bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of dynamic available passing sight distance near right-turn horizontal curves during overtaking using LiDAR data
Authors: Ma Yang , Zheng Yubing , Cheng Jianchuan , Easa Said
Published: October 2019

The purpose of this study is twofold: to construct a model for measuring dynamic available passing sight distance (APSD) during overtaking using light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data, and to investigate the effects of several critical variables on dynamic APSD. The analysis considers a single passed vehicle with several variables, including vehicle dimensions Dp, initial headway IH, and speed differential SD. The proposed model simulates the passing process and dynamically estimates APSD considering two types of obstacles: (1) obstacles related to the road environment and (2) passed-vehicle obstacle which is critical especially on or near right-turn horizontal curves. Through multiple tests, the variation of dynamic APSD along with the passing maneuver is established. The results show that large Dp or long IH may increase the adverse effect of the passed vehicle on dynamic APSD. Either too large or too small SD may lead to a relatively high risk of head-on collisions.
Investigating the holographic complexity in Einsteinian cubic gravity
Authors: Jiang Jie , Deng Banglin
Published: October 2019

In this paper, we investigate the holographic complexity of a small mass AdS black hole in Einsteinian cubic gravity by using the “complexity equals action” (CA) and “complexity equals volume” (CV) conjectures. In the CA context, the late-time growth rate satisfies the Lloyd bound for the $$k=0$$k=0 and $$k=1$$k=1 cases but it violates it for the $$k=-1$$k=-1 case in the first-order approximation of the small mass parameter. However, by a full-time analysis, we find that this late-time limit is approached from above, which implies that this bound in all of these cases will be violated. In the CV context, we considered both the original and the generalized CV conjectures. Differing from the CA conjecture, the late-time rate here is non-vanishing in the zeroth-order approximation, and this shows that the Lloyd bound is exactly violated even in the late-time limit. These results show numerous differences from the neutral case of the Einstein gravity in both the CA and the CV holographic contexts where all of their late-time results saturate the Lloyd bound. These differences illustrate the influence of the higher curvature correction in Einstein gravity.
Could galactic magnetic fields be generated by charged ultra-light boson dark matter?
Authors: Hernández Maribel , Avilez Ana A. , Matos Tonatiuh
Published: October 2019

We study the possibility that large-scale magnetic fields observed in galaxies could be produced by a dark matter halo made of charged ultra-light bosons, that arise as excitations of a complex scalar field described by the Klein–Gordon equation with local U(1) symmetry which introduces electromagnetic fields that minimally couple to the complex scalar current and act as dark virtual photons. These virtual photons have an unknown coupling constant with real virtual photons. We constrain the final interaction using the observed magnetic fields in galaxies. We use classical solutions of the Klein–Gordon–Maxwell system to describe the density profile of dark matter and magnetic fields in galaxies. We consider two cases assuming spherical and dipolar spatial symmetries. For the LSB spherical galaxy F563-V2, we test the sensitivity of the predicted rotation curves in the charged Scalar Field Dark Matter (cSFDM) model to variations of the electromagnetic coupling and using the Fisher matrix error estimator, we set a constraint over that coupling by requiring that theoretical rotation curves lay inside the $$1\sigma $$1σ confidence region of observational data. We find that cSFDM haloes generate magnetic fields of the order of $$\mu G$$μG and reproduce the observed rotation curves of F563-V2 if the ultra-light boson has a charge $$\sim <10^{-13}e$$∼<10-13e for the monopole-like density profile and $$\sim <10^{-14}e$$∼<10-14e for the dipole-like one.
Bottomonia production and polarization in the NRQCD with $$k_T$$-factorization. I: $$\Upsilon (3S)$$ and $$\chi _b(3P)$$ mesons
Authors: Abdulov N. A. , Lipatov A. V.
Published: October 2019

The$$\Upsilon (3S)$$Υ(3S)production and polarization at high energies is studied in the framework of$$k_T$$kT-factorization approach. Our consideration is based on the non-relativistic QCD formalism for bound states formation and off-shell production amplitudes for hard partonic subprocesses. The transverse momentum dependent (TMD, or unintegrated) gluon densities in a proton were derived from the Ciafaloni-Catani-Fiorani-Marchesini (CCFM) evolution equation as well as from the Kimber–Martin–Ryskin (KMR) prescription. Treating the non-perturbative color octet transitions in terms of the multipole radiation theory and taking into account feed-down contributions from radiative$$\chi _b(3P)$$χb(3P)decays, we extract the corresponding non-perturbative matrix elements for$$\Upsilon (3S)$$Υ(3S)and$$\chi _b(3P)$$χb(3P)mesons from a combined fit to$$\Upsilon (3S)$$Υ(3S)transverse momenta distributions measured by the CMS and ATLAS Collaborations at the LHC energies$$\sqrt{s} = 7$$s=7and 13 TeV and central rapidities. Then we apply the extracted values to describe the CDF and LHCb data on$$\Upsilon (3S)$$Υ(3S)production and to investigate the polarization parameters$$\lambda _\theta $$λθ,$$\lambda _\phi $$λϕand$$\lambda _{\theta \phi }$$λθϕ, which determine the$$\Upsilon (3S)$$Υ(3S)spin density matrix. Our predictions have a good agreement with the currently available data within the theoretical and experimental uncertainties.
Untwisting twisted spectral triples
Authors: Goffeng Magnus , Mesland Bram , Rennie Adam
Published: October 2019

We examine the index data associated to twisted spectral triples and higher order spectral triples. In particular, we show that a Lipschitz regular twisted spectral triple can always be “logarithmically dampened” through functional calculus, to obtain an ordinary (i.e. untwisted) spectral triple. The same procedure turns higher order spectral triples into spectral triples. We provide examples of highly regular twisted spectral triples with nontrivial index data for which Moscovici’s ansatz for a twisted local index formula is identically zero.
Inertial effect on gas squeeze film for large radius disc excited by standing waves with complex modal shapes
Authors: Fan Yi Qiang , Miyatake M. , Kawada S. , Wei Bin , Yoshimoto S.
Published: October 2019

In order to investigate the gas inertial effect on bearing capacity of acoustic levitation on condition of complex exciting shapes, a new kind of numerical model including inertial effect in cylindrical coordinates was proposed. The inertial terms in Navier–Stokes equations are packaged to derive modified Reynolds equations. The amplitudes of standing waves were tested by distance probe in experiment and film thickness equation were reconstructed by sum of the sinusoidal functions. The theoretical and experimental results implied that the inertial effect is strongly related to the exciting modal shapes. It is concluded that the proposal of modified Reynolds equation can provide more optimized numerical solutions to solve the problems about the deviation between theoretical and experimental data.
Log Data Modeling and Acquisition in Supporting SaaS Software Performance Issue Diagnosis
Authors: Wang Rui , Ying Shi , Jia Xiangyang
Published: October 2019

Data logging is helpful for the operation and maintenance manager of SaaS-based solutions to diagnose performance issues. However, long-running SaaS software may generate huge amounts of log data which is difficult to analyze, and it lacks a systematic approach to collect the running log and lacks a unified data structure to normalize the performance-related data. All these threaten the timeliness of SaaS performance issue diagnosis. In this paper, we propose an architecture for log collection and analysis to support the assessment of performance and diagnosis of performance issues of SaaS-based application in cloud computing. The architecture has the three-tier structure and includes a pivot data model to integrate heterogeneous log. The two high-level metrics in the model of Average Response Time (ART) and Request Timeout Rate (RTR) are calculated by statistical measurement and the lower-level metrics are monitored in real-time. Operation and maintenance managers can evaluate the performance of SaaS software based on the high-level metrics, then timely locate the issues from the low-level metrics and take appropriate measures. Thereupon, this study presents the general-purpose technique for the architecture to support real-time big log data collection, access, computation, storage. The proposal has been implemented and validated in a case study.
Understanding Senior Entrepreneur Behavior
Authors: Martin Ludivine , Omrani Nessrine
Published: October 2019

There has been increased research interest in senior entrepreneurs and their potential contribution to the global economy. Nevertheless, the extant literature on senior entrepreneurship is often limited to considering some individual factors of entrepreneurship behavior without considering other factors linked to seniors’ environment. In this paper, we aim to understand the factors enhancing seniors to start a new business in Europe; factors linked to seniors’ environment — such as internet and information and communication technologies (ICT) diffusion, the level of status and respect of successful entrepreneurs, relaying information about successful new businesses in the media — and individual factors — such as gender, education, job position, income, skills —. The analysis is based on two main sources of data — the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) and Eurostat — using a non-balanced panel dataset corresponding to a sample of 11 European countries covering 2006–2013. Findings of this study indicate that both individual and environmental factors contribute to seniors’ entrepreneurial behavior. Technology diffusion, personal skills, acquaintances’ entrepreneurial experiences, media relaying information about successful new businesses, and the senior employment rate are important factors of seniors’ starting new businesses. The findings provide valuable insights for policy makers to promote seniors’ entrepreneurship and provide better support for seniors to pursue entrepreneurial success.
A Metrics Framework for Product Development in Software Startups
Authors: Shanbhag Narendranath , Pardede Eric
Published: October 2019

Business cases and customer problem spaces are evolving quicker than ever before and more startups are moving to adopt the lean startup methodology to match this speed of changing customer needs. This phenomenon, however, comes with its own set of opportunities and challenges for startups to build great products, while catering to customer pain points. To this end, there is a need for a metrics framework which can help startups succeed in creating good software solutions and building successful business models around these solutions. Metrics can help measure the effectiveness of the product in relation to the customer problem and help drive key decisions in both the product and business aspects of the startup. This paper reviews current frameworks on metrics for software products, studies the appropriateness in the context of software startups and proposes a metrics framework to help provide good software experiences, while subsequently building good business models around these experiences. The framework is designed to cover aspects of both the product and business space, ranging from considerations of the problem space identification to the evolution of the solution. The proposed framework is validated using a case study approach of a successful startup. The framework aims to help startups in their journey to success by providing an end to end, structured approach to metric identification.
Overall Optimization and Exergy Analysis of an Air Conditioning System Using a Series-Series Counterflow Arrangement of Water Chillers
Authors: Phu Nguyen Minh
Published: October 2019

When water chillers are arranged in series-series counterflow (SSCF), the compressor lift of each chiller is decreased in comparison with that of water chillers in parallel. This means that the compressor power of SSCF chillers is lower than that of parallel chillers. In this paper, models of the main components in an air conditioning system were developed and verified to predict the behaviors of the whole system with respect to SSCF chillers. The results showed that performance was maximized with three SSCF chillers when the system was operated with normal set points. The performance was further improved to 26% and decreased with the number of SSCF chillers when the system was operated with optimal set points. The SSCF chiller system also demonstrated higher exergy efficiency regardless of the number of SSCF chillers. The irreversibility of components in SSCF chillers was rather low. However, the irreversibility of the cooling tower and cooling coil was slightly higher and lower, respectively, than those in the parallel chiller system.
A User-adaptive Modeling for Eating Action Identification from Wristband Time Series
Authors: Lee Junghyo , Paudyal Prajwal , Banerjee Ayan , Gupta Sandeep K. S.
Published: October 2019

Eating activity monitoring using wearable sensors can potentially enable interventions based on eating speed to mitigate the risks of critical healthcare problems such as obesity or diabetes. Eating actions are poly-componential gestures composed of sequential arrangements of three distinct components interspersed with gestures that may be unrelated to eating. This makes it extremely challenging to accurately identify eating actions. The primary reasons for the lack of acceptance of state-of-the-art eating action monitoring techniques include the following: (i) the need to install wearable sensors that are cumbersome to wear or limit the mobility of the user, (ii) the need for manual input from the user, and (iii) poor accuracy in the absence of manual inputs. In this work, we propose a novel methodology, IDEA, that performs accurate eating action identification within eating episodes with an average F1 score of 0.92. This is an improvement of 0.11 for precision and 0.15 for recall for the worst-case users as compared to the state of the art. IDEA uses only a single wristband and provides feedback on eating speed every 2 min without obtaining any manual input from the user.
A Closed-Loop Controller to Ensure Performance and Temperature Constraints for Dynamic Applications
Authors: Noltsis Michail , Zambelis Nikolaos , Catthoor Francky , Soudris Dimitrios
Published: October 2019

To secure correct system operation, a plethora of Reliability, Availability and Serviceability (RAS) techniques have been deployed by circuit designers. RAS mechanisms however, come with the cost of extra clock cycles. In addition, a wide variety of dynamic workloads and different input conditions often constitute preemptive dependability techniques hard to implement. To this end, we focus on a realistic case study of a closed-loop controller that mitigates performance variation with a reactive response. This concept has been discussed but was only illustrated on small benchmarks. In particular, the extension of the approach to manage performance of dynamic workloads on a target platform has not been shown earlier. We compare our scheme against the version of a Linux CPU frequency governor in terms of timing response and energy consumption. Finally, we move forward and suggest a new flavor of our controller to efficiently manage processor temperature. Again, the concept is illustrated with a realistic case study and compared to a modern temperature manager.
Estimating and Controlling the False Discovery Rate of the PC Algorithm Using Edge-specific P-Values
Authors: Strobl Eric V. , Spirtes Peter L. , Visweswaran Shyam
Published: October 2019

Many causal discovery algorithms infer graphical structure from observational data. The PC algorithm in particular estimates a completed partially directed acyclic graph (CPDAG), or an acyclic graph containing directed edges identifiable with conditional independence testing. However, few groups have investigated strategies for estimating and controlling the false discovery rate (FDR) of the edges in the CPDAG. In this article, we introduce PC with p-values (PC-p), a fast algorithm that robustly computes edge-specific p-values and then estimates and controls the FDR across the edges. PC-p specifically uses the p-values returned by many conditional independence (CI) tests to upper bound the p-values of more complex edge-specific hypothesis tests. The algorithm then estimates and controls the FDR using the bounded p-values and the Benjamini-Yekutieli FDR procedure. Modifications to the original PC algorithm also help PC-p accurately compute the upper bounds despite non-zero Type II error rates. Experiments show that PC-p yields more accurate FDR estimation and control across the edges in a variety of CPDAGs compared to alternative methods.
Is Your Bus Arbiter Really Fair? Restoring Fairness in AXI Interconnects for FPGA SoCs
Authors: Restuccia Francesco , Pagani Marco , Biondi Alessandro , Marinoni Mauro , Buttazzo Giorgio
Published: October 2019

AMBA AXI is a popular bus protocol that is widely adopted as the medium to exchange data in field-programmable gate array system-on-chips (FPGA SoCs). The AXI protocol does not specify how conflicting transactions are arbitrated and hence the design of bus arbiters is left to the vendors that adopt AXI. Typically, a round-robin arbitration is implemented to ensure a fair access to the bus by the master nodes, as for the popular SoCs by Xilinx.

This paper addresses a critical issue that can arise when adopting the AXI protocol under round-robin arbitration; specifically, in the presence of bus transactions with heterogeneous burst sizes. First, it is shown that a completely unfair bandwidth distribution can be achieved under some configurations, making possible to arbitrarily decrease the bus bandwidth of a target master node. This issue poses serious performance, safety, and security concerns. Second, a low-latency (one clock cycle) module named
AXI burst equalizer
(ABE) is proposed to restore fairness. Our investigations and proposals are supported by implementations and tests upon three modern SoCs. Experimental results are reported to confirm the existence of the issue and assess the effectiveness of the ABE with bus traffic generators and hardware accelerators from the Xilinx’s IP library.
Locking the Design of Building Blocks for Quantum Circuits
Authors: Saeed Samah Mohamed , Wille Robert , Karri Ramesh
Published: October 2019

The research community expects that quantum computers will give economical results for particular problems on which the classical computers break down. Examples include factoring of large numbers, searching in a big database, or simulating chemical reactions to design new drugs. Attempts are ongoing to build up a practical quantum computer. Users (clients) can implement quantum circuits to run on these quantum computers. However, before running the quantum circuit on the quantum computer, the users (clients) should compile, optimize, decompose, and technology map the quantum circuit. In the current embodiment, the resulting quantum circuit runs on a remote and untrusted quantum computer server -- introducing security risks. This study explores the risk of outsourcing the quantum circuit to the quantum computer by focusing on quantum oracles. Quantum oracles are pivotal building blocks and require specialized expertise and means to design. Hence, the designer may protect this proprietary quantum oracle intellectual property (IP) and hide his/her private information. We investigate how to manage that on a quantum computer server using the IBM project QX quantum computer and Qiskit tools as an exemplar.
FLORA
Authors: Seyoum Biruk B. , Biondi Alessandro , Buttazzo Giorgio C.
Published: October 2019

Floorplanning is a mandatory step in the design of hardware accelerators for FPGA platforms, especially when adopting dynamic partial reconfiguration (DPR). This paper presents FLORA, an automated floorplanner based on optimization via Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP). The floorplanning problem is solved by means of a novel fine-grained modeling strategy of FPGA resources. Furthermore, differently from other proposals, our approach takes into account several realistic Partial Reconfiguration (PR) floorplanning constraints on FPGAs. FLORA was compared against state-of-the-art floorplanners by means of benchmark suites, showing that it is capable of providing better performance in terms of resource consumption, maximum inter-region, wire-length, and running time required to produce the solutions. Finally, FLORA was utilized to generate placements for a partially-reconfigurable video processing engine that was implemented on a Xilinx Zynq-7020.
Quality/Latency-Aware Real-time Scheduling of Distributed Streaming IoT Applications
Authors: Barijough Kamyar Mirzazad , Zhao Zhuoran , Gerstlauer Andreas
Published: October 2019

Embedded systems are increasingly networked and distributed, often, such as in the Internet of Things (IoT), over open networks with potentially unbounded delays. A key challenge is the need for real-time guarantees over such inherently unreliable and unpredictable networks. Generally, timeouts are used to provide timing guarantees while trading off data losses and quality. The schedule of distributed task executions and network timeouts thereby determines a fundamental latency-quality trade-off that is, however, not taken into account by existing scheduling algorithms. In this paper, we propose an approach for scheduling of distributed, real-time streaming applications under quality-latency goals. We formulate this as a problem of analytically deriving a static worst-case schedule of a given distributed dataflow graph that minimizes quality loss while meeting guaranteed latency constraints. Towards this end, we first develop a quality model that estimates SNR of distributed streaming applications under given network characteristics and an overall linearity assumption. Using this quality model, we then formulate and solve the scheduling of distributed dataflow graphs as a numerical optimization problem. Simulation results with random graphs show that quality/latency-aware scheduling improves SNR over a baseline schedule by 50% on average. When applied to a distributed neural network application for handwritten digit recognition, our scheduling methodology can improve classification accuracy by 10% over a naive distribution under tight latency constraints.
Unified Testing and Security Framework for Wireless Network-on-Chip Enabled Multi-Core Chips
Authors: Vashist Abhishek , Keats Andrew , Dinakarrao Sai Manoj Pudukotai , Ganguly Amlan
Published: October 2019

On-chip wireless interconnects have been demonstrated to improve the performance and energy consumption of data communication in Network-on-Chips (NoCs). However, the wireless interfaces (WIs) can be defective, rendering these broken links severely affect the performance. This makes manufacturing test of the WIs critical. While analog testing of the transceivers is possible, such methodologies are impractical in a Wireless NoC (WiNoC) due to large overheads. In addition to testing, security is another prominent challenge in WiNoCs, as the security breach can happen due to embedded hardware Trojans or through external attacker exploiting the wireless medium. The typical security measures used in general wireless networks are not practical in a WiNoC due to unique network architectures and performance requirements of such a system. However, both testing and security defense can potentially leverage a basic monitoring framework which, can detect malfunctions or anomalies. Based on this idea, we propose a unified architecture for testing and attack detection and protection of on-chip wireless interconnects. We adopt a Built-In-Self Test (BIST) methodology to enable online monitoring of the wireless interconnects which can also be reused for monitoring the security threats. We focus on manufacturing defects of the WIs for testing and persistent jamming attack for the security measures, as this kind of attack is most likely on wireless communication systems. The BIST methodology is capable of detecting faults in the wireless links with a low aliasing probability of 2.32× 10
−10
. Additionally, the proposed unified architecture is able to detect the persistent jamming with an accuracy of 99.87% and suffer < 3% communication bandwidth degradation even in the presence of attacks from either internal or external sources.
A Dual-Mode Strategy for Performance-Maximisation and Resource-Efficient CPS Design
Authors: Dai Xiaotian , Chang Wanli , Zhao Shuai , Burns Alan
Published: October 2019

The emerging scenarios of cyber-physical systems (CPS), such as autonomous vehicles, require implementing complex functionality with limited resources, as well as high performances. This paper considers a common setup in which multiple control and non-control tasks share one processor, and proposes a dual-mode strategy. The control task switches between two sampling periods when rejecting (coping with) a disturbance. We create an optimisation framework looking for the switching sampling periods and time instants that maximise the control performance (indexed by settling time) and resource efficiency (indexed by the number of tasks that are schedulable on the processor). The latter objective is enabled with schedulability analysis tailored for the dual-mode model. Experimental results show that (i) given a set of tasks, the proposed strategy improves the control performances whilst retaining schedulability; and (ii) given requirements on the control performances, the proposed strategy is able to schedule more tasks.
Coherent Extension, Composition, and Merging Operators in Contract Models for System Design
Authors: Passerone Roberto , Íncer Romeo Íñigo , Sangiovanni-Vincentelli Alberto L.
Published: October 2019

Contract models have been proposed to promote and facilitate reuse and distributed development. In this paper, we cast contract models into a coherent formalism used to derive general results about the properties of their operators. We study several extensions of the basic model, including the distinction between weak and strong assumptions and maximality of the specification. We then analyze the disjunction and conjunction operators, and show how they can be broken up into a sequence of simpler operations. This leads to the definition of a new contract viewpoint merging operator, which better captures the design intent in contrast to the more traditional conjunction. The adjoint operation, which we call separation, can be used to re-partition the specification into different viewpoints. We show the symmetries of these operations with respect to composition and quotient.
Deriving Equations from Sensor Data Using Dimensional Function Synthesis
Authors: Wang Youchao , Willis Sam , Tsoutsouras Vasileios , Stanley-Marbell Phillip
Published: October 2019

We present a new method for deriving functions that model the relationship between multiple signals in a physical system. The method, which we call
dimensional function synthesis
, applies to data streams where the dimensions of the signals are known. The method comprises two phases: a compile-time synthesis phase and a subsequent calibration using sensor data.

We implement dimensional function synthesis and use the implementation to demonstrate efficiently summarizing multi-modal sensor data for two physical systems using 90 laboratory experiments and 10 000 synthetic idealized measurements. We evaluate the performance of the compile-time phase of dimensional function synthesis as well as the calibration phase overhead, inference latency, and accuracy of the models our method generates.

The results show that our technique can generate models in less than 300 ms on average across all the physical systems we evaluated. When calibrated with sensor data, our models outperform traditional regression and neural network models in inference accuracy in all the cases we evaluated. In addition, our models perform better in training latency (over 8660× improvement) and required arithmetic operations in inference (over 34× improvement). These significant gains are largely the result of exploiting information on the physics of signals that has hitherto been ignored.
Port-Hamiltonian Modeling for Control
Authors: van der Schaft Arjan
Published: October 2019

This article provides a concise summary of the basic ideas and concepts in port-Hamiltonian systems theory and its use in analysis and control of complex multiphysics systems. It gives special attention to new and unexplored research directions and relations with other mathematical frameworks. Emergent control paradigms and open problems are indicated, including the relation with thermodynamics and the question of uniting the energy-processing view of control, as emphasized by port-Hamiltonian systems theory, with a complementary information-processing viewpoint.
Insect Sterol Nutrition: Physiological Mechanisms, Ecology, and Applications
Authors: Jing Xiangfeng , Behmer Spencer T.
Published: October 2019

Insects, like all eukaryotes, require sterols for structural and metabolic purposes. However, insects, like all arthropods, cannot make sterols. Cholesterol is the dominant tissue sterol for most insects; insect herbivores produce cholesterol by metabolizing phytosterols, but not always with high efficiency. Many insects grow on a mixed-sterol diet, but this ability varies depending on the types and ratio of dietary sterols. Dietary sterol uptake, transport, and metabolism are regulated by several proteins and processes that are relatively conserved across eukaryotes. Sterol requirements also impact insect ecology and behavior. There is potential to exploit insect sterol requirements to ( a) control insect pests in agricultural systems and ( b) better understand sterol biology, including in humans. We suggest that future studies focus on the genetic mechanism of sterol metabolism and reverse transportation, characterizing sterol distribution and function at the cellular level, the role of bacterial symbionts in sterol metabolism, and interrupting sterol trafficking for pest control.
Chemo-Hydrodynamic Patterns and Instabilities
Authors: De Wit A.
Published: October 2019

By modifying a physical property of a solution like its density or viscosity, chemical reactions can modify and even trigger convective flows. These flows in turn affect the spatiotemporal distribution of the chemical species. A nontrivial coupling between reactions and flows then occurs. We present simple model systems of this chemo-hydrodynamic coupling. In particular, we illustrate the possibility of chemical reactions controlling or triggering viscous fingering, Rayleigh–Taylor, double-diffusive, and convective dissolution instabilities. We discuss laboratory experiments performed to study these phenomena and compare the experimental results to theoretical predictions. In each case we contrast the chemo-hydrodynamic patterns and instabilities with those that develop in nonreactive systems and unify the different dynamics in terms of the common features of the related spatial mobility profiles.
Monetary Sanctions: A Review of Revenue Generation, Legal Challenges, and Reform
Authors: Fernandes April D. , Cadigan Michele , Edwards Frank , Harris Alexes
Published: October 2019

The Ferguson Report became a watershed moment for understanding the costs and consequences of the monetary sanctions system for communities of color. Since that time, myriad reports, studies, and commissions have uncovered evidence that suggests that Ferguson, Missouri, was not an outlier but rather part of a broader set of systems throughout the country that relied on increasingly punitive assessment and collection strategies for revenue. The growth and expansion of these systems continue to have detrimental and widespread consequences. In this article, we aim to shed light on the current state of monetary sanctions as the full scope and damage of the monetary sanctions system come better into focus on the national, state, and local level. We explore the legal challenges and legislative reforms that are attempting to reshape the landscape of monetary sanctions and lessen the burden on economically disadvantaged individuals and communities of color.
Populism and Democratic Theory
Authors: Mansbridge Jane , Macedo Stephen
Published: October 2019

Commentators routinely describe “populism” as vague. Some argue that the early US populists, who coined the modern usage, were not populists. We disagree and identify this common conceptual core: the “people” in a moral battle against “elites.” The core definition fits all cases of populism: those on the left and right, those in the United States, Europe, and elsewhere. In addition to this minimal common core, we identify strongly suggested and frequently correlated non-core characteristics. These include the people's homogeneity and exclusivity, direct rule, and nationalism, as well as a single leader, vilification of vulnerable out-groups, and impatience with deliberation. The US Populist Party and Spain's Podemos Party fit the core definition but have few of the other characteristics. The core can be good for democracy, we argue, while the associated characteristics are often dangerous. Populism in opposition can be good for democracy, while populism in power carries great risks.
Responsive Constitutionalism
Authors: Cepeda Espinosa Manuel J.
Published: October 2019

Cepeda Espinosa reflects on how the social sciences, especially the theories of Philip Selznick on responsive law, influenced his approach to constitution making and institutional design, when he worked as presidential advisor to two Colombian presidents, as well as to constitutional adjudication, when he was a justice of the Constitutional Court. He also discusses how responsive constitutionalism has had a transformative impact in Colombia on the role of judges, the development of innovative legal notions, the design and implementation of public policies, and society at large.
The Law and Economics of Redistribution
Authors: Dimick Matthew
Published: October 2019

Should legal rules be used to redistribute income? Or should income taxation be the exclusive means for reducing income inequality? This article reviews the legal scholarship on this question. First, it traces how the most widely cited argument in favor of using taxes exclusively— Kaplow & Shavell's (1994) double-distortion argument—evolved from previous debates about whether legal rules could even be redistributive and whether law and economics should be concerned exclusively with efficiency or with distribution as well. Next, it surveys the responses to the double-distortion argument. These responses appear to have had only limited success in challenging the sturdy reputation of the double-distortion argument. Finally, it highlights new directions in a debate revived by increasing economic inequality.
In-exercise vascular shear rate during acute continuous and interval exercise: impact on endothelial function and miR-21
Authors: Lyall Gemma Kate , Davies Matthew John , Ferguson Carrie , Porter Karen E. , Birch Karen M.
Published: October 2019

Endothelial cell phenotype and endothelial function are regulated by hemodynamic forces, particularly wall shear stress (WSS). During a single bout of exercise, the specific exercise protocol can affect in-exercise WSS patterns and, consequently, endothelial function. MicroRNAs might provide a biomarker of in-exercise WSS pattern to indicate whether a specific exercise bout will have a positive effect on endothelial function. We evaluated the effect of acute interval (IT) and continuous (CON) in-exercise WSS patterns upon postexercise endothelial function and circulating microRNA (miR)-21 expression. Methods and results: 13 participants performed CON and 3 different IT exercise protocols matched for duration and intensity on separate days. Oxygen uptake, heart rate, and brachial artery blood flow were recorded throughout the exercise. Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) was performed pre-exercise and 15 min postexercise. Plasma samples were acquired pre-exercise and 6 h postexercise to determine miR-21 expression. In-exercise shear rate (SR) patterns (a surrogate of WSS) differed according to the CON or IT work-rate profile. In-exercise anterograde SR was greater in CON than IT exercise ( P < 0.05), but retrograde SR was equivalent between exercise protocols ( P > 0.05). Oscillatory shear index was higher during IT versus CON exercise ( P < 0.05). Postexercise FMD increased (pre: 7.08% ± 2.95%, post: 10.54% ± 4.24%, P < 0.05), whereas miR-21 expression was unchanged (pre: 12.0% ± 20.7% cel-miR-39, post: 11.1 ± 19.3% cel-miR-39, P > 0.05) with no effect of exercise protocol ( P > 0.05). Conclusions: CON and IT exercise induced different SR patterns but equivalent improvements in acute endothelial function. The absence of change in miR-21 expression suggests that miR-21 is not a suitable biomarker of exercise-induced SR.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY Interval exercise has the potential to negatively impact vascular adaptations because of repeated oscillations in vascular shear. To our knowledge, we are the first to continuously assess exercise-induced shear throughout different acute exercise protocols and examine its relationship with acute endothelial function and a circulating biomarker of shear (miR-21). These experiments provide clear data indicating enhancement of the acute vascular response from differing interval exercise protocols, with the study also providing detailed vascular and shear responses for future reference.
Sleep disordered breathing induced by cervical spinal cord injury and effect of adenosine A1 receptors modulation in rats
Authors: Sankari Abdulghani , Minic Zeljka , Farshi Pershang , Shanidze Medea , Mansour Wafaa , Liu Fangchao , Mao Guangzhao , Goshgarian Harry G.
Published: October 2019

Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is very common after spinal cord injury (SCI). The present study was designed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of adenosine A1 receptor blockade (8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine, DPCPX) on SDB in a rodent model of SCI. We hypothesized that SCI induced via left hemisection of the second cervical segment (C2Hx) results in SDB. We further hypothesized that blockade of adenosine A1 receptors following C2Hx would reduce the severity of SDB. In the first experiment, adult male rats underwent left C2Hx or sham (laminectomy) surgery. Unrestrained whole body plethysmography (WBP) and implanted wireless electroencephalogram (EEG) were used for assessment of breathing during spontaneous sleep and for the scoring of respiratory events at the acute (~1 wk), and chronic (~6 wk) time points following C2Hx. During the second experiment, the effect of oral administration of adenosine A1 receptor antagonist (DPCPX, 3 times a day for 4 days) on SCI induced SDB was assessed. C2Hx animals exhibited a higher apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) compared with the sham group, respectively (35.5 ± 12.6 vs. 19.1 ± 2.1 events/h, P < 0.001). AHI was elevated 6 wk following C2Hx ( week 6, 32.0 ± 5.0 vs. week 1, 42.6 ± 11.8 events/h, respectively, P = 0.12). In contrast to placebo, oral administration of DPCPX significantly decreased AHI 4 days after the treatment (159.8 ± 26.7 vs. 69.5 ± 8.9%, P < 0.05). Cervical SCI is associated with the development of SDB in spontaneously breathing rats. Adenosine A1 blockade can serve as a therapeutic target for SDB induced by SCI.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY The two key novel findings of our study included that 1) induced cervical spinal cord injury results in sleep-disordered breathing in adult rats, and 2) oral therapy with an adenosine A1 receptor blockade using DPCPX is sufficient to significantly reduce apnea-hypopnea index following induced cervical spinal cord injury.
Pathogenesis of HIV-Related Lung Disease: Immunity, Infection, and Inflammation
Authors: Cribbs Sushma K. , Crothers Kristina , Morris Alison
Published: October 2019

Despite anti-retroviral therapy (ART), human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV)-related pulmonary disease continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality for people living with HIV (PLWH). The spectrum of lung diseases has changed from acute opportunistic infections resulting in death to chronic lung diseases for those with access to ART. Chronic immune activation and suppression can result in impairment of innate immunity and progressive loss of T cell and B cell functionality with aberrant cytokine and chemokine responses systemically as well as in the lung. HIV can be detected in the lungs of PLWH and has profound effects on cellular immune functions. In addition, HIV-related lung injury and disease can occur secondary to a number of mechanisms including altered pulmonary and systemic inflammatory pathways, viral persistence in the lung, oxidative stress with additive effects of smoke exposure, microbial translocation, and alterations in the lung and gut microbiome. Although ART has had profound effects on systemic viral suppression in HIV, the impact of ART on lung immunology still needs to be fully elucidated. Understanding of the mechanisms by which HIV-related lung diseases continue to occur is critical to the development of new preventive and therapeutic strategies to improve lung health in PLWH.
Human Papillomavirus Infection and Cervical Cancer: Epidemiology, Screening, and Vaccination—Review of Current Perspectives
Authors: Chan Chee Kai , Aimagambetova Gulzhanat , Ukybassova Talshyn , Kongrtay Kuralay , Azizan Azliyati
Published: October 2019

Viral infections contribute as a cause of 15–20% of all human cancers. Infection by oncogenic viruses can promote different stages of carcinogenesis. Among many types of HPV, around 15 are linked to cancer. In spite of effective screening methods, cervical cancer continues to be a major public health problem. There are wide differences in cervical cancer incidence and mortality by geographic region. In addition, the age-specific HPV prevalence varies widely across different populations and showed two peaks of HPV positivity in younger and older women. There have been many studies worldwide on the epidemiology of HPV infection and oncogenic properties due to different HPV genotypes. However, there are still many countries where the population-based prevalence has not yet been identified. Moreover, cervical cancer screening strategies are different between countries. Organized cervical screening programs are potentially more effective than opportunistic screening programs. Nevertheless, screening programs have consistently been associated with a reduction in cervical cancer incidence and mortality. Developed countries have achieved such reduced incidence and mortality from cervical cancer over the past 40 years. This is largely due to the implementation of organized cytological screening and vaccination programs. HPV vaccines are very effective at preventing infection and diseases related to the vaccine-specific genotypes in women with no evidence of past or current HPV infection. In spite of the successful implementation of the HPV vaccination program in many countries all over the world, problems related to HPV prevention and treatment of the related diseases will continue to persist in developing and underdeveloped countries.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Management of a Patient with Atypical Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Liyanage Nisansala , Suraweera Chathurie , Rodrigo Asiri
Published: October 2019

Eating disorders are becoming more common in nonwestern societies and some of these presentations are atypical variants such as atypical anorexia nervosa. There is very little data on how to treat these patients. This case study reports the treatment of a young adult female in Sri Lanka who presented with atypical anorexia nervosa and moderate depressive disorder. She was successfully treated with nine sessions of enhanced cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT-E). According to our knowledge this is the first case report that describes the management of a patient with atypical anorexia nervosa using psychological therapy specifically adapted to nonwestern context.
Impact of Modeling Simplifications on Lightning Strike Simulation for Aeroengine
Authors: Qian Yi-fan , Ye Zhi-feng , Zhang Hai-bo
Published: October 2019

With the development of electromagnetic simulation software and affordable hardware, it is allowed for us to complete simulations for EMC purposes. However, simulation demands will be immense when simulations for models with complex structures, especially aircraft components, have to be solved. Hence, it is meaningful to investigate how to minimize the computational demands. One of the solutions to reduce the simulation expense is the simplification for the simulated model. But the simplified model should be guaranteed to provide credible simulation results which do not deviate from the original model apparently. Generally, the difference between the simulation results and experimental data is estimated, or if the experimental conditions are not achieved, the comparison between the simplified model and the original one has to be analyzed, at least. This paper explores the electromagnetic simulation of a turbofan engine encountering lightning strike. With the simplifications of different components on the turbofan engine, the influences on induced currents of engine controller cables are simulated and analyzed based on the transmission‐line matrix method. A combining method of components removal and geometric structure simplification is proposed to simplify the whole engine model. Simplified components include compressor, combustion chamber, turbine, and nozzle. The effects of different simplification methods are quantified, and the rationality of the simplified model is verified by simulation analysis.
Mechanism of KLF4 Protection against Acute Liver Injury via Inhibition of Apelin Signaling
Authors: Ji Weitao , Shi Hongyun , Shen Hailin , Kong Jing , Song Jiayi , Bian Hongyan , Lv Xinrui
Published: October 2019

Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) is a key transcription factor that regulates genes involved in the proliferation or differentiation in different tissues. Apelin plays roles in cardiovascular functions, metabolic disease, and homeostatic disorder. However, the biological function of apelin in liver disease is still ongoing. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of KLF4-mediated protection against acute liver injury via the inhibition of the apelin signaling pathway. Mice were intraperitoneally injected with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4; 0.2 mL dissolved in 100 mL olive oil, 10 mL/kg) to establish an acute liver injury model. A KLF4 expression plasmid was injected through the tail vein 48 h before CCl4 treatment. In cultured LX-2 cells, pAd-KLF4 or siRNA KLF4 was overexpressed or knockdown, and the mRNA and protein levels of apelin were determined. The results showed that the apelin serum level in the CCl4-injected group was higher than that of control group, and the expression of apelin in the liver tissues was elevated while KLF4 expression was decreased in the CCl4-injected group compared to the KLF4-plasmid-injected group. HE staining revealed serious hepatocellular steatosis in the CCl4-injected mice, and KLF4 alleviated this steatosis in the mice injected with KLF4 plasmid. In vitro experiments showed that tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) could downregulate the transcription and translation levels of apelin in LX-2 cells and also upregulate KLF4 mRNA and protein expression. RT-PCR and Western blotting showed that the overexpression of KLF4 markedly decreased basal apelin expression, but knockdown of KLF4 restored apelin expression in TNF-α-treated LX-2 cells. These in vivo and in vitro experiments suggest that KLF4 plays a key role in inhibiting hepatocellular steatosis in acute liver injury, and that its mechanism might be the inhibition of the apelin signaling pathway.