bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Youth Parliamentarism in the SCO territories: From Idea to Implementation
Authors: Sverchkov S. , Demidov V.
Published: August 2020

The paper discusses possibilities of development of youth parliamentarism on the platform of Siberian Insitute of Management (city of Novosibirsk). The examples of certain activities are proposed , they could be regarded as regional cooperation within SCO.
Potential and Problems of SCO Expansion
Authors: Xiaoxing D.
Published: August 2020

The paper provides analysis of pros and contras of SCO expansion in future. The international influence of the organization will be accompanied at the same time by new political and organizational problems, one of the main being the coordination of decisions on the basis of consensus.
International Information Security: The Main Threats
Authors: Kokhtyulina I. N.
Published: August 2020

The article describes principles and methods of using social media as a «soft power 2.0» which is considered as an effective tool to achieve political goals of the state. Particularly increasing today is the risk of destructive informational influence threatening the sovereignty and territorial integrity of any state. As a consequence, individuals and society as a whole are also exposed to negative information impact.
The New US Military Strategy and Behavioral Wars
Authors: Larina E. , Ovchinsky V.
Published: August 2020

The Article is devoted to new nonconventional types of weapon, in the accelerated order of the defensive innovations developed in the USA according to Strategy of national security the 2015 and Third initiative defense innovation. Practical steps on creation of new type of behavioral weapon, laying on a joint of use of technologies of Big Data, intellectual calculations and last achievements of social and behavioral psychology are analyzed.
US Global Ambitions in Digital Age
Authors: Rogovskii E.
Published: August 2020

The article investigates the political problem of U.S. domination in global cyberspace. The author deals with historical questions of U.S. Cybercommand build up and military strategies of cyberwarfare applications. Special attention attracted to political analysis of American information systems vulnerability.
Manifestations of Neoosmanist Ambitions in Contemporary Regional Policy of Turkey
Authors: Kudryashova Y.
Published: August 2020

Turkey carried away by the role of the model for Sunni states aimed at becoming the leader of Islamic world and reestablishing the Ottoman Empire’s sphere of influence. Ankara distinctly changed priorities of its foreign policy in favor of the Middle East and pursued a course of gradual dissociation from the West subject to its own views at world and regional situation. Ankara’s task was not to exceed the limits of Western alliance, but for all that to advance at most its national interests. Turkey’s political leaders systematically used any opportunity to promote neoosmanist aspirations and the model of Turkish democracy in the Middle East and Northern Africa. The dynamic development of Turkish economy supported this process. However at this time the goals of Turkish neoosmanist policy are unachievable because of their excessive ambition and lack of resources for their realization.
The Jubilee Year of Shanghai Cooperation Organization
Authors: Vorobiev V.
Published: August 2020

The author contemplates about the prospects of SCO development according to the strategy formulated at the Ufa-2015 summit and its possible conjugation of this strategy with Chinese initiative of Silk Road. The stages of China global policy and the most recent shifts as compared with the political attitudes of Deng Xiaoping era are described.
Siberia and the Far East in the Asia-Pacific Integration Processes with Regard to Economic Sanctions Against Russia
Authors: Ivanov A.
Published: August 2020

The article discusses the role of Siberia and Far East regions in the integration process in the Asia-Pacific region, whose importance for Russia has increased after introduction of anti-Russian economic sanctions. The article describes the shortcomings of Russia’s eastern regions impeding integration with Asia-Pacific, provides recommendations how to remove them. The factors that will determine the direction of the APR in the next 20 years are listed. The analysis of areas where cooperation could bring the development of eastern regions of Russia and the Asia-Pacific region is given.
Brexit and Its Political Implications: the Cases of Scotland and Northern Ireland
Authors: Petrov Kirill
Published: August 2020

The article describes the political process in the UK after the referendum on leaving the EU. Unsuccessful at least until February 2019 negotiations between the Conservative government and the EU are at the center of the process. Considerable attention is paid to the results of the general parliamentary elections of 2017, which brought the decline of multi-party politics. The article points to Brexit’s obvious connection with disruptions in the process of devolution and the emergence of new problems in the central government relations with the regions: Scotland and Northern Ireland.
A Transregional Approach in US Policy in the Asia Pacific Region in the Early 1980s
Authors: Kulikov Vladimir
Published: August 2020

The following article attempts, from the viewpoint of Russian interests, to confirm the thesis of the continuity of long-term approaches of the military-political establishment of the United States to security problems in the Asia – Pacific region, formulated or confirmed in early 1980’s by Ronald Reagan administration, based on the analysis of one of the most significant American collective monographs of that period. Special attention to this well-known work is due to the fact that it, in the author’s opinion, for the first time in a rather concise form reflected the then completed process of understanding of the experience of American participation in the Vietnam war (or in the broader sense of “deep involvement in Asia”), as well as the new role of the so-called “Chinese factor” and traditional allies of the United States by influential representatives of the intellectual military establishment at that time. Despite the inadequacy of this approach to the analysis of deeper socio-economic processes in Northeast Asia (by the way, in the historiography of that time the region was often called the Far East), which determine the main directions and specifics of the situation, the continuity of the scale of priorities of American policy in the AsiaPacific region and commitment to transregional and transit strategies are still significant today. The author suggests that at the present time there is a process of reformulation and bringing in line with the slogans of the “New Americanism” of the agenda of American power policy, which will take into account the tools specified in the work of its implementation in the sphere of “vital interests” of Russia.
The US Anti-Missile Potential in Asia-Pacific
Authors: Zvedre Evgeny
Published: August 2020

The USA considers missile potentials of Russia, China, Iran and North Korea as the main sources of threats to their national security. In the early 2000s following the withdrawal from the Soviet-American ABM Treaty the US began to deploy a global ballistic missile defense system to protect their “homeland, US forces abroad and its allies” from potential and real threats. The set of basic elements of a multi-layer ballistic missile defense is generally the same, its architecture is always adapted to the local conditions of the regions of deployment and specific tasks. Their common designation is the ability to work as subsystems within an integrated, global in scope antiballistic missile defense system controlled by the United States. In the Asia-Pacific region, the United States is actively engaging its regional allies Australia, South Korea and Japan in a joint effort to build-up ABM capabilities while simultaneously increasing its military-strategic presence in the region. Moscow strongly opposes the program considering it as potential threat to the effectiveness of the Russian strategic nuclear forces and undermining strategic stability and considers emergence the ballistic missile subsystems in Europe and the Asian-Pacific Region as a direct threat to its security. US ABM policy provokes the accelerated development by China and the DPRK of ballistic missile delivery systems, encourages Russia to create new weapon systems that are guaranteed to be able to overcome any existing and future missile defense.
Consumer Potential of the East Asian Region: Contemporary Trends and Opportunities for Russia
Authors: Arapova E. Y.
Published: August 2020

The article aims at assessing consumer potential of the East Asian region in the context of diversification of economic growth sources and its transition to consumption-led economic growth model. Favorable social, demographic and economic trends, as well as demand-stimulating policies, implemented by governments and monetary authorities of the most of regional economies, entail a rapid increase in the private consumption contribution to economic growth, lead to a gradual transformation of the commodity structure of consumption, and import demand, which opens up new opportunities for exporters from the third countries, including Russia. The analysis made it possible to make a number of practical conclusions. Given consumer potential and mutual trade dynamics, China and Vietnam, to a lesser extent Malaysia, are of the greatest interest to Russia, while Thailand, Indonesia and the Philippines’ potential can be implemented in medium-term perspective (5-10 years). Russian mining, agricultural and heavy engineering industries (mainly, aircraft, space and power engineering) can become the key beneficiaries of the growing consumer potential in East Asia.
The Fight for Succession in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Fedorchenko A.
Published: August 2020

The article is devoted to the study of the succession problem in Saudi Arabia. Despite the fact that the Arabian monarchies so far remain outside the zone of the “Arab spring”, domestic political and social conflicts, economic problems are escalated here hiding behind the apparent tranquility. Internal political modernization is closely connected with the change of generations in the top leadership. The country is on the verge of changing the succession system that has existed for many decades, in which power passed from one to the other son of the founder of the Saudi state, King Ibn Saud. Today, when there are almost no real candidates for the throne among this group of royal relatives, the third generation of the Saudi family is entering the struggle for power. The influence of the “Khashoggi case” on the course of the struggle for power is analyzed. The forecast part examines the prospects for reforming of Saudi society, the development of partnerships between Russia and the Kingdom.
The Concept of Russian World. Variability of Understanding in the Context of International Processes
Authors: Volkhonskiy M. A. , Mukhanov V. M.
Published: August 2020

The article analyzes the concept of the Russian world, which became firmly established in the modern Russian political lexicon in the second half of the 2000s. The objective basis for the concept is the existence of numerous Russianspeaking communities outside of modern Russia, together with significant civilizational role of Russian language and culture. A characteristic feature of this concept is the lack of a clear, unambiguous definition of what the Russian world really is. At the moment, there are many definitions ascribing numerous meanings to the linguistic form Russian world. The article considers the peculiarities of the life of Russian communities in the near (the Post-Soviet space) and far abroad in the context of modern international processes. In conclusion, taking into account the variable meanings of the concept, as well as the negative experience of the policy pursued by Russian authorities in relation to Russian communities abroad, possible directions of alternation and development of this policy in the future are outlined.
El papel asociativo de las agrupaciones afrodescendientes en la lucha por la visibilidad en Argentina / The associative role of Afro-descendant groups in the struggle for visibility in Argentina
Authors: Tuo Ibrahim
Published: August 2020

En este presente artículo se propone analizar la lucha de los grupos negros contra la discriminación, basándose en trabajos de diversos historiadores que han abordado la temática. El problema aquí es el procedimiento de éstos para ser visible en Argentina. El objetivo principal es mostrar el rol de las organizaciones culturales, religiosas y las diferentes agrupaciones. La hipótesis que guía el trabajo es la noción de lucha contra la discriminación como una de las formas en que se presenta el racismo. Los métodos utilizados son el heurístico, hermenéutico, el deductivo-inductivo y un submétodo que es la cronología. El estado-nación de Argentina ha instrumentado un mecanismo para la construcción de una identidad blanca en el país. Asimismo, empezará por un recorrido histórico que irá desde la discriminación hasta la lucha de las asociaciones afrodescendientes para su visibilidad en Argentina.
(Social) Identity Theory in an Era of Identity Politics: Theory and Practice
Authors: Raskovic Matevz (Matt)
Published: August 2020

As a social psychology meta-theory, social identity theory (SIT) continues to evolve and expand in terms of areas of applicability and issues. Revisiting SIT can help IB scholars go beyond applying it to just in-group/out-group behaviour. SIT can also be used to explain collective action, emotion and social change in the face of uncertainty. Managers can use it to address increasing relevance of identity politics, uncertainty and divisiveness. The article overviews the current use of SIT by IB scholars, identifies potential areas of application and provides theoretical and managerial recommendations for the use of SIT.
Doğaltaş Üretim ve İşleme Tesis Atıklarının Değerlendirilmesi
Authors: AYDIN Gökhan , KARAKURT İzzet
Published: August 2020

Doğal taşlar, sahip oldukları önemli özellikleri sayesinde başta inşaat sektörü olmak üzere çeşitli alanlarda yapı malzemesi olarak kullanılmaktadır. Ancak, bu ürünlerin üretiminin/işlenmesinin çeşitli aşamalarında yüksek miktarlarda atık açığa çıkmaktadır. Bu atıklar topografya değişikliliği, yüzey/yeraltı sularında bozulma ve hava/görüntü kirliliği gibi çevresel problemlere yol açmaktadır. Üretimin/işlenmenin farklı aşamalarında açığa çıkan bu atıklar; yapı malzemesi ve beton üretiminde, yol yapımında, dolgu ve cam endüstrisinde ve taşkın önleme barikatlarının oluşturulmasında, toprağın nötralizasyonunda, çimento üretiminde, malzeme üretiminde, filtreleme işlemlerinde, plastik üretiminde, boya ve yem endüstrisinde gibi bazı diğer uygulamalarda değerlendirilebilmektedir. Ayrıca; granit gibi sert doğaltaş atıkları, aşındırıcılı sujeti ile kayaç kesmede veya doğal taşların aşındırma prosesleri gibi uygulamalarda aşındırıcı malzeme olarak da kullanılabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, doğaltaş atıklarının endüstrinin farklı alanlarındaki kullanım seçeneklerine yönelik bir değerlendirme sunulmuştur. Doğaltaş atıklarının çalışmada da bahsedilen farklı alanlarda etkin değerlendirilmesi ile ciddi bir çevresel problemin önüne geçilmiş olacaktır. Ek olarak, bu atıklardan gelir elde edileceğinden doğaltaş işletmecilerine ve ülke ekonomisine önemli katkılar sunulacaktır.
МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ РАБОТЫ ВАКУУМНОЙ РЫБОНАСОСНОЙ
УСТАНОВКИ
Authors: Землянов А. А. , Наумов В. А.
Published: August 2020

Статья посвящена разработке способа расчета производительности и коэффициента

полезного действия вакуумной рыбонасосной установки при помощи математического

моделирования этапов ее работы. Статья подготовлена по плану госбюджетной научноисследовательской и опытно-конструкторской работы, проводимой в рамках

государственного задания на выполнение государственных работ 2020 г. «Моделирование

работы вакуумных рыбонасосных установок». В результате дана оценка эффективности

конкретной ВРУ. Сделан вывод о возможности применения методики.
МАРКЕТИНГОВОЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ
О ВОЗМОЖНОСТИ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ ОБЛЕПИХОВОГО
ШРОТА В ТЕХНОЛОГИИ ПШЕНИЧНОГО ХЛЕБА
Authors: Саватеева П. Д. , Лютова Е. В.
Published: August 2020

Представлен анализ результатов маркетинговых исследований о предпочтениях потребителей хлебной продукции среди жителей г. Калининграда и Калининградской области.

Исследован химический состав облепихового шрота, изучены его перспективы при производстве пшеничного хлеба повышенной биологической ценности. Разработана анкета

потребительских предпочтений и наглядно представлены результаты опроса респондентов. По результатам исследования обоснована актуальность и рациональность применения облепиховых шротов в технологии производства пшеничного хлеба для повышения его биологической ценности.
KLASIFIKASI TIPE GELANDANG SEPAK BOLA BERDASARKAN DATA KEMAMPUAN MENGGUNAKAN METODE NAIVE BAYES
Authors: Wisswani Ni Wayan , Tulili Tien Rahayu , Andrijasa Muhammad Farman , Satria Muhammad Rangga , Wahyudi Eko , Jumaini Siti
Published: August 2020

Sepak bola merupakan olahraga paling popular dan paling digemari di seluruh dunia. berdasarkan hasil survei yang dilakukan oleh Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) pada tahun 2001 menyatakan bahwa sepakbola adalah olahraga paling populer dimainkan hari ini. Survei ini menunjukkan bahwa lebih dari 240 juta orang memainkan olahraga sepak bola di lebih dari 200 negara di hampir setiap bagian dari dunia. Salah satu posisi dalam sepak bola adalah gelandang pemain tengah atau dalam Bahasa Inggris disebut dengan midfielder Posisi gelandang sepak bola terdiri dari beberapa tipe yaitu CMF (central midfielder), AMF (attacking midfielder), DMF (defensive midfielder),  RMF ( right midfielder), LMF (left midfielder). Namun, dalam penelitian ini, hanya tiga tipe yang akan digunakan yaitu CMF, DMF, dan AMF. Pada penelitian ini akan diangkat permasalahan yaitu: bagaimana seorang pemain gelandang dapat diklasifikasi kedalam posisi atau tipe gelandang yang tepat? Pendekatan yang digunakan yaitu menggunakan pendekatan klasifikasi menggunakan algoritma Naïve Bayes bertujuan untuk melakukan klasifikasi tipe gelandang sepak bola. Dari empat skenario yang dilaksanakan didapatkan bahwa hasil akurasi pada masing-masing scenario adalah sebesar 80%, 80%, 82.5%, dan 80.182%.
Nuevas derechas, viejas izquierdas
Authors: Sik Eugenia , Trucco Dalmas Ana
Published: August 2020

Las presentes reflexiones son el resultado de una serie de conversaciones con Enzo Traverso que tuvieron lugar a mediados de noviembre, en la ciudad de Buenos Aires. Traverso es un historiador italiano doctorado en París que, actualmente, se desempeña como docente e investigador en Estados Unidos. Autor de importantes libros sobre historia europea contemporánea, Enzo Traverso ha escrito numerosas reflexiones sobre la práctica historiográfica y sobre la relación entre memoria, política e historia. En su última visita a la Argentina, dictó conferencias y seminarios en el marco del Encuentro Internacional Marx 200. En esta oportunidad, y a propósito de la publicación en español de sus dos últimos libros (Las nuevas caras de la derecha y Melancolía de izquierda. Marxismo, historia y memoria), aceptó debatir sobre las nuevas derechas latinoamericanas, los movimientos feministas, la situación de la izquierda a nivel mundial, y la naturaleza del neoliberalismo. Aquí presentamos y transcribimos el resultado de esas conversaciones.
Evasão fiscal, grupos econômicos de fato e o federalismo fiscal brasileiro
Authors: Pierdoná Zélia Luiza , Francisco José Carlos , Silva Iuri Daniel de Andrade
Published: August 2020

Partindo do problema concernente às alternativas para a solução da crise fiscal brasileira, este estudo tem como hipótese a existência de dois caminhos que se complementam. O primeiro envolve ajustes na despesa pública pelo controle da execução orçamentária e por alterações estruturais (p. ex., reforma da previdência). O segundo abarca o desafio de aumentar a efetividade da arrecadação sem aumento formal da carga tributária, mediante utilização de mecanismos que reforcem a performance fiscal. Em busca do aperfeiçoamento da boa administração tributária, as divisas e as guerras, que, por tanto tempo, opuseram as entidades federativas, devem ceder espaço a um modelo colaborativo de federalismo que integre a União, como police decision maker, e os Estados e Municípios, como police makers, formatando-se um sistema de combate preventivo e repressivo à formação de grupos econômicos de fato voltados à evasão fiscal. Segmentando a hipótese deste estudo, e utilizando o método lógico-dedutivo, este artigo tem por objetivo analisar grupos econômicos de fato, buscando proposições para o combate preventivo e repressivo da sonegação fiscal, no contexto do federalismo fiscal brasileiro, em favor da superação da crise arrecadatória, bem como da otimização dos mecanismos de financiamento dos direitos fundamentais
La experiencia cooperativa como momento editorial en el campo cultural
Authors: Gómez Núñez Nicolás , Mieres Rocio , Lazo Camilo , Hidalgo Camila , Jaime Dafne , Rojas Gabriela , Gajardo Hernán , Rojas Pablo
Published: August 2020

El artículo muestra los resultados principales de un estudio sobre las opiniones de los integrantes de la cooperativa de editores La Furia, cuando reflexionan sobre las experiencias de mantenimiento de su acción colectiva en el campo cultural chileno. A nivel conceptual, las categorías de mundo del arte de Becker y la de campo cultural de Bourdieu, permitieron recorrer las convenciones que surgen desde las relaciones de asistencia técnica, trabajo asociado, reciprocidad, difusión y gobierno de la cooperativa. La investigación fue realizada entre 2017 y 2019, utilizó la metodología cualitativa tomando procedimientos de la teoría fundamentada y el estudio de caso, empleó la entrevista semiestructurada y la observación de ferias de libros y de los soportes digitales de las editoriales de la cooperativa La Furia; y trabajamos con análisis de contenido y de red social. Entre los resultados está una descripción de las etapas de la cooperativa, los saberes compartidos sobre el quehacer cooperativo y dos dimensiones que se manifiestan de manera similar entre las editoriales: comunidad de trabajo y saber editar.
Medios informativos alternativos y economía solidaria en España
Authors: Arévalo Salinas Alex , Al Najjar Trujillo Tamer , Vilar Sastre Griselda
Published: August 2020

La presente investigación realiza un análisis sobre el modelo jurídico, de financiación y sostenibilidad en relación con los principios de la economía solidaria en doce medios alternativos en España, a través de un análisis de contenido. Los parámetros que rigen el análisis se establecen a través de la observación de cuatro ejes clave: Estructura jurídica; Nivel de ingresos y balance; Distribución de los ingresos y diversificación de fuentes; Crowdfunding. Se comprueba si los medios analizados consiguen generar un modelo alternativo al convencional. Los resultados expresan una diversificación de fuentes económicas y la relevante contribución de la financiación colectiva vía socios-suscriptores, siendo el principal ingreso en siete de los ocho medios que publican sus cuentas. También se concluye que los medios basados en cooperativas y asociaciones sin fines de lucro tienen una mayor diversidad de fuentes de financiación en comparación a las principales sociedades limitadas. Esta investigación aporta datos sobre qué fuentes de financiación contribuyen a su consolidación, siendo un aspecto relevante para el diseño de nuevos emprendimientos y para el estudio de los factores que inciden en su viabilidad.
Vínculos estabelecidos por pessoas em situação de rua em iniciativas econômicas de Porto Alegre, Brasil
Authors: Dornelas Camara Guilherme , Chafim Bretas Arthur , Dakpogan Andrée Shelsea
Published: August 2020

Esse artigo analisa o vínculo estabelecido por pessoas em situação ou com trajetória de rua a duas iniciativas econômicas coletivas da cidade de Porto Alegre.  Seu objetivo é verificar como os vínculos contribuem para a satisfação das necessidades materiais e subjetivas dessas pessoas, em direção ao seu fortalecimento enquanto sujeitos éticos. Articulam-se categorias da proposta de uma economia para a vida, que situam e colocam em evidência a relação entre economia e ética. Realizou-se uma pesquisa qualitativa, com observação participante inspirada na técnica dos grupos operativos, de onde os dados levantados relacionaram-se com o referencial teórico em razão de sua intertextualidade. Dentre os resultados encontrados, se destaca que somar-se a uma iniciativa econômica coletiva pode fortalecer vínculos sociais entre pessoas em situação ou com trajetória de ruas; os consensos e acordos entre os integrantes produzem uma nova institucionalidade, pautada na solidariedade, na submissão da produção às suas necessidades materiais e na responsabilidade mútua.
La Carpa de Economía Social y Solidaria: Aportes al análisis de los procesos de subjetivación
Authors: Piquinela Averbug Pablo
Published: August 2020

La Economía Social y Solidaria, objeto de diversos estudios y un campo de interés académico en los últimos años, incluye una pluralidad de prácticas que se agrupan bajo comercio justo, empresas recuperadas por sus trabajadores, cooperativismo, asociativismo, entre otras. Este trabajo presenta resultados de una investigación realizada a través de una etnografía multisituada y de colaboración experimental que analizó la adquisición, montaje, co-diseño y puesta en circulación de una carpa para la disposición de ferias, conversatorios y eventos culturales vinculados a la Economía Social y Solidaria, cuya finalidad fue transmitir el mensaje político de la organización en su circulación por la ciudad; experiencia llevada a cabo en Montevideo, Uruguay, en 2018. Se analiza el aporte de las prácticas al campo de los estudios en Economía Social y Solidaria y se presenta algunas perspectivas que posibilitan pensar el modo de subjetivación que se desprende de la experiencia. En las conclusiones se presenta como, a partir un modo afectivo de lo político, es posible comprender las prácticas de ESS como la producción de otras formas de mundo posible.
Inconsistencies between chemistry–climate models and observed lower stratospheric ozone trends since 1998
Authors: Ball William T. , Chiodo Gabriel , Abalos Marta , Alsing Justin , Stenke Andrea
Published: August 2020

Abstract. The stratospheric ozone layer shields surface life from harmful ultraviolet radiation. Following the Montreal Protocol ban on long-lived ozone-depleting substances (ODSs), rapid depletion of total column ozone (TCO) ceased in the late 1990s, and ozone above 32 km is now clearly recovering. However, there is still no confirmation of TCO recovery, and evidence has emerged that ongoing quasi-global (60∘ S–60∘ N) lower stratospheric ozone decreases may be responsible, dominated by low latitudes (30∘ S–30∘ N). Chemistry–climate models (CCMs) used to project future changes predict that lower stratospheric ozone will decrease in the tropics by 2100 but not at mid-latitudes (30–60∘). Here, we show that CCMs display an ozone decline similar to that observed in the tropics over 1998–2016, likely driven by an increase in tropical upwelling. On the other hand, mid-latitude lower stratospheric ozone is observed to decrease, while CCMs that specify real-world historical meteorological fields instead show an increase up to present day. However, these cannot be used to simulate future changes; we demonstrate here that free-running CCMs used for projections also show increases. Despite opposing lower stratospheric ozone changes, which should induce opposite temperature trends, CCMs and observed temperature trends agree; we demonstrate that opposing model–observation stratospheric water vapour (SWV) trends, and their associated radiative effects, explain why temperature changes agree in spite of opposing ozone trends. We provide new evidence that the observed mid-latitude trends can be explained by enhanced mixing between the tropics and extratropics. We further show that the temperature trends are consistent with the observed mid-latitude ozone decrease. Together, our results suggest that large-scale circulation changes expected in the future from increased greenhouse gases (GHGs) may now already be underway but that most CCMs do not simulate mid-latitude ozone layer changes well. However, it is important to emphasise that the periods considered here are short, and internal variability that is both intrinsic to each CCM and different to observed historical variability is not well-characterised and can influence trend estimates. Nevertheless, the reason CCMs do not exhibit the observed changes needs to be identified to allow models to be improved in order to build confidence in future projections of the ozone layer.
Early Pliocene deepening of the tropical Atlantic thermocline
Authors: van der Weijst Carolien Maria Hendrina , Winkelhorst Josse , von der Heydt Anna , Reichart Gert-Jan , Sangiorgi Francesca , Sluijs Appy
Published: August 2020

Abstract. The tropical thermocline may have played a crucial role in maintaining weaker sea surface temperature gradients during the early Pliocene and in the onset of late Pliocene northern hemisphere glaciation. Whereas the Pliocene Pacific thermocline evolution is well documented, complete records of Pliocene tropical Atlantic thermocline depths are limited to the Caribbean region. Here, we use the oxygen isotope gradient between surface to subsurface dwelling planktic foraminifera from Ocean Drilling Program Site 959 in the eastern equatorial Atlantic to track vertical changes in thermocline depth over the course of the Pliocene. This record shows that eastern equatorial Atlantic thermocline depth varied substantially during the early Pliocene, before finally deepening abruptly around 4.5 Ma to remain relatively stable until at least 2.8 Ma. Eastern equatorial Atlantic and Caribbean records are almost identical, suggesting a common control on the sudden step-wise thermocline deepening across the basin, in contrast to previous assumptions. The Pliocene evolution of the tropical Atlantic thermocline differs is remarkably from the Pacific, which is characterized by gradual basin-wide shoaling. It remains unclear what mechanisms were involved in the dichotomous thermocline evolutions. Whereas Central American Seaway closure may have shoaled the Pacific thermocline, it is not yet understood if and how this process may have deepened the Atlantic thermocline. A divergent evolution of temperatures of the source regions may explain the opposite thermocline developments observed, possibly amplified by a positive feedback loop involving tropical cyclone intensity.
Evaluation of the WMO Solid Precipitation Intercomparison Experiment (SPICE) transfer functions for adjusting the wind bias in solid precipitation measurements
Authors: Smith Craig D. , Ross Amber , Kochendorfer John , Earle Michael E. , Wolff Mareile , Buisán Samuel , Roulet Yves-Alain , Laine Timo
Published: August 2020

Abstract. The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Solid Precipitation Intercomparison Experiment (SPICE) involved extensive field intercomparisons of automated instruments for measuring snow during the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 winter seasons. A key outcome of SPICE was the development of transfer functions for the wind bias adjustment of solid precipitation measurements using various precipitation gauge and wind shield configurations. Due to the short intercomparison period, the data set was not sufficiently large to develop and evaluate transfer functions using
independent precipitation measurements, although on average the adjustments
were effective at reducing the bias in unshielded gauges from −33.4 % to 1.1 %. The present analysis uses data collected at eight SPICE sites over the 2015/2016 and 2016/2017 winter periods, comparing 30 min adjusted and unadjusted measurements from Geonor T-200B3 and OTT Pluvio2
precipitation gauges in different shield configurations to the WMO Double
Fence Automated Reference (DFAR) for the evaluation of the transfer function. Performance is assessed in terms of relative total catch (RTC),
root mean square error (RMSE), Pearson correlation (r), and percentage of
events (PEs) within 0.1 mm of the DFAR. Metrics are reported for combined
precipitation types and for snow only. The evaluation shows that the
performance varies substantially by site. Adjusted RTC varies from 54 % to 123 %, RMSE from 0.07 to 0.38 mm, r from 0.28 to 0.94, and PEs from
37 % to 84 %, depending on precipitation phase, site, and gauge
configuration (gauge and wind screen type). Generally, windier sites, such as Haukeliseter (Norway) and Bratt's Lake (Canada), exhibit a net under-adjustment (RTC of 54 % to 83 %), while the less windy sites, such
as Sodankylä (Finland) and Caribou Creek (Canada), exhibit a net
over-adjustment (RTC of 102 % to 123 %). Although the application of
transfer functions is necessary to mitigate wind bias in solid precipitation measurements, especially at windy sites and for unshielded gauges, the variability in the performance metrics among sites suggests that the functions be applied with caution.
Determination of the mean base circle radius of gears by optical multi-distance measurements
Authors: Pillarz Marc , von Freyberg Axel , Fischer Andreas
Published: August 2020

Abstract. The required reliability of wind turbine gearboxes increases the requirements for large gear measurements. Extensive measurements to reliably assess the geometry of large gears in the single micrometer range are necessary. Due to an individually fixed measuring volume, standard methods like coordinate and gear measuring instruments reach their limits for large gears with diameters > 1 m. Therefore, a scalable optical measurement approach consisting of a single sensor in combination with a rotary table for multi-distance measurements with subsequent model-based evaluation of shape parameters of gears is presented. The scalable measurement approach is to be extended to a multisensory system in further work. As a fundamental shape parameter the mean base circle radius using the example of spur gears is determined. The base circle radius is used due to the geometric relationship to further shape parameters for example to the profile slope deviation. The theoretically achievable measurement uncertainty of the mean base circle radius due to sensor noise is estimated to less than 5 µm (k=2) for a small and a large gear, which verifies the scalability of the sensor system. In order to show a general proof of principle, two series of optical measurements on a gear with a diameter of 0.105 m are performed and referenced with a tactile measurement. As a result, random errors of 1.2 µm for k=2 are determined. The remaining systematic deviations to the reference value amount to 4.3 and 1.6 µm, respectively. Hence, the total measurement uncertainty is currently limited by systematic effects, and the defined aim of a total uncertainty of less than 5 µm (k=2) is narrowly missed by 1.5 µm. The random errors of 1.2 µm (k=2) show, however, that an adequate measurement precision is achieved and that the multi-distance measurement approach has the potential to reach the aimed measurement uncertainty with appropriate strategies to compensate for the systematic influences. The experimental and theoretical results prove the principle applicability of the proposed single sensor multi-distance approach for the precise inspection of gears.
Testing the impact of direct and indirect flood warnings on population behaviour using an agent-based model
Authors: O'Shea Thomas , Bates Paul , Neal Jeffrey
Published: August 2020

Abstract. This paper uses a coupled hydrodynamic agent-based model (HABM) to
investigate the effect of direct or indirect warnings in flood incident
response. This model uses the LISFLOOD-FP hydrodynamic model and the NetLogo agent-based framework and is applied to the 2005 flood event in Carlisle, UK. The hydrodynamic model provides a realistic simulation of
detailed flood dynamics through the event, whilst the agent-based model
component enables simulation and analysis of the complex, in-event social
response. NetLogo enables alternative probabilistic daily routine and agent
choice scenarios for the individuals of Carlisle to be simulated in a coupled fashion with the flood inundation. Specifically, experiments are
conducted using a novel “enhanced social modelling component” based on the Bass diffusion model. From the analysis of these simulations, management stress points (predictable or otherwise) can be presented to those responsible for hazard management and post-event recovery. The results within this paper suggest that these stress points can be present, or amplified, due to a lack of preparedness or a lack of phased evacuation
measures. Furthermore, the methods outlined here have the potential for
application elsewhere to reduce the complexity and improve the effectiveness
of flood incident management. The paper demonstrates the influence that
emergent properties have on systematic vulnerability and risk from natural
hazards in coupled socio-environmental systems.
A regional spatio-temporal analysis of large magnitude snow avalanches using tree rings
Authors: Peitzsch Erich , Hendrikx Jordy , Stahle Daniel , Pederson Gregory , Birkeland Karl , Fagre Daniel
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Snow avalanches affect transportation corridors and settlements worldwide. In many mountainous regions, robust records of avalanche frequency and magnitude are sparse or non-existent. However, dendrochronological methods can be used to fill this gap and infer historic avalanche patterns. In this study, we developed a tree-ring based avalanche chronology for large magnitude avalanche events using dendrochronological techniques for a sub-region of the northern United States Rocky Mountains. We used a strategic sampling design to examine avalanche activity through time and across nested spatial scales (i.e. from individual paths, four distinct sub-regions, and the region). We analysed 673 total samples from 647 suitable trees collected from 12 avalanche paths, from which 2,134 growth disturbances were identified over years 1636 to 2017 Common Era (C.E.). Using existing indexing approaches, we developed a regional avalanche activity index to discriminate avalanche events from noise in the tree-ring record. Large magnitude avalanches common across the region occurred in 30 individual years and exhibited a median return interval of approximately three years (mean = 5.21 years). The median large magnitude avalanche return interval (3–8 years) and the total number of avalanche years (12–18) vary throughout the four sub-regions, suggesting the important influence of local terrain and weather factors. We tested subsampling routines for regional representation, finding that sampling eight random paths out of a total of 12 avalanche paths in the region captures up to 83 % of the regional chronology, whereas four paths capture only 43 % to 73 %. The greatest value probability of detection for any given path in our dataset is 40 % suggesting that sampling a single path would capture no more than 40 % of the regional avalanche activity. Results emphasize the importance of sample size, scale, and spatial extent when attempting to derive a regional large magnitude avalanche event chronology from tree-ring records.
Difficulty Scaling in Proof of Work for Decentralized Problem Solving
Authors: Philippopoulos Pericles , Ricottone Alessandro , G. Oliver Carlos
Published: August 2020

We propose DIPS (Difficulty-based Incentives for Problem Solving), a simple modification of the Bitcoin proof-of-work algorithm that rewards blockchain miners for solving optimization problems of scientific interest. The result is a blockchain which redirects some of the computational resources invested in hash-based mining towards scientific computation, effectively reducing the amount of energy ‘wasted’ on mining. DIPS builds the solving incentive directly in the proof-of-work by providing a reduction in block hashing difficulty when optimization improvements are found. A key advantage of this scheme is that decentralization is not greatly compromised while maintaining a simple blockchain design. We study two incentivization schemes and provide simulation results showing that DIPS is able to reduce the amount of hash-power used in the network while generating solutions to optimization problems.
Miíase em paciente com carcinoma epidermoide verrucoso invasivo da vulva
Authors: Fernandes Silvo Silva , Ramirez Silvana Leonor Quiroz , Vera Christian David Montero , Tindó Humberto
Published: August 2020

Introdução: O carcinoma epidermoide verrucoso de vulva constitui doença pouco frequente, que corresponde a cerca de 1 a 4% dos tumores malignos do trato genital feminino. Caracteriza-se por tumores friáveis, ocasionalmente ulcerados, que crescem lentamente. A recidiva local é a principal característica e raramente há metástases aos linfonodos. A maioria dos casos se apresenta na mulher após a menopausa. O tratamento é a excisão do tumor com margens livres de pelo menos 1 cm para evitar recidivas. As recidivas devem ser tratadas com reexcisão e pioram o prognóstico. Os tumores malignos são fator predisponente para as miíases e relacionam-se mais comumente com tumores malignos de pele aberta, como o carcinoma de células escamosas. A miíase urogenital afeta mais as mulheres do que os homens. Objetivo: Apresentar as características clínico-patológicas de um caso de miíase em paciente com carcinoma epidermoide verrucoso vulvar, acompanhando o progresso clínico, a patogênese e o tratamento. Métodos: Paciente com quadro de prurido na região vulvar, tratada com creme de corticoide sem melhora, indicando-se a realização de biopsia da área. Resultado histopatológico foi de carcinoma epidermoide verrucoso invasivo da vulva; no momento da última consulta pela ginecologia, relatava quadro de dor tipo pulsátil na região da vulva, de moderada intensidade, que limitava a deambulação, acompanhada de prurido e sangramento local. Retornou por queixa de dor, por conta de infecção no sítio da lesão. Realizou-se tratamento com ciprofloxacino e metronidazol. Encaminhou-se a paciente para a oncologia clínica, que programou 10 sessões de radioterapia. No seu retorno para tratamento radioterápico, observou-se quadro de miíase vulvar, com grande quantidade de larvas, não sendo possível fazer a radioterapia. Realizaram-se tratamento para dor com cloridrato de tramadol 50 mg de 8/8h e tratamento para miíase com ivermectina dois comprimidos, dose única e curativos oclusivos com compressas embebidas com povidine tópico. Após 30 minutos abriu-se o curativo, quando ocorreu saída de grande quantidade de larvas de miíase. Após 15 dias, programou-se tratamento oncológico da vulva. Conclusão: O carcinoma verrucoso representa entidade distinta de crescimento lento, não metastático. É muito importante ter em mente a clínica do câncer vulvar em todas as pacientes na pós-menopausa com queixa de prurido na região. Esse tipo de carcinoma tem perfil clínico muito escasso, sendo o prurido seu sintoma cardinal. Considera-se ser a cirurgia o tratamento mais adequado. Recorrência local geralmente associa-se à ressecção inadequada. Os tumores malignos são bem conhecidos como fator predisponente para as miíases. Na miíase primária as larvas alimentam-se de tecidos vivos e, na miíase secundária, as larvas alimentam-se de tecido necrótico.
Mortalidade materna no Estado do Rio de Janeiro de 2005 a 2016
Authors: Pinto Cynthia Boschi , Mendonça Isabelle Moraes
Published: August 2020

Introdução: A Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) define como morte materna aquela que ocorre durante a gestação ou em um período de 42 dias após o seu término, independentemente da duração ou da localização, decorrente de qualquer causa relacionada com a gravidez ou de medidas em relação a ela, porém não de causas acidentais ou incidentais. O óbito materno direto é aquele relacionado à gestação, parto ou puerpério, e o indireto relaciona-se a doenças maternas preexistentes ou contraídas durante esse mesmo período. Em 2000, a Organização das Nações Unidas estabeleceu os Objetivos de Desenvolvimento do Milênio (ODM), de acordo com os quais o Brasil atingiria 35 óbitos/100 mil nascidos vivos (NV) até 2015. O Ministério da Saúde estima que a Razão de Mortalidade Materna (RMM) foi aproximadamente o dobro do objetivo (60/100 mil NV) em 2015. Redobrados esforços serão necessários para atingir o Objetivo de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ODS) de 30 óbitos/100 mil NV em 2030. Objetivo: Analisar a tendência da RMM no estado do Rio de Janeiro (RJ) no período de 2005 a 2016 e descrever os óbitos de gestantes e puérperas em 2016, de acordo com as variáveis sociodemográficas disponíveis. Métodos: Estudo descritivo realizado com base em dados obtidos do Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde (DATASUS) do RJ, Brasil, 2005‒2016. A população alvo deste estudo consistiu nas mulheres residentes no estado do RJ que apresentaram mortalidade materna registrada no DATASUS. Entre as variáveis disponibilizadas pelo sistema de informação acessado, analisaram-se, além dos óbitos ocorridos no estado em 2005‒2016, as causas do óbito, escolaridade, idade e etnia. Resultados: A RMM no Estado do RJ se manteve estável ao longo do período estudado. No entanto, a mortalidade materna por causas diretas mostrou queda de 27%, passando de 52 óbitos/100 mil NV em 2005 para 38 óbitos/100.000 NV em 2016. Em contrapartida, as causas indiretas apresentaram aumento de 180% no mesmo período, variando de 10 a 28 óbitos/100.000 NV. No que tange às variáveis sociodemográficas, observa-se que em 2016 as maiores RMM no estado do RJ foram entre mulheres negras, de 40-49 anos, com escolaridade menor que quatro anos. Quanto à etiologia, a síndrome hipertensiva da gravidez foi a principal causa de morte materna, seguida de hemorragia obstétrica, aborto e infecção. Conclusão: A diminuição dos óbitos por causas diretas e o aumento daqueles por causas indiretas sugerem melhora na atenção durante o momento do parto. No entanto, ainda se perdem oportunidades na identificação de riscos durante a atenção pré-natal. Em 2009, por exemplo, houve aumento da RMM por causas indiretas, principalmente em consequência do surto de H1N1 no RJ, risco que poderia ter sido minimizado com atenção pré-natal de qualidade. Ações conjuntas são necessárias para contemplar cuidados tanto no período pré-natal quanto no momento do parto, a fim de atingir a meta estabelecida pelos ODS.