bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
10. The U.S. Navy in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Symonds Craig L.
Published: May 2018

The dissolution of the Soviet Union did not erase the need for a global U.S. Navy, as events in the Middle East and elsewhere provoked serial crises that led to the dispatch of U.S. naval combat groups to various hot spots around the world. ‘The U.S. Navy in the twenty-first century’ explains how the U.S. Navy continues to fulfill many of its historic missions—suppressing pirates, protecting trade, and pursuing drug runners. It is also a potent instrument of American foreign policy and a barometer of American concern. In addition to its deterrent and peacekeeping roles, the U.S. Navy also acts as a first responder to natural or man-made disasters that call for humane intervention.
Plastid Genome Degradation in the Endangered, Mycoheterotrophic, North American Orchid Hexalectris warnockii
Authors: Barrett Craig F , Kennedy Aaron H
Published: May 2018

Heterotrophic plants provide evolutionarily independent, natural experiments in the genomic consequences of radically altered nutritional regimes. Here, we have sequenced and annotated the plastid genome of the endangered mycoheterotrophic orchid Hexalectris warnockii. This orchid bears a plastid genome that is ∼80% the total length of the leafy, photosynthetic Phalaenopsis, and contains just over half the number of putatively functional genes of the latter. The plastid genome of H. warnockii bears pseudogenes and has experienced losses of genes encoding proteins directly (e.g., psa/psb, rbcL) and indirectly involved in photosynthesis (atp genes), suggesting it has progressed beyond the initial stages of plastome degradation, based on previous models of plastid genome evolution. Several dispersed and tandem repeats were detected, that are potentially useful as conservation genetic markers. In addition, a 29-kb inversion and a significant contraction of the inverted repeat boundaries are observed in this plastome. The Hexalectris warnockii plastid genome adds to a growing body of data useful in refining evolutionary models in parasites, and provides a resource for conservation studies in these endangered orchids.
I-CoPE: A pilot study of structured supportive care delivery to people with newly diagnosed high-grade glioma and their carers
Authors: Philip Jennifer , Collins Anna , Staker Jane , Murphy Michael
Published: May 2018

Background

There is limited evidence to guide best approaches to supportive care delivery to patients with high-grade glioma. I-CoPE (Information, Coordination, Preparation and Emotional) is a structured supportive care approach for people with newly diagnosed high-grade glioma and their family carers. Delivered by a cancer care coordinator, I-CoPE consists of (1) staged information, (2) regular screening for needs, (3) communication and coordination, and (4) family carer engagement. This pilot study tested acceptability and preliminary effectiveness of I-CoPE, delivered over 3 transitions in the illness course, for people newly diagnosed with high-grade glioma and their carers.

Methods

I-CoPE was delivered at the identified transition times (at diagnosis, following the diagnostic hospitalization, following radiotherapy), with associated data collection (enrollment, 2 weeks, 12 weeks). Outcomes of interest included: acceptability/feasibility (primary); quality of life; needs for support; disease-related information needs; and carer preparedness to care (secondary). Descriptive statistics were used to assess acceptability outcomes, while patient and carer outcomes were assessed using repeated measures ANOVA.

Results

Thirty-two patients (53% male, mean age 60) and 31 carers (42% male) participated. I-CoPE was highly acceptable: 86% of eligible patients enrolled, and of these 88% completed the study. Following I-CoPE patients and carers reported fewer information needs (P < .001), while carers reported fewer unmet supportive care needs (P < .01) and increased preparedness to care (P = .04). Quality of life did not significantly change.

Conclusion

A model of supportive care delivered based upon illness transitions is feasible, acceptable, and suggests preliminary efficacy in some areas. Formal randomized studies are now required.
Maratha Rule (1674–1818)
Authors: Jasper Daniel
Published: May 2018

Maratha Rule was established by Shivaji Bhosale in western India in the 17th century. Shivaji’s father, Shahaji Bhosale and his grandfather, Maloji Bhosale acquired lands in return for service to the Deccan Sultanates. As a teenager, Shivaji, who was raised on his father’s jagir lands near Pune, began a series of campaigns, supported by local youth, to seize land and forts in the western ghats. Shivaji had himself crowned king in 1674 and adopted the honorific titles of Chhatrapati and Maharaj. Through his military campaigns, Shivaji challenged the Deccani Sultanates based in Bijapur and Ahmednagar; in declaring himself king, Shivaji challenged the authority of the Mughal regime. Though he died in 1680, the Maratha kingdom that he established remained in existence until 1818. After his death, while his descendants occupied the titular throne, power was consolidated in the office of Peshwa, located in Pune. The Peshwa was occupied by a hereditary line of Chitpavan Brahmins, who expanded the reach of the Maratha empire and retained control of large sections of western and central India in the face of expanding British colonial power. The Marathas finally succumbed to British power in 1818. The life and accomplishments of Shivaji, as well as the Peshwai that inherited his regime, have become important focal points in debates about caste, religion, and national identity in western India during the colonial and postcolonial periods.
Management Practices for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia by Adult Infectious Diseases Physicians
Authors: Banniettis Natalie , Beekmann Susan E , Polgreen Philip M , Kaushik Shubhi , Kohlhoff Stephan , Gilbert David , Bennett John E , Hammerschlag Margaret R
Published: May 2018

To assess current use of vancomycin for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia, we surveyed adult infectious disease physicians. Most respondents reported personal experience with infections failing to respond to vancomycin despite minimum inhibitory concentration data indicating susceptibility. In a hypothetical case of such an infection, most would change to daptomycin with or without other agents.
Elliott Carter Now
Authors: Schiff David
Published: May 2018

Anyone writing about Elliott Carter today must deal with the lack of a critical biography and the reticence and occasional inaccuracies of his own biographical statements, and the lack of a consensus about his music as evidenced in particular by the respect his work finds in Europe as opposed to a decline in critical reputation and performances in the USA. Unique qualities in the music become clearer if attention is paid to its opposition of dark and light themes, and to the role played by quasi-mathematical calculations in Carter’s compositional process. A better understanding of his entire career will arise only as the extraordinary output of his last decades becomes more familiar.
Macro Carter / Micro Carter (1983–1999)
Authors: Schiff David
Published: May 2018

In the 1980s Carter began to produce two distinct streams of music: large-scale works extending the techniques of the previous decade, and miniatures that forecast the style of his later compositions, big and small. Expanding on the two voice substructure of Night Fantasies, the large scale works of this decade systematically explore contrapuntal designs with three, four, or five components. While the early short works present similar designs in miniature, later ones take on a more informal, improvisatory character. With a change from an American to a British publisher, most commissions now came from the UK or Europe, and in 1988 Carter sold his papers to the Paul Sacher Stiftung in Basel.
Farewell Symphonies
Authors: Schiff David
Published: May 2018

A discussion of three of Carter’s final works: The American Sublime, his last song cycle (to poetry of Wallace Stevens), Instances, his last orchestral work, and Epigrams, his last chamber work. These works would not be performed until after his death, and thus never were fully polished, but they sum up his musical aesthetic. Particularly in returning to Stevens for a second vocal cycle, Carter affirmed his affiliation with a poet who celebrated the metaphysical aspects of everyday existence.
Epilogue
Authors: Schiff David
Published: May 2018

A final assessment of Carter’s character and musical preoccupations sparked by a 2012 Youtube video of a conversation between the composer and cellist Alisa Weilerstein. At 103 Carter still shows all the musical and intellectual acuity that the author remembers from the time he studied with him over forty years earlier. Carter describes aspects of his Cello Concerto as part of a story that is inherent in the notes themselves, not an external program. Three of Carter’s last compositions illustrate what he meant by “story” and how his sense that every note has life in it defines his distinct musical identity.
Fictive Kinships and the Remaking of Family Life in the Context of Paid Domestic Work
Authors: de Guzman Maria Rosario T. , Garcia Aileen S. , Tuliao Minerva D.
Published: May 2018

For many migrants, mediated communication and other forms of contact can provide a means to maintain some semblance of family life across distance. For others, economic and other constraints can make meaningful long-distance connections challenging or impractical. This chapter highlights how some migrants reconfigure family life not by bridging physical distance with biological kin but by developing close connections in their host communities. The authors draw from their research on Philippine rural-to-urban migrants who work as yayas (i.e., live-in, domestic workers caring for children) and how they build family life with peers in their neighborhoods and with their employers in the context of paid domestic work. The chapter highlights how culturally embedded notions of family are reflected in these fictive kinships and how indigenous notions of obligations and family life can provide protections and benefits but also make yayas more vulnerable to abuse in the workplace.
Untold Transnational Family Life on the Sonora–Arizona Border
Authors: Sotomayor-Peterson Marcela , Lucero-Liu Ana A.
Published: May 2018

Research on transnational families mostly assumes long physical distances and long periods of separation. However, transnational families are diverse and reconfigure in a multitude of ways. The US–Mexican border in Arizona is historically a fluid one, where contact between families is a potential. This possibility of physical contact on a semi-regular basis makes the current sample unique from other transnational families. Using exploratory and descriptive analysis, this chapter provides a portrait of family life for migrant families along the Arizona–Sonora border with the goal of illustrating the diversity of family life for transnational families. Study findings suggest multiple family configurations, including transborder families (with members living within 60 miles of the border on either side) who have frequent physical contact and transnational families with long physical separations and little physical contact. Various aspects of family life (e.g., parenting) between transborder and transnational families are also compared.
The Experience of Families Separated by Military Deployment
Authors: Ellingsen Ruth , Mogil Catherine , Lester Patricia
Published: May 2018

The conflicts in Iraq (Operations Iraqi Freedom and New Dawn) and Afghanistan (Operation Enduring Freedom) have resulted in the deployment of more than 2.6 million service members since 2001. Almost half of these service members had children at the time of deployment, and almost half experienced multiple deployments. Separations in the context of danger pose unique challenges for parenting at a distance, including civilian parental mental health problems that are in turn associated with disruptions in parenting and family relationships and increased mental health symptoms in children. Using an ecological framework, this chapter reviews the impact that more than a decade of war has had on children and their parents, identifying risk and protective factors in the context of parental deployment. Opportunities to maintain parenting during deployments across developmental stages for children are discussed, including the role of family-level programs and family services to support military parents and children.
Terms and Conditions
Authors: Gibbons William
Published: May 2018

This chapter focuses on a close reading of the two terms that are central to the book: “classical music” (also sometimes referred to as “art music”) and “video games.” It explores both scholarly and popular understandings of both terms, pointing to the tendency to view classical music as highbrow art and video games as lowbrow entertainment, and asks why we understand these two pursuits as contradictory. Based on these mutually exclusive definitions, video games and classical music should be fundamentally incompatible, meaning that their combination inherently challenges traditional understandings of high and low art. The chapter concludes by introducing some of the fundamental questions that will be addressed in this book, such as whether video games cease to be primarily entertainment vehicles when classical music enters the mix.
Playing with Music History
Authors: Gibbons William
Published: May 2018

This chapter traces how classical music works can create a sense of time and place in video games. Beginning with a case study of how music establishes the eighteenth-century setting of Assassin’s Creed III, it then explores both how games build on frameworks of musical signification established in early cinema. It identifies games, such as Punch-Out!!, which use classical works to indicate a specific nation, as well as those that do the same for chronological setting, such as Versailles 1685. The chapter culminates in a study of games in which the music is misleading, suggesting the “wrong” time or place.
The Creative Process of Cultural Evolution
Authors: Gabora Liane
Published: May 2018

This chapter explores how we can better understand culture by understanding the creative processes that fuel it, and better understand creativity by examining it from its cultural context. First, it summarizes attempts to develop a scientific framework for how culture evolves, and it explores what these frameworks imply for the role of creativity in cultural evolution. Next it examines how questions about the relationship between creativity and cultural evolution have been addressed using an agent-based model in which neural network-based agents collectively generate increasingly fit ideas by building on previous ideas and imitating neighbors’ ideas. Finally, it outlines studies of how creative outputs are influenced, in perhaps unexpected ways, by other ideas and individuals, and how individual creative styles “peek through” cultural outputs in different domains.
Cultural-Historiometric Studies of Creativity
Authors: Simonton Dean Keith
Published: May 2018

Beginning with the idea that world civilizations are largely defined by the geniuses—and especially the “Big-C” creators who highlight their histories—the chapter then turns to how creative genius is distributed across both time and place, thus permitting both transhistorical and cross-cultural studies. Yet the sole method that enables such investigations is historiometry. After defining historiometry in terms of nomothetic hypotheses, quantitative analyses, and multiple historic cases, a brief history of the technique is presented. There follows an overview of historiometric research on creativity, an overview that touches upon creative geniuses, creative masterworks, and creative times and places. This treatment leads to an evaluation that emphasizes how historiometry provides the only scientific approach to studying creative genius of the highest order: those creators who have left a lasting mark on the history of civilization. This exclusive asset should encourage more historiometric inquiries well into the future.
Culture, Language, and Creativity
Authors: Shi Baoguo , Luo Jing
Published: May 2018

As Csikszentmihalyi (1999) noted, creativity is a culturally bound phenomenon, not simply a mental process. In this chapter, we first discuss some differences in the conceptualization of creativity from the East–West perspective. Does “creativity” mean the same thing in Western and East Asian cultural settings? Recent research based on lay people’s definitions of creativity, including implicit and explicit theories of creativity, descriptions of creative people, and evaluations of creative products, will be highlighted. Second, as a key component of culture, language has very important implications for understanding creativity. We will review recent research on this topic, including the relationship between bilingualism and creativity and empirical discoveries from groundbreaking behavioral and neuroimaging studies on insight problem solving that involve Chinese characters.
An Integrated Dual-Pathway Model of Multicultural Experience and Creativity
Authors: Ong Lay See , Tan Yi Wen , Cheng Chi-Ying
Published: May 2018

In this chapter, we present the dual-pathway multicultural experience and creative knowledge (MEACK) model, depicting how multicultural experience influences creative performance through the building of two types of knowledge: content knowledge (the what of creativity) and normative knowledge (the how and why of creativity). The MEACK model also takes into account the role of multicultural identity integration (MII), an individual difference in the levels of integration among multiple cultural identities, by showing that MII moderates the two pathways. We posit that high MIIs, who see their identities as more compatible than low MIIs, are better able to experience creative conceptual expansion (i.e., the expansion of a concept’s boundaries to fit new situations) from their content knowledge sets and norm elaboration (i.e., the flexible application of normative knowledge across different contexts) from their normative knowledge sets. Theoretical implications and future directions with the MEACK model are discussed.
Introduction
Authors: Partridge Christopher
Published: May 2018

This Introduction provides a brief overview of the subject of drugs and mystical experience as well as the scope, aims, and objectives of the book. It discusses why people might want to take drugs in the first place as well as the views of those who understand the altered states induced to be mystical experiences, which may also be psychologically beneficial. The key terms “transcendence” and “occulture” are explained, and the use of “psychedelic” rather than “entheogen” or “hallucinogen” is defended.
Opium Dreams
Authors: Partridge Christopher
Published: May 2018

This chapter discusses the significance of opium during the early nineteenth-century and its relationship to Romanticism. While the chapter is organized around the influential work of Thomas De Quincey, particularly his Confessions of an English Opium-Eater, it also discusses the work of Samuel Taylor Coleridge. It discusses Romantic theories about the significance of dreams and their relationship to the understanding of induced altered states. Also, because the Romantics were interested in the geographical and cultural origins of opium, there is some discussion of the important relationship between drugs and Orientalism.
Occultism in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries
Authors: Partridge Christopher
Published: May 2018

This chapter explores the use of drugs in the occult milieu of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The focus is fin de siècle occultism. While it examines the significance of drug use in the life and work of key figures such as W. B. Yeats, Helena Blavatsky, and Aleister Crowley, it also looks at little-known but important occultists such as Paschal Beverly Randolph and Louis-Alphonse Cahagnet, as well as organizations such as the Hermetic Brotherhood of Luxor and the Order of the Golden Dawn. There is also some analysis of temperance discourses within Theosophy and particularly Spiritualism. Finally, there is an overview of drug use in post-Crowleyan Thelemic thought later in the twentieth century.
Revolution in the Head
Authors: Partridge Christopher
Published: May 2018

This chapter traces the confluence of drugs and mystical experience from the late 1950s through the early 1970s, a significant period during which powerful psychedelics were legal and could be used in experiments. Influenced by the claims of Aldous Huxley, many of these experiments included some analysis of the mystical accounts of users. The most well-known of these was Walter Pahnke’s “Good Friday experiment” in 1962. Pahnke’s supervisor and the principal protagonist throughout the chapter is Timothy Leary who, influenced by Huxley and the popular Orientalism of the 1960s, significantly contributed to the construction of a psychedelic culture that informed the thinking of a generation of spiritual seekers. A number of other important figures are discussed, some of whom are relatively well known, such as Alan Watts, Ram Dass, and Huston Smith, while others are less well known, such as Michael Hollingshead and Art Kleps.
Psychedelic Shamanism
Authors: Partridge Christopher
Published: May 2018

The final chapter discusses a number of post-1960s developments, focusing particularly on the ideas of two influential thinkers who were shaped in different ways by the psychedelic revolution, Carlos Castaneda and Terence McKenna. Central to the thought of both of them was the significance of shamanism. The chapter also discusses the emergence of interest in constructing contemporary indigenous and ancient shamanic cultures as psychedelic cultures. Since the late nineteenth century, there has been a growing interest in the uses of psychoactive plants in indigenous religious contexts. This interest was particularly stimulated by the work of R. Gordon Wasson, whose theories are discussed.
Would Stimulus without Debt Weaken the Fed’s Balance Sheet?
Authors: Seidman Laurence
Published: May 2018

At first glance it might seem that stimulus without debt would cause the Fed to have a balance-sheet problem. Why? When the Fed buys a Treasury bond in the open market, it obtains an asset, but if the Fed gives the Treasury a transfer, it obtains no asset. But the Fed can avoid a balance-sheet problem by taking the following action. Just before the Fed writes its transfer check to the Treasury, the Fed should order an amount of new Federal Reserve notes (from the usual place, the Treasury’s Bureau of Engraving and Printing) equal to its transfer to the Treasury and then store these notes in the Fed’s vault. Cash in the Fed’s vault is an asset on the Fed’s balance sheet, so the Fed’s total assets would increase by an amount equal to the Fed’s transfer to the Treasury—the same increase in total assets that would have occurred if the Fed had instead spent the same amount of money buying Treasury bonds.
Recasting Race
Authors: Benjamin Ruha
Published: May 2018

This chapter deprovincializes science by examining genomic sovereignty beyond the US context. Genomics research presents different elements of appeal to different groups of people. Future medical benefits as a result of genomics research are anticipated in India as well as Mexico. Both nations are composed of geographically clustered subgroups, and researchers reason that it would be beneficial to analyze each group's genetic makeup for possible differences between them. In bioethnic markets, human bodies are classified into biologically meaningful subgroups rather than as individuals or as a part of the human species as a whole. Some nations, such as Mexico, have chosen to prevent foreign researchers from gaining access to their citizens' genetic material, keeping the knowledge within their borders, while others release the information to other countries, contributing to an international effort to map populations' genetic material around the world.
Evidence of What?
Authors: Rouse Carolyn
Published: May 2018

This chapter interrogates an important vogue in the field of African development. Evidence-based approaches to health care, which are being used increasingly, fail to take into account social and cultural factors affecting individuals' health. Bed nets and vaccines are helpful in reducing malaria-related mortality rates in African countries, but nature and culture are indivisible in health and wellness. Malaria and sickle cell anemia are most commonly analyzed using evidence-based approaches, like many medical issues, although there are numerous social factors to be taken into account in their spread among African populations as well as methods of prevention and treatment. Comparative effectiveness research is thus an upgrade from evidence-based research that can be applied to examine the relationship between health and race and behavior.
Commercials as Discursive Assemblages
Authors: Dunagan Colleen T.
Published: May 2018

Chapter Two demonstrates how commercials employ genre-specific codes and conventions to operate as discursive assemblages. The author adopts Grossberg’s concept of cultural formations as a model for analyzing dance in advertising. Through close readings of several commercials created for US companies produced between 1948 and 2012, the chapter offers an historicized reading of the strategic intersections between dance, television, film, and advertising within commercials to produce a form of marketing that simultaneously reinforces and destabilizes disciplinary boundaries. Several concepts central to the larger project are introduced here, including liveness, advertising positioning strategies, direct address and hailing, montage, and film musical conventions. While the study focuses on an analysis of the history and conventions of dance-in-advertising in the United States during the mid-to-late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, it also includes examples of commercials created to advertise US products in foreign markets.
Correspondence and Difference
Authors: Dunagan Colleen T.
Published: May 2018

Advertising strategically reroutes media, popular culture, values, and social relations to create new meanings housed within commodity-signs. Chapter Three addresses this recontextualization of cultural and social meaning through an intertextual analysis of dance in advertising, examining how advertising employs dance through quotation, allusion, and parody. Detailed analyses of several examples demonstrates how correspondence and difference produce affect and contribute to viewers’ pleasure by enabling a proliferation of meanings. Thus ads offer the opportunity to look closely at advertising’s participation in the ongoing construction of meaning in popular culture. The chapter introduces the concept of nostalgia without memory and demonstrates how textual borrowings or appropriations reveal the cultural relevance of dance-in-advertising as sites of production that engage in a rewriting of cultural histories.
Affect and Tanning Behaviors
Authors: Day Ashley K. , Coups Elliot J.
Published: May 2018

Excess exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation increases the risk of skin cancers, yet a large number of individuals continue to engage in tanning behaviors. Although the majority of research on determinants of tanning behavior has focused on social cognitive factors, a number of studies have explored the role of affective factors, including feelings of relaxation, improved mood, and endorphin release in response to UV exposure. This chapter provides an overview of research on affective determinants and responses to tanning behaviors. This includes a focus on the association between anticipated mood changes and tanning behaviors. The chapter also examines the affective properties of tanning dependence and addiction, and the role of affective factors in improving skin cancer prevention behaviors. Future directions are considered, including methodological issues and promising avenues for intervention research.
Emotions and Prosociality
Authors: Ferguson Eamonn , Masser Barbara
Published: May 2018

Without volunteer blood a large proportion of healthcare delivery would not be possible. Blood donation is an archetypal altruistic and prosocial act, but like all altruism may also be motivated by selfish reasons. Key among these are the prosocial and moral emotions (e.g., gratitude, shame, guilt, anger). This chapter shows how blood donation can be used to manage negative emotions (e.g., guilt) and enhance well-being (warm-glow, pride). It also shows how negative emotions such as anger promote prosociality. It draws implications for interventions and develops a model showing how emotions and memory are linked across the donor cycle to influence behavior.
Nude Vibrations: Isadora Duncan’s Creatural Aesthetic
Authors: Rohman Carrie
Published: May 2018

This chapter reads Duncan as a paradigmatic test-case for re-seeing the complexities of “naturalness” in the early twentieth century in relation to animality, performance, and an aesthetics that is specifically posthumanist. Rather than a naïve essentialist, Duncan should be viewed as a kind of vitalist who understood art as emerging from the vibrancy of matter itself and the drift or transfer of forces from earth to animal, from animal to human. By examining her animal and cosmic imagery and by discussing questions such as barefootedness and nudity as specific markers of animality in Duncan’s aesthetic, I frame her dance theory as exhibiting a sophisticated posthumanist artistic position. Recognizing these elements of her artistic theories helps us re-evaluate the way Duncan has been viewed because of the natural strains in her work, but also opens new lines of inquiry regarding animality and modern dance.
Why Has Crime Risen in Latin America?
Authors: Bergman Marcelo
Published: May 2018

This chapter discusses the applicability of theories of criminology in explaining the current crime wave in the region, by testing common assumptions of causes of criminality against social, economic, and political data. It is organized around covariates of crime such as labor markets, family structures, income inequality, guns, and drugs, and their correlations with different levels of crime between countries over the last decades. Based on an especially collected data set, this chapter shows that there is only very weak evidence to support the claims that poverty, inequality, and lack of development explain rising crime in the region. The need to transcend these assertions and focus on the mechanisms that produce the erosion of norms, the lack of social mobility, and the institutional weaknesses when opportunities for illegal profits arise is stressed.
Introduction
Authors: Okeke Edward Chukwuemeke
Published: May 2018

This chapter introduces the purpose of the book, which is to clarify the conceptual confusion that has bedeviled the proper understanding of both the jurisdictional immunities of States and of international organizations. It also sets out the scope of the book, which is to cover the similarities and dissimilarities between the jurisdictional immunities of States and international organizations. It examines the distinct rules of diplomatic immunity and head-of-State immunity to the extent they have a bearing on the scope of the immunities of international persons that are the main focus of this book. Furthermore, it examines the nature of jurisdictional immunity and lays out the structure of the book.
Historical Development and Rationale
Authors: Okeke Edward Chukwuemeke
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines the historical development of State immunity, from the absolute to the restrictive doctrine that distinguishes between acts jure imperii and jure gestionis. The provenance of the law on the jurisdictional immunity of States is widely held to be the case of Schooner Exchange. Although Schooner Exchange is, generally but not quite accurately, regarded as the authoritative anchor for the classical doctrine of absolute State immunity, Chief Justice Marshall saw immunity as an exception to the absolute jurisdiction of a State within its own territory. The chapter also examines the rationale of State immunity, which is based on the three major attributes of statehood: independence, sovereign equality, and dignity. The sovereignty of a State encompasses its jurisdiction over people and property within its territory. State immunity is a derogation of that jurisdiction. A major justification for State immunity is facilitation of international relations in conformity with international law.
Overview of Sources of Law of State Immunity
Authors: Okeke Edward Chukwuemeke
Published: May 2018

This chapter is an overview of the sources of the law of State immunity. It examines international law and select national legislation on State immunity. The section on international law examines treaty law and customary international law. With respect to treaty law, it discusses the 2004 United Nations Convention of the Jurisdictional Immunity of States and Their Properties, and the 1972 European Convention on State Immunity. The 2004 United Nations Convention, which built on the experience of the 1972 European Convention, as well as the practice and legislation of various States, sought to provide a comprehensive approach to the complicated issue of State immunity and codify the restrictive doctrine of State immunity. Although the 2004 United Nations Convention has not yet entered into force, some courts and commentators have referred to some of its provisions as codification or evidence of customary international law on State immunity.
Cutting Pit-houses
Authors: Bailey Doug
Published: May 2018

This chapter presents the thesis, structure, and philosophy of the book. Using the author’s Romanian excavations as a start, the chapter reviews the state of knowledge about pits and pit-houses in Neolithic Europe, critically reviews the debate over structured deposition (and suggests that the actions of breaking the surface of the ground—that is, digging—have not featured in previous work on the topic), defines art/archaeology (as an innovative way to provide original thought on the topic), and then justifies the book’s approach and unusual content and layout. The argument made is both that a new way to engage the archaeological object is through a new trans-disciplinary approach that juxtaposes past and present, archaeology and art, and that the reader will gain much from examining the Neolithic and other periods through the processes and consequences of cutting surfaces.
Leipzig After Bach
Authors: Sposato Jeffrey S.
Published: May 2018

This book examines church music and public concert music in Leipzig, Germany, a city in Saxony, in the period between 1750 (the year Thomaskantor Johann Sebastian Bach died) and 1847 (the year that Gewandhaus orchestra conductor Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy died). The century in between these events was critically important for sacred music and public concert music. During this period, Leipzig’s church music enterprise, a bulwark of orthodox Lutheranism, was convulsed by repeated external threats—a growing middle class that viewed music as an object of public consumption, religious and political tumult, and the chaos of the Seven Years' War and the invasion of Napoleon. How church and concert life in Leipzig changed because of these forces is the focus of this book. Whereas most European cities saw their public concerts grow out of secular institutions such as a royal court or an opera theater, neither of these existed when Leipzig’s first subscription concert series, the Grosse Concert, was started in 1743. Instead, the city had a thriving church music enterprise that had been brought to its zenith by Bach. Paid subscription concerts therefore found their roots in Leipzig’s church music tradition, with important and unique results.
Hiller, Schicht, and the Crises of Church and State, 1785–1823
Authors: Sposato Jeffrey S.
Published: May 2018

This chapter is the second of three chapters to look at the relationship between a Thomaskantor, who oversaw the church music, and a Kapellmeister (music director) of the public concerts. Thomaskantor Johann Adam Hiller and Kapellmeister Johann Gottfried Schicht are examined. Schicht succeeded Hiller as Gewandhaus orchestra director in 1785, and eventually became Thomaskantor in 1810, succeeding August Eberhard Müller. At the Gewandhaus, Schicht increased the amount of sacred music performed, while adjusting the concert repertoire to reflect changes that Hiller, in partnership with Church Superintendent Johann Georg Rosenmüller, implemented in the churches. The invasion of Napoleon into Saxony affected the public performance of music. When Schicht became Thomaskantor, church attendance was down. Schicht geared the performance of church music to attract middle-class concert audiences to the church. The Gewandhaus was now the dominant music institution in Leipzig, and church music would imitate it.
Cyber Strategy
Authors: Valeriano Brandon , Jensen Benjamin , Maness Ryan C.
Published: May 2018

This book examines how states integrate cyber capabilities with other instruments of power to achieve foreign policy outcomes. Given North Korea’s use of cyber intrusions to threaten the international community and extort funds for its elites, Chinese espionage and the theft of government records through the Office of Personal Management (OPM) hack, and the Russian hack on the 2016 US election, this book is a timely contribution to debates about power and influence in the 21st century. Its goal is to understand how states apply cyber means to achieve political ends, a topic speculated and imagined, but investigated with very little analytical rigor. Following on Valeriano and Maness’s (2015) book, Cyber War versus Cyber Realities: Cyber Conflict in the International System, this new study explores how states apply cyber strategies, using empirical evidence and key theoretical insights largely missed by the academic and strategy community. It investigates cyber strategies in their integrated and isolated contexts, demonstrating that they are useful to managing escalation and sending ambiguous signals, but generally they fail to achieve coercive effect.
Introduction
Authors: Valeriano Brandon
Published: May 2018

This chapter evaluates the efficacy of modern cyber strategies and how states coerce rivals in the digital domain. It argues that these campaigns are neither as revolutionary nor as novel as they seem. It finds that cyber disruptions, short-term and long-term espionage, and degradation operations all usually fail to produce concessions. When states do compel a rival, which is measured as a change in behavior in the target that is strategically advantageous to the initiator, the cyber operation tends to occur alongside more traditional coercive instruments such as diplomatic pressure, economic sanctions, and military threats and displays. Cyber capabilities complement, but do not replace traditional statecraft. Theoretical and empirical investigation of cyber strategies and their efficacy should therefore precede development of suggestions for sound foreign policy responses to state-backed cyber intrusions or craft international frameworks that constrain the proliferation of politically motivated malware. This book is a critical first step.
Economic Evaluation of New Drugs
Authors: Schweitzer Stuart O. , Lu Z. John
Published: May 2018

As a result of new cost-containment incentives found in both public and private healthcare plans, providers and insurers are subjecting new healthcare services, and especially pharmaceuticals, to evaluations in which costs and benefits are explicitly compared. Collectively, this body of work is referred to as health technology assessment. This chapter discusses in detail the three methodologies most frequently utilized in HTA: cost-benefit analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis, and cost-utility analysis. The appropriate roles for each of these approaches and examples of their applications in several influential HTA organizations around the world are elaborated, including the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence in the UK, the Pharmaceutical Benefits Advisory Committee in Australia, and the Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health. The history and current state of HTA in the United States is also examined in the chapter.
Drug Approval Process in the United States
Authors: Schweitzer Stuart O. , Lu Z. John
Published: May 2018

The drug approval process in any country involves a balancing of conflicting social objectives: safety and access. Faster approval leads to quicker access to potentially life-saving medicine, yet could also lead to false positives or, worse, unsafe products on the market. The United States has a widely respected but stringent and rigorous review process overseen by the Food and Drug Administration. This chapter performs an in-depth analysis of the pharmaceutical regulatory approval process in the United States. Standards, guidelines, and critical milestones for basic research, animal testing, and clinical trials in the drug R&D process are explained. It highlights major drug legislation since the beginning of the twentieth century and how this legislation has helped the FDA become the gold standard in pharmaceutical regulation worldwide. The registration pathways for generics and biosimilars are also discussed.
Reading the Colossus
Authors: Rosenmeyer Patricia A.
Published: May 2018

Chapter 1 presents the colossus itself: an overview of the inscriptions and the ancient testimonials to the miracle of Memnon’s voice. While the transformation into a Trojan hero was mostly complete by the time Pliny visited in the latter part of the first century CE, the statue continued to be defined by a set of oppositions: Memnon was both dead and alive, mortal and divine, Egyptian and Greco-Roman, silent and speaking. Similarly, his colossality was both compromised and intensified by his fragmentary state; the marvelous voice emerged from a headless torso. The author argues in this chapter that it was precisely this combination of massiveness and fragmentariness that encouraged tourists and worshippers to engage with the statue. They did so by inscribing its surfaces and inhabiting its sacred space.
Worshipping the Colossus
Authors: Rosenmeyer Patricia A.
Published: May 2018

Chapter 2 begins with a discussion of Egypt as a destination for sacred tourism and as a repository of ancient culture, epitomized by the colossus, which functioned as a place of cultural memory. Imperial authors viewed Egypt as a place where Greek myth came to life. Visitors were inspired either by a kind of spiritual touristic impulse—the desire to witness the sacred (theoria)—or by an intellectual tourism and yearning to experience what they had already read or heard about. The inscriptions document these expressions of religious and intellectual wonder, crystallized at the moment of hearing Memnon’s voice. Whether visitors came as worshippers or tourists, in their minds the monument functioned as a material link to the past that miraculously came alive every morning at dawn. The colossus could elicit two distinct reactions—spiritual or intellectual—yet both fit within the framework of a fascination with the mythical past.
Talking with the Colossus
Authors: Rosenmeyer Patricia A.
Published: May 2018

Chapter 3 explores the personal relationship visitors thought they had with Memnon. In response to Memnon’s morning cry, visitors used inscriptions to communicate with the articulate yet inanimate statue. Following two main impulses of animation, inscribers either addressed the god as a listener through the rhetorical figure of apostrophe or imagined him as a speaker, calling out to his mother or to them, through prosopopeia. The latter impulse overlaps with the concept of epiphany, where the god makes himself manifest by some sign—usually visual, but in this case aural. This chapter discusses apostrophe, prosopopeia, and epiphany as evidence for visitors’ yearning to commemorate their interactions with Memnon. Inserting themselves into the collective practice of sacred tourism, they nevertheless seek to make the verbal exchange meaningful on a personal level. The inscriptions bear witness to this tension between the communality and the uniqueness of each instance of communication with Memnon.
Suryaniness
Authors: Jarjour Tala
Published: May 2018

This chapter, and the next two, considers foundational notions in value perception and construction. The chapters form a sequence, about three closely entwined components of value: identity, authority, and performance. They suggest that local modes of value may be understood in music through the performative articulation of specific processes of identity and authority negotiation. Those processes take place where sociality intersects with deeper forms of value agreement. This chapter is about Suryaniness, which it explains as a performed sense of identity in two ways: first, through the association of Suryani ethnic spirituality with Edessa (rather than Urfa) and its language; second, in relation to a sacredness in the perceived textual and melodic origins of chant. Significance in music perception and meaning construction is related here to questions of place and space, and to a process of authentication, which is the manifestation of an internally agreed sense of originality.
Authority
Authors: Jarjour Tala
Published: May 2018

Like Suryaniness, authority in Hayy al-Suryan is performed. The two are constantly contested and (re)articulated such that their components are legitimated, and, ultimately, agreed upon and valued. In putting some emphasis on gender in relation to notions of authority, particularly on women’s agency in the strict ecclesiastical and social hierarchy of Hayy al-Suryan, this chapter suggests the concept of authority as more appropriate than power. Borrowing Ricoeur’s tradition of authority, the chapter presents chant as the arbiter of Suryani modes of value in the worldly, relational sphere of Urfalli sociality. It underlines the affective liminality social complexity bestows on the female voice while gendering women’s bodies. The chapter zooms in on three individuals, portraying them dynamically in integrated instances of intimate ethnography, to shed light on the atemporal interlockings of value and perception in the musical story of a living, ancient musicality.
Religious Metaphors at the Crossroads between Apophatical Theology and Cognitive Linguistics
Authors: Feyaerts Kurt , Boeve Lieven
Published: May 2018

This chapter introduces an interdisciplinary approach to the study of religious discourse, inspired by the observation that the tradition of negative theology, rediscovered by postmodern philosophy and theology, shares major points of interest with the cognitive theory of language. Its primary goal is an attempt to compare two epistemological systems in a fruitful and promising way. There are three major parts. The first deals with aspects of apophatical (or negative) theology and presents its rediscovery by postmodern theology. The second describes central aspects of cognitive semantics, with special attention to the theory of conceptual metaphor. The third brings the two theories together in search of both similarities and differences. It will be shown that there are common points of interest and methodology, and that each approach can contribute to the other, offering possible benefits to theology.