bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Critical Issues to Consider when Evaluating Inter-Organizational Process Integration Configurations
Authors: Goethals Frank G. , Newlands David J.
Published: January 2012

Networks of companies can use a range of configurations to create inter-organizational processes. Problems become apparent when partnering companies decide to set them up. Those problems take a different form in centralized and decentralized inter-organizational process-integration scenarios. This chapter identifies eight process issues to be taken into account when evaluating inter-organizational integration configurations: difficulties to identify when a task should be executed, understanding what a task does exactly, agreeing how to trigger tasks, distributing investments among parties, delivering appropriate service levels, preserving value of the inter-organizational process, process ownership clarity, and managing in the frame of changing relationships. Examples are given of how problems arise in a completely centralized and in a completely decentralized inter-organizational process integration scenarios.
Assessing Workflow Ability of ERP and WfM Systems for Implementing Business Processes
Authors: Aversano Lerina , Tortorella Maria
Published: January 2012

Automation of a business process can be obtained by using a workflow management system or ERP system embedding workflow functionalities. The wider diffusion of ERP systems tends to favor the latter solution. There are several practical limitations of most ERP systems when automating business processes. To date, there is a lack of empirical studies aiming at achieving an evidence of these limitations. This chapter reports a study assessing the “workflow ability” of ERP systems and comparing this with that of Workflow Management Systems. Then, an empirical study was conducted regarding two different case studies. The correctness and completeness of the process models implemented using ERP and WfM systems were evaluated and analyzed.
Supply Chain Reengineering
Authors: Newlands David J.
Published: January 2012

This chapter describes a debacle that occurred when a large assembler of fast moving consumer electronics commissioned the set up of a new supply chain. Four key players undertaking five processes were involved. These companies planned to operate sell-buy relationships. Upon starting to ramp-up of the first product component sets, it became clear that companies did not trust their successors to pay for all goods delivered. Similarly, suppliers were not trusted to deliver perfect goods. Companies receiving component sets refused liability for damage or defects introduced by companies further up the supply chain. A remedial quick-fix using centralised inspection at the principal supplier soon was adopted to facilitate supply of complete sets of mechanical parts to the assembler. Significant similarities exist between the case study supply chain and the concepts used in business process reengineering. The chapter identifies stages undertaken to improve an inbound supply chain for complex plastic mouldings assemblies. The principal research methods used were participant-observer and action orientation. All company names have been disguised to comply with confidentiality agreements. The author was a Logistics Project Leader during the period of this research. He acted as an internal consultant for Alpha Co, with responsibilities for encouraging new product development teams to modify the products to take into consideration ‘design for logistics’ concepts.
Architecture for the Reengineering of Legacy Point of Sale Terminals through Web Services for the Reduction of Transaction Fees
Authors: Monshouwer Erik-Jan , Valverde Raul
Published: January 2012

With the conventional legacy POS payment transaction method, vendors are bound to a payment institute in their region and can only use relatively expensive dedicated or slow dial-up lines to their financial institute. This chapter covers the work to produce an architecture that shows how to reengineer traditional point of sales terminal payments in order to adapt these for payment over the Internet through Web services. With the use of Web services for payment transactions, vendors will get more freedom to choose their provider and the services they take without having to throw away their legacy applications. Given the globalization of the economy, vendors can negotiate services and fees with payment providers all over the world. Literature research and prototype tests and evaluation in this project show that transactions fees and performance of POS terminal payments transactions trough Web services can be competitive to conventional payment transactions methods and create flexibility for vendors POS terminal application. Vendor’s available Internet connections and the Web services standards in the market can be used for payment transactions. With Web services, the system can be created and changed relatively quickly and simply if the right skills are available.
Philosophical Framing and Its Impact on Research
Authors: Trauth Eileen M. , Erickson Lee B.
Published: January 2012

The variety of lenses and openness that is brought to the research process shapes both academic research and the application of knowledge to real-world settings. Researchers who endeavor to contribute both rigor and relevance require a wide range of methodological tools and a clear understanding of how such tools frame the questions to be answered, as well as the methods used and potential outcomes. It is important that both researchers and publication gatekeepers clearly understand the impact of philosophical framing on research methods and findings. Drawing on research related to the use of social media to facilitate product innovation “crowdsourcing,” the authors consider the implications of alternative research scenarios on five key dimensions of research: epistemology, theory, review of literature, stakeholder perspective, and rigor-relevance. Examples of existing and emergent topics within the research field of crowdsourcing are provided to illustrate methodological pluralism.
Critical Realism and IS Research
Authors: Dobson Philip J.
Published: January 2012

Critical realism is seeing more application within the Information Systems field, but its application is still limited. Applying critical realism has proven to be difficult, partly because critical realism provides little practical guidance as to methodological development and even less guidance as to the role of technology within its complex arguments. This chapter discusses some of the practical implications consequent from adopting critical realism in terms of philosophy, theory, and methodology.
Practice vs. Possession
Authors: Biggiero Lucio
Published: January 2012

Organizational knowledge is at the center of the debate focused on the nature of knowledge, where the perspective of knowledge as possession opposes the perspective of knowledge as practice. These two views are rooted in the radical versions of realist and constructivist epistemology, respectively, according to which knowledge is an object or a practice. Far from being a Byzantine dispute, the adoption of one or the other has relevant and concrete consequences for the design and management of IS/IT, because as such, the two paradigms result incommensurable in both theoretical and methodological aspects. However, from a moderate and middle-ground version the following fruitful implications would stem: 1) the juxtaposition would dissolve, and a dual nature of knowledge as object and practice would emerge; 2) the epistemology of pragmatism would be able to account for all the concepts and methods employed by the two fronts, thus terminating a sterile “paradigm war”; 3) the theory of autopoiesis would become irrelevant and eventually even misleading; 4) standard scientific methodologies and simulation models would be acknowledged as useful and common tools for progressive confrontations among the supporters of both the paradigms; 5) the development of IS/IT studies and the design of knowledge management systems would substantially benefit.
Process Theory
Authors: García-Murillo Martha , Gozen Ezgi Nur
Published: January 2012

Because the IS field is grounded in its applications to organizations, the challenge is to develop a coherent theoretical body of scholarly research, while also remaining relevant to the needs of the practitioner community. In this effort, the purpose of this chapter is to provide scholars with a general understanding of process theories and a taxonomy to provide some direction about how to make contributions to the theoretical legacy, particularly through often-ignored process theories, which are also relevant to practice.
On IT and SwE Research Methodologies and Paradigms
Authors: Mora Manuel , Steenkamp Annette Lerine , Gelman Ovsei , Raisinghani Mahesh S.
Published: January 2012

In this chapter, the authors review the landscape of research methodologies and paradigms available for Information Technology (IT) and Software Engineering (SwE). The aims of the chapter are two-fold: (i) create awareness in current research communities in IT and SwE on the variety of research paradigms and methodologies, and (ii) provide an useful map for guiding new researchers on the selection of an IT or SwE research paradigm and methodology. To achieve this, the chapter reviews the core IT and SwE research methodological literature, and based on the findings, the authors illustrate an updated IT and SwE research framework that comprehensively integrates findings and best practices and provides a coherent systemic (holistic) view of this research landscape.
Selecting Strategies and Approaches in Systems Engineering
Authors: Frank Moti
Published: January 2012

This chapter presents a method of applying the principles of the descriptive research method to studies aimed at ascertaining the data needed for making a recommendation in regard to what strategy or approach should be chosen in a certain development stage of future projects. The idea is to use data extracted from already-finished projects to make decisions related to similar projects in their early stages. First, the method is briefly described; next, two case studies that illustrate the method are presented. The method is based on isolating an independent variable, which can be development strategy, integration approach or any other strategy or approach, and deciding which attribute of the independent variable is preferable with respect to the dependent variable, project success, measured by the extent of meeting the requirements, planned budget, planned schedule, and customer satisfaction.
Investigating the Concept of Information Security Culture
Authors: Oost Daniel , Chew Eng K.
Published: January 2012

The concept of an “information security culture” is relatively new. A review of published research on the topic suggests that it is not the information security panacea that has been suggested. Instead, it tends to refer to a range of existing techniques for addressing the human aspect of information security, oversimplifying the link between culture and behaviour, exaggerating the ease with which a culture can be adjusted, and treating culture as a monolith, set from the top. Evidence for some of the claims is also lacking. This chapter finds that the term “information security culture” is ambiguous and vague enough to suggest the possibility of achieving an almost mystical state, whereby behaviour consistent with information security is second nature to all employees, but when probed does not deliver. Instead, future research should be clear about what it considers information security culture to be, should provide evidence for claims, and should take complexity and context seriously.
Information Security Governance
Authors: Korhonen Janne J. , Hiekkanen Kari , Mykkänen Juha
Published: January 2012

In today’s economic, regulatory, and social environment, information security governance and management are topics of great interest to practitioners and researcher alike. In response to the increasingly interconnected, information intensive business landscape, legal pressures, and ongoing scrutiny to transparency and overall governance, organizations are increasingly interested in frameworks and methodologies for security governance and management. As the traditional view of governance as a control and conformance mechanism turns out to be inadequate in changing environments, a specifically contrived, more encompassing and design-oriented approach to information security governance is called for. In this chapter, the authors subscribe to the design science approach in order to outline a prescriptive reference model for information security governance that aims to help institute cross-functional information security management throughout the organization and build it into the organizational design.
Music is the Key
Authors: Gibson Marcia , Renaud Karen , Conrad Marc , Maple Carsten
Published: January 2012

Devising access control systems to support needs and capabilities of users, as well as the security requirements of organisations, is a key challenge faced in many of today’s business environments. If users are to behave securely, they must not be overburdened with unworkable authentication policies and methods. Yet the prevailing alphanumeric password can be a double-edged sword: secure passwords are inherently difficult to recall and vice-versa. Consequentially, a growing number of alternatives are emerging. In this chapter, the authors describe one novel scheme - a musical password. Musipass was designed with the user in mind and is tailored toward the task of authentication on the Web, where biometric and token-based systems have proved unsuccessful in replacing the flawed, yet prevalent traditional password. This chapter, which includes discussion on current thinking in the field of authentication, will be of interest to information managers, security practitioners, and HCI professionals.
Information System Integrated Security
Authors: Tvrdíková Milena
Published: January 2012

A comprehensive and integrated view on the security of an Information System considering all its parts (hardware, software, human factor, data, and the impact of real world) is presented in the chapter. The security of information systems cannot be solved only by management of Information Technologies, because Information Technologies constitute only a part of Information System. The design of a well-implemented information security management system is the reliable way towards the safety of information in a company or in an institution. Integrated approach to the security of an Information System is introduced, and recommendations for managing the security of the Information System are given.
Information Security Governance and Standard Based Management Systems
Authors: Stoll Margareth , Breu Ruth
Published: January 2012

The importance of information and Information Systems for modern organizations as a key differentiator is increasingly recognized. Sharpened legal and regulatory requirements have further promoted to see information security governance as part of corporate governance. More than 1.37 million organizations worldwide are implementing a standards based management system, such as ISO9001 or others. To implement information security governance and compliance in an effective, efficient, and sustainable way, the authors integrate these standard based management systems with different information security governance frameworks and the requirements of the international ISO/IEC 27001 information security management standard to a holistic information security governance model. In that way information security is part of all strategic, tactical, and operational business processes promotes corporate governance and living information security. The implementation of this innovative holistic model in several organizations and the case studies results are described.
A Construct Grid Approach to Security Classification and Analysis
Authors: Van Hilst Michael , Fernandez Eduardo B.
Published: January 2012

This chapter presents a method of mapping solution elements to regions of the problem space. Security requires complete, effective, and comprehensive coverage. Existing methodologies can enumerate known weaknesses and common solution elements. But not every solution is right for every situation. Moreover, any weakness in any component, phase, or activity can compromise the entire system. The method presented here helps map solutions to problems, and also brings attention to what might be missing. The approach, called a construct grid, divides the conceptual problem space along multiple dimensions. The space along each dimension is defined as a continuum with identifiable regions of concern. The chapter provides examples of several dimensions and the types of concerns used to define the regions of concern.
Information Security Management Based on Adaptive Security Policy Using User Behavior Analysis
Authors: Brosso Ines , La Neve Alessandro
Published: January 2012

This chapter presents a system for information security management based on adaptative security policy using user’s behavior analysis in Information Technology. This system must be able to acquire information about the environment, space, time, equipment, hardware, and software. This information is used in the user behavior analysis. This work proposes that, based on the evidence of the user behavior, it is possible to trust or not trust the user. Levels of trust are released according to the user behavior and the rules that were previously established for the parameters, which help to establish the evidences of behavioral trust, interacting with the environment information, so as to keep trust levels updated in a more accurate and faithful way.
Loss of Data
Authors: Rosewall Ian , Warren Matt
Published: January 2012

This chapter will focus upon the impact of Generation F - the Facebook Generation - and their attitudes to security. The chapter is based around discussing the loss of data, the prevention approaches and enforcement policies that are currently being investigated, and the implications that this has upon the modern, working environment. The changing landscape of work presents the issue of the Need to Know against the modern, working practises of Need to Share, a conflict that needs to be resolved as a matter of urgency. Many hold the view that it would be wrong to return to the Cold War scenario, however the modern position of Need to Share leads to a steadily rising fear of Information Insecurity. Accepting this situation means that working practises within large organisations need to be reviewed without ignoring the benefits of the new and emerging technologies and yet still be vigilant with regards to Information security.
Learning Parametric Designing
Authors: Schnabel Marc Aurel
Published: January 2012

Parametric designing, its instruments, and techniques move architectural design education towards novel avenues of deep learning. Akin to learning and working environments of engineering and manufacturing, it offers similar advantages for architects. Yet it is not as simple as using another tool; parametric designing fundamentally shifts the engagement with the design problem. Parametric designing allows architects to be substantially deeper involved in the overall design and development process extending it effectively beyond production and lifecycle. Leaning parametric design strategies enhance architects’ critical engagement with their designs and their communication. Subsequently, the computational aid of parametric modelling alters substantially how and what students learn and architects practice.
Interactive Architecture
Authors: Jeng Taysheng
Published: January 2012

This chapter provides an overview of interactive architecture relating to the design and implementation of ubiquitous computing technologies. The kernel of interactive architecture is augmenting spaces that can sense, think, and respond to change. A theoretical framework is provided for contextualization of interactive architecture. A model of interaction is proposed to identify a set of processes, functionality and principles that guide the design of interactive architecture. Key capabilities are identified with respect to interactive architecture: sensitivity, smartness, and responsiveness. Examples of some research projects are provided to demonstrate the capabilities. Methods and techniques for developing such capabilities are described according to the model of interaction. Applications for using ubiquitous computing technologies in interactive architecture are reviewed.
Design Education and Institutional Transformation
Authors: Bruton Dean
Published: January 2012

This chapter aims to develop awareness of the changing characterization of design and design education in response to the impact of global crisis and the ongoing introduction of innovative computational design methods and technologies. This chapter presents a strategic vision that includes a range of major concerns in relation to design education’s learning and teaching needs in higher education. The purpose of the chapter is to reconsider the foundation and consequent assumptions required of a vital relevant design education in the 21st century. It reflects on a general academic reassessment of the nature of design education in the light of the impact of computational methods and technologies and asserts a need for the re-envisioning of design education pedagogies in terms of networked interaction and global issues. Specifically it maintains that computational methods and techniques and the institutional adoption of interaction as a key factor in education has transformed the conception and construction of content as well as the delivery of communications across the broad spectrum of both the arts and sciences. It acknowledges the theory of institutional transformation, explores the evidence for such a theory, and discusses design education’s potential pedagogical strategies for reform of higher education.
Understanding Evolution of Virtual Worlds Research
Authors: Gupta Manish , Chen Rui
Published: January 2012

Virtual worlds are emerging as important socio-technical artifacts in contemporary society. Improvements in technology – both hardware and software performance and costs – have facilitated fast emergence of complex and near-real experience virtual worlds. Recent years have seen an unprecedented growth in number of users and corporations joining these virtual worlds. They have enabled unique business models in the digital economy and cast far-reaching impacts on the society spanning literature to leisure. The chapter analyzes 106 journal articles published in last decade to uncover a shift in focus of research on different aspects of virtual worlds. The chapter identifies six dominant themes of research on virtual worlds and then content-analyzes extant literature to show how these themes have emerged in research on virtual worlds. This presents unique insights into perceived relative importance of impact of different aspects of virtual worlds on individuals and organizations alike.
Exploring Past Trends and Current Challenges of Human Computer Interaction (HCI) Design
Authors: Carroll Fiona
Published: January 2012

This chapter investigates the potential of aesthetics in the design of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI). In particular, it aims to provide a means by which aesthetics can be applied in photorealistic Virtual Reality (VR) to create engaging experiences. Indeed, this chapter suggests that much can be gained from looking at the aesthetics of photorealistic VR content as opposed to solely looking at the more traditional HCI approaches that have mainly concentrated on the performance and efficiency issues of the technology. The chapter is motivated by the very notion that the aesthetic potential of photorealistic VR content is, and continues to be, underestimated whilst the emphasis on the development of newer and more efficient technologies to create engaging VR experiences increases. Challenging this, the author reports on the results of a comparative analysis performed on two photorealistic virtual environments. These results highlight how both aesthetic form and functionality – efficiency and performance issues – need to be considered in tandem in order to create engaging VR experiences. In demonstrating this, the chapter aims to not only successfully emphasize the experiential side of photorealistic VR, but also to advance the idea of the engaged interaction and in doing so, a new design drive for HCI.
Unconstrained Walking Plane as Locomotion Interface to Virtual Environment
Authors: Patel Kanubhai K. , Vij Sanjay Kumar
Published: January 2012

Locomotion interface with unidirectional as well as omni-directional treadmills creates infinite surface by use of motion floors. But realization of the motion floors requires a bulky or complex drive mechanism, thereby restricting practical use of locomotion interfaces. Secondly, it presents a problem of stability, especially while using these interfaces for simulating virtual walking of visually impaired people for spatial learning through virtual environments. As a result, such devices induce a kind of fear psychosis leading to difficulties in exploring virtual environment and thereby in cognitive map formation. A design of locomotion interface which reduces to a minimum these constraints is presented by first undertaking a literature review of the material existing in the area of locomotion interfaces and computer science. This proposed design of a locomotion interface to the virtual environment for spatial learning is aimed at providing unconstrained walking plane for building improved cognitive map and thereby enhancing mobility skills of persons with limited vision. A major design goal is to allow visually impaired people to walk safely on the device with a limited size, and to give them the sensation of walking on an unconstrained plane.
Designing Mobile Learning for the User
Authors: Ally Mohamed
Published: January 2012

There is increasing use of mobile devices around the world to conduct everyday business and to socialize. As a result, learners will be using mobile devices to access learning materials so that they can learn from anywhere and at anytime. Learning materials must be designed using proven instructional design models and learning theories. This will allow the learning system to provide flexibility in learning and to meet the needs of individual learners. In addition, good user interface design must be followed in mobile learning to allow learners to interact with the learning system and learning materials to facilitate learning from anywhere and at anytime.
Issues and Challenges Associated with the Design of Electronic Textbook
Authors: Railean Elena
Published: January 2012

The contents of this chapter are framed under three categories: the theoretical approach, pedagogy of competence development and practice. Conclusions are provided at the end.
Using a Blueprint in the Design of Instruction for Virtual Environments
Authors: Collins Mauri
Published: January 2012

Other chapters in this book discuss the design and development of interfaces for virtual worlds. This chapter will discuss the instructional design aspects of designing learning in virtual worlds. The use of virtual worlds is a relatively new phenomenon in education and, like many innovations that have preceded them, they are a new and intriguing tool to be mastered by both student and instructor alike. While bounded by a computer screen, virtual worlds have many of the affective components of everyday life and familiar-looking environments, where real life rules pertain, can be created to transfer learning, and both formal and informal learning can take place (Jones & Bronack, 2007).
Prospects and Pitfalls of Pregnancy-Associated Malaria Vaccination Based on the Natural Immune Response toPlasmodium falciparumVAR2CSA-Expressing Parasites
Authors: Kane Elizabeth G. , Taylor-Robinson Andrew W.
Published: January 2012

Pregnancy-associated malaria, a manifestation of severe malaria, is the cause of up to 200,000 infant deaths a year, through the effects of placental insufficiency leading to growth restriction and preterm delivery. Development of a vaccine is one strategy for control.Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells accumulate in the placenta through specific binding of pregnancy-associated parasite variants that express the VAR2CSA antigen to chondroitin sulphate A on the surface of syncytiotrophoblast cells. Parasite accumulation, accompanied by an inflammatory infiltrate, disrupts the cytokine balance of pregnancy with the potential to cause placental damage and compromise foetal growth. Multigravid women develop immunity towards VAR2CSA-expressing parasites in a gravidity-dependent manner which prevents unfavourable pregnancy outcomes. Although current vaccine design, targeting VAR2CSA antigens, has succeeded in inducing antibodies artificially, this candidate may not provide protection during the first trimester and may only protect those women living in areas endemic for malaria. It is concluded that while insufficient information about placental-parasite interactions is presently available to produce an effective vaccine, incremental progress is being made towards achieving this goal.
Protective role of curcumin against the toxic effects of cyclophosphamide in the third instar larvae of transgenic Drosophila melanogaster (hsp70-lacZ)Bg9
Authors: Siddique Yasir Hasan
Published: January 2012

In the present study the effects of curcumin was studied against the toxic effects induced by 0.025 and 0.050 ml/ml of cyclophosphamide (CP) in the third instar larvae of transgenic Drosophila melanogaster (hsp70-lacZ)Bg9 using hsp70 expression and dye exclusion test as a parameter. The exposure of the third instar larvae to 0.025ml/ml of CP along with 1, 5 and 10 mg/ml of curcumin results in the dose dependent significant decrease in the hsp70 expression and tissue damage for 12, 24 and 48hr of duration. Similar results were obtained with the exposure of third instar larvae to 0.050 ml/ml of CP along with 1, 5 and 10 mg/ml of curcumin. The selected doses of curcumin i.e. 1, 5 and 10 mg/ml were not toxic but reduced significantly the expression of hsp70 and tissue damage induced by CP. The results of the present study suggest that the curcumin has a protective role against the toxic effects of CP in the third instar larvae of transgenic Drosophila melanogaster (hsp70-lacZ)Bg9.
Phaeochromocytoma in a 20-Year-Old Nigerian, Resolving the Dilemma of Benignity or Malignancy
Authors: Ugwumba Fred O. , Okafor Okechukwu C. , Okoh Agharighom David , Ajuzieogu Obinna Virginus
Published: January 2012

Pheochromocytomas are rare tumors that present a diagnostic challenge in developing countries. They occur in the adrenal gland and as paragangliomas along the sympathetic chain. Clinical features are usually those of sustained or paroxysmal hypertension and complications thereof. Surgical extirpation remains the mainstay of treatment and is greatly facilitated by accurate pre-operative tumor localization. Pre-operative medical management with antihypertensive medication has led to significant reductions in peri-operative mortality. Determination of malignancy is difficult in the absence of obvious metastases. We present a case of left adrenal phechromocytoma that was stabilized. Adrenalectomy had a good outcome and the patient has so far been followed up for a year.
Diagnosis and Treatment of HIV-Associated Manifestations in Otolaryngology
Authors: Iacovou Emily , Vlastarakos Petros V. , Papacharalampous George , Kampessis George , Nikolopoulos Thomas P.
Published: January 2012

Almost 30 years after its first description, HIV still remains a global pandemic. The present paper aims to review the current knowledge on the ear, nose and throat (ENT) manifestations of HIV infection, and present the available diagnostic and treatment options. A literature review was conducted in Medline and other available database sources. Information from related books was also included in the data analysis. It is well acknowledged that up to 80% of HIV-infected patients eventually develop ENT manifestations; among which, oral disease appears to be the most common. Oro-pharyngeal manifestations include candidiasis, periodontal and gingival disease, HSV and HPV infection, oral hairy leucoplakia, Kaposi’s sarcoma, and non- Hodgkin’s lymphoma. ENT manifestations in the neck can present as cervical lymphadenopathy or parotid gland enlargement. Respective nasal manifestations include sinusitis (often due to atypical bacteria), and allergic rhinitis. Finally, otological manifestations include otitis (externa, or media), inner ear involvement (sensorineural hearing loss, disequilibrium), and facial nerve palsy (up to 100 times more frequently compared to the general population). Although ENT symptoms are not diagnostic of the disease, they might be suggestive of HIV infection, or related to its progression and the respective treatment failure. ENT doctors should be aware of the ENT manifestations associated with HIV disease, and the respective diagnosis and treatment. A multi-disciplinary approach may be required to provide the appropriate level of care to HIV patients.
A Safer Technique for Draining the Bladder during Flexible Cystoscopy
Authors: Amin Kavit , Mahmalji Wasim
Published: January 2012

We suggest a safer and more novel technique to performing suction drainage of the bladder during flexible cystoscopy.
Imagining Occupational Therapy
Authors: Townsend Elizabeth , Wicks Alison , van Bruggen Hanneke , Clair Valerie Wright-St
Published: January 2012

‘Imagining occupational therapy’ expresses the opinions of four occupational therapists from Canada, Europe, Australia and New Zealand whose combined experience spans 152 years, an average of 38 years. Meeting serendipitously in March 2011, they reflected on the question: Why do we continue to practise and call ourselves occupational therapists when many colleagues have left the profession well before retirement? Igniting conversations were questions and vignettes about their professional lives and their profession. The aim of this opinion piece is to kindle other occupational therapists in imagining a future world for themselves and their profession, just as kindling grass and sticks may fuel a fire.
Atmospheric ice nuclei in the Eyjafjallajökull volcanic ash plume
Authors: Bingemer H. , Klein H. , Ebert M. , Haunold W. , Bundke U. , Herrmann T. , Kandler K. , Müller-Ebert D. , Weinbruch S. , Judt A. , Wéber A. , Nillius B. , Ardon-Dryer K. , Levin Z. , Curtius J.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. We have sampled atmospheric ice nuclei (IN) and aerosol in Germany and in Israel during spring 2010. IN were analyzed by the static vapor diffusion chamber FRIDGE, as well as by electron microscopy. During the Eyjafjallajökull volcanic eruption of April 2010 we have measured the highest ice nucleus number concentrations (>600 l−1) in our record of 2 yr of daily IN measurements in central Germany. Even in Israel, located about 5000 km away from Iceland, IN were as high as otherwise only during desert dust storms. The fraction of aerosol activated as ice nuclei at −18 °C and 119% rhice and the corresponding area density of ice-active sites per aerosol surface were considerably higher than what we observed during an intense outbreak of Saharan dust over Europe in May 2008. Pure volcanic ash accounts for at least 53–68% of the 239 individual ice nucleating particles that we collected in aerosol samples from the event and analyzed by electron microscopy. Volcanic ash samples that had been collected close to the eruption site were aerosolized in the laboratory and measured by FRIDGE. Our analysis confirms the relatively poor ice nucleating efficiency (at −18 °C and 119% ice-saturation) of such "fresh" volcanic ash, as it had recently been found by other workers. We find that both the fraction of the aerosol that is active as ice nuclei as well as the density of ice-active sites on the aerosol surface are three orders of magnitude larger in the samples collected from ambient air during the volcanic peaks than in the aerosolized samples from the ash collected close to the eruption site. From this we conclude that the ice-nucleating properties of volcanic ash may be altered substantially by aging and processing during long-range transport in the atmosphere, and that global volcanism deserves further attention as a potential source of atmospheric ice nuclei.
Influence of the North Atlantic Oscillation on air pollution transport
Authors: Christoudias T. , Pozzer A. , Lelieveld J.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. We examined the influence of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) on the atmospheric dispersion of pollution by computing the emission, transport and removal of idealized insoluble gaseous and water-soluble aerosol tracers, tagged by the continent of origin. We simulated a period of 50 yr (1960–2010), using the ECHAM5/MESSy1 atmospheric chemistry (EMAC) general circulation model. The model accounts for anthropogenic, biogenic and biomass burning sources, removal of trace gases through OH oxidation, and precipitation, sedimentation and deposition of aerosols. The model is shown to reproduce the observed spatial features of the NAO, moisture transports and precipitation. During high NAO phase seasons the axis of maximum westerly North American trace gas transports extends relatively far to the north and east over Europe. The NAO phase is significantly correlated with North American insoluble gas and soluble aerosol tracer concentrations over the northwestern Atlantic Ocean and across northern Europe, and with European trace gases and aerosols over Africa and north of the Arctic circle. We find a strong anti-correlation between the phase of the NAO and European pollutant gas concentration over western and central Europe.
Trajectory-based source area analysis of atmospheric fine particles, SO2, NOx and O3 for the SMEAR II station in Finland in 1996–2008
Authors: Hulkkonen M. , Riuttanen L. , Dal Maso M. , Junninen H. , Kulmala M.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. Source area analysis based on combining in situ measurements of trace gas or particle concentrations and back trajectories calculated for corresponding times has proven to be a valuable approach in atmospheric research; especially in investigating air pollution episodes, but also in e.g. tracing the source areas of air masses related to high vs. low concentrations of aerosol particles of different sizes at the receptor site. A statistical trajectory method used before by Sogacheva et al. (2005) was fine-tuned to take the presumable horizontal error in calculated trajectories into account, tested with SO2 and validated by comparison against EMEP (European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme) emission data. In this work we apply the improved method for characterizing the source areas of atmospheric SO2, NOx, O3 and aerosol particles of different size modes from the perspective of a Finnish measurement station located in Hyytiälä (61°51' N, 24°17' E). Our method proved useful for qualitative source area analysis of measured trace compounds. We applied it to study trends and seasonal variation in atmospheric pollutant transport during 13 yr at the SMEAR II station.
A coupled observation – modeling approach for studying activation kinetics from measurements of CCN activity
Authors: Raatikainen T. , Moore R. H. , Lathem T. L. , Nenes A.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. This paper presents an approach to study droplet activation kinetics from measurements of CCN activity by the Continuous Flow Streamwise Thermal Gradient CCN Chamber (CFSTGC) and a comprehensive model of the instrument and droplet growth. The model is evaluated against a series of experiments with ammonium sulfate calibration aerosol. Observed and model predicted droplet sizes are in excellent agreement for a water vapor uptake coefficient ~0.2, which is consistent with theoretical expectations. The model calculations can be considerably accelerated without significant loss of accuracy by assuming simplified instrument geometry and constant parabolic flow velocity profiles. With these assumptions, the model can be applied to large experimental data sets (to infer kinetic growth parameters) while fully accounting for water vapor depletion effects and changes in instrument operation parameters such as the column temperature, flow rates, sheath and sample flow relative humidities, and pressure. When the effects of instrument operation parameters, water vapor depletion and equilibrium dry particle properties on droplet size are accounted for, the remaining variations in droplet size are most likely due to non-equilibrium processes such as those caused by organic surface films, slow solute dissociation and glassy or highly viscous particle states. As an example of model application, data collected during a research flight in the ARCTAS 2008 campaign are analyzed. The model shows that water vapor depletion effects can explain changes in the observed average droplet size.
Modeling of a compliant joint in a Magnetic Levitation System for an endoscopic camera
Authors: Simi M. , Tolou N. , Valdastri P. , Herder J. L. , Menciassi A. , Dario P.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. A novel compliant Magnetic Levitation System (MLS) for a wired miniature surgical camera robot was designed, modeled and fabricated. The robot is composed of two main parts, head and tail, linked by a compliant beam. The tail module embeds two magnets for anchoring and manual rough translation. The head module incorporates two motorized donut-shaped magnets and a miniaturized vision system at the tip. The compliant MLS can exploit the static external magnetic field to induce a smooth bending of the robotic head (0–80°), guaranteeing a wide span tilt motion of the point of view. A nonlinear mathematical model for compliant beam was developed and solved analytically in order to describe and predict the trajectory behaviour of the system for different structural parameters. The entire device is 95 mm long and 12.7 mm in diameter. Use of such a robot in single port or standard multiport laparoscopy could enable a reduction of the number or size of ancillary trocars, or increase the number of working devices that can be deployed, thus paving the way for multiple view point laparoscopy.
Statistical adaptation of ALADIN RCM outputs over the French alpine massifs – application to future climate and snow cover
Authors: Rousselot M. , Durand Y. , Giraud G. , Mérindol L. , Dombrowski-Etchevers I. , Déqué M.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. In this study, snowpack scenarios are modelled across the French Alps using dynamically downscaled variables from the ALADIN Regional Climate Model (RCM) for the control period (1961–1990) and three emission scenarios (SRES B1, A1B and A2) by the mid- and late of the 21st century (2021–2050 and 2071–2100). These variables are statistically adapted to the different elevations, aspects and slopes of the alpine massifs. For this purpose, we use a simple analogue criterion with ERA40 series as well as an existing detailed climatology of the French Alps (Durand et al., 2009a) that provides complete meteorological fields from the SAFRAN analysis model. The resulting scenarios of precipitation, temperature, wind, cloudiness, longwave and shortwave radiation, and humidity are used to run the physical snow model CROCUS and simulate snowpack evolution over the massifs studied. The seasonal and regional characteristics of the simulated climate and snow cover changes are explored, as is the influence of the scenarios on these changes. Preliminary results suggest that the Snow Water Equivalent (SWE) of the snowpack will decrease dramatically in the next century, especially in the Southern and Extreme Southern part of the Alps. This decrease seems to result primarily from a general warming throughout the year, and possibly a deficit of precipitation in the autumn. The magnitude of the snow cover decline follows a marked altitudinal gradient, with the highest altitudes being less exposed to climate change. Scenario A2, with its high concentrations of greenhouse gases, results in a SWE reduction roughly twice as large as in the low-emission scenario B1 by the end of the century. This study needs to be completed using simulations from other RCMs, since a multi-model approach is essential for uncertainty analysis.
Gravidez na adolescência em oito municípios do RS: perfil de ocorrência e rede de serviços
Authors: Peretto Marcele , Lopes Marta Julia Marques , Soares Joannie Dos Santos Fachinelli , Swarowsky Graciliana Elise
Published: January 2012

A gravidez e maternidade na adolescência podem ser consideradas situações de vulnerabilidade quando envolvem dificuldades socioeconômicas e de acesso e acessibilidade aos serviços de saúde. Assim, objetivou-se descrever o perfil sociodemográfico e epidemiológico da gravidez entre 10 e 19 anos, em oito municípios do Rio Grande do Sul, e caracterizar a rede de serviços de saúde dos mesmos. Os dados originam-se do SINASC e do CNES para o período de 2000 a 2005. Achados apontam 3.668 nascidos vivos de mães adolescentes. Verificou-se insuficiente oferta de serviços, baixa escolaridade das adolescentes, reduzida adesão pré-natal, índices mais elevados de prematuridade e baixo peso ao nascer. Sugere-se investimento na atenção básica de saúde, considerando a necessidade de captação e inserção precoce das adolescentes no pré-natal e do acesso à saúde e à informação para o exercício da sexualidade na perspectiva dos direitos de escolha. Descritores: Gravidez na Adolescência; Saúde da População Rural; Atenção Primária à Saúde.
Tecnologias digitais no ensino de graduação em enfermagem: as possibilidades metodológicas por docentes
Authors: Cogo Ana Luísa Petersen , Pedro Eva Neri Rubim , Silva Ana Paula Scheffer Schell da , Valli Gabriela Petró , Specht Andréia Martins
Published: January 2012

Estudo qualitativo com o objetivo de descrever as possibilidades metodológicas na utilização de tecnologias digitais no ensino de graduação em enfermagem nas modalidades presencial e a distância. Estudo de caso realizado com sete docentes de graduação em enfermagem de uma Universidade pública inscritas em curso na modalidade a distância. Os dados obtidos em ambiente virtual de aprendizagem (fórum, bate-papo) foram submetidos à análise temática. Os temas analisados foram tecnologias educacionais digitais no ensino de enfermagem e mudanças no ensino de enfermagem para uso das tecnologias da informação e da comunicação. As docentes identificaram a relevância da utilização das tecnologias educacionais digitais, mesmo sem usá-las com seus alunos. Destacou-se a importância da educação permanente dos docentes de cursos de enfermagem. Considera-se que há a necessidade das Instituições implantarem ações na promoção da discussão e da implantação de novos recursos metodológicos no ensino. Descritores: Educação em Enfermagem; Tecnologia Educacional; Aprendizagem; Docentes; Educação Superior.
Avaliação da qualidade de vida pós-implante de marcapasso cardíaco artificial
Authors: Gomes Tais Barbosa , Gomes Lorena Santana , Antônio Izelina Helena de Freitas , Barroso Thatiara De Lima , Cavalcante Agueda Maria Ruiz Zimmer , Stival Marina Morato , Lima Luciano Ramos
Published: January 2012

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade de vida (QV) de cardiopatas pós-implante de marcapasso (MP) de uma cidade no interior de Goiás / Brasil. Estudo de intervenção tipo antes e depois. Vinte e três pacientes portadores de MP cardíaco foram avaliados antes e após implante de MP. Os instrumentos utilizados foram o AQUAREL associado ao SF-36. Houve predomínio de indivíduos do sexo feminino (65%), com idade média de 64,9 anos, e baixa escolaridade (43%). Os domínios que evidenciaram melhor QV, através do instrumento AQUAREL, foram desconforto no peito (M=71,60) e arritmia (M=70,87) e menor para dispneia ao exercício (M=61,81). Na comparação de QV antes e após o implante de MP, observou-se melhora significativa nos domínios do SF-36: capacidade funcional, dor, estado geral de saúde, aspecto social e aspecto emocional. De forma geral, os resultados do SF-36 indicam que houve melhora da qualidade de vida após implante de MP. Descritores: Qualidade de Vida; Marca-Passo Artificial; Estimulação Cardíaca Artificial; Avaliação em Enfermagem.