bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of Land‐Use History and Forest Trees on Soil Organic Carbon and Nitrogen Stocks
Authors: Kolbe Sarah E. , Miller Arnold I. , Townsend-Small Amy , Cameron Guy N. , Culley Theresa M.
Published: July 2016

Core Ideas

The onset of reforestation is a key factor controlling SOC and N stocks.

Stocks increased from partial to full reforestation, particularly in shallow soils.

SOC/N ratio increased with time since reforestation in deep but not shallow soils.

Increased SOC/N ratio in deep soils reflected accumulated SOC but stable N.

No relationship existed between SOC and N stocks and tree composition or structure.

Reforestation and afforestation of agricultural land can lead to increased storage of C and N. Few studies have determined the effect of reforestation on N compared with C accumulation or the impact of forest community structure on soil organic C (SOC) and N stocks. We selected a chronosequence of six forested study sites to investigate whether SOC and N were affected by land‐use history or forest community structure. We took soil cores at depths of 15 to 35 cm from eight plots at each study site, measured SOC and N concentrations, SOC/N ratios, the minimum time since partial and full reforestation, and tree composition and structure. The SOC and N concentrations increased with time since partial and full reforestation in shallow soils (top 10 cm; p < 0.01) but less so in deeper soils (10–20 cm; p > 0.05; rocky soil limited analyses below 20 cm). The SOC and N concentrations were more closely linked to the onset of reforestation. The SOC/N ratio increased with time since partial and full reforestation in deeper soils (p < 0.01) but not in shallow soils (p > 0.05). There was no relationship between either SOC or N and forest composition or structure (p > 0.05). Our results demonstrate that the onset of reforestation is a key factor controlling SOC and N concentrations, which increased from partial to full reforestation, particularly in shallow soils. The more pronounced increase in the SOC/N ratio in deeper soils reflected an accumulation of SOC with time in these soils, while N content remained comparatively stable.
A gestão territorial do Médio Jequitinhonha: entre dificuldades e possibilidades
Authors: Pereira Viviane Guimarães , Ribeiro Eduardo Magalhães , Almeida Ana Flávia
Published: July 2016

O presente artigo busca analisar o desempenho e a capacidade institucional do território Médio Jequitinhonha, Nordeste de Minas Gerais, para as ações coletivas que tangenciam as políticas públicas territoriais. Este trabalho é resultado de pesquisa e extensão desenvolvido durante os anos de 2010 a 2013, que teve como objetivo geral assessorar a organização territorial, disponibilizando capacitação para apoiar as iniciativas territoriais, construindo interfaces entre universidade, sociedade e organizações do setor público. As coletas de dados foram realizadas através de entrevistas ao Comitê Gestor e participação em Assembléias Territoriais. O conjunto de resultados encontrados mostrou que o território Médio Jequitinhonha depara-se com uma grande dificuldade: a insuficiência da capacidade de organizar-se, expressar-se. Além desta insuficiência organizativa para a consolidação do território, há outra dificuldade enfrentada: a falta de capacidade institucional, que refere-se à existência de infraestrutura pública para o desenvolvimento de atividades econômicas,  sociais,  culturais e políticas, no território. Contudo, há uma indicação no resultado do estudo de que o fortalecimento é possível: a pesquisa mostrou que houve fortalecimento das iniciativas públicas não estatais, geridas por associações camponesas, organizações religiosas e não governamentais, que conhecem seu público-alvo, suas demandas e suas condições de negociação com o Estado, mostrando iniciativas voltadas para o desenvolvimento.
Território Vulnerável e Desenvolvimento Humano: Uma análise à luz da política pública de assistência social
Authors: Pizzio Alex , Silva Márcia Michelle Carneiro da
Published: July 2016

O enfrentamento da desigualdade e da pobreza tem sido objeto tanto das políticas públicas como dos modelos de desenvolvimento que lhes dão suporte. No Brasil contemporâneo, a descentralização da assistência social, política prioritária na mitigação da pobreza e da desigualdade, tem considerado, em larga escala, o território como fundamental para o êxito da política por meio do aprimoramento da gestão e da oferta de serviços públicos. Este artigo visa refletir acerca das circunstâncias que envolvem os indivíduos, os espaços vividos e as perspectivas do desenvolvimento humano, a partir da política de assistência social. Para dar conta desse objetivo, discorremos sobre a vulnerabilidade socioeconômica, cível e territorial, buscando delimitar as principais características do território vulnerável e, desse modo, contribuir para o aprofundamento das investigações acerca da territorialização da política pública de assistência social e desenvolvimento humano. As conclusões demonstram que o território vulnerável requer formas mais adequadas para a implementação, gestão, monitoramento, avaliação e informação no âmbito da política de assistência social, de modo a não simplesmente focalizar o indivíduo e a condição de pobreza.
“Sustainable Beef”: práticas para a sustentabilidade na cadeia da carne bovina gaúcha
Authors: Silva Minelle Enéas da , Alves Ana Paula Ferreira , Barcellos Márcia Dutra de
Published: July 2016

É cada vez mais notória a necessidade de discussões sobre práticas para a sustentabilidade em diferentes setores econômicos e contexto empresariais. Com esta perspectiva, este artigo objetiva analisar como diferentes membros da cadeia de carne bovina do Rio Grande do Sul estão envolvidos com práticas responsáveis em busca de uma cadeia mais sustentável. Para tanto, uma pesquisa qualitativa foi conduzida com  diferentes stakeholders durante a feira de negócios Expointer, no sentido de entender como ocorreu o processo de interação entre esses e outros atores, e como a sustentabilidade vem sendo introduzida na produção de carne bovina, no ano de 2012. Os resultados indicam que, dentro de suas atribuições, cada um dos elos tem buscado se adequar, mesmo que com motivação econômica, ao novo contexto que surge. Além disso, identificou-se que as ações estão sendo desenvolvidas de forma incipiente, no entanto, englobam tanto as dimensões ambiental e social, como a prática de bem-estar animal, para uma cadeia mais sustentável.

 
Como os gaúchos utilizam o cartão de crédito? Análise do comportamento de uso e da dívida no cartão de crédito
Authors: Kunkel Franciele Reis , Vieira Kelmara Mendes , Potrich Ani Caroline Grigion , Campara Jéssica Pulino , Paraboni Ana Luiza
Published: July 2016

O objetivo do presente estudo é investigar o uso do cartão de crédito pelos gaúchos, o perfil desses indivíduos, o comportamento no uso do cartão e a dívida, assim como verificar se há diferenças no nível do comportamento e dívida considerando os fatores socioeconômicos e demográficos. Para isso, realizou-se uma pesquisa survey com 942 cidadãos usuários de cartão de crédito no estado do Rio Grande do Sul e como instrumento de coleta de dados, utilizou-se um questionário estruturado. Para análise dos dados, realizou-se a estatística descritiva e os testes de diferença de média, teste t e ANOVA. Os resultados apontam o uso consciente do crédito pelos indivíduos, assim como o bom gerenciamento do cartão, além do cumprimento com os compromissos adquiridos com o mesmo. Por outro lado, ressaltam-se características como gênero, renda, gastos, idade, estado civil, escolaridade, número de dependentes e raça essenciais na caracterização do comportamento e/ou da dívida do cartão de crédito.
No dizer das vozes locais: revisitando a experiência de Montes Claros/MG com incentivos fiscais federais nos anos 1960-1980
Authors: Couto Felipe Fróes , Ckagnazaroff Ivan Beck , Pereira Evangelista Bárbara Michelle , Silva Carla Vieira
Published: July 2016

O presente artigo visa analisar a experiência de Montes Claros/MG com a política de incentivos fiscais da SUDENE a partir da década de 1950, a partir de dados secundários e relatos dos atores sociais relevantes. Optou-se pela utilização de uma pesquisa descritiva em relação aos fins, e de campo em relação aos meios. Como técnica de pesquisa propôs-se utilizar um estudo de caso. Foram entrevistados 40 representantes de instituições locais relevantes. Concluiu-se que a redistribuição espacial da atividade econômica advindo da macropolítica de incentivos fiscais, ao desconsiderar o nível local de interação entre os diferentes agentes, criou efeitos inesperados. Na análise do presente caso, o efeito inesperado da política de incentivos fiscais federal foi a falta de preparo do empresariado local para gerenciar adequadamente os recursos federais direcionados ao município. Isso resultou em uma série de experiências de fracasso na região que deram origem ao “cemitério de indústrias”.
Role of Micronutrients on Dyeing Wastewater Treatment in Activated Sludge Process
Authors: Zhou Lu , Peng Biao , Xiao Keke
Published: July 2016

Adequate individual supplements of Zn, Co and Mo increased chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal and specific oxygen uptake rates during activated sludge treatment of dyeing wastewater, while overdoses of micronutrients can decrease metabolic rates. The effects of combing Zn, Co, and Mo at different doses were investigated using response surface methodology, with a second order polynomial equation: Y = 78.19+ 0.17X1 + 37.33 X2 + 20.20X3 – 5.58X1X2 − 63.05 X2X3, where Y means COD removal rate (%), X1 means Co concentration, X2 means Zn concentration, X3 means Mo concentration. The maximum COD removal efficiency of 89.41% was achieved with doses of 0.02 mg/L Co, 0.24 mg/L Zn and 0.45 mg/L Mo. Both the combinations of Zn‐Co and Zn‐Mo acted antagonistically for COD removal efficiency, and the combination of Co‐Mo was negligible to COD removal efficiency. Doses of micronutrients, particularly Zn, Co and Mo, were beneficial for microbial shift towards Planctomyces and Bacteroidetes.
Forest Nursery Practices in the Southern United States
Authors: South David B. , Starkey Tom E. , Enebak Scott A.
Published: July 2016

Over the past five decades, researchers in the southern United States have been working with nursery managers to develop ways to reduce the cost of producing seedlings. In this regard, the Southern Forest Nursery Management Cooperative (at Auburn University in Alabama) has helped reduce hand-weeding costs and losses due to nematodes and disease. As a result, nursery managers are able to legally use a variety of registered herbicides and fungicides for use in pine and hardwood seedbeds.Â  Other changes over the last three decades include a reduction in the number of nurseries growing seedlings, a reduction in the number of seedlings outplanted per ha, an increase in the number of container nurseries, an increase in the average production per nursery, an increase in production by the private sector, growing two or more crops after fumigation, the development of synthetic soil stabilizers, applying polyacrylamide gels to roots and the use of seedling bags and boxes for shipping seedlings.
Rapid diagnostic testing of toxigenic microfungi isolated from foodstuffs
Authors: Jefremova Marie , Ostrý Vladimír , Malíř František , Ruprich Jiří
Published: July 2016

The aim of this study was to experimentally test chromogenic media and reagents for a rapid diagnosis of toxigenic microfungi Aspergillus flavus, A. carbonarius, A. ochraceus, Penicillium expansum, P. verrucosum, and P. citrinum isolated from foodstuffs. Toxigenic microfungi of Aspergillus and Penicillium species are considered to be of major relevance for human and animal health. The presence of these toxigenic microfungi in foodstuffs and feedstuffs raises a potential risk of mycotoxins (for example presence of aflatoxins, cyclopiazonic acid, ochratoxin A, patulin or citrinin). In order to reduce the risks for consumers’ health, it is necessary to set rapid methods for toxigenic microfungi isolated from foodstuffs and also feedstuffs. Application of chromogenic media and reagents presents one of the possibilities. The selected strains of toxigenic microfungi, producing mycotoxins, were tested on chromogenic media. The chromogenic media and reagents in our study are suitable for a microbiological and mycological laboratory. The benefits of chromogenic media and reagents include a rapid diagnosis within 48–72 h, simple preparation, easy availability and relatively low prices.
Lupin as a perspective protein plant for animal and human nutrition – a review
Authors: Sedláková Kateřina , Straková Eva , Suchý Pavel , Krejcarová Jana , Herzig Ivan
Published: July 2016

The development of new varieties of lupin, so-called “sweet lupinsˮ with low alkaloid (bitter substances) and high protein content has resulted in a renewed interest in utilization of lupin as source of proteins in human and animal nutrition. The nutraceutical potential of lupin can be applied in the prevention from various pathological states in humans; by suppressing appetite and affecting energy balance, by its positive effect on glycaemia and indicators of blood lipids, by its positive influence on hypertension and by improving defecation. In the field of animal nutrition, lupin seeds can positively affect both production indicators and the biological value of food of animal origin.
The Importance of the Security Culture in SMEs as Regards the Correct Management of the Security of Their Assets
Authors: Santos-Olmo Antonio , Sánchez Luis , Caballero Ismael , Camacho Sara , Fernandez-Medina Eduardo
Published: July 2016

The information society is increasingly more dependent on Information Security Management Systems (ISMSs), and the availability of these kinds of systems is now vital for the development of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs). However, these companies require ISMSs that have been adapted to their special features, and which are optimized as regards the resources needed to deploy and maintain them. This article shows how important the security culture within ISMSs is for SMEs, and how the concept of security culture has been introduced into a security management methodology (MARISMA is a Methodology for “Information Security Management System in SMEs” developed by the Sicaman Nuevas Tecnologías Company, Research Group GSyA and Alarcos of the University of Castilla-La Mancha.) for SMEs. This model is currently being directly applied to real cases, thus allowing a steady improvement to be made to its implementation.
Evidence Based Review of Fitness-to-Drive and Return-to-Driving Following Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Palubiski Lisa , Crizzle Alexander
Published: July 2016

The purpose of this study was to conduct an evidence-based review to determine predictors of fitness to drive and return to driving in persons with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Relevant databases (MEDLINE/PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, and SCOPUS) were searched for primary articles published before June 2016 using MeSH search terms. Using the American Academy of Neurology’s classification criteria, 24 articles were included after reviewing 1998 articles. Studies were rated by class (I–IV), with I being the highest level of evidence. Articles were classified according to TBI severity, as well as types of assessments (on-road, simulator and surveys). There were no Class I studies. Based on Class II studies, only Post-traumatic amnesia (PTA) duration was found to be probably predictive of on-road driving performance. There is limited evidence concerning predictors of return to driving. The findings suggest further evidence is needed to identify predictors of on-road driving performance in persons with TBI. Class I studies reporting Level A recommendations for definitive predictors of driving performance in drivers with TBI are needed by policy makers and clinicians to develop evidence-based guidelines.
Pediatric Canadian Triage and Acuity Scale (PaedsCTAS) as a Measure of Injury Severity
Authors: Yates Morgan , Ishikawa Takuro , Schneeberg Amy , Brussoni Mariana
Published: July 2016

This research explored whether the pediatric version of the Canadian Triage Acuity Scale (PaedsCTAS) represented a valid alternative indicator for surveillance of injury severity. Every patient presenting in a Canadian emergency department is assigned a CTAS or PaedsCTAS score in order to prioritize access to care and to predict the nature and scope of care that is likely to be required. The five-level PaedsCTAS score ranges from I (resuscitation) to V (non-urgent). A total of 256 children, 0 to 17-years-old, who attended a pediatric hospital for an injury were followed longitudinally. Of these children, 32.4% (n = 83) were hospitalized and 67.6% (n = 173) were treated in the emergency department and released. They completed the PedsQLTM, a validated measure of health related quality of life, at baseline (pre-injury status), one-month, four- to six-months, and 12-months post-injury. In this secondary data analysis, PaedsCTAS was found to be significantly associated with hospitalization and length of stay, sensitive to the differences between PaedsCTAS II and III, and related to physical but not psychosocial HRQoL. The findings suggest that PaedsCTAS may be a useful proxy measure of injury severity to supplement or replace hospitalization status and/or length of stay, currently proxy measures.
Children’s Understanding of No Diving Warning Signs: Implications for Preventing Childhood Injury
Authors: Morrongiello Barbara , Cox Amanda , Scott Rachel , Sutey Sarah
Published: July 2016

The current study examined children’s understanding of No Diving warning signs. Normally-developing 7 to 10 year olds were asked questions to assess their understanding of text, images, and main messages on No Diving warning signs. These structured interviews were audio recorded and responses were later coded. Results revealed that children understood the behavior advised against (diving), why it is prohibited (can hit head on the bottom), and what can happen (serious injury including hospitalization). They understood that breaking your neck results in limitations in mobility and can occur from diving, but they did not anticipate that such an injury is likely to occur. There were no gender and few age differences, but diving experience was associated with children significantly downplaying their risk of injury. The findings suggest that having No Diving warning signs explicitly mention a broken neck, may serve to remind children of this potential consequence at the time of decision making. Active adult supervision is particularly important for children who have prior positive diving experiences.
Patterns of Injury in Hospitalised One-Year-Old Children: Analysis by Trimester of Age Using Coded Data and Textual Description
Authors: Scott Debbie , Siskind Victor
Published: July 2016

The second year of life is a time of rapid developmental changes. This paper aims to describe the pattern of unintentional injuries to one-year old children in three-month age bands to better understand the risks associated with developmental stages and, therefore, identify opportunities for proactive prevention. Injury surveillance data were used to identify children admitted to hospital in Queensland, Australia for an unintentional injury from 2002–2012. Falls were the most common injury, followed by burns and scalds, contact injuries and poisonings. Falls and contact injuries remained roughly constant by age, burns and scalds decreased and poisonings (by medications) increased. Animal- and transport-related injuries also became more common, immersions and other threats to breathing less common. Within the falls and contact categories falls from play equipment and injuries due to contact with persons increased, while falls down stairs and catching fingers in doors decreased. The pattern of injuries varies over the second year of life and is clearly linked to the child’s increasing mobility and boldness. Preventive measures for young children need to be designed—and evaluated—with their developmental stage in mind, using a variety of strategies, including opportunistic, developmentally specific education of parents; and practitioners should also consider potential for lapses in supervision and possible intentional injury in all injury assessments.
Types of Obesity and Its Association with the Clustering of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Jilin Province of China
Authors: Zhang Peng , Wang Rui , Gao Chunshi , Song Yuanyuan , Lv Xin , Jiang Lingling , Yu Yaqin , Wang Yuhan , Li Bo
Published: July 2016

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) has become a serious public health problem in recent years in China. Aggregation of CVD risk factors in one individual increases the risk of CVD and the risk increases substantially with each additional risk factor. This study aims to explore the relationship between the number of clustered CVD risk factors and different types of obesity. A multistage stratified random cluster sampling design was used in this population-based cross-sectional study in 2012. Information was collected by face to face interviews. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), chi-square test, Kruskal-Wallis test and multiple logistic regression were used in this study. The prevalence of general obesity, central obesity and compound obesity were 0.3%, 36.1% and 14.7%, respectively. The prevalence of hypertension, hyperlipidemia and diabetes in the compound obesity group were higher than those in other groups (compound obesity > central obesity > general obesity > non-obesity), while smoking rate in the non-obesity group was higher than those in other groups (non-obesity > general obesity > central obesity > compound obesity). People with obesity were more likely to have one or more CVD risk factor compared with non-obesity subjects (general obesity (OR: 2.27, 95% CI: 1.13–4.56), central obesity (OR: 2.64, 95% CI: 2.41–2.89), compound obesity (OR: 5.09, 95% CI: 4.38–5.90). The results were similar when the number of clustered CVD risk factors was ≥ 2 and ≥ 3. As a conclusion, more than half of the residents in Jilin Province have a problem of obesity, especially central obesity. Government and health department should take measures to improve people’s awareness of central obesity in Jilin Province of China. The prevalence of hypertension, hyperlipidemia and diabetes are associated with obesity types. Compound obesity has a greater risk to cluster multiple CVD risk factors than central obesity and general obesity. Taking measures to control obesity will reduce the prevalence of CVD in Jilin Province.
MicroRNA-146a-5p Negatively Regulates Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Secretion and Cell Activation in Lipopolysaccharide Stimulated Human Hepatic Stellate Cells through Inhibition of Toll-Like Receptor 4 Signaling Pathways
Authors: Chen Yuhan , Zeng Zhaochong , Shen Xiaoyun , Wu Zhifeng , Dong Yinying , Cheng Jason
Published: July 2016

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway is demonstrated to be involved in the hepatic fibrosis. MicroRNA (miR)-146a-5p is a key regulator of the innate immune response. The functional significance of miR-146a-5p during the LPS/TLR4 mediated hepatic fibrosis process remains unclear. In this study, we found that TLR4 and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) were up-regulated and miR-146a-5p was down-regulated in human hepatic stellate cell (HSC) line LX2 after LPS stimulation. Overexpression of miR-146a-5p inhibited LPS induced pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion through down-regulating the expression levels of TLR-4, IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 (IRAK1), TNF receptor associated factor-6 (TRAF6) and phosphorylation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB). Knockdown of IRAK1 and TRAF6 also suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokine production by inhibiting NF-κB phosphorylation. In addition, miR-146a-5p mimic blocked LPS induced TRAF6 dependent c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and Smad2 activation as well as α-SMA production. Taken together, these results suggest that miR-146a-5p suppresses pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion and cell activation of HSC through inhibition of TLR4/NF-κB and TLR4/TRAF6/JNK pathway.
Promotion of Survival and Engraftment of Transplanted Adipose Tissue-Derived Stromal and Vascular Cells by Overexpression of Manganese Superoxide Dismutase
Authors: Baldari Silvia , Di Rocco Giuliana , Trivisonno Angelo , Samengo Daniela , Pani Giovambattista , Toietta Gabriele
Published: July 2016

Short-term persistence of transplanted cells during early post-implant period limits clinical efficacy of cell therapy. Poor cell survival is mainly due to the harsh hypoxic microenvironment transplanted cells face at the site of implantation and to anoikis, driven by cell adhesion loss. We evaluated the hypothesis that viral-mediated expression of a gene conferring hypoxia resistance to cells before transplant could enhance survival of grafted cells in early stages after implant. We used adipose tissue as cell source because it consistently provides high yields of adipose-tissue-derived stromal and vascular cells (ASCs), suitable for regenerative purposes. Luciferase positive cells were transduced with lentiviral vectors expressing either green fluorescent protein as control or human manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD2). Cells were then exposed in vitro to hypoxic conditions, mimicking cell transplantation into an ischemic site. Cells overexpressing SOD2 displayed survival rates significantly greater compared to mock transduced cells. Similar results were also obtained in vivo after implantation into syngeneic mice and assessment of cell engraftment by in vivo bioluminescent imaging. Taken together, these findings suggest that ex vivo gene transfer of SOD2 into ASCs before implantation confers a cytoprotective effect leading to improved survival and engraftment rates, therefore enhancing cell therapy regenerative potential.
Tailoring the Dielectric Layer Structure for Enhanced Performance of Organic Field-Effect Transistors: The Use of a Sandwiched Polar Dielectric Layer
Authors: Han Shijiao , Yang Xin , Zhuang Xinming , Yu Junsheng , Li Lu
Published: July 2016

To investigate the origins of hydroxyl groups in a polymeric dielectric and its applications in organic field-effect transistors (OFETs), a polar polymer layer was inserted between two polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) dielectric layers, and its effect on the performance as an organic field-effect transistor (OFET) was studied. The OFETs with a sandwiched dielectric layer of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) or poly(4-vinylphenol) (PVP) containing hydroxyl groups had shown enhanced characteristics compared to those with only PMMA layers. The field-effect mobility had been raised more than 10 times in n-type devices (three times in the p-type one), and the threshold voltage had been lowered almost eight times in p-type devices (two times in the n-type). The on-off ratio of two kinds of devices had been enhanced by almost two orders of magnitude. This was attributed to the orientation of hydroxyl groups from disordered to perpendicular to the substrate under gate-applied voltage bias, and additional charges would be induced by this polarization at the interface between the semiconductor and dielectrics, contributing to the accumulation of charge transfer.
Effect of Particle Size and Grinding Time on Gold Dissolution in Cyanide Solution
Authors: Egan Jessica , Bazin Claude , Hodouin Daniel
Published: July 2016

The recovery of gold by ore leaching is influenced by the size of the particles and the chemical environment. The effect of particle size on the dissolution of gold is usually studied using mono-size particles as the gold in solution comes from the ore of a unique leached particle size. This paper proposes a method to estimate the gold dissolution as a function of particle size using a bulk ore sample, i.e., with the dissolved gold coming from the various sizes of particles carried by the ore. The results are consistent with the fact that gold dissolution increases with the decreasing particle size but results also indicate that gold dissolution of the ore within a size interval is not significantly affected by the grinding time used for the ore size reduction. Results also show a good dissolution of the gold contained in the fine-size fractions without oxidation and lead nitrate pre-treatment for an ore that is known to require such pre-treatment.
The Pleiotropic Antibacterial Mechanisms of Ursolic Acid against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
Authors: Wang Chao-Min , Jhan Yun-Lian , Tsai Shang-Jie , Chou Chang-Hung
Published: July 2016

(1) Background: Several triterpenoids were found to act synergistically with classes of antibiotic, indicating that plant-derived chemicals have potential to be used as therapeutics to enhance the activity of antibiotics against multidrug-resistant pathogens. However, the mode of action of triterpenoids against bacterial pathogens remains unclear. The objective of this study is to evaluate the interaction between ursolic acid against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA); (2) Methods: The ability of ursolic acid to damage mammalian and bacterial membranes was examined. The proteomic response of methicillin-resistant S. aureus in ursolic acid treatment was investigated using two-dimensional (2D) proteomic analysis; (3) Results: Ursolic acid caused the loss of staphylococcal membrane integrity without hemolytic activity. The comparison of the protein pattern of ursolic acid–treated and normal MRSA cells revealed that ursolic acid affected a variety of proteins involved in the translation process with translational accuracy, ribonuclease and chaperon subunits, glycolysis and oxidative responses; (4) Conclusion: The mode of action of ursolic acid appears to be the influence on the integrity of the bacterial membrane initially, followed by inhibition of protein synthesis and the metabolic pathway. These findings reflect that the pleiotropic effects of ursolic acid against MRSA make it a promising antibacterial agent in pharmaceutical research.
β-Keto-enol Tethered Pyridine and Thiophene: Synthesis, Crystal Structure Determination and Its Organic Immobilization on Silica for Efficient Solid-Liquid Extraction of Heavy Metals
Authors: Radi Smaail , Tighadouini Said , Bacquet Maryse , Degoutin Stephanie , Dacquin Jean-Philippe , Eddike Driss , Tillard Monique , Mabkhot Yahia
Published: July 2016

Molecules bearing β-keto-enol functionality are potential candidates for coordination chemistry. Reported herein is the first synthesis and use of a novel designed ligand based on β-keto-enol group embedded with pyridine and thiophene moieties. The product was prepared in a one-step procedure by mixed Claisen condensation and was characterized by EA, m/z, FT-IR, (1H, 13C) NMR and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The new structure was grafted onto silica particles to afford a chelating matrix which was well-characterized by EA, FT-IR, solid-state 13C-NMR, BET, BJH, SEM and TGA. The newly prepared organic-inorganic material was used as an adsorbent for efficient solid-phase extraction (SPE) of Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II) and Pb(II) from aqueous solutions and showed a capture capacity of 104.12 mg·g−1, 98.90 mg·g−1, 72.02 mg·g−1, and 65.54 mg·g−1, respectively. The adsorption capacity was investigated, in a batch method, using time of contact, pH, initial concentration, kinetics (Langmuir and Freundlich models), and thermodynamic parameters (ΔG°, ΔH° and ΔS°) of the system effects.
In Vitro Reversible and Time-Dependent CYP450 Inhibition Profiles of Medicinal Herbal Plant Extracts Newbouldia laevis and Cassia abbreviata: Implications for Herb-Drug Interactions
Authors: Thomford Nicholas , Dzobo Kevin , Chopera Denis , Wonkam Ambroise , Maroyi Alfred , Blackhurst Dee , Dandara Collet
Published: July 2016

This study evaluated the effects of Newbouldia laevis and Cassia abbreviata extracts on CYP450 enzyme activity. Recombinant CYP450 enzyme and fluorogenic substrates were used for evaluating inhibition, allowing the assessment of herb–drug interactions (HDI). Phytochemical fingerprinting was performed using UPLC-MS. The herbal extracts were risk ranked for HDI based on the IC50 values determined for each CYP enzyme. Newbouldia laevis inhibited CYP1A2, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19 enzyme activities with Ki of 2.84 µg/mL, 1.55 µg/mL, and 1.23 µg/mL, respectively. N. laevis exhibited a TDI (4.17) effect on CYP1A2 but not CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 enzyme activities. Cassia abbreviata inhibited CYP1A2, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19 enzyme activities showing a Ki of 4.86 µg/mL, 5.98 µg/mL, and 1.58 µg/mL, respectively. TDI potency assessment for Cassia abbreviata showed it as a potential TDI candidate (1.64) for CYP1A2 and CYP2C19 (1.72). UPLC-MS analysis showed that Newbouldia laevis and Cassia abbreviata possess polyphenols that likely give them their therapeutic properties; some of them are likely to be responsible for the observed inhibition. The observations made in this study suggest the potential for these herbal compounds to interact, especially when co-administered with other medications metabolized by these CYP450 enzymes.
Polylactic Acid—Lemongrass Essential Oil Nanocapsules with Antimicrobial Properties
Authors: Liakos Ioannis , Grumezescu Alexandru , Holban Alina , Florin Iordache , D’Autilia Francesca , Carzino Riccardo , Bianchini Paolo , Athanassiou Athanassia
Published: July 2016

Polylactic acid was combined with lemongrass essential oil (EO) to produce functional nanocapsules (NCs). The obtained polylactic acid nanoparticles showed antimicrobial activity both with and without the presence of lemongrass oil; however, the presence of EO improved the activity of the NCs. The presence of lemongrass assisted the formation of well-separated NCs and also provided enhanced antimicrobial properties, since lemongrass is known for its antimicrobial character. Fluorescence microscopy was used to optically observe the nanoparticles and NCs and revealed the attachment of lemongrass oil with the polylactic acid NCs. Dynamic light scattering was used to determine their size. UV absorption was used to determine the exact amount of lemongrass oil found in the polylactic acid—lemongrass oil NCs, which was important for understanding the minimum inhibitory concentration for the antimicrobial experiments. A series of clinically important microbial species were used in the study and the obtained NCs proved to have very good antimicrobial properties against all tested strains. Such NCs can be used for the design of ecological strategies, based on natural alternatives, which may be efficient against severe infections, including those that involve resistant pathogens and biofilms or those with difficult to reach localization.
Similarity and Error Intercomparison of the GPM and Its Predecessor-TRMM Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis Using the Best Available Hourly Gauge Network over the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Ma Yingzhao , Tang Guoqiang , Long Di , Yong Bin , Zhong Lingzhi , Wan Wei , Hong Yang
Published: July 2016

The performance of Day-1 Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission (IMERG) and its predecessor, the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis 3B42 Version 7 (3B42V7), was cross-evaluated using data from the best-available hourly gauge network over the Tibetan Plateau (TP). Analyses of three-hourly rainfall estimates in the warm season of 2014 reveal that IMERG shows appreciably better correlations and lower errors than 3B42V7, though with very similar spatial patterns for all assessment indicators. IMERG also appears to detect light rainfall better than 3B42V7. However, IMERG shows slightly lower POD than 3B42V7 for elevations above 4200 m. Both IMERG and 3B42V7 successfully capture the northward dynamic life cycle of the Indian monsoon reasonably well over the TP. In particular, the relatively light rain from early and end Indian monsoon moisture surge events often fails to be captured by the sparsely-distributed gauges. In spite of limited snowfall field observations, IMERG shows the potential of detecting solid precipitation, which cannot be retrieved from the 3B42V7 products.
Glacier Remote Sensing Using Sentinel-2. Part II: Mapping Glacier Extents and Surface Facies, and Comparison to Landsat 8
Authors: Paul Frank , Winsvold Solveig , Kääb Andreas , Nagler Thomas , Schwaizer Gabriele
Published: July 2016

Mapping of glacier extents from automated classification of optical satellite images has become a major application of the freely available images from Landsat. A widely applied method is based on segmented ratio images from a red and shortwave infrared band. With the now available data from Sentinel-2 (S2) and Landsat 8 (L8) there is high potential to further extend the existing time series (starting with Landsat 4/5 in 1982) and to considerably improve over previous capabilities, thanks to increased spatial resolution and dynamic range, a wider swath width and more frequent coverage. Here, we test and compare a variety of previously used methods to map glacier extents from S2 and L8, and investigate the mapping of snow facies with S2 using top of atmosphere reflectance. Our results confirm that the band ratio method works well with S2 and L8. The 15 m panchromatic band of L8 can be used instead of the red band, resulting in glacier extents similar to S2 (0.7% larger for 155 glaciers). On the other hand, extents derived from the 30 m bands are 4%–5% larger, indicating a more generous interpretation of mixed pixels. Mapping of snow cover with S2 provided accurate results, but the required topographic correction would benefit from a better orthorectification with a more precise DEM than currently used.
Leadership of Information Security Manager on the Effectiveness of Information Systems Security for Secure Sustainable Computing
Authors: Choi Myeonggil
Published: July 2016

Information security has been predicted as a barrier for future sustainable computing. Regarding information security of secure sustainable computing, the role of information security managers has received attention. In particular, transformational leadership by information security managers should be stressed for persuading, directing, and controlling management and employees. This study shows that the transformational leadership (in forms such as idealized influence, individualized consideration, and inspirational motivation) of information security managers can improve the effectiveness of information security. The enforcement and relevance of information security policies could be mediating effects on the effectiveness of information security. This study collects data from governmental and public institutions in Korea. This study suggests the need for leadership education programs, and indicates that job training for information security managers should be conducted regularly.
The Effect of Conventional and Transparent Surgical Masks on Speech Understanding in Individuals with and without Hearing Loss
Authors: Atcherson Samuel R. , Mendel Lisa Lucks , Baltimore Wesley J. , Patro Chhayakanta , Lee Sungmin , Pousson Monique , Spann M. Joshua
Published: July 2016

Background:It is generally well known that speech perception is often improved with integrated audiovisual input whether in quiet or in noise. In many health-care environments, however, conventional surgical masks block visual access to the mouth and obscure other potential facial
cues. In addition, these environments can be noisy. Although these masks may not alter the acoustic properties, the presence of noise in addition to the lack of visual input can have a deleterious effect on speech understanding. A transparent (“see-through”) surgical mask may help
to overcome this issue.Purpose:To compare the effect of noise and various visual input conditions on speech understanding for listeners with normal hearing (NH) and hearing impairment using different surgical masks.Research Design:Participants were assigned to one of three groups
based on hearing sensitivity in this quasi-experimental, cross-sectional study.Study Sample:A total of 31 adults participated in this study: one talker, ten listeners with NH, ten listeners with moderate sensorineural hearing loss, and ten listeners with severe-to-profound hearing loss.Data
Collection and Analysis:Selected lists from the Connected Speech Test were digitally recorded with and without surgical masks and then presented to the listeners at 65 dB HL in five conditions against a background of four-talker babble (+10 dB SNR): without a mask (auditory only), without
a mask (auditory and visual), with a transparent mask (auditory only), with a transparent mask (auditory and visual), and with a paper mask (auditory only).Results:A significant difference was found in the spectral analyses of the speech stimuli with and without the masks; however,
no more than ∼2 dB root mean square. Listeners with NH performed consistently well across all conditions. Both groups of listeners with hearing impairment benefitted from visual input from the transparent mask. The magnitude of improvement in speech perception in noise was greatest for
the severe-to-profound group.Conclusions:Findings confirm improved speech perception performance in noise for listeners with hearing impairment when visual input is provided using a transparent surgical mask. Most importantly, the use of the transparent mask did not negatively affect
speech perception performance in noise.
An occurence records database of Irregular Echinoids (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) in Mexico
Authors: Martínez-Melo Alejandra , Solís-Marín Francisco , Buitrón-Sánchez Blanca , Laguarda-Figueras Alfredo
Published: July 2016

Research on echinoderms in Mexico began in the late nineteenth century. We present a dataset that includes the taxonomic and geographic information of irregular echinoids from Mexico, housed in four collections: 1) Colección Nacional de Equinodermos “Ma. Elena Caso Muñoz” from the Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología (ICML), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM); 2) Invertebrate Zoology Collection, Smithsonian Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., United States of America (USA); 3) Invertebrate Collection, Museum of Comparative Zoology, University of Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, USA and 4) Invertebrate Zoology, Peabody Museum, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.

A total of six orders, 17 families, 35 genera and 68 species are reported, 37 distributed in the Pacific coast and 31 in the Atlantic coast, none of them was found in both coasts. The most diverse region is the Gulf of California (S=32); the most diverse order is Spatangoida with 31 species reported in mexican waters.
Die godsgetuiesnis van Amos
Authors: Gemser B.
Published: July 2016

No abstract available.
Die Belydenis van Christus "Nederdaling ter Helle" in die lig van die gegewens van die ou testament
Authors: Gemser B.
Published: July 2016

No abstract available.
Obbe Philipsz
Authors: Engelbrecht S. P.
Published: July 2016

No abstract available.
Die Nederlandse geloofbelydenis as simboliese geskrif
Authors: Engelbrecht S. P.
Published: July 2016

No abstract available.
Die Belydenis van Christus 'Nederdaling ter Helle" in die lig van die gegewens van die Ou Testament
Authors: Gemser B.
Published: July 2016

No abstract available.
Reformatore oor afskeiding
Authors: Dreyer Joh.
Published: July 2016

No abstract available.
Reformatie en mystiek
Authors: Aalders W. J.
Published: July 2016

No abstract available.
Teksverbeteringe van due Afrikaanse Bybel
Authors: Roos G. J. J.
Published: July 2016

No abstract available.
Boekbespreking
Authors: Office Editorial
Published: July 2016

No abstract available.
Die kerkgeskil Wakkerstroom-Utrecht
Authors: Visser J. A.
Published: July 2016

No abstract available.
Biografieë van sewentiende en agtiende eeuse Suid-Afrikaanse predikante
Authors: Engelbrecht S. P.
Published: July 2016

No abstract available.
Uit die wordingsgeskiedenis van Hervormde Kerk
Authors: Ploeger J.
Published: July 2016

No abstract available.
Die Hervormde konfessies
Authors: Engelbrecht S. P.
Published: July 2016

No abstract available.
Voorwoord van die redaksie
Authors: Gemser B. , Geyser A. S.
Published: July 2016

No abstract available
Calvyn en onderdanigheid teenoor die staatsowerheid
Authors: Gey van Pittius E. F. W.
Published: July 2016

No abstract available.
Die Analogia Entis
Authors: Wolmarans H. P.
Published: July 2016

No abstract available.
Die Getalle-Trap-Spreuk: ŉ Semitiese Stylfiguur
Authors: Van Selms A.
Published: July 2016

No abstract available.
Die Kerk en die Regbank in die Kaapkolonie
Authors: Engelbrecht S. P.
Published: July 2016

No abstract available.
Boekbespreking
Authors: Van Selms A. , Engelbrecht S. P.
Published: July 2016

No abstract available.
Die Westminsterse Konfessie
Authors: Engelbrecht S. P.
Published: July 2016

No abstract available.
Vruchten van de Reformatie
Authors: Van der Leeuw G.
Published: July 2016

No abstract available.
Staatkundige strominge in Transvaal in die jare 1836-1857
Authors: Engelbrecht S. P.
Published: July 2016

No abstract available.
Die Geloftekerk
Authors: Engelbrecht S. P.
Published: July 2016

No abstract available.
In memoriam Prof. Dr H. Th. Obbink
Authors: Gemser B.
Published: July 2016

No abstract available.
Die Profesie van Nahum, opnuut vertaal
Authors: Gemser B.
Published: July 2016

No abstract available.
Prof. Dr A. M. Brouwer as akademiese dosent
Authors: Van Selms A.
Published: July 2016

No abstract available.
In memoriam Prof. Dr B. D. Eerdmans
Authors: Van Bergen W.
Published: July 2016

No abstract available.
Die Jerusalemse boekrolle
Authors: Gemser B.
Published: July 2016

'n Verrassende vonds en 'n grooste taak.
Dr. A. se Boncff, De Satan<\i>
Authors: Van Selms A.
Published: July 2016

No abstract available.
Boekbespreking
Authors: Gemser B. , Van Selms A. , Erasmus D. F. , Engelbrecht S. P, , Van Bergen W.
Published: July 2016

No abstract available.
Title XLV van dir Lex Salica (De Migrantibus) en die Evangelie volgens Johannes
Authors: Pont D.
Published: July 2016

No abstract available.
De Dogmatische Achtergrond van de laaste Kerkstrijd in Holland
Authors: Den Boeft F. A.
Published: July 2016

No abstract available.
'n Woord vooraf
Authors: Oosthuysen A.
Published: July 2016

No abstract available.
Vyf-en-twintigjarige ampsjubileum van Prof. B Gemser
Authors: Rautenbach C. H.
Published: July 2016

No abstract available.
Deuteronomy, A source Book for Theology
Authors: Kuyper Lester J.
Published: July 2016

No abstract available.
Die betekenis van die begrip "Vrees-van-die-Here" in Spreuke, Job en Prediker
Authors: Engelbrecht B. J.
Published: July 2016

No abstract available.
Boekbespreking
Authors: Wolmarans H. P.
Published: July 2016

No abstract available.
Ps 137. By die riviere van Babel
Authors: Van Selms A.
Published: July 2016

No abstract available.
Die regverdigingsleer van Kardinaak Contarini
Authors: Stoop J. A.
Published: July 2016

No abstract available.
'n "Nuwe Benaderingswyse" van ons Geskiedenis
Authors: Breytenbach J. H.
Published: July 2016

No abstract available.
Geskiedenis van die Kerk van Culemborg in dir eerste helfte van die 17de eeu
Authors: Stoop J. A.
Published: July 2016

No abstract available.
Das Tragische und der Mensch
Authors: Engelbrecht B. J.
Published: July 2016

No abstract available.
Preek gehou by die kerklike ampsaanvaarding as Hoogleraar in die Teologie
Authors: Engelbrecht B. J.
Published: July 2016

No abstract available.