bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ATM Is Required for the Prolactin-Induced HSP90-Mediated Increase in Cellular Viability and Clonogenic Growth After DNA Damage
Authors: Karayazi Atici Ödül , Urbanska Anna , Gopinathan Sesha Gopal , Boutillon Florence , Goffin Vincent , Shemanko Carrie S
Published: November 2017

Prolactin (PRL) acts as a survival factor for breast cancer cells, but the PRL signaling pathway and the mechanism are unknown. Previously, we identified the master chaperone, heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) α, as a prolactin–Janus kinase 2 (JAK2)–signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) target gene involved in survival, and here we investigated the role of HSP90 in the mechanism of PRL-induced viability in response to DNA damage. The ataxia–telangiectasia mutated kinase (ATM) protein plays a critical role in the cellular response to double-strand DNA damage. We observed that PRL increased viability of breast cancer cells treated with doxorubicin or etoposide. The increase in cellular resistance is specific to the PRL receptor, because the PRL receptor antagonist, Δ1-9-G129R-hPRL, prevented the increase in viability. Two different HSP90 inhibitors, 17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin and BIIB021, reduced the PRL-mediated increase in cell viability of doxorubicin-treated cells and led to a decrease in JAK2, ATM, and phosphorylated ATM protein levels. Inhibitors of JAK2 (G6) and ATM (KU55933) abolished the PRL-mediated increase in cell viability of DNA-damaged cells, supporting the involvement of each, as well as the crosstalk of ATM with the PRL pathway in the context of DNA damage. Drug synergism was detected between the ATM inhibitor (KU55933) and doxorubicin and between the HSP90 inhibitor (BIIB021) and doxorubicin. Short interfering RNA directed against ATM prevented the PRL-mediated increase in cell survival in two-dimensional cell culture, three-dimensional collagen gel cultures, and clonogenic cell survival, after doxorubicin treatment. Our results indicate that ATM contributes to the PRL–JAK2–STAT5–HSP90 pathway in mediating cellular resistance to DNA-damaging agents.
Dyslexia: a different way of learning
Authors: Περικλέους Κατερίνα , Κοκκώνη Ανθή
Published: November 2017

Όταν οι Έλληνες μαθητές ξεκινούν την εκμάθηση της αγγλικής γλώσσας αντιμετωπίζουν πολλαπλές δυσκολίες που οφείλονται στα διαφορετικά φωνολογικά συστήματα των δύο γλωσσών (Ελληνικό σύστημα διαφανές, Αγγλικό σύστημα αδιαφανές). Σκοπός της παρουσίασης είναι οι συμμετέχοντες να αντιληφθούν την ανάγκη μιας διαφοροποιημένης διδασκαλίας της Αγγλικής γλώσσας κυρίως στα παιδιά με Ειδικές Μαθησιακές Δυσκολίες και Διαταραχή Ελλειμματικής Προσοχής/Υπερκινητικότητας που θα τηρεί τις παρακάτω παραμέτρους:θα εξοικειώνει τα παιδιά με τα φωνήματα και τα γραφήματα της Αγγλικής γλώσσας.θα βοηθάει τους μαθητές να κατακτήσουν και να καλλιεργήσουν την αναγνωστική τους δεξιότητα πριν ξεκινήσουν να διδάσκονται ορθογραφία.Θα έχει σταθερή δομή όπως αυτή προτείνεται από τα σύγχρονα βρετανικά προγράμματα αποκατάστασης μαθησιακών δυσκολιών.Θα καλλιεργεί την ενεργή συμμετοχή του μαθητήΘα παρέχει ή θα ενισχύει το κίνητρο για συμμετοχή των μαθητών με μαθησιακές δυσκολίες.Θα είναι πολυαισθητηριακή κι ευέλικτηΘα συμβάλλει στην ποιοτική τροποποίηση διδασκαλίας βάσει των αρχών που διέπουν τη συνεκπαίδευση
Προγράμματα παρέμβασης για την ανάπτυξη του αυτοπροσδιορισμού των μαθητών με νοητική αναπηρία
Authors: Σαρρής Ευστράτιος
Published: November 2017

Η εκπαίδευση των ατόμων με νοητική αναπηρία στον αυτοπροσδιορισμό αποτελεί μείζον ζήτημα στους κόλπους της ειδικής αγωγής και της κοινωνίας. Σύμφωνα με την υπάρχουσα πραγματικότητα, οι μαθητές με νοητική αναπηρία έχουν ελάχιστες ευκαιρίες άσκησης μεγαλύτερου ελέγχου στη ζωή τους, τείνουν να επηρεάζονται και να κατευθύνονται σε μεγάλο βαθμό από τους ενήλικες, ενώ παράλληλα διακρίνεται ότι δεν διαθέτουν μερικώς ή εξ’ ολοκλήρου όλες εκείνες τις απαραίτητες δεξιότητες, οι οποίες θα τους βοηθούν να διατηρούν σε υψηλά επίπεδα την αυτονομία τους, να λαμβάνουν αποφάσεις, να επιλύουν προβλήματα κ.α.. Σκοπός της παρούσας εργασίας είναι η παρουσίαση συγκροτημένων προγραμμάτων παρέμβασης για την ανάπτυξη του αυτοπροσδιορισμού σε μαθητές με νοητική αναπηρία. Επίσης, εξετάζεται η σχέση του αυτοπροσδιορισμού και των ατόμων με νοητική αναπηρία, καθώς και ο ρόλος, οι απόψεις και οι αντιλήψεις του εκπαιδευτικού για τον αυτοπροσδιορισμό. Η διδασκαλία του αυτοπροσδιορισμού είναι σημαντική για τα άτομα με νοητική αναπηρία, ώστε να γίνουν αιτιακοί μεσάζοντες στη ζωή τους.
Μαθησιακές Δυσκολίες- Δυσαριθμησία
Authors: Τσομπόλη Ειρήνη
Published: November 2017

Οι μαθησιακές δυσκολίες ταλανίζουν ολοένα και περισσότερους μαθητές. Τα τελευταία έτη έχει γίνει μεγάλη προσπάθεια στην Ελλάδα να προσδιοριστούν τα χαρακτηριστικά, οι ιδιαιτερότητες και οι ακριβείς δυσκολίες τους. Οι προσπάθειες αυτές έχουν εν μέρει αποδώσει, καθώς υπάρχει διαρκής ενημέρωση σχετικά με το ζήτημα των μαθησιακών δυσκολιών.Όσον αφορά τη Δυσαριθμησία αποτελεί, κατά τη γνώμη μου, ένα δύσκολα προσεγγίσιμο ζήτημα από τους εκπαιδευτικούς. Ειδικότερα στην Ελλάδα η Δυσαριθμησία αποτελεί μία όχι και τόσο διαδεδομένη μαθησιακή δυσκολία. Σκοπός της παρούσας εργασίας είναι μέσα από πρώιμη έρευνα, να προσδιοριστούν λεπτομερώς τα χαρακτηριστικά των μαθησιακών δυσκολιών και κυρίως της Δυσαριθμησίας. Λόγω της καθημερινής επαφής με μαθητή μου, ο οποίος έχει διαγνωσθεί με Μαθησιακές Δυσκολίες και Δυσαριθμησία,έχω την ευκαιρία να παρουσιάσω τις δυσκολίες και τις ανησυχίες του,την επίδοση καθώς επίσης και την πρόοδό του.Οφείλω να τονίσω πως η παρούσα εργασία έχει απώτερο στόχο να αναδείξει το φαινόμενο των μαθησιακών δυσκολιών αλλά και της Δυσαριθμησίας, να παρουσιάσει άγνωστα και μη στοιχεία σε κάθε ενδιαφερόμενο και κυρίως συνοψίζοντας, να παρουσιάσει τα συμπεράσματα, τις προτάσεις και τις προτροπές μου προς όλους όσους απασχολεί το ζήτημα. Συμπεράσματα όμως τα οποία απορρέουν από γνώσεις και κατά κύριο λόγο από την προσωπική μου εμπειρία.
Η έπαινος ως μια μορφή ανατροφοδότησης στη διδασκαλία
Authors: Χατούπης Κωνσταντίνος
Published: November 2017

H ανατροφοδότηση αναφέρεται στην πληροφορία που δίνεται στους μαθητές, σχετικά με την απόδοσή τους, από κάποια εξωτερική πηγή, όπως ο δάσκαλος, ο ηλεκτρονικός υπολογιστής, η μία βιντεοταινία. Όταν η ανατροφοδότηση είναι γενικόλογη και θετική αναφέρεται κι ως έπαινος. Σκοπός της μελέτης ήταν η μερική ανασκόπηση της βιβλιογραφίας πάνω στην αποτελεσματικότητα του επαίνου στη μάθηση. Ανασκοπήθηκαν μελέτες πραγματοποιούμενες σε σχολικές τάξεις την περίοδο 1995-2010. Σε αρκετές μελέτες βρέθηκε ότι ο έπαινος έχει μειωμένη επίδραση πάνω στην απόδοση του μαθητή και τούτο γιατί (α) ο έπαινος δεν περιλαμβάνει πληροφορίες που συντελούν στη μάθηση και (β) μπορεί να κατευθύνει την προσοχή του μαθητή στον ίδιο του τον εαυτό και ταυτόχρονα να τον απομακρύνει απ’ τη διδακτική δραστηριότητα και κατ’ επέκταση απ’ τη διαδικασία της μάθησης. Επομένως, προτείνεται να χρησιμοποιείται σποραδικά και να αποφεύγεται όταν είναι γενικόλογος και περιορίζεται μόνον σε θετικά/ευχάριστα σχόλια. Παρ’ όλ’ αυτά, τα θετικά σχόλια δεν πρέπει να θεωρηθούν ως ανούσια κι ανώφελα καθώς μπορούν να συμβάλλουν στη δημιουργία ενός πιο ανθρώπινου και ζεστού κλίματος μες στην τάξη. Σ’ αντίθεση με τη διαδεδομένη αντίληψη ότι ο έπαινος, που επικεντρώνεται στην υψηλή ικανότητα ή στην επίτευξη ως απόρροια της ευφυΐας και των έμφυτων ικανοτήτων του μαθητή, βοηθάει στην παρακίνησή του για επιτυχία, μία σειρά από έρευνες έδειξαν ότι αυτή η μορφή επαίνου μπορεί να έχει αρνητικά αποτελέσματα στην επιτυχία, στην αυτοεκτίμηση, στην επιμονή, και στην ικανοποίηση απ’ τη συμμετοχή σε μία δραστηριότητα. Αντίθετα, ο έπαινος που επικεντρώνεται στην προσπάθεια, στην απόκτηση γνώσης και δεξιοτήτων μπορεί να επηρεάσει θετικά αυτούς τους παράγοντες.
Μουσειακή Αγωγή και Διαδίκτυο: Η περίπτωση των Διαχρονικών Μουσείων
Authors: Πολύζος Νικόλαος
Published: November 2017

Στην παρούσα εισήγηση γίνεται μία πρώτη προσπάθεια καταγραφής της διαδικτυακής παρουσίασης των μουσείων, μέσα από την επίσημη ιστοσελίδα του Υπουργείου Πολιτισμού. Αρχικά, γίνεται μία συνοπτική ανάλυση του όρου του μουσείου, μέσα από τον επίσημο ορισμό του Διεθνούς Συμβουλίου Μουσείων, αλλά και μέσα από την ελληνική νομοθεσία. Στη συνέχεια καταγράφεται ο αλφαβητικός και θεματικός κατάλογος των μουσείων και τέλος γίνεται μία ανάλυση του τρόπου παρουσίασης των μουσείων, τα οποία ανήκουν στην κατηγορία των Διαχρονικών Μουσείων.
Η ‘εξήγηση’ στην επιστημολογία και στη διδακτική των μαθημάτων των φυσικών επιστημών
Authors: Στεφανίδης Κωνσταντίνος , Στεφανίδης ΝΙκόλαος
Published: November 2017

Ένας από τους βασικούς σκοπούς της διδασκαλίας των μαθημάτων των φυσικών επιστημών είναι να μπορούν οι μαθητές να εξηγούν τα φυσικά φαινόμενα. Στην παρούσα μελέτη η έννοια ‘εξήγηση’ μελετάται από α) επιστημολογική και β) διδακτική σκοπιά. Αναλυτικότερα επιδιώκεται να απαντηθούν τα παρακάτω ερωτήματα: α)Ποιος ο αποδεκτός τρόπος εξήγησης φυσικών φαινομένων στο σχολείο; β) Πως γράφονται οι εξηγήσεις στα σχολικά εγχειρίδια; γ) Υπάρχει δομή στο γραπτό ή προφορικό λόγο μιας επιστημονικής εξήγησης και ποια δομή είναι αποδεκτή για το σχολείο; δ)Πως θα μπορούσαμε να διδάξουμε τους μαθητές να διατυπώνουν σωστά μια επιστημονική εξήγηση και να ξεχωρίζουν μια επιστημονική από μια μη επιστημονική εξήγηση; ε) Πως θα μπορούσαμε να διδάξουμε τους μαθητές να γράφουν έγκυρες επιστημονικές εξηγήσεις και να αυτοαξιολογούνται; ζ) Πως βαθμολογείται μια επιστημονική εξήγηση του μαθητή Τα συμπεράσματα της παρούσας μελέτης είναι εφαρμόσιμα στη διδασκαλία, στην αξιολόγηση – αυτοαξιολόγηση των μαθητών, στη συγγραφή σχολικών βιβλίων και στην επιμόρφωση των εκπαιδευτικών.
Η σημασία της χρήσης εικόνας από μαθητές με σύνδρομο DOWN ως εξωτερική αναπαράσταση λεκτικών προβλημάτων πρόσθεσης και αφαίρεσης
Authors: Χαριτάκη Γαρυφαλιά , Μπαραλής Γεώργιος , Πολυχρονοπούλου Σταυρούλα , Αντωνίου Αλέξανδρος - Σταμάτιος
Published: November 2017

Η ανάπτυξη των θεωριών Επίλυσης Προβλήματος θέτει στο επίκεντρο του ενδιαφέροντος την χρήση της εικόνας ως αναπαράσταση. Η γενικευμένη αποτυχία των μαθητών, ακόμα, και στην επίλυση απλών αριθμητικών προβλημάτων οδηγεί εύλογα τους ερευνητές στην αναζήτηση αιτιών. Η παρούσα έρευνα αποτελεί μια προσπάθεια διερεύνησης των αιτιών που σχετίζονται με την εμφάνιση αυτής της γενικευμένης αποτυχίας σε πληθυσμούς παιδιών με σύνδρομο Down που φοιτούν σε Ειδικά Σχολεία και η χρονολογική τους ηλικία είναι από 7 έως 14 ετών (M=10,07, SD=2,06). Τα δεδομένα συλλέχθηκαν κατά τη διάρκεια του τελευταίου τριμήνου του 2013, μέσω δραστηριοτήτων που χορηγήθηκαν στα παιδιά με σύνδρομο Down του δείγματος. Τα αποτελέσματα κατέδειξαν ότι οι επιδόσεις των παιδιών συσχετίζονται σημαντικά με την ύπαρξη εξωτερικών αναπαραστάσεων ακόμα και σε απλά αριθμητικά προβλήματα. Τα ευρήματα συζητούνται προκειμένου να αναδειχθούν οι πρακτικές εφαρμογές τους στην εκπαιδευτική διαδικασία.
Εγγραμματισμός στις Θετικές Επιστήμες και το πρόγραμμα PISA
Authors: Νικολόπουλος Γιάννης
Published: November 2017

Ο εγγραμματισμός των μαθητών που βρίσκονται στο τέλος της Υποχρεωτικής τους Εκπαίδευσης αποτελεί την αναζήτηση του Προγράμματος PISA, υπό την έννοια ότι το Πρόγραμμα αυτό αποτιμά τις γνώσεις και τις δεξιότητες που οι εν λόγω μαθητές απέκτησαν στα παρακάτω βασικά αντικείμενα των σχολικών τους σπουδών: την Κατανόηση Κειμένου, τα Μαθηματικά και τις Φυσικές Επιστήμες.
Formation of Cyclic Surfaces in Kinetic Geometry
Authors: Сальков Николай , Sal'kov Nikolay
Published: November 2017

This paper is an evolution of the "Kinematic Compliance of Rotating Spaces" paper, previously published in the "Geometry and Graphics" journal №1, 2013. A great many of mechanisms are making rotational movement, wherein rotating parts of one mechanism are "invading" into a rotation zone belonging to parts of another rotating mechanism. The challenge is to prevent the collision of rotating parts belonging to two or more details with each other. This problem is particularly sensitive for machine engineering. In space navigation, where, in principle, there are no objects that are at rest, the problem of satellites collision with astronomical bodies rotating around their axes is also the urgent one. Therefore, the theory of kinematic matching for rotating spaces R31 and R32 when they are moving independently from each other is urgent too. Each of two considered spaces may have a uniform or non-uniform movement in a given direction, a curved movement or a rotational movement around the axis specified for each space. In this paper has been considered the formation of cyclic surfaces obtained by rotation of one space relative to another one and different orientations of the generating line relative to the axes. Has been considered one of the options for rotating spaces, when their axes are parallel. In such a case the generating line is located in the following positions: it is straight and parallel to the axis; it is straight and intersects the axis; the rectilinear generator is in a plane that is parallel to the plane of the axes; the generating line is a straight line of general position; the generating line is a space curve. Has been demonstrated application of the rotating spaces theory in mining, chemical and machine tool industries, made in the form of inventions, confirmed by copyright certificates of the USSR.
The effect of the use of systematic teaching method on students’ success in the process of violoncello education
Viyolonsel eğitimi sürecinde dizgeli öğretim modelinin öğrenci başarısına etkisi
Authors: Şen Çağrı , Özdemir Mehmet Ali
Published: November 2017

This study was conducted to examine the effect of the use of systematic teaching method in fine arts high school violoncello education lessons on students’ academic success in terms of cognitive and psychomotor skills. In this study, the pretest-posttest control group experimental pattern was used. The study was carried out with a sample of 14 violoncello students studying at Bursa Zeki Müren Fine Arts High School, 7 in the experimental group and 7 in the control group. In the scope of this study, a syllabus for 8 weeks (16 hours) was prepared based on systematic teaching method so as to improve the cognitive and psychomotor learning levels of the students. In order to gain the data, two scales were developed by the researcher aimed at cognitive field and psychomotor field. Whereas the experimental group was applied a syllabus based on systematic teaching for 8 weeks, the control group was applied the traditional method which was being used at school. The data obtained from pretest and posttest were analyzed with statistical methods. In accordance with the data gained from the research, the findings can be summarized as the following: A meaningful difference in favour of the experimental group was found between experimental group to which systematic teaching method was applied and the control group to which traditional method was applied in terms of both the knowledge level and the skill level of performance.Extended English abstract is in the end of Full Text PDF (TURKISH) file. ÖzetBu araştırmada, güzel sanatlar liselerinde dizgeli öğretim modeline göre yapılandırılmış viyolonsel eğitimi dersinin, bilgi düzeyi ve performansa ilişkin beceriler bakımından öğrencilerin akademik başarılarına etkisini belirlemek amaçlanmıştır. Öntest-sontest kontrol gruplu deneysel desene uygun düzenlenen araştırmanın örneklemini, Bursa Zeki Müren Güzel Sanatlar Lisesi’nde öğrenim gören, deney grubunda 7 ve kontrol grubunda 7 olmak üzere 14 viyolonsel öğrencisi oluşturmuştur. Viyolonsel öğrencilerinin bilgi düzeylerini ve performansa yönelik beceri düzeylerini arttırmak amacıyla, dizgeli öğretim modeline dayalı 8 haftalık (16 ders saati) süreyi kapsayan ders planı hazırlanmıştır. Araştırma verilerini elde etmek üzere, bilişsel ve devinişsel alana yönelik iki tür ölçek geliştirilmiştir. 8 hafta süreyle deney grubuna dizgeli öğretim modeline dayalı viyolonsel eğitimi uygulanırken, kontrol grubunda geleneksel öğretim sürdürülmüştür. Öntest ve sontestten elde edilen veriler istatistiksel analizlerle çözümlenmiştir. Araştırmadan elde edilen bulgular şöyle özetlenebilir: Dizgeli öğretim modelinin uygulandığı deney grubu ile geleneksel öğretim yapılan kontrol grubu arasında, hem bilgi düzeyi hem de performansa ilişkin beceri düzeyi bakımından deney grubu lehine anlamlı farklılık bulunmuştur.
A Speech on “Why Accounting Matters: A Central Bank Perspective”
Authors: Schwarz Claudia
Published: November 2017

This article is the transcript of a speech given at the international workshop on “Which accounting regulation for Europe’s economy and society?” held at the European Parliament, Strasbourg, on May 20, 2015. This speech is based on the work summarised in “Schwarz et al., 2015. ‘Why accounting matters: A central bank perspective’. Accounting, Economics and Law: A Convivium.”.
Role of anodic oxide films in the corrosion of aluminum and its alloys
Authors: Takahashi Hideaki , Chiba Makoto
Published: November 2017

Anodic oxide films on aluminum are classified into two groups: porous-type anodic oxide films (PAOF) and barrier-type anodic oxide films (BAOF). The present paper is a review of the corrosion of pure aluminum (Al) and Al alloys covered with PAOF and BAOF, focusing on the role of anodic oxide films in the process of corrosion. Several topics are discussed in detail, including (a) changes in the dissolution mode of PAOF in acidic media by pore sealing, (b) hydration and dissolution of BAOF in pure water and neutral solutions containing organic and inorganic electrolytes, (c) pitting corrosion during the cathodic polarization of Al covered with PAOF and BAOF, (d) corrosion of PAOF-covered Al/Bi/Sn alloys in alcohols at 142°C, and (e) synergistic effects of Cl− and Cu2+ ions in the corrosion of PAOF-covered Al alloys in aqueous solutions.
Laser marking as environment technology
Authors: Sobotova Lydia , Badida Miroslav
Published: November 2017

The contribution deals with the laser marking as one of the progressive and environment friendly technologies with utilisation in many branches of industry. Engraving and other types of laser marking of different types of materials are very actual technologies these days. Laser marking decreases the waste creation in comparison with the other classical marking technologies, which use paintings or created chips. In this experimental investigation the laser marking surface texturing of material AL99,7 according to STN 42 4003:1993-08 (STN EN 573) has been conducted. The laser marking machine TruMark 6020 and software TruTops Mark were used. Laser surface texturing after laser marking has been realised under different combinations of process parameters: pulse frequency, pulse energy and laser beam scanning speed. The morphological characterization of engraving or annealing surfaces has been performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technique. The evaluation of roughness of engraved surfaces has been realized according to STN EN ISO 4287 by using Surftest SJ 301. The aim of the contribution was to show how different laser parameters affect the surface texture and colour change of metallic materials while creating minimal waste.
Jessie Weston and the Ancient Mystery of Arthurian Romance
Authors: Wood Juliette
Published: November 2017

This article presents a survey of the work of Jessie Weston and examines her role in the development of Arthurian studies in the first half of the twentieth century. In her considerable output of articles, editions, and retellings of Arthurian romance tales, Weston attempted to establish links between major themes in medieval Arthurian romances and the ancient traditions of the Celts. These speculations reached their height in her most famous and most controversial book, From Ritual to Romance, where she suggested that the origins of the medieval Grail story could be traced back to an initiation ritual in an ancient mystery cult that survived into the medieval period. Although From Ritual to Romance has influenced modernist literature and culture, current Arthurian scholarship has largely rejected Weston’s theories about the relationship between Celtic civilization and romance. However, the popularity surrounding this controversial work, especially outside mainstream scholarship, has obscured Weston’s other work, and the present study is intended to present a wider context for her achievements and to examine their contribution to the study of Arthurian tradition at the beginning of the twentieth century.
The photon identification loophole in EPRB experiments: computer models with single-wing selection
Authors: De Raedt Hans , Michielsen Kristel , Hess Karl
Published: November 2017

Recent Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen-Bohm experiments [M. Giustina et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 250401 (2015); L. K. Shalm et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 250402 (2015)] that claim to be loophole free are scrutinized. The combination of a digital computer and discrete-event simulation is used to construct a minimal but faithful model of the most perfected realization of these laboratory experiments. In contrast to prior simulations, all photon selections are strictly made, as they are in the actual experiments, at the local station and no other “post-selection” is involved. The simulation results demonstrate that a manifestly non-quantum model that identifies photons in the same local manner as in these experiments can produce correlations that are in excellent agreement with those of the quantum theoretical description of the corresponding thought experiment, in conflict with Bell’s theorem which states that this is impossible. The failure of Bell’s theorem is possible because of our recognition of the photon identification loophole. Such identification measurement-procedures are necessarily included in all actual experiments but are not included in the theory of Bell and his followers.
The Autism Protein Ube3A/E6AP Remodels Neuronal Dendritic Arborization via Caspase-Dependent Microtubule Destabilization
Authors: Khatri Natasha , Gilbert James P. , Huo Yuda , Sharaflari Roozhin , Nee Michael , Qiao Hui , Man Heng-Ye
Published: November 2017

UBE3Agene copy number variation and the resulting overexpression of the protein E6AP is directly linked to autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). However, the underlying cellular and molecular neurobiology remains less clear. Here we report the role of ASD-related increased dosage of Ube3A/E6AP in dendritic arborization during brain development. We show that increased E6AP expression in primary cultured neurons leads to a reduction in dendritic branch number and length. The E6AP-dependent remodeling of dendritic arborization results from retraction of dendrites by thinning and fragmentation at the tips of dendrite branches, leading to shortening or removal of dendrites. This remodeling effect is mediated by the ubiquitination and degradation of XIAP (X-linked inhibitors of aptosis protein) by E6AP, which leads to activation of caspase-3 and cleavage of microtubules.In vivo, male and femaleUbe3A2X ASD mice show decreased XIAP levels, increased caspase-3 activation, and elevated levels of tubulin cleavage. Consistently, dendritic branching and spine density are reduced in cortical neurons ofUbe3A2X ASD mice. In revealing an important role for Ube3A/E6AP in ASD-related developmental alteration in dendritic arborization and synapse formation, our findings provide new insights into the pathogenesis of Ube3A/E6AP-dependent ASD.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTCopy number variation of theUBE3Agene and aberrant overexpression of the gene product E6AP protein is a common cause of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). During brain development, dendritic growth and remodeling play crucial roles in neuronal connectivity and information integration. We found that in primary neurons and in Ube3A transgenic autism mouse brain, overexpression of E6AP leads to significant loss of dendritic arborization. This effect is mediated by the ubiquitination of XIAP (X-linked inhibitor of aptosis protein) by E6AP, subsequent activation of caspases, and the eventual cleavage of microtubules, leading to local degeneration and retraction at the tips of dendritic branches. These findings demonstrate dysregulation in neuronal structural stability as a major cellular neuropathology in ASD.
Disrupted Neuroglial Metabolic Coupling after Peripheral Surgery
Authors: Femenía Teresa , Giménez-Cassina Alfredo , Codeluppi Simone , Fernández-Zafra Teresa , Katsu-Jiménez Yurika , Terrando Niccolò , Eriksson Lars I. , Gómez-Galán Marta
Published: November 2017

Immune-related events in the periphery can remotely affect brain function, contributing to neurodegenerative processes and cognitive decline. In mice, peripheral surgery induces a systemic inflammatory response associated with changes in hippocampal synaptic plasticity and transient cognitive decline, however, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Here we investigated the effect of peripheral surgery on neuronal-glial function within hippocampal neuronal circuits of relevance to cognitive processing in male mice at 6, 24, and 72 h postsurgery. At 6 h we detect the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 in the hippocampus, followed up by alterations in the mRNA and protein expression of astrocytic and neuronal proteins necessary for optimal energy supply to the brain and for the reuptake and recycling of glutamate in the synapse. Similarly, at 24 h postsurgery the mRNA expression of structural proteins (GFAP and AQP4) was compromised. At this time point, functional analysis in astrocytes revealed a decrease in resting calcium signaling. Examination of neuronal activity by whole-cell patch-clamp shows elevated levels of glutamatergic transmission and changes in AMPA receptor subunit composition at 72 h postsurgery. Finally, lactate, an essential energy substrate produced by astrocytes and critical for memory formation, decreases at 6 and 72 h after surgery. Based on temporal parallels with our previous studies, we propose that the previously reported cognitive decline observed at 72 h postsurgery in mice might be the consequence of temporal hippocampal metabolic, structural, and functional changes in astrocytes that lead to a disruption of the neuroglial metabolic coupling and consequently to a neuronal dysfunction.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTA growing body of evidence suggests that surgical trauma launches a systemic inflammatory response that reaches the brain and associates with immune activation and cognitive decline. Understanding the mechanisms by which immune-related events in the periphery can influence brain processes is essential for the development of therapies to prevent or treat postoperative cognitive dysfunction and other forms of cognitive decline related to immune-to-brain communication, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Here we describe the temporal orchestration of a series of metabolic, structural, and functional changes after aseptic trauma in mice related to astrocytes and later in neurons that emphasize the role of astrocytes as key intermediaries between peripheral immune events, neuronal processing, and potentially cognition.
CD44 Signaling Mediates High Molecular Weight Hyaluronan-Induced Antihyperalgesia
Authors: Ferrari Luiz F. , Khomula Eugen V. , Araldi Dioneia , Levine Jon D.
Published: November 2017

We studied, in male Sprague Dawley rats, the role of the cognate hyaluronan receptor, CD44 signaling in the antihyperalgesia induced by high molecular weight hyaluronan (HMWH). Low molecular weight hyaluronan (LMWH) acts at both peptidergic and nonpeptidergic nociceptors to induce mechanical hyperalgesia that is prevented by intrathecal oligodeoxynucleotide antisense to CD44 mRNA, which also prevents hyperalgesia induced by a CD44 receptor agonist, A6. Ongoing LMWH and A6 hyperalgesia are reversed by HMWH. HMWH also reverses the hyperalgesia induced by diverse pronociceptive mediators, prostaglandin E2, epinephrine, TNFα, and interleukin-6, and the neuropathic pain induced by the cancer chemotherapy paclitaxel. Although CD44 antisense has no effect on the hyperalgesia induced by inflammatory mediators or paclitaxel, it eliminates the antihyperalgesic effect of HMWH. HMWH also reverses the hyperalgesia induced by activation of intracellular second messengers, PKA and PKCε, indicating that HMWH-induced antihyperalgesia, although dependent on CD44, is mediated by an intracellular signaling pathway rather than as a competitive receptor antagonist. Sensitization of cultured small-diameter DRG neurons by prostaglandin E2is also prevented and reversed by HMWH. These results demonstrate the central role of CD44 signaling in HMWH-induced antihyperalgesia, and establish it as a therapeutic target against inflammatory and neuropathic pain.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTWe demonstrate that hyaluronan (HA) with different molecular weights produces opposing nociceptive effects. While low molecular weight HA increases sensitivity to mechanical stimulation, high molecular weight HA reduces sensitization, attenuating inflammatory and neuropathic hyperalgesia. Both pronociceptive and antinociceptive effects of HA are mediated by activation of signaling pathways downstream CD44, the cognate HA receptor, in nociceptors. These results contribute to our understanding of the role of the extracellular matrix in pain, and indicate CD44 as a potential therapeutic target to alleviate inflammatory and neuropathic pain.
The Theory of Intersectionality: A New Lens for Understanding the Barriers Faced by Autistic Women
Authors: Saxe Amanda
Published: November 2017

While disabilities studies scholars have already taken a great step forward in integrating the theory of intersectionality, progress is still required.  Many theoretical and empirical disability studies papers operationalize disability in a vague and all-inclusive manner. Although it is important to research disability in a global way, it is just as important to regard the more specific experiences of disability.  The study of specific disabilities and the barriers that are faced by those who have them is critical since living with one type of disability can lead to very different experiences as compared with having a different disability (Hirschmann, 2012).  In addition to adding Autism to the discussion of intersectionality within disability studies, it is critical to include a disability studies perspective to other fields of research in order to successfully incorporate an intersectional framework.
Review of Russo, J. & Sweeney, A. (Eds.) (2016), "Searching for a Rose Garden: Challenging Psychiatry, Fostering Mad Studies"
Authors: Nicki Andrea
Published: November 2017

The book is divided into four sections. The first, “Setting the Scene,” contains essays that argue for the need for radically new approaches to madness and distress. The second and third sections, “Survivor-Produced Knowledge” and “Survivor-Controlled Practice,” present examples of contributions to theory and practice. Finally, “Working in Partnership” features collaborative projects.
The concept of ‘translation unit’ revisited
Authors: Thunes Martha
Published: November 2017

In translation studies, the theoretical concept of ‘translation unit’ has traditionally been a subject of debate. This paper will discuss different views of the concept, relating it to the dichotomy between product and process-oriented translation studies. It will be argued that ‘translation unit’ has two readings: ‘unit of analysis’ in product-based studies, and ‘unit of processing’ in cognitive translation studies. With the exception of literary translation, translation services may now be said to fall within the domain of the language industry, which calls for considering the relevance of ‘translation unit’ to machine translation (MT). From a historical perspective, the concept will be related to the main issues of system design and translation quality.
Judgement, taste and closely related Germanic languages
Authors: Cooper Robin
Published: November 2017

We will look at a treatment of the semantics of taste predicates using TTR (Type Theory with Records). The central idea is that we take the notion of judgement from type theory as basic and derive a notion of truth from that, rather than starting from a semantics based on a notion of truth and trying to modify it to include a notion of judgement. Our analysis involves two types of propositions: Austinian propositions, whose components include a situation and a type, and a subtype of Austinian propositions called subjective Austinian propositions, whose components in addition include an agent who makes the judgement that the situation is of the type. We will argue that attitude verbs can select either for propositions in general (subjective or objective) or for subjective propositions, but that there is no type of objective propositions which can be selected for. We will discuss some apparent counterexamples to this from Germanic languages and argue that there is a phenomenon akin to switch reference in certain attitude predicates when their complement involves a subjective proposition.
Syntactic discontinuities in Latin – A treebank-based study
Authors: Haug Dag
Published: November 2017

Syntactic discontinuities are very frequent in classical Latin and yet this data was never considered in debates on how expressive grammar formalisms need to be to capture natural languages. In this paper I show with treebank data that Latin frequently displays syntactic discontinuities that cannot be captured in standard mildly context-sensitive frameworks such as Tree-Adjoining Grammars or Combinatory Categorial Grammars. I then argue that there is no principled bound on Latin discontinuities but that they display a broadly Zipfian distribution where frequency drops quickly for the more complex patterns. Lexical-Functional Grammar can capture these  discontinuities in a way that closely reflects their complexity and frequency distributions.
Finite-State Tokenization for a Deep Wolof LFG Grammar
Authors: Dione Cheikh M. Bamba
Published: November 2017

This paper presents a finite-state transducer (FST) for tokenizing and normalizing natural texts that are input to a large-scale LFG grammar for Wolof. In the early stage of grammar development, a language-independent tokenizer was used to split the input stream into a unique sequence of tokens. is simple transducer took into account general character classes, without using any language-specific information. However, at a later stage of grammar development, uncovered and non-trivial tokenization issues arose, including issues related to multi-word expressions (MWEs), clitics and text normalization. As a consequence, the tokenizer was extended by integrating FST components. is extension was crucial for scaling the hand-written grammar to free text and for enhancing the performance of the parser.
Contractor tendering research: going beyond bid/no-bid and markup models
Authors: Urquhart Stephen , Whyte Andrew
Published: November 2017

Within a wider research programme into the effectiveness and efficiency of the tendering procedures of construction contractors (CCs), a content analysis of tender research published in 27 journals between 2010 and 2016 found that CC tendering procedure research remains a low-focus area. CC-related tender research commonly focuses on factors influencing ‘bid/no-bid’ and markup decisions, often combined with developed decision modelling. Comparing the content analysis results with semi-structured interviews with 20 Australian civil engineering CCs (including some of Australia’s largest contractors, and with eight involved in international operations), it was found that the industry remains largely unaware and unsupportive of such developed tender decision tools. Instead, CCs suggest tender research should focus on efficient tendering procedures, encouraging clients to use standard rather than bespoke contracts, and improved quality and risk transfer in tender documents. The combined semi-structured interview findings and content analysis results provide researchers with contemporary tender research themes that civil engineering CCs, and potentially more general contractors, are more likely to embrace, thereby advancing the efficiency of construction tendering and contractors’ work procurement management.
Dynamic response of a bridge deck pavement
Authors: Han Fei , Wang Hu , Dan Dan-hui
Published: November 2017

A three-dimensional finite-element vehicle–bridge–bridge deck pavement (BDP) coupling vibration model was built to investigate the coupled effect of bridge surface roughness and vehicle velocity on the dynamic response of BDPs under random vehicle loads. The results obtained show that, compared with the stress response of a fixed node at the midspan, the response of stress extremes of the BDP not only reflect the stochastic characters of vehicle loads but also directly reflect the most disadvantageous response of the structure. In addition, it was found that the amplification coefficients of different control stresses were very close for a certain international roughness index, the stress response of the BDP considering roughness was significantly greater than that of smooth surfacing and when vehicles are travelling on a bridge with a rough surface, speed should be controlled to be neither too fast nor too slow.
New aspects of Helicobacter pylori infection: Association with metabolic disturbances
Authors: German S V , Bobrovnitsky I P
Published: November 2017

The review is devoted to the analysis of the literature on the possible association of Helicobacter pylori infection with type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome and its supposed mechanisms.
Glycemic variability and oxidative stress in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus during combined glucose-lowering therapy
Authors: Butaeva S G , Ametov A S , Bugrov A V , Dolgov V V
Published: November 2017

Aim. To evaluate the impact of intensified glucose-lowering therapy on carbohydrate metabolic indicator, such as glycated hemoglobin, fasting blood glucose level (BGL) (FBGL), postprandial BGL (PBGL), and glycemic variability (GV) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) during metformin monotherapy before and 3 months after therapy intensification. Subjects and methods. The investigation enrolled 51 patients with T2DM treated with metformin 1000 mg twice daily, who failed to achieve satisfactory glycemic control. During randomization, the treatment was intensified by addition of sitagliptin 100 mg/day in Group 1 (n=25) or gliclazide MB 60 mg/day in Group 2 (n=26). Before and 3 months after the treatment, carbohydrate metabolic indicators were investigated, 24-hour BGL monitoring (continuous glucose monitoring system (GMS)) was performed, and the body’s antioxidant status was examined by determining the total antioxidant capacity of blood plasma (overall sound pressure levels (OASPL)). Results. During 3-month treatment, Group 1 had a significantly reduced FBGL compared to that before the therapy; in Group 2 this index did not change significantly. Both study groups showed a significant decrease in PBGL and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). The mean amplitude of glycemic excursion (MAGE) was significantly decreased in the sitagliptin intensification group. In both groups, the standard deviation (SD) reduced significantly by 26% in Group 1 and by 38% in Group 2. Both groups also displayed a significant increase in blood OASPL (p
How Can We Improve Premedical Education in Korea?
Authors: Yeh Byung-Il
Published: November 2017

When a new educational system for college students in South Korea was established in 1946, the National Committee for Educational Planning adopted a 6-year curriculum of medical education, consisting of a 2-year premedical component and a 4-year medical component. For more than half a century, the premedical curriculum has received little attention. However, it is very important for premedical students to have a range of experiences that could be useful in their future medical careers. In 2005, another change was made to the system of medical education, in which medical schools without a 2-year premedical curriculum were established. This began to stimulate interest in premedical education, and more and more professors have become interested in premedical education as 6-year medical colleges have become more popular than before. Since 2015, the Education and Cultural Center of the Korean Association of Medical Colleges has annually hosted a workshop for redesigning premedical education; these workshops quickly fill up with registrants, reflecting the participants’ lively interest in premedical education. The problems of premedical education are mostly due to students’ and educators’ attitudes. A more effective approach will be needed in the educational system of the future to train highly competent medical doctors. To judge whether an educational program is successful, its aims must be clearly articulated. For this reason, medical colleges must prepare premedical education curricula based on their educational aims. It is expected that the system of premedical education will be strengthened in the future due to the growing awareness of its importance.
Premedical Curriculum in Seoul National University College of Medicine
Authors: Yoon Hyun Bae , Lee Seung-Hee , Hwang Jinyoung
Published: November 2017

The main points of issue with the former premedical curriculum of Seoul National University College of Medicine (SNUCM) were the absence of educational objectives, decline in student motivation caused by uniform education, students’ lack of a sense of belonging, and lack of humanistic education. In accordance with these issues, there were five aspects considered for the improvement of the premedical curriculum: reform based on the newly established educational objectives that corresponds with the 6-year medical school curriculum as a whole, expansion of elective courses and the development of personalized curriculum for the improvement of students’ learning motives, expansion of social sciences and humanities curriculum for the development of students’ capabilities as good doctors, active participation of medical professors in premedical education, and expansion of informal education and the student support program. According to the assessment done after the implementation of the reformed curriculum, premedical students were gratified with its establishment and management of multifarious liberal arts and major subjects. In preparation of the more rigorous entrance quota of the premedical school at SNUCM, there is ongoing reform of required major subjects and establishment of new subjects in the premedical curriculum in pursuit of unity with the 6-year medical curriculum. Moreover, there is ongoing development of an e-portfolio system for the association of premedical and medical education, integration of formal and informal curriculum, and reinforcement of student observation and formative evaluation. Further discussion on the assessment and betterment of premedical curriculum is needed.
Development of Premedical Curriculum in Inje University’s College of Medicine
Authors: Yoon Yoo Sang , Yoon Bo Young , Jung Do-Un , Lee Jong-Tae , Ju Hyunjung
Published: November 2017

One important purpose of premedical education is to help students attain core competencies during the two-year premedical program. Since premedical curriculum is the foundation of medical education, it is necessary to develop the premedical curriculum in accordance with the overarching curriculum of a medical school. Inje University’s College of Medicine (IUCM) has attempted to integrate competency-based medical education into the premedical education curriculum. The revised premedical curriculum aims to develop students’ intrinsic competencies during premedical years. In an effort to do so, IUCM defined competencies for premedical education, analyzed and designed premedical courses according to the defined competencies, and suggested learner-centered instructional methods. As a result of implementing the revised premedical curriculum, students have reported both positive experiences and difficulties. Based on the results, it will be necessary to continuously improve the premedical curriculum as well as develop appropriate methods for evaluating student achievement of the defined competencies.
Premedical Curriculum at Chonnam National University Medical School
Authors: Chung Eun-Kyung
Published: November 2017

The educational goal of premedical education is to provide the desired college-level training in liberal arts as well as sciences, and to equip students with a basis for future medical studies. The purpose of this study was to introduce a premedical curriculum at Chonnam National University Medical School and to provide baseline data for developing an improved premedical curriculum. The reformed premedical curriculum has been followed since 2017. Formal premedical curriculum consists of basic education and character education through liberal arts study and major courses related to medical education. In addition to the formal premedical curriculum, students are supported through various programs that help develop interpersonal and intrapersonal competences.
RNA extraction from Escherichia coli v2
Authors: Pawlowski Alice , LCB Berwanger Lutz
Published: November 2017

RNA extraction from E. coli cells based on the method described by Chomczynski and Sacchi, 1987
INTERNATIONAL LEGAL ORDER: CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS OF LEGAL PHENOMENA (THEORETICAL ASPECTS)
Authors: Zabara I.
Published: November 2017

The article deals with the theoretical aspects of the key issues of international legal order. The author describes the phenomenon of international legal order based on conceptual views of representatives of modern Ukrainian school of international law. The author examines and summarizes the international legal doctrinal views which define and determine the formation of modern international legal order. The author identifies several fundamental areas of international legal order. The first line shows the sectoral focus of research. The author notes that in this line of questions explored the legal basis of international legal order in certain areas of international law; conceptual aspects of formation of international legal order in a particular area of international law; the relationship between the principles of international law and the principles of international legal order; the role of international law and its subjects in the development of international law in certain areas. Within this framework have been identified and studied the principles of international legal order in the spatial (space, sea) branches of international law, and in some areas the actual activities of international law. The second trend reflects the regional focus of research of international legal order. The author notes that within the area studied questions of general principles of formation and development of regional order; especially the formation and development of some regional order; regional impact of law enforcement on the national transformation of individual states. Within this framework singled out themes, covering the European legal order, Asian international legal order, African legal order, American legal order and other types of international legal order.
ENDOWMENT FUND ESTABLISHMENT AS A RESPOND TO THE CHALLENGES OF THE EPOCH
Authors: Golovko A.
Published: November 2017

Insufficient funding forces universities to search for innovative models of additional financing. The multichannel financing of education and science, based on combination of budgetary and extrabudgetary funding, becomes dominant position. The special place among extrabudgetary funding occupies the establishment of specific fund for national, meaningful projects financing (endowment). Endowment funds activity is supported by the first point of Bologna declaration, that proclaims higher education institutions the establishments that bear all responsibility for the future of the state, and, consequently, such, that must be apt neither to political, nor economic, nor social, nor other influences. World practice of endowments, the legislative framework of endowments, universities advantages due to endowment establishment, factors that confirm actuality of creation of such funds are analyzed in the article.