bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Des ouvriers travailleurs aux makers créatifs :
Authors: Bazin Yoann
Published: April 2016

Cet article se propose de confronter l’ouvrage de Chris Anderson : Makers - dans lequel il annonce une nouvelle révolution industrielle faite avant tout de travail créatif et de collaborations innovantes – à deux critiques : l’une étymologique et l’autre anthropologique. Faisant émerger deux « fils » sémantiques – aliénation et réalisation -, la critique étymologique se révélera congruente aux récits de travailleurs manuels. On verra alors que l’expérience quotidienne du travail est bien faite de ces deux fils, non pas l’un ou l’autre, ni l’un puis l’autre, mais bien l’un et l’autre concomitamment. L’idée d’un travailleur purement bricoleur et créatif de Ch. Anderson se révèle alors, non pas fausse, mais fondamentalement partielle et partiale.
Employee motivation and work performance: A comparative study of mining companies in Ghana
Authors: Boye Kuranchie-Mensah Elizabeth , Amponsah-Tawiah Kwesi
Published: April 2016

Purpose: The paper empirically compares employee motivation and its impact on performance in Ghanaian Mining Companies, where in measuring performance, the job satisfaction model is used.Design/methodology/approach: The study employed exploratory research design in gathering data from four large-scale Gold mining companies in Ghana with regards to their policies and structures in the effectiveness of motivational tools and strategies used by these companies.Findings: The study observed that, due to the risk factors associated with the mining industry, management has to ensure that employees are well motivated to curb the rate at which employees embark on industrial unrest which affect performance, and employees are to comply with health and safety rules because the industry contribute hugely to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the country.Research Limitations/Implications: Limitation to the present study include the researcher’s inability to contact other mining companies. However, the study suggests possibilities for future research including contacting other mining companies, expanding the sample size, managers ensuring that the safety and health needs of staff are addressed particularly those exposed to toxic and harmful chemicals.Originality/Value: A lot of studies have been done on mining companies in the past. This paper fills a gap perceived that employees in this sector are highly motivated in spite of the challenges being faced by them, and knowing more about what keeps employees moving is still of national interest.
Work Factors of Importance to Adjunct Nursing Faculty
Authors: Elder Stacie J. , Svoboda Gwen , Ryan Linda A. , Fitzgerald Kathleen
Published: April 2016

Background:

The use of adjunct faculty has increased exponentially in the past decade. It is essential that resources to retain adjuncts are identified and made available to adjunct faculty. To identify the appropriate factors, it is essential to discover what nursing adjunct instructors perceive to be the factors of importance to their work role. The purpose of the article was to determine the perceived factors of importance and availability of work role needs of adjunct faculty.

Method:

A quantitative, exploratory design was developed, using an anonymous online Adjunct Instructor Likert Scale Survey. The sample included participating adjunct instructors from a possible total of 91 midsized, midwestern baccalaureate nursing programs.

Results:

Fourteen of 18 pairs were significantly different (
p
< .05) in adjunct perception.

Conclusion:

Using these data, colleges of nursing may be able to identify adjunct work factors in that can be improved to increase adjunct faculty recruitment, satisfaction, and retention. [
J Nurs Educ.
2016;55(5):245–251.]
Stakeholder Perceptions, Learning Opportunities, and Student Outcomes in Three Clinical Learning Models
Authors: Hendricks Susan , DeMeester Deborah , Stephenson Evelyn , Welch Janet
Published: April 2016

Background:

Understanding the strengths and challenges of various clinical models is important for nursing education.

Method:

Three long-standing clinical models (preceptored, hybrid, and traditional) were compared on several outcome measures related to satisfaction, learning opportunities, and student outcomes. Students, faculty, and preceptors participated in this study.

Results:

Although no differences were noted in satisfaction or standardized examination scores, students in the preceptored clinical model were able to practice more psychomotor skills. Although participants in the preceptored model reported spending more time communicating with staff nurses than did those in the other models, students in the traditional model spent more time with faculty. No differences were noted among groups in student clinical observation time.

Conclusion:

All clinical learning models were focused on how clinical time was structured, without an emphasis on how faculty and preceptors work with students to develop nursing clinical reasoning skills. Identifying methodology to impact thinking in the clinical environment is a key next step. [
J Nurs Educ.
2016;55(5):271–277.]
Senior Nursing Students' Perceptions of Caring for Patients at the End of Life
Authors: Colley Sharon L.
Published: April 2016

Background:

Nursing students often feel unprepared to provide end-of-life care. Studies have examined students' learning outcomes and attitudes regarding end-of-life care, but it is unclear how students perceived their nursing program prepared them in both knowledge and confidence. Such research could help inform curricula revisions.

Method:

This pilot study used a primarily qualitative approach with narrative questions and quantitative survey questions to a lesser degree. Seventy-one students from three baccalaureate nursing cohorts were participants.

Results:

Five themes became apparent: Students Have Confidence in Provision of Physical Care, Students Lack Confidence in Provision of Emotional Care, Students Experience Stress and Lack of Knowledge When Caring for Families, Students Have Concern They Will Be Too Emotionally Involved, and Students Feel Personal Experiences Enhance Their Confidence.

Conclusion:

Student perceptions are important to consider when revising curricula to enhance learning and promote confidence in addressing emotional care at the end of life. [
J Nurs Educ.
2016;55(5):279–283.]
Building Graduate Student Capacity as Future Researchers Through a Research and Training Award Program
Authors: Cepanec Diane , Humphries Amanda , Rieger Kendra L. , Marshall Shelley , Londono Yenly , Clarke Diana
Published: April 2016

Background:

With the global shortage of doctor of philosophy-prepared nursing faculty and an aging nursing professorate, the nursing profession is at risk of having fewer nurses doing research and fewer faculty to supervise the next generation of nurse researchers.

Method:

A research training award for graduate nursing students was piloted with the intent of providing a research-intensive experiential learning opportunity that would contribute to graduate students' future roles as nurse researchers. This article describes the program design, implementation, and evaluation.

Findings:

The Graduate Student Research Training Awards afforded students an opportunity to develop research and methodologic skills and achieve student-centered outcomes. These awards build their capacity as future researchers by both empowering them and increasing their confidence in research. The input and evaluation from graduate students was integral to the success of the program.

Conclusion:

Graduate student research training awards can be a valuable experiential learning opportunity in research intensive graduate programs. [
J Nurs Educ.
2016;55(5):284–287.]
Using Interactive Video-Based Teaching to Improve Nursing Students' Ability to Provide Patient-Centered Discharge Teaching
Authors: Blazeck Alice M. , Katrancha Elizabeth , Drahnak Dawn , Sowko Lucille Ann , Faett Becky
Published: April 2016

Background:

Nursing students rarely are afforded the opportunity to provide discharge teaching in the acute care environment, especially at the sophomore level.

Method:

Three video modules were developed that presented examples of effective and ineffective education for patients with complex chronic conditions. Students viewed modules during postconference using portable technology. A training manual that included objectives, lesson plans, evidence-based teaching points, and a discussion model guided presentation.

Results:

The modules were presented to 216 sophomore nursing students. Following course completion, 20 students and 10 faculty were randomly selected to participate in two focus groups. Students commented positively on the format and illustration of effective teaching. Faculty rated the teaching strategy positively and the format as easy to use.

Conclusion:

Interactive video modules can be used to foster patient teaching skills early in the nursing curriculum. Future studies are needed to evaluate the ability to transfer skills learned to the clinical setting. [
J Nurs Educ.
2016;55(5):296–299.]
On the use of photoelastic effect and plane strain or plane stress approximations for the description of thermal lensing
Authors: Bričkus Dominykas , Dement’ev Aleksandr S.
Published: April 2016

Correct use of the photoelastic effect for the description of thermally induced refractive index change is discussed and the analytical relations between thermo-optic coefficients at zero stresses and zero strains are found for all classes of cubic crystals. These relations may be useful for the investigation of thermal effects in very promising sesquioxide class m3 laser crystals. An accepted set of elasto-optical coefficients of the YAG crystal and an alternative one found in the literature were used in numerical simulations. Significant differences in the calculated thermo-optic coefficients and induced birefringence are found using different sets of these coefficients. Misunderstandings related with the so-called photoelastic coefficients are resolved and new expressions for these coefficients are found. It is shown that the incorrect use of these coefficients for different pump beam distributions can lead to significant discrepancies for thermally induced birefringence. It is also shown that common use of the generalized thermo-optic coefficients significantly overestimates the values of optical power of thermal lenses when they are applied to the laser rods with lengths several times longer than their diameter.
Formation peculiarities of iron (III) acetate: potential precursor for iron metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)
Authors: Laurikėnas Andrius , Barkauskas Jurgis , Reklaitis Jonas , Niaura Gediminas , Baltrūnas Dalis , Kareiva Aivaras
Published: April 2016

In this study, iron (III) acetate was synthesized using acetic acid/hydrogen peroxide type synthesis. The obtained material was characterised using thermogravimetric analysis (TG), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), infrared (IR) spectroscopy and Mössbauer spectroscopy. The chemical composition, microstructure and properties of iron (III) acetate were investigated and discussed. The results of XRD analysis showed that the synthesized iron (III) acetate is amorphous. The obtained iron (III) acetate is a potential candidate as a precursor for the synthesis of iron metal-organic frameworks (MOFs).
The Effect of Light on the Changes of White Office Paper
Authors: Geffertova Jarmila , Geffert Anton , Deliiski Nencho
Published: April 2016

Light, primarily its more energy-rich component - near ultraviolet radiation, causes gradual degradation (ageing) of paper and other organic based materials.
The objective was to determine selected characteristics of the changes of white office paper, which occur under intensive ultraviolet treatment, and to calculate their light fastness, as this is an important functional feature for the number of papers.
The most visible sign of paper ageing is the change of its optical characteristics. The value of specific lightness decreased by 2.2%, red / green coordinate a* moved from the red region (1.5) colour space to green (-0.8), b* coordinate moved from the blue region (-8.4) to yellow (4.7) and colour difference ΔE* reached 13.4 during 120 minutes' exposure.
The pH values of paper surface gradually decreased with time of UV exposure from 8.86 to 7.91. Effects of light also deteriorated the selected mechanical characteristics of paper, such as breaking length and tear index.
Out of the monitored properties, the specific lightness of paper surface showed the greatest stability (97.8%). UV radiation most affected breaking length of paper whose stability was only 79.4%.
Heat Transfer during Pressing of 3D Moulded Veneer Plywood Composite Materials
Authors: Igaz Rastislav , Krišták L'uboš , Ružiak Ivan , Réh Roman , Danihelová Zuzana
Published: April 2016

The paper deals with the research into the heat transfer during high temperature pressing of 3D moulded veneer plywood consisting of seven plies. Plywood was being pressed at two temperatures (110 °C and 120 °C), whereby the impact of the pressing temperature on the speed of heat transfer across the surface and through the mass of the pressed material was evaluated. Following the experiment the optimum pressing time was determined. Attention was paid also to the evaluation of impact of temperature on selected mechanical and physical properties of plywood. Following properties were evaluated: bending strength, modulus of elasticity in bending, compression degree and density. Results indicate that higher pressing temperature decreases the pressing time by 23,7 s representing a 7.3% time saving. In addition, higher pressing temperature increases slightly the bending strength (by 7.5%) as well as modulus of elasticity in bending (by 11.8%).
The Effect of Ultrasonic Extraction of Soluble Sugars from the Wood Filler on the Strength Properties of the Composite Based on Mineral Binder
Authors: Safin Ruslan R. , Barcík Štefan , Nazipova Farida V. , Ziatdinov Radis Reshidovich , Shaikhutdinova Aigul Ravilevna , Beliakova Elena A. , Kainov Pavel A.
Published: April 2016

One of the main problems of wood as filler in the production of composite materials based on mineral binder is "cement poisons". Article presents the results of research of the processes of "cement poisons" removal from wood raw material for the production of cement-bonded particleboards. In the research process the treatment of wood raw material was carried out in two ways: by boiling of the crushed wood and by ultrasonic treatment in water. It has been found that ultrasonic treatment significantly intensifies and increases the extraction of water-soluble sugars and, thus, causes an increase of the strength characteristics of cement-bonded particleboards. The conducted research shows the possibility of improvement of the technology of production of cement-bonded particleboards with the aim of improving their performance without significant capital investment.
The Study of Temperature vs Time Dependence on the Irradiated Surface Side during Wood Burning Process
Authors: Ružiak Ivan , Krišták L'uboš , Igaz Rastislav , Gajtanska Milada
Published: April 2016

Article discusses effect of environmental condition on heat transfer from wood sample during burning process. The aim of the paper is to characterize temperature vs time dependence of irradiated wood surface as a function of heat source distance , total heat transfer coefficient and thermal diffusivity . From temperature vs time dependence on the irradiated side is possible to compute heat ignition temperature of wood as one of the most important characteristics of wood burning. All measured values of studied parameters are in very good agreement with table values.
Non-Normalized Evaluation Methods of Retarding Effects of Fire Retardants for Wood
Authors: Osvald Anton , Makovická Osvaldová Linda , Mitrenga Patrik , Dušková Smrčková Miroslava , Chmelíková Dana
Published: April 2016

Modification of combustible materials, against easy ignition and combustion is an effort of many researchers. Modification of traditional materials, wood and textiles from natural mate-does it for their natural character quite complicated. Despite this complexity, it is one of the ways within the fire prevention.
Comparison of Different Methods for Extraction from Lavender: Yield and Chemical Composition
Authors: Jablonský Michal , Ramajová Helena , Ház Aleš , Sládková Alexandra , Škulcová Andrea , Čížová Katarína
Published: April 2016

A comparative study of accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) with two conventional volatile isolation methods including traditional steam distillation and Soxhlet extraction was performed on lavender. ASE was carried out by butanol (polar protic solvent) or dichloromethane (nonpolar solvent) and the temperature was 120°C. Separation and identification of the components was carried out by GC/MS. The main components of the analysed samples were Linalool (14.79%), α-Terpineol (4.42%), Linalool oxide (furanoid) (2.92%), cis-linalyl oxide (2.8%), α-Bisabolol (1.86%) and Octacosane (1.56%) for steam distillation; for ASE (dichlormethane): β-Terpineol (2.06%), Linalyl anthranilate (1.82%), Largeracetal (1.82%), Eucalyptol (1.74%), Linalool (1.73%), Coumarine (1.28%) and Caryophylene oxide (1.08%); for ASE (butanol): Lageracetal (8.29%), Octacosane (1.75%), Eucalyptol (1.05%) and Caryophyllene oxide (1.02%) and for Soxhlet (butanol): Largeracetal (11.42%), Linalool (3.36%), Coumarine (0.83%) and Eucalyptol (0.74%). The study has shown that ASE is a fast and environmentally sustainable technique, using butanol and dichloromethane as solvent for the extraction of extractive compounds from lavender.
Using of Local Heat Sources with Warm-Water Heat Exchanger for Combustion of Wood Biomass in Low Temperature Heating Systems
Authors: Holubčík Michal , Nosek Radovan , Jandačka Jozef , Palacka Matej
Published: April 2016

Biomass as fuel is used for many years. At present it is important to effectively use energy sources because price of energy is more and more expensive. This is the main reason for building of modern low-energy houses. The projected thermal performance of these buildings rarely exceeds 4-6 kW. During most days of heating season these buildings need only 2-4 kW of heat but almost all produced heat sources have nominal thermal power higher than 10-15 kW. Because of this the thermal power of majority heat sources is oversized and using of them could be complicated. One of the solutions of this problem should be heat storage in accumulation vessels. The paper deals about using of local heat source with warm-water heat exchanger for combustion of wood biomass. There were tested thermal and emissions parameters of wood stoves. There was measured thermal power to air and to the accumulation vessels, production of carbon monoxide (CO), production of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and production of particulate matters (PM). The results shows that local heat sources with warm-water heat exchanger for combustion of wood biomass could be used for heating of new low-energy buildings.
The Influence of Microbicidal Components of Essential Oils on the Properties of the Cellulose and Lignocellulose Materials
Authors: Mikala Ondřej , Milichovský Miloslav , Gojný Jan , Hájek Matěj
Published: April 2016

Biological effects of essential oils are investigated for many years. This work is focused on exploring the influence of saturated vapours components of essential oils on the mechanical, optical and chemical properties of cellulose and lignocellulose materials. Diluted vapours of active ingredients of essential oils could be used in future to protect archives made of cellulose materials. For testing were chosen ingredients of essential oils, that showed the highest bactericidal activity. Saturated vapours of these components act on selected cellulose and lignocellulose materials for a predetermined time. From the mechanical properties were measured tensile strength, bending stiffness and compressive strength. Optical properties are represented by the colour difference ∆E and chemical properties by pH change.
Nonlinear Responses of Rectangular Magnetoelectroelastic Plates with Transverse Shear Deformation
Authors: Zheng Yu Fang , Chen Tao , Wang Feng , Chen Chang Ping
Published: April 2016

With employing the transverse shear deformation theory and von Karman plate theory, the nonlinear static behavior of a simply supported rectangular magnetoelectroelastic plates is investigated. According to the Maxwell’s equations, when applying the magnetoelectric load on the plate’s surfaces and neglecting the in-plane electric and magnetic fields in thin plates, the electric and magnetic potentials varying along the thickness direction of the magnetoelectroelastic plates are determined. The nonlinear differential equations for magnetoelectroelastic plates are established based on the Hamilton’s principle. The Galerkin procedure furnishes an infinite system of differential equations into algebraic equations. In the numerical calculations, the effects of the nonlinearity and span-thickness ratio on the nonlinear load-deflection curves and electric/magnetic potentials for magnetoelectroelastic plates are discussed.
Investigating the Corrosion under Insulation (CUI) on Steel Pipe Exposed to Arabian Gulf Sea Water Drops
Authors: Eltai E. , Al-Khalifa K. , Al-Ryashi A. , Mahdi Elsadig , Hamouda A.M.S.
Published: April 2016

This paper is an endeavor to investigate an insulated mild steel pipe that exposed to three sea water drops rate (10, 30, and 50 drops/minute) at room temperature. Various experimental strategies were employed including visual inspection; scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with EDAX. After removing the insulation material, it was observed that pipes were corroded. However, the extent of corrosion was varied which was attributed to the drop rates, it was revealed that corrosion process was initiated due to water and ions penetration through the insulation, such revelation highlighted the necessity to properly examine the pipe and the insulating material. Results also revealed that severity of corrosion is proportional to the drops rates. EDAX analysis of the pipe surface and the insulating material shows the presence of difference ions including Na+, Cl-, Mg2+, Si2+ and others, the results highlighted the importance of material selection and the necessity for early detection strategy in order to avoid catastrophic failure.
Influence of Irradiation Conditions on the Properties of PTFE Micropowder
Authors: Liu Shu Ling , Gu Ai Qun , Fu Cong Li , Yu Xian Wei , Xie Mei Ju , Yu Zi Li
Published: April 2016

To explore the relationship between the properties of the PTFE micropowders and the irradiation conditions, several PTFE micropowders were prepared by electron beam irradiation from 5 to 4000 kGy in air at room temperature. The properties of the irradiated PTFEs were characterized by particle size and its distribution (PSD) determination, differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) and thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, melt flow rate (MFR) and contact angle (CA) measurements. The results indicate that the particle size, the melting and crystallization temperature (Tm and Tc) and the melt viscosity of the irradiated PTFE are lower (smaller) than those of the pristine PTFE. By linear regression, the correlation between Tm (or Tc) of the PTFE micropowder and irradiation dose is established. The variation of surface properties of the irradiated PTFE micropowder is also reported.
Clinical Observation of Elastic Neck Fixed Band in Thyroid Surgery
Authors: Li Yan Ming , Liang Zhen Zhen , Song Yan
Published: April 2016

To evaluate the effectiveness of the elastic neck fixed band in improving patient’s satisfaction, increasing the level of comfort, as well as reducing hemorrhage amount, etc... . Have 100 patients with subtotal thyroidectomy in our hospital randomly divided into two groups: experimental group and control group. The 50 patients in experimental group are treated with new nursing method, i.e. the elastic neck fixed band. The other 50 patients in control group are treated with traditional nursing method, i.e. the ice pack or sandbag. Observe the effectiveness on patients of the two methods in terms of comfort, bleeding volume, satisfaction. In contrast with the control group, the satisfaction degree of the patients in the experimental group is significantly higher. The difference between the two groups is statistically significant (P<0.01).The bleeding volume of the experimental group is significantly less than that of the control group, the difference is statistically significant between the two groups (P<0.01). The result shows that it is worthy of clinical popularization and application.
Autocrine and Paracrine Regulation of Keratinocyte Proliferation through a Novel Nrf2–IL-36γ Pathway
Authors: Kurinna Svitlana , Muzumdar Sukalp , Köhler Ulrike Anne , Kockmann Tobias , auf dem Keller Ulrich , Schäfer Matthias , Werner Sabine
Published: April 2016

The Nrf2 transcription factor is well known for its cytoprotective functions through regulation of genes involved in the detoxification of reactive oxygen species or toxic compounds. Therefore, activation of Nrf2 is a promising strategy for the protection of tissues from various types of insults and for cancer prevention. However, recent studies revealed a proinflammatory activity of activated Nrf2 and a stimulating effect on epithelial cell proliferation, but the underlying mechanisms of action and the responsible target genes are largely unknown. Using a combination of gene expression profiling, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and targeted proteomics via selected reaction monitoring, we show that the gene encoding the proinflammatory cytokine IL-36γ is a novel direct target of Nrf2 in keratinocytes and hepatocytes in vitro and in vivo. As a consequence, upregulation of IL-36γ expression occurred upon genetic or pharmacological activation of Nrf2 in the epidermis and in the normal and regenerating liver. Functional in vitro studies demonstrate that IL-36γ directly stimulates proliferation of keratinocytes. In particular, it induces expression of keratinocyte mitogens in fibroblasts, suggesting that the Nrf2–IL-36γ axis promotes keratinocyte proliferation through a double paracrine loop. These results provide mechanistic insight into Nrf2 action in the control of inflammation and cell proliferation through regulation of a proinflammatory cytokine with a key function in various inflammatory diseases.
Homeostatic PPARα Signaling Limits Inflammatory Responses to Commensal Microbiota in the Intestine
Authors: Manoharan Indumathi , Suryawanshi Amol , Hong Yuan , Ranganathan Punithavathi , Shanmugam Arulkumaran , Ahmad Shamim , Swafford Daniel , Manicassamy Balaji , Ramesh Ganesan , Koni Pandelakis A. , Thangaraju Muthusamy , Manicassamy Santhakumar
Published: April 2016

Dietary lipids and their metabolites activate members of the peroxisome proliferative–activated receptor (PPAR) family of transcription factors and are critical for colonic health. The PPARα isoform plays a vital role in regulating inflammation in various disease settings, but its role in intestinal inflammation, commensal homeostasis, and mucosal immunity in the gut are unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that the PPARα pathway in innate immune cells orchestrates gut mucosal immunity and commensal homeostasis by regulating the expression of IL-22 and the antimicrobial peptides RegIIIβ, RegIIIγ, and calprotectin. Additionally, the PPARα pathway is critical for imparting regulatory phenotype in intestinal macrophages. PPARα deficiency in mice led to commensal dysbiosis in the gut, resulting in a microbiota-dependent increase in the expression of inflammatory cytokines and enhanced susceptibility to intestinal inflammation. Pharmacological activation of this pathway decreased the expression of inflammatory cytokines and ameliorated colonic inflammation. Taken together, these findings identify a new important innate immune function for the PPARα signaling pathway in regulating intestinal inflammation, mucosal immunity, and commensal homeostasis. Thus, the manipulation of the PPARα pathway could provide novel opportunities for enhancing mucosal immunity and treating intestinal inflammation.
STAT3 Signaling in B Cells Is Critical for Germinal Center Maintenance and Contributes to the Pathogenesis of Murine Models of Lupus
Authors: Ding Chuanlin , Chen Xingguo , Dascani Paul , Hu Xiaoling , Bolli Roberto , Zhang Huang-ge , Mcleish Kenneth R. , Yan Jun
Published: April 2016

Ab maturation as well as memory B and plasma cell differentiation occur primarily in the germinal centers (GCs). Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) may develop as a result of enhanced GC activity. Previous studies have shown that the dysregulated STAT3 pathway is linked to lupus pathogenesis. However, the exact role of STAT3 in regulating SLE disease progression has not been fully understood. In this study, we demonstrated that STAT3 signaling in B cells is essential for GC formation and maintenance as well as Ab response. Increased cell apoptosis and downregulated Bcl-xL and Mcl-1 antiapoptotic gene expression were found in STAT3-deficient GC B cells. The follicular helper T cell response positively correlated with GC B cells and was significantly decreased in immunized B cell STAT3-deficient mice. STAT3 deficiency also led to the defect of plasma cell differentiation. Furthermore, STAT3 deficiency in autoreactive B cells resulted in decreased autoantibody production. Results obtained from B cell STAT3-deficient B6.MRL/lpr mice suggest that STAT3 signaling significantly contributes to SLE pathogenesis by regulation of GC reactivity, autoantibody production, and kidney pathology. Our findings provide new insights into the role of STAT3 signaling in the maintenance of GC formation and GC B cell differentiation and identify STAT3 as a novel target for treatment of SLE.
Transforming Health Professionals into Population Health Change Agents
Authors: Naccarella Lucio , Butterworth Iain , Moore Timothy
Published: April 2016

Background

With the recognition that professional education has not kept pace with the challenges facing the health and human service system, there has been a move to transformative education and learning professional development designed to expand the number of enlightened and empowered change agents with the competence to implement changes at an individual, organisation and systems level.

Design and Methods

Since 2010, the Department of Health and Human Services in Victoria, Australia, in collaboration with The University of Melbourne's School of Population and Global Health, has delivered seven population health short courses aimed to catalyse participants’ transformation into population health change agents. This paper presents key learnings from a combination of evaluation data from six population health short courses using a transformative learning framework from a 2010 independent international commission for health professionals that was designed to support the goals of transformative and interdependent health professionals. Participatory realist evaluation approaches and qualitative methods were used.

Results

Evaluation findings reveal that there were mixed outcomes in facilitating participants’ implementation of population health approaches, and their transformation into population health agents upon their return to their workplaces. Core enablers, barriers and requirements, at individual, organisational and system levels influence the capability of participants to implement population health approaches. The iterative and systemic evolution of the population health short courses, from a one off event to a program of inter-dependent modules, demonstrates sustained commitment by the short course developers and organisers to the promotion of transformative population health learning outcomes.

Conclusions

To leverage this commitment, recognising that professional development is not an event but part of an ongoing transformative process, suggestions to further align recognition of population health professional development programs are presented.
Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Populations in Medical Research: Perceptions and Experiences of Older Italians, Their Families, Ethics Administrators and Researchers
Authors: Woodward-Kron Robyn , Hughson Jo-anne , Parker Anna , Bresin Agnese , Hajek John , Knoch Ute , Phan Tuong Dien , Story David
Published: April 2016

Background

Low-participation of culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) patients in medical research remains a problem in migrant and refugee destination countries such as Australia. The aims of this study were to explore i) CALD persons’ perceptions and experiences of the medical system and medical research, in this case, older Italian Australians; and ii) the views of research professionals on CALD patient participation in medical research.

Design and Methods

A qualitative study was conducted in Melbourne, Australia, in 2015 utilising in-depth interviews and focus groups with four stakeholder groups: older Italian Australians (n=21); adult children of older Italian Australians (n=10); hospital Human Research Ethics Committee administrators (n=4); and clinical researchers (n=4). The data were analysed for content and thematic analysis.

Results

Themes for the CALD and family group were getting by in medical interactions; receptivity to medical research: testing the waters; and, receptivity to technology for support: passive versus active. Themes for the researcher and HREC groups about CALD patient participation in research were: exclusion; cultural factors; and e-consent.

Conclusions

Our findings from four stakeholder perspectives and experiences confirm that there were considerable cultural, linguistic, and resourcing barriers hindering the participation of older Italian-Australians in medical research. Furthermore, our findings showed that in this study setting there were few enabling strategies in place to address these barriers despite the national ethics guidelines for equitable participation in research. The findings informed the creation of a multimedia tool whose purpose is to address and improve representation of CALD groups in clinical research.
Teaching about Climate Change in Medical Education: An Opportunity
Authors: Maxwell Janie , Blashki Grant
Published: April 2016

Climate change threatens many of the gains in development and health over the last century. However, it could also be a catalyst for a necessary societal transformation to a sustainable and healthy future. Doctors have a crucial role in climate change mitigation and health system adaptation to prepare for emergent health threats and a carbon-constrained future. This paper argues that climate change should be integrated into medical education for three reasons: first, to prepare students for clinical practice in a climate-changing world; secondly, to promote public health and eco-health literacy; and finally, to deepen existing learning and strengthen graduate attributes. This paper builds on existing literature and the authors’ experience to outline potential learning objectives, teaching methods and assessment tasks. In the wake of recent progress at the United Nations climate change conference, COP-21, it is hoped that this paper will assist universities to integrate teaching about climate change into medical education.
Animal-adapted members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex endemic to the southern African subregion
Authors: Clarke Charlene , Van Helden Paul , Miller Michele , Parsons Sven
Published: April 2016

Members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) cause tuberculosis (TB) in both animals and humans. In this article, three animal-adapted MTC strains that are endemic to the southern African subregion – that is, Mycobacterium suricattae, Mycobacterium mungi, and the dassie bacillus – are reviewed with a focus on clinical and pathological presentations, geographic distribution, genotyping methods, diagnostic tools and evolution. Moreover, factors influencing the transmission and establishment of TB pathogens in novel host populations, including ecological, immunological and genetic factors of both the host and pathogen, are discussed. The risks associated with these infections are currently unknown and further studies will be required for greater understanding of this disease in the context of the southern African ecosystem.Keywords: dassie bacillus; ecology; evolution; host jump; Mycobacterium mungi; Mycobacterium suricattae; Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex; phylogeny
Efficacy of etidronic acid, BioPure MTAD and SmearClear in removing calcium ions from the root canal: An in vitro study
Authors: Yadav Hemant Kumar , Tikku A. P. , Chandra Anil , Yadav Rakesh Kumar , Patel Devendra Kumar
Published: April 2016

Objective: The purpose of this study was to quantify the amount of calcium ions removed from the root canal by etidronic acid (HEBP), BioPure MTAD, and SmearClear using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Materials and Methods: Fifty (n = 50) freshly extracted human mandibular premolar teeth were collected and decoronated at the cementoenamel junction. The canals were prepared in a crown down fashion using the rotary system and copiously irrigated with 1.0% sodium hypochlorite. All specimens were rinsed with the deionized water. Based on the type of chelating agent used, the samples (n = 10) were randomly divided into five (four test and one negative control) groups. Accordingly, Group I - 9% HEBP, Group II - 18% HEBP, Group III - SmearClear, Group IV - BioPure MTAD, and Group V - normal Saline. Subsequent to irrigation, the solution was collected in a test tube and subjected to atomic absorption spectrophotometer for the quantification of calcium ions removed from the root canal. Results: The mean concentration of calcium ions removed from the root canal (mean ± standard deviation) in all groups (I–V) were 13.32 ± 0.54 μg/ml, 16.36 ± 0.27 μg/ml, 20.04 ± 0.24 μg/ml, 18.15 ± 0.39 μg/ml, and 8.74 ± 0.49 μg/ml, respectively. Conclusions: SmearClear was the most effective agent for the removal of calcium ions from the root canal. Hence, its combined use with an organic solvent can be recommended for efficient smear layer removal.
In vivo antimicrobial efficacy of 6% Morinda citrifolia, Azadirachta indica, and 3% sodium hypochlorite as root canal irrigants
Authors: Podar Rajesh , Kulkarni Gaurav P. , Dadu Shifali S. , Singh Shraddha , Singh Shishir H.
Published: April 2016

Objective: To evaluate and compare the antimicrobial efficacy of 6% Morinda citrifolia, Azadirachta indica, and 3% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) as root canal irrigants. Materials and Methods: Thirty nonvital maxillary anteriors were randomly assigned to one of the three groups corresponding to the irrigant to be tested; 6% Morinda citrifolia juice (MCJ) (n = 10), A. indica (n = 10) and 3% NaOCl (n = 10). After the root canal access opening a root canal culture sample was taken with two paper points and cultured under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Cleaning and shaping were completed with irrigation by 10 mL of respective irrigants and 5 mL of final rinse. The patients were recalled after 3 days and canals were rinsed again with 5 mL of the test irrigants. This was followed by obtaining a posttreatment root canal culture sample and culturing and analyzed by counting the colony forming units (CFUs). Results: Six percentage MCJ, A. indica, and 3% NaOCl showed a significant reduction (P < 0.05) in the mean CFU counts for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria between baseline and 3 days. Conclusion: There was no difference in the antimicrobial efficacy of 6% M. citrifolia, A. indica, and 3% NaOCl as root canal irrigants.
Root canal anatomy of mandibular first premolars in an Emirati subpopulation: A laboratory study
Authors: Abraham Sheela Balu , Gopinath Vellore Kannan
Published: April 2016

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the root canal anatomy of mandibular first premolar teeth in an Emirati subpopulation using a decalcification and clearing method. Materials and Methods: One hundred permanent mandibular first premolar teeth extracted for orthodontic purposes from an Emirati subpopulation from the United Arab Emirates were used for this study. They were subjected to decalcification and clearing. The tooth length, the canal orifice shape, mesial invagination, canal pattern, the location of apex, presence of lateral canals, and intercanal communications were determined. Results: The most common canal pattern was the Vertucci Type I (65%) followed by Type V (14%) and Type IV (13%). The most common type of canal orifice seen was the oval shape (36%) followed by the round shape (25%). Mesial invaginations were seen in 44% of the teeth. The mean tooth length was 19.9 mm, and apical deltas were seen in 24% of teeth. Conclusion: The Vertucci Type I canal pattern was the most prevalent in the mandibular first premolars while the occurrence of multiple canals was noted in 35% of this population.
Psychosocial determinants of dental service utilization among adults: Results from a population-based survey (Urban HEART-2) in Tehran, Iran
Authors: Bahramian Hoda , Mohebbi Simin Z. , Khami Mohammad R. , Asadi-Lari Mohsen , Shamshiri Ahmad R. , Hessari Hossein
Published: April 2016

Objectives: To evaluate the association between dental service utilization and mental health in an adult population in the context of the socioeconomic status of the participants. Subjects and Methods: Multi-stage cluster random sampling was performed in Tehran, Iran, in 2011. Data were collected on dental service utilization, barriers of dental visit, self-perceived oral health, mental health, age, gender, education, and wealth status. The complex sample analysis method in SPSS and the survey data analysis menu in STATA were employed for statistical evaluation. Results: Of 20,320 participants, 25–36% suffered from disorders in at least one of the domains of somatization, anxiety, social dysfunction, and depression. Only 56% of the participants visited a dentist at least once during the last year. The main barriers to a dental visit were “no perceived need” and “high costs.” Females, the richest participants, subjects aged 25–64-year-old, and those with poor self-perceived oral health, mental health disorders, and higher education had more visits. The participants who perceived the need but did not visit a dentist due to some reasons mostly comprised females, those aged 25–44-year-old, those with a poor perceived oral health, disordered people in all domains of mental health, and poorer participants. Conclusion: Dental service utilization was influenced by socioeconomic factors and the mental health status of the adult population after controlling for multiple confounders. Reducing financial hardship and providing health education on the importance of preventive visits may decrease barriers to regular visits in countries with developing oral health systems.
Anatomic symmetry of root and root canal morphology of posterior teeth in Indian subpopulation using cone beam computed tomography: A retrospective study
Authors: Felsypremila Gnanasekaran , Vinothkumar Thilla Sekar , Kandaswamy Deivanayagam
Published: April 2016

Objective: To investigate the anatomic symmetry of maxillary and mandibular posteriors in Indian subpopulation using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods: CBCT images of 246 patients that had at least one noncarious, posterior tooth free of restorations in each quadrant were enrolled for retrospective analysis. A total of 3015 teeth (811 maxillary premolars, 845 mandibular premolars, 738 maxillary molars, and 621 mandibular molars) were analyzed for number of roots and root canals, canal morphology and anatomic symmetry, and concurrent types between the maxilla and mandible. Results: There was no difference in the percentage of symmetry for maxillary first (81.5%) and second (81.5%) premolars. Mandibular second premolars (98.3%) exhibited greater symmetry than mandibular first premolars (96.1%). First molars (77.5% and 82.1%) showed greater symmetry than second molars (70.8% and 78.6%), in both maxillary and mandibular arches, respectively. The most common anatomy observed were: maxillary first premolars – 2 roots with 2 canals, maxillary second premolars – 1 root with 2 canals, mandibular first and second premolars – 1 root with 1 canal, maxillary first and second molars – 3 roots with 4 canals, and mandibular first and second molars – 2 roots with 3 canals. When compared with any other teeth, maximum asymmetry was observed in maxillary second molar (29.2%). Conclusion: The percentage of symmetry observed in the present study varied from 70% to 98% with least percentage of symmetry in maxillary second molars. These data should alert the clinicians while treating homonymous teeth of the same patient.
Differences between centric relation and maximum intercuspation as possible cause for development of temporomandibular disorder analyzed with T-scan III
Authors: Lila-Krasniqi Zana D. , Shala Kujtim Sh. , Pustina-Krasniqi Teuta , Bicaj Teuta , Dula Linda J. , Guguvčevski Ljuben
Published: April 2016

Objective: To compare subjects from the group with fixed dentures, the group who present temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) and a control group considering centric relation (CR) and maximum intercuspation (MIC)/habitual occlusion (Hab. Occl.) and to analyze the related variables also compared and analyzed with electronic system T-scan III. Materials and Methods: A total of 54 subjects were divided into three groups; 17 subjects with fixed dentures, 14 with TMD and 23 controls-selection based on anamnesis-responded to a Fonseca questionnaire and clinical measurements analyzed with electronic system T-scan III. Occlusal force, presented by percentage (automatically by the T-scan electronic system) was analyzed in CR and in MIC. Results: Data were presented as mean ± standard deviation and differences in P < 0.05 were considered significant. After measurements of the differences between CR and MIC in the three groups were noticed varieties but the P > 0.05 it was not significant in all three groups. Conclusion: In our study, it was concluded that there are not statistically significant differences between CR and MIC in the group of individuals without any symptom or sign of TMD although there are noticed in the group with TMD and fixed dentures disharmonic relation between the arches with overload of the occlusal force on the one side.
Clear double layer Bioplast feeding plate for neonates with cleft palate
Authors: Yilmaz R. Burcu Nur , Mutlu Meltem , Germec-Cakan Derya
Published: April 2016

An infant with cleft palate was referred to cleft clinic of the Orthodontic Department. The mother was concerned to feed the child because of the escape of milk from the nose. Intraoral examination revealed a large palatal cleft extending from hard to soft palate involving uvula. The impression was taken and dental cast obtained. A 3 mm soft and afterward a 1 mm hard Bioplast plate was pressed using Biostar device (Scheu-Dental Gmbh, Iserlohn, Germany) on the model. Finally, a hole was prepared on the anterior part to put a thread through it. The infant tolerated the plate immediately and encounters no difficulties during feeding. The inlaying soft Bioplast plates eliminate the risk of tissue irritation, whereas the covering hard Bioplast plate supplies endurance. The fabrication of the clear Bioplast feeding plate is easy and less time-consuming compared with acrylic plates and may be recommended in crowded and overloaded cleft centers.