bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clinico-Demographic Profile of Covid-19 Patients Admitted in COVID- HDU and its Association with Conjunctivitis
Authors: Basnet Pragya Singh , Sharma Deepa , Singh Karki Shravya , Karki Sauhaida , Bhandari Hira Lal , Shrestha Durga
Published: January 2022

Introduction: The outbreak of coronavirus diseases 2019 (Covid-19) caused by SARS-COV-2 which started in Wuhan china led to an alarming level of spread and severity. In Nepal, the first case of COVID-19 was reported on 23.1.2020 and has become a global health crisis since then. The clinical presentation and outcome of patients with COVID-19 have been variable in different countries and therefore it is important to analyze as well as document the clinical behaviors of this disease in the local population so we have reported the clinic-epidemiological profile, outcome, and its association with conjunctivitis during the second wave of this pandemic which hit Nepal badly hoping this study will be helpful to tackle the future surges of COVID-19 as well.
Materials and Methods: This was a prospective, single-center study where the data regarding epidemiology, demography, common clinical presentation as well as management and outcome of COVID-19 Patients were retracted and analyzed.
Results: A total of 238 COVID-Positive patients were admitted out of which 60% were male and 39.9% people belonged to Dang valley itself with dyspnea (67.2%) was the commonest symptoms followed by fever in 59.7% of patients. Out of these patients 9 patients presented with ocular symptom conjunctivitis.
Conclusions: Mild conjunctivitis manifesting as conjunctival congestion is common and one of the major ocular manifestations in COVID -19 positive patients.
PARAFFIN AS PHASE CHANGE MATERIAL FOR THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE, HEATING APPLICATION
Authors:   Environmental  Engineering  Department,  College of Engineering, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq, G. Shakassi Ghufran , O. Kariem Nagam ,   Environmental  Engineering  Department,  College of Engineering, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq, J. AliAlatabe Mohammed ,   Environmental  Engineering  Department,  College of Engineering, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
Published: January 2022

Liberally accessible sun based vitality utilization for residential and mechanical applications are ruined since of its discontinuous nature. The thermal energy storage (TES) framework utilizing both sensible and inactive warm has numerous advantages like expansive warm capacity in a unit volume and its isothermal behavior amid the charging and releasing forms. Since of these focal points, in later a long time, a part of investigate work has been going on to overcome issues like moo warm exchange the rates between warm exchange liquid and stage alter fabric (PCM) in both charging and releasing forms of the PCM-based TES framework. In the present experimental investigation results of a combined sensible and latent heat TES system integrated with a varying (solar) heat source is presented. Investigations are carried out in the TES system for different phase change materials (paraffin) by varying HTF flow rates and for various paraffin mass (2, 4, and 6) kg. Experiments are performed charging processes. The results show that the 2 kg paraffin mass shows better performance compared to other paraffin mass.
CORN OIL REMOVAL BY ADVANCED OXIDATION PROCESSES IN COMPARTION WITH CASTOR AND COCONUT OILS
Authors:   Environmental  Engineering  Department,  College of Engineering, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq, S. Joodi Nada , O. Kariem Nagam ,   Environmental  Engineering  Department,  College of Engineering, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
Published: January 2022

The AOPs advanced oxidation process has been studied in three ways: (UV/H₂O₂), Fenton, and Photo-Fenton in artificial water treating from vegetable oils. The corn, castor, and coconut oils emulsion were prepared and treated by AOPs. Several variables were studied: time, pH, mixing speed, temperature, the dose of chemicals (H₂O₂ & Fe2SO4.7H2O), and finally the oil concentration. The best conditions were obtained in several experiments where the Fenton and Photo-Fenton process operates in an acidic medium (pH = 3.5), while the UV/H₂O₂ process operates with the neutral medium (pH = 7). The optimum temperature for the Photo-Fenton and UV/H₂O₂ processes is 40°C, and for the Fenton process is 20°C. While there was an effect of mixing speed, higher efficiency was achieved at (1000 rpm) for the Photo-Fenton process and (500 rpm) for the Fenton and UV/H₂O₂ processes. Also, the H₂O₂ concentration was at (500 mg/L) for all processes, when the Fe2SO4.7H2O concentration for the photo-Fenton process = (50 mg/L), and for the Fenton process = (250 mg/L). Oil concentration = (1750 mg/L). Optimum conditions were applied to treat vegetable oils, the Fenton process gave a maximum removal efficiency of 95.2% for corn oil (COD 12800 to 610 mg/L), 94.5% for castor oil, while 57.5% for coconut oil after the total reaction time (180 minutes). The Photo-Fenton process gave removal efficiencies: 93% for corn oil (COD 12500 to 870 mg/L), 83.8% for castor oil, and 61.6% for coconut oil. The UV/H₂O₂ process gave removal efficiencies: 69.8% for corn oil, 32% for castor oil, and 23.4% for coconut oil after the total irradiation time. As real wastewater, the treatment was acceptable and achieved an efficiency of 44.7%, 89.2%, and 83.8% for the UV/H₂O₂, Fenton, and Photo-Fenton processes, respectively.
EFFECT OF WASTE MATERIALS ON CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO FOR GRANULAR BASE
Authors:   Highway and Transportation  Engineering  Department,  College of Engineering, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq, H. Rasheed Jleel , A. Alkaissi Zainab ,   Highway and Transportation  Engineering  Department,  College of Engineering, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq, A. Hassan Hanan ,   Highway and Transportation  Engineering  Department,  College of Engineering, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
Published: January 2022

It is known that paving is a system with multiple layers and the strength of each layer is reflected on the entire pavement. Two kinds of materials are used as the base layer, and the materials are divided into ordinary traditional granular materials and recycled materials such as foundry sand. This paper presents the results of laboratory tests in the laboratory and discusses the effect of each of the materials and foundry sand and its effect as a stabilizer on the strength of the substrate and as a stabilizer. Also, a comparison is made between the changes that occur in the base layer Cast sand treated and compared with untreated. A mixture of foundry sand with graded natural aggregate according to certain sizes is used as a stabilizer in proportions (5, 10 and 15) %. The treated and untreated base layer is compared in terms of strength. The base layer material is a traditional base material taken from the Nabaie quarry. Samples are made of three replicates of each possible group. Samples were prepared and subjected to a compressive strength CBR test. The obtained results indicate an increase in the resistance of the base material when using FS at a rate of (5%) with a treatment period of 4 days, while a ratio of 10% gave the highest resistance in a treatment period of 14 days, and these ratios gave more resistance than the untreated samples without the additive.
THE PUSHOUT STRENGTH OF CONCRETE PAVEMENT SLAB AND CLAY SOIL LAYERS
Authors:   Highway and Transportation  Engineering  Department,  College of Engineering, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq, D. Ghanim Sattam , ѕ. Banyhussan Qais ,   Highway and Transportation  Engineering  Department,  College of Engineering, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq, А. Aboaljus Thulfiqar ,   Highway and Transportation  Engineering  Department,  College of Engineering, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
Published: January 2022

The frictional forces between the concrete slab and base has been combined with the movements of the horizontal slab that have been induced by variations of the moisture and temperature in concrete slabs. The frictional drag that acts on the slab bottom as a result of base friction is in an opposite horizontal slab displacement direction, and resist movements of the horizontal slab. A condition of smoother interface provides lower resistance to slab movement. On the other hand, rough interfaces are beneficial in the reduction of the load-related stresses. As bonding degree between slab and foundation affects the friction that has been mobilized at interface, a realistic evaluation of friction of the interface is required for the rational designs of the concrete pavement. In this work, push-off test has been performed. Based upon results of the friction tests, the friction characteristics of concrete and soil have been researched. The parameters that influence the maximal displacement and friction coefficient are (interface state, rate of movement) for friction and (rate of movement, interface condition) for the displacements, respectively. Finally, once the applied force reaches a stable state, the frictional force increases dramatically. The most important influence on this force is the interface state, which is accompanied by movement rate. The change of the interface from a smooth to a rough surface increases the overall coefficient of friction.
REVIEW: MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF HEAVY METALS REMOVAL FROM PETROLEUM REFINERY WASTEWATER
Authors:   Environmental  Engineering  Department,  College of Engineering, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq, A. Gadooa Zainab , N. Abbas Mohammed ,   Environmental  Engineering  Department,  College of Engineering, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
Published: January 2022

Adsorption is a commonly used procedure in environmental applications in the chemical industry. In comparison proposed mathematical models to explain batch adsorption as it relates to isotherms and kinetics, fixed-bed or column adsorption has a dearth of models to describe and forecast. While the latter is the most common alternative in practice. The current analysis begins with a brief overview of basic concepts and mathematical models used to characterize batch adsorption's mass transfer and isotherm behavior, which dominates Natural adsorption behavior in columns. Following that, the commonly used models for predicting the breakthrough curve, such as the Clark, Thomas, Adams-Bohart, and Yoon-Nelson models, are fleetingly discussed from a mathematical and process perspective. Their fundamental characteristics are also discussed, including their benefits and intrinsic flaws. This analysis can aid those who are involved in adsorption in columns in selecting or developing a correct and realistic model for their research and applications.
HEAVY METALS (Pb+2, Ni+2, Zn+2) REMOVAL FROM WASTEWATER USING LOW COST ADSORBENTS: A REVIEW
Authors:   Environmental  Engineering  Department,  College of Engineering, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq, J. Shamkhi Hibatallah , K. Hussein Tamara ,   Environmental  Engineering  Department,  College of Engineering, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
Published: January 2022

Pollution with heavy metal ions lead, zinc and nickel resulting from industrial wastewater for various industries such as electroplating industry, batteries, metal refining mines and other factories which discharge into the environment causing damage and pollution to the environment, living organisms, and the majority of heavy metals carcinogenic due to its high toxicity and its containment of dangerous chemicals. Potential danger to human health in all forms by ingestion, inhalation, or skin contact pose by heavy metals ions such as lead, nickel, zinc, and others. To prevent hazards, they must be removed before disposal by different methods such as ion- exchange, chemical separation, filtration, membrane separation, and adsorption. The purpose of this research is to review different low cost adsorbent materials to remove heavy metal ions lead, zinc and nickel from wastewater.
REMOVAL OF HEAVY METALS FROM REFINERIES WASTEWATER
Authors:   Environmental  Engineering  Department,  College of Engineering, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq, J. Shadhan Zainab , N. Abbas Mohammed ,   Environmental  Engineering  Department,  College of Engineering, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
Published: January 2022

In this study, the adsorption method was investigated for removing vanadium (V+5), nickel (Ni+2) and cadmium (Cd+2) ions from aqueous solutions contaminated with these metals, which simulate the polluting metals of the liquid wastewater of oil refineries in three Iraqi refineries, namely the Kirkuk refinery - Kirkuk governorate in northern Iraq, and the Doura refinery - Baghdad in central Iraq and Al-Shuaiba refinery in Basra Governorate, southern Iraq. Three types of pre-prepared common adsorbents were used, which are activated carbon, alumina, and white eggshells in a batch mode unit. The results obtained from the study showed that 5 was the best acidic function (pH) for removing vanadium and cadmium by using all adsorbent materials, while the acidic function with a value of 6 was the optimum in the case of nickel. Likewise, the equilibrium concentration with the activated carbon only reached 150 ppm for vanadium and cadmium and 100 ppm for elemental nickel. The nickel equilibrium concentration reached 90 and 75 ppm using alumina and white eggshells respectively. The equilibrium concentrations of vanadium were 100 for the rest of the substances. The results obtained also showed that increasing the agitation speed leads to enhancing the removal efficiency within less than 400 rpm and with a best contact time was 150 minute under ambient temperature and with an amount of adsorbent ranged between 0.3 - 0.7 g of different adsorbent.
Idiulūjiyyah wasāʼil al-iʽlām al-jamāhīriyyah al-Indūnisiyyah ʽibar al-internet fi naql akhbār aş-şirāʽ as-siyāsī fī asy-syarq al-awsaţ
Authors: Faisol Yufni , Hadi Syofyan , Reflinaldi Reflinaldi
Published: January 2022

This study aims to explore the forms of information reproduction in online mass media, with specific issues on Middle East conflicts. The present study adopts a qualitative descriptive model. The data were collected from the news reports on the Syrian conflicts by some leading online news platforms such as Republika, Kompas and Tempo. The data were taken from January to October 2018 and were analyzed using the qualitative analysis stages of the Miles and Huberman model. The research findings indicate that each mass media has differences in reproducing Middle East conflict information, in terms of their data source and point of view of news reporting. Republika tends to take the opposition's point of view to the Syrian government so that it puts the United States and its allies as its main subject. On the contrary, Kompas departed from the point of view of sympathy for the Syrian government and its allies, jeopardizing the United States and its allies in reporting. The third media, Tempo, takes the point of view of narrating events chronologically and focuses a lot on humanitarian issues in the news they deliver.
Contemporary Changes and Uses of Adat in Gayo Society, Indonesia
Authors: Arfiansyah A.
Published: January 2022

By employing ethnographic methods, this research seeks to provide answer on what has changed in Gayo adat law, particularly after the Aceh government formalized adat law and adat institution? How is the adat being utilized by the Gayonese? What does adat serve for? This paper updates the discourse on Gayonese adat that has been extensively studied by John R. Bowen. Unlike Bowen’s study that focused on adat family law, this article explores both adat family law and adat penal law to observe the development of adat comprehensively. This research was conducted in Gayo society inhabiting both Central Aceh and Bener Meriah district, and it observes a new development of adat that is different from Bowen’s observation. It argues that Adat family law has transformed from being separated from Islam and state (as observed by Bowen) into being integral to the implementation of Islamic teachings in the community. Adat is currently being used to maintain the harmony and unity of kinship. For that purpose, Gayonese makes independent Islamic legal reasonings where conclusion is framed within the context of Islam, although at a glance it appears deviance from the standard Islamic law. Meanwhile, adat penal law which is recently revived by the state is functioned for different purposes by different actors. For activists, adat is important for social transformation, while for the state, adat is used to support legal enforcement at the village.
Contextualization of The Istiṣḥāb Wa Sadd Al-Żarī’ah Towards Islamic Economic Practices in Indonesia
Authors: Adinugraha Hendri Hermawan , Fahrodin Fahrodin , Mujaddid Ade Yusuf
Published: January 2022

Istiṣḥāb wa sadd al-żarī’ah are two methods of legal decision making in Islam among other methods, whose application always rests on the concept of maṣlahāt. This study describes how the application of istiṣḥāb wa sadd al-’arī’ah to contemporary economic problems in Indonesia. This research is a research library. Data sources are literature or come from various literatures, including books, journals, newspapers, documents, etc. which are relevant to the contextualization of istiṣḥāb wa sadd al-żarī’ah in Islamic economic practices in Indonesia. Data collection techniques in this study used editing, organizing, and finding. Data analysis in this study used deductive and interpretive methods. The results showed that the method of istiṣḥāb wa sadd al-żarī’ah is still very relevant for contextualizing Islamic law in Indonesia in the midst of efforts to oppose social change in facing the challenges of the times, especially in fields related to social and economic practices in Indonesia. Its application still refers to the objectives of Islamic law (maqāṣid al-syarī’ah) and always takes into account the values of mafsadāt and maṣlahāt in istinbaṭ al-hukm.
The Using of Maslahah Mursalah Method as Hujjah
Authors: Idris Muh. , Pratama Finsa Adhi , Muthalib Lian Mulyani
Published: January 2022

After the death of the Prophet Sallallahu 'alaihi Wasallam, all the problems of Muslims are submitted to the scholars to look up for solutions from texts. The scholars are required to perform ijtihad in order to solve the problems arised by digging into the values of the text of the Qur'an and Hadith, in which the ijtihad will develop into ijtihad bir-ra'yi if the solutions cannot be found in the texts. There have been numerous methods used to deeply explore the laws such as ijma', qiyas, as well as istidlal like Istishab, Maslahah Mursalah, Al-Ihtihsan, Qoulu Shohaby, Syadd ad-Dzaro'i, Dilalah al-Iqtiran, Dilalah al-Ilham, Ru'yan of Prophet Sallallahu ‘alaihi Wasallam, and Syar’u Man Qoblana. All decisions from Allah Ta'ala definitely has the benefit value as it is impossible for Allah Ta'la to make a decision that is in vain. Starting from these values then born the Istimbath which is Maslahah Mursalah law. So, this discussion focuses on the meaning of maslahah mursalah, the background for the birth of the maslahah mursalah method, the division of maslahah mursalah, and the validity of maslahah mursalah as istidlal in ushul fiqh. This study uses literature review method by relying on the strength of references and strong analysis of literacy texts. The conclusion that can be drawn from this discussion is that maslahah mursalah is something that is beneficial for humans as the goal of syara'. There are differences of opinion regarding the position of maslahah mursalah in Islamic law, in which some accept it and some reject it to be used as hujjah. However, the two of them met at the point that the groups that reject is the maslahah that only based on lust and mind, they do accept maslahah as hujjahif it is in line with what is required by syara'.
Adherence and Beliefs to Adjuvant Hormonal Therapy in Patients with Breast Cancer: A Cross-Sectional Study (Conference Paper) #
Authors: Saad Anwar Habeeb , Rabeea Ihsan , Salih Haider
Published: January 2022

Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women over the world. To reducing reoccurrence and mortality rates, adjuvant hormonal therapy (AHT) is used for a long period. The major barrier to the effectiveness of the treatment is adherence. Adherence to medicines among patients is challenging. Patient beliefs in medications can be positively or negatively correlated to adherence. Objectives: To investigate the extent of adherence and factors affecting adherence, as well as to investigate the association between beliefs and adherence in women with breast cancer taking AHT. Method: A cross-sectional study included 124 Iraqi women with breast cancer recruited from Middle Euphrates Cancer Center. Morisky medication adherence scale (MMAS) and beliefs about medication questionnaires (BMQ) are used to assess adherence and beliefs respectively. Result: 25% of women were fully adherent (MMAS = 8). 83.06% of all women developed side effects from medications received. Side effects and unemployed women were significantly associated with non-adherence. Additionally, there is no significant association between beliefs in medications and adherence. conclusion The enormous percent of poor adherence caused by side effects suggests the need for interventions by educating patients about the importance of their treatment and how to overcome side effects.
Evaluation of Community Pharmacists Knowledge, Attitude and Practice towards Modified Release Dosage Forms
Authors: Albassam Noor Yousif , Mohammed Amenah , Murtada Suhair
Published: January 2022

Purpose:To evaluate knowledge, practice and attitude of community pharmacists in Basra regarding modified release dosage forms which are widely used for many therapeutic purposes in pharmacy practice.

Methods:The current study was conducted among certified pharmacists in Basra governorate- south of Iraq. Data collection was carried out by a questionnaire.

Results:A total number of 175 community pharmacists responded to the questionnaire. The majority worked in OTC based dispensing pharmacies located in the center of the city. Most respondents missed K1 and were unable to state the difference between different types of modified products. There was a major positive agreement towards medical representatives' rule in promoting the prescribing of modified release products by physicians. Avoiding crushing and breaking of solid oral modified release drugs were identified by the majority of participants. Correlation analysis showed a 22.8 correlation coefficient between knowledge and attitude which was statistically significant. Males showed statistically significant higher knowledge and practice scores than females.

Conclusions:The conduction of a brief educational program would be very beneficial in bringing basic theoretical knowledge with practicing points of interest and promote a more positive attitude toward this unique class of novel drug delivery system.
Comment on Whither The First New Nation?
Authors: Wright James
Published: January 2022

The period between 1963 and the present had been profoundly-troubling to the nation and to the centrist portion of its intellectual class; the “dismal story” of those fifteen years caught them off guard. As Michael Rogin has observed, by the early 1950’s it seemed apparent that FDR, the New Deal, and World War II has stabilized American capitalism; certainly, the war had solidified America’s preeminent position on the world political stage; and the Cold War and McCarthyism had successfully throttled the last vestiges of leftist agitation. Aided by the GI Bill and the promise of an ever-expanding national income pie, the nation had settled down to the serious business of building a suburban middle class life, and with it a conservative and consensus-minded national ideology. Such residual traces of political rancor as survived the war were laid to rest (or so it seemed) by the Eisenhower victory of 1952, and there was, at the time, serious scholarly speculation about the possibility (perhaps inevitability) of a permanent Republican majority. The intellectual catchphrases of the era are instructive: it was the “Age of Affluence” and the “End of Ideology.”
Tocquevillean Perceptions of Equality: Some Comments on Caplow’s Report from Middletown
Authors: Hazelrigg Lawrence E.
Published: January 2022

Between 1815 arid 1850, hundreds of men and women journeyed to the United States not as immigrants but as investigators seeking first-hand knowledge of the “giant new nation” of North America. Many of these visitors later published accounts in description, and sometimes explanation, of what they had seen and heard. Tocqueville’s Democracy in America comes quickly to mind, of course; but there were other studies by other visitors, though their names are now less familiar to us. Harriet Martineau, for instance, came lu the United States in 1834. remained nearly two full years, and then wrote a two-volume study of (The Theory and Practice of) Society in America (1837), plus a retrospect of her western travels (1838; also see 1877: I, 329-409). Michel Chevalier’s perceptive study of the emerging industrial economy (1836) was based on his tour of inspection during the years 1833-35. Domingo Faustino Sarmiento. early social scientist and future President of Argentina, visited in 1847 and then published an account of his travels and a study of education in the United States (1866; 1909). And there were many others. Of all these accounts, however, only Tocqueville’s became the celebrated “classic”. Soon after its first appearance in France, Henry Reeve prepared an English edition for publication in London and. with a special introduction by John Canfield Spencer, in New York. In each country Democracy in America was received with great acclaim. No less a figure than John Stuart Mill (1840:3) pronounced it “the first philosophical book ever written on Democracy, as it manifests itself in modern society; … the beginning of a new era in the scientific study of politics”. First notices in the United States were nearly as laudatory: an essay in the July 1836 issue of North American Review, attributed to Edward Everett, regarded “this work now before us, as by far the most philosophical, ingenious and instructive, which has been produced in Europe on the subject of America.”
An Optimistic View of France
Authors: Mendras Henri
Published: January 2022

“What kind of society is France?” people ask. “A disoriented society,” is a reply. Yet one of our major journalists recently remarked that “France is a Sleeping Beauty.” The year 1978 was one of uncertainty and questioning in Parisian intellectual circles. The questions were a curious echo of Tocqueville’s 130-year-old reflection on the outcome of the February Revolution: “Arc we going to end simply in that kind of intermittent, chronic and incurable anarchy, that well-known malady of old societies?”
In Memoriam
Authors: Parsons Talcott
Published: January 2022

Talcott Parsons died in Germany on May 8th, 1979, at the age of 76. All of us at the Society owe an intellectual debt to Talcott Parsons, who tried to develop a systematic way for the cross structural and cross cultural comparisons between total societies. Not only through his talent as a scholar but also through his kindness as a human being, his courage in the face of incomprehension and hostility, his modesty in the face of renown, he has given all social scientists a model to imitate. Those of us who knew him personally were always amazed how much he was aware of subtle trends in American society, even though he led a quiet scholarly life, devoid of drama, but not devoid of personal tragedy.
Whither The First New Nation
Authors: Lipset Seymour
Published: January 2022

The First Nation is a product of the early 1960s. Appearing in 1963, before the assassination of President Kennedy, it obviously did not deal with the sources and consequences of the prolonged series of political disasters and protest reactions which the United States faced from November 22, 1963 on. Those bygone almost bucolic days of the New Frontier, when America saw itself as the prosperous leader of the Free World, now seem like an almost ancient era.
Les relations entre politiques et militaires en France de l’Ancien Régime à nos jours
Authors: Martin Michel-Louis
Published: January 2022

Dans tout système social, la tension entre d’une part les managers de la violence année, qui à ce titre participent de l’essence étatique, et d’autre part les autorités politiques responsables de l’administration de l’Etat, est presque toujours accentuée par l’évolution contrastée des valeurs dont procèdent la société et le corps militaire. Rarement synchiones en effet, ces normes ainsi que les comportements et les solidarités qu’elles induisent, apparaissent du côte des armes en avance ou bien en retard par rapport à l’ensemble social parent. La France n’échappe pas à cette tendance quand elle n’en est pas l’illustration meme, où de manière continue, les forces armées ont servi de refuge aux tenants de principes plus ou moins en opposition aux pouvoirs publics et à la société. Ainsi, par exemple, les troupes royales sous I’Ancicn Régime passent-elles pour le lieu d’accueil privilégié d’une noblesse souvent nostalgique du moyen-âge et des modes féodaux d’organisation sociale. Sans imaginer remettre en cause la légitimité capétienne, elles se démarquaient cependant plus ou moins consciemment de l’effort de construction de l’Etat moderne entrepris par la monarchie. Au contraire, à la suite de la Révolution et pendant la première moitié du XIXe siècle, l’armcc est considérée sous l’Empire et plus encore sous la Restauration et la Monarchie de Juillet comme regrettant confusément les principes républicains avec d’ailleurs les possibilités de promotions rapides qu’ils impliquaient : le souci de la police de surveiller les officiers comme autant de conspirateurs potentiels montre qu’à l’époque ils faisaient figure de menace pour l’ordre établi. Par un revirement caractéristique, l’institution militaire s’affirme et se perçoit sous le Second Empire et la Troisième République comme plus conservatrice, refuge pour des officiers d’origine aristocratique ou se prétendant tels, qui y voient une façon de servir la France sans se compromettre avec le régime politique. Après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, cl avec l’avènement progressif d’un assez large consensus dans la société française autour de quelques valeurs politiques, économiques et sociales, le rôle de l’armée comme site d’opposition au nom d’idées autrefois en honneur et désormais contestées, s’atténue. Elle n’en demeure pas moins un espace où un certain nombre de principes tels que la défense de la nation et l’esprit de sacrifice, se trouvent préserves.
Canada After the Referendum
Authors: McRoberts Kenneth
Published: January 2022

With the résulte of last October’s referendum. Canada crossed a thrcshold. Quebec sovereignty was transformai from a hypothctical but remotc possibilité to a real prospect. As Qucbcckers and Canadians outside Québec now scramble to comprchend this new State of affaire. and to defme the appropriatc courses of action, they are finding themselves caught up in an excecdingly complex and contradictory proccss.
Les rapports armée-Etat-société dans les démocraties libérales
Authors: Boëne Bernard
Published: January 2022

Le problème des relations entre civils et militaires est au moins aussi vieux que la pensée politique : on le trouve évoqué chez Platon, au Livre III de La République. Il s’est pose longtemps en des termes qui le restreignent à une question : comment assurer la subordination du pouvoir militaire au pouvoir souverain légitime ? Ccst dire que cette question, celle du contrôle de la force militaire par ceux qui exercent le pouvoir civil suprême, n’est pas particulière aux seules démocraties libérales : elle dérive de la nature des choses.
The Social Construction of Peacekeeping by U.S. Soldiers
Authors: Segal David R.
Published: January 2022

Armics arc instruments of national sovereignty and hâve historically fulfilled the major funclions of interna! social control, defense of national territory. and projection of force beyond national borders in support of national policy. While armed forces hâve frcqucntly been callcd upon lo exécute other kinds of operations, thèse thrcc funclions hâve provided a sensé of meaning to soldicrs regarding their mission. The mission was to préparé for. and if necessary to fight and win their counlrics’ wars. This rôle has been reinforced by historical accounts, by childrcn’s games, and by literary and visual media interprétations. In periods characterized by absence of internai threats. cxtcrnal cncmics, and justifications for force projection to protcct allies or national interests, soldiers hâve felt that they didn’t hâve a mission, and nations hâve questioned their need for standing military forces, and hâve frequently demobilized (The cycles of mobilization and demobilization in the United States are described in Scgal. 1989).
Les Elections Américaines : Quelques considérations sur le Passé et l’Avenir
Authors: Toinet Marie-France
Published: January 2022

La vie politique américaine, pour être moins passionnante — et passionnée — qu’aux époques de crise aiguë qu’ont été le Vietnam et le Watergate, n’en demeure pas moins fascinante. Dans cette période relativement plus calme que vivent actuellement les Etats-Unis, l’étude de l’opinion américaine, dans ses attitudes et ses comportements, et de son influence sur le fonctionnement des institutions permet de voir dans quelle mesure une société politique, dans un pays développé est capable de seréformer.
Comment
Authors: Sennett Richard
Published: January 2022

The preceeding essay of Michel Crozier presents a problem of the most pressing significance : how can images of authority have altered so much more rapidly in the last twenty years than the conditions of power ? Early in his essay, Crozier states this imbalance succinctly
French Images of American Life
Authors: Wylie Lawrence
Published: January 2022

When we decided to study the image of American life that confronts French students in their schoolbooks our procedure seemed simple: The fifteen thousand textbooks available in the Musée Pédagogique on the rue d’Ulm in Paris contained the answer. However, we did not know how fortunate we were to be able to carry out our research. In the Fall of 1979 it was decided that facilities for computers were most important for the Institut national de recherche pédagogique, so they were installed in place of the books, which were packed away in boxes and stored in a warehouse, no longer available to the public. Sarella Henriquez had completed the basic research for our project just in time! This development explains why this report is based on all the schoolbooks published before the fatal date!
Review of George Ross: Workers and Communism in France; From Popular Front to Eurocommunism
Authors: Lange Peter
Published: January 2022

Recent years have seen a revival in the study of the political economies of the advanced industrial democracies. While the new catchwords in comparative politics — ungovernability, overload, corporatism — have generally had a theoretical scope extending well beyond the confines of relations between the state and organized and less organized economic interests, much of the empirical work has concentrated on these relations. This shift of themes in the study of the advanced industrial democracies, however, has disclosed a major lauft in the subsoil on which good comparative analysis of political economic relations and performance will have to be built There is no shortage of “data” with which to conduct broad statistical analyses: the library stacks containing the publications of the O.E.C.D., I.L.O. and the like have become a second home for many of those concerned with the new political economy. What have been lacking have been the monographical studies of trade unions and employers associations, their strategies and goals, their internal institutional processes and their relations with political parties and governments in different national) settings. Yet, without such monographs, hopefully informed by broader theoretical concerns, the comparative statistical studies fall prey to the risk of barren abstraction and of providing us with superficially valid, but fundamentally uninformed and/or flawed propositions about causal relationships.
Decentralization in Socialist France: a Strategy for Change
Authors: Godt Paul J.
Published: January 2022

Since coming to power two years ago, the Socialists have been actively and persistently engaged in carrying out the promised major reform of local government, so long restrained by the traditions of the centralized administrative state. Although French history is rich with critiques (and apologies) of Jacobinism, its resilience over the centuries suggests that it is a deeply rooted feature of French political culture. Recent studies conclude that authoritarian centralism has been less inflexible than is often argued. Reforms have been attempted, although these were mostly sporadic, fragmentary, and conservative; centralization changed, but was not supplanted.
It’s Time to Change the Atlantic Alliance
Authors: Krauss Melvin
Published: January 2022

Public opinion polls indicate that West Europeans continue to share values with the U.S. and have no illusions concerning the Soviet threat or what life is like under a Communist government. At the same time, an unmistakable and disturbing trend toward neutralism, pacifism and accommodation of the Soviet Union exists today in Western Europe.
Commentary
Authors: Kesselman Mark
Published: January 2022

Paul Godt provides a competent, thorough, and judicious account of what surely ranks among the Socialist government’s major reforms. Godt carefully restricts himself to describing rather than analyzing the significance of the reforms. Too carefully, in my opinion. For example, he concludes that the decentralization reforms are “both the structural translation of important social changes under way and the key to further evolution.” But I wish that he would have speculated about which of the two tendencies may predominate. And how might the reforms orient the future evolution of French society? Because Godt mostly describes the background of the reforms and their broad features, he never guite fulfills the promise of his provocative sub-title.
Hollywood and America: the Odd Couple
Authors: Lichter Linda S. , Lichter S. Robert , Rothman Stanley
Published: January 2022

Conservatives and liberals harmonize on few issues, but they are. at least, equally vehement in criticizing television entertainment. On the liberal side, women and minority groups claim that television’s unflattering portrayals of them perpetuate negative stereotypes. Conservatives object to the loose morality which they view as undermining the traditional American values of family, hard work, and patriotism. And myriad groups, from the PTA to the National Institute of Mental Health, worry that pervasive television violence is breeding aggressive individuals or even criminals.
Stability on one Continent: Costs, Risks and Benefits of the American Connection in Europe
Authors: DePorte Anton
Published: January 2022

One might think some Americans have become bored with the stability of Europe.
France in 1968: a Breakdown of the Welfare State
Authors: Carpenter Luther P.
Published: January 2022

In France, the student demonstrations of March-April 1968 exploded into the immense worker strikes of May-June. These were not ordinary strikes; they were an outburst, an émeute that shook the foundations of French society.
Vulnerability to Climate Change of “Giant Squid” (Thysanoteuthis rhombus) Fishery in Marinduque, Philippines
Authors: De Chavez Paloma , Calderon Gilda Joannah , Santos Sherwin , Vera Cruz Emmanuel , Santos Mudjekeewis
Published: January 2022

The Philippine fisheries sector has been affected by the impacts of climate change. Vulnerability to climate change pertains to a natural system's ability to cope with the negative impacts of climate change, variability, and extremes. Vulnerability Assessment (VA) provides a framework for climate change impacts evaluation over a broad range of systems. Tools such as Fisheries Vulnerability Assessment Tool (Fish Vool) have been developed to do VA. The "giant squid" diamondback (Thysanoteuthis rhombus) fishery in the province of Marinduque is an essential source of food and livelihood in the area. However, its vulnerability to climate change impacts has not been assessed. In this study, the "giant squid" fishery in Gasan, Marinduque, was assessed using Fish Vool. Results revealed that overall climate change vulnerability of the fishery is high, where both sensitivity and adaptive capacity are medium while exposure is high. Overall, the study provided a better understanding of the "giant squid" fishery vis-à-vis climate change and provided information for future fisheries management and conservation in the province.
India, Russia and Iran: a New Study on “North — South” International Transport Corridor
Authors: Belov (Yurtaev) V. I. , Binish .
Published: January 2022

The International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) has made impressive progress in making boat, street, and rail courses that transport cargo between India, Iran and Russia and countries of the European Union and Central Asia. It connects India Ocean, Iran, the Persian Gulf nations, through the nations of the Caucasus and Central Asia with Russia and mainland Europe. This task was a reaction to Eurasian coordination, “Extraordinary Eurasian Partnership” (Russia, 2011) including “One Belt, One Road” (China, 2013) and The Silk Road. By rethinking the Integration and Economic Potential of the INSTC and its importance for the partaking nations, it is feasible to utilize the rationale of the aggregate game plan of the Eurasian space in light of a legitimate concern for all member states. However, the first trail train via INSTC, departing from Helsinki on June 21, 2021, arrived at its destination at twice the speed of the existing Suez Canal route, proving the timeliness and competitiveness but missing rout in Iran Rasht-Astara railway line still remain the challenging problem for the Iranian government as well as for India and Russia.
Digital Syria: Myth or Reality
Authors: Kozhevnikov K. I.
Published: January 2022

The article presents the rationale for the author’s vision of activating one of the intensive tools of economic recovery in the Syrian Arab Republic  – digitalization. It is shown that the restoration with the help of “traditional” methods – strengthening of foreign economic activity - for Syrian Arab Republic is very limited by Western sanctions. Therefore, it is important to search for non-traditional ways, which is technically possible in modern conditions. The author believes that this is also possible in practice.
Effectiveness of Post-Operative Exercises on Upper Limb Function among Clients with Modified Radical Mastectomy at selected Cancer Hospitals, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
Authors:   Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, Mamata College of Nursing, Telangana, India
Published: January 2022

Objective: The study was conducted to assess the Effectiveness of Post-Operative Exercises on Upper Limb Function among Clients with Modified Radical Mastectomy at selected Cancer Hospitals, Hyderabad, Telangana. Study objectives were to (i) Assess the upper limb function among the clients with Modified Radical Mastectomy before the intervention. (ii) Demonstrate post-operative upper limb function exercises to the clients with breast cancer posted for Modified Radical Mastectomy. (iii) Assess the effectiveness of post-operative exercises on upper limb function among clients with Modified Radical Mastectomy. (iv) Find out the association between the upper limb function among clients with Modified Radical Mastectomy and selected variables. Methodology: Quantitative evaluative research approach was used for this study. The study was conducted at selected cancer hospitals, Hyderabad, Telangana. Pre-test post-test group only design adopted. The sample comprised of 30, 15 sample taken as experimental group,15 sample taken as experimental group. Sample was selected by purposive sampling technique. The data was collected by observational checklist. Results: The results revealed that pretest mean score was 64.03 and after intervention the post-test mean score was 57.16 there was a significant difference between the pre-test and post test scores from day 1 to day 5 of the clients at the level of p= 0.05, computed ‘t’ value is more than table value hence null hypothesis was rejected. The obtained’ value was 8.15, found greater than ‘t’ table value. Conclusion: The study concluded that most of the sample was improved upper limb function from day 1to day 5. There is a significant difference between pretest and post- test scores, The findings point out that demonstration of teaching programme would improve the upper limb function of clients with Modified Radical Mastectomy.
The Dermal Sinus: About 29 Cases and Review of the Literature
Authors: Bouchenaki F.
Published: January 2022

The term spina includes several types of congenital malformations including closed spinal dysraphisms, among these 10% are dermal sinuses.Our series includes 29 patients, the majority of which were asymptomatic, but these can present with different clinical pictures including neurological and / or infectious signs indicating a neglected dermal sinus and which therefore requires urgent treatment in the environment. Neurosurgical.MRI confirmed the diagnosis showing the dermal sinus tract communicating from the surface of the skin to the intra-dural space.Once the diagnosis has been made, surgical treatment becomes imperative and urgent because, despite the benignity of the lesion, the majority of which are located in the lumbar region, can lead to formidable neurological sequelae compromising the functional prognosis or even the vital prognosis in some cases.All of our patients were operated on and we obtained 90% good results, however we deplore one case of aggravation and one death.
Angiosarcoma of the Scalp: A Case Report
Authors: H Bekralas
Published: January 2022

Angiosarcomas also called hemangioendothelia, are rare and highly malignant vascular tumors of mesodermal origin, they represent 08-10% of cancers and can affect any part of the body.Angiosarcoma mainly affects the skin, the face is the preferred topography in adults, it remains exceptional in children, with a predilection for the mediastinum and pericardium,The angiogenesis of angiosarcomas is still poorly understood; However, chronic lymphedema and exposure to prolonged radiotherapy are blamed. Total surgical excision is the treatment of choice in localized forms, followed by chemotherapy. pre- and post-operative radiotherapy may be necessary.New studies have shown the effectiveness of beta blockers (propranolol) in the management of angiosarcomas.The prognosis depends on the age of the patient, the size of the tumor, the histological grade and the extent of tumor progression.