bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microsampling Collection Methods for Measurement of C-peptide in Whole Blood
Authors: Jones Charlotte , Dunseath Gareth J. , Lemon Jessica , Luzio Stephen D.
Published: March 2018

Background:

Microsampling techniques are alternative methods to venous sampling for obtaining blood for measurement of circulating biomarkers, offering the convenience of reduced sample volume and elimination of the need for phlebotomists. Dried blood spot (DBS) microsampling methods have been used for many years while more recently a volumetric absorptive microsampling device (VAMS™) has been introduced. In diabetes mellitus, circulating C-peptide is commonly used as an indicator of endogenous insulin secretion and clinical measurement can aid in diagnosis as well as informing on therapy. This pilot study investigated the effectiveness of microsampling collection of capillary blood for measurement of C-peptide.

Methods:

Capillary blood was collected into capillary tubes and centrifuged for plasma samples. Simultaneous samples were also collected using both microsampling methods (DBS and VAMS). Blood from both microsamplers was extracted prior to assaying for C-peptide alongside the corresponding plasma samples, using specific immunoassays and results obtained from microsampling compared to the reference plasma concentrations. Stability was determined by collecting duplicate DBS and VAMS and assaying both in a single assay after storing one at −20°C immediately and one at room temperature for 48 hours post-collection.

Results:

Good agreement was observed between C-peptide concentrations in plasma and equivalent DBS and VAMS samples ( R2 = .929 and .9231, DBS and VAMS, respectively), with mean differences of 75.7 and 8.4 pmol/L observed for DBS and VAMS. Small decreases in C-peptide of 11.6% and 0.1% were observed after 48 hours storage for DBS and VAMS, respectively.

Conclusions:

C-peptide collected using DBS and VAMS showed good agreement with reference plasma concentrations, suggesting both would be an effective microsampling method for collection and measurement of C-peptide.
Differential Responses of Taxonomic, Structural, and Functional Diversity to Local-Scale Environmental Variation in Afromontane Forests in South Africa
Authors: Mensah Sylvanus , Salako Valère K. , Assogbadjo Achille E. , Glèlè Kakaï Romain
Published: March 2018

Exploring taxonomic, functional, and structural diversity can provide additional insights into our understanding of diversity responses to environment. Using altitude, slope, and relative radiation index as well as floristic and functional data from a South Africa Afromontane forest, we examined how taxonomic, structural, and functional diversity varied with local environmental variation. Taxonomic and structural diversity were quantified through species richness- and diameter class-based Shannon index and evenness, respectively. Skewness and coefficient of variation of diameter distribution were additionally computed for structural diversity. As for functional diversity, we used functional richness, evenness, divergence, and dispersion based on functional traits. Data were analyzed using multimodel inference and subset regression. We found little evidence of environmental effects on local-scale taxonomic diversity patterns. In contrast, structural and functional diversity metrics varied significantly along environmental gradients. Accordingly, diameter class-based Shannon evenness declined with increasing slope while skewness and coefficient of variation of diameter distribution increased with increasing slope. Functional evenness and divergence decreased with increasing altitude and radiation, respectively, while functional richness and dispersion increased with increasing slope. The results showed that taxonomic diversity patterns were less responsive to local-scale topographical variation than structural and functional diversity. Lower functional diversity on lower slope sites suggests weak environmental filtering effect promoting competitive exclusion and dominance of species with acquisitive traits. On higher slope sites, environmental filtering associated with slope gradient seems to favor coexistence of species with conservative traits and adapted to harsh conditions.
Fear, Populism, and the Geopolitical Landscape
Authors: Obschonka Martin , Stuetzer Michael , Rentfrow Peter J. , Lee Neil , Potter Jeff , Gosling Samuel D.
Published: March 2018

Two recent electoral results—Donald Trump’s election as U.S. president and the UK’s Brexit vote—have reignited debate on the psychological factors underlying voting behavior. Both campaigns promoted themes of fear, lost pride, and loss aversion, which are relevant to the personality dimension of neuroticism, a construct previously not associated with voting behavior. To that end, we investigate whether regional prevalence of neurotic personality traits (neuroticism, anxiety, and depression) predicted voting behavior in the United States ( N = 3,167,041) and the United Kingdom ( N = 417,217), comparing these effects with previous models, which have emphasized the roles of openness and conscientiousness. Neurotic traits positively predicted share of Brexit and Trump votes, and Trump gains from Romney. Many of these effects persisted in additional robustness tests controlling for regional industrial heritage, political attitude, and socioeconomic features, particularly in the United States. The “sleeper effect” of neurotic traits may profoundly impact the geopolitical landscape.
Subpubic cartilaginous cyst: an unusual cause of urinary tract infection
Authors: Price G , McNicholas T , Buckingham S , Chang S
Published: March 2018

It is important to consider alternative causes when treating refractory cases of urinary tract infection in the elderly population.
Cystitis cystica and glandularis producing large bladder masses in a 16-year-old boy
Authors: Bastianpillai Christopher , Warner Ross , Beltran Luis , Green James
Published: March 2018

The macroscopic appearances of florid cystitis cystica et glandularis can be mistaken for malignancy, and it is therefore important to perform a prompt resection to confirm the histological diagnosis and exclude sinister pathology.
Cutaneous non-epitheliotropic T-cell lymphoma associated with a fracture site in a cat
Authors: Jegatheeson Selvi , Wayne Julie , Brockley Laura K
Published: March 2018

Case summary

A 7-year-old male neutered domestic shorthair cat presented for investigation of a swelling over the right forelimb. Radiographs of the right forelimb revealed significant lysis and soft tissue swelling surrounding a previously implanted surgical plate, used to repair a fracture of the distal radius 5 years prior. The implant was removed, and a biopsy was collected. Histopathological analysis and immunohistochemistry diagnosed a non-epitheliotropic T-cell cutaneous lymphoma. Staging confirmed multiple regional lymph node involvement. The cat was started on a CHOP-based protocol (vincristine, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide and prednisolone). At week 4, the disease progressed both locally and within the regional lymph nodes. The primary lesion became severely ulcerated and the cat was euthanased, 42 days post-diagnosis.

Relevance and novel information

This is the first report of a cutaneous non-epitheliotropic lymphoma developing at the site of a previous traumatic fracture and metal implant. The cat’s response to chemotherapy was poor and euthanasia was performed owing to progressive disease. More investigation is required to understand the role that malignant transformation could have at sites of chronic inflammation, bone fractures and surgical implants.
Prolonged-Release Fampridine as Adjunct Therapy to Active Motor Training in MS Patients: A Pilot, Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study
Authors: Jacques François , Schembri Adrian , Nativ Avi , Paquette Chantal , Kalinowski Pawel
Published: March 2018

Background

Both prolonged-release fampridine (PRF) and enabling active motor training (EAMT) are beneficial in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Their combined effect is, however, understudied.

Objective

The objective of this paper is to determine if PRF augments the beneficial effect of EAMT in MS patients as opposed to placebo.

Method

This is a pilot, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind 14-week study. Participants were randomly assigned to receive PRF 10 mg BID ( n = 21) or placebo ( n = 20). All patients underwent EAMT during the first six weeks. Patients were assessed at –4, 0, 6 and 14 weeks.

Results

Both groups remained stable between –4 to 0 weeks and showed statistically significant improvements for the six-minute walk and the five-times-sit-to-stand test at weeks 6 and 14. The PRF-treated group achieved a greater mean percentage improvement and a higher incidence of responders in all three tasks at both time points. The study was, however, underpowered to reach statistical significance.

Conclusion

Our results confirm previous studies demonstrating that MS patients, despite significant disability, do benefit from a rehabilitation program. Our study is the first to show a trend suggesting that PRF in MS patients appears to enhance the benefit of EAMT. Further studies are required to confirm this. Clinical trial registration number with Clinicaltrial.gov: NCT02146534
Distal biceps tendon repair using both an anchor and a bone tunnel via one and a second stab incision: A retrospective study
Authors: Andritsos George C , Skouteris Dimitrios G , Psychoyios Vassilios
Published: March 2018

Our aim was to evaluate the outcome of our surgical technique for the repair of complete distal biceps tendon rupture in nonprofessional athletes. We examined the effect of our surgical technique in restoring the functionality of 11 injured limbs by correlating the total functional outcome of the repaired limb with their contralateral side.
Response of Bortezomib Chemotherapy in Hepatic Amyloidosis
Authors: Hasan Syed M. , Ahmed Nida N. , Ahmed Zunirah , Seibert Allan
Published: March 2018

Amyloidosis is a rare disorder with a wide spectrum of presentations and anomalies. It is subdivided into 2 broad categories based on protein deposition; primary and secondary amyloidosis. It can present as a single-organ involvement or as a diffuse infiltrative multi-organ process. Isolated hepatic amyloidosis presentation is a rare phenomenon that develops due to insoluble amyloid deposition in liver. Its clinical presentation is usually vague and ranges from mild hepatomegaly with elevated liver enzymes to acute liver failure and hepatic rupture. Currently, there are scarce data available regarding treatment options for biopsy-proven hepatic amyloidosis. In this review article, we present an interesting case of hepatic amyloidosis and its poor outcome to new molecular targeted chemotherapy. Furthermore, we aim to review current and future diagnostic tools for early detection and advancements in targeted chemotherapeutics options available for hepatic amyloidosis.
Unmet Needs for Care and Medications, Cost as a Reason for Unmet Needs, and Unmet Needs as a Big Problem, due to Health-Care Provider (Dis)Continuity
Authors: Stransky Michelle L
Published: March 2018

Objective:

Provider discontinuity is associated with poorer health-care outcomes compared to continuity in studies using retrospective reports of provider (dis)continuity. This study examined unmet needs for care and assessed cost as the reason for and the level of the problem resulting from unmet needs by provider (dis)continuity using longitudinal data.

Methods:

Pooled data on 10 714 working-age adults (aged 18-64) from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (panels 16 [2011-2012] and 17 [2012-2013]) were analyzed. Provider (dis)continuity was defined by 2 reports of having a health-care provider during the period.

Results:

Persons who lost providers were more likely to forego medical care and prescription medications, forego care due to cost, and report that delaying care was a big problem than their peers who experienced continuity. Persons who gained providers were more likely to delay dental care than those who always had, lost, or never had providers.

Conclusions:

Persons who experience discontinuity have poorer access to care than their peers who experience continuity. Public health initiatives should promote longitudinal relationships between persons and health-care providers.
Open-Label, Observational Pilot Study Evaluating Desoximetasone Topical Spray 0.25% Twice Daily in Patients With Psoriasis Being Treated With Biologic Agents
Authors: Bagel Jerry , Nelson Elise , Keegan Brian
Published: March 2018

Biologic therapy has been an important addition to the armamentarium of psoriasis drugs as they offer high efficacy with a better side effect profile than systemic agents. However, there are cases in which patients do not respond rapidly or lose their initial response to biologic therapy, thus requiring additional treatment. While biologic therapy could be switched from one agent to another, in many cases, patients have had no adverse events (AEs) and the remaining lesions are minimal. In such cases, the addition of a topical agent may be the best choice. This single-center, open-label observational study enrolled 20 patients ≥18 years of age with plaque psoriasis with ≤5% body surface area (BSA) involvement. Patients received biologic therapy for at least 24 weeks prior to baseline. Topical combination therapy with desoximetasone spray 0.25% was added twice daily for 4 weeks and then decreased to twice-daily application on 2 consecutive days per week to week 16. Topical therapy was effective and well tolerated. Body surface area decreased −1.20 by week 4. Physician global assessment (PGA) score improved by −1.10 at week 4 and by −1.50 at week 16. The mean BSA × PGA score was 8.85 at baseline and had declined by −4.90 by week 4, an effect that was maintained to week 16. The combination therapy was well tolerated and safe. There were no AEs considered related to study medications and no steroid-related AEs such as atrophy, striae, telangiectasia, or folliculitis. Patients showed improvements in dermatology quality of life questionnaire scores. A treatment satisfaction questionnaire showed that overall patients were satisfied with the treatment regimen and found it to be convenient at all time points.
Cancer and platelet crosstalk: opportunities and challenges for aspirin and other antiplatelet agents
Authors: Xu Xiaohong Ruby , Yousef George M. , Ni Heyu
Published: March 2018

Platelets have long been recognized as key players in hemostasis and thrombosis; however, growing evidence suggests that they are also significantly involved in cancer, the second leading cause of mortality worldwide. Preclinical and clinical studies showed that tumorigenesis and metastasis can be promoted by platelets through a wide variety of crosstalk between platelets and cancer cells. For example, cancer changes platelet behavior by directly inducing tumor-platelet aggregates, triggering platelet granule and extracellular vesicle release, altering platelet phenotype and platelet RNA profiles, and enhancing thrombopoiesis. Reciprocally, platelets reinforce tumor growth with proliferation signals, antiapoptotic effect, and angiogenic factors. Platelets also activate tumor invasion and sustain metastasis via inducing an invasive epithelial-mesenchymal transition phenotype of tumor cells, promoting tumor survival in circulation, tumor arrest at the endothelium, and extravasation. Furthermore, platelets assist tumors in evading immune destruction. Hence, cancer cells and platelets maintain a complex, bidirectional communication. Recently, aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) has been recognized as a promising cancer-preventive agent. It is recommended at daily low dose by the US Preventive Services Task Force for primary prevention of colorectal cancer. The exact mechanisms of action of aspirin in chemoprevention are not very clear, but evidence has emerged that suggests a platelet-mediated effect. In this article, we will introduce how cancer changes platelets to be more cancer-friendly and highlight advances in the modes of action for aspirin in cancer prevention. We also discuss the opportunities, challenges, and opposing viewpoints on applying aspirin and other antiplatelet agents for cancer prevention and treatment.
Markers of neutrophil extracellular traps predict adverse outcome in community-acquired pneumonia: secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Ebrahimi Fahim , Giaglis Stavros , Hahn Sinuhe , Blum Claudine A. , Baumgartner Christine , Kutz Alexander , van Breda Shane Vontelin , Mueller Beat , Schuetz Philipp , Christ-Crain Mirjam , Hasler Paul
Published: March 2018

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are a hallmark of the immune response in inflammatory diseases. However, the role of NETs in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is unknown. This study aims to characterise the impact of NETs on clinical outcomes in pneumonia.

This is a secondary analysis of a randomised controlled, multicentre trial. Patients with CAP were randomly assigned to either 50 mg prednisone or placebo for 7 days. The primary end-point was time to clinical stability; main secondary end-points were length of hospital stay and mortality.

In total, 310 patients were included in the analysis. Levels of cell-free nucleosomes as surrogate markers of NETosis were significantly increased at admission and declined over 7 days. NETs were significantly associated with reduced hazards of clinical stability and hospital discharge in multivariate adjusted analyses. Moreover, NETs were associated with a 3.8-fold increased adjusted odds ratio of 30-day mortality. Prednisone treatment modified circulatory NET levels and was associated with beneficial outcome.

CAP is accompanied by pronounced NET formation. Patients with elevated serum NET markers were at higher risk for clinical instability, prolonged length of hospital stay and 30-day all-cause mortality. NETs represent a novel marker for outcome and a possible target for adjunct treatments of pneumonia.
Rates of change in FEV1andDLCOas potential indicators for mTOR inhibitor therapy in premenopausal lymphangioleiomyomatosis patients
Authors: Taveira-DaSilva Angelo M. , Julien-Williams Patricia , Jones Amanda M. , Stylianou Mario , Moss Joel
Published: March 2018

The value of rates of change in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO) to predict disease progression, and initiation of mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) inhibitor therapy has not been evaluated.

In 84 premenopausal lymphangioleiomyomatosis patients, individual rates of change in FEV1andDLCOand their 95% confidence intervals were used to derive subsequent lowest values of FEV1andDLCOthat would prompt initiation of sirolimus therapy. These treatment criteria were compared with a criterion based on FEV1orDLCO≤70% predicted. In 12 patients undergoing sirolimus therapy both methods for determining the optimal point for initiation of therapy were evaluated.

27 and 35 patients who experienced greater than expected rates of change in FEV1andDLCO, respectively, would have been excluded from therapy based on an FEV1orDLCO>70% pred. 25 of the 84 patients were eventually treated, but only when FEV1orDLCOwere ≤70% pred. Applying such treatment criteria to 12 patients undergoing sirolimus therapy would have delayed treatment for many years.

Premenopausal females in whom FEV1orDLCOare declining at rates above the expected based on their individual rates of decline, should be considered for sirolimus therapy before the FEV1orDLCOfalls to ≤70% pred.
Impact of sleep alterations on weaning duration in mechanically ventilated patients: a prospective study
Authors: Thille Arnaud W. , Reynaud Faustine , Marie Damien , Barrau Stéphanie , Rousseau Ludivine , Rault Christophe , Diaz Véronique , Meurice Jean-Claude , Coudroy Rémi , Frat Jean-Pierre , Robert René , Drouot Xavier
Published: March 2018

Sleep is markedly altered in intensive care unit (ICU) patients and may alter respiratory performance. Our objective was to assess the impact of sleep alterations on weaning duration.

We conducted a prospective physiological study at a French teaching hospital. ICU patients intubated for at least 24 h and difficult to wean were included. Complete polysomnography (PSG) was performed after the first spontaneous breathing trial failure. Presence of atypical sleep, duration of sleep stages, particularly rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and electroencephalogram (EEG) reactivity at eyes opening were assessed by a neurologist.

20 out of 45 patients studied (44%) had atypical sleep that could not be classified according to the standard criteria. Duration of weaning between PSG and extubation was significantly longer in patients with atypical sleep (median (interquartile range) 5 (2–8)versus2 (1–2) days; p=0.001) and in those with no REM sleep compared with the others. Using multivariate logistic regression analysis, atypical sleep remained independently associated with prolonged weaning (>48 h after PSG). Altered EEG reactivity at eyes opening was a good predictor of atypical sleep.

Our results suggest for the first time that brain dysfunction may have an influence on the ability to breathe spontaneously.
FGF signaling controls Shh-dependent oligodendroglial fate specification in the ventral spinal cord
Authors: Farreny Marie-Amélie , Agius Eric , Bel-Vialar Sophie , Escalas Nathalie , Khouri-Farah Nagham , Soukkarieh Chadi , Danesin Cathy , Pituello Fabienne , Cochard Philippe , Soula Cathy
Published: March 2018

Background

Most oligodendrocytes of the spinal cord originate from ventral progenitor cells of the pMN domain, characterized by expression of the transcription factor Olig2. A minority of oligodendrocytes is also recognized to emerge from dorsal progenitors during fetal development. The prevailing view is that generation of ventral oligodendrocytes depends on Sonic hedgehog (Shh) while dorsal oligodendrocytes develop under the influence of Fibroblast Growth Factors (FGFs).

Results

Using the well-established model of the chicken embryo, we show that ventral spinal progenitor cells activate FGF signaling at the onset of oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) generation. Inhibition of FGF receptors at that time appears sufficient to prevent generation of ventral OPCs, highlighting that, in addition to Shh, FGF signaling is required also for generation of ventral OPCs. We further reveal an unsuspected interplay between Shh and FGF signaling by showing that FGFs serve dual essential functions in ventral OPC specification. FGFs are responsible for timely induction of a secondary Shh signaling center, the lateral floor plate, a crucial step to create the burst of Shh required for OPC specification. At the same time, FGFs prevent down-regulation of Olig2 in pMN progenitor cells as these cells receive higher threshold of the Shh signal. Finally, we bring arguments favoring a key role of newly differentiated neurons acting as providers of the FGF signal required to trigger OPC generation in the ventral spinal cord.

Conclusion

Altogether our data reveal that the FGF signaling pathway is activated and required for OPC commitment in the ventral spinal cord. More generally, our data may prove important in defining strategies to produce large populations of determined oligodendrocyte precursor cells from undetermined neural progenitors, including stem cells. In the long run, these new data could be useful in attempts to stimulate the oligodendrocyte fate in residing neural stem cells.
Estimating 3D elastic moduli of rock from 2D thin-section images using differential effective medium theory
Authors: Karimpouli Sadegh , Tahmasebi Pejman , Saenger Erik H.
Published: March 2018

Standard digital rock physics (DRP) has been extensively used to compute rock physical parameters such as permeability and elastic moduli. Digital images are captured using 3D microcomputed tomography scanners that are not widely available and often come with an excessive cost and expensive computation. Alternative DRP methods, however, benefit from the highly available low-cost 2D thin-section images and require a small amount of computer memory use and CPU. We have developed another alternative DRP method to compute 3D elastic parameters based on differential effective medium (DEM) theory. Our investigations indicate that the pore aspect ratio (PAR) is the most crucial factor controlling the elastic moduli of rock. Based on digital rock modeling in a dry calcite sample with 20% porosity, the bulk modulus is reduced by 51%, 80.7%, and 96.8% for aspect ratios of 1, 0.2, and 0.05, respectively. Similarly, the shear modulus is reduced by 52%, 73.8%, and 92.8% for the same PARs. These findings confirm the importance of the PAR in wave propagation through porous media. Such an evaluation, however, can be very expensive for 3D images because one requires using several of them for drawing a reliable conclusion. Therefore, we aim to capture the PAR distribution from 2D images. This distribution is, then, used to estimate 3D elastic moduli of sample by DEM equations. Three orthogonal 2D images were used and results indicated that 2D PARs in orthogonal orientations could address pore shapes more effectively. Moreover, a stochastic porous media reconstruction method was also used to generate more scenarios of rock structure and those of which that are not seen in 2D images. Results from Berea sandstone and Grosmont carbonate indicated that using only 2D images our proposed method could effectively estimate 3D elastic moduli of rock samples.
Optimal full-waveform inversion strategy for marine data in azimuthally rotated elastic orthorhombic media
Authors: Oh Ju-Won , Alkhalifah Tariq
Published: March 2018

The orthorhombic (ORT) anisotropic description of earth layers can allow the capture of much of the earth’s anisotropic complexity. The inversion for high-resolution azimuthal variation of anisotropy is important for reservoir characterization, among other applications. A high-resolution description of the azimuth of fractures can help us to predict flow preferences. To verify the feasibility of multiparameter full-waveform inversion (FWI) for marine data assuming azimuthally rotated elastic ORT media, we have analyzed the radiation patterns and gradient directions of ORT parameters to the reflection data. First, we express the gradient direction of the ORT parameters considering the azimuthal rotation of the symmetric planes. Then, to support our observations in the gradient direction, the radiation patterns of the partial derivative wavefields from each parameter perturbation are also derived under the rotated elastic ORT assumption. To find an optimal parameterization, we compare three different parameterizations: monoclinic, velocity-based, and hierarchical parameterizations. Then, we suggest an optimal multistage update strategy by analyzing the behavior of the rotation angle as a FWI target. To analyze the trade-off among parameters in different parameterizations, we calculate the gradient direction from a hockey-puck model, in which each parameter is perturbed at the different location on a horizontal layer. The trade-off analysis supports that the hierarchical parameterization provides us with more opportunities to build up subsurface models with less trade-off between parameters and less influence of the azimuthal rotation of ORT anisotropy. The feasibility of the proposed FWI strategy is examined using synthetic marine streamer data from a simple 3D reservoir model with a fractured layer.
Seismic interpretation of the diapiric structures and gas chimneys in the Liwan gas field, Pearl River Mouth Basin, northern South China Sea
Authors: Wu Xiaochuan , Pu Renhai , Zhang Gongcheng , Fan Xiaowei , Deng Dong , Li Bin
Published: March 2018

Voluminous diapiric intrusions are present in 3D seismic data from the Liwan gas field area in the Baiyun sag of the Pearl River Mouth Basin, South China Sea. These diapirs are subdivided into magmatic diapirs and mud diapirs according to their seismic signatures and formation mechanisms. Saucer- and mound-shaped reflectors with anomalously high amplitudes distributed throughout the Early Miocene strata are interpreted as sills and laccoliths and are typified as magmatic diapirs. Mud diapirs in the study area can be divided into two types: wavy reflectors occurring at the basement of the sag caused by the gravitational instability of plastically deformed mudstones and columnar upheaval anomalies rooted in Paleogene rift sequences. Gas chimneys are characterized by vertical weak/blank zones accompanied by pull-down effects. Vertical gas chimneys and mud diapirs pierce the Middle Miocene strata. The vast majority of them are triggered by normal faulting; however, no deep-seated faults can be detected around the peripheries of igneous intrusions. Migration forces and pathways are represented by vertical mud diapirs and gas chimneys and thus control the distribution of shallow gases with negative-amplitude anomalies as well as gas hydrates.
Function and evolution of specialized endogenous lipids in toothed whales
Authors: Koopman Heather N.
Published: March 2018

The Odontocetes (toothed whales) possess two types of specialized fat and, therefore, represent an interesting group when considering the evolution and function of adipose tissue. All whales have a layer of superficial blubber, which insulates and streamlines, provides buoyancy and acts as an energy reserve. Some toothed whales deposit large amounts of wax esters, rather than triacylglycerols, in blubber, which is unusual. Waxes have very different physical and physiological properties, which may impact blubber function. The cranial acoustic fat depots serve to focus sound during echolocation and hearing. The acoustic fats have unique morphologies; however, they are even more specialized biochemically because they are composed of a mix of endogenous waxes and triacylglycerols with unusual branched elements (derived from amino acids) that are not present in other mammals. Both waxes and branched elements alter how sound travels through a fat body; they are arranged in a 3D topographical pattern to focus sound. Furthermore, the specific branched-chain acid/alcohol synthesis mechanisms and products vary phylogenetically (e.g. dolphins synthesize lipids from leucine whereas beaked whales use valine). I propose that these specialized lipids evolved first in the head: wax synthesis first emerged to serve an acoustic function in toothed whales, with branched-chain synthesis adding additional acoustic focusing power, and some species secondarily retained wax synthesis pathways for blubber. Further research is necessary to elucidate specific molecular mechanisms controlling the synthesis and deposition of wax esters and branched-chain fatty acids, as well as their spatial deposition within tissues and within adipocytes.
Adiposity and fat metabolism during combined fasting and lactation in elephant seals
Authors: Fowler Melinda , Champagne Cory , Crocker Daniel
Published: March 2018

Animals that fast depend on mobilizing lipid stores to power metabolism. Northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) incorporate extended fasting into several life-history stages: development, molting, breeding and lactation. The physiological processes enabling fasting and lactation are important in the context of the ecology and life history of elephant seals. The rare combination of fasting and lactation depends on the efficient mobilization of lipid from adipose stores and its direction into milk production. The mother elephant seal must ration her finite body stores to power maintenance metabolism, as well as to produce large quantities of lipid and protein-rich milk. Lipid from body stores must first be mobilized; the action of lipolytic enzymes and hormones stimulate the release of fatty acids into the bloodstream. Biochemical processes affect the release of specific fatty acids in a predictable manner, and the pattern of release from lipid stores is closely reflected in the fatty acid content of the milk lipid. The content of the milk may have substantial developmental, thermoregulatory and metabolic consequences for the pup. The lactation and developmental patterns found in elephant seals are similar in some respects to those of other mammals; however, even within the limited number of mammals that simultaneously fast and lactate, there are important differences in the mechanisms that regulate lipid mobilization and milk lipid content. Although ungulates and humans do not fast during lactation, there are interesting comparisons to these groups regarding lipid mobilization and milk lipid content patterns.
Fructose-containing caloric sweeteners as a cause of obesity and metabolic disorders
Authors: Tappy Luc
Published: March 2018

Compared with other carbohydrates, fructose-containing caloric sweeteners (sucrose, high-fructose corn syrup, pure fructose and fructose-glucose mixtures) are characterized by: a sweet taste generally associated with a positive hedonic tone; specific intestinal fructose transporters, i.e. GLUT5; a two-step fructose metabolism, consisting of the conversion of fructose carbones into ubiquitous energy substrates in splanchnic organs where fructolytic enzymes are expressed, and secondary delivery of these substrates to extrasplanchnic tissues. Fructose is a dispensable nutrient, yet its energy can be stored very efficiently owing to a rapid induction of intestinal fructose transporters and of splanchnic fructolytic and lipogenic enzymes by dietary fructose-containing caloric sweeteners. In addition, compared with fat or other dietary carbohydrates, fructose may be favored as an energy store because it uses different intestinal absorption mechanisms and different inter-organ trafficking pathways. These specific features make fructose an advantageous energy substrate in wild animals, mainly when consumed before periods of scarcity or high energy turnover such as migrations. These properties of fructose storage are also advantageous to humans who are involved in strenuous sport activities. In subjects with low physical activity, however, these same features of fructose metabolism may have the harmful effect of favoring energy overconsumption. Furthermore, a continuous exposure to high fructose intake associated with a low energy turnover leads to a chronic overproduction of intrahepatic trioses-phosphate production, which is secondarily responsible for the development of hepatic insulin resistance, intrahepatic fat accumulation, and increased blood triglyceride concentrations. In the long term, these effects may contribute to the development of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases.
Genomic imprinting, growth and maternal–fetal interactions
Authors: Cassidy Féaron C. , Charalambous Marika
Published: March 2018

In the 1980s, mouse nuclear transplantation experiments revealed that both male and female parental genomes are required for successful development to term (McGrath and Solter, 1983; Surani and Barton, 1983). This non-equivalence of parental genomes is because imprinted genes are predominantly expressed from only one parental chromosome. Uniparental inheritance of these genomic regions causes paediatric growth disorders such as Beckwith–Wiedemann and Silver–Russell syndromes (reviewed in Peters, 2014). More than 100 imprinted genes have now been discovered and the functions of many of these genes have been assessed in murine models. The first such genes described were the fetal growth factor insulin-like growth factor 2 (Igf2) and its inhibitor Igf2 receptor (Igf2r) (DeChiara et al., 1991; Lau et al., 1994; Wang et al., 1994). Since then, it has emerged that most imprinted genes modulate fetal growth and resource acquisition in a variety of ways. First, imprinted genes are required for the development of a functional placenta, the organ that mediates the exchange of nutrients between mother and fetus. Second, these genes act in an embryo-autonomous manner to affect the growth rate and organogenesis. Finally, imprinted genes can signal the nutritional status between mother and fetus, and can modulate levels of maternal care. Importantly, many imprinted genes have been shown to affect postnatal growth and energy homeostasis. Given that abnormal birthweight correlates with adverse adult metabolic health, including obesity and cardiovascular disease, it is crucial to understand how the modulation of this dosage-sensitive, epigenetically regulated class of genes can contribute to fetal and postnatal growth, with implications for lifelong health and disease.
Anabolic Steroid Effect on the Liver
Authors: Niedfeldt Mark W.
Published: March 2018

Anabolic steroids are synthetic derivatives of testosterone shown to increase muscle size and strength. Chemical substitutions on the testosterone molecule cause increased potency and duration of action. The 17-α-alkylation modification allows steroids to be taken orally, but the slower clearance in the liver makes them more hepatotoxic. The frequency and severity of side effects depends on several factors including the formulation of the drug, route of administration, dosage, duration of use, and individual sensitivity and response. Anabolic steroid users tend to take supraphysiologic doses or multiple steroids and other drugs simultaneously which increases risk of adverse effects. Hepatotoxicity can be seen as elevated liver transaminases, acute cholestatic syndrome, chronic vascular injury, hepatic tumors, and toxicant-associated fatty liver disease, as well as significant changes in lipoproteins. Many of these changes will stabilize or reverse with cessation of steroid use, but some can be life-threatening. Over-the-counter supplements can be contaminated with anabolic steroids, causing hepatotoxicity in unsuspecting consumers.
O Brasil e a internet: como construir uma governança global
Authors: Callamard Agnès
Published: March 2018

Em 2014, o Brasil mostrou que pode ser um ator decisivo para a governança global da internet. A experiência e a tradição do país em processos participativos de consulta contribuíram para esse protagonismo. O desafio agora é mantê-lo.
Consumo e crédito:distorções recentes e ajustes
Authors: Gonzalez Farias Lauro Emilio
Published: March 2018

O crédito para consumo ainda tem espaço para crescer no Brasil? Para responder a essa questão, é preciso entender os fatores que levaram à sua expansão, bem como as distorções criadas e os ajustes necessários. Novos arranjos e modelos negociais são requeridos para que ele avance de forma sustentável.
Mobilidade para todos [entrevistado por Aline Lilian dos Santos]
Authors: Ribeiro Ricky
Published: March 2018

Em meio a um cenário de crescimento urbano desordenado, transformações climáticas e esgotamento dos recursos naturais, qual o papel da mobilidade urbana para a qualidade de vida nas cidades brasileiras? Foi essa questão que motivou o ex-aluno da FGV-EAESP Ricky Ribeiro a idealizar o Mobilize Brasil, primeiro portal no país a trazer conteúdo exclusivo sobre o tema.Graduado em Administração Pública pela FGV-EAESP e com mestrado em Sustentabilidade pela Universidade Politécnica da Catalunha, Ricky, juntamente com uma equipe de parceiros e colaboradores, monitora a mobilidade em todo o país, coletando e analisando dados, denunciando problemas e pressionando as autoridades a fim de contribuir para a melhora da qualidade de vida nas cidades brasileiras.E ele faz tudo isso em sua cama, já que em 2008 foi diagnosticado com esclerose lateral amiotrófica, mais conhecida como ELA, doença degenerativa que afeta os movimentos. Mesmo diante de suas restrições físicas, Ricky dá um exemplo de determinação, trabalhando por cidades com mais mobilidade.Confira a entrevista exclusiva que o idealizador do Mobilize concedeu à GV-executivo por meio de um leitor óptico que lhe permite “escrever com os olhos”.
Avaliação sistêmica de P&D e inovação
Authors: Vieira Glicia , Quadros Ruy
Published: March 2018

Avaliar P&D+I é um processo contínuo de Reflexão estruturada, aprendizagem, negociação e construção de consenso.
The performance of select universities of medical sciences based on the components affecting medical education
Authors: Tayebi Arasteh Mehdi , Pouragha Behrooz , Bagheri Kahkesh Masume
Published: March 2018

Background: Every educational institution requires an evaluation system in order to find out about the quality and desirability of its activities, especially if it is a complex and dynamic environment. The present study was conducted to evaluate the educational performance of schools affiliated to Alborz University of Medical Sciences to help improve their performance.

Methods: This descriptive analytical study was conducted in six schools affiliated to Alborz University of Medical Sciences in April 2016-October 2016 and October 2016-April 2017. The evaluation was carried out in two stages: self-assessment by service executives across schools, and external assessment in person by the university’s expert staff. The study tools included the components, criteria and desirable standards of educational performance in ten categories. Data were analyzed in SPSS.

Results: The results obtained showed that, in April-October 2016, the highest performance evaluation scores pertained to the "secure testing" and "rules and regulations" components and the lowest to the "packages for reform and innovation in education" and "the school action plan" components. In October 2016-April 2017, the highest scores pertained to "workforce empowerment" and "secure testing" and the lowest to "faculty affairs" and "electronic education management system".

Conclusions: Offering a balanced portrayal of the actual performance of schools using the right performance indicators in two consecutive periods can help further motivate the superior schools and encourage the weaker schools to strive harder. Competition among schools to get a higher score in the components affecting medical education helps mobilize them to move toward reform and improvement.
Reflections on a sandwich
Authors: Hamilton Duncan
Published: March 2018

Duncan Hamilton, final year adult nursing student at the University of Surrey, questions the practicality of making nurses lead healthy lifestyles—and the motivations behind this
Last 1000 days: valuing patients' time
Authors: Foster Sam
Published: March 2018

Sam Foster, Chief Nurse, Oxford University Hospitals, considers the value of time for older patients and why a hospital bed might not be the safest place for them after all
Planning ahead for recruitment
Authors: Oram Rebecca
Published: March 2018

How can you make your recruitment processes more efficient? Rebecca Oram shares some long-term, low-cost strategies for success
How do you support the LGBT+ staff in your school?
Authors: Bates Adele
Published: March 2018

How many of your school's staff are LGBT? Half of LGBT+ people are not out in their workplaces. Expert Adele Bates looks at why this is and the barriers LGBT+ people often face in schools
How do you support your LGBT+ staff?
Authors: Bates Adele
Published: March 2018

How many of your school's staff are LGBT? Half of LGBT+ people are not out in their workplaces. Adele Bates looks at why this is and the barriers LGBT+ people often face in schools
Lateral condylar fractures of the humerus in children
Authors: Ganeshalingam R. , Donnan A. , Evans O. , Hoq M. , Camp M. , Donnan L.
Published: March 2018

Aims

Displaced fractures of the lateral condyle of the humerus are frequently managed surgically with the aim of avoiding nonunion, malunion, disturbances of growth and later arthritis. The ideal method of fixation is however not known, and treatment varies between surgeons and hospitals. The aim of this study was to compare the outcome of two well-established forms of surgical treatment, Kirschner wire (K-wire) and screw fixation.

Patients and Methods

A retrospective cohort study of children who underwent surgical treatment for a fracture of the lateral condyle of the humerus between January 2005 and December 2014 at two centres was undertaken. Pre, intraoperative and postoperative characteristics were evaluated. A total of 336 children were included in the study. Their mean age at the time of injury was 5.8 years (0 to 15) with a male:female patient ratio of 3:2. A total of 243 (72%) had a Milch II fracture and the fracture was displaced by > 2 mm in 228 (68%). In all, 235 patients underwent K-wire fixation and 101 had screw fixation.

Results

There was a higher rate of nonunion with K-wire fixation (p = 0.02). There was no difference in Baumann’s angle, carrying angle or the rate of major complications between the two groups. No benefit was obtained by immobilizing the elbow for more than four weeks in either group. No short-term complications were seen when fixation crossed the lateral ossific nucleus.

Conclusions

Fixation of lateral condylar humeral fractures in children using either K-wires or screws gives satisfactory results. Proponents of both techniques may find justification of their methods in our data, but prospective, randomized trials with long-term follow-up are required to confirm the findings, which suggest a higher rate of nonunion with K-wire fixation. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2018;100-B:387–95.
A tale of two states? A comparative study of cross-sector collaboration in children’s services and flood risk management
Authors: Jacklin-Jarvis Carol , Potter Karen
Published: March 2018

Collaboration between the UK’s voluntary organisations and public agencies is often viewed through the lens of the changing welfare state. In this paper we contrast cross-sector collaboration in children’s services – as an example of the ‘welfare state’ – with collaboration in flood risk management – as an example of the ‘environmental state’. We argue that different state histories have implications for understanding how cross-sector collaboration develops, and how power dynamics play out between public and voluntary sector actors in a particular policy domain.
The year 1968: the turning point when US social work failed to turn
Authors: Reisch Michael
Published: March 2018

The year 1968 was a potential turning point in the history of US social work. After a generation of inward-looking conservatism, significant numbers of American social workers revived the radical tradition of the profession that the purges of the post-war McCarthy period had repressed. New social movements, particularly the civil rights movement, the anti-war movement and second-wave feminism, as well as the efforts of activists outside of social work, from Saul Alinsky and Cesar Chavez to the National Welfare Rights Organization, inspired new approaches to advocacy, research, practice and education. Inside and outside professional organisations and social service agencies, social workers began to advocate for progressive policies, the use of more expansive and more democratic practice frameworks, and the inclusion of content on race, gender, class and sexuality in social work education. For a brief period, it appeared that a major transformation of the profession was possible, even inevitable. Although the events of this critical year produced some important changes in social work practice and education, they did not change its fundamental orientation. Ironically, both the ultimate failure of the era’s radical activism and the introduction of identity-based content into the profession’s vocabulary and mission made US social work more vulnerable to conservative attacks over the following half-century. The developments that resulted from the ‘year of the barricades’ also made it more difficult for the profession to articulate a unified vision for a rapidly changing environment, and to translate that vision into new models of practice, research and education.