bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anthropogenic Control Over Wintertime Oxidation of Atmospheric Pollutants
Authors: Haskins J.D. , Lopez‐Hilfiker F. D. , Lee B. H. , Shah V. , Wolfe G. M. , DiGangi J. , Fibiger D. , McDuffie E. E. , Veres P. , Schroder J. C. , Campuzano‐Jost P. , Day D. A. , Jimenez J. L. , Weinheimer A. , Sparks T. , Cohen R. C. , Campos T. , Sullivan A. , Guo H. , Weber R. , Dibb J. , Green J. , Fiddler M. , Bililign S. , Jaeglé L. , Brown S. S. , Thornton J. A.
Published: December 2019

During winter in the midlatitudes, photochemical oxidation is significantly slower than in summer and the main radical oxidants driving formation of secondary pollutants, such as fine particulate matter and ozone, remain uncertain, owing to a lack of observations in this season. Using airborne observations, we quantify the contribution of various oxidants on a regional basis during winter, enabling improved chemical descriptions of wintertime air pollution transformations. We show that 25–60% of NOx is converted to N2O5 via multiphase reactions between gas‐phase nitrogen oxide reservoirs and aerosol particles, with ~93% reacting in the marine boundary layer to form >2.5 ppbv ClNO2. This results in >70% of the oxidizing capacity of polluted air during winter being controlled by multiphase reactions and emissions of volatile organic compounds, such as HCHO, rather than reaction with OH. These findings highlight the control local anthropogenic emissions have on the oxidizing capacity of the polluted wintertime atmosphere.
Unusual Anomaly Pattern of the 2015/2016 Extreme El Niño Induced by the 2014 Warm Condition
Authors: Zhong Wenxiu , Cai Wenju , Zheng Xiao‐Tong , Yang Song
Published: December 2019

The warm center of the 2015/2016 extreme El Niño was located further to the west compared to previous extreme events, causing vastly different social‐economic impacts. Though many studies investigated ocean‐atmosphere couplings responsible for its large magnitude, the dynamics that govern the unique structure of the event remain elusive. Here we show that a local ocean‐atmosphere feedback among convection‐induced surface winds, oceanic upwelling and sea surface temperature in the far‐eastern Pacific, resulted in a boreal summer cooling tendency along the South American coast. It canceled warming in the far‐eastern equatorial Pacific that would otherwise develop, leading to the distinctive anomaly pattern of the 2015/2016 El Niño. These processes were initially triggered by the leftover anomalous warm sea surface temperature and positive moist static energy over the northeastern tropical Pacific in the following boreal spring of the 2014 warm event.
Compact Operational Tropospheric Water Vapor and Temperature Raman Lidar with Turbulence Resolution
Authors: Lange D. , Behrendt A. , Wulfmeyer V.
Published: December 2019

We present the new Atmospheric Raman Temperature and Humidity Sounder (ARTHUS). We demonstrate that ARTHUS measurements resolve (1) the strength of the inversion layer at the planetary boundary layer top, (2) elevated lids in the free troposphere during daytime and nighttime, and (3) turbulent fluctuations in water vapor and temperature, simultaneously, also during daytime. Very stable and reliable performance was demonstrably achieved during more than 2,500 hr of operations time experiencing a huge variety of weather conditions. ARTHUS provides temperature profiles with resolutions of 10–60 s and 7.5–100 m vertically in the lower free troposphere. During daytime, the statistical uncertainty of the water vapor mixing ratio is <2 % in the lower troposphere for resolutions of 5 min and 100 m. Temperature statistical uncertainty is <0.5 K even up to the middle troposphere. ARTHUS fulfills the stringent WMO breakthrough requirements on nowcasting and very short range forecasting.
Crustal Scale Imaging of the Arabia‐Central Iran Collision Boundary Across the Zagros Suture Zone, West of Iran
Authors: Dashti F. , Lucente F. P. , Motaghi K. , Bianchi I. , Najafi M. , Govoni A. , Shabanian E.
Published: December 2019

We calculate seismic velocity structure of the north Zagros suture zone, west Iran, to resolve the crustal features at the boundary of Arabian‐Central Iranian collision. We compute teleseismic receiver functions (RFs) for 46 stations along a transect crossing the suture. Through harmonic analysis and inversion of the RF data, we obtain information on the characteristics of the suture zone at depth. The RFs and their harmonics show a low angle NE dipping boundary between the overriding layer and a midcrustal low velocity zone, which corresponds to the suture zone. The overriding high velocity feature (Vs ~ 3.8 km/s) is interpreted as an intermediate depth crustal complex exhumed close to the surface through imbricate thrust faulting and enhanced by crustal buoyancy due to continental underthrusting. Significant anisotropy is found above and below the suture zone: We interpret it in terms of slow‐symmetry‐axis anisotropy and derive clues on the ongoing deformation processes.
Role of Local Air‐Sea Interaction in Fire Activity Over Equatorial Asia
Authors: Kim Jin‐Soo , Jeong Su‐Jong , Kug Jong‐Seong , Williams Mathew
Published: December 2019

Fire activity in Equatorial Asia shows large interannual variability. Teleconnections by El Niño‐Southern Oscillation and Indian Ocean Dipole are linked to drought and fire events; however, we found here that significant role of local Sea Surface Temperature (SST) over the Banda Sea in interannual variability of Equatorial Asian burned area in October even after removing the linear effects of teleconnections. October is the transient period from dry to wet season and strengthened seasonal circulation in October leads to a negative SST anomaly through Wind‐Evaporation‐SST mechanism. This anomalous local air‐sea interaction sustains the dry season into October and stronger fire activity. Moreover, we found that the sensitivity of precipitation to SST is higher in October than in other months, hence fires in Equatorial Asia can be sensitively driven by local SST changes. Identification of this sensitivity will underpin better predictions of fire activity and air quality in Equatorial Asia.
Four‐Dimensional Quantification of Kelvin‐Helmholtz Instabilities in the Polar Summer Mesosphere Using Volumetric Radar Imaging
Authors: Chau J. L. , Urco J. M. , Avsarkisov V. , Vierinen J. P. , Latteck R. , Hall C. M. , Tsutsumi M.
Published: December 2019

We present and characterize in time and three spatial dimensions a Kelvin‐Helmholtz Instability (KHI) event from polar mesospheric summer echoes (PMSE) observed with the Middle Atmosphere Alomar Radar System. We use a newly developed radar imaging mode, which observed PMSE intensity and line of sight velocity with high temporal and angular resolution. The identified KHI event occurs in a narrow layer of 2.4 km thickness centered at 85 km altitude, is elongated along north‐south direction, presents separation between billows of
8 km in the east‐west direction, and its billow width is
3 km. The accompanying vertical gradients of the horizontal wind are between 35 and 45 m/s/km and vertical velocities inside the billows are
12 m/s. Based on the estimated Richardson (
0.25), horizontal Froude (
0.8), and buoyancy Reynolds (
2.5 
 10
) numbers, the observed event is a KHI that occurs under weak stratification and generates strong turbulence.
Multivariate Climate Field Reconstructions Using Tree Rings for the Northeastern United States
Authors: Pearl Jessie K. , Anchukaitis Kevin J. , Pederson Neil , Donnelly Jeffrey P.
Published: December 2019

High‐resolution paleoclimate records are essential for improving our understanding of internal variability and the detection and attribution of forced climate system responses. The densely populated northeastern United States is at risk from increasing temperatures, severe droughts, and extreme precipitation, but the region has limited annual and seasonal‐resolution paleoclimate records beyond the instrumental record. Chamaecyparis thyoides, L. (B.S.P.), Atlantic white cedar, a wetland conifer found within 200 km of the Atlantic coastline of the United States, is a promising tree‐ring proxy that can fill in these data gaps. Here, we develop and analyze a new network of Atlantic white cedar tree‐ring chronologies across the northeastern United States and demonstrate that site selection is important for regional paleoclimate reconstructions. Ring width variability reflects winter through summer temperatures at inland and hydrologically stable sites in the northernmost section of the species' range. Ombrotrophic sites along the coast record hydrological signals and correlate with growing season precipitation. We demonstrate skillful regional climate field reconstructions for the last several centuries and show the increased skill from incorporating our moisture sensitive sites into broad‐scale products like the North American Drought Atlas. This comprehensive understanding of the species' climate responses leads to a tree‐ring network that provides the long‐term multivariate climate context at multidecadal and centennial time scales for the large‐scale ocean‐atmospheric processes that influence the climate of the region. We use this network to examine the covariance of temperature and drought across the New England area over the past two centuries.
Impact of the Dead Sea Transform Kinematics on Adjacent Volcanic Activity
Authors: Weinstein Y. , Nuriel P. , Inbar M. , Jicha B. R. , Weinberger R.
Published: December 2019

The Dead Sea Transform (DST) cuts through the northwestern edge of the Harrat ash Shaam volcanic field of western Arabia. The relation of the DST to adjacent volcanic activity has varied during the last 5 Ma. While Pliocene volcanism erupted on both shoulders of the DST and thick sections of volcanics accumulated along its axis, Pleistocene volcanic activity gradually abandoned the transform area while continued farther east. This was concomitant with the increase of transform‐normal (E‐W) contraction along the adjacent transpressive Metulla block at the DST northern sector. New geochronology of Pleistocene volcanic rocks from the Golan Heights (Ar‐Ar) and of syntectonic and post‐tectonic calcite precipitates (U‐Th) from Metulla block reveals temporal association of volcanic dormancy and intensity of the transpressive regime. This includes volcanic cessations during 600–220 ka and post 100 ka, which coincided with growth episodes of several ~E‐W striking veins within the adjacent Metulla block. New high‐resolution U‐Th ages of calcite‐filled vein record the exact timing of these growth episodes to 340–240 and 53–16 ka, which is in accordance with the renewed activity along N‐S strike‐slip faults during 220–60 ka, manifested by U‐Th ages of calcite precipitates on striated fault planes. The temporal association of volcanic dormancy and enhanced transpression, while volcanic activity and increased strike‐slip activity, suggests that continental transforms may act both as inhibitors and as facilitators to magmatic activity. Switching between intermediate and least principal stresses might be the underline mechanism for stress dissipation and relaxation at a time scale of 100 ka.
Cation and anion electrochemically assisted solid-state transformations of malachite green
Authors: Doménech-Carbó Antonio , Dias Daiane , Doménech-Carbó María Teresa
Published: December 2019

The thermochemistry and nanoscopic transformations in the cation- and anion-assisted solid state electrochemistry of malachite green are studied.
Use of lithium aryloxides as promoters for preparation of α-hydroxy acid esters
Authors: Petrus Rafał , Fałat Patryk , Sobota Piotr
Published: December 2019

Hexanuclear lithium aryloxide [Li6(MesalO)6] (1) supported by methyl salicylato (MesalOH) ligand was investigated as a catalyst for the alcoholysis of l-lactide and glycolide for the preparation of α-hydroxy acid esters of industrial applications.
Efficient trinuclear Ru(ii)–Re(i) supramolecular photocatalysts for CO2 reduction based on a new tris-chelating bridging ligand built around a central aromatic ring
Authors: Cancelliere Ambra M. , Puntoriero Fausto , Serroni Scolastica , Campagna Sebastiano , Tamaki Yusuke , Saito Daiki , Ishitani Osamu
Published: December 2019

We have designed and synthesized a new tris-chelating polypyridine ligand (bpy3Ph) suitable to be used as a bridging ligand (BL) for constructing various supramolecular photocatalysts.
Construction of a nanocavity structure with a carrier-selective layer for enhancement of photocatalytic hydrogen production performance
Authors: Lei Qin , Chen Rongzhi , Tan Jihua , Long Xinxin , Chen Huanyu , Wang Xinming , Liu Jingfu , Lei Zhongfang , Zhang Zhenya
Published: December 2019

A nanocavity structure with Au–S carrier-selective layer was constructed to enhance photocatalytic H2evolution activity, improving ∼13.8 times compared to Au/CdS. The excellent performance is mainly caused by effective hole transfer of Au–S layer.
3D printing-based cellular microelectrodes for high-performance asymmetric quasi-solid-state micro-pseudocapacitors
Authors: Wang Teng , Tian Xiaocong , Li Liang , Lu Luhua , Hou Shuen , Cao Guozhong , Jin Hongyun
Published: December 2019

A high-performance asymmetric quasi-solid-state micro-pseudocapacitor was fabricated using the 3D printing-enabled cellular graphene framework.
Boosting supercapacitor and capacitive deionization performance of hierarchically porous carbon by polar surface and structural engineering
Authors: Huo Silu , Zhao Yubo , Zong Mingzhu , Liang Bolong , Zhang Xueli , Khan Izhar Ullah , Song Xue , Li Kexun
Published: December 2019

Heteroatom doped hierarchically porous carbon materials are considered as promising candidates for high performance capacitive deionization and supercapacitor applications.
Electrodeposition of nickel nanostructures using silica nanochannels as confinement for low-fouling enzyme-free glucose detection
Authors: Ding Jialian , Li Xinru , Zhou Lin , Yang Rongjie , Yan Fei , Su Bin
Published: December 2019

This work reports an enzyme-free glucose sensor based on nickel nanostructures electrodeposited on a fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) electrode modified with a silica nanochannel membrane (SNM).
Ultra-broadband cyan-to-orange emitting Ba1+xSr1−xGa4O8:Bi3+ phosphors: luminescence control and optical temperature sensing
Authors: Dang Peipei , Liu Dongjie , Yun Xiaohan , Li Guogang , Huang Dayu , Lian Hongzhou , Shang Mengmeng , Lin Jun
Published: December 2019

Controllable cyan-to-orange tuning and optical thermometry in Ba1+xSr1−xGa4O8:Bi3+ phosphors with ultra-broadband emission were realized based on crystal filed control at multiple emission centers.
Low-Frequency Hearing Preservation With Long Electrode Arrays: Inclusion of Unaided Hearing Threshold Assessment in the Postoperative Test Battery
Authors: Dillon Margaret T. , Buss Emily , O'Connell Brendan P. , Rooth Meredith A. , King English R. , Bucker Andrea L. , Deres Ellen J. , McCarthy Sarah A. , Pillsbury Harold C. , Brown Kevin D.
Published: December 2019

Purpose

The goal of this work was to evaluate the low-frequency hearing preservation of long electrode array cochlear implant (CI) recipients.

Method

Twenty-five participants presented with an unaided hearing threshold of ≤ 80 dB HL at 125 Hz pre-operatively in the ear to be implanted. Participants were implanted with a long (31.5-mm) electrode array. The unaided hearing threshold at 125 Hz was compared between the preoperative and postoperative intervals (i.e., initial CI activation, and 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after activation).

Results

Eight participants maintained an unaided hearing threshold of ≤ 80 dB HL at 125 Hz postoperatively. The majority (
n
= 5) demonstrated aidable low-frequency hearing at initial activation, whereas 3 other participants experienced an improvement in unaided low-frequency hearing thresholds at subsequent intervals.

Conclusions

CI recipients can retain residual hearing sensitivity with fully inserted long electrode arrays, and low-frequency hearing thresholds may improve during the postoperative period. Therefore, unaided hearing thresholds obtained within the initial weeks after surgery may not reflect later hearing sensitivity. Routine measurement of postoperative unaided hearing thresholds—even for patients who did not demonstrate aidable hearing thresholds initially after cochlear implantation—will identify CI recipients who may benefit from electric–acoustic stimulation.
Maximising network lifetime and energy efficiency of wireless sensor network using group search Ant lion with Levy flight
Authors: NavnathDattatraya Kale , Rao K. Raghava
Published: December 2019

Wireless sensor network (WSN) is one of the emerging techniques, providing pervasive computing for different implementations. Some of the renowned problems in WSN are energy consumption, as well as, the extension of network lifetime. Moreover, cluster head (CH) selection is one of the essential criteria since it has direct communication with the base station. Several researchers are in progress in designing the energy‐efficient model. However, the problems are not yet rectified completely, which leads to the poor performance of WSN. This study intends to maximise the lifetime of the WSN by introducing an efficient CH selection algorithm. The CH selection is a crucial step that aids in improving the energy efficiency and network lifetime of a WSN. This study proposes a hybrid optimisation process named group search ant lion with Levy flight for choosing the CH in WSN. The proposed model is compared to the conventional models such as genetic algorithm, particle swarm optimisation, artificial bee colony, group search optimisation, ant lion optimisation and cuckoo search. The outcome of the simulation result shows the superiority of the proposed model by prolonging the lifetime of the network.
Performance analysis of self‐organised multicast group in multi‐radio multi‐channel wireless mesh networks
Authors: Derdouri Lakhdar , Pham Congduc , El Amine Zouaoui Elkhir Mohamed , Zeghib Nadia
Published: December 2019

Self‐organising is an important characteristics of wireless mesh networks, which provides high flexibility and adaptive connectivity for end users. In this study, we specifically study multicast features in wireless mesh networks to improve network capacity by taking advantage of shared links to reach simultaneously multiple users. Self‐organising also provides topology control to manage the dynamic of groups where nodes can join and leave at any time. We evaluate the performance of two algorithms to dynamically create multicast groups. The first one, named Node Joining the Multicast tree, allows nodes to join the multicast tree while reducing the number of relay nodes and minimising interferences by reassignment of wireless channels. The second one, named Node Disjoining the Multicast tree, addresses the multicast tree pruning process when nodes leave the multicast tree. These two algorithms aim to optimise the performance of a multicast tree and to guaranty network connectivity by performing the required channel reassignments. These algorithms also provide an efficient mechanism for recovering from node failures. Using delay and throughput as metrics, simulation results show that the proposed algorithms are able to significantly improve throughput, delay, and robustness compared to existing multicast routing algorithms based on the static shortest multicast tree.
Critical nodes identification for vulnerability analysis of power communication networks
Authors: Fan Bing , Zheng Chen‐Xi , Tang Liang‐Rui , Wu Run‐Ze
Published: December 2019

As the support networks of the electric power grid, power communication networks (PCNs) become more complex and vulnerable due to the increasing scale of the electric power grid. Identifying and protecting the critical nodes in PCNs in advance is an effective way to reduce network vulnerability. Owing to the large differences in vulnerability indicators of different layers in the PCN, it is difficult to find the critical nodes, which have great impacts on all vulnerability indicators. Therefore, the goal of this study is to identify the critical nodes that have greater impacts on different layers, rather than nodes that have the greatest impact on a single layer. Therefore, the authors present a model to analyse the node in the PCNs from the physical topology, traffic distribution, and service importance distribution to calculate the node importance in the physical topology layer, the transport layer, and the service layer, respectively. Combined with a multi‐layer critical nodes identification algorithm (MCNIA) proposed, the node critical degree is obtained so that it can identify the critical nodes in the PCNs. The vulnerability analyses of PCNs under critical nodes attacking prove that MCNIA can identify critical nodes in the PCNs precisely.
Practical algorithms for allocating the roadside units in VANET
Authors: Wu Jingli , Wu Yong
Published: December 2019

The vehicle‐to‐infrastructure communication is a kind of communication mode of the vehicular ad‐hoc network (VANET). It is paramount to allocate roadside units (RSUs) appropriately to assure the quality of communication service. Sarubbi et al. have proposed a greedy heuristic allocation algorithm Delta‐r. It examines the ‐deployment constraint, a metric for evaluating the performance of VANET, with relative contact time. Unfortunately, the relative contact time of vehicles at urban cells may present ‘false high’, which would play an opposite effect on making a decision. In order to solve the problem, a new allocation algorithm Delta‐uc is presented, which examines the ‐deployment constraint with a useful contribution. It gets rid of the negative effect of ‘extra’ contact time by means of retaining merely the contributing relative duration of a vehicle at an urban cell. Furthermore, an effective recombination operator is introduced basing on algorithm Delta‐uc, and a parthenogenetic algorithm UCPGA is presented to solve the allocation problem. Experimental comparisons were performed on the real mobility trace of Cologne, Germany. The experimental results demonstrate that in many ‐deployments, the number of RSUs produced by the Delta‐uc and UCPGA algorithms are, respectively, fewer than those produced by algorithms Delta‐r and Delta‐GA.
Retrieval of electrical and physical properties of dielectric samples using time‐domain multiple reflection method
Authors: Aman  , Singh Vineet , Bhattacharyya Somak
Published: December 2019

In this study, a novel time‐domain multiple reflection method for determining the electrical properties and thickness of the sample has been proposed. The unique advantage of this method is that it employs only reflection coefficient data for the reconstruction of the properties. The proposed scheme is validated by determining the permittivity, thickness, and loss tangent values of different samples of different thicknesses with high accuracy. The experimental characterisation has been carried out, incorporating the proposed scheme for its verification and thereby the electrical and physical properties of an unknown sample have been retrieved. The proposed method is simple, cost‐effective and non‐iterative in nature. The proposed technique is quite useful in applications like through‐wall imaging, where the wall can be accessed from a single side only, monitoring the health of the building and ground‐penetrating radar.
Wide band ridge gap waveguide (RGW) fan beam antenna with low side lobes based on parabolic reflector principle
Authors: Sabbaghi Elham , Razavi Seyed Ali , Ostovarzadeh Mohammad Hossein
Published: December 2019

In this paper, a wide band ridge gap waveguide (RGW) fan beam antenna with low side lobe level (SLL) is presented making use of parabolic offset reflector concept in antenna geometry. In the proposed topology, in contrast to TEM based RGW horn, the amplitude distribution across the antenna aperture can be easily controlled. Furthermore, thanks to intrinsic feature of parabolic reflector in generating plane wave front, the phase distribution uniformity across the proposed antenna aperture is better than that of the RGW horn. These two facts allow the proposed topology to provide lower SLL compared to the RGW horn. A prototype of the proposed structure is designed and fabricated. Simulation and measurement results also show that wider operating bandwidth compared to the RGW horn can also be achieved using this topology. For the designed sample, the impedance bandwidth of 41% with −20 dB ≤ SLL ≤ − 15 dB and gain of 11.8–15.5 dBi is achieved. Results show that the proposed topology can be a good candidate for realization of high gain wide band RGW fan beam antennas with low SLL.
Communication‐free optimal economical dispatch scheme for cascaded‐type microgrids with capacity constraints
Authors: Li Lang , Sun Yao , Han Hua , Hou Xiaochao , Yuan Xufeng , Xiong Wei , Su Mei
Published: December 2019

The existing method cannot realise the optimal economical dispatch operation of cascaded‐type microgrids with capacity constraints in a communication‐free manner. To address this problem, a new optimal economical dispatch control scheme is proposed for the islanded cascaded‐type microgrids without communications. Compared to the existing method, there are two prominent advantages: (i) global optimal economical operation with capacity constraints is realised; (ii) improved load voltage quality is obtained. Then, the stability of the proposed scheme has been analysed with a small‐signal analysis method. Finally, the effectiveness of the method is verified by both simulations and experiments.
Non‐enzymatic glucose sensor based on three‐dimensional hierarchical Co3O4 nanobooks
Authors: Wang Mei , Shi Mingyu , Meng Erchao , Gong Feilong , Li Feng
Published: December 2019

A new non‐enzymatic glucose sensor is demonstrated successfully, based on three‐dimensional (3D) hierarchical Co3O4 nanobooks (Co3O4 NBs). The 3D hierarchical Co3O4 NBs are assembled with porous and high crystalline 2D Co3O4 nanosheets. The electrochemical measurements reveal that the device exhibits outstanding performance for glucose detection, achieving a maximal sensitivity of 1068.85 μA mM−1 cm−2 with a high R 2 of 0.9836, a low detection limit of 7.94 μM with a signal‐to‐noise of 3 and wide linear range up to 6 mM. The results demonstrate that the non‐enzymatic glucose sensor can respond swiftly and selectively to glucose due to the high electrocatalytic activity of the 3D hierarchical Co3O4 NBs. The sensor also shows its high sensitivity and selectivity in detecting glucose in blood serum, confirming the practical application of the device with appealing accuracy.
Regulating vitamin B12 biosynthesis via the
cbiM
Cbl riboswitch in
Propionibacterium
strain UF1
Authors: Li Jing , Ge Yong , Zadeh Mojgan , Curtiss Roy , Mohamadzadeh Mansour
Published: December 2019

Significance

Gut bacteria-associated metabolites pivotally maintain host immune and developmental homeostasis. Here we demonstrate that the
cbiM
Cbl riboswitch regulates expression of the
cobA
operon controlling bacterial VB12 biosynthesis. Molecular modification of this riboswitch significantly enhances VB12 production by the commensal
Propionibacterium
strain UF1. These findings outline the potential to further develop this bacterium, which has already demonstrated healthful benefits by repelling intestinal diseases, as an improved next-generation probiotic.
Longevity of light- and dark-colored basidiospores from saprotrophic mushroom-forming fungi
Authors: Nguyen
Published: December 2019

Fungi can produce resistant propagules that may last for decades. Basidiospores from ectomycorrhizal fungi had been experimentally shown to last for at least 6 yr, but there are few reports on the longevity of saprotrophic members of mushroom-forming fungi. Here, the author shows evidence
of spore longevity of these fungi by collecting, drying, storing, and germinating these spores over time. Results showed that dark-colored spores have a much-extended longevity as compared to light-colored spores. Dark-colored spores of some species are viable to at least 2.8 yr, whereas light-colored
spores are generally viable for a much shorter period of time. The author proposes that mushroom-forming basidiomycete fungi employ two different ecological strategies: one with extended longevity that allows for long-distance dispersal, and the other takes advantage of optimal conditions
that support both mushroom formation, basidiospore dispersal, and germination locally.
The use of fungal entomopathogens as endophytes in biological control: a review
Authors: Vega
Published: December 2019

Fungal entomopathogens have been proposed as environmentally friendly alternatives to chemical control. Unfortunately, their effectiveness continues to be limited by their susceptibility to ultraviolet (UV) light and low moisture. A relatively recent development, the use of fungal entomopathogens
as endophytes, might overcome the traditional obstacles impeding the widespread adoption of fungal entomopathogens and also provide a novel alternative for management of insect pests and plant pathogens. In addition, some fungal entomopathogens could also function as biofertilizers. Eighty-five
papers covering 109 individual fungal entomopathogen studies involving 12 species in six genera are reviewed. Thirty-eight plant species in 19 families were studied, with maize, common bean, and tomato being the most investigated. Of the 85 papers, 39 (46%) examined the effects of fungal entomopathogen
endophytism on 33 insect species in 17 families and eight orders. Thirty-four (40%) examined plant response to endophytism, corresponding to 20 plant species. Various inoculation techniques (e.g., foliar sprays, soil drenching, seed soaking, injections, etc.) are effective in introducing fungal
entomopathogens as endophytes, but colonization appears to be localized and ephemeral. The field of insect pathology will not substantially profit from dozens of additional studies attempting to introduce fungal entomopathogens into a wider array of plants, without attempting to understand
the mechanisms underlying endophytism, the responses of the plant to such endophytism, and the consequent responses of insect pests and plant pathogens. This review presents several areas that should receive focused attention to increase the probability of success for making this technology
an effective alternative to chemical control.
New species of Prolixandromyces (Laboulbeniales) from South America
Authors: Kaishian  , Weir
Published: December 2019

Four new species of Prolixandromyces (Laboulbeniales, Ascomycota) found on Veliidae (Heteroptera) from Bolivia, Brazil, Peru, and Venezuela are described and illustrated. These four species, Prolixandromyces anseris, P. tritici, P. blackwelliae, and P. bromelicola,
represent the first records of this genus from South America, and their discovery requires emendation of the original generic circumscription. The newly described fungi are compared with known species, and a new key to identification is provided.
The enigmatic Mixia osmundae revisited: a systematic review including new distributional data and recent advances in its phylogeny and phylogenomics
Authors: Sugiyama  , Nishida  , Hosoya  , Kakishima
Published: December 2019

The enigmatic basidiomycete genus Mixia includes intracellular parasites of Osmunda and Osmundastrum ferns. Here, the authors review the systematic and phylogenetic history of M. osmundae, originally known as Taphrina osmundae, and provide new data
from investigations of specimens of Osmunda japonica collected in Yunnan Province, China, which we determine to be conspecific with M. osmundae. In addition, Taphrina higginsii, a parasite on fronds of Osmundastrum cinnamomeum described from Georgia, USA, was confirmed
to be phenotypically identical with M. osmundae. The name T. higginsii is lectotypified with a Mix specimen. Collections examined to date document four localities for M. osmundae: Japan (Honshu and Kyushu), Taiwan (Taichung), USA (Georgia), and China (Yunnan), and host-parasite
relationships with the old extant ferns Osmunda japonica and its relatives and with Osmundastrum cinnamomeum. The phylogenetic placement of M. osmundae on the fungal tree of life, its evolutionary implications, and recent advances in the phylogenomics of this fungus are
briefly reviewed and discussed.
Using collections data to infer biogeographic, environmental, and host structure in communities of endophytic fungi
Authors: Huang  , Bowman  , Massimo  , Garber  , U’Ren  , Sandberg  , Arnold
Published: December 2019

Biodiversity collections contain a wealth of information encapsulated both in specimens and in their metadata, providing the foundation for diverse studies in fields such as ecology. Yet biodiversity repositories can present a challenge for ecological inferences because collections
rarely are structured with ecological questions in mind: collections may be opportunistic in space or time, may focus on particular taxonomic groups, may reflect different collection strategies in different places or times, or may not be exhaustive in terms of retaining every specimen or having
similar metadata for each record. In addition to its primary holdings, the Robert L. Gilbertson Mycological Herbarium at the University of Arizona holds a collection of living specimens of fungi isolated from the interior of healthy plants and lichens (i.e., endophytic and endolichenic fungi).
Over the past decade, more than 7000 isolates from the southwestern United States were accessioned, including strains from diverse hosts in more than 50 localities across the biotically rich state of Arizona. This collection is distinctive in that metadata and barcode sequences are available
for each specimen, many localities have been sampled with consistent methods, and all isolates obtained in surveys have been retained. Here, we use this herbarium collection to examine endophyte community structure in an ecological and evolutionary context. We then artificially restructure
the collection to resemble collections more typical of biodiversity repositories, providing a case study for ecological insights that can be gleaned from collections that were not structured explicitly to address ecological questions. Overall, our analyses highlight the relevance of biogeography,
climate, hosts, and geographic separation in endophyte community composition. This study showcases the importance of extensive metadata in collections and highlights the utility of biodiversity collections that can yield emergent insights from many surveys to answer ecological questions in
mycology, ultimately providing information for understanding and conserving fungal biodiversity.
Disentangling cryptic species with isaria-like morphs in Cordycipitaceae
Authors: Mongkolsamrit  , Noisripoom  , Thanakitpipattana  , Wutikhun  , Spatafora  , Luangsa-ard
Published: December 2019

A new genus and eight new species, all with isaria-like phialides, are described in Cordycipitaceae from Thailand. The new genus, Samsoniella, is segregated from Akanthomyces based on morphological and molecular evidence. Samsoniella differs from Akanthomyces
in producing orange cylindrical to clavate stromata with superficial perithecia and orange conidiophores with isaria-like phialides and white to cream conidia. A new combination for CBS 240.32, originally identified as Paecilomyces farinosus (Isaria farinosa), and CBS 262.58,
originally identified as Penicillium alboaurantium, respectively, is made in Samsoniella. Two new species, Samsoniella aurantia and S. inthanonensis, are described from lepidopteran larvae. Two new species of Cordyceps, C. blackwelliae and C. lepidopterorum,
were also found on coleopteran and lepidopteran larvae. Both produce isaria-like morphs with globose phialides and attenuated long necks and white mycelium in culture. The authors established a sexual-asexual link for Cordyceps javanica (= Isaria javanica) on lepidopteran larvae.
Four new species, Akanthomyces kanyawimiae, A. sulphureus, A. thailandicus, and A. waltergamsii, were pathogenic on spiders, with some strains of A. kanyawimiae also found on unidentified insect larvae. These four species of Akanthomyces occur on the underside of
leaves and produce white to cream white powdery conidia, whereas S. aurantia and S. inthanonensis were found in leaf litter and produce bright orange stromata and synnemata with white conidia. Another new combination, Akanthomyces ryukyuensis, is proposed. Phylogenetic
analyses based on a combined data set comprising the nuc rDNA region encompassing the internal transcribed spacers 1 and 2 along with the 5.8S rDNA (ITS), nuc 28S rDNA (28S), partial sequences of translation elongation factor 1-α gene (TEF1), and the genes for RNA polymerase II
largest (RPB1) and second-largest (RPB2) subunits strongly support the delimitation of these new species of Cordyceps, Akanthomyces, and in a new genus Samsoniella in Cordycipitaceae.
Nanostructures of tin oxide by a simple chemical route: synthesis and characterization
Authors: Winyayong A , Wongsaprom K
Published: December 2019

Tin oxide (SnO2) nanostructures have been synthesized by a simple chemical route. The morphology and crystallization of the samples can be controlled by changing the mixed solution of tin chloride. The precursors were calcined at 600 °C for 2 h in air to obtain the SnO2 nanorods and nanoparticles. The phase composition of the samples was investigated by XRD and electron diffraction analysis. The results confirmed the formation of a SnO2 phase with tetragonal structure. The optical properties of the nanostructures were investigated by UV-vis spectroscopy. The estimated band gaps of nanorods and nanoparticles were 3.39 and 4.23 eV, respectively. The results revealed that the morphologies and band gaps of the samples varied with the mixed solution of tin chloride.
Linear aggregation of spherical nanogolds in carbon nanotube suspension under influence of AC electric field
Authors: Mungkhong Rung , Chattham Nattaporn , Pattanaporkratana Apichart
Published: December 2019

We reported a novel method to align spherical nanogolds into linear chains, mediated by induced-electric dipoles from carbon nanotubes in the suspension under AC field. Nanogolds were suspended along with carbon nanotube in water under an AC field of magnitude 100 volts/mm and frequency range of 25 - 1, 000 KHz. Typically the electric polarization of nanoparitcles are very small because of their small volume and we did not observe their dipole-dipole interaction forces under the presence of electric field. However, introducing carbon nanotubes into the suspension made the nanogolds interact with each other and form linear chains directed along the field line. We also found that linear chains can attract from the side and form fatter chains.
A low–cost Arduino–based NMR console
Authors: Yubonmhat K , Youngdee W , Chinwong S , Saowadee N
Published: December 2019

Time domain nuclear magnetic resonance (TD–NMR) is a non-destructive technique to investigate a samples’ physical properties, such as fat and water contents, porosity, viscosity and water states in cell compartments etc., by analysis of the samples’ proton relaxations. However, commercial NMR consoles are still expensive, closed–source and unable to be customized for various applications. In this work, we demonstrate a low–cost, easy–to–build and customizable Arduino–based NMR console. The Arduino Due was chosen due to being easy–to–program while delivering high performance. The Arduino conducts four important functions i.e. controlling an RF synthesizer, timing control, data acquisition and PC interface. The NMR console is equipped with a quadrature modulator for RF phase control and a demodulator for signal phase detection. A low–cost HF power amplifier is used to amplify the transmitting signal, while a low noise amplifier TB–411–6+ is combined with an adjustable gain amplifier AD603 to amplify the received signal. The amplified signal is demodulated and collected by the Arduino. The console was successfully used to measure relaxation times of glycerin and mineral oils. The overall cost of the prototype console is approximately 363 USD. The quadrature modulator and demodulator are the key components for future development to be an NMR imaging console.
Radiolabeling efficiency and stability study on Lutetium-177 labeled bombesin peptide
Authors: Jowanaridhi B , Sriwiang W
Published: December 2019

Bombesin is a 14-amino-acid peptide having the ability to specifically bind gastrin releasing peptide receptors (GRPR) which show over-expression in many types of cancer cells. Therefore, bombesin analogs have been complexed with radionuclides and reported as radiopharmaceuticals for cancer diagnosis and therapy. Lutetium-177 (Lu-177) is a beta emitting radionuclide that decays with a half-life of 6.65 days. The medium beta energy and the relatively long half-life of Lu-177 make it one of the ideal radionuclides used in targeted radionuclide therapy. As the oxidation state of this radioisotope is 3+, it requires multidentate chelators such as DOTA to form stable complex. In this work, the commercially available conjugated peptide, DOTA-[Pro1, Tyr4]-bombesin, was labeled with Lu-177 for preliminary formulation as a therapeutic radiopharmaceutical. The aim was to evaluate the radiolabeling efficiency using various amounts of the peptide and the stability in human serum for 7 days. The radiolabeling was performed in sterile water for injection with 5 mCi of Lu-177, adjusted to pH 5.5 to 6.0 by 0.5 M sodium acetate, and incubated at 100°C for 30 min. It was found that the radiochemical yield was more than 99% when using 20 µg of the peptide, and the complex was stable for a week. Moreover, human serum was used to simulate in vivo condition. The results showed high complex stability with more than 98% remaining intact after 7 days.
Enhanced visible-light driven photocatalytic property of g-C3N4/ZnAl2O4nanocomposites
Authors: Somraksa W , Suwanboon S , Amornpitoksuk P
Published: December 2019

ZnAl2O4spinel nanoparticles and g-C3N4/ZnAl2O4nanocomposites were successfully synthesized by co-precipitation method. The influence of g-C3N4loading contents on structural, morphological and optical properties was investigated by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), respectively. The peak intensity of g-C3N4increased as a function of g-C3N4loading contents. The optical band gap values of g-C3N4/ZnAl2O4nanocomposites were 3.10, 2.84, 2.82 and 2.80 eV when g-C3N4loading contents were increased from 0 to 10, 20 and 30%, respectively. The photocatalytic activity increased as a function of g-C3N4loading content. The 30% g-C3N4/ZnAl2O4nanocomposites exhibited highest MB degradation of about 100% under visible light irradiation for 360 min.
Comparison of electron temperature in DC glow discharge and AC glow discharge plasma
Authors: Tangjitsomboon P , Ngamrungroj D , Mongkolnavin R
Published: December 2019

Knowing electron temperature and electron density is important for any plasma related applications. In this research, the electron temperature and electron density of argon plasma generated by low frequency AC power supply and a high voltage DC power supply were investigated. The measurements were compared, both experimentally and theoretically. For the experiment, a long glass cylindrical tube was used as a chamber where the electrodes were placed at 37.5 cm apart. A high voltage function generator power supply was operated at various frequencies and it was also used for DC operation. The electron temperatures were measured by Optical Emission Spectroscopy (OES) technique for different operating pressures of 0.1 mbar, 0.6 mbar and 1.1 mbar. For the simulation, both plasma theory and finite element method were used to simulate dynamics of the plasma in the cylindrical setup. From the experiment, the range of breakdown voltage was found to be between 0.80 to 2.3 kV. The length of DC glow discharge dark regions of the plasma decreases due to increasing in both operating pressure and voltage. AC glow discharge shows positive charge and negative charge swing. From the DC discharge, the maximum value of electron temperature was found to be 0.810 eV and the minimum value was 0.610 eV under the operating pressure 0.1 and 0.6 mbar respectively. From AC glow discharge plasma, the maximum electron temperature was 0.907 eV and the minimum was 0.540 eV under operating pressure 0.1 and 1.1 mbar respectively. Collision loss between ions and electrons causes this variation in the results.
Simple experimental setup for producing polarization-entangled photons
Authors: Rojpattanakul W , Bongkodmalee T , Boonkham K
Published: December 2019

Quantum entanglement is an important action in quantum mechanics. Basically, quantum entanglement of correlated photon pairs can be produced by spontaneous down-conversion process inside the two birefringence crystals. This work aims to create a pair of photons, i.e. signal and idler, that are entangled and to assay the relation between these photons by using polarization-entangled photon pairs to demonstrate quantum non-locality by comparing with the Malus’s law. From the experiments, the coincidence counts as a function of relative angle (α - β) between transmission axis of the polarizer and analyzer were obtained and the polarization entanglement curve was demonstrated. This result corresponding with polarization entanglement prediction term of ½ cos2 (α - β) which confirmed the entanglement of photons.
Influences of magnetic flux on growth and direction of Chiang Rai Phulae Pineapple roots
Authors: Thepnurat Meechai , Butsamran Pongpon , Duangsanit Prakrit , Kaewphila Pantawan , Saphet Parinya , Tong-on Anusorn , Supawan Kanitta , ruanto Patcharawarin
Published: December 2019

Currently, chemicals are widely used in plant cultivation in many countries, allowing plants to have more roots, grow faster, and increase productivity. This research aimed to study application of permanent magnets (Neodymium Magnets (NM)) to accelerate the growth of plant roots instead of using chemicals for cultivation. Pineapples were planted in liquid media under permanent magnetic flux density (B) of 1-90 mT intensity. Magnetic flux directions were arranged in two forms, either toward or ejected from the plant roots. The result showed that the number of roots of pineapples planted under the magnetic flux was 2 times greater than the control and the length of roots was also 4.5 times greater in length than those without magnetic flux. The roots exposed toward the magnetic flux had about 2 times greater number and length of roots compared to when the magnetic flux direction was ejected from the plant roots. The direction of the magnetic flux influenced the direction of plant root growth significantly.
Electrocaloric properties of ferroelectric P(VDF-HFP)/PU composites
Authors: Jehlaeh K , Salea A , Putson C
Published: December 2019

Electrocaloric (EC) cooling is one of a new cooling technology for refrigeration and air conditioning systems. This EC cooling is very interesting, not only because their higher energy conversion efficiency, but also because it is a green technology. Poly(viny lidene fluoride hexafluoropropylene), P(VDF-HFP) blended with polyurethane, PU was studied on an electrocaloric properties. All polymer composites were prepared by solution tape casting. The microstructure and crystallinity of P(VDF-HFP)/PU composites were observed by FTIR and XRD. Hysteresis loop of P(VDF-HFP)/PU composite films was also investigated with various operation temperature near Curie temperature, and their adiabatic temperature change, ΔT based on electrocaloric effect was measured by indirect method with helping of Maxwell relation. For the experimental results, hysteresis loop of all samples was observed and showed as normal ferroelectric above the F-P transition, as relaxor ferroelectric at near room temperature. Besides, the adiabatic temperature change, ΔT of P(VDF-HFP)/PU composites gradually increases with increasing PU content. It was be found that the maximum of adiabatic temperature changes of P(VDF-HFP)/PU composites with ratio 8.0:2.0 at obtained more than 22 °C, which higher than pure P(VDF-HFP). Final, the increasing ΔT will be discussion on relationship of microstructure, phase transition and crystallinity of obtained P(VDF-HFP)/PU composite.