bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Galactose concentration in pizza cheese prepared by three different culture techniques
Authors: Baskaran D , Sivakumar S
Published: October 2003

A study was conducted to determine the most suitable lactic culture combinations and the techniques for the preparation of low moisture part skim (LMPS) mozzarella cheese (pizza cheese) with a low level of galactose. The cheesemaking time tested for all 12 culture combinations was less than 3 h and hence was found suitable for pizza cheesemaking. The initial accumulated galactose concentration was lower in unstretched curd followed by no‐brine curd and stretched curd in ascending order. During storage of the cheese for 7 days, the galactose percentage in the cheeses prepared using cultures comprising galactose‐fermenting strains of Lactobacillus helveticus and Streptococcus thermophilus was 0.30 in stretched curd, 0.04 in unstretched curd and 0.03 in no‐brine curd. The degree of reduction in the level of galactose in pizza cheese during storage was maximum with the no‐brine curd technique followed by the unstretched and stretched curd techniques in that order. This study provides information regarding selection of starter culture combinations and techniques for pizza cheesemaking based on consumer preference for low or moderate browning mozzarella cheese as a result of its galactose concentration.
Rennin‐like milk coagulant enzyme produced by a local isolate of Mucor
Authors: Tubesha Z A , Al‐Delaimy K S
Published: October 2003

Among 20 isolates of Mucor isolated from various environments in Jordan and found to produce a rennin‐like acid protease, known as Mucor rennin‐like enzyme (MRE), Mucor J20 was found to produce the highest level of MRE. The optimum incubation conditions for enzyme production in a fortified wheat bran mixture using solid‐state fermentation were 3–4 days at 30°C. The highest MRE activity (185–200 rennin units or RU) was produced in a medium containing wheat bran and lentil straw (1 : 1 w/w) moistened with whey, and incubated in clay pots at 30°C for 4 days. A slightly lower activity value (178 RU) was found when using a mineral salt solution or distilled water instead of whey, or when using wheat bran alone with whey. At pH 4, the MRE retained its complete activity (100%) for 6 weeks at 5°C and 10°C, and for 3 and 2 weeks at 20°C and 30°C, respectively. After heating at 60°C for 10 min, the enzyme lost its activity at all pH levels used (pH 2–8). The crude extract of MRE was successfully applied in the manufacture of a cheese curd.
Survival of salmonellae in bio‐yoghurt
Authors: Al‐Haddad Khawla S H
Published: October 2003

Many yoghurt‐like products are sold with pH values of 4.5–4.6, and a potential pathogen, Salmonella infantis, was shown to survive for 10 days in typical commercial samples of ‘bio‐yoghurt’. Another servovar, Salmonella hadar, could not be detected after 48 h in similar products. The need to avoid contamination during the manufacture of fermented milks with pH values above those traditionally associated with yoghurt (~4.0) is stressed.
Random polynomials with prescribed Newton polytope
Authors: Shiffman Bernard , Zelditch Steve
Published: October 2003

The Newton polytopePfP_fof a polynomialffis well known to have a strong impact on its behavior. The Bernstein-Kouchnirenko Theorem asserts that even the number of simultaneous zeros in(C∗)m(\mathbb {C}^*)^mof a system ofmmpolynomials depends on their Newton polytopes. In this article, we show that Newton polytopes also have a strong impact on the distribution of zeros and pointwise norms of polynomials, the basic theme being that Newton polytopes determine allowed and forbidden regions in(C∗)m(\mathbb {C}^*)^mfor these distributions. Our results are statistical and asymptotic in the degree of the polynomials. We equip the space of polynomials of degree≤p\leq pinmmcomplex variables with its usual SU(m+1)(m+1)-invariant Gaussian probability measure and then consider the conditional measure induced on the subspace of polynomials with fixed Newton polytopePP. We then determine the asymptotics of the conditional expectationE|NP(Zf1,…,fk)\mathbf {E}_{|N P}(Z_{f_1, \dots , f_k})of simultaneous zeros ofkkpolynomials with Newton polytopeNPNPasN→∞N \to \infty. WhenP=ΣP = \Sigma, the unit simplex, it is clear that the expected zero distributionsE|NΣ(Zf1,…,fk)\mathbf {E}_{|N\Sigma }(Z_{f_1, \dots , f_k})are uniform relative to the Fubini-Study form. For a convex polytopeP⊂pΣP\subset p\Sigma, we show that there is anallowed regionon whichN−kE|NP(Zf1,…,fk)N^{-k}\mathbf {E}_{|N P}(Z_{f_1, \dots , f_k})is asymptotically uniform as the scaling factorN→∞N\to \infty. However, the zeros have an exotic distribution in the complementaryforbidden regionand whenk=mk = m(the case of the Bernstein-Kouchnirenko Theorem), the expected percentage of simultaneous zeros in the forbidden region approaches 0 asN→∞N\to \infty.
Poisson brackets and two-generated subalgebras of rings of polynomials
Authors: Shestakov Ivan , Umirbaev Ualbai
Published: October 2003

We introduce a Poisson bracket on the ring of polynomials

A
=
F
[

x
1

,

x
2

,
…
,

x
n

]

A=F[x_1,x_2, \ldots ,x_n]

over a field

F
F

of characteristic

0
0

and apply it to the investigation of subalgebras of the algebra

A
A

. An analogue of the Bergman Centralizer Theorem is proved for the Poisson bracket in

A
A

. The main result is a lower estimate for the degrees of elements of subalgebras of

A
A

generated by so-called

∗
\ast

-reduced pairs of polynomials. The estimate involves a certain invariant of the pair which depends on the degrees of the generators and of their Poisson bracket. It yields, in particular, a new proof of the Jung theorem on the automorphisms of polynomials in two variables. Some relevant examples of two-generated subalgebras are given and some open problems are formulated.
Cusps and 𝒟-modules
Authors: Ben-Zvi David , Nevins Thomas
Published: October 2003

We study interactions between the categories of

D

\mathcal {D}

-modules on smooth and singular varieties. For a large class of singular varieties

Y
Y

, we use an extension of the Grothendieck-Sato formula to show that

D

Y

\mathcal {D}_Y

-modules are equivalent to stratifications on

Y
Y

, and as a consequence are unaffected by a class of homeomorphisms, the cuspidal quotients. In particular, when

Y
Y

has a smooth bijective normalization

X
X

, we obtain a Morita equivalence of

D

Y

\mathcal {D}_Y

and

D

X

\mathcal {D}_X

and a Kashiwara theorem for

D

Y

\mathcal {D}_Y

, thereby solving conjectures of Hart-Smith and Berest-Etingof-Ginzburg (generalizing results for complex curves and surfaces and rational Cherednik algebras). We also use this equivalence to enlarge the category of induced

D

\mathcal {D}

-modules on a smooth variety

X
X

by collecting induced

D

X

\mathcal {D}_X

-modules on varying cuspidal quotients. The resulting cusp-induced

D

X

\mathcal {D}_X

-modules possess both the good properties of induced

D

\mathcal {D}

-modules (in particular, a Riemann-Hilbert description) and, when

X
X

is a curve, a simple characterization as the generically torsion-free

D

X

\mathcal {D}_X

-modules.
The complexities of working in the international records management business – RM isn't rocket science, or is it?
Authors: Vaillant Susan
Published: October 2003

Focuses on the records management function in national, multi‐national and service organizations. Describes the problems that can occur when documents are generated and managed in different countries by staff with different cultural assumptions, logistical options, languages and legal requirements.
Managing records in private companies in China
Authors: Lan Wang
Published: October 2003

As China is transforming from a planned economy a market‐oriented economy, private enterprise plays a prominent role in China's economy today. This paper introduces the status of private enterprise and focuses on its records management. By explaining the changes in China's policy towards the private sector, it deals mainly with practice in both archive administration and the records management of private companies. Government archives administration changed along with national policy from serving only the public sector to serving both public and private sectors evenly. For the private sector, archival consciousness is the key element in its fledging stage of records management. The paper also analyzes the characteristics of private companies that are different from state‐owned ones and the advantages and disadvantages of records management, and predicts some aspects of its development.
The management of corporate records in Italy: traditional practice and methods and digital environment
Authors: Bilotto Antonella , Guercio Maria
Published: October 2003

The archival communitys interest in building records management programs has known a recent development at international level and in various sectors. This is increasingly relevant in the area of corporate records, where the RM principles and methods have been seriously neglected – specifically in the Italian tradition, investigated here. This new interest has many causes – among others, the improvement of business procedures whose efficiency and effectiveness are strictly required in the information society – but presents also contradictions usually not discussed enough within each tradition. The article tries to analyse both the problems and advantages connected with the organization of a RM system in a corporate environment, including as a basic component a summary of the theory and practice developed in Italy in this area and recently updated for digital resources.
Managing records in the private sector in Finland
Authors: Roos Carl‐Magnus
Published: October 2003

Finland is a relatively new country, having been founded in 1917, and the majority of its firms are small. In terms of IT infrastructure, however, it is one of the most developed in the world. Within this context the Finnish Business Archives Association, which was founded in 1960, leads the development of records and archives administration in private firms. This article reviews its aims and achievements to date.
Opportunities for records managers working in the private sector
Authors: Hughes Ceri
Published: October 2003

Since the launch of ISO‐15489 there have been more opportunities available to records managers to help them align themselves to the strategic direction of their organisation, raise their profile and increase awareness of their role. This is particularly true in the private sector, where key drivers are increased market share and competitive advantage. Skill sets originally developed for knowledge managers have resonance for records managers too to aid their personal development and as a tool for the strategic development of records management programmes. An example of this is the marketing of records management services, which is a critical opportunity to increase awareness and build profiles, and assist with records management education and adoption. By viewing the records management function as a business serving internal clients, the records manager has an unmissable chance to “sell” those services to clients.
The propagation of temperature and concentration fields around a deformed gas bubble rising in a quiescent hot or bi‐solution liquid
Authors: Li W.Z. , Yan Y.Y. , Hull J.B.
Published: October 2003

This paper is concerned with a numerical study on evolution of a deformed bubble and propagation of the fields around the bubble. The model uses a numerical procedure with the direct‐predictor method and the alternating dependent variables (ADV) skill developed by Li and Yan. The aim of this paper is to study the characteristics of interfacial transport for a deformed inviscid bubble rising in a quiescent hot or bi‐solution liquid. The effects of the bubble deformation on temperature and concentration fields are calculated and simulated. The results demonstrate that the current numerical procedure is effective for solving such unsteady deformation problems of bubble accompanied with heat and mass transfer.
Mixing in a tundish and a choice of turbulence model for its prediction
Authors: Jha Pradeep K. , Ranjan Rajeev , Mondal Swasti S. , Dash Sukanta K.
Published: October 2003

The Navier‐Stokes equation and the species continuity equation have been solved numerically in a boundary fitted coordinate system comprising the geometry of a single strand bare tundish. The solution of the species continuity equation predicts the time evolution of the concentration of a tracer at the outlet of the tundish. The numerical prediction of the tracer concentration has been made with nine different turbulence models and has been compared with the experimental observation for the tundish. It has been found that the prediction from the standard k‐ε model, the k‐ε Chen‐Kim (ck) and the standard k‐ε with Yap correction (k‐ε Yap), matches well with that of the experiment compared to the other turbulence models as far as gross quantities like the mean residence time and the ratio of mixed to dead volume are concerned. It has been found that the initial transient development of the tracer concentration is best predicted by the low Reynolds number Lam‐Bremhorst model (LB model) and then by the k‐ε RNG model, while these two models under predict the mean residence time as well as the ratio of mixed to dead volume. The Chen‐Kim low Reynolds number (CK low Re) model (with and without Yap correction) as well as the constant effective viscosity model over predict the mixing parameters, i.e. the mean residence time and the ratio of mixed to dead volume. Taking the solution of the k‐ε model as a starting guess for the large eddy simulation (LES), a solution for the LES could be arrived after adopting a local refinement of the cells twice so that the near wall y+ could be set lower than 1. Such a refined grid gave a time‐independent solution for the LES which was used to solve the species continuity equation. The LES solution slightly over predicted the mean residence time but could predict fairly well the mixed volume. However, the LES could not predict both the peaks in the tracer concentration like the k‐ε, RNG and the Lam‐Bremhorst model. An analysis of the tracer concentration on the bottom plane of the tundish could help to understand the presence of plug and mixed flow in it.
Reactive‐diffusive phenomena in two‐dimensional, anisotropic media
Authors: Ramos J.I.
Published: October 2003

Non‐linear reaction‐diffusion processes with cross‐diffusion in two‐dimensional, anisotropic media are analyzed by means of an implicit, iterative, time‐linearized approximate factorization technique as functions of the anisotropy of the heat and species diffusivity tensors, the Soret and Dufour cross‐diffusion effects, and five types of boundary conditions. It is shown that anisotropy and cross‐diffusion deform the reaction front and affect the front velocity, and the magnitude of these effects increases as the magnitude of the off‐diagonal components of the heat and species diffusivity tensors is increased. It is also shown that the five types of boundary conditions employed in this study produce similar results except when there is either strong anisotropy in the species or heat diffusivity tensors and there are no Soret and Dufour effects, or the species and heat diffusivity tensors are isotropic, but the anisotropy of the Soret and Dufour effects is important. If the species and heat diffusivity tensors are isotropic, the effects of either the Soret or the Dufour cross‐diffusion effects are small for the cases considered in this study. The time required to achieve steady state depends on the anisotropy of the heat and diffusivity tensors, the cross‐diffusion effects, and the boundary conditions.
Numerical simulation of unsteady flow in natural and thermosolutal convection using boundary‐fitted coordinate system
Authors: Zhan J.M. , Li Y.S.
Published: October 2003

A numerical scheme is proposed to solve double‐diffusive problems using a boundary‐fitted coordinate system to introduce finer grids in the boundary layer regions and an accurate high‐order difference method. Numerical stability is improved by using fourth‐order accurate upwind‐biased differences to approximate the convection terms. The other terms in the governing differential equations are discretized using fourth‐order central difference. To demonstrate the versatility of the boundary‐fitted coordinate system, natural convection in an eccentric annulus is first simulated. The numerical results are consistent with the experimental results by Kuehn and Goldstein and better than the numerical results by Projahn et al. for eccentric cases. Secondly, the symmetry breaking and overturning states in thermohaline‐driven flows in a two‐dimensional rectangular cavity are simulated first to validate the numerical scheme. The numerical results agree well with those by Dijkstra and Molemaker and Quon and Ghil. Finally, the effect of the Lewis number on the flow system is investigated in detail. Depending on the value of the Lewis number, the flow pattern is either stable and symmetric, periodic and oscillatory, or unsymmetric and random.
Benchmark solutions for the natural convective heat transfer problem in a square cavity with large horizontal temperature differences
Authors: Vierendeels Jan , Merci Bart , Dick Erik
Published: October 2003

In this study, Benchmark solutions are derived for the problem of two‐dimensional laminar flow of air in a square cavity which is heated on the left, cooled on the right and insulated on the top and bottom boundaries. The temperature differences between the hot and cold walls are large. Neither Boussinesq nor low‐Mach number approximations of the Navier‐Stokes equations are used. The ideal‐gas law is used and the viscosity is given by Sutherland's law. A constant Prandtl number is assumed. The computational method is completely described by Vierendeels et al. Grid converged results with an accuracy of 4 up to 5 digits are obtained for different Rayleigh numbers and temperature differences.
Natural convection in enclosures with variable fluid properties
Authors: de Souza Marcos , Fortes de Miranda Ricardo , Araujo Machado Humberto
Published: October 2003

The generalized integral transform technique (GITT) is an hybrid numerical‐analytical method that has been successfully applied in convection‐diffusion problems, where the original potentials are replaced by eigenexpansion series, and the system of partial differential equations is transformed into a finite system of ordinary differential equations, allowing to obtain an error controlled solution without any kind of grid generation. This paper aims at the application of GITT to the transient version of the classical differentially heated square cavity problem, considering fluid properties as functions of temperature. Comparing results to some previously reported data for constant fluid properties validates the computational procedure. The solution for variable fluid properties with Boussinesq approximation is presented for several values of inclinations, at Rayleigh number of 103 and a Prandtl number of 0.71, demonstrating GITT capability of capturing circulating cells formation and evolution at a low Rayleigh number. New correlations for leaning angle and aspect ratio are presented.
Effect of surface waviness and aspect ratio on heat transfer inside a wavy enclosure
Authors: Das Prodip Kumar , Mahmud Shohel , Humaira Tasnim Syeda , Sadrul Islam A.K.M.
Published: October 2003

A numerical simulation has been carried out to investigate the buoyancy induced flow and heat transfer characteristics inside a wavy walled enclosure. The enclosure consists of two parallel wavy and two straight walls. The top and the bottom walls are wavy and kept isothermal. Two straight‐vertical sidewalls are considered adiabatic. Governing equations are discretized using the control volume based finite‐volume method with collocated variable arrangement. Simulation was carried out for a range of surface waviness ratios, λ=0.00‐0.25; aspect ratios, A=0.25‐0.5; and Rayleigh numbers Ra=100‐107 for a fluid having Prandtl number equal to 1.0. Results are presented in the form of local and global Nusselt number distributions, streamlines, and isothermal lines for different values of surface waviness and aspect ratios. For a special case of λ=0 and A=1.0, the average Nusselt number distribution is compared with available reference. The results suggest that natural convection heat transfer is changed considerably when surface waviness changes and also depends on the aspect ratio of the domain. In addition to the heat transfer results, the heat transfer irreversibility in terms of Bejan number (Be) was measured. For a set of selected values of the parameters (λ, A, and Ra), a contour of the Bejan number is presented at the end of this paper.
Beyond Nature, Shy of Grace
Authors: Farrow Douglas
Published: October 2003

Abstract: Eugene Rogers's Sexuality and the Christian Body offers a theological argument in favour of the churches’ acceptance of same‐sex marriage. There are four strands to this: an attempt to align homosexuals with groups of people whose status as naturally morally deficient (gentiles, slaves, women) is challenged within scripture; a deployment of the ethical strategies of Thomas Aquinas and Karl Barth to reach different conclusions to those they themselves reached; a theology of marriage that contains room for homosexual marriage; and a suggestion that at the least his arguments should be sufficient to demonstrate that this is not an issue that demands schism. This article argues that on each of these four points his arguments are deficient.
Stoic and Epicurean? Calvin's Dialectical Account of Providence in the Institute
Authors: Kirby W.J. Torrance
Published: October 2003

Abstract: Calvin's account of providence demonstrates an awareness of the widely differing views of classical philosophers, particularly Stoics and Epicureans, on the subject. His own presentation stresses divine transcendence even more than Epicurean teaching had, whilst simultaneously asserting a more intimate involvement of God in the created order than any Stoic managed. The hypostatic union of the divine and the human natures in Christ offers Calvin a way of holding together the two sides of this dialectical teaching.
The Strategic Choice Of Managers And Managerial Discretion
Authors: Yin Xiangkang
Published: October 2003

Managerial discretion is likely to be beneficial to shareholders because of strategic cross‐effects in an oligopoly. In certain circumstances, shareholders deliberately retain managerial discretion in equilibrium even when the reduction of managerial discretion is cost free. It is found that the positive effect of managerial discretion on profits can only be created by power‐building (shirking) managers if quantity (price) competition prevails in the market. Consequently, the dominant strategy for the owners of a quantity‐ (price‐) competing company is to employ a power‐building (shirking) manager. The strategic effect of such a match between the type of manager and the form of competition exists for all managerial decisions as far as firms interact with each other.
Comparing Travel Cost Models And The Precision Of Their Consumer Surplus Estimates: Albert Park And Maroondah Reservoir
Authors: Lansdell Nicola , Gangadharan Lata
Published: October 2003

This study examines different types of Travel Cost Models to estimate and compare the recreational values of two parks in Victoria, Australia: Maroondah Reservoir and Albert Park. Zonal Travel Cost models and a number of different functional forms are used in this study. Standard errors are used to estimate upper and lower bounds for the recreational value estimates, enabling comparison between the precision of the different types of Travel Cost Models and functional forms estimated. The double log functional form city zone Travel Cost Model was chosen as the best estimate for Albert Park's recrea‐tional value at $22.9 million per year. Maroondah Reservoir's best estimate is provided by the double log functional form regional zone Travel Cost Model at a value of $2.5 million per year, consider‐ably less than that of Albert Park. Albert Park is found to have a comparatively larger ‘proximity power’ (attracting many more visitors) while Maroondah Reservoir exhibited a larger degree of ‘pulling power’ (a higher proportion of its visitors travel further distances).
Evaluating The Research Output Of Australian Universities' Economics Departments
Authors: Pomfret Richard , Choon Wang Liang
Published: October 2003

This paper presents measures of the research output of Australian economics departments. Our study covers the 640 academic staff at rank Lecturer and above in the 27 Australian universities with economics departments containing eight or more staff in April 2002. We construct publication measures based on journal articles, which can be compared with weighted publication measures, and citation measures, which can be compared with the publication measures. Our aim is to identify the robustness of rankings to the choice of method, as well as to highlight differences in focus of departments’ research output. A striking feature of our measures is that the majority of economists in Australian university departments have done no research that has been published in a fairly long list of refereed journals over the last dozen years. They may publish in other outlets, but in any event their work is rarely cited. Thus, average research output is low because many academic economists in Australia do not view research as part of their job or, at least, suffer no penalty from failing to produce substantive evidence of research activity.
Potential Diversification Benefits In The Presence Of Unknown Structural Breaks: An Australian Case Study
Authors: Wilson Patrick J. , Gerlach Richard , Zurbruegg Ralf
Published: October 2003

It is reasonable to suggest that a portfolio manager with direct property diversified by sector or region is more interested in strategic than in tactical asset allocation. However, even with strategic allocations of property the portfolio manager needs a regular monitoring of the inter‐relationships amongst assets comprising the portfolio to ensure that unexpected events do not ‘permanently’ alter such relationships. One procedure for ascertaining whether assets are inter‐related over the long run (and therefore offer few diversification benefits) is through cointegration analysis. A difficulty with conventional cointegration analysis, however, is that it is unable to accommodate changes in equilibrium relationships that might occur due to unexpected structural changes. In this paper we apply the Gregory and Hansen cointegration procedure to consider how unexpected structural changes might affect the potential long run diversification benefits of assets held in an Australian property portfolio.
Mining Short‐Rule Covers in Relational Databases
Authors: Carpineto Claudio , Romano Giovanni
Published: October 2003

An implication ruleQ→Ris a statement of the form “for all objects in the database, if an object has the attribute–value pairsQthen it has also the attribute–value pairsR.” This simple type of rule is theoretically interesting, because it supports reasoning, similar to functional dependencies in database theory, and it may be of practical significance because the size of the set of implication rules that hold in a relation can remain substantially high even when mining real data and considering only most general covers; i.e., covers containing rules with unredundant right and left sizes. Motivated by these observations, we focus on the extraction of short‐rule covers, which cannot be efficiently mined by standard rule miners. We present an algorithm driven by “negative examples” (i.e., satisfyQbut notR) to prune the rule‐candidate lattice associated with each “positive example” (i.e., satisfies bothQandR). The algorithm scales up quite well with respect to the number of objects and it is particularly suitable for databases with attributes described by large domains. Furthermore, a perfect hash function ensures extraction of short‐rule covers even from databases containing a large number of attributes.
Can Computers Deliberately Deceive? A Simulation Tool and Its Application to Turing's Imitation Game
Authors: De Rosis Fiorella , Carofiglio Valeria , Grassano Giuseppe , Castelfranchi Cristiano
Published: October 2003

In this paper, we describe how agents can deceive within a probabilistic framework for representing their mental state: in doing so, we challenge the so‐called sincerity assumption in Human–Computer interaction (HCI) and multi‐agent systems (MAS). We distinguish deception from its special case of lie and characterize different forms of deception, by identifying several criteria for distinguishing among them. In particular, we propose a model of information impact on the Receiver's mind. As the message Sender must plan its strategy by considering the Receiver's criteria for believing, we also discuss some of these criteria, like content plausibility, source informativity, and information safety. We apply this model to a simplified version of Turing's Imitation Game and describe how we implemented a Simulator of deceptive strategies that we called Mouth of Truth. We conclude the paper by describing an evaluation study that enabled us to verify the validity of our method and to revise it in part.
Evaluation Metrics in Classification: A Quantification of Distance‐Bias
Authors: Vilalta Ricardo , Oblinger Daniel
Published: October 2003

This article provides a characterization of bias for evaluation metrics in classification (e.g., Information Gain, Gini, χ2, etc.). Our characterization provides a uniform representation for all traditional evaluation metrics. Such representation leads naturally to a measure for the distance between the bias of two evaluation metrics. We give a practical value to our measure by observing the distance between the bias of two evaluation metrics and its correlation with differences in predictive accuracy when we compare two versions of the same learning algorithm that differ in the evaluation metric only. Experiments on real‐world domains show how the expectations on accuracy differences generated by the distance‐bias measure correlate with actual differences when the learning algorithm is simple (e.g., search for the best single feature or the best single rule). The correlation, however, weakens with more complex algorithms (e.g., learning decision trees). Our results show how interaction among learning components is a key factor to understand learning performance.
Enigma Variations: An Interpretation of Heidegger's Sein und Zeit
Authors: Critchley Simon
Published: October 2003

There are two phrases in Heidegger's Sein und Zeit that provide a clue to what is going on in that book: Dasein ist geworfener Entwurf and Dasein existiert faktisch (Dasein is thrown projection and Dasein exists factically). I begin by trying to show how an interpretation of these phrases can help clarify Heidegger's philosophical claim about what it means to be human. I then try and explain why it is that, in a couple of important passages in Sein und Zeit, Heidegger describes thrown projection as an enigma (ein Rätsel). After considering the meaning and etymology of the word ‘enigma’, I trace its usage in Sein und Zeit, and try and show how and why the relations between Heidegger's central conceptual pairings – state‐of‐mind (Befindlichkeit) and understanding (Verstehen), thrownness and projection, facticity and existentiality – are described by Heidegger as enigmatic. My thesis is that at the heart of Sein und Zeit, that is, at the heart of the central claim of the Dasein‐analytic as to the temporal character of thrown‐projective being‐in‐the‐world, there lies an enigmatic apriori. That is to say, there is something resiliently opaque at the basis of the constitution of Dasein's being‐in‐the‐world which both resists phenomenological description and which, I shall claim, is that in virtue of which the phenomenologist describes. In the more critical part of the paper, I try and show precisely how this notion of the enigmatic apriori changes the basic experience of understanding Sein und Zeit. I explore this in relation to three examples from Division II: death, conscience and temporality. I try and read Heidegger's analyses of each of these concepts against the grain in order to bring into view much more resilient notions of facticity and thrownness that place in doubt the move to existentiality, projection and authenticity. The perspective I develop can be described as originary inauthenticity. As should become evident, such an interpretation of Sein und Zeit is not without political consequences.
Quine's Nihilism
Authors: Tännsjö Torbjörn
Published: October 2003

Quine is an important philosopher. The point of departure of his philosophical enterprise is sound: his down to earth naturalism, his scientism and behaviourism. However, he tends to get carried away by it, when he goes to extremes – and ends up in nihilism. It is certainly true that we can never quite rule out the possibility that we have misunderstood another person. And what he or she means is a consequence mainly of two things. It is a consequence of his actual intention with the utterance and also, to some extent, of the way the world actually is. This is not to say, however, that there is no fact of the matter. While there is underdetermination by actual evidence of interpretation there is no such thing as indeterminacy of translation (or interpretation). While there may well exist conflicting empirically adequate theories, there is no room for ontological relativity. Some of these theories may be the right one and the others wrong, even if this is something we cannot even in principle decide on empirical grounds.
Implementing Market Access
Authors: Krishna Kala , Roy Suddhasatwa , Thursby Marie
Published: October 2003

This paper examines ex post subsidies as a means of enforcing market share targets. Subsidies set after firms make their strategic decisions are shown to create powerful incentives for firms to raise prices. These effects are stronger when targets, and hence subsidies, are specified on a firm‐specific rather than industry‐wide basis. This occurs because firms perceive themselves as subject to more competition (i.e., more elastic demand) in the latter case.
Patterns of Trade and Oligopoly Equilibria: An Example
Authors: Cordella Tito
Published: October 2003

This paper investigates, via an example, the effects of oligopolistic competition in a two‐country two‐good “Ricardian” model of international trade. By contrast with results that apply to the competitive free‐trade equilibrium, at the oligopoly equilibrium industries with different technologies can profitably survive. Moreover, it is shown that, in an oligopolistic setting, the pattern of trade cannot be inferred either by pre‐trade prices or by the comparative advantage principle.
Calibrating the Employment Effects of Trade
Authors: Matusz Steven J.
Published: October 2003

The one‐sector model of monopolistic competition and intraindustry trade is merged with the Shapiro–Stiglitz model of efficiency wages to show that introducing trade increases employment in both countries. The intuition is that even when employment is held constant, trade improves worker welfare via increased variety of available goods. The increase in worker welfare relaxes the efficiency wage constraint, permitting an increase in employment. The increase in employment magnifies the benefits of trade. The model is calibrated to US data to estimate the employment effects of eliminating all trade and eliminating trade with Mexico and Canada.
Transfer Prices, Tariffs, and Content Restrictions
Authors: Madan Vibhas
Published: October 2003

The efficacy of a local content requirement as an employment enhancing policy in the host country is weakened in the presence of transfer price manipulation by a vertically and horizontally integrated multinational firm. For given host and foreign country tax rates, there is a threshold tariff above which the aggregate real effects of transfer price manipulation are unambiguous and below which these effects are ambiguous. Stricter content restrictions reduce benefits to host country factors, and higher tariffs increase benefits to host country factors in the presence of resale price constraints and endogenous‐limit transfer prices.
Qualitatively Rational Expectations and Adjustment in the Specific‐Factors Model
Authors: Albert Max , Meckl Jürgen
Published: October 2003

This paper considers adjustment in a dynamic specific‐factors model with endogenous capital stocks. Investment is analyzed under the assumption that expectations are rational with respect to qualitative aspects of the adjustment process (qualitatively rational expectations, QRE). QRE leave considerable scope for systematic errors in expectations formation. Adjustment under rational expectations is similar to QRE adjustment; however, only in the former case is the speed of adjustment optimal. Overshooting of capital stocks is possible and may be optimal. Comparative‐static analysis shows an asymmetry between inflows of labor and capital: only capital inflows may cause a Rybczynski effect.
Exchange Rates and Oil Prices
Authors: Amano Robert A. , Van Norden Simon
Published: October 2003

The paper documents a robust and interesting relationship between the real domestic price of oil and real effective exchange rates for Germany, Japan and the United States. It also offers an explanation of why the real oil price captures exogenous terms‐of‐trade shocks, and why such shocks could be the most important factor determining real exchange rates in the long run.
Incentives to Form Customs Unions and Quotas
Authors: Yeh Yeong‐Her
Published: October 2003

This paper extends the well known Kemp–Wang proposition regarding customs unions and tariffs to the case of import quotas. It is shown that a customs union in the presence of import quotas will leave each country, whether a member of the customs union or not, not worse off than before the formation of the customs union. The partial‐equilibrium approach is used in this study.
Interpreting the Process of Change in Higher Education: The Case of the Research Assessment Exercises
Authors: Tapper Ted , Salter Brian
Published: October 2003

Given that the current Research Assessment Exercise (RAE 2001) has been completed, it is an appropriate time to explore the impact of the RAEs upon the character of British higher education. This timeliness is reinforced by the earlier publication of HEFCE's own ‘Review of Research’ (September 2000), the report from the House of Commons’ Select Committee on Science and Technology Committee (April 2000), with a report due in April 2003 from the Joint Funding Bodies (under the auspices of Gareth Roberts). We are therefore in a period of review and consultation, which may culminate in a new assessment regime or, as its severest critics would hope, even its demise. While our analysis genuflects to these contemporary developments, it is constructed within a framework that interprets the RAE process as constituting a continuous struggle for the control of the production of high‐status knowledge.
University Strategy in an Age of Uncertainty: The Effect of Higher Education Funding on Old and New Universities
Authors: Rolfe Heather
Published: October 2003

This paper explores the effects of changes in funding arrangements, and particularly in tuition fees, on universities and their strategic responses to these changes. Using data from interviews with senior managers in four universities, it finds the most prestigious, pre‐1992, university largely unaffected by tuition fees and the others responding to changes in application patterns and intake. However, the effects of tuition fees on university strategy are not easily separated from other changes in the funding of Higher Education, and universities’ strategies were strongly influenced by the need to reduce costs and to generate income. A second major concern of all four universities was quality, both of inputs such as students and staff and of outputs, in degree results and ratings in employability, research, teaching and other activities. Marketing was assuming a position of increasing importance, with universities striving to develop a ‘brand’ to attract students, staff and funding.
Baldinucci's Apologia and Florentine claims to be cradle of the Renaissance
Authors: Tovey Brian
Published: October 2003

Baldinucci's Apologia interrupts the expected logical sequence of the opening chapters of his Notizie: it is reasonable to ask why Baldinucci chose to digress in this way, how he set about writing the Apologia, and how fruitful an endeavour it was. Baldinucci's own account of why he wrote the Apologia indicates that he did so out of loyalty to his country, to the ruling political and cultural establishment, and to his own artistic vision. Thereafter, Baldinucci sets out his case for regarding the two great Florentine artists, Cimabue and Giotto, as having been responsible for rescuing the noble art of painting from the degraded state into which it had fallen, basing his argument on over seventy quotations from literary, historical, art‐historical, and other sources, and thus firmly rebutting the opposing view put forward by his opponent, Malvasia, who saw Bologna rather than Florence as the true fons et origo of art's revival. As to his methodology, internal evidence points to a search of the indexes and relevant works (both printed and manuscript) in the Laurentian Library, reinforced by guidance from previous writers and from sympathetic contemporaries. The result of Baldinucci's labours was to silence rather than refute the opposition to his central thesis; the Apologia's value today chiefly resides in the way in which it illustrates the importance attached in Baldinucci's day to artistic achievement as a major constituent of local patriotism, and in providing an impressive conspectus of Italian literature, and of a significant swathe of European historical writing, of the fourteenth to the seventeenth centuries.
Hep3B Human Hepatoma Cells Support Replication of the Wild-Type and a 5′-End Deletion Mutant GB Virus B Replicon
Authors: De Tomassi Amedeo , Pizzuti Maura , Traboni Cinzia
Published: October 2003

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and GB virus B (GBV-B) replicons have been reported to replicate only in Huh7 cells. Here we demonstrate that subpopulations of another human hepatoma cell line, Hep3B, are permissive for the GBV-B replicon, showing different levels of enhancement of replication from those of the unselected parental cell population. Adaptive mutations are not required for replication of the GBV-B replicon in these cells, as already demonstrated for Huh7 cells. Nonetheless, we identified a mutant replicon in one of the selected cell lines, which, although lacking the 5′ end proximal stem-loop, is able to replicate in Hep3B cells as well as in Huh7 cells. This mutant indeed shows a higher replication efficiency than does wild-type replicon, especially in the Hep3B cell clone from which it was originally recovered. This indicates that the stem-loop Ia is not necessary for replication of the GBV-B replicon in human cells, unlike what occurs with HCV, and that its absence can even provide a selective advantage.
Atomic Force Microscopy Investigation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and HIV-Infected Lymphocytes
Authors: Kuznetsov Y. G. , Victoria J. G. , Robinson W. E. , McPherson A.
Published: October 2003

Isolated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and HIV-infected human lymphocytes in culture have been imaged for the first time by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Purified virus particles spread on glass substrates are roughly spherical, reasonably uniform, though pleomorphic in appearance, and have diameters of about 120 nm. Similar particles are also seen on infected cell surfaces, but morphologies and sizes are considerably more varied, possibly a reflection of the budding process. The surfaces of HIV particles exhibit “tufts” of protein, presumably gp120, which do not physically resemble spikes. The protein tufts, which number about 100 per particle, have average diameters of about 200 Å, but with a large variance. They likely consist of arbitrary associations of small numbers of gp120 monomers on the surface. In examining several hundred virus particles, we found no evidence that the gp120 monomers form threefold symmetric trimers. Although >95% of HIV-infected H9 lymphocytic cells were producing HIV antigens by immunofluorescent assay, most lymphocytes displayed few or no virus on their surfaces, while others were almost covered by a hundred or more viruses, suggesting a dependence on cell cycle or physiology. HIV-infected cells treated with a viral protease inhibitor and their progeny viruses were also imaged by AFM and were indistinguishable from untreated virions. Isolated HIV virions were disrupted by exposure to mild neutral detergents (Tween 20 and CHAPS) at concentrations from 0.25 to 2.0%. Among the products observed were intact virions, the remnants of completely degraded virions, and partially disrupted particles that lacked sectors of surface proteins as well as virions that were split or broken open to reveal their empty interiors. Capsids containing nucleic acid were not seen, suggesting that the capsids were even more fragile than the envelope and were totally degraded and lost. From these images, a good estimate of the thickness of the envelope protein-membrane-matrix protein outer shell of the virion was obtained. Treatment with even low concentrations (<0.1%) of sodium dodecyl sulfate completely destroyed all virions but produced many interesting products, including aggregates of viral proteins with strands of nucleic acid.
Low Frequency of Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes against the Novel HLA-A*0201-Restricted JC Virus Epitope VP1p36in Patients with Proven or Possible Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy
Authors: Du Pasquier Renaud A. , Kuroda Marcelo J. , Schmitz Joern E. , Zheng Yue , Martin Kristi , Peyerl Fred W. , Lifton Michelle , Gorgone Darci , Autissier Patrick , Letvin Norman L. , Koralnik Igor J.
Published: October 2003

JC virus (JCV)-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in peripheral blood are associated with a favorable outcome in patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). However, the frequency of these cells in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of PML patients is unknown. To develop a highly sensitive assay for detecting the cellular immune response against this virus, we performed a CTL epitope mapping study of JCV VP1 major capsid protein by using overlapping peptides. A novel HLA-A*0201-restricted epitope, the VP1p36peptide SITEVECFL, was characterized. The cellular immune response against JCV was assessed in 32 study subjects. By combining the results of the51Cr release assay on pooled peptides and staining with the HLA-A*0201/JCV VP1p36tetramer, VP1-specific CTL were detected in 10 of 11 PML survivors (91%) versus only 1 of 11 PML progressors (9%,P= 0.0003). VP1-specific CTL were also detected in two of two patients recently diagnosed with PML and in four of four human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients with possible PML. The frequency of CTL specific for the novel VP1p36and the previously described VP1p100epitopes was determined. In two patients, the frequency of CTL specific for the VP1p36or VP1p100epitopes, as determined by fresh blood tetramer staining (FBTS), ranged from 1/6,000 to 1/24,000 PBMC. A CTL sorting technique combining tetramer staining and selection with immunomagnetic beads allowed the detection of epitope-specific CTL in two cases that were determined to be negative by FBTS. The phenotype of these CTL in vivo was consistent with activated memory cells. These data suggest that, although present in low numbers, JCV-specific CTL may be of central importance in the containment of JCV spread in immunosuppressed individuals.