bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Qui et Que dans le Dictionnaire françois-latin de Robert Estienne
Authors: Furno Martine
Published: November 2007

Martine Furno, « Qui and Que in Robert Estienne's Dictionnaire françois- latin ».

This paper intends to show the difficulties (and the ways of resolving them) that Robert Estienne, a lexicographer in the 16th century, encountered in writing his dictionary. Estienne, in the Dictionnaire François-latin published in 1549, uses examples found in his earlier Latin and Latin-French dictionaries to describe and translate the French relatives qui and que as well as the conjunction que. This method, based on Latin texts, leads to some tensions and distortions in the meanings and translations from French to Latin. But these errors can be explained by the intellectual context in which the dictionary was written: the influence of the vernacular language on the practice and comprehension of Latin and the lack of theoretical instruments to describe the vernacular. The Dictionnaire François-latin remains an effective dictionary for writing in Latin; and we must never forget what the qui and que articles show: that this dictionary is the last opus in the Latin tradition, rather than the first work in the French tradition.
Qui, Que, Quoy dans Le Thresor de la langue françoyse tant ancienne que moderne de Jean Nicot et L'Acheminement de Jean Masset
Authors: Bellon Roger
Published: November 2007

Roger Bellon, « Qui, Que, Quoy in Jean Nicot's Thresor de la langue françoyse tant ancienne que moderne and Jean Masseťs Acheminement ».

This study bears on both Le Thresor de la langue française by Nicot and the bilingual grammatical booklet inserted in it and attributed to Jean Masset. Every modern reader will be struck by the persistence of the Latin model, as exemplified in the work of R. Estienne, in Nicot's dictionary, as well as by the variation in the amount of categorization. With Masset, it is the complete heterogeneity of grammatical terms as well as the absence of categorization that stands out. Masset's pedagogical method forces him to start from forms, of which he gives a complete array, before he indicates the correct use for each of them. His analysis rests on case morphology, not on syntactic functions. variation in the amount of categorization. With Masset, it is the complete heterogeneity of grammatical terms as well as the absence of categorization that stands out. Masset's pedagogical method forces him to start from forms, of which he gives a complete array, before he indicates the correct use for each of them. His analysis rests on case morphology, not on syntactic functions.
L'analyse des formes Qui, que, lequel, etc. et la récusation du « pronom relatif » dans l'œuvre de Nicolas Beauzée
Authors: Piot Mireille
Published: November 2007

Mireille Piot, « The analysis of the forms Qui, que, lequel... and the rejection of the category of 'relative pronoun' in Nicolas Beauzée's works. »

We present here Beauzée's theory of qu- (Wh-) words as it appears both in his major work (the Grammaire Générale) and in his contributions to the Encyclopédie and to the Encyclopédie Méthodique. Beauzée rejects the definition and classification of these particular words as relative pronouns put forward by his predecessors. He claims that by examining their use in French, Latin and other languages, these words are 'demonstrative conjunctive articles', and take their place as a sub-class of conjunctive words in syntax. In his theory of universal grammar and in his method of reconstructing the underlying structure of elliptical utterances, Beauzée builds on Sanctius (with his theory of ellipsis) and foreshadows transformational (Z.S. Harris) and generative grammar.
Activation automatique et contrôlée du savoir lexico-sémantique chez les cérébrolésés droits
Authors: Gagnon Jean , Goulet Pierre , Joanette Yves
Published: November 2007

Cette étude a pour but de vérifier que les troubles lexico-sémantiques du droitier porteur d'une lésion hémisphérique droite s'associent à une difficulté d'utilisation (activation contrôlée) du savoir lexico-sémantique plutôt qu'à une perturbation de l'organisation de ce même savoir (activation automatique). Dix sujets cérébrolésés droits (CD) et dix sujets témoins sont soumis à trois tâches : une épreuve de décision lexicale avec amorçage sémantique de type automatique (évaluant l'activation automatique), une épreuve de décision lexicale avec amorçage sémantique mais cette fois de type contrôlé, une tâche de jugement sémantique. En condition d'amorçage contrôlé, l'absence de coûts lors du traitement des mots-cibles ne permet pas de conclure avec certitude quant au caractère contrôlé de l'amorçage induit. Toutefois, les CD s'avèrent être aussi sensibles à l'amorçage sémantique que les sujets témoins lors des deux épreuves de décision lexicale. A la tâche de jugement sémantique, les CD obtiennent des scores significativement inférieurs à ceux des sujets témoins. Ces résultats confirment que l'origine des troubles lexico-sémantiques des sujets CD est plus à rechercher du côté de l'activation contrôlée du savoir lexico-sémantique qu'au sein d'une désorganisation lexico-sémantique.
Classes de constructions directes sans passif
Authors: Leclère Christian
Published: November 2007

In this article the cases where the passive is blocked are examined. The reasons for this are varied : metaphor, a fixed verb-object relation, deletion of the preposition, incompatibility of certain semantic classes of verbs. The study shows the limitations of a syntactic definition of a property such as the passive, if it is worked out without reference to the lexicon.
Pourquoi il y a deux passifs
Authors: Lamiroy Béatrice
Published: November 2007

This article deals with the two forms of the French passive ( Ve par N and se V) for which a unitary explanation is put forward. The hypothesis is a reduction of the argument by deletion of the subject : a passivizing operator then applies : the operator of state or the reflexive operator. The differences are related to the type of subject, the type of verb in relation to the argument, the type of operator and the aspect. The reflexive passive is examined in the various Romance languages.
L'usage des adjectifs possessifs en américain du nord : le genre et la possession
Authors: Stephenson Katherine S.
Published: November 2007

Analysis of responses to a cue requiring completion of sentences ending with nouns modified by possessive adjectives indicates that American women repondents represented sexed subjectivity more often than American men respondents through subject/object relations— i.e. through use of the possessive adjective— rather than through appropriation of a gendered grammatical subject.
Dialogue et communication entre mères et filles en américain du nord
Authors: Schwab Gail M.
Published: November 2007

In American English responses to the cue, « Make a simple sentence using the words "mother-daughter" », demonstrated that the mother-daughter relation, while still powerful and most often positively valorized by both men and women respondents, has been deeply affected by patriarchy. The daughter emerges as passive object to be acted upon by others, notably by her own mother. The re-establishment of the female genealogical line would require, among other things, a more active, subjective role for the daughter.
Approches d'un discours féminin et d'un discours masculin sur les relations affectives entre les sexes. Introduction
Authors: Brinkmann To Broxten Eva , Bucaille-Euler Agnès , Menger Béate
Published: November 2007

Are there any differences in the language and the images with wich women and men express their specific experiences, dreams and fantasies about the other sex, differences that allow us to distinguish specific female and male discourses ? In order to answer this question we present three essays that analyse statements of women and men on a syntactic, semiotic and semantic level.
Pragmatique et temps
Authors: Wilson Deirdre , Sperber Dan
Published: November 2007

This paper is a radical criticism of formal semantic approaches to the sequencing problem in temporal reference assignment. The authors show that the main problem for the calculation of temporal reference is not the sequencing one, but the interval and causality problems, and that a pragmatic criterion (the criterion

of consistency with the Principle of Relevance) explains the assignment of temporal reference.
Le repérage temporel dans les textes narratifs
Authors: Vuillaume Marcel
Published: November 2007

This paper is about the treatment of temporal referential expressions within the domain of man-machine communication, in which the problem is not only to allow the identification of the good referent to referential expressions, but also to account for the processes of changes of states, which supposes to have access to an ontology necessary for the possible reasonings on time.
Sémantique actancielle et cas morphologiques en hindi et en badaga
Authors: Montaut Annie , Pilot-Raichoor Christiane
Published: November 2007

A. Montaut & Ch. Pilot-Paichoor, Sémantique actancielle et cas morphologiques en hindi et en badaga

In Indian languages, illustrated by Hindi-Urdu and Badaga (a Dravidian language) the correlation between semantic case and morphological coding is not straightforward. Other parameters (animacy, control, evidentiality...) —which may have areal typological relevance— also governs the choice between alternant syntactic patterns.
Le tissu de la mémoire : quelques perspectives de travail historique dans les sciences du langage
Authors: Courtine Jean-Jacques
Published: November 2007

Jean-Jacques Courtine : The Fabric of Memory : Historical Perspectives in Language Sciences

This article introduces the different contributions to this issue and tries to open new perspectives on language and memory to historical work in language sciences. It offers a brief survey of the main historical trends in French linguistics in the last 20 years, discourse analysis and history of linguistics. It weight the results of these traditions in the light of recent historical work on the question of memory. It highlights the scientific as well as political and cultural aspects of an interdisciplinary work on language and memory.
F. Brunot (1860-1937) : la fabrication d'une mémoire de la langue
Authors: Chevalier Jean-Claude
Published: November 2007

Jean-Claude Chevalier : F. Brunot (1860-1938) : the Fabrication of a Memory of the French Language

This article studies how the French linguist F. Brunot — author of the huge and famed History of the French language — was educated and how his career developed. It shows the way his conception of the history of the French language as memory was strongly determined not only by the French academic tradition, but also above all by the future Brunot envisioned for French society.
La mémoire et l'événement : le 14 juillet 1789
Authors: Maldidier Denise , Guilhaumou Jacques
Published: November 2007

Denise Maldidier and Jacques Guilhaumou : Memory and Event : July 14 1989

This article explores an essential side of the French collective memory : the commemoration of July 14 1789 held during the ceremonies of the Bicentenial of the French Revolution. Through the analysis of different French newspapers from opposite political sides, they study the constitution of collective memory as discourse. They also question the status of the concept of discourse as history and linguistics envision

it.
"Promesses et problèmes de la « TAO pour tous ». Après LIDIA-1, une première maquette"
Authors: Boitet Christian , Blanchon Hervé
Published: November 2007

Seule la technique de « Traduction Automatique Fondée sur le Dialogue », ou TAFD, permettra d'aboutir à des systèmes de « TA pour tous » . Grâce à un dialogue homme-machine de normalisation et de clarification, un auteur pourrait être traduit de façon très correcte dans plusieurs langues, sans les connaître, et sans investir plus de son temps que pour traduire dans une seule langue qu'il connaît très bien. L'idée de la TA interactive n'est pas neuve, mais a échoué jusqu'ici pour des raisons ergonomiques et technologiques. Une première maquette, LIDIA-1.0, a été implémentée pour illustrer une partie des solutions que nous proposons pour que cette approche permette d'arriver à des systèmes grand public réellement utilisables. Le résultat est encourageant, même si l'ampleur des efforts et investissements à consentir pour construire et maintenir les bases de connaissances linguistiques nécessaires apparaît de plus en plus comme un problème crucial. Un autre problème, plus théorique, est de trouver des moyens simples et efficaces pour définir des « styles d'énoncés » permettant de réduire la « perplexité » des analyseurs, et donc le nombre de questions à poser pour clarifier un énoncé, et de guider l'auteur de façon naturelle vers le genre de texte, puis vers le style d'énoncé le plus approprié.
Autour des discours de transmission des connaissances
Authors: Beacco Jean-Claude , Moirand Sophie
Published: November 2007

J.-C. Beacco, S. Moirand

This article examines and develops some key concepts of a theoretical frame for discourse analysis today : the cognitive dimensions of research on ordinary discourses, some descriptive categories for their linguistic analysis (such as evaluation, designation and didactic orientation) and the structure of discourse

communities, which can be used to shape a discourse topology.
Formation discursive, dialogisme et sociologie
Authors: Achard Pierre
Published: November 2007

S. Bonnafous, M. Tournier

As politics and language are places of confrontation and temporary peaces, theory and methods of discourse analysis seem the best ways to evaluate strategies and ideologies. Such is the object of research undertaken in the Saint-Cloud laboratory of Lexicometry and Political Texts, sometimes with informatic and statistical techniques.
Le relativisme dans la stylistique américaine contemporaine
Authors: Thomas Jean-Jacques
Published: November 2007

Jean-Jacques Thomas : Relativism in contemporary american stylistics

Little by little American stylistics came apart from an universal prospect inherited from European stylistics. Leaded by relativist propositions by Stanley Fish and Barbara Herrnstein-Smith, the main debate now is that of how to make sense : as there is no objective meaning, the interpretative instance is the particular community from which, by which and for which discourse has been produced. This thesis, claiming omnipotence for the reader is vehemently contested by textual stylisticians.
Pour une analyse du discours philosophique
Authors: Cossutta Frédéric
Published: November 2007

Frédéric Cossutta : « Pour une analyse du discours philosophique »

Strangely enough, philosophy -as opposed to other disciplines- has never been studied by discourse analysts. We may account for that if we consider that -as a self-instituting discourse- philosophy sets down its own functioning conditions and that relations between philosophy and language sciences are intricated and often ambiguous. This paper tries however to present the foundations on which an

Analysis of philosophical discourse as such can be built, firstly in marking clear the epistemological conditions that would make it valid. In the second place, a close examination of the relationship between linguistic operations and discourse building activities (for instance with respect to textual analphors) makes it possible to replace this approach in a theoretical viewpoint that neglects neither the linguistic status of

speech activities nor their connections with their institutional context. Lastly, a study of internal references in the text (examples here are taken from Spinoza's Ethics) brings to light-beneath the obvious density of the text -many reading possibilities which combine didactic necessities, expression and demonstration requirements into a doctrinal systematization.
Manière de penser, manière d'écrire : la procédure phorique dans le texte hégélien
Authors: Ehlich Konrad
Published: November 2007

Konrád Еhlich : « Manière de penser, manière d'écrire : la phorique dans le texte hégélien »

Hegel is reputated to be an obscure philosopher. This paper tries to analyse -from a pragmatic point of view- the linguistic structures that are characteristic of this way of writting and thinking. A detailed study of phorical expressions may explain why reading Hegel's texts proves so difficult and how closely this is linked with to his very philosophy. The usual referential interpretation of third person pronouns is in fact

to be changed into a conception which lays the emphasis on their anaphorical value.

Thoses pronouns are amed at maintaining steady focalisations which orientate the reader's concentration. The hegelian text is indeed characterized by a real hyper-focalisation that is required by the buid-up of the philosophical material but that also proves an obstacle to an easy reading. To make up for that, one has to become immerged into the hegelian language and to become aware of his oral status, in the very way one does to learn a foreign language.
Le rôle des verbes supports dans un système de conjugaison nominale et l'existence d'une voix nominale en français
Authors: Daladier Anne
Published: November 2007

Anne Daladier : The role of support verbs in a system of nominal conjugation and the existence of a nominal voice in French

This paper compares different analysis given for support verb constructions. It presents data showing the inadequacy of previous formal representations, especially concerning the interpretation of nominalisations under higher verbs. It gives arguments in favor of intensionnal representations of the lexico-syntactic dependency relationships involved. A nominal voice is hypothesized together with anaphora properties of various prepositional operators on their argumental structures.
La complémentation des auxiliaires français
Authors: Abeillé Anne , Godard Danièle
Published: November 2007

Anne Abeille, Daniele Godard : The complementation of French auxiliairies

We show the set of French auxiliaries to be syntactically heterogeneous. We present new arguments in favor of a flat structure for French compound tenses, with the tense auxiliary as the head of a flat VP, inheriting the arguments and the semantics of its complement participle to which it adds it own agreement and aspectual contribution. We contrast the properties of tense auxiliaries with those of the passive auxiliary, for which we show a hierarchical structure (with a VP complement) to be motivated. Moreover, the so-called passive auxiliary should be identified with the copula. Although most of our arguments are neutral with respect to formalisms, we formulate our analysis in the framework of HPSG, whose mechanism of feature inheritance is well adapted to our findings. In addition, we offer new solutions for auxiliary selection, clitic placement, participle agreement and word order constraints.
Une approche lexicalisée des phénomènes de contrôle
Authors: Baschung Karine
Published: November 2007

Karine Baschung : A lexicalist approach of control phenomena

We deal with the problem of identifying the obligatory controller of an infinitival complement. We show that a lexical approach is descriptively more adequate than the purely syntactic one of generative grammarians (Minimal Distance Principle) or a purely semantic one (as in GPSG). We offer a formalization in Unification Categorial grammar (UCG) that captures the lexical generalizations we have found to hold in

French. We also consider alternative approaches within lexical semantics (Dowty) or HPSG (Pollard and Sag).
Changez le contexte !
Authors: Groenendijk Jeroen , Stokhof Martin , Veltman Frank
Published: November 2007

J. Groejnendijk, M. Stokhof, F. Veltman, Université d'Amsterdam : « Changez le contexte ! »

The paper advocates a move from the traditional logical-philosophical concept of meaning as a pictorial relation between language and the world, towards a dynamic view which ties the notion of meaning directly to the process of interpretation of discourse. Dynamics is shown at work in an analysis of certain anaphoric relations in terms of contextually restricted quantification. It is argued that accounting for these anaphoric relations calls for an analysis at the level of semantic content rather than by linkink formal elements in a representational framework.
L'interface pragmatique-sémantique et l'interprétation du discours
Authors: Asher Nicholas
Published: November 2007

N. Asher, Université du Texas, Austin : « L'interface pragmatique-sémantique et l'interprétation du discours »

The present paper extends dynamic semantics to take account of discourse structure and its semantic effects on discourse interpretation. It offers an introductory overview to the theory known as Segmented Discourse Representation Theory or SDRT, which has been applied to several domains : pronominal and temporal anaphora, lexical disambiguation, and spatial inferences in text.
Anaphores parallèles et techniques de résolution
Authors: Gardent Claire
Published: November 2007

C. Gardent, Université de Sarrebruck : « Anaphores parallèles et techniques de résolution »

This paper argues that Higher-Order Unification (HOU) is preferable to overwriting techniques for dealing with parallel anaphors i.e. non-nominal anaphors whose resolution is constrained by parallelism. Computationally, we show that overwriting techniques have undesirable properties which make their use incompatible with unification-based grammars. Linguistically, we show that HOU permits a high level of linguistic adequacy in that it achieves a reasonably wide empirical covering (e.g. VP ellipsis, focus, Second Occurrence Expressions) while minimising both under- and over- generation. The HOU approach we propose is systematically compared with comparable existing theories.
Ce que Lacan retient de Damourette et Pichon : l'exemple de la négation
Authors: Arrivé Michel
Published: November 2007

Michel Arrive, : « Damourette, Pichon et Lacan : effets d'une rencontre »

The aim of this paper is the description of the connections between the linguistic theory of the negation in Damourette and Pichon's Essai de grammaire de la Langue francaise and the analysis of the subject in Jacques Lacan's Ecrits and Seminaire. For Damourette and Pichon, there is no really negation in french, but the combination of the discordance (the word ne) and the forclusion (pas, point, jamais, etc.). For Lacan, the discordance and the forclusion are operations of the subject of unconsciousness.
Primitives et naturalité
Authors: Brandao de Carvalho J.
Published: November 2007

The aim of this paper is to show how naturalness considerations are crucial criteria for evaluating the recent theories of primitives and infrasegmental structure. Concerning primitives, it is argued that, though unary elements are to be preferred to binary features on the basis of segmental markedness, the markedness of these elements remains an arbitrary and circular notion in all frameworks. An attempt is made to formulate a theory where elements and their markedness value are deducible objects. Concerning the second point, it is shown that phonological processes are more naturally accounted for if we assume universal principles and language-specific structures, which runs counter to the claims of both geometric and government-based approaches.
Lexique-grammaire des adjectifs coréens et analyse syntaxique automatique
Authors: Nam Jee-Sun
Published: November 2007

We present a systematic description of morphological variations and syntactic properties of Korean adjectives in order to implement an automatic parser of Korean texts. We classified 5, 300 simple adjectives according to the morpholo- gical variations of their root and inflectional suffixes. In addition, these adjectives were classified into 15 syntactic classes on the basis of formal criteria. The lexical analysis of Korean adjectives is extremely complex, since a great number of inflectional suffixes are attached to adjectival roots (an adjective generates about 6, 000 inflectional forms) ; moreover, some complements of adjectives can be found attached to adjectival roots. The fact that one must consider one or several nouns inside an adjectival string leads to a quite heavy parsing algorithm. One cannot avoid this situation without morphological and syntactic information. Therefore, it is necessary to construct on-line dictionaries as complete as possible.
Sens, référence et existence : que faire de l'extra-linguistique ?
Authors: Kleiber Georges
Published: November 2007

Should linguistics encompass the real ? Some think it shouldn't, but can we conceive of a meaning disconnected from its reference ? We only have access to the world such as we perceive it, not to the objective world, and what matters is that a stable intersubjective community can agree on its representation. Referential semantics presupposes a language which is oriented towards « the outside » . The fact that this exstant outside is firmly structured by language does not mean one should consider it as a mere discursive object. Referential conceptions postulate a homogeneous meaning. Our contention, however, is that meaning is heterogeneous and that according to the type of expression used it pertains either to a descriptive model, or to an instructional model, or on occasion to both.
Synonymie syntaxique et classification des verbes français
Authors: Dubois Jean , Dubois-Charlier Françoise
Published: November 2007

From an electronic dictionary of 25.610 verbal entries, based on syntactic properties of verbs, their lexical components and their derivations, a classification of French verbs was established, which groups verbs into 14 large semantico-syntactic classes and 248 syntactic types. Thus emerges a hierarchy of degrees of syntactic synonymy.
La synonymie ou les échanges de signes comme fondement de la sémantique
Authors: Rey-Debove Josette
Published: November 2007

This article gives a survey of the possible interpretations of word synonymy, which is relevant within the framework of a theory of denotation , but not in a theory of meaning (connotations, registers). Word synonymy dealing with coded items and sentence synonymy dealing with free items are of no interest to linguists. What allows meaning to be assessed is the coded → uncoded relation, in which the analytical uncoded item is the interpretant (Ch. S. Peirce). As the interpretant is made of words, the word is therefore the semantic unit (and not the metalinguistic seme).
Linguistique textuelle, jeux de langage et sémantique du genre
Authors: Bouquet Simon
Published: November 2007

The topic of this paper is the concept of "genre" (style/manner) shown as related to an implicit theory of textual meaning — according to a pragmatical view-point based on Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations.
Contraintes conceptuelles sur la distribution : réflexions sur la notion de classe d'objets
Authors: Prandi Michèle
Published: November 2007

This paper aims at clarifying some implications connected with the work about object classes and relevant for conceptual analysis. The first part contains some remarks about the interactions between formal syntactic constraints and conceptual restrictions in connection with words distribution. The second part tries to draw some relevant distinctions within the realm of conceptual restrictions. On the basis of explicit criteria, a distinction will be made between basic conceptual structures holding as consistency criteria, generally shared cognitive models and linguistic-specific lexical solidarities .
Constructions, classes et domaines : concepts de base pour un dictionnaire électronique de l'allemand
Authors: Guenthner Franz
Published: November 2007

The theoretic framework of an electronic dictionary of German is presented. Words are analysed in terms of their constructions, that is into "sentential schemas" which they slot into. These constructions are the point of entry into the lexicon. Predicates must be described to characterize the arguments, producing semantic classes and "hyperclasses". The analysis can be continued towards terminology and languages for special purposes by indicating subject fields. The dictionary is designed for various applications such as tagging and parsing, information retrieval from document data bases, machine translation.
La catégorisation des prédications : traits sémantiques et perspectives socio-cognitives
Authors: Bromberg M. , Kekenbosch Christiane , Friemel Edouard
Published: November 2007

The purpose of this article is to test the psychological reality of some linguistics descriptors used for the classification of predications (Action, Act, Activity, event, process, state).

We have analysed the psychological processes implicated in the attribution task of semantic components . Data from experiment provided an evidence that these linguistic descriptors have a corresponding at the cognitive level, and that the semantic of verbs and cognitive working introduce some fluctuations into the attribution of semantic components.
Sémantique cognitive de l'action : 1. contexte théorique
Authors: Descles Jean-Pierre , Flageul Valérie , Kekenbosch Christiane , Meunier J.M. , Richard Jean-François
Published: November 2007

This paper presents the results of a study associating linguists and psychologists interested in the representation of the meaning of lexical items. The different theories proposed in the literature are discussed : semantic primitives, componential analysis, schemas... A general conception of a cognitive analysis of meaning is proposed : The Applicative and Cognitive Grammar. In this theory different levels of representation are defined : primitives which are the basic components of the description of meaning, semantico-cognitive schemes which are organizations of semantic primitives and which represent a given acceptation of a lexical item in a given context, cognitive archetypes which represent the structure of the different acceptations of a lexical item, and semantico-cognitive fields which represent the similarities of meaning of groups of lexical items .
Sur la définition d'auxiliaire du verbe
Authors: Gross Maurice
Published: November 2007

The common notion of verbal auxiliary is presented and various situations which lead to generalize the notion are discussed. It is shown that aspectual auxiliaries should have the same status as tense auxiliaries. It is also shown that numerous nominal constructions are better analyzed when their main verb is considered as an auxiliary (e.g. Bob stopped selling this books = Bob (stopped + interrupted) the sale of his books).
Auxiliation des noms d'action
Authors: Daladier Anne
Published: November 2007

In various languages, such as French, which do not have nominal assertions, a specific auxiliation has taken place for nouns, prepositions, adverbs and adjectives. This auxiliation has « grammaticalized » verbs, nouns and prepositions with aspectual, causative and « modal » values which are complementary to those of the verbal auxiliation. The grammaticalized elements involved in this auxiliation do not have a compositional lexical meaning, but a regular grammatical one, as in the verbal auxiliation. Current linguistic formalisms are unable to represent the distribution properties of the elements entering this rich auxiliation system. The analysis of its genesis in Indo-European languages makes it possible to understand its syntactic and semantic role as well as its striking similarities in Romance and Germanic languages.
Enthymème et textualisation
Authors: Bertrand Denis
Published: November 2007

Our purpose is to compare the theoretical status of the rhetorical concept of enthumema with the semiotical one of textualization. Can the latter be considered as a redefinition of the central discursive phenomenon in Aristotelian rhetoric? The historical approach of enthumema in rhetorical field leads us to articulate the logical parameter (the implied categorization) with the pragmatical one (calling for interpretative participation). On the other hand, textualization in semiotics is defined as the way discourse is conducted, considering its restricting linearity rules, when it leaves contents in the dark as far as other contents are brought in light, and thus offers the speaker strategic opportunities and the reader interpretation space. The new semiotic approach of tensive interrelations between different meaning levels allows us to establish a link between enthumema and textualization, focusing, in particular, the "thymic" root of the rhetorical concept. This extended viewpoint is developed and illustrated with a M. Proust's text about novel reading theory.
Peut-on décrire un créole sans référence à sa genèse ? Pronoms et adjectifs dans les créoles français
Authors: Chaudenson Robert
Published: November 2007

Robert Chaudenson : Can a creole language be described without any reference to genesis ? Pronouns and adjectives in French-based creoles

Structural differences between languages do not exclude genetic links. However, this paper assumes that creolization results neither from the direct influence of substrate or superstrate languages but rather from the conjonction of various processes : self-regulation of the dominant language system, i.e. French in this case, and its impact on the emergent creole languages, and language acquisition principles. It is possible to retrace the interplay of these factors in the emergence of various creole sub-systems, for instance in the development of zf/z-words. Turning to adjectives inFrench Creoles, and after having examined various issues, the paper concludes in favour of the existence of this grammatical category in French-based creoles, although creole adjectives differ from their French counterparts as predicates.
La fonction et les formes réfléchies dans le mauricien et la haïtien
Authors: Mufwene Salikoko S.
Published: November 2007

Creole languages do not exhibit morphosyntactic features that are specific to them, but they are related by the particular sociohistorical settings of their emergence, in language-contact situations. They provide an opportunity to scrutinize structural issues left aside in the description of other languages. This paper examines the relationship between reflexive forms and reflexive function in two creole languages, addressing the issue of reflexive forms as a grammatical category per se. Adducing some relevant evidence from Korean and Japanese, it is argued that the expression of coreference does not imply the existence of a reflexive pronominal paradigm. It is likewise pointed out on the basis of data from English that coreference can also be expressed through the same morphosyntactic devices used for emphatic and contrastive reference. Data from Bantu languages are cited to illustrate the discrepancy between the existence of a reflexive function and the non-existence of reflexive forms. In the case of French-based creoles, it is argued that Mauritian has no reflexive pronouns whereas Haitian has developed a specific marker for reflexive function, possessive marker + tet + N. The status of these forms as reflexive pronouns is unclear.
Remarques sur la dimension générique et sur la dimension dénominative des proverbes
Authors: Perrin Laurent
Published: November 2007

Laurent Perrin (Universite de Geneve) : Some Remarks on the Generic and Denominative Status of Proverbs

Based on Kleiber's (1989) hypothesis, according to which proverbs are denominations referring to generic situations, this article supports the idea that proverbs have in fact a double dimension, in that they are both generic and idiomatic, that is, denominative sentences; proverbs simultaneously affirm general truths and, through their idiomatic or sententious form, denominate a generic situation that is relative to a multitude of identical preliminary affirmations. Such a conception of proverbs leads us to the question of the

lexicalization of rhetorical acts, especially metaphors.
Proverbe, proverbialisation et déproverbialisation
Authors: Schapira Charlotte
Published: November 2007

Charloffe Schapira (Universite de Haifa) : Proverb, Proverbialization and De-proverbialization

The purpose of this article is to determine the characteristics required for a sentence to become a proverb, including the linguistic process through which this is achieved, and the conditions that secures the survival of the formula through the ages. The "deproverbialization" of the proverb - that is the occurrences in discourse in which the formula happens to loose its paremiologic status - is also considered and discussed.
Formules et dire proverbial
Authors: Tamba Irène
Published: November 2007

Linguistic approaches of proverbs lack clear definition as well as reliable corpus, being widely dependent on an intuitive idea of proverbs. So we first try to shed light on the common notion of proverb nowadays through the study of the most current collocations involving the words proverb and proverbial. Then it is shown how linguistic descriptions of proverbial meaning cannot be founded upon such widespread ideas and keep mixing up formal and semantic features of the litteral proverbial formulation with those of the usual associated gloss. From this point of view, some previous propositions or obvious statements about the status of "denomination", generic sentence and lexical meaning of proverbs reveal to be illusory and then require new investigations.
Énoncés enfantins et reformulations adultes dans l'acquisition du langage
Authors: Clark Eve Vivienne , Chouinard Michelle Marie
Published: November 2007

The present study presents a preliminary report from a larger project examining the role of adult reformulations of children's utterances. Adult reformulations appear to serve two roles simultaneously in adult-child conversations: they provide a means whereby adult speakers can check up on what a child meant by what he said, and they offer a conventional way of expressing what the child appeared to have meant on each occasion. Analysis of two corpora, one French and one English, showed that adults are more likely to reformulate erroneous child utterances than conventional, grammatical ones, and that they produce many more reformulations when the children are younger and in fact producing a higher proportion of errors. Evidence that children attend to and make use of adult reformulations can be adduced from their acceptances and rejections of reformulations. While children tacitly accept most adult reformulations as next turns in the conversation, they also offer explicit acceptances, with overt uptake in their own next turns, and explicit rejections, where the adult has misunderstood what the child was trying to say. This suggests that adult reformulations provide an essential ingredient in the process of acquisition. The contrast between child and adult forms offers children data relevant to changing their own internal representations in memory, and so moving the forms of their emerging language ever closer to the patterns of adult usage in the community around them.
Reformulations et répétitions par les adultes du langage des enfants : comparaison de dialogues avec des enfants normaux et dysphasiques
Authors: Weck Geneviève de
Published: November 2007

This paper focuses on the verbal scaffolding offered by adults to six-years old children with and without developmental language disorders. Each adult-child dyad interacts in a situation where the child has to give information to the adult, so that the latter can be able to do a construction. The repetitions and the reformulations of children's language by the adults are analysed as well as children's reactions to these adults' verbalizations. Different categories are distinguished. The results show differencies between the two groups of children. Whith the normal children the adults use above all lexical reformulations and partial repetitions; with the language-impaired children the syntactic reformulations and total repetitions appear more frequently. The normal children react more frequently than the language-impaired children. The influence of the situation and of the language disorders is discussed.
Types de textes ou genres de discours ? Comment classer les textes qui disent de et comment faire ?
Authors: Adam Jean-Michel
Published: November 2007

Many genres of discourse offer instructional and procedural semantic and pragmatic features which are expressed by common linguistic forms. Considering such regularities, one may be induced to treat them as a category or a type of text. As the article presents some of the common characteristics shared by recipes, assembly instructions, topographical guides, horoscopes and the tip columns that can be found in magazines, it shows that those permanent features are directly generated by the genres. Therefore they fall within the field of discourse analysis and not within that of a text grammar or a text typology.
Du langage à l'action : le fonctionnement des textes procéduraux
Authors: Heurley Laurent
Published: November 2007

In this paper, we argue that procedural text processing (i.e., texts about procedures: leaflets, operating instructions, usable texts) must be studied by taking into account simultaneously theories and results of discourse psychology, psycholinguistics, psychology of learning and ergonomics. Two levels must be considered. At a global level, procedural text processing can be described as a social bipolar situated constrained process. At a local level, understanding and operating instructions can be viewed as a complex understanding-learning process, that is, as a knowledge transforming process in which an external declarative linguistic representation, the text, is transformed into procedural knowledge and /or actions.
Dénotation et argumentation dans le discours
Authors: Heronides M. Moura
Published: November 2007

This paper, developed within the frame of dynamic semantics combined with the precisification principle, proposes a new distinction between polysemy and vagueness. According to this distinction, a polysemous word is underspecified in relation to a set of lexicalized precisifications, whereas a vague word is underspecified in relation to a set of precisifications which are not lexicalized. It is also proposed that, notwithstanding the independence of denotative and argumentative levels, neither of these levels can be bypassed in the semantic representation.

Key words: Dynamic semantics, Precisification, Underspecified, Denotative level.
Introduction : la psycholinguistique au secours de l’informatique
Authors: Vivier Jean
Published: November 2007

Computer science alone cannot solve all of the inevitable problems of language modelling which confront it. The usual practice is to take the end- user's point of view into account and in doing so we see that it is necessary to adapt the "natural" computer language. This can be done by turning towards linguistic and psycholinguistic technologies for help.

For example, let us examine the role and aims of psycholinguistic technologies - to improve the impact of referencing conditions on the man/ machine interface and on telecommunications. We can see that these referencing conditions, though very complex, mean that the relationship between man and machine is no longer just a series of codes being sent between signals and objects. All of the deictic indicators need to be systematically identified in order to facilitate and optimise the reciprocal process of adaptation between users and machines. This problem is not an easy one to resolve. For this reason one hopes that, even before the idea of the software is conceived, there will be real interaction and collaboration between the specialisms of computer science, language science and, more generally, social science.
Le comparatisme : de la généalogie à la génétique.
Authors: Laks Bernard
Published: November 2007

The comparatist framework which have undergone a remarkable development in the 19th century and have declined in the 20th century, has recently made a noticeable come back on the international scientific scene. The mixing of the comparatist and reconstructivist perspective with population genetics lead to the so called "new synthesis". The same uncontrolled metaphors and the same genealogical conceptions are set to work in this new framework. We first introduce a critical analysis of classical comparatism stressing how and why the genealogical notion of Stammbaum was deconstructed. We then show how modern genetic comparatism rests on the very same ideas without having answered the critics addressed to the classical one. Finally, we show that within a neo Darwinian paradigm many fruitful alternatives to the genetic-genealogical framework exists which allows for new ways of questioning diachronic relations among languages
Locutions conjonctives et détermination....
Authors: Gross Gaston
Published: November 2007

This article sets out to describe the internal structure of conjunctive phrases. The starting point is the observation that these sequences are not fixed and that the noun which is used is itself a predicate, the arguments of which are the main clause and the subordinate clause. The determination of this noun is subject to considerable limitations, which are discussed here.
Les déterminants figés
Authors: Blanco Xavier
Published: November 2007

We study the frozen determiners that we divide into two large classes: the nominal frozen determiners, which are structured (Dét Na de)Dét Nb (and are subdivided into collective, metaphorical, figurative and hyperbolic determiners) and the frozen modifiers, which are structured Dét N Modif with (Dét_Modif)Dét. We highlight some syntactical properties of these different classes of determiners and we present their semantical values. We also make some propositions for their lexicographical treatment.