bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cobalt‐Catalyzed C(sp2)H Alkoxylation of Aromatic and Olefinic Carboxamides
Authors: Zhang Lin‐Bao , Hao Xin‐Qi , Zhang Shou‐Kun , Liu Zhan‐Jiang , Zheng Xin‐Xiang , Gong Jun‐Fang , Niu Jun‐Long , Song Mao‐Ping
Published: November 2014

The cobalt‐catalyzed alkoxylation of C(sp2)H bonds in aromatic and olefinic carboxamides has been developed. The reaction proceeded under mild conditions in the presence of Co(OAc)2⋅4H2O as the catalyst and tolerates a wide range of both alcohols and benzamide substrates, including even olefinic carboxamides. In addition, this reaction is the first example of the direct alkoxylation of alkenes through CH bond activation.
The LQSP tetrapeptide is a new highly efficient substrate of microbial transglutaminase for the site‐specific derivatization of peptides and proteins
Authors: Caporale Andrea , Selis Fabio , Sandomenico Annamaria , Jotti Gloria S. , Tonon Giancarlo , Ruvo Menotti
Published: November 2014

Transglutaminases catalyze transglutamination reactions on glutamines. Transglutaminases are largely exploited for modifying proteins in pharmaceutical, food, and other biotechnological applications. A library of synthetic peptides has been designed, prepared, and screened to identify new peptide substrates. The new substrates are then used in TGAse‐mediated conjugation reactions to engraft synthons onto biomolecules. These peptide substrates confer the bioactive peptides and proteins with new properties. We have identified an optimized substrate named LQSP, which is recognized and processed by microbial TGAse with a strikingly higher efficiency compared to the well‐known TQGA sequence. The new substrate has been used to selectively modify prototypical bioactive peptides and proteins with fluoresceine or recognition motifs. We show that, where a reactive lysine is available, proteins and peptides of relevant therapeutic interest, can be selectively and smoothly modified in order to incorporate new functions such as fluorescent labels, recognition units, or reactive groups.
Carbon Nanomaterial–Phosphomolybdate Composites for Oxidative Electrocatalysis
Authors: Fernandes Diana M. , Freire Cristina
Published: November 2014

Novel hybrid nanocomposites based on the immobilisation of tetrabutylammonium salts of phosphomolybdates (PMo12, PMo11, PMo11V, and PMo10V2) on single‐walled carbon nanotubes or graphene flakes were prepared. Glassy carbon electrodes modified with carbon nanocomposites produce cyclic voltammograms that are consistent with surface‐confined redox processes attributed to Mo‐centred reduction (MoVI→MoV) and vanadium reduction (VV→VIV) for PMo11V and PMo10V2. Furthermore, they show very high stabilities and well‐resolved redox peaks with high current intensities. The observed enhancement of the electrochemical properties of polyoxometalates (POMs) is a consequence of strong electronic communication between POMs and carbon nanomaterials. Nanocomposites of vanadium–phosphomolybdates exhibit superior V‐based electrocatalytic properties towards ascorbic acid oxidation in comparison with free POMs; moreover, PMo11V@graphene shows an outstanding sensing performance for the detection of dopamine.
Carryover effects and climatic conditions influence the postfledging survival of greater sage‐grouse
Authors: Blomberg Erik J. , Sedinger James S. , Gibson Daniel , Coates Peter S. , Casazza Michael L.
Published: November 2014

Prebreeding survival is an important life history component that affects both parental fitness and population persistence. In birds, prebreeding can be separated into pre‐ and postfledging periods; carryover effects from the prefledging period may influence postfledging survival. We investigated effects of body condition at fledging, and climatic variation, on postfledging survival of radio‐marked greater sage‐grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) in the Great Basin Desert of the western United States. We hypothesized that body condition would influence postfledging survival as a carryover effect from the prefledging period, and we predicted that climatic variation may mediate this carryover effect or, alternatively, would act directly on survival during the postfledging period. Individual body condition had a strong positive effect on postfledging survival of juvenile females, suggesting carryover effects from the prefledging period. Females in the upper 25th percentile of body condition scores had a postfledging survival probability more than twice that (Φ = 0.51 ± 0.06 SE) of females in the bottom 25th percentile (Φ = 0.21 ± 0.05 SE). A similar effect could not be detected for males. We also found evidence for temperature and precipitation effects on monthly survival rates of both sexes. After controlling for site‐level variation, postfledging survival was nearly twice as great following the coolest and wettest growing season (Φ = 0.77 ± 0.05 SE) compared with the hottest and driest growing season (Φ = 0.39 ± 0.05 SE). We found no relationships between individual body condition and temperature or precipitation, suggesting that carryover effects operated independently of background climatic variation. The temperature and precipitation effects we observed likely produced a direct effect on mortality risk during the postfledging period. Conservation actions that focus on improving prefledging habitat for sage‐grouse may have indirect benefits to survival during postfledging, due to carryover effects between the two life phases.
Light‐Mediated Deoxygenation of Alcohols with a Dimeric Gold Catalyst
Authors: McCallum Terry , Slavko Ekaterina , Morin Mathieu , Barriault Louis
Published: November 2014

A new protocol for the reductive deoxygenation of primary alcohols was explored. This photomediated method combines a novel approach to bromination of alcohols merged with the powerful reducing capability of [Au2(dppm)2]Cl2 [dppm = 1,1‐bis(diphenylphosphino)methane] as a photoredox catalyst. The highly efficient methods discussed are marked by the use of UVA light‐emitting diodes, which have significantly reduced reaction times and lowered setup cost.
Opportunity costs of reward delays and the discounting of hypothetical money and cigarettes
Authors: Johnson Patrick S. , Herrmann Evan S. , Johnson Matthew W.
Published: November 2014

Humans are reported to discount delayed rewards at lower rates than nonhumans. However, nonhumans are studied in tasks that restrict reinforcement during delays, whereas humans are typically studied in tasks that do not restrict reinforcement during delays. In nonhuman tasks, the opportunity cost of restricted reinforcement during delays may increase delay discounting rates. The present within‐subjects study used online crowdsourcing (Amazon Mechanical Turk, or MTurk) to assess the discounting of hypothetical delayed money (and cigarettes in smokers) under four hypothetical framing conditions differing in the availability of reinforcement during delays. At one extreme, participants were free to leave their computer without returning, and engage in any behavior during reward delays (modeling typical human tasks). At the opposite extreme, participants were required to stay at their computer and engage in little other behavior during reward delays (modeling typical nonhuman tasks). Discounting rates increased as an orderly function of opportunity cost. Results also indicated predominantly hyperbolic discounting, the “magnitude effect,” steeper discounting of cigarettes than money, and positive correlations between discounting rates of these commodities. This is the first study to test the effects of opportunity costs on discounting, and suggests that procedural differences may partially account for observed species differences in discounting.
The predictive value of single‐photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography for sentinel lymph node localization in head and neck cutaneous malignancy
Authors: Remenschneider Aaron K. , Dilger Amanda E. , Wang Yingbing , Palmer Edwin L. , Scott James A. , Emerick Kevin S.
Published: November 2014

Objectives/Hypothesis

Preoperative localization of sentinel lymph nodes in head and neck cutaneous malignancies can be aided by single‐photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (SPECT/CT); however, its true predictive value for identifying lymph nodes intraoperatively remains unquantified. This study aims to understand the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of SPECT/CT in sentinel lymph node biopsy for cutaneous malignancies of the head and neck.

Study Design

Blinded retrospective imaging review with comparison to intraoperative gamma probe confirmed sentinel lymph nodes.

Methods

A consecutive series of patients with a head and neck cutaneous malignancy underwent preoperative SPECT/CT followed by sentinel lymph node biopsy with a gamma probe. Two nuclear medicine physicians, blinded to clinical data, independently reviewed each SPECT/CT. Activity within radiographically defined nodal basins was recorded and compared to intraoperative gamma probe findings. Sensitivity, specificity, and negative and positive predictive values were calculated with subgroup stratification by primary tumor site.

Results

Ninety‐two imaging reads were performed on 47 patients with cutaneous malignancy who underwent SPECT/CT followed by sentinel lymph node biopsy. Overall sensitivity was 73%, specificity 92%, positive predictive value 54%, and negative predictive value 96%. The predictive ability of SPECT/CT to identify the basin or an adjacent basin containing the single hottest node was 92%. SPECT/CT overestimated uptake by an average of one nodal basin. In the head and neck, SPECT/CT has higher reliability for primary lesions of the eyelid, scalp, and cheek.

Conclusions

SPECT/CT has high sensitivity, specificity, and negative predictive value, but may overestimate relevant nodal basins in sentinel lymph node biopsy.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 125:877–882, 2015
Transoral robotic surgery in benign diseases including obstructive sleep apnea: Safety and feasibility
Authors: Hoff Paul T. , D'Agostino Mark A. , Thaler Erica R.
Published: November 2014

Objectives/Hypothesis

To evaluate the safety and feasibility of the da Vinci Surgical System in transoral robotic‐assisted surgery for benign indications.

Study Design

A multicenter, single‐arm, retrospective case series.

Methods

Perioperative outcomes were recorded for patients presenting with obstructive sleep apnea, airway obstruction, lingual tonsillar/tonsillar/tongue base hypertrophy, or dysphagia who underwent one or more transoral procedures, including lingual tonsillectomy and tongue base resection (partial glossectomy) at one of three US institutions.

Results

Between January 2010 and October 2013, 285 patients (age 51.5 years, body mass index 30.5 kg/m2) underwent 293 procedures. No conversions or blood transfusions were needed. The average operative time was 86.7 minutes, and the average volume of tissue resected (lingual tonsil and tongue base) was 8.3 mL. Hospital stays averaged 1.8 days, and the postoperative complication rate was 20.7%. There were no complications specifically related to the use the da Vinci Surgical System, and none of the complications were life threatening.

Conclusions

These results demonstrate that it is safe and feasible to use the da Vinci Surgical System to perform lingual tonsillectomy and base of tongue resection (partial glossectomy) procedures for benign indications.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 125:1249–1253, 2015
Patient satisfaction in Caucasian and Mediterranean open rhinoplasty using the tongue‐in‐groove technique: Prospective statistical analysis of change in subjective body image in relation to nasal appearance following aesthetic rhinoplasty
Authors: Lohuis Peter J. F. M. , Datema Frank R.
Published: November 2014

Objectives/Hypothesis

Tongue‐in‐groove (TIG) is a conservative but powerful surgical suture technique to control shape, rotation, and projection of the nasal tip. In this study, statistical analyses were performed to determine the aesthetical and functional effectiveness of TIG rhinoplasty.

Study Design

Prospective cohort study including 110 Caucasian or Mediterranean aesthetic rhinoplasty patients treated by one surgeon between 2007 and 2012, with a 1‐year follow‐up.

Methods

Data were collected using the Utrecht Questionnaire, a validated instrument routinely offered to our patients before and 1 year after surgery. Aesthetic results were reflected by change in subjective body image in relation to nasal appearance, scored on five aesthetic questions and a 10‐cm visual analog scale (VAS). Functional results were determined by change in subjective nasal airway patency, scored on a 10‐cm VAS for both sides.

Results

The mean aesthetic sum score (5, low burden–25, high burden) significantly improved from 14.01 to 6.54 (P <.01). The mean aesthetic VAS score (0, very ugly–10, very nice) significantly improved from 3.35 to 7.78 (P < .01). The mean functional VAS score (0, very bad–10, very good) showed a small but significant improvement on both sides (left, 6.83–7.96; right, 6.88–7.80; P <.01).

Conclusion

Statistical analysis of quantified subjective data on nasal aesthetics and function show that TIG is a reliable technique that can help to deliver consistently good results in Caucasian and Mediterranean patients seeking aesthetic rhinoplasty. A small additional functional improvement can be expected.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 125:831–836, 2015
Depth Distribution of Soil Organic Carbon Fractions in Relation to Tillage and Cropping Sequences in Some Dry Lands of Punjab, Pakistan
Authors: Hassan Asma , Ijaz Shahzada Sohail , Lal Rattan , Ali Safdar , Hussain Qaiser , Ansar Muhammad , Khattak Romaan Hayat , Baloch Muhammad Sharif
Published: November 2014

Depth distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC) fractions depends on the efficiency of agro‐technical managements. Information on depth distribution of SOC fractions mostly confined to the plow layer and scant in dry lands of Punjab, Pakistan. Therefore, a field experiment was laid out with moldboard plow (MP) (control), tine cultivator (TC), and minimum tillage (MT) as main plots, and cropping sequences fallow wheat (Triticum aestivumL.), (FW, control), mungbean (Vigna radiataL.) wheat (MW), sorghum (Sorghum bicolorL.) wheat (SW), green manure wheat (GW), and mungbean‐chickpea (MC) (Cicer arietinumL.) as sub‐plots. Treatment effects were assessed for microbial biomass carbon (MBC), potentially mineralizeable carbon (PMC), particulate organic carbon (POC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), HCl insoluble carbon (HIC), and stratification ratio (SR) in Rawal series: Udic Haplustalf. Alfisols. The MBC concentration was the highest in MT system, at 15 to 30‐cm depth under MW and PMC concentration was highest under SW with MT at 45–60 cm. MP had higher POC in FW sequence. The highest DOC was at 0 to 15‐cm depth under MC with TC and stock of HIC was more under TC with FW sequence. The highest SR of PMC was under MT with FW at 0–15:15–30 and POC was under TC and MP with FW at depths of 0–15:45–60 cm. The highest SR for DOC was under MP with GW at 0–15:45–60 cm and HCl insoluble C was under MT with SW at 0–15:45–60. In broad‐spectrum, labile organic fractions revealed differential sensitivity, and POC stocks are also a sensitive indicator to detect the short‐management effects. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reassessment of the non‐titanosaurian somphospondylanWintonotitan wattsi(Dinosauria:Sauropoda:Titanosauriformes) from the mid‐CretaceousWintonFormation,Queensland,Australia
Authors: Poropat Stephen F. , Mannion Philip D. , Upchurch Paul , Hocknull Scott A. , Kear Benjamin P. , Elliott David A.
Published: November 2014

Wintonotitan wattsi, a Cretaceous titanosauriform sauropod from central Queensland, Australia, is redescribed following a full revision of its osteology. The holotype specimen, a partial postcranial skeleton derived from the lower Upper Cretaceous Winton Formation, comprises axial and appendicular elements.Wintonotitanhas been commonly resolved as a non‐titanosaurian somphospondylan titanosauriform since its description, in contrast to its more derived contemporaryDiamantinasaurus matildae. We provide a detailed redescription, taking this opportunity to correct four misinterpretations made in the original description ofWintonotitanthat impact on our understanding of this taxon: the right ulna was originally described as the left and vice versa; the left metacarpus was incorrectly described as being from the right side; metacarpalIVwas described as metacarpal V and vice versa; and the ilium was incorrectly oriented. The reassessment of the metacarpus is particularly important, since it shows that a proximal fossa is present on metacarpals I,IIandIII, which might have been occupied by either the strongly convex distal end of the radius or a (possibly unossified) carpal element. We provide a review of titanosauriform metacarpal morphology to support our reassessments. Our revision of the osteology ofWintonotitanresults in the identification of several previously unrecognized autapomorphies, augmenting and revising its original diagnosis. We provide additional support for the previous referral of four caudal vertebrae from south‐east of Winton, Queensland, toW. wattsi. Furthermore, we demonstrate that a tentative report of titanosaur osteoderms from the Winton Formation was based on misidentification of dorsal vertebral neural spines pertaining to the holotype ofW. wattsi. Consequently, titanosaur osteoderms are currently unknown from Australia. Following our revision and reinterpretation of a number of elements, we re‐examine the phylogenetic placement ofWintonotitan, supporting its position as a non‐titanosaurian somphospondylan titanosauriform, with no close relationship with the contemporaneous lithostrotian titanosaurDiamantinasaurus.
Adapting forest certification to climate change
Authors: Klenk Nicole L. , Larson Brendon M. H. , McDermott Constance L.
Published: November 2014

In the context of climate change, the forest sector must consider the extent to which sustainable forest management enables or constrains climate change adaptation and mitigation; it may be that existing values and principles, policies and decision‐making processes, and institutions are no longer appropriate. Forest certification has emerged as an important arena for setting international and regional standards for forest management, but it is unclear to what extent it supports or helps develop adaptive capacity for climate change in the forest sector. This paper, therefore, combines a review of the literature on forests and climate adaptation with a systematic assessment of the Forest Stewardship Council Criteria and Indicators (in detail) and other forest and carbon certification schemes (in brief) to shed light on the role of certification standards in mediating forest and climate adaptation strategies. WIREs Clim Change 2015, 6:189–201. doi: 10.1002/wcc.329

This article is categorized under:

Climate, Ecology, and Conservation > Conservation Strategies

Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change > Institutions for Adaptation

Policy and Governance > Multilevel and Transnational Climate Change Governance
Community‐Based Assessment of Surgical Symptoms in a Low‐Income Urban Population
Authors: Samad Lubna , Jawed Fayez , Sajun Sana Z. , Baig‐Ansari Naila , Lotia‐Farrukh Ismat , Khan Faisal S. , Khan Aamir J. , Fisher‐Hoch Susan P.
Published: November 2014

Background

The global burden of surgical disease has not been well quantified, but is potentially immense. Given the enormity of the problem and the relative paucity of data, definition and monitoring of surgical burden of disease is an essential step in confronting the problem. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of non‐acute surgical disease symptoms in a low‐income population.

Methods

The survey was conducted as part of the Indus Hospital Community Cohort in Karachi, Pakistan. A systematic random sampling design was used to enroll 667 households from March to August 2011. An unvalidated questionnaire intending to measure prevalence of surgical symptoms was administered to 780 participants.

Results

761 participants completed the screening questionnaire, with 346 (45 %) reporting one or more symptoms requiring surgical assessment (excluding those screened positive for symptoms of osetoarthritis), of which only 8.4 % followed up on scheduled appointments at the referral hospital. A total of 126 past surgical procedures were recorded in 120 participants.

Conclusion

There is a high prevalence of symptoms suggestive of surgical diseases in our urban catchment population with relatively convenient access to health facilities including a tertiary care hospital providing free of cost care. The perceived severity of symptoms, and a complex interaction of other factors, may play an important role in understanding health seeking behavior in our population. Developing a context‐specific validated tool to correctly identify surgical symptoms disease in the community with appropriate referral for early management is essential to identify and therefore reduce the burden of surgical diseases within the community. This must happen hand in hand with further studies to understand the barriers to seeking timely health care.
Successful Scientific Writing
Authors: Matthews Janice R. , Matthews Robert W.
Published: November 2014

Thoroughly revised and updated, the new edition of this acclaimed and best-selling guide offers a rich blend of practical advice and real-life examples. The authors draw on fifty years of experience, providing detailed step-by-step guidance designed to help students and researchers write and present scientific manuscripts more successfully through knowledge, practice, and an efficient approach. Retaining the user-friendly style of the previous editions, this fourth edition has been broadened to include detailed information relevant to today's digital world. It covers all aspects of the writing process, from first drafts, literature retrieval, and authorship to final drafts and electronic publication. A new section provides extensive coverage of ethical issues, from plagiarism and dual publication to honesty in reporting statistics. Both the text and 30 hands-on exercises include abundant examples applicable to a variety of writing contexts, making this a powerful tool for researchers and students across a range of disciplines.
William Morris
Authors: Morris May , Shaw George Bernard
Published: November 2014

A tireless champion of her father William, and a gifted designer and craftswoman in her own right, Mary (May) Morris (1862–1938) had a unique insight into his extraordinary career and creativity. It was she who undertook the exacting task of editing the twenty-four volumes of her father's collected works (also reissued in the Cambridge Library Collection). In 1936, towards the end of her life, she published this supplementary two-volume work, which includes further writings and sympathetic commentary, revealing 'the development of a mind which was singularly of one piece, however many-sided'. Volume 2 addresses William Morris' political aims and ideals. Opening with the essay 'Morris as I Knew Him' by George Bernard Shaw, it includes May's substantial assessment of her father's socialism, along with many previously unpublished examples of his output of lectures, articles and letters on the subject. Also included is the index to the entire collected works.
The Spanish Labyrinth
Authors: Brenan Gerald
Published: November 2014

Gerald Brenan's The Spanish Labyrinth has become the classic account of the background to the Spanish Civil War. Written during and immediately after the Civil War, this book has all the vividness of the author's experience. It represents a struggle to see the issues in Spanish politics objectively, whilst bearing witness to the deep involvement which is the only possible source of much of this richly detailed account. As a literary figure on the fringe of the Bloomsbury group, Gerald Brenan lends to this narrative an engaging personal style that has become familiar to many thousands of readers over the decades since it was first published.
FROM A FASCIST'S NOTEBOOK TO THE PRINCIPLES OF REBIRTH: THE DESIRE FOR SOCIAL INTEGRATION IN HEBREW FASCISM, 1928–1942
Authors: TAMIR DAN
Published: November 2014

Apart from Italian fascism and German National-Socialism – the most famous fascisms of the interwar era – considerable research has been conducted during the past two decades about generic fascism: fascist groups, movements, and parties in other countries. In Israel, while the Revisionist Zionist movement has been continually accused by its political rivals of being fascist, these accusations have not yet been examined according to any comparative model of fascism. Relying on Robert Paxton's model of generic fascism, this article examines how one of its components – the drive for closer integration of the national community – was manifested in the writings of seven Revisionist activists in mandatory Palestine: Itamar Ben Avi, Abba Aḥime'ir, U. Z. Grünberg, Joshua Yevin, Wolfgang von Weisl, Zvi Kolitz, and Abraham Stern. Their writings between the years 1922 and 1942 reveal a strong drive for social integration, similar to that manifest in other fascist movements of the interwar era.
Insecure attachment is associated with paranoia but not hallucinations in psychotic patients: the mediating role of negative self-esteem
Authors: Wickham S. , Sitko K. , Bentall R. P.
Published: November 2014

Background

A growing body of research has investigated associations between insecure attachment styles and psychosis. However, despite good theoretical and epidemiological reasons for hypothesising that insecure attachment may be specifically implicated in paranoid delusions, few studies have considered the role it plays in specific symptoms.

Method

We examined the relationship between attachment style, paranoid beliefs and hallucinatory experiences in a sample of 176 people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia spectrum disorders and 113 healthy controls. We also investigated the possible role of negative self-esteem in mediating this association.

Results

Insecure attachment predicted paranoia but not hallucinations after co-morbidity between the symptoms was controlled for. Negative self-esteem partially mediated the association between attachment anxiety and clinical paranoia, and fully mediated the relationship between attachment avoidance and clinical paranoia.

Conclusions

It may be fruitful to explore attachment representations in psychological treatments for paranoid patients. If future research confirms the importance of disrupted attachment as a risk factor for persecutory delusions, consideration might be given to how to protect vulnerable young people, for example those raised in children's homes.
THE ‘FEUDAL REVOLUTION’ AND THE ORIGINS OF ITALIAN CITY COMMUNES
Authors: Wickham Chris
Published: November 2014

This article takes two major moments of social change in central medieval Europe, the ‘feudal revolution’ in France and the origins of Italian city communes, in order to see what they have in common. They are superficially very different, one rural one urban, and also one whose analysts focus on the breakdown of political power and the other on its construction or reconstruction; but there are close parallels between the changes which took place in France around 1000 or 1050 and those which took place in Italy around 1100. The contrast in dates does not matter; what matters is that in each case larger-scale political breakdown (whether at the level of the kingdom or the county) was matched by local recomposition, the intensification or crystallisation of local power structures which had been much moread hocbefore, and which would be the basic template for local power henceforth. In Italy, the main focus of the article, the different experiences of Pisa and Genoa are compared, and the development of urban assemblies first, consular collectives second, communal institutions third, are all analysed from this perspective, as guides to how the city communes of the peninsula developed, however haltingly and insecurely. The article finishes with a brief comment on the sociology of Pierre Bourdieu.
Breaking symmetries
Authors: PETERS KIRSTIN , NESTMANN UWE
Published: November 2014

A well-known result by Palamidessi tells us that πmix(the π-calculus with mixed choice) is more expressive than πsep(its subset with only separate choice). The proof of this result analyses their different expressive power concerning leader election in symmetric networks. Later on, Gorla offered an arguably simpler proof that, instead of leader election in symmetric networks, employed the reducibility of ‘incestual’ processes (mixed choices that include both enabled senders and receivers for the same channel) when running two copies in parallel. In both proofs, the role ofbreaking (initial) symmetriesis more or less apparent. In this paper, we shed more light on this role by re-proving the above result – based on a proper formalization of what it means to break symmetries – without referring to another problem domain like leader election.

Both Palamidessi and Gorla rephrased their results by stating that there is no uniform and reasonable encoding from πmixinto πsep. We indicate how their proofs can be adapted and exhibit the consequences of varying notions of uniformity and reasonableness. In each case, the ability to break initial symmetries turns out to be essential. Moreover, by abandoning the uniformity criterion, we show that there indeed is a reasonable encoding. We emphasize its underlying principle, which highlights the difference between breaking symmetries locally instead of globally.
Integration of Energy Analytics and Smart Energy Microgrid into Mobile Medicine Operations for the 2012 Democratic National Convention
Authors: McCahill Peter W. , Noste Erin E. , Rossman AJ , Callaway David W.
Published: November 2014

Introduction

Disasters create major strain on energy infrastructure in affected communities. Advances in microgrid technology offer the potential to improve “off-grid” mobile disaster medical response capabilities beyond traditional diesel generation. The Carolinas Medical Center's mobile emergency medical unit (MED-1) Green Project (M1G) is a multi-phase project designed to demonstrate the benefits of integrating distributive generation (DG), high-efficiency batteries, and “smart” energy utilization in support of major out-of-hospital medical response operations.

Methods

Carolinas MED-1 is a mobile medical facility composed of a fleet of vehicles and trailers that provides comprehensive medical care capacities to support disaster response and special-event operations. The M1G project partnered with local energy companies to deploy energy analytics and an energy microgrid in support of mobile clinical operations for the 2012 Democratic National Convention (DNC) in Charlotte, North Carolina (USA). Energy use data recorded throughout the DNC were analyzed to create energy utilization models that integrate advanced battery technology, solar photovoltaic (PV), and energy conservation measures (ECM) to improve future disaster response operations.

Results

The generators that supply power for MED-1 have a minimum loading ratio (MLR) of 30 kVA. This means that loads below 30 kW lead to diesel fuel consumption at the same rate as a 30 kW load. Data gathered from the two DNC training and support deployments showed the maximum load of MED-1 to be around 20 kW. This discrepancy in MLR versus actual load leads to significant energy waste. The lack of an energy storage system reduces generator efficiency and limits integration of alternative energy generation strategies. A storage system would also allow for alternative generation sources, such as PV, to be incorporated. Modeling with a 450 kWh battery bank and 13.5 kW PV array showed a 2-fold increase in potential deployment times using the same amount of fuel versus the current conventional system.

Conclusions

The M1G Project demonstrated that the incorporation of a microgrid energy management system and a modern battery system maximize the MED-1 generators’ output. Using a 450 kWh battery bank and 13.5 kW PV array, deployment operations time could be more than doubled before refueling. This marks a dramatic increase in patient care capabilities and has significant public health implications. The results highlight the value of smart-microgrid technology in developing energy independent mobile medical capabilities and expanding cost-effective, high-quality medical response.

McCahillPW, NosteEE, RossmanAJ, CallawayDW. Integration of energy analytics and smart energy microgrid into mobile medicine operations for the 2012 Democratic National Convention. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2014;29(6):1-8.
Cerebral Autoregulation and Brain Networks in Occlusive Processes of the Internal Carotid Artery
Authors: Avirame Keren , Lesemann Anne , List Jonathan , Witte Anja Veronica , Schreiber Stephan Joachim , Flöel Agnes
Published: November 2014

Patients with unilateral occlusive processes of the internal carotid artery (ICA) show subtle cognitive deficits. Decline in cerebral autoregulation and in functional and structural integrity of brain networks have previously been reported in the affected hemisphere (AH). However, the association between cerebral autoregulation, brain networks, and cognition remains to be elucidated. Fourteen neurologically asymptomatic patients (65±11 years) with either ICA occlusion or high-grade ICA stenosis and 11 age-matched healthy controls (HC) (67±6 years) received neuropsychologic testing, transcranial Doppler sonography to assess cerebral autoregulation using vasomotor reactivity (VMR), and magnetic resonance imaging to probe white matter microstructure and resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC). Patients performed worse on memory and executive tasks when compared with controls. Vasomotor reactivity, white matter microstructure, and RSFC were lower in the AH of the patients when compared with the unaffected hemisphere and with controls. Lower VMR of the AH was associated with several ipsilateral clusters of lower white matter microstructure and lower bilateral RSFC in patients. No correlations were found between VMR and cognitive scores. In sum, impaired cerebral autoregulation was associated with reduced structural and functional connectivity in cerebral networks, indicating possible mechanisms by which severe unilateral occlusive processes of the ICA lead to cognitive decline.
CpG Preconditioning Regulates Mirna Expression That Modulates Genomic Reprogramming Associated with Neuroprotection against Ischemic Injury
Authors: Vartanian Keri B , Mitchell Hugh D , Stevens Susan L , Conrad Valerie K , McDermott Jason E , Stenzel-Poore Mary P
Published: November 2014

Cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) preconditioning reprograms the genomic response to stroke to protect the brain against ischemic injury. The mechanisms underlying genomic reprogramming are incompletely understood. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate gene expression; however, their role in modulating gene responses produced by CpG preconditioning is unknown. We evaluated brain miRNA expression in response to CpG preconditioning before and after stroke using microarray. Importantly, we have data from previous gene microarrays under the same conditions, which allowed integration of miRNA and gene expression data to specifically identify regulated miRNA gene targets. CpG preconditioning did not significantly alter miRNA expression before stroke, indicating that miRNA regulation is not critical for the initiation of preconditioning-induced neuroprotection. However, after stroke, differentially regulated miRNAs between CpG- and saline-treated animals associated with the upregulation of several neuroprotective genes, implicating these miRNAs in genomic reprogramming that increases neuroprotection. Statistical analysis revealed that the miRNA targets were enriched in the gene population regulated in the setting of stroke, implying that miRNAs likely orchestrate this gene expression. These data suggest that miRNAs regulate endogenous responses to stroke and that manipulation of these miRNAs may have the potential to acutely activate novel neuroprotective processes that reduce damage.
Systematic Analysis of New Drug Indications by Drug‐Gene‐Disease Coherent Subnetworks
Authors: Wang L , Wang Y , Hu Q , Li S
Published: November 2014

Drug targets and disease genes may work as driver factors at the transcriptional level, which propagate signals through gene regulatory network and cause the downstream genes’ differential expression. How to analyze transcriptional response data to identify meaningful gene modules shared by both drugs and diseases is still a critical issue for drug‐disease associations and molecular mechanism. In this article, we propose the drug‐gene‐disease coherent subnetwork concept to group the biological function related drugs, diseases, and genes. It was defined as the subnetwork with drug, gene, and disease as nodes and their interactions coherently crossing three data layers as edges. Integrating differential expression profiles of 418 drugs and 84 diseases, we develop a computational framework and identify 13 coherent subnetworks such as inflammatory bowel disease and melanoma relevant subnetwork. The results demonstrate that our coherent subnetwork approach is able to identify novel drug indications and highlight their molecular basis.

CPT Pharmacometrics Syst. Pharmacol. (2014) 3, e146; doi:10.1038/psp.2014.44; published online 12 November 2014
The acidity/basicity of metal-containing ionic liquids: insights from surface analysis and the Fukui function
Authors: Wu Weihong , Lu Yunxiang , Ding Hairong , Peng Changjun , Liu Honglai
Published: November 2014

The acidity/basicity of a series of metal-containing ionic liquids has been studied by surface analysis and the Fukui function.
Dendrimer-encapsulated naphthalocyanine as a single agent-based theranostic nanoplatform for near-infrared fluorescence imaging and combinatorial anticancer phototherapy
Authors: Taratula Olena , Schumann Canan , Duong Tony , Taylor Karmin L. , Taratula Oleh
Published: November 2014

A single agent-based theranostic nanoplatform was developed for concurrent NIR fluorescence imaging and combinatorial phototherapy with dual photodynamic (PDT) and photothermal (PTT) therapeutic mechanisms.
Selective detection of Al3+and citric acid with a fluorescent amphiphile
Authors: Köstereli Ziya , Severin Kay
Published: November 2014

The assembly and disassembly of a fluorescent amphiphile by Al3+and citrate, respectively, can be used to sense these analytes by fluorescence spectroscopy.
Efficient access to 1H-indazoles via copper-catalyzed cross-coupling/cyclization of 2-bromoaryl oxime acetates and amines
Authors: Tang Xiaodong , Gao Hanling , Yang Jidan , Wu Wanqing , Jiang Huanfeng
Published: November 2014

A novel synthesis of 1H-indazoles via copper-catalyzed cross-coupling/cyclization of 2-bromoaryl oxime acetates and amines is reported.
A rapid-response electrochromic device with significantly enhanced electrochromic performance
Authors: Qu Huiying , Zhang Hangchuan , Li Na , Tong Zhongqiu , Wang Jing , Zhao Jiupeng , Li Yao
Published: November 2014

Two same-material electrochromic layers were used to construct a novel electrochromic device (ECD) and it exhibited enhanced electrochromic properties.
Integration of a plasmonic semiconductor with a metal–organic framework: a case of Ag/AgCl@ZIF-8 with enhanced visible light photocatalytic activity
Authors: Gao Shu-Tao , Liu Wei-Hua , Shang Ning-Zhao , Feng Cheng , Wu Qiu-Hua , Wang Zhi , Wang Chun
Published: November 2014

A novel plasmonic photocatalyst, Ag/AgCl@ZIF-8, was fabricated for the first time. The unique structure of Ag/AgCl@ZIF-8 greatly enhanced its photocatalytic activity towards the degradation of organic pollutants under solar irradiation.
Selective synthesis of polyfunctionalized hydroisoquinoline derivatives via a three-component domino reaction
Authors: Zhang Juan-Juan , Hu Jun-Die , Cao Cheng-Pao , Dou Guo-Lan , Fu Lei , Huang Zhi-Bin , Shi Da-Qing
Published: November 2014

Two series of novel polyfunctionalized hydroisoquinoline derivatives have been synthesized via a three-component domino reaction under microwave irradiation conditions.
Simple and facile synthesis of water-soluble poly(phosphazenium) polymer electrolytes
Authors: Arges Christopher G. , Wang Lihui , Ramani Vijay
Published: November 2014

The synthesis and alkaline stability of a new class of water-soluble polymer electrolyte, poly(phosphazenium), is reported.
Image super‐resolution based on adaptive cosparse regularisation
Authors: Chen Huahua , Xue Jiling , Zhang Song , Lu Yu , Guo Chunsheng
Published: November 2014

A novel regularised image super‐resolution algorithm is proposed, building on the emerging cosparse or analysis sparse prior models, which are important complementary alternatives to the widely used synthesis sparse counterpart. Moreover, to achieve adaptivity to the varying local structures of natural images, the patch space is partitioned into meaningful subspaces by clustering and learn analysis sub‐dictionary for each cluster are partitioned, which are performed online and iteratively based solely on the current available image information, for maximum generality and flexibility. In addition, non‐local feature self‐similarity is incorporated for further reconstruction quality enhancement. Experimental results show that the proposed approach gives favourable results with respect to the state‐of‐the‐art methods.
Colour multiplexing of quick‐response (QR) codes
Authors: André P.S. , Ferreira R.A.S.
Published: November 2014

The storage capacity of a quick‐response (QR) code is limited, which can inhibit several applications. A novel approach to multiplex data to improve the QR code capacity based on colour multiplexing is presented. A model was proposed to determine the recognition rate as a function of the multiplexing density and noise. Experimentally, the increase of the storage capacity by a factor of six times per unit area when compared to the normal QR code is demonstrated.
Heart rate estimation by iterative Fourier interpolation algorithm
Authors: Wei Zheng , Dechang Chen , Xueyun Wei , Hongxing Liu
Published: November 2014

A new method of estimating the heart rate (HR) from electrocardiogram (ECG) signals, which accurately estimates the fundamental frequency of the heartbeat using the iterative Fourier interpolation algorithm, is presented. This frequency‐domain method has two advantages: (i) the Fourier interpolation algorithm could improve the estimation precision of the heartbeat fundamental frequency significantly without increasing the recording signal length, which could monitor the HR variability; (ii) the heartbeat fundamental frequency is low, usually between 1 and 2 Hz; thus, the required ECG recording can be acquired at a low sampling frequency, such as 20–30 Hz, in which the conventional R‐wave detection HR estimation method fails.
Wideband 60 GHz circularly polarised stacked patch antenna array in low‐temperature co‐fired ceramic technology
Authors: Wang Lei , Guo Yong‐Xin , Wu Wen
Published: November 2014

A wideband circularly polarised (CP) cross‐aperture‐coupled stacked feed antenna array with the top‐metal strip via fence based on multilayer low‐temperature co‐fired ceramic technology is designed and measured for 60 GHz wireless communication applications. The influence of the large substrate and ground size on the radiation patterns of the proposed CP antenna array is investigated. Considering the 10 dB impedance bandwidth, 3 dB axial ratio bandwidth and 3 dB gain bandwidth, the measured results reveal that a wide operating bandwidth more than 17% at the centre frequency of 61.75 GHz from 56.5 to 67 GHz of the presented CP antenna array is achieved.
Design of dual‐bandpass filter using zeroth‐order resonance and Bragg frequency
Authors: Song Kaijun , Duan Qi , Chen Fulong , Hu Bingkun , Fan Yong
Published: November 2014

This study presents a novel compact dual‐bandpass filter using zeroth‐order resonance and Bragg frequency of the composite right/left handed transmission line (CRLH‐TL) resonator. By taking advantage of the Bragg frequency, two resonance modes are obtained with only one CRLH‐TL unit cell. The equivalent circuit for the novel resonator is proposed and analysed. The resonance frequencies are given by using the circuit model and the input impedance is calculated. Dimensions of the resonator can be obtained based on the values of the lumped elements in the equivalent circuit. Compared with the conventional half‐wavelength resonator, the size of the presented resonator is only about one‐tenth of it. Then, the zeroth‐order resonance and Bragg frequency modes are demonstrated using the dispersion curve. A dual‐bandpass filter is designed to verify the resonator analysis. The source–load coupling is involved to improve the frequency selectivity of the filter. The fabricated filter is compact with a size of only 0.09 λg × 0.16 λg. The two central frequencies are located at 2.4/3.3 GHz and the filter has a wide upper stopband of over 4 GHz. Moreover, the fabricated filter has five transmission zeros and good frequency selectivity is observed.
Perpendicular magnetic tunnel junction with thin CoFeB/Ta/Co/Pd/Co reference layer
Authors: Gan Huadong , Malmhall Roger , Wang Zihui , Yen Bing K , Zhang Jing , Wang Xiaobin , Zhou Yuchen , Hao Xiaojie , Jung Dongha , Satoh Kimihiro , Huai Yiming
Published: November 2014

Integration of high density spin transfer torque magnetoresistance random access memory requires a thin stack (less than 15 nm) of perpendicular magnetic tunnel junction (p-MTJ). We propose an innovative approach to solve this challenging problem by reducing the thickness and/or moment of the reference layer. A thin reference layer structure of CoFeB/Ta/Co/Pd/Co has 60% magnetic moment of the conventional thick structure including [Co/Pd] multilayers. We demonstrate that the perpendicular magnetization of the CoFeB/Ta/Co/Pd/Co structure can be realized by anti-ferromagnetically coupling to a pinned layer with strong perpendicular anisotropy via Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida exchange interaction. The pMTJ with thin CoFeB/Ta/Co/Pd/Co reference layer has a comparable TMR ratio (near 80%) as that with thick reference layer after annealing at 280 °C. The pMTJ with thin reference layer has a total thickness less than 15 nm, thereby significantly increasing the etching margin required for integration of high density pMTJ array on wafers with form factor of 300 mm and beyond.
Subwavelength waveguiding of surface phonons in pillars-based phononic crystal
Authors: Addouche Mahmoud , Al-Lethawe Mohammed A. , Elayouch Aliyasin , Khelif Abdelkrim
Published: November 2014

In this study, we theoretically analyze the guiding of surface phonons through locally resonant defects in pillars-based phononic crystal. Using finite element method, we simulate the propagation of surface phonons through a periodic array of cylindrical pillars deposited on a semi-infinite substrate. This structure displays several band gaps, some of which are due to local resonances of the pillar. By introducing pillar defects inside the phononic structure, we show the possibility to perform a waveguiding of surface phonons based on two mechanisms that spatially confine the elastic energy in very small waveguide apertures. A careful choice of the height of the defect pillars, allows to shift the frequency position of the defect modes inside or outside the locally resonant band gaps and create two subwavelenght waveguiding mechanisms. The first is a classical mechanism that corresponds to the presence of the defect modes inside the locally resonant band gap. The seconde is due to the hybridation between the phonon resonances of defect modes and the surface phonons of the semi-infinite homogenous medium. We discuss the nature and the difference between both waveguiding phenomena.