitelline surface. In the second step, the egg plasma membrane fused with various regions of the plasma membrane of the enclosed spermatozoon; finally the sperm flagellum was also incorporated into the ooplasm. Initial disappearance of the nuclear envelope of the sperm with vesiculation at the apical region of the head is followed by dispersal of the sperm chromatin. The nuclear envelope is then reformed by fusion of elongated or flattened vesicles along the margin of dispersing nuclear chromatin. The mature male pronucleus has a large nucleolus within a wrinkled envelope. It seems that the fertilization process in this fish involves some features of that occurring in the marine invertebrate and the mammalian eggs.
Dynamics of pigment pattern formation in the zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio. I. Establishment and regulation of the lateral line melanophore stripe during the first eight days of development
Authors: Milos Nadine , Dingle Allan D.
Published: June 2005

The formation and regulation of the larval lateral line melanophore band of Brachydanio rerio was investigated. It is comprised of about 30 melanophores linearly arranged along the horizontal skeletogenous septum. This stripe forms in two distinct stages, an initial migration and orientation of pigment cells which outlines the stripe, and a later round of melanophore differentiation which regulates and perfects the stripe. From the initial melanocyte population which appears between approximately 24 to 48 hours of development and spreads ventrally over the body, some (0–21) melanocytes migrate to and reorient into the horizontal skeletogenous septum. At day 3 this initial lateral line stripe varies in melanophore number between individuals and even between left and right sides of the same embryo. By eight days of age however the lateral line bands of different fish are more uniform in appearance due to the entry of a second wave of melanophores which appear between days 4 and 8.

Some observations suggested the operation of a cell territorial‐regulating mechanism. Second round melanophores tend not to appear in somite areas already occupied by 3‐day cells but invariably appear in unoccupied locations. We propose that some “exclusion principle” operates in this embryonic cell population, controlling the positions along the stripe where second wave melanophores can appear.
Dynamics of pigment pattern formation in the zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio. II. Lability of lateral line stripe formation and regulation of pattern defects
Authors: Milos Nadine , Dingle Allan D.
Published: June 2005

The operation of a pigment cell “exclusion principle” during establishment of the lateral line melanophore band was investigated in the zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio. Counts were made of second round melanophores appearing in the horizontal skeletegenous septum in the area bounded by somite No. 11. An average of 1.6 second round melanophores developed in that somite by day 8 when it was initially unoccupied, but when a first wave melanophore was already established in somite No. 11, the value dropped to only 0.2 second round cells per fish. Analysis of the entire lateral line stripe of many fish revealed that second round melanophore exclusion increases with increasing density of 3‐day (first wave) melanophores.

Lability of second round melanophore appearance was tested by creating both small and large defects in the 3‐day stripe. Following extirpation of first wave melanophores from somite No. 11, the appearance of 1.6 (average) second round melanophores per fish re‐established total counts equivalent to controls (1.7). This capacity for numerical regulation was further tested by destroying all first wave melanophores in the stripe. Second round melanophore development restored the stripe to approximately 90% of control values.

Second wave melanophore appearance in this stripe is therefore labile; the process is subject to “exclusion” by first wave cells and is capable of repairing perceived defects such that numerical pattern regulation occurs.
Estimation of cell size and DNA content in fossil fishes and amphibians
Authors: Thomson Keith Stewart , Muraszko Karin
Published: June 2005

Genome size (cellular DNA contents) in living and fossil amphibians and their ancestors among the fossil lobe‐finned fishes are estimated indirectly through measurement of cell size, following procedures previously established in a study of evolutionary changes in the genome size of lungfishes. It is concluded that large DNA contents per cell arose several times independently within the Amphibia; that the ancestral lobe‐finned fishes and the early amphibians and reptiles all had small cell size and low DNA contents (5 –10 pg/nucleus). There is no evidence that an increase in genome size is a causal factor in major evolutionary change, rather it occurs in the end members of lineages.
Temperature dependence of sperm‐egg fusion and post‐fusion events in hamster fertilization
Authors: Hirao Y. , Yanagimachi R.
Published: June 2005

The effects of temperature (4–37°C) on sperm‐egg fusion and the post‐fusion events were studied. At 4–10°C, acrosome‐reacted spermatozoa bound to egg plasma membranes, but could not fuse with them. At 25°C or above, both binding and fusion took place. The post‐fusion events could occur over a broad temperature range (4–37°C) but the events progressed faster with increasing temperature. An abnormal development of egg pronucleus, possibly due to an incomplete functioning of the meiotic spindle mechanism, was observed in eggs inseminated at 37°C and cultured at 25°C.
Increase in concanavalin a binding sites in mouse blastocysts during implantation
Authors: Wu J. T. , Chang M. C.
Published: June 2005

The number of concanavalin A (Con A) binding sites were determined in mouse blastocysts before and during implantation. In intact pregnant mice (Day 1 = day of finding vaginal plug), the Con A binding sites per blastocyst were increased from 169 million on Day 4 morning to 1160 million on Day 5 morning when implantation was under way. In pregnant mice ovariectomized on Day 3 and treated daily with 1 mg progesterone, the Con A binding sites per blastocyst on Day 9 (inactive) were 363 million; if the mice had received an additional injection of estradiol 24 hours earlier to induce implantation, the Con A binding sites were increased to 1211 millions. Thus, a more than twofold increase in the Con A binding sites occurs in the mouse blastocyst during implantation.
Expression of an onco‐developmental antigen among avian species
Authors: Dietert Rodney R. , Sanders Bob G.
Published: June 2005

Rabbit antisera directed against an onco‐developmental antigen on chicken red blood cells have been serologically dissected through specific adsorptions. It is now possible to detect 13 antigenic determinants with the fractionated antisera. The onco‐developmental antigen referred to as chicken fetal‐leukemic antigen (CFA) is fetal‐specific in the white Leghorn chicken, being present on the embryonic but not adult peripheral red blood cells of nonleukemic birds. However, one or more of the onco‐developmental antigenic determinants have been detected on adult peripheral red blood cells of non‐Gallus avian species, as well as on red blood cells from two adult chicken varieties.

For phylogenetic purposes, red blood cells from avian species were characterized for their combinations of CFA determinants. Comparisons among species revealed specific patterns of antigenic expression within phylogenetic groups. Several CFA determinants were restricted in their occurrence to species within a single family, and one determinant was found in all cases where CFA was expressed. The distribution of CFA determinants was used to determine immunological distances among four Galliform species. These distances agreed with the immunological relationships established using different serological markers.
Further investigations on the prelethal effects of the killing action of kappa containing killer stocks of Paramecium aurelia
Authors: Jurand A. , Preer J. R. , Rudman B. M.
Published: June 2005

Kappa symbionts of two stocks of Paramecium aurelia were isolated and their killing activity tested on sensitive paramecia. The symbionts from stock 51, which is a hump killer, induce sensitive animals to cease the formation of food vacuoles due to changes at the bottom of the buccal cavity in the food vacuole forming area (the naked ribbed wall). Instead of normal food vacuoles only narrow elongated outpocketings are formed. Food vacuoles which have been formed during treatment contain kappa symbionts. After disintegration due to digestion of the symbiont cells the R bodies unwind and penetrate the food vacuole membranes. Food vacuoles disintegrate so that their contents (food bacteria) are found surrounded by the cytoplasm. Later there are present uncoiled R bodies in the cytoplasm and cytoplasmic blebs on the surface of the pellicle. At the same time affected paramecia become less motile, most probably due to the occlusion of cilia by the folds formed by the blebs round them and eventually by penetration of the cytoplasm into the cilia themselves. After prolonged treatment there are great accumulations of lipid droplets in the cytoplasm of sensitive animals.

Kappa symbionts from the vacuolizing stock 562 cause rather similar prelethal symptoms. In addition, these kappa symbionts induce the macronuclei in sensitive paramecia to become spherical instead of elongated, their contents somewhat optically denser and the macronuclear envelope less discernible. Secondly, mitochondria undergo very noticeable necrotic changes in the case of treatment with stock 562 kappa symbionts and also to a lesser extent in stock 51. Furthermore, kappa toxin of stock 562 causes deciliation of affected sensitive paramecia and in later stages lipid droplets accumulate in the cytoplasm.

It is suggested that the primary target of kappa toxins of both stocks are the biological membranes in various subcellular structures of sensitive paramecia.
“Malic” enzyme, fumarate reductase and transhydrogenase systems in the mitochondria of adult Spirometra mansonoides (Cestoda)
Authors: Fioravanti Carmen F. , Saz Howard J.
Published: June 2005

“Malic” enzyme and fumarate reductase activities have been demonstrated and partially characterized in mitochondria from the adult cestode Spirometra mansonoides. The former enzyme requires Mn++ and NAD+ for optimal activity, but also couples with NADP+ at approximately 60% of the rate observed with NAD+. The mitochondrial membrane bound fumarate reductase is of particular interest since activities have been obtained at comparable rates with either NADH or NADPH as electron donor. Intact Spirometra mitochondria catalyze an anaerobic, malate dependent, electron transport associated uptake of inorganic 32P into organic phosphate.

Spirometra mitochondria also exhibit three transhydrogenase activities. NADH:NAD+, 4 NADPH:NAD+ and NADH:NADP+ transhydrogenases are described and possible physiological roles are discussed.
Effect of temperature on post‐activity oxygen consumption in lunged and lungless salamanders
Authors: Feder Martin E.
Published: June 2005

Temperate zone lunged, temperate zone lungless, and neotropical lungless salamanders were examined to determine if differences in rates of oxygen consumption (V̇) after vigorous activity are correlated with body temperature and size differences among the three groups. Salamanders were stimulated electrically for two minutes, and V̇ measured for 75 minutes afterwards using Warburg manometers. Slopes of regressions of log maximum V̇ against log body size are greater for lunged salamanders than for lungless salamanders at 5°, 15° and 25°C; differences in slope among groups do not change with temperature. Slopes of log aerobic scope‐log body size regressions are also greater for lunged salamanders than for lungless salamanders, but this difference increases with temperature. Lungless salamanders repay oxygen debt more slowly than lunged salamanders at large body size and high temperatures. Q10's of maximum V̇ and aerobic scope increase less with temperature in lungless salamander species than in lunged salamander species.

If differences in V̇ are due to respiratory surface area differences, then lunglessness may restrict post‐activity V̇ at large body size and high temperatures. However, neotropical lungless salamanders live at high temperatures and large sizes, which suggests that high post‐activity V̇ is unnecessary for many salamanders.
Thermal acclimation more extensive for behavioral parameters than for oxygen consumption in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Dusenbery David B. , Anderson Gary L. , Anderson Elizabeth A.
Published: June 2005

Thermal acclimation in the free‐living soil nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans was studied by determining effects of both growth and test temperatures on oxygen consumption and behavior. Growth temperature (15, 20, or 25°C) had no significant influence on oxygen consumption in the range 10–30°C, although cold‐grown worms had higher consumption at 5°C. In contrast, measurements of the fraction of worms moving at any instant and of chemotaxic ability both showed nearly complete thermal acclimation (in the sense that activity‐temperature relationships were shifted nearly as much as the differences in growth temperature). Measurements of the rates of acclimation using the behavioral assays indicated acclimation is half complete in about two hours.
Serum levels of thyroid hormone during forelimb regeneration in the adult newt, Notophthalmus viridescens
Authors: Liversage Richard A. , Korneluk Robert G.
Published: June 2005

The concentrations of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) were determined on samples of fresh sera from adult male and female newts during the course of forelimb regeneration by means of radioimmunoassay (RIA) methods. The results show that the circulatory levels of T4 and T3 in males and females do not change significantly from those found in intact control newts as regeneration progresses. Our serum T4 values for intact adult newts are low and within the range of levels found by other investigators in various poikilotherms.
Ultrastructural characterization of the accessory lobes of Lachi (Hofmann's nuclei) in the nerve cord of the chick. II. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy with observations on the glycogen body
Authors: De Gennaro Louis D. , Benzo Camillo A.
Published: June 2005

The ultrastructure of the accessory lobes of Lachi (Hofmann's nuclei) and that of the glycogen body were studied by transmission and scanning electron microscopy in 1‐day‐old chicks. Glycogen cells of the accessory lobes appeared like those of the glycogen body with nuclei of similar form which were flanked by organelles and by glycogen. The predominant cell type in each structure possessed glycogen‐filled processes which were in contact with those of neighboring cells and with blood vessels throughout the tissue. The primary difference between the tissues is that the glycogen cells of the accessory lobes are associated with an extensive meshwork of nerve cells of the marginal nerve nuclei. Glycogen processes of accessory lobe cells appeared to intertwine with each other in such fashion as to completely envelop the multipolar nerve cells that are embedded in those structures. Axo‐somatic and axo‐dendritic synapses, as well as lamellar whorls were also noted in the vicinity of the perikarya of these nerve cells. The glycogen body and accessory lobes contained extensive extracellular spaces which when viewed by scanning electron microscopy appeared as sinusoid‐like networks of channels between the glycogen cells and their processes. The close proximity of these glycogen‐rich structures in the lumbosacral nerve cord and the morphological similarities shared by their cell types suggest that they have some specialized functional relationship within the avian nervous system.
Regulation of vitellogenin synthesis in Drosophila by ecdysterone and juvenile hormone
Authors: Handler Alfred M. , Postlethwait John H.
Published: June 2005

The hormonal regulation of vitellogenin (Vg) synthesis in Drosophila was investigated by studying the incorporation of 3H‐leucine into hemolymph proteins of normal mature females and in isolated female abdomens either untreated or treated with solutions of a juvenile hormone analog (JHA), ecdysterone, or control solutions. It was found that the synthesis of Vg was reduced in untreated isolated abdomens and in isolated abdomens treated with control solutions, but that in isolated abdomens treated with either JHA or ecdysterone, Vg synthesis was specifically stimulated.
A scanning electron microscopic study of the neural crest cell cytoskeleton after Triton X ‐ 100 demembranation
Authors: Moran Denis , Covell David , Rozos Georgia
Published: June 2005

Triton x ‐ 100, which solubilizes cell membranes, was used to expose the detergent resistant cytoskeletal systems of cultured day 4 (angulated) and a day 8 (stellate) neural crest cells. This procedure reveals a network of fibers which correlates structurally with the morphological state of neural crest cell differentiation.
Genetic variation, cellular distribution and ontogeny of sorbitol dehydrogenase and alcohol dehydrogenase isozymes in male reproductive tissues of the mouse
Authors: Holmes Roger S. , Jones Janet T. , Peters Josephine
Published: June 2005

Cellulose acetate zymograms of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) extracted from male reproductive tissues of inbred mice were examined. ADH isozymes were differentially distributed in these tissues of C3H/He mice; ADH‐B2 was observed in all tissues and testis cellular preparations examined; ADH‐C2 was localized predominantly in the epididymis but was also present in the seminal vesicles, coagulating gland, and prostate gland. SDH was broadly distributed in these tissues but exhibited highest activities in the seminal vesicles, coagulating glands, and germinal cells of mature testes. Genetic variants for ADH‐C2 and SDH provided evidence for (1) the identity of a second form of SDH in epididymis with ADH‐C2; (2) the genetic identity of kidney, seminal vesicle, and testis SDH; and (3) the genetic identity of stomach and epididymal ADH‐C2. Developmental changes in testis and epididymal ADH isozymes during maturation were examined. ADH‐C2 appeared in the mature epididymis whereas ADH‐B2 exhibited no major changes in activity in testis and epididymis during development.
Pedal wave recovery following transection of pedal nerves in the slug,Limax maximus
Authors: Broyles James L. , Sokolove Phillip G.
Published: June 2005

The giant garden slug,Limax maximus, crawls by producing sequential pedal waves that propagate forward along a medial band of muscle running the full length of the foot. Nerves that originate in the pedal ganglion appear to innervate the foot musculature along its length, but not all seem to be essential for the initiation and maintenance of pedal wave activity. When nerves running backward from the pedal ganglion were transected, the portion of the sole posterior to the cut initially showed no pedal waves, and pedal waves anterior to the cut showed reduced wave velocity and frequency. After 3 to 21 days, depending primarily on how anterior the transection, fully‐formed pedal waves reappeared in the denervated region of the sole. Waves were propagated along the entire foot, but their velocity and frequency remained lower than found in normal animals or in sham‐operated controls. Methylene blue staining, and electrical stimulation and recording failed to reveal evidence of reinnervation in animals that had recovered full‐foot pedal wave activity. The results suggest that coordinated pedal waves can be maintained on parts of the sole that lack direct connections with the CNS by spread of excitation through the peripheral plexus of the foot.
A sex pheromone secreting gland in the terrestrial snail, Euhadra peliomphala
Authors: Takeda Naokuni , Tsuruoka Hitomi
Published: June 2005

The head‐wart found in the snail, Euhadra peliomphala, consists of a number of elevated dermal tubercles covered by a particularly thick epithelium. The head‐wart and its epithelial cells attain full size by rapid growth at the time of sexual maturation. When two snails meet in the breeding season, their head‐warts become conspicuously protuded. After touching the partner's head‐wart with large tentacles, each becomes excited, protrudes its penial mass, and finally copulates. Protrusion of the head‐wart and copulation are observed at the same time. By the use of head‐wart extract similar sexual behavior can be experimentally induced in snails. From these observations, it may be concluded that it is the epithelial surface of the head‐wart of a sexually mature snail which releases the substance that promotes sexual behavior. This physiologically active substance is considered to be a kind of sex pheromone. This pheromone does not appear to serve as a sexual attractant but serves rather to sexually excite another snail thus evoking a courtship response following their initial encounter.
Physiological asymmetry in the bilateral crusher claws of a lobster
Authors: Govind C. K. , Lang Fred
Published: June 2005

The American lobster, Homarus americanus which usually has dimorphic chelipeds consisting of a cutter and a crusher claw, occasionally has bilateral crusher claws. In these unusual lobsters however, only one of the paired claw behaves as a normal crusher claw. The other claw has only the appearance of a crusher claw but behaves as a cutter claw being able to close its dactyl completely in 20 msec and having short‐sarcomere, fast fibers in its closer muscle. This suggests that claw morphology and closer muscle composition are not under rigid developmental control.
The control of polarity along the anteroposterior axis in experimental chick limbs
Authors: MacCabe Jeffrey A. , Lyle Patricia S. , Lence Judy A.
Published: June 2005

Mesoderm from the posterior border of the developing limb is capable of inducing supernumerary limb outgrowth when transplanted to preaxial regions of host chick limb buds. The supernumerary limbs are always oriented with their posterior borders facing the transplant and for this reason limb tissue with this property is said to possess limb polarizing activity. Tissue excised from the preaxial border of 4‐day wing buds, having the capacity to respond to this polarizing activity, will not develop without adjacent limb polarizing tissue after transplantation to the flank of a host embryo. With polarizing tissue adjacent to one end, the responding tissue grows into a normally polarized wing tip. The responding tissue also develops if transplanted to an intact host wing bud, though not if transplanted to a wing from which the source of polarizing activity has been removed. When it is transplanted to an intact wing with its anteroposterior axis corresponding to the hosts' it develops host polarity, but when its anteroposterior axis is perpendicular to the hosts', it develops without polarity, i.e., into a symmetrical wing tip. The results suggest that an anteroposterior gradient of polarizing activity, found in the normal wing bud, is necessary for the development of polarity in these experimentally induced limbs.
Small artificial currents enhance Xenopus limb regeneration
Authors: Borgens Richard B. , Vanable Joseph W. , Jaffe Lionel F.
Published: June 2005

A steady, small (0.1 μA) current was artificially pulled out of the end of the stumps of amputated adult Xenopus forelimbs for three to four weeks. Six months to a year later, the following responses were observed: 1. Some stimulated regenerates formed broad, flattened bifurcated structures, while sham‐treated controls formed typical hypomorphic spikes. 2. In the majority of the cathode‐stimulated regenerates, there were nerve trunks with in their cartilage core. There was no nerve in control cartilage, except in one case in which a small amount of nerve was found. Overall, the cartilage core of the stimulated regenerates had 40‐fold more nerve coursing through it than did the controls. 3. Mature thorn‐shaped epidermal papillae formed on most of the stimulated animals, but on only one of the controls. We suggest that these minute electrical currents affect regeneration by first stimulating early nerve growth.