bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Polysomnography in patients with post‐traumatic stress disorder
Authors: Yetkin Sinan , Aydin Hamdullah , Özgen Fuat
Published: May 2010

Aims:  The purpose of the present study was to investigate sleep structure in post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patients with and without any psychiatric comorbidities. The relationship between sleep variables and measurements of clinical symptom severity were also investigated.

Methods:  Sleep patterns of 24 non‐medicated male PTSD patients and 16 age‐ and sex‐matched normal controls were investigated on polysomnography on two consecutive nights. Six PTSD‐only patients and 15 PTSD patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) were also compared to normal controls. Sleep variables were correlated with PTSD symptoms.

Results:  Compared to the normal controls, the PTSD patients with MDD had difficulty initiating sleep, poor sleep efficiency, decreased total sleep time, decreased slow wave sleep (SWS), and a reduced rapid eye movement (REM) sleep latency. The PTSD patients without any comorbid psychiatric disorders had moderately significant disturbances of sleep continuity, and decreased SWS, but no abnormalities of REM sleep. REM sleep latency was inversely proportional to the severity of startle response. SWS was found to be inversely correlated with the severity of psychogenic amnesia.

Conclusions:  PTSD patients have disturbance of sleep continuity, and SWS deficit, without the impact of comorbid depression on sleep. The relationship between SWS and the inability to recall an important aspect of trauma may indicate the role of sleep in the consolidation of traumatic memories. The relationship between the severity of the startle response and REM latency may suggest that REM sleep physiology shares common substrates with the symptoms of PTSD.
A three‐year follow‐up study of the psychosocial predictors of delayed and unresolved post‐traumatic stress disorder in Taiwan Chi‐Chi earthquake survivors
Authors: Su Chao‐Yueh , Tsai Kuan‐Yi , Chou Frank H‐C. , Ho Wen‐Wei , Liu Renyi , Lin Wen‐Kuo
Published: May 2010

Aims:  To predict the longitudinal course of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in survivors three years following a catastrophic earthquake using multivariate data presented six months after the earthquake.

Methods:  Trained assistants and psychiatrists used the Disaster‐related Psychological Screening Test (DRPST) to interview earthquake survivors 16 years and older and to assess current and incidental psychopathology. A total of 1756 respondents were surveyed over the three‐year follow‐up period.

Results:  A total of 38 (9.1%) of the original 418 PTSD subjects and 40 of the original 1338 (3.0%) non‐PTSD subjects were identified as having PTSD at the 3‐year post‐earthquake follow up. Younger age, significant financial loss, and memory/attention impairment were predictive factors of unresolved PTSD and delayed PTSD.

Conclusions:  The longitudinal course of PTSD three years after the earthquake could be predicted as early as six months after the earthquake on the basis of demographic data, PTSD‐related factors, and putative factors for PTSD.
Utility of the Japanese version of the Checklist for Autism in Toddlers for predicting pervasive developmental disorders at age 2
Authors: Koyama Tomonori , Inokuchi Eiko , Inada Naoko , Kuroda Miho , Moriwaki Aiko , Katagiri Masatoshi , Noriuchi Madoka , Kamio Yoko
Published: May 2010

We evaluated the utility of the Japanese version of the Checklist for Autism in Toddlers for predicting pervasive developmental disorders (PDD) among 2‐year‐old children in clinical settings. Confirmed diagnosis revealed that the pass rate on four items (social interest, proto‐imperative pointing, proto‐declarative pointing and joint‐attention) was significantly lower in 52 PDD children than in 48 non‐PDD children, and if abnormal development was reported in two or more items, the sensitivity, specificity, and positive/negative predictive values for PDD diagnosis were 0.85, 0.73, and 0.77/0.81, respectively. This simple screening tool can provide valuable information to clinicians when diagnosing PDD.
Correlations between alexithymia and pain severity, depression, and anxiety among patients with chronic and episodic migraine
Authors: Yalug Irem , Selekler Macit , Erdogan Ayten , Kutlu Ayse , Dundar Gulmine , Ankaralı Handan , Aker Tamer
Published: May 2010

Aims:  Some studies have found elevated alexithymia among patients with chronic pain, but the correlations between alexithymia and the severity of pain, depression, and anxiety among migraine patients are unclear. The aims of the present study were to investigate whether individuals suffering from episodic migraine (EM) differ from those with chronic migraine (CM) in regards to depression, anxiety, and alexithymia measures and to investigate the association of alexithymia with the results of depression and anxiety test inventories and illness characteristics.

Methods:  A total of 165 subjects with EM and 135 subjects with CM were studied. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), State–Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS) were administered to all subjects. The correlation between alexithymia and sociodemographic variables, family history of migraine and illness characteristics (pain severity, frequency of episode, duration of illness) were evaluated.

Results:  Compared with EM patients, the CM patients had significantly higher scores on measures of depression but not alexithymia and anxiety. There was a positive correlation between TAS scores and age and education in both migraine groups, but there was no correlation between TAS scores and other demographic variables. Depression and anxiety were significantly correlated with alexithymia in both migraine groups.

Conclusion:  Our results indicate that CM patients are considerably more depressive than EM patients. In this study, depression and anxiety were significantly correlated with alexithymia in both migraine groups. Our results demonstrate a positive association between depression, anxiety, and alexithymia in migraine patients.
Impact of marker dye on adult eclosion and flight ability of mass produced Queensland fruit fly Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Authors: Dominiak Bernard C , Sundaralingam Selliah , Jiang Laura , Jessup Andrew J , Barchia Idris M
Published: May 2010

Sterile Queensland fruit flies Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) (Diptera: Tephritidae) are commonly marked with fluorescent dye to assist with subsequent identification after release and recapture. The impact of dye on adult eclosion and flight ability was tested using eight concentrations of dye (Swada, Fiesta Astral Pink) from 0 to 4.5 g/L of pupae. There was no significant difference in eclosion rates between undyed pupae (control) and pupae dyed at a concentration of 1.0 g/L. For dye concentrations of 1.5–4.5 g/L, adult eclosion rates declined from 85.7% to 77.4% and were significantly different from the control. Flight ability indices ranged from 92.1% to 83.3%. There was no significant difference in flight ability between control pupae and those dyed at 1.0 g/L and 3.5 g/L pupae, but other pupae from other dye concentrations were significantly different from the control. Pupal weight ranged from 8.3 to 10.2 mg and there was no significant relationship between pupal weight and adult eclosion or flight ability.
Bocathrips okajimai gen. et sp. n. (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae), an Australian fungus‐feeding thrips
Authors: Goldarazena Arturo
Published: May 2010

A new genus and species of Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae, Bocathrips okajimai, is described from dead branches in the Australian Capital Territory, Australia. This thrips is unusual in having a remarkably long‐mouth cone but very short maxillary stylets. The species presumably feeds on fungal hyphae growing on dead branches.
Evaluation of existing and new insecticides including spirotetramat and pyridalyl to control Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on peppers in Queensland
Authors: Kay Iain R , Herron Grant A
Published: May 2010

Insecticides are used by growers to control Frankliniella occidentalis (western flower thrips) in Australian vegetable crops. However, limited information was available on the efficacy of some insecticides used against F. occidentalis and data on new insecticides that could be included in a resistance management program were required. The efficacy of 16 insecticides in controlling F. occidentalis was tested in four small plot trials in chillies and capsicums. Spinosad, fipronil and methamidophos were effective against adults and larvae. Spirotetramat had no efficacy against adults but was very effective against larvae. Pyridalyl was moderately effective against larvae. Methidathion showed limited effectiveness. Abamectin, amorphous silica, bifenthrin, chlorpyrifos, dimethoate, emamectin benzoate, endosulfan, imidacloprid, methomyl and insecticidal soap were not effective. Laboratory bioassays on F. occidentalis collected from the field trials showed resistance to bifenthrin but not to the other insecticides tested. The trials demonstrated that some insecticides permitted for use against F. occidentalis are not effective and identified a number of insecticides, including the new ones spirotetramat and pyridalyl, that are effective and that could be used to manage the pest within a resistance management program.
Minimum Wages and Trainers' Dilemma
Authors: Eguchi Kyota
Published: May 2010

This paper examines how a minimum wage, viewed as an incentive to trainers, would affect the informal help provided through on‐the‐job training. In the work environment, experienced employees play a significant role in training new employees. However, the more help they provide to trainees, the less likely that the trainers themselves will be promoted. This is the trainer's dilemma: help trainees or work for promotion. We show that a minimum wage alleviates the trainer's dilemma, as it increases the earnings of non‐promoted workers and reduces the net benefit of promotion for experienced employees. Hence, minimum wage regulation encourages informal help and enhances welfare, although it reduces the firm's profit.
DECENTRALIZED TRADE MITIGATES THE LEMONS PROBLEM*
Authors: Moreno Diego , Wooders John
Published: May 2010

In markets with adverse selection, only low‐quality units trade in the competitive equilibrium when the average quality of the good held by sellers is low. We show that under decentralized trade, however, both high‐ and low‐quality units trade, although with delay. Moreover, when frictions are small, the surplus realized is greater than the (static) competitive surplus. Thus, decentralized trade mitigates the lemons problem. Remarkably, payoffs are competitive as frictions vanish, even though both high‐ and low‐quality units continue to trade, and there is trade at several prices.
INFLATION AND VARIETY*
Authors: Dong Mei
Published: May 2010

Economies undergoing high inflation often experience a reduction of product variety in the marketplace. Existing models study how inflation affects quantity, but very few have studied how inflation affects variety. In a monetary model with explicit microfoundations, I analyze how inflation affects variety as well as quantity. I consider two pricing mechanisms—bargaining and price posting with directed search. I show that inflation reduces both quantity and variety under both pricing mechanisms. Quantitatively, the model implies that the total welfare cost of 10% inflation ranges from 4.77% to 8.4% under bargaining and is 1.52% under price posting.
USING ELICITED CHOICE PROBABILITIES TO ESTIMATE RANDOM UTILITY MODELS: PREFERENCES FOR ELECTRICITY RELIABILITY*
Authors: Blass Asher A. , Lach Saul , Manski Charles F.
Published: May 2010

When choice data are not available, researchers studying preferences sometimes ask respondents to state the actions they would choose in choice scenarios. Data on stated choices are then used to estimate random utility models, as if they are data on actual choices. Stated and actual choices may differ because researchers typically provide respondents less information than they would have in actuality. Elicitation of choice probabilities overcomes this problem by permitting respondents to express uncertainty about behavior. This article shows how to use elicited choice probabilities to estimate random utility models and reports estimates of preferences for electricity reliability.
PATENT POOLS AND CROSS‐LICENSING IN THE SHADOW OF PATENT LITIGATION*
Authors: Choi Jay Pil
Published: May 2010

This article develops a framework to analyze the incentives to form a patent pool or engage in cross‐licensing arrangements in the presence of uncertainty about the validity and coverage of patents that makes disputes inevitable. It analyzes the private incentives to litigate and compares them with the social incentives. It shows that pooling arrangements can have the effect of sheltering invalid patents from challenges. This result has an antitrust implication that patent pools should not be permitted until after patentees have challenged the validity of each other's patents if litigation costs are not too large.
POSITIVE SELF‐IMAGE IN TOURNAMENTS*
Authors: Santos‐Pinto Luís
Published: May 2010

This article analyzes the implications of worker overestimation of productivity for firms in which incentives take the form of tournaments. Each worker overestimates his productivity but is aware of the bias in his opponent's self‐assessment. The manager of the firm, on the other hand, correctly assesses workers' productivities and self‐beliefs when setting tournament prizes. The article shows that, under a variety of circumstances, firms can benefit from worker positive self‐image. The article also shows that worker positive self‐image can improve welfare in tournaments. In contrast, workers' utility declines due to their own misguided choices.
THE BROTHER‐IN‐LAW EFFECT*
Authors: Levine David K. , Weinschelbaum Federico , Zurita Felipe
Published: May 2010

When a firm is forced to pay abnormally high wages, hiring transfers rents. This effectively endows the employer with the ability to grant favors, and he may wish to do so even at some cost to efficient production. We refer to this as the brother‐in‐law effect. This article analyzes its consequences. When the brother‐in‐law effect is due to unionization, decisions regarding both the number and type of workers employed could be inefficient; overemployment could obtain even relative to the workforce that would be employed without unionization. We also identify cases in which nepotism improves efficiency.
Work Sample Exams and Gender Adverse Impact Potential: The influence of self‐concept, social skills, and written skills
Authors: Roth Philip L. , Buster Maury A. , Barnes‐Farrell Janet
Published: May 2010

We clarify the existing literature on gender differences in work sample exams by disentangling such differences on work sample exams from other predictors (e.g., situational judgment tests). In fact, we note that there are only two articles specifically related to gender differences in work sample exams. Based on theory and literature from social psychology, neuropsychology, and applied psychology, we propose that the three constructs of self‐concept, social skills, and writing skills are likely to influence work sample gender differences. We tested our hypotheses on two samples of managers. We found in one instance that males scored higher on a technical exercise, but there was stronger support for females, on average, scoring higher on exercises that involved social skills and on exercises that involved writing skills. Work samples that targeted a broad array of knowledge, skills, and abilities were associated with higher overall scores for females (ds of −.37 and −.34) and, thus, were unlikely to be associated with gender‐based adverse impact against females.
Task‐Based Assessment Centers: Empirical support for a systems model
Authors: Jackson Duncan J. R. , Stillman Jennifer A. , Englert Paul
Published: May 2010

Task‐based assessment centers (TBACs) have been suggested to hold promise for practitioners and users of real‐world ACs. However, a theoretical understanding of this approach is lacking in the literature, which leads to misunderstandings. The present study tested aspects of a systems model empirically, to help elucidate TBACs and explore their inner workings. When applied to data from an AC completed by 214 managers, canonical correlation analysis revealed that extraversion, abstract reasoning, and verbal reasoning, conceptualized as inputs into a system, explained around 21% of variance in manifest assessment center behavior. Behavior, in this regard, was found to consist of both general and situationally specific elements. Results are discussed in terms of their support for a systems model and as they pertain to the literature on TBACs.
Is the Political Skill Inventory Fit for Personnel Selection? An Experimental Field Study
Authors: Blickle Gerhard , Schnitzler Annalisa K.
Published: May 2010

The political skill inventory (PSI) assesses social effectiveness in organizations by self‐reports and has demonstrated strong evidence of validity. It was the purpose of this experimental field study to investigate construct and criterion‐related validity of the PSI when used under conditions of personnel selection. In the experimental group (n=102), the instructions asked job incumbents to work on the PSI, a social desirability scale, and a Big‐Five personality inventory as if they took part in a personnel selection procedure for a personally very attractive position. Additionally, they were asked to report yearly income. In the control group (n=110), job incumbents were asked to answer the items honestly. As expected, in both conditions, the PSI did not correlate with social desirability, but it correlated positively with extraversion, conscientiousness, and income, and negatively with neuroticism, thus demonstrating construct and incremental criterion‐related validity under both conditions. Implications and limitations are discussed.
Who's Posting Facebook Faux Pas? A Cross‐Cultural Examination of Personality Differences
Authors: Karl Katherine , Peluchette Joy , Schlaegel Christopher
Published: May 2010

This study examines culture and personality differences in student reports of the likelihood that they would post various types of information on their Facebook profiles. As predicted those high on conscientiousness, agreeableness, and emotional stability proved significantly less likely to report posting problematic content (e.g., substance abuse, sexual content) on their profile. Those who scored high on Compulsive Internet Use indicated a greater likelihood to post such profile information. Consistent with our expectations, our cross‐cultural analysis revealed that US students were more inclined than German students to post problematic information to their Facebook site. Implications of these results and recommendations for future research are discussed.
Interpersonal Relationship Orientations, Leadership, and Managerial Level: Assessing the practical usefulness of the FIRO‐B in organizations
Authors: Ahmetoglu Gorkan , Chamorro‐Premuzic Tomas , Furnham Adrian
Published: May 2010

This paper investigated whether interpersonal relationship orientation, as measured by the Fundamental Interpersonal Relationship Orientations‐Behaviour (FIRO‐B), predicts ratings of leadership capability and managerial level of attainment. In all, 547 participants reported their managerial level in their organization, and were rated by trained consultants on their leadership capability. Results showed that several scores on the FIRO‐B positively predicted ratings of leadership capability and managerial level reached even after controlling for the effect of intelligence and demographic variables. This study provides some initial evidence for the validity of the FIRO‐B in the prediction of perceptual and objective measures of leadership capability. Implications for selection and assessment are discussed.
How do infants utilize radial optic flow for their motor actions?: A review of behavioral and neural studies
Authors: SHIRAI NOBU , YAMAGUCHI MASAMI K.
Published: May 2010

Radial optic flow is one of the crucial cues for the perception of motion‐in‐depth and contributes to our daily adaptive actions such as locomotion or postural control. Although many researchers have examined the development of radial motion perception and that of adaptive motor actions, no valid developmental model for visuo‐motor coordination has been proposed. In the present study, we tried to propose a developmental framework for the interactive process between visual radial motion perception and the adaptive motor actions in infancy, with a brief review of the previous psychophysical, psychophysiological, and neurophysiological studies. The effect of the functional development of the posterior parietal cortex, which might be induced by the experiences of ego motion in particular developmental periods, on visuo‐motor coordination was discussed.
Brain mechanisms of visuomotor transformation based on deficits in tracing and copying
Authors: OGAWA KENJI , NAGAI CHIYOKO , INUI TOSHIO
Published: May 2010

The neural mechanisms underlying visuomotor transformation are examined based on deficits in tracing and copying, as well as functional neuroimaging studies. The developmental process of copying and tracing, as well as lesion studies with adults showing disability in drawing, are reviewed, then two experiments are introduced. In Experiment 1, a behavioral analysis of copying and tracing by individuals with Williams Syndrome (WS) was presented. In Experiment 2, the brain activity involved in copying and tracing was measured in normal adults using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Based on these findings, we propose a model of visuomotor transformation to explain the neural basis of tracing and copying, as well as to provide a possible neural mechanism underlying the copying deficits and closing‐in phenomenon observed in WS.
Generalization in motor adaptation: A computational perspective on recent developments
Authors: TANAKA HIROKAZU
Published: May 2010

Every day offers a series of new events that have never been encountered, and one must face those by utilizing or generalizing skills acquired through past experiences. This article surveys recent developments in computational studies of how a motor skill acquired in one context or workspace generalizes to that in another during and after motor adaptation. Experiments on motor adaptation have examined various aspects of human motor control, so conventional modeling efforts have correspondingly taken diverse approaches that are specifically designed for individual experiments. Contrastingly, in the last few years, more principled and systematic computational approaches have begun to explain a variety of experimental findings in a unified and coherent way. These approaches are based on statistical approaches such as Bayesian inference and optimal feedback control, taking into consideration the fact that states of body and environments are not static but inherently stochastic. The present status and some future outlooks of the field will be argued.
Antihypertensive treatment during pregnancy and functional development at primary school age in a historical cohort study
Authors: Pasker‐de Jong PCM , Zielhuis GA , van Gelder MMHJ , Pellegrino A , Gabreëls FJM , Eskes TKAB
Published: May 2010

Please cite this paper as: Pasker‐de Jong P, Zielhuis G, van Gelder M, Pellegrino A, Gabreëls F, Eskes T. Antihypertensive treatment during pregnancy and functional development at primary school age in a historical cohort study. BJOG 2010;117:1080–1087.

Objective  To determine the functional development of children born after treatment of mild‐to‐moderate gestational hypertension with labetalol versus methyldopa, and no antihypertensive treatment.

Design  Historical cohort study.

Setting  Twelve Dutch hospital departments of obstetrics.

Population  Live‐born children born in these hospitals and prenatally exposed to labetalol, methyldopa, or bed rest because of mild‐to‐moderate gestational hypertension.

Methods  Central nervous system development was measured with standard tests at 4–10 years of age. Linear regression techniques and Pearson’s chi‐square tests were used to compare the groups with regard to the outcome measures.

Main outcome measures  Intelligence quotient (IQ), concentration, motor development, and behaviour at primary school age.

Results  A total of 202 children were included in the analyses. More children exposed to labetalol had attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) than those exposed to methyldopa (OR 2.3; 95% CI 0.7–7.3), or those born to women who had been admitted for bed rest (OR 4.1; 95% CI 1.2–13.9). Sleeping problems seemed to be reported more frequently after prenatal methyldopa exposure than after exposure to labetalol (OR 3.2; 95% CI 0.6–16.7) or bed rest (OR 4.5; 95% CI 0.9–23.2), although the differences were not statistically significant. Test scores on other aspects of functional development did not differ between the three groups.

Conclusions  In this hypothesis‐generating study, labetalol exposure in utero seemed to increase the risk of ADHD among children of primary school age, whereas prenatal methyldopa exposure might influence sleep. Further studies with appropriate sample sizes are warranted to determine the long‐term effects of antihypertensive medications.
Idiopathic ovarian vein thrombosis: A rare cause of pelvic pain – Case report and review of literature
Authors: STAFFORD Meghan , FLEMING Tina , KHALIL Akram
Published: May 2010

Ovarian vein thrombosis is a condition most commonly identified in the puerperium and in association with malignancy, pelvic infections, surgery and thrombophilia. We report a case of idiopathic ovarian vein thrombosis and therefore highlight the importance of considering the diagnosis in women presenting with lower abdominal pain, in whom more common diagnoses cannot be identified.
Giving Birth in Two Maternity Hospitals in Lithuania
Authors: Chalmers Beverley , Jeckaite Dalia
Published: May 2010

Abstract:  Background:  In many hospitals in former Soviet countries, traditional Soviet perinatal policies remain in place, although in others reforms have been introduced. This study explores women’s experiences during labor and birth in two Lithuanian maternity hospitals. The hospitals differed in that one (S) followed traditional Soviet era maternity practices whereas the other (P) had been exposed to World Health Organization‐Euro practices and policies with respect to more up‐to‐date evidence‐based and family‐centered care.

Methods:  Consecutive women giving birth in the two maternity hospitals were asked to participate in a survey. Completed responses were obtained from 416 women in one hospital (P) and 304 in the other hospital (S) representing 92.4 and 67.5 percent response rates, respectively.

Results:  Rates of interventions in both hospitals were similarly high with, however, P hospital being more likely to be sensitive to women’s psychosocial needs, such as being allowed to eat and drink more often during labor, and to have their husband or partner with them for labor and birth.

Conclusion:  It appears that in Lithuania, as in many parts of the world, introducing changes to the clinical care of birth takes time, and psychosocial changes may be easier to introduce than alterations in clinical practice. (BIRTH 37:2 June 2010)
Prevalence, Outcome, and Women’s Experiences of External Cephalic Version in a Low‐Risk Population
Authors: Rijnders Marlies , Offerhaus Pien , Van Dommelen Paula , Wiegers Therese , Buitendijk Simone
Published: May 2010

Abstract:  Background:  Until recently, external cephalic version to prevent breech presentation at birth was not widely accepted. The objective of our study was to assess the prevalence, outcomes, and women’s experiences of external cephalic version to improve the implementation of the procedure in the Netherlands.

Methods:  A prospective cohort study was conducted of 167 women under the care of a midwife with confirmed breech presentation at a gestational age of 33 completed weeks or more.

Results:  Between June 2007 and January 2008, 167 women with a confirmed breech presentation were offered an external cephalic version. Of this group, 123 women (73.7%, 95% CI: 65.5–80.5) subsequently received the version. These women had about a ninefold increased probability of a cephalic presentation at birth compared with women who did not undergo a version (relative risk [RR]: 8.8, 95% CI: 2.2–34.8). The chance of a vaginal birth after an external cephalic version was almost threefold (RR: 2.7, 95% CI: 1.5–5.0). The success rate was 39 percent, although considerable differences existed associated with region and parity. Ninety‐four percent of women with a successful version rated it as a good experience compared with 71 percent of women who had a failed version (p = 0.015). Significant pain during the version was experienced by 34 percent of women, of whom 18 percent also experienced fear during the version, compared with no women who reported little or no pain (p = 0.006). Women who reported significant pain or fear during the version experienced the version more negatively (OR: 6.0, 95% CI: 3.3–12.2 and OR: 2.7, 95% CI: 1.1–6.0, respectively).

Conclusions:  One in every four women with a breech presentation in independent midwifery care did not receive an external cephalic version. Of the women who received a version one third experienced significant pain during the procedure. Considerable regional variation in success rate existed. (BIRTH 37:2 June 2010)
Media Representations of Pregnancy and Childbirth: An Analysis of Reality Television Programs in the United States
Authors: Morris Theresa , McInerney Katherine
Published: May 2010

Abstract:  Background:  Reality‐based birth television programs in the United States warrant close analysis because many women watch these shows to learn about birth. The purpose of this study was to understand how reproduction and birth are portrayed in these shows. We hypothesized that women’s bodies are displayed as inferior and in need of surveillance and that this inferiority of the female body is solved through technology and a medical approach to birth.

Methods:  We performed a content analysis of 85 reality‐based birth television shows, depicting 123 births, aired in the United States on Discovery Health and The Learning Channel in November 2007.

Results:  The study hypotheses were largely supported. Women’s bodies were typically displayed as incapable of birthing a baby without medical intervention. The shows also lacked diversity in the representations of birthing women and, in particular, overrepresented married women and heterosexual women.

Conclusions:  This research suggests that reality‐based birth television programs do not give women an accurate portrayal of how women typically experience birth in the United States, nor are the shows consistent with evidence‐based maternity practices. (BIRTH 37:2 June 2010)
Factors Influencing the Infant Feeding Decision for Socioeconomically Deprived Pregnant Teenagers: The Moral Dimension
Authors: Dyson Lisa , Green Josephine M. , Renfrew Mary J. , McMillan Brian , Woolridge Mike
Published: May 2010

Abstract:  Background:  The importance of breastfeeding‐related health outcomes in reducing inequalities in health has been recognized as a National Health Service target to increase initiation rates especially among disadvantaged groups in England. This study examined the psychosocial factors influencing infant feeding intention among pregnant teenagers expecting their first baby and living in deprived urban areas in England.

Methods:  A mixed methods study, using a quantitative questionnaire based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour, was conducted in four English regions with predominantly white and Asian teenagers (n = 71). This method identified which of all known Theory of Planned Behaviour variables were the most important in influencing feeding intentions. Focus groups provided contextual insight into the meaning of these variables for white pregnant teenagers living in a northern English inner city (n = 17).

Results:  Moral norms were identified as the most predictive variable influencing teenage intention to formula feed or breastfeed. The likelihood that breastfeeding “will be embarrassing” was the only attitudinal belief rated as significantly important in influencing teenage intention to breastfeed. Three overarching themes emerged from the focus group data: “moral norms,”“sexuality of the breast,” and “self‐esteem,” with concerns relating to breastfeeding in public cutting across all themes.

Conclusions:  Breastfeeding was viewed as a morally inappropriate behavior by most of these teenagers, with formula feeding being perceived as the appropriate behavior. Existing breastfeeding promotion activities are likely to continue to fail to reach teenagers experiencing deprivation in England in the absence of effective strategies to change the underlying negative moral norms toward breastfeeding. (BIRTH 37:2 June 2010)
Environmental Assessment of Wood‐Based Biofuel Production and Consumption Scenarios in Norway
Authors: Bright Ryan M. , Strømman Anders Hammer , Hawkins Troy R.
Published: May 2010

In Norway, the boreal forest offers a considerable resource base, and emerging technologies may soon make it commercially viable to convert these resources into low‐carbon biofuels. Decision makers are required to make informed decisions about the environmental implications of wood biofuels today that will affect the medium‐ and long‐term development of a wood‐based biofuels industry in Norway. We first assess the national forest‐derived resource base for use in biofuel production. A set of biomass conversion technologies is then chosen and evaluated for scenarios addressing biofuel production and consumption by select industry sectors. We then apply an environmentally extended, mixed‐unit, two‐region input−output model to quantify the global warming mitigation and fossil fuel displacement potentials of two biofuel production and consumption scenarios in Norway up to 2050. We find that a growing resource base, when used to produce advanced biofuels, results in cumulative global warming mitigation potentials of between 58 and 83 megatonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents avoided (Mt‐CO2‐eq.‐avoided) in Norway, depending on the biofuel scenario. In recent years, however, the domestic pulp and paper industry—due to increasing exposure to international competition, capacity reductions, and increasing production costs—has been in decline. In the face of a declining domestic pulp and paper industry, imported pulp and paper products are required to maintain the demand for these goods and thus the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of the exporting region embodied in Norway's pulp and paper imports reduce the systemwide benefit in terms of avoided greenhouse gas emissions by 27%.
Liesegang rings in an apocrine hidrocystoma: a case report and review of literature
Authors: Gilchrist Heidi M. , Wick Mark R. , Patterson James W.
Published: May 2010

Liesegang rings represent an in vivo chemical precipitation phenomenon representing a potential diagnostic pitfall for misdiagnosis as parasitic infections. These acellular patterns of lamellar concretions are rare in human tissue. The authors report a case of Liesegang rings observed within an intradermal apocrine hidrocystoma and review the literature for reports of these structures, with particular emphasis on mucocutaneous lesions.

Gilchrist HM, Wick MR, Patterson JW. Liesegang rings in an apocrine hidrocystoma.
PAX8 discriminates ovarian metastases from adnexal tumors and other cutaneous metastases
Authors: Fujiwara Mika , Taube Janis , Sharma Mima , McCalmont Timothy H. , Kim Jinah
Published: May 2010

Background: The distinction of metastatic ovarian carcinoma from other metastatic carcinomas and primary adnexal lesions in the skin is often difficult. PAX8 is a transcription factor that plays a critical role in development of the Müllerian system and has been shown to be a useful discriminatory marker between ovarian and breast carcinomas. Identification of ovarian cutaneous metastases may be of benefit in patients with familial breast‐ovarian carcinoma syndrome.

Methods: PAX8 immunohistochemical analysis was performed on 24 cases of metastatic adenocarcinomas to the skin and compared with 7 cases of primary adnexal lesions and also compared with p63 immunohistochemical staining results. Patients with metastatic adenocarcinomas had clinically documented primary malignancies, and patients with primary adnexal carcinomas had no known history of another adenocarcinoma.

Results: Cutaneous ovarian and renal cell carcinoma metastases (2/2 and 8/8, respectively) showed positive nuclear expression of PAX8. PAX8 immunohistochemical staining in primary adnexal and other cutaneous metastases was completely negative (0/7 and 0/16, respectively). The p63 expression profile supported the distinction between adnexal and metastatic adenocarcinomas.

Conclusions: Although cutaneous ovarian metastasis is a rare phenomenon, the prognosis is extremely poor. PAX8 expression is a useful marker that effectively discriminated metastatic ovarian carcinomas from metastatic breast carcinomas and primary adnexal tumors.

Fujiwara M, Taube J, Sharma M, McCalmont TH, Kim J. PAX8 discriminates ovarian metastases from adnexal tumors and other cutaneous metastases.
Accounting for Respondent Uncertainty to Improve Willingness‐to‐Pay Estimates
Authors: Moore Rebecca , Bishop Richard C. , Provencher Bill , Champ Patricia A.
Published: May 2010

In this paper, we develop an econometric model of willingness to pay (WTP) that integrates data on respondent uncertainty regarding their own WTP. The integration is utility consistent, there is no recoding of variables, and no need to calibrate the contingent responses to actual payment data, so the approach can “stand alone.” In an application to a valuation study related to whooping crane restoration, we find that this model generates a statistically lower expected WTP than the standard contingent valuation (CV) model. Moreover, the WTP function estimated with this model is not statistically different from that estimated using actual payment data suggesting that, when properly analyzed using data on respondent uncertainty, CV decisions can simulate actual payment decisions. This method allows for more reliable estimates of WTP that incorporate respondent uncertainty without the need for collecting comparable actual payment data.

Dans le présent article, nous avons élaboré un modèle économétrique d’estimation qui internalise l’incertitude des répondants quant à leur propre consentement à payer. L’internalisation est fidèle à la notion «d’utilité»; il n’a pas été nécessaire de transformer les variables ni de calibrer les réponses des répondants avec des paiements réels. L’application de la méthode n’est donc pas dépendante d’autres données ou méthodes. Dans une étude d’évaluation sur le rétablissement de la grue blanche d’Amérique dans laquelle ce modèle a été utilisé, nous avons trouvé que le consentement à payer attendu était statistiquement plus faible que celui obtenu à l’aide de la méthode d’évaluation contingente standard. Par ailleurs, la fonction de consentement à payer estimée à l’aide de ce modèle n’est pas statistiquement différente de celle estimée à l’aide de paiements réels. Cette observation autorise à penser que, lorsque le modèle tient compte des données sur l’incertitude des répondants, les décisions obtenues à l’aide de la méthode d’évaluation contingente peuvent simuler les décisions obtenues à l’aide de paiements réels. Cette méthode permet d’obtenir des estimations du consentement à payer plus fiables, lesquelles intègrent l’incertitude des répondants sans la nécessité de collecter des données comparables de paiements réels.
Evaluation of Creep-Fatigue Damage for Hot Gas Duct Structure of the NHDD Plant
Authors: Lee Hyeong-Yeon , Song Kee-Nam , Kim Yong-Wan
Published: May 2010

Evaluation of creep-fatigue damage has been carried out for the hot gas duct (HGD) structure in the nuclear hydrogen development and demonstration (NHDD) plant. The core outlet and inlet temperature of the NHDD plant are 950°C and 490°C, respectively. Case studies on high temperature design codes of the draft code case for Alloy 617, ASME boiler and pressure vessel code section III subsection NH (ASME-NH), and RCC-MR were carried out for the inner tube of the HGD for the candidate materials of Alloy 617 and Alloy 800H. Technical issues in application of the draft code case to a high temperature structure are discussed for the Alloy 617 material. Code comparison between the ASME-NH and RCC-MR for Alloy 800H has been carried out. The candidate material of the outer pressure boundary (cross vessel) of the HGD is Mod.9Cr-1Mo steel. The damage evaluation, according to the ASME-NH and RCC-MR for the cross vessel of Mod.9Cr-1Mo steel, has been conducted and their results were compared.
Parametric FEA Study of Burst Pressure of Cylindrical Shell Intersections
Authors: Xue L. , Widera G. E. O. , Sang Z.
Published: May 2010

In an earlier paper (2009, “Burst Pressure of Pressurized Cylinders With the Hillside Nozzle,” ASME J. Pressure Vessel Technol., 131(4), p. 041204), an elastic-plastic large deflection analysis method was used to determine the burst pressure and fracture location of hillside cylindrical shell intersections by use of nonlinear finite element analysis. To verify the accuracy of the finite element results, experimental burst tests were carried out by pressurizing test vessels with nozzles to burst. Based on the agreement between the numerical simulations and experimental results of Wang et al. (2009, “Burst Pressure of Pressurized Cylinders With the Hillside Nozzle,” ASME J. Pressure Vessel Technol., 131(4), p. 041204), a parametric study is now carried out. Its purpose is to develop a correlation equation by investigating the relationship between various geometric parameters (d/D, D/T, and t/T) and the burst pressure. Forty-seven configurations, which are deemed to cover most of the practical cases, are chosen to perform this study. In addition, four different materials are employed to verify that the proposed equation can be employed for different materials. The results show that the proposed equation resulting from the parametric analysis can be employed to predict the static burst pressure of cylindrical shell intersections for a wide range of geometric ratios.
The Spanwise Dependence of Vortex-Shedding From Yawed Circular Cylinders
Authors: Hogan James D. , Hall Joseph W.
Published: May 2010

Simultaneous measurements of the fluctuating wall pressure along the cylinder span were used to examine the spanwise characteristics of the vortex-shedding for yaw angles varying from α=60 deg to α=90 deg. The Reynolds number based on the diameter of the cylinder was 56,100. The results indicate that yawing the cylinder to the mean flow direction causes the vortex-shedding in the wake to become more disorderly. This disorder is initiated at the upstream end of the cylinder and results in a rapid decrease in correlation length, from 3.3D for α=90 deg to 1.1D for α=60 deg. The commonly used independence principle was shown to predict the vortex-shedding frequency reasonably well along the entire cylinder span for α>70 deg, but did not work as well for α=60 deg.
An Analytical Method for Cylindrical Shells With Nozzles Due to Internal Pressure and External Loads—Part I: Theoretical Foundation
Authors: Xue Ming-De , Du Qing-Hai , Hwang Keh-Chih , Xiang Zhi-Hai
Published: May 2010

An improved version of the analytical solutions by Xue, Hwang and co-workers (1991, “Some Results on Analytical Solution of Cylindrical Shells With Large Opening,” ASME J. Pressure Vessel Technol., 113, 297–307; 1991, “The Stress Analysis of Cylindrical Shells With Rigid Inclusions Having a Large Ratio of Radii,” SMiRT 11 Transactions F, F05/2, 85–90; 1995, “The Thin Theoretical Solution for Cylindrical Shells With Large Openings,” Acta Mech. Sin., 27(4), pp. 482–488; 1995, “Stresses at the Intersection of Two Cylindrical Shells,” Nucl. Eng. Des., 154, 231–238; 1996, “A Reinforcement Design Method Based on Analysis of Large Openings in Cylindrical Pressure Vessels,” ASME J. Pressure Vessel Technol., 118, 502–506; 1999, “Analytical Solution for Cylindrical Thin Shells With Normally Intersecting Nozzles Due to External Moments on the Ends of Shells,” Sci. China, Ser. A: Math., Phys., Astron., 42(3), 293–304; 2000, “Stress Analysis of Cylindrical Shells With Nozzles Due to External Run Pipe Moments,” J. Strain Anal. Eng. Des., 35, 159–170; 2004, “Analytical Solution of Two Intersecting Cylindrical Shells Subjected to Transverse Moment on Nozzle,” Int. J. Solids Struct., 41(24–25), 6949–6962; 2005, “A Thin Shell Theoretical Solution for Two Intersecting Cylindrical Shells Due to External Branch Pipe Moments,” ASME J. Pressure Vessel Technol., 127(4), 357–368; 2005, “Theoretical Stress Analysis of Two Intersecting Cylindrical Shells Subjected to External Loads Transmitted Through Branch Pipes,” Int. J. Solids Struct., 42, 3299–3319) for two normally intersecting cylindrical shells is presented, and the applicable ranges of the theoretical solutions are successfully extended from d/D≤0.8 and λ=d/(DT)1/2≤8 to d/D≤0.9 and λ≤12. The thin shell theoretical solution is obtained by solving a complex boundary value problem for a pair of fourth-order complex-valued partial differential equations (exact Morley equations (Morley, 1959, “An Improvement on Donnell’s Approximation for Thin Walled Circular Cylinders,” Q. J. Mech. Appl. Math. 12, 89–91; Simmonds, 1966, “A Set of Simple, Accurate Equations for Circular Cylindrical Elastic Shells,” Int. J. Solids Struct., 2, 525–541)) for the shell and the nozzle. The accuracy of results is improved by some additional terms to the expressions for resultant forces and moments in terms of complex-valued displacement-stress function. The theoretical stress concentration factors due to internal pressure obtained by the improved expressions are in agreement with previously published test results. The theoretical results discussed and presented herein are in sufficient agreement with those obtained from three dimensional finite element analyses for all the seven load cases, i.e., internal pressure and six external branch pipe load components involving three orthogonal forces and the respective three orthogonal moments.
An Analytical Method for Cylindrical Shells With Nozzles Due to Internal Pressure and External Loads—Part II: Design Method
Authors: Xue Ming-De , Du Qing-Hai , Hwang Keh-Chih , Xiang Zhi-Hai
Published: May 2010

A universal design method for pressurized cylindrical shells with attached nozzles subjected to external forces (moments) and internal pressure are presented, based on theoretical stress analysis. The applicable ranges of the presented design methods are extended to ρ0=d/D≤0.9 and λ=d/(DT)1/2≤12. As a first step of design, the required reinforcement thicknesses, both of the main shell and nozzle due to internal pressure, can be determined by the presented theoretical solutions. When the junction is subjected to external nozzle loads, the next step is to determine the absolute values of dimensionless longitudinal and circumferential, normal and shear, membrane and bending stresses in the shell at the junction subjected to internal pressure, and six external nozzle load components by reading out from a number of sets of curves calculated by the present theoretical method. Then the stress components at eight examination points are calculated and superimposed for the combined loads. Finally, the membrane and primary plus secondary stress intensities can be calculated, respectively, to meet the design criteria.