bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tyre, a Ship
Authors: Wilson Ian Douglas
Published: August 2013

Abstract: This essay offers a close reading of the dirge in Ez 27, the metaphorical description of the famed and sinking Tyrian ship. The analysis pays close attention to the symbolic world of the text, situating it within the literary and historical milieux of fourth-century BCE Judah, when Jerusalemite literati began codifying their authoritative texts into the collections of »books« that eventually became the Hebrew Bible. The essay argues that the symbolic text of Ez 27 contributed to late Persian-period understandings of the past, present, and future cities of Tyre and Jerusalem within an imagined Yahwistic empire.

Résumé: Cette étude présente une lecture détaillée de la complainte d’Ez. 27, description métaphorique du célèbre navire de Tyr sombrant dans la mer. L’analyse s’intéresse au monde symbolique de ce texte, situé dans le milieu littéraire et historique du 4ème siècle av. J.-C. en Juda; c’est alors que des lettrés de Jérusalem commencèrent à codifier des textes de référence en collections de »livres«, qui furent à l’origine de la Bible hébraïque. L’A. comprend le texte d’Ez. 27 comme une clé d’interprétation, à la période perse tardive, de la relation – passée, présente et à venir – entre les villes de Jérusalem et de Tyr dans le cadre d’un royaume yahviste imaginaire.

Zusammenfassung: Dieser Aufsatz bietet eine synchrone Lektüre der Totenklage von Ez 27, der metaphorischen Beschreibung des berühmten, sinkenden Tyrosschiffes. Die Analyse legt Wert auf die symbolische Welt des Textes, der innerhalb des literarischen und historischen Milieus des 4. Jh. v. Chr. in Juda verortet wird, als Jerusalemer Schriftgelehrte begannen, ihre autoritativen Texte in Sammlungen von »Büchern« zu kodifizieren, die schließlich zur hebräischen Bibel führten. Der Vf. argumentiert, dass der symbolische Text von Ez 27 in der spätpersischen Periode zum Verständnis der vergangenen, gegenwärtigen und zukünftigen Städte Tyrus und Jerusalem innerhalb eines imaginierten jahwistischen Reiches beigetragen hat.
Once Again: The Emergence of »Biblical Israel«
Authors: Hong K. P.
Published: August 2013

Abstract: This article discusses Finkelstein’s recent proposal in this journal – namely, that the problem of Na’aman’s earlier argument about Benjamin’s southern origin makes his model a better alternative. Despite many valid points, the author contends that Finkelstein’s successful refutation of Na’aman’s article does not justify his own model unless he defends it effectively from other charges levelled against it. There is another alternative that plausibly demonstrates the possibility of biblical Israel’s pre-exilic origin.

Résumé: Cet article concerne la récente proposition de Finkelstein dans cette revue, à savoir que le problème soulevé par la thèse de Na'aman quant à l'origine méridionale de la tribu de Juda serait résolu par son propre modèle, celui-ci constituant une meilleure alternative. En dépit des arguments avancés, cette réfutation justifiée ne peut à son tour être acceptée qu'à la condition qu'elle réponde aux objections qu'elle soulève. L'A. propose ici une autre alternative, qui est susceptible de démontrer la possibilité de l'origine pré-exilique de l’Israël biblique.

Zusammenfassung: Dieser Artikel diskutiert Finkelsteins jüngsten Vorschlag in dieser Zeitschrift, dass nämlich das Problem von Na’amans früherer Argumen tation mit Benjamins südlicher Herkunft sein eigenes Modell zur besseren Alternative macht. Ungeachtet vieler stichhaltiger Argumente, behauptet der Vf., dass seine erfolgreiche Widerlegung des Artikels von Na’aman sein eigenes Modell nur dann rechtfertigt, wenn er sich auch effektiv gegen andere dagegen erhobene Einwände verteidigt. Der Artikel macht stattdessen auf eine weitere Alternative aufmerksam, die plausibel die Möglichkeit einer vorexilischen Herkunft des biblischen Israels aufzeigt.
Did Eichhorn Originate the Theory of Local Texts?
Authors: Adcock James Seth
Published: August 2013

Abstract: Johann Gottfried Eichhorn in the late 18th century articulated the »theory of local texts« for the book of Jeremiah in similar language to the later proposals of William F. Albright and Frank Moore Cross Jr.

Résumé: Johann Gottfried Eichhorn a formulé, dès le fin du 18ème siècle, la »théorie des textes locaux« pour le livre de Jérémie – de la même manière que William F. Albright et Frank Moore Cross Jr. le firent plus tard.

Zusammenfassung: Johann Gottfried Eichhorn formulierte schon im späten 18. Jahrhundert die »Theorie der lokalen Texte« für das Buch Jeremia in ähnlicher Weise wie später William F. Albright und Frank Moore Cross Jr.
Zion’s Foundation
Authors: Noonan Benjamin J.
Published: August 2013

Abstract: The difficulties in interpreting Isa 28,16, a foundational text for the Hebrew Bible’s Zion tradition as well as Jewish and Christian theology, are many. The present study does not attempt to solve all these issues but focuses exclusively on the definition of the hapax בֹּחַן . The most plausible interpretation understands בֹּחַן as a loan from Egyptian bḫn, »greywacke.« This meaning fits well within the context of construction described in Isa 28,16.

Résumé: Il existe bien des difficultés d’interprétation d’Es. 28,16, un texte fondamental pour la tradition de Sion dans la Bible hébraïque, aussi bien en théologie juive et chrétienne. Cette étude ne vise pas à en résoudre tous les problèmes, mais se concentre exclusivement sur le hapax legomenon ןַחֹּב . L’explication la plus vraisemblable est d’ordre pétrographique, celle d’un mot d’emprunt égyptien bḫn, au sens de: »Grauwacke«, qui s’inscrit bien dans ce contexte des techniques de construction.

Zusammenfassung: Der Schwierigkeiten bei der Interpretation von Jes 28,16, einem grundlegenden Text sowohl für die Zionstradition der hebräischen Bibel als auch für jüdische und christliche Theologie, gibt es viele. Die vorliegende Studie versucht nicht, alle Probleme zu lösen, sondern konzentriert sich ausschließlich auf die Erklärung des hapax legomenon בֹּחַן . Am plausibelsten erweist sich בֹּחַן als Lehnwort des ägyptischen bḫn in der Bedeutung »Grauwacke«. Dies passt auch gut in den bautechnischen Kontext von Jes 28,16.
Zionism, Apartheid, Blackface
Authors: Bar-Yosef Eitan
Published: August 2013

Numerous theatrical productions in 1950s Israel employed blackface to simulate negritude on the stage. Focusing on Habima’s 1953 production of Lost in the Stars—the musical drama based on Alan Paton’s best-selling novel Cry, the Beloved Country—and reading it in the context of Israel’s involvement in postcolonial black Africa, this essay demonstrates how, by reflecting the slippery nature of Jewish whiteness, blackface performances on the Hebrew stage captured the complex relationship between Zionism and apartheid.
The Plot of Bigamous Return
Authors: McAleavey Maia
Published: August 2013

This article traces a single plot—the plot of bigamous return—through a range of genres and texts, including Mary Elizabeth Braddon’s Lady Audley’s Secret (1862) and Alfred Tennyson’s “Enoch Arden” (1864), concentrating on Elizabeth Gaskell’s Sylvia’s Lovers (1863). Arguing that plot is a more productive heuristic than genre, this article investigates the intersection of literary currents in one historical moment with the long durée of a recurring story, powerfully present in nautical ballads and melodrama.
The Components of Drosophila Histone Chaperone dCAF-1 Are Required for the Cell Death Phenotype Associated with rbf1 Mutation
Authors: Collins Heather , Moon Nam-Sung
Published: August 2013

A Polycomb group protein, Posterior sex combs (Psc), was identified in a genetic screen designed to find factors that can specifically induce morphological defects in rbf1 mutant eyes. We discovered that rbf1 mutations enhance developmental phenotypes caused by Psc overexpression such as ectopic cell death and disorganized ommatidia. Our genetic analysis revealed that Psc-induced developmental defects are strongly influenced by CAF1p55, which is a shared component of several chromatin-associated complexes including a histone chaperone complex, chromatin assembly factor-1 (dCAF-1). Interestingly, the expression levels of dCAF-1 components, CAF1p105 and CAF1p180, are increased in rbf1 mutants, whereas the expression level of CAF1p55 itself remains relatively unchanged. We demonstrated that the increased levels of CAF1p105 and CAF1p180 are required for the hypersensitivity of rbf1 mutant cells to Psc-induced cell death and for the developmentally regulated cell death normally observed in rbf1 mutant eyes. We propose that Caf1p105 and Caf1p180 are important determinants of cell death sensitivity in rbf1 mutant cells and contribute to the genetic interaction between Psc and rbf1.
Identification of Pedigree Relationship from Genome Sharing
Authors: Hill William G , White Ian M S
Published: August 2013

Determination of degree of relationship traditionally has been undertaken using genotypic data on individual loci, typically assumed to be independent. With dense marker data as now available, it is possible to identify the regions of the genome shared identical by descent (ibd). This information can be used to determine pedigree relationship (R), e.g., cousins vs. second cousins, and also to distinguish pedigrees that have the same Wright’s relationship (R) such as half-sibs and uncle–nephew. We use simulation to investigate the accuracy with which pedigree relationship can be inferred from genome sharing for uniparental relatives (a common ancestor on only one side of their pedigree), specifically the number, position (whether at chromosome ends), and length of shared regions ibd on each chromosome. Moments of the distribution of the likelihood ratio (including its expectation, the Kullback-Leibler distance) for alternative relationships are estimated for model human genomes, with the ratio of the mean to the SD of the likelihood ratio providing a useful reference point. Two relationships differing in R can be readily distinguished provided at least one has high R, e.g., approximately 98.5% correct assignment of cousins and half-cousins, but only approximately 75% for second cousins once removed and third cousins. Two relationships with the same R can be distinguished only if R is high, e.g., half-sibs and uncle–nephew, with probability of correct assignment being approximately 5/6.
Effects of Body-Color Mutations on Vitality: An Attempt to Establish Easy-to-Breed See-Through Medaka Strains by Outcrossing
Authors: Ohshima Ayaka , Morimura Noriko , Matsumoto Chizuru , Hiraga Ami , Komine Ritsuko , Kimura Tetsuaki , Naruse Kiyoshi , Fukamachi Shoji
Published: August 2013

“See-through” strains of medaka are unique tools for experiments: their skin is transparent, and their internal organs can be externally monitored throughout life. However, see-through fish are less vital than normally pigmented wild-type fish, which allows only skilled researchers to make the most of their advantages. Expecting that hybrid vigor (heterosis) would increase the vitality, we outcrossed two see-through strains (SK2 and STIII) with a genetically distant wild-type strain (HNI). Fish with the see-through phenotypes were successfully restored in the F2 generation and maintained as closed colonies. We verified that genomes of these hybrid see-through strains actually consisted of approximately 50% HNI and approximately 50% SK2 or STIII alleles, but we could not obtain evidence supporting improved survival of larvae or fecundity of adults, at least under our breeding conditions. We also found that four of the five see-through mutations (bg8, i-3, gu, and il-1 but not lf) additively decrease viability. Given that heterosis could not overwhelm the viability-reducing effects of the see-through mutations, easy-to-breed see-through strains will only be established by other methods such as conditional gene targeting or screening of new body-color mutations that do not reduce viability.
Transcriptome Profiling of Nasonia vitripennis Testis Reveals Novel Transcripts Expressed from the Selfish B Chromosome, Paternal Sex Ratio
Authors: Akbari Omar S , Antoshechkin Igor , Hay Bruce A , Ferree Patrick M
Published: August 2013

A widespread phenomenon in nature is sex ratio distortion of arthropod populations caused by microbial and genetic parasites. Currently little is known about how these agents alter host developmental processes to favor one sex or the other. The paternal sex ratio (PSR) chromosome is a nonessential, paternally transmitted centric fragment that segregates in natural populations of the jewel wasp, Nasonia vitripennis. To persist, PSR is thought to modify the hereditary material of the developing sperm, with the result that all nuclear DNA other than the PSR chromosome is destroyed shortly after fertilization. This results in the conversion of a fertilized embryo—normally a female—into a male, thereby insuring transmission of the “selfish” PSR chromosome, and simultaneously leading to wasp populations that are male-biased. To begin to understand this system at the mechanistic level, we carried out transcriptional profiling of testis from WT and PSR-carrying males. We identified a number of transcripts that are differentially expressed between these conditions. We also discovered nine transcripts that are uniquely expressed from the PSR chromosome. Four of these PSR-specific transcripts encode putative proteins, whereas the others have very short open reading frames and no homology to known proteins, suggesting that they are long noncoding RNAs. We propose several different models for how these transcripts could facilitate PSR-dependent effects. Our analyses also revealed 15.71 MB of novel transcribed regions in the N. vitripennis genome, thus increasing the current annotation of total transcribed regions by 53.4%. Finally, we detected expression of multiple meiosis-related genes in the wasp testis, despite the lack of conventional meiosis in the male sex.
Maternal Loss of miRNAs Leads to Increased Variance in Primordial Germ Cell Numbers in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Kugler Jan-Michael , Chen Ya-Wen , Weng Ruifen , Cohen Stephen M
Published: August 2013

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression that may act as buffering agents to stabilize gene-regulatory networks. Here, we identify two miRNAs that are maternally required for normal embryonic primordial germ cell development in Drosophila melanogaster. Embryos derived from miR-969 and miR-9c mutant mothers had, on average, reduced germ cell numbers. Intriguingly, this reduction correlated with an increase in the variance of this quantitative phenotypic trait. Analysis of an independent set of maternal mutant genotypes suggests that reduction of germ cell number need not lead to increased variance. Our observations are consistent with the hypothesis that miR-969 and miR-9c contribute to stabilizing the processes that control germ number, supporting phenotypic robustness.
Outcomes of Children With Severe Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Who Were Ventilator Dependent at Home
Authors: Cristea A. Ioana , Carroll Aaron E. , Davis Stephanie D. , Swigonski Nancy L. , Ackerman Veda L.
Published: August 2013

OBJECTIVE:

To describe the incidence and outcomes of children with chronic respiratory failure secondary to severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) on chronic positive pressure ventilation (PPV) via tracheostomy at home.

METHODS:

We retrospectively reviewed medical charts of patients with severe BPD who were PPV dependent at home and who were enrolled in a university-affiliated home ventilator program between 1984 and 2010. We excluded patients with other comorbidities that could contribute to the development of chronic respiratory failure. We reported the incidence of these children in Indiana and cumulative incidences of survival, liberation from PPV, and decannulation.

RESULTS:

Over 27 years, 628 children were cared for in our home ventilator program. Of these, 102 patients met inclusion criteria: 83 (81.4%) were alive and 19 (18.6%) were deceased. Sixty-nine patients (67.6%) were liberated from PPV, and 97.1% of them were weaned before their fifth birthday, with a median age at liberation of 24 months (interquartile range, 19–33). Similarly, 60 patients (58.8%) were decannulated, of which 96.7% completed this process before their sixth birthday, with a median age at decannulation of 37.5 months (interquartile range, 31.5–45). The incidence of children with chronic respiratory failure secondary to BPD who were PPV-dependent at home in Indiana was 1.23 per 100 000 live births in 1984 and increased to 4.77 per 100 000 live births in 2010.

CONCLUSIONS:

Although extreme prematurity associated with severe BPD necessitating PPV at home carries significant risks of morbidity and mortality, successful liberation from mechanical ventilation and decannulation are likely to occur.
Parent and Child Cigarette Use: A Longitudinal, Multigenerational Study
Authors: Vuolo Mike , Staff Jeremy
Published: August 2013

OBJECTIVES:

Using longitudinal data from the multigenerational Youth Development Study (YDS), this article documents how parents’ long-term smoking trajectories are associated with adolescent children’s likelihood of smoking. Prospective data from the parents (from age 14–38 years) enable unique comparisons of the parents’ and children’s smoking behavior, as well as that of siblings.

METHODS:

Smoking trajectories are constructed using latent class analysis for the original YDS cohort (n = 1010). Multigenerational longitudinal data from 214 parents and 314 offspring ages 11 years and older are then analyzed by using logistic regression with cluster-corrected SEs.

RESULTS:

Four latent smoking trajectories emerged among the original cohort: stable nonsmokers (54%), early-onset light smokers who quit/reduce (16%), late-onset persistent smokers (14%), and early-onset persistent heavy smokers (16%). Although 8% of children of stable nonsmokers smoked in the last year, the other groups’ children had much higher percentages, ranging from 23% to 29%. Multivariate logistic regression models confirm that these significant differences were robust to the inclusion of myriad child- and parent-level measures (for which child age and grade point average [GPA] are significant predictors). Older sibling smoking, however, mediated the link between parental heavy smoking and child smoking.

CONCLUSIONS:

Even in an era of declining rates of teenage cigarette use in the United States, children of current and former smokers face an elevated risk of smoking. Prevention efforts to weaken intergenerational associations should consider parents’ long-term cigarette use, as well as the smoking behavior of older siblings in the household.
Blood Cultures in the Evaluation of Uncomplicated Skin and Soft Tissue Infections
Authors: Malone Jay R. , Durica Sarah R. , Thompson David M. , Bogie Amanda , Naifeh Monique
Published: August 2013

BACKGROUND:

Blood cultures are often obtained in children hospitalized with skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs). Because little evidence exists to validate this practice, we examined the yield of blood cultures in the evaluation of immunocompetent children with SSTIs.

METHODS:

Medical records were reviewed for all children admitted between January 1, 2007 and December 31, 2009 after emergency department evaluation and diagnosis of cellulitis or abscess. We compared patients with SSTIs (n = 482) with those with complicated SSTIs (cSSTIs; n = 98). A cSSTI was defined as surgical or traumatic wound infection, need for surgical intervention, or infected ulcers or burns. The SSTI group included patients without complicating factors.

RESULTS:

None of the patients in the SSTI group had a positive blood culture. In the cSSTI group, 12.5% of blood cultures were positive. The mean length of hospital stay (LOHS) of children with SSTIs was shorter than that of those with cSSTIs (P < .001). In the SSTI group, obtaining a blood culture was associated with a higher mean LOHS (P = .044).

CONCLUSIONS:

Blood cultures are not useful in evaluating immunocompetent children who are admitted to the hospital with uncomplicated SSTIs, and they are associated with a nearly 1-day increase in mean LOHS.
New perspectives on childhood obesity
Authors: Fodor Miklós , Sófi Gyula
Published: August 2013

From preventional point of view, childhood obesity is very important, since proliferation of extra fatty tissue in childhood contribute metabolic processes favoring the development of type 2 diabetes, as well as it can accelerate cardiovascular complications. Anyone who is overweight in his or her life is likely to be confronted by such social stigma that could ultimately have a negative impact on self-esteem. The cornerstone of prevention is a healthy diet and age-adjusted physical training which may result in a physiological energy balance. Orv. Hetil., 2013, 154, 1256–1260.
Second-Line Therapy for Advanced NSCLC
Authors: Weiss Jared M. , Stinchcombe Thomas E.
Published: August 2013

Most patients with lung cancer have non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) subtype and have advanced disease at the time of diagnosis. Improvements in both first-line and subsequent therapies are allowing longer survival and enhanced quality of life for these patients. The median overall survival observed in many second-line trials is approximately 9 months, and many patients receive further therapy after second-line therapy. The cytotoxic agents pemetrexed and docetaxel and the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) erlotinib and gefitinib are standard second-line therapies. For patients with EGFR mutation, a TKI is the favored second-line therapy if not already used in first-line therapy. For patients without the EGFR mutation, TKIs are an option, but many oncologists favor cytotoxic therapy. The inhibitor of the EML4/ALK fusion protein, crizotinib, has recently become a standard second-line treatment for patients with the gene rearrangement and has promise for patients with the ROS1 rearrangement.
Screening for Lung Cancer With Low-Dose Computed Tomography
Authors: Miller Anthony B.
Published: August 2013

There is great enthusiasm for lung cancer screening using low-dose computed tomography following the publication of the results of the National Lung Screening Trial (NLST). However, the early benefit reported in NLST has not been seen in three small European trials that have reported lung cancer mortality. In addition, there are a number of potential harms from LDCT screening, some of which will be reviewed.
UK airfield pavement design using French asphalts
Authors: Hakim Bachar , Widyatmoko Iswandaru , Fergusson Carl , Richardson John
Published: August 2013

The requirement to build durable, sustainable and low-maintenance airfield infrastructures has become more important in recent years due to the expected air traffic increase and its impact on the environment. The high customer expectation of infrastructure availability and minimum traffic delay during maintenance has also become significant. This paper introduces French asphalt mix design methods for use in airfield pavement construction as an alternative to conventional UK materials, to offer improved performance and better whole-life cost solution. A case study at Sumburgh Airport in the Shetland Islands, UK is presented.
Locomotor activity of two sympatric slugs: implications for the invasion success of terrestrial invertebrates
Authors: Knop Eva , Rindlisbacher Nicole , Ryser Sophie , Grüebler Martin U.
Published: August 2013

A central focus of invasion biology is to identify the traits that predict which introduced species will become invasive. Behavioral traits related to locomotor activity most likely play a pivotal role in determining a species' invasion success but have rarely been studied, particularly in terrestrial invertebrates. Here, we experimentally investigated the small‐scale locomotor activity of two slug species with divergent invasion success in Europe, the highly invasive slug,Arion lusitanicus, and the closely related, non‐invasive and native slug,Arion rufus. To do so, we used a multi‐state capture‐mark‐recapture approach, and hypothesized that the invasive slug has a higher moving rate (keeps on moving) and leaving rate (leaves more frequently known places). A total of 221 invasive and 241 non‐invasive slugs were individually marked using magnetic transponders and released in three study sites differing in habitat type. The slugs were recaptured using shelter traps, and moving and leaving rates were estimated. Both rates were significantly higher for the invasive slug, demonstrating a higher locomotor activity which might partly explain its invasion success. Our results provide evidence for the recently suggested idea that locomotor activity might be an important trait underlying animal invasions using for the first time terrestrial invertebrates.
Leak behaviour in pressurized PVC pipes
Authors: Ferrante M. , Massari C. , Brunone B. , Meniconi S.
Published: August 2013

The correct definition of the leak law, i.e. the relationship between the leak outflow, the total head at the leak and other relevant parameters such as the pipe material, can seriously affect the accuracy of the numerical models used for the management of water distribution systems, either if they are used to forecast the leakage reduction by pressure management or to locate and size the leaks within an inverse analysis. In recent decades the use of the classical Torricelli or orifice equation has been questioned in the sense that some experimental results clearly demonstrated that the assumption of a leak outflow proportional to the square root of the head drop can yield unsatisfactory results. To investigate this behaviour, an experimental activity has been carried out at the Water Engineering Laboratory of the University of Perugia, Italy. Part of the results of the carried out tests are presented in this paper for a leak in a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe. Leak laws based on the assumption of a leak area variation with the pressure are compared and validated by strain measures close to the leak.
Generation of synthetic cross-correlated water demand time series
Authors: Ansaloni N. , Alvisi S. , Franchini M.
Published: August 2013

This paper presents a procedure for generating synthetic district-level series of hourly water demand coefficients cross-correlated in space (between districts) and time. The procedure consists of two steps: (1) generation of hourly water demand coefficients which respect, for each hour of the day, pre-assigned means and variances; and (2) introduction of the cross-correlation at different time lags through the application of a method which implies the reordering of the data generated at step 1. The procedure was applied to a case study of the Ferrara water distribution system with the aim of generating cross-correlated synthetic series of hourly water demand coefficients for the 19 water districts making it up. It was observed that the application of the method for introducing the cross-correlation (step 2) causes numerical problems when a large number of water districts are involved and the cross-correlations are considered at many time lags; this problem is solved by carrying out an appropriate regularization of the observed cross-correlation matrix. The results obtained show that overall the proposed procedure constitutes a valid tool for generating synthetic water demand time series with pre-assigned characteristics in terms of means, variances and cross-correlation at different time lags.
A mathematical model to evaluate apparent losses due to meter under-registration in intermittent water distribution networks
Authors: De Marchis M. , Fontanazza C. M. , Freni G. , La Loggia G. , Notaro V. , Puleo V.
Published: August 2013

Apparent losses consist of water volume drawn from the network, consumed by users but not paid for. Those due to water meter under-registration were evaluated by means of a mathematical model able to analyse the complexity of intermittent supply systems with private tanks. This supply scheme is very common in the Mediterranean area where unexpected water shortage often happens and intermittent water supply is a common practice. In order to analyse such complex systems, a demand model, reproducing the effect of private tanks, and an apparent losses module were developed and coupled with an hydraulic network model based on the Global Gradient Algorithm (GGA). In distribution networks pressure reduction valves (PRVs) are often used by water utilities to control the pressure and reduce background losses. These practices could influence the performance of water meters. For this reason, a PRV model was implemented and integrated with the demand and the hydraulic network models to better estimate the effect of pressure management on real and apparent losses. The comprehensive model was applied to a real case study. The proposed modelling approach was used to identify regions of the network with high apparent losses. Furthermore, the model may be used to predict the results of a water meter replacement plan and of the installation of devices that could affect apparent losses.
Applications of discriminative flow pattern analysis using the CFPD method
Authors: van Thienen Peter , Pieterse-Quirijns Ilse , Vreeburg Jan , Vangeel Karel , Kapelan Zoran
Published: August 2013

Several applications of a new method for flow pattern analysis called the Comparison of Flow Pattern Distributions (CFPD) are presented. This method allows the user to compare flow patterns of a supply area and distinguish consistent from inconsistent changes in them. The so-called consistent changes are mainly caused by modifications in the characteristics of the population. The so-called inconsistent changes are generally related to new large volume customers, new types of water use and/or changes in leakage. Detailed knowledge of the supply area allows quantitative statements to be made about leakage. The method presented here is simple, not computationally intensive, independent of any model assumptions and easily implemented. The automated application of this method on long time series, called CFPD block analysis, is applied on data from three different areas. These applications illustrate, respectively, the identification and pinpointing (in time) of a small leak, the independent quantification of concurrent different types of changes with opposite signs in a supply pattern, and the difficulties of interpretation in cases in which climate has an overwhelming influence on demand patterns. In each case, discriminative quantification and visualization by the CFPD method result in features and trends in complicated time series becoming apparent at a glance.
Domestic well database development and integration into a GIS: an approach for managing ground water resources
Authors: Metcalf Meredith J. , Robbins Gary A.
Published: August 2013

Connecticut is dominated by rural communities which rely upon individual domestic wells in fractured crystalline bedrock for water supply. The individualized nature of ground water usage has made ground water resource planning on a regional or townwide basis non-existent. In recent years there has been increased development and concerns expressed regarding the sustainability of the fractured crystalline rock water supply and its quality, and the need for ground water resource planning. In this study, using a rural quadrangle in eastern Connecticut, we have developed a database system that is tied to a geographic information system that can be used to help manage and assess ground water conditions. The data in the database were derived using available water completion reports and water quality reports. Data query schemes were developed to screen for data entry and reporting errors. The information maintained in the database has been analyzed to derive products on well yield, well depth, and water elevation. These products are beneficial to town planners, local sanitarians, developers, homeowners, and drillers. They can improve and facilitate decision-making concerning future rural development to ensure ground water sustainability.
Assessment of correlation between physiological states of Escherichia coli cells and their susceptibility to chlorine using flow cytometry
Authors: Rezaeinejad Saeid , Ivanov Volodymyr
Published: August 2013

The physiological differences of individual cells of bacterial population may imply the existence of cell subpopulations with different sensitivity to chlorine, which may affect the efficiency of drinking water disinfection. The susceptibility of individual bacterial cells to chlorine was examined using flow cytometry. The inactivation of Escherichia coli cells by chlorine in the populations with specific growth rates of 0.2 and 0.9 h−1 was assessed using various viability indicators. Viability of bacterial cells was evaluated using membrane integrity propidium iodide (PI) dye, respiratory activity indicator of 5-cyano-2,3-ditolyl tetrazolium chloride (CTC) and membrane potential probe of DiBAC4(3). It was found that there were cell subpopulations of E. coli with different levels of susceptibility to chlorine. E. coli cell population with higher specific growth rate was more susceptible to chlorine. The CT values for inactivation of 99% of cells (CT99) in populations of E. coli with specific growth rates of 0.9 and 0.2 h−1 were 0.06 and 0.09 mg min l−1, respectively. Flow cytometry could be used to study the sensitivity of bacterial cells to the chemical agents.
An electromagnetic-based method for pinpointing leaks in buried pipes: a practical validation
Authors: Cataldo A. , Cannazza G. , De Benedetto E. , Miraglia M. , Ancora D. , Giaquinto N.
Published: August 2013

In this paper, a time domain reflectometry (TDR)-based solution for detecting water leaks in underground pipes is described and experimentally validated. The proposed method strongly reduces the inspection time that is typically required by traditional leak detection methods. In fact, it can successfully inspect pipes that are hundreds of meters long. In this work, two different configurations of the system are described: one can be used for detecting leaks in ‘already-installed’ metal pipes; whereas the other is suitable to be employed for detecting leaks in ‘newly-installed’ pipes made of any material. The performance of both these system configurations was assessed through an extensive, on-site experimental campaign, carried out with the collaboration of one of the largest European water operators, Acquedotto Pugliese S.p.A. (AQP). Representative results, related to both configurations, of three experimental cases (ECs) are reported and commented on. Finally, some practical considerations on the applicability of the system are provided.
Wider presence of accelerated chemical chloramine decay in severely nitrifying conditions
Authors: Bal Krishna K. C. , Sathasivan Arumugam , Garbin Scott
Published: August 2013

Popularity of chloramine has been dampened by nitrification, which is believed to highly accelerate chloramine decay. This can seriously compromise the primary goal of using chloramine as a secondary disinfectant. Our previous laboratory-scale studies showed that highly accelerated chemical decay of chloramine was caused by soluble microbial products (SMPs) released by microbes under severely nitrifying conditions. To understand whether a similar phenomenon exists in full-scale distribution systems, samples were collected from four full-scale systems supplied from different water sources and have been compared with results obtained from laboratory-scale systems. The results verified that the acceleration typical in severely nitrified water is common in full-scale chloraminated systems under severely nitrifying conditions.
Arsenic removal using novel combined Fe/Mn adsorbent modified with silica
Authors: Nguyen Duc Canh , Park Hyun Ju , Dockko Seok , Han Moo Young
Published: August 2013

Arsenic pollution has become a dominant environmental concern in recent years. Various techniques for arsenic removal from water have been developed. However, these techniques efficiently remove arsenic from drinking water but require toxic and expensive chemicals and generate a large amount of exhaust sludge, which is not always regenerable. In this study a novel Fe-Mn-Si oxide material was prepared from environmentally friendly and low-cost materials through a co-precipitation process. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to study adsorption kinetics, adsorption capacity and the effect of temperature and pH on the adsorption of arsenic on Fe-Mn-Si oxide. The maximum adsorption capacity was found to be 9.62, 10.18, and 10.50 mg/g at 25, 35, and 45 °C, respectively. The results compare favorably with those obtained using other adsorbents. The used Fe-Mn-Si oxide could be regenerated using a NaOH solution; 73.4% of the adsorbed arsenic was desorbed by 0.2 N NaOH. Results from this study demonstrate the potential usability of Fe-Mn-Si oxide as a good arsenic-selective adsorbent.
Assessment of water quality modelling capabilities of EPANET multiple species and pressure-dependent extension models
Authors: Seyoum Alemtsehay G. , Tanyimboh Tiku T. , Siew Calvin
Published: August 2013

The need for accurately predicting water quality through models has increasingly been crucial in meeting rigorous standards and customer expectations. There are several endeavours on developing robust water quality models for water distribution systems. In this paper, two variants of the EPANET 2 water quality model have been assessed to inform future research. The models are the multiple species extension EPANET-MSX and the pressure-dependent extension EPANET-PDX. Water quality analysis was conducted on a hypothetical network considering various operating pressure conditions. Different kinetic models were employed to simulate water quality. First order, limited first order and zero order models were used for predicting chlorine residual, disinfection by-products (DBPs) and water age respectively. Generally, EPANET-MSX and EPANET-PDX provided identical water quality results for normal operating conditions with adequate pressure but different results for pressure-deficient networks. Also, a parallel first order model with fast and slow reacting components was used for chlorine decay and DBPs using the EPANET-MSX model for a network operating under normal pressure conditions.
Regulation of water service and efficient use of water
Authors: Drusiani R. , Gatta M. , Gerelli G. G.
Published: August 2013

This report highlights the need for policies targeted to sustainable use of water, which, at the same time, affect water service providers and the environment. Experience from several European countries can help us to identify efficient regulation mechanisms and the effect they could have on the Italian water sector. Some elements of United Kingdom regulation and some of the energy regulation in Italy are analysed. An Energy Savings Certificates approach is also investigated.
Endoscopic mucosal resection of flat and sessile colorectal adenomas: Our experience with long-term follow-ups
Authors: Grgov Sasa , Dugalic Predrag , Tomasevic Ratko , Tasic Tomislav
Published: August 2013

Bacground/Aim. Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) or mucosectomy is a
removing method of flat or sessile lesions, laterally spreading tumors and
carcinoma of the colon or the rectum limited to mucosa or the surface part of
the submucosa. The aim of the study was to estimate the efficacy and safety
of EMR in removing flat and sessile colorectal adenomas. Methods. This
prospective study involved 140 patients during the period of 8 years. A total
of 187 colorectal adenomas were removed using the EMR method ?inject and cut
with snare?. Results. The approximate size of mucosectomised adenomas was
13.6 mm (from 8 mm to 60 mm). There was a total of 48 (25.7%) flat adenomas
and 139 (74.3%) sessile adenomas, (p < 0.01). Using ?en bloc? and ?piecemeal?
resection, 173 (92.5%) and 14 (7.5%) of colorectal adenomas were removed,
respectively. In all the cases, a complete removal of colorectal adenomas was
achieved. Two (1.4%) patients had adenoma removal with intramucosal carcinoma
each. In the average follow-up period of 21.2 ? 17.8 months, 2 (1.4%)
patients had adenoma relapse after EMR. Considering complications, there was
bleeding in 1 (0.7%) patient with a big rectum adenoma removed with EMR.
Furthermore, one (0.7%) patient had a postcoagulation syndrome after cecal
adenoma was removed by EMR. Conclusion. EMR is an efficient, safe and
minimally invasive technique of removing flat and sessile adenomas in the
colon and the rectum, with a very low percentage of adenoma recurrence over a
long period of monitoring.
Two Different Realms: Politics and Educational Knowledge in European History
Authors: Caruso Marcelo
Published: August 2013

During the last few decades, educational research has increasingly tried to legitimise itself by its alleged capacity to contribute to the solution of certain societal problems. The article discusses this claim on the basis of historical evidence. It addresses two episodes of educational change aimed at a ‘freer’ pedagogy and society and at expanding and democratising educational power relations in the classroom: the immediate consequences of the educational provisions of the first Spanish Constitution adopted in the city of Cadiz in 1812, and the reform of drawing pedagogy at primary schools in Munich at the beginning of the twentieth century. In both cases, educational research contributed marginally, if at all, to the transformation of society and educational practices. Processes of political participation and teachers' activism seem to have played a more major role in these two transformative processes than any other activity related to educational research.
Changes in Mass Schooling: ‘school Form’ and ‘grammar of Schooling’ as Reagents
Authors: Hofstetter Rita , Schneuwly Bernard
Published: August 2013

During the nineteenth century many European countries proclaimed sovereignty of the people and simultaneously founded their national educational systems. In order to provide public schooling, free and compulsory education was established. Political and sociocultural revolutions led to the rise of nation states, based on democratic or democratic-inspired aspirations, that then turned into ‘teacher states’. Mass schooling and the worldwide — and furthermore enforced — dissemination of this schooling model characterise the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. How can one best describe the concrete process of mass schooling? How should it be analysed, and what are the appropriate concepts to do so? How did nations contribute to its dissemination? By tackling these issues from a historical perspective and discussing, in particular, two concepts often addressed for understanding certain aspects of mass schooling — ‘school form’ and ‘grammar of schooling’ — the contributions of this volume shed a new light on the matter.
The Assembling of Schooling: Discussing Concepts and Models for Understanding the Historical Production of Modern Schooling
Authors: Dussel Inés
Published: August 2013

Several notions have been proposed to understand the specificity of schooling and its persistence across time and space, despite several attempts to reform it. In this article, the author analyses more closely the notions of the ‘grammar of schooling’, ‘forme scolaire’, and ‘school organisational culture’. These notions have also been used to address the global expansion of schooling and the adoption of similar structures and visions, in a process coterminous with westernisation and colonialism. The author reads the three of them together and analyses with some detail what they say about schooling as well as some of their blind spots. She then presents two alternatives to what she perceives to be their shortcomings: first, a historical and anthropological approach to school culture; and second, Bruno Latour's notion of networks and assemblages. While the two of them are not exclusive of each other, they have tended to grow different intellectual projects that are discussed here. While acknowledging that theorising might be a risky project, the author argues that researchers have a lot to gain from navigating these turbulent waters, producing a grounded, local theory that illuminates the ‘more than one, less than many’ configurations of schooling.
Interpretations of Research Impact in Seven Disciplines
Authors: Oancea Alis
Published: August 2013

Based on a 2010–11 study involving senior researchers from seven disciplines, this article explores critically some of the diverse interpretations of impact in different disciplines, sub-fields and modes of research, and researchers' views about how these interpretations articulate with top-down impact agendas and with university structures and incentive systems. Among the participants in the study, humanities researchers referred more explicitly to disciplines in framing their definitions of impact; social researchers, to theoretical and methodological traditions of research; and physical scientists, to modes of research (such as applied and theoretical). The article highlights the limits of unidirectional and short-term notions of impact and of pressures to demonstrate chain-link trajectories of influence from research insights to non-academic changes and benefits. Nonetheless, it argues that the current context offers an important (though easy-to-miss) opportunity to debate and reconceptualise ‘impact’ and its relevance to accountability processes, and to re-calibrate assessment methodologies.
‘Hard to Reach’ or Nomadic Resistance? Families ‘Choosing’ Not to Participate in Early Childhood Services
Authors: Osgood Jayne , Albon Deborah , Allen Kim , Hollingworth Sumi
Published: August 2013

Taking seeming disinterest in early years music-making as its focal point, this article explores the Deleuzian notion of (affect)ive assemblages to consider the relationships between formal early childhood services, the familial home environment of the ‘hard to reach,’ and the use of populist musical resources. In drawing on post-structuralist and feminist theorisations of performance, subjectivity, language and meaning, the authors illustrate how discursive practices work at pathologising so that families are both contained and known within the nomenclature of ‘hard to reach’. The article then moves to work with a number of Deleuzian concepts, including ‘smooth/striated space’ as well as ‘nomad/nomadic’. In so doing, they illustrate nomadic resistance where new musical identities and affective relations between children, their families and musicality become possible for this elusive tribe. This article, understood as a rhizomatic journey, offers a conceptual stutter so as to destabilise dominant constructions about particular families. The lens of enquiry focuses upon the configuration of one white working-class family headed by a young single mother. In the English context, such parents have become routinely pathologised and labelled ‘Chav Mums’, yet this Deleuzoguattarian-inspired exploration seeks to offer a means of unsettling normative assumptions about family practices and the ‘becoming’ child within them, which will serve to inform social justice debates in other global contexts.
Wandering off the Road to the End of Child Labor
Authors: Miller Vachel
Published: August 2013

In conventional development discourse, western concern for overworked children follows a root/branch mapping: the ‘root cause’ of child labor is seen as poverty, and child labor, in turn, becomes a cause of economic vulnerability and ‘lost childhood’. Such analysis fails to consider the ways in which children's subjectivities and practical work have already been shaped by neoliberal discourses. This article contributes to an emerging critique of conventional western notions of childhood in relation to global capitalist development by re-visiting the category of child labor, through a Deleuzian lens. The analysis will employ images of working children and policy texts to explore the ways in which they territorialize the working child. In particular, the author draws upon the metaphor of the rhizome and notions of becoming, in an effort to open an alternative cartography of children's work, exploring what work the category of child labor does in international policy discourse and what's at stake in its unsettling.