bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF CYCLE OF LOADING ON SUBBASE FRICTION CHARISARITICS UNDER RIGID PAVEMENT
Authors:   Highway and Transportation  Engineering  Department,  College of Engineering, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq, A. Aboaljus Thulfiqar , S. Banyhussan Qais ,   Highway and Transportation  Engineering  Department,  College of Engineering, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq, H. Mohammed Mohammed ,   Highway and Transportation  Engineering  Department,  College of Engineering, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
Published: January 2022

The coefficient of friction is a measurement of the frictional force between two objects. As the temperature of the pavement changes, it might slide against the resistance of the supporting subbase. In order for pavement to perform as anticipated, this resistance must be calculated. Concrete cracking does not occur when the pavement is joined. A membrane layer is positioned between the subbase and the plate in joint plain concrete pavements to smooth the interface. The displacement of concrete caused by temperature differences is less resistant on a smooth surface. For subbase conditions, two stages of the push-off test were performed (smooth and rough) to show the effects of movement cycles. Based on the results of the friction tests, the friction properties of the concrete and subbase were investigated. The parameters that influence the coefficient of friction and displacement are (interface state, movement rate, thickness number of movement cycles), changing the interface condition from smooth to rough leads to an increase the FRF of (6, 9 and 12 cm/hr) by (194.7, 194.4 and 189.8 %) respectively. Finally, once the applied force reaches a stable state, the frictional force increases dramatically. The most important influence on this force is the interface state, which is accompanied by movement rate and thickness. The variation of the relationship curves with number of cycles tends to be insignificant after the third to fourth cycle of slab movement.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF LOCALLY FABRICATED MECHANICAL SURFACE AERATOR
Authors:   Environmental  Engineering Department, College of Engineering,  Mustansiriyah University , Baghdad, Iraq, E. Khalaf Anfal , A. Rashid Mohammed ,   Environmental  Engineering Department, College of Engineering,  Mustansiriyah University , Baghdad, Iraq
Published: January 2022

Experimental analysis for a fabricated Low-Speed surface aerator that can be used in wastewater and water treatment is presented in this research. The designed impeller configuration was tested to determine its power consumption, standard oxygen transfer rate (SOTR), and standard aeration efficiency (SAE). Impeller oxygen transfer and power consumption in a scaled laboratory tank were measured during aeration phase. The impeller was consisting of 8 inclines flat blades with an angle of 45° from center of the disc, was operated at 3 different immersion depths and 5 different rotational speeds for examining the impact of such factors on impeller efficiency. The results recorded that the best standard aeration efficiency for this configuration is (0.206 Kg. O2/KW.hr) at 120rpm and 7cm depth of the submersion, i.e. submersion depth to impeller diameter (h/D) ratio equals 0.175. Submergence depth increase beyond this limit would result in SAE decrease and definitely result into more power consumption.
BACTERIA BASED SELF-HEALING CONCRETE :A REVIEW
Authors:   Environmental  Engineering  Department,  College of Engineering, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq, K. Mahmod Arej , A. Al-Jabbar Lubna ,   Environmental  Engineering  Department,  College of Engineering, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq, M. Salman Mohammed ,   Civil Engineering  Department,  College of Engineering, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
Published: January 2022

Concrete is one of the most commonly used building materials, and which is prone to cracking. The service life of concrete is significantly reduced due to these cracks. Replacement are High costs and difficulties in avoiding the cracks, various methods are in place to prevent crack formation such as filling in the gaps. It has been demonstrated current treatment methods of concrete are Chemical and polymer applications which they are a source of health and environmental issues, and they are only getting worse successful under some situations. As a result, environmentally sustainable treatment methods will be required in the near future. The potential for long-term, rapid, and active crack repair distinguishes the microbial self-healing method, which is also environmentally friendly. in addition, microbial self-healing Thanks to the effectiveness of this procedure, which out performs most treatment methods. Concrete compatibility and effective bonding capability assemblages. This paper gives an overview of the various microbial methods for producing calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Future challenges in microbial crack treatment are discussed, as well as recommendations for future research areas.
PARAMETRIC STUDY OF SQUARE REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMNS CONFINED BY CARBON FIBER REINFORCED POLYMER UNDER UNIAXIAL LOAD
Authors:   Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq, M. Talib Basim , A. Mehdi Hayder ,   Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
Published: January 2022

This paper studies the effects of the behavior of normal strength square concrete (NSC) columns confined by carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets. Six reinforced concrete columns of dimensions (100mmx100mmx1200mm) have been casted and tested, those samples have been subjected to uniaxial compression load (eccentricity=0.5b) up to failure. Included the study the impact of three parameters which are the CFRP distribution (5 strips and fully wrapping), column slenderness ratio (40, 30) and steel reinforcement ratio (ρ= 0.0113, 0.0314, 0.0678). Those results showed high improvements in the columns’ load capacity of cracking and ultimate load for all the columns.
PARAMETRIC STUDY OF RECTANGULAR REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMNS CONFINED BY CARBON FIBER REINFORCED POLYMER UNDER AXIAL LOAD
Authors:   Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq, M. Talib Basim , A. Mehdi Hayder ,   Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
Published: January 2022

This paper studies the effects of the behavior of normal strength rectangular concrete (NSC) columns confined by carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets. Six reinforced concrete columns with dimensions (100mmx100mmx900mm) have been cast and tested. These specimens were subjected to pure axial compressive loading up to failure. Included in the study is the influence of three parameters. Those parameters are the CFRP distribution (5 strips and full wrapping), column slenderness ratio (40, 30), and steel reinforcement ratio (ρ = 0.0113, 0.0314, 0.0678). Those results show a high enhancement in the columns’ load capacity for the first cracking load and the ultimate load for all of the columns.
Islamic Poems by Rukun Nasution (1928-1998): Themes and Social Relevance
Authors: Budianti Yusnaili , Asari Hasan
Published: January 2022

This study analyzes two poems written by Rukun Nasution (1928-1998), namely Syair Pengajak Solat (Invitation to Prayer) and Doa/Syair Menjelang Pajar (Invocation/Poem before Dawn). This manuscript only came to the attention of the authors in 2018, and this is the first time the book of poetry is being studied and described. The main objective of this study is to analyze the content of the poems, with reference to their socio-religious relevance and some philological aspects. Rukun (the popular name of Rukun Nasution) wrote his poems in the 1960s using Latin script, and the fact he had no formal education other than a three-year of elementary school made his creative productivity more interesting. He presented his ideas in a well-structured text while applying the 'aa-aa' rhyme consistently. The poems contain Islamic messages, with prayer procedures being the most dominant theme. These poems are relevant to document religious information, disseminate Islamic teachings, while remains artistically creative.
Chemical Castration Sanctions for Perpetrators of Child Sexual Violence in the Frame of Islamic Criminal Law
Authors: Rachmadani Rachmadani , Daming Sarwo Zulfahmi Muhammad
Published: January 2022

This article discusses the review of Islamic criminal law regarding sanctions castration chemistry for the perpetrators of sexual violence against children. It is motivated by the rampant cases of sexual crimes against children have increased every year. As a response to the things that President Joko Widodo has issued Government Regulation No.. 70 Year 2020 about procedures for the Implementation of the Action Castration Chemistry, the Installation of the Detector Electronics, Rehabilitation and the Announcement of the Identity of the Perpetrators of Sexual Violence against Children. This rule gave authority to the state to be able to impose sanctions castration chemistry for the perpetrators of sexual violence against children. As for the problem studied in this research is how the forms of sexual violence in children? and how the determination of sanctions castration chemistry for the perpetrators of sexual violence against children is viewed from the perspective of the criminal law of Islam? This study uses the approach of normative juridical to discover the basics of the law of the criminal law of Islam-related sanctions gelding chemical. While methods of data collection using the method of literature, after the data collected then analyzed and interpreted by means of deductive. The results showed sanctions gelding chemical was done as an attempt of recovery of sexual disorders, so it can be said this punishment is not as torture against the perpetrators. As for the sanctions gelding chemical in the perspective of Islamic criminal law can be categorized punishment ta'zir which is a sentence that has a minimum and a maximum that is determined by a judge. The judge reserves the right to impose a penalty gelding chemical if the defendant is convicted of a violation based on the applicable law, because of the type of punishment is not in the nash.
The Role of the Kendari City Covid-19 Handling Task Force in Preventing the Spread of the Covid-19 Virus in Kendari City Based on Presidential Regulation Number 82 of 2020
Authors: Ar.Razak Aris Nur Qadar , Anantomo Uke La Ode Muhammad Iman Abdi , Zainal Muh. Asrianto , Al Habib Aris Darmawan , Darwis Ahmad Rizal
Published: January 2022

The purpose of this article is to find out the role of the Kendari City Covid-19 Handling Task Force in preventing the spread of Covid-19 in Kendari City. This paper is included in empirical legal research. The results showed: First, the role of the Kendari City Covid-19 Handling Task Force in Preventing the Spread of Covid-19 in Kendari City is divided into 2 steps, namely: 1) prevention steps in the form of: distribution of masks, provision of a place to wash hands and handsanitizer, check body temperature, spraying disinfectants in public places and socializing health protocols in the form of pamphlets and banners. Second, the steps to take in the form of: fines, reprimands and social sanctions. Second, the effectiveness of the Kendari City Covid-19 Handling Task Force in Preventing the Spread of Covid-19 in Kendari City is considered to be at an effective level. This can be seen from the good relationship between the substance of the law (rules regarding the prevention of covid), law enforcement (the Covid 19 Prevention Task Force Team), and Legal culture (legal awerness of the Kendari community).
The Dynamics Marriage Readiness of Muslim Adolescent from the Perspective of Psychology and Islamic Law
Authors: Jafar Eka Sufartianinsih , Yaqub Andi
Published: January 2022

The high rate of divorce in young couples is motivated by psychological and spiritual unpreparedness. Premarital education is a resolution to minimize the divorce rate. This study aims to hack the knowledge and understanding of Muslim adolescents regarding marriage and marriage readiness from a psychology and Islamic law perspective. This type of research uses a descriptive quantitative data collection method using a survey in the form of a questionnaire. The research subjects were 820 adolescents aged 15-20 years who came from various levels of education, namely senior high school students (54.5%) and undergraduate students (45.5%). The results of this study indicate that there are several motivations for marriage for Muslim adolescents, namely (1) wanting to justify themselves by 49% (2) wanting to get attention and affection by 20.5%, (3) wanting to have children by 15.6%, (4) improve the economy by 10%, (5) follow parents wishes 4.9%. While the things that teenagers need to prepare for marriage are (1) Economy by 31.9%, (2) Studying Religion by 29.4%, (3) Education by 20.7%, and (4) Improving Character 18%. Adolescent understanding is still low on the purpose of marriage and the forms of marriage readiness. Indicated by the orientation and motivation of marriage is dominated by the fulfillment of biological and material needs. The implication of this research is to be able to provide a comprehensive view in terms of marriage readiness from the point of view of psychology and Islamic law as reference material for providing premarital preparation/premarital education to adolescents so that they can prepare for married life.
The Effect of Anabasis articulata Stems Extract on Lowering Intraocular Pressure in the Glaucoma Rat Model(Conference Paper )#
Authors: Abdulsahib Waleed K.
Published: January 2022

High intraocular pressure (IOP) is a recognized risk factor for glaucoma and optic nerve injury, and it is one of the primary causes of vision loss globally. Anabasis articulata (AA) is a desert plant found in Iraq. The extract of AA is used to cure diabetes, fever, eczema, and kidney infections. The aim of the study is to evaluate the antioxidant effect of methanol extract of AA on intraocular pressure in the glaucoma rat model. Forty-two rats were allocated into seven groups, each with six animals:: group 1 (normal), group 2 (control), in which animals were induced to have elevated IOP by betamethasone suspension injection, groups 3,4 and 5 for evaluating the effect of 50,100 and 150 mg/kg/day of the tested extract, respectively, and the remaining two groups (group 6 and 7) for evaluating oral acetazolamide and topical timolol 0.5% respectively. Betamethasone was used for the induction. Measure the IOP every 2 days for 2 weeks. The daily dose of AA extract (50 mg/kg/day) for 6 days significantly reduces intraocular pressure (p ? 0.05), from (34.23± 0.58) to (32.83± 1.38) mmHg when compared with the control group. In group 4, IOP decreased significantly from (35.5±1.37) to (31.35±0.40) mmHg (p ? 0.05) after 1 week of treatment. In group 5, the significant (p? 0.001) IOP reduction from (35.66±0.39) to (31.88±0.74) mmHg started on day 6 and continued until the end of the experiment, reaching (24.53±0.53) mmHg (p? 0.001). The antioxidant and anti-angiogenic properties of AA make it a promising adjuvant treatment for glaucoma.
Permeability Enhancement of Methotrexate Transdermal Gel using Eucalyptus oil, Peppermint Oil and Olive Oil(Conference Paper )#
Authors: Ali Ashoor Jamal , M. Mohsin Jinan , Mohsin Hussein Mohammed , W. Mahde Basam , M. Gareeb Mowafaq
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Objective: the idea of this study to improve transdermal permeability of Methotrexate using eucalyptus oil, olive oil and peppermint oil as enhancers.Method: eucalyptus oil (2% and 4%), peppermint oil (2% and 4%) and olive oil (2% and 4%) all used as natural enhancers to develop transdermal permeability of Methotrexate via gel formulation. The gel was subjected to many physiochemical properties tests. In-vitro release and permeability studies for the drug were done by Franz cell diffusion across synthetic membrane, kinetic model was studied via korsmeyer- peppas equation.Result: the results demonstrate that safe, nonirritant or cause necrosis to rats' skin and stable till 60 days gel was successfully formulated.Methotrexate penetration alone without enhancer is only about 20%, while using enhancers reach to 85%, 99% and 90% with eucalyptus oil 4%, peppermint oil 4% and olive oil 4% respectively after 24 hours.Conclusion: Methotrexate transdermal gel was prepared and evaluated fruitfully in-vitro with a good permeation across semipermeable membrane. The results indicated that using of peppermint oil as enhancer have superiority to enhance the transdermal permeation of the Methotrexate.
Evaluating the Impact of Pharmacist Counselling for Asthmatic Children at Karbala Teaching Hospital for Children: An Interventional Prospective Study (Conference Paper )#
Authors: Al-Musawi Mohammed , M. Anwer Zinah
Published: January 2022

Asthma is one of the most common chronic, non-communicable diseases affecting children worldwide. The estimated prevalence of pediatric asthma in Iraq is 15.8%. Physiologic, inflammatory and structural factors contribute to the development of asthma. Assessment and monitoring of asthma control can be done by a validated children asthma control test (CACT). Management of asthma must address three components which are an appropriate management plan, the most appropriate medication if necessary, and the use of safe and effective medication. The management plan should consider patient counseling and education about the definition of asthma, signs, and symptoms, the pathophysiology of asthma, common triggers for asthma and how can avoid them, what are the rescue medication and the controller one, proper inhaler techniques, and how to monitor asthma control. Patient education accounts for 90% of success and this can be achieved by an active collaboration among health care providers. This is a prospective interventional study that aims at evaluating pharmacist counseling for asthmatic children. The study involved 105 participants whose consent was taken and underwent a face-to-face interview about asthma counseling and inhaler technique for those who use it. Ninety-two eligible participants remained. Their CACT was recorded at the first visit and then followed up weekly for one month either by phone or physical to assess asthma control. In the fourth week, a CACT was recorded and compared to the first one before intervention. There was a significant improvement in CACT after providing the counselling and weekly follow up.
La tentation post-industrielle en France
Authors: Wickham Sylvain
Published: January 2022

L’avenir économique de la France est dominé par les incertitudes affectant son industrie. Depuis trois siècles, les Français, que H. de Keyserling appelait dans les années 30 les Chinois de l’Europe, excellent clans des activités agricoles d’une part et tertiaires d’autre part : non seulement l’Administration mais aussi la Banque (différentes grandes banques françaises, dont la Banque nationale de Paris figurent parmi les vingt cinq premières banques du Monde), le Transport (les chemins de fer français restent malheureusement pour les contribuables français en tête du progrès ferroviaire international), le Journalisme (Le Monde est le recteur international de la francophonie) ou le Commerce de détail (le Groupe Carrefour a envoyé ses divisions de supermarchés suivant un intinéraire typiquement français à la conquête successive de la Suisse, de l’Espagne et de l’Amérique latine).
The Roots of America’s Decline
Authors: Solo Robert
Published: January 2022

The land is good. The people are vigorous, and prosperous. A general sense of goodwill and humane purpose prevails. There are centers of great wealth, preeminence in science, an enormous military establishment. And yet. And yet it is not as the world might suppose. Behind the mighty facade of American power and affluence, this is a most crucial juncture, a time of downturning and decline for the United States.
Tocqueville Retrouvé
Authors: Aron Raymond
Published: January 2022

Nous ne lisions guère De la Démocratie en Amérique ou l’Ancien Régime et la Révolution, à l’Ecole Normale supérieure ou à la section de philosophie de la Sorbonne. Personnellement, j’ai découvert Alexis de Tocqueville au fur et à mesure que paraissaient, les uns après les autres, les tomes des oeuvres complètes. J’ai étudié pour la première fois sa pensée alors que j’occupais une chaire de sociologie, à la fin des années 50. Je ne lui dois donc pas ma formation bien que j’aie pris plaisir à le citer, voire à me réclamer de lui.
An American Crisis in Civilian Control and Civil-Military Relations?
Authors: Feaver Peter D.
Published: January 2022

Who décidés and what do they gct to décidé?1 This is the central normative question in civil-military relations theory, and disagrccment over the correct answer is behind much of what passes for the currcnt ‘crisis’ in American civil-military relations. So far. the American answer appears to havc solved tire problem that prcoccupies most comparative civil-military relations theorists: how to keep the military from taking over the governmcnt. Yct American history is rife with civil-military conflict because the American answer Icaves unresolved the other problem inhérent in the civil-military relationship: finding the proper division of labor belween civilian and military institutions, cspccially on use of force decisions.
Education civique, instruction publique et liberté de l’enseignement dans l’œuvre d’Alexis de Tocqueville
Authors: Chabot Sonia
Published: January 2022

Tout cc qui sc rapporte à l’instruction publique n’a. à première vue, qu’une importance mineure dans l’œuvre d’Alexis de Tocqueville. L’auteur de la Démocratie en Amérique ne fut, il est vrai, ni un pédagogue ni un théoricien de renseignement cl il ne nous a laissé aucun traité sur l’éducation des enfants. Il n’a pas non plus, comme Guizot. Falloux ou Ferry, donné son nom à quelque loi scolaire marquante et il n’occupa jamais de chaire universitaire. Certains commentateurs ont toutefois conclu un peu rapidement qu’il ne s’intéressait guère à l’instruction publique : les questions touchant à l’éducation auraient été éludées dans son œuvre et dans scs interventions politiques, ou encore entièrement subordonnées à la religion.1 D’autres ont apporté un point de vue quelque peu différent : certains ont signalé qu’il sc démarqua des libéraux de son époque en défendant le droit à l’instruction et son élargissement à toutes les classes de la société, plusieurs ont aborde des fragments de sa réflexion sur ce sujet et la grande majorité ont insisté sur l’importance qu’il attachait à l’éducation civique, sans toutefois s’attarder à examiner les positions qu’il prit sur l’instruction publique et la liberté d’enseignement.’ Le présent article, tiré d’un mémoire de maîtrise plus élaboré, se propose de dégager la cohérence des réflexions et des positions de Tocqueville sur l’éducation. M’appuyant sur les études tocquevilliennes les plus fécondes? j’ai privilégié la méthode qui consiste à confronter entre eux les différents écrits de Tocqueville (œuvres majeures, carnets de voyages, articles polémiques, discours à la Chambre des députés, correspondances diverses, notes, brouillons et manuscrits), à tenir compte du contexte dans lequel il a vécu et à rechercher les auteurs qui l’ont influencé.
Cotradition, et traditions chez Tocqueville
Authors: Bourricaud François
Published: January 2022

Tocqueville ne nous a pas seulement légué deux monographies admirables, l’une sur le régime politique américain, l’autre sur la société administrative de la France d’Ancien-Régime. Au lecteur attentif, il offre aussi une vue de la société occidentale dans quelques uns de ses aspects les plus caractéristiques par le moyen d’une comparaison entre trois sociétés qui appartiennent à un même type : la France, l’Angleterre et les Etats-Unis— dont il avait personnellement une connaissance intime et approfondie.
The Freudian-Marxian-Structuralist (FMS) Movement in France : Variations on a Theme by Sherry Turkle
Authors: Boudon Raymond
Published: January 2022

In her monograph on Freud’s French Revolution. Sherry Turkle draws the picture of a leading figure in the French social sciences, the psycho-analyst Jacques Lacan. She shows how he played a central role in the institutionalization of a discipline, psycho-analysis, which had traditionally been rejected in France. The rejection was mainly due to the existence of a strong psychiatric tradition rooted in the work and person of Janet. This tradition was decisively somatic and as such little prepared to acknowledge the freudian interpretation of mental disorders According to Turkle’s analysis — which I simplify — Lacan succeeded in introducing Freud to France by translating his work in such terms that it could appeal less to the world of physicians and psychiatrists than to the world of intellectuals and especially philosophers, literary critics, etc... More explicity, the older concern and commitment of Lacan with the surrealist movement ( the only movement which in its time was receptive to freudian ideasi inclined him to a « literary » translation of Freud. This translation in turn appeared as congruent with diffuse expectations from the relevant elements of the French intellectual world.
The Dynamics of Labor Policy in France : Industrial Relations and the French Trade Union Movement
Authors: Schain Martin A.
Published: January 2022

The literature on industrial society emphasizes the growing trend in advanced industrial societies towards institutionalized collective relations and collective negotiations as a basis for conflict management. The regularization of industrial class relations in particular, through the norms and institutions of collective negotiations, has reduced political conflict, and has created a sound basis for political stability. France, however, has been cited frequently as a « deviant case » in this development ; collective relations among « social partners » are poor, even hostile, and collective agreements are reached only with great difficulty, and with the frequent intervention of the state. The principal consequence of this deviance, it is argued, is social and political instability, as well as a threat to economic growth and rationality.
Attitudes Toward President Nixon: A Case of American Exceptionalism In Relation to Watergate
Authors: Riesman David
Published: January 2022

The idea for this talk occurred to me when I was reading Richard Reeves’s New Yorker articles, in which he delineates and retraces Tocqueville’s steps in terms of the latter’s geographical trajectory and the informants he sought out Reeves interviewed individuals who, in today’s America occupy positions in government and in society, in religious life and in ordinary life, whom he considered counterparts to those whom Tocqueville and Beaumont encountered. Reeves, in his sample of political figures, interviewed Nixon, and many readers may have been surprised to discover that Nixon was familiar with Democracy in America, and possesses a wider sense of history than is general among Americans, and among most of our Presidents in particular.
The 1982 Elections
Authors: Marz Roger
Published: January 2022

The outcome of the 1982 midterm elections can produce at least partial answers to three significant questions about American politics.
France and her Jews: from Culte Israelite to Lobby Juif
Authors: Safran William
Published: January 2022

Two decades ago, the reality, let alone the legitimacy, of ethnic minority groups in France was barely acknowledged. Now the discussion of ethnopolitics has become fashionable: in the face of the “unexpected rebellions” by Bretons and Corsicans, scholars have also rediscovered the Occitan, Basque and other communities which had either been considered submerged into the French nation, or whose small size had made them politically insignificant.
Wage Labor, Capital Accumulation, and the Crisis: 1968-1982
Authors: Boyer Robert
Published: January 2022

The deepening of the economic crisis in recent years has not failed to arouse lively discussion of the origins of the problem and the stakes involved. Against this background many analyses have been proposed of the labor movement, union strategies, and industrial relations. This is hardly surprising, given the fact that the effects of the crisis have been felt in almost every sphere of society.
Forces et Faiblesses du Parti Communiste dans la France de Mitterrand
Authors: Kriegel Annie
Published: January 2022

Quand le président de la République en juin 1981 avait choisi, sans que l’arithmétique électorale lui en fasse obligation et alors que le prestige du parti communiste français et, plus généralement, du monde communiste semblait au plus bas. d’associer des ministres communistes au gouvernement d’union de la gauche, de bons esprits avaient pensé que François Mitterrand cherchait seulement à s’ouvrir un crédit de “paix sociale”: le calcul pouvait paraître bon puisque les communistes ne firent aucun effort sérieux pour s’opposer a l’adoption, en juin 1982, d’une première politique de rigueur et à la mise en place, au cours de l’été suivant, du blocage des salaires et des prix. Le calcul était néanmoins faux si l’on prend en compte ce qui compte le plus lourd dans une perspective à moyen terme: la violence des luttes sociales qui, depuis le printemps 1982, ébranlent en son tréfonds l’industrie automobile.
Assessing the Viability of Commercial Media for the Mass Culture of Chaetoceros muelleri
Authors: Cabanayan-Soy Rona , de Peralta Glycinea , Juinio-Meñez Marie Antonette
Published: January 2022

The microalgae Chaetoceros muelleri is considered a highly nutritious feed for the cultured larvae of the tropical sea cucumber Holothuria scabra. Due to the cost of analytical grade culture media used in the production of C. muelleri, there is a need to evaluate cheap alternative commercial media to decrease the cost of producing quality live microalgal food. In this study, two different indoor batch culture systems (1 L glass bottles and 10 L plastic carboys) were used to evaluate the effectiveness of two conventional (modified F/2 and Walne’s) and one commercial (Epizyme AGP complete) microalgal culture media. Results of the 1 L glass bottle experiment showed that the peak cell density of C. muelleri in AGP (1,241 ± 116 x 104 cells ml-1) was not significantly different from the modified F/2 (1,584 ± 41 x 104 cells ml-1) and Walne’s medium (1,319 ± 162 x 104 cells ml-1) (Kruskal-Wallis test, p=0.78). Likewise, in the plastic carboy experiment, the maximum cell density of C. muelleri in Walne’s medium (750 ± 144 x 104 cells ml-1) and F/2 medium (653 ± 79 x 104 cells ml-1) were higher, but not significantly different from AGP (496 ± 184 x 104 cells ml-1) (Kruskal-Wallis test, p=0.43). The highest growth rate in the glass bottle cultures was the modified F/2 (0.38 div day-1), while AGP was the lowest (0.34 div. day-1). On the other hand, in carboy culture, AGP was higher (0.17 div.day-1) compared to modified F/2 (0.15 div. day-1) and Walne’s medium (0.13 div. day-1). The exponential growth phase was similar in the glass bottles, while in the carboy, the exponential phase was reached at a shorter time in the AGP treatment than those in the modified F/2 and Walne’s media. The findings showed that AGP medium is an adequate alternative to replace the conventional media (modified F/2 and Walne’s) during the secondary stock culture for C. muelleri. The viability of using cheaper and more readily available commercial AGP media for the indoor culture production of C. muelleri can contribute to cost-effective scaling-up of the hatchery production of quality H. scabra larvae and early juveniles.
Utilization of Shrimp Head Wastes into Powder Form as Raw Material for Value-Added Products
Authors: Bassig Rosa , Obinque Adoracion , Nebres Vivian , Delos Santos Virginia , Peralta Deserie , Madrid Ariel Joshua
Published: January 2022

Shrimp processing industries produce large amounts of wastes in the form of shrimp heads, shells, and tails, which are more or less 50% of the raw materials. Improper disposal of these nutrient-rich wastes can cause environmental problems if not duly managed. This study aims to utilize Penaeus monodon shrimp head wastes into powder form using a cabinet type drier and establish the processing yield and important product qualities. Two treatments of shrimp head powders were studied: shrimp head powder with carapace (SHPwc) and shrimp head powder without carapace (SHPwoc). The yields obtained were 26.72% for SHPwc while 20.42% for SHPwoc; both are considered to have significant value since both are produced from wastes. Both products have satisfactory water activity levels; however, the bulk density was high, and the solubility was lower than other published powdered seafood by-products. Both products have light orange or brown color: however, in both odor and flavor, SHPwoc had a higher mean general acceptability, with “like slightly-like moderately” results. SHPwoc was subjected to a shelf-life study with added salt and ascorbic acid preservatives. Monthly analyses revealed that the microbiological parameters are still within limits, and both moisture and pH values were acceptable after eight months of storage at ambient temperature (28-30°C). However, the peroxide value is acceptable until only the sixth month, which signifies the end of shelf-life based on theoretical sensory changes. The results of this study show the promising significance of utilizing shrimp processing wastes into seafoodbased products.
Assessment of Postharvest Losses Due to Catching Undersized Fishery Commodities and Size-Dependent Pricing in the Philippines
Authors: Banicod Riza Jane , Montojo Ulysses , Tadifa Gezelle , Peralta Deserie , Ramos Charlotte Ann , Esmao Jessica
Published: January 2022

The continuing decline in catch rates instigates various fishing adjustments to keep up with the demands of a growing population. Fishery resources are being caught before they can attain their optimum harvestable size. Undersized catch elicits lower economic value; thus, considered as losses in postharvest fisheries. The present study focused on generating actual data on the volume of undersized catches in selected landing sites in the Philippines. It aims to quantify the magnitude of postharvest and financial losses incurred from catching fishery commodities below their marketable sizes. The estimated loss at 0.97% and 4.02% for capture and aquaculture commodities, respectively, was equivalent to PHP 15,235,290 financial loss. Estimation of losses by commodity showed that squid recorded the highest at 20.14%, followed by tilapia (9.61%), blue swimming crab (4.48%), shrimp (2.75%), small pelagics (1.98%), mussel (1.46%), oceanic tuna (0.91%), by-catch (0.79%), milkfish (0.09%), and oyster (0.02%). Excessive catching of undersized BSC and squid in Western Visayas may lead to overexploitation of resources and may adversely affect subsequent recruitment in the long run. The study's results indicate that catching undersized species could lead to substantial postharvest losses and subsequent loss of potential revenue to the industry players. Allowing the stocks to attain their maximum biomass level will minimize postharvest losses; thus, maximizing utilization of resources and benefits derived from the sector. Unrestrained catching of undersized fishery commodities undermines resource sustainability, economic potential, and food security. The strengthening of regulatory frameworks is, therefore, necessary to address both economic and ecological impacts.
Stock Assessment of the Blue Swimming Crab Portunus pelagicus (Linnaeus, 1758) in Stock Enhancement Sites of Danajon Bank, Central Philippines
Authors: Abrenica Bruna , Fajardo Mary Jane , Paran Johnson , Ruinata Mario , Espino Marinelle , Poquita Allan
Published: January 2022

The stock status of Blue Swimming Crab (BSC), Portunus pelagicus, locally known as lambay, in Danajon Bank was assessed from June 2019 to September 2020 to monitor the impact of the BSC stock enhancement initiative by the Philippine Association of Crab Processors, Inc. (PACPI) in collaboration with BFAR 7. The stock was assessed based on the indicators, namely, catch per unit effort (CPUE), exploitation rate (E), average size, length at first maturity (Lm), and Spawning Potential Ratio (SPR). Data analysis was done using FAO-ICLARM Stock Assessment Tools (FiSAT) II software and the Barefoot Ecologist’s Toolbox for the Length-based Spawning Potential Ratio (SPR). Results show that BSC dominated the monitored landings accounting for 66% of the overall catch harvested mainly by crab pot and crab net. Higher CPUEs were obtained in the months of July, June, May and August with annual mean observed to be higher than the previous assessment conducted by ECOFISH in Danajon Bank particularly for crab pot. Population characteristics revealed that male crab grew slightly faster having higher asymptotic length (L∞ =21.65cm Carapace Width or CW) and growth constant (K=1.3yr-1) than female (L∞ =21.40cm CW, K=1.28yr-1). Sex ratio of male to female was at 1:1.28 indicating plenty of female crabs were captured than male. Gravid crabs were abundant in May, December, April and October. Recruitment pattern showed two pulses with primary peak occurred in April and May and secondary pulse happened in August and September. Encouraging performance indicator noted from this assessment was on the bigger probability of capture sizes and mean length of commonly caught BSC falling above the recommended catchable size of 10.2 cm CW pursuant to DA-DILG JAO No. 1 s. 2014. Maturity size (Lm) was estimated at 10.54 cm CW, though smaller than the previous reported Lm values in Danajon but still within the threshold. The estimated SPR was 26%, higher than 20% limit reference point but slightly lower than 27% recorded in the assessment done by ECOFISH Project in 2014 to 2015. The present SPR though lower than 30% precautionary threshold however higher than 21% generated in Visayan Sea Region 7 for the same period. The higher SPR in Danajon Bank compared to Visayan Sea maybe credited to the effect of stock enhancement activity implemented in the area, though observation is not yet conclusive. On the other hand, unfavorable indicators were seen on high exploitation rate (E), high exploitation at yield per recruit some of which already breached the optimum level, consequently subjecting Danajon Bank to high fishing pressure. It is recommended to continue the BSC stock enhancement program of PACPI and BFAR 7 taking consideration some strategies for improvement specified in the recommendations.
Space Industry in China: Stages of Development, Current State, Problems and Prospects
Authors: Lesnikova P. S.
Published: January 2022

The article analyzes the development of China’s space industry from its inception to the present. It is shown that the PRC has consistently implemented a policy of development of this strategic industry and has made tremendous progress in this area to date. Having gone through a number of stages, first with the help of external support (the USSR), then relying mainly on its own forces, China has made a breakthrough in space and today represents one of the world’s largest space powers. At the same time, the problems that persist in the industry need to be solved.
Validation of PI-RADS v2 Scores at Various Non-University Radiology Practices
Authors:   College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona, USA, Thomas Austin Evan , Kang Paul ,   College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona, USA, Mmeje Chinedu ,   Division of Urology, Banner MD Anderson Cancer Center, Gilbert, Arizona, USA, Mashni Joseph ,   Division of Urology, Banner MD Anderson Cancer Center, Gilbert, Arizona, USA, Brenner Mark ,   Division of Urology, Banner MD Anderson Cancer Center, Gilbert, Arizona, USA, Koo Phillip ,   Department of Radiology, Banner MD Anderson Cancer Center, Gilbert, Arizona, USA, C Chang John ,   Department of Radiology, Banner MD Anderson Cancer Center, Gilbert, Arizona, USA
Published: January 2022

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to validate the second version of the Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI-RADSv2) scores in predicting positive in-bore MRI-guided targeted prostate biopsy results across different non-university related institutions. The study focuses on PI-RADS v2 scoring because during the study period, PI-RADS v2.1 had not been released. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective review of 147 patients who underwent multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) of the pelvis followed by in-bore MRI-guided targeted prostate biopsy from December 2014 to May 2018. All lesions on mpMRI were rated according to PI-RADS v2 criteria. PI-RADS v2 scores were then compared to MR-guided biopsy results and pre-biopsy PSA values. Results: Prostate Cancer (PCa) was detected in 54% (80/147) of patients, with more prostate cancer being detected with each subsequent increase in PI-RADS scores. Specifically, biopsy results in patients with PI-RADS 3, 4, and 5 lesions resulted in PCa in 25.6% (10/39), 58.1% (33/55), and 86.0% (37/43) respectively. Clinically significant PCa (Gleason score ≥7) was detected in 17.9% (7/39), 52.7% (29/55), and 72% (31/43) of cases for PI-RADS 3, 4, and 5 lesions respectively. When the PI-RADS scoring and biopsy results were compared across different institutions, there was no difference in the PI-RADS scoring of lesions or in the positive biopsy rates of the lesions. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV for PI-RADS 3-4 lesions were also not statistically different across the institutions for detecting Gleason 7 or greater lesions. Conclusion: Our results agree with prior studies that higher PI-RADS scores are associated with the presence of clinically significant PCa and suggest prostate lesions with PI-RADS scores 3-5 have sufficient evidence to warrant targeted biopsy. The comparison of PI-RADS score across different types of non-university practices revealed no difference in scoring and biopsy outcome, suggesting that PI-RADS v2 can be easily applied outside of the university medical center setting. Clinical Relevance: PI-RADS v2 can be applied homogeneously in the non-university setting without significant difference in outcome.
ANALYSIS OF STRESS DURING THE PLACEMENT OF REMOVABLE DENTURES OVER IMPLANTS
Authors: Panahov N.A. , Makhmudov V.S.
Published: January 2022

Implant-supported removable dentures are one of prosthetic dentistry modalities to replace missing teeth and have a long history of the development. Dentures placed over implants offer opportunities to restore dentition defects resulted from various causes. Different defects of the dentition require their own restorative techniques. In recent years, implant-supported prostheses have become more commonly preferred over full dentures. For patients with low distal bone levels and problems with placement and stabilization, 4-implantsupported dentures seem to be a good option. Four bar implants for supporting dentures are considered more reliable in terms of fixing the prosthetic structures over them. The aim of this work is to analyze the effect of implant-supported denture placement on the implants themselves and peripheral tissues, depending on the denture models, level of implant placement, the angle of placement, as well as the length of the console in the structure. Results. In 10 different mathematical models, the angles of implant placement in the bone were taken as equal to 90°, 17° and 30°, and the level of placement was equal to 1 mm and 3 mm (in accordance with the configuration of the jaw bone). The length of the cantilever bar system prepared on implants was 0 mm, 5 mm and 10 mm in different models. The load on the model was actually equal to the chewing pressure, 100 N (approximately 10.2 kg), when chewing a 1 cm solid food mass. The pressure was applied from 3 different points: from the anterior section, when the centre of the bolus was at the place of contact between the central incisors; in the right posterior region, when the centre of the bolus was at the contact between the 2nd premolar and the 1st molar; from the left posterior region, when the centre of the bolus was in the area of contact between the 2nd premolar with the 1st molar. After 3D analysis, the Von Mises stress findings in the implant area and the corresponding color scales were obtained, as well as the maximum and minimum stress values in accordance with the color scale. Conclusion. Based on the analysis and comparison of the obtained values, the study has determined that the stress distribution is optimal for some implant models, for others it can be too small or too large due to uneven stress values. The study of models based on the method of 3D three-dimensional stress analysis by the finite element method and the results of these studies are elucidated in the article.
MORPHOMETRIC DESCRIPTION OF MUSCLES OF THE TONGUE UNDER THE EXPERIMENTAL COMBINED EFFECT OF FOOD ADDITIVES
Authors: Koka V.M. , Starchenko I.I. , Royko N.V. , Mustafina G.M. , Fylenko B.M.
Published: January 2022

The peculiarities of the structural organization of the tongue quite often become the object of research by domestic and foreign researchers. At the same time, most of the contemporary scientific works are devoted to the study of the structural features of the lingual mucosa. Changes in the muscles of the tongue under the influence of certain unfavorable factors, in most cases, are insufficiently described. Aim: experimental study of the morphometric parameters of muscles of the tongue of the albino rats in introduction of complex food additives (monosodium glutamate, sodium nitrite, Ponceau 4R) into the ration over a period of 16 weeks. 60 outbred albino rats were involved into the study. The ration of experimental animals was supplemented with complex food additives, namely, monosodium glutamate, Ponceau 4R, sodium nitrite for 1 and 4 weeks. Animals of the experimental groups, in addition to the standard diet, received a combination of food additives monosodium glutamate, ponceau 4R, sodium nitrate for 1, 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks. The animals were sacrificed under thiopentone anesthesia overdose. Conventional histological microspecimens were made from tongue preparations, stained with hematoxylin and eosin. On the microspecimens, the ratio between the muscle and connective tissues, the diameter of the muscle fibers of the tongue on the tip, body and base were measured. The findings of the studies have shown that introduction of complex food additives (monosodium glutamate, sodium nitrite, Ponceau 4R) into the ration of laboratory animals for one week leads to an increase in the relative amount of muscle tissue in the tongue and to a heterogeneous change in the diameter of muscle fibers on the tip, body and base. The described parameters resulted from the changes in the nature of the movement of the tongue in the process of food mixing, when adapting to changes in the ration. Starting from week 4 of consumption of complex food additives supplemented into the ration of the laboratory animals, progressive atrophic changes were observed in the muscle fibers of all parts of the tongue, manifested by a gradual decrease in the diameter. At the same time, gradual decrease in the relative amount of muscle fibers and an increase in the relative amount of connective tissue were noted in the tongue of experimental animals.