bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Proactive Interference of Differently Ordered Tone Sequences with the Accuracy and Speed of Two-Tone Frequency Comparisons
Authors: Ruusuvirta Timo , Astikainen Piia , Wikgren Jan
Published: February 2004

Participants judged the direction of the frequency difference between a standard tone and a comparison tone separated by a silent interval and preceded by a series of three interfering tones. The frequencies of the interfering tones were all either lower/higher than (providing interference) or the same as (providing no interference) the standard-tone frequency. When providing interference, the interfering tones were further ordered either randomly or so that they formed melodically ascending/ descending sequences toward the standard-tone frequency. Irrespective of the order of the interfering tones, the judgments were more accurate when the interfering tones and the comparison tone deviated in frequency in the opposite, rather than the same, direction from the standard tone. Reaction times of these judgments were in line with the data based on the judgment accuracy. The results suggest that the representations of individual interfering tones, and not of anticipations extrapolated from them as a compound, were involved in proactive interference with frequency-comparison performance.
Effects of Tempo on the Timing of Simple Musical Rhythms
Authors: Repp Bruno H. , Luke Windsor W. , Desain Peter
Published: February 2004

We investigated whether and how the timing of musical rhythms changes with tempo. Twelve skilled pianists played a monophonic eight-bar melody in 21 different rhythmic versions at four different tempi. Within bars, the rhythms represented two isochronous patterns and all possible ordered pairs and triplets of different note values with ratios from the set {3, 2, 1}. The three-note rhythms also occurred in each of two meters (3/4 and 6/8). Significant deviations from the notated interval ratios were observed in performances of most rhythms, even at the slowest tempo. The observed ratios of the two-note rhythms changed little with tempo. By contrast, those of the three-note rhythms showed increasing assimilation of the two longer intervals as tempo increased, while the relative duration of the short interval was barely affected by tempo. These results replicate previous findings of Fraisse (1956), obtained in a nonmetrical and non-musical context. At fast tempi, the distinction between three different interval durations seems difficult to maintain.
Effects of Musical Tempo and Mode on Arousal, Mood, and Spatial Abilities
Authors: Husain Gabriela , Thompson William Forde , Schellenberg E. Glenn
Published: February 2004

We examined effects of tempo and mode on spatial ability, arousal, and mood. A Mozart sonata was performed by a skilled pianist and recorded as a MIDI file. The file was edited to produce four versions that varied in tempo (fast or slow) and mode (major or minor). Participants listened to a single version and completed measures of spatial ability, arousal, and mood. Performance on the spatial task was superior after listening to music at a fast rather than a slow tempo, and when the music was presented in major rather than minor mode. Tempo manipulations affected arousal but not mood, whereas mode manipulations affected mood but not arousal. Changes in arousal and mood paralleled variation on the spatial task. The findings are consistent with the view that the "Mozart effect" is a consequence of changes in arousal and mood.
Absolute Pitch and the P300 Component of the Event-Related Potential: An Exploration of Variables That May Account for Individual Differences
Authors: Bischoff Renninger Laura , Granot Roni I. , Donchin Emanuel
Published: February 2004

Our primary goal has been to elucidate a model of pitch memory by examining the brain activity of musicians with and without absolute pitch during listening tasks. Subjects, screened for both absolute and relative pitch abilities, were presented with two auditory tasks and one visual task that served as a control. In the first auditory task (pitch memory task), subjects were asked to differentiate between diatonic and nondiatonic tones within a tonal framework. In the second auditory task (contour task), subjects were presented with the same pitch sequences but instead asked to differentiate between tones moving upward or downward. For the visual control task, subjects were presented again with the same pitch sequences and asked to determine whether each pitch was diatonic or nondiatonic, only this time the note names appeared visually on the computer screen. Our findings strongly suggest that there are various levels of absolute pitch ability. Some absolute pitch subjects have, in addition to this skill, strong relative pitch abilities, and these differences are reflected quite consistently by the behavior of the P300 component of the event-related potential. Our research also strengthens the idea that the memory system for pitch and interval distances is distinct from the memory system for contour (W. J. Dowling, 1978). Our results are discussed within the context of the current absolute pitch literature.
The Role of Melodic and Rhythmic Accents in Musical Structure
Authors: Pfordresher Peter Q.
Published: February 2004

Two experiments investigated the perception of melodic and rhythmic accents in musical patterns. Musiclike patterns were created in which recurring melodic and/or rhythmic accents marked higher order periods that, when both accents were present, could differ in terms of period and/or phase according to the construct of joint accent structure (M. R. Jones, 1987). Listeners were asked to indicate the location of accents in these patterns by tapping to tone onsets. Each experiment pursued two main questions. First, are accents, as manipulated, salient to listeners? Second, do listeners track higher order time spans formed by melodic and rhythmic accents in a way that shows a sensitivity to interrelationships between melody and rhythm? Results supported affirmative answers to these questions in analyses of tapping locations and time spans between taps, respectively. Furthermore, results suggested that accents function as temporal landmarks that listeners can use when tracking the time structure of musical patterns, and that the complexity of this time structure arises from higher order time spans marked by different types of accents.
Monoculture, Monopoly, and the Mexican Revolution: Tomás Garrido Canabal and the Standard Fruit Company in Tabasco (1920–1935)
Authors: Ridgeway Stan
Published: February 2004

While Tomás Garrido Canabal (Governor of Tabasco from 1920 to 1935) is generally portrayed as a rabidly anticlerical dictator, this article argues that we can gain much more insight into Garrido's regime if we examine how his policies evolved inresponse to Tabasco's status as amonocultural economy that depended on selling its bananas to the powerful Standard Fruit Company. If one appreciates the impact of the international business firm on the regional leader, then Garrido emerges not as a stereotypical Latin American strongman but rather as anastute politician with awell-conceived plan to improve conditions in his state.

Si bien Tomás Garrido Canabal (governador de Tabasco desde 1920 hasta 1935) por lo general aparece retratado como un dictador fanáticamente anticlerical, este artículo propone que es posible profundizar más en su regimen si se examina cómo evolucionó su política en respuesta a la situación de Tabasco como una economía monocultural que dependía de la venta de bananas a la Standard Fruit Company. Sise logra medir elimpacto de esa firma internacional en ellíder regional, Garrido aparece no como el estereotipo del gobernante latinoamericano influyente sino como un político astuto con un plan bien concebido para mejorar las condiciones de su estado.
Adiós to the PRI? Changing Voter Turnout in Mexico's Political Transition
Authors: Klesner Joseph L.
Published: February 2004

During the last decade, patterns of voter turnout in Mexico have changed dramatically. Turnout patterns now resemble those of established democracies, where affluent and politically engaged citizens are more likely to participate than poorer, less informed, and rural voters who make up the Institutional Revolutionary Party's traditional base. Because those Mexicans most likely to vote are also those most likely to support the opposition, especially the National Action Party, changing partisan biases in electoral participation have had crucial consequences for Mexico's political system.

Durante la última década, los patrones de participación de votantes en México han cambiado dramáticamente. Estos se asemejan ahora a los de las democracias establecidas, donde los ciudadanos acomodados e interesados en política son más propensos a participar que los más pobres, los menos informados y los votantes rurales que forman la base tradicional del Partido Revolucionario Institucional. Como los mexicanos más propensos a votar son aquellos también más propensos aapoyar ala oposición,especialmente alPartido Acción Nacional, el cambio de las tendencias de los partidarios en la participación electoral ha tenido consecuencias decisivas para el sistema político mexicano.
The Romantic Liberalism of Octavio Paz
Authors: Grenier Yvon
Published: February 2004

My aim in this article is to contribute to a better appreciation of Octavio Paz's political thought, and to highlight how Paz's work is useful to improve our understanding of some of the fundamental dilemmas of contemporary Western societies. Ido this by examining Paz's unorthodox and syncretic use of two largely opposing intellectual traditions, liberalism and romanticism. I conclude with some remarks on how art can inspire fresh thinking about politics.

En el presente artículo me propongo contribuir a un major entendimiento del pensamiento político de Octavio Paz y demostrar cómo su obra sirve para comprender algunos de los dilemmas fundamentals que enfrentan las sociedades occidentals contemporáneas.Miplanteamiento tiene como punto de partidaeluso no ortodoxo y sincrético que hace Paz de dos tradiciones intelectuales diametralmente opuestas, el liberalismo y el romanticismo. Concluyo con unos comentarios sobre el mundo de el arte y cómo puede inspirarnos a renovar nuestra manera de pensar lo politico.
A Most Delicate Balance: Representative Government, Public Opinion, and Priests in Mexico, 1821–1834
Authors: Connaughton Brian F.
Published: February 2004

This article studies the fragmentation of public opinion in Mexico in the years following Independence in the midst of a critical lack of legitimacy on the part of succesive governments. Those in power, appealing to public opinion as the supposed pillar of independent representative government, tried to gain control over the situation by means of coaction and persuasion. As they did so, they had to concern themselves with the sensitivities and political convictions of priests, whose actions might tip a fragile political equilibrium one way or the other by granting personal sanction and hypothetically religious validation to contingent political movements.

Este artículo aborda la problemática de la fragmentación de la opinión pública en México en los años posteriores a la independencia, en medio de una crítica falta de legitimidad por parte de los gobiernos en turno. Éstos, apelando a la opinión pública que era el supuesto pilar de un gobierno representativo independiente,trataron de tomarcontrolde lasituación por diversos medios de coacción y de persuasión.Alhacerlo,tuvieron que preocuparse por las sensibilidades y convicciones políticas de los sacerdotes,cuyas acciones podíaninclinar la frágil balanza política en un sentido u otro al otorgar su sanción personal y una convalidación pretendidamente religiosa a un movimiento coyuntural.
Allied Policy Toward Axis Interests in Mexico During World War II
Authors: Niblo Stephen R.
Published: February 2004

This article consists of several parts:it explores the broad level of participation in Mexican society of citizens and companies associated with the Axis powers; it then looks at the use that several key political and economic figures in Mexico and the United States made of the reality, and or the fear of Axis influence; finally the article explores the treatment of the Axis nationals after Mexico entered World War II.

Este artículo consiste de varias partes: explora el alto nivel de participación de ciudadanos y compañías asociadas con los poderes del Eje en la sociedad mexicana;luego observa eluso que varias figuras claves de la política y la economía de México hicieron de la realidad y deltemor a la influencia delEje;y finalmente, el artículo explora el tratamiento de los nacionales del Eje después de la entrada de México en la Segunda Guerra Mundial.
Attribution of Blame in the Global Economy: The Case of the Mexican Public and the Peso Devaluation Crisis
Authors: Davis Charles L. , Bartilow Horace A.
Published: February 2004

Using survey data collected in 1995, this article examines how Mexicans assess responsibility for the 1995 Peso Devaluation Crisis. Mexicans primarily blame former president, Carlos Salinas, but a significant number also blame external actors and institutions for the crisis. The tendency to blame recent presidents is related to assessments of economic conditions and to partisanship; by contrast, the tendency to blame external actors and institutions is related to traditional Mexican nationalism with its defensive posture toward the United States. This posture is found primarily among the economically maginalized and the politically alienated. Nationalism remains an important force in citizen politics in Mexico, but its meaning is still contested.

A través de una encuesta de 1995, este articulo examina la manera en que los mexicanos deslindan la responsabilidad de la crisis de la devaluación del peso en 1995. Por lo general, los mexicanos culpan al presidente Carlos Salinas, aunque un buen numero atribuye la crisis a factores e instituciones externas. La tendencia a culpar a los presidentes recientes se relaciona con la evaluación de las condiciones económicas y las lealtades de partido; por contraste, la tendencia a culpar a factores e instituciones externas se relaciona con el nacionalismo tradicional y con su actitud defensiva hacia los Estados Unidos. Dicha actitud se percibe principalmente entre los marginados económicamente y los alienados políticamente. De tal modo que el nacionalismo aún permanece como una fuerza importante en la política del ciudadano en México aunque su significación todavía se disputa.
Cambios de la comunidad algal (Perifiton) relacionados con el ciclo hidrológico en un tintal anegable en Quintana Roo
Authors: Becerra Absalón Itzel , Tavera Rosaluz
Published: February 2004

The article presents a comparative description of changes in species composition of periphyton in a flooding tintal in Mexico. These changes were determined by variations in amount of water during the hydrological cycle. A detailed characterization of particular responses of the main species of algae is made, considering humidity and dryness in natural as well as in vitro conditions. Results showed out that the seasonal succession of periphytic species was due to their particular requirements of humidity, from those whose thalli tolerated a minimum of atmospherical water in the dry season to those that were able to grow only or mainly when the tintal was flooded.

El articulo presenta una descripción comparativa de los cambios en la composición de especies del perifiton en un tintal anegable en México. Esos cambios estuvieron determinados por variaciones en la cantidad de agua durante el ciclo hidrológico. Se hace una caracterización detallada de las respuestas particulares de las especies del perifiton, considerando tanto las condiciones naturales de humectación y sequía, como las que se establecieron en condiciones in vitro. Los resultados indicaron que la sucesión estacional de las especies se debió a sus requerimientos de humedad particulares. La sucesión transcurrió desde las especies cuyos talos toleraron un mínimo de humedad atmosférica en la época seca, hasta las especies que crecieron única o principalmente cuando el tintal estuvo anegado.
Visual Culture and the Word in Edgar Allan Poe's "The Man of the Crowd"
Authors: Hayes Kevin J.
Published: February 2004

As the nameless narrator of Edgar Allan Poe's "The Man of the Crowd" (1840) begins to relate his personal experience in a coffeehouse and on the streets of London, he has complete confidence in his ability to read the crowd on the basis of external signs. By having the narrator alternate reading his newspaper with observing the crowd, Poe parallels the two activities and emphasizes their similarity. Comparing the act of gazing through a window with reading a written text, Poe compared the acts of seeing and reading. In part inspired by the pseudosciences of physiognomy and phrenology, the ability to read the character of people in a crowd was also a part of the increasingly numerous written texts that were starting to appear as part of the modern urban landscape. As nations approached near-universal literacy, their cities began to contain more and more writing. Observing the streets, both literally and figuratively, was becoming a matter of reading. The contemporary figure of the sandwichman reinforced the similarity between reading written texts and reading a person. Overall, "The Man of the Crowd" reflects what Poe saw as a new period in the relationship between word and image. Centuries before, the written word had taken precedence over the visual image, but in this new period the written word was beginning to take on the qualities of an image.
Miscegenated Whiteness: Rebecca Harding Davis, the "Civil-izing" War, and Female Racism
Authors: Knadler Stephen
Published: February 2004

This essay examines Rebecca Harding Davis's resistance to the Civil War discourse in the Atlantic Monthly in order to complicate the relation between nineteenth-century racism and sentimental fiction. While much revisionary work has been done on nineteenth-century women'sfiction and how it reinforced racial ideologies, the misleading question often asked is whether white women did or did not participate in the public arena of race. Yet this initial framing of the question denies the alternative possibility: that white women might have engaged in their own gendered forms of racial activity, or in a "female racism" (to use Vron Ware's term), that did not correspond to or act in complicity with a racism that is by default seen as public and masculine. By imagining her heroine as a "woman from the border" inWaiting for the Verdict (1868), Davis works to oppose and overturn a particular regional and gender-based inscription of whiteness that was being disseminated amid the war crises as an emergent New England-based national identity. In contrast, Davis creates a particular feminine and liminal version of white racial power, or a "miscegenated whiteness." But this fantasy of an imagined national community based on the "white mulatto" finally undoes itself in the novel's moments of narrative crises about a free and open female sexuality, and Davis'snovel seeks to restore the white female body to its "purity."
A False Start for the Classical-Historical Novel: Lockhart's Valerius and the Limits of Scott's Historicism
Authors: Walker Stanwood S.
Published: February 2004

This essay examines the relationship between a popular but neglected subgenre of nineteenth-century historical fiction, the classical-historical novel, and the Waverley novels of Walter Scott. Using John Gibson Lockhart's Valerius; a Roman Story (1821), the first of the classical-historical novels to appear in the wake of the Waverley novels, as a test-case, the essay demonstrates how this subgenre highlights the limits of Scott's model for historical fiction. The essay first outlines the nature of Scott's favored brand of historicism, which it argues was a genealogical one centered on the oral testimony of witnesses to the past events in question (or their near-descendants). It then assesses Lockhart's attempt to adapt Scott's historicist model to his novel's second-century setting, and argues that for reasons having to do both with the temporal and cultural remoteness of that setting, and with the special status of late antiquity in the nineteenth century, Scott'smodel was not available to Lockhart and subsequent classical-historical novelists. Lockhart's novel thus stands as an instructive "false start" for the nineteenth-century classical-historical novel.
Realist Magic in the Fiction of William Dean Howells
Authors: Palmer Stephanie C.
Published: February 2004

William Dean Howells was committed to determining what would inspire people from different economic, political, and religious backgrounds to imagine each other as respected members of a human community. Scholars have debated whether his realist aesthetic was suited to do that. Some have argued that realism works to contain the lower classes, and others have argued that it portrays a heterogeneous society in which social problems can be solved through human negotiation between the middle classes and others. Scholars have not, however, addressed how Howells performs the necessary shift in his fiction from a space in which characters focus on their own interests to a space in which they seek to enact justice through negotiating with disparate people. This article identifies and names what enacts that necessary shift: the literary device of accident. In Howells's fiction chance meetings, feelings of accidental connection, and injuries during travel force his middle-class characters into understanding labor politics, slum dwellers, and morally compromised millionaires. His use of accident changes over time, from The Undiscovered Country (1880) to Annie Kilburn (1889) and A Hazard of New Fortunes (1890). This essay traces that change in order to reflect on the democratic and antidemocratic implications of Howells's realist aesthetic.
"I Like These Plants That You Call Weeds": Historicizing American Women's Nature Writing
Authors: Kilcup Karen L.
Published: February 2004

In spite of the flowering of anthologies and criticism concerning American women's nature writing, ecocritics have concentratedon a small group of writings and on twentieth-century authors. The reasons for such omissions are numerous. Many nineteenth-century women's writings remain relatively inaccessible, in spite of the exponential growth in recent years of collections and reprint series. Moreover, in earlier writing the author's attitude toward nature is frequently ambiguous or complicated, making the literature resistant to recuperation, especially by critics seeking a relatively unproblematized, even idealistic, connection between women and nature. Much of this writing also evinces a high degree of genre hybridity, rendering it amenable to interpretation within a number of different literary traditions. Finally, critics of American women's nature writing have omitted consideration of nineteenth-century works because of the absence of satisfactory critical tools. Advocating the continued expansion of genres and modes in our understanding of American women's nature writing, this essay underscores the synthetic vision of nineteenth-century women writers, who are often more likely to regard nature in the context of gender politics or struggles for social amelioration than as a separate political or cultural concern. As a whole, the essay considers representations of women and nature; enlarges the tradition of American nature writing; and broadens its theoretical foundation.
Converting Trilby: Du Maurier on Englishness, Jewishness, and Culture
Authors: Gracombe Sarah
Published: February 2004

At the heart of George Du Maurier's Trilby are juxtaposed attempts to convert the novel's heroine and namesake. On the one hand, there is Svengali, the Jewish musician and mesmerist, who tries to convert Trilby into a cosmopolitan diva. On the other hand, there is Little Billee's effort to remake Trilby into a model of Englishness—an effort that has received little critical attention. These opposing conversion strategies raise important questions about if and how one can become English, emphasizing Englishness not as a juridical or geographic identity so much as one attainable through what Du Maurier calls "English training," particularly the consumption of English novels and English food. These dual conversion attempts also reveal Du Maurier'smarked ambivalence toward what I term "cultural Englishness," a combination of both everyday and artistic culture. Du Maurier is deeply invested in elements of English everyday culture. Yet he is highly critical of England's Philistinism, suggesting that Englishness can benefit from an "infusion" of Jewish creativity and vitality. The novel ultimately insists, however, that such an infusion can be healthy only when taken in "diluted homoeopathic doses." This essay, then, argues for the importance of Englishness in Trilby and for the way that Jewishness functions vis-à-vis Englishness in several of Du Maurier's works, which, like a number of Victorian contemporaries, repeatedly turn to Jewishness as medicinal—"homoeopathic"—yet reflect a contrary desire to "dilute" it into safety.
"Quelque peu théâtral": The Operatic Coronation of Charles X
Authors: Walton Benjamin
Published: February 2004

The intersection of politics and spectacle has a long tradition in French history, from Louis XIV's Versailles to the streets of revolutionary Paris. As a result, Chateaubriand's criticism of the coronation of Charles X in May 1825 as theatrical may at first seem unremarkable. His description of the occasion as a dramatic performance rather than a real event, however, deserves closer examination. In line with Chateaubriand, this article suggests that the anachronistic final Bourbon coronation can best be understood, at the most literal level, as an opera, with music, resplendent costumes, dashes of orientalism (the envoy for the Bey of Tunis provoked much interest), hired claqueurs, and the whole of Rheims turned into a stage set. Conversely, the coronation's reliance on operatic props and aesthetics can shed light on the dramatic crisis that led to the appearance of grand opéra. The largest piece written to celebrate the coronation, the multianchored Pharamond, was performed at the Paris Opéra, but failed to command either critical or popular acclaim, in contrast with Rossini's Il viaggio a Reims at the Théâtre Italien. Yet Pharamond's troubled negotiation between the demands of historical drama and celebratory Pièce de circonstance mirrors the logic that underpinned the planning of the coronation: a desire to invoke the authority of French history while bypassing unresolved memories of the Revolution and the Empire. Ultimately, the failure of Pharamond and its selective appropriation of history offer a productive mode for understanding the connections between opera, ceremonial language, and historical precedent, as well as those between musical works and large-scale political events.
The Poet, the Pianist, and the Patron: Hans Christian Andersen and Franz Liszt in Carl Alexander's Weimar
Authors: Celenza Anna Harwell
Published: February 2004

The writings of Hans Christian Andersen shed important light on Liszt's years in Weimar and his relationship with the city's most powerful patron, Grand Duke Carl Alexander. Andersen shared a strong friendship with Carl Alexander, and from 1844 to 1857 he visited Weimar on numerous occasions. He also corresponded with Carl Alexander regularly, taking special care to preserve the Grand Duke's thoughts about the role of the artist in society, the incongruousness of art and politics, and Liszt's "Music of the Future." Two of Andersen's lesser-known tales, "The Bell" and "The Pepperman's Nightcap," were inspired by his interactions with Carl Alexander and Liszt. These tales, along with the many firsthand accounts of life in Weimar preserved in Andersen's letters, diaries, and memoirs, serve as testimonials to the city's changing artistic climate during the mid-nineteenth century and elucidate the complexity of Carl Alexander's role as patron and the indelible imprint Liszt's presence had on those around him.
The Satsang Network: A Growing Post-Osho Phenomenon
Authors: Frisk Liselotte
Published: February 2004

This article describes and discusses a phenomenon I call the Satsang network, a group of Westerners claiming to have reached enlightenment. Several of these persons spent many years with the controversial guru, Osho; hence, I argue that one way of understanding the Satsang network is as a post-Osho development in which satsang holders become an example of how charismatic leaders emerge from institutionalized religious movements. Also discussed are the construction, confirmation, and social support of the enlightenment process; the alteration of meanings when Eastern concepts are interpreted from a Western perspective; and ways in which certain core teachings in the Satsang network mirror key processes of current globalization.
African American Religion in the United States of America: An Interpretative Essay
Authors: Long Charles H.
Published: February 2004

This essay addresses the problematical nature of the meaning of religion as it is related to the formation and destiny of peoples of African descent in the United States. Moving beyond a narrow understanding of the nature of religion as expressed in much of Black Theology, for example, this essay proposes a "thick" and complex depiction of religion in the African American context through a recognition of its relationship to the contact and conquest that marked the modern world.
Mirages over the Andes: Peru, France, the United States, and Military Jet Procurement in the 1960s
Authors: Roy François Le
Published: February 2004

On May 5, 1967, U.S. National Security Adviser Walter W. Rostow briefed President Lyndon B. Johnson that Peru had contracted to buy twelve Mirage 5 supersonic fighter jets from France, "despite our repeated warnings of the consequences." The first planes were delivered a year later, prompting the United States to withhold development loans from Peru as directed by the Conte-Long Amendment to the 1968 Foreign Assistance Appropriations Bill. Peru was the first Latin American country (with the exception of Cuba) to equip its air force with supersonic combat aircraft, and its decision spurred a dramatic qualitative and financial escalation in regional arms procurement, thereby defeating Washington's effort to control the latter.

The CIA qualified the "Mirage affair" as the "most serious issue" in U.S.-Peruvian relations at the time. The event demonstrated the growing desire of Peru and other Latin American countries to loosen the ties that bound them to Washington and exemplified France's drive to depolarize world politics during the Cold War. Demanded by the Peruvian military establishment, the Mirage deal also announced the golpe of October 1968 that ended the presidency of Fernando Belaúnde Terry and ushered in the reformist military dictatorship of Juan Velasco Alvarado. In addition, it complicated relations between the White House, Congress, and the press in the antagonistic context of the Vietnam War. Finally, it further illustrated the diplomatic and economic stakes of military aircraft sales, as well as the appeal of the airplane as a symbol of national sovereignty and modernity.
"Well-Thinking Men and Women": The Battle for the White Act and the Meaning of Conservation in the 1920s
Authors: Taylor Joseph E.
Published: February 2004

Historians have long debated the fate of the conservation movement during the 1920s. While all seem to agree that a sharp divide existed between conservationists and anti-conservationists, they have differed over whether conservation entered a Dark Age during these years, whether it was sustained by private organizations and radical amateurs, or signaled an era of continuity in relations between industry and the state. The battle over the 1924 White Act, a piece of federal legislation designed to protect dwindling Alaska salmon stocks, suggests that all these conclusions deserve reevaluation. While conservation hardly disappeared during the Republican ascendancy, it did undergo important changes as federal officials emphasized production-oriented concerns for efficiency over socially oriented concerns about equity. The heated debate that erupted over the White Act bared significant differences in how Americans defined the meaning of conservation at the time. The resulting policies, as many historians have noted, often benefited large producers over smallholders while accomplishing little in solving the underlying problems of waste and depletion.
You're a Better Filipino than I Am, John Wayne: World War II, Hollywood, and U.S.-Philippines Relations
Authors: Hawley Charles V.
Published: February 2004

Between 1939 and 1945 several Hollywood studios produced significant films set in the war-torn Philippines, including Bataan (MGM, 1943), So Proudly We Hail (Paramount, 1943),and Back to Bataan (RKO,1943). Although these films immediately preceded Philippines independence in 1946, they do not position the Philippines as a soon-to-be autonomous nation. Instead, these films reaffirm, and even celebrate, the unequal colonial power relationship that marked the history of U.S. occupation of the archipelago. A careful reading of these films, which is the subject of this article, reveals the stamina of this colonial ideology (colonial uplift, tutelage, and nation-building) that legitimized U.S. colonial rule in the Phillapines and dates back to the turn of the century. What the perpetuation of this ideology suggests is the postwar neocolonial relationship between the two nations that U.S. government officials anticipated. This revised neocolonial ideology is expressed through the racialized and gendered images of Filipino characters and their interaction with U.S. American characters. The U.S. government attempted to control such images as part of its wartime propaganda, but had to rely on the voluntary compliance of the major Hollywood studios. While the Filipinos in films like Back to Bataan, made at the war's end, appear to challenge the racist stereotypes of prior films, they are re-inscribed by a neocolonial form of U.S. supremacy— framed as wartime U.S. guidance and Filipino dependency.
In Search of a Panacea: Japan-Korea Rapprochement and America's "Far Eastern Problems"
Authors: Yi Kil J.
Published: February 2004

The United States had three challenges in Asia in the mid-1960s: a hostile China, an assertive Japan, and a faltering South Vietnam. The Johnson administration's solution to these problems was to promote the normalizing of relations between its two vital Asian allies, Japan and South Korea. The two countries had refused to recognize each other diplomatically since the end of Japan's colonial rule over Korea after World War II. The acrimonious relations between Seoul and Tokyo weakened the containment wall in Northeast Asia while depriving Korea of Japanese investments, loans, and markets. These problems forced the United States to commit extensive military and economic assistance to Korea. As expected, a Tokyo-Seoul rapprochment buttressed the West's bulwark against communist powers in the region and hindered a potential Beijing-Tokyo reconciliation. It opened the road for Japan's economic penetration into Korea and enabled Seoul to receive Tokyo's help in economic development. Reassured by the friendship between Korea and Japan, Washington forged an alliance with Seoul in the Vietnam War. Between 1965 and 1973 Korea dispatched 300,000 soldiers in Vietnam, making it the second largest foreign power in support of Saigon. The Korea-Japan rapprochment proved to be a powerful remedy for America's problems in Asia.
Through the Looking Glass: What Western Historians and Literary Critics Can Learn from Each Other
Authors: Allmendinger Blake
Published: February 2004

In this meandering think piece, the author considers the differences and similarities between western historians and literary critics, taking into consideration intellectual training, ideological biases, and methodological practices. In the process, he frequently changes his mind, contradicts himself, probably confuses the reader, and most certainly makes a mess of his argument. Those without patience or a sense of humor should think twice before reading ahead.
Giving Voice to Place: Three Models for Understanding American Sacred Space
Authors: Lane Belden C.
Published: February 2004

Ten miles east of Bighorn Canyon in northern Wyoming, you start to climb up out of the desert heat toward Medicine Mountain, looming in the distant haze. At this point, Highway 14A begins a torturous seven-mile ascent along a 10 percent grade, rising ever higher into sweet clover and green meadows, spruce trees and lodgepole pines. Staying in first or second gear the whole way up, your engine still overheats by the time you have reached the crest. But, if you follow the small National Forest sign off to the left near the summit and walk another mile and a half after parking the car, you come to what seems to be the top of the world: the Great Medicine Wheel, high in the Big-horn Mountains, an ancient eighty-foot diameter circle of rocks with a cairn in the center and twenty-eight spokes radiating out to the rim.
Describing the Elephant: Buddhism in America
Authors: Gregory Peter N.
Published: February 2004

The expanding volume of publications on Buddhism in America in the last two and a half decades bears witness to the emergence of an exciting new subfield within American religion, on the one hand, and within Buddhist studies, on the other. For Americanists, it reflects a growing recognition of the ways in which non-Western religions are altering the American religious landscape. As such, it is part of an emerging awareness of the increasingly pluralistic and multicultural nature of American society at the turn of the millennium. For Buddhologists, the spread of Buddhism in America opens a new chapter in the long history of the geographical and cultural diffusion of the religion since its founding in India some 2,500 years ago. This new subfield thus holds the prospect of studying what promises to be a momentous development in the history of Buddhism, and it affords an opportunity to study the acculturation of the tradition as it is actually occurring. Clearly this is a field where both Americanists and Buddhologists have much to contribute and much to learn from one another.
Women and Christian Practice in a Mahican Village
Authors: Wheeler Rachel
Published: February 2004

In August 1742, a little-known scene of the Great Awakening was unfolding in the Mahican villages that dotted the Housatonic Valley region of Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New York. On August 10, the colorful Moravian leader, Count Ludwig von Zinzendorf, arrived in the village of Shekomeko to check on the progress of the newly founded mission. Six months earlier, he had overseen the baptism of the first three villagers. Their baptized names—Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob—expressed the Moravians’ grand hopes that the men would be patriarchs to a new nation of believers. Zinzendorf was now in Shekomeko to witness as these three men assumed the Christian offices of elder, teacher, and exhorter. Twenty miles away and two days later, melancholic missionary David Brainerd preached the Presbyterian gospel of salvation in hopes of saving the residents of Pachgatgoch from Moravian heresy.
The Literary Ellington
Authors: Edwards Brent Hayes
Published: February 2004

The literary plays an indispensable role in the creative process and compositional technique of the great jazz composer and orchestra leader Duke Ellington. It is well known that he based a number of his pieces on literary sources and that many of his larger works in particular rely on narrative written by Ellington and/or his collaborator Billy Strayhorn, whether it was programmatic, recitative, or lyric. In all his music, Ellington was concerned with ''telling tales'' in language, not only in sounds - or more precisely, in both: composing in ways that combined words and music. This imperative is evidenced in the pieces Ellington called ''parallels,'' a word he chose in particular to highlight the formal relationship between music and literature. In some, such as the ''Shakespearean Suite'' known as ''Such Sweet Thunder,'' he used various structural approaches and instrumental techniques to achieve portraiture through the interrelationship between the musical and the literary. In other pieces, such as ''My People'' and especially ''Black, Brown and Beige,'' Ellington attempted to integrate literary texts into his music in a manner that is not programmatic. The longer pieces demonstrate that for Ellington's aesthetic, the representation of African American history necessitated a mixed, multimedia form.
Pitiful Relics: Caravaggio's Martyrdom of St. Matthew
Authors: Olson Todd P.
Published: February 2004

Caravaggio's seminal ambitious program in the Contarelli Chapel (San Luigi dei Francesi, Rome) representing the Calling and the Martyrdom of St. Matthew (1599-1600) invoked the threat of iconoclasm as it imagined the martyr's body as a violated relic. Counter-Reformation images and hagiographies, such as the engravings in Richard Verstegan's Théâtre des cruautés des hérétiques nostre temps, traduit du latin en françois (Anvers, 1588) and Giovanni Battista Cavalieri's Ecclesiae Anglicanae Trophaea (Rome, 1584), after paintings by Pomarancio, depicted disintegrated sacred bodies subject both to iconoclastic violence and to confusion with polluted bodies. This conflation of social categories in Caravaggio's paintings led his biographers to blame him for the endemic replacement of classical antiquity by persons off the street. The retrospective account by classical theorists displaced an earlier archaeological project that took the ruined saint's body as its artifact: the scientific archaeology of the Christian relic in the Roman catacombs in Antonio Bosio's Roma Soutteranea (Rome, Latin edition, 1634; Italian edition, 1650). The threat of the disintegration of the composition in Caravaggio's paintings thematized the paradox of the incorruptible yet violated flesh of the martyr.The painting, like the relic, recapitulated the biographical narrative of martyrdom. It also proposed patterns of reception based on contemporary rhetorical models: the descriptive enumeration of Christian humanist ekphrasis based on Prudentius's fourth century Crowns of Martyrdom and articulated in Gregory Martin's late-sixteenthcentury guide to Sacred Rome.
Civility and Virility in Ben Jonson
Authors: Hutson Lorna
Published: February 2004

THE EUROPEAN RENAISSANCE SAW the rise of a phenomenon known as ''civil conversation,'' according to which the arena of informal speech became significant for men's social advancement. At the same time, however, Renaissance literature inherited from the classics an evaluative language that denounced loquacity as effeminate. Hutson's article uses Ben Jonson's writings to explore the tension between the prescriptions of ''virile style'' and the social reality for men of ''civil conversation.'' The tension manifests itself, she argues, in the expanded sense of personal liability inherent in the notion of informal speech as a significant site of advancement in the age of ''note-taking'' and the commonplace book. She shows how the note-taking habit blurs the line between circulating speech for aesthetic purposes and for purposes of espionage. She discusses certain pervasive classical figures and ideas - such as the ''mindful drinking companion'' and the Plutarchan idea of internalizing and preempting hostile judgments of one's words by imagining oneself as one's own enemy. She notes that Jonson reworks these figures and ideas to produce a heroic notion of a ''civil conversationalist'' who is also ''virile'' in that he can resist being effeminized bythe circulation of hostile or ignorant interpretations of his words; he can resist, in other words, being transformed into the feminine figure of Rumor. The article concludes with a reading of Jonson's Every Man in His Humour as a play concerned to articulate a new, heroic ''civil virility'' as the ability to resist hostile constructions of informal speech.
To Love to Hate
Authors: Cottom Daniel
Published: February 2004

FROM THE TIME OF SOCRATES' Phaedo to the present, misanthropy has been thought of as spoilt idealism: the flipside of generosity for Timon of Athens, of sincerity for Molière's Alceste, of reason for Jonathan Swift's Gulliver, and so on. Misanthropy thus construed places one in a critical position between ''humanity and humans'' (Schiller). In contrast, Chris Burden's work leads us to see the misanthropy fundamental to and constitutive of the very conception of art. For instance, through its erasure of the line commonly drawn between symbolic and real violence and through the uncertainties, equivocations, contradictions, and overdeterminations it evoked, the performance he titled 747 represented art's undoing of humanity, its drive to betray what Samuel Beckett called ''anthropomorphic insolence,'' or whatever may be thought of as properly human desires, intentions, and concerns. Similarly, through The Other Vietnam Memorial (1991) Burden drew out the fierce misanthropy in Maya Lin's beloved wall by reminding us of the names of the millions of Vietnamese that it symbolically and, in effect, violently erases. More recently,and perhaps even more controversially,the artist Dread Scott has followed Burden's example in a work titled (and dramatizing the equivoque in the term) Enduring Freedom (2002), a shrine based on those created in New York City in the aftermath of the September 11th attacks but devoted to the Afghan casualties of the war the United States is conducting in response to them. Using Beckett as one of his favored exemplars, Theodor Adorno directed attention to the aesthetic implications of misanthropy (even as he struggled to give them a utopian spin) when he remarked upon the Baudelarian ''spleen'' of art, without which it cannot be and with which it maintains ''a permanent protest against morality.'' Even though we continue to play it down whenever we try to discipline art into spiritual health by working some sense of responsibility into our theories of what it is, does, and has been, this disorienting protest is arguably the most ancient theme of Western aesthetics. Despite its so-called terrorist aspects, then, Burden's art is thoroughly traditional in emphasizing art's misanthropic appeal. A comparison on this score to literary works by writers such as Franz Kafka and Thomas De Quincey, to historical episodes such as the practice of ascetism among the fourthcentury ''desert fathers,'' to artworks by Caspar David Friedrich and Pieter Bruegel the Elder, to the films of Ingmar Bergman, and to the controversies over aesthetics that arose in the immediate aftermath of the events of 9/11 shows us why politics will be aestheticized, whether we like it or not. In other words, this analysis shows us why we cannot even begin to conceive of human justice without working through art and thus through the subject of misanthropy.
Timothy Dwight's Rhetorical Ideology of Taste in Federalist Connecticut
Authors: Longaker Mark Garrett
Published: February 2004

Recent histories of early American rhetoric have not contextualized the rhetorics studied sufficiently, resulting particularly in an ahistorical portrait of Timothy Dwight as a “civic rhetor”. This essay situates Dwight's rhetorical theory in the political, social, and economic environment of early America. Particularly, it argues that Dwight's ideas about rhetoric, morality, politics, and theology were all tied together by his conception of “taste”, and in his career as a public minister, as a teacher at Yale, and as an active political figure in eighteenth-century Connecticut, Dwight pushed an ideology of taste that supported early American Federalism.