bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Birth weight and later risk of depression in a national birth cohort
Authors: Gale Catharine R. , Martyn Christopher N.
Published: December 2003

Background

Low birth weight increases the risk of childhood behavioural problems, but it is not clear whether poor foetal growth has a long-term influence on susceptibility to depression.

Aims

To examine the relation between birth weight and risk of psychological distress and depression.

Method

At age 16 years 5187 participants in the 1970 British Cohort Study completed the 12-item General Health Questionnaire to assess psychological distress. At age 26 years 8292 participants completed the Malaise Inventory to assess depression and provided information about a history of depression.

Results

Women whose birth weight was 3 kg had an increased risk of depression at age 26 years (OR=1.3; 95% CI 1.0–1.5) compared with those who weighed > 3.5 kg. Birth weight was not associated with a reported history of depression or with risk of psychological distress at age 16 years. In men there were no associations between any measurement and the full range of birth weight but, compared with men of normal birth weight, those born weighing $2.5 kg were more likely to be psychologically distressed at age 16 years (OR=l.6, 95% CI 1.1–2.5) and to report a history of depression at age 26 years (OR=l.6, 95% CI 1.1–2.3).

Conclusions

Impaired neurodevelopment during foetal life may increase susceptibility to depression.
Ethnoepidemiology of postnatal depression
Authors: Lee Dominic T. S. , Yip Alexander S. K. , Leung Tony Y. S. , Chung Tony K. H.
Published: December 2003

Background

Although there have been many studies of the biological and psychosocial causations of postnatal depression, studies of sociocultural risk factors are rare.

Aims

To investigate the sociocultural risk factors of postnatal depression using ethnographically informed epidemiological methods.

Method

Atotal of 959 women were assessed at their first ante-partum visit (baseline), in the third trimester, immediately after delivery, and 3 months post-partum. Six domains of risk factors were examined. The dependent variable was postnatal depression (as defined by the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale) at 3 months post-partum.

Results

Conflict with mother-in-law, marital dissatisfaction, past depression and antenatal depression independently predicted the occurrence of postnatal depression. The cultural practice of peiyue – a Chinese post-partum custom of mandated family support – was associated with better social support and a slightly lower risk of postnatal depression.

Conclusions

Sociocultural aspects of the immediate puerperium shape maternal emotional well-being. In-law conflict is an important source of household distress in many Asian societies. The findings have implications for clinical practice and future studies.
Early cognitive–behavioural therapy for post-traumatic stress symptoms after physical injury
Authors: Bisson Jonathan I. , Shepherd Jonathan P. , Joy Deborah , Probert Rachel , Newcombe Robert G.
Published: December 2003

Background

Early single-session psychological interventions, including psychological debriefing following trauma, have not been shown to reduce psychological distress. Longer early psychological interventions have shown some promise.

Aims

To examine the efficacy of a four-session cognitive–behavioural intervention following physical injury.

Method

A total of 152 patients attending an accident and emergency department displaying psychological distress following physical injury were randomised 1–3 weeks post-injury to a four-session cognitive–behavioural intervention that started 5–10 weeks after the injury or to no intervention and then followed up for 13 months.

Results

At 13 months, the total Impact of Event Scale score was significantly more reduced in the intervention group (adjusted mean difference=8.4, 95% CI 2.4–14.36). Other differences were not statistically significant.

Conclusions

Abrief cognitive–behavioural intervention reduces symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder in individuals with physical injury who display initial distress.
Mental health survey of the adult population in Iran
Authors: Noorbala A. A. , Yazdi S. A. Bagheri , Yasamy M. T. , Mohammad K.
Published: December 2003

Background

No national data on the prevalence of mental disorders are available in Iran. Such information may be a prerequisite for efficient national mental health intervention.

Aims

To determine the mental health status of a population sample aged 15 years and over.

Method

Through random cluster sampling, 35 014 individuals were selected and evaluated using the 28-item version of the General Health Questionnaire. A complementary semi-structured clinical interview was also undertaken to detect learning disability (‘mental retardation’), epilepsy and psychosis.

Results

About a fifth of the people in the study (25.9% of the women and 14.9% of the men) were detected as likely cases. The prevalence of mental disorders was 21.33% in rural areas and 20.9% in urban areas. Depression and anxiety symptoms were more prevalent than somatisation and social dysfunction. The interview of families by general practitioners revealed that the rates of learning disability epilepsy and psychosis were 1.4%, 1.2% and 0.6%, respectively Prevalence increased with age and was higher in the married, widowed, divorced, unemployed and retired people.

Conclusions

Prevalence rates are comparable with international studies. There is a wide regional difference in the country, and women are at greater risk.
Evaluation of the Two-Way Communication Checklist as a clinical intervention
Authors: Van Os Jim , Altamura A. Carlo , Bobes Julio , Gerlach Jes , Hellewell Jonathan S. E. , Kasper Siegfried , Naber Dieter , Robert Philippe
Published: December 2003

Background

Patients and doctors often have divergent views on care needs.

Aims

To examine whether providing patients with an opportunity to identify and discuss their needs would improve communication and induce changes in care.

Method

Patients with schizophrenia (n=134) were randomly allocated to either standard care or use of the Two-Way Communication Checklist (2-COM). Before seeing their clinician for a routine follow-up, participants in the active intervention group were given 2-COM, a list of 20 common needs, and told to indicate those areas they wanted to discuss with their doctor. Outcomes were assessed immediately and again after 6 weeks.

Results

Using 2-COM induced a stable improvement of patient-reported quality of patient–doctor communication (B=0.33, P=0.031), and induced changes in management immediately after the intervention (OR=3.7, P=0.009; number needed to treat, 6). Treatment change was more likely in patients with more reported needs, and needs most likely to induce treatment change displayed stronger associations with non-medication than with medication changes.

Conclusions

A simple intervention to aid people in discussion of their needs results in improved communication and changes in management.
ADHD is best understood as a cultural construct
Authors: Timimi S. , Taylor E.
Published: December 2003

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has received significant research attention and is a problem that is rarely out of the news – whether it is concerns about treating children with amphetamines, its over- or underdiagnosis, or the long-term outcomes.
Ulysses' crew or Circe? – the implications of advance directives in mental health for psychiatrists
Authors: Atkinson Jacqueline M.
Published: December 2003

Advance directives in mental health care are currently attracting interest, although there is some anxiety that they can restrict clinical freedom. The so-called ‘Ulysses contract’ is a form of opt-in to services that has been suggested in the USA. Psychiatrists might thus consider themselves to be the equivalent of Ulysses' crew in being bound by the contract. This paper suggests, in some cases, that they might function more as Circe, who suggested the directions to Ulysses, and considers this in the light of contemporary relationships between psychiatrists and patients.
Maternally expressed and partially redundant β-tubulins inCaenorhabditis elegansare autoregulated
Authors: Ellis Gregory C. , Phillips Jennifer B. , O'Rourke Sean , Lyczak Rebecca , Bowerman Bruce
Published: December 2003

The mitotic spindle, which partitions replicated chromosomes to daughter cells during cell division, is composed of microtubule assemblies of α/β-tubulin heterodimers. Positioning of the mitotic spindle influences the size and location of daughter cells, and can be important for the proper partitioning of developmental determinants. We describe two semi-dominant mis-sense mutations in tbb-2, one of two C. elegans β-tubulin genes that are maternally expressed and together are required for microtubule-dependent processes in the early embryo. These mutations result in a posteriorly displaced and misoriented mitotic spindle during the first cell division. In contrast, a probable tbb-2 null allele is recessive, and when homozygous results in less severe spindle positioning defects and only partially penetrant embryonic lethality. Two of the tbb-2 mutations result in reduced levels of TBB-2 protein, and increased levels of a second maternally expressed β-tubulin, TBB-1. However, levels of TBB-1 are not increased in a tbb-2 mutant with an allele that does not result in reduced levels of TBB-2 protein. We conclude that feedback regulation influences maternal β-tubulin expression in C. elegans, but cannot fully restore normal microtubule function in the absence of one β-tubulin isoform.
The Yin Yang-1 (YY1) protein undergoes a DNA-replication-associated switch in localization from the cytoplasm to the nucleus at the onset of S phase
Authors: Palko Linda , Bass Hank W. , Beyrouthy Maroun J. , Hurt Myra M.
Published: December 2003

The essential Yin Yang-1 gene (YY1) encodes a ubiquitous, conserved, multifunctional zinc-finger transcription factor in animals. The YY1 protein regulates initiation, activation, or repression of transcription from a variety of genes required for cell growth, development, differentiation, or tumor suppression, as well as from genes in some retroviruses and DNA viruses. Among the specific functions attributed to YY1 is a role in cell-cycle-specific upregulation of the replication-dependent histone genes. The YY1 protein binds to the histone alpha element, a regulatory sequence found in all replication-dependent histone genes. We therefore examined the abundance, DNA-binding activity and localization of the YY1 protein throughout the cell cycle in unperturbed, shake-off-synchronized Chinese hamster ovary and HeLa cells. We found that, whereas the DNA-binding activity of YY1 increased dramatically early in S phase, the YY1 mRNA and protein levels did not. YY1 changed subcellular distribution patterns during the cell cycle, from mainly cytoplasmic at G1 to mainly nuclear at early and middle S phase, then back to primarily cytoplasmic later in S phase. Nuclear accumulation of YY1 near the G1/S boundary coincided with both an increase in YY1 DNA-binding activity and the coordinate up-regulation of the replication-dependent histone genes. The DNA synthesis inhibitor aphidicolin caused a nearly complete loss of nuclear YY1, whereas addition of caffeine or 2-aminopurine to aphidicolin-treated cells restored both DNA synthesis and YY1 localization in the nucleus. These findings reveal a mechanism by which YY1 localization is coupled to DNA synthesis and responsive to cell-cycle signaling pathways. Taken together, our results provide insight into how YY1 might participate in the cell-cycle control over a variety of nuclear events required for cell division and proliferation.
Trans-Golgi network delivery of synaptic proteins in synaptogenesis
Authors: Sytnyk Vladimir , Leshchyns'ka Iryna , Dityatev Alexander , Schachner Melitta
Published: December 2003

Synapse formation, stabilization and maintenance comprise several remarkably precise and rapid stages. The initial steps involve delivery to the site of initial contact between axon and dendrite of transport carriers containing several sets of synaptic proteins necessary for proper synaptic function. This occurs both pre- and postsynaptically and is mediated by apparently distinct vesicular carriers that fuse with the synaptic plasma membrane to deliver receptors for neurotransmitters, ion channels, transporters and pumps. The presynaptic carriers in the developing axon give rise to synaptic vesicles. On the postsynaptic side, the so-called spine apparatus may represent a tubular reservoir that gives rise to the postsynaptic players in synaptic function. Recent evidence indicates that recognition molecules, particularly neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), are associated with trans-Golgi-network-derived structures and thus can provide a signal for accumulation of these transport carriers at nascent synapses.
A Novel and Highly Effective Halogenation of Alkanes with Halides on Oxidation with m-Chloroperbenzoic Acid: Looks Old, but New Reaction
Authors: Kojima Takahiko , Matsuo Hidenobu , Matsuda Yoshihisa
Published: December 2003

The combination of tetraalkylammonium halides (Cl−, Br−) and m-chloroperbenzoic acid in CH3CN effectively halogenated alkanes accompanied by the formation of alkyl m-chlorobenzoate; for which the alkyl halides were formed via a non-photoinduced radical mechanism and the esters were derived from a non-radical process and concomitant with the formation of corresponding trialkylamine.
Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of Ketonic Substrates Catalyzed by (η5-C5Me5)MCl Complexes (M = Rh and Ir) of (1S,2S)-N-(p-Toluenesulfonyl)-1,2-diphenylethylenediamine
Authors: Mashima Kazushi , Abe Tomoyuki , Tani Kazuhide
Published: December 2003

The rhodium and iridium (η5-C5Me5)MCl complexes (3a: M = Rh; 3b: M = Ir) of (1S,2S)-N-(p-toluenesulfonyl)-1,2-diphenylethylenediamine were found to be catalyst precursors for asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of acetophenone, 2-acetonaphthone, 1-tetralone, and 1-indanone to give (S)-1-phenylethanol (90% ee), (S)-1-(2-naphthyl)ethanol (85% ee), (S)-1-tetralol (97% ee), and (S)-indanol (99% ee), respectively.
Nonlinear Optical Properties of Langmuir-Blodgett Films from Two Crowned Azobenzenes
Authors: Li Hongqi , Yao Zhongqi , Liu Renhua , Tan Ganzu , Yu Xianda
Published: December 2003

Two crowned azobenzene derivatives APCM and APCN were synthesized and incorporated into a β-cyclodextrin derivative ACD. Both APCM/ACD and APCN/ACD formed a stable Langmuir monolayer at the air-water interface. Multilayer Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films with an ordered lamellar structure were constructed from APCM/ACD and APCN/ACD monolayers which showed a nonlinear polarisability (β) of 4 × 10−29 and 1 × 10−30 esu, respectively, after a month of storage.
Syntheses of Chiral Calixarene Analog Incorporating Amino Acid Residues: Molecular Recognition for a Racemic Ammonium Ion by the Macrocycles
Authors: Ito Kazuaki , Kida Atsushi , Ohba Yoshihiro , Sone Tyo
Published: December 2003

Chiral calixarene analog incorporating amino acid residues into macrocyclic rings was prepared. The macrocycles form a chiral concave, which is induced by the chiral transmission from the amino acid to the phenol-formaldehyde tetramer unit through the hydrogen bonds. Molecular recognition for a chiral ammonium ion by the macrocycles was investigated.
Anomalous Scattering Behavior of Poly(N-n-propylacrylamide) in 2-Propanol/Water
Authors: Ito Daisuke , Kubota Kenji
Published: December 2003

Light scattering study of poly(N-n-propylacrylamide) in a mixed solvent of 2-propanol and water was carried out. At high volume fraction (80 vol%) of 2-propanol, the scattering envelopes showed anomalous upsweep inflection at low scattering angles for finite polymer concentrations. This behavior can be elucidated in terms of the long-range repulsive interaction potential, and should correlate to the complex multiple volume phase transition of the gel in a mixed solvent.
What do students remember? Episodic memory and the development of schematization
Authors: Herbert Debra M. B. , Burt Jennifer S.
Published: December 2003

Research examining changes in memory and memory awareness during learning suggests that early in the process, students primarily have representations that are episodic in nature and experience ‘remember’ awareness during recall. However, as learning continues and schematization occurs, students' knowledge is more likely to be dominated by semantic memory representations and ‘just know’ awareness is experienced during recall. The greater the amount of remembering experienced early in learning, the more likely it is that the shift to knowing will occur in students. In this study, university students studied either material rich in distinctive features that may serve as cues to episodic memory, or material lacking in these features. Students' knowledge was tested after a 2‐day and a 5‐wk interval. In contrast to students who studied the material lacking distinctive features, students who studied the distinctively rich material showed a predominance of remember awareness on the first test, and on the follow‐up test showed a predominance of know awareness and were able to recall more details of the learning material. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Geographic profiling: the fast, frugal, and accurate way
Authors: Snook Brent , Taylor Paul J. , Bennell Craig
Published: December 2003

The current article addresses the ongoing debate about whether individuals can perform as well as actuarial techniques when confronted with real world, consequential decisions. A single experiment tested the ability of participants (N = 215) and an actuarial technique to accurately predict the residential locations of serial offenders based on information about where their crimes were committed. Results indicated that participants introduced to a ‘Circle’ or ‘Decay’ heuristic showed a significant improvement in the accuracy of predictions, and that their post‐training performance did not differ significantly from the predictions of one leading actuarial technique. Further analysis of individual performances indicated that approximately 50% of participants used appropriate heuristics that typically led to accurate predictions even before they received training, while nearly 75% improved their predictive accuracy once introduced to either of the two heuristics. Several possible explanations for participants' accurate performances are discussed and the practical implications for police investigations are highlighted. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stem cell transplantation post invasive fungal infection is a feasible task
Authors: Avivi Irit , Oren Ilana , Haddad Nuhad , Rowe Jacob M. , Dann Eldad J.
Published: December 2003

Between March 1997 and January 2002, 18 consecutive patients (18–47 years) with hematological malignancies and previous proven invasive fungal infection underwent stem cell transplantation (SCT) (10 matched sibling allograft, 6 autograft, and 2 haploidentical). All patients had full myeloablative conditioning. The fungal pathogens diagnosed were Aspergillus (14), Fusarium (2), Mucor (1), Exserohilum (1), and Candida (1), involving the lungs (15), sinuses (5), and liver (1). All patients were treated pre‐ and during transplant with systemic antifungal therapy. Eleven out of 18 (61%) patients survived the transplant. Only 1 of 5 patients who transplanted with an active fungal infection accompanied with active leukemia survived the transplant, compared with 10/13 (84%) survivals in patients who had no clinical and radiological signs of infection or active leukemia (P < 0.025). None of the autografted patients has died, compared with 7/12 allografted patients, of whom 5 underwent transplant with active hematological/active fungal disease. In only 3 patients was the cause of death reactivation of previous fungal infection. Both active fungal infection and active leukemia place patients at a very high risk for procedure‐related mortality. Pre‐transplant therapy of fungal infection, aiming to achieve a clinically undetectable state of infection, followed by an antifungal treatment during transplant may allow the SCT with no fungal reactivation in selected patients. Am. J. Hematol. 75:6–11, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Glycophorin C (Gerbich antigen blood group) and band 3 polymorphisms in two malaria holoendemic regions of Papua New Guinea
Authors: Patel Sheral S. , King Christopher L. , Mgone Charles S. , Kazura James W. , Zimmerman Peter A.
Published: December 2003

The geographic overlap between the prevalence of erythrocyte polymorphisms and malaria endemicity is thought to be an example of natural selection on human populations. In Papua New Guinea (PNG), the Gerbich‐negative phenotype is caused by an exon 3 deletion in the glycophorin C gene (GYPCΔex3) while heterozygosity for a 27‐base pair deletion in the SLC4A1 gene (anion exchanger 1 or erythrocyte membrane protein, band 3), SLC4A1Δ27, results in Southeast Asian ovalocytosis. Two geographically and ethnically distinct malaria endemic regions of PNG (the Wosera [East Sepik Province] and Liksul [Madang Province]) were studied to illustrate the distribution of two prominent deletion polymorphisms (GYPCΔex3 and SLC4A1Δ27) and to determine if the genetic load associated with SLC4A1Δ27 would constrain independent assortment of GYPCΔex3 heterozygous and homozygous genotypes. The frequency of the GYPCΔex3 allele was higher in the Wosera (0.463) than Liksul (0.176) (χ2; P < 0.0001). Conversely, the frequency of the SLC4A1Δ27 allele was higher in Liksul (0.0740) than the Wosera (0.0005) (χ2; P < 0.0001). No individuals were homozygous for SLC4A1Δ27. In 355 Liksul residents, independent assortment of these two deletion polymorphisms resulted in 14 SLC4A1Δ27 carriers heterozygous for GYPCΔex3 and one SLC4A1Δ27 carrier homozygous for GYPCΔex3 (Fisher's exact test; P = 0.8040). While homozygosity for SLC4A1Δ27 appears to be nonviable, the GYPCΔex3 allele is not lethal when combined with SLC4A1Δ27. Neither mutation was associated with altered susceptibility to asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum or P. vivax infection. While these erythrocyte polymorphisms apparently have no effect on blood‐stage malaria infection, their contribution to susceptibility to clinical malaria morbidity requires further study. Am. J. Hematol. 75:1–5, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Risk of bleeding complications with antiplatelet agents: Meta‐analysis of 338,191 patients enrolled in 50 randomized controlled trials
Authors: Serebruany Victor L. , Malinin Alex I. , Eisert Roswith M. , Sane David C.
Published: December 2003

Antiplatelet therapy has been the focus of extensive clinical investigations over the last two decades. A variety of agents and regimens have been advanced for the prevention and treatment of vascular disease. Despite the proven life‐saving clinical benefits of inhibiting platelets, this therapy is associated with an increased risk of bleeding. The objective of this study was to determine the risk of hemorrhage in the major classes of antiplatelet agents. Data from clinical trials published 1988–2002 in English were retrieved from MEDLINE, OVID, and CARDIOSOURCE. Only those studies in which patients had clinical follow‐up for at least 1 month and in which a full description of hemorrhagic complications was reported were included. Information on sample size, study design, duration, agent, patient characteristics, and bleeding severity was independently and blindly reviewed. Data from 51 clinical trials with a total of 338,191 patients were analyzed. The antiplatelet agents were divided into 6 groups: aspirin (ASA) < 100 mg; ASA ≥ 100 mg; dipyridamole, thienopyridines; intravenous and oral GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors. The variance estimate and confidence intervals were calculated for each treatment assignment. Low‐dose aspirin and dipyridamole therapy were associated with the lowest risk of bleeding (3.6% and 6.7%, respectively). The highest rate of bleeding complications (44.6%) was associated with the GP IIa/IIIb inhibitors. Despite substantial differences in the reporting patterns of bleeding complications, low‐dose ASA and dipyridamole therapy were associated with the lowest risk. Surprisingly, doses of ASA ≥ 100 mg caused a relatively high hemorrhagic event rate, which was comparable to that of ADP‐receptor blockers. These findings should be considered when using combination antiplatelet and/or anticoagulant therapy with conventional doses of ASA. Am. J. Hematol. 75:40–47, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transfusion‐related acute lung injury (TRALI) following allogeneic stem cell transplant for acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Ganguly Siddhartha , Carrum George , Nizzi Frank , Heslop Helen E. , Popat Uday
Published: December 2003

Transfusion‐related acute lung injury (TRALI) is a serious complication of transfusion characterized by dyspnea, hypoxemia, hypotension, fever, and bilateral pulmonary infiltrates. Although the frequency is estimated at 1/1,120 to 1/5,000 transfusions, few cases have been reported after hematopoietic stem cell transplant. We report a case occurring in an allogeneic transplant recipient who developed acute respiratory distress and bilateral pulmonary infiltrates 2 hr after a platelet transfusion due to the presence of anti granulocyte antibody HNA‐3a in the product. As there is a wide differential diagnosis for pulmonary infiltrates developing post transplant, TRALI may be under‐recognized and should be considered in this setting. Am. J. Hematol. 75:48–51, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Myocardial infarction in a patient with β‐thalassemia major: First report
Authors: Fridlender Zvi G. , Rund Deborah
Published: December 2003

Thalassemia is the most common hereditary anemia throughout the world. Survival in its most severe long‐term form, β‐thalassemia major, has significantly risen in the last decades. Cardiac morbidity—heart failure and dysrhythmias—is still the most common cause of mortality in these patients. We describe herein a case of myocardial infarction with normal coronary arteries in a 48‐year‐old patient with β‐thalassemia and no other recognized risk factors for coronary artery disease. Thromboembolic phenomena, a known situation in these patients, occur at a frequency of 4–5%. However, as far as we know, this is the first report in the literature of myocardial infarction in association with β‐thalassemia. With the notable improvement in the life expectancy of thalassemia patients, ischemic heart disease may become an important complication encountered in these patients. Am. J. Hematol. 75:52–55, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Does terbutaline damage the developing heart?
Authors: Rhodes Melissa C. , Nyska Abraham , Seidler Frederic J. , Slotkin Theodore A.
Published: December 2003

BACKGROUND: β2‐Adrenoceptor (βAR) agonists, such as terbutaline, are widely used to arrest preterm labor. They also cross the placenta where they stimulate receptors in fetal tissues, which in turn use βAR input for trophic control of cell replication and differentiation.

METHODS: As rats are altricial, we administered terbutaline in two different postnatal exposure periods (10 mg/kg given daily on Days 2–5 or 11–14).

RESULTS: Hearts were examined twenty‐four hours after the last dose and on postnatal day 30 for cardiac damage. Neither treatment paradigm caused an increase in cardiac abnormalities compared to controls but quantitative analysis of the number of nuclei indicated reductions in females.

CONCLUSIONS: These findings do not support earlier case reports of outright myocardial necrosis after terbutaline tocolysis in human infants. Nevertheless, the significant statistical association between terbutaline and cardiac anomalies in epidemiological studies suggest that terbutaline may sensitize the developing heart to other insults that affect development. Birth Defects Res B 68:449–455, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Psychopathic features in a juvenile diversion population: reliability and predictive validity of two self‐report measures
Authors: Falkenbach Diana M. , Poythress Norman G. , Heide Kathleen M.
Published: December 2003

The reliability and predictive validity of two experimental self‐report versions of two measures of psychopathic features in youth, the Antisocial Process Screening Device (APSD: Frick & Hare, 2001) and a modified version of the Child Psychopathy Scale (CPS: Lynam, 1997) were examined in a sample of 69 arrested youth (M age = 14.4 years) referred to a juvenile diversion program. Parents or legal guardians completed parent‐rating versions of the same measures. Reliability indicators for the APSD total measure were satisfactory although internal consistency indices (coefficient alpha) for the Callous/Unemotional and Impulsive/Conduct Problems scales were slightly lower than desirable. Reliability indicators for the CPS were excellent after deleting items that had poor corrected item‐to‐CPS total score correlations. Positive and statistically significant correlations for all measures were obtained with prospective measures of program failure (range 0.22–0.36) and rearrest at 1 year follow‐up (range 0.33–0.56). Although further research is needed prior to the clinical use of these measures, these results signal the potential of such measures to inform clinical judgments regarding treatment compliance and risk with justice‐involved youth. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Views of the downward extension: comparing the Youth Version of the Psychopathy Checklist with the Youth Psychopathic traits Inventory
Authors: Skeem Jennifer L. , Cauffman Elizabeth
Published: December 2003

Increasing interest in “juvenile psychopathy” has been met with scholarly debate about the validity of directly extending the adult construct of psychopathic personality disorder to youth. To inform this debate, this study of 160 serious adolescent offenders compared two alternative, adult‐based conceptualizations of juvenile psychopathy: that of the Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version (PCL:YV) and the self‐report Youth Psychopathic traits Inventory (YPI). The results indicate that these two conceptualizations overlap only partially, with the YPI focusing more tightly on core interpersonal and affective features than the PCL:YV. Each conceptualization is reliable and predicts different forms of short‐term institutional misbehavior. However, only the YPI possesses a theoretically coherent, inverse association with anxiety. Despite this promise, these conceptualizations of psychopathy are less strongly associated with one another than they are with psychosocial markers of developmental maturity. This raises questions about their divergent validity and ability to identify a disorder that will remain stable during the transition from adolescence into adulthood. Implications for future longitudinal research on the validity, manifestations, and course of juvenile psychopathy are discussed. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Psychopathic traits predict attitudes toward a juvenile capital murderer
Authors: Edens John F. , Guy Laura S. , Fernandez Krissie
Published: December 2003

The current study manipulated the presence/absence of psychopathic traits and the ethnicity (Black/White) of a juvenile capital murderer to examine their impact on layperson attitudes regarding what types of legal sanction were appropriate. Participants (N=360) reviewed a newspaper article concerning a death row inmate who was appealing his sentence primarily based on the fact that he committed the crime when he was 16 years of age. Compared to those in the control condition, those who read a scenario in which the defendant had been described at trial as exhibiting psychopathic traits (e.g. remorselessness, pathological lying) were significantly more likely to support a death sentence and less likely to believe he should receive any treatment in prison. Moreover, participant ratings of the extent to which they believed the defendant exhibited prototypically psychopathic traits (regardless of whether they were in the psychopathy or control condition) also significantly predicted these criterion measures. Ethnic status was relatively less influential, although participants were somewhat more punitive towards a Black defendant than a White defendant when considering the relevance of possible mitigating factors (e.g. history of sexual abuse). Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Muscle variations and abnormal branching and course of the ulnar nerve in the forearm and hand
Authors: Bozkurt M.C. , Tagil S.M. , Ersoy M. , Tekdemir I.
Published: December 2003

During dissection of the right forearm of a 27‐year‐old female cadaver, variations in the form and insertion of the palmaris longus muscle were observed. The tendon of the palmaris longus muscle, which demonstrated a centrally placed belly, split into two tendons: one inserted into the palmar aponeurosis and the other into the proximal part of the flexor retinaculum. Additionally, we found an accessory muscle extending between the flexor retinaculum and the tendon of the abductor digiti minimi muscle. This accessory muscle was located deep to the ulnar artery but superficial to the superficial and deep branches of the ulnar nerve at the wrist. Finally, an aberrant branch of the ulnar nerve was identified in the forearm; it traveled distally alongside the ulnar artery and in the palm demonstrated communications with common palmar digital nerves from the ulnar and the median nerves. No variations were observed in the contralateral upper limb. Clin. Anat. 17:64–66, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Determination of the width of the presacral space on magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Oto Aytekin , Peynircioglu Bora , Eryilmaz Muzaffer , Besim Aytekin , Sürücü H. Selçuk , Çelik H. Hamdi
Published: December 2003

Presacral space enlargement may be the first sign of certain diseases. The normal width of the presacral space has not been widely investigated and in all previous studies was calculated from lateral radiographs obtained at barium enema examination. Our study determined the normal width of the presacral space on MRI and investigated a possible difference between men and women. The width of the presacral space was measured retrospectively from sagittal T2‐weighted MR images of 193 patients (87 males; 106 females, aged 18–83 years). Presacral space width was measured separately for S1, S2, and S3 vertebral levels from the anterior surface of the vertebral bodies to the closest part of the posterior wall of the rectum. Differences between male and female subjects were analyzed by t‐tests. Normal mean widths of the presacral space in men and women were 16.2 mm and 11.9 mm for S1, 14.9 mm and 11.2 mm for S2, and 13.0 mm and 10.6 mm for S3, respectively. Measurements of the presacral space width in men were significantly larger than in women at all three levels (P < 0.001 for S1, P < 0.001 for S2, P = 0.006 for S3). In summary, the presacral space width measured on MRI was found to be significantly larger in the male than in the female population. Clin. Anat. 17:14–16, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of lithotomy positions on strain of the obturator and lateral femoral cutaneous nerves
Authors: Litwiller Jonathan P. , Wells Robert E. , Halliwill John R. , Carmichael Stephen W. , Warner Mark A.
Published: December 2003

The purpose of this study was to determine if various lithotomy positions increase strain on the obturator and lateral femoral cutaneous nerves in fresh adult cadavers. A static load cell was used to record strain changes of the obturator and lateral femoral cutaneous nerves in the pelvis and anterior thigh when the lower limbs were placed in three sets of positions of varying hip abduction and flexion. The means of the strain measurements, which were measured in grams in all positioning angles were compared to the baseline 0° measurements. Analysis of variance was calculated for the differences. Flexion of the hip did not increase strain on either nerve. Abduction to 30° or 45° increased strain by more than 30 g on the obturator nerve (P < 0.05) but not the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve. The addition of 45° or more of flexion to abduction negated the strain increase on the obturator nerves seen with abduction alone. Nerve strain >30 g has been associated consistently with nerve dysfunction, disrupting axonal transmission, and causing structural neural damage. Our findings suggest that concomitant hip flexion should be used when placing anesthetized patients in a lithotomy position that includes abduction of the lower limbs to >30° to decrease the risk for perioperative neuropathy of the obturator nerve. Clin. Anat. 17:45–49, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
One‐third, two‐thirds: Relationship of the radial nerve to the lateral intermuscular septum in the arm
Authors: Fleming P. , Lenehan B. , Sankar R. , Folan‐Curran J. , Curtin W.
Published: December 2003

The radial nerve penetrates the lateral intermuscular septum of the arm before dividing into deep and superficial branches. It may be encountered in both anterior and posterior approaches to the humerus. An ability to accurately predict the point at which the nerve pierces the septum would be valuable during surgery in the arm, and would facilitate planning an approach to exploring the radial nerve after fractures of the distal humeral shaft. It would, in particular, make minimally invasive surgical techniques less dangerous. We dissected 20 cadaver upper limbs to establish whether the radial nerve enters the anterior compartment of the arm at a predictable level. We found that in almost every case the radial nerve entered the anterior compartment at a point within 5 mm of the junction of the distal and middle thirds of a line joining the lateral epicondyle of the humerus to the most lateral point of the acromion process of the scapula. This has not previously been described, and we believe is a useful aide‐de‐memoir to predicting the level at which the radial nerve penetrates the lateral intermuscular septum. Clin. Anat. 17:26–29, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of computer‐aided instruction in the medical gross anatomy curriculum
Authors: McNulty John A. , Halama James , Espiritu Baltazar
Published: December 2003

A two‐year study was conducted to provide summative evaluations of web‐based computer‐aided instruction (CAI) specifically designed to supplement the laboratory dissections in the medical human anatomy course. Utilization of CAI was analyzed using server statistics, student surveys and network login tables. There was a significant increase in server requests for CAI over the period of the course in both years of the study. In general, student surveys corresponded with the login data for individual students, although several discrepancies showed limitations of the respective methodologies. When course examination scores were compared to the number of CAI logins for individual students, there were statistically significant direct correlations between exam grades and frequency of CAI use. Our findings illustrate the value of combining server statistics with user surveys for evaluations of CAI as an effective supplement for student learning in the anatomy curriculum. Clin. Anat. 17:73–78, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Unusual variant of the extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle: A case report
Authors: Mitsuyasu Hiromichi , Yoshida Ryo , Shah Munir , Patterson Rita M. , Viegas Steven F.
Published: December 2003

A variation of the extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle (ECRB) origin was discovered during a cadaveric dissection. The identified ECRB originated from the fascia/tendon of the extensor digitorum communis (EDC), without any of its origin at the usual location on the lateral epicondyle. The ECRB tendon inserted onto the third metacarpal base. A branch of the posterior interosseous nerve innervated the ERCB. This is the first report of an ECRB originating from the EDC fascia/tendon. This unique variation of the ECRB origin may be of clinical interest, especially in the treatment of lateral epicondylitis (tennis elbow). Clin. Anat. 17:61–63, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intracellular calcium release is required for caspase‐3 and ‐9 activation
Authors: Tantral Lee , Malathi Krishnamurthy , Kohyama Shinya , Silane Michael , Berenstein Alejandro , Jayaraman Thottala
Published: December 2003

Increase in intracellular Ca2+ [Ca2+]i regulates many biological functions including apoptosis, but the protein(s) linking [Ca2+]i and apoptosis are not completely understood. We have previously shown that IP3R‐deficient cells are resistant to T‐cell receptor (TCR)‐induced apoptosis due to lack of Ca2+ release from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and calcineurin activation. Here we show that caspase‐9 and ‐3 are not activated in IP3R‐deficient cells after TCR stimulation, consistent with the resistance of these cells to apoptosis. However, we also demonstrate that Bcl‐2 expression in IP3R‐deficient cells is comparable to control cells. Taken together, these results strongly suggest that IP3R‐mediated Ca2+ release plays a critical role in regulating the activity of caspases‐3 and ‐9 independent of Bcl‐2. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
FR146801, a novel nitric oxide donating agent, prevents neointimal formation after balloon injury in rats
Authors: Hirasawa Yoshimi , Kato Yasuko , Fukuyama Shinichi , Ohno Mitsuko , Nishino Shigetaka , Kato Masayuki , Kita Yasuhiro
Published: December 2003

FR 146801 (±)‐N‐[(E)‐4‐ethyl‐3‐[(Z)‐hydroxyimino]‐6‐methyl‐5‐nitro‐3‐heptenyl]‐3‐pyridinecarboxamide is a novel nitric oxide (NO) donating agent. In the present study, we examined the effect of FR146801, a slow NO releaser, on intimal thickening of rat carotid arteries following balloon injury, in comparison with FK409, a rapid NO releaser. In this model, vehicle or each drug was administered orally, twice daily from 2 days before to 13 days after injury and the intimal thickening was assessed at 14 days after injury. FR146801 suppressed neointimal formation after balloon injury dose‐dependently and significantly. FR146801 (32 mg/kg) decreased neointima/media ratio by 36.4% (P<0.05) vs. vehicle‐treated group. FR146801 (1–100 μM) inhibited the growth of cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells concentration‐dependently. In measurements of mean blood pressure with conscious rats, FR146801 showed no hypotensive effect at 32 mg/kg p.o., the dose required for significant suppression of intimal thickening. In contrast, FK409 showed hypotensive effect at 10 mg/kg p.o. at which it suppressed neointimal formation with almost the same efficacy as FR 146801. These data demonstrate that FR146801 could be a useful inhibitor of intimal hyperplasia after vascular injury and, moreover, that its inhibitory effect could be separated from its hypotensive effect. Drug Dev. Res. 61:37–43, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of displacement coefficient method and capacity spectrum method with experimental results of RC columns
Authors: Lin Yu‐Yuan , Chang Kuo‐Chun , Wang Yuan‐Li
Published: December 2003

For the performance‐based seismic design of buildings, both the displacement coefficient method used by FEMA‐273 and the capacity spectrum method adopted by ATC‐40 are non‐linear static procedures. The pushover curves of structures need to be established during processing of these two methods. They are applied to evaluation and rehabilitation of existing structures. This paper is concerned with experimental studies on the accuracy of both methods. Through carrying out the pseudo‐dynamic tests, cyclic loading tests and pushover tests on three reinforced concrete (RC) columns, the maximum inelastic deformation demands (target displacements) determined by the coefficient method of FEMA‐273 and the capacity spectrum method of ATC‐40 are compared. In addition, a modified capacity spectrum method which is based on the use of inelastic design response spectra is also included in this study. It is shown from the test specimens that the coefficient method overestimates the peak test displacements with an average error of +28% while the capacity spectrum method underestimates them with an average error of ‐20%. If the Kowalsky hysteretic damping model is used in the capacity spectrum method instead of the original damping model, the average errors become ‐11% by ignoring the effect of stiffness degrading and ‐1.2% by slightly including the effect of stiffness degrading. Furthermore, if the Newmark–Hall inelastic design spectrum is implemented in the capacity spectrum method instead of the elastic design spectrum, the average error decreases to ‐6.6% which undervalues, but is close to, the experimental results. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seismic energy dissipation in deteriorating systems through low‐cycle fatigue
Authors: Erberik Altuǧ , Sucuoǧlu Haluk
Published: December 2003

Energy dissipation characteristics of structural members which exhibit both strength and stiffness deterioration under imposed displacement reversals are investigated. In the experimental part, 17 reinforced concrete beam specimens were tested under constant and variable amplitude inelastic displacement cycles. The constant‐amplitude tests were employed to determine the low‐cycle fatigue behaviour of specimens where the imposed displacement amplitude was the major variable. A two‐parameter fatigue model was developed in order to express the variation of dissipated energy with the number of displacement cycles. This model was then used to predict the energy dissipation of test specimens subjected to variable‐amplitude displacement cycles simulating severe seismic excitations. It has been demonstrated that the remaining energy dissipation capacity in a forthcoming displacement cycle is dependent on the energy dissipated along the completed displacement path. Moreover, it is observed that total energy dissipation is dependent on the length of the displacement path. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Minimum capital requirement calculations for UK futures
Authors: Cotter John
Published: December 2003

Key to the imposition of appropriate minimum capital requirements on a daily basis is accurate volatility estimation. Here, measures are presented
based on discrete estimation of aggregated high‐frequency UK futures realizations underpinned by a continuous time framework. Squared and
absolute returns are incorporated into the measurement process so as to rely on the quadratic variation of a diffusion process and be robust in the
presence of fat tails. The realized volatility estimates incorporate the long memory property. The dynamics of the volatility variable are adequately
captured. Resulting rescaled returns are applied to minimum capital requirement calculations. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark
24:193–220, 2004