bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Piuquencillo fault system: a long-lived, Andean-transverse fault system and its relationship with magmatic and hydrothermal activity
Authors: Piquer José , Rivera Orlando , Yáñez Gonzalo , Oyarzún Nicolás
Published: January 2021

Abstract. Lithospheric-scale fault systems control the large-scale
permeability in the Earth's crust and lithospheric mantle, and its proper
recognition is fundamental to understand the geometry and distribution of
mineral deposits, volcanic and plutonic complexes and geothermal systems.
However, their manifestations at the current surface can be very subtle, as
in many cases they are oriented oblique to the current continental margin
and to the axis of the magmatic arc; be partially obliterated by
younger, arc-parallel faults; and also be covered by volcanic and
sedimentary deposits, through which the fault might propagate vertically. The Piuquencillo fault system (PFS) is a proposed lithospheric-scale fault
system, located in the Main Cordillera of central Chile. Here, we present the
results of the first detailed field study of the PFS, based on structural
data collected at 82 structural stations distributed across all the western
Main Cordillera. The first published U–Pb zircon ages for the La Obra
batholith, which is bounded to the south by the PFS but also affected
by younger reactivations of it, were obtained. They yielded 20.79 ± 0.13 Ma
(granodiorite) and 20.69 ± 0.07 Ma (monzogranite). Statistical
analysis of fault-plane data shows that the presence of the PFS is reflected
on a strong preferred NW to WNW strike, with variable dip directions,
evident from the analysis of the total fault-plane population and also from
individual segments of the PFS. In some segments, the presence of major NE-
to ENE-striking faults which intersect the PFS is also reflected in the
preferred orientation of fault planes. Preferred orientations of
hydrothermal veins, breccias and dikes show that both the PFS and some
ENE-striking faults were capable of channelling hydrothermal fluids and
magma. Kinematic and dynamic analysis of fault-plane data reveals that most
of the PFS was reactivated with sinistral ± reverse kinematics during
the Neogene, under a strike-slip to transpressive regime with E- to
ENE-trending shortening direction (σ1). Detailed kinematic and
dynamic analyses were completed for various segments of the PFS and also for
the different rock units affected by it. This study supports the concept that the PFS is a lithospheric-scale fault
system, which strongly controlled deformation and the flow of magmas and
hydrothermal fluids during the Neogene. The PFS forms part of a larger,
margin-transverse structure, the Maipo deformation zone, a continental-scale
discontinuity which cut across the entire Chilean continental margin and
has been active at least since the Jurassic.
The 2020 glacial lake outburst flood at Jinwuco, Tibet: causes,
impacts, and implications for hazard and risk assessment
Authors: Zheng Guoxiong , Mergili Martin , Emmer Adam , Allen Simon , Bao Anming , Guo Hao , Stoffel Markus
Published: January 2021

Abstract. We analyze and reconstruct a recent Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) process chain on 26 June 2020, involving the moraine-dammed proglacial lake Jinwuco (30.356° N, 93.631° E) in eastern Nyainqentanglha, Tibet, China. Satellite images reveal that from 1965 to 2020, the surface area of Jinwuco has expanded by 0.2 km2 (+56 %) to 0.56 km2, and subsequently decreased to 0.26 km2 (‒54 %) after the GLOF. Estimates based on topographic reconstruction and sets of published empirical relationships indicate that the GLOF had a volume of 10 million m3, an average breach time of 0.62 hours, and an average peak discharge of 5,390 m3/s at the dam. Based on pre- and post-event high-resolution satellite scenes, we identified a large progressive debris landslide originating from western lateral moraine, having occurred 5–17 days before the GLOF. This landslide was most likely triggered by extremely heavy, south Asian monsoon-associated rainfall in June. The time lag between the landslide and the GLOF suggests that pre-weakening of the dam due to landslide-induced outflow pushed the system towards a tipping point, that was finally exceeded following subsequent rainfall, snowmelt, a secondary landslide, or calving of ice into the lake. We back-calculate part of the GLOF process chain, using the GIS-based open source numerical simulation tool r.avaflow. Two scenarios are considered, assuming a debris landslide-induced impact wave with overtopping and resulting retrogressive erosion of the moraine dam (Scenario A), and retrogressive erosion due to pre-weakening of the dam without a major impact wave (Scenario B). Both scenarios yield plausible results which are in line with empirically derived ranges of peak discharge and breach time. The breaching process is characterized by a slower onset and a resulting delay in Scenario B, compared to Scenario A. Evidence, however, points towards Scenario B as a more realistic possibility. There were no casualties from this GLOF but it caused severe destruction of infrastructure (e.g. roads and bridges) and property losses in downstream areas. Given the clear role of continued glacial retreat in destabilizing the adjacent lateral moraine slopes, and directly enabling the landslide to deposit into the expanding lake body, the GLOF process chain under Scenario B can be robustly attributable to anthropogenic climate change, while downstream consequences have been enhanced by the development of infrastructure on exposed flood plains. Such process chains could become more frequent under a warmer and wetter future climate, calling for comprehensive and forward-looking risk reduction planning.
Os significados e os sentidos do mal-estar docente na voz de uma professora em início de carreira
Authors: Lima Isana Cristina dos Santos , Carvalho Maria Vilani Cosme de
Published: January 2021

A temática deste artigo tem sua gênese nas vivências e nos estudos sobre a profissão docente, sobretudo a relação entre o mal-estar docente e a identidade do professor. Essas reflexões originaram a pesquisa que teve como objetivo investigar os significados e os sentidos do mal-estar docente produzidos por professores em início de carreira e suas relações com a identidade docente que está se constituindo. A opção teórico-metodológica da pesquisa foi pelas ideias de Leontiev (1978), Luria (1991), Vigotsky (1998), Ciampa (1994, 2005) e Wallon (1995), dentre outras. Os procedimentos metodológicos utilizados foram entrevista estruturada (TRIVIÑOS, 2009); entrevista narrativa (FLICK, 2009); e observação sistemática (GIL, 1999). A análise dos dados foi feita seguindo a lógica do procedimento metodológico denominado Núcleos de Significação (AGUIAR; OZELLA, 2006). Os resultados apontam que a professora inicialmente sentiu temor e medo, mas foi superando, e passou a se sentir satisfeita e realizada, embora a convivência com as professoras que expressam mal-estar docente lhe cause insatisfação. As expectativas indicam sua identificação com a profissão docente, pois deseja que os alunos aprendam e se desenvolvam; que os pais se envolvam cada vez mais; aspira que os conflitos entre as professoras findem; e que haja valorização profissional do professor e de seu trabalho. Sobre sua convivência com as professoras com mal-estar docente, a professora declarou viver conflitos na escola, apesar de ter sido bem recebida nos primeiros meses, porém mostra-se resiliente. A análise das zonas de sentidos do mal-estar docente revela que o estar sendo professora dá continuidade à constituição da sua identidade docente. Palavras-chave: Significados e Sentidos. Mal-Estar Docente. Identidade do Professor.
Critérios de acesso à Educação Infantil no Brasil: estigmatização da pobreza, privilégio corporativo ou discriminação positiva? DOI: 10.5212/OlharProfr.v.16i1.0003
Authors: Vieira Livia Maria Fraga
Published: January 2021

Por meio das políticas municipais de educação, o acesso à educação infantil tem se expandido no país nos últimos anos. Buscando estabelecer prioridades nas matrículas, observa-se a existência de procedimentos e critérios, no âmbito dessas políticas, para definir o público-alvo das instituições de educação infantil públicas. O que se problematiza, a partir de aportes históricos e da observação de políticas municipais atuais, é se a definição de critérios de elegibilidade para o acesso à oferta pública de educação infantil significou e significa estigmatização da pobreza, privilégio de grupos ou setores profissionais/ocupacionais ou política de discriminação positiva para setores historicamente excluídos. A legislação educacional de âmbito federal e estadual se constituiu na fonte privilegiada para este estudo. Foram analisadas as Constituições Federais, as leis nacionais da educação do período de 1937 a 1996, e a legislação do ensino do estado de Minas Gerais (1908 a 2000).
Análisis de la mutación D614G encontrada en secuencias del genoma completo de SARS-CoV-2 en El Salvador
Authors: Hernandez Avila Carlos Enrique , Ortega ´Perez Carlos Alexander , Rivera Noé Rigoberto , López Xochitl Sandoval
Published: January 2021

Se realizó durante el mes de octubre del 2020 la secuenciación del genoma de muestras autóctonas de SARS-CoV-2. Objetivo. Analizar in silico las mutaciones D614G en las secuencias aisladas en El Salvador. Metodología. Se analizaron secuencias utilizando la plataforma bioinformática SOPHiA-DDM-V5.7.10 para la determinación de las variantes por mutaciones con sentido erróneo.  utilizando la plataforma Nexclade beta v0.8.1. se visualizó y comparo la proteína S silvestre (D614: PDB ID: 6VXX) y de la variante mutada (D614G: PDB ID:  6XS6). El modelamiento y generación de imágenes de los detalles moleculares de las proteínas se utilizó Pymol-v1.7.2.3.   Resultados. El análisis de los cristales de la proteína S silvestre y mutada muestra diferencias a nivel molecular incluyendo la pérdida de interacciones entre el residuo G614 del dominio S1 y la treonina 859 de dominio S2, favoreciendo de esta manera la conformación abierta de la proteína S, la cual es necesaria para la interacción de S con el receptor ACE2.Conclusión. El predominio mundial de la D614G y las evidencias de laboratorio y bioinformáticas publicadas hasta la fecha, apuntan hacia una posible mayor infectividad y transmisibilidad conferida por la variante D614G detectada en las secuencias del SARS-CoV-2 en El Salvador.
COVID-19: transmisión vertical, enfermedad y cuidados en recién nacidos
Authors: Oliva Marin Jose Eduardo , Pleitez Navarrete Jorge Alberto
Published: January 2021

Existe la posibilidad que el SARS-CoV-2 se transmita tanto verticalmente en el útero, como durante y después del parto. La mayoría de bebés infectados presentan sintomatología leve o son asintomáticos. Las manifestaciones clínicas más frecuentes son la taquipnea y la disnea. En los exámenes de laboratorio, los hallazgos más frecuentes son la leucopenia y la linfopenia. Las lesiones pulmonares se muestran más claramente mediante la tomografía axial computarizada que mediante los rayos X. Las imágenes más comunes en ambas pruebas son las opacidades en vidrio esmerilado. No hay tratamiento antiviral y/o inmunomodulador aprobado para COVID-19 en recién nacidos. Aún no hay disponibilidad de guías específicas para el manejo respiratorio de neumonía por COVID-19 en recién nacidos. Los partos de madres positivas a COVID-19 deben efectuarse en una sala dedicada exclusivamente para ello. La vía de evacuación de elección es el parto vaginal. La evidencia actual no es suficiente para concluir que existe transmisión vertical de SARS-CoV-2 a través de la lactancia materna. Se deben tener precauciones para evitar el contagio posnatal a los recién nacidos y al personal de salud.
The Effectiveness of An Educational Program Based on Pictures and Graphics in Developing Some Spatial and Temporal Concepts among Kindergarten Children
Authors: Al-Yamani Abd Al-Raouf Hamid , Khalid Muhammad Ali Bani , Jabali Safia Mahmoud
Published: January 2021

The study aimed to identify the effectiveness of an educational program based on images and graphics in developing some spatial and temporal concepts among kindergarten children. The researchers used the semi-experimental approach, and the sample of the study, chosen randomly, consisted of (50) children and distributed among the two study groups (25) groups. Experimental and (25) control groups. The researchers prepared the study tools represented by the educational program and a test that measures temporal and spatial concepts after confirming their validity and stability. The results of the study showed statistically significant differences between the members of the two groups in favor of the experimental group, and the study recommended including this program in kindergarten curricula.
A Study on Image Translation in Wang Wei’s Landscape Poems Based on Three-dimensional Transformation in Eco-translatology
Authors: Chen Feifei
Published: January 2021

Ancient Chinese poetry has long been a hot topic in academic world. Recognized worldwide as a versatile literator in Tang Dynasty in China, Wang Wei composed a large quantity of excellent landscape poems containing rich images that can enrich the cultural connotation and create more artistic effect. Undoubtedly, the English translation of Wang Wei’s landscape poems plays a pivotal role in letting Chinese culture goes global. In view of the large discrepancy of cultural traits between China and western countries, translators who are not familiar with the two cultures will be prone to run into setbacks and difficulties during the whole translating process. Accordingly, if translators misinterpret the images in poetry translation, readers may feel confused and thus fail to appreciate the authentic beauty. Therefore, the image translation in Wang Wei’s landscape poetry is also of great significance. However, up to now, the academic world hasn’t attached great importance to the theoretical value of images in translating ancient Chinese poetry and translating strategies targeting at ancient Chinese poems are still mainly hovering on the controversy between foreignization and domestication, neglecting other significant perspectives. Guided by the translation principle-the three-dimensional transformation in the theory of Eco-translatology, this study is expected to explore the feasibility of this translation method in the study of Wang Wei’s poetry translation and to evaluate the quality of different versions of image translation from the linguistic, cultural, and communicative dimensions, aiming to offer both a guideline and a criterion for Wang Wei’s poetry translation, to broaden the research ideas of literary translation as well as to help promote the lasting charm of the oriental culture to the world.
Seismic effects on nuclear installations introduction, summary and recommendations
Authors: Editor
Published: January 2021

The following papers are excerpts from the submission of the Working Group for Seismic Effects on Nuclear Installations to the 1977 Royal Commission on Nuclear Power.
Perfil del profesor de inglés en Chile: quién es y qué enseña
Authors: Lizasoain Andrea
Published: January 2021

El inglés ha tenido un papel relevante en Chile desde sus inicios como nación y durante cerca de doscientos años. En este contexto se intenta perfilar la imagen del profesor de inglés chileno para otorgarle el lugar que se merece y contribuir a hacer comprender el estado actual de dicha disciplina como lengua extranjera (ILE). Para ello, se realizó una encuesta en línea a un número estadísticamente significativo de profesores de inglés chilenos. Los resultados obtenidos se cotejaron con la base de datos del Ministerio de Educación (Mineduc) para validar la información por comparación externa. Se encontró que la mayoría de los docentes son mujeres jóvenes con niveles de proficiencia lingüística y formación pedagógica adecuados, con pocos años de experiencia y que enseñan la lengua inglesa por vocación para que los estudiantes ingresen en la fuerza laboral y amplíen sus visiones del mundo. Esto da cuenta de la influencia de las políticas lingüísticas en el currículo escolar y de formación docente, así como de la calidad de los profesores de inglés chilenos. Es decir, se logra el propósito de reivindicar su imagen por medio de datos empíricos.
Movilidad internacional y empleabilidad: el impacto en el capital humano y social de la juventud
Authors: Vázquez-Rodríguez Ana , García-Álvarez Jesús , Santos Rego Miguel A.
Published: January 2021

En los últimos años se ha otorgado un notable énfasis a la movilidad internacional como estrategia de mejora de la empleabilidad de la juventud. Las principales razones de dicho apoyo son las posibilidades que ofrece para el desarrollo del capital humano y social en una economía del conocimiento. Desde esta premisa el objetivo del presente trabajo es analizar la influencia de la movilidad en el capital humano y social como dimensiones de empleabilidad. Para ello se ha seguido una metodología de corte cualitativo y centrada en la revisión documental de los principales estudios realizados en el contexto nacional e internacional. Los resultados informan de una influencia bidireccional del capital en la relación entre movilidad y empleabilidad: su efecto es anterior (en la toma de decisiones) y posterior (en la adquisición de competencias, junto al establecimiento de una red de contactos). No obstante, el impacto sobre la empleabilidad está condicionado por las características socioeconómicas del país, lo que pone en evidencia que la movilidad será más beneficiosa en territorios en los que la tasa de desempleo o el desajuste educativo sean elevados.
Concepciones de planificación en la formación profesional para el empleo: la importancia de la experiencia profesional
Authors: Ros-Garrido Alicia
Published: January 2021

Este artículo presenta los resultados de una investigación que pertenece al grupo de estudios sobre el conocimiento del profesorado. Tiene como objetivos explorar las concepciones de planificación del profesorado y del personal gestor de la formación profesional para el empleo y analizar similitudes y divergencias entre las mismas, puesto que ambos son agentes que participan en los procesos de planificación en esta formación. La metodología es de orientación cuantitativa basada en un método descriptivo. Se han analizado las concepciones de planificación a través de un cuestionario adaptado de Marrero (1988) y validado por personas expertas. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que no hay apenas diferencias entre las concepciones asumidas por el profesorado y las identificadas por el personal gestor. Las conclusiones apuntan los aspectos siguientes: los objetivos y el alumnado son la referencia en la planificación de la enseñanza de la formación profesional para el empleo, por encima de la experiencia o los contenidos; los cuatro aspectos deben incorporarse a la formación del profesorado como elementos de reflexión y aprendizaje básicos en el desarrollo profesional docente, y será necesario compaginar la docencia con la actividad profesional (OCDE, 2011; Barrientos y Navío, 2015) para favorecer la finalidad de esta política activa de empleo.
Depicting Historical Persons and Identities: A Faceted Approach
Authors: Dobreski Brian , Qin Jian , Resnick Melissa
Published: January 2021

Archives are responsible for presenting historical materials to users while also placing them in context. Historical individuals and their identities pose specific challenges for the archive, including how to negotiate changing cultural perspectives on identity and how to convey and explain contexts to modern audiences. Contemporary subject representation practices in cultural heritage tend to offer a reductivist view of personal identity. Using a collection of visual images of nineteenth and twentieth century sideshow performers, the present work explored a faceted approach to representing personal identity in order to: 1) offer a more holistic view of historical individuals, their identities, and relationships; and 2) help place historical terms and perspectives into context in order to better support user understanding. Utilizing an inductive approach, the researchers developed a framework of seven facets of personal identity. A textual keyword analysis of existing title metadata for images in the collection was implemented in order to identify distinct individuals depicted and any facets associated with them. Finally, collection-based language and closest matches from several controlled vocabularies were used to assign values to the facets for all individuals. The resulting metadata offers a flexible, richer, more holistic analysis of personal identity for these materials, while also exposing some deeper issues concerning identity, performance, and visual imagery. Opportunities exist for further automation and application of this faceted system to other historical collections.
Optical Sensor for Nonlinear and Quantum Optical Effects
Authors: Carlos Amaro de Faria Antônio
Published: January 2021

In this chapter, the main foundations for the conception, design, and the project of optical sensors that explore the effects of nonlinear and quantum optics are presented. These sensors have a variety of applications from the design of waveguides with self-selection of propagation modes to signal processing and quantum computing. The chapter seeks to present formal aspects of applied modern optics in a detailed, sequential, and concise manner.
Racist Babies? Resisting Whiteness in Parenting
Authors: W. Nishi Naomi
Published: January 2021

Whiteness has evolved in the way that mostly white parents teach their children to embrace and normalize it. Whereas within the United States previously, white families employed explicitly racist tactics to maintain whiteness in their children, today white, neoliberal families have adapted their whiteness to be more implicit and socially acceptable. This chapter draws on literature and narrative inquiry to describe how whiteness is passed down, generation by generation. The author looks particularly at white, neoliberal, and color evasive families of today to deconstruct these myths. The author closes by offering strategies and examples for parents who want to raise critically conscious and socially just children and grow these traits within themselves as well.
Nonlinear Optical Responsive Molecular Switches
Authors: Y. Kariduraganavar Mahadevappa , V. Doddamani Radha , Waddar Balachandar , Reddy Parne Saidi
Published: January 2021

Nonlinear optical (NLO) materials have gained much attention during the last two decades owing to their potentiality in the field of optical data storage, optical information processing, optical switching, and telecommunication. NLO responsive macroscopic devices possess extensive applications in our day to day life. Such devices are considered as assemblies of several macroscopic components designed to achieve specific functions. The extension of this concept to the molecular level forms the basis of molecular devices. In this context, the design of NLO switches, that is, molecules characterized by their ability to alternate between two or more chemical forms displaying contrasts in one of their NLO properties, has motivated many experimental and theoretical works. Thus, this chapter focuses on the rational design of molecular NLO switches based on stimuli and materials with extensive examples reported in the literature. The factors affecting the efficiency of optical switches are discussed. The device fabrication of optical switches and their efficiency based on the optical switch, internal architecture, and substrate materials are described. In the end, applications of switches and future prospectus of designing new molecules with references are suitably discussed.
Organic Inorganic Perovskites: A Low-Cost-Efficient Photovoltaic Material
Authors: Aslam Madeeha , Mahmood Tahira , Naeem Abdul
Published: January 2021

Organic-inorganic perovskite materials, due to the simultaneous possession of various properties like optical, electronic and magnetic beside with their structural tunability and good processability, has concerned the attention of researchers from the field of science and technology since long back. Recently, the emergence of efficient solar cells based on organic-inorganic perovskite absorbers promises to alter the fields of thin film, dye-sensitized and organic solar cells. Solution processed photovoltaics based on organic-inorganic perovskite absorbers CH3NH3PbI3 have attained efficiencies of over 25%. The increase in popularity and considerable enhancement in the efficiency of perovskites since their discovery in 2009 is determined by over 6000 publications in 2018. However, although there are broad development prospects for perovskite solar cells (PSCs), but the use of CH3NH3PbI3 results in lead toxicity and instability which limit their application. Therefore, the development of environmental-friendly, stable and efficient perovskite materials for future photovoltaic applications has long-term practical significance, which can eventually be commercialized.
Al-Ghazālī and Descartes on Defeating Skepticism
Authors: Parvizian Saja ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: January 2021

Commentators have noticed the striking similarities between the skep­tical arguments of al-Ghazālī’s Deliverance from Error and Descartes’ Discourse on Method and Meditations on First Philosophy. However, commentators agree that their solutions to skepticism are radically different. Al-Ghazālī does not use rational proofs to defeat skepticism; rather, he relies on a supernatural light [nūr] sent by God to rescue him from skepticism. Descartes, on the other hand, relies on the natural light of reason [lumen naturale] to prove the existence of God, mind, and body. In this paper, I argue that Descartes’ solution is closer to al-Ghazālī’s than commentators have allowed. A close reading of the cosmological argument of the Third Meditation reveals that there is also a type of divine intervention em­ployed in the Meditations, which helps Descartes defeat skepticism. This reading may buttress the case made by some that al-Ghazālī influenced Descartes; but more importantly, it requires us to rethink key features of Descartes’ epistemology.
Evaluation of Cryoglobulins
Authors: Kallemuchikkal Usha , Gorevic Peter D.
Published: January 2021

Cryoglobulins are immunoglobulins that precipitate as serum is cooled below core body temperatures. A cryoglobulin screen is the observation of a serum specimen collected and separated while warm for cryoprecipitation over a period of up to 7 days. Values of the screening may be reported as a cryocrit, which is the volume percent of the precipitate compared with the total volume of serum. Further proof that the precipitate is indeed a cryoglobulin can be obtained by demonstrating resolubilization with warming and immunochemical analysis by immunofixation. Detailed characterization of cryoglobulins may also require rigorous washing of the precipitate, quantitation of total protein and immunoglobulins, and evaluation of serum for monoclonal gammopathy, rheumatoid factor activity, evidence of complement activation, and presence of hepatitis C virus seroreactivity or hepatitis C virus RNA. The single most important variable confounding standardization of cryoglobulin testing is the frequently improper separation of warm serum from other blood elements prior to screening and characterization.
Diffuse Axonal Injury in Infants With Nonaccidental Craniocerebral Trauma
Authors: Gleckman Aaron M. , Bell Michael D. , Evans Richard J. , Smith Thomas W.
Published: January 2021

Objective.—Accurate identification of diffuse axonal injury is important in the forensic investigation of infants who have died from traumatic brain injury. β-Amyloid precursor protein (β-APP) immunohistochemical staining is highly sensitive in identifying diffuse axonal injury. However, the effectiveness of this method in brain-injured infants has not been well established. The present study was undertaken to assess the utility of β-APP immunohistochemistry in detecting diffuse axonal injury in infants with either shaken baby syndrome or blunt head trauma.

Materials and Methods.—Archival formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded blocks from infants (<1 year old) with shaken baby syndrome (7 cases) and blunt head trauma (3) and blocks from 7 control cases that included nontraumatic cerebral edema (1), acute hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (1), and normal brain (5) were immunostained for β-APP. A semiquantitative assessment of the severity of axonal staining was made. Corresponding hematoxylin-eosin–stained sections were examined for the presence of axonal swellings.

Results.—Immunostaining for β-APP identified diffuse axonal injury in 5 of 7 infants with shaken baby syndrome and 2 of 3 infants with blunt head trauma. Immunoreactive axons were easily identified and were present in the majority of the sections examined. By contrast, hematoxylin-eosin staining revealed axonal swellings in only 3 of 7 infants with shaken baby syndrome and 1 of 3 infants with blunt head trauma. Most of these sections had few if any visible axonal swellings, which were often overlooked on initial review of the slides. No β-APP immunoreactivity was observed in any of the 7 control cases.

Conclusions.—Immunostaining for β-APP can easily and reliably identify diffuse axonal injury in infants younger than 1 year and is considerably more sensitive than routine hematoxylin-eosin staining. We recommend its use in the forensic evaluation of infants with fatal craniocerebral trauma.
Extensive Lipomatous Metaplasia in Bilateral Macronodular Adrenocortical Hyperplasia
Authors: Finch Chris , Davis Robert , Truong Luan D.
Published: January 2021

Objective.—We describe a case of macronodular hyperplasia with marked adrenal enlargement in which mature adipose tissue was a significant component. To our knowledge, this condition has not been reported previously.

Methods.—A 42-year-old woman with newly diagnosed Cushing’s syndrome underwent endoscopic bilateral adrenalectomy to remove bilateral adrenal masses.

Results.—Both adrenal glands displayed features of macronodular hyperplasia with marked adrenal enlargement, and abundant mature adipose tissue was identified in some nodules of both glands.

Conclusions.—Lipomatous metaplasia is histologically demonstrated in a case of macronodular hyperplasia with marked adrenal enlargement. This distinctive change may be secondary to metaplastic transformation of either stromal cells or adrenocortical cells. The presence of lipomatous metaplasia would appear to indicate adrenocortical process, since, to our knowledge, it has never before been described in the adrenal nodule.
Immunocytochemical Localization and Distribution of Human Albumin in Wuchereria bancrofti Adult Worms
Authors: Peixoto Christina Alves , Norões Joaquim , Rocha Abraham , Dreyer Gerusa
Published: January 2021

To determine whether albumin is present on adult worms of Wuchereria bancrofti, thin sections of resin-embedded parasites were incubated with a specific antiserum to human albumin. With the exception of the epicuticle, all layers of the cuticle and the hypodermis were intensely labeled. Concentration of gold particles was observed within infoldings of the hypodermal membrane. Moderate labeling of the thin basement membrane that lines the pseudocelomic cavity and the gonoduct was also observed. Within the uterus, ovular membranes labeled intensely; groups of organized particles were seen below ovular membranes and also within invaginations of microfilarial embryos. In contrast, few gold particles were seen on the surface of mature intrauterine microfilariae. No labeling was observed in control sections incubated with antiserum preadsorbed with purified human albumin. The findings suggest that human albumin may be essential for the nutrition and development of W bancrofti microfilariae.
Determinants of Plasma Fibrin D-Dimer Sensitivity for Acute Pulmonary Embolism as Defined by Pulmonary Angiography
Authors: Heit John A. , Minor Thomas A. , Andrews James C. , Larson Dirk R. , Li Hongzhe , Nichols William L.
Published: January 2021

Background.—The reported operating characteristics of the plasma fibrin D-dimer level for the diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism vary widely.

Objective.—To determine the sensitivity, specificity, predictive value, and clinical utility of the D-dimer for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism, and to describe the effect of D-dimer assay method (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA], latex agglutination, membrane ELISA) and discriminate level, patient location at onset, comorbid disease, duration and intensity of concurrent heparin administration, and duration of symptoms on these operating characteristics.

Design.—Prospective laboratory investigation.

Setting.—Community and tertiary care teaching hospital.

Patients.—Consecutive patients with suspected acute pulmonary embolism referred for pulmonary angiography from April 1993 through March 1996.

Measurements.—Baseline characteristics, the duration and intensity of heparin anticoagulation, the time interval between symptom onset and plasma D-dimer testing, pulmonary angiography, and the D-dimer level on the day of pulmonary angiography.

Results.—Of 105 consenting patients, 33 (31%) had a positive pulmonary angiogram. The D-dimer sensitivity/negative predictive value for the ELISA, latex agglutination (American Bioproducts Co/Diagnostica Stago and Biopool International), and membrane ELISA were 100%/100%, 94%/94%, 100%/100%, and 97%/96%, respectively, at a discriminate level of 250 μg/L or less. The clinical utility, defined as the prevalence of a negative test, ranged from 17% to 33%. D-dimer sensitivity was unaffected by patient location at onset, comorbid disease, or heparin therapy but was inversely related to the duration of symptoms.

Conclusions.—The sensitivity of the plasma fibrin D-dimer for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism depends on the assay method, the assay-specific discriminate level, and the duration of symptoms. At the appropriate discriminate level, the plasma D-dimer is a sensitive but nonspecific test for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism.
Angiotropic (Intravascular) Large Cell Lymphoma of T-Cell Phenotype Presenting as Acute Appendicitis in a Patient With Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Authors: Malicki Denise M. , Suh Yae K. , Fuller Gregory N. , Shin Sung S.
Published: January 2021

We describe a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome who presented with acute appendicitis but was found to have angiotropic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) by pathologic examination of the appendectomy specimen, without acute inflammation. Very rare cases of angiotropic large cell lymphoma have been reported in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection, and most cases of this rare lymphoma are of B-cell origin, but in this instance immunohistochemical analysis showed a T-cell phenotype.
Malignant Supratentorial Ganglioglioma (Ganglion Cell–Giant Cell Glioblastoma)
Authors: Dash Rajesh C. , Provenzale James M. , McComb Rodney D. , Perry Deborah A. , Longee Darryl C. , McLendon Roger E.
Published: January 2021

Background.—From both epidemiologic and pathologic viewpoints, gangliogliomas exhibiting components of giant cell glioblastomas are extraordinary neoplasms. We report herein the case of a 6-year-old girl who presented initially with a World Health Organization grade IV anaplastic ganglioglioma (a mixed ganglion cell tumor–giant cell glioblastoma). Despite aggressive management, the patient died of disease in a relatively short period.

Methods.—Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue blocks were sectioned at 5 μm for histochemical and immunohistochemical analyses. Hematoxylin-eosin–stained sections and immunohistochemically stained sections from the primary and secondary resections were reviewed. Reactivity for glial fibrillary acidic protein, neurofilament protein, synaptophysin, and Ki67 nuclear antigen was evaluated.

Results.—Histologically, 2 distinct cell populations were noted on both the primary and secondary resections. The primary resection revealed a neoplasm having a predominant glial component consistent with a glioblastoma. Interspersed were dysmorphic ganglion cells supporting a diagnosis of ganglioglioma. The second resection (following therapy) demonstrated a much more prominent dysmorphic ganglion cell component and a subdued glial component.

Conclusion.—Although immunohistochemical analysis clearly distinguished the 2 tumor cell populations, the identification of Nissl substance in neurons proved to be equally helpful. Although other cases of grade III gangliogliomas and rare cases of grade IV gangliogliomas have been reported, the present case is exceptional in that, to our knowledge, it is the only report of a patient who presented initially with a composite grade IV ganglioglioma and who was clinically followed up to the time of death. This case allows direct comparison between the histologic findings in a giant cell glioblastoma and a ganglioglioma and documents the aggressive biologic behavior of this complex neoplasm.
Small Cell Carcinocythemia
Authors: Sile Cynthia C. , Perry David J. , Nam Lucy
Published: January 2021

Tumor cells circulate in the blood, but it is unusual to find cancer cells on a routine peripheral smear. The term carcinocythemia is used to describe this phenomenon. Four patients have been reported previously with small cell lung cancer and carcinocythemia. A fifth case is described in this article. These patients presented with advanced disease and had generalized lymphadenopathy and liver involvement; 3 had splenic metastases. All of these patients experienced rapid clinical deterioration. Death occurred 3 days to 2 weeks from the time carcinocythemia was detected. The presence of small cell carcinocythemia can be one of the manifestations of end-stage disease and is associated with an extremely poor prognosis.
Complex Vascular Lesions at Autopsy in a Patient With Phentermine-Fenfluramine Use and Rapidly Progressing Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: Strother Jennifer , Fedullo Peter , Yi Eunhee S. , Masliah Eliezer
Published: January 2021

Anorectic agents, such as aminorex and fenfluramine derivatives, have been associated previously with the development of primary pulmonary hypertension. The combination diet drug phentermine-fenfluramine (or “phen-fen”) was recently marketed in the United States. We describe a case of a 39-year-old woman with rapidly progressing, fatal pulmonary hypertension following administration of phentermine-fenfluramine. Autopsy was remarkable for complex pulmonary vascular lesions most consistent with thrombotic arteriopathy.
Oncocytic Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma of the Trachea
Authors: López-Terrada Dolores , Bloom M. G. K. , Cagle Philip T. , Ostrowski Mary L.
Published: January 2021

We report a rare case of an oncocytic mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the trachea, which presented in a 78-year-old woman with hemoptysis. Oncocytic cells comprised the majority of this low-grade lesion and demonstrated granular cytoplasmic phosphotungstic acid–hematoxylin staining as well as strong immunohistochemical reactivity to antimitochondrial antibody. Most tracheobronchial tumors with oncocytic change are carcinoid tumors. To our knowledge, this is the first oncocytic mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the trachea reported. This diagnosis was facilitated by histochemical and immunohistochemical studies.
Collecting Duct Meningeal Carcinomatosis
Authors: Olivere Joseph W. , Cina Stephen J. , Rastogi Pawan , Ro Jae Y.
Published: January 2021

Collecting duct carcinoma (CDC) is an aggressive primary renal neoplasm that represents a distinct subtype of renal cell carcinoma. Histochemical (eg, mucicarmine) and immunohistochemical (eg, Ulex europaeus) studies, taken in concert with the gross and histologic findings, allow differentiation of CDC from the conventional varieties of renal cell carcinoma in most cases. Collecting duct carcinoma generally pursues a more aggressive course than conventional renal cell carcinoma. Metastases to regional lymph nodes, bone, adrenal glands, lung, and skin have been reported in CDC. We describe the case of a 26-year-old man who presented with a clinical and radiologic impression of multifocal meningioma. Biopsies of the meninges and extracranial soft tissues revealed metastatic adenocarcinoma; subsequent studies suggested metastatic CDC. Ultrasound-guided biopsy was performed on a subsequently identified renal mass, which showed features consistent with CDC. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of meningeal carcinomatosis due to CDC. The diagnostic features of this tumor are discussed.
The Changing Relationships in Transfusion Medicine
Authors: Sazama Kathleen
Published: January 2021

Maintaining quality in provision of transfusion services in the face of mergers, acquisitions, affiliations, and risk-sharing relationships between organizations that formerly conducted business in a traditional vendor-purchaser model is the ultimate challenge. Publications, both lay and professional, highlight the speed and nature of the impetus for change, especially in the United States, where managed care philosophies are driving a bottom-line mentality. Blood collection and transfusion organizations are developing new relationships, including entry of for-profit entities into a formerly virtually exclusively not-for-profit environment, provision of transfusion services by formerly exclusive blood collection entities and vice versa, outsourcing of selected portions, and other innovative relationships, with significantly more competitive marketing strategies. Measures of quality of transfusion services should benchmark current practices, if possible, before entering into new relationships to ensure that the quality of patient care remains high. Concerns about the fiscal viability of organizations should not minimize safety and availability of blood for transfusion when needed.
Impact of Innovations on Transfusion Medicine
Authors: Sacher Ronald A. , Sandler S. Gerald
Published: January 2021

The final decade of the last century of the second millennium ad has seen dramatic changes in all aspects of science and health care. In transfusion medicine, the blood supply is the safest it has ever been. Newer refinements and innovations are continuously being researched and implemented to achieve and further enhance safety. Advances in blood conservation, pharmacologic manipulation, engineered blood derivatives, and recombinant growth factors can now provide safer and more effective alternatives to blood transfusions for many patients. This overview highlights selective innovations in transfusion medicine and emphasizes some significant advances that have occurred in blood donor screening, blood component collections and therapy, and laboratory testing. Newer technologies are anticipated that will further enhance the safety of blood and transfusions and potentially augment annually the blood supply on a worldwide basis.
Evaluation and Implementation of the Gel Test for Indirect Antiglobulin Testing in a Community Hospital Laboratory
Authors: Cate John C. , Reilly Nancy
Published: January 2021

Background.—The gel test, developed by Lapierre in 1984, was designed to standardize antiglobulin testing while improving sensitivity and specificity of the method.

Principle.—Anti–human serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) mixed with Sephadex G100 (gel phase) in a microtube traps red cell–IgG agglutination complexes during migration through the gel in a centrifugation step. Agglutination complexes are visibly detectable at various levels in the microtube as an inverse function of antibody coated on red cells. Unsensitized red cells form a cell pellet at the base of the microtube.

Objective.—To determine if indirect anti–human globulin testing could be standardized and simplified by replacing the tube test with the gel test without compromising quality or increasing costs.

Setting.—A medium-sized community hospital.

Results.—In a blinded retrospective study, we used patient sera (n = 40), which included 10 positive specimens containing 18 known antibodies. Sixteen antibodies were detected and identified with the tube method (1 anti-D and 1 anti-C not detected). By the gel test, 18 antibodies were detected and identified. All negative samples showed 100% concordance. Favorable results were obtained in a nonblinded prospective correlation study (n = 121). Our technologists found the gel test easier to read and more reproducible and reliable than the tube method; they also found increased sensitivity for detecting weakly reacting antibodies. We successfully introduced the gel test into our laboratory as the standard method for indirect antiglobulin testing. Following implementation, improved personnel management was achieved.

Conclusions.—The gel test is a reliable and advantageous method and is appropriate for routine use for detection and identification of alloantibodies in a community hospital transfusion service laboratory.
Severe Hemolytic Reaction Due to Anti-JK3
Authors: Marshall Carol S. , Dwyre Denis , Eckert Robin , Russell Liisa
Published: January 2021

A 35-year-old gravida 3, para 3 Filipino woman with a negative antibody screen, no prior history of transfusion, and no hemolytic disease of the newborn in her children suffered a massive postpartum hemorrhage requiring transfusion. A severe hemolytic transfusion reaction occurred 5 days after delivery. Subsequently, a panagglutinin on a routine antibody identification panel was identified as anti-Jk3. The patient's red blood cell phenotype was Jk(a−b−) and all of her children were Jk(a−b+), yet the antibody that formed reacted with equal strength against all Jka- or Jkb-positive cells. The rare Jk(a−b−) phenotype is more common in Polynesians. Anti-Jk3, like other Kidd system antibodies, is difficult to detect because in vivo production may be absent between provocative episodes and because these antibodies often show weak in vitro reactions. The increasing numbers of Pacific Islanders in the United States could result in more frequent encounters with this rare phenotype. Increased awareness of ethnic variability in blood phenotypes and of the capricious nature of Kidd antibodies can help pathologists and technologists deal more effectively with these cases.
Infection, Immunity, and Cancer
Authors: Persing David H. , Prendergast Franklyn G.
Published: January 2021

A significant percentage of human cancers worldwide are associated with infections due to known viruses, including human papillomaviruses (cervical cancer and other skin cancers), human T-lymphotropic viruses (adult T-cell leukemias and lymphomas in endemic areas), hepatitis B virus (liver cancer), and Epstein-Barr virus (Burkitt lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma). The fraction of human cancers attributable to infection may now need to be revised in light of the fact that new viral associations have been discovered and other nonviral associations have been identified. This article addresses the increasingly recognized role of infectious agents as precipitants of human neoplasia and the possibility that novel diagnostic, therapeutic, and chemopreventive strategies may emanate directly from research directed at identifying and understanding these agents.