bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Examining the Potential Synergistic Effects Between Mindfulness Training and Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy
Authors: Eleftheriou Maria Eleni , Thomas Emily
Published: August 2021

Mindfulness-based interventions and psychedelic-assisted therapy have been experimentally utilised in recent years as alternative treatments for various psychopathologies with moderate to great success. Both have also demonstrated significant post-acute and long-term decreases in clinical symptoms and enhancements in well-being in healthy participants. These two therapeutic interventions share various postulated salutogenic mechanisms, such as the ability to alter present-moment awareness and anti-depressive action, via corresponding neuromodulatory effects. Recent preliminary evidence has also demonstrated that psychedelic administration can enhance mindfulness capacities which has already been demonstrated robustly as a result of mindfulness-based interventions. These shared mechanisms between mindfulness-based interventions and psychedelic therapy have led to scientists theorising, and recently demonstrating, synergistic effects when both are used in combination, in the form of potentiated therapeutic benefit. These synergistic results hold great promise but require replication in bigger sample groups and better controlled methodologies, to fully delineate the effect of set and setting, before they can be extended onto clinical populations.
Transcriptional and Post-Transcriptional Regulations of Amyloid-β Precursor Protein (APP) mRNA
Authors: Sato Kaoru , Takayama Ken-ichi , Hashimoto Makoto , Inoue Satoshi
Published: August 2021

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an age-associated neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive impairment of memory, thinking, behavior, and dementia. Based on ample evidence showing neurotoxicity of amyloid-β (Aβ) aggregates in AD, proteolytically derived from amyloid precursor protein (APP), it has been assumed that misfolding of Aβ plays a crucial role in the AD pathogenesis. Additionally, extra copies of the APP gene caused by chromosomal duplication in patients with Down syndrome can promote AD pathogenesis, indicating the pathological involvement of the APP gene dose in AD. Furthermore, increased APP expression due to locus duplication and promoter mutation of APP has been found in familial AD. Given this background, we aimed to summarize the mechanism underlying the upregulation of APP expression levels from a cutting-edge perspective. We first reviewed the literature relevant to this issue, specifically focusing on the transcriptional regulation of APP by transcription factors that bind to the promoter/enhancer regions. APP expression is also regulated by growth factors, cytokines, and hormone, such as androgen. We further evaluated the possible involvement of post-transcriptional regulators of APP in AD pathogenesis, such as RNA splicing factors. Indeed, alternative splicing isoforms of APP are proposed to be involved in the increased production of Aβ. Moreover, non-coding RNAs, including microRNAs, post-transcriptionally regulate the APP expression. Collectively, elucidation of the novel mechanisms underlying the upregulation of APP would lead to the development of clinical diagnosis and treatment of AD.
Intramuscular vs. Intradermic Needle-Free Vaccination in Piglets: Relevance for Animal Welfare Based on an Aversion Learning Test and Vocalizations
Authors: Dalmau Antoni , Sánchez-Matamoros Almudena , Molina Jorge M. , Xercavins Aida , Varvaró-Porter Aranzazu , Muñoz Israel , Moles Xènia , Baulida Berta , Fàbrega Emma , Velarde Antonio , Pallisera Joaquim , Puigredon Alba , Contreras-Jodar Alexandra
Published: August 2021

The aim of the present study was to compare intramuscular injection with a needle and intradermic needle-free vaccinations against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) in piglets at 28 days old by studying behavioral and physiological reactions. A total of 72 piglets divided into 2 sex-balanced batches were assessed. Within each batch, the piglets were divided into three treatments, which were Hipradermic (0.2 ml of UNISTRAIN® PRRS vaccine administered with an intradermic needle-free device), Intramuscular (IM, 2.0 ml of vaccine), and Control (not vaccinated). Before the vaccination, the piglets were trained to cross a 4-m-long raceway to perform an aversion learning test. The day of vaccination, the time taken to cross the raceway was registered for each piglet at different times: prior to the vaccination and 10 min, 2, 24, 48, and 72 h after the vaccination, to measure variations in these times as signs of aversion to the vaccination process. Vocalizations, as potential signs of pain, were recorded as well at the end of this raceway to analyze their frequency (Hz), duration, and level of pressure (dB) at the moment of vaccination. Salivary cortisol, as a sign of the HPA-axis activity, was assessed 10 min after the vaccination. In addition, activity budgets, local reaction to the vaccine, and serological titer were also considered in the study. Ten minutes after the vaccination, the IM piglets took longer (p< 0.001) to cross the raceway than did the Hipradermic and Control piglets. Vocalizations were significantly different between the three treatments: the Control piglets produced vocalizations with the lowest frequency (p< 0.001) and level of pressure (p< 0.001), and IM with the highest, with Hipradermic in a significant intermediate position (p< 0.001). Accordingly, the day of the vaccination, IM and Hipradermic animals were lying on the side of the vaccine administration a greater proportion of time than were the Control piglets (10, 11, and 6%, respectively;p= 0.027). Salivary cortisol was not significantly different between treatments. The serum titer of antibodies against the PRRS was higher (p< 0.001) in both vaccinated treatments in comparison to the Control piglets. It is concluded that the Hipradermic needle-free vaccination may result in a less aversive experience in piglets than did intramuscular vaccination.
Community-Based Interventions for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Low-and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review
Authors: Ndejjo Rawlance , Hassen Hamid Yimam , Wanyenze Rhoda K. , Musoke David , Nuwaha Fred , Abrams Steven , Bastiaens Hilde , Musinguzi Geofrey
Published: August 2021

Objectives: To synthesize evidence on the effectiveness of community-based interventions for cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) to inform design of effective strategies for CVD prevention.

Methods: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Cochrane register of controlled studies and PSYCINFO databases for studies published between January 2000 and June 2019. Other studies were identified from gray literature sources and review of reference lists of included studies. The primary outcomes for the review were those aimed at primary prevention of CVD targeting physical activity, diet, smoking and alcohol consumption.

Results: Database searches yielded 15,885 articles and 94 articles were identified through snowball searching. After screening, the articles from LMICs were 32 emanating from 27 studies: 9 cluster randomized trials, eight randomized controlled trials and 10 controlled before and after studies. Community-based interventions successfully improved population knowledge on CVD and risk factors and influenced physical activity and dietary practices. Evidence of interventions on smoking cessation and reduced alcohol consumption was inconsistent.

Conclusion: This evidence should inform policy makers in decision-making and prioritizing evidence-based interventions.
Determination of Annual Plasma Hormone Levels Associated with Reproduction in Long-Day Breeding Domestic Geese
Authors: Gumułka Małgorzata , Avital-Cohen Nataly , Rozenboim Israel
Published: August 2021

This paper examines the dynamics of circulating hormone changes connected with reproduction in geese during the annual period related to gonad morphometry. One hundred geese were examined. The levels of prolactin (PRL), triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), testosterone (T), progesterone (P4) and estradiol (E2) were estimated. In both sexes, PRL level patterns fit a quadratic trend with elevations in the post-breeding and the second half of the breeding–laying periods. During these periods, differences in the PRL level between sexes were noted. In ganders, increased PRL levels during the laying period occurred earlier compared to in female geese. Cubic trends for T and E2 in ganders and quadratic for T, P4, and E2 in female geese were observed. PRL was negatively correlated with T in both sexes and with P4 and E2 in female geese. A higher level of T3 and variation in T4 in ganders with a quartic trend in ganders vs. a quadratic in female geese were noted. Patterns of PRL, T, and E2 suggested that the breeding–laying period in ganders may be shorter than in female geese. These findings will be used to explore experimental manipulations of the endocrine axis to increase synchronisation of both sexes.
Assessing the Risk of Nodal Metastases in Canine Integumentary Mast Cell Tumors: Is Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy Always Necessary?
Authors: Ferrari Roberta , Boracchi Patrizia , Chiti Lavinia Elena , Manfredi Martina , Giudice Chiara , De Zani Donatella , Spediacci Carlotta , Recordati Camilla , Grieco Valeria , Gariboldi Elisa Maria , Stefanello Damiano
Published: August 2021

The recent literature supports the sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy in dogs with MCT due to discrepancy with the regional lymph node and the high percentage of occult metastasis. However, the SLN biopsy includes additional anesthesiologic, diagnostic, and surgical procedures, and additional costs. The study aimed to assess the association between clinicopathological variables and SLN status, determining the identification of dogs at lower risk of SLN metastases. Dogs with integumentary MCT were admitted to the lymphoscintigraphic mapping and subsequent biopsy of SLN. The association between clinicopathological variables of MCT and SLN status was statistically tested, both considering occult and overt metastasis together (HN2-HN3) and overt metastasis (HN3) alone. Fifty low-grade cutaneous MCT and 16 subcutaneous MCT were included. A small to moderate association between integumentary MCT ≥ 3 cm and HN2-HN3 SLN was found. A strong association of integumentary MCT dimension and subcutaneous MCT with HN3 SLN occurred. Dimension of low-grade cutaneous and subcutaneous MCT seems to correlate with SLN status, but additional study should confirm this data before excluding small MCT to the SLN biopsy. On the contrary, the study results induce a solid suggestion for mapping and biopsy of the SLN in MCT > 3 cm and subcutaneous MCT.
The Targeting of Native Proteins to the Endoplasmic Reticulum-Associated Degradation (ERAD) Pathway: An Expanding Repertoire of Regulated Substrates
Authors: Kumari Deepa , Brodsky Jeffrey L.
Published: August 2021

All proteins are subject to quality control processes during or soon after their synthesis, and these cellular quality control pathways play critical roles in maintaining homeostasis in the cell and in organism health. Protein quality control is particularly vital for those polypeptides that enter the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Approximately one-quarter to one-third of all proteins synthesized in eukaryotic cells access the ER because they are destined for transport to the extracellular space, because they represent integral membrane proteins, or because they reside within one of the many compartments of the secretory pathway. However, proteins that mature inefficiently are subject to ER-associated degradation (ERAD), a multi-step pathway involving the chaperone-mediated selection, ubiquitination, and extraction (or “retrotranslocation”) of protein substrates from the ER. Ultimately, these substrates are degraded by the cytosolic proteasome. Interestingly, there is an increasing number of native enzymes and metabolite and solute transporters that are also targeted for ERAD. While some of these proteins may transiently misfold, the ERAD pathway also provides a route to rapidly and quantitatively downregulate the levels and thus the activities of a variety of proteins that mature or reside in the ER.
Malignant Transformation of Postmenopausal Endometriosis: A Systematic Review of the Literature
Authors: Giannella Luca , Marconi Chiara , Di Giuseppe Jacopo , Delli Carpini Giovanni , Fichera Mariasole , Grelloni Camilla , Giuliani Lucia , Montanari Michele , Insinga Salvatore , Ciavattini Andrea
Published: August 2021

Objective: This study aimed to systematically review the existing literature on malignant transformation of postmenopausal endometriosis to provide information about patient characteristics, hormonal replacement therapy (HRT) use, and outcomes over a period of 52 years (1969–2021). Methods: According to PRISMA guidelines, we searched for (endometriosis OR endometriotic) AND (cancer OR malignancy OR malignant transformation) AND (menopause OR menopausal OR postmenopause OR postmenopausal) in Pubmed (all fields) (accessed on 12 February 2021) and Scopus (Title/Abstract/Keywords) (accessed on 12 February 2021) databases. The only filter used was the English language. Relevant articles were obtained in full-text format and screened for additional references. Eligibility/inclusion criteria: studies including full case description of malignant transformation of endometriosis-related lesions in postmenopause. Results: 75 studies, including 90 cases, were retrieved. The mean age was 55.8 ± 8.5 years. Overall, about 65% of women had a positive personal history of endometriosis/adenomyosis, and 64% of women underwent previous hysterectomy ± bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. Forty-nine of 74 women used HRT (66.2%). Among the women who used HRT, estrogen-only treatment was taken by approximately 75%. Duration of HRT was longer than five years in 63.3% of cases. About 70% of subjects had histology of endometrioid adenocarcinoma or clear cell carcinoma. Follow-up outcome, available for 61 women, showed a survival rate of 78.7%, recurrence of 9.8%, death of 11.5%. The duration of follow-up had a median of 12 months (interquartile range, 6.75–25 months). Interestingly, over the years of case publication there was a significant inverse correlation with previous history of endometriosis (r = −0.28, p = 0.007), HRT use (r = −0.31, p = 0.006), and previous definitive surgery (r = −0.42, p < 0.001). Conclusions: In the malignant transformation of postmenopausal endometriosis, there are some recurrent clinical conditions: previous endometriosis, major definitive surgery before menopause, and estrogen-only HRT for a relatively long time. However, these clinical conditions have shown a drastic decrease over time. This could likely be the consequence of different attitudes and management of gynecologists linked to up-to-date scientific evidence about the use of major surgery in gynecological pathologies. Malignant transformation of postmenopausal endometriosis is a clinical challenge to be explored further.
Aptamer-Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery to Gynecological Carcinoma Cells
Authors: Lopes-Nunes Jessica , Agonia Ana S. , Rosado Tiago , Gallardo Eugénia , Palmeira-de-Oliveira Rita , Palmeira-de-Oliveira Ana , Martinez-de-Oliveira José , Fonseca-Moutinho José , Campello Maria Paula Cabral , Paiva Artur , Paulo António , Vulgamott Alexa , Ellignton Andrew D. , Oliveira Paula A. , Cruz Carla
Published: August 2021

Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers and is one of the major cause of deaths in women, especially in underdeveloped countries. The patients are usually treated with surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. However, these treatments can cause several side effects and may lead to infertility. Another concerning gynecologic cancer is endometrial cancer, in which a high number of patients present a poor prognosis with low survival rates. AS1411, a DNA aptamer, increases anticancer therapeutic selectivity, and through its conjugation with gold nanoparticles (AS1411-AuNPs) it is possible to improve the anticancer effects. Therefore, AS1411-AuNPs are potential drug carriers for selectively delivering therapeutic drugs to cervical cancer. In this work, we used AS1411-AuNPs as a carrier for an acridine orange derivative (C8) or Imiquimod (IQ). The AS1411 aptamer was covalently bound to AuNPs, and each drug was associated via supramolecular assembly. The final nanoparticles presented suitable properties for pharmaceutical applications, such as small size, negative charge, and favorable drug release properties. Cellular uptake was characterized by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry, and effects on cellular viability were determined by MTT assay. The nanoparticles were then incorporated into a gel formulation of polyethylene glycol, suitable for topical application in the female genital tract. This gel showed promising tissue retention properties in Franz cells studies in the porcine vaginal epithelia. These findings suggest that the tested nanoparticles are promising drug carriers for cervical cancer therapy.
Improved Survival after Breast-Conserving Therapy Compared with Mastectomy in Stage I-IIA Breast Cancer
Authors: Ratosa Ivica , Plavc Gaber , Pislar Nina , Zagar Tina , Perhavec Andraz , Franco Pierfrancesco
Published: August 2021

In the current study, we sought to compare survival outcomes after breast-conserving therapy (BCT) or mastectomy alone in patients with stage I-IIA breast cancer, whose tumors are typically suitable for both locoregional treatments. The study cohort consisted of 1360 patients with stage I-IIA (T1–2N0 or T0–1N1) breast cancer diagnosed between 2001 and 2013 and treated with either BCT (n = 1021, 75.1%) or mastectomy alone (n = 339, 24.9%). Median follow-ups for disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were 6.9 years (range, 0.3–15.9) and 7.5 years (range, 0.2–25.9), respectively. Fifteen (1.1%), 14 (1.0%) and 48 (3.5%) patients experienced local, regional, and distant relapse, respectively. For the whole cohort of patients, the estimated 5-year DFS and OS were 96% and 97%, respectively. After stratification based on the type of local treatment, the estimated 5-year DFS for BCT was 97%, while it was 91% (p < 0.001) for mastectomy-only treatment. Inverse probability of treatment weighting matching based on confounding confirmed that mastectomy was associated with worse DFS (HR 2.839, 95% CI 1.760–4.579, p < 0.0001), but not with OS (HR 1.455, 95% CI 0.844–2.511, p = 0.177). In our study, BCT was shown to have improved disease-specific outcomes compared to mastectomy alone, emphasizing the important role of adjuvant treatments, including postoperative radiation therapy, in patients with early-stage breast cancer at diagnosis.
Proton-Sensing GPCRs in Health and Disease
Authors: Sisignano Marco , Fischer Michael J. M. , Geisslinger Gerd
Published: August 2021

The group of proton-sensing G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) consists of the four receptors GPR4, TDAG8 (GPR65), OGR1 (GPR68), and G2A (GPR132). These receptors are cellular sensors of acidification, a property that has been attributed to the presence of crucial histidine residues. However, the pH detection varies considerably among the group of proton-sensing GPCRs and ranges from pH of 5.5 to 7.8. While the proton-sensing GPCRs were initially considered to detect acidic cellular environments in the context of inflammation, recent observations have expanded our knowledge about their physiological and pathophysiological functions and many additional individual and unique features have been discovered that suggest a more differentiated role of these receptors in health and disease. It is known that all four receptors contribute to different aspects of tumor biology, cardiovascular physiology, and asthma. However, apart from their overlapping functions, they seem to have individual properties, and recent publications identify potential roles of individual GPCRs in mechanosensation, intestinal inflammation, oncoimmunological interactions, hematopoiesis, as well as inflammatory and neuropathic pain. Here, we put together the knowledge about the biological functions and structural features of the four proton-sensing GPCRs and discuss the biological role of each of the four receptors individually. We explore all currently known pharmacological modulators of the four receptors and highlight potential use. Finally, we point out knowledge gaps in the biological and pharmacological context of proton-sensing GPCRs that should be addressed by future studies.
Position Statement on Anti-Dementia Medication for Alzheimer’s Disease by Swiss Stakeholders
Authors: Frisoni Giovanni , Annoni Jean-Marie , Becker Stefanie , Brockmann Tim , Buerge Markus , Démonet Jean-François , Georgescu Dan , Gietl Anton , Hemmeter Ulrich , Klöppel Stefan , Leyhe Thomas , Monsch Andreas , Rogantini Franco , Roulet Schwab Delphine , Savaskan Egemen , Schaller Karl , von Gunten Armin , Gold Gabriel
Published: August 2021

The present document represents the position of Swiss health-care associations, clinical and research centers, research-supporting foundations, and the association Alzheimer Switzerland regarding the care of persons with dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. We claim that dementia is not part of normal aging but a disease developing more frequently in old age; early diagnosis and treatment of dementia is paramount; all patients with dementia have the right to receive state-of-the-art treatments; more intense information, education, and counseling on dementia are necessary; media should provide balanced and fair reporting of scientific discoveries on Alzheimer’s and dementia; all patients with dementia have the right to be treated; anti-dementia drugs should be used and accompanied by listening, compassion, and understanding.
Decoding the Roles of Astrocytes and Hedgehog Signaling in Medulloblastoma
Authors: Duarte Terence Teixeira , Teixeira Silvia Aparecida , Gonzalez-Reyes Luis , Reis Rui Manuel
Published: August 2021

The molecular evolution of medulloblastoma is more complex than previously imagined, as emerging evidence suggests that multiple interactions between the tumor cells and components of the tumor microenvironment (TME) are important for tumor promotion and progression. The identification of several molecular networks within the TME, which interact with tumoral cells, has provided new clues to understand the tumorigenic roles of many TME components as well as potential therapeutic targets. In this review, we discuss the most recent studies regarding the roles of astrocytes in supporting sonic hedgehog (SHH) subgroup medulloblastoma (MB) and provide an overview of MB progression through SHH expression and signal transduction mechanisms into the complex tumor microenvironment. In addition, we highlight the associations between tumor and stromal cells as possible prognostic markers that could be targeted with new therapeutic strategies.
Thermodynamic Analysis of a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Based Combined Cooling, Heating, and Power System Integrated with Biomass Gasification
Authors: Cui Zhiheng , Wang Jiangjiang , Lior Noam
Published: August 2021

A novel cooling, heating, and power system integrated with a solid oxide fuel cell and biomass gasification was proposed and analyzed. The thermodynamic models of components and evaluation indicators were established to present energetic and exergetic analysis. After the validations of thermodynamic models, the system performances under design work conditions were evaluated. The proposed system’s electrical, energy, and exergy efficiencies reached up to 52.6%, 68.0%, and 43.9%, respectively. The gasifier and fuel cell stack were the most significant components of exergy destruction in this system, accounting for 41.0% and 15.1%, respectively, which were primarily caused by the gasification and electrochemical reactions’ irreversibility. The influences of the key parameters of the ratio of steam to biomass mass flow rate (S/B), the biomass flow rate (Mbio), and the temperature and pressure of the fuel cell (Top and Psofc) on system energy performances were analyzed: doubling S/B (from 0.5 to 1.0) reduced the energy efficiency by 5.3%, while increasing the electrical efficiency by 4.6% (from 52.6% to 55.0%) and raising the biomass mass flow rate by 40% increased the energy and exergy efficiencies by 2.4% and 2.1%, respectively. When raising the SOFC operating temperature by 31.3%, the energy and exergy efficiencies rose by 61.2% (from 50.0% to 80.6%) and 45.1% (from 32.8% to 47.6%), respectively, but this likely would result in a higher operating cost. Increasing the SOFC pressure from 2 to 7 bar increased the electrical efficiency by 10.6%, but additional energy for pumping and compression was consumed.
Energy Management of Hybrid UAV Based on Reinforcement Learning
Authors: Shen Huan , Zhang Yao , Mao Jianguo , Yan Zhiwei , Wu Linwei
Published: August 2021

In order to solve the flight time problem of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV), this paper proposes a set of energy management strategies based on reinforcement learning for hybrid agricultural UAV. The battery is used to optimize the working point of internal combustion engines to the greatest extent while solving the high power demand issues of UAV and the response problem of internal combustion engines. Firstly, the decision-making oriented hybrid model and UAV dynamic model are established. Owing to the characteristics of the energy management strategy (EMS) based on reinforcement learning (RL), which is an intelligent optimization algorithm that has emerged in recent years, the complex theoretical formula derivation is avoided in the modeling process. In terms of the EMS, a double Q learning algorithm with strong convergence is adopted. The algorithm separates the state action value function database used in derivation decisions and the state action value function-updated database brought by the decision, so as to avoid delay and shock within the convergence process caused by maximum deviation. After the improvement, the off-line training is carried out with a large number of flight data generated in the past. The simulation results demonstrate that the improved algorithm can show better performance with less learning cost than before by virtue of the search function strategy proposed in this paper. In the state space, time-based and residual fuel-based selection are carried out successively, and the convergence rate and application effect are compared and analyzed. The results show that the learning algorithm has stronger robustness and convergence speed due to the appropriate selection of state space under different types of operating cycles. After 120,000 cycles of training, the fuel economy of the improved algorithm in this paper can reach more than 90% of that of the optimal solution, and can perform stably in actual flight.
A Framework for Model and Verification of Safety-Critical Operating System Based on ARINC653
Authors: Xu Wenjing , Ma Dianfu
Published: August 2021

As the scale and complexity of safety-critical software continue to grow, it is necessary to ensure safety and reliability to avoid minor errors leading to catastrophic disasters. Meantime, the traditional method, such as testing and simulation alone is insufficient to ensure the correctness of systems. This leads to using formal methods to provide sufficient evidence for systems. However, design a high assurance safety-critical system by formal methods is challenging due to the complexity of operating systems. In addition, the traditional interactive theorem prover used in system verification requires hand-written proofs, which are more expensive. Therefore, the efforts of providing a standardized formal framework as well as safety proofs, are notable for the develop a safety-critical system. The purpose of this paper is to provide a safety framework to establish a highly reliable and safety-critical operating system based on the ARINC653 standard, a multilevel and standardized formal model. To verify the functional correctness of this model, we propose a context-based formal proof method for programs. To achieve this goal, we first model 57 core services of ARINC653 and define the high-level requirements as pre-and post-conditions. Then, we construct a set of specification statements a formal axiom system transformed into logical sentences, and the core service model is transformed into a logical sentence sequence to be proved. Finally, a context-based formal proof system for specification correctness is developed. We have verified the correctness of safety-critical operating system core services with this system. Experience shows that the verification system we developed can be achieved the functional correctness of a complete OS with a low implement burden, and that can simplify the difficulty of automated verification and increase the degree of automation of proof.
Investigating the Impact of Public Transport Service Disruptions upon Passenger Travel Behaviour—Results from Krakow City
Authors: Drabicki Arkadiusz Adam , Islam Md Faqhrul , Szarata Andrzej
Published: August 2021

Public transport (PT) service disruptions are common and unexpected events which often result in major impediment to passengers’ typical travel routines. However, attitudes and behavioural responses to unexpected PT disruptions are still not fully understood in state-of-the-art research. The objective of this study is to examine how PT users adapt their travel choices and what travel information sources they utilize once they encounter sudden PT service disruptions. To this end, we conduct a passenger survey among PT users in the city of Kraków (Poland), consisting of a series of stated- and revealed-preference questions. Results show that passengers’ reported choices during past PT disruptions mostly involve adjusting the current PT travel routine, exposing a certain bias with their stated choices (which tend to overestimate the probability of modal shifts). Factors influencing travel behaviour shifts include frequency and recency of PT disruption experience, as well as propensity to arrive on-time. With regards to travel information sources, staff announcement and personal experience play an important role in recognizing the emerging disruption, but real-time information (RTI) sources are the most useful in planning the onward journey afterwards. Based on these, we highlight the implications for future RTI policy during PT service disruptions; in particular, the provision of a reliable time estimate until normal service conditions are resumed. Such RTI content could foster passengers’ tendency to use PT services in uncertain conditions, especially as their stated wait time tolerance often matches the actual duration of PT disruptions.
Measurement and Simulation of Flow in a Section of a Mine Gallery
Authors: Janus Jakub , Krawczyk Jerzy
Published: August 2021

Research work on the air flow in mine workings frequently utilises computer techniques in the form of numeric simulations. However, it is very often necessary to apply simplifications when building a geometrical model. The assumption of constant model geometry on its entire length is one of the most frequent simplifications. This results in a substantial shortening of the geometrical model building process, and a concomitant shortening of the time of numerical computations; however, it is not known to what extent such simplifications worsen the accuracy of simulation results. The paper presents a new methodology that enables precise reproduction of the studied mine gallery and the obtaining of a satisfactory match between simulation results and in-situ measurements. It utilises the processing of data from laser scanning of a mine gallery, simultaneous multi-point measurements of the velocity field at selected gallery cross-sections, unique for mine conditions, and the SAS turbulence model, recently introduced to engineering analyses of flow issues.
Modeling and Performance Assessment of the Split-Pi Used as a Storage Converter in All the Possible DC Microgrid Scenarios. Part I: Theoretical Analysis
Authors: Luna Massimiliano , Sferlazza Antonino , Accetta Angelo , Di Piazza Maria Carmela , La Tona Giuseppe , Pucci Marcello
Published: August 2021

The integration of an electrical storage system (ESS) into a DC microgrid using a bidirectional DC/DC converter provides substantial benefits but requires careful design. Among such converter topologies, the Split-pi converter presents several merits at the cost of non-isolated operation. However, the few works in the literature on the Split-pi presented only closed-loop control with a single control loop; furthermore, they neglected the reactive components’ parasitic resistances and did not perform any experimental validation. This work aimed at investigating the use of the Split-pi converter as a power interface between an ESS and a DC microgrid. Five typical microgrid scenarios are presented, where each of which requires a specific state-space model and a suitable control scheme for the converter to obtain high performance. In this study, two different state-space models of the converter that consider the parasitic elements are presented, the control schemes are discussed, and criteria for designing the controllers are also given. Several simulations, as well as experimental tests on a prototype realized in the lab, were performed to validate the study. Both the simulation and experimental results will be presented in part II of this work. The proposed approach has general validity and can also be followed when other bidirectional DC/DC converter topologies are employed to interface an ESS with a DC microgrid.
Energetic Value of Elymus elongatus L. and Zea mays L. Grown on Soil Polluted with Ni2+, Co2+, Cd2+, and Sensitivity of Rhizospheric Bacteria to Heavy Metals
Authors: Boros-Lajszner Edyta , Wyszkowska Jadwiga , Borowik Agata , Kucharski Jan
Published: August 2021

Plants, and microorganisms associated with them, offer an effective tool for removing pollutants, such as heavy metals, from the soil environment. The aim of this study was to determine changes caused by Ni2+, Co2+, and Cd2+ in the genetic diversity of soil-populating bacteria and the effect these heavy metals on the heating value of elongated coach grass (Elymus elongatus L.) and maize (Zea mays L.). Microorganisms support plants in removing heavy metals from soil. These plants can then be used for energetic purposes. The study aim was accomplished by determining counts of microorganisms and their resistance (RS) to Ni2+, Co2+, Cd2+, their colony development index (CD), ecophysiological diversity index (EP), and diversity established with the next generation sequencing (NGS) method. Further analyses aimed to establish test plants resistance to pollution with heavy metals and their heating value. Organotrophic bacteria turned out to be the most resistant to Co2+, whereas actinobacteria—to Cd2+ effects. At all taxonomic levels, the genetic diversity of bacteria was most adversely influenced by Cd2+ in the soil sown with Zea mays L. Bacteria belonging to Arthrobacter, Rhodoplanes, Kaistobacter, Devosia, Phycicoccus, and Thermomonas genera showed high tolerance to soil pollution with Ni2+, Co2+, and Cd2+, hence they should be perceived as potential sources of microorganisms useful for bioaugmentation of soils polluted with these heavy metals. Ni2+, Co2+, and Cd2+ had no effect on the heating value of Elymus elongatus L. and Zea mays L. The heating value of 1 kg of air-dry biomass of the tested plants was relatively high and ranged from 14.6 to 15.1 MJ. Elymus elongatus L. proved more useful in phytoremediation than Zea mays L.
Induction Motor PI Observer with Reduced-Order Integrating Unit
Authors: Białoń Tadeusz , Niestrój Roman , Michalak Jarosław , Pasko Marian
Published: August 2021

This article presents an innovative induction motor state observer designed to reconstruct magnetic fluxes and the angular speed of an induction motor for speed sensorless control system applications such as field-oriented control (FOC). This observer is an intermediate solution between the proportional observer and the classical proportional-integral (PI) observer with respect to which the order of the integrating unit is reduced. Additional modifications of the observer’s structure have been implemented to ensure stability and to improve its functional properties. As a result, two versions of the observer structure were produced and experimentally tested using a sensorless FOC control system. Both structures resulted in correct control system operation for a wide range of angular speeds, including low speed ranges.
No Long-Term Decrease in Caterpillar Availability for Invertivorous Birds in Deciduous Forests in Hungary
Authors: Eötvös Csaba Béla , Hirka Anikó , Gimesi László , Lövei Gábor L. , Gáspár Csaba , Csóka György
Published: August 2021

Numerous recent studies report an alarming decrease in diversity, biomass, or abundance of arthropods in various habitats. Given that they are important food for other organisms, the ecological consequences of such a decline could be severe. We used data from the Hungarian Forestry Light Trap Network to examine whether the spring caterpillar biomass showed any long term (23–58 years) declining trend in oak-dominated forests. Light trap data for 43 selected macrolepidopteran species (suitable bird food in the larval stage) from six different locations were used for the estimation of the total available caterpillar biomass. Time series analyses showed strong year-to-year fluctuations, and over all locations and time windows there was an increasing rather than decreasing trend. The increase found at some locations may suggest increasing herbivore pressure and negative impacts on forest health. We conclude that foliage-feeding macrolepidopteran species with spring-developing larvae did not show a drastic decrease in recent decades, and food availability in the long term will not negatively influence the breeding success of birds in such forests.
The Beginning of the Christian Era Revisited: New Findings
Authors: De Caro Liberato , La Greca Fernando , Matricciani Emilio
Published: August 2021

We have re-examined and discussed all chronological, historical and astronomical elements which can be referred to the year of Herod the Great’s death, which occurred—according to Josephus—after a lunar eclipse and before Passover. Since the XIX century, most scholars still assume the eclipse occurred on 13 March 4 BC, so that Dionysius Exiguus was wrong in calculating the beginning of the Christian era—by four years at least—because Herod the Great must have been alive when Jesus was born. We have solved the apparent incompatibility of the events narrated by Josephus, occurring between the eclipse of 13 March 4BC and a too-near Passover (12 April 4 BC), by determining another date after studying all eclipses visible from Jerusalem in near years. This analysis—supported by a novel simulation of naked–eye visibility of partial lunar eclipses—has shown that the most eligible eclipse associable to Herod’s death occurred in the night of 8–9 November 2 AD. Besides this astronomical finding, our conclusion is also supported by significant correlation between segmented sleep and eclipse intervals; by its compatibility with the long sequence of events narrated by Josephus and with the rabbinic tradition about Herod’s death. This dating also agrees with other historical facts connected to Roman and Jewish history. In conclusion, Herod the Great must have died in the first month of 3 AD and, very likely, Dionysius Exiguus was correct.
Analyzing the Association between ENSO and Groundwater Rise in the South Atlantic-Gulf Region in the Southeastern United States
Authors: Joshi Neekita , Kalra Ajay
Published: August 2021

The primary goal of this study is to comprehend the effects of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) climate pattern on groundwater storage (GWS) in the South Atlantic-Gulf Region. Groundwater issues are complex and different studies focused on groundwater depletion while few emphasized “groundwater rise”. The current research is designed to develop an outline for assessing how climate patterns can affect groundwater fluctuation, which might lead to groundwater rise. The study assessed the effect of ENSO phases on spatiotemporal variability of groundwater using Spearman Rank Correlation. A significant positive correlation between ENSO and GWS was observed. An increasing trend was detected in GWS where most grids were observed in Florida by utilizing the non-parametric Mann–Kendall test. A positive trend magnitude was also detected by utilizing Theil–Sen’s Slope method with a high magnitude in the mid-Florida region. The highest GWS anomalies were observed in the peak of El Niño events and the lowermost GWS was observed during La Niña events. Furthermore, most of the stations were above normal groundwater conditions. This study provides a better insight on the research gap among groundwater rise and ENSO.
The Contribution of Temporal Flat Lateral Position on the Mortality and Discharge Rates of Older Patients with Severe Dysphagia
Authors: Shimizu Akiko , Ohta Ryuichi , Otani Hana , Sano Chiaki
Published: August 2021

Severe dysphagia leads to mortality in older patients and hinders their discharge from hospitals. The temporal flat lateral position (TFLP) enables them to continuously eat, thus resolving the aforementioned issues. We aimed to explore the effect of TFLP on the mortality and discharge rates of older patients with severe dysphagia. This interventional study comprised a historical control of patients admitted to a rural community hospital from January 2019 to December 2020 and diagnosed with severe dysphagia. The primary outcomes included the mortality and the rate of discharge from the hospital. While the intervention group was treated with TFLP, the control group underwent no treatment. We selected 79 participants (intervention group = 26, control group = 53), with an average age of 87.9 years. The discharge rate was significantly higher in the intervention group than in the control group (57.7% vs. 26.4%, p = 0.012). The mortality rate was also significantly lower in the intervention group compared to the control group (34.6% vs. 71.7%, p = 0.003). TFLP can improve the discharge and mortality rates in community hospitals, thereby improving patient outcomes. Clinicians should focus on practical education and the implementation of TFLP in communities in order to promote it.
Cost-Utility Analysis of Antibiotic Therapy versus Appendicectomy for Acute Uncomplicated Appendicitis
Authors: Ali Ayesha , Mobarak Zina , Al-Jumaily Mariam , Anwar Mehreen , Moti Zaeem , Zaman Nadia , Akbari Amir Reza , de Preux Laure
Published: August 2021

Background: Current UK National Health Service (NHS) guidelines recommend appendicectomy as gold standard treatment for acute uncomplicated appendicitis. However, an alternative non-surgical management involves administrating antibiotic-only therapy with significantly lower costs. Therefore, a UK-based cost-utility analysis (CUA) was performed to compare appendicectomy with an antibiotic-only treatment from an NHS perspective. Methods: This economic evaluation modelled health-outcome data using the ACTUAA (2021) prospective multicentre trial. The non-randomised control trial followed 318 patients given either antibiotic therapy or appendicectomy, with quality of life (QOL) assessed using the SF-12 questionnaires administered 1-year post-treatment. A CUA was conducted over a 1-year time horizon, measuring benefits in quality adjusted life years (QALYs) and costs in pound sterling using a propensity score-matched approach to control for selection based on observable factors. Results: The CUA produced an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of −GBP 23,278.51 (−EUR 27,227.80) per QALY. Therefore, for each QALY gained using antibiotic-only treatment instead of appendicectomy, an extra GBP 23,278.51 was saved. Additionally, two sensitivity analyses were conducted to account for post-operative or post-treatment complications. The antibiotic-only option remained dominant in both scenarios. Conclusion: While the results do not rely on a randomized sample, the analysis based on a 1-year follow-up suggested that antibiotics were largely more cost-effective than appendicectomy and led to improved QOL outcomes for patients. The ICER value of −GBP 23,278.51 demonstrates that the NHS must give further consideration to the current gold standard treatment in acute uncomplicated appendicitis.
U.S. Adolescents’ Diet Consumption Patterns Differ between Grocery and Convenience Stores: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011–2018
Authors: Setiono Felicia J. , Gangrade Navika , Leak Tashara M.
Published: August 2021

Among U.S. adolescents, foods/beverages that are store-bought (i.e., from grocery and convenience stores) are significant contributors of energy intake. However, it remains unclear (1) what foods/beverages are consumed by U.S. adolescents from grocery and convenience stores and (2) if there are differences in foods/beverages consumed by store type. Therefore, we analyzed 29,216 eating occasions from adolescents (12–19 years; n = 4065) in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011–2018 to report food/beverage groups and nutrients consumed from grocery and convenience stores. Differences in food/beverage groups and nutrient densities by store type were calculated using multiple logistic and linear regressions. Adolescents were more likely to consume “Beverages” and “Snacks and Sweets” and less likely to consume “Grains”, “Protein”, “Milk and Dairy”, “Condiments and Sauces”, and “Fruits” from convenience compared to grocery stores (all p < 0.0025). Foods/beverages from convenience stores were higher in carbohydrates, total sugar, and added sugar and lower in protein, fat, saturated fat, sodium, and fiber than those from grocery stores (all p < 0.0025). In conclusion, while foods/beverages from convenience stores are more energy-dense and nutrient-poor, there is a critical need to increase the availability, accessibility, and affordability of healthier foods/beverages in both store types to encourage healthier dietary behaviors among U.S. adolescents.
Hydrogeochemistry Evidence for Impacts of Chemical Acidic Wastewater on Karst Aquifer in Dawu Water Source Area, Northern China
Authors: Zhu Henghua , Zhou Jianwei , Liu Zhizheng , Yang Lizhi , Liu Yunde
Published: August 2021

The study of the hydrochemical characteristics and the water–rock interaction of karst groundwater is very important for the rational exploitation of karst groundwater and its pollution control. In this paper, the systematic clustering method was used to analyze the hydrochemical characteristics of different types of groundwater, combined with hydrochemical graphic analysis and correlation analysis to explore the impact of chemical acidic wastewater on the evolution of karst aquifer in the Dawu water source area, northern China. The results show that the chemical acid wastewater, sourcing from discharges/spillages from the local chemical industries, has different degrees of pollution impact on karst groundwater, causing the total hardness of all karst groundwater and the total dissolved solids, Cl− and SO42− in nearly half of the karst groundwater to exceed the quality indexes of class III water in China’s standard for groundwater quality (GB/T 14848-2017). Hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid in the wastewater can be buffered by the dissolution of carbonate rocks, resulting in a nearly neutral pH (pH-buffering effect) and an increase in Ca2+, Mg2+, Sr, Cl− and SO42− concentrations in karst groundwater.