bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Early Particulate Air Pollution Exposure on Obesity in Mice
Authors: Xu Xiaohua , Yavar Zubin , Verdin Matt , Ying Zhekang , Mihai Georgeta , Kampfrath Thomas , Wang Aixia , Zhong Mianhua , Lippmann Morton , Chen Lung-Chi , Rajagopalan Sanjay , Sun Qinghua
Published: September 2010

Objective—

To evaluate the role of early-life exposure to airborne fine particulate matter (diameter, <2.5 μm [PM
2.5
]) pollution on metabolic parameters, inflammation, and adiposity; and to investigate the involvement of oxidative stress pathways in the development of metabolic abnormalities.

Methods and Results—

PM
2.5
inhalation exposure (6 h/d, 5 d/wk) was performed in C57BL/6 mice (wild type) and mice deficient in the cytosolic subunit of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase p47
phox
(p47
phox−/−
) beginning at the age of 3 weeks for a duration of 10 weeks. Both groups were simultaneously fed a normal diet or a high-fat diet for 10 weeks. PM
2.5
-exposed C57BL/6 mice fed a normal diet exhibited metabolic abnormalities after exposure to PM
2.5
or FA for 10 weeks. Consistent with insulin resistance, these abnormalities included enlarged subcutaneous and visceral fat contents, increased macrophage infiltration in visceral adipose tissue, and vascular dysfunction. Ex vivo–labeled and infused monocytes demonstrated increased adherence in the microcirculation of normal diet– or high-fat diet–fed PM
2.5
-exposed mice. p47
phox−/−
mice exhibited an improvement in parameters of insulin resistance, vascular function, and visceral inflammation in response to PM
2.5
.

Conclusion—

Early-life exposure to high levels of PM
2.5
is a risk factor for subsequent development of insulin resistance, adiposity, and inflammation. Reactive oxygen species generation by NADPH oxidase appears to mediate this risk.
A New Approach to Population Sizing for Memetic Algorithms: A Case Study for the Multidimensional Assignment Problem
Authors: Karapetyan Daniel , Gutin Gregory
Published: September 2010

Memetic algorithms are known to be a powerful technique in solving hard optimization problems. To design a memetic algorithm, one needs to make a host of decisions. Selecting the population size is one of the most important among them. Most of the algorithms in the literature fix the population size to a certain constant value. This reduces the algorithm's quality since the optimal population size varies for different instances, local search procedures, and runtimes. In this paper we propose an adjustable population size. It is calculated as a function of the runtime of the whole algorithm and the average runtime of the local search for the given instance. Note that in many applications the runtime of a heuristic should be limited and, therefore, we use this bound as a parameter of the algorithm. The average runtime of the local search procedure is measured during the algorithm's run. Some coefficients which are independent of the instance and the local search are to be tuned at the design time; we provide a procedure to find these coefficients.

The proposed approach was used to develop a memetic algorithm for the multidimensional assignment problem (MAP). We show that our adjustable population size makes the algorithm flexible to perform efficiently for a wide range of running times and local searches and this does not require any additional tuning of the algorithm.
Surface Wind Direction Variability
Authors: Mahrt Larry
Published: September 2010

Common large shifts of wind direction in the weak-wind nocturnal boundary layer are poorly understood and are not adequately captured by numerical models and statistical parameterizations. The current study examines 15 datasets representing a variety of surface conditions to study the behavior of wind direction variability. In contrast to previous studies, the current investigation directly examines wind direction changes with emphasis on weak winds and wind direction changes over smaller time periods of minutes to tens of minutes, including large wind direction shifts. A formulation of the wind direction changes is offered that provides more realistic behavior for very weak winds and for complex terrain.
The Role of Linear Interference in the Annular Mode Response to Tropical SST Forcing
Authors: Fletcher Christopher G. , Kushner Paul J.
Published: September 2010

Recent observational and modeling studies have demonstrated a link between eastern tropical Pacific Ocean (TPO) warming associated with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the negative phase of the wintertime northern annular mode (NAM). The TPO–NAM link involves a Rossby wave teleconnection from the tropics to the extratropics, and an increase in polar stratospheric wave driving that in turn induces a negative NAM anomaly in the stratosphere and troposphere. Previous work further suggests that tropical Indian Ocean (TIO) warming is associated with a positive NAM anomaly, which is of opposite sign to the TPO case. The TIO case is, however, difficult to interpret because the TPO and TIO warmings are not independent. To better understand the dynamics of tropical influences on the NAM, the current study investigates the NAM response to imposed TPO and TIO warmings in a general circulation model. The NAM responses to the two warmings have opposite sign and can be of surprisingly similar amplitude even though the TIO forcing is relatively weak. It is shown that the sign and strength of the NAM response is often simply related to the phasing, and hence the linear interference, between the Rossby wave response and the climatological stationary wave. The TPO (TIO) wave response reinforces (attenuates) the climatological wave and therefore weakens (strengthens) the stratospheric jet and leads to a negative (positive) NAM response. In additional simulations, it is shown that decreasing the strength of the climatological stationary wave reduces the importance of linear interference and increases the importance of nonlinearity. This work demonstrates that the simulated extratropical annular mode response to climate forcings can depend sensitively on the amplitude and phase of the climatological stationary wave and the wave response.
Predicting Typhoon Morakot’s Catastrophic Rainfall with a Convection-Permitting Mesoscale Ensemble System
Authors: Zhang Fuqing , Weng Yonghui , Kuo Ying-Hwa , Whitaker Jeffery S. , Xie Baoguo
Published: September 2010

This study examines the prediction and predictability of the recent catastrophic rainfall and flooding event over Taiwan induced by Typhoon Morakot (2009) with a state-of-the-art numerical weather prediction model. A high-resolution convection-permitting mesoscale ensemble, initialized with analysis and flow-dependent perturbations obtained from a real-time global ensemble data assimilation system, is found to be able to predict this record-breaking rainfall event, producing probability forecasts potentially valuable to the emergency management decision makers and the general public. Since all the advanced modeling and data assimilation techniques used here are readily available for real-time operational implementation provided sufficient computing resources are made available, this study demonstrates the potential and need of using ensemble-based analysis and forecasting, along with enhanced computing, in predicting extreme weather events like Typhoon Morakot at operational centers.
Unlootable Resources and State Security Institutions in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan
Authors: Markowitz Lawrence P.
Published: September 2010

Why, when faced with similar conditions of weakening central control, do some institutions of state security fragment into autonomous agents of organized violence whereas others cohere around coercive rent seeking without challenging the central government? Focusing on Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, this article explains these divergent state security outcomes as a consequence of resource concentrations and patronage pressures that influence the political elites who leverage local offices of state security. The article finds that privatizing violence within state apparatuses of Tajikistan and Uzbekistan took very different forms in the 1990s.
Making sense of professional identities: Stories of medical professionals and new technologies
Authors: Korica Maja , Molloy Eamonn
Published: September 2010

This article presents an exploratory account of how medical professionals understand the relationship between new technology and their professional identities. Drawing on interview data with senior surgeons from a variety of surgical disciplines, the article draws attention to how new technologies provide occasions for the evaluation of existing intra- and inter-professional relationships, and professional identity as a whole. In particular, the role of changing insider/outsider dynamics is emphasized, as is the importance of recognizing professional identity as in constant flux at micro-, meta- and macro-levels. The implications for existing theory are discussed, and further research questions identified.
Psychologists’ Authenticity
Authors: Burks Derek J. , Robbins Rockey
Published: September 2010

Psychologists engage in a multitude of social roles of varying degrees of emotionality, subjectivity, and objectivity because of the nature of their profession as well as their unique backgrounds that have drawn them to that profession. This study sought to understand how psychologists recognize and experience the concept of authenticity in the context of their professional lives. A purposeful sample of 17 clinical psychologists from metropolitan areas in the Southwest and the Pacific Northwest were interviewed. Using a phenomenological, qualitative research design, 262 significant statements were extracted and grouped together, resulting in 11 emergent themes specifically relating to a therapeutic, health care context. Rigor and thoroughness were achieved via multiple validation procedures. Psychologists defined authenticity as the matching of one’s inner thoughts, beliefs, and feelings with one’s outer presentation and behaviors. They believed that authenticity involves sensory and emotional qualities rather than purely cognitive or verbal qualities. Concepts of self-disclosure and mindful awareness were discussed as related to authenticity. It is of note that both humanistic and nonhumanistically inclined psychologists equally valued authenticity in the professional and therapeutic setting. Participants also discussed how authenticity and inauthenticity are experienced and modified in the therapeutic relationship, as well as the negative effects of inauthenticity in professional contexts.
Joining Inner and Outer Approaches to Freedom
Authors: Rountree Jennifer A.
Published: September 2010

Humanistic psychology is distinguished as a discipline that champions freedom, dignity, and positive growth. Based on her case study of a participatory community development project in Guatemala, the author argues that existential-humanistic definitions of freedom and self-determination do and do not speak to the experience of the world’s developing communities and that humanistic psychology’s focus on the existential and experiential aspects of freedom must be balanced with attention to economic, social, and political freedoms. The work of human development theorists Sen and Max-Neef are introduced. The author suggests that through both its theoretical framework and its explorations of the experience of human freedom and oppression, humanistic psychology can make important contributions toward the theoretical approach and practice of participatory community development in the developing world.
Bioavailability Considerations in Evaluating Drug‐Drug Interactions Using the Population Pharmacokinetic Approach
Authors: Duan John Z. , Jackson Andre J. , Zhao Ping
Published: September 2010

Applying a comedication (COMD) covariate to apparent clearance (CLapp= CL/F) is a common practice when using population pharmacokinetics (PopPK) to study metabolism‐based drug‐drug interactions (DDI). This study evaluates the importance of independently applying COMD to F and CL to account for DDI at the level of first‐pass metabolism. A known DDI between single oral doses of the CYP3A substrate midazolam (5 mg) and the inhibitor ketoconazole (400 mg) was simulated using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic simulator SimCyp in virtual subjects. The simulated midazolam data were analyzed by PopPK method under the following scenarios by applying COMD effect to (1) CLapponly, (2) CL and F, and (3) CLappand apparent volume of distribution (Vapp= V/F), assuming V is unchanged.

The mean simulated degree of interaction, measured by midazolam AUC ratio with and without ketoconazole (AUCR), was 10.28. Scenario 1 underestimated AUCR. When COMD was independently applied to F and Vappin scenarios 2 and 3, lower objective function values of the PopPK analysis and more accurate AUCR estimates were achieved. AUCR estimates were also dependent on sampling. The authors conclude that when significant inhibition of the first‐pass metabolism of the substrate is anticipated, COMD effects should be applied to both CL and F in PopPK analysis.
Drug policy under New Labour 1997-2010: Prolonging the war on drugs
Authors: Buchanan Julian
Published: September 2010

In 1997 New Labour came to power with a landslide victory. This period also marked a watershed for illicit drug use which had become so widespread across the UK that it was regarded as a mainstream adolescent experience. However, broadly speaking there were two groups of drug users: one group of young people who selectively used drugs on a recreational and largely non-problematic basis; while another group (usually unemployed and socially excluded), who used whatever drugs they could find in a chaotic and problematic manner. Drug taking had become a normalized activity and criminalization of these drugs seemed unenforceable, out of touch and inappropriate. Inheriting an unworkable 1971 Misuse of Drugs Act 1997 seemed an opportune time for the New Labour government to deliver on its ‘promise of change’ and introduce drug legislation fit for the new millennium. This article reflects upon some of the key policy and legal changes introduced by the New Labour government (1997—2010) to manage drug use and misuse.
New Labour and criminal justice: Reflections on a wasteland of missed opportunity
Authors: Vanstone Maurice
Published: September 2010

At the time of writing, the New Labour project has ended and Labour has returned to the opposition benches. It came into power in 1997 bringing with it a general optimism about change for the better, and in particular, hope that the penal and criminal justice systems would be steered away from the punitive populism of the Tory years and towards new constructive and rational goals based on values such as fairness and benevolence. This paper reflects back on that hope and concludes that whilst some positive achievements were made, New Labour’s overall performance in this field must be judged not only as disappointing but also as a failure to grasp a historic opportunity to change the face of criminal justice.
Who’s protecting who?
Authors: Scott David M
Published: September 2010

The author was invited by the Probation Journal to comment from his own leadership perspective on a serious case failure and its aftermath. He considers the context of the case, the predominant political culture of command and control and the crude allocation of blame. He concludes that these factors, together with political short-termism, jeopardize public protection because they preclude openness to learning at every level, including Government.
Legislate in haste, repent at leisure: The Criminal Justice Act 2003 and its consequences
Authors: Marston Pete
Published: September 2010

The author began to train as a probation officer in October 2004. In April 2005 the Criminal Justice Act 2003 (CJA 2003 or the Act) became active and over the next five years, the criminal justice system struggled to cope. Most of the author’s career has been spent working with the Act and this critical personal view will look back at the consequences of the CJA 2003 in three specific areas: community penalties, recalls and public protection sentences. Drawing on the available literature, government statistics and personal experience, it will show how the Act was an unwise exercise in sentencing reform and an excellent lesson in the law of unintended consequences.
Tackling hate by driving diversity: A New Labour success story?
Authors: Dixon Liz
Published: September 2010

This article reflects on the role of government in policy and practice developments regarding hate crime since the publication of the Lawrence Inquiry. It examines the key findings from the inquiry into Stephen’s death and its impact on specific criminal justice agencies. It reflects on the role of community activism. It summarizes the progress agencies have made in addressing the role of bias and hate in anti-social behaviour and offending. It explores the increased capacity to ‘read’ demographic trends to build community cohesion and anticipate community tensions. The article suggests that Labour’s leadership was a key driver in this progressive area of criminal justice and was characterized by its willingness to listen.
Dummy auxiliaries in the second language acquisition of Moroccan learners of Dutch: Form and function
Authors: van de Craats Ineke , van Hout Roeland
Published: September 2010

This study examines an interlanguage in which Moroccan learners of Dutch use non-thematic verbs in combination with thematic verbs that can be inflected as well. These non-thematic verbs are real dummy auxiliaries because they are deprived of semantic content and primarily have a syntactic function. Whereas in earlier second language (L2) research only patterns with ‘be’ were found for learners of three Germanic languages with various first language (L1) backgrounds, an alternative dummy auxiliary pattern was observed with ‘go’ in the data of the Moroccan learners of Dutch. We argue that the auxiliary pattern with ‘go’ is bootstrapped by the unique similarities between Dutch (L2) and Arabic (L1). The emergence of dummy auxiliaries precedes movement of the thematic verb, and it turns out that adult L2 learners can be plainly focused on expressing syntactic properties.
The Tax Consequences of Settlement Agreements
Authors: Erickson Elizabeth , Mirsky Ira B.
Published: September 2010

Employment-related disputes are a major business concern for many companies. These lawsuits are often brought by former employees and can include wage and hour claims (for missed rest breaks, overtime pay and off-the-clock work), discrimination and/or harassment claims, retaliation claims and wrongful termination claims. Claimed damages can include wage damages (such as lost wages, benefits and severance pay), nonwage damages (such as emotional distress, humiliation and injury to reputation), punitive damages, injunctive relief, statutory penalties, interest and attorneys’ fees and costs. Companies periodically agree to settle these types of lawsuits and may enter into agreements to make payments to the claimants and/or their lawyers. The tax reporting of settlement payments can be quite complex, and companies making such payments should be aware of approaches to handle some of the most common issues that arise under these settlement agreements and be aware of the recent Internal Revenue Service guidance on handling these issues.
Understanding-Misunderstanding
Authors: Condon Barbara Backer
Published: September 2010

Understanding-misunderstanding is an intrinsic part of being human. It is understanding that might be said to underscore all communication. This article is an in-depth exploration of the philosophical views regarding human understanding from some of the greatest philosophers in history, and a glimpse into the disciplines of sociology, psychology, and nursing in their views on human understanding or related concepts. Human understanding-misunderstanding is supported in the literature as a paradox—one that continues to be mysterious and illimitable. In fact, it is the belief of this author, in every human encounter, one cannot not understand-misunderstand.
The Effect of Low Literacy on the Self-Care Behaviors of Men Receiving Radiation Therapy
Authors: Wilson Feleta L. , Mood Darlene , Nordstrom Cheryl K. , Risk Joanne
Published: September 2010

Using Orem’s theory as the framework, two purposes guided the study: (a) to test the effectiveness of an audio-visual education program and behavioral contracting to promote self-care behaviors in managing radiation side effects and (b) to determine the extent to which low literacy affects self-care abilities. Seventy men diagnosed with prostate cancer participated in this experimental study. The nursing interventions of education and behavioral contracting significantly increased the self-care behaviors of men in managing radiation side effects. An increase in self-care behaviors was especially shown in men with low-literacy skills.
Feeling Unsure
Authors: Morrow Mary R.
Published: September 2010

Feeling unsure is a universal experience of health and quality of life. The purposes of this research study were to discover the structure of the lived experience of feeling unsure, to add to the body of knowledge on the phenomenon of feeling unsure, and expand the humanbecoming school of thought. The Parse research method was used to guide this study and answer the question, What is the structure of the lived experience of feeling unsure? Participants were 10 individuals living with chronic heart failure in the community. The processes of dialogical engagement, extraction-synthesis, and heuristic interpretation were used. The central finding of this study was the following structure: The lived experience of feeling unsure is discomforting trepidation with unassuredness-assuredness, as vigilantly anticipating possibles with treasured alliances arises with moments of acquiescence. New knowledge extended the theory of humanbecoming and enhanced understanding of the experience of feeling unsure.
A Focus on Human Flourishing
Authors: Bunkers Sandra Schmidt
Published: September 2010

In this column the author focuses on the concepts of human vulnerability and human flourishing. A parable is presented highlighting the importance of now, the present, in human flourishing. A bioethical, anthropological perspective and a nursing humanbecoming perspective on human flourishing are offered. Nursing education is challenged to emphasize the nursing theories of the discipline to teach the concept of human flourishing. Parse’s concept of true presence, the four postulates of humanbecoming, and the humanbecoming community change concepts illuminate a nursing theoretical understanding of human flourishing.
Quality of Worklife for Nurses
Authors: Milton Constance L.
Published: September 2010

Much has been written regarding the global nurse shortage. Frequently, authors and speakers who represent the discipline of nursing raise the topic of contextual barriers and limitations experienced in the practice setting as potential for the de-valuing of human dignity in the worklife of nurses. Quality of worklife issues arise and are reflected in observations of an ever-present difficulty with recruitment and retention of professional nurses in a multitude of global healthcare settings. This column is intended to begin a dialogue about the valuing of human dignity for nurses and the quality-of-life issues that surface as described by nurses and healthcare recipients that dramatically influence the quality of nursing practice from the humanbecoming school of thought.
Becoming a Nurse Researcher
Authors: Kostovich Carol , Saban Karen , Collins Eileen
Published: September 2010

This column is concerned with the mechanics of transitioning from being a new doctoral graduate to being a researcher with a solid program of study. To clarify these mechanics, the authors discuss the roles of being a research mentor, the expectations of being a mentee, and practical tips for sustaining a successful relationship.
A Human Care Approach to Nursing Peer Review
Authors: Morby Susan K. , Skalla Angela
Published: September 2010

Peer review is accepted as a necessary and appropriate mechanism by which to monitor professional behavior and facilitate professional development. The American Nurses Association has supported the process of peer review for over 2 decades. Although peer review is becoming a part of nursing practice and education, it has not been universally adopted. If nurses are apprehensive of peer review due to feelings of insecurity and distrust, it can prohibit peer review from being implemented. By using the theory of human care as the underpinning for the development and implementation of nursing peer review programs, a caring environment is created that helps nurses to accept and benefit from the process.
‘In vivo’ and ‘in vitro’ activity of Larrea divaricata Cav. on EL-4 cells
Authors: Davicino Roberto , Alonso Rosario , Anesini Claudia
Published: September 2010

Larrea divaricata is a plant widely used in folk medicine in Argentina. It has been demonstrated that an aqueous extract of L. divaricata possesses a biphasic effect on cell proliferation, at low concentrations exerts a stimulatory action and at high concentrations exerts anti-proliferative effects upon the T lymphoma BW 5147; therefore, we propose in this paper to test the effect of the extract ‘in vitro’ and ‘in vivo’ in another T-cell lymphoma named EL-4. It was analyzed ‘in vitro’ cell proliferation by tritiated thymidine uptake and the effect of the extract on tumors induced in mice analyzing tumor progression and survival.The results showed that the aqueous extract induced the proliferation of tumor cells at all the concentrations studied. The results ‘in vivo’ showed that the aqueous extract stimulated significantly the size of tumors and that untreated mice lived longer than those treated. It is important to be very careful when plant extracts are selected for the treatment of several diseases. Consequently, before using a plant extract, specific scientific studies must be undertaken on different models to certificate therapeutic and adverse effects. Moreover, it can be said that L. divaricata has a specific anti-tumor mechanism of action depending on the targets.
Perpetuating the ‘lack of evidence’ discourse in sport for development: Privileged voices, unheard stories and subjugated knowledge
Authors: Nicholls Sara , Giles Audrey R , Sethna Christabelle
Published: September 2010

Through an examination of the power relations embedded in the international movement of sport for development, we consider the dominant ‘lack of evidence’ discourse, which calls for more rigorous, scientific proof to validate the sport for development field. We argue that the lack of co-creation of knowledges, the politics of partnerships, and donor-driven priorities have subjugated sport for development practitioners’ knowledge, and therefore fueled this lack of evidence discourse. Acknowledging and privileging the contributions that typically female, young, black African sport for development grassroots practitioners’ knowledges make to the field will concomitantly result in a more robust evidence base and challenge the lack of evidence discourse.
Using Guided Notes to Enhance Instruction for All Students
Authors: Konrad Moira , Joseph Laurice M. , Itoi Madoka
Published: September 2010

Taking notes from lectures or reading material can be challenging, especially for those who have learning disabilities. An alternative to traditional note-taking is a method called guided notes, which has been found to improve the accuracy of students’ notes, increase the frequency of student responses, and improve students’ quiz and test performance. Additionally, research has revealed that students prefer to use guided notes over taking their own notes or using preprinted notes. The purpose of this article is to provide teachers with several suggestions for creating and using guided notes to enhance other effective teaching methods, support students’ studying, and promote higher order thinking.
Estimation of Best Mounting Positions for Vibratory Equipment in Buildings
Authors: Fenglei Zu  , Cheuk Ming Mak
Published: September 2010

It is of engineering interest to be able to estimate the best mounting position for isolated vibratory equipment in buildings, as doing so successfully means the minimum amount of overall structure-borne sound power will be transmitted to the floor structure. In this paper, a method is proposed to determine this position. A numerical approach, known as the finite difference method, and a modal testing process, the frequency domain decomposition method, are used to obtain a value for the floor mobility at all possible mounting points. The results show that it is difficult to select the best mounting positions at frequencies near the natural frequency of the vibratory system and eigenfrequency of the floor. Such positions are comparatively easier to determine at the higher frequency ratio of 6—14.
Repetitive Learning Control of a Flexible Whisker in Tip Contact with an Unknown Surface
Authors: Haiyu Zhao  , Rahn Christopher D
Published: September 2010

Repetitive contact imaging uses a flexible whisker attached to a two-axis robot through a load cell. Assuming small deformations and rotations, the pitch axis decouples from the yaw. The yaw axis, under proportional—integral—derivative control, sweeps periodically back and forth across the object while the pitch axis, under repetitive learning (RL) control, maintains a uniform contact force. Once the RL controller converges, the three-dimensional contact points can be determined using an elastica algorithm. The RL controller is proven stable based on a distributed parameter beam model and is experimentally shown to provide a stable performance with improved moment regulation when compared with under proportional-derivative control.
Dynamic response of damped von Koch antennas
Authors: Carpinteri Alberto , Pugno Nicola , Sapora Alberto
Published: September 2010

In this paper, the mechanical behavior of a von Koch beam, with different indentation angles, is investigated. Reductions of stiffness, mass and damping matrices lead to simple analytical recursive relationships depending on the fractal dimension of the structure. Results are then exploited to perform a complete modal analysis, which suggests peculiar scaling laws for the natural and damped frequencies. Eventually, the response of the structure to the unit step function is considered. The analysis suggests a new methodology to optimize the damping response of fractal antennas.
Urbanization and the Natural Environment: An Environmental Sociological Review and Synthesis
Authors: Clement Matthew Thomas
Published: September 2010

The relationship between urbanization and the natural environment has never been the focus of an environmental sociological study. This article is an initial attempt to address that gap. First, in the introduction, the author discusses how early traditional urban sociologists and human ecologists variably expressed the human exemptionalism paradigm when examining urbanization. Then, in the body of the article, the author provides an overview of the struggle in environmental sociology to find connections between urbanization and the natural environment. The main focus is on how environmental sociologists have theorized the environmental impact of urbanization, although other relevant topics (e.g., environmental justice in the city) are briefly addressed. Through the course of the article, several principles are developed to help guide a future environmental sociology of urbanization. In the conclusion, the author cites research done by other social and natural scientists to further elaborate on these principles.
Iconic Brands
Authors: Kravets Olga , Örge Örsan
Published: September 2010

This article takes the story of a monument to a Soviet brand of cheese as a starting point for discussing the socio-material practices that underlie the elevation of some brands to iconic status in the post-Soviet context. While the literature on iconic or ‘symbolically dense’ brands primarily focuses on shared meanings and ideas that iconic goods come to stand for, we argue that a material perspective provides a richer and more nuanced understanding of this consecration process. Accordingly, we consider the manifold material forms and practices through which the iconic status of some Soviet goods is constituted and identify (perceived) material constancy, monumentalization and legal codification as three main realms through which the transcendent socio-cultural values of these brands are contested and established. We take the story of a monument to a brand as a challenge to bringing the notion of materiality into a more explicit and dynamic relationship with signification, thus moving from the separation of the two notions. Such a move, we suggest, helps elaborate the role of iconic consumer goods in re-constructing social bonds, community identities and ideology.
Remembering and Repatriation
Authors: Krmpotich Cara
Published: September 2010

The motivations for and outcomes of repatriation are frequently described within post-colonial processes of self-determination and self-representation. In contrast, repatriation is here considered as an expression of kinship and as a means of producing collective memory and identity. This article considers the repatriation process undertaken by the Haida First Nation to return their ancestors’ remains from museum collections with a particular focus on the material culture made by Haidas to remember, respect and rebury their ancestors. Joined through shared, embodied experiences of making, using and encountering artefacts, it is argued that the repatriation process has reinforced kinship relations and identity through the production of collective memory.
Repatriation Without Patria
Authors: Singh Kavita
Published: September 2010

Most claims for the repatriation of artefacts are made by newly sovereign nations, or by communities emerging from a period of domination. They dispute the legal and moral rights of former powers to remove objects from their original home. What meanings can ‘repatriation’ have for Tibet, which exists both as a province of China and as an exile community that has established a ‘virtual’ nation with a government-in-exile? This article studies some Tibetan artefacts that have been in circulation since 1959, to show the ambiguities surrounding ideas of a ‘home’ for such objects; in this context, removing an object from its original location can be an act of theft and of salvage. The author demonstrates how the idea of ‘repatriation’ is often invoked in relation to the current global circulation of Tibetan artefacts in order to make claims about legitimacy and nationhood.
An inter-comparison of a steady-state and transient methods for measuring the thermal conductivity of thin specimens of masonry materials
Authors: Salmon David R , Tye Ronald P
Published: September 2010

Recent standardization developments within the European Union relating to masonry and block systems now allow calculation of thermal performance to be undertaken based on the block configuration and reliable values of the material thermal conductivity. In general, to attain the optimum thermal resistance of a block a minimum amount of material is used such that the webs and faces bounding the air spaces are usually of the order of 6—8 mm. However, the current standard measurement methods are not suitable or precise enough for direct measurement on thin specimens cut from blocks. As a result the masonry industry requested that CEN TC89 investigate and recommend candidate alternative methods suitable for standardization.

A working group was established and following consideration of the issues involved, including, in particular, the thermal conductivity range, simplicity, small size, and short operating times, two methods were proposed for further investigation. The first was the steady-state guarded heat flow meter and the second the transient hot strip in both its linear and disc configurations. In order to verify their applicability both methods were used in an initial inter-comparison involving a total of nine organizations. Measurements were made at or close to room temperature on uniform thin test specimens fabricated from a batch of one typical masonry material.

This article contains details of the distinctive features and suitability of each method for the task, the participants, the material and test criteria, and includes a summary and discussion of the results that includes unexpected effects due to anisotropy in the particular material. Overall, the results were very promising such that a further series of intercomparison measurements is now underway on some typical materials within the total conductivity range for masonry type products.
Hot box investigations and theoretical assessments of miscellaneous vacuum insulation panel configurations in building envelopes
Authors: Grynning Steinar , Jelle Bjørn Petter , Uvsløkk Sivert , Gustavsen Arild , Baetens Ruben , Caps Roland , Meløysund Vivian
Published: September 2010

Vacuum insulation panels (VIPs) are regarded as one of the most promising existing high performance thermal insulation solutions on the market today as their thermal performance typically range 5—10 times better than traditional insulation materials. However, the VIPs have several disadvantages such as risk of puncturing by penetration of nails and that they cannot be cut or fitted at the construction site. Furthermore, thermal bridging due to the panel envelope and load-bearing elements may have a large effect on the overall thermal performance. Finally, degradation of thermal performance due to moisture and air diffusion through the panel envelope is also a crucial issue for VIPs. In this work, laboratory investigations have been carried out by hot box measurements. These experimental results have been compared with numerical simulations of several wall structure arrangements of vacuum insulation panels. Various VIP edge and overlap effects have been studied. Measured U-values from hot box VIP large-scale experiments correspond well with numerical calculated U-values when actual values of the various parameters are used as input values in the numerical simulations.
New pharmacological strategies for the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis
Authors: Gogali Athena , Wells Athol U.
Published: September 2010

The treatment of pulmonary fibrosis continues to pose major difficulties. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), the most prevalent chronic fibrosing lung disease, is a devastating condition that carries a prognosis worse than that of many cancers. Abnormalities in multiple pathways involved in wound healing and inflammation lead to the development of this condition. High doses of corticosteroids are now contraindicated in IPF, although they have a role in other fibrosing lung diseases. More effective treatments are urgently required and a number of novel candidate therapies have been put forward, based on animal and in vitro work. As in other complex disorders, it is likely that combinations of agents, rather than single treatments, will be needed. The principle of combination therapy was recently endorsed by the guidelines of the British Thoracic Society, which make a weak recommendation for a combination of prednisolone, azathioprine and N-acetylcysteine. However, enrolment of patients into trials of new therapies is considered to be ‘best current practice’ as this offers sufferers with IPF the chance to receive new agents that may be more effective than current treatments. In pulmonary fibrotic disorders other than IPF, anti-inflammatory therapy is broadly appropriate and benefits most patients, but a clear treatment strategy is essential. The art of management is to distinguish accurately between inherently stable fibrotic disease (with treatment not required), progressive predominantly fibrotic disease (with low-dose long-term treatment warranted to retard progression) and the presence of major associated inflammation (justifying initial high-dose treatment).
Nutritional Profile of Children Under 5 Years of Age in a Tribal Community in the District of Maldah, West Bengal
Authors: Bhattacharyya Krishnadas , Sarkar Tapas Kumar
Published: September 2010

Objectives: To determine the nutritional status of under-5 tribal children. Design: Community-based cross-sectional observational study. Setting: Three tribal villages of the Chanchal II block of the Maldah district in West Bengal. Subjects and Methods: In 3 tribal villages, 188 children under 5 years of age were examined to detect nutritional deficiency disorders. By anthropometric measurement, nutritional grading of them was determined. Interviews of mothers provided breast-feeding and weaning practices. Results: 63.83% of study subjects were suffering from different grades of malnutrition. Prevalence of anaemia and angular stomatitis was 45.74% and 19.12%, respectively, among them.
Influence of Names on Career Choices in Medicine
Authors: Abel Ernest L
Published: September 2010

AbstractThree studies showed that medical doctors and lawyers were disproportionately more likely to have surnames that resembled their professions. A fourth study showed that, for doctors, this influence extended to the type of medicine they practiced. Study 1 found that people with the surname "Doctor" were more likely to be doctors than lawyers, whereas those with the surname "Lawyer" were more likely to be lawyers. Studies 2 and 3 broadened this finding by comparing doctors and lawyers whose first or last names began with three-letter combinations representative of their professions, for example, "doc," "law," and likewise found a significant relationship between name and profession. Study 4 found that the initial letters of physicians' last names were significantly related to their subspecialty, for example, Raymonds were more likely to be radiologists than dermatologists. These results provide further evidence names influence medical career choices.
The Social Use of Yorùbá Personal Names
Authors: Ikotun Reuben O
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis study examines the principles and practice involved in the clipping of Yorùbá personal names based on the preference of either the addressee or the speaker. It also illustrates the pragmatics and discourse roles of Yorùbá names among the contemporary Yorùbá people. The study, which is descriptive, draws its data from the previous studies on Yorùbá personal names, some Yorùbá textbooks, recorded utterances, election posters and participant observation. The study shows that the social functions of Yorùbá personal names include, among others, caution, power, a play on words, nostalgia, love, echo, joy, disappointment, sorrow, encouragement, and invigorating remarks. It is also pointed out that Yorùbá personal names can be used in greetings or as greetings, and the use depicts that the Yorùbá are a loving, caring, and accommodating people who express their affection, affinity, intimacy, and friendliness even in their greetings.
Is a Theory of Names Possible?
Authors: Algeo John
Published: September 2010

AbstractA theory is needed in any systematic study to guide those working in the field. Theories are of two types: strong or scientific, which contain an experimental procedure for potentially disproving the theory, and weak or general, which are incapable of disproof but are still useful guidelines for study. Onomastics, like linguistics generally, is capable of only a weak theory. Seven desiderata for a theory of names are suggested.
A Note on Names for Energy Drink Brands and Products
Authors: Nuessel Frank
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis note examines selectively the names and language associated with popular energy drinks. It defines energy drink, provides a brief history of these products, describes their characteristics, and discusses the names and language used in the marketing of such products. It includes a table of the most popular beverages lists the products by brand and name.
Names in Marilynne Robinson's Gilead and Home
Authors: Petit Susan
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe titles of Marilynne Robinson's complementary novels Gilead (2004) and Home (2008) and the names of their characters are rich in allusions, many of them to the Bible and American history, making this tale of two Iowa families in 1956 into an exploration of American religion with particular reference to Christianity and civil rights. The books' titles suggest healing and comfort but also loss and defeat. Who does the naming, what the name is, and how the person who is named accepts or rejects the name reveal the sometimes difficult relationships among these characters. The names also reinforce the books' endorsement of a humanistic Christianity and a recommitment to racial equality.
Proper Names in the Polish Global Reality
Authors: Rutkiewicz-Hanczewska Małgorzata
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe paper presents the most recent names, particularly those related to cities and towns (especially names of buildings, streets, factories, and shops) against the background of current globalization processes that assume various forms of unification or individualization.Proper names are treated as units that co-create the local identity (narrative names) or transparent identity (transparent names). Narrative names as defined in the paper are created from existing proper names. Proprial narration is understood here as multidirectional references made by certain onyms to other objects, for instance the names of buildings connecting to names of nearby streets, lakes, or islands. On the other hand, transparent designations are anonymous names that conceal the origin of denotats. They indicate an unreal origin (e.g., English or Italian) of the named object.
A Byzantine hagiographical parody: Life of Mary the Younger
Authors: Constantinou Stavroula
Published: September 2010

In this paper, it is argued that The Life of Mary the Younger, an anonymous Byzantine text of the eleventh century, has a conscious intertextual dialogue with the oldest Byzantine Life venerating a holy woman, the Life of Macrina written by her brother, Gregory of Nyssa, between 380 and 383. The intertextual relation between these two female Lives takes the form of parody. Following Linda Hutcheon’s theory of parody, this article shows how the anonymous hagiographer of Mary reworks Gregory’s authoritative text to create a new work, a parody in terms of postmodern literary criticism, whose aim was to criticise old and contemporary customs, conventions and ideologies. In other words, the present article approaches and decodes the literariness, the function and ideology of Mary’s Life in the light of Macrina’s Life.
Writing the Plague: William Austin's Epiloimia Epe, or, the Anatomy of the Pestilence (1666) and the Crisis of Early Modern Representation
Authors: Miller Kathleen
Published: September 2010

The Great Plague of London (1665) brought the city to a halt. To the percussive rattle of dead-carts trundling through the city's streets to collect those who had succumbed to the illness, citizens conducted their lives around an epidemic that would kill between 75,000 and 100,000 Londoners. In tandem with the onslaught of plague, an epidemic of printed material spread through London's streets, commenting on and contextualizing the outbreak. The Great Plague of London provided more opportunities to share information through print than any previous outbreak. In his poem Epiloimia Epe, or, the Anatomy of the Pestilence (1666), William Austin relates his story of the outbreak while interrogating two aspects of print culture: first, print's capacity to convey truth and humanity during the stressful event of plague and, secondly, the medium's meaning to a seventeenth-century English author. This article argues that Austin's apprehension over the print medium is felt in two distinct ways throughout his lengthy poem: in the conflict he expresses over writing specifically for print and in his exposé of nefarious printing ventures that flourished during the epidemic. In his effort to capture the plague within the confines of a book, Austin finds himself torn between the medium he uses to carry his message forward and its insufficiency to convey the complexity of a city in disorder during plague times.