bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Influence of (2-Chloroethyl)phosphonic Acid on Peach Quality and Maturation1
Authors: Sims E. T. , Gambrell C. E. , Stembridge G. E.
Published: August 2022

Ethephon ((2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid) at 50 to 200 ppm hastened the maturation of peach fruit of the cvs. ‘Cardinal’, ‘Ranger’, ‘Redhaven’, ‘Blake’, and ‘Richhaven’ over a range of application times. Stimulation of maturation was not attributed solely to reduced fruit load, since an influence on maturation was found even when ethephon-treated trees bore no fewer fruits than hand-thinned controls. When treated and nontreated ‘Richhaven’ fruit were harvested at a comparable maturity based on firmness, ground and flesh color a and a/b values were increased by ethephon, as were soluble solids. No differences were found in b values for ground or flesh color or in total titratable acidity. Fruit treated with ethephon exhibited more uniformity in firmness and color than untreated fruit at shipping maturity, a characteristic which has potential value in facilitating once-over mechanical harvesting operations.
Influence of O2 and CO2 on o-Diphenol Oxidase Activity in Mushrooms1
Authors: Murr Dennis P. , Morris Leonard L.
Published: August 2022

Storage of mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus, [Lange] Sing.) in 0% O2 reduced discoloration and o-diphenol oxidase (o-DPO) activity for up to 7 days. Levels of O2 above 0% had little or no effect in reducing discoloration and o–DPO activity compared to air controls. Concentrations of CO2 above 5% appeared to increase surface discoloration while markedly inhibiting o-DPO activity. After transfer to air, the effectiveness of the increased CO2 treatments in reducing o-DPO activity in mushrooms depended on storage time in CO2.

In vitro CO2 markedly inhibited o-DPO activity, with 50% inhibition at 25% CO2. Complete inhibition was never attained. The inhibition by CO2 was found to be competitive with respect to catechol and could not be overcome by increasing the O2 concentration above 20%. The action of CO2 in vivo in reducing o-DPO activity could be through a direct competitive inhibition or through the inhibitory effect of CO2 on mushroom maturation.
Adaptation of the Spearman-Kärber Method for Estimating the T50 of Cold Stressed Flower Buds1
Authors: Bittenbender H. C. , Howell Gordon S.
Published: August 2022

Survival data for cold stressed blueberry flower buds are used to demonstrate application of the Spearman-Kärber (S-K) method for estimating T50. Quantal responses are used. The S-K method determines the T50 for buds stressed over a range of temperatures which produce 0 to 100% bud survival. The general equation can accommodate data containing unequal temperature intervals and unequal numbers of observations per temperature treatment. A single statistic, S, can be calculated using a second equation which is an unbiased indicator of the variance of the temperature-percent survival curve around the T50 point. The major advantages of the S-K method are speed, adaptability to computer programming, and accuracy with small sample sizes. Agreement is within 0.5°C of graphically determined T50 values.
Overcoming Self-incompatibility in Apple with Killed Compatible Pollen1,2
Authors: Dayton Daniel F.
Published: August 2022

Viable ‘Delicious’ pollen set nearly 20% of emasculated ‘McIntosh’ flowers, while self-pollination resulted in O set. The set resulting from a mixture of self + killed ‘Delicious’ (recognition) pollen exceeded that from viable ‘Delicious’ pollen. While self-pollination of emasculated ‘Golden Delicious’ flowers produced a small set, viable ‘Delicious’ pollen set nearly 4 times as many fruits. A mixture of self + recognition pollen was slightly more effective than was viable ‘Delicious’ pollen.

Seed numbers in ‘McIntosh’ fruits set with self + recognition pollen were only slightly lower than in those set with viable pollen of ‘Delicious’. In ‘Golden Delicious’, however, the mean seed content of fruits set with ‘Delicious’ pollen was 3 times greater than in those set with self + recognition pollen. The mean seed content of the few ‘Golden Delicious’ fruits set by traditional self-pollination was lower than in those fruits set with self + recognition pollen.
Sorption of Ozone by Nine Shade Tree Species
Authors: Townsend Alden M.
Published: August 2022

Significant interspecific and intraspecific variation was demonstrated in the rate of foliar sorption of ozone at a concentration of 0.20 ppm. White oak and white birch leaves removed the largest quantities per hour on both a per-g and per-dm2 basis. Red maple and white ash were the least efficient; coliseum maple, sugar maple, redvein maple, Ohio buckeye, and sweetgum were intermediate in rate of ozone removal. Differences in ozone uptake also were significant among 4 seed-source progenies of red maple. A group of seedlings from Pennsylvania demonstrated higher rates of sorption than progenies from Maine, Minnesota, and Alabama. Although significant, the differences among the red maple progenies were not as great as differences in ozone uptake rate among most species. Sorption rates by white birch seedlings increased linearly with increasing ozone concentration from 0 to 0.80 ppm. Red maple seedlings showed a linear increase in sorption rate from 0 to 0.50 ppm; from 0.50 to 0.80 ppm, ozone uptake rate continued to increase with increases in concentration, but not linearly. During a continuous 8-hr fumigation at 0.20 ppm, the rate of foliar uptake of ozone by white birch seedlings decreased only 5%. Removal of ozone by red maple foliage dropped rapidly after 6 hours of continuous exposure, and after 8 hours the rate had decreased to 40% of the original rate.
Inheritance of Flower and Foliage Characteristics in Mountain Laurel (Kalmia latifolia L.)1
Authors: Jaynes Richard A.
Published: August 2022

Many unusual forms of mountain laurel are under simple genetic control. Myrtifolia (m) and polypetala (p) appear to be controlled by single recessive genes. Two types of banding on the inside of the corolla, fuscata (B) and star-ring (Sr), are apparently controlled by single dominant genes: a recessive lethal trait for albino seedlings occurred among some of the banded crosses. Flower color inheritance is complex. True breeding red-budded or white flowered seedlings have been secured, and true breeding pinks appear possible. Red-bud is recessive to white and wild type.
Increased Tomato Fruit Development by CO2 Enrichment1,2
Authors: Knecht G. N. , O'Leary J. W.
Published: August 2022

Tomato plants, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Floradel, were grown in environments of 400, 800, or 1200 ppm CO2. Otherwise, identical environmental parameters were maintained. Two successive harvests were made: 1) 50 days from seeding, 2) 64 days from seeding. No significant differences occurred in vegetative growth of plants grown under the 3 CO2 levels. While there was no ultimate difference in either the number or development of flowers, plants growing in 800 and 1200 ppm CO2 environments had both a significantly greater fruit number and greater fruit weight than plants growing in the lower CO2 level of 400 ppm.
Changes in Water Relations of Cornus stolonifera During Cold Acclimation1
Authors: McKenzie J. S. , Weiser C. J. , Li P. H.
Published: August 2022

Stomatal resistance of leaves, water absorption through roots, and water content of stem internodes was evaluated during cold acclimation of red-osier dogwood (Cornus stolonifera Michx.). Four weeks of short-days at 20/15°C resulted in a significant reduction in stem water content. This reduction was related to water lost from pith cells as this tissue senesced sequentially in successively younger internodes from the stem base to its apex at autumn growth cessation. A 1.5 fold decrease in relative stomatal resistance of leaves and a 3.5 fold increase in resistance to water flow though roots at 0.15 bars tension occurred prior to hardening to -12°C.

Additional hardening to -40°C resulted in a 28 fold increase in resistance to forced water flow through roots and equalization of water content in all internodes. Thereafter, water content remained constant but stems continued to harden to temperatures below -65°C.

Comparison of resistance to forced water flow through living and dead roots from hardy and tender plants suggested there was a decrease in the permeability of root cells to water during the initial (-12°C) stage of acclimation. Root surfaces became suberized, as acclimation progressed, giving rise to an additional barrier to water uptake in roots of very hardy plants (-45°C). It seems likely that the decrease in hydration of overwintering stems during cold acclimation results from a decreased stomatal resistance and increased root resistance to water movement.
Effects of Low Ethephon Concentrations on Quality of ‘McIntosh’ Apples1
Authors: Greene D. W. , Lord W. J. , Bramlage W. J. , Southwick F. W.
Published: August 2022

Red color development of ‘McIntosh’ apples that previously received a mid-July application of succinic acid 2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) and were then treated before harvest with 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (ethephon) occurred earlier and more extensively than on controls. Fruit receiving 150 or 250 ppm ethephon were less firm within 7 or 8 days than fruit receiving only SADH. The respiratory climacteric was advanced 6 to 10 days by ethephon treatments as low as 25 ppm. Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) was less effective than 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxypropionic acid (fenoprop) in preventing preharvest drop, especially at higher ethephon concentrations. Fruit from all treatments kept well in both CA and air storage provided they were in good condition at harvest. Scald developed to a greater extent on stored fruit that had received ethephon than on controls.
Stimulation of Yam (Dioscorea) Tuber Growth by Gamma Irradiation1
Authors: Martin Franklin W. , Koo Francis K. S. , Cuevas Jose
Published: August 2022

Treatment of aerial tubers and underground tuber pieces of Dioscorea alata L. the 10-month yam, with about 1250 rads of gamma irradiation stimulated tuber germination, vegetative growth, and tuber yield. Higher dosages reduced viability and yields. When different parts of the tuber were irradiated, a slight yield stimulation occurred when the developing shoot was treated, but treatment of parts of the tuber reduced yield. Effects of irradiation disappeared entirely in the second vegetative generation after irradiation.
Short- and Long-term Effects of Antitranspirants on Water Relations and Photosynthesis of Woody Plants1,2
Authors: Davies W. J. , Kozlowski T. T.
Published: August 2022

Each of 8 antitranspirants reduced transpiration of 2 species of woody plants. Dow Silicone and CS 6432 were the most effective compounds on Fraxinus americana and Dow Silicone was effective on Pinus resinosa. Keykote, Folicote and Improved Wilt Pruf showed an increased effect on plant water loss and net photosynthesis (measured by net CO2 uptake) of P. resinosa up to 8 days after compound application. Thereafter there was no significant change in the effect of any compound on transpiration or photosynthesis. Effects on F. americana of all compounds except Improved Wilt Pruf decreased with time after application. Scanning electron micrographs of treated leaves suggested that antitranspirant films on F. americana leaves cracked over the guard cell pore, accounting for the decrease in compound effect with time. Antitranspirants apparently reduced water loss of P. resinosa by combining with wax in the stomatal pore and forming an impermeable plug. The compounds tested were toxic to F. americana seedlings and photosynthesis of treated plants decreased with time, even when direct physical effect of a compound had worn off. Pinus resinosa seedlings showed no decrease in photosynthesis with time. F. americana plants treated with Keykote exhibited low rates of water loss and transpiration/photosynthesis ratios that were not significantly different from those of control plants. Folicote was toxic, and Clear Spray increased water loss of F. americana seedlings. Dow Silicone reduced water loss of Pinus seedlings by about 80%, and plants treated with Dow Silicone, Improved Wilt Pruf, Keykote, or Folicote had favorable transpiration/photosynthesis ratios. The effects of antitranspirants on transpiration and photosynthesis were greatly influenced by environmental regimes and by species.
An Exothermic Process Involved in the Freezing Injury to Flower Buds of Several Prunus Species1
Authors: Quamme H. A.
Published: August 2022

Freezing injury to overwintering flower buds of apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.), European plum (P. domestica L.), Japanese plum (P. salicina Lindl.), peach (P. persica (L.) Batsch.), sweet cherry (P. avium L.) and sour cherry (P. cerasus L.) was found to be associated with an exothermic process detected on the time temperature profile. This exothermic process varied with seasonal fluctuations in the hardiness of 2 peach cultivars and was consistent with the hardiness of 5 cultivars tested on 3 dates during winter. No similar exotherm was detected in pear and apple. These results suggest that flower bud injury in some Prunus species was related to a specific event that involved freezing of a ‘bound’ or ‘supercooled’ fraction of water. This fraction of water remained unfrozen in the flower bud until the temperature fell below a critical level which in our studies was as low as -27°C. Exotherm flower bud hardiness in these fruit species.
Effect of Leaves on Carbohydrate Content and Movement of 14C-Assimilate in Plum Cuttings1
Authors: Breen Patrick J. , Muraoka Tom
Published: August 2022

The top leaf of fresh softwood cuttings of ‘Marianna 2624’ plum (Prunus cerasifera × Prunus munsoniana) was exposed to 14CO2 and the effect of leaf area and indolebutyric acid (IBA) on rooting and distribution of 14c was assessed. IBA enhanced the rooting of cuttings with 1/2 or 3 leaves, whereas leafless cuttings failed to root regardless of treatment. Most of the 14C remained in the upper portion of the stem adjacent to the treated leaf; the mid-stem segment acquired about 40% of the activity. Little radioactivity reached the base of fresh cuttings, but upon rooting it accumulated 4 times the percentage of 14c found in comparable non-rooting bases. In all cuttings the incorporation of 14C into starch was much greater in the mid-stem than in the base. As much as 75% of the radioactivity in rooted bases was recovered in a residue remaining after ethanol soluble substances and starch were removed. The level of starch declined continually in the base but decreased in the mid-stem only at the end of the study. The concentration of sugars in both segments was relatively constant while that of sorbitol declined markedly and was hardly detectable in rooted bases. The largest loss of carbohydrates occurred in the bases treated with IBA. The similarity in levels and trends of carbohydrate utlization in the bases of cuttings with or without leaves indicated that in this cultivar the stimulatory effect of leaves on rooting is not associated with their being a source of carbohydrates.
Uptake, Transport and Metabolism of (2-chloroethyl)trimethylammonium Chloride in Seedlings of Almond (Prunus amygdalus, Batsch.)1
Authors: Intrieri C. , Ryugo K.
Published: August 2022

Radioactivity in almond seedlings treated with (2-chloroethyl)-trimethylammonium chloride (CCC, Cycocel) labelled in the 1 and 2 positions was initially translocated acropetally from the fully expanded treated leaf to younger leaves and growing point. After 2 days, basipetal movement occurred, establishing a shoot to root gradient for 6 days after which 14C became randomly distributed within the plant. 14CO2 was evolved in the highest amount within 2 hr after application, then the rate diminished until the 4th day; the amount evolved thereafter, until the 10th day, was fairly constant. Paper chromatography of methanolic extracts disclosed 17 known amino acids and an unidentified ninhydrin-positive substance, plus malic and citric acids which were all radioactive. Two other radioactive bands which co-chromatographed with choline and 2-chloroethylamine were also detected in extracts of treated leaves. Based on these observations, a tentative pathway of Cycocel catabolism is proposed.
Endogenous Carbohydrates, Root Promoters, and Root Inhibitors in Easy- and Difficuit-to-Root Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Offshoots1,2
Authors: Reuveni O. , Adato I.
Published: August 2022

Endogenous root promoting and root inhibiting activity as measured by the mung bean bioassay showed 2 rooting promoters at Rf 0.1-0.2 and at Rf 0.3-0.5, respectively. Extracts were paper chromatographed with isopropanol: water (8:2 v/v). No clear correlation was found between rooting ability and root promoting activity. Root inhibiting activity at Rf 0.5-0.8 was higher in difficult-to-root than in easy-to-root offshoots. The total carbohydrate content was higher in easy-to-root than in difficult-to-root offshoots although the latter contained more reducing sugar.
Precooling of Citrus Fruits Prior to Simulated Transport in Ventilated Ships1
Authors: Chalutz E. , Schiffmann-Nadel Mina , Waks J. , Lattar F. S.
Published: August 2022

Precooling at -2°C for 6 - 24 hrs prior to simulated ventilated shipment reduced weight loss of citrus fruit. Weight loss from the fruit was reduced as cooling rate increased. The difference in weight loss between precooled and control fruit was maintained during simulated shipment and after storage. Precooling the fruit to temp below 0°C could adversely affect its quality and should be avoided.
Correlations of Calcium Content of ‘Baldwin’ Apples with Leaf Calcium, Tree Yield, and Occurrences of Physiological Disorders and Decay1
Authors: Drake Mack , Bramlage W. J. , Baker J. H.
Published: August 2022

Calcium (Ca) level of leaves sampled in mid- or late summer was closely related to peel Ca levels of mature apples (Malus pumila Mill. cv. Baldwin). Ca content of fruit was directly related to fruit yield of the tree, cycling with biennial bearing. In 1971 bitter pit incidence could be predicted from either leaf or peel Ca; internal breakdown and decay were less predictable. In 1972 leaf Ca and peel Ca averaged, respectively, 27 and 17% higher than in 1971, accompanying increased yield. Little bitter pit, internal breakdown, or decay occurred, even at Ca levels correlated with high incidence rates the previous year. We concluded that Ca must be only 1 among several factors regulating these occurrences.
Photosynthesis in Detached Leaves of Cold-Hardened Citrus Seedings1
Authors: Young Roger , Bell William D.
Published: August 2022

Tests of citrus seedlings exposed to a series of hardening temperatures showed that kumquat, Fortunella hindsii (Champ.) Swing., acquired more hardiness at 21°/10°C than did ‘Redblush’ grapefruit, Citrus paradisi Macf., or citron, C. medica L. After 8 weeks’ hardening kumquat was the most cold hardy; citron, the least. Leaf photosynthetic CO2 uptake decreased, and leaf diffusion resistance (sec/cm) increased with hardening in all cultivars, but did not reflect the degree of hardening attained. Stomatal closure during hardening was not caused by moisture stress. Ethylene evolution from leaves did not change during hardening of kumquat, mandarin, C. reticulata Blanco, or grapefruit, but did increase from hardened citron leaves.
Effect of the NH4+:NO3- Ratio on Net Photosynthesis of Carnation1
Authors: Green J. L. , Holley W. D.
Published: August 2022

Productivity of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.), was increased to levels attained by C4 plants, such as corn, by adjusting the ratio of ammonium to nitrate N supplied to seasonal solar radiation levels. During periods of low solar radiation, the optimum ratio was one third ammonium and two thirds nitrate N. During periods of highest solar radiation, 100% nitrate was best. At high radiant intensity, reduction of nitrate N in carnation, a C3 plant, apparently increased net CO2 assimilation (growth) by decreasing photorespiration. Nitrate reduction served as an alternate sink for excess photosynthetic energy.
The Metabolism of Abscisic Acid to a Water Soluble Complex in Apple1
Authors: Powell Loyd E. , Seeley Schuyler D.
Published: August 2022

When apple (Malus sylvestris Mill) seedlings are fed abscisic acid (ABA), a water soluble complex of ABA and glucose is rapidly formed. This may be a mechanism for inactivating ABA. Similarly, the trans isomer of ABA (trans-ABA) gives rise to a water soluble complex, which is also presumed to be a glucose complex. Apple seedlings did not convert ABA to trans-ABA during feeding experiments, suggesting that small amounts of trans-ABA occasionally found in apple seedling extracts may be artifacts.
Changes in the Vascular Morphology of Cut Rose Stems: A Scanning Electron Microscope Study1,2
Authors: Rasmussen H. P. , Carpenter W. J.
Published: August 2022

Scanning electron microscope analysis of cut rose stems revealed several types of vascular occlusions after 5 to 10 days in either water or sucrose solutions at 18°C. The number of tracheids which exhibited “blocking” at floral senescence was less than 4%. The incidence of vascular “blocking” was equivalent at the stem base, water line and neck. Breakdown of secondary tissue in the xylem was observed more frequently than other types of occlusions, but appeared only after at least 5 days. Occasionally, “blocking” materials were found protruding through the pits and end plates of tracheids. Exudate, which occasionally clogged conducting tissue at the stem base, apparently came from the phloem at the time of harvest. Other exudates, which dried immediately during the process of cutting cross sections, formed crystals which could be misinterpreted as “blocking” materials. Some tracheids in stems held in a 2% sucrose solution developed occlusions with fungal and bacterial growth or “slime plugs”. A progressive breakdown of the secondary thickening of the tracheids was found as the rose senesced. Neither leaf removal nor placement in sucrose solutions influenced the number of occlusions. The occlusions were much larger, however, after 3 days in 2% sucrose or 5-10 days in water.
Time of Gibberellin Application Determines Hardiness Response of ‘Bing’ Cherry Buds and Wood1
Authors: Proebsting E. L. , Mills H. H.
Published: August 2022

‘Bing’ cherry trees (P. avium, L.) treated with gibberellic acid (GA3) on August 22 and September 12 showed much more severe winter injury than did trees sprayed earlier or later. Fruit buds were least hardy on trees treated September 12 and October 2. Yield was reduced by all treatments with maximum effects following treatment in August to October. Fruit produced on injured trees was very firm and had exceptionally high soluble solids.
Assimilation and Translocation Patterns of Carbon-14 in the Shoot of Fruiting Pecan Trees Carya illinoensis Koch1,2
Authors: Davis Joel T. , Sparks Darrell
Published: August 2022

Assimilation and movement of 14c followed 3 patterns in the shoot and 1-year-old branch of pecan. During pattern I (bud break and leaf expansion stages), photosynthates were assimilated but not translocated from the leaves. Patterns II and III were characterized by bidirectional and basipetal translocation, respectively. When a leaf matured, initial translocation from the leaf was basipetal to other parts of the tree and acropetal to immature leaves and pistillate flowers. Bidirectional translocation from the leaf shifted to basipetal once distal leaves began to export photosynthates. Successively, as distal leaves matured, this pattern was repeated until all leaves were exporting photosynthates. Through the fruit-enlargement and shell-hardening stages, basipetal and bidirectional translocation occurred from the lower and upper leaves, respectively. As the kernel developed, the sink capacity of the fruit intensified and translocation from the more basal leaves again became bidirectional. After fruit maturity, translocation of photosynthates was basipetal from all leaves. Relationship of translocation pattern to the irregular fruiting habit of the pecan is proposed.
Effects of Date of Defoliation on Flower and Leaf Bud Development in the Peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch1
Authors: Lloyd Donald A. , Couvillon Gary A.
Published: August 2022

Three-year-old peach trees were manually defoliated on 6 successive biweekly dates starting in mid July of 1972. Approximately 30 days after treatment, flowers were forced. Flowers produced on 7/8 and 8/1 treatment trees were atypical, whereas flowers forced on 9/12 and 9/26 treatment trees were apparently normal. Defoliation on 8/15 and 8/29 produced flowers both atypical and normal types. The number of forced flowers, adjusted with trunk diameter, increased with each successive defoliation date although the number of flowers forced on any date was small. Floral abnormalities consisted of large leaf-like sepals without petioles, flowers with poorly colored petals, and exerted stigmas. Some abnormal flowers set fruit.

Vegetative bud break decreased with each successive defoliation date. Neither vegetative nor flower buds were forced when individual shoots were defoliated rather than whole trees.
Net Photosynthesis, Dark Respiration, Specific Leaf Weight, and Growth of Young Apple Trees as Influenced by Light Regime1
Authors: Barden J. A.
Published: August 2022

Eight different light treatments did not affect shoot length, leaf number, or total leaf area of young ‘Red Yorking’ apple (Malus pumila Mill.) trees grown in a greenhouse. Dry weights of leaves and stems were suppressed by 80% shade. Net photosynthesis (Pn), dark respiration (Rd), and specific leaf weight (SLW) were higher in sun than in shade leaves and adaptations in all 3 parameters occurred as a result of changing light conditions, even after leaf expansion had ceased.
Hamiltonian Truncation Effective Theory
Authors: Cohen Timothy , Farnsworth Kara , Houtz Rachel , Luty Markus
Published: August 2022

Hamiltonian truncation is a non-perturbative numerical method for
calculating observables of a quantum field theory. The starting point
for this method is to truncate the interacting Hamiltonian to a
finite-dimensional space of states spanned by the eigenvectors of the
free Hamiltonian H_0H0
with eigenvalues below some energy cutoff E_\text{max}Emax.
In this work, we show how to treat Hamiltonian truncation systematically
using effective field theory methodology. We define the
finite-dimensional effective Hamiltonian by integrating out the states
above E_\text{max}Emax.
The effective Hamiltonian can be computed by matching a transition
amplitude to the full theory, and gives corrections order by order as an
expansion in powers of 1/E_\text{max}1/Emax.
The effective Hamiltonian is non-local, with the non-locality controlled
in an expansion in powers of H_0/E_\text{max}H0/Emax.
The effective Hamiltonian is also non-Hermitian, and we discuss whether
this is a necessary feature or an artifact of our definition. We apply
our formalism to 2D \lambda\phi^4λϕ4
theory, and compute the the leading 1/E_\text{max}^21/Emax2
corrections to the effective Hamiltonian. We show that these corrections
nontrivially satisfy the crucial property of separation of scales.
Numerical diagonalization of the effective Hamiltonian gives residual
errors of order 1/E_\text{max}^31/Emax3,
as expected by our power counting. We also present the power counting
for 3D \lambda \phi^4λϕ4
theory and perform calculations that demonstrate the separation of
scales in this theory.
Early evaluation of genetic parameters in clonal propagation of bamboo species
Authors: Sousa José Raimundo Ludovico de , Souza Anderson Marcos de , Pereira Jonny Everson Scherwinski , Reis Cristiane Aparecida Fioravante , Rosa Rossana Cortelini da , Vasconcelos Alexandro Dias Martins , Raddatz Dione Dambrós
Published: August 2022

Bamboo plantation has gained great attention in Brazil due to its useful production provided to the society and the ecological, economic, social and cultural functions of these plantations. For the establishment of high productivity plantations, evaluation of germplasm and selection of superior genotypes is necessary. This work aimed at early evaluation of the genetic parameters of potential bamboo species for planting in Brasília/DF. For this purpose, a clonal test consisting of seven species was established: Bambusa oldhamii, Bambusa vulgaris, Bambusa vulgaris var. vittata, Dendrocalamus asper, Dendrocalamus latiflorus, Guadua angustifolia and Guadua chacoensis. The experiment was planted in a completely randomized block design, with three replications and fifteen plants per plot. At 360 days after planting, all individuals were evaluated for their characteristics: height of aerial part, number of sprouts, clump base area, clump coverage area and density of stalks per clump. The statistical analyses were carried out through the procedure of mixed models: Maximum Residual Likelihood/Better Non-Victimised Linear Prediction. There were significant species effects on the characteristics of the aerial part height and number of shoots, as well as high estimates of selective accuracies. Genetic parameters and genotypic values demonstrate genetic variability between species and the possibility of future gains from selection. New evaluations will be carried out annually to aim a greater knowledge of the behavior of germplasms at different ages. At the age of five (commercial court), the best genotypes will be selected for the experimental environmental conditions.
Physiological and biochemical performance of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) seeds treated with essential oils used to control phytopathogens
Authors: Vismara Lilian de Souza , Siega Thayllane de Campos , Bertoldo Edson , Mazaro Sérgio Miguel , Vismara Edgar de Souza , Rey Maristela dos Santos , Moraes Pedro Valério Dutra
Published: August 2022

This work aimed to evaluate the physiological and biochemical performance of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) seeds treated with essential oils (EOs) of citronella (Cymbopogon sp.), guaçatonga (Casearia sylvestris Sw.), melaleuca (Melaleuca sp. L.), patchouli (Pogostemon sp. Benth), and pitangueira (Eugenia uniflora L.). The experimental design was completely randomized in double factorials (5 oils × 4 doses) at different doses (10, 20, 30, and 40 μL), with an additional treatment that served as growth control (without EOs, 0 μL). In other words, the experimental design entails 5 oils × 4 doses + 1 control, with 4 replicates of 100 Grand Rapid lettuce seeds without industrial chemical treatment. The response variables were: first germination count (FGC, %), last germination count (LGC, %), germination rate (GR), normal seedlings (NS, %), abnormal seedlings (AS, %), aerial part length (APL, cm), fresh mass (mf, g), total soluble proteins content (mg•g-1), and enzyme activities of β-1,3-glucanase (UA•mg-1) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL, UA•mg-1). The lettuce plant proved to be a good reference plant for evaluations related to physiological and biochemical performance when treated with EOs. However, although treatment of lettuce seeds with EOs did not cause undesirable damages, it positively altered the physiological parameters APL and mf. All EOs affected the total proteins content and enzyme activities of PAL and β-1,3-glucanase. Therefore, EOs demonstrated the potential to activate the plant's defense mechanism to control phytopathogens. More specifically, 10 μL of citronella EO activated two plant defense mechanisms: PAL and β-1,3-glucanase activities. In addition, EOs of melaleuca (10 and 40 μL) and patchouli (20 and 30 μL) also activated PAL enzyme activity.
Resistance to frost in Arabica coffee lines introgressed with Coffea racemosa Lour. genes
Authors: Junior Valdir Mariucci , Shigueoka Luciana Harumi , Pereira Carlos Theodoro Motta , Carducci Fernando Cesar , Sera Tumoru , Sera Gustavo Hiroshi
Published: August 2022

The aim of this study was to assess resistance to frost in Arabica coffees with introgression of Coffea racemosa. The field experiment (Londrina, Paraná, Brazil) was assessed after two consecutive frosts in June 2011. Eleven F2BC5 Arabica coffee lines with introgression of C. racemosa were assessed 52 months after planting. C. arabica cultivars IAPAR 59, Tupi IAC 1669-33, Catuaí Vermelho IAC 99 and Mundo Novo IAC 376-4 were used as sensitive controls. Foliar damages assessments were carried out 20 days after exposure to freezing temperatures. Foliar damages were scored using grades ranging from 1 to 5, where: grade 1 = no damage; and 5 grade = from 75.01 to 100.00% damaged leaf area. Levels of foliar damage (e.g. no damage – very severe damages) were classified according to the mean grades of the assessments. Severe leaf damage was observed in the controls, while nine lines showed moderate damage. H0107-32 line is the most resistant to frost, and is the only one which presented slight leaf damage
Brazil plum fruit (Spondias tuberosa) stored under refrigeration with different types of packaging
Authors: Calaes Jéssica Guerra , Londe Luciana Cardoso Nogueira , Cardoso Maurício Mendes , Pereira Marlon Cristian Toledo , Dias Wlly Poliana Antunes
Published: August 2022

The objective of this work was to evaluate the use of packaging to maintain quality and extending the postharvest life of umbu tree fruits in different storage periods, stored at 14 ° C and 90% UR. The experimental design used was completely randomized, in a 4 x
4 factorial scheme, with four evaluation periods (0, 4, 8 and 12 days after storage) and four packaging systems (PET, PET with holes, PVC and LDPE), with four replicates and four fruits per experimental unit. The physical and chemical characteristics were evaluated, such as, objective color of the peel, firmness of the intact fruit, soluble solids, titratable acidity, pH and loss of fresh mass. The results were submitted to analysis of variance and regression, using the SISVAR software program. The characteristics of the quantitative factor (types of packaging) were compared by the Tukey’s test at 5% probability, while for those of the qualitative factor (storage period), the adjustment was made to the regression model. There was a significant interaction between packaging and storage periods only for loss of mass. The luminosity characteristic was significant only for the type of packaging. For the other variables such as chroma, HUE angle, firmness, titratable acidity and pH, there was no significant interaction between the factors tested, having significance only for storage period. For soluble solids, there was no significance for packaging and storage period. The PVC and PET packaging were effective in delaying the loss of mass, and withering of the fruits up to 12 days, which kept under refrigeration at 14°C. It was verified that along the storage time, physical and chemical changes occur in the umbu tree fruits.
Physiological and agronomic responses to the application of post-emergence herbicides on sweet potato cultivar selected for its potential as biofuel feedstock
Authors: Lima Dawyson de , Gonçalves Rogério Cavalcante , Campos Leonardo Jose Motta , Barreto Horllys Gomes , Silveira Márcio Antônio da , Erasmo Eduardo Andrea Lemus , Ságio Solange Aparecida
Published: August 2022

Sweet potato exhibits a prostrate growth habit, which makes weed management to be manually performed or conducted through the application of selective herbicides. Considering the absence of registered herbicides for the selective control of broad leaf weeds on the sweet potato crop, we investigated the physiological and agronomic responses of the sweet potato cultivar Duda, selected for its great potential in biofuel production, to different post-emergence herbicides. Two experiments, one conducted under field conditions and the other under controlled (potted plants) conditions, were performed under a randomized complete block design, with four replicates each. Four different herbicides, atrazine and S-metolachlor (3,5 L.ha-1), carfentrazone-ethyl (0,75 L.ha-1), fomesafen and fluazifop-P-butyl (1,8 L.ha-1) and nicosulfuron (1,25 L.ha-1), were used and the experiments were composed by five treatments with the control (no herbicide application) treatment,. Physiological indicators, including carbon assimilation, stomatal conductance, leaf transpiration rate, internal CO2 concentration, and water-use efficiency were monitored at 24 h, 48 h and 15 d after herbicides application, while agronomic evaluations were performed at 30 and 152 days from herbicide application. Application of atrazine (inhibitor of photosystem II) together with S-metolachlor (inhibitor of cell division/elongation) led to reductions on the physiological indices soon after treatment imposition but it had no effect on dry matter accumulation in the shoot, nor on the roots, not affecting the starch content, storage root productivity, and estimated ethanol production as well. In contrast, application of carfentrazone-ethyl, a protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, exerted significant negative physiological and agronomic effects, decreasing root productivity and estimated ethanol yield. We conclude that the use of atrazine in a mixture with S-metolachlor represents a suitable selective approach for the control of broad leaf weeds in sweet potato crops.
Growth and physiology of maize plants subjected to water deficit and to different brassinosteroid and azospirillum concentrations
Authors: Souza Leane Castro de , Monteiro Gabriel Gustavo Tavares Nunes , Marinho Raissa Keytth Monteiro , Souza Evelyn Fatima Lima de , Oliveira Sara Cristine Farias de , Ferreira Ana Carolina de Souza , Neto Candido Ferreira de Oliveira , Okumura Ricardo Shigueru , Silva Gilmara Pereira da
Published: August 2022

Work that demonstrates the use of brassinosteroid and azospirillum bacteria to attenuate the harmful effect of lack of water in corn is incipient. Therefore, the search for an answer that helps to understand the attenuating effect of the use of brassinosteroid and azospirillum bacteria on the physiological characteristics and growth of corn is relevant, since the water demand of the crop is high and the search for alternatives is necessary viable ways to reduce the harmful effects of water deficit. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of brassinosteroid and Azospirillum brasilence on the growth and physiology of corn plants submitted to water stress conditions. The experiment was carried out in a vegetable house with a hybrid K9606 VIP3 corn. The experiment was carried out in a vegetable house, using corn plants, the hybrid K9606 VIP3. The experimental design used was completely randomized, in a 2x2x3 factorial scheme, with six replications, totaling 72 experimental units. The first factor corresponds to two water regimes (presence and absence of water deficit). The second factor corresponds to inoculation via seed (at the time of sowing) of Azospirillum brasilense and absence of inoculation. And the third factor corresponds to the application of three concentrations of brassinosteroids (0, 0.3 and 0.6 μM Br). Plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, root dry weight, leaf and stem, relative water content, chlorophyll a, b, carotenoids, sucrose, starch and total soluble carbohydrates in the leaves and roots were determined. Chlorophyll a levels were highest in water-deficient, inoculated plants with 0.3 μM brassinosteroids. In water-deficient, inoculated plants, the carbohydrate levels were higher in plants with 0.3 and 0.6 μM brassinosteroids. Among plants that were water-deficient and inoculated, plants treated with 0.6 μM brassinosteroids had the highest relative water content. Thus, it is recommended the inoculation of seeds and application of 0.6 μM of brassinosteroids together with Azospirillum brasilense in water-deficient maize plants.
Production, forage quality and cattle performance in Paiaguas palisadegrass and Tamani grasses in different forms of animal supplementation in crop-livestock integration
Authors: Muniz Mariane Porto , Costa Kátia Aparecida de Pinho , Severiano Eduardo da Costa , Bilego Ubirajara Oliveira , Vilela Lourival , Dias Mariana Borges de Castro , Oliveira Itamar Pereira de , Assis Luiz Felipe Aprígio de , Souza Wender Ferreira de , Rodrigues Rosane Cláudia
Published: August 2022

Crop-livestock integration is the production strategy that consists of the diversification and integration of the different productive, agricultural and livestock systems, within the same area. Thus, the goal was to evaluate the production, forage quality and cattle performance in Paiaguas palisadegrass and Tamani grasses in different forms of animal supplementation in crop-livestock integration. The study was set up a randomized block experimental design, with four replicates, in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of two forages (BRS Tamani and BRS Paiaguas) and two animal supplementation strategies (mineral and protein-energy supplementation), in a crop-livestock integration system. Paiaguas palisadegrass showed higher forage production in all grazing cycles. Both forages showed satisfactory results in terms of average daily weight gain and total weight. The provision of protein supplementation to animals did not interfere with animal performance. Paiaguas palisadegrass and Tamani guinea grass showed potential in crop-livestock integration in succession to soybean and may be an alternative of quality food to be offered in the dry season. The system contributed to maintaining the sustainability of animal production on pasture.
Assessment of spatial variability of soil fertility index in a Dystrofic Yellow Latosol
Authors: Neto Antônio Lopes do Bonfim , Oliveira Francisco de Assis , Saldanha Eduardo Cezar Medeiros , Campos Pedro Silvestre , Mesquita Mario Luiz Ribeiro
Published: August 2022

The lack of knowledge about the variability of the soil fertility index often leads to the use of inadequate amounts of fertilizers for certain areas within the crop. Aiming to analyze a set of variables from the soil chemical analysis, the multivariate analysis was applied in order to condense these variables into a smaller group of factors without important information loss to create a Soil Fertility Index. Soil sampling was carried out in a total area of approximately 740 ha, with a sampling grid of 5 ha, making a total of 148 sampling points. Four factors: (1) exchangeable aluminum (Al), aluminum saturation (m%), base saturation (V%), calcium, pH, Mg and P. Al and m% (2) the CTC and OM variables (3) Fe and Mn variables and (4) B, S and Zn were extracted from the factorial analysis explaining 74.79% of the total variance of the data, which is satisfactory by the criterion of the variance percentage. The analysis showed that in the sample dataset, an intersection was occurred in the mean dataset forming three centroids which coincides with the number of properties where the set of samples was collected. The use of multivariate analysis proved to be efficient for the proposed study, since the analysis of variance could not show efficiency due to the interrelations between the variables causing bias in the results. Based on the universe analyzes studied here, approximately 97% of the sampled area presented satisfactory or high soil fertility levels, which leads to the use of reduced amounts of fertilizers in most of the growing area.
Rosmarinic acid production of Ehretia asperula Zollinger & Moritzi cell suspension cultures: effects of cell aggregate size, glucose, and chitosan
Authors: Tram Pham Thi My , Suong Ngo Ke , Tien Le Thi Thuy
Published: August 2022

Rosmarinic acid (RA) is an ester of caffeic acid and 3,4-dihydroxy phenyl lactic acid with anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, and anti-cancer properties. It has been found in some plants of the Boraginaceae and Lamiaceae families. Ehretia asperula Zollinger & Moritzi is a medicinal plant, widely distributed in some countries such as China, Vietnam, Myanmar, and Thailand. Cell suspensions were obtained by transferring 1 g of friable callus into 20 mL of B5 liquid medium supplemented with 0.4 mg/L NAA and 0.1 mg/L BA, on orbital shaker at 90 rpm in the dark. The subculture was carried out after each of 21 days along with removing brown cell aggregates. To investigate the effects of cell aggregation, glucose, and chitosan on cell biomass and RA biosynthesis, the yellow cell suspensions were transferred to a new liquid medium. The results showed that non-sieved cell aggregates produced the highest biomass and RA content of E. asperula Zollinger & Moritzi cell suspension cultures. Glucose concentrations had direct effects on RA production. An addition of 45 mg/L glucose showed a significant (1.198 fold) increase in RA yield compared with control (30 mg/L) and other concentrations. On the other hand, the optimum concentration of chitosan for enhancing RA content was found at 50 mg/L after 48 hours of treatment, with an RA concentration 1.17 times greater than the control. These findings suggested that the using of cell clusters which size more than 0.125 mm, the addition of appropriate concentrations of sugar and chitosan could stimulate RA biosynthesis of E. asperula Zollinger & Moritzi cell suspensions
Morphophysiological comparison of Schizolobium parahyba varieties seedlings cultivated under different shading levels
Authors: Epifanio Maristela Lima Figueiredo Guimarães , Sousa Hygor Gomes de Almeida , Aguiar Bruno Aurélio Campos , Silva Renata Carvalho da , Dias Camila Freire , Xavier Millena Oliveira , Souza Flávia Bezerra , Lopes Valéria Cardoso , Nascimento Vitor L. , Souza Priscila Bezerra de
Published: August 2022

Schizolobium parahyba varieties are found in both Atlantic and Amazon Forests, being considered suitable raw material for pulp, paper, pharmaceutical, and bioenergy industries. Hence, seeking to exploit the production of native seedlings adapted to adverse environments, this work aimed to evaluate seedlings growth of two S. parahyba varieties under three different shading conditions (full sunlight, 30%-shading screen, and 70%-shading screen). We carried out the experiment in full sunlight, 30% shading screen and 70% shading screen and used a commercial substrate Tropstrato Florestal ® in a factorial scheme 2x3, for 90 days. Growth and physiological (gas exchange and pigments content) parameters were assessed at the end of the experiment. In contrast to the results found for this analysis, verified by means of the IRGA measuring device, most of the growth traits differed among treatments while the photosynthetic pigments were strongly influenced by shading levels regardless of varieties. S. parahyba var. amazonicum ‘Paricá’ presented better fitting and growth under 70%-shading screen, since it displays a close physiognomy of ‘terra firma’ regions, thus being suitable for reforestation in closed-canopy forests. On the other hand, S. parahyba var. parahyba ‘Guapuruvu’ presented better responses on growth parameters under the 30%-shading screen, with potential for open forests. S. parahyba varieties present some phenotypic variation to shading levels wherein this information can be useful for this species management.