bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The human genome contains over a million autonomous exons
Authors: Stepankiw Nicholas , Yang Ally W.H. , Hughes Timothy R.
Published: November 2023

Mammalian mRNA and lncRNA exons are often small compared to introns. The exon definition model predicts that exons splice autonomously, dependent on proximal exon sequence features, explaining their delineation within large introns. This model has not been examined on a genome-wide scale, however, leaving open the question of how often mRNA and lncRNA exons are autonomous. It is also unknown how frequently such exons can arise by chance. Here, we directly assayed large fragments (500–1000 bp) of the human genome by exon trapping, which detects exons spliced into a heterologous transgene, here designed with a large intron context. We define the trapped exons as “autonomous.” We obtained ∼1.25 million trapped exons, including most known mRNA and well-annotated lncRNA internal exons, demonstrating that human exons are predominantly autonomous. mRNA exons are trapped with the highest efficiency. Nearly a million of the trapped exons are unannotated, most located in intergenic regions and antisense to mRNA, with depletion from the forward strand of introns. These exons are not conserved, suggesting they are nonfunctional and arose from random mutations. They are nonetheless highly enriched with known splicing promoting sequence features that delineate known exons. Novel autonomous exons are more numerous than annotated lncRNA exons, and computational models also indicate they will occur with similar frequency in any randomly generated sequence. These results show that most human coding exons splice autonomously, and provide an explanation for the existence of many unconserved lncRNAs, as well as a new annotation and inclusion levels of spliceable loci in the human genome.
Pazopanib elicits remarkable response in metastatic porocarcinoma: a functional precision medicine approach
Authors: Chan Sharon Pei Yi , Low Chen Ee , Yau Chun En , Lin Tzu Ping , Wang Weining , Xiu Sam Xin , Tang Po Yin , Luo Baiwen , Noor Nur Fazlin Bte Mohamed , Lee Kristen Alexa , Chiang Jianbang , Toh Tan Boon , Chow Edward Kai-Hua , Yang Valerie Shiwen
Published: November 2023

Metastatic porocarcinomas (PCs) are vanishingly rare, highly aggressive skin adnexal tumors with mortality rates exceeding 70%. Their rarity has precluded the understanding of their disease pathogenesis, let alone the conduct of clinical trials to evaluate treatment strategies. There are no effective agents for unresectable PCs. Here, we successfully demonstrate how functional precision medicine was implemented in the clinic for a metastatic PC with no known systemic treatment options. Comprehensive genomic profiling of the tumor specimen did not yield any actionable genomic aberrations. However, ex vivo drug testing predicted pazopanib efficacy, and indeed, administration of pazopanib elicited remarkable clinicoradiological response. Pazopanib and its class of drugs should be evaluated for efficacy in other cases of PC, and the rationale for efficacy should be determined when PC tumor models become available. A functional precision medicine approach could be useful to derive effective treatment options for rare cancers.
Abortion stigma, government regulation and religiosity: findings from the case of Iran
Authors: Rasoulyan Farzin , Mirnezami Seyed Reza , Khalili Nasr Arash , Morshed-Behbahani Bahar
Published: November 2023

Purpose

Experiencing stigma after abortion may decelerate the accumulation of human capital. Despite the importance of studying the relationship between religiosity and abortion stigma, the topic is understudied, especially in Islamic contexts. Abortion was legalized in Iran in 2005. Under the new law, far more cases are allowed for abortion. This change provided an opportunity to explore the interplay of abortion stigma, legalization and religiosity in Iran.

Design/methodology/approach

Using regression analysis based on 291 completed questionnaires from two cities in Iran, this study analyzes the relation between abortion stigma level and religiosity in Iran, controlling for contextual and individual variables. The time trend is also identified. The authors use different manifestations of abortion stigma as dependent variables.

Findings

The authors found that abortion stigma and its two manifestations decreased after the new law, suggesting that its legalization might have caused abortion stigma to decrease gradually. Another finding of this study is that the correlations between abortion stigma (internalized stigma) and individual religiosity level are meaningful and positive; religious people feel higher levels of abortion stigma.

Originality/value

The study supports the idea that effective health regulations (in the specific case of abortion) would result in less cost/risk of social issues like stigma. Policymakers in religious societies must pay more attention to the specific case of abortion stigma since it is very important for the mental health of women who think of abortion and/or select it.
Responding with care: ethical measures in the fashion industry during the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain
Authors: Castillo Ana , Gutierrez Leopoldo , Montiel Ivan , Velez-Calle Andres
Published: November 2023

Purpose

This paper aims to analyze the ethical responses of the fashion industry to the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic when the entire world was shocked by the rapid spread of the virus. The authors describe lessons from emergency ethics of care in the fashion industry during the initial months of COVID-19, which can assist fashion managers in improving ethical decisions in future operations.

Design/methodology/approach

Rapid qualitative research methods were employed by conducting real-time, in-depth interviews with key informants from multinational fashion companies operating in Spain, a severely affected region. A content analysis of news articles published during the first months of 2020 was conducted.

Findings

Five critical disruptions in the fashion industry were identified: (1) changes in public needs, (2) transportation and distribution backlogs, (3) defective and counterfeit supplies, (4) stakeholder relationships at stake and (5) managers' coping challenges. Additionally, five business survival responses with a strong ethics of care component were identified, implemented by some fashion companies to mitigate the damage: (1) adapting production for public well-being, (2) enhancing the flexibility of logistic networks, (3) emphasizing quality and innovation, (4) reinventing stakeholder collaborations and (5) practicing responsible leadership.

Originality/value

Despite the well-documented controversies surrounding unethical practices within the fashion industry, even during COVID-19, our findings inform managers of the potential and capability of fashion companies to operate more responsibly. The lessons learned can guide fashion companies' operations in a post-pandemic society. Furthermore, they can address other grand challenges, such as natural disasters, geopolitical conflicts and climate change.
Antecedents of nostalgia-related cultural tourism behavior: evidence from visitors to pharaonic treasures city
Authors: Shoukat Muhammad Haroon , Sinha Rupa , Elgammal Islam , Selem Kareem M.
Published: November 2023

Purpose

Based on self-determination theory (SDT), this paper seeks to identify autonomous motivations driving nostalgia-related cultural tourism among visitors to satisfy their craving to revisit Luxor and re-root their identities. This paper looked at the nexus of destination image and past experience, as well as nostalgic visitors' revisit intention and actual behavior toward Luxor.

Design/methodology/approach

Partial least squares-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was employed to quantitatively analyze 354 responses from Luxor's visitors, and 17 interview transcripts were narrated using MAXQDA software.

Findings

Autonomous motivations influenced revisit intentions significantly, and revisit intentions acted as a strong mediator between actual visit behavior and autonomous motivations.

Practical implications

Destination marketers need to create nostalgic emotional bonds with people and destinations by planning cultural events that leave visitors with unforgettable memories of these particular moments. They also need to focus more on promotional strategies, develop messages with words that have emotional meaning and highlight crucial characteristics that tourists can quickly identify when visiting a destination.

Originality/value

Cultural tourism has emerged as a dominant niche sector worldwide; nevertheless, nostalgia-related cultural tourism has received less attention. As a result, the primary purpose of this paper is to provide a methodological framework for nostalgia tourism promotion in Luxor, Egypt. Luxor was chosen and has been an excellent subject for this paper, which can further evoke a sense of nostalgia. Hence, this paper prioritizes cultural site preservation and promotion.
Mind the gap! Building bridges between institutional work and critical sensemaking
Authors: Mills Albert James , Eriksson Päivi , Aromaa Eeva , Palo-Oja Outi-Maaria
Published: November 2023

Purpose

The purpose of this article is to address research gaps relating to agency and institutionalism in new institutional theory (NIT) and institutional work (IW) and use the critical sensemaking (CSM) approach to bridge the debates around agency, especially on issues of language and discourse, actor network theory (ANT) and history.

Design/methodology/approach

A conceptual analysis of the literature is performed to discuss issues of agency in IW and CSM in organizations, and examples of empirical studies are used to illustrate connectivity, contrast and fusion.

Findings

The analysis illustrates points of distance (rather than disconnect), but most importantly, connectivity and the potential for further developments between the literature on IW and CSM.

Social implications

Discussion around new possibilities to focus on agency has the potential to contribute to humanist thinking about the (agentic) character of organizations and the potential for social change.

Originality/value

The article contributes to the discussion of agency in the organization through a starting point (i.e. CSM) outside of NIT.
Competency, guanxi and growth aspirations: small tourism enterprises in dynamic environments
Authors: Liu Xiaotong , Wen Tong , Qin Cen
Published: November 2023

Purpose

This paper aims to explore how typical personal, interpersonal and environmental factors influence entrepreneurs' growth aspirations by investigating the impact mechanism of entrepreneurial competency and guanxi on the growth aspirations of small tourism entrepreneurs in a dynamic environment.

Design/methodology/approach

Applying social cognitive theory (SCT) and business growth theory (BGT), this research uses confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling (SEM) based on the questionnaire survey data of 371 small tourism business owners/owner-managers to test the relationship between entrepreneurial competency, guanxi and growth aspirations, with self-efficacy as a mediator and environment dynamism as a moderator.

Findings

The findings indicate that entrepreneurial competency is a more direct and significant factor than guanxi in facilitating the entrepreneurial growth aspirations in small tourism enterprises (STEs). Entrepreneurial competency and guanxi can both enhance entrepreneurs' self-efficacy, which then affects their aspirations to grow their business. Self-efficacy is a critical predictor of entrepreneurs' growth aspirations in STEs, although its effect is weakened by environmental dynamism.

Originality/value

This study expands the integrated application of SCT and BGT in tourism context, providing a more comprehensive and nuanced interpretation of the growth aspirations of entrepreneurs in STEs. It sheds more light on the effect of different entrepreneurial capital on growth aspirations and provides managerial implications accordingly.
Private brand introduction and selling mode decision when considering risk aversion
Authors: Lyu Lubing , Zhao Haixia
Published: November 2023

Purpose

This paper aims to study the interplay between a risk-averse national brand manufacturer's (NBM) selling mode decision and a risk-neutral e-platform's private brand (PB) introduction decision.

Design/methodology/approach

A game theory model is used to solve selling mode decision, that is whether transform the selling mode from the wholesale mode to the marketplace mode, and PB introduction decision, that is, whether introduce the PB.

Findings

The results show that for the NBM, under certain condition, the NBM's selling mode decision is not affected by the e-platform's PB introduction decision. High revenue-sharing rate is conducive only when the difference in consumer preference between the PB and the national brand (NB) is small. The NBM's risk aversion will improve the applicability of the marketplace mode. For the e-platform, high PB preference of consumers and risk-averse behavior of the NBM is not conducive to PB introduction. For the supply chain, scenarios that the NB monopolizes the market under the wholesale mode and PB introduction under the marketplace mode should be prevented. PB introduction under the wholesale mode will become the only equilibrium with the increase of risk aversion of the NBM. Finally, the authors extend the scenario that consumers prefer the PB and the e-platform is risk-averse enterprise and find that PB introduction under the wholesale mode is detrimental to the NBM but beneficial to the supply chain. The impact of consumers' PB preference on the e-platform's PB introduction is opposite to the basic model. The impact of the e-platform's risk aversion on game equilibrium is opposite to that of the NBM's risk aversion.

Originality/value

This paper is first to study selling mode decision and PB introduction decision when considering enterprises' risk-averse attitude.
How managers' perceptions about dynamic complexity change: sensemaking catalyzed by shock and surprise
Authors: Langley Paul , Rieple Alison
Published: November 2023

Purpose

This empirical study uncovers emotional sensemaking factors that cause changes in management perceptions about wicked strategic problems under dynamic complexity. These perception changes improve understanding of, and solutions to, the wicked problem.

Design/methodology/approach

Senior managers from three large organizations in different sectors participated in gaming simulation workshops. The strategic issues at stake were intractable and divisive. Qualitative methods captured participants' perceptions of the problems and the dynamic complexity that they faced and how they changed.

Findings

Flawed management perceptions were revised as sensemaking processes were catalyzed by emotions of shock/surprise that came from experiencing unexpected stakeholder conduct within a simulation. The plausibility of the conduct was strengthened because managers were role-playing stakeholders. The shock/surprise emotion uncoupled attachment to entrenched beliefs, leading to a willingness to revise the flawed perceptions. The changed perceptions created new insights for a solution to the wicked problem.

Practical implications

Practical implications are how management practitioners can improve the tackling of wicked strategic problems through the use of shock and surprise in a gaming simulation.

Originality/value

This research extends theory on the role of emotions in sensemaking under dynamic complexity. The authors uncover how a hierarchy of managers' emotions used in sensemaking explains the catalytic effect of the shock and surprise of unexpected stakeholder conduct on revisions to their perceptions of the outcomes of the dynamic complexity.
Consistent spatial patterns in microbial taxa of red squirrel gut microbiomes
Authors: Halhed Alicia , Petrullo Lauren , Boutin Stan , Dantzer Ben , McAdam Andrew , Wu Martin , Cottenie Karl
Published: November 2023

Gut microbiomes are diverse ecosystems whose drivers of variation remain largely unknown, especially in time and space. We analysed a dataset with over 900 red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) gut microbiome samples to identify the drivers of gut microbiome composition in this territorial rodent. The large‐scale spatiotemporal replication in the data analysed was an essential component of understanding the assembly of these microbial communities. We identified that the spatial location of the sampled squirrels in their local environment is a key contributor to gut microbial community composition. The non‐core gut microbiome (present in less than 75% of gut microbiome samples) had highly localised spatial patterns throughout different seasons and different study areas in the host squirrel population. The core gut microbiome, on the other hand, showed some spatial patterns, though fewer than in the non‐core gut microbiome. Environmental transmission of microbiota is the likely contributor to the spatiotemporal distribution observed in the North American red squirrel gut microbiome.
The effect of signaling on crowdfunding performance on social economy organizations in South Korea
Authors: Lee Sun Hee , Lee Sang‐Youn
Published: November 2023

Crowdfunding is an innovative means of financing entrepreneurial initiatives. This study explores the effect of signaling on the crowdfunding performance of social economy organizations (SEOs) in South Korea. Analyzing 677 reward‐based crowdfunding projects by SEOs, we found that signaling social purpose, economic purpose, and organizational information were likely to be related to performance. In addition, signals reflecting an isomorphism akin to that of SEOs' identity were also positively correlated with crowdfunding performance. These findings contribute to the literature by offering insights about the effect of signals of SEOs on crowdfunding and demonstrating that fundraiser characteristics may influence crowdfunding performance.
Gallbladder strangulation caused by a fibrotic band due to chlamydia infection: A case report
Authors: Kuge Komei , Kawano Yoichi , Yoshimori Daigo , Aoki Yuto , Kaneya Yohei , Ueda Junji , Yamahatsu Kazuya , Suzuki Hideyuki , Yoshida Hiroshi
Published: November 2023

Acute cholecystitis, a very common disease, is usually caused by gallstone obstruction of the cystic duct. Meanwhile, strangulated cholecystitis is extremely rare, and it develops when the gallbladder is strangled by a band. It is very similar to gallbladder torsion in terms of imaging findings and obstruction of blood and biliary flow, and it requires emergency surgery. We herein report a case of a 90‐year‐old woman with gallbladder strangulation caused by a fibrotic band due to a chlamydia infection, and we also reviewed some literature on strangulated cholecystitis.
Global patterns and drivers of spatial autocorrelation in plant communities in protected areas
Authors: Peng Yu , Xin Jiaxun , Peng Nanyi , Li Yanyi , Huang Jijiao , Zhang Ruiqiang , Li Chen , Wu Yimeng , Gong Bingzhang , Wang Ronghui
Published: November 2023

Aim

Stochastic and deterministic (biotic factors such as intraspecies competition or abiotic factors) processes affect the spatial patterns of ecological communities. These processes can be quantitatively assessed based on spatial autocorrelation (SAC) parameters. However, the global patterns of SAC and their differences across vegetation types remain unknown. We aimed to (1) quantitatively assess the SAC global pattern in plant communities and their variation from 1990 to 2020 and (2) identify the key drivers of SAC in plant communities in protected areas (PAs).

Location

Global.

Time Period

1990–2020.

Major Taxa Studied

Terrestrial plants.

Methods

Using normalized difference vegetation index data extracted from remote sensing datasets, we calculated the SAC parameters, including the Nugget, Partial Sill (PSill), and Sill, in 147 samples from 49 PAs in 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2020. The random forest model was employed to identify the drivers among 10 annual and 120 monthly climatic variables.

Results

The SAC patterns of plant communities in global PAs differed across vegetation types. It reached the highest in grasslands and evergreen needleleaved forests, mainly explained by annual energy metrics, and the lowest in tropical evergreen rain forests around equator and boreal coniferous forests near the Arctic Circle. From 1990 to 2020, the Nugget, PSill, and Sill decreased by 92.36%, 58.36%, and 60.61%, respectively, indicating biological homogeneity. Monthly climatic variables explain SAC variations better than annual ones.

Main Conclusions

From 1990 to 2020, the SAC parameters decreased sharply across vegetation types, indicating an obvious biologically homogenous trend that was mainly driven by monthly climatic variation, vary across sites and vegetation types. Our results highlight the need to assess the SAC in different vegetation types separately to understand the shifts of global plant communities under climate change.
Effects of CB1R inverse agonist, INV‐202, in patients with features of metabolic syndrome. A randomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind phase 1b study
Authors: Crater Glenn D. , Lalonde Karine , Ravenelle François , Harvey Michael , Després Jean‐Pierre
Published: November 2023

Aims

To evaluate the clinical safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of the novel cannabinoid receptor‐1 (CB1R) inverse agonist, INV‐202, in adults with features of metabolic syndrome.

Materials and Methods

This was a multicentre, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, 28‐day repeat‐dose (INV‐202 [25 mg] or placebo, once‐daily oral tablet), parallel‐group study in 37 participants aged 18 to 65 years (46% female, mean age 55 years, glycated haemoglobin 5.7% [39 mmol/mol], body mass index [BMI] 38.1 kg/m2) with features of metabolic syndrome and glucose intolerance. An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed at baseline and at the end of the study. Lipid profiles, weight, waist circumference and biomarkers were assessed weekly. Statistical comparisons were performed post hoc.

Results

INV‐202 was well tolerated with no serious or severe treatment‐emergent adverse events; the most common events related to known effects of CB1R blockade in the gastrointestinal tract. INV‐202 produced a significant mean weight loss of 3.5 kg (3.3% compared with placebo participants who gained a mean 0.6 kg [0.5%]). INV‐202 also exhibited significant reductions in waist circumference and BMI (P ≤ 0.03). There was no significant difference in OGTT 0‐ to 3‐hour area under the curve for INV‐202 versus placebo: least squares mean 29.38 versus 30.25 h*mmol/L, with an INV‐202: placebo ratio of 97.1% (95% confidence interval 90.2, 105.6; P = 0.43).

Conclusions

INV‐202 was well tolerated, producing a signal for rapid weight loss with improvements in other metabolic syndrome markers in this population. These findings support further exploration and long‐term assessment of cardiometabolic effects.
Review of intra‐articular local anaesthetic administration in horses: Clinical indications, cytotoxicity, and outcomes
Authors: Webster Aaron , Pezzanite Lynn , Hendrickson Dean , Griffenhagen Gregg
Published: November 2023

Equine practitioners frequently inject local anaesthetics (LA) intra‐articularly in both diagnosis of lameness and for pain management intra‐ or post‐operatively with synovial endoscopy. Recent reviews of the human and veterinary literature support the concept that chondrotoxicity of LA on joint tissues depends on the type of drug, dose administered, and duration of exposure. The purpose of this review is to summarise the current literature describing intra‐articular local anaesthetic use, including both in vitro and in vivo studies, and to draw some comparisons to literature from other species where potential toxicity and duration of effect have been evaluated with the goal of advancing the field's understanding of intra‐articular local anaesthetic use in horses, and indicating future directions for the field. The aggregate data available from all species, while generally sparse for horses, indicate that LA are rapidly cleared from the synovial fluid after injection, often within 30 min. In vitro data strongly suggest that lidocaine and bupivacaine are likely more chondrotoxic than other LA, although to what extent is still unknown, and cytotoxicity of LA may be mitigated through concurrent injection with HA, PRP, and drug combinations including nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatories and opioids. The current body of in vitro research is not reflective of the in vivo environment, and further in vitro work, if performed, should focus on mimicking the native joint environment, utilising PK data and joint/injection volumes to replicate the native environment more accurately within the joint and the expected exposures to LA.
Characterization of multiple lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferases in the plant pathogen Xanthomonas campestris
Authors: Vasilopoulos Georgios , Heflik Lukas , Czolkoss Simon , Heinrichs Florian , Kleetz Julia , Yesilyurt Cansel , Tischler Dirk , Westhoff Philipp , Exterkate Marten , Aktas Meriyem , Narberhaus Franz
Published: November 2023

Phosphatidic acid (PA) is the precursor of most phospholipids like phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and cardiolipin. In bacteria, its biosynthesis begins with the acylation of glycerol‐3‐phosphate to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), which is further acylated to PA by the PlsC enzyme. Some bacteria, like the plant pathogen Xanthomonas campestris, use a similar pathway to acylate lysophosphatidylcholine to phosphatidylcholine (PC). Previous studies assigned two acyltransferases to PC formation. Here, we set out to study their activity and found a second much more prominent function of these enzymes in LPA to PA conversion. This PlsC‐like activity was supported by the functional complementation of a temperature‐sensitive plsC‐deficient Escherichia coli strain. Biocomputational analysis revealed two further PlsC homologs in X. campestris. The cellular levels of the four PlsC‐like proteins varied with respect to growth phase and growth temperature. To address the question whether these enzymes have redundant or specific functions, we purified two recombinant, detergent‐solubilized enzymes in their active form, which enabled the first direct biochemical comparison of PlsC isoenzymes from the same organism. Overlapping but not identical acyl acceptor and acyl donor preferences suggest redundant and specialized functions of the X. campestris PlsC enzymes. The altered fatty acid composition in plsC mutant strains further supports the functional differentiation of these enzymes.
Fatigue delamination propagation: Various effects on results
Authors: Singh Anuwedita , Aizen Snir , Mega Mor , Rifkind Shira , Banks‐Sills Leslie
Published: November 2023

In this investigation, three subjects are considered. First, the effect of the human factor is examined. In carrying out analyses of fatigue delamination propagation tests on laminate composites, the delamination length must be measured. The human effect on measurement of the delamination length
by different investigators is discussed. A limited influence of the human factor on the measurement of the delamination length
, as well as on delamination propagation rate
, is observed in this study. Secondly, the paper proceeds to discuss the influence of the
ratio on the fatigue delamination growth rate. It is found that a higher rate of crack/delamination propagation is associated with lower
ratios which appears to contradict conventional wisdom. This behavior is confirmed in tests. Thirdly, a comparison between the fatigue propagation rates of two material systems is considered. It is concluded that the energy release rate used to assess these materials should not be normalized.
Effect of shot peening on fatigue behavior and microstructure of additively manufactured Co‐Cr‐Mo alloy
Authors: Polat Erdogan , Saklakoglu Ibrahim Etem
Published: November 2023

This investigation delved into the impact of shot peening on the fatigue properties of Co‐Cr‐Mo samples manufactured through laser powder bed fusion. Two primary groups were established, one subjected to stress relief heat treatment. Each group underwent further division, with one subgroup undergoing shot peening. Comprehensive microstructural, fractographic analyses and fatigue tests were conducted. Statistical analysis of fatigue results demonstrated a noteworthy difference (p < 0.05) between machined and shot‐peened samples across stress levels of 700–70, 600–60, and 500–50 MPa. A statistical significance was observed between machined and heat‐treated, then machined samples within 700–70 and 600–60 MPa stress levels. Fatigue analysis of heat‐treated, then machined samples revealed a shorter life comparing with machined samples at low cycle fatigue (<105), but superior performance at high cycle fatigue (>105). Fracture surface examinations indicated a planar structure with a distinctive quasi‐cleavage texture, affirming that shot peening enhances fatigue behavior by refining mechanical properties.
Aridity creates global thresholds in soil nitrogen retention and availability
Authors: Elrys Ahmed S. , Abo El‐Maati Mohamed F. , Dan Xiaoqian , Wen YuHong , Mou Jinxia , Abdelghany Ahmed Elsayed , Uwiragiye Yves , Shuirong Tang , Yanzheng Wu , Meng Lei , Zhang JinBo , Müller Christoph
Published: November 2023

Identifying tipping points in the relationship between aridity and gross nitrogen (N) cycling rates could show critical vulnerabilities of terrestrial ecosystems to climate change. Yet, the global pattern of gross N cycling response to aridity across terrestrial ecosystems remains unknown. Here, we collected 14,144 observations from 451 15N‐labeled studies and used segmented regression to identify the global threshold responses of soil gross N cycling rates and soil process‐related variables to aridity index (AI), which decreases as aridity increases. We found on a global scale that increasing aridity reduced soil gross nitrate consumption but increased soil nitrification capacity, mainly due to reduced soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and N (MBN) and increased soil pH. Threshold response of gross N production and retention to aridity was observed across terrestrial ecosystems. In croplands, gross nitrification and extractable nitrate were inhibited with increasing aridity below the threshold AI ~0.8–0.9 due to inhibited ammonia‐oxidizing archaea and bacteria, while the opposite was favored above this threshold. In grasslands, gross N mineralization and immobilization decreased with increasing aridity below the threshold AI ~0.5 due to decreased MBN, but the opposite was true above this threshold. In forests, increased aridity stimulated nitrate immobilization below the threshold AI ~1.0 due to increased soil C/N ratio, but inhibited ammonium immobilization above the threshold AI ~1.3 due to decreased soil total N and increased MBC/MBN ratio. Soil dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium decreased with increasing aridity globally and in forests when the threshold AI ~1.4 was passed. Overall, we suggest that any projected increase in aridity in response to climate change is likely to reduce plant N availability in arid regions while enhancing it in humid regions, affecting the provision of ecosystem services and functions.
The importance of oxygen for explaining rapid shifts in a marine fish
Authors: Bandara Rathnayaka Mudiyanselage Wajra Jeewantha , Curchitser Enrique , Pinsky Malin L.
Published: November 2023

Large‐scale shifts in marine species biogeography have been a notable impact of climate change. An effective explanation of what drives these species shifts, as well as accurate predictions of where they might move, is crucial to effectively managing these natural resources and conserving biodiversity. While temperature has been implicated as a major driver of these shifts, physiological processes suggest that oxygen, prey, and other factors should also play important roles. We expanded upon previous temperature‐based distribution models by testing whether oxygen, food web productivity, salinity, and scope for metabolic activity (the Metabolic Index) better explained the changing biogeography of Black Sea Bass (Centropristis striata) in the Northeast US. This species has been expanding further north over the past 15 years. We found that oxygen improved model performance beyond a simple consideration of temperature (ΔAIC = 799, ΔTSS = 0.015), with additional contributions from prey and salinity. However, the Metabolic Index did not substantially increase model performance relative to temperature and oxygen (ΔAIC = 0.63, ΔTSS = 0.0002). Marine species are sensitive to oxygen, and we encourage researchers to use ocean biogeochemical hindcast and forecast products to better understand marine biogeographic changes.
Operationalizing the principles of patient engagement through a Patient Advisory Council: Lessons and recommendations
Authors: Nielssen Ingrid , Santana Maria , Pokharel Surakshya , Strain Kimberly , Kiryanova Veronika , Zelinsky Sandra , Khawaja Zoha , Khanna Prachi , Rychtera Anni , Ambasta Anshula
Published: November 2023

Background

Inclusiveness, Support, Mutual Respect and Co‐Build are the four pillars of patient engagement according to the Strategy for Patient‐Oriented Research (SPOR). The aim of this manuscript is to describe the operationalization of these principles through the creation of a Patient Advisory Council (PAC) for the research study titled ‘Re‐Purposing the Ordering of Routine laboratory Tests (RePORT)’.

Methods

Researchers collaborated with the Alberta SPOR SUPPORT Unit (AbSPORU) Patient Engagement Team to create a diverse PAC. Recruitment was intentional and included multiple perspectives and experiences. PAC meetings were held monthly, and patient research partners received support to function as co‐chairs of the PAC. Patient research partners were offered training, support and tailored modalities of compensation to actively engage with the PAC. Regular member check‐ins occurred through reflexivity and a formal evaluation of PAC member engagement.

Results

The PAC included between 9 and 11 patient research partners, principal investigator, research study coordinator, improvement scientist, resident physician and support members from the AbSPORU team. Twelve monthly PAC meetings were held during the first phase of the project. The PAC made course‐changing contributions to study design including study objectives, recruitment poster, interview guide and development of codes for thematic analysis. Patient research partners largely felt that their opinions were valued. Diversity in the PAC membership enhanced access to diverse patient participants. Furthermore, support for co‐chairs and patient research partner members enabled active engagement in research. In addition, a culture of mutual respect facilitated patient partner engagement, and co‐design approaches yielded rich research outputs.

Conclusions

Collaboration between research teams and Patient Engagement Teams can promote effective patient engagement through a PAC. Deliberate and flexible strategies are needed to manage the PAC to create an ecology of Inclusiveness, Support, Mutual Respect, and Co‐Build for meaningful patient engagement.

Patient or Public Contribution

Patient research partners were involved in the decision to write this manuscript and collaborated equitably in the conception and development of this manuscript, including providing critical feedback. Patient research partners were active members of the PAC and informed the research project design, participant recruitment strategies, data collection and analysis, and will be involved in the implementation and dissemination of results. They are currently involved in the co‐development of a patient engagement strategy using a Human‐Centered Design process.
Effect of alkyl‐chain unsaturation on the antioxidant potential of chlorogenic acid derivatives in food and biological systems
Authors: Wang Yuzhuo , Xu Yan , Luo Hailing , Yang Dong , Ren Fazheng , Zhang Hao
Published: November 2023

Chlorogenic acid (CGA) was modified using acyl chlorides with different levels of unsaturation (C18:0–C18:3) to enhance the lipophilicity and promote its application. The antioxidant activity of CGA derivatives in food and biological models was evaluated. All CGA derivatives had significantly greater antioxidative activity than CGA in fish oil and β‐carotene/linoleic acid emulsions (P < 0.05), but there was no linear relationship between antioxidative activity and unsaturation. The effectiveness of CGA‐C18:0 was significantly greater than that of CGA in scavenging H2O2 and reducing copper‐induced human low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the H2O2 scavenging activity, inhibitions of copper‐induced human LDL oxidation and hydroxyl or peroxyl radical‐induced DNA oxidation were all linearly related to the unsaturation of the alkyl chains, mainly with the free radical chain reactions of the unsaturated bonds. Our findings showed that CGA derivatives could potentially be used as antioxidants in food and biological systems.
Ethnicity disparities in job control in the United Kingdom
Authors: Williams Mark , Wang Senhu , Koumenta Maria
Published: November 2023

Despite widely‐reported ethnicity disparities in pay and occupational attainment, little is known about how different ethnic groups fare in job control—a crucial component of job quality with significant implications for well‐being and health. Drawing on two large‐scale representative datasets in the United Kingdom (1992–2022), we find that workers from all Black, Asian, and Minority Ethnic (BAME) groups conditionally report significantly lower job control than their White British counterparts, although heterogeneity exists depending on the BAME group in question. Ethnicity penalties are also most pronounced for foreign‐born workers. Despite a slow trend towards convergence, ethnicity disparities have remained significant over the last three decades. We further show that disparities are largely unexplained by compositional factors such as pay and occupation, demonstrating ethnicity penalties in job control. By linking ethnicity to job control, this study contributes to the growing research on BAME workers in the labour market, as well as the literatures on job quality and multisegmented labour markets.
A practical method of dressing and immobilizing the penis after using split‐thickness skin graft
Authors: Dunev Vladislav Rosenov
Published: November 2023

In this paper, we introduce a cost‐effective and efficient approach for dressing and immobilizing the penis following the use of a split‐thickness skin graft (STSG) to treat penile paraffinoma.
Vergleichende Verhaltensstudien an Grundfischen
Authors: Filek Werner v.
Published: November 2023

Die Schmerle (Noemacheilus barbatula) ruht tagsüber in einem Versteck und geht in der Dämmerung auf Nahrungssuche. Sie zeigt kein Revierver‐halten. Im Boden versteckte Beute spürt sie wohl mit der Nase auf und erbeutet sie durch Gründeln und Wühlen. Sichtbare Beute sieht sie und zielt sie, wie auch den Schatten derselben, optisch an, besonders gierig, wenn chemische Reize sie alarmieren.

Zum Kampfverhalten gehören das Drohen, sich senkrecht zur Breitseite des Gegners Stellen und das Rammen. Der Unterlegene zeigt eine Demutstellung, die in allem das Gegenstück der Drohgebärden ist.

Das Sichscheuern wird beschrieben. Die Paarungszeit währt von April bis Juni.
Maximization of the Economic Value of Research Through Quantifying the Relations Between Research and the Market
Authors: VERSCHUUR JAN J. , POTJER ALDERT A.
Published: November 2023

Abstract— A tentative planning and resource allocation system for product‐oriented research in large centralized research laboratories is described. The system has been developed and tested on the basis of a number of case studies. It can be used as an information system providing the research organization with research goals and their economic value and also to recommend which research project funding patterns have the greatest value to the company. The system is named QUESTAR (Quantitative Utility Evaluation Suggesting Targets for the Allocation of Resources) and has been developed in cooperation with Abt Associates, Management Consultants of Cambridge, Massachusetts.
First Experiences with a Ranking Method for Portfolio Selection in Applied Research
Authors: CRANSTON ROBERT W.
Published: November 2023

Abstract— Starting from the premise that commercial research aims to maximize the expected profitability for a given expenditure on research, a Profitability Index is derived based on a decision tree concept. The practical application of this Profitability Index at the British Petroleum Company Limited's Sunbury Research Centre in the context of research sponsored by several departments is then described.
Hybrid low‐temperature sintering processes of electro‐ceramics
Authors: Li Xiaomeng , Fu Changli , Xu Weichen , Zhao Xuetong , Xu Wan , Wang Fuliang , Guo Jing
Published: November 2023

Cold sintering process (CSP) developed recently has attracted much attention due to the ultralow sintering temperatures and high efficiencies with the assist of transient liquid phase (TLP). Based on CSP, we have further established a protocol for low‐temperature sintering processes by combining TLP with other sintering technologies, including hybrid sintering process with microwave and TLP (MW‐TLP), and hybrid sintering process with spark plasma sintering and TLP (SPS‐TLP). Three typical electro‐ceramics (TiO2, CaWO4, and ZnO) are selected, which are highly densified (>97%) with excellent electrical properties at reduced sintering temperatures, applied pressures or holding times, demonstrating the feasibility of MW‐TLP and SPS‐TLP in fabricating electro‐ceramics. Especially, the Q × f value of TiO2 ceramics (38,020 GHz) prepared by MW‐TLP at 1000°C is 46.2% and 23.4% higher than that of microwave and spark plasma sintered samples, respectively, and comparable to traditional thermal sintered (TTS) samples at 1300–1400°C. The dielectric properties of MW‐TLP CaWO4 ceramics sintered at 900°C for 2 h are comparable to TTS samples sintered at 1000–1300°C for 2–5 h. ZnO ceramics can be highly densified (∼98%) by SPS‐TLP with mild sintering conditions (200–300°C and 3.8–50 MPa) compared to SPS (>500°C) and CSP (>100 MPa). The frameworks of fundamental mechanisms are outlined together with the experimental data. It is expected that this work will provide promising sintering methods to fabricate electro‐ceramics and offer inspirations on sintering combinations to develop low‐temperature sintering processes with high efficiencies.
The effect of ferroelastic domains and ultrahigh‐density dislocations on fracture toughness of high entropy niobates
Authors: Wang Panpan , Cai Huangyue , Li Muzhi , Luo Lirong , Zhao Xiaofeng
Published: November 2023

This study investigates the fracture toughness and toughening mechanism of (La0.2Nd0.2Sm0.2Eu0.2Y0.2)NbO4, a high entropy material characterized by a high thermal expansion coefficient and low thermal conductivity. Our finding demonstrates a noteworthy 50% increase in fracture toughness for (La0.2Nd0.2Sm0.2Eu0.2Y0.2)NbO4 (∼3.09 MPa m0.5) compared to YNbO4 (∼2.11 MPa m0.5). The superior fracture toughness for (La0.2Nd0.2Sm0.2Eu0.2Y0.2)NbO4 can be attributed to the two key factors: relatively easy ferroelastic domain switching and the presence of ultrahigh‐density dislocations (∼7 × 108 mm−2). The enhanced ferroelastic toughening in (La0.2Nd0.2Sm0.2Eu0.2Y0.2)NbO4 is associated with its distinct characteristics, large atomic radius (RA), significant tetragonality (c/a ratio), and low monoclinic β angle. These factors contribute to larger spontaneous strain, larger coercive strain, and lower transformation strain, respectively. These properties facilitate the formation and switching of the ferroelastic domains. In addition, the interactions between the large strain field surrounding the dislocations and the cracks facilitate crack deflection and bridging. The combined effect of ferroelastic toughening and ultrahigh‐density dislocations ultimately leads to the significant improvement in the fracture toughness of (La0.2Nd0.2Sm0.2Eu0.2Y0.2)NbO4.
Impact of pulsed field ablation on intraluminal esophageal temperature
Authors: Kirstein Bettina , Heeger Christian‐H. , Vogler Julia , Eitel Charlotte , Feher Marcel , Phan Huong‐Lan , Mushfiq Ilias , Traub Anna , Hatahet Sascha , Samara Omar , Subin Behnam , Kuck Karl‐Heinz , Tilz Roland R.
Published: November 2023

Introduction

Atrio‐esophageal fistula after esophageal thermal injury (ETI) is one of the most devastating complications of available energy sources for atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation. Pulsed field ablation (PFA) uses electroporation as a new energy source for catheter ablation with promising periprocedural safety advantages over existing methods due to its unique myocardial tissue sensitivity. In preclinical animal studies, a dose‐dependent esophageal temperature rise has been reported. In the TESO‐PFA registry intraluminal esophageal temperature (TESO) changes in a clinical setting are evaluated.

Methods

Consecutive symptomatic AF patients (62 years, 67% male, 61% paroxysmal AF, CHA2DS2Vasc Score 2) underwent first‐time PFA and were prospectively enrolled into our registry. Eight pulse trains (2 kV/2.5 s, bipolar, biphasic, x4 basket/flower configuration each) were delivered to each pulmonary vein (PV). Two extra pulse trains per PV in flower configuration were added for wide antral circumferential ablation. Continuous intraluminal esophageal temperature (TESO) was monitored with a 12‐pole temperature probe.

Results

Median TESO change was statistically significant and increased by 0.8 ± 0.6°C, p < .001. A TESO increase ≥ 1°C was observed in 10/43 (23%) patients. The highest TESO measured was 40.3°C. The largest TESO difference (∆TESO) was 3.7°C. All patients remained asymptomatic considering possible ETI. No atrio‐esophageal fistula was reported on follow‐up.

Conclusion

A small but significant intraluminal esophageal temperature rise can be observed in most patients during PFA. TESO rise over 40°C is rare. The clinical implications of the observed findings need to be further evaluated.
Identification of metabolism terms significantly affecting hepatocellular carcinoma immune microenvironment and immunotherapy response
Authors: Tan Xijuan , Chen Sizong , Luo Qiyi , You Shenglin , Yuan Hankun , Wang Jianchu
Published: November 2023

Metabolic pathways exert a significant influence on the onset and progression of cancer. Public data on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) databases. Analysis was performed in R software using different R packages. Here, we integrated the data from multiple independent HCC cohorts, including TCGA‐LIHC, ICGC‐FR and ICGC‐JP. Then, the enrichment score of 21 metabolism‐related pathways was quantified using the ssGSEA algorithm. Next, univariate Cox regression analysis was applied to identify the metabolic terms with significant correlation to patient survival. Finally, a prognosis model based on linoleic acid metabolism, sphingolipid metabolism and regulation of lipolysis in adipocytes was established, which showed good performance in predicting patients' survival. Furthermore, we conducted a biological enrichment analysis to delineate the biological disparities between high‐ and low‐risk patients. Notably, we discerned differences in the microenvironments between these two patient groups. We also found that low‐risk patients could potentially respond better to immunotherapy. Drug sensitivity analysis suggested that low‐risk patients are more susceptible to bexarotene and erlotinib, yet exhibit resistance to ATRA and bleomycin. Furthermore, through the use of LASSO logistic regression analysis, we identified 19 characteristic genes, which could robustly indicate the risk groups. Our research underscores the role of linoleic acid metabolism, sphingolipid metabolism and the regulation of lipolysis in adipocytes in HCC, pointing towards potential avenues for future research.