bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Provitamin A Maize Hybrid Response to Drought, Heat, Low Nitrogen, and Low Phosphorous Stress
Authors: Manjeru Pepukai , van Biljon Angeline , MacRobert John , Labuschagne Maryke
Published: October 2019

Vitamin A deficiency is rampant in Africa. High provitamin A maize (Zea mays L.) inbreds have been developed by the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) in Mexico, but the inbred lines do not have the abiotic stress tolerance levels needed for production in sub‐Saharan Africa. In this study, 30 hybrids obtained from crosses of 22 provitamin A and five yellow elite inbred lines from the Drought Tolerant Maize for Africa (DTMA) project were evaluated with four local check hybrids (two white and two yellow) and a Zambian orange hybrid. Evaluation was done under drought, a combination of drought and heat, low N, low P, random drought stress, and optimum conditions for two seasons. Yield was reduced by 43.27, 79.55, 68.42, and 44.27% under random drought stress, managed drought stress, a combination of drought and heat stress, and low N stress, respectively. Sixteen hybrids performed better than four checks under managed drought stress. One hybrid ranked in the top 10 hybrids in all the test environments. The β‐carotene concentration of hybrids was in the expected range (4.29–12.55 μg g−1) for the first‐generation medium to high provitamin A maize genotypes, but on average, drought and low N stress reduced β‐carotene by >60%. However, some hybrids retained a high percentage of β‐carotene under stress conditions. Sufficient variability for yield and β‐carotene content was demonstrated in the hybrids to allow for effective selection.
“Natural Evaporation from Open Water, Bare Soil and Grass” by Harold L. Penman, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (1948) A193:120–146
Authors: Sinclair Thomas R.
Published: October 2019

This article is part of a series of brief commentaries to highlight papers that have resulted in important and distinctly new perspectives in crop science. A criterion for selection of papers is that they must have been published at least 20 yr ago to allow for a long‐range perspective in assessment of the papers. The current article briefly reviews the paper by Harold L. Penman published in 1948 that offered an original analysis of approaches to estimate evaporation from natural surfaces. He developed two approaches: one based on a sink strength model, and the second on an energy balance model. He compared the predictions of these approaches to his experimental observations of evaporation from open water, bare soil, and grass. He found each of the models did well (r ≈ 0.8) in predicting open water evaporation. The evaporation from bare soil and grass was less than that from the open water, and the predicted evaporation amounts were variable even when normalized by open water evaporation. Even though Penman warned that aspects of the approaches were empirical, the energy balance model remains a mainstay in predicting crop water loss.
Trans Situ Conservation of Crop Wild Relatives
Authors: Riordan Erin Coulter , Nabhan Gary Paul
Published: October 2019

In the face of unprecedented climatic disasters, social conflict, and political uncertainty, integrating in situ and ex situ strategies may become increasingly necessary to effectively conserve crop wild relatives (CWR). We introduce the concept of trans situ conservation to safeguard CWR genetic diversity and accessibility for crop improvement. Building on initiatives to combine in situ protection with ex situ backup in genebanks, trans situ conservation dynamically integrates multiple in situ and ex situ measures, from conservation to research to education, spanning local to global scales. Two important features emerge from a trans situ approach. First, integrating in situ and ex situ studies of CWR genetic diversity, adaptation, and ecological interactions can lead to advances in crop improvement and in situ management. Second, the complementarity, redundancy, and synergy gained through trans situ conservation buffer climatic, economic, political, and institutional instabilities. Focusing on a case study in the United States–Mexico desert borderlands, we evaluate three components of trans situ conservation: in situ protection on working and public lands; seed and living plant collections in local and regional botanical gardens, arboreta, and nurseries; and genebank accessions in the USDA National Plant Germplasm System. We discuss gaps, tensions, and synergies that emerge when coordinating these three components and offer the conservation of the wild chile [Capsicum annuum L. var. glabriusculum (Dunal) Heiser & Pickersgill] in southern Arizona as an example of concerted in situ and ex situ research integrated in a trans situ framework
An analysis of the effects of pressure-assisted osmotic backwashing on the high recovery reverse osmosis system
Authors: Yaranal Naveenkumar Ashok , Kumari Sneha , Narayanasamy Selvaraju , Subbiah Senthilmurugan
Published: October 2019

The low cost simplified method for implementation of pressure-assisted osmotic (PAO) backwash (BW) for spiral wound reverse osmosis (RO) membrane module is presented in this work. The effect of membrane design and an operating parameter concerning the efficiency of PAO membrane BW is analyzed. The following design and operating parameters are considered in this study: (i) spacer thickness, (ii) dimension of the permeate channel, (iii) number of leaves, and (iv) BW water pressure. The performance of PAO BW with respect to membrane cleaning efficiency is analyzed for three different high recovery RO systems by purifying 1,500 liters of water. The membrane cleaning efficiency is measured by examining the rate of permeate quality and quantity decline using ASTM D4516 method. Finally, to quantify the membrane fouling with respect to different high recovery configurations, the thickness, and composition of foulants present in the used membrane's surface are measured by using field emission scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive X-ray (FESEM-EDX). The result concludes that the RO membrane operated at high recovery with PAO BW is found to have less fouling deposits than membrane without PAO BW.
Model of efficiency assessment of diagnostic tools of onboard equipment
Authors: Rozenberg E. N. , Korovin A. S. , Penkova N. G.
Published: October 2019

The Aim of this paper is to show that the development, deployment of new diagnostic tools and improvement of the existing diagnostic tools in onboard equipment enables better operational characteristics and reduced probability of transition of intelligent railway systems into a forbidden state.

Method. In the context of intelligent railway systems, the construction of the analytical model of probability evaluation is of principal interest due to the feasibility of demonstrating the factors that are taken into consideration by such a model. Forbidden events that cause inoperability of intelligent railway systems are random; they can be represented as a random process. A random process of system development, transition from an allowed state into a forbidden state, system state changes in time can be described with a semi-Markovian process. When assessing the probability of system transition into a forbidden state, the question arises as to the selection of a method of calculation. The paper shows the feasibility of representation and solution of a semi-Markovian model with the help of a coupled graph model [3, 5] that has a high level of visualization and is a well-formalized method of identification of the probability of a system’s transition into a forbidden state. The set of system states and their connections are represented with a directed state graph with defined topological concepts [3]. In order to identify the effect of the introduction of new diagnostic tools and improvement of the existing diagnostic tools in onboard equipment on the probability of transition of intelligent railway systems into a forbidden state, the authors use the theorem of identification of the probability of system’s transition from the initial unhazardous state into a hazardous state and set forth the formula to calculate this probability.

Results. The graph method implemented in this paper shows that the use of additional diagnostic tools reduces more than twice the probability of a system’s transition into a forbidden state, i.e. a state when the failure will not be detected by the inbuilt or additional diagnostic tools.
Nanoparticles-mediated Brain Imaging and Disease Prognosis by Conventional as well as Modern Modal Imaging Techniques: a Comparison
Authors: Pan Cheng-Tang , Chang Wei-Hsi , Kumar Ajay , Singh Satya P. , Kaushik Aman Chandra , Sharma Jyotsna , Long Zheng-Jing , Wen Zhi-Hong , Mishra Sunil Kumar , Yen Chung-Kun , Chaudhary Ravi Kumar , Shiue Yow-Ling
Published: October 2019

Background:

Multimodal imaging plays an important role in the diagnosis of brain disorders. Neurological disorders need to be diagnosed at an early stage for their effective treatment as later, it is very difficult to treat them. If possible, diagnosing at an early stage can be much helpful in curing the disease with less harm to the body. There is a need for advanced and multimodal imaging techniques for the same. This paper provides an overview of conventional as well as modern imaging techniques for brain diseases, specifically for tumor imaging. In this paper, different imaging modalities are discussed for tumor detection in the brain along with their advantages and disadvantages. Conjugation of two and more than two modalities provides more accurate information rather than a single modality. They can monitor and differentiate the cellular processes of normal and diseased condition with more clarity. The advent of molecular imaging, including reporter gene imaging, has opened the door of more advanced noninvasive detection of brain tumors. Due to specific optical properties, semiconducting polymer-based nanoparticles also play a pivotal role in imaging tumors.

Objective:

The objective of this paper is to review nanoparticles-mediated brain imaging and disease prognosis by conventional as well as modern modal imaging techniques.

Conclusion:

We reviewed in detail various medical imaging techniques. This paper covers recent developments in detail and elaborates a possible research aspect for the readers in the field.
α-Glucosidase Inhibition and Docking Studies of 5-Deoxyflavonols and Dihydroflavonols Isolated from Abutilon pakistanicum
Authors: Hussain Munawar , Ahmed Zaheer , Khan Shamsun N. , Shah Syed A. A. , Razi Rizwana , Imran Syahrul , Khalid Muhammad , Ali Bakhat , Irshad Muhammad B. , Nawaz Faisal , Chaudhry Muhammad I.
Published: October 2019

Three new 5-deoxyflavonoid and dihydroflavonoids 2, 3 and 4 have been isolated
from the methanolic extract of Abutioln pakistanicum aerial parts, for which structures
were elucidated explicitly by extensive MS- and NMR-experiments. In addition to
these, 3,7,4′-trihydroxy-3′-methoxy flavonol (1) is reported for the first time from Abutioln
pakistanicum. Compound 2 and 4 are p-coumaric acid esters while compounds 2–4
exhibited α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Docking studies indicated that the ability of
flavonoids 2, 3 and 4 to form multiple hydrogen bonds with catalytically important residues
is decisive hence is responsible for the inhibition activity. The docking results signified
the observed in-vitro activity quite well which is in accordance with previously obtained
conclusion that phenol moiety and hydroxyl group are critical for the inhibition of
α-glucosidase enzyme.
A Cationic Nanomicellar Complex of the Quaternary Amphiphilic Amine RC16+ with Fenretinide as a New Multitasking System for Antitumor Therapy
Authors: Orienti Isabella , Cripe Timothy P. , Currier Mark A. , Cavallari Cristina , Teti Gabriella , Falconi Mirella
Published: October 2019

:

This study investigated the antitumor effect of a new nanomicellar complex obtained
by combining the antitumor agent fenretinide with a quaternary amphiphilic amine RC16+ also
endowed with antitumor activity.

Methods:

The complex (Fen-RC16+) strongly improved the aqueous solubility of fenretinide (from
1,71 ± 0.08 µg/ml, pure fenretinide to 1500 ± 164 µg /ml, Fen-RC16+ complex) and provided a cytotoxic
effect on SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell lines resulting from the intrinsic activity of both the complex
components. Moreover, the mean size of the nanomicellar complex (ranging from 20 ± 1.97 nm to
40 ± 3.05 nm) was suitable for accumulation to the tumor site by the enhanced permeability and retention
effect and the positive charge provided by the quaternary RC16+ induced adsorption of the complex
on the tumor cell surface improving the intracellular concentration of fenretinide.

Results:

All these characteristics made the Fen-RC16+ complex a multitasking system for antitumor
therapy.

Conclusion:

Indeed its in vivo activity, evaluated on SH-SY5Y xenografts, was strong, and the tumor
growth did not resume after the treatment withdrawal.
Molecular Modeling and Docking of Aquaporin Inhibitors to Reveal New Insights into Schistosomiasis Treatment
Authors: Alazmi Meshari
Published: October 2019

Background:

Schistosomiasis (snail fever/bilharzia), a disease caused by parasitic flatworms
(schistosomes), infects millions of people worldwide. Aquaporins from these organisms
were found to be a potent drug target.

Introduction:

We investigate the possible mechanism of inhibition of Aquaporin (AQP) from
S.mansoni by 5 drug molecules (Praziquantel, Metrifonate, Artimisinin, Albendazole, and Amoscanate).

Methods:

3D molecular structure of Aquaporin was obtained through homology modeling and further
protein-ligand docking and MD simulation were performed.

Results:

VAL-75, ASN-91, ALA-220, ASN-222, ARG-225 amino acids were found to play crucial
role in ligand binding. TRP-71 and other important residues play major role in hydrophobic
interactions stabilizing protein-ligand complexes.

Conclusion:

We hope that this study (with the newly identified aquaporin target) will support the
development of structure and pharmacophore-based novel S. mansoni drugs to control and curb
Schistosomiasis.
Screening of Metal and Antibiotic Resistance in Beta-lactamase Producing Coliform Bacteria from Hospital Wastewater of Northern India
Authors: Alam Manzar , Imran Mohd , Ahmad Syed Sayeed
Published: October 2019

Aim:

Our exploration work has uncovered the different anti-toxin/metal tolerance and
patterns against the heavy metal resistant coliform microscopic organisms from the aquatic waste
of the hospital. It might give new routes for the treatment of irresistible ailments particularly by
coliform and critical for hazard evaluation as well as hazard management associated with the
effluents of the hospital.

Background:

The higher use of pharmaceuticals, Radionuclides, and other antimicrobial solvents
are the major source of metals in hospital wastewater. The hospital aquatic environment has a high
content of both organic and inorganic matter with living organisms. Bacteria can resist an
antimicrobial agent by producing extracellular enzymes that eliminate antibiotics and metal
toxicity. In this study, we covered the existing patent literature in this area. New patents in the
areas of topically applied antibiotics and agents that can potentiate the achievement of existing
antibiotics may extend their helpful lifetime.

Methods:

Samples were collected from three different Departments of King George Medical
University, Lucknow during the month of December to May (2015-16). Isolation and metal
tolerance of coliform isolates were done on metal amended plates. The antibiotic sensitivity test
was done by disc diffusion method. The plasmid DNA of bacterial isolates was done by the
alkaline lysis method. The conjugation study was also performed in wastewater as well as a
nutrient medium.

Results:

Maximum isolates demonstrated their MICs at 400, 800 and 1600 μg/ml against all the
metals, respectively. The high level of resistance was observed against Methicillin (88.32%,
80.60%) followed by penicillin (75%, 76%), Cephradin (59.52%, 28.84%) and least to
Gentamycine (1.92%, 5.76) in E. coli and Enterobacter, respectively. Of 70%, 78% E. coli and
Enterobacter isolates produce beta-lactamase activity. Six amino acid residues namely, Glu104,
Tyr105, Asn132, Asn170, Ala237, and Gly238 of the beta-lactamase were found in the common
interaction with the selected drugs. Plasmid DNA size ranged between 48-58.8 kb. The
conjugation experiments showed a higher transfer frequency (5.5×10-1 and 3.6×10-1) rate among
antibiotics and metals tested.

Conclusion:

The finding of this study presents a potential health problem as the predominant
coliform species have increasingly been associated with outbreaks of hospital infections. It is
recommended that hospital waste must be properly treated before its release into the environment.
From Fundamental Properties to Applications of Surface Activity Investigations: The Kinetic and Thermodynamic Aspects
Authors: Razafindralambo Hary
Published: October 2019

Interfaces, or surfaces in particular (fluid-solid interfaces), are the boundary limits
of two immiscible phases characterized by the surface free energy. Getting insight into
their fundamental property is of great importance for both scientific and industrial activities.
Such an approach enables us to control the formation and stabilization of colloidal
systems, which consist of producing homogenous dispersions from at least two initially
immiscible phases. In this mini-review, the kinetic and thermodynamic aspects of fluid surfaces
are overviewed. Successively, the main phenomena occurring at the interfaces and
the appropriate methodology of investigations, the role of amphiphilic molecules in modifying
surface properties and generating various functionalities as a function of their chemical
structure, size, and shape, and the current approaches for characterizing interactions as
well as synergism or antagonism within mixed systems are treated. Relevant relationships
of dynamic fundamental properties to macroscopic consequences at the solid and fluid interfaces
of single and mixed amphiphile systems are illustrated.
MICE- MASA DEPAN BISNIS PARIWISATA INDONESIA
Authors: Kusuma Chusnu Syarifa Diah
Published: October 2019

Abstrak: MICE - Masa Depan Bisnis Pariwisata Indonesia. MICE (Meeting, Incentive, Conference, Exhibition) adalah terobosan baru untuk kemajuan pariwisata Indonesia karena dinilai memilki keuntungan 7 kali lipat lebih besar dari leisure tourism. Dampak utama adanya bisnis MICE di Indonesia adalah semakin meningkatnya kesejahteraan masyarakat dan citra pariwisata di daerah destinasi MICE. Potensi MICE Indonesia terlihat dari banyaknya event besar bertaraf internasional yang sering menunjuk Indonesia sebagai tuan rumah, selain itu Indonesia memiliki sumber daya manusia MICE yang profesional, infrastruktur yang berkualitas, sarana dan prasarana akomodasi MICE yang cukup memadai.Kata kunci : MICE, Pariwisata Abstract: MICE - The Future of Indonesia's Tourism Business. MICE (Meeting, Incentive, Conference, Exhibition) is a new innovation in tourism field for the advancement of Indonesian tourism because it has profit 7 times bigger than leisure tourism. The potential of Indonesian MICE can be seen from the many large international events that often designate Indonesia as the host, besides that Indonesia has professional MICE Human Resources, infrastructure, and international accommodation.Keywords : MICE, Tourism
Estimating the population size of people who inject drugs in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam: A two-survey capture-recapture exercise (Preprint)
Authors: Abdul-Quader Abu
Published: October 2019

BACKGROUND

Population size estimation of people who inject drugs (PWID) in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), Vietnam relied on the UNAIDS Estimation and Projection Package and reports from the city police department. The two estimates vary widely.

OBJECTIVE

To estimate the population size of people who inject drugs in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

METHODS

Using Respondent-driven sampling (RDS), we implemented two-source capture-recapture method to estimate the population size of PWID in HCMC in 2017 in 7 out of 24 districts. The study included men or women aged at least 18 years who reported injecting illicit drugs in the last 90 days and who had lived in the city the past six months. We calculated two sets of size estimates, the first assumed that all participants in each survey round resided in the district where the survey was conducted, the second, used the district of residence as reported by the participant. District estimates were summed to obtain an aggregate estimate for the seven districts. To calculate the city total, we weighted the population size estimates for each district by the inverse of the stratum specific sampling probabilities.

RESULTS

The first estimate resulted in a population size of 19,155 (95% CI: 17,006–25,039). The second one generated a smaller population size estimate of 12,867 (95% CI: 11,312–17,393).

CONCLUSIONS

The two-survey capture-recapture exercise provided two disparate estimates of PWID in HCMC. For planning HIV prevention and care service needs among PWID in HCMC, both estimates may need to be taken into consideration together with size estimates from other sources.
Looking at Failed Masculinity
Authors: Revelle Anthony
Published: October 2019

In this article, I offer to look at Narcisus et Dané and the Roman de Silence, two pieces of Old French poetry which have in common the refusal of the physical love of a noblewoman by the main character, leading to the unveiling of the “male nature” of Narcisus and the hidden female nature behind the manly appearance of Silence. I propose to read these passages as failures of a sexual initiation expected from young noblemen, and thus as a missed step toward an accomplished manhood. From this disruption into courtly narratives emerges the issue of unconventional desire and gender deviance, because the failure is not just a negative act, but also the creation of something unexpected, a different narrative and a new space. Following Judith Halberstam, I interrogate the possibility of a transgender or transversal look into these two stories, especially with the play between gendered expectations and agencies, the blurring of male and female points of identification for the reader and the gaze of Merlin, the wild man who sees the truth of nature under social surfaces. The purpose is to open up toward a more global understanding of what it is to become a man in the Middle Ages, what sexual behavior is expected from young people and how the poetry manages both gendered expectations and their questioning.
Geochemical Fraction, Mobility And Bioavailability Of Lead In Unsaturated Soil Of Yogyakarta City, Indonesia
Authors: Zaw Aye Saw Aung , Hendrayana Heru , Eka Putra Doni Prakasa , Sato Tsutomo
Published: October 2019

Lead (Pb) is one of common heavy metals found inthe soil of urban environment. In Yogyakarta City,Indonesia, lead content in the soil was already reported by some researchers, however all of the report were only reveals the distribution of lead concentration in the soil. Therefore, this research paper aims to understand the geochemical fraction leadin the soil of Yogyakarta City and assess the mobility and bioavailability of lead release to the environment. The soil sampling location is selected on Kotagede District, representing the oldest urban area of Yogyakarta city. A shallow bore hole was drill until about 7 m below the surface and soil/sediments weresampled for each 1 m depth started from the surface. Six steps of sequential extraction procedures were carried out to assess the geochemical fraction of Pb for each of soil samples. The sequential extraction shows that the highest amount of Pb in thesoil of Yogyakarta City is found in amorphous ironoxide, crystalline iron oxide and non residual fraction form of Pb. Based on the results of geochemical fraction, the mobility factor of lead can be calculated and reveals low mobility factor range from 0.4 to 3.3%. The mobility of lead is decreased from the surface to the deeper soil, on the other hand the bioavailability of Pb calculated from exchangeable and carbonate fraction is also show low risk of bioavailability. Therefore, it can be concluded that although Pb concentration is high in non-residual fraction, Pb isin low risk condition due to its poor mobility and bioavailability. But, concern on lead contamination should be considered because if the concentration of Pb is enriched over the adsorption capacity of ironoxide, it can easily release to the environment and can impact to human in the future.Keywords: Yogyakarta city, Lead, Sequential extraction, Geochemical fraction
DEPOSITIONAL MODEL OF NGRAYONG FORMATION IN MADURA AREA, NORTH EAST JAVA BASIN, INDONESIA
Authors: Htwe Paike , Surjono Sugeng Sapto , Amijaya Donatus Hendra , Sasaki Kyuro
Published: October 2019

The early Middle Miocene Ngrayong Formation, an important reservoir of North East Java Basin, is well exposed in the central anticlinal part of Madura Island. The purpose of current study is to classify the depositional environments of the study area based on the characteristics and geometry of sedimentary facies. In the Madura island, the thicker clastics and deeper carbonates of Ngimbang Formation and Kujung Formation of Late Oligocene-Early Miocene deposited in the northeast-southwest asymmetrical half grabens. After the deposition of Kujung Formation, the basin morphology developed nearly eastwest trending shelf edge and the deposition of Tuban Formation began. The ﬁne grained complex of Tuban Formation was followed by the Ngrayong Sandstones deposition. The depositional model of Ngrayong Formation is being producing of wide variety of depositional environments. Large scale cross-bedded sandstones and bioturbated massive sandstones with thin to medium bedded argillaceous limestone that outcrop in the northern part of the study area are deposited in costal environment. The heterolithic sandstone with planar and trough cross-lamination, ﬁne grained sandstone with interlaminated structure and bioclastic carbonate exposed in the central part of the study area are deposited in upper shallow marine area. Dark grey siltstones and mudstones deposited in lower shallow marine area are well exposed in southern part of the study area. In conclusion, Ngrayong Formation in Madura area is developed in three depositional units which are coastal, upper shallow marine and lower shallow marine.
NUMERICAL MODELLING AND SIMULATION OF CO2 –ENHANCED COAL-BED METHANE RECOVERY (CO2-ECBMR): THE EFFECT OF COAL SWELLING ON GAS PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE
Authors: Anggara Ferian , Sasaki Kyuro , Sugai Yuichi
Published: October 2019

This presents study investigate the effect of swelling on gas production performances at coal reservoirs during CO2-ECBMR processes. The stressdependent permeability-models to express effect of coal matrix shrinkage/swelling using Palmer and Mansoori (P&M) and Shi and Durucan (S&D) models were constructed based on present experimental results for typical coal reservoirs with the distance of 400 to 800 m between injection and production wells. By applying the P&M and S&D models, the numerical simulation results showed that CH4 production rate was decreasing and peak production time was delayed due to effect of stress and permeability changes caused by coal matrix swelling. The total CH4 production ratio of swelling effect/no-swelling was simulated as 0.18 to 0.95 for permeability 1 to 100 mD, respectively. It has been cleared that swelling affects gas production at permeability 1 to 15 mD, however, it can be negligible at permeability over 15 mD.
Variation of Slab Component in Ancient and Modern Merapi Products: A Detailed Look into Slab Derived Fluid Fluctuation over the Living Span of One of the Most Active Volcanoes in Sunda Arc
Authors: Handini Esti , Hasenaka Toshiaki , Harijoko Agung , Mori Yasushi
Published: October 2019

Holocene eruptions of Merapi have produced both medium-K and high-K calc alkaline series which correspond to products older and younger than 1900 years respectively. The change has been attributed to increasing sediment input as the volcano matures. This study presents two Merapi samples which represent Ancient and Modern Merapi. The two samples are analyzed for subduction components including B, Ba, Sr, and Pb using X-ray ﬂuorescence (XRF) spectrometer and prompt gamma ray analysis (PGA). Our ﬁnding shows that Ancient Merapi sample from Plawangan Hill lava is close in afﬁnities with younger than 1900 years high-K magma series. On the other hand, Modern Merapi sample from 2006 eruption juvenile is plotted within medium-K magma series which are observed in eruption products older than 1900 years. Ratios of ﬂuid mobile elements to high ﬁeld strength element (HFSE) (i.e. B/Nb, Ba/Y, Pb/Nb) consistently show that Ancient Merapi sample has higher input of slab derived ﬂuid than Modern Merapi sample. A model using B/Nb and Ba/Nb suggests that Plawangan magma requires 1.5 % of sediment derived ﬂuid, higher than estimated in 2006 eruption magma (1.2 %) and medium-K series magma, and within the range of high-K series magma, to explain its slab component enrichment. This evidence suggests that slab derived component addition to the sub-arc mantle wedge highly ﬂuctuates over short period of evolution of a volcano. One possible explanation is the presence of veined hydrous metasomatized sub-arc mantle as Merapi magma source which allows melting of different mantle area to produce ﬂuctuation of slab components in the course of evolution of Merapi magmas.
Road to earthquake mitigation: Lesson learnt from the Yogyakarta earthquake 2006
Authors: Pramumijoyo Subagyo
Published: October 2019

At early in the morning of May 27, 2006, people of Yogyakarta was stroke by earthquake and mostly heavily damaged building are in lowland or Yogyakarta depression where is occupied by the Young Merapi sediments. The magnitude of earthquake is Mw = 6.2 and USGS rapid moment tensor shows that this earthquake was due to strike-slip fault movement.Seismic history of Yogyakarta area shows that Yogyakarta was stroke by several earthquakes with different epicenter location. At least two earthquakes stroke the area, that is in 1876 and 1943. The damages are similar to the damages of actual earthquake. Yogyakarta depression is mostly covered by Young Merapi sediments that consist of tuff, volcanic ash, breccias, agglomerate and lava with Quaternary in age. The thickness of this sediment is up to 100 m.Our reactive work was to establish firstly zone of damage. For this purpose, we made aerial photograph along the most damaged area. In the same time one of our teams go to the field to measure the cracks, and the other teams to observe liquefaction, hydro geologic measurement, and observation on landslide induce by earthquake. Secondly, we must understand the soil properties and its thickness, because in seismic history it was a similar damage on the same area due to earthquakes however the earthquake epicenters were different. For this purpose we utilize the method of micro-tremors. We also made some drilling until 60 m each, measuring seismic velocity on bore hole, and magneto telluric measurement. We also have helped by Kyushu University in installing micro seismic net work. The research was followed by either undergraduate and graduate students. Fortunately our research was financed by AUN/Seed Net – JICA. Some of the results were published in a book entitled The Yogyakarta Earthquake of May 27, 2006. Another outcome is the Maps of Microzonation and Earthquake Hazard of Bantul Area that dedicated to Bantul people.Based on aerial photograph observation and field observation on Bantul Regency, especially along the Opak River, and to Wonosari to the East, there was no surface ruptures, so there is no fault on surface. Interpretation of aftershock data was showing the difference cluster. There is still open problem in determining either epicenter or aftershock location. The damage building was interpreted as due to its geologic setting, non engineered building, and close to epicenter of earthquake. This heavily damaged building are located on the Young Merapi sediments at Bantul Regency and lake deposits at Gantiwarno and Bayat area where it can amplify the surface seismic wave. It implies that Peak Ground Acceleration according to Indonesian National Standard should be modified in Yogyakarta area.Keywords: Earthquake, seismic, epicenter, micro-tremor, microzonation
ORE MINERALOGY AND MINERAL CHEMISTRY OF PYRITE, GALENA, AND SPHALERITE AT SORIPESA PROSPECT AREA, SUMBAWA ISLAND, INDONESIA
Authors: Kant Win , Warmada I Wayan , Idrus Arifudin , Setijadji Lucas Donny , Watanabe Koichiro
Published: October 2019

The Soripesa prospect area is located at Maria village, Wawo district, Bima region in the East Sumbawa Island, Indonesia. Lithology is dominantly composed of a lithic-crystal tuff of andesitic and dacitic composition and bedded limestone. The polymetallic epithermal quartz veins are hosted by andesitic volcaniclastic rocks. Within these veins, multiphases, colloform-crustiform, bedding to massive textures with pyrite, sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite, chalcocite, azurite, and malachite are observed. Selected samples were analyzed by using ore microscopy and SEM-EDX. Ore minerals show replacement, ex-solution, colloform, and zonal textures. The paragenesis diagram was made from a careful study of polished sections and thin sections. Textures of ore minerals such as banded, exsolution, replacement, and zone, have been interpreted to correspond to the order of deposition. In pyrite, the average content of Co (0.45 wt.%) is higher than Ni content (0.14 wt.%) and it means that their origin may be hydrothermal origin. Average content ratio, Co:Ni is 2.81. Galena shows a low Ag content of 0.07 %in average. But they show a high Au content of 1.48 %in average. Sphalerite shows a low Fe content of 1.04 %in average and occasionally chalcopyrite inclusion/disease also occurred. Ga and Ge contents are also high in sphalerite. Co>Ni in pyrite, low content of Ag in Galena, low content of Fe and mole % FeS in sphalerite, high content of Ga and Ge, and log (Ga/Ge) in sphalerite, show that pyrite, galena, and sphalerite from Soripesa prospect area were formed under low temperature condition of hydrothermal fluid. Keywords: Ore textures, paragenesis, deposition, hydrothermal fluid, low temperature
Removal Of Lead (Pb2+) From Aqueous Solutions By Natural Bentonite
Authors: Wilopo Wahyu , Eka Putra Doni Prakasa , Warmada I Wayan , Hirajima Tsuyoshi
Published: October 2019

The aim of the present work is to investigate the ability of natural bentonite (untreated) from Pacitan, East Java to remove lead ions from aqueous solution. The bentonite has specific surface area and cation exchange capacity of 27.52 m2 g−1 and 65.20 meq/100 gr of bentonite, respectively. Towards this aim, batch adsorption experiments were carried out and the effect of various parameters on this removal process has been investigated. The effects of pH, grain size of bentonite, adsorption time and lead ion concentration on the adsorption process were examined. The optimum pH for adsorption was found to be 9, with the finer grain size of bentonite is more effective. In adsorption studies, residual lead ions concentration reached equilibrium in a duration of 24 hours. Adsorption of lead on bentonite appeared to follow Freundlich isotherm. Our results demonstrate that the adsorption process was mostly dominated by ion exchange process. Keywords: Removal, lead, aqueous solution, natural bentonite, adsorption.
Batch Studies On Arsenic Adsorption Onto Lignite, Bentonite, Shale And Iron Sand: Effects Of Ph, Time, Particle Size And Sulfate Concentration
Authors: Kyu Mar Kyu , Karnawati Dwikorita , Eka Putra Doni Prakasa , Sarto Sarto , Igarashi Toshifumi , Tabelin Carlito Baltazar
Published: October 2019

Arsenic (As) is a toxic element found in both natural and anthropogenic sources. High concentration of this element was recently uncovered in the groundwater of Sumbawa Island, Indonesia. To mitigate this problem, As adsorption potential of natural geological materials like lignite, bentonite, shale, and iron sand obtained in Indonesia were evaluated by batch experiments. Arsenic adsorption onto these materials was investigated as a function of solution pH, particle sizes of adsorbents and coexisting sulfate concentration. In addition, batch leaching experiments were performed to elucidate the stability of geogenic As present in all adsorbents at different pHs. The results showed that among these natural materials tested, lignite was the most effective adsorbent of As(V) followed by bentonite, shale and then iron sand, and that the amounts of As(III) adsorbed onto all adsorbents were lower than those of As(V).This indicates that As(III) is more mobile in comparison to As(V). The adsorption isotherms of As(III) and As(V) conformed to nonlinear types, either Langmuir or Freundlich. It was found that adsorption of As onto these natural adsorbents was pH-dependent. This could be attributed to the changes in the surface charges of the adsorbents with pH. With respect to the adsorbent particle size, the amount adsorbed somewhat increased with decreasing particle size, which could be explained by the larger surface area of the smaller particles. Acidic (pH < 6) and alkaline (pH >10) conditions destabilized the geogenic As content of the adsorbents, indicating that the effectiveness of these natural materials as adsorbents is greatly limited by the pH of the contaminated system. Keywords: Adsorption, arsenic, natural geological materials, particle size, pH
Copper Mobility Assessment Using Speciation Schemes: Case Study–Mantrijeron District, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Authors: Xaixongdeth Phetnakhone , Hendrayana Heru , Eka Putra Doni Prakasa , Karnawati Dwikorita , Sato Tsutomu
Published: October 2019

factors such physical and chemical properties, especially mineralogical composition of such environment. This study focused on the mineralogical of two soils types (fine sandy loam and loamy fine sand) to retain/mobile Cu. Two non contaminated soils from Yogyakarta urban area, Indonesia, were artificially contaminated with Cu solution. Subsequently, soils artificially contaminated were extracted from various geochemical phases of soil by sequential extraction procedure. The results show that both of soils types can retain Cu well with maximum is 5.8 mg/g of loamy fine sand and 3.9mg/g of fine sandy loam. Additionally, the iron amorphous phase content in clay fraction is influence Cu retains in these soils. This is advantage in environment of Yogyakarta urban area, Indonesia, where this area underlain by loamy sand soil. Keywords: Copper, mobility, iron, sequential extraction.
GROUND MOTION IN YOGYAKARTA CITY, YOGYAKARTA SPECIAL PROVINCE, INDONESIA ON DENSELY MICROTREMOR OBSERVATIONS AND SHEAR WAVE VELOCITY
Authors: Kyaw Zaw Lin , Pramumijoyo Subagyo , Husein Salahuddin , Fathani Teuku Faisal , Kiyono Junji
Published: October 2019

Microtremor is currently considered the foremost tool in site effect studies. The ground motion is estimated with microtremor observations, meaning that subsoil mechanical properties and geometry are evaluated and from them an estimate of local amplification is computed. Here, the ground motion is studied by the site effects of seismic hazard zonation of urban areas in Yogyakarta City. The main purpose of this paper is zoning the geological engineering features and assessing seismic of the research urban area. In this regard, the microtremors are measured at 274 sites by single station sampling method and Nakamura technique. The microtremors of all over the city are processed by a model of Mitutoyo-GPL-6A3P. The amplification factor generally ranges between 0.70 and 5.56 and the natural frequency normally varies between 0.40 and 3.30 Hz. The information layers are prepared in GMT used for detecting the zonation of potential seismic hazard. The shear wave velocity is calculated in 12 existing drilling sites based on the geotechnical approach of SPT for soil condition. To study the ground motion, geological engineering condition is investigated using amplification factor, natural frequency, shear wave velocity maps which are analyzed using densely single microtremor observation and SPT from existing drilling sites. Keywords: Ground motion, amplification factors, natural frequency; H/V spectral ratio, microtremor observations, Yogyakarta Urban
ESTIMATION OF THE GEOLOGICAL STRENGTH INDEX SYSTEM FOR CAVITY LIMESTONE LAYER IN QUARRY AREA, REMBANG, CENTRAL JAVA PROVINCE, INDONESIA
Authors: Wijaya R. Andy Erwin , Karnawati Dwikorita , Srijono Srijono , Wilopo Wahyu
Published: October 2019

Limestone mining needs a good mine design which is safe for the environment. Mine design is determined by the rock mass quality. The rock mass quality in each mine location is not necessary the same depending on the geological conditions. The research area is located in limestone quarry of Sale District, Rembang Regency, Center Java Province-Indonesia. In the limestone quarry area, there is cavity zone which consists of cavity limestone layer at the wall of quarry bench. This cavity layer in limestone quarry has occurred by solution process. The cavity layer zone is a potentially weak zone which has caused bench failures in the limestone quarry area. The objective of this research is to analyze the rock mass quality in the cavity limestone layer using Geological Strength Index (GSI) system. Final result of the research is a rock mass characterization, specifically for cavity limestone layer. Keywords: geological strength index, limestone, cavity layer
FLUID INCLUSION STUDIES OF THE EPITHERMAL QUARTZ VEINS FROM SUALAN PROSPECT, WEST JAVA, INDONESIA
Authors: Tun Myo Min , Warmada I Wayan , Idrus Arifudin , Harijoko Agung , Verdiansyah Okki , Watanabe Koichiro
Published: October 2019

Sualan prospect is located at Talegong Sub-district of Garut Regency, West Java, Indonesia. The area constitutes calc-alkaline volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks of Tertiary age. The rocks have experienced regional propylitic and argillic alteration. Fluid inclusions from quartz veins were studied in order to constrain the nature, characteristics and evolution of fluids. Microthermometric measurements on fluid inclusion were carried out by freezing and heating experiment. Temperatures of homogenization (Th) and final melting of ice (Tm) were measured for primary, liquid-dominated, two-phase inclusions. The values of Th range from 160°C to 210°C and salinities range from 0.35 to 4.96 wt.% NaCl equiv. Formation temperature of the quartz veins are estimated at 180°C and 190°C and paleo-depth of formation are at 80m and 140m, respectively. Microthermometric data indicates that fluid mixing and dilution were important processes during the evolution of hydrothermal system. Based on fluid inclusion types, microthermometric data, trapping temperature, paleo-depth, texture of quartz and hydrothermal alteration types, quartz veins from prospect were developed under epithermal environment. Keywords: Quartz vein, fluid inclusions, microthermometry, salinities, formation temperature, paleo-depth, epithermal, Sualan prospect.
APPLICATION OF PFC 3D FOR SLOPE MOVEMENT ON COLLUVIAL SOIL
Authors: Tu Nguyen Dinh , Aoki Kenji
Published: October 2019

In the mountainous area of the tropics, soil creep often occurs on residual soil and colluvial deposit. The rate of this phenomenon varies from very slow to extremely slow and is difficult to detect without equipment as well as model. Within PFC3D (Particle Flow Code in three dimensions) granular materials such as soils are simulated by balls. And the PFC3D model was applied for colluvial soil creep. Although existing of some limitations, this application determined direction of creeping as well as zone of creeping of culluvial soil.
Engineering geology evaluation for predicting the collapse susceptibility of Sidoarjo hot mud earth levees: A hazard assessment
Authors: Eka Putra Doni Prakasa , Juwarso Juwarso , Karnawati Dwikorita
Published: October 2019

Since May 29, 2006, a sea of hot mud has been gushing from the ground in Sidoarjo, East Java, 35 kilometres south of Indonesia’s second largest city, Surabaya. Due to this disaster, approximately thousand of peoples have been forced from their homes because 600 ha of land and villages were submerged, farmland was ruined, businesses and schools closed as the mud inundated the surrounding area. The authorities response was to build containment ‘basins’ or ‘ponds’ by enclosing areas of land within earth dams, or levees. During the heavy rain on the rainy season, the earth dams and ringdykes have overflown and broken regularly, causing the flooding of more land and damaging infrastructures. However, not only in the rainy season, the levees had also collapses during the dry season. Therefore, an engineering geology study was conducted in order to evaluate the geological factors which causes this phenomena. The parameters used for the evaluation are the heterogeniety of lithology under the dams, geological discontinuity which indicated by the occuring of surface cracks and bubbles, and subsidence phenomena which indicated by the vertical displacement. Overlying method was used to build homogeniety zone of engineering geology based on those parameters, and the resulted map was once again overlay with the location of dams collapses. Result of this evaluation shows that the earth dams collapses were highly correlated with the existing geological discontinuities and subsidences, respectively. Based on this study, the susceptible location of earth dams collapses can be predicted and allow engineers to prepare and plan better engineering solution for the high probable collapses points in order to protect land and infrastructures from the damaging hot mud overflown.

Keywords: Hot mud disaster, geological factors, homogeniety zone, earth levee failure points, Sidoarjo-Indonesia
DEVELOPMENT OF A NON-EXPERT TOOL FOR SITE-SPECIFIC EVALUATION OF LANDSLIDE SUSCEPTIBILITY
Authors: Jr Daniel C. Peckley , T. Bagtang Eduardo , H. Zarco Mark Albert
Published: October 2019

The development of simplified procedure for evaluating susceptibility of slope to rainfall induced, shallow-depth landslides is presented. The procedure is based on the concept that for extended slopes, the shear strength of the slope material should be greater than the applied load on the slope. The concept is extended to include all types of slope materials including rocks and intermediate geomaterials by developing an empirical shear strength rating system. The proposed system does not require expensive and sophisticated laboratory or in situ field tests and can be performed using improvised tools for estimating slope angle and material strength. This approach makes it suitable for preliminary landslide susceptibility screening by non-experts. A system of empirical weighting factors to take into consideration the effects of vegetation, prior slope failures and ground deformation, land use, drainage and artesian flow are presented. Comparison of the proposed procedure with existing procedures for estimating landslide susceptibility shows good agreement in results.

Keywords: Landslide, slope stability, risk rating, land use planning