bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determinants of gestational weight gain with special respect to maternal stature height and its consequences for newborn vital parameters
Authors: Kirchengast Sylvia , Hartmann Beda
Published: January 2014

An appropriate gestational weight gain is an essential factor of female reproductive success because gestational weight gain influences newborn size but also maternal and infant morbidity and mortality. This paper aims to analyze the impact of maternal somatic factors, first of all maternal stature height, on gestational weight gain. Additionally the effect of gestational weight gain and other maternal somatic factors on newborn size was tested. In the present study the data of 12,661 term birth which have taken place in Vienna, Austria were analyzed. Maternal and newborn somatometric features such as prepregnancy weight status, maternal stature height, birth weight, birth length and head circumference were included. Nearly 65% of the women gained appropriate weight during pregnancy. About 20% showed an excessive, less than 15% an inappropriate gestational weight gain. Gestational weight gain was influenced significantly by prepregnancy weight status, maternal stature height, maternal age, but also nicotine consumption during pregnancy. A significant association between gestational weight gain and newborn somatometrics could be stated. It could be shown that gestational weight gain is influenced by several maternal somatic but also behavioral factors. Newborn size is associated with gestational weight gain.
Long-term comparison of climatological variables used for agricultural land appraisement
Authors: Stŕedová Hana , Stŕeda Tomáš , Rožnovský Jaroslav
Published: January 2014

Official price of farmland in the Czech Republic is based on land value in different soil and climatic conditions. The paper compares relevant climatic and agroclimatic characteristics used for land appraisement. Characteristics defined in climatic region of estimated pedological ecological unit system for two fifty years period 1901-1950 and 1961-2010 were evaluated. Area of interest includes 53 points distributed within nine broad areas of the Czech Republic. It is evident that the development of climate has an enormous impact on soil fertility. Difference of station average values of air temperature of both fifty years vary from −0.5 to 1.1 ◦ C (mean difference is 0.3 ◦ C) in the case of vegetation period. The shift of precipitation is not so evident as in the case of temperature. The long term change in precipitation distribution within a year is documented by a different shift of annual, vegetation period and non-vegetation period values. Moisture certainty in vegetation period decreases in all cases of broad areas (except one region). All 50year averages of investigated parameters had been changed in 1961-2010 compared to the mean of 1901-1950. This should be taken into account when fixing the official price. Climatic region parameters should be replaced by a more complex “agroclimatological characteristic”, which take into account also the basic pedological and plant characteristics, for example the available water holding capacity.
State of bare soil surface as a spring drought indicator
Authors: Mužíková Bronislava , Stŕeda Tomáš , Stŕedová Hana
Published: January 2014

To evaluate soil moisture conditions in spring crops sowing term, data of bare soil surface state were used. Analysis included 32 stations throughout the Czech Republic. Number of days with dry soil surface in each year was compared with the average number of those days in the period 1961-2010 for a given station. The limits of the individual categories were then determined for the period 1961-2010. The individual values of the number of days with dry condition of soil in the early spring period were compared with acquired 10th, 25th, 75th and 90th percentile average (1961-2010). More days with dry soil are usually observed in April than in March. In both months there are 11 days with this condition of soil altogether on average. Dry early spring occurred mainly in 1961, 1968, 1974, 1981, 1990, 2002, 2003, 2007 and 2009. Wet spring occurred in years 1965, 1970, 1980, 2001 and 2006 at almost all stations. There is a significant correlation (p < 0.01) between number of days with dry condition of soil and elevation (r = −0.51, n = 32). Average number of days with dry condition of soil surface in March and April in the period 1961-2010 ranges from 5 to 21 days, which is similar to the median values. Trend analysis did not produce conclusive results, but linear trend of smoothing April data was significantly increased in most localities. The number of days with dry condition of soil in the past decades has no significant upward or downward trend. However four years (2002, 2003, 2007 and 2009) have been evaluated as dry and two years (2001 and 2006) were evaluated as wet. An amount of extreme spring weather increases.
DOUGLAS MCGREGOR’S THEORY X AND THEORY Y
Authors: Gannon Dave , Boguszak Anna
Published: January 2014

It was in 1957 that Douglas McGregor first proposed the concept of Theory X and Theory Y in ‘The Human Side of Enterprise’, yet still today his ideas continue to be misunderstood and misused in the field of management. The purpose of this paper is therefore to offer to business and management readers a clear overview of McGregor’s ideas, their use, critique, and contribution to the field of management.
Policy of attracting highly skilled professionals from the third countries to Czechia
Authors: Valenta Ondřej
Published: January 2014

The issue of attracting highly skilled professionals has becoming a hot issue in Czechia in the context of overall progress towards a knowledge-based economy as well as current structural and anticipated deficiencies of the Czech RDI sector, both in public and private sector. The article aims at initial evaluation of the upcoming amendment of the migration policy in Czechia in the broader context of the current and anticipated need of highly skilled professionals; it also presents the main driving forces shaping the final design of the immigration policy in Czechia.
Mechanisms and tools of research organisations for international cooperation support
Authors: Kostić Miroslav
Published: January 2014

Support to participation of research teams in the programmes of international cooperation has been provided for a long time in the Czech Republic. However, from the level of research organisations the support of international cooperation is not developed sufficiently, which hampers broader and more flexible participation of Czech researchers in international programmes. The article aims at assessment of support to researchers’ involvement in international cooperation programmes provided by Czech research organisations, and recommendation of measures improving support and motivation mechanisms within research organisations based on foreign experience. The goal of these measures is to increase Czech participation in international research programmes. The first part of the article summarizing conditions in Czech research organisations is followed by the description of relevant foreign support models which suitably meet the identified needs of researchers. Conclusion of the article includes recommendations for Czech research organisations.
Variability to sedimentary dynamics and climatic conditions during the last two millennia at sebkha Souassi in eastern Tunisia
Authors: Essefi Elhoucine , Jmaa Hayet Ben , Touir Jamel , Tagortig Mohamed Ali , Yaicha Chokri
Published: January 2014

This paper covers work intended to study the interplay of sedimentary dynamics and climatic variability over the last two millennia within Tunisia’s sebkha Souassi. Based on the Visual Core Description, and magnetic susceptibility, we date the core from sebkha Souassi to the last two millennia. Genetic grain-size distribution then provided a basis for the identification of six climatic stages, i.e. the Warming Present (WP), the Late Little Ice Age (Late LIA), the Early Little Ice Age (ELIA), the Medieval Climatic Anomaly (MCA), the Dark Ages (DA), and the Roman Warm Period (RWP). The WP stretches across the uppermost 3 cm, with a high grey scale indicating a dry climate. The Late LIA is located between 3 and 7 cm, and the ELIA between 7 and 28 cm. Intermediate values for GS indicate that this stage may be classified as moderate. The MCA spanning from 28 to 40 cm is marked by a sharp decrease in GS indicative of a wet period. The DA appear along the part between 40 and 79 cm, a shift from light to dark sediments being recorded. The RWP in turn appears between 79 and 114 cm. Based on the grain-size distribution, two low-frequency cycles were identified, indicating radical global changes in climatic conditions, differential tectonics and groundwater fluctuations. High-frequency cycles in turn attest to local modifications of climatic conditions.
Distribution of CD14+ macrophages, CD4+, CD8+ lymphocytes and mRNA expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in the endometrium of repeat breeding cows
Authors: Barański W. , Kaleczyc J. , Zduńczyk S. , Podlasz W. , Długołęcka-Malinowska E. , Janowski T.
Published: January 2014

The expression of CD14+ macrophages, CD4+, CD8+ lymphocytes and mRNA of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was investigated in the endometrium of repeat breeders with subclinical endometritis [experimental group (EXP), n = 10] and healthy [control group (CTRL), n = 10] cows. The cows were selected on the basis of repeat breeding (3 unsuccessful inseminations), clinical and cytological examinations (> 10% polymorphonuclear neutrophils in uterine smears obtained by cytobrush). From all the cows endometrial biopsies were collected and the presence of CD14+, CD4+ and CD8+ cells in the endometrium was evaluated immunohistochemically using semi quantitative counting method. The mRNA expression of iNOS was determined using reverse transcription-PCR. In general, there were no significant differences between EXP and CTRL groups in the expression of CD4+ and CD8 + lymphocytes in all endometrial structures. In contrast, we observed a higher number of CD14+ macrophages in repeat breeding group compared to the control cows, however, this difference was slightly pronounced. CD14+ cells were detectable only in the stratum compactum and stratum spongiosum. The statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05) higher expression of iNOS mRNA was measured in the cows with subclinical endometritis compared to the healthy animals. Our results suggest that the increased expression of CD14+ macrophages and iNOS mRNA may be associated with embryonal mortality in repeat breeding cows with subclinical endometritis.
Screening of Polish Holstein-Friesian bulls towards eradication of Complex Vertebral Malformation (CVM) carriers
Authors: Ruść A. , Hering D. , Puckowska P. , Barcewicz M. , Kamiński S.
Published: January 2014

The effectiveness of a program aimed at eradicating carriers of the recessive disorder Complex Vertebral Malformation (CVM) from the population of Holstein-Friesian bulls is reported. Among 1823 bulls, 1268 young and 555 proven bulls were examined. Three hundred and three bulls appeared to be CVM carriers (16.62%). The highest number of carriers occurred in the sons of a CVM sire, 55.51% and 61.90%, for proven and young bulls, respectively. This very high incidence of CVM carriers forced us to implement a strategy of screening young bulls offered by individual breeders to insemination centers. In effect, the number of CVM carriers dramatically dropped among proven bulls born in 2004 and disappeared in bulls born in 2006.
BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE IN PROCESS CONTROL
Authors: Kopčeková Alena , Kopček Michal , Tanuška Pavol
Published: January 2014

The Business Intelligence technology, which represents a strong tool not only for decision making support, but also has a big potential in other fields of application, is discussed in this paper. Necessary fundamental definitions are offered and explained to better understand the basic principles and the role of this technology for company management. Article is logically divided into five main parts. In the first part, there is the definition of the technology and the list of main advantages. In the second part, an overview of the system architecture with the brief description of separate building blocks is presented. Also, the hierarchical nature of the system architecture is shown. The technology life cycle consisting of four steps, which are mutually interconnected into a ring, is described in the third part. In the fourth part, analytical methods incorporated in the online analytical processing and data mining used within the business intelligence as well as the related data mining methodologies are summarised. Also, some typical applications of the above-mentioned particular methods are introduced. In the final part, a proposal of the knowledge discovery system for hierarchical process control is outlined. The focus of this paper is to provide a comprehensive view and to familiarize the reader with the Business Intelligence technology and its utilisation.
The Business Model for the Functional Rapid Manufacturing Supply Chain
Authors: Hasan Saad , Rennie Allan , Hasan Jamal
Published: January 2014

The use of the Rapid Manufacturing (RM) technologies to manufacture end used product has become a more viable proposition these days than it was in the past. However, the characteristics of the technology allow for unconventional usage and subsequent supply chain support requirements. Therefore, it can be argued that the RM supply chain concepts have the potential room for further evolution. This research focuses on the possibility and structure of a business model tailored for the unconventional RM supply chain requirements. In this regard, the paper proposes the Virtual Trading System or VTS, which is an e-business platform that could potentially provide an alternative to the RM industry, in terms of supply chain functionality. The research outlines the structure of such a business model in detail, based on the requirements of the RM industry.
Third instar larva morphology of Hydrotaea cyrtoneurina (ZETTERSTEDT, 1845) (Diptera: Muscidae) – a species of forensic interest
Authors: Grzywacz Andrzej
Published: January 2014

The muscid Hydrotaea cyrtoneurina (ZETTERSTEDT, 1845) is a Palaearctic species whose adults are known for their forensic importance. The third instar larva morphology of H. cyrtoneurina, hitherto unknown, is described herein with the application of light and scanning electron microscopy. The characters of larval morphology enabling this species to be distinguished from other forensically important third instar larvae of Muscidae are discussed as well. Some details of the cephaloskeleton are discussed, and modifications in terminology are proposed based on the literature data and the results of this study.
New fossil Tipulidae from the volcano-sedimentary Latest Oligocene of Bes-Konak (Turkey)
Authors: Kania Iwona , Nel André
Published: January 2014

Three new species of Tipula from the Latest Oligocene of Bes-Konak (Turkey) are described, viz. Tipula (Platytipula) anatolica sp. n., Tipula (Tipula) oligocenica sp. n. and Tipula (Trichotipula) paicheleri sp. n. A morphological comparison with their closest recent and fossil relatives is provided.
Contribution of electrical resistivity tomography applied to the slope deformation survey in Lidečko
Authors: Cervantes Bladimir , Poláček Aleš , Ryšávka Jaroslav
Published: January 2014

In the last years, electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) has been increasingly used to solve various types of problems in engineering geological survey, geotechnical investigations, etc. It gradually replaces a traditional combination of methods of resistivity profiling (RP) and vertical electrical sounding (VES). This paper provides selected results obtained from the survey of a slope deformation in Lidečko. It brings also some new details about its construction and results of monitoring carried out in the year 2011. The largest landslide hazards result from its position over a water pipeline line, where there is a real risk of a massive landslide of the slope ending in the valley of the Senice River. It is an old landslide reactivated during the floods in the years 1997 and 2006.
Acidification process in the area of the abandoned Ľubietová - Podlipa CU-deposit, Slovakia
Authors: Dirner Vojtech , Krnáč Jozef , Čmielová Lenka , Lacková Eva , Andráš Peter
Published: January 2014

Acidity in surroundings of the abandoned Ľubietová-Podlipa Cu-deposit depends predominantly on the geochemical behaviour (weathering) of particular minerals (mainly pyrite). The article presents the results of measurements of basic physicochemical parameters - pH and Eh in technogenic sediments and in surface and drainage water of a dump-field. Although the dump material shows a significant amount of mobility-able metals and thus also a potential to form acidity, a massive AMD formation in future is not probable.
„ZŁE DOBRE JEST, A DOBRE – ZŁE”. KONSEKWENCJE INTERPRETACYJNE PRZEKŁADU KLUCZOWEGO CYTATU Z MAKBETA / “FAIR IS FOUL, AND FOUL IS FAIR”: DIFFERENT TRANSLATIONS OF THE KEYNOTE QUOTATION FROM MACBETH INTO POLISH AND THE CONSEQUENCES IN INTERPRETATION
Authors: Mroczkowska-Brand Katarzyna
Published: January 2014

A comparative study of two translations of Shakespeare’s Macbeth into Polish, centering on the crucial phrase ‘fair is foul and foul is fair’, leads to a discussion of genre. Arguments for and against reading Macbeth as a tragedy, as a profound Morality Play, or as a drama suggesting relativity within the system of values, are presented.
POEZJA OKSYMORONU. O METAFORYCE W WIERSZACH KRASIŃSKIEGO / THE POETRY OF THE OXYMORON: ZYGMUNT KRASIŃSKI’S VERSE
Authors: Niewczas Łukasz
Published: January 2014

This re-reading of Zygmunt Krasiński’s lyrical verse rejects (at least to some extent) the generally held view of his poetry as some kind of literary fossils. To demonstrate its genuine complexity the author of this article focuses on Krasiński’s use of the oxymoron, an aspect of his poetic art that has been neglected by the critics. The oxymoron, which seems to be his favourite metaphoric device, is analysed here on the level of poetic ontology, poetic semantics, and metaphoric imagery. In each of those spheres oxymorons play a dominant role: Krasiński uses them to construct his poetic world, to complicate and problematize his meanings, and to create a highly dramatic imagery. Finally, it is argued that the shift in Krasiński’s use of the oxymoron from a sign of cleavage to that of a balanced whole corresponds to a similar evolution in his ontological views.
Deleuze and Kuki: The Temporality of Eternal Return and ‘un coup de dés’
Authors: Higaki Tatsuya
Published: January 2014

Shuzo Kuki is a Japanese philosopher, belonging to the Kyoto school, who lived about a hundred years ago. He learned philosophy in Europe and developed an original theory of contingency, by accommodating the Asiatic way of thinking on the one hand, and Western philosophy (Bergson, Heidegger and neo-Kantianism) on the other. In this article, I show that we can find similarities between his theory of contingency and the philosophy of Deleuze, especially in regard to the subject of temporality and eternal return. Needless to say, the theory of the third time is a crucial theme in Difference and Repetition, and is closely related to the time of eternity, and the original or primitive contingency. Taking into consideration these aspects of time is indispensable in examining in depth the concepts of difference and virtuality. Kuki's theory of contingency, which incorporates early twentieth-century European philosophy, elucidates these concepts in an unexpected way. Therefore, my aim in this article is not to attempt a comparison between Eastern and Western thought by quoting Deleuze, but to illustrate a hidden lineage of thought, which runs from the nineteenth century (neo-Kantianism, Bergsonism, and so on) into the philosophy of virtuality of the twentieth century. This same lineage appears in Japan in Kuki's theory, and Deleuze's thought is, at least in one aspect, a modern manifestation of the same roots.
Equipement hydraulique et pratiques sanitaires dans la France du XIXe siècle
Authors: Goubert Jean-Pierre
Published: January 2014

Au cours du XIXe siècle, dans une France restée majoritairement rurale, le «rapport à l'eau» de la population se modifie lentement. L'équipement hydraulique, décidé par les élites, s'installe progressivement dans les villes : il apparaît d'abord dans les cités polyvalentes et prospères, ensuite dans le réseau des villes moyennes, enfin dans les bourgs et même — tardivement — dans certains villages. Toutefois, cette amenée massive d'eau «pure» ne change guère des pratiques sanitaires pluriséculaires : on considère la saleté comme une protection et les «immondices» comme une source de fécondité ; on craint les forces divines qui habitent les fontaines et de plus pourquoi paierait-on l'eau jusque-là don de Dieu ou de la Nature ?
Des «assises de grâce ?» Le jury de la cour d'assises de la Lozère au XIXe siècle
Authors: Pourcher Yves
Published: January 2014

Si les rapports des présidents de la cour d'assises de la Lozère dénoncent au XIXe siècle les excès d'une justice criminelle confiée à des jurés peu enclins à respecter le cadre juridique de leurs fonctions, ils révèlent, outre l'exposé de magistrats à leur Ministre, les stratégies développées autour des différents procès. Ils signifient alors que l'institution nouvelle du jury d'assises, dont l'accès est limité aux possédants, soumet l'exercice de la justice à une emprise sociale dans laquelle chaque crime n'est appréhendé que dans sa subjectivité. Le verdict marque alors le résultat d'une analyse où le statut de l'accusé, celui de la victime et ceux de leurs maisons ont été pris en compte.
«Se battre comme des chiffonniers».
Authors: Segalen Martine , Le Wita Béatrix
Published: January 2014

«To Fight like Dustbin-Rakers»

«To fight like dustbin-rakers» is often used in French. Why is it so ? Why was violence associated with this group ? Fieldwork conducted near families of former rag-and-bone men, living in a neighbourhood of Nanterre (a suburb near Paris) until the 1950s, endeavours to explain this association. There was a professionnal violence when ragmen fought for the collecting spaces, and there was a domestic violence within instable households. However violence is not disorder : the business is quite structured and solidarity runs along the members of the group. One can wonder if, eventually, violence is not purely an external vision of the group.
Des paysages
Authors: Cloarec Jacques
Published: January 2014

On Landscape

From some years, Landscape has raised a new social and scientific interest as demonstrated by the growing number of publications on this topic. Compared readings and analysis of work (books, publications and lectures) published between 1981 and 1984 in various fields of social sciences allow to give a survey of the diversity of the ways and methods used to approach the object «Landscape», and of their results. Drawing up this inventory also, reveals the remaining blanks and the ambiguousnesses to be clarified to investigate this cultural fact, both idea and reality.
L'usure au XIXe siècle : le fléau des campagnes
Authors: Chauvaud Frédéric
Published: January 2014

Usury in the XlXth Century : a Real Pest in Rural Areas

Usury is one of the components of rural life in the 19th century. As a form of economic violence, it remains a hidden social fact. Through archives, we can grasp the peasant vision of village communities of the Rambouillet district. The resort to a money-lender reveals the latter 's identity and risks undergone, it gives precisions on the extent and profits of this illicit trade. It shows the ambivalent attitudes of individuals and couples, stresses their outcome and testifies of the rivalry between town and country.
Techniques pastorales d'hier et d'aujourd'hui : chiens de conduite et chiens de défense dans les Amériques
Authors: Lutz Georges
Published: January 2014

Sur le continent américain l'emploi de chiens auprès du troupeau d'ovins est ancien, sa technique d'utilisation a évolué selon les régions selon les époques. Aux Etats-Unis le seul rôle connu du chien a été celui du conducteur. Aujourd'hui on assiste à la renaissance du chien de «défense» d'origine euroasiatique dans les parcs à moutons nord-américains comme moyen de lutte «écologique» contre le coyote. Dans l'Amérique platéenne par contre, l'existence du chien de «conduite» s'avère précoce, alors que les techniques pastorales hispaniques ne semblaient pas l'inclure. L'étude de divers naturalistes du début du XIXe siècle prouve que l'innovation des «chiens-bergers», technique réputée d'introduction anglo-saxonne, revient de droit aux Hispaniques. Des techniques d'élevage et de conditionnement précises amenaient ces chiens à un état de service optimal dont les biologistes nord-américains pourraient s'inspirer utilement de nos jours. .
L'eau du vendredi. Droits d'eau et hiérarchie sociale en Sharqîya (Sultanat d'Oman)
Authors: Le Cour Grandmaison Colette
Published: January 2014

Friday's Water : Water Rights and Social Hierarchy in Sharqiya

Water ownership, like that of land, is a matter of private property: However, in so far as land and water rights are not inseparably linked, water ownership remains distinct. Access to irrigation water either derives from permanently owned water rights, or is bought on a basis of weekly watering periods, sold by auction of Fridays. Permanent water owners and «waterless» farmers are the two groups which co-exist in the village communities of Sharqiya (oasis of the Sultanate of Oman). This article attempts to answer the following question : in what way does the history of these communities and their african migrations contribute to an understanding of their present-day hierarchical organisation ? The ownership of water towers by the falaj, a village institution charged with managing the irrigation network and the water credit system are specific to Oman. By virtue of the falaj's rights, all community members can have access to water. By ensuring a certain equilibrium in the distribution of water, the falaj has been able to maintain the community's cohesion throughout the vicissitudes of history.
Pandora, la jarre et l'espoir
Authors: Hoffmann Geneviève
Published: January 2014

Pandora, the Jar and Hope.

What is the meaning of Pandora's first gesture, the opening of the jar, in Hesiod's two poems, Theogony and Works and Days ? The Utopia of the Golden Age vanished, and the degradation — sickness and toil — of the Iron Age began with the first woman. Why was a jar used as an image ? For a farmer poet like Hesiod, it was a way to express to two functions of Panfora's belly: its voracity for food and its appetite for sex. This image has its roots in the use of the jar in relation to the seed (spérma). Hope, imprisoned in Pandora's belly, is, if Zeus wills, the promised child.
Économies des vivres, vies de l'économie. Présentation.
Authors: Bare Jean-François
Published: January 2014

Cette présentation développe les motifs qui ont conduit la rédaction de la revue à réunir des contributions concernant les évolutions actuelles de différentes économies vivrières. Elle en retient trois : l'importance de la question dans l'histoire économique mondiale ; le mouvement de mondialisation des flux économiques et donc des flux vivriers ; la spécificité des évolutions d'économies pourtant comparables dans leur structure. Elle insiste sur la nécessité de descriptions plus empiristes des économies vivrières ; sur la nécessité de spécifier les catégories de l'économie politique selon les situations historiques ; elle s'interroge sur les dimensions anthropologiques de l'histoire économique.
L'« agribusiness » et l'État. Le cas des États-Unis.
Authors: George Susan
Published: January 2014

Agribusiness and the State. The Case of the United States.

Although US government ideology emphasizes the separation of government and business, the State is deeply involved in promoting the interests of US transnational corporations abroad and in transforming Third World food systems to suit American needs. Three cases are examined: OPIC, the agency providing Stateguaranteed insurance and other services for American agribusiness investment in developing countries; OICD, concerned with agricultural research as well as training of Third World nationals and biased towards capital-intensive methods, finally, the State-supported private agricultural trade associations that persue the goal of higher sales and of food-system transformations for attaining them (including the corn-soya animal-feeding model). All three increase agricultural and food dependency in less developed countries.
La déroute d'un système vivrier au Burkina. Agriculture extensive et baisse de production.
Authors: Marchal Jean-Yves
Published: January 2014

The Ruin of a Food Crop System in Burkina: Extensive Agriculture and Less Produce.

In Northern Burkina the agrarian structure has regressed during recent decades because agricultural techniques have been set aside that used to intertwine permanent intensive agriculture with extensive temporary agriculture. Today, permanent agriculture is practised everywhere, but the soil cannot be restored. Consequently, output has been decreasing as has the man/hour ratio. This process is not only linked to population growth but also to the atomization of production groups.
Du paddy pour les porcs. Dérives d'une société rizicole, l'exemple des Hautes Terres centrales de Madagascar.
Authors: Blanc-Pamard Chantal
Published: January 2014

Du paddy pour les porcs et la production commercialisée de riz déficitaire, une « bataille du riz » engagée par l'État et des paysans qui en négligent la culture, des rizières qui marquent fortement le paysage et une riziculture qui n'est plus l'élément dominant de l'économie agricole. Tels sont, à Madagascar, les caractères de la production rizicole. A cette évolution, paradoxale à maints égards, une recherche menée sur le terrain permet d'apporter quelques explications en ce qui concerne tant la politique menée par l'État que les comportements et les attitudes des paysans, plus particulièrement sur les Hautes Terres.
A l'aide ou trop d'aide ? Évolutions des économies vivrières dans le Pacifique insulaire.
Authors: Antheaume Benoit , Lawrence Roger
Published: January 2014

Les transformations des systèmes vivriers dans le Pacifique insulaire sont abordées à différentes échelles : de la parcelle à la région tout entière en passant par l'exploitation, le terroir, l'île et le pays qui forment autant d'espaces emboîtés. Sans doute n'existe-t-il plus de systèmes intégralement vivriers dans cette région mais plutôt toute une gamme de systèmes mixtes dont les évolutions sont commandées par une pluralité de facteurs externes : migrations vers les villes et processus massif d'urbanisation, importance de l'aide internationale. Est évoquée en conclusion la distance entre la réalité des faits et des situations et le discours idéologique dans lequel l'idée d' autosuffisance occupe une place centrale.
L'État nécessaire? Aménagement et corporatisme dans le marais poitevin
Authors: Billaud Jean-Paul
Published: January 2014

En 1982, les propriétaires fonciers du Marais poitevin, regroupés en sociétés depuis le XIXe siècle, ont été évincés en tant qu'interlocuteurs privilégiés de l'État pour la gestion du système hydraulique au profit des communes. Depuis 1984, le Parc naturel régional est en sursis, entraîné malgré lui dans des conflits d'aménagement inévitables à partir du moment où il ambitionne de gérer le territoire. Partant de ces deux crises institutionnelles révélant une recomposition des rapports entre l'État et les sociétés locales, l'auteur s'efforce de montrer en quoi on ne peut comprendre ce nouveau dispositif institutionnel local qu'en analysant l'évolution du rapport entre le système social et l'écosystème aménagé. Plutôt qu'une crise de la représentativité, l'auteur y décèle une crise de la gestion collective, rendue inéluctable par la privatisation croissante des rapports sociaux noués avec l'écosystème dont rend compte l'évolution des formes sociales de l'appropriation, du travail et de la production. L'issue n'est pourtant pas définitive : ce nouveau mode institutionnel de gestion des ressources peut-il se passer d'une solution technique permettant de s'affranchir de toute régulation collective, imposée jusqu'à présent par les contraintes du milieu ?
Les cours manoriales
Authors: Dyer Christopher C.
Published: January 2014

The Manorial Courts

The manorial courts of medieval England, from 1250 to 1500, played an ambiguous role in social relationships. They regulated self-governing village communities, and served as seignorial tribunals. When we assess the relative importance of these two functions, we find that although the courts aided the settlement of disputes between peasants, and defined customary law among the villagers, their primary purpose was to defend the interests of the lords. A popular justice operated outside the formal machinery of the seignorial courts.
Crime, loi et justice rurale en Angleterre à l'époque moderne
Authors: Amussen Susan D.
Published: January 2014

Villagers and the Law in Early Modern England

This essay survey some of the recent scholarship on the law, looking at the major issues raised from the perspective of the relation between the villagers of early modern England and the legal system. Villagers came into contact with three main types of law in this period : land and property law, criminal law and laws of social regulation. The most important feature of the law was its flexibility. But the use of the law changes in response to other social transformations. The relations between villagers and the law clearly demonstrate the changes in English society in the early modern period.
Ceux qui peinent et ceux qui prennent. La mythologie du travail dans une société d'horticulteurs (Nouvelle-Bretagne)
Authors: Jeudy-Ballini Monique
Published: January 2014

Cet article examine les représentations du travail qui circulent dans la littérature orale des Sulka de Nouvelle-Bretagne. Dans un premier temps, il montre que l'opposition entre les activités traditionnelles définies comme "travail" et celles pour lesquelles les Sulka refusent cette appellation renvoie à l'opposition entre horticulture et prédation. Il montre ensuite que ce qui permet de penser cette opposition est la valeur référentielle attachée à la fertilité. Ce fait est rapproché de la conception qui sous-tend les pratiques sociales quotidiennes et selon laquelle l'aptitude au travail participe de l'aptitude à la procréation — la fertilité passant pour exprimer la caution des esprits ancestraux. Il s'ensuite que la notion de travail ne saurait être appréhendée en termes purement économiques et que sa définition, pour les Sulka, s'entend essentiellement comme une façon de penser le rapport cosmologique entre les vivants et les morts.
Le problème des transports sous le régime des Khmers Rouges
Authors: Martin Marie Alexandrine
Published: January 2014

Dans le Kampuchea Démocratique, l'État — qui pense surtout aux problèmes de défense — exporte beaucoup de riz et autres denrées contre de l'armement. Pour diriger ces matières vers le port de Kompong Som, les routes et les voies ferrées sont restaurées à la hâte, sans garantie technique. Le transport fluvial est largement et, semble-t-il, heureusement développé. Les avions ne vont pas au-delà des limites du pays. Mais ces diverses mesures ne profitent pas à la population qui doit faire tout le travail de riziculture et de travaux publics en comptant sur ses propres forces. Le protage est alors intense.
Le retour des morts
Authors: Fabre Daniel
Published: January 2014

The Return of the Dead

Just as anthropologists recognized, with Tylor in 1871, that the concepts of death and culture were closely related, they set aside the treatment of the dead in Western Europe so that they could ignore the raging debate on the soul and afterlife. This paper examines the situations in which the occidental dead "come back". This renewed recognition is fully effective only when Christian afterlife is taken under consideration, as with, for instance, the difficult birth of Purgatory. Historical and contemporary anthropology can then reflect upon the rich modalities of an exchange which, in recently studied rural societies of Southern Europe restores all its ordered complexity to the social use of the dead.
Juvéniles revenants
Authors: Fabre Daniel
Published: January 2014

Juvenile Ghosts

The body of oral tales staging the relationship between a boy and afterlife forms a "Great Story" in which he who is vowed to the Devil or to Death ends up by dominating them and becomes a "Ghost passer". This exemplary plot - established from Occitanian versions - becomes significant only when related to the whole web of links with the next world with which all young boys must live. They can flirt with death without danger when they have learned to play on the value of things and on the meaning of words. Listening to tales at night plays a central part in acquiring this skill : do they not picture themselves as instruments of transition between this world and the next ?
Des paysans dans la jungle. Le piégeage dans le rapport des Tharu au monde de la forêt
Authors: Krauskopff Gisèle
Published: January 2014

Cet article décrit les techniques de piégeage au filet utilisées par les Tharu. paysans qui vivent dans la forêt paludéenne du Terai. La chasse, comme la pêche, se pratique sans effusion de sang. Lorsqu'ils s'adressent aux esprits de la malemort. responsables de la plupart des maladies, les prêtres utilisent des techniques rituelles différentes selon la "catégorie du paysage" à laquelle les esprits sont associés, site habité ou forêt. "Dans la forêt", le prêtre, installé sur ses marges, comme le chasseur qui jamais ne s'y aventure en profondeur, tente d'attirer les esprits pour les piéger. Sur le site habité, il les "cloue" en les enterrant dans le sous-sol. Aux esprits de la forêt, le prêtre offre des sacrifices spécifiques, des "sacrifices de souffle", qui ne font pas couler le sang. Cet article se veut une première approche de la notion de "mise en ordre du paysage" dans l'efficacité symbolique des rites tharu. Il s'attache à montrer que la mise en ordre rituelle du monde s'appuie sur une séparation entre le village et la forêt et sur un rapport au monde forestier marqué par une attitude de repli et de non-violence caractéristique d'une société paysanne.
Dieux du sol et démons dans les religions himalayennes
Authors: Toffin Gérard
Published: January 2014

Earth Gods and Demons in Himalayan Religions

In most Himalayan pantheons, terrestrial gods have an intermediate position between celestial divinities and chtonic demons. They have friendly as well as terrifying aspects, and are simultaneously masculine and feminine. Among the Thamang of western Nepal, they are worshipped by a category of exorcist priests, the lambu, who concentrate in themselves not only life forces but also dark powers and death forces. In general, there is an affinity between earth gods and demons. Among the Newar for instance, Bhairava, the god in the pantheon who is most directly linked to underworld forces, is sometimes imagined to have been a demon. His pacification and transformation into a protecting divinity are attributed to a tântrika expert in magic. This dialectical relationship between telluric powers and demons reflects the wariness of Himalayans about setting up a categorical opposition between order and disorder, light and darkness. The societies in the area under study tend to see divine spirits as being complementary aspects of opposite values.
Des dieux, des montagnes et des hommes. La lecture tibétaine du paysage
Authors: Meyer Fernand
Published: January 2014

On Gods, Mountains and People : The Tibetan Interpretation of the Landscape

In the Tibetan interpretation of the landscape, space is organized as a square form with cardinal points that is stratified in height and ideally centered on a vertical axis running through these various levels. Certain points in this interpretation are more meaningful than others. The landscape, usually reduced to the main constituents of the terrain that are directly visible if there is no plant cover, is seen to be stratified, centered, bounded, hierarchized, and inhabited by gods and spirits in a close relationship with mankind.
Mensonge romanesque et vérité des romanciers. Une relecture du Village romanesque
Authors: Lagrave Rose-Marie
Published: January 2014

A Fictional Lie and the Truth of Fiction: Rereading Le village romanesque

The author criticizes the approach she used in a 1980 study entitled Le village romanesque on two main points : the proof of the "fictional lie" and the use of literature as evidence of a novelist's social position. Attributing fictional lie down to the difference between village monographs and literary creation has resulted in underestimating the force of currents of thought that, in the 1950s, united the social sciences and literature through a nostalgic relationship to the rural world. The way this nostalgia is put into words depends both on an author's distance from the rural world and on his position in the world of literature. What remains to be done is a sociology of nostalgia that would analyze "dwelled" spaces in cities as well as in the countryside.
Permanence et perversion de la ruralité
Authors: Kayser Bernard
Published: January 2014

La ruralité n'est plus ce qu'elle était et ne s'oppose plus de façon simple à l'urbanité. Mais "le rural existe", et l'auteur se propose dans cet article d'en élaborer une conception qui puisse satisfaire les chercheurs en besoin de théorie et les gens de terrain en besoin d'analyse. Pour cela, il revoit et actualise le débat dichotomie/continuum des rapports villes-campagnes ; il étudie les résultats des interactions entre définitions officielles et implications statistiques ; il interprète et évalue les indicateurs différentiels de l'urbain et du rural. Ainsi peut-il proposer une configuration positive de la ruralité. Mais, au-delà de cette description, il avance que la ruralité, forme de rapport de la société à l'espace, se caractérise avant tout par une inscription locale, qui est à la fois rapport à la localité et rapport à l'environnement.
Les formes contemporaines de la transmission des exploitations agricoles
Authors: David Jacques
Published: January 2014

L'observation révèle que les formes juridiques de la transmission des exploitations agricoles se diversifient et qu'apparaissent des formules hier ignorées, qui reposent en grande partie sur l'utilisation en agriculture des formes sociétaires. Celles-ci servent en premier à structurer juridiquement la collaboration entre générations et à favoriser le développement d'exploitations contraintes de s'adapter à leur environnement économique. Elles permettent également d'éviter un désinvestissement familial immédiat après retraite professionnelle des parents et règlement successoral, ce qui a pour effet d'alléger ou de différer les charges de la transmission du capital familial.
Le renouvellement des agriculteurs
Authors: Delord Bernard , Lacombe Philippe
Published: January 2014

The New Heads of Farms (1979-1981)

Those persons who began heading farms between 1979 and 1981 differ in many respects : the size of the farms taken over, their bonds of kinship with those who farmed the land before them, age. previous place of residence, and the combination of activities within the household. The "classical" installation of young family helpers on middle-sized or large farms has not occurred very often. Hence, the rotation of farm heads does not seem to be a factor tending toward a single type of farm. On the contrary, it is involved in the reproduction of the diversity of French agriculture. This diversity comes not only from competition but also from the way farm families function in relation to the larger environment.
La reproduction hors mariage. L'exemple d'un village portugais 1862-1983
Authors: Iturra Raúl
Published: January 2014

Les statistiques établies sur un siècle et demi dans un village du Portugal central font apparaître de manière constante un taux élevé de célibat masculin et féminin, ainsi qu'un nombre important de naissances hors mariage, la quasi-totalité des mères célibataires appartenant aux couches sociales exclues de la circulation des biens. Le célibat représente dans cette société le moyen de reproduire, sans division du patrimoine, la force de travail nécessaire aux exploitations familiales, en constituant une filiation dissociée de la transmission des richesses. Cette filiation est établie par le parrainage, qui définit la position sociale des enfants du célibat.
L'artiste, le boucher et le sacrificateur
Authors: Fournier Dominique , Saumade Frédéric
Published: January 2014

The Artist, the Butcher and the Sacrificer

The ethnographic study of Lower Andalusia, where the toro has become a fundamental cultural symbol, reveals that urban-dwellers feign to reject the meat of the sacrificial killing of a bull in an arena because it is still identified with the marginal world of slaughterhouses. This tendency is revelatory not only of the ambiguous evolution of town-country relations in the Seville area but also about sociocultural relations since the 18th century when the "plebs" , as they are usually called, managed to voice their judgment and their determination to rise in the social hierarchy within the framework of the taurine performance.
Riz des femmes, riz des hommes au Guidimaka (Mauritanie)
Authors: Blanchard de La Brosse Véronique
Published: January 2014

Women's Rice, Men's Rice (Guidimaka, Mauritania)

During precolonial times and even still in the first half of the 20th century, Soninke women actively participated in interregional trade. Nowadays, since, unlike men, they do not have the possibility of emigrating, they are the main victims of the village economy's decline. Out of their own production however, they still assume obligations (in particular, providing most of the goods redistributed during marriages) that condition their social status. Their situation has worsened since, in 1981, a National Company of Rural Development introduced irrigated rice as a crop for men, whereas rice production had been in women's hands. The latter's refusal to give up their own fields (and particularly paddy-fields) and go and work in the fields managed by men is the major reason for the non-expansion of irrigated rice in Guidimaka.
Quelle autosuffisance alimentaire pour le Cameroun ? Quelques repères méthodologiques
Authors: Verez Jean-Claude
Published: January 2014

How Is Cameroun S elf- Sufficient in Food ? A Few Methodological Points

Dependency, security and self-sufficiency are notions used to characterize the food situation in various sub-Saharian countries. There is no obvious ways of measuring such indications. In a context of strong population growth and accelerated urbanization, there is every reason to expect increasing food imports and, eventually, greater dependency ; but the Camerounian example shows that there is no automatic correlation between urbanization and food dependency. Cameroun is now relatively self-sufficient even though it, too, has to deal with the growth of the population and of cities. This self-sufficiency, which costs indirect imports, can be set down to a choice in economic and agricultural policy. This choice will turn out to be right in the long run if agricultural production grows to satisfy the population's food needs.
Stratégies commerciales et identité peule. Le "teefankaagal" au Sénégal
Authors: Join-Lambert Anne , Sada Ba Amadou , Guillaume Henri
Published: January 2014

Les sociétés peules sénégalaises ont su, depuis les années trente, s'adapter à une intensification de la commercialisation du bétail, au sein de structures économiques nouvelles. Monopolisant l'ensemble du réseau de la vente du bétail sénégalais, elles ont appliqué leur stratification sociale à la hiérarchie des fonctions qui caractérise un processus de commercialisation. Faisant face aux politiques coloniales, puis nationales, elles sont restées, jusqu'à présent, totalement maîtresses d'un marché dont l'impulsion leur était étrangère, mais auquel elles ont donné des cadres institutionnels, ainsi que des techniques pastorales et un modèle de représentation de l'animal qui leur sont propres.