bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measurement of brain perfusion, blood volume, and blood‐brain barrier permeability, using dynamic contrast‐enhanced T1‐weighted MRI at 3 tesla
Authors: Larsson Henrik B. W. , Courivaud Frédéric , Rostrup Egill , Hansen Adam E.
Published: September 2009

Assessment of vascular properties is essential to diagnosis and follow‐up and basic understanding of pathogenesis in brain tumors. In this study, a procedure is presented that allows concurrent estimation of cerebral perfusion, blood volume, and blood‐brain permeability from dynamic T1‐weighted imaging of a bolus of a paramagnetic contrast agent passing through the brain. The methods are applied in patients with brain tumors and in healthy subjects. Perfusion was estimated by model‐free deconvolution using Tikhonov's method (gray matter/white matter/tumor: 72 ± 16/30 ± 8/56 ± 45 mL/100 g/min); blood volume (6 ± 2/4 ± 1/7 ± 6 mL/100 g) and permeability (0.9 ± 0.4/0.8 ± 0.3/3 ± 5 mL/100 g/min) were estimated by using Patlak's method and a two‐compartment model. A corroboration of these results was achieved by using model simulation. In addition, it was possible to generate maps on a pixel‐by‐pixel basis of cerebral perfusion, cerebral blood volume, and blood‐brain barrier permeability. Magn Reson Med, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A novel weighted clustering algorithm in mobile ad hoc networks using discrete particle swarm optimization (DPSOWCA)
Authors: Yang Bin , Xu Jinwu , Yang Jianhong , Yang Debin
Published: September 2009

In this paper, a novel weighted clustering algorithm in mobile ad hoc networks using discrete particle swarm optimization (DPSOWCA) is proposed. The proposed algorithm shows how discrete particle swarm optimization can be useful in enhancing the performance of clustering algorithms in mobile ad hoc networks. Consequently, it results in the minimum number of clusters and hence minimum cluster heads. The goals of the algorithm are to minimize the number of cluster heads, to enhance network stability, to maximize network lifetime, and to achieve good end‐to‐end performance. Analysis and simulation of the algorithm have been implemented and the validity of the algorithm has been proved. Results show that the proposed algorithm performs better than the existing weight‐based clustering algorithm and adapts to different kinds of network conditions. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effectiveness of rosuvastatin compared to other statins for the prevention of cardiovascular events—a cohort study in 395 039 patients from clinical practice
Authors: Motsko Stephen P. , Russmann Stefan , Ming Eileen E. , Singh Varinder P. , Vendiola Ruby M. , Jones Judith K.
Published: September 2009

Purpose

This study compared the effectiveness of rosuvastatin (RSV) to other statins prescribed in clinical practice in prevention of cardiovascular (CV) events.

Methods

This longitudinal inception cohort study, using Thomson Healthcare's MarketScan databases, included patients aged ≥ 18 starting statin therapy during August 2003–December 2005. Patients were followed until 90 days after index statin monotherapy exposure, start of another lipid‐lowering therapy, an event, end of eligibility, or end of study. The primary endpoint was a composite of CV death (in‐hospital only), myocardial infarction, unstable angina, coronary revascularization, stroke, and carotid revascularization. Adjusted time‐to‐event analyses incorporating a propensity score covariate were used, and analyses were stratified by duration of statin exposure.

Results

Among 395 039 patients who met inclusion/exclusion criteria, 12% initiated RSV, and 9622 (2.4%) of the total patient population experienced an outcome event. The median duration of statin treatment and follow‐up was 100 days and 180 days, respectively. No statistically significant difference in CV event rates between RSV and other statins was observed after adjustment for demographics and medical/prescription history (HR = 0.99, 95%CI = 0.93–1.06). However, with longer exposure time, there was a suggestion of increased benefit with RSV compared to other statins.

Conclusions

The primary analysis showed similar incidence rates of CV‐related events between the statin cohorts over a median of 180 days of follow‐up. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecularly imprinted polyallylamine hydrogels: another reassessment
Authors: Feás Xesús , Ye Lei , Hosseini Seyed V , Fente Cristina A , Cepeda Alberto
Published: September 2009

Researchers in the scientific community actively discuss the fact that polymer hydrogels synthesized by crosslinking polly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) with epichlorohydrin (EPI) in the presence of D‐glucose‐6‐phosphate monobarium salt do not show or show imprinting on the molecular level. In the work reported here, a polymer hydrogel was synthesized in the presence of flumequine (FQ) by crosslinking PAH with EPI in an aqueous system. The extent of FQ binding was assessed using liquid chromatography coupled with laser‐induced fluorescence detection. A hydrogel‐imprinting system was found to display FQ selectivity in binding assays (75.1 and 41.9%) compared with hydrogel formed in the absence of a template (41.6 and 20.4%). High‐magnification scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images show that both of the hydrogels are highly ordered, exhibiting a ‘honeycomb’ pattern distribution. For the effect of the template molecule in the polymer structure (i.e. the imprinting effect in hydrogel morphology), appreciable differences were observed for images obtained. The non‐imprinted polymer had a uniform, smoothly shaped surface. By contrast, the hydrogel molecular imprinting polymer surface was more globular. This difference was likely caused by the structure of the target molecule. Binding experiment results correlate with surface morphology, as analysed using SEM, and indicate that imprinted hydrogels have recognizable cavities with an affinity for used FQ from the imprint. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Improvements in quantification accuracy of inorganic time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometric analysis of silicate materials by using C60 primary ions
Authors: Henkel Torsten , Rost Detlef , Lyon Ian C.
Published: September 2009

Time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry is a very useful tool for the comprehensive characterization of samples by in situ measurements. A pulsed primary ion beam is used to sputter secondary ions from the surface of a sample and these are then recorded by a time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer. The parallel detection of all elements leads to very efficient sample usage allowing the comprehensive analysis of sub‐micrometre sized samples. An inherent problem is accurate quantification of elemental abundances which mainly stems from the so‐called matrix effect. This effect consists of changes in the sputtering and ionization efficiencies of the secondary neutrals and ions due to different sample compositions, different crystal structure or even different crystallographic orientations. Here we present results obtained using C60 molecules as a new primary ion species for inorganic analyses. The results show an improvement in quantification accuracy of elemental abundances, achieving relative errors as small as the certified uncertainties for the analyzed silicate standards. This improvement is probably due to the different sputter mechanism for C primary ions from that for single atomic primary ions such as Ga+, Cs+ or Ar+. The C cluster breaks up on impact, distributing the energy between its constituent carbon atoms. In this way it excavates nano‐craters, rather than knocking out single atoms or molecules from the surface via a collision cascade, leading to a more reproducible sputter process and much improved quantification. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mining trauma injury data with imputed values
Authors: Penny Kay , Chesney Thomas
Published: September 2009

Methods for analyzing trauma injury data with missing values, collected at a UK hospital, are reported. One measure of injury severity, the Glasgow coma score, which is known to be associated with patient death, is missing for 12% of patients in the dataset. In order to include these 12% of patients in the analysis, three different data imputation techniques are used to estimate the missing values. The imputed datasets are analyzed by an artificial neural network and logistic regression, and their results compared in terms of sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value. Although there is little distinction between results for the three imputation methods for the overall dataset, the hot‐deck imputation method appears to give more accurate results than the model‐based or propensity score imputation methods, when comparing the subsets of cases including only those patients with imputed Glasgow coma score (GCS) scores. Results show that imputation does not reduce the overall predictive accuracy following a data‐mining analysis; demonstrating that all cases may be included when undertaking analysis of these trauma injury data. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., A Wiley Company
Laser Induced Cylindrical Zone Melting of Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+∂ Superconductors
Authors: Angurel Luis Alberto , Diez Juan Carlos , de la Fuente Germán Francisco
Published: September 2009

A new preparative route for Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+∂ superconducting rods, based on the use of a modified Laser Zone Melting system, is presented. It allows to zone melt one or several cylindrical precursors simultaneously under an in‐plane geometry. The resultant textured superconductors exhibit a microstructure similar to that of Laser Floating Zone melted fibres and cylinders. The transport critical current and current density values obtained for these products compare favourably with values typically reported in the literature for BSCCO superconductors.
The use of open‐top chambers in forests for evaluating warming effects on herbaceous understorey plants
Authors: De Frenne Pieter , De Schrijver An , Graae Bente J. , Gruwez Robert , Tack Wesley , Vandelook Filip , Hermy Martin , Verheyen Kris
Published: September 2009

Open‐top chambers (OTCs) are widely used experimental warming devices in open‐field ecosystems such as tundra and alpine heath. However, knowledge of their performance in temperate deciduous forest ecosystems is largely lacking. The application of OTCs in forests might become important in the future since the effects of climate warming on growth, reproduction, and future distribution of understorey forest herbs have rarely been investigated. Therefore, polycarbonate OTCs covered with (OTCs+GF) and without permeable polypropylene GardenFleece (OTCs−GF) were installed in a temperate deciduous forest to create an experimental warming gradient. Short‐term responses in phenology, growth, and reproduction of a model understorey forest herb (Anemone nemorosa L.) to OTC installation were determined. In a second growing season, an in‐depth study of multiple abiotic conditions inside OTCs−GF was performed. Both OTCs+GF and OTCs−GF raised air and soil temperature in a realistic manner (ca. +0.4°C to +1.15°C), but OTCs−GF only in the leafless period (up to +1.5°C monthly average soil temperature). The early flowering forest herb A. nemorosa also showed a clear phenotypic response to OTC installation. Based on these facts and the large ecological drawbacks associated with OTCs+GF (mostly in connection with a higher relative air humidity and a lower light quantity) and very modest abiotic changes in OTCs−GF, we encourage the use of OTCs−GF in deciduous forest ecosystems for evaluating climate‐warming effects on early flowering understorey forest herbs. There is also a potential to use this warming method on later flowering species, but this needs further research.
Conjectures and reputations: The composition and reception of James Bradley's paper on the aberration of light with some reference to a third unpublished version
Authors: FISHER JOHN
Published: September 2009

In January 1729 a paper written by James Bradley was read at two meetings of the Royal Society. On a newly discovered motion of the fixed stars, later described as the theory of the aberration of light, it was to transform the science of astrometry. The paper appeared as a narrative of a programme of observation first begun at Kew and finalized at Wanstead, but it was, in reality, a careful reconstruction devised to enhance his reputation in response to a recognition that the programme was initially conducted in terms that were inimical to what he conceived to be his interest. The planned attempt to repeat Robert Hooke's celebrated experiment by James Pound, Samuel Molyneux and George Graham was set up at Molyneux's residence in Kew with James Bradley replacing Pound after his untimely and sudden demise. The unexpected and counterintuitive behaviour of the object star γ Draconis and the eradication of any suspicion of instrumental or systemic error led to the abandonment of the attempt to measure annual parallax and the initiation of new conjectures. An annual nutation was proposed but after the observation of a control star, 35 Camelopardalis, this conjecture was abandoned. Unknown to Bradley and Graham a premature approach was made by Molyneux to Newton claiming that the ‘nutation’ negated the whole of Newton's system. In the abandonment of the nutation yet another conjecture opposed to Newtonian theory was proposed and abandoned. Bradley determined to use his own instrument designed on different principles by Graham to observe the phenomenon in Wanstead. At Wanstead Bradley observed many stars to determine the parameters of the phenomenon. With the law of the motion described, Bradley proposed a hypothesis to explain it. Drawn from his earlier work on the ephemerides of Jupiter's satellites his hypothesis of the ‘new-discovered motion’ was quickly presented to the Royal Society as Bradley was working on a later and more definitive version of his paper. It is this later, third, unpublished version that is commonly referred to throughout this essay. It issued a challenge to ‘anti-Copernicans’ to offer an explanation of the observed phenomenon in geostatic terms. One such astronomer, Eustachio Manfredi, had examined the phenomenon of ‘aberrations’ in detail, the term being his. It was Bradley who first applied the term to the ‘new-discovered motion’ and within a short time ‘aberration’ was being applied by astronomers in the reduction of their observations. Annual aberration was widely accepted as evidence of the motion of the Earth. The paper enhanced Bradley's reputation and projected him into the forefront of European astronomers.
Why Do Demand Curves for Stocks Slope Down?
Authors: Petajisto Antti
Published: September 2009

Representative agent models are inconsistent with existing empirical evidence for steep demand curves for individual stocks. This paper resolves the puzzle by proposing that stock prices are instead set by two separate classes of investors. While the market portfolio is still priced by individual investors based on their collective risk aversion, those individual investors also delegate part of their wealth to active money managers, who use that capital to price stocks in the cross section. In equilibrium, the fee charged by active managers has to equal the before-fee alpha they earn. This endogenously determines the amount of active capital and the slopes of demand curves. A calibration of the model reveals that demand curves can be steep enough to match the magnitude of many empirical findings, including the price effects for stocks entering or leaving the S&P 500 index.
Jets generated by a sphere moving vertically in a stratified fluid
Authors: HANAZAKI H. , KASHIMOTO K. , OKAMURA T.
Published: September 2009

Experiments are performed on the flow past a sphere moving vertically at constant speeds in a salt-stratified fluid. Shadowgraph method and fluorescent dye are used for the flow visualization, and particle image velocimetry is used for the velocity measurement in the vertical plane. Vertical ‘jets’ or columnar structures are observed in the shadowgraph for all the Froude numbers Fr(0.2 ≲ Fr ≲ 70) investigated, and the wake structures in the whole parameter space of Fr and the Reynolds number Re(30 ≲ Re ≲ 4000) are classified into seven types, five of which are newly found. Those include two types of thin jets, one of which is short with its top disturbed by internal waves to have a peculiar ‘bell-shaped’ structure, while the other has an indefinitely long length. There are two other new types of jet with periodically generated ‘knots’, one of which is straight, while the other has a spiral structure. A simply meandering jet has also been found. These wake structures are significantly different from those in homogeneous fluids except under very weak stratification, showing that the stratification effects on vertical motion are much more significant than those on horizontal motion.
Effects of septal perforation on nasal airflow: computer simulation study
Authors: Lee H P , Garlapati R R , Chong V F H , Wang D Y
Published: September 2009

Background:

Nasal septal perforation is a structural or anatomical defect in the septum. The present study focused on the effects of septal perforation on nasal airflow and nasal patency, investigated using a computer simulation model.

Methods:

The effect of nasal septal perforation size on nasal airflow pattern was analysed using computer-generated, three-dimensional nasal models reconstructed using data from magnetic resonance imaging scans of a healthy human subject. Computer-based simulations using computational fluid dynamics were then conducted to determine nasal airflow patterns.

Results:

The maximum velocity and wall shear stress were found always to occur in the downstream region of the septal perforation, and could potentially cause bleeding in that region, as previously reported. During the breathing process, there was flow exchange and flow reversal through the septal perforation, from the higher flow rate to the lower flow rate nostril side, especially for moderate and larger sized perforations.

Conclusion:

In the breathing process of patients with septal perforations, there is airflow exchange from the higher flow rate to the lower flow rate nostril side, especially for moderate and large sized perforations. For relatively small septal perforations, the amount of cross-flow is negligible. This cross-flow may cause the whistling sound typically experienced by patients.
Recurrent vestibulopathy: natural course and prognostic factors
Authors: van Leeuwen R B , Bruintjes T D
Published: September 2009

Objective:

To evaluate the natural course of recurrent vestibulopathy.

Study design:

Retrospective analysis.

Patients:

One hundred and five adult patients with attacks of vertigo without auditory or neurological symptoms.

Methods:

A structured interview was conducted over the telephone, 12 to 62 months after the patient's first visit to the out-patient department.

Results:

Two-thirds of patients experienced spontaneous resolution of vertigo, while one-third continued to have symptoms. The diagnosis was subsequently changed to migraine in 2 per cent of patients and to Ménière's disease in 1 per cent.

Conclusion:

The prognosis for patients with recurrent vestibulopathy is good. In a few cases, the diagnosis is provisional and will be subsequently changed to migraine or Ménière's disease.
Thermogenesis challenges the adipostat hypothesis for body-weight control
Authors: Cannon Barbara , Nedergaard Jan
Published: September 2009

According to the adipostat hypothesis for body-weight control, alterations in body weight should always be compensated by adequate alterations in food intake and thermogenesis. Thus, increased thermogenesis should not be able to counteract obesity because food intake would be increased. However evidence is presented here that thermogenesis in different forms (through artificial uncouplers, exercise, cold exposure) may counteract obesity and is not always fully compensated by increased food intake. Correspondingly, a decreased capacity for metaboloregulatory thermogenesis (i.e. non-functional brown adipose tissue) may in itself lead to obesity. This is evident in mice and may be valid for human subjects, as a substantial proportion of adults possess brown adipose tissue, and those with less or without brown adipose tissue would seem to be more prone to obesity. Thus, increased thermogenesis may counteract obesity, without dietary intervention.
Using the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) to assess the cognitive impact of electroconvulsive therapy on visual and visuospatial memory
Authors: Falconer D. W. , Cleland J. , Fielding S. , Reid I. C.
Published: September 2009

Background

The cognitive impact of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is rarely measured systematically in everyday clinical practice even though patient and clinician acceptance is limited by its adverse affect on memory. If patients are tested it is often with simple paper and pencil tests of visual or verbal memory. There are no reported studies of computerized neuropsychological testing to assess the cognitive impact of ECT on visuospatial memory.

Method

Twenty-four patients with severe depression were treated with a course of bilateral ECT and assessed with a battery of visual memory tests within the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB). These included spatial and pattern recognition memory, pattern-location associative learning and a delayed matching to sample test. Testing was carried out before ECT, during ECT, within the week after ECT and 1 month after ECT.

Results

Patients showed significant impairments in visual and visuospatial memory both during and within the week after ECT. Most impairments resolved 1 month following ECT; however, significant impairment in spatial recognition memory remained. This is one of only a few studies that have detected anterograde memory deficits more than 2 weeks after treatment.

Conclusions

Patients receiving ECT displayed a range of visual and visuospatial deficits over the course of their treatment. These deficits were most prominent for tasks dependent on the use of the right medial temporal lobe; frontal lobe function may also be implicated. The CANTAB appears to be a useful instrument for measuring the adverse cognitive effects of ECT on aspects of visual and visuospatial memory.
The study of gene–environment interactions in psychiatry: limited gains at a substantial cost?
Authors: Zammit S. , Wiles N. , Lewis G.
Published: September 2009

There is an ever-increasing body of literature examining gene–environment interactions in psychiatry, reflecting a widespread belief that such studies will aid identification of novel risk factors for disease, increase understanding about underlying pathological mechanisms, and aid identification of high-risk groups for targeted interventions. In this article we discuss to what extent studies of gene–environment interactions are likely to lead to any such benefits in the future.
Facial emotion processing in schizophrenia: a non-specific neuropsychological deficit?
Authors: Pomarol-Clotet E. , Hynes F. , Ashwin C. , Bullmore E. T. , McKenna P. J. , Laws K. R.
Published: September 2009

Background

Identification of facial emotions has been found to be impaired in schizophrenia but there are uncertainties about the neuropsychological specificity of the finding.

Method

Twenty-two patients with schizophrenia and 20 healthy controls were given tests requiring identification of facial emotion, judgement of the intensity of emotional expressions without identification, familiar face recognition and the Benton Facial Recognition Test (BFRT). The schizophrenia patients were selected to be relatively intellectually preserved.

Results

The patients with schizophrenia showed no deficit in identifying facial emotion, although they were slower than the controls. They were, however, impaired on judging the intensity of emotional expression without identification. They showed impairment in recognizing familiar faces but not on the BFRT.

Conclusions

When steps are taken to reduce the effects of general intellectual impairment, there is no deficit in identifying facial emotions in schizophrenia. There may, however, be a deficit in judging emotional intensity. The impairment found in naming familiar faces is consistent with other evidence of semantic memory impairment in the disorder.
Age and depression in patients with metastatic cancer: the protective effects of attachment security and spiritual wellbeing
Authors: LO CHRISTOPHER , LIN JUDY , GAGLIESE LUCIA , ZIMMERMANN CAMILLA , MIKULINCER MARIO , RODIN GARY
Published: September 2009

Psychological distress in cancer patients is inversely related to age, although the reasons are unclear. The adult development literature suggests that ageing may be associated with the development of adaptive capacities, specifically greater attachment security (the sense that others will be available and supportive when needed) and spirituality (the capacity to view one's life as having meaning, purpose and value), that enable older people to cope better with disease. We examined whether age-related patterns in attachment security and spiritual wellbeing account for the protective effect of age against distress. Measures of depression, attachment security, spiritual wellbeing and disease burden were collected from 342 patients aged from 21 to 88 years with advanced, metastatic cancer. Attachment security and spiritual wellbeing were tested as mediators of the effect of age on depression, controlling for disease burden. It was found that age was associated inversely with depression and positively with spiritual wellbeing and attachment security. Depression was inversely related to attachment security and spiritual wellbeing, and the effect of age on depression was fully mediated by attachment security and spiritual wellbeing. The relative protection from psychological distress among older cancer patients may be the result of age-related developmental accomplishments and/or differences in the response to adverse life-events.
Science, funding and participation: key issues for marine protected area networks and the Coral Triangle Initiative
Authors: CLIFTON JULIAN
Published: September 2009

The Coral Triangle Initiative (CTI) in south-east Asia offers a new opportunity to address marine conservation in this global biodiversity hotspot. This commentary offers an analysis of the concept of networked marine protected areas (MPAs) which form the cornerstone of this agenda. Attention is drawn to the value of the scientific rationale for implementing such a network, along with the ability for component MPAs to be self-financing and managed in accordance with local environmental conditions and the needs of resident communities. It is concluded that the current model of MPA networks as represented in the CTI needs to build upon existing MPA practices, recognize the varied socioeconomic, political and environmental characteristics of the region and adopt an adaptive approach to MPA implementation if it is to offer genuine prospects for conservation.
Replacement of the Aortic Valve in a Patient with Mucolipidosis III
Authors: Cripe Linda H. , Ware Stephanie M. , Hinton Robert B.
Published: September 2009

We report replacement of the aortic valve in a patient aged 9 years with mucolipidosis III and severe aortic insufficiency. Histopathology demonstrated abnormalities of the matrix and lysosomal inclusion bodies. As life expectancy increases for patients with lysosomal storage disorders, approaches to intervention for valvar disease become increasingly important.
Method of Levels: initial steps in assessing adherence and the development of a qualitative framework for mapping clients' control hierarchies
Authors: Bird Timothy , Mansell Warren , Tai Sara
Published: September 2009

Method of Levels (MOL) is a form of cognitive therapy based on Perceptual Control Theory (PCT). This paper presents the initial steps towards four methods of establishing the validity of MOL. First, the session was rated by two independent experts for its adherence to MOL using a newly developed 6-item scale based on the Cognitive Therapy Rating Scale. Second, each therapist utterance within a session of MOL was coded and categorized in terms of the therapist's goal to test for adherence to the two specified goals of MOL. Third, a macroanalysis of a MOL session utilizing interpretative phenomenological analysis hypothesized the control hierarchies involved in a client's presenting problem and their zones of conflict. Fourth, a microanalysis of a brief interchange between the therapist and client explored its adherence to PCT. These methods of establishing validity are introduced and explored for later use in larger scale studies. The limitations of the present study and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Evaluation der pflegerischen Expertise in der Psychiatrie – ein Praxisforschungsprojekt an der Friedrich-Husemann-Klinik bei Freiburg im Breisgau
Authors: Bertram Mathias , Ostermann Thomas , Adam et al. Klaus
Published: September 2009

Berufliche Pflege lässt sich als Unterstützung bei der Bewältigung des Lebensalltags charakterisieren. Während es hierbei in der somatischen Pflege oft um das Kompensieren körperlicher Probleme geht, sind es in der Psychiatrie andere Hilfebedarfe, die pflegerische Interventionen erforderlich machen. In der vorliegenden explorativ-deskriptiven Studie ging es um die Rekonstruktion typischer Pflegesituationen und die durch sie ausgelösten pflegerischen Interventionsmuster. Mithilfe heuristischer Methoden (Grounded Theory) wurden im Rahmen eines Praxisforschungsprojekts in einem anthroposophisch geführten psychiatrischen Fachkrankenhaus Pflegesituationen untersucht, die das Kriterium erfüllten, einen eindeutigen pflegerischen Benefit zu indizieren. Diese von den Praxisforschern generierten narrativen Daten aus 59 Episoden konnten anschließend zu vier typischen Mustern pflegerischer Interpretation verdichtet werden: Eingliedern versus Verselbständigen sowie Routinehandeln versus Krisenintervention. Die Reichweite der Ergebnisse ist durch die Tatsache eingeschränkt, dass ausschließlich Daten eines einzigen psychiatrischen Fachkrankenhauses zur Auswertung kamen. Durch Maßnahmen zur Sicherung der internen und externen Validität sowie den Abgleich der Ergebnisse mit der Fachliteratur lässt sich jedoch schließen, dass den vorliegenden Studienergebnissen durchaus heuristische Bedeutung zukommt. Auf ihrer Grundlage ließen sich andere pflegerische Settings inner- und außerhalb der psychiatrischen Pflege beleuchten und gegebenenfalls präziser beschreiben.
Essen im Spital – eine interdisziplinäre Herausforderung
Authors: Huber Evelyn
Published: September 2009

Das Spital Zollikerberg lässt jährlich Befragungen zur Erhebung der Patientenzufriedenheit durchführen. Im Bereich Gastronomie werden Fragen zur Vielfalt, Präsentation und Temperatur der Mahlzeiten sowie zur Mahlzeitenqualität insgesamt gestellt. Die vorliegende Studie ging der Frage nach, was der Aspekt Mahlzeitenqualität insgesamt für Patientinnen bedeutet. Es wurden 23 narrative Interviews mit 24 Personen durchgeführt, die nach der Methode der induktiven zusammenfassenden Inhaltsanalyse bearbeitet wurden. Die Patientinnen waren mit dem Essen größtenteils sehr zufrieden. Dazu gehörten die Art und Weise, wie gekocht wird, Auswahlmöglichkeiten, Präsentation und Temperatur der Speisen sowie die Essenszeiten. Auch das Personal wurde weitgehend als nett und hilfsbereit beschrieben. Verbesserungsbedarf zeigte sich neben vereinzelten Speisen oder Aspekten der Präsentation vor allem bei den The­men Information zum Verpflegungsangebot sowie Umgang mit Appetitproblemen. Einigen Personen fehlten insbesondere in der Anfangszeit ihrer Hospitalisation umfassende Informationen zu den Verpflegungsmöglichkeiten. Personen, die keinen Appetit hatten, versuchten, von dem Angebotenen das auszuwählen, was ihnen am ehesten entsprach und davon ein wenig zu essen. Angesichts der verbreiteten Problematik der Mangelernährung in Spitälern sieht die Autorin besonders in diesem letzten Punkt Handlungsbedarf, wobei der Pflege innerhalb des interdisziplinären Behandlungsteams eine zentrale Aufgabe zukommt.
Northern Imbrium Noritic Anomaly
Authors: Isaacson Peter J. , Pieters Carlé M.
Published: September 2009

An analysis of the Northern Imbrium Noritic (NIN) region was conducted using Clementine UVVIS multispectral images and derived band parameters. Band parameters were used to map spatial variations in composition and to aid in general separation of compositional signatures from effects such as maturity and topography. Compositional trends in which the abundance of mafic materials relative to feldspathic materials increased were observed with depth in large craters, with distance to the west, and with distance from the center of the Imbrium basin. On average, the region appears to have an anomalously mafic surface composition, with a noritic upper unit overlying and grading into a more feldspathic layer that is exposed in the central peak of the largest crater in the region. Of several hypotheses that could explain these results, we favor a scenario in which feldspathic crustal materials underlie moderately mafic South Pole‐Aitken antipodal ejecta, which is covered by and mixed with mafic Imbrium ejecta. Limitations of the Clementine UVVIS data preclude quantitative evaluation of these hypotheses, but compositional information from new high‐resolution data sets should allow the direct comparisons needed to test these hypotheses.
Developing and Implementing an Effective Public Outreach Program
Authors: Harrison John A. , Cohen Jonathan H. , Hinchey Elizabeth , Moerke Ashley , von Dassow P.
Published: September 2009

Because of the important role science plays in peoples' lives and the significant (and increasing) impact of humans on the environment, there is a great and growing need to improve links between scientists and society [e.g., Lubchenco, 1998]. Some funding agencies recognize this need and have shaped their priorities accordingly. For example, the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) requires grant applicants to address the broader impacts of proposed work, including “promoting teaching, training, and learning” [NSF, 2007]. NASA, the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and other agencies also encourage and fund education and public outreach activities [e.g., Franks et al., 2006; NASA, 2009].
Addressing Issues for Land Change Science: Workshop on Vulnerability and Resilience of Land Systems in Asia; Beijing, China, 15–17 June 2009
Authors: Braimoh Ademola , Huang He Qing
Published: September 2009

There is a growing international community of scholars who work within the interdisciplinary field of land change science, a scientific domain that seeks to understand the dynamics of the land system as a coupled human‐environment system. A coupled human‐environment system is one in which the social and biophysical subsystems are intertwined so that the system's condition and responses to external forcing are based on the synergy of the two subsystems. Research on land system vulnerability, defined as a function of exposure and sensitivity to natural and anthropogenic perturbations, such as climate variability and sudden changes in macroeconomic conditions and the ability to cope with the impacts of those perturbations, is a fundamental component of land change science.

To address issues related to land system vulnerability, the Global Land Project (GLP; http://www.glp‐beijing.org.cn/index.php and http://www.glp.hokudai.ac.jp) brought together an interdisciplinary group of researchers with backgrounds ranging from environmental to social sciences. Participants came from both developed and developing countries. The workshop sought to (1) improve knowledge of the causal processes that affect a system's vulnerability and capacity to cope with different perturbations and (2) identify factors that hinder the integration of vulnerability assessment into policies and decision making.
Tom Simkin (1933–2009)
Authors: Filson John , Hall Minard , Newhall Chris , Siebert Lee
Published: September 2009

Tom Simkin, friend of volcanologists and volcanology worldwide, died on 10 June 2009 in Baltimore, Md. Tom was a stalwart of the volcanological community and leaves an unparalleled legacy of information on Earth's recent volcanism.
Geochemical evidence for low magma supply and inactive propagation at the Galápagos 93.25°W overlapping spreading center
Authors: Rotella Melissa D. , Sinton John M. , Mahoney John J. , Chazey William
Published: September 2009

Major and trace element concentrations; Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopic ratios; and plagioclase and olivine compositions of samples from 92°35′W to 94°10′W on the Galápagos Spreading Center (GSC) constrain magmatic processes associated with the 93.25°W overlapping spreading center (OSC). Significant variations in parental magma compositions and extent of low‐pressure fractionation over short along‐axis distances suggest small, discontinuous, or poorly mixed magma chambers. Mineralogical, petrological, and geochemical data indicate this OSC is characterized by low overall melt supply. Regional along‐axis geochemical gradients along the western GSC (e.g., in 206Pb/204Pb, Nb/Zr, and La(8)/Sm(8)) are interrupted by increased variability within the OSC, consistent with less efficient mixing of melts in this region. Despite a long‐term history of westward propagation, bathymetric and geochemical data are inconsistent with recent propagation of this offset; the eastern limb appears to have recently retreated and left behind a series of abandoned ridges within the overlap zone. The eastern limb shows two progressive westward trends of decreasing ratios of highly to moderately incompatible elements, one outside and one within the overlap zone. The overlapping portion of the western limb also has low ratios of these elements. These patterns are consistent with previously depleted mantle being preferentially melted beneath this offset.
Advancing techniques to constrain the geometry of the seismic rupture plane on subduction interfaces a priori: Higher‐order functional fits
Authors: Hayes Gavin P. , Wald David J. , Keranen Katie
Published: September 2009

Ongoing developments in earthquake source inversions incorporate nonplanar fault geometries as inputs to the inversion process, improving previous approaches that relied solely on planar fault surfaces. This evolution motivates advancing the existing framework for constraining fault geometry, particularly in subduction zones where plate boundary surfaces that host highly hazardous earthquakes are clearly nonplanar. Here, we improve upon the existing framework for the constraint of the seismic rupture plane of subduction interfaces by incorporating active seismic and seafloor sediment thickness data with existing independent data sets and inverting for the most probable nonplanar subduction geometry. Constraining the rupture interface a priori with independent geological and seismological information reduces the uncertainty in the derived earthquake source inversion parameters over models that rely on simpler assumptions, such as the moment tensor inferred fault plane. Examples are shown for a number of well‐constrained global locations. We expand the coverage of previous analyses to a more uniform global data set and show that even in areas of sparse data this approach is able to accurately constrain the approximate subduction geometry, particularly when aided with the addition of data from local active seismic surveys. In addition, we show an example of the integration of many two‐dimensional profiles into a three‐dimensional surface for the Sunda subduction zone and introduce the development of a new global three‐dimensional subduction interface model: Slab1.0.
Tracing solar wind plasma entry into the magnetosphere using ion‐to‐electron temperature ratio
Authors: Lavraud B. , Borovsky J. E. , Génot V. , Schwartz S. J. , Birn J. , Fazakerley A. N. , Dunlop M. W. , Taylor M. G. G. T. , Hasegawa H. , Rouillard A. P. , Berchem J. , Bogdanova Y. , Constantinescu D. , Dandouras I. , Eastwood J. P. , Escoubet C. P. , Frey H. , Jacquey C. , Panov E. , Pu Z. Y. , Shen C. , Shi J. , Sibeck D. G. , Volwerk M. , Wild J. A.
Published: September 2009

When the solar wind Mach number is low, typically such as in magnetic clouds, the physics of the bow shock leads to a downstream ion‐to‐electron temperature ratio that can be notably lower than usual. We utilize this property to trace solar wind plasma entry into the magnetosphere by use of Cluster measurements in the vicinity of the dusk magnetopause during the passage of a magnetic cloud at Earth on November 25, 2001. The ion‐to‐electron temperature ratio was indeed low in the magnetosheath (Ti/Te ∼ 3). In total, three magnetopause boundary layer intervals are encountered on that day. They all show that the low ion‐to‐electron temperature ratio can be preserved as the plasma enters the magnetosphere, and both with and without the observation of Kelvin‐Helmholtz activity. This suggests that the ion‐to‐electron temperature ratio in the magnetopause boundary layer, which is usually high, is not prescribed by the heating characteristics of the plasma entry mechanism that formed these boundary layers. In the future, this property may be used to (1) further trace plasma entry into inner regions and (2) determine the preferred entry mechanisms if other theoretical, observational and simulation works can give indications on which mechanisms may alter this ratio.
Neutral wind effect in producing a storm time ionospheric additional layer in the equatorial ionization anomaly region
Authors: Lin C. H. , Richmond A. D. , Bailey G. J. , Liu J. Y. , Lu Gang , Heelis R. A.
Published: September 2009

A new type of the additional layer is predicted to occur in the low‐latitude F region ionosphere during evening hours of a major magnetic storm. By using the coupled NCAR Thermosphere Ionosphere Electrodynamic General Circulation Model (TIEGCM) and Sheffield University Plasmasphere Ionosphere Model (SUPIM) runs during the major magnetic storm of 29–30 October 2003, we present a new type of additional layer which occurs at the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) by a new physical mechanism. This mechanism requires that storm time meridional neutral wind surges travel from high to low latitudes and cross into the opposite hemisphere. The wind surges modify the field‐aligned plasma velocities in the EIA regions significantly after uplift of the ionospheric layer by a penetration electric field and interact with the downward field‐aligned plasma velocities of the enhanced equatorial fountain. The combined storm effects of the enhanced plasma fountain and the neutral wind surges result in plasma convergence in altitude and form the additional layers underneath the EIA crests.
Identification of iron-reducing microorganisms in anoxic rice paddy soil by 13C-acetate probing
Authors: Hori Tomoyuki , Müller Alexandra , Igarashi Yasuo , Conrad Ralf , Friedrich Michael W
Published: September 2009

In anoxic rice field soil, ferric iron reduction is one of the most important terminal electron accepting processes, yet little is known about the identity of iron-reducing microorganisms. Here, we identified acetate-metabolizing bacteria by RNA-based stable isotope probing in the presence of iron(III) oxides as electron acceptors. After reduction of endogenous iron(III) for 21 days, isotope probing with 13C-labeled acetate (2 mm) and added ferric iron oxides (ferrihydrite or goethite) was performed in rice field soil slurries for 48 and 72 h. Ferrihydrite reduction coincided with a strong suppression of methanogenesis (77%). Extracted RNA from each treatment was density resolved by isopycnic centrifugation, and analyzed by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism, followed by cloning and sequencing of 16S rRNA of bacterial and archaeal populations. In heavy, isotopically labeled RNAs of the ferrihydrite treatment, predominant 13C-assimilating populations were identified as Geobacter spp. (∼85% of all clones). In the goethite treatment, iron(II) formation was not detectable. However, Geobacter spp. (∼30%), the δ-proteobacterial Anaeromyxobacter spp. (∼30%), and novel β-Proteobacteria were predominant in heavy rRNA fractions indicating that 13C-acetate had been assimilated in the presence of goethite, whereas none were detected in the control heavy RNA. For the first time, active acetate-oxidizing iron(III)-reducing bacteria, including novel hitherto unrecognized populations, were identified as a functional guild in anoxic paddy soil.
Subsurface ecosystem resilience: long-term attenuation of subsurface contaminants supports a dynamic microbial community
Authors: Yagi Jane M , Neuhauser Edward F , Ripp John A , Mauro David M , Madsen Eugene L
Published: September 2009

The propensity for groundwater ecosystems to recover from contamination by organic chemicals (in this case, coal-tar waste) is of vital concern for scientists and engineers who manage polluted sites. The microbially mediated cleanup processes are also of interest to ecologists because they are an important mechanism for the resilience of ecosystems. In this study we establish the long-term dynamic nature of a coal-tar waste-contaminated site and its microbial community. We present 16 years of chemical monitoring data, tracking responses of a groundwater ecosystem to organic contamination (naphthalene, xylenes, toluene, 2-methyl naphthalene and acenaphthylene) associated with coal-tar waste. In addition, we analyzed small-subunit (SSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes from two contaminated wells at multiple time points over a 2-year period. Principle component analysis of community rRNA fingerprints (terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP)) showed that the composition of native microbial communities varied temporally, yet remained distinctive from well to well. After screening and analysis of 1178 cloned SSU rRNA genes from Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya, we discovered that the site supports a robust variety of eukaryotes (for example, alveolates (especially anaerobic and predatory ciliates), stramenopiles, fungi, even the small metazoan flatworm, Suomina) that are absent from an uncontaminated control well. This study links the dynamic microbial composition of a contaminated site with the long-term attenuation of its subsurface contaminants.
Identification of an Obese Eating Style in 4‐year‐old Children Born at High and Low Risk for Obesity
Authors: Berkowitz Robert I. , Moore Renee' H. , Faith Myles S. , Stallings Virginia A. , Kral Tanja V.E. , Stunkard Albert J.
Published: September 2009

This study tested whether children's eating behavior and parental feeding prompts during a laboratory test meal differ among children born at high risk (HR) or low risk (LR) for obesity and are associated with excess child weight gain. At 4 years of age, 32 HR children (mean maternal prepregnancy BMI = 30.4 kg/m2) and 29 LR children (maternal BMI = 19.6 kg/m2) consumed a test meal in which their eating behavior was assessed, including rate of caloric consumption, mouthfuls/min, and requests for food. Parental prompts for the child to eat also were measured at year 4, and child body composition was measured at ages 4 and 6 years. T‐tests, and logistic and multiple regression analyses tested study aims. Results indicated that HR and LR children did not differ in eating rate or parental feeding prompts. Greater maternal BMI, child mouthfuls of food/min, and total caloric intake/min during the test meal predicted an increased risk of being overweight or obese at age 6, whereas greater active mealtime was associated with a reduced risk of being overweight or obese. Regression analyses indicated that only mouthfuls of food/min predicted changes in BMI from 4 to 6 years, and mouthfuls of food/min and gender predicted 2‐year changes in sum of skinfolds and total body fat. Thus, a rapid eating style, characterized by increased mouthfuls of food/min, may be a behavioral marker for the development of childhood obesity.