bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The immunology of Bordetella pertussis infection and vaccination
Authors: Wilk Mieszko M. , Allen Aideen C. , Misiak Alicja , Borkner Lisa , Mills Kingston H.G.
Published: February 2019

Bordetella pertussis causes whooping cough (pertussis), a severe and sometimes fatal respiratory infectious disease, especially in young infants. Pertussis can be prevented in infants and children by immunization with either whole-cell pertussis (wP) or acellular pertussis (aP) vaccines; however, its incidence is increasing in many countries despite high vaccine coverage. This resurgence in populations immunized with aP vaccines has been attributed to (1) genetic changes in circulating strains of B. pertussis resulting from vaccine-driven immune selection, (2) waning protective immunity due to poor induction of immunological memory, or (3) a failure of aP vaccines to induce the appropriate arm(s) of the cellular immune responses required to prevent infection. Studies in a baboon model have suggested that previous infection prevents reinfection as well as disease, whereas aP vaccines fail to prevent nasal colonization and transmission of B. pertussis. Studies in the mouse model have demonstrated that immunization with wP vaccines induces Th1 and Th17 responses, whereas aP vaccines promote Th2-skewed responses and high antibody titres. Thus, while aP vaccine-induced antibodies may prevent pertussis, they may not prevent nasal colonization or transmission. Emerging data have suggested that replacing alum with novel adjuvants based on pathogen-associated molecular patterns has the capacity to switch the responses induced with aP vaccines to the more protective Th1/Th17 responses and may also enhance immunological memory. It is likely that third-generation pertussis vaccines will be based on live attenuated bacteria or aP formulations with novel adjuvants, which prevent nasal and lung infection and induce sustained immunity through induction of memory T cells.
Pertussis epidemiology
Authors: Crowcroft Natasha , Miller Elizabeth
Published: February 2019

Bordetella pertussis is an exclusively human pathogen found worldwide in all populations. Complications of pertussis including bronchopneumonia, failure to thrive from post-tussive vomiting, cerebral hypoxia leading to brain damage, and death are strongly concentrated in infants. The similarity in mortality profile with age between countries that are markedly different with respect to demography, health systems, socioeconomic status, and surveillance systems is striking. It is because infants are most likely to suffer serious complications of infection or die that prevention of pertussis in infants is the primary goal of immunization programmes. Of all the vaccine-preventable infections, pertussis remains the most epidemiologically challenging to understand. This is partly because of surveillance issues but also the lack of an established correlate of protection that allows susceptible and immune individuals to be distinguished. These factors are compounded by our imperfect understanding of the mechanism of protection from acellular and whole-cell vaccines, and the product-specific differences in efficacy and effectiveness. It can therefore be difficult for policymakers to be confident about the optimal number and timing of primary doses and how many and at what age booster doses should be given in their setting, as reflected in the plethora of schedules in use throughout the world. There are even greater challenges for the World Health Organization when attempting to make global policy as lessons learned in one setting may not appear to apply in others. What is clear is that high coverage early in infancy with three doses of an effective vaccine greatly reduces pertussis mortality and severe morbidity in all settings and that many infants in resource-poor settings are still deprived of that benefit.
Role of vaccine schedules
Authors: McVernon Jodie , Melker Hester de
Published: February 2019

Over the past 60 years, pertussis vaccines have been implemented in national immunization programme schedules at a variety of ages. All countries administer the vaccine as an infant primary series, but the number and exact timing of these doses differ, as do the number and timing of booster doses. In consequence, short-term direct protection of age-appropriately immunized children varies by schedule. This variability influences vaccine impact on the burden of disease, because the risk of severe morbidity and mortality is greatest in early life and decreases thereafter. In addition, vaccine-derived immunity wanes over time, meaning that longer intervals between doses are predicted to increase the risk of breakthrough infections throughout childhood and adolescence, fuelling ongoing transmission and cyclic epidemics. The duration of protection following vaccination is substantially shorter than following infection, although absolute estimates vary widely across populations and studies.
Reimagining Secularism
Authors: Bhargava Rajeev
Published: February 2019

This chapter offers a cogent defence of secularism against influential postcolonial and cultural difference perspectives. It offers an elaboration and defence of a particular normative variant of secularism, principled distance. The author argues that in order to survive as a transcultural ideal, and to adequately address problems of diversity and domination, secularism should be reimagined as the principled distance of state from religion, in contrast to strict separation and other idealized Western conceptions of secularism. Principled distance can be found in the best interpretation of the Indian Constitution and is a contextual ideal; it requires the state to respect religiosity but oppose institutionalized religious domination. Principled distance offers an example of how secularism can be ‘de-Christianized, de-Westernized, de-privatized, and de-individualized’.
US Exceptionalism in the Regulation of Religion
Authors: Sullivan Winnifred Fallers
Published: February 2019

This chapter considers the remarkable diversity of American religion from the beginning: the constitutionalizing of religion, the reasons for delayed implementation of the First Amendment religion clauses, the evolution of free exercise and establishment clause doctrine, and the ongoing difficulty of defining religion for US law. What makes US regulation of religion stand out among national legal orders is the dual commitment to federalism and to disestablishment. With a low ‘statism’ and a strong commitment to equality—theological, as well as political—academic expertise has little purchase on the national mind. Religion is what the people say it is. That is a very old story in the US.
Rethinking Secularism in Europe
Authors: Zucca Lorenzo
Published: February 2019

Recent terrorist attacks show the extent to which Europe faces a double threat: on one hand fundamentalist religion, on the other negative secularism. France is a paradigmatic example of negative secularism, which attempts to discredit religion altogether. I propose instead that Europe should subscribe to a positive understanding of secularism, which can be understood as a political or as an ethical project. Either way, the point of positive secularism is to distance itself from religion in order to embrace diversity of all types, religious and non-religious. Political secularism relies on the hope of reaching overlapping consensus between religious and non-religious people. Ethical secularism aims instead to protect diversity by promoting the establishment of a marketplace of religions, which acknowledges a public role for religion while regulating it. The marketplace of religions promotes religious pluralism and helps to iron out the different treatments between religions. Ethical secularism aims to be a worldview of worldviews, creating the preconditions for all religious and non-religious people to live well together.
The Distributional Effects of Economic Growth
Authors: Fields Gary S.
Published: February 2019

The world contains 1.3 billion desperately poor people who subsist on less than one U.S. dollar per person per day, and another 1.7 billion who live on between one and two U.S. dollars per person per day. With such low incomes, they are unable to attain a minimal standard of living, as gauged by access to adequate food, clothing, shelter, clean water, sanitation facilities, education, and health services. The world’s billions of poor live on the “margin of life” – their material well-being, their happiness, and even, in the most severe cases, their very existence hanging in the balance
On-the-Job Search in a Labor Market Model: Ex Ante Choices and Ex Post Outcomes
Authors: Fields Gary S.
Published: February 2019

This chapter builds a multi-sector labor market model including wage dualism, open unemployment, underemployment, on-the-job search, and expected wage equalization. The innovative feature of this model is the distinction between the ex ante allocation of the labor force among search strategies and the ex post allocation of the labor force among labor market outcomes. Among the findings are: more efficient on-the-job search lowers the equilibrium unemployment rate; in a rational expectations equilibrium, the average rural and urban wages will not be equal; modern sector enlargement may leave labor market conditions in one of the sectors unchanged, even when wages and employment in that sector are fully flexible.
Do Inequality Measures Measure Inequality?
Authors: Fields Gary S.
Published: February 2019

In the literature, much attention has been paid to a number of aspects of inequality including the distinction between relative and absolute inequality, axiomatization of inequality, the Lorenz criterion for inequality comparisons, properties of various inequality measures, and inequality decomposition. In no way do I wish to argue with the main results derived in these areas. Rather, my purpose here is to add to the theory of inequality measurement by dealing with one aspect of inequality which has been largely ignored by economists and by others. This is the question of how inequality changes – in particular, whether it increases, decreases, or remains unchanged – when income grows in specified ways. The balance of this chapter deals with two distinct conceptual entities, “inequality” and “inequality measures.” The next section analyzes how “inequality” might be said to change under various types of economic growth and explores the foundations for alternative views. One approach in terms of “elitism of the rich” and “isolation of the poor” is then described. The following section looks into the behavior of “inequality measures” and the relationship between “inequality measures” and “inequality,” and a final section draws some conclusions.
A Welfare Economic Analysis of Labor Market Policies in the Harris-Todaro Model
Authors: Fields Gary S.
Published: February 2019

This chapter presents a welfare economic analysis of the benefits of various labor market policies in the Harris-Todaro labor market model. The policies considered are a policy of modern sector job creation, called modern sector enlargement (MSENL); a policy of rural development, called traditional sector enrichment (TSENR); and a policy of wage limitation in the urban economy, called modern sector wage restraint (MSWR). First, the inequality effects of these policies are analyzed. Then two welfare economic analyses are performed, the first based on summary measures of labor market conditions (total labor earnings, unemployment, inequality of labor incomes, and poverty rates) and the second based on dominance analysis in the labor market, in both cases assuming that the costs are borne elsewhere. The results of the welfare analyses are compared, and it is shown that TSENR unambiguously increases welfare in the labor market using both approaches, the other policies yield ambiguous results, and no policy is unambiguously welfare-decreasing.
Setting Limits
Authors: Sulkunen Pekka , Babor Thomas F. , Cisneros Ornberg Jenny , Egerer Michael , Hellman Matilda , Livingstone Charles , Marionneau Virve , Nikkinen Janne , Orford Jim , Room Robin , Rossow Ingeborg
Published: February 2019

Commercial gambling has developed in the past few decades into a complex enterprise that is at once a recreational activity, a global profit-making industry, and a potentially harmful behavior. New technologies, large for-profit corporations, and extended legalization, have changed the contexts and traditional roles of gambling. Using a public interest framework, this book discusses gambling policies that will best serve the public good. The book critically evaluates the scientific research on regulations designed to prevent or reduce the individual and collective harm from the activity. Efficient methods have a high probability of success if adequate consideration is given to the complexity of the problems. The difficulty is political: the use of these methods most likely conflicts with financial considerations. Problem users bring in the largest share of the money to the trade. Preventing gambling-related harm is rarely possible without limiting the overall volume of the activity.
The range and burden of gambling problems
Authors: Sulkunen Pekka , Babor Thomas F. , Cisneros Örnberg Jenny , Egerer Michael , Hellman Matilda , Livingstone Charles , Marionneau Virve , Nikkinen Janne , Orford Jim , Room Robin , Rossow Ingeborg
Published: February 2019

This chapter discusses the diverse problems—for individuals, families, communities, and society—which are associated with gambling. A public interest approach must assess the global expansion of gambling in the light of the whole range of its problematic consequences.The burden of gambling problems is not limited to the behavior itself; its consequences range from psychological suffering to economic and social damage, extending far beyond the gambling individuals and their immediate sphere of life. Gambling behavior itself does not need to be problematic to cause harm. Research has connected gambling to criminality, as well as other societal impacts ranging from social inequality to environmental questions. Gambling as a governmental solution to revenue needs faces the risk of turning poverty into misery, even for many who do not themselves gamble at all.
The total volume of gambling and the prevalence of gambling problems
Authors: Sulkunen Pekka , Babor Thomas F. , Cisneros Örnberg Jenny , Egerer Michael , Hellman Matilda , Livingstone Charles , Marionneau Virve , Nikkinen Janne , Orford Jim , Room Robin , Rossow Ingeborg
Published: February 2019

The total consumption model (TCM) implies that only a small fraction of gamblers account for a very large fraction of all gambling activities and of all gambling expenditures. This does not necessarily mean that every gambler with high gambling expenses has problems, but the probability increases with increasing intensity. Ironically, heavy gamblers are influenced by the activities of those who participate only moderately: the more people take up gambling, the more likely vulnerable individuals will be recruited as well. The importance of total volume of gambling in society is reinforced by the fact that the accumulated harm caused by low-risk gamblers in fact exceeds the harm caused by excessive gambling. Although adaptation theory suggests that harmful consequences recede once the novelty of innovation subsides, every increase in consumption increases the risk of harm.
Summary and conclusions: gambling policy and the public interest
Authors: Sulkunen Pekka , Babor Thomas F. , Cisneros Örnberg Jenny , Egerer Michael , Hellman Matilda , Livingstone Charles , Marionneau Virve , Nikkinen Janne , Orford Jim , Room Robin , Rossow Ingeborg
Published: February 2019

This chapter summarizes the evidence from previous chapters, leading to three basic conclusions. First, gambling has both malign and benign redistributing effects. The benign effects are those that help fund necessary social activities; the malign effects are those that make the poor even poorer and the unhappy even unhappier. Second, gambling is concentrated in a very small group of heavy users, most of whom can ill afford to fund the benign effects. Third, gambling problems reinforce other vulnerabilities. These three conclusions make gambling policy an issue of distributive justice. Evidence shows that prevention of gambling problems, treatment, and harm reduction measures can be successful, if consideration is given to the complexity of the problems themselves. Government revenue and funding toward good causes from gambling create dependencies that may influence policymaking. Gambling regulation should be separated from both of those interests.
The Language of Love
Authors: Holloway Sally
Published: February 2019

This chapter rediscovers the ‘script’ shaping romantic language in Georgian England. As the social psychologist Lubomir Lamy argues, love ‘is first and foremost a story’, with individuals following a ‘script for love that describes how a romantic relationship should normally unfold’. The chapter provides a thematic overview of the various religious, physical, and literary tropes shaping the language of love. It sets out the wider framework that guided the language used by lovers in Georgian England, and how they conceived, navigated—and therefore experienced—love itself. The language of love is presented as a learned style crafted within a number of historically specific frameworks, which enabled couples to elucidate their feelings, determine their compatibility, chart the changing status of their relationship, and build a closer emotional bond before matrimony.
The Contractualisation of Labour Law
Authors: Gardner John
Published: February 2019

This chapter explores the idea that labour law rests on ‘a contractual foundation’, and the idea that work relations today are ever more ‘contractualised’. Section 1 lays out some essentials of British labour law and its connections with the common law of contract. Section 2 explains what contractualisation is, not yet focusing attention on the specific context of labour law. The main claims are that contract is not a specifically legal device, and that contractualisation is therefore not a specifically legal process, even when the law is complicit in it. Section 3 shifts attention to the world of work, especially the employment relationship. Here the main ideas are that the employment relationship is not (apart from the law) a contractual relationship, and that all the norms of the employment relationship cannot therefore be captured adequately in a contract, legally binding or otherwise. Section 4 illustrates the latter point by focusing on the rationale and the limits of the employer’s authority over the employee. A contractual rationale yields the wrong limits. It gives its blessing to authoritarian work regimes and lends credence to the miserable view that work is there to pay for the life of the worker without forming part of that life. Throughout the chapter there are intimations of the conclusion drawn in section 5: that contractualisation, in the labour market at least, is a process that lovers of freedom, as well as lovers of self-realisation, should resist—or rather, should have resisted while they still had the chance.
Distributive Justice and Labour Law
Authors: Davidov Guy
Published: February 2019

Redistribution is considered one of the main goals of labour law. When we refer to redistribution as a goal, we usually do so, implicitly, as shorthand for distributive justice. The goal of this chapter is to explore theories of distributive justice, and ask to what extent current labour laws are in line with those ideas, and what else can (or should) labour law do to advance this goal. Several theories are examined: that distributive justice should be based on ‘desert’; theories of distributional equality—notably, luck egalitarianism—which demand redistribution in order to achieve equality in distribution; and theories of redistribution as instrumental to the advancement of equality. At the end of each section, the possible implications for labour law are briefly considered, both in terms of employer–employee relations and in terms of intra-worker distribution. The question will be: what kinds of labour market regulations (if at all) can be supported by each distributive justice theory? Specifically, to what extent do these theories justify existing labour laws? Then in the concluding section some remarks are offered on one area that requires new labour law regulations to address distributive justice concerns: in the light of the previous sections, several steps are suggested that should be taken to address divisions in two-tier and dual labour markets.
A Risk Theory of Exploitation
Authors: Spector Horacio
Published: February 2019

This chapter offer a risk theory of labour exploitation that is based on contemporary economic and financial theory. In advanced economies capitalists have very sophisticated ways of spreading their risk through portfolios of investments in stocks, bonds, and other instruments. This diversification of capital allows them to reduce or control natural aversion to risk to large losses. Now, because workers only own their workforce, they must contemplate unemployment as a threatening alternative to any employment offer they may consider. Therefore, they must make high-stakes decisions under conditions of risk aversion. Since they make risk-averse decisions, they are led to accept wages and conditions that they would reject if they could choose in a risk-neutral way. The chapter suggests that labour law is a set of institutions that tends to rectify the situation of risk aversion to which labourers are led by a productive and legal system that, simultaneously, allows capitalists to diversify their risks.
The Right to Strike and Contestatory Citizenship
Authors: Bogg Alan , Estlund Cynthia
Published: February 2019

Is the right to strike a fundamental right? If so, what are its philosophical foundations? This chapter argues that the right to strike is a fundamental right resting upon three basic liberties: freedom from forced labour, freedom of association, and freedom of expression. In so doing, it challenges and rejects two dominant strategies in arguing for a fundamental right to strike: (a) that the right is derivative of a single basic liberty; (b) that the right is derivative of a right to collective bargaining. The contours of these basic liberties are developed using the republican ideal of non-domination and contestatory citizenship. Having defended a republican account of the philosophical foundations of the right to strike, the chapter then uses that framework to explore how the basic regulatory questions of a ‘right to strike’ have been addressed in Canada, the UK, and the US.
Volunteer Work, Inclusivity, and Social Equality
Authors: Tsuruda Sabine
Published: February 2019

This chapter argues that current attempts in employment law to distinguish volunteers from employees on the basis of volunteer work’s civic, humanitarian, or charitable character are premised on overly narrow views of the moral significance of work. The chapter proposes that the law distinguish volunteer work from employment on the basis of the work’s merit inclusivity—inclusivity with respect to skill and ability. By offering people access to a broader range of social projects than their skills might offer in the labour market, merit inclusive volunteering opportunities can lessen the risk that skill and ability will confine people to particular social roles. Distinguishing volunteers from employees on the basis of merit inclusivity can thus create a more principled volunteer–employee legal boundary and can preserve legal space for work that lessens inegalitarian effects of the labour market on opportunities to participate in social life.
Reinforcing the Philosophical Foundations of Social Inclusion: The Isolated Worker in the Isolated State
Authors: Freedland Mark
Published: February 2019

This chapter considers two very different pillars of the foundations of labour law’s edifice of social inclusion and argues that they both need reinforcing, though in different ways. One of these pillars is concerned with its apparatus for structuring and determining the work relations which come within its scope (the ‘relational structure pillar’). The other is concerned with the regulation of admission of immigrants who wish to work in a particular nation-state (the ‘labour migration pillar’). Some suggestions are advanced for the reinforcement of both these pillars by refining our philosophy of social inclusion and applying that improved understanding to the labour law’s construction of both these pillars; the notions of the isolated worker and the isolated state are invoked to identify the instabilities which currently weaken them.
Dynastic Politics and the British Reformations, 1558-1630
Authors: Questier Michael
Published: February 2019

This volume deals with royal dynastic politics during the post-Reformation period. The royal succession and the business of marriage into other royal and princely families were central to public politics. But the Reformation raised questions in some parts of Europe about how far hereditary right was necessarily the key to deciding the path of the succession, and whether other issues might not be taken into account in identifying where and with whom royal power should be located and whether the sovereign should, under certain circumstances, have to make concessions to particular readings of spiritual authority. In that context, the claim here is not only that the conventional historiography on the Reformation in the British Isles fits, as it obviously does, into that account of dynastic politics but also that the substantial archival and printed records relating to post-Reformation Catholicism of various kinds can be reintegrated into mainstream versions of English and British history during the period.
Puritans, Catholics, and Dynastic Crises, 1571–1582
Authors: Questier Michael
Published: February 2019

This chapter deals with the period after the dynastic ‘turning point that did not turn’ at the end of the 1560s, that is, when Mary Stuart failed to recover the ground that she had lost after being deposed in Scotland. It covers the relative peace in Church and State in England up to the mid-1570s, a peace which was destabilized inter alia by Elizabeth’s unwillingness to subscribe to the agenda of some of her councillors who wished her to agree to a more actively Protestant raft of policies than she would concede. A more aggressive form of popular politics, both puritan and Catholic, was the result by the end of the 1570s when Elizabeth temporarily opted for an Anglo-French dynastic union as a way of dealing on her own terms with the difficulties that now confronted her.
European Politics and the Stuart Succession in England, 1593–1603
Authors: Questier Michael
Published: February 2019

Here the politics of the British Isles is viewed in the context of the resolution of the French royal succession crisis—after Henry IV’s conversion to Rome. The gradual collapse of the Holy League had a knock-on effect in England and Scotland; arguments for excluding James VI as Elizabeth’s successor were now harder to make. But, as the regime in England turned legitimist, this provoked a range of critiques of indefeasible hereditary right. Prominent among them were the works of Catholic ideologues. The chapter concludes by looking at the peace treaty agreed between France and Spain in 1598, a peace which made necessary a toleration of the Huguenot minority (which some thought might be a precedent for tolerance of Catholic separatists in England); and also at the way that British succession issues were played out in a military setting in Ireland as the reign of Elizabeth drew to a close.
Introduction
Authors: Questier Michael
Published: February 2019

The introduction provides a short discussion of the methodology and historical assumptions of the volume. It explains that the aim of the book is to run different narratives of the period against each other—narratives which have tended in the past to be kept separate. First and foremost, here, we have comparatively well-known accounts of the period based on European high politics and international relations rooted in, inter alia, dynastic unions between royal houses. The period is framed in part by attempts to secure political consensus and stability through alliances of this kind. Secondly we have a series of narratives which record contemporary critiques of royal authority, critiques which were frequently phrased by reference to the language of religion, and not least to constructions of orthodoxy which were not merely Protestant ones.
Paying the Price for Admission
Authors: Gangjee Dev S.
Published: February 2019

This chapter makes the case for joined-up thinking when approaching non-traditional signs in trade mark law. Trade mark registration has moved from up-front exclusions for certain categories of signs (no shapes, no colours) toward incremental acceptance. However the policy concerns generated by the grant of legal monopolies in such signs remain equally relevant today. The grant of an abstract color mark to one trader closes off a part of the color spectrum to others. Can we therefore allow such signs in to the system while successfully managing the tensions this generates? The approach advocated here is that we should correlate the mark as characterized at the time of registration—agreeably modest in its scope and ambitions—with the mark as deployed in an enforcement context, where it otherwise tends to be read more generously. The doctrine of prosecution history estoppel in patent law may have valuable lessons for trademark law.
Absolute Bans on the Registration of Product Shape Marks
Authors: Loon Ng-Loy Wee
Published: February 2019

The trademark legislation of some countries explicitly and absolutely bans the registration of certain product shape marks, namely, the natural shape of the product, functional shapes, and/or aesthetically pleasing shapes. Some view these bans as being inconsistent with Article 6quinquies of the Paris Convention and Article 15 of the TRIPS Agreement. This chapter argues against this proposition. Its thesis is simple: product shape marks are outside the purview of the Paris Convention. Delving into the travaux préparatoires of the Paris Convention, it reveals that the Paris Union members could not agree on a definition of a “trademark,” particularly whether product shape marks could constitute trademarks. As for the TRIPS Agreement, whilst it achieved what eluded the Paris Convention and an international definition of “trademark” is now provided in Article 15(1) therein, there remains a real possibility that this definition does not extend to product shape marks.
Non-Traditional Trademark Protection as (Non-Traditional) Means of Cultural Control
Authors: Assaf-Zakharov Katya
Published: February 2019

Trademarks, or brands, are symbols whose initial purpose is providing information about the source of a product. Yet, with the course of time, high-end brands have developed into symbols providing information about their owner's status rather than about the sold goods. This phenomenon naturally attracts imitation and status cheating, offering new challenges to established trademark doctrines. This chapter outlines the different legal perceptions of imitation in the U.S. and Continental Europe, while placing these perceptions into broader cultural contexts. It then focuses on the U.S. legal view on imitation of trademarks that serve as status symbols, pointing out that this view is “non-traditional” in American context, in the sense that it is inconsistent with U.S. traditional cultural values.
The Ethical Demand and Its Basis
Authors: Stern Robert
Published: February 2019

This chapter covers the ‘Introduction’ to K. E. Løgstrup’s The Ethical Demand, and the first two chapters of the book. These provide the foundation for Løgstrup’s account of the ethical demand, by relating it to Jesus’s proclamation to love our neighbour, while showing how the demand grows out of the interdependence of human beings, an interdependence that can be illustrated through the key example of trust. Løgstrup also defends the claim that the demand to care for the other is ‘unspoken’ or ‘silent’, and begins to contrast the demand to social norms, while also responding to the worry that the demand might encourage us to ‘encroach’ on the lives of others, arguing in the second chapter of his book that we cannot escape this problem by seeking relationships that involve an intimacy which somehow does away with any mediation between individuals.
Dickens and the Stenographic Mind
Authors: Bowles Hugo
Published: February 2019

The topic of this book is stenography and how it relates to Dickens’s life and work. The book covers the period from Dickens’s learning of Gurney’s Brachygraphy in 1827/8 to his teaching of shorthand to Arthur Stone in 1859—almost his entire working life. It examines all existing shorthand sources in detail, particularly the shorthand notebooks Dickens compiled with Arthur Stone and the shorthand letters he wrote from Gads Hill Place and Tavistock House. The first half of the book (Chapters 1–4) explores Dickens’s shorthand as a nineteenth-century textual practice, arguing that the manual’s alphabetical characteristics were the defining elements of the mindset that Dickens acquired through learning and practising shorthand. Drawing on evidence from cognitive psychology, these chapters argue that Dickens acquired a specific cognitive disposition towards the processing and manipulation of language, defined in Chapter 4 as the stenographic mind. The second half of the book (Chapters 5–8) examines Dickens’s stenography in relation to his literary and non-literary production. It explores the impact of shorthand on Dickens’s law and parliamentary reporting (Chapter 5) and how it is expressed through the phonetic speech of Pickwick (Chapter 6) and stenographic representations in his literary work (Chapter 7). Chapter 8 draws together the different threads of the book, arguing that the Gurney system, with its emphasis on the creative manipulation of vowels, constituted a pedagogy for reading spoken words and hearing written ones, which Dickens passed on to his readers as a new kind of stenographic literacy.
The stenographic mind
Authors: Bowles Hugo
Published: February 2019

This chapter brings together the descriptions and discussion in Chapters 1, 2, and 3 to summarize the main argument of the book. Drawing on Douglas-Fairhurst’s metaphor of the concertina, the chapter introduces the idea of the ‘stenographic mind’ as the consequence of the intensive mental operations involved in writing and reading Gurney shorthand. These operations include word games and language play (section 4.1), phonotactics (understanding what words are possible in a language) and redintegration (combining parts of words to produce a whole one) (section 4.2), visualization (section 4.3), and vocalization (section 4.4). The chapter argues that the cumulative effect of these operations was to produce a form of stenographic thinking which enabled Dickens to solve the mental puzzle of the Gurney shorthand script and control the relationship between stenographic writability and readability. This is argued to be a new form of literacy which strongly influenced Dickens’s writing practices.
Plays of the pen
Authors: Bowles Hugo
Published: February 2019

This chapter explores representations of shorthand in Dickens’s life and work, providing examples of stylistic areas that were influenced by his shorthand learning. These include his use of consonant clusters to obtain phonaesthetic effects in character names (section 7.1), reported speech in Doctors Commons (section 7.2), stenographic direct speech in Bleak House and Little Dorrit (section 7.3), the construction of verbal puzzles in Pickwick, Great Expectations, All the Year Round, and the Uncommercial Traveller (section 7.4), and stenographic episodes of reading and writing in Great Expectations, Dombey and Son, The Haunted Man, and Bleak House (section 7.5). The last two sections hypothesize that Dickens may even have adopted a stenographic perspective in the construction of plot (section 7.6) and of his own identity as an author (section 7.7). The chapter argues that the stenographic representations pervading Dickens’s work directly reflect his experience of learning and using shorthand.
Stenographic literacy
Authors: Bowles Hugo
Published: February 2019

The overall argument of the book is that the influence of Gurney shorthand on Dickens created a form of stenographic literacy (the stenographic mind) which he passed on to his readers. Section 8.1 of this concluding chapter introduces the ideas of foreignization and domestication and argues that Dickens’s stenographic mind enabled him to recalibrate the balance between the two and connect with a wider readership. Section 8.2 stresses how stenography helped Dickens exploit the pleasure of word play to motivate and enthuse his readers, while section 8.3 explains how this exploitation became a way to control his readers’ voices. Section 8.4 argues that the Gurney system, with its emphasis on the creative manipulations of vowels, constituted a pedagogy for reading spoken words and hearing written ones, which Dickens acquired at Doctors Commons and passed on to his readers in a learnable literary form.
Servilia and her Family
Authors: Treggiari Susan
Published: February 2019

Servilia is often cited as one of the most influential women of the late Roman Republic. Though she was a high-born patrician, her grandfather died disgraced and her controversial father was killed before he could stand for the consulship. She married twice, but both husbands, Marcus Iunius Brutus and Decimus Iunius Silanus, were mediocre. Her position in society and (it may be conjectured) her contacts, personality, ability, and charm gave her influence. It is likely that she masterminded the distinguished marriages of her one son, Brutus, and her three daughters. During her second marriage she entered on an affair with C. Iulius Caesar, which probably lasted for the rest of his life, a fact which also suggests her charm and her exceptional intelligence. The patchiness of the sources means that a full biography is impossible, though in suggesting connexions between the evidence and the possibilities open to women of similar status this volume aims to reconstruct her life and position as a member of the senatorial nobility and within her extended and nuclear family. The best attested period of Servilia’s life, for which the chief source is Cicero’s letters, follows the murder of Caesar by her son and her son-in-law, Cassius, who were leaders among the crowd of conspirators in the Senate-house on the Ides of March 44 BC. We find her working to protect the assassins’ interests and defending her grandchildren (by the Caesarian Lepidus) when he was a public enemy and his property threatened with confiscation.
Servilia’s World
Authors: Treggiari Susan
Published: February 2019

First-century BC Rome controlled the Mediterranean. This empire was achieved by a militaristic citizen body and an honour-seeking ruling class. A succession of offices qualified a man to sit in the Senate, govern territories, command armies. A politician sought status conferred by the electorate. Magistrates formed the executive in Rome and in the provinces. The Senate acted as an advisory council and a pool of executives. The Roman People, the citizen body, was theoretically sovereign. Men voted in elections and on bills. Women were citizens, though they could not vote or stand for office or serve in the army. In private law, paternal power was important. Marriages between two citizens were intended for the production of children and founded on consent. An upper-class woman would hold her own property, could inherit, and divorce, and remarry. As a group, upper-class women were visible. Like men, they sought reputation.
Family
Authors: Treggiari Susan
Published: February 2019

Servilia’s patrician paternal line, the Servilii Caepiones, descended from Cn. Servilius Caepio consul 253. Servilia’s great-grandfather was probably Cn. Caepio consul 141, censor 125. His presumed second son won a triumph and the consulship of 106. This man proposed a law on the panels of judges. His defeat by the Cimbri at Arausio in 105 wrecked his career. Driven into exile, he gave up his citizenship. His son, Q. Caepio, possibly by a Metella, married Livia. Her family, the Livii Drusi, had distinguished themselves in the second century. Her father was tribune 122, consul 112, triumphed, and died as censor 109. Livia and Caepio produced a daughter, Servilia (c.100), and a son. They divorced and Livia married Cato, to whom she bore two children. On the deaths of Cato and Livia, the four children lived with their maternal uncle M. Drusus and perhaps his wife and his mother.
The Wife of Silanus (77–60)
Authors: Treggiari Susan
Published: February 2019

Widows were not expected to remain unmarried. Servilia’s second husband was D. Iunius Silanus, who became consul for 62, with help from her and her family, and died c.60. She bore him daughters, probably in rapid succession: the future wives of Lepidus and Cassius and, it is argued, another who would marry Isauricus. Her full brother Q. Caepio died in 67, her half-siblings Cato and Porcia were rising. In 63 or earlier, Servilia began an initially adulterous relationship with Caesar, which would last until his death. Caesar enjoyed other liaisons with the wives of his friends and colleagues; Servilia is not known to have had other lovers. In 62 a proposed marriage alliance between Pompey and Cato’s family, perhaps the elder Iuniae, came to nothing.
Home and Forum (59–50)
Authors: Treggiari Susan
Published: February 2019

In 59, Servilia was given by Caesar, then consul, a single pearl worth six million sesterces. Her brother Cato opposed Caesar: Servilia probably gave Cato sympathy and advice. An informer, Vettius, claimed that her son Brutus was involved in a plot to kill Pompey, but next day withdrew the allegation, giving Cicero the opportunity to joke (in private) that Servilia had interceded overnight. Cato, who despite his juniority had political influence, divorced his wife, Marcia, so that she could marry Hortensius. Little is known of Servilia’s own activities during the 50s, though evidence on politics is rich. In early summer 51 she was supporting Ser. Sulpicius as a suitor for Tullia. She may well have been involved behind the scenes in Caesar’s plans for his return.
Servilia’s Place in Society
Authors: Treggiari Susan
Published: February 2019

Servilia has been viewed as having exceptional political influence. Women were excluded from the vote, office (other than religious), army, and (normally) advocacy. Family gave them a position. They could exercise patronage. They could benefit clients in various ways, inherit them from family or husband, transmit them to children. Clients and friends gave them a network of mutual obligations (officia) and favours (beneficia). Servilia formed her own ties with friends/acquaintances of all ranks, e.g. Atticus, Cicero, Flaminia, Triarius, probably Sulpicius. She had access to the circles of Caesar, Cato, and Brutus, from whom she is known to have drawn allies, such as Balbus, Labeo, Casca, Scaptius. Her wealth gave her leverage and the ability to display herself to advantage.
Interactions
Authors: Treggiari Susan
Published: February 2019

Starting from her family, a woman would expect to have some influence with her husband, then with her children. Some would expand this to outsiders. They could exploit intelligence, tact, sexuality, and charm. Moralizing sources focus on conciliation, intercession, and intervention by women from legendary times onwards. Clodia worked with and for her brother. Under the triumvirate, women were forced to take a greater role. Some (e.g. Iulia, Mucia) were related to the main contenders for power, and acted as intermediaries in the interests of their kinsmen and of peace. Fulvia, with her own power base in the City, acted with greater independence in public life than any other woman, but in the interests of her son and Antony. An extreme case, she illustrates what a women could achieve and what a woman was not supposed to do. Servilia’s influence on politics and society was more like that of Iulia, Mucia, or Octavia.
Introduction
Authors: Thorsen Thea S.
Published: February 2019

Within a framework that shows how Sappho’s reception in antiquity has important implications for Sappho scholarship, our understanding of Roman poetry, and of classical reception studies in general, the introduction outlines the extant output of Sappho, including the newest Sappho text (2016), as well as the chapters of the present volume. The introduction departs from three Sappho scholars, Welcker (1784–1868), Wilamowitz-Moellendorff (1848–1931), and Robinson (1880–1958), and reflects on the scholarly implications of how their times were ideologically different from ours. By revisiting important evidence for Sappho’s ancient reception, such as the Parian Marble, coins, figurative representations of Sappho, and considering recent papyrus finds from the Roman era, the introduction zooms in on Roman literature, which is the main focus of the present volume. Then there follows a brief presentation of Sappho’s extant output and an ample thematic presentation of the chapters in the volume. Finally, the introduction discusses Shane Butler’s new concept of Deep Classics in the context of Sappho’s Roman reception, and points towards another metaphor, this time from art, as a means to pursue future reception studies, using the restored Sappho fragment that was retrieved in 2004, known as ‘Posthumous honour for Sappho’, to illustrate the point.
Sappho: Transparency and Obstruction
Authors: Thorsen Thea S.
Published: February 2019

A number of issues obstruct our vision of Sappho and her ancient reception. This chapter revisits such obstructions as the loss of Sappho’s poetry, the difficulty of accessing information regarding e.g. Chamaeleon’s treatise on Sappho, the attestation of the Athenian sculptor Silanion’s portrait of Sappho at Rome, and the significance of the poem variously known as Ovid’s Heroides 15 and Epistula Sapphus, as well as most of the testimonies for Sappho’s alleged ugliness and association with prostitution. Finally, conflicting images of Sappho are measured against the consistently erotic depiction of her figure and poetry at Rome, where she becomes particularly closely linked with a Roman brand of the metapoetics of love poetry, dubbed erotopoetics in this volume.
Sappho, Alcaeus, and the Literary Timing of Horace
Authors: Thorsen Thea S.
Published: February 2019

This chapter argues on the basis of cues in Horace’s Odes 4.9 that Sappho fr. 16 is an important intertext for Horace’s Odes 1.15. Though neglected as such in scholarship, this chapter aims at showing that the poem’s background is precisely Sappho fr. 16, which helps bring out the crucial question of literary timing. This question, which is more or less important to all Augustan poets, emerges as an especially important topic in both Horatian poems. The Trojan War features prominently in this chapter, which, in addition to the Horatian poems and the fragment of Sappho, investigates several passages from Homer, Alcaeus, and Proclus’ summary of the Cypria.
Coulometric Respirometry
Authors: Lighton John R. B.
Published: February 2019

This chapter describes the theory and practical applications of coulometric respirometry. Coulometric respirometry is probably the most accurate method for measuring oxygen consumption rates. It is ideal for small animals and has the dual advantages of high sensitivity and the fact that the oxygen in the organism’s environment is not depleted, allowing measurements to continue for long periods in many cases. The technique works by maintaining a constant pressure in a sealed system by electrolytically producing oxygen at the same rate at which an enclosed organism consumes it.