bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How does Cricotracheal Resection Affect the Female Voice?
Authors: Smith Marshall E. , Roy Nelson , Stoddard Kelly , Barton Michael
Published: August 2017

Objectives

We measured the effects of cricotracheal resection on the adult female voice.

Methods

Voice recordings of 14 women (mean age, 53 years; range, 35 to 69 years) who underwent cricotracheal resection for chronic airway obstruction associated with idiopathic laryngotracheal stenosis were acquired before and after surgery. The recordings were analyzed with voice analysis software. The measures included the mean fundamental frequency of a sustained vowel at a comfortable pitch and loudness (F0), the mean F0 of connected speech (ie, speaking F0), the pitch range (F0 range), and the maximum phonation time. Self-assessment measures of the Voice Handicap Index were taken.

Results

The mean speaking F0 lowered significantly, by 21 Hz, from 186 Hz to 165 Hz (p = .04). In 7 patients, the speaking F0 was below 160 Hz after the operation. The mean sustained vowel frequency also dropped by 32 Hz (p = .03). The F0 range was reduced by an average of 5.9 semitones, from 21.5 to 15.6 (p = .05). The maximum phonation time did not change significantly. The postoperative mean Voice Handicap Index score was 21.9.

Conclusions

Cricotracheal resection can significantly impact the adult female voice. It often lowers the pitch of the speaking voice into the male range and reduces the pitch range of the voice. The change in voice that potentially accompanies this procedure should be discussed with patients in preoperative counseling.
Airway Obstruction: A Rare Complication of Benign Vocal Fold Polyps
Authors: Ahmad Sidrah M. , Soliman Ahmed M. S.
Published: August 2017

Objectives

Benign laryngeal polyps usually present with hoarseness and dysphonia. There have been a few reported cases, however, of polyps that caused airway obstruction. Herein we present our series of obstructing laryngeal polyps.

Methods

A retrospective review was performed of all patients with benign laryngeal lesions treated by the senior author (A.M.S.S.) between 1997 and 2006. Patients who presented with airway obstruction were identified. Detailed information was recorded on the demographics, presenting signs and symptoms, and surgical procedures. Preoperative and postoperative laryngoscopies were reviewed.

Results

Ten patients were identified. There were 7 women and 3 men. The mean age was 49 years (range, 34 to 64 years). All had a history of vocal abuse and smoking, with a mean of 35.2 pack-years (range, 7.5 to 112.5 pack-years). All underwent microlaryngoscopy with excision of the lesions. Jet ventilation or a small endotracheal tube was used to secure the airway. The mean follow-up of 9 patients was 71.2 days (range, 25 to 208 days); 1 patient was lost to follow-up. An excellent airway and improved voice was achieved in all. Forty-four percent (4 of 9) had persistent dysphonia and a decreased mucosal wave after the operation.

Conclusions

Benign laryngeal polyps may present with airway obstruction and thus should be included in the differential diagnosis of stridor. Endoscopic treatment can result in an excellent airway, but dysphonia may persist in some cases.
Histologic Review of Cidofovir-Treated Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis
Authors: Lindsay CDR Fred , Bloom CDR David , Pransky Seth , Stabley CDR Robert , Shick CAPT Paul
Published: August 2017

Objectives

Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis is currently the most common lesion of the larynx in children. The course of the disease is variable and often requires repetitive surgical interventions to maintain the airway. The predominant concern for disease progression is the possibility of spread to the tracheobronchial tree, as this increases the rates of morbidity and mortality. Cidofovir is an antiviral drug with activity against members of the DNA virus family. Development of local malignant change secondary to use of cidofovir has been a concern. The histopathologic findings from biopsy specimens from children treated with cidofovir have not been previously reported.

Methods

We performed a retrospective review of pediatric operative histologic biopsies and charts of patients treated with intralesional cidofovir and untreated study controls from January 1, 1995, through November 1, 2001.

Results

Ninety-six specimens were evaluated by 2 blinded pathologists. No cases of dysplasia were identified. The most commonly identified finding was an increased nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio in 8 of 95 cases (8.4%). No cases of abnormal mitoses, prominent nucleoli, or cellular or nuclear enlargement were found.

Conclusions

This is the first report of pathologically evaluated recurrent respiratory papillomatosis specimens taken before and after treatment with intralesional cidofovir. No dysplasia was identified, and there were no significant dysplastic changes in the specimens analyzed.
Composition of the Endolymphatic Sac Luminal Fluid in a Patient with Mondini Dysplasia
Authors: Couloigner Vincent , Grayeli Alexis Bozorg , Sterkers Olivier , Ferrary Evelyne
Published: August 2017

Objectives

We determined the chemical composition of the human endolymphatic sac luminal fluid in a patient with Mondini dysplasia.

Methods

Four milliliters of endolymphatic sac luminal fluid was sampled in a 41-year-old patient who presented with bilateral Mondini dysplasia and underwent auditory brain stem implantation. Ion and protein concentrations, as well as the osmolarity of the fluid, were analyzed by means of biochemical automated procedures.

Results

The sodium, potassium, and protein concentrations and the osmolarity of the sample were 87 mmol/L, 24 mmol/L, 33.5 g/L, and 258 mOsm/L, respectively.

Conclusions

The composition of the endolymphatic sac luminal fluid found in our patient was similar to that determined in guinea pigs under physiological conditions, and very different from the usual composition of the cochleovestibular endolymph. Contamination of the cochleovestibular endolymphatic compartment by this sodium-rich, potassium-poor, and hypo-osmotic fluid might impair cochleovestibular function by altering the chemical composition of the cochleovestibular endolymph.
Vitamin a Deficiency Causes Metaplasia in Vocal Fold Epithelium: A Rat Study
Authors: Tateya Ichiro , Tateya Tomoko , Surles Rebecca Lynn , Kanehira Kazunori , Tanumihardjo Sherry , Bless Diane M.
Published: August 2017

Objectives

The roles of vitamin A in the vocal fold epithelium are not well documented, although vitamin A has been used as a conservative treatment for laryngeal leukoplakia. The purpose of this study was to analyze the roles of vitamin A in vocal fold epithelial differentiation.

Methods

Vitamin A–deficient (VAD) rats were generated, and the abnormality of their vocal fold epithelium was examined by hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemical analysis for keratin 10 and transglutaminase (TGase) 1.

Results

The VAD experimental rats exhibited orthokeratosis of the vocal fold epithelium. Keratin 10 and TGase 1 were up-regulated in the epithelium of the VAD rats.

Conclusions

It is suggested that vitamin A suppresses TGase 1 expression in normal vocal folds to inhibit keratinization, and that the TGase 1 up-regulation caused by vitamin A deficiency may be related to the formation of metaplasia in the laryngeal epithelium.
Getting RID of the blues: Formulating a Risk Index for Depression (RID) using structural equation modeling
Authors: Dipnall Joanna F , Pasco Julie A , Berk Michael , Williams Lana J , Dodd Seetal , Jacka Felice N , Meyer Denny
Published: August 2017

Objective:

While risk factors for depression are increasingly known, there is no widely utilised depression risk index. Our objective was to develop a method for a flexible, modular, Risk Index for Depression using structural equation models of key determinants identified from previous published research that blended machine-learning with traditional statistical techniques.

Methods:

Demographic, clinical and laboratory variables from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Study (2009–2010, N = 5546) were utilised. Data were split 50:50 into training:validation datasets. Generalised structural equation models, using logistic regression, were developed with a binary outcome depression measure (Patient Health Questionnaire-9 score ⩾ 10) and previously identified determinants of depression: demographics, lifestyle-environs, diet, biomarkers and somatic symptoms. Indicative goodness-of-fit statistics and Areas Under the Receiver Operator Characteristic Curves were calculated and probit regression checked model consistency.

Results:

The generalised structural equation model was built from a systematic process. Relative importance of the depression determinants were diet (odds ratio: 4.09; 95% confidence interval: [2.01, 8.35]), lifestyle-environs (odds ratio: 2.15; 95% CI: [1.57, 2.94]), somatic symptoms (odds ratio: 2.10; 95% CI: [1.58, 2.80]), demographics (odds ratio:1.46; 95% CI: [0.72, 2.95]) and biomarkers (odds ratio:1.39; 95% CI: [1.00, 1.93]). The relationships between demographics and lifestyle-environs and depression indicated a potential indirect path via somatic symptoms and biomarkers. The path from diet was direct to depression. The Areas under the Receiver Operator Characteristic Curves were good (logistic:training = 0.850, validation = 0.813; probit:training = 0.849, validation = 0.809).

Conclusion:

The novel Risk Index for Depression modular methodology developed has the flexibility to add/remove direct/indirect risk determinants paths to depression using a structural equation model on datasets that take account of a wide range of known risks. Risk Index for Depression shows promise for future clinical use by providing indications of main determinant(s) associated with a patient’s predisposition to depression and has the ability to be translated for the development of risk indices for other affective disorders
Examining the Contingency Value of Certification on Regulatory Burden in a Transitional Economy
Authors: Zou Hailiang , Qi Guoyou , Xie Xuemei , Meng Xiaohua
Published: August 2017

In transitional economies, the governing central authorities impose heavy regulatory burdens on firms, which results in great costs for business in terms of time, resources, and other constraints. However, quality assurance through decentralized institutions (such as private certified management standards) is rapidly becoming more prevalent. This study examines the contingent implications that such decentralized institutions have for centralized regulation by focusing on the relationship between international certifications and regulatory burdens. As two prominent features of the institutional environment in emerging economies, the threat of competition from the informal sector and corruption may influence the relationship between international certifications and regulatory burdens. These features are therefore examined in terms of their moderating roles. The study draws on institutional and signaling theories to interpret data from a survey conducted by the World Bank in China in 2012. The empirical results show that international certification is negatively associated with regulatory burdens. This relationship is strengthened by the threat of competition from the informal sector, but mitigated by a corrupt business environment. Our study contributes to the institutional literature and to research on international certifications, and it has implications for both business management and governmental policy.
Understanding the Millennials’ Integrated Ethical Decision-Making Process: Assessing the Relationship Between Personal Values and Cognitive Moral Reasoning
Authors: Weber James
Published: August 2017

Focusing on millennials, individuals born between 1980 and 2000 and representing the largest generational population in our history, this research seeks to understand their ethical decision-making processes by exploring the distinctive, yet interconnected, theories of personal values and cognitive moral reasoning. Utilizing a decision-making framework introduced in the 1990s, we discover that there is a statistically supported relationship between a millennial’s personal value orientation and stage of cognitive moral reasoning. Moreover, we discover a strong relationship between three of the four value orientations and a corresponding stage of cognitive moral reasoning. The theoretical and practical research implications of our discovery about millennials’ decision making are discussed.
Countering terrorism
Authors: Purdy Margaret , Homer-Dixon Thomas
Published: August 2017

Until we understand the sources of terrorism and do something about them, we can arm ourselves to the teeth, rampage across the planet with our militaries, suspend many of our civil liberties and still not protect ourselves from this menace.
Securing the “Ontario-Vermont border”
Authors: Whitaker Reg
Published: August 2017

Question: Mr. President, why did you block the reimportation of safer and inexpensive drugs from Canada which would have cut 40 to 60 percent off of the cost?

Bush: I haven't yet. Just want to make sure they're safe. When a drug comes in from Canada, I want to make sure it cures you and doesn't kill you….I've got an obligation to make sure our government does everything we can to protect you. And what my worry is, is that, you know, it looks like it's from Canada, and it might be from a third world.1
Dag Hammarskjöld as Leader: A Problem of Definition
Authors: Trachtenberg L.S.
Published: August 2017

The Secretary-Generalship of the United Nations is a unique post. While enjoying none of the actual powers of a great national leader, the Secretary-General, by virtue of his position and prestige, has unrivalled possibilities for constructive and conciliatory action in the world, and in times of crisis he also has an ultimate, though vaguely defined, responsibility for maintaining the peace. Of all important public positions, his is perhaps the one in which spiritual strength, integrity, and courage are most essential to effective performance, for without them the office, lacking the normal trappings and supports of power, is an empty shell of high-sounding principles and good but unfulfilled intentions.
Criminal Law Reform Now
Authors: Child John , Rogers Jonathan
Published: August 2017

The principal aim of this article is to introduce a new criminal law reform initiative: The Criminal Law Reform Now Network (CLRN Network). The article begins in Part 1 by setting the scene for law reform in this jurisdiction, exposing and discussing four major challenges that await any would-be reformer or network: 1) The Political Red Line, 2) The Political Preference for Simple Headlines, 3) The Political Indifference to Principles of Criminalisation, and 4) The Division Between Academics and Practitioners.

From here, in Part 2, we introduce the ambitions and processes envisaged for the new CLRN Network. Launched in 2017, the mission of the CLRN Network is to facilitate collaboration between academics and other legal experts to gather and disseminate comprehensible proposals for criminal law reform to the wider community. The aim is to include members of the public and mainstream media as well as legal professionals, police, policymakers and politicians. Proposals from the CLRN Network might require legislation, but will not be restricted to such projects. Reforms which public bodies such as the Home Office, Police or CPS could bring about by internal policies may be included, as well as reforms which require the support of some of the judiciary, bearing in mind the proper judicial constraints on law making. The CLRN Network will be ready to consult with and make suggestions to anyone who has the power to bring about reform.
Improperly Obtained Evidence and the Epistemic Conception of the Trial
Authors: Ward Tony
Published: August 2017

This article criticises H. L. Ho’s argument that the exclusion of improperly obtained evidence can best be understood in terms of a ‘political’ rather than ‘epistemic’ conception of the criminal trial. It argues that an epistemic conception of the trial, as an institution primarily concerned with arriving at accurate verdicts on the part of an independent and impartial fact-finder, is an important element of the rule of law. The court also has a duty to uphold other elements of the rule of law. The rule of law should be seen as concerned with upholding moral and political rights, including those of victims as well as defendants. The ‘vindication principle’, requiring decisions on exclusion of evidence to take account of both these sets of rights, is defended as being consistent with this understanding of the rule of law and with the epistemic conception of the trial.
Predictors of Continuing Bonds Among Bereaved Adolescents
Authors: Sirrine Erica H. , Salloum Alison , Boothroyd Roger
Published: August 2017

This study examined the relationship between continuing bonds (CBs) among 50 bereaved youth (ages 11–17) and their bereaved adult caregivers, and predictors of CBs among youth. Results indicated there was not a significant relationship between caregiver CB and youth CB. However, significant relationships were found between youth bereavement symptomatology, their relationship to the deceased, and youth CB. Specifically, youth with higher levels of symptomatology and those who lost an immediate family member were more likely to maintain CBs. Results suggest the need for practitioners to incorporate grief symptomatology and CBs in assessment and intervention with bereaved youth.
Reply to Further Defenses of Incentivization
Authors: Butchard William , D’Amico Robert
Published: August 2017

In a previous article, we challenged the “incentivization view” held by J. P. Smit, Filip Buekens, and Stan du Plessis as failing to cover social phenomena involving strict joint actions. The authors’ response to our criticism seriously misstates our main point. We have therefore, as briefly and sharply as we can, restated the problem in this note.
Improving access of the poor to serviced urban land in India
Authors: Ansari Jamal H.
Published: August 2017

Free land market operations, and land development and disposal processes (whether carried out by public or private sector) have been deficient in securing access of the poor to serviced urban land. The poor have thus resorted to informal and mainly illegal methods of gaining a foothold on land for building shelters for themselves, giving rise to squatter settlements and unauthorized colonies. This paper reviews various aproaches for increasing the access of the poor to serviced urban land. Experiences relating to secure land tenure, land sharing, and incremental development approaches as practiced in India and other developing countries of Asia have been discussed. The role of NGOs and CBOs has also been highlighted. In the end, suggestions have been made regarding measures to be undertaken by planners and policy makers to improve accessibility of the poor to serviced urban land.
Urban poor women: Coping with poverty and ill-health in slums of Delhi
Authors: Basu Koushambhi , Basu Salil
Published: August 2017

Urban poverty is a multi-dimensional problem which has been studied from different perspectives by various researchers. An important way of understanding the magnitude of urban poverty is by exploring the conditions of life in urban slums. More important is to understand the problems and needs of slum women who have the primary responsibility of their families. Any improvement in their status will directly benefit the families as a unit. This paper aims to highlight the perceptions, sufferings and felt needs of urban poor women, based essentially on case studies conducted in a slum of Delhi. A few suggestions for betterment in the quality of life of urban slum dwellers have also been given.
The emerging role of NGOs in rural development of India
Authors: Nanda Nitya
Published: August 2017

The State-NGO partnership and the coordination of the local government, corporate sector, academics, intelligentsia and the civil society with the NGOs are discussed in resolving the socio-economic problems in the country.
Factors of educational development-A study of two villages in Kerala
Authors: Salim A. Abdul
Published: August 2017

Educational development is not uniform across localities and regions. Some of the regions have shown remarkable progress in education while others lagged behind. Obviously, micro-level factors account for such differential development. This study attempts to identify the factors or agents behind this development and examine the nature and intensity of their efforts in two selected villages of Kerala. Socio-religious reform movements and the attitudinal changes triggered off by them, local community efforts, government intervention, political pressures and improvement in the economic plight of the people were the major factors that brought about educational transition in one village. These factors were conspicuous by their absence in the other village.
Economie development of dalits and 50 years of Independence: A macro analysis
Authors: Nancharaiah G.
Published: August 2017

Notwithstanding the various special developmental measures initiated since the First Five Year Plan, majority of dalits particularly SCs have remained as agricultural labourers. There is a substantial gap in the level of development between SC/ST population and others. There is a need for strict implementation of land reforms, redistribution of surplus and waste lands particularly among Scheduled Caste agriculture labourers and marginal farmers. There is also need for increasing the outlay on welfare for SCs/STs. The state should provide micro-credit to improve their productivity and financial assistance to improve their educational level.
Occupational mobility from the view point of entrepreneurship: The Nagalarid experience
Authors: Panda N. M.
Published: August 2017

To perform the major entrepreneurial tasks, the entrepreneur must be innovative and capable of managing risk and uncertaintity. Entrepreneurial outcomes are desirable for the growth of a society. The sociologists concern to trace the source of entrepreneurship and understand the social process through which the entrepreneurship emerges in a society are discussed here in the context of Nagaland.
Economic development, social change and fertility decline in rural Punjab-An empirical study
Authors: Sandhu Jasmeet , Bhalla Paramjit Kaur
Published: August 2017

Punjab state in india has experienced over 40 percent decline in fertility in the last two decades and is undergoing demographic transition. The State is one of the economically developed States of India. It experienced rural transformation as a consequence of successful green revolution. It continues to be an agrarian economy with patriarchal kinship system. Status of women is low, gender inequalities are sharp, female literacy and female work force participation are low and son preference is strong. In the presence of these social realities the decline in fertility particularly in the rural Punjab needs to be explained and understood. Empirical evidence suggests that this decline has taken place because rural women desire and have lesser number of children, practice contraception and try to limit their families. The factors which have contributed to this attitudinal change are rising literacy, rising standards of living, greater exposure to mass media and greater use of modem contraceptive technology. Thus economic development and resultant social change have brought about fertility decline in rural Punjab.
Ecological Responsibility
Authors: Dubey Muchkund , Roy Prodipto
Published: August 2017

There is an urgent need for an independent consortium of concerned NGO institutions to assess the total quantum of environmental damage being caused by the rapid pace of economic growth and to implement a people-centred parallel strategy for containing this damage. The pursuit of growth without adequate attention to sustainability is exerting pressures on India's heritage of forest cover, soil fertility, purity of its sacred rivers, air pollution, and coastal environment as never before in history. A “back-of-the-envelope” assessment of costs of environmental degradation by a World Bank team seemed to indicate that very conservatively India's environmental costs were over 4.5 per cent of the GDP (Brandon and Hommanns, 1995). A more recent estimate of the Tata Energy Research Institute (TERI) puts the figure at 10 per cent of the GDP for the economy-wide environmental degradation costs (TERI, 1997). Ambitious projects are being implemented without adequate environmental impact analysis or sufficient consultation with local people or NGOs, which have completely altered the habitat of hundreds of villages. This is inspite of the fact that the first thrust area of the Country cooperation Framework-1 “addresses people at the grassroots, who are being drawn into the decision making process and those who work with natural resource management…” (GOI-UNDP CCF-1 1997-2001, September 1997, p. 17).
Recovering biodiversity
Authors: Shiva Vandana
Published: August 2017

‘Recover’ is a term used when something is lost. ‘Recovering Biodiversity’ in our view addresses two levels at which we are ‘losing biodiversity’. Biodiversity is getting lost through extinction and erosion with serious consequences for ecological balance and economic well being. It is also getting lost in terms of ownership and control through ‘Biopiracy’-the phenomenon of claiming property rights to biodiversity and its products through intellectual property rights regimes and patents based on indigenous and traditional knowledge.
Degradation due to mining: The Piparwar Case Study and problems of estimating costs of degradation
Authors: Roy Prodipto
Published: August 2017

Mining has two broad side-effects which may be considered degrading to the environment. The first is the environmental effects of the change on the land-use from forest or cropland to degraded wasteland due to the improper dumping of overburden; and the second, which is partially linked to the first, is the displacement of whole villages comprised of families who have husbanded their crops and animals, and lived symbiotically with the forest for centuries if not millenia. This paper is concerned mainly with the first and only partially with the second as this is the subject of a separate paper.

This paper outlines methods of estimation of the quantum of degradation caused by mining taking a long-term perspective of the last 50 (to 100) years and the next 50 years. The types of mines listed include a very wide variety including coal mines, bauxite mines, iron-ore mines, manganese, zinc, chromite, asbestos, granite, sandstone, copper, silver, gold and one uranium mine. Oil drilling maybe considered another form of mining or extracting fossil fuels. All these forms of extracting metals, non-metals, rocks, carbons, and hydro-carbons are included under the broad purview of'mining’.

Secondary data will need to be obtained from various governmental departments on the numbers of mines which have been opened both before Independence and after in order to establish parameters. In addition data on families displaced, land acquired, land-use before and after will also be obtained.

After making meaningful categories primary data on a parsimonious sample of each category and each type of mining (extraction) will be carried out to use as estimators of the parameters. The case study of the Piparar coal mine illustrates the difficulties and the inaccuracies that may be encountered when using average estimators. Notwithstanding these difficulties, on account of the fact that mining has been the cause for a great deal of the environmental degradation in India, it is important that fresh estimates should be made.
Governance for realising a sustainable society
Authors: Sharma S. K.
Published: August 2017

Governance, that is how, by whom, when, and for what motivation decisions are taken, is central to sustainability. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, democracy is now being increasingly recognised as the only vehicle for realising sustainability. However, democracy has resulted in over consumption of resources in industrialised nations and has created a host of problems in developing nations. In reality, this is not the failure of democracy but of basic faults or weaknesses in how democracy is often structured. To appreciate this, it is necessary to first understand the basic structure of universal democracy.
Elderly in the changing traditional family structure: An Indian scenario
Authors: Kumar S. Vijaya
Published: August 2017

Several disadvantages associated with aging in old age makes the elderly population as one of the most vulnerable section of the society. Among such disadvantages, changing traditional joint family structure is the one which is having more repercussions on the elderly. Due to the industrialisation, urbanisation and modernization, within the society several structural changes are taking place and the ascribed status is replaced by the achieved status. Thus, filial responsibilities are weakening and the inter-personal and inter-generational relations are also getting strained. In this paper all such issues are discussed based on the accumulated references.
Cardiovascular ailments and associated common medical conditions in elderly patients
Authors: Dwivedi S. , Singh G. , Agarwal M. P.
Published: August 2017

The increase in longevity due to control of communicable diseases and improved nutrition and health care facilities has led to surge in both elderly population (>60 years) and cardiovascular ailments worldwide including India. Cardiovascular and associated medical illnesses are major ailments responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality among elderly subjects. The present article briefly highlights common cardiovascular disorders including principal risk factors, associated medical ailments and their preventive and treatment strategies. Common cardiovascular disorders in this population include hypertension (HTN), coronary artery disease (CAD) including myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, congestive heart failure, arrhythmias, ischaemic cardiomyopathy and cerebrovascular diseases (CVD). HTN and smoking are the principal risk factors both for CAD as well as CVD. Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is a major predictor for sudden cardiac death in elderly people. Important associated medical conditions in conjunction with cardiovascular disorders include diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), cataract, pneumonias and bronchial asthma. Adverse factors which influence mortality include-age > 68 years, extensive infarction cardiogenic shock, LVH, arrhythmias, intracerebral haemorrhage, cerebral infarction and respiratory failure.
Demographic consequences of non-tribal incursion in Chotanagpur region during colonial period (1850-1950)
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Madhumita
Published: August 2017

This paper gives an insight into the process of non-tribal incursion into the tribal area of Chotanagpur region during colonial period (1850-1950) and its concequences on different aspects of tribal life. The region became part of the colonial administration in the year 1765, as a part of subah of Bihar and got integreted with the British metropolitan economy. It witnessed rapid increase in population since 1872, due to continuous in-migration, associated with mining and industrial activities. While the region prospered due to industrialisation and urbanisation, the tribals suffered considerably, mainly because of deforestation, land alienation, unemployment and indebtedness. They were recruited by their non-tribal employers. They were compelled to migrate to distant places like tea gardens of Assam where they had to face a similar kind of exploitation by contractors and planters. As a result of non tribal incursion in the region, the tribes were gradually outnumbered by the non-tribes and this adversly affected the tribal economy as well as their social and political order. Even the ideological base of the Jharkhand movement had to undergo change, as tribals lost their majority in most part of the region.
Status of tribals in Jharkhand
Authors: Singh Amar Kumar , Sharan Ramesh , Jayaswal Meera , Chaudhary Shriti
Published: August 2017

The paper is based on Secondary sources census, NSS data and the published research reports and articles. It briefly outlines the status of tribals in the Jharkhand region of Bihar. It discusses the demographic characteristics, literacy, education and health status of tribals in the region. It also describes in brief economic features and living conditions. It points out that the tribal groups are very heterogeneous and are at different levels of development and areas to resources. It argues that despite the guarantees enshrined in the Constitution of India, the tribals have lowest health, education and income status and except for a minority population, the development process initiated in the post Independence period has almost bypassed them. It also indicates the implication of the demographic feature for development intervention.
Land alienation of tribals in the Jharkhand region of Bihar: Process and pattern
Authors: Sharan Ramesh , Singh Amar Kumar , Batra SX.
Published: August 2017

Tribal land alienation happens to be one of the most important issues in Jharkhand which has also attracted considerable attention in the past. The tribals in general and in Jharkhand particularly have witnessed continued alienation and encroachment on their resources both individual and community. The present paper discusses in brief the process, pattern and causes of land alienation in the post-Independence period. This is based oh a sample study conducted in Ranchi and Dumka districts of Jharkhand. The paper outlines the mode and typology of land alienation in the two districts. The paper points out the alienation of land both for public projects and to individuals has continued inspite of various legislations. However, the process of alienation has slowed down since 1980s and the pattern of alienation has also changed.
Non-farm employment for rural households in Jharkhand region of Bihar: Evidence and prognosis
Authors: Singh Seema
Published: August 2017

Expansion in avenues of rural non-farm sector is one of the major ways of diversification of the rural economies. It has gained currency in recent years due to inability of the agriculture sector along to provide the ultimate answer for rural and under-employment in peasant economies. The paper, on the basis of primary data, tries to discuss the nature and magnitude of non-farm sector prevalent in tribal region of highly backward State of Bihar. Study reveals that agriculture, in the region, is the main source of livelihood and almost all household participate in it. However, the cultivation at subsistence level, is not able to provide sufficient income to the workers and so, participate in other activities also as their ‘Survival strategy”, non-farm sector constitute of a whole range of activities from collecting tree twigs which is used as a tooth brush to teaching in schools. However, most of them are traditional and low technology based. They have very poor linkage with agriculture or non-farm sector in the urban areas. The Government's effort to train the youth under TRYSEM to enable them to establish their own non-farm activity has not been able to serve the purpose satisfactorily. Multiprong steps must be taken to increase the productivity of the sector as well as to establish forward and backward linkage with other sectors of the economy.
Socio-economic situation of tribals in the Jharkhand Region of Bihar : Results from a micro study
Authors: Sharan Ramesh , Dayal Harishwar , Sinha Promod Kumar
Published: August 2017

The present paper gives an outline of socio-economic situation of tribals in the Jharkhand Region of Bihar. Besides discussing the typologies of villages in the area, it aIso discusses the livelihood support system of people in general and tribals in particular. It also outlines the access to facilities in the villages. It has also identified various poverty groups in the area, the socio-economic attitudes of the tribals and the constraints in development as perceived by the tribals themselves as well as the respondents perception about methods to renew the constraints.
Fidelity to Truth: Gandhi and the Genealogy of Civil Disobedience
Authors: Livingston Alexander
Published: August 2017

Mohandas Gandhi is civil disobedience’s most original theorist and most influential mythmaker. As a newspaper editor in South Africa, he chronicled his experiments with satyagraha by drawing parallels to ennobling historical precedents. Most enduring of these were Socrates and Henry David Thoreau. The genealogy Gandhi invented in these years has become a cornerstone of contemporary liberal narratives of civil disobedience as a continuous tradition of conscientious appeal ranging from Socrates to King to Rawls. One consequence of this contemporary canonization of Gandhi’s narrative, however, has been to obscure the radical critique of violence that originally motivated it. This essay draws on Edward Said’s account of travelling theory to unsettle the myth of doctrine that has formed around civil disobedience. By placing Gandhi’s genealogy in the context of his critique of modern civilization, as well as his formative but often-overlooked encounter with the British women’s suffrage movement, it reconstructs Gandhi’s paradoxical notion that sacrificial political action is the fullest expression of self-rule. For Gandhi, Socrates and Thoreau exemplify civil disobedience as a fearless practice of fidelity to truth profoundly at odds with liberal conceptions of disobedience as fidelity to law.
Effects of Self-Management Interventions in Patients With Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Systematic Review
Authors: Cong Xiaomei , Perry Mallory , Bernier Katherine M. , Young Erin E. , Starkweather Angela
Published: August 2017

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a prevalent and costly condition, with expenditures exceeding US$21 billion annually. As there is no known cure for IBS, treatment is focused on symptom self-management strategies. The purpose of this systematic review was to investigate the efficacy and overall effect of self-management interventions for patients with IBS. Of the 64 publications that were identified, 20 were included in the systematic review. Self-management interventions were found in diverse formats, including web-based, self-training booklets, individual and/or group interventions with health care providers, and cognitive-behavioral therapy or exercise-based interventions. Different symptom measures were used across the studies, whereas measurement of quality of life was more standardized. Overall, there is robust evidence supporting self-management interventions for improving short-term symptom management and improving quality of life, whereas longer term outcomes are variable. Further studies are needed to use standardized symptom measures and tailor interventions for pediatric populations, and tracking longer term outcomes.
Atmospheric governance: Gassing as law for the protection and killing of life
Authors: Nieuwenhuis Marijn
Published: August 2017

Breathing is the activity which all forms of animated life share in common. The breath has been symbolised across cultures as the meaning of life itself. If breathing is imagined as life, gassing is the very opposite. Gassing is the intended (or unintended) means to prevent or obstruct breathing. Perhaps it is for this reason that the Nazi concentration camps are remembered as expressions of technological as much as metaphysical terror. The 2013 and 2017 Syrian chemical attacks show how gassing remains a ‘red line.’ This paper deals with the historical significance and complexity of air and breathing in law. Human dependency on the air has in early treaties been protected at times of war between ‘civilised’ nations but was exploited as an instrument against the breather during colonialism. Today, non-lethal-weapons, a more-than-technical term, are used extensively to discipline the biological body into political order. Engaging with the work of Foucault, Sloterdijk and others, I seek to make sense of the legal status of this contradictory political technology, which does not directly attack the body but rather conditions the atmospheric requirements for its animation. I argue for a move towards understanding law atmospherically as an extension of the body.
Test validity in morphosyntactic measures for typical and SLI incipient Spanish–English bilinguals
Authors: Checa-García Irene , Guiberson Mark
Published: August 2017

This study will demonstrate that group differences on a morphosyntactic measure used for the identification of specific language impairment (SLI) do not guarantee validity for diagnosis and tracking, and will exemplify this with a case study of the Spanish version of the Clinical Evaluation of Preschool Language–2 Estructura de Palabras subtest for SLI and typically developing (TD) Spanish–English incipient bilinguals. The use of standardized tests beyond identification, for planning intervention and monitoring progress, requires that validity evidence be provided if and when extended purposes are involved. Results show that although group differences on total subtest score were observed, some of the items exhibited a distinct pattern, that is, high standard deviations and lower rate of correct responses. A careful analysis of these items points to design problems and content-validity deficiencies as causes. Solutions for the different problems are proposed. We conclude on the importance of a careful linguistic analysis to support test validity in order for the test to serve its broader purposes.
From vulnerable plaque to blood healthy therapy
Authors: Yuhua Sun , Baoping Wang
Published: August 2017

Cardiovascular atherosclerotic disease is the leading cause of death in China and in Western nations. People with plaque or stenosis in the coronary artery or the carotid artery are the most susceptible population to suffer from acute events. Current investigations showed that plaque with the characteristics of intra-plaque hemorrhage or a thin cap with a large lipid core was causally associated with vulnerable plaque and plaque rupture. Of the many plaque ruptures occurring in patients with atherosclerotic disease, very few will trigger symptomatic events, rendering it exceedingly difficult to predict adverse outcomes. The assumption that identifying lesions prone to rupture will prevent acute coronary events was unrealistic. Factors in blood, especially those risk factors associated with thrombosis, play an important role as a bridge between plaque rupture and subsequent clinical events. Since there is little management to efficiently decrease the frequency of plaque rupture or erosion, blood healthy therapy, as a therapeutic apheresis to decrease the blood hypercoagulability to modulate the blood to be thrombosis resisting, should be considered as a potential therapeutic approach to reducing the incidence of acute coronary syndrome and stroke.
Comparative evaluation of blood salvage techniques in patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass
Authors: Gunaydin Serdar , Robertson Craig , Budak Ali Baran , Gourlay Terence
Published: August 2017

Background:

The primary objective of this study was to test and compare the efficacy of currently available intraoperative blood salvage systems via a demonstration of the level of increase in percentage concentration of red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells 9WBC) and platelets (Plt) in the end product.

Methods:

In a prospective, randomized study, data of 80 patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass in a 6-month period was collected, of which the volume aspirated from the surgical field was processed by either the HemoSep Novel Collection Bag (Advancis Surgical, Kirkby-in-Ashfield, Notts, UK) (N=40) (Group 1) or a cell- saver (C.A.T.S Plus Autotransfusion System, Fresenius Kabi, Bad Homburg, Germany) (N=40) (Group 2).

Results:

Hematocrit levels increased from 23.05%±2.7 to 43.02%±12 in Group 1 and from 24.5±2 up to 55.2±9 in Group 2 (p=0.013). The mean number of platelets rose to 225200±47000 from 116400 ±40000 in the HemoSep and decreased from 125200±25000 to 96500±30000 in the cell-saver group (p=0.00001). The leukocyte count was concentrated significantly better in Group 1 (from 10100±4300 to 18120±7000; p=0.001). IL-6 levels (pg/dL) decreased from 223±47 to 83±21 in Group 1 and from 219±40 to 200±40 in Group 2 (p=0.001). Fibrinogen was protected significantly better in the HemoSep group (from 185±35 to 455±45; p=0.004).

Conclusions:

Intraoperative blood salvage systems functioned properly and the resultant blood product was superior in terms of red blood cell species. The HemoSep group had significantly better platelet and leukocyte concentrations and fibrinogen content.
Pelvic venous reflux in males with varicose veins and recurrent varicose veins
Authors: Dabbs Emma B , Dos Santos Scott J , Shiangoli Irenie , Holdstock Judith M , Beckett David , Whiteley Mark S
Published: August 2017

Objectives

To report on a male cohort with pelvic vein reflux and associated primary and recurrent lower limb varicose veins.

Methods

Full lower limb duplex ultrasonography revealed significant pelvic contribution in eight males presenting with bilateral lower limb varicose veins. Testicular and internal iliac veins were examined with either one or a combination of computed tomography, magnetic resonance venography, testicular, transabdominal or transrectal duplex ultrasonography. Subsequently, all patients received pelvic vein embolisation, prior to leg varicose vein treatment.

Results

Pelvic vein reflux was found in 23 of the 32 truncal pelvic veins and these were treated by pelvic vein embolisation. Four patients have since completed their leg varicose vein treatment and four are undergoing leg varicose vein treatments currently.

Conclusion

Pelvic vein reflux contributes towards lower limb venous insufficiency in some males with leg varicose veins. Despite the challenges, we suggest that pelvic vein reflux should probably be investigated and pelvic vein embolisation considered in such patients.
Personality and victimization in the Americas
Authors: Cawvey Matthew , Hayes Matthew , Canache Damarys , Mondak Jeffery J
Published: August 2017

Victimization is associated with traumatic harm, bringing inherent importance to efforts to understand why victimization occurs. Past research has shown that economic and demographic factors affect the probability that individuals will experience bribery, crime, and discrimination. We build on this foundation by arguing that a fuller account of victimization must include the impact of differences in personality. To test our hypotheses, we utilize survey data from 22 nations in the Americas. Results show that openness and extraversion increase the probability of victimization and agreeableness decreases it.