bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Parallel trajectories and theorizations of religion and family in modernity: Toward an institutional logics perspective
Authors: Wurm Greg J.
Published: June 2024

Scholars theorize the effect of modernization on religious and familial institutions in a parallel way. Some argue that both are irreversibly in decline—as secularization and deinstitutionalization, respectively—while others argue that they have either merely changed or are in fact growing stronger. However, correctly interpreting institutional change depends not only on how one evaluates the empirical starts and endpoints but also on how one defines the domains under change themselves. In this paper, I examine these debates, detail the structural similarities in their arguments, and outline a new analytical approach informed by recent work in institutional logics to better answer the definitional questions. Theorizing both institutions together and their parallel trajectories in modernity reveals unique insights about the scholarly discourse on modernization and is especially important given the unique influence of religion and family on one another as (seemingly) privatized spheres of social life.
(Re)considering Nature of Science Education in the Face of Socio-scientific Challenges and Injustices
Authors: Gandolfi Haira E.
Published: June 2024

Throughout the past decades, challenges of socio-scientific nature such as the COVID-19 pandemic, climate degradation and scientific racism have brought many relevant and pressing questions to the fore of the science education field, prompting science educators into (re)thinking the purposes and roles of science education within a landscape where the links between science and socio-political challenges, injustices, citizenship and democracy have become increasingly complex. In this theoretical paper, I seek to examine what Critical Pedagogies and Decolonial Studies can bring to science education in the face of these challenges and injustices of socio-scientific nature, with a focus on the area of Nature of Science (NOS). In particular, drawing on scholarship from across these fields and on some illustrative examples from common science education topics, I seek to propose ways in which an approach to NOS grounded on a critical-decolonial perspective may be used to support the learning of school students and science teachers’ own professional learning around science’s entanglements with social justice and socio-political issues.
Pandarus Leach, 1816 (Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida: Pandaridae) species collected from elasmobranchs off South Africa with the description of Pandarus echinifer n. sp.
Authors: Dippenaar S. M.
Published: June 2024

Eight species ofPandarusLeach, 1816 collected from hosts caught off South Africa are reported. These species includeP.bicolorLeach, 1816,P.nigerKirtisinghe, 1950 andP.carcharhiniHo, 1963 belonging to the “bicolor” group andP.cranchiiLeach, 1819,P.satyrusDana, 1849,P.smithiiRathbun, 1886 andP.sinuatusSay, 1818 belonging to the “cranchii” group. Notes on previous and new distinguishing features are provided with illustrations, specifically the relative lengths of the dorsal plates and caudal rami as well as the structure of the distomedial spine on the second segment of leg 1 exopod. Additionally, illustrated re-descriptions are provided forP.satyrusandP.sinuatus. Furthermore, a new speciesPandarus echinifern. sp., also belonging to the “cranchii” group, collected from the snaggletooth sharkHemipristis elongata(Klunzinger) is described. This species is most similar toP.sinuatusbut can be distinguished from it by the heavily spinulated distomedial spine on the last segment of the first leg exopod. Molecular analysis of the cytochrome oxidase I partial gene is used to calculate sequence divergences amongst different individuals and species. According to the results (as well as based on morphological characters)P.rhincodonicusNorman, Newbound & Knott, 2000 is a synonym ofP.cranchii. New hosts and geographic localities from South Africa (and Ningaloo Park, Western Australia) are reported.
The Role of Dietary Intake in the Weight Loss Outcomes of Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Sleeve Gastrectomy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Qanaq Dalal , O’Keeffe Majella , Cremona Simone , Bernardo Wanderley Marques , McIntyre Robert D. , Papada Efstathia , Benkalkar Saumit , Rubino Francesco
Published: June 2024

The relationship between postoperative dietary intake and weight loss after bariatric surgery remains unclear. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies published between January 2000 and May 2023, reporting weight loss outcomes, and dietary intake before and after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy. A total of 42 studies were included. There was no detectable difference in dietary intake between the two procedures. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass induced an average decrease in energy intake of 886 kcal/day at 12-month post-surgery; however, there was no correlation between daily energy intake and weight loss. These findings show a substantial reduction of energy intake in the first year after bariatric surgery but do not support a link between lower energy intake and greater weight loss.

Graphical Abstract
A scoping review of the evidence on survivorship care plans among minority, rural, and low-income populations
Authors: Tarver Willi L. , Justice Zion , Jonnalagadda Pallavi , Rahurkar Saurabh , Obeng-Gyasi Samilia , Krok-Schoen Jessica L. , Petrecca Abigail , Paskett Electra D.
Published: June 2024

Purpose

Despite recent advances in cancer control and the number of cancer survivors increasing substantially over the past years, some cancer survivors continue to experience disparities due to barriers to recommended survivorship care. The use of survivorship care plans (SCPs) may be a way to help care for these individuals and their respective issues after they complete their primary treatment. The purpose of this scoping review is to understand the evidence on SCPs among minority, rural, and low-income populations: groups that experience disproportionately poorer cancer health outcomes.

Methods

Computer-based searches were conducted in four academic databases. We included peer-reviewed studies published in the English language and conducted in the USA. We systematically extracted information from each paper meeting our inclusion criteria.

Results

Our search identified 45 articles. The 4 major themes identified were (1) disparities in the receipt of SCPs where populations experience unmet needs; (2) benefits of SCPs, including improved care coordination and self-management of cancer; (3) needs and preferences for survivorship care; and (4) barriers and facilitators to using SCPs.

Conclusions

Despite the potential benefits, underserved cancer survivors experience disparities in the receipt of SCPs and continue to have unmet needs in their survivorship care. Survivorship care may benefit from a risk-stratified approach where SCPs are prioritized to survivors belonging to high-risk groups.

Implications for Cancer Survivors

SCPs are a tool to deliver quality care for cancer survivors. While evidence is mixed on SCPs’ benefits among the general population, SCPs show promise for underserved populations when it comes to proximal outcomes that contribute to disparities.
A Gap Condition for the Zeros and Singularities of a Certain Class of Products
Authors: Ignaciuk Szymon , Parol Maciej
Published: June 2024

We carry out complete membership to Kaplan classes of functions given by formula $$\begin{aligned} \{\zeta \in {\mathbb {C}}:|\zeta |<1\}\ni z\mapsto \prod \limits _{k=1}^n (1-z\textrm{e}^{-\textrm{i}t_k})^{p_k}, \end{aligned}$$

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p-adic Bessel $$\alpha $$-potentials and some of their applications
Authors: Torresblanca-Badillo Anselmo , Ospino J. E. , Arias Francisco
Published: June 2024

In this article, we will study a class of pseudo-differential operators on p-adic numbers, which we will call p-adic Bessel $$\alpha $$
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-potentials. These operators are denoted and defined in the form $$\begin{aligned} (\mathcal {E}_{\varvec{\phi },\alpha }f)(x)=-\mathcal {F}^{-1}_{\zeta \rightarrow x}\left( \left[ \max \{1,|\varvec{\phi }(||\zeta ||_{p})|\} \right] ^{-\alpha }\widehat{f}(\zeta )\right) , \text { } x\in {\mathbb {Q}}_{p}^{n}, \ \ \alpha \in \mathbb {R}, \end{aligned}$$

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Police Conflict Management: A Scoping Review
Authors: Emsing Mikael , Ghazinour Mehdi , Sundqvist Johanna
Published: June 2024

Police officers frequently interact with the public, and many of these interactions involve some form of conflict. As professionals, and representatives of the state, police officers are expected to handle these conflicts in a professional and just manner to maintain positive relationships with the public. Therefore, solid conflict management skills are necessary for any officer in a democratic society. The present scoping review examines the current state of research on police involved conflicts and conflict management in a police context. Results indicate that a majority of the studies have been conducted in the USA and that many of these studies focus on use of force rather than effective conflict management strategies and methods. The study further indicates a number of methodological difficulties in researching this important area of policing, including difficulties in obtaining data as well as a lack of unified definitions of concepts and methods.
Visual dysfunction in dementia with Lewy bodies
Authors: Devenyi Ryan A. , Hamedani Ali G.
Published: June 2024

Purpose of Review

To review the literature on visual dysfunction in dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), including its mechanisms and clinical implications.

Recent Findings

Recent studies have explored novel aspects of visual dysfunction in DLB, including visual texture agnosia, mental rotation of 3-dimensional drawn objects, and reading fragmented letters. Recent studies have shown parietal and occipital hypoperfusion correlating with impaired visuoconstruction performance. While visual dysfunction in clinically manifest DLB is well recognized, recent work has focused on prodromal or mild cognitive impairment (MCI) due to Lewy body pathology with mixed results. Advances in retinal imaging have recently led to the identification of abnormalities such as parafoveal thinning in DLB.

Patients with DLB experience impairment in color perception, form and object identification, space and motion perception, visuoconstruction tasks, and illusions in association with visual cortex and network dysfunction. These symptoms are associated with visual hallucinations, driving impairment, falls, and other negative outcomes.
Pre-Hospital Stroke Care beyond the MSU
Authors: Röhrs Kian j. , Audebert Heinrich
Published: June 2024

Purpose of review

Mobile stroke units (MSU) have established a new, evidence-based treatment in prehospital stroke care, endorsed by current international guidelines and can facilitate pre-hospital research efforts. In addition, other novel pre-hospital modalities beyond the MSU are emerging. In this review, we will summarize existing evidence and outline future trajectories of prehospital stroke care & research on and off MSUs.

Recent findings

The proof of MSUs' positive effect on patient outcomes is leading to their increased adoption in emergency medical services of many countries. Nevertheless, prehospital stroke care worldwide largely consists of regular ambulances. Advancements in portable technology for detecting neurocardiovascular diseases, telemedicine, AI and large-scale ultra-early biobanking have the potential to transform prehospital stroke care also beyond the MSU concept.

The increasing implementation of telemedicine in emergency medical services is demonstrating beneficial effects in the pre-hospital setting. In synergy with telemedicine the exponential growth of AI-technology is already changing and will likely further transform pre-hospital stroke care in the future. Other promising areas include the development and validation of miniaturized portable devices for the pre-hospital detection of acute stroke. MSUs are enabling large-scale screening for ultra-early blood-based biomarkers, facilitating the differentiation between ischemia, hemorrhage, and stroke mimics. The development of suitable point-of-care tests for such biomarkers holds the potential to advance pre-hospital stroke care outside the MSU-concept. A multimodal approach of AI-supported telemedicine, portable devices and blood-based biomarkers appears to be an increasingly realistic scenario for improving prehospital stroke care in regular ambulances in the future.
Use of Peripheral Nerve Blocks for Total hip Arthroplasty
Authors: Grinman Leon , Elmore Brett , Ardon Alberto E. , Hussain Adnan , Malik Mohammed Faysal , Hernandez Nadia , Jacoby Mackenzie Janice
Published: June 2024

Purpose of Review

The purpose of this review is to summarize the recent literature regarding regional anesthesia (RA) techniques and outcomes for total hip arthroplasty (THA) in the face of changing surgical techniques and perioperative considerations.

Recent Findings

Based on large meta-analyses, peripheral nerve blocks are indicated for THA. Each block has its own risks and benefits and data for outcomes for particular techniques are limited.

New surgical techniques, improved use of multimodal analgesia, and improved ultrasound guided regional anesthetics lead to better pain control for patients undergoing THA with less associated risks. Block selection continues to be influenced by provider comfort, surgical approach, patient anatomy, and postoperative goals. Head-to-head studies of particular nerve blocks are warranted.
Radical interdisciplinarity in scientific practice: placing social networks in marine and fisheries sciences
Authors: Olson Julia , Pinto da Silva Patricia
Published: June 2024

New modes of science involving more integrated collaboration between disciplines, as well as better links between knowledge, decision-making, and action, are increasingly argued as critical for environmental sciences. Yet interdisciplinarity itself is often unspecified and ambiguous, ranging from collaboration of similar disciplines to more radical interdisciplinarity spanning natural and social sciences. We use social network analysis to chart changes in interdisciplinarity and compare two fisheries science organizations in the Northeast and Pacific U.S., with similar mandates for sustainability but different cultures, contexts, and knowledge networks. We also surveyed scientific staff to better understand reasons for and impediments to collaboration. While scientific practice involves increasing participation of different disciplines and social sciences remain on the periphery, the emergence of a hybrid scholar indicates different pathways for knowledge production as well as the importance of the co-production of knowledge and community, offering insight into how to facilitate more integrated and participatory approaches.
Atypical clinical and sonographic manifestations of lymphadenopathy in a child with cat-scratch disease: A case report
Authors: Bruni Laura , Baldazzi Michelangelo , Greco Laura , Vivacqua Donatella , Di Vincenzo Anna Olga , Corsini Ilaria , Bruni Stefano , Minelli Rocco , Rossi Eugenio , Paviglianiti Giuseppe , Napolitano Marcello , Lanari Marcello , Lovato Luigi
Published: June 2024

Cat-scratch disease is a well-known infection in childhood. It usually presents as tender lymphadenopathy and should be included in the differential diagnosis of any lymphadenopathy syndrome. An history of exposure to cats supports the suspect and a positive serologic test to Bartonella henselae confirms the diagnosis. Ultrasound is the first line radiologic imaging performed in case of lymphadenopathy. The presence of hypoechoic lobular or oval mass with central hyperaemia and a possible adjacent fluid collection and surrounding oedema may differentiate the disease from other aetiologies. We describe the case of a 7-year-old girl presenting with an axillary lymphadenopathy, without a reported recent history of exposure to cats, with sonographic findings suggestive for cat-scratch disease. In this case, ultrasound was very useful in orienteering the diagnosis and insist on the medical history. Serology resulted positive for B. henselae and at the end the family remembered that 6 months before the child was scratched by a kitten.
Adjustable-tip needles versus fixed-tip needles in radiofrequency ablation of symptomatic benign thyroid nodules: a single-center Italian experience
Authors: Rossi Mattia , Meomartino Letizia , Pagano Loredana , Follini Giulia , Garberoglio Sara , Maccario Mauro , Rossetto Giaccherino Ruth , Garberoglio Roberto
Published: June 2024

Purpose

In this retrospective, observational study we aim to compare the outcomes of the RFA treatment of benign thyroid nodules, carried out respectively with the standard fixed-needle approach (FTN) and the adjustable-tip needle technique (ATN), considered a more tailored, quicker and easier technical approach.

Methods

We enrolled 36 patients who underwent RFA treatment of symptomatic, benign, thyroid nodule, 18 with the ATN and 18 with the FTN approach, respectively. Data about absolute volume reduction, volume reduction rate (VRR) and success rate (defined as VRR ≥ 50%), after 1, 3 and 6 months of follow-up were compared.

Results

Our study suggested no substantial difference between the approaches, up to 6 months of follow-up, both in terms of absolute reduction (p = 0.27) and VRR (p = 0.14). These results were confirmed when the success rates, both in terms of 50%-reduction (p = 0.12) and absolute reduction (p = 0.42), was considered. Only at the 6-month evaluation, the FTN procedure showed a better success rate, yet without statistical significance (88.9% vs. 61.1%, p = 0.12). No difference emerged both in terms of patients’ satisfaction and safety.

Conclusion

Our small experience suggested no substantial difference between ATN and FTN, in terms of outcomes. On the other hand, ATN was considered to be more straightforward and could consequently allow for a shorter operator learning curve.
Variational AdaBoost knowledge distillation for skin lesion classification in dermatology images
Authors: Yu Xiangchun , Xiong Guoliang , Wu Jianqing , Zheng Jian , Liang Miaomiao , Qiu Liujin , Yu Lingjuan , Xu Qing
Published: June 2024

Knowledge Distillation has shown promising results for classifying skin lesions in dermatology images. Traditional knowledge distillation typically involves the student model passively mimicking the teacher model's knowledge. We propose utilizing AdaBoost to enable the student to actively mine the teacher's learning representation for skin lesion classification. This paradigm allows the student to determine the “granularity” in mining the teacher's knowledge. As the student's learning process progresses, it can become challenging to pinpoint specific learning difficulties, especially with potential interference from the teacher. To address this issue, we introduce a variational difficulty mining strategy to reduce the impact of such interference. This strategy involves the distillation module capturing more nuanced classification difficulties by extracting information from the node's $$l$$
l
th hops. By maximizing the mutual information between the teacher and student, we effectively filter out noise interference from these nuanced difficulties. Our proposed framework, Variational AdaBoost Knowledge Distillation (VAdaKD), allows the student to actively mine and leverage the teacher's knowledge for improved skin lesion classification. Our proposed method performs satisfactorily on three benchmark datasets: the Dermnet dataset, ISIC 2019 dataset, and HAM10000 dataset, respectively. Specifically, our method shows an improvement of 2–3% over the baseline on the Dermnet dataset and outperforms the best results of the other compared methods by 1%. Experimental results and visualization performance indicate that our proposed method effectively captures the learning difficulties and achieves better visualized t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding classification results. Our code is available at https://github.com/25brilliant/VAdaKD.
Enacting Transdisciplinary Values for a Postdigital World: The Challenge-Based Reflective Learning (CBRL) Framework
Authors: Sung SeoYoon , Thomas Doug , Rikakis Thanassis
Published: June 2024

Traditional disciplinary and interdisciplinary educational models often fall short in enabling students to transform problems and solutions for real-world needs. They restrict learners’ ability to deconstruct problems and innovate beyond their subject-based expertise, hindering the development of reflective practice in new and unknown situations across domains. This paper introduces the Challenge-Based Reflective Learning (CBRL) framework that emphasizes context-driven, challenge-based experiential learning process. It presents a novel approach to understanding cross-boundary interactions and learning, overcoming the limitations of traditional, discipline-bounded models involving inter- and trans-disciplinarity. CBRL cultivates reflective practice by nurturing domain-general competencies and domain-specific skills inherent in concrete human experiences. This paper translates reflective practice theories into actionable methods for higher education, demonstrating their application at the Iovine and Young Academy at the University of Southern California—a school that integrates technology, arts and design, and business and entrepreneurship through its reflective, challenge-driven learning approach. The case study outlines a four-year college curriculum that flexibly incorporates student interests and societal challenges across domains. This paper enhances the scholarship of reflective practice and transdisciplinary education and research, discussing the implications for cultivating new kinds of expertise needed in a postdigital era.
A distinguished deep learning method for gear fault classification using time–frequency representation
Authors: Nguyen Trong-Du , Nguyen Huu-Cuong , Pham Duong-Hung , Nguyen Phong-Dien
Published: June 2024

Fault diagnosis of gearboxes has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to their ubiquity and importance in the industry. Modern research trends focus on developing a diagnosis system that works automatically with the application of artificial intelligence. These previous studies have used the Deep Learning (DL) network without adequately addressing noise of the input data, requiring more data to achieve effective training. Thus, this work proposes a novel Transfer Learning method using the time–frequency representation of gear vibration signals, which enables more accurate classification in complex working conditions and reduces necessary input data to train. Using fine-tuning techniques proposed in this paper requires only a limited data set while ensuring acceptable classification results. An experiment test rig within different gear faults and load conditions was set up to evaluate the algorithm’s effectiveness.
Experimental Observation of a New Attenuation Mechanism in hcp‐Metals That May Operate in the Earth's Inner Core
Authors: Hunt Simon A. , Walker Andrew M. , Lord Oliver T. , Stackhouse Stephen , Schardong Lewis , Armstrong Lora S. , Parsons Andrew J. , Lloyd Geoffrey E. , Wheeler John , Fenech Danielle M. , Michalik Stefan , Whitaker Matthew L.
Published: June 2024

Seismic observations show the Earth's inner core has significant and unexplained variation in seismic attenuation with position, depth and direction. Interpreting these observations is difficult without knowledge of the visco‐ or anelastic dissipation processes active in iron under inner core conditions. Here, a previously unconsidered attenuation mechanism is observed in zinc, a low pressure analog of hcp‐iron, during small strain sinusoidal deformation experiments. The experiments were performed in a deformation‐DIA combined with X‐radiography, at seismic frequencies (∼0.003–0.1 Hz), high pressure and temperatures up to ∼80% of melting temperature. Significant dissipation (0.077 ≤ Q−1(ω) ≤ 0.488) is observed along with frequency dependent softening of zinc's Young's modulus and an extremely small activation energy for creep (⩽7 kJ mol−1). In addition, during sinusoidal deformation the original microstructure is replaced by one with a reduced dislocation density and small, uniform, grain size. This combination of behavior collectively reflects a mode of deformation called “internal stress superplasticity”; this deformation mechanism is unique to anisotropic materials and activated by cyclic loading generating large internal stresses. Here we observe a new form of internal stress superplasticity, which we name as “elastic strain mismatch superplasticity.” In it the large stresses are caused by the compressional anisotropy. If this mechanism is also active in hcp‐iron and the Earth's inner‐core it will be a contributor to inner‐core observed seismic attenuation and constrain the maximum inner‐core grain‐size to ≲10 km.
Does Increasing Horizontal Resolution Improve the Simulation of Intense Tropical Rainfall in GFDL's AM4 Model?
Authors: Nikumbh Akshaya C. , Lin Pu , Paynter David , Ming Yi
Published: June 2024

We examine tropical rainfall from the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory's Atmosphere Model version 4 (GFDL AM4) at three horizontal resolutions of 100 km, 50 km, and 25 km. The model produces more intense rainfall at finer resolutions, but a large discrepancy still exists between the simulated and the observed frequency distribution. We use a theoretical precipitation scaling diagnostic to examine the frequency distribution of the simulated rainfall. The scaling accurately produces the frequency distribution at moderate‐to‐high intensity (≥10 mm day−1). Intense tropical rainfall at finer resolutions is produced primarily from the increased contribution of resolved precipitation and enhanced updrafts. The model becomes more sensitive to the grid‐scale updrafts than local thermodynamics at high rain rates as the contribution from the resolved precipitation increases.
Partitioning of Iron Between (Mg,Fe)SiO3 Liquid and Bridgmanite
Authors: Dragulet Francis , Stixrude Lars
Published: June 2024

The evolution of the magma ocean that occupied the early Earth is influenced by the buoyancy of crystals in silicate liquid. At lower mantle pressures, silicate crystals are denser than the iso‐chemical liquid, but heavy elements like iron can cause crystals to float if they partition into the liquid phase. Crystal flotation allows for a basal magma ocean, which might explain geochemical anomalies in mantle‐derived magmas, seismic anomalies in the lower mantle, and the source of the Earth's early magnetic field. To examine whether a basal magma ocean is gravitationally stable, we investigate the degree of iron partitioning between (Mg,Fe)SiO3 liquid and bridgmanite. By utilizing ab initio molecular dynamics simulations coupled with thermodynamic integration, we find that iron partitions into the liquid, and increasingly so with increasing pressure. Bridgmanite crystals are found to be buoyant at lower mantle conditions, stabilizing the basal magma ocean.
The Role of Precursor Disturbances on the Modulation of Western Pacific Tropical Cyclogenesis by the Madden‐Julian Oscillation
Authors: Emlaw G. N. , Kim D.
Published: June 2024

The present study considers tropical cyclogenesis as a multi‐stage process in which pre‐cursor disturbances develop first and a fraction of them further strengthen to become a tropical cyclone (TC). Using this framework, we analyze the impact of Madden‐Julian oscillation (MJO)‐ associated anomalous large‐scale environmental conditions on the triggering of tropical convective clusters (TCCs)—a type of pre‐cursor disturbance—and the TCC‐to‐TC transition in the western Pacific. We find that, within the MJO's lifecycle, the modulation of the TCC frequency by the MJO drives TC genesis frequency anomalies earlier than the TCC‐to‐TC transition rate. Also, the fluctuation of TCC occurrence frequency is most strongly associated with the MJO's large‐scale ascent and relative humidity anomalies, while that of the transition of TCCs to a TC is mainly associated with the MJO's vorticity anomalies. Our results suggest the distinct roles of large‐scale environmental variables in different stages of tropical cyclogenesis.
Laboratory Earthquakes Simulations—Emergence, Structure, and Evolution of Fault Heterogeneity
Authors: Mollon Guilhem , Aubry Jérôme , Schubnel Alexandre
Published: June 2024

Seismic faults are known to exhibit a high level of spatial and temporal complexity, and the causes and consequences of this complexity have been the topic of numerous research works in the past decade. In this paper, we investigate the origins and the structure of this complexity by considering a numerical model of laboratory earthquake experiment, where we introduce a fault with homogeneous mechanical properties but allow it to evolve spontaneously to its natural level of complexity. This is achieved by coupling the elastic deformability of the off‐fault medium (and therefore allowing for heterogeneous stress fields to develop) and the discrete degradation and gouge formation at the fault plane (and therefore allowing for structural heterogeneity to develop). Numerical results show the development of persistent stress, damage, and gouge thickness heterogeneities, with a much larger variability in space than in time. Strong positive correlations are found between these quantities, which suggest a positive feedback between local normal stress and damage rate, only mildly mitigated by the mobility of the granular gouge in the interface. For a wide range of confining stresses, after a sufficient number of seismic cycles, the fault reaches a state of established disorder with a constant roughness, a certain amount of periodicity at the millimetric scale, and a power law decay of the Power Spectral Density at smaller spatial scales. The typical height‐to‐wavelength ratio of geometrical asperities and the correlations between stress and damage profiles are in good agreement with previous field or lab estimates.
An Improved Non‐Local Planetary Boundary Layer Parameterization Scheme in Weather Forecasting and Research Model Based on a 1.5‐Order Turbulence Closure Model
Authors: Zhang W. , Fung J. C. H. , Wong M. M. F.
Published: June 2024

Planetary boundary layer (PBL) modeling is a primary contributor to uncertainties in a numerical weather prediction (NWP) model due to difficulties in modeling the turbulent transport of surface fluxes. The Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF) has provided many PBL schemes that may feature a non‐local transport component driven by large eddies or a one‐and‐half order turbulence closure model, but few of them possess the two features at once. In the present study, a turbulent kinetic energy (TKE)‐based eddy diffusivity/viscosity method is integrated into the non‐local Asymmetric Convective Model version 2 (ACM2) PBL scheme and implemented in WRF. The original first‐order eddy‐diffusivity term in ACM2 is discarded and an extra prognostic equation for TKE, which considers the tendency of TKE by buoyancy, wind shear, vertical transport, and dissipative processes, is supplied to calculate the diffusivity/viscosity. Non‐local transport is modeled the same as ACM2 using the transilient matrix method. Idealized tests using prescribed surface heat flux and roughness length are performed. TKE‐ACM2 displays advantages over the PBL scheme developed by Bougeault and Lacarrère (hereinafter referred to as Boulac) and ACM2 in the wind speeds (WS) profile because it better matches large‐eddy simulations results in the surface momentum flux. Real case simulations show that TKE‐ACM2 generally outperforms in the diurnal vertical profiles of WS under stable conditions. TKE‐ACM2 also produces a better alignment under moderately unstable conditions in the early nighttime at the urban LiDAR station. However, the model exhibits discrepancies more apparently under a more unstable condition during the winter daytime.
How Could Future Climate Conditions Reshape a Devastating Lake‐Effect Snow Storm?
Authors: Kayastha Miraj B. , Huang Chenfu , Wang Jiali , Qian Yun , Yang Zhao , Chakraborty TC , Pringle William J. , Hetland Robert D. , Xue Pengfei
Published: June 2024

Lake‐effect snow (LES) storms, characterized by heavy convective precipitation downwind of large lakes, pose significant coastal hazards with severe socioeconomic consequences in vulnerable areas. In this study, we investigate how devastating LES storms could evolve in the future by employing a storyline approach, using the LES storm that occurred over Buffalo, New York, in November 2022 as an example. Using a Pseudo‐Global Warming method with a fully three‐dimensional two‐way coupled lake‐land‐atmosphere modeling system at a cloud‐resolving 4 km resolution, we show a 14% increase in storm precipitation under the end‐century warming. This increase in precipitation is accompanied by a transition in the precipitation form from predominantly snowfall to nearly equal parts snowfall and rainfall. Through additional simulations with isolated atmospheric and lake warming, we discerned that the warmer lake contributes to increased storm precipitation through enhanced evaporation while the warmer atmosphere contributes to the increase in the storm's rainfall, at the expense of snowfall. More importantly, this shift from snowfall to rainfall was found to nearly double the area experiencing another winter hazard, Rain‐on‐Snow. Our study provides a plausible future storyline for the Buffalo LES storm, focusing on understanding the intricate interplay between atmospheric and lake warming in shaping the future dynamics of LES storms. It emphasizes the importance of accurately capturing the changing lake‐atmosphere dynamics during LES storms under future warming.
Built Environment, Natural Environment, and Mental Health
Authors: Wei Yehua Dennis , Wang Yu , Curtis David S. , Shin Sungeun , Wen Ming
Published: June 2024

Mental health disorders have become a global problem, garnering considerable attention. However, the root causes of deteriorating mental health remain poorly understood, with existing literature predominantly concentrating on socioeconomic conditions and psychological factors. This study uses multi‐linear and geographically weighted regressions (GWR) to examine the associations between built and natural environmental attributes and the prevalence of depression in US counties. The findings reveal that job sprawl and land mixed use are highly correlated with a lower risk of depression. Additionally, the presence of green spaces, especially in urban area, is associated with improved mental health. Conversely, higher concentrations of air pollutants, such as PM2.5 and CO, along with increased precipitation, are linked to elevated depression rates. When considering spatial correlation through GWR, the impact of population density and social capital on mental health displays substantial spatial heterogeneity. Further analysis, focused on two high depression risk clustering regions (northwestern and southeastern counties), reveals nuanced determinants. In northwestern counties, depression rates are more influenced by factors like precipitation and socioeconomic conditions, including unemployment and income segregation. In southeastern counties, population demographic characteristics, particularly racial composition, are associated with high depression prevalence, followed by built environment factors. Interestingly, job growth and crime rates only emerge as significant factors in the context of high depression risks in southeastern counties. This study underscores the robust linkages and spatial variations between built and natural environments and mental health, emphasizing the need for effective depression treatment to incorporate these multifaceted factors.
Revising the Basal Permittivity of the South Polar Layered Deposits of Mars With a Surficial Dust Cover
Authors: Grima C. , Kofman W. , Hérique A. , Beck P.
Published: June 2024

Bright basal reflections from the Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionosphere Sounding (MARSIS) have been proposed to be consistent with permittivities characteristic of a wet material beneath the south polar layered deposits (SPLD). The characterization of a recently formed impact crater highlight the existence of a several meters thick ice‐poor layer associated to a unit blanketing a large portion of the SPLD. We revise the radar propagation model used to invert the basal permittivity by including a surficial thin layer. We find that the inverted basal permittivity is highly sensitive to the properties of such a layer, with solutions ranging from common dry rocks to an unambiguously wet base. We advocate toward a better characterization of the surficial cover to assess the wet or dry nature for the base, and possibly reconcile most of the literature on the topic.
Elevation Regulates the Response of Climate Heterogeneity to Climate Change
Authors: Guan Yanlong , Liu Junguo , Cui Wenhui , Chen Deliang , Zhang Jiankai , Lu Hongwei , Maeda Eduardo Eiji , Zeng Zhenzhong , Beck Hylke E.
Published: June 2024

Climate change represents a profound threat to the diversity and stability of global climate zones. However, the complex interplay between climate change and elevation in shaping climate heterogeneity is not yet fully understood. Here, we combine Shannon's diversity index (SHDI) with the Köppen‐Geiger climate classification to explore the altitudinal distributions of global climate heterogeneity; and their responses to climate change. The study reveals a distinctive pattern: SHDI, a proxy for climate heterogeneity tends to slow down or decline at lower elevations with increasing temperatures, while at higher elevations, it continues to rise due to continuing cold conditions. Examination of climate simulations, both with and without anthropogenic forcing, confirms that observed changes in climate heterogeneity are primarily attributable to anthropogenic climate change within these high‐elevation regions. This study underscores the importance of high‐elevation regions as not only custodians of diverse climate types but also potential refuges for species fleeing warmer climates.
Disparate Far‐Field Responses of Deep Pacific‐Plate Subduction Beneath Northeastern Asia: Implication for the North–South Segmented Crustal Modification of the Great Khingan Range
Authors: Wen Yun , Jiang Mingming , Chen Qi‐Fu , Ai Yinshuang , Hou Guangbing , Ling Yuan
Published: June 2024

The far limit of a plate subduction process and its related far‐field dynamic process are fundamental topics for plate tectonics. The Great Khingan Range (GKAR) in the western flank of NE China is currently under the far‐field influence of the Pacific plate subduction. Benefiting from the newly deployed seismic arrays in the northern GKAR, we take full advantage of seismic data from both temporary and permanent networks and employ an improved scheme of the H‐κ stacking method by introducing surface wave dispersion to obtain the integrated maps of Moho depth and crustal bulk Vp/Vs ratio in this region. Our results show that the Moho depth has a giant step near the North–South Gravity Lineament (NSGL). Meanwhile, the distribution of bulk Vp/Vs ratio presents a north–south difference roughly by 50°N, where the south subregion consists of a collage of high and low Vp/Vs ratio; by contrast, the north subregion is characterized by unified high values. The east‐west structural discrepancies across the NSGL from the Earth's surface to the mantle transition zone indicate the difference in the strength of modifications between the near and far‐fields from the Pacific plate subduction. The complicated distribution of the Vp/Vs ratio in the south subregion supports that secondary small‐scale upwellings underneath the Cenozoic volcanic groups dominate the tectonic reworking in this area. The lack of Cenozoic volcanism and a more straightforward distribution of the Vp/Vs ratio in the north subregion might allude to a tectonically inactive part of NE China.
Seismic Anisotropy From 6C Ground Motions of Ambient Seismic Noise
Authors: Tang Le , Igel Heiner , Montagner Jean‐Paul , Vernon Frank
Published: June 2024

We propose a new approach capable of measuring local seismic anisotropy from 6C (three‐component translation and three‐component rotation) amplitude observations of ambient seismic noise data. Our recent theory demonstrates that the amplitude ratio of 6C cross‐correlation functions (CCFs) enables retrieving the local phase velocity. This differs from conventional velocity extraction methods based on the travel time. Its local sensitivity kernel beneath the 6C seismometer allows us to study anisotropy from azimuth‐dependent CCFs, avoiding path effects. Such point measurements have great potential in planetary exploration, ocean bottom observations, or volcanology. We apply this approach to a small seismic array at Pion Flat Observatory (PFO) in southern California, array‐deriving retrieves rotational ground motions from microseismic noise data. The stress‐induced anisotropy is well resolved and compatible with other tomography results, providing constraints on the origin of depth‐dependent seismic anisotropy.
Detection and Characterization of Seismic and Acoustic Signals at Pavlof Volcano, Alaska, Using Deep Learning
Authors: Tan Darren , Fee David , Witsil Alex , Girona Társilo , Haney Matthew , Wech Aaron , Waythomas Chris , Lopez Taryn
Published: June 2024

Volcanic tremor is a semi‐continuous seismic and/or acoustic signal that occurs at time scales ranging from seconds to years, with variable amplitudes and spectral features. Tremor sources have often been related to fluid movement and degassing processes, and are recognized as a potential geophysical precursor and co‐eruptive geophysical signal. Eruption forecasting and monitoring efforts need a fast, robust method to automatically detect, characterize, and catalog volcanic tremor. Here we develop VOlcano Infrasound and Seismic Spectrogram Network (VOISS‐Net), a pair of convolutional neural networks (one for seismic, one for acoustic) that can detect tremor in near real‐time and classify it according to its spectral signature. Specifically, we construct an extensive data set of labeled seismic and low‐frequency acoustic (infrasound) spectrograms from the 2021–2022 eruption of Pavlof Volcano, Alaska, and use it to train VOISS‐Net to differentiate between different tremor types, explosions, earthquakes and noise. We use VOISS‐Net to classify continuous data from past Pavlof Volcano eruptions (2007, 2013, 2014, 2016, and 2021–2022). VOISS‐Net achieves an 81.2% and 90.0% accuracy on the seismic and infrasound test sets respectively, and successfully characterizes tremor sequences for each eruption. By comparing the derived seismoacoustic timelines of each eruption with the corresponding eruption chronologies compiled by the Alaska Volcano Observatory, our model identifies changes in tremor regimes that coincide with observed volcanic activity. VOISS‐Net can aid tremor‐related monitoring and research by making consistent tremor catalogs more accessible.
Dynamic Variations of Agricultural Drought and Its Response to Meteorological Drought: A Drought Event‐Based Perspective
Authors: Wang Fei , Lai Hexin , Men Ruyi , Wang Zipeng , Li Yanbin , Qu Yanping , Feng Kai , Guo Wenxian , Jiang Yunzhong
Published: June 2024

The dynamic variations of agricultural drought can reflect the water shortage situation of the agricultural system, and there is a progressive relationship in the response of agricultural drought to meteorological drought on a spatiotemporal scale. In this study, the vegetation health index and the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index were adopted as agricultural and meteorological drought indicators, respectively. Additionally, using the three‐dimensional spatiotemporal clustering technology, the dynamic evolutions of typical drought events were clarified, and the spatiotemporal response characteristics of agricultural drought to meteorological drought were revealed. The results indicated that: (a) there were 81 agricultural drought events in the North China Plain (NCP) during 1982–2020, with a largest drought severity (12.82 × 104 month km2), a 6‐month duration, and a 23.24 × 104 km2 affected area occurring in the No. 4 event; (b) from the 1980s to the 2010s, the agricultural drought gradually decreased and large‐scale droughts mainly concentrated in the border areas of Hebei, Shandong, and Henan; and (c) a total of 13 drought event pairs were successfully matched in the NCP, including 7 pairs of “one‐to‐one,” 4 pairs of “one‐to‐many,” 1 pair of “many‐to‐one,” and 1 pair of “many‐to‐many.” The spatiotemporal responses of agricultural drought were elucidated in a three‐dimensional perspective, which can propose a new approach for establishing drought propagation model, predicting future agricultural drought conditions, improving ecological environment quality, and can also be applied for the investigation of other drought types.
P4HA2 hydroxylates SUFU to regulate the paracrine Hedgehog signaling and promote B-cell lymphoma progression
Authors: Li Quanfu , Liu Yiyang , Wu Jingxian , Zhu Zewen , Fan Jianjun , Zhai Linhui , Wang Ziruoyu , Du Guiping , Zhang Ling , Hu Junchi , Ma Dengke K. , Liu Jun O. , Huang Hai , Tan Minjia , Dang Yongjun , Jiang Wei
Published: June 2024

Aberrations in the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway are significantly prevailed in various cancers, including B-cell lymphoma. A critical facet of Hh signal transduction involves the dynamic regulation of the suppressor of fused homolog (SUFU)-glioma-associated oncogene homolog (GLI) complex within the kinesin family member 7 (KIF7)-supported ciliary tip compartment. However, the specific post-translational modifications of SUFU-GLI complex within this context have remained largely unexplored. Our study reveals a novel regulatory mechanism involving prolyl 4-hydroxylase 2 (P4HA2), which forms a complex with KIF7 and is essential for signal transduction of Hh pathway. We demonstrate that, upon Hh pathway activation, P4HA2 relocates alongside KIF7 to the ciliary tip. Here, it hydroxylates SUFU to inhibit its function, thus amplifying the Hh signaling. Moreover, the absence of P4HA2 significantly impedes B lymphoma progression. This effect can be attributed to the suppression of Hh signaling in stromal fibroblasts, resulting in decreased growth factors essential for malignant proliferation of B lymphoma cells. Our findings highlight the role of P4HA2-mediated hydroxylation in modulating Hh signaling and propose a novel stromal-targeted therapeutic strategy for B-cell lymphoma.