bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis Based on Multi-Channel and Dynamic Weight
Authors: Cheng Jin , Yi Huixiong
Published: March 2021

With the wide use of graph convolution network (GCN) in various NLP tasks, researchers introduce GCN to aspect-based sentiment analysis. They utilize GCN over dependency tree to capture the syntactic information and obtain the final representation by modeling the interaction between the semantic and syntactic information. However, due to the unreliability of the construction of dependency tree, these interaction-based models may suffer from the side effect of unreliable syntactic information. To tackle the problem, we propose a multi-channel aspect-specific attention mechanism to ease the possible side effect by retaining and exploiting the original semantic information, which is not affected by the syntactic information. We also propose a dynamic weighted concatenation mechanism to sufficiently utilize the multi-channel information by dynamically assigning weights to the multi-channel information. The extensive experiments on five benchmark datasets indicate the effectiveness of the proposed mechanisms.
Error Analysis and Process Parameter Optimization of Impeller Model Manufactured by FDM Process
Authors: Zhou Huiqun , Zhao Guoxiang
Published: March 2021

Through the process of making impeller model by Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), the error of 3D printing forming process was analyzed, including principle error, forming error and post-processing error. The error caused by measurement is analyzed, and the causes of the error and the solving methods are expounded in detail. By analyzing the errors in the size of impeller models, the possible causes of errors can be analyzed. Combining the forming conditions and the actual situation, the optimization method of process parameters is analyzed, which can provide a certain reference for 3D printing production and testing the best process parameters.
The Effect of Turbidity on Functional Responses of European Shore Crab
Authors: Wang Ning
Published: March 2021

Understanding the mechanisms of the natural environment that affect the interaction between consumers and resources is the key to understanding the stability and function of ecosystems. Although the effects of many environmental factors on predator-prey interactions have been well studied, turbidity in aquatic ecosystems is not one of them. Turbidity is ubiquitous and can be important because it is related to water pollution and can significantly reduce visibility of both predator and prey. In this study, the effect of turbidity on the interaction between the shore crab Carcinus maenas and the gammarid amphibians Echinogammarus marinus is studied. The functional response of the predator (crab) under different turbidity levels (consumption rate under different prey (shrimp) densities) was quantified, and it was found that turbidity increased the search speed and handling time. In zero turbidity, that is, completely clear water, the performance of the predator (crab) is not as good as the performance under low turbidity conditions. This may be caused by many reasons, such as the crab is get used to low turbidity conditions because they live at the bottom of intertidal and they will stir up sand at the bottom when they are moving. However, in order to better understand how the interaction between consumers and resources responds to turbidity, more research is needed.
The Research on Traffic Assignment Method Based on the Urban Road Network Topology
Authors: Zhang Qiang , Wang Bin , Liu Yan
Published: March 2021

As our country urbanization and economic development accelerating, traffic problems become increasingly serious. In urban road network, the intersection delay has a major influence on road impedance even the choice of the path. In order to reflect the actual situation of traffic flow distribution more accurately, the transportation network assignment model was established based on the intersection flow of delays and traffic control.

By comparing delay models of signal control and analyzing the intersection impedance, the intersection optimization model was built based on delay, queuing and traffic capacity. Then, we analyzed the structure of the road network topology and traffic assignment models, researched the advantages and disadvantages of the allocation algorithm in detail. Finally, the balanced allocation algorithm for FW algorithm convergence slowly was improved. The feasibility of the algorithm was verified by examples.
Research on Baseflow Separation Based on Single Parameter Digital Filtering Method
Authors: Zhou Jiaxin , Zhao Chuancheng , Li Qingfeng , Yang Ruiqi
Published: March 2021

Baseflow is the main source of supplement for rivers during dry seasons. The reliable separation methods play an important role in baseflow research and water resources management and utilization. Based on the daily runoff data of Changmabao hydrological station in the upper reaches of Shule River from 1957to 2016. Based on the parameter calibration of the single-parameter digital filter method, the single-parameter digital filter method is used to study the baseflow separation of the study area. The results show that that the optimal parameter combination is when the filtering parameter is 0.975 and the filtering times is 3. The multi-year average BFI value obtained by the single-parameter digital filtering method is 0.742. The high Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient and the average relative error is less than 10%, indicating that the baseflow estimation results of this method is stable, reliable and accurate.
Quantitative Analysis and Prediction of the Worldwide COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Pan Xiaohui
Published: March 2021

At present, the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread rapidly worldwide. As COVID-19 impacts societies, governments, communities, and individuals, we want to provide information for governments and people to understand the situation better. In this paper, we perform quantitative analysis and prediction of the global COVID-19 pandemic. First, we summarize worldwide confirmed, recovered, death, and active cases. Second, we select eight representative countries and analyze their confirmed and death cases with considering their populations. Third, we exploit the AR model in machine learning to predict the cases of these representative countries for the next 30 days. Our analysis and prediction show that some countries, including the United States, Spain, and Brazil, are in and will still be in the severe COVID-19 outbreak. This work can provide reference information for the prevention and control of COVID-19.
Performance Analysis of Clay-Steel Slag Powder Grouting Material Stone Body
Authors: Song Na , Wang Qingjiang , Wang Chuanwei , Dong Zhen
Published: March 2021

Through the design of orthogonal experiments, different content of clay, steel slag powder and polycarboxylic acid water-reducing agent were mixed into ordinary Portland cement, and the grout was prepared according to different water-cement ratios. The analysis was conducted under standard curing conditions. Stone rate and compressive strength at different ages. The test results show that with the increase of the clay content, the stone rate of the grout consolidation body increases, and the compressive strength decreases. As the amount of steel slag powder increased, the stone rate and compressive strength of the slurry consolidation body decreased.
Research of 3D Simulation of Dangerous Goods Accident in Port
Authors: Geng Jiezhe , Hu Yuchang
Published: March 2021

Through the analysis of the safety risk of dangerous goods storage and transportation in port, leakage, fire and explosion are the common accident types. The mechanism research of common accidents is carried out to understand the occurrence and development process of accidents, find out the key blocking links, and improve the efficiency of emergency disposal. A three-dimensional numerical simulation scheme of major accidents is proposed, which can simulate the whole development of accidents, and can be used for quantitative risk analysis before accidents and emergency decision-making in the process of accident disposal.
Hyperspectral Image Classification Based on GS-CatBoost Model
Authors: Wang Yan , Sun Xiaoli , Li Guochen
Published: March 2021

Aiming at the features of hyperspectral imges with large amount of redundant information of hyperspectral images, small correlation between features and categories, small sample size, and high-dimensions data, a model of hyperspectral image classification based on an improved mRMR band selection method and GS-CatBoost is proposed. First of all, using the mRMR improved by K-L to select the optimal band subset with high correlation between features and category, low redundancy, and large amount of information. Then, the Gabor filter is embedded in PCA and LDA combined dimensionality reduction to complete the extraction of space-spectrum joint features. Finally, using grid search to optimize the CatBoost algorithm to classify the extracted features. Experiments show that the proposed model fully and effectively extracts the space-spectrum joint features of hyperspectral images. In the Salinas Scene dataset, OA is 97.87%, AA is 99.01%, and Kappa coefficient is 0.9763.
The Effect of Ceramsite Replacement Ratio on Frost-Heave Deformation of Power Transmission and Transformation Foundation in Extreme Condition
Authors: Wang Shijun , Li Wanwei , Ping Chang , Wang Dinggang
Published: March 2021

Under the impact of frost heave and thaw settlement of seasonal frozen soil, freezing pulling and horizontal tilt of piles often occurs. Aim to the above problems, this paper proposed a material using ceramsite replacement concrete as the foundation to reduce heat exchange with atmosphere. The results showed that when the replacement rate of ceramsite is 80%, the density of the blocks is 1896 kg/m3, which is 19.3% lower than that of plain concrete. Also, the addition of ceramsite significantly reduced the thermal conductivity of concrete. The minimum thermal conductivity of tested blocks is 0.524 W/(m.K), which is 58.6% lower than that of ordinary concrete. Meanwhile, the strength of concrete decreased the addition of ceramsite. When the replacement rate is 80%, the compressive strength and splitting tensile strength are 18.1 and 2.7 MPa, respectively, which are 54.7% and 42.6% lower than that of plain concrete. Taking the climatic environment in the Hexi area as the boundary conditions, a numerical simulation on the design and optimization of the thickness of the insulation system was carried out. It was found that the installation of 2 m insulation concrete can effectively increase the temperature of the soil in extreme environments and avoid frost heave.
Optimization of UAV’s Landing Longitudinal Control under Wind Disturbance
Authors: Qu Wenhui , Zhang Hanqi , Dong Yiwei
Published: March 2021

Environmental factors have a great influence on the autonomous landing process of UAV. In order to enhance the environmental adaptability of UAV’s landing control, this paper takes a certain high-speed UAV as the research object, analyzes the main causes of the error in UAV’s landing under the wind interference, and puts forward the improvement measures. The object model was built under the Matlab/Simulink platform to simulate the closed loop control system of UAV’s autonomous landing, and the Monte Carlo method was used to verify the robust performance of the control system in the presence of the wind interference. The simulation results show that the improved landing plan can effectively reduce the landing error of UAV under the wind interference and improve the landing accuracy and safety of UAV.
Research on Planning and Design of Mountain Villas Based on Geographic Information System
Authors: He Zuoyu , An Yonggang , Huo Pengfei , Zhang Lisheng
Published: March 2021

With the rapid development of economy, transportation, and culture, people are increasingly eager to return to nature and enrich humanity. As a bridge between nature and humanity, mountain villas are ingeniously integrated with mountains, vegetation, and architecture, forming a new pattern of mutual penetration and mutual construction of architecture and nature, which has become a new trend in the development of modern architectural patterns. This article takes a mountainous area in Shandong Province, China as an example, uses geographic information system to analyze the spatial structure of mountain villas, and conducts planning and design based on the local status quo, which provides the necessary scientific basis for the planning and design of mountain villas.
Power consumption comparison in three experimental circuits for radiation detection
Authors: Abdullah Nor Arymaswati , Mohamad Glam Hadzir Patai , Yussup Nolida , Husna Noor Farhana , Rahman Nur Aira Abd , Sahari Khairul Salleh Mohamed , Jalal Muhammad Fairuz Abdul
Published: March 2021

Geiger Mueller tube is a longstanding device to detect gamma ray in it range and it still preferred in many radiation detection devices due to robustness in rough environment. The high voltage supply to support Geiger Mueller activation needs a transformer at in order to operate. This paper will discuss the effectiveness of the transformer to get satisfactory and stable high voltage. The transformers were winded manually in few sets with limited size of the bobbin and ferrite core. The transformers were applied into three different circuits to analyse the high voltage. The result of the effectiveness of the transformer and the high voltage of the circuit were discussed.
Study on mechanical and shielding properties of barite colemanite concrete
Authors: Shalbi Safwan , Sazali N , Rosdi Muhammad Aliff Ashraff , Idris Faridah Mohamad
Published: March 2021

Natural and artificial mineral additives have been frequently used for improving the physical, mechanical and radiation shielding properties of concrete in recent years. However, it was found that the mechanical properties, including hardness, tensile strength and elongation at break, of these radiation shielding blocks were reduced with increasing of the amount of radiation shielding substance mixed in the radiation shielding In this study, the mechanical and shielding properties of concrete mix with barite and colemanite was use in order to produce optimize shielding for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy at the thermal column of Malaysia research reactor. The barite colemanite concrete formulations are based on ASTM standard and each sample was tested with both mechanical and radiation testing. In mechanical testing, the slump test, ultrasonic pulse velocity test and compressive strength test. For instance, the shielding properties of barite colemanite concrete was tested using neutron test using small angle neutron microscopy (SANS) and gamma test using 60Co. The significance of mechanical and shielding test for barite colemanite concrete beneficial for the production of optimize use of barite and colemanite in concrete for high mechanical and high shielding properties for BNCT shielding purpose.
Environmental radio frequency radiation (RFR) safety assessment at the vicinity of telecommunication structures in Malaysia
Authors: Parthasarathy S R
Published: March 2021

Radio Frequency Radiation (RFR) from the existing and newly erected telecommunication structures has turned out to be a major public health concern in many countries of the world including Malaysia. The public in general are not only apprehensive about the growing weight of scientific evidence associating health effects to mobile phone use, nevertheless they are also increasingly concerned about the chronic, low-level RFR exposure from the stated structures. The paper highlights the study on the RFR emanated from the antennas installed on the telecommunication structures in Malaysia. The objectives of the study are to determine the level of RFR present and to assess the potential exposure received by the general public at the vicinity of the telecommunication structures. The study encompassed on the assessment of the RFR emitted by the antennas which displayed the results in the power density unit measured in microwatts per square centimeter (μW/cm2) at each identified locations. The results obtained from the study showed that the RFR level present in the area assessed were well below and less than 1% of the reference level for exposure stated in the Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission (MCMC) Mandatory Standard and International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP).
Rainfall runoff modeling for the basin in Bukit Kledang, Perak
Authors: Ibrahim Azmi , Zakaria Norasalwa , Harun Nazran , Hashim Mohd Muzamil Mohd
Published: March 2021

A fundamental problem in studying a hydrological system is that most of the reaction takes place underground. Precipitation Runoff demonstrating of the Johan River basin was carried out using HEC-HMS technique. The model can improve decision-making about the hydrological problem, whether that be in water resources planning, flood protection and mitigation of contamination. The result shows that the rainfall-runoff model for the Bukit Kledang basin is slow depending on the relative travel time of basin and also associated with soil type, land used, multiple storms and seasonality.
Understanding DNA organization, damage, and repair with super-resolution fluorescence microscopy
Authors: Miriklis Esther L , Rozario Ashley M , Rothenberg Eli , Bell Toby D M , Whelan Donna R
Published: March 2021

Super-resolution microscopy (SRM) comprises a suite of techniques well-suited to probing the nanoscale landscape of genomic function and dysfunction. Offering the specificity and sensitivity that has made conventional fluorescence microscopy a cornerstone technique of biological research, SRM allows for spatial resolutions as good as 10 nanometers. Moreover, single molecule localization microscopies (SMLMs) enable examination of individual molecular targets and nanofoci allowing for the characterization of subpopulations within a single cell. This review describes how key advances in both SRM techniques and sample preparation have enabled unprecedented insights into DNA structure and function, and highlights many of these new discoveries. Ongoing development and application of these novel, highly interdisciplinary SRM assays will continue to expand the toolbox available for research into the nanoscale genomic landscape.
Insight into delay based reservoir computing via eigenvalue analysis
Authors: Köster Felix , Yanchuk Serhiy , Lüdge Kathy
Published: March 2021

In this paper we give a profound insight into the computation capability of delay based reservoir computing via an eigenvalue analysis. We concentrate on the task-independent memory capacity to quantify the reservoir performance and compare these with the eigenvalue spectrum of the dynamical system. We show that these two quantities are deeply connected, and thus the reservoir computing performance is predictable by analysing the small signal response of the reservoir. Our results suggest that any dynamical system used as a reservoir can be analysed in this way. We apply our method exemplarily to a photonic laser system with feedback and compare the numerically computed recall capabilities with the eigenvalue spectrum. Optimal performance is found for a system with the eigenvalues having real parts close to zero and off-resonant imaginary parts.
Chaos and coexisting attractors in replicator-mutator maps
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Archan , Chakraborty Suman , Chakraborty Sagar
Published: March 2021

Mutation is an unavoidable and indispensable phenomenon in both biological and social systems undergoing evolution through replication-selection processes. Here we show that mutation in a generation-wise nonoverlapping population with two-player-two-strategy symmetric game gives rise to coexisting stable population states, one of which can even be chaotic; the chaotic state prevents the cooperators in the population from going extinct. Specifically, we use replicator maps with additive and multiplicative mutations, and rigorously find all possible two dimensional payoff matrices for which physically allowed solutions can be achieved in the equations. Subsequently, we discover the various possibilities of bistable outcomes—e.g., coexistences of fixed point and periodic orbit, periodic orbit and chaos, and chaos and fixed point—in the resulting replicator-mutator maps.
Rank-deficient representations in the theta correspondence over finite fields arise from quantum codes
Authors: Montealegre-Mora Felipe , Gross David
Published: March 2021

Let

V
V

be a symplectic vector space and let

μ
\mu

be the oscillator representation of

Sp
⁡
(
V
)

\operatorname {Sp}(V)

. It is natural to ask how the tensor power representation

μ

⊗
t

\mu ^{\otimes t}

decomposes. If

V
V

is a real vector space, then the theta correspondence asserts that there is a one-one correspondence between the irreducible subrepresentations of

Sp
⁡
(
V
)

\operatorname {Sp}(V)

and the irreps of an orthogonal group

O
(
t
)

O(t)

. It is well-known that this duality fails over finite fields. Addressing this situation, Gurevich and Howe have recently assigned a notion of rank to each

Sp
⁡
(
V
)

\operatorname {Sp}(V)

representation. They show that a variant of the Theta correspondence continues to hold over finite fields, if one restricts attention to subrepresentations of maximal rank. The nature of the rank-deficient components was left open. Here, we show that all rank-deficient

Sp
⁡
(
V
)

\operatorname {Sp}(V)

-subrepresentations arise from embeddings of lower-order tensor products of

μ
\mu

and

μ
¯

\bar \mu

into

μ

⊗
t

\mu ^{\otimes t}

. The embeddings live on spaces that have been studied in quantum information theory as tensor powers of self-orthogonal Calderbank-Shor-Steane (CSS) quantum codes. We then find that the irreducible

Sp
⁡
(
V
)

\operatorname {Sp}(V)

-subrepresentations of

μ

⊗
t

\mu ^{\otimes t}

are labelled by the irreps of orthogonal groups

O
(
r
)

O(r)

acting on certain

r
r

-dimensional spaces for

r
≤
t

r\leq t

. The results hold in odd charachteristic and the “stable range”

t
≤

1
2

dim
⁡
V

t\leq \frac 12 \dim V

. Our work has implications for the representation theory of the Clifford group. It can be thought of as a generalization of the known characterization of the invariants of the Clifford group in terms of self-dual codes.
Key Concepts in Private International Law
Authors: Lush Denzil
Published: March 2021

Private International Law (PIL) deals primarily with the application of laws in space and time to decide the circumstances in which foreign law will apply. The local courts at a particular time are sovereign and can define as they wish, and place a boundary at that or any other time as they think appropriate. Unlike garden fences, the boundaries created by separate countries’ legal systems rarely meet, and can be in different places at different times. Each country has its own separate and distinct Private International Law rules which do not necessarily mesh with the PIL of another state.
Czech Republic
Authors: Mrazek Josef , Ward Adrian
Published: March 2021

The Czech Republic (Czechia) came into existence on 1 January 1993 as a unitary state, upon the peaceful dissolution of the former Czechoslovak Federative Republic, which in turn had been established on 1 January 1969 as a common state of two nations with equal rights and with a history dating back to the break-up of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1918.
France
Authors: Delas Patrick , Frimston Richard
Published: March 2021

France is a unitary republic, divided into ninety-six metropolitan departments, five overseas departments and seven overseas territories. The judicial authority is the third authority referred to in the constitution of October 4, 1958, together with the legislature (Parliament) and the executive (Government). France is a civil law country; its legal system is based on Roman/Napoleonic law and was codified in 1804 (code civil). The code civil applies to all departments and overseas territories with limited exceptions for the latter.
The United States of America
Authors: Dayton Kim
Published: March 2021

The United States of America is a physically large country, occupying nearly 3.5 million square miles. Its population of more than 321 million persons is distributed unevenly across its physical area, with over half living in a state located on either its east or west coast. It comprises fifty states, two commonwealths, three territories, and a number of island entities variously called possessions or territories. In addition, there are currently 566 federally recognized Native American tribes, each of which has sovereign authority with respect to a limited range of matters. The capitol city of Washington, DC, is an independent district not located within any state; it has a local government and is also subject to federal authority in some areas.
Australia—Victoria
Authors: Keene Alex Ruck , Sealy Mary
Published: March 2021

Australia is a common law country. Australia is a federation of five states and two territories. Laws affecting adults in need of protection are generally made at state level. In Victoria, adult protection matters are decided by the Victorian Civil and Administrative Tribunal (‘VCAT’) in its Guardianship List. VCAT is the lowest court body—with Magistrates, County, and Supreme Court the hierarchy within the state. The High Court of Australia is the highest appellate court.
Croatia
Authors: Adrian Ward , Ivana Milas Klaric
Published: March 2021

Croatia is a civil law country. Substantial reforms to the Croatian adult incapacity regime came into force in 2014 with implementation of the Protection of Persons with Mental Disorders Act (‘PPMD Act’). In parallel, relevant provisions were also introduced when the Family Act came into force in 2014. This chapter has accordingly been written at a time of transition in relevant areas of law.
Iceland
Authors: Ward Adrian , Benediktsdottir Kristin
Published: March 2021

Iceland is a unitary state. It has a civil law system. There is a two-tier judiciary comprising District Courts and the Supreme Court. These courts deal with adult protection matters. Magistrates have a wide range of responsibilities including carrying out notarial functions, keeping records, serving as the Head of Police in their own districts (except in Reykjavik), and supervising guardians (in the last-mentioned role, ‘guardianship supervisor’).
Just and Equitable Winding Up
Authors: Joffe QC Victor , Drake David , Richardson Giles , Lightman QC Daniel , Collingwood Timothy
Published: March 2021

Ever since the Companies Act 1862, successive Companies Acts have made provision for companies to be wound up on just and equitable grounds.
Unfair Prejudice: Remedies and Valuation
Authors: Joffe QC Victor , Drake David , Richardson Giles , Lightman QC Daniel , Collingwood Timothy
Published: March 2021

If the court is satisfied that a petition under [CA 2006, Part 30] is well founded, it may make such order as it thinks fit for giving relief in respect of the matters complained of.
Historical Introduction
Authors: Bowes Ashley
Published: March 2021

Before there existed any public control over the use and development of land, landowners were free to use land in any way they wished, subject only to any limitations in the grant under which they held the land and to obligations placed upon them at common law. In essence, therefore, provided an owner acted within the limitation of his estate or interest and committed no nuisance or trespass against his neighbour’s property, he was free to use his land for the purpose for which it was economically best suited. Today, most societies require not only that this freedom be restricted for the public good, but also that the use to which land is put should be determined by the long-term interests of the community as a whole rather than as a consequence of the incidence and spread of individual land ownership.
The Need for Planning Permission 2: Cases of Doubt
Authors: Bowes Ashley
Published: March 2021

Given the complexities of the definition of development and the difficulties which may arise in deciding whether in any particular case proposed development is permitted development, landowners may be in doubt about whether they need to make an express application for planning permission to the local planning authority before carrying out some activity. In most circumstances there is an opportunity to put the matter beyond doubt.
Environmental Impact Assessment
Authors: Bowes Ashley
Published: March 2021

A requirement for the environmental impact assessment (EIA) of certain major development projects was a result of the first direct impact of European Community law on domestic town and country planning law. Originally promulgated in 1985, Council Directive ‘The Assessment of the Effect of Certain Public and Private Projects on the Environment’ is now in a recast form, as Directive 2011/92/EU. The terms of which have been implemented in England and Wales by the Town and Country Planning (Environmental Impact Assessment) Regulations 2017 (SI 2017/571 in England) and (SI 2017/567 in Wales). This chapter will however focus on the English Regulations. There are in fact many sets of statutory provisions which implement different parts of the Directive, dealing with such matters as afforestation projects, highways, harbour works, land drainage, fish farming, and electricity and pipeline works. Where the procedure for the approval of projects requiring environmental impact assessment under the Directive is dealt with under other legislation (eg highways under the Highways Acts), separate subordinate legislation has been introduced. These, however, fall outside the scope of this chapter.
The Construction, Scope, Effect, and Life of a Planning Permission
Authors: Bowes Ashley
Published: March 2021

Doubts may arise about the precise construction of a grant of planning permission. The construction will occasionally involve looking not only at the notification of the decision but also behind the notification at the application for planning permission stage.
Planning Agreements; Planning Obligations; and the Community Infrastructure Levy
Authors: Bowes Ashley
Published: March 2021

Planning obligations are a development from the power first given to local planning authorities by s 34 of the Town and Country Planning Act 1932 to enter into planning agreements with landowners for regulating the development or use of their land. From that Act, the power found its way into the Town and Country Planning Act 1947; and thence into the Town and Country Planning Act 1971 as s 52. On the consolidation of planning legislation in 1990, s 52 of the 1971 Act was replaced by s 106 of the Town and Country Planning Act 1990 as the new statutory authority for the power to enter into planning agreements. Now, following the passing of the Planning and Compensation Act 1991, the original s 106 of the 1990 Act has been replaced in its entirety by new ss 106, 106A, and 106B which have been inserted into the 1990 Act in its place. The replacement sections also introduced new arrangements and new terminology. From 25 October 1991, the power to enter into a ‘planning agreement’ under the 1990 Act was repealed and replaced by the power to enter into a ‘planning obligation’.
Minerals
Authors: Bowes Ashley
Published: March 2021

Because of the particular nature and effect of mineral working, special provisions have been considered necessary to control its environmental effects. Following the report of the Stevens Committee on Planning Control over Mineral Working in 1976, the Government decided to implement many of the report’s recommendations, which it did in the Town and Country Planning (Minerals) Act 1981. The main features of that Act, which have now been incorporated in the 1990 Act, were as follows:
7. The future of assimilation
Authors: Gerber David A.
Published: March 2021

Though American institutions and societal processes have been shaped historically around accommodating diversity, and have largely been successful in doing so, as in the past, some Americans believe that the economic circumstances and the racial and cultural character of today’s immigrants are making that increasingly difficult. Persistent questions have arisen about whether immigrants, especially Mexicans, are being propelled into the mainstream, and hence whether American institutions are equal to the task of assimilating immigrants into the civic culture on which democracy depends. This pessimism is deepened by the uncertain position of the United States in the contemporary global economy. Through comparisons with the successfully assimilated immigrants of the past, this chapter evaluates this contemporary pessimism, and concludes that it is, as in the past, overdrawn. On the other hand, optimism about immigrants should not blot out the need to address the socioeconomic crisis of poor and working-class African Americans.
Bringing early colonial astronomy to life
Authors: Ridley Anna
Published: March 2021

Anna Ridley describes a new exhibition at Old Government House, Sydney, that uses documents from the Royal Astronomical Society library and archive – and technology – to help tell the story of scientific endeavour in colonial New South Wales
How Vera Rubin encountered dark matter
Authors: Mitton Jacqueline
Published: March 2021

Jacqueline Mitton examines one strand in the life and research of the pioneering astronomer
Life after Covid
Authors: Massey Robert
Published: March 2021

Robert Massey ponders the potential post-pandemic world for those working in astronomy and geophysics, following an online meeting in January
Wormicloud: a new text summarization tool based on word clouds to explore the C. elegans literature
Authors: Arnaboldi Valerio , Cho Jaehyoung , Sternberg Paul W
Published: March 2021

Finding relevant information from newly published scientific papers is becoming increasingly difficult due to the pace at which articles are published every year as well as the increasing amount of information per paper. Biocuration and model organism databases provide a map for researchers to navigate through the complex structure of the biomedical literature by distilling knowledge into curated and standardized information. In addition, scientific search engines such as PubMed and text-mining tools such as Textpresso allow researchers to easily search for specific biological aspects from newly published papers, facilitating knowledge transfer. However, digesting the information returned by these systems—often a large number of documents—still requires considerable effort. In this paper, we present Wormicloud, a new tool that summarizes scientific articles in a graphical way through word clouds. This tool is aimed at facilitating the discovery of new experimental results not yet curated by model organism databases and is designed for both researchers and biocurators. Wormicloud is customized for the Caenorhabditis  elegans literature and provides several advantages over existing solutions, including being able to perform full-text searches through Textpresso, which provides more accurate results than other existing literature search engines. Wormicloud is integrated through direct links from gene interaction pages in WormBase. Additionally, it allows analysis on the gene sets obtained from literature searches with other WormBase tools such as SimpleMine and Gene Set Enrichment.

Database URL: https://wormicloud.textpressolab.com
Antibiotic prescribing and use of corticosteroids for the emergency department management of acute uncomplicated pharyngitis
Authors: Sheridan Conor , Grewal Keerat , Thompson Cameron , Borgundvaag Bjug , McLeod Shelley L
Published: March 2021

Background

Acute pharyngitis is common in the ambulatory setting. The Modified Centor score uses five criteria to predict Group A Streptococcus (GAS) infection and can be used to guide management.

Objective

The objective of this study was to describe the emergency department (ED) management (throat cultures, antibiotics and corticosteroids) of acute, uncomplicated pharyngitis by Centor score.

Methods

This was a retrospective chart review of adult (>17 years) patients with an ED discharge diagnosis of acute pharyngitis from January 2016 to December 2018.

Results

Of 638 patients included, 286 (44.8%) had a Centor score of 0–1, 328 (51.4%) had a score of 2–3 and 24 (3.8%) had a score of ≥4. Of those with a Centor score of 0–1, 83 (29.0%) had a throat culture, 88 (30.8%) were prescribed antibiotics, 15 (5.2%) were positive for GAS and 74 (25.9%) received corticosteroids. Of those with a Centor score of 2–3, 156 (47.6%) had a throat culture, 220 (67.1%) were prescribed antibiotics, 44 (13.4%) were positive for GAS and 145 (44.2%) received corticosteroids. Of those with a Centor score ≥4, 14 (58.3%) had a throat culture, 18 (75.0%) were prescribed antibiotics, 7 (29.2%) were positive for GAS and 12 (50.0%) received corticosteroids.

Conclusions

A higher Centor score was associated with a higher risk of GAS infection, increased antibiotic prescribing and use of corticosteroids. Many patients with low Centor scores were prescribed antibiotics and had throat cultures. Further work is required to understand clinical decision-making for the management of acute pharyngitis.
Dynamic gene expression in salivary glands of the cat flea during Rickettsia felis infection
Authors: Danchenko Monika , Laukaitis Hanna J , Macaluso Kevin R
Published: March 2021

The cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis, is an arthropod vector capable of transmitting several human pathogens including Rickettsia species. Earlier studies identified Rickettsia felis in the salivary glands of the cat flea and transmission of rickettsiae during arthropod feeding. The saliva of hematophagous insects contains multiple biomolecules with anticlotting, vasodilatory and immunomodulatory activities. Notably, the exact role of salivary factors in the molecular interaction between flea-borne rickettsiae and their insect host is still largely unknown. To determine if R. felis modulates gene expression in the cat flea salivary glands, cat fleas were infected with R. felis and transcription patterns of selected salivary gland-derived factors, including antimicrobial peptides and flea-specific antigens, were assessed. Salivary glands were microdissected from infected and control cat fleas at different time points after exposure and total RNA was extracted and subjected to reverse-transcriptase quantitative PCR for gene expression analysis. During the experimental 10-day feeding period, a dynamic change in gene expression of immunity-related transcripts and salivary antigens between the two experimental groups was detected. The data indicated that defensin-2 (Cf-726), glycine-rich antimicrobial peptide (Cf-83), salivary antigens (Cf-169 and Cf-65) and deorphanized peptide (Cf-75) are flea-derived factors responsive to rickettsial infection.
Stability analysis-based reformulation of wave equations for poro-elastic media saturated with two fluids
Authors: Xiong Fansheng , Liu Jiawei , Guo Zhenwei , Liu Jianxin
Published: March 2021

The stability of partial differential equations determines the properties of their solutions. This study focuses on the stability analysis of the equations describing wave propagation in fluids-saturated porous media. We briefly introduce the stability analysis method for the wave propagation equations and discuss the adverse effects on the solutions. In this way, the first part of this paper is mainly devoted to the analysis of the Tuncay and Corapcioglu's (TC) model, which describes the dynamic behaviour of porous media saturated with two immiscible fluids. It is pointed out that the TC model allows spatially bounded but time-exponentially exploding solutions and may yield unstable numerical results. Based on the deduced unstable factors, we construct a stable equivalent fluid (SEF) model. We rigorously analyse the stability of the SEF model using the energy method. For predicting the influence of saturation on wave velocity, the robustness of this model is preserved due to its consistency with the original TC model. Furthermore, the numerical simulations of the wavefields show that the results of the TC model exponentially increase with time after the initial effective wave signal, which does not occur in the SEF model curves. This indicates the necessity of considering the stability from a mathematical point of view during the construction of physical model. It could be useful to merge the mathematical stability theory with the geophysical wave propagation modelling theory.
Design and analysis of waste heat recovery from residential air conditioning units for cooling and pure water production
Authors: Rady Mohamed , Albatati Faisal , Hegab Abdelkarim , Abuhabaya Abdullah , Attar Alaa
Published: March 2021

The present article reports on the analysis of waste heat and condensate recovery from residential air conditioning (AC) units in different climatic regions in Saudi Arabia. Simulation results obtained using a transient dynamic model show that significant amounts of waste heat and water condensate are rejected to the environment in hot and humid climate regions. A multi-generation system for simultaneous cooling and pure water production using condensate and waste heat recovery is designed and implemented in TRNSYS environment. A refrigerant to water de-superheater is introduced after the compressor to extract energy from the high temperature superheated refrigerant gas for heating saline water that is used as a feed to drive an air gap membrane desalination unit. The production of pure water is analyzed for both batch and continuous cooling modes of the membrane desalination unit. The amount of pure water production shows the potential of proposed system to supply pure water requirements in hot and humid climates in Saudi Arabia. The monthly average coefficient of performance of multi-generation residential AC units with continuous cooling of desalination unit is shown to be improved by ~6.61%. The monthly average gained output ratio of membrane desalination unit is higher than 1.14.
Multiplex Real-Time PCR Method for Simultaneous Detection and Differentiation of Goat pox Virus, Sheeppox Virus, and Lumpy Skin Disease Virus
Authors: Wang Huiyu , Kong Yufang , Mei Lin , Lv Jizhou , Wu Shaoqiang , Lin Xiangmei , Han Xueqing
Published: March 2021

Background

The diseases caused by the Capripoxvirus species have very similar symptoms and are difficult to distinguish clinically. According to a recent report, Capripoxvirus are not strictly host specific.

Objective

This study aimed to identify the viruses from ovine (include sheep and goat) or bovine, which will assist in selecting the appropriate vaccine and correct measures to control diseases.

Method

Universal primers for all Capripoxvirus and specific probes for lumpy skin disease virus, sheeppox virus, and goatpox virus were designed and analyzed to identify the viruses from ovine (including sheep and goats) or bovine species. The parameters of the system, such as the annealing temperatures and the quantities of primers and probes used, were optimized. The sensitivity, speciﬁcity, and reproducibility were tested.

Results

Each probe showed a specific fluorescent signal, with no cross reaction with other pathogens that cause symptoms similar to those of the poxviruses. The LOD was 102 copies of the target genome DNA. The 557 local clinical samples and samples from Ethiopia were successfully detected and the results were consistent with a restriction fragment length polymorphism PCR analysis of the P32 and RPO30 genes and gene sequencing.

Conclusions

This optimized real-time PCR detection system has good diagnostic sensitivity and specificity and can be used for the rapid and effective differential diagnosis of these diseases in goats, sheep, and cattle.

Highlights

It is a rapid detection method to distinguish the viruses from ovine (include sheep and goat) or bovine.
Reinforcement of rectal anastomoses with a collagen-based haemostatic patch: a case series report
Authors: Kornfeld Dan
Published: March 2021

In this case series report of 10 colorectal cancer patients, a polyethylene glycol-coated collagen-based haemostatic patch was applied after rectal resection to reinforce rectal anastomoses and reduce anastomotic leakage. Patients underwent rectal resection and anastomoses were stapled in place. The patch—Hemopatch®—was applied to 75% of the anastomotic circumference. The surgeon judged the simplicity of application using a reinforcement of rectal anastomosis score. Mean age of patients was 68.1 (range 50–94) years. The patch was successfully applied in eight patients; in seven patients, patch application was straightforward or only slightly complex, according to the reinforcement of rectal anastomosis score. Seven of eight patients experienced no leakage or signs of stricture 6 weeks post-surgery. All patients underwent radical resection. It is possible to apply Hemopatch® during colorectal surgery. However, the patch application procedure needs to be standardized and efficacy needs to be evaluated by conducting larger clinical studies.
A traumatic ulnar artery aneurysm in an infant
Authors: Odajima Rika , Nishimoto Soh , Kawai Kenichiro , Ishise Hisako , Kakibuchi Masao
Published: March 2021

Ulnar artery aneurysm is very rare in infancy. Only a few reports have been done. We report an 8-month-old baby with true ulnar artery aneurysm on her hypothenar eminence. She had no specific past medical history, but an episode of falling. We resected the pulsating mass compressing the ulnar nerve, utilizing a surgical microscope. Reconstruction of the vascular deficit was not performed. She presented no functional deficit of the hand and no evidence of growth disturbance so far. As hypothenar eminence is a susceptible part for repetitive strikes, and as vein is fragile to the pressure, bypassing arterial route with vein graft is not recommended unless there is no other option.