bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mast Cell-Associated Serotonin in Acupoint Contributes to Acupuncture Analgesia in Arthritis Rats by Mediating ATP Release
Authors: Li Bing-Rong , Li Yu-Jia , Xu Jing-Wen , Huang Meng , Wang Li-Na , Zhang Di , Shen Xue-Yong , Ding Guang-Hong
Published: January 2023

Background: The activation of subcutaneous mast cells (MCs) helps to trigger the analgesic effect induced by acupuncture (AP), a traditional oriental therapy, that has been gradually accepted worldwide. This work aimed to reveal whether the serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) released from MCs plays an important role in this process, which has a controversial effect in the mechanism of pain. Methods: In vivo tests, a 20-min session of AP was applied at Zusanli acupuncture point (acupoint) of acute ankle arthritis rats. Pain thresholds of the injured hindpaw were assessed to reflect the pain state, and the targeting substances in the interstitial space of the treated acupoint were sampled by microdialysis. In vitro experiments, exogenous 5-HT (exo-5-HT) was introduced to mediate adenosine triphosphate (ATP) release from cultured MCs. Results: Needling promoted 5-HT accumulation at the Zusanli acupoint, which was prevented by sodium cromolyn. AP’s analgesic effect was suppressed by the inhibition of 5-HT receptors at the acupoint, especially 5-HT1A subtype. In vitro tests, mechanical perturbation mimicking needling stimulation induced MCs to release 5-HT. 1 μM and 10 μM of exo-5-HT facilitated ATP release, which was restrained by blocking of 5-HT1 receptors rather than 5-HT3 receptors. As 5-HT, ATP and adenosine were also transiently accumulated in the treated acupoint during needling. Promoting ATP hydrolysis or activation adenosine A1 receptors duplicated AP analgesic effect. Finally, the inhibition of ATP receptors by suramin or pyridoxal phosphate-6-azo tetrasodium salt hydrate (PPADS) prevented AP analgesic effect. Conclusions: Our results suggest that MC-associated 5-HT release at acupoints contributes to AP analgesia, and the mediation of ATP secretion through 5-HT1A receptors might be the underlying mechanism at play. ATP could facilitate adenosine production or the propagation of needling signals.
Lipophagy: Molecular Mechanisms and Implications in Hepatic Lipid Metabolism
Authors: Feng Sai , Sun Zeao , Jia Xiao , Li Lingyun , Wu Yijian , Wu Chengyu , Lin Ligen , Liu Jingxin , Zeng Bin
Published: January 2023

The liver is the most significant metabolic organ in the body and plays an important role in lipid metabolism. Liver lipid metabolism disorders cause hepatic diseases such as hepatitis, hepatic cirrhosis, and hepatoma. Autophagy is a process of generating energy and building blocks by degrading redundant or damaged proteins and organelles. Thus, it helps in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Recent discoveries revealed that lipophagy plays a vital role in hepatic cellular homeostasis and lipid metabolism. Its imbalance is always associated with the perturbation of lipid metabolism in the liver. This article reviewed the molecular mechanisms involved in lipophagy and the interaction between lipophagy and hepatic lipid metabolism. Increasing evidence suggests that lipophagy is an effective method to resolve liver diseases.
Takotsubo Syndrome: The Secret Crosstalk between Heart and Brain
Authors: Schino Sofia , Bezzeccheri Andrea , Russo Alessandro , Bonanni Michela , Cosma Joseph , Sangiorgi Giuseppe , Chiricolo Gaetano , Martuscelli Eugenio , Santoro Francesco , Mariano Enrica Giuliana
Published: January 2023

An acute, transient episode of left ventricular dysfunction characterizes Takotsubo syndrome. It represents about 2% of all cases of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), and occurs predominantly in postmenopausal women, generally following a significant physical or emotional stressor. It can be diagnosed based on clinical symptoms and the absence of coronary artery disease on angiography. Ventriculography remains the gold standard for the diagnosis. Despite its transitory characteristic Takotsubo syndrome should not be considered a benign condition since complications occur in almost half of the patients, and the mortality rate reaches 4–5%. Lately, it has been revealed that Takotsubo syndrome can also lead to permanent myocardial damage due to the massive release of catecholamines that leads to myocardial dysfunction. Different mechanisms have been advanced to explain this fascinating syndrome, such as plaque rupture and thrombosis, coronary spasm, microcirculatory dysfunction, catecholamine toxicity, and activation of myocardial survival pathways. Here are still several issues with Takotsubo syndrome that need to be investigated: the complex relationship between the heart and the brain, the risk of permanent myocardial damage, and the impairment of cardiomyocyte. Our review aims to elucidate the pathophysiology and the mechanisms underlying this complex disease to manage the diagnostic and therapeutic algorithms to create a functional synergy between physicians and patients.
Cardiotoxicity as a Possible Side Effect of Statins
Authors: Chaulin Aleksey
Published: January 2023

According to current views, statins have a wide range of beneficial effects (lipid and non-lipid) on the cardiovascular system, so they are one of the most commonly used drugs for the prevention and management of patients with cardiovascular diseases. However, it is important to note that information about many beneficial effects of statins is contradictory. In addition, a number of side effects of statins, in particular, myotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, diabetogenic property, etc., may limit the possibility of using statins or even force doctors to cancel these drugs. Also, some concerns are caused by recent studies reporting cardiotoxicity of statins and increased serum concentrations of biomarkers of myocardial damage (highly sensitive cardiac troponins (hs-cTns)) in patients taking statins. This article discusses in detail the possible mechanisms of cardiotoxicity of statins and outlines the directions for further research in this area.
Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Supplements and Cardiovascular Disease Outcome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Qi Xue , Zhu Hechen , Ya Ru , Huang Hao
Published: January 2023

Background: Many meta-analyses and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the use of Omega-3 supplements for cardiovascular disease (CVD) have come to different outcomes. Besides, previous meta-analyses have missed some key RCTs on this topic. Methods: PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library and Web of Science were manually searched for eligible RCTs on Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) use for CVD. Risk estimates of each relevant outcome were calculated as a hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) using the random-effects model. Subgroup analysis was conducted according to the main characteristics of the population, sensitivity analysis would be performed if there was significant heterogeneity among analyses on relevant outcomes. Statistical heterogeneity was assessed using chi-square tests and quantified using I-square statistics. Results: Nineteen eligible RCTs incorporating 116,498 populations were included. Omega-3 PUFA supplementation could not significantly improve the outcomes of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) (HR: 0.98, 95% CI: 0.91–1.06), myocardial infarction (MI) (HR: 0.86, 95% CI: 0.70–1.05), coronary heart disease (CHD) (HR: 0.90, 95% CI: 0.80–1.01), stroke (HR: 1.00, 95% CI: 0.91–1.10), SCD (sudden cardiac death) (HR: 0.90, 95% CI: 0.80–1.02), all-cause mortality (HR: 0.96, 95% CI: 0.89–1.04), hospitalization (HR: 0.99, 95% CI: 0.81–1.20), hospitalization for all heart disease (HR: 0.91, 95% CI: 0.83–1.00), hospitalization for heart failure (HR: 0.97, 95% CI: 0.91–1.04). Although omega-3 PUFA significantly reduced revascularization (HR: 0.90, 95% CI: 0.81–1.00) and cardiovascular mortality (CV mortality) (HR: 0.91, 95% CI: 0.85–0.97), risk for atrial fibrillation (AF) was also increased (HR: 1.56, 95% CI: 1.27–1.91). Subgroup analysis results kept consistent with the main results. Conclusions: Omega-3 PUFA supplementation could reduce the risk for CV mortality and revascularization, it also increased the AF incidence. No obvious benefits on other CVD outcomes were identified. Overall, potential CVD benefits and harm for AF should be balanced when using omega-3 PUFA for patients or populations at high risk.
EMPAT BELAS KONSENTRASI RUJUKAN UTJ DAN Th PADA BAHAN ACUAN STANDAR INTERNAL BERMATRIKS GRANIT TERALTERASI
Authors: Irzon Ronaldo , Andriani Shofi
Published: January 2023

Bahan referensi diperlukan sebagai tolok ukur tingkat kebenaran suatu pengukuran. Untuk mengatasi biaya yang mahal dan keterbatasan matriks dari certified reference materials, maka dikembangkan aneka ragam bahan referensi internal. Batuan jenis granitoid sering diteliti karena bermanfaat dalam mempelajari sejarah tektonik suatu wilayah dan memiliki komposisi unsur tanah jarang yang relatif lebih besar dari batuan beku segar lain. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk menjabarkan proses pembuatan bahan uji internal dengan matriks batuan granit teralterasi yang diambil dari Tambang Pemali di Pulau Bangka pada koordinat 1° 53’ LS dan 106° 03’ BT. Homogenisasi sampel dilakukan secara manual sedangkan preparasi dilaksanakan dengan proses destruksi asam. Kadar analit pada sampel diukur menggunakan Inductively Coupled Plasma – Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) di Laboratorium Pusat Survei Geologi. Empat belas konsentrasi analit yang terdiri dari tiga belas UTJ dan Th telah layak untuk dijadikan nilai rujukan setelah melalui proses penentuan limit deteksi, derajat kebenaran, dan tingkat presisi. Bahan standar internal ini dapat segera dimanfaatkan pada analisis sampel dengan matriks yang sesuai maupun sebagai pendamping certified reference materials.
RELATIVE OUTPUT FACTOR (ROF) OF GAMMA KNIFE’S MEASUREMENT USING IONIZATION CHAMBER AND GAFCHROMIC FILMS
Authors: Nazaroh Nazaroh , Firmansyah Okky Agassy , Setiadi Ade Rizky , Irhas Irhas , Sudiatmoko Elia
Published: January 2023

The important things on Leksell Gamma Knife (LGK) is determination of Relative Output Factor (ROF), which is required for beam data collection (BDC) process, as an input value to the Treatment Planning System (TPS). The ROF is also needed to traceability of dosimetry measurements and patient safety. ROF measurements on LGK using PTW PinPoint 3D ionization chamber: 0.016 cm3, PTW Semiflex: 0.125 cm3, and Exradin A16: 0.017 cm3 at collimators 4, 8 and 16 mm. and gafchromic films. ROF values obtained in hospital-A, using PTW PinPoint 3D was: [(1.00 ± 0.002)], [(0.80 ± 0.02]); [(0.42 ± 0.002)]; and using Exradin A16 [(1.00 ± 0]; [(0, 87 ± 0)]; [(0.69 ± 0.0002)]. And using gafchromic films was: [(1.00 ± 0.006]; (0.96 ± 0.005); (0.86 ± 0.06)]; respectively for collimators 4, 8 and 16 mm, and Measurement of ROF in hospital-B using using a PTW PinPoint 3D was: [(1 ± 0); (0.75 ± 0); and (0.33 ± 0)] and using Exradin A16 was: [(1; 0.87; and 0.69)] and gafchromic films was: [(1.00 ± 0.03); (0.98 ± 0.045); and (0.85 ± 0.09)]; The results of ROF’s measurement were compared with the ROF values of Novotny, et al (2009) and TPS. The Gafchromic’s ROF values were relatively closer than both of them, while the ROF value of ionization. chamber at 4 mm collimators was relatively lower, because measurement in a small field occurs an averaging effect volume and lack of lateral charge particle equilibrium (LCPE).
Sufi historical and cultural monuments in Bashkortostan: based on the materials from the archival collections of Arabic manuscripts of Ufa
Authors: Salih N. R.
Published: January 2023

This article is devoted to the description of historical and cultural monuments of Bashkortostan in the form of Sufi Arabic handwritten works concentrated in the funds of their storage of the Department of Rare Books and Publications of the National Library of the Republic of Bashkortostan named after. Ahmed-Zaki Walidi and the Department of Rare Books of the Scientific Library of the Ufa Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Based on the study and analysis of these sources, introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, it was possible to identify the nature, process, and features of the spread and development of Sufism in Bashkortostan. The variety of Sufi handwritten works in the collections of Ufa city and their wide chronological framework, represented by the Late Middle Ages and the period of Modern times, indicate the demand for these historical and cultural monuments among the Muslim population of the region in the pre-revolutionary period.
Russian class and madrasah in 1870–1917: the history of confrontation (on the example of the city of Chistopol, Kazan province)
Authors: Gabdrafikova L. R.
Published: January 2023

In 1870, special rules for organizing the system of education for non-Russian schoolchildren appeared in the Russian Empire. This was a sign of the beginning of intensive work aimed to integrate the Tatars into the general imperial social and cultural system. One of the articles of the law on March 26, 1870 called for the opening of Russian classes at the madrasah. In 1875, 11 Russian classes functioned at the different madrasahs in the Kazan province. But most of the Russian classes worked in Kazan. In the city of Chistopol, where a large Tatar community lived and the famous madrasah worked under the patronage of Muhammad-Zakir Kamalov, the Russian class was opened only in 1881. Kamalov perceived the new changes negatively, so in Chistopol, in the 1880–1890s, there was a conflict arosed between the supporters of a religious figure and the officials of educational control. One of the participants in the conflict was Mir-Sa‘id Yunusov, the teacher of the Russian class. In the article, we reconstructed his family and work cases on the basis of archival documents. Besides, we used Qayyum Nasiri's memories of the experience of organizing the Russian class in Kazan as an analogy. The writers Fatih Karimi and ‘Ayadh Ishaqi also studied at the Chistopol Madrasah in the late 1880s and early 1890s, so we used materials related to their lives for our work. The author concludes that the Russian-class madrasah of Chistopol case was mainly caused by the arrow of age and personality problems.
The development of Islamic banking and of some Halal services in the Republic of Tatarstan
Authors: Kusanova D. S.
Published: January 2023

The article explores the ideas of Muslim women about the development of the Halal industry in the Republic of Tatarstan. The relevance of the study lies in the significant number of Muslims who are interested in the development of the production of goods and services that meet the norms of Islam. The research considers the services provided in the field of Islamic banking (mortgage, lending), beauty and health services, the development of Halal Lifestyle in the Republic of Tatarstan. Thus, the paper reveals the problems of the industry, connected with the purchase of housing on a mortgage; overpriced beauty and health services; discrepancy between the cost and the quality of the products; lack of halal certification for some services etc. Attention is focused on the joint work of the official clergy, state authorities, employees of the Halal Committee under the Spiritual Administration of Muslims of the Republic of Tatarstan, manufacturers and suppliers of goods and services, as well as Muslim consumers to coordinate efforts and receive feedback. Within the framework of the study, the author relies on a semi-structured interview – the method of qualitative research.
MAZHAB – MAZHAB ANTROPOLOGI HUKUM
Authors: Anugrah Boby
Published: January 2023

Secara historis zaman terus berkembang melalui hierarkis perkembangan yang terus diiringi dengan perubahan sosial, dimana dua hal ini akan selalu beriringan. Keberadaan manusia yang dasar pertamanya bebas menjadi hal yang problematik ketika ia hidup di dalam komunitas sosial. Kemerdekaan ini akan berbenturan dengan kemerdekaan individu lainnya bahkan dengan makhluk yang lain.
MENEGAKAN MASALAH MASALAH HUKUM
Authors: rasyidi Gema
Published: January 2023

Dalam bukunya Nomoi, Plato menyatakan bahwa penyelenggaraan pemerintahan yang baik ialah yang diatur oleh hukum. Kemudian dikembangkan oleh Aristoteles, yang menyatakan bahwa suatu Negara yang baik adalah Negara yang diperintah dengan konstitusi dan berkedaulatan hukum. Menurut Aristoteles, bahwa yang memerintah dalam Negara bukanlah manusia tetapi pikiran yang adil, dan kesusilaanlah yang menentukan baik-buruknya suatu hokum
Reality three : eXistenZ film notes
Authors: Akmut Camille
Published: January 2023

"eXistenZ is the more intellectual version of Matrix..."
Psychometric properties of the Reflective Function Questionnaire for Youth Five-Item version in adolescents with restrictive eating disorders
Authors: Jewell Tom , McLaren Veronica , Sharp Carla
Published: January 2023

Mentalizing difficulties are an established correlate of eating disorders, but there is a need to establish the validity and reliability of easy-to-administer instruments to measure the construct in adolescents. This study evaluated the psychometric properties of a five-item version of the Reflective Function Questionnaire for Youth (RFQY-5) in a sample of adolescents with restrictive eating disorders recruited for a prospective observational study. Adolescents completed the 46-item version of the RFQ-Y at the start of treatment (T1) (n = 171) and nine months later (n = 51). The factor structure, internal reliability and convergent validity of the RFQY-5 were assessed at T1. Sensitivity to change was assessed in a subsample of n = 51 who completed the RFQ-Y nine months after the start of treatment (T2). At T1, the RFQY-5 demonstrated inadequate internal reliability (McDonald’s Omega = 0.657) and poor model fit for the unidimensional structure (Χ2(5) = 29.98; p < 0.001; CFI = 0.801; TLI = 0.602; RMSEA = 0.171; SRMR = 0.070). Convergent validity was partially supported. The RFQY-5 was not sensitive to change. The RFQY-5 was found to have inadequate psychometric properties in adolescents with restrictive eating disorders. Psychometric studies are needed to further develop valid and reliable measures of mentalizing for this population.
Research Milestone Forecasting in Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Kane Patrick Bodilly , Ratjen Felix , Wallenburg John , Lands Larry , Kimmelman Jonathan
Published: January 2023

ABSTRACT:Background: Cystic fibrosis (CF) has seen important breakthroughs in the last few years. Physicians, experts, and patients anticipate further treatment advances in the coming years.Methods: In October 2021, CF experts in the US and Canada were asked to provide forecasts about 8 milestones in cystic fibrosis research in an online survey (Canadian experts provided forecasts about two additional milestones about healthcare system outcomes). CF experts were identified using lists of CF clinics available from major CF advocacy groups in the US and Canada. We randomized experts into two different experimental arms, comparing two different forecast elicitation approaches. Results: 81 experts completed the survey. Forecasts were not particularly optimistic about near term breakthroughs, though many events, including approval of anti-inflammatory drugs and approval of an amplifier drug were viewed as having at least a 40% chance of happening in the next 6 years. Experts were still less sanguine about other events, including FDA approval of effective antibiotics for B. Cepacia, FDA approval of a therapy for those with stop mutations on both alleles and a Phase II trial testing a gene therapy (25%, 27%, and 27% probability of not occurring at all within the next 10 years). Overall, both elicitation methods produced very similar forecasts. Conclusions: Experts regard important advances like genetic therapy as unlikely to occur within the decade. However, experts are very optimistic about healthcare system access to new treatments, at least in Canada.
Cara Mudah Dan Cepat Budidaya Ikan Koi
Authors: Dadiono Muh. Sulaiman
Published: January 2023

Salah satu komoditas ikan hias air tawar introduksiyang sampai saat ini masih menjadi primadona di pasarinternasional dan merupakan ikan hias kelompok mahal,serta fluktuasi di pasaranpun relatif stabil adalah ikan koi(Cyprinus carpio). Ikan hias koi atau nishikigoi sebagaisalah satu ikan hias yang banyak diminati karenakeindahan bentuk badan serta warnanya, dan dipercayamembawa keuntungan oleh para pecinta koi di Indonesia.Jenis ikan koi yang memiliki harga cukup baik dan stabildi pasar dunia yaitu kohaku, taisho, sanshoku, showa,shiro, utsuri, shusui, asagi, goromo, goshiki, bekko,tancho, kinginrin, dan kawarimono.
Effect of Chromium on Human-Health: A Review
Authors: Pokhrel Ganga Raj , Pokhre Galaxy
Published: January 2023

This review presents the health effects of chromium on the living organism based on previous studies. Chromium (Cr) belongs to the d-block element in the modern periodic table. Chromium has a wide range of oxidation states ranging from -2 to +6. Chromium mostly exists in the environment as trivalent (Cr3+) and hexavalent (Cr6+) states. Both trivalent and hexavalent states of chromiums are derived from the industrial effluents. Ingestion, dermal contact, and inhalation are the most common routes through which chromium enters the human body. Ion chromatography inductively coupled plasmamass spectrometry (IC-ICP-MS) is mostly used for the speciation analysis of metals. Hexavalent chromium is highly soluble and mobile in alkaline and slightly acidic soils, whereas trivalent chromium is less soluble, adheres to the coarse material on the soil, and precipitates as Cr(III) hydroxide. Hexavalent chromium is more detrimental as compared to trivalent chromium. The detrimental effects of chromium are bronchial asthma, lung cancer, nasal ulcers, skin allergies, carcinogenicity, and genotoxicity. To protect from these adverse effects, WHO has suggested a provisional guideline value of chromium as 0.05 mg/L until further information is available and revalued.
Phytochemical Analysis and Biological Activity Test and Functional Group Detection of Eucalyptus Globulus
Authors: Gyawali Hari , Ghimire Albert , Dhital Toran Dip
Published: January 2023

This study was designed to explore phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of the Eucalyptus globulus. Extraction of phytochemical was performed by Soxhlet apparatus using ethanol and hot water extraction using water. The phytochemical screening of ethanolic extract showed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, saponins, phenols, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, proteins & amino acids, steroids, volatile oils, and aqueous extract showed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, glycosides, saponins, phenols, tannins, flavonoids, proteins & amino acids, gums and mucilage, and steroids. Agar well diffusion method was used for the antimicrobial activity test. Both ethanolic and aqueous extracts of E. globulus are resistant to the E. coli, Staphylococcus sp., and Bacillus species except ethanolic extract shows activeness against Staphylococcus sp. & Bacillus species. Both ethanolic and aqueous extracts of E. globulus show inactivity against Aspergillus species. This study concludes the phytochemicals derived from given plants has great potential to treat life-threatening disease. The FTIR studies show that plant extracts consist of amine, carboxylic acid, alcohol & nitro compounds as the most abundant component.
Leaf Impression of Amesoneuron (Arecaceae) from the Lower Siwalik Sediments of the Kankai Mai River Section, Eastern Nepal
Authors: Adhikari Purushottam , Khatri Dhan Bahadur , Srivastava Gaurav , Paudayal Khum N.
Published: January 2023

A leaf impression of Amesoneuron (Arecaceae) is reported from the Lower Siwalik sediments of the Kankai Mai River section, eastern Nepal. The overall habit, habitat and modern distributions and climatic conditions show the existence of tropical to sub-tropical wet evergreen forests with humid swampy lowland areas during the deposition of the sediments.
Comparative Study of Harmonics to Noise Ratio of Closed Organ Pipe at First and Second Resonance
Authors: Adhikari S.K.
Published: January 2023

A sound wave has two components as periodic and non-periodic whose ratio is known as harmonic to noise ratio (HNR). HNR is an important parameter to analyze the voice. It also measures the degree of hoarseness. The measure of this parameter can be done with the help of Praat software. This paper compares the HNR of a closed organ pipe at first resonance and second resonance. HNR has varied from 10.95 dB to 27.87 dB at the first resonance and 7.3 dB to 23.87 dB at the second resonance. The average values at first and second resonance are 15.69 dB and 11.99 dB respectively. From the observation table and graph, it was found that HNR is greater at first resonance than second resonance for closed organ pipe.
कक्षा ११ को ‘नेपाली’ पाठ्यपुस्तकका कथा विधामा प्रयुक्त नमुना अभ्यास
Authors: दिनेश घिमिरे
Published: January 2023

प्रस्तुत लेखमा कक्षा ११ को ‘नेपाली’ (२०७७) पाठ्यपुस्तकका कथा पाठहरूमा प्रयुक्त नमुना अभ्यासका प्रश्नहरूलाई कथा शिक्षणको विधागत प्रयोजन र पाठ्यव्रmमका उद्देश्यअनुरूप विश्लेषण गरी तिनको उपयुक्तता र पर्याप्तता पहिल्याइएको छ । यसमा पुस्तकालयीय अध्ययनबाट सामग्री सङ्कलन र वर्णनात्मक विधिबाट व्याख्या विश्लेषण गरी निष्कर्षमा पुगिएको छ । यस अध्ययनबाट प्राप्त निष्कर्षका आधारमा कक्षा ११ को नेपाली पाठ्यपुस्तकको नमुना अभ्यास भाषिक सिप विकासमा केन्द्रित रहेको देखिन्छ । त्यस्तै यस पुस्तकमा भाषिक सिपहरूमध्ये सबैभन्दा बढी लेखाइ सिपमा, त्यसपछि व्रmमशः पढाइ, बोलाइ र सुनाइमा जोड दिनु उक्त कक्षामा विधा शिक्षणका दृष्टिले उपयुक्त मान्न सकिन्छ । कथा पाठका नमुना अभ्यासमा प्रश्नगत पर्याप्तता र विविधता पाइन्छ । साथै उक्त कक्षाको नेपाली भाषा पाठ्यव्रmमले अपेक्षा गरेअनुरूपका भाषिक सिपगत सक्षमता हासिल हुने खालका प्रश्नहरू रहेकाले यो सबल रहेको देखिन्छ । कथा विधा शिक्षण प्रयोजनका दृष्टिका साथै अभ्यासका प्रश्नहरूबाट निर्देशित सिकाइ व्रिmयाकलापलाई आधार मान्दा कथा पाठको नमुना अभ्यास, शब्दभण्डार र पठनबोध क्षमता विकासका दृष्टिले उत्तम, प्रश्नोत्तर, घटनाव्रmम, समीक्षा, प्रतिव्रिmया लेखन, सिर्जना र परियोजना कार्यसम्बद्ध क्षमता विकासका दृष्टिले मध्यम अनि बुँदाटिपोट र सारांश लेखन क्षमता विकासका दृष्टिले निम्न रहेको देखिन्छ । नमुना अभ्यासमा सुनाइ पाठ र त्यससम्बद्ध अभ्यासलाई छुट्टै शीर्षक दिई सुनाइ र बोलाइ सिपका अभ्यास गराउन खोज्नु यस पुस्तकको नवीन पक्षहो । तथापि सुनाइ र बोलाइका अभ्यासमा लेखाइसम्बद्ध प्रश्नहरू समेत रहेकाले तिनको सट्टा यस खण्डमा सुनाइ बोलाइको मात्र अभ्यास गराउँदा अझ प्रभावकारी हुने देखिन्छ ।
Science Teachers’ Knowledge, Beliefs, and Practices towards learning Science during Covid-19 Pandemic Outbreak
Authors: Upadhyaya Indra Raj , Ghimire Paras Mani
Published: January 2023

The virtual mode of classes was accepted as the universal method across the globe during the pandemic. However, researchers found different challenges, barriers, and obstacles in virtual mode. It is crucial to understand how classroom practices are going during the pandemic, particularly for science, which is a practical and activity-based subject. Thus, this study aimed to discover what knowledge, beliefs, and practices science teachers had regarding science learning during the pandemic. In the study, 83 science teachers, were surveyed using a Google form with 12 items. The questionnaires covered curricular goals, teacher training, student regulations, modes of instruction, best strategies and approaches to teaching, the effectiveness of virtual classes, their obstacles, the evaluation of students, and suggestions for implementing virtual classes effectively. According to the results obtained, conclusions were drawn, and the study's implications were discussed.
Remittance from Gurkha’s as a Source of Foreign Currencies and Contribution to Livelihood Practices of Left Behind
Authors: Thapa Laxmi
Published: January 2023

Study shows that remittances from the Gurkha’s are an important source of foreign currency for Nepal which has also been contributing as a reliable source of income for the family and relatives left behind. The article depicts the statistical data of Gurkhas who have been in service and retired, in the Indian army and the British army. For the study here, I have deployed the observation and purposive sampling method followed by semi-structured interview techniques to collect the required data. My respondents are the household heads of employees and office personnel of Indian and British pension camp for primary data, and records from respective camp for secondary data. The finding shows a huge amount of Indian rupees and British pound as a foreign currency remitted by Gurkhas. The data shows that there are NPR.1,28,52 crores inward remittance come to Nepal annually from Gurkhas. On top of that, the remittances are playing a vital role to uplift the economic condition of left behind. However, the absence of energetic migrants has changed the traditional socio-cultural construction of the community, the role of women in the household chore, and demographic composition. Positively, women are empowered and economically they get a reliable source of income throughout their life. While single parenting, the loneliness of old parents, and sacrifice for social relations seem very challenging to manage them as a social being. Findings also show that there is a tangible gap between the pace of global economic advancement and local economic advancement, which has encouraged youths to join the army.
Revisiting Black History in William Faulkner’s Light in August
Authors: Subedi Shankar
Published: January 2023

This paper aims to explore and analyze Faulkner’s novel that fictionalizes the history of Southern part of the US during the time of Harlem renaissance when blacks were conscious of their own position as blacks as well as the time of Jim Crow laws that legalized racial segregation in the south. The book depicts whites’ domination of America and it questions the representation of blacks as violent and irrational and challenges the official history with its emphasis on white supremacy and condemnation of blacks. It puts the issues and experiences of black people at the center of the text and through an engagement with historical realities of American South tries to blur the boundaries between history and fiction. The violent nature of Joe Christmas is not an inborn quality but a result of various socio-political forces that have played a key role in shaping his psychology. The truths about blacks are white ‘constructs’ and Faulkner brings those constructs under scrutiny in this novel. This paper looks at the novel as a fictionalization of history and a questioning of official history in the light of theoretical insights derived from Stephen Greenblatt, Michel Foucault and Louise Montrose.
ऋतुविचार खण्डकाव्यमा मोक्षचिन्तन {Mokshachintan in Rituvichara Khandakavya}
Authors: शर्मा Sharma यादवप्रसाद Yadavprasad
Published: January 2023

प्रस्तुत लेखमा लेखनाथ पौड्यालद्वारा रचित ऋतुविचार खण्डकाव्यलाई पौरस्त्य आध्यात्मिक दर्शनका मोक्षसम्बन्धी सैद्धान्तिक स्थापनाका आधारमा विवेचना गरिएको छ । विवेचनाका लागि आवश्यक सामग्रीको सङ्कलनका निम्ति पुस्तकालयीय सामग्री सङ्कलन विधिको प्रयोग गरिएको छ । यस सन्दर्भमा मोक्षसम्बन्धी सिद्धान्तको गहिराइको बोध गर्नका निम्ति क्रमशः उपनिषद्, साङ्ख्य, योग, न्याय, वैशेषिक, मीमांसा, वेदान्त र बौद्ध दर्शनका मोक्षसम्बन्धी स्थापनाहरूको अनुशीलन गरीमोक्ष भनेको के हो ? भन्ने कुरा प्रस्ट पारिएको छ । उपर्युक्त सबै दर्शनले मोक्षमाथि प्रकाश पार्ने प्रयत्न गर्दा प्रयोग गरिएका पद, पदावली, उपमान आदिका साथै अभिव्यक्तिको पद्धतिमा केही भिन्नता भए पनि सङ्केत गर्न खोजिएको कुरा एउटै भएको तथा यसलाई स्वयं अपरोक्षानुभूति नगरेसम्म पूर्ण रूपमा ज्ञात नहुने र अपरोक्षानुभूतिपछि पनि पूर्णरूपमा निर्वचनीय नरहेको कुरा प्रस्ट पारिएको छ । त्यसपछि ऋतुविचार खण्डकाव्यको सूक्ष्मपठन गरेर मोक्षसम्बन्धी चिन्तन अभिव्यञ्जित केही प्रमुख श्लोकहरू ठम्याई पौरस्त्य आध्यात्मिक दर्शनको केन्द्रविन्दुका रूपमा रहेको मोक्षसम्बन्धी सैद्धान्तिक स्थापनाका आधारमा विवेचना गर्दै खण्डकाव्यमा विषयगत विम्बहरूका रूपमा पूर्वीय दर्शनका मोक्षसम्बन्धी बिम्बहरू प्रशस्त प्रयोग भएकाले खण्डकाव्यका विभिन्न अंशमा मोक्षचिन्तन पनि कलात्मक उपकरणका रूपमा प्रभावकारी रूपमा आएको निचोड दिइएको छ ।
High Risk Pregnancy Detection and Management: Need of Present Day Obstetric Care
Authors: Shrestha A.
Published: January 2023

No abstract available.
Research Capacity for Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases and their Risk Factors in Nepal: Findings of a Needs Assessment Study
Authors: Oli N. , Pradhan P. M. S. , Sagtani R. A. , Shrestha A. , Jaacks L. M. , Karmacharya B. M. , Danaei G. , Vaidya A.
Published: January 2023

Background Despite a high burden, there are limited trainings in non-communicable disease research in Nepal.

Objective We conducted a needs assessment to assess existing research training capacity in academic health institutions of Nepal for the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases, identify gaps in research, and explore the feasibility of developing research training program in Nepal targeting non-communicable diseases.

Method We did mixed-method research and reviewed academic institution curricula and scientific articles authored by Nepali researchers. We conducted 14 Focus Group Discussions with bachelor and masters level students of public health and community medicine; 25 In-depth Interviews with department heads and faculties, and government stakeholders. We surveyed medical and public health students on their research knowledge and skills development.

Result Research methodology component was addressed differently across academic programs. One-third (33.7%) of students expressed lack of skills for analysis and interpretation of data. They felt that there is a wide scope and career-interest in non-communicable diseases research in Nepal. However, specific objectives in the curriculum and practical aspects regarding non-communicable diseases were lacking. Most of the non-communicable diseases research in Nepal are prevalence studies. Lack of funding, conflicting priorities with curative services, and inadequate training for advanced research tools were reported as major barriers.

Conclusion Nepal must strengthen the whole spectrum of research capacity: epidemiological skills, research management, and fund development. Generation of a critical mass of non-communicable disease researchers must go together with improved funding from the government, non-governmental, and external funding organizations.
Awareness and Knowledge of Glaucoma and their Associated Factors among Staffs in a Tertiary-level Hospital in Central Nepal
Authors: Shrestha A. , Shrestha P. , Shrestha T. , Shrestha R. M. , Sujakhu D. , Dhakal K. , Thapa G. , Adhikari S. , Karki S. , Poudel L.
Published: January 2023

Background Since glaucoma-related blindness may only be prevented with early identification and treatment, finding asymptomatic individuals in the target population is critical. It is thus important to determine the awareness and knowledge on glaucoma.

Objective To determine the knowledge and awareness on glaucoma among the staff of a tertiary level hospital in central Nepal.

Method This was a cross sectional study among the staffs of Dhulikhel Hospital who participated voluntarily in the study. The data was collected through the administration of semi-structured questionnaires. R version 4.0.3 (2020-10-10) was used for the data analysis. Categorical variables are presented as frequency (percentages) and the numerical ones are presented as mean (standard deviation). Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with 95% confidence interval were estimated through logistic regression analysis for determining factors associated with awareness and knowledge of glaucoma.

Result A total of 107 (89.2%) participants had heard about glaucoma of which 93 (86.9%) had good knowledge and 14(13.1%) had poor knowledge on glaucoma. The mean score of knowledge was 64.1±16.9. Only 47.7% of the participants said that glaucoma also has an asymptomatic course. We could not find an association of awareness and knowledge of glaucoma with any of the selected sociodemographic variables.

Conclusion Although there was a fairly good glaucoma related awareness and knowledge among hospital staff, we found lack of understanding on some critical issues on glaucoma, mainly related to its asymptomatic nature. There is thus room for improvement in educating about glaucoma even in healthcare settings. Given the necessity of expanding glaucoma awareness in the public, hospital staff might potentially serve as messengers to the communities
Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Inferior Vena Cava: Aorta Index with a Cut-off Value of 1.0 as a Predictor for Hypotension after Induction of General Anesthesia; An observational study
Authors: Shakya S. , Sharma B. , Singh J. , Ranjit S.
Published: January 2023

Background Hypotension after induction of general anesthesia (GA) is common due to pre-existing hypovolemia and has adverse effects on organ function. Out of several methods to predict post-induction hypotension, nowadays Inferior Vena Cava: Aorta (IVC: Ao) index has been studied with different cut-off values. However, limited studies have been performed in our part of the world.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of pre-induction Inferior Vena Cava: Aorta index with a cutoff value of 1.0 for predicting the occurrence of post-induction hypotension after general anesthesia in the Nepalese population.

Method A total of 100 patients of ASA I and II, aged more than 18 years posted for elective surgeries under general anesthesia were enrolled in this cross-sectional, observational study. Ultrasonographic guided Inferior Vena Cava: Aorta index was calculated and based on a cut-off value of 1.0, two groups were formed. Seventy patients in group A with Inferior Vena Cava: Aorta index less than 1.0 and 30 patients in group B with Inferior Vena Cava: Aorta index more than 1.0 were enrolled. Vitals parameters were recorded every minute for five minutes after induction of general anesthesia. Incidence of hypotension was the primary outcome. Statistical analysis was done using student t-test, ANOVA test and Chi-square test.

Result Inferior Vena Cava: Aorta index with cut-off value of 1.0 predicted post-induction hypotension with excellent efficacy. Total 65 patients developed post-induction hypotension, out of which 63 patients had Inferior Vena Cava: Aorta index less than 1.0.

Conclusion We concluded that pre-induction Inferior Vena Cava: Aorta index with cut-off value of 1.0 have high diagnostic accuracy with high degree of sensitivity and specificity to predict hypotension after induction of general anesthesia.
Demographics and Awareness of Diabetic Retinopathy among Diabetic Patients Attending Department of Ophthalmology at Dhulikhel Hospital
Authors: Shrestha R. M. , Shrestha N. , Shrestha P. , Shrestha J. K.
Published: January 2023

Background Diabetes mellitus is considered as a major public health concern globally. Poor management of diabetes may lead to several serious complications including endstage renal disease, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic neuropathy, and cardiovascular complications. Among them diabetic retinopathy is one of the leading causes of visual impairment and blindness in Nepal.

Objective To assess the demographics and level of awareness among individuals with diabetes about diabetic retinopathy during their visit to Department of Ophthalmology at Dhulikhel Hospital.

Method A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted involving all consecutive cases of diabetes mellitus who attended eye clinic with the principal investigator and co-investigator from March 2021 to August 2021. Detailed demographics of the participants, their level of awareness regarding diabetic retinopathy and associated complications were documented. This was followed by a detailed ocular examination intending to screen for the presence of features of diabetic retinopathy.

Result A total of 260 patients with a mean age of 54 years ± 12.20 (range of 24 - 85 years) were included. The male to female ratio was 2.2:1. Among them, 65.4% of the patients had diabetes mellitus for less than 5 years duration. Diabetic retinopathy was found in 18.46% of the cases. Awareness of diabetic ocular complications was significantly higher among literate population (p = 0.054), among those who have positive family history of diabetes mellitus (p = 0.529) and those who had undergone prior fundus evaluation (p = 0.000).

Conclusion From result of this study, we can emphasize that there is a necessity for health education in order to increase the awareness and knowledge about diabetic retinopathy to lower the burden of sight threatening complications related with the issue.
Platelet Satellitism in a Patient with Bronchial Asthma
Authors: Koju S. , Vaidhya N. , Twitwi R. , Shankhadev R. , Pote N.
Published: January 2023

Platelet satellitism is uncommon phenomenon characterized by formation of platelet rosette around polymorphonuclear leucocytes in blood smear prepared from Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid anticoagulated blood. This phenomenon may cause reporting of spurious thrombocytopenia unless proper examination of blood smears. Here we describe a case of platelet satellitism in a 29 year old female which has been incidentally found on evaluation of eosinophilia in a bronchial asthma patient.
Integrated Approach of Risk Sensitive Land Use Zoning: A Case Study of Banepa Municipality
Authors: Dahal Lekh Nath
Published: January 2023

Land is a basic source of livelihood for most of the Nepalese. Land fragmentation, improper use of land, rapid urbanization and lack of formal plan has created serious problems mostly in urban areas including study area. So proper Land use planning is necessary for getting optimum benefit from land resource in sustainable way. Risk factor has to be considered in land use planning process. Since Expert driven (Top down) approach has not gained satisfactory achievement, Participatory (Bottom up) approach has emerged to ensure public participation in land use planning. Participatory approach has also some limitations.
So the study seeks to implement integration of both expert driven and participatory approach to identify low risk land use zones in study area. Study targeted to identify risk areas from participatory approach before land use zoning. The case study was carried out in Banepa Municipality. The research was completed by following integrated approach using both primary and secondary data. Both desk study and case study method has been applied. Questionnaire, focus group discussion, interview techniques has been used in the study for collecting primary information where as high resolution satellite imagery, municipal GIS database, Census data etc. were used as secondary data. GIS application was used for Multi-criteria Analysis (MCA). To determine corresponding weight for each factor for land use zoning AHP (Analytical Hierarchy process) has been implemented.
Different risk zones in the study area are identified using participatory approach. Final risk free land use zoning map of the study area is prepared. Study concludes that integrated approach is useful for effective land use zoning and risk should also be considered in this process. Different kinds of risk like landslide, flooding, industrial hazard etc. are dominant in the study area. Legal, organizational and technical improvement is required for effective implementation of land use zoning.
Signal coverage mapping of local radios
Authors: Baidar Tina , Shrestha Anu Bhalu , Ranjit Rita , Adhikari Ruby , Joshi Janak Raj , Bhatta Ganesh Prasad
Published: January 2023

FM radio transmission is greatly affected by geography. Nepal faces particular problems in relation to variations in signal reach because of its varying topography. Radio signal coverage mapping indicates service areas of radio communication transmitting stations. The objectives of this study are to map the signal coverage of local radios (Kavre district) and to assess parameters affecting FM signal strength. The primary data were GPS coordinates of FM transmission stations and bearing of antenna. The secondary data regarding frequency of station, transmitter model, transmitter power, antenna model, and height of antenna from ground level were collected from respective FM stations. For elevation data freely available SRTMv3 was used. Combined Cartesian coverage maps for each FM stations were prepared using Radio Mobile software that showed varying signal strength of station in dBμV/m. The accuracy of the maps through field validation was observed to be 85%. Assessment of parameters affecting FM signal strength concluded that increase in antenna elevation, gain of antenna and power of transmitter increases the signal coverage.
Impact of decompensated cirrhosis in children: A population-based study
Authors: Kehar Mohit , Griffiths Rebecca , Flemming Jennifer A
Published: January 2023

Background:

We describe the proportion of children with compensated cirrhosis who develop decompensation in Ontario, Canada over the past two decades.

Methods:

This is a retrospective population-based cohort study using routinely collected health care data from Ontario, Canada held at ICES during 1997–2017. Diagnosis of cirrhosis was made using validated ICES definition, and decompensation events were defined according to validated coding. Rates of decompensation, type of decompensation, and incidence of liver transplantation after decompensation were analyzed. Databases were linked at the individual level and analyzed at ICES-Queen’s.

Results:

A total of 2,755 children with compensated cirrhosis were included and 9% (253) developed decompensation over a median follow-up of 7 years. Children most likely to suffer decompensation were younger (median age 10 versus 4 years, p < 0.001) and female (45% versus 52%, p = 0.03). Ascites (137/253, 54%) was the most frequent complication. 199/2755 (7%) of children with cirrhosis received liver transplantation, of which 64% (128/199) occurred after a decompensation event. Overall, a total of 132 (4.7%) deaths occurred during the study period, with 55 deaths following a decompensating event.

Conclusion:

We present the first study to describe rates of decompensation, type, and rate of liver transplantation after decompensation in pediatric cirrhosis at the population level. To improve the care of children with liver disease, early detection of liver disease, early initiation of specific treatments as well as identification of children who are at risk of becoming decompensated are crucial.
Mapping Intimate Geographies of Grief and Loss
Authors: Alavez José
Published: January 2023

Cartography has been pivotal in making visible the number of people who die in the context of migration. In this article, the author explores the potential of mapping to study and develop another dimension of the geography of death within exile: the more intimate dimensions of post-mortem geographies as experienced by those who survive a loved one. Inspired by Avril Maddrell’s call for developing new cartographic representations to share difficult emotions and memories associated with death, the author mobilized two alternative mapping practices—inductive visualization and sensibility mapping—to chart the emotional and intimate geographies embedded in the stories of two migrants who lost a close friend with whom they lived while in exile. The mapping process that led the author to represent these intimate post-mortem geographies brought me to reflect on the importance of developing alternative cartographic forms of expression that focus on the experiential and the emotional, rather than on the factual and the measurable. By steering this cartographic shift away from the fact of death as the end of a journey to death as a lingering event in the life of those who survive, the author proposes a cartography of grief and mourning that aims to contribute to individual and collective remembering.