bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Variety of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) Growth and Yield in Response to Various Organic Fertilizers in Makurdi, Nigeria
Authors: P. Madina, , T. R Ugoo, , M. O Adorolo,
Published: October 2024

This study was conducted in 2023 at the nursery of the Teaching and Research farm of the Department of Crop production of Joseph Sarwuan Tarka University Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria. The experimental treatments were two (2) varieties of lettuce (ice berg and Butter head) and three (3) organic manure sources (Poultry dropping, cow dung, goat manure) and a control. An experiment was set up as a 2 x 4 factorial design using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Data were collected from the following parameters, plant height, plant diameter, number of leaves, leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR), roof weight, and fresh weight. All the study parameters of lettuce were significantly (P<0.05) different, on both organic manure, and variety. The iceberg variety surpassed the butter head variety, with statistically significant (P<0.05) differences observed in several parameters: plant height (20.32 cm), number of leaves (23.85), leaf area index (15.19 cm³), сrop growth rate (1.54 g m³ per day), chlorophyll content (23.32 mg/g), fresh weight (83.86 g), root weight (20.23 g), and yield (3.19 t/ha) Similarty, poutry droppings obtained significantly (P<0.05) better results in terms of plant height (21.73 cm), number of leaves (23 92), leaf area Index (16.75 cm²), crop growth rate (3.70 g m³ per day), chlorophyll content (25.73 mg/g), fresh weight (632.02 g), root weight (22.13 g) and yield (3.75 t/ha) as compared to other organic manure sources such as cow dung, goat manure and control. In addition, a significant difference (P<0.05) was observed in the interaction between lettuce varieties selection and organic fertilizers at various levels, particularly with the high level of iceberg x poultry manure
Optimization of Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. Ex Benth. Seed Germination Using Pretreatment Analysis
Authors: Georges YAO Kouakou Abessika , Anique GBOTTO Ahou , Ella NDRI Konan , Nestor GORE Bi Boh , Sélastique AKAFFOU Doffou , Arsène ZORO BI Irié
Published: October 2024

Agroforestry resources play a crucial role in conserving biodiversity, stabilizing soils and improving the livelihoods of rural populations. This study investigates the impact of different treatments on the germination of Acacia auriculiformis, an important tree species for soil restoration in Côte d'Ivoire. The work was carried out at the University Jean Lorougnon GUEDE in Daloa. The seeds used for this work were subjected to four treatments, including a control (T0); those soaked for 3 days in ordinary water (T1); a hot water treatment at 60°C (T3); a boiling water treatment at 100°C and a flame treatment (T4). A randomized block design consisting of four treatments in three blocks. The results showed that seed treatment in hot water at 100°C until cooling gave the best germination percentages and germination speed. The results also showed that soaking the seeds in water for three days produced seedlings with the shortest germination time. The study underlines the importance of pregermination for the selection of better-performing varieties and the implementation of effective reforestation programs. It also highlights the need for further research into the impacts of climate change on tree germination and growth. However, for a better policy of extension, production and improvement of this endangered forest species of socio-economic interest, mastery of the requirements of this species while maintaining optimal conditions for its germination in the nursery is more necessary.
Improving Outdoor Thermal Comfort for Agricultural Workers: A Study of Heat Stress Relief Measures Using Sun Protection Lotions
Authors: Anusha Maddali , Sri K. Ramya , Lokesh M. , Deepthi N. Mrudula
Published: October 2024

The entire study was carried out on a group of 100 female farm workers at the CTAE university campus in Udaipur during the wheat crop harvesting season, with the aim of examining the effectiveness of various heat stress relief measures (sun protection lotion with different sun protection factors, SPF) in improving outdoor thermal comfort. The experiments were designed to assess the average skin temperature of Indian female farm workers under five fixed Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) conditions (28, 29, 30, 31, 32°C), all falling within the heat stress category as per American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) standards. The mean skin temperature was determined using the Hardy du-bois 7-point model formula, which involved measuring the mean temperature of specific body parts of the 100 female farm workers. A variation of ± 0.5°C was considered due to the challenge of achieving precise thermal conditions in open field settings. The experiment aimed to evaluate the thermal and physiological responses of the participants. The findings revealed that the use of sun protection lotion alone resulted in increased cooling effect, thereby expanding the thermal comfort range. Additionally, the application of sun protection lotion alone reduced the mean skin temperature by 0.39, 0.38, 0.36, 0.30, 0.27°C by the end of the work period.
Flood Vulnerability Assessment in Paradip Coastal Area Using Weighted Overlay Index
Authors: Rohit Yogeshwari , Bhuraria Nikita
Published: October 2024

Paradip, a prominent coastal city on India's eastern seaboard, presents a unique combination of environmental challenges and urban pressures. It has the largest tidal range among major regional tidal gauge stations, including Vishakhapatnam and Chennai. The city experiences an annual sea level rise of 2.33 mm, with projections indicating an increase of 0.183 feet by 2047 and 0.76 feet over the next century. The city's unique environmental and urban issues are exacerbated by its placement within the Mahanadi River's deltaic deposits, floodplains, and coastal marine deposits along the Bay of Bengal. The shoreline of Paradip is topographically uniform, with ground elevations ranging from 3.6 to 5.7 meters. According to India's Wind and Cyclone Hazard Map, Paradip is in the "Very High Damage Risk Zone," indicating the presence of significant wind speeds along the coast. The paper digs into these vulnerabilities and their possible influence on the coastal community, emphasizing the city's need to strike a balance between urban growth and ecological preservation. One of the main problems is flooding. Rainwater enters government buildings and impoverished areas because of encroachments on natural drainage systems. Dryland capable of residential, agricultural, and other economic activities is submerged by overflowing water which causes loss of life, property, and infrastructure. This study evaluates flood vulnerabilities in Paradip, a coastal city, using GIS and a weighted overlay index. By integrating satellite imagery, digital elevation models (DEM), and historical data on rainfall and soil types, we developed a detailed flood vulnerability map that categorises areas into high, moderate, and low risk. ArcGIS Pro 2.7.3 software and a weighted overlay index were utilized for the collection, processing, and display of spatial and attribute data. spatial analysis was the process used to produce the flood vulnerability map. The results provide essential insights for urban planning and flood mitigation strategies, with direct implications for improving disaster preparedness and climate resilience. The flood vulnerability map was then compared to the masterplan of Paradip which was proposed for 2030, to know the actual vulnerable area and to defy some major which were proposed by Paradip development authority. The study illustrates how remote sensing and GIS techniques can be effectively utilized to generate flood vulnerability data essential for informed decision-making.
Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Growth Parameters of Citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt.)
Authors: E. S Amirthavarshini. , S Anuja.
Published: October 2024

The aim of the study is to identify a suitable nutrient management practice for enhancing the growth characteristics viz. plant height (cm), plant spread (cm), number of tillers per plant and number of leaves per plant of citronella. The study was carried out in Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, between 2023-2024. The experiment comprised of 10 treatments each replicated thrice was executed following the principles of Randomized Block Design. They are (T1) 100% RDF (NPK 75:40:40 kg/ha) (Basal Dose N: 25 kg/ha), (T2) 75% RDF+ Vermicompost 5 t/ha, (T3) 75% RDF+ Vermicompost 5 t/ha + Biofertilizer consortium 2 kg/ha, (T4) 75% RDF+ Vermicompost 5 t/ha + Sea weed extract 2%, (T5) 75% RDF+ Goat Manure 5 t/ha, (T6) 75% RDF + Goat Manure 5 t/ha+ Biofertilizer consortium 2 kg/ha, (T7) 75% RDF + Goat Manure 5 t/ha + Sea weed extract 2%, (T8)  75% RDF + FYM 10 t/ha, (T9) 75% RDF + FYM  10 t/ha + Biofertilizer consortium 2 kg/ha and (T10) 75% RDF + FYM  10 t/ha + Sea weed extract 2 % . The data collected were subjected to statistical analysis. This was done by standard procedure of Panse and Sukhatme (1985) and the results were interpreted. The level of significance are used in “F” and “t” tests at P=0.05. Critical differences (CD) were worked out whenever F test was found significant. The WASP 2.0 software was used for the statistical analysis of data. The study showed significant difference in the growth, yield and quality among the different treatments. The highest plant height (cm) (128.30, 131.32 and 132.20), plant spread (cm) (109.80, 112.03 and 115.75), number of tillers per plant (43.78, 45.90 and 48.16), number of leaves per plant (208.46, 212.15 and 210.00) of citronella were recorded with the application of 75% Recommended dose of fertilizer with vermicompost 5 t/ ha and 2% foliar spray of seaweed extract improved the growth, yield and quality of citronella. The application of 75% Recommended dose of fertilizer with vermicompost 5 t/ha and 2% foliar spray of seaweed extract has been identified as the best treatment for maximizing the growth characters of citronella. Hence, could be recommended for satisfactory growth, yield and quality of citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt.).
Successful Management of Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy in an HIV/AIDS Patient: A Therapeutic Case Report
Authors: Jain Bhumadhya , Vishnoi Vishal , Bhandari Sanchit , Sirohi Tanu Raj , Yadav Narendra Dev
Published: October 2024

Background: Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a rare and devastating opportunistic infection caused by JC virus reactivation, typically carries a poor prognosis in immunocompromised individuals, particularly those with HIV.
Aim: To report a remarkable case of full recovery in an HIV-positive patient with PML and highlight the significance of prompt recognition, diagnosis, and combination antiretroviral therapy (cART).
Case Summary: A 34-year-old HIV-positive male presented with progressive disturbances of consciousness and movement. MRI revealed multifocal white matter lesions, and JC virus DNA was detected in cerebrospinal fluid. Despite initial deterioration, the patient achieved full recovery with cART.
Conclusion: This exceptional outcome emphasizes the critical importance of vigilant monitoring, prompt diagnosis, and effective management strategies for PML in HIV patients, highlighting the potential for full recovery with optimal cART.
Infectious Diseases in Nigeria Using Topic Modelling: A Systematic Review
Authors: Ayantse Cornelius , Yaya OlaOluwa S. , Sakpere Aderonke Busayo , Abel Olubunmi K. D. , Ojo IyanuOluwa O. , Joseph Okeke U.
Published: October 2024

In this study, we used text mining to present a list of topics and diseases that have been most researched in the last two decades in the field of infectious diseases in Nigeria, using abstracts and keywords of publications. We accessed and analyzed 15,459 publications from the Scopus database, extracting out their abstracts, keywords, years of publication and titles. We used quanteda to get n-grams and document frequencies of the keywords, which produced 39 keywords for diseases based on unigram, 55 based on bigram, and 63 for trigram. HIV/AIDS and Malaria emerged as the two primary focus in this research. Taking advantage of technological advances, we used Chat GPT to check the prevalent infectious diseases in Nigeria and compared output with our result, and our search turned in 14 infectious diseases in Nigeria, out of which 10 were a match to the diseases contained in the research articles’ keywords. Thus, continuing measures to eradicate malaria in Nigeria, and interventions to reduce the prevalence of HIV/AIDS should be communicated. Using structural topic modelling, we were able to extract a total of 100 topics from the document abstracts in which topic 29 (sexual, HIV, partner, sex, condom, risk, men) stood out due to its higher distribution across the documents.
A Case Report on Congenital Mesoblastic Nephroma
Authors: Hutabarat Rico Alfredo , Ibrohim Ibnu Sina , Ali Mohammad Ilham Akbar , Elisha Johanna
Published: October 2024

Aims: This study aims to provide a comprehensive review of the epidemiology, genetic underpinnings, clinical presentation, and management strategies of congenital mesoblastic nephroma (CMN), with a focus on the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges that distinguish it from other neonatal renal tumors such as Wilms’ tumor. By presenting a unique case of a neonate diagnosed with CMN and undergoing tumor resection, we seek to highlight the complexities of perinatal care in such cases and the potential for life-threatening complications despite early intervention. Furthermore, the study underscores the importance of early and accurate differentiation between CMN subtypes, as well as the role of histopathology in guiding treatment approaches.
Presentation of Case: A female neonate was born at 34+2 weeks gestation, presenting with a retroperitoneal mass on the left kidney, identified prenatally via ultrasound. Delivered by cesarean section due to polyhydramnios and anemia, a palpable intraabdominal mass was noted during examination. Imaging confirmed a heterogeneous solid lesion suggestive of nephroblastoma. The patient underwent nephroureterectomy, with histopathology confirming congenital mesoblastic nephroma.
Despite successful resection, the patient died at 9 days of age from refractory catecholamine septic shock, with complications including neonatal sepsis, gastrointestinal bleeding, and femoral artery thrombosis.
Discussion: Congenital mesoblastic nephroma is the most common renal tumor in neonates, often misdiagnosed as Wilms’ tumor. It typically presents before 2 months of age and is associated with translocation (12;15)(p13;q25). The prognosis for classical CMN is excellent, while the cellular variant is more aggressive. Surgical excision is the primary treatment, but the neonate's age necessitates careful management to mitigate risks. In this case, multiple complications contributed to the poor outcome despite timely intervention.
Conclusion: CMN is a rare renal tumor in neonates, requiring accurate diagnosis through histopathology. While prognosis is generally favorable, complications from prematurity can adversely affect survival.
Evaluation of New Rice Varieties under Delayed Transplanting on Yield Parameters and Nutrient Uptake in North Coastal Zone, India
Authors: Kumar S.Srinivas , Ramana A.V. , Rao A. Upendra , Nataraja K.C
Published: October 2024

A field experiment was conducted on sandy loam soil at the college farm of Agricultural College, Naira, Srikakulam to study the yield and yield attributes of old aged seedlings as influenced by different varieties in a split-plot design, comprised of three age of seedlings (30, 45 and 60 days old) assigned to main Plots and eight varieties (V1: MTU-7029, V2: BPT-5204, V3: MTU-1061, V4: MTU-1121, V5:MTU-1223, V6:MTU-1224, V7:MTU-1262 and V8:RGL-2537) were assigned to sub plots. Among the three age of seedlings for transplanting, planting of 30 days seedlings proved superior by recording higher growth parameters and yield structure, yield and economic returns compared to planting of 45 days and 60 days old seedlings. Among the varieties tested, the higher grain yield, straw yield and economic returns was noticed with MTU-1223 (V5) followed by RGL-2537 (V8) and MTU-1224 (V6). The differences in N uptake among the varieties may be attributed to genetic factors, as different rice varieties can have varying abilities to absorb and utilize nitrogen from the soil.
Cefoxitin and Oxacillin Resistance Conundrums
Authors: Kulkarni Grishma
Published: October 2024

Recently, mecA-negative Staphylococcus aureus strains with decreased susceptibility to oxacillin and cefoxitin have been sporadically reported worldwide. They are called as borderline oxacillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (BORSA). Almost, more than 30% of such strains are often misinterpreted and reported as MRSA (methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus) due to the hyperproduction of beta-lactamase enzyme and other reasons which results in invitro reduced susceptibility to oxacillin as well as cefoxitin. Similar phenomenon is quite common in other staphylococci, micrococci and macrococci. In order to identify beta-lactamase hyperproducing staphylococci and other gram-positive cocci and to avoid false reporting as methicillin resistant, a one-year prospective study was conducted in Deccan college of medical sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana state, India in 2023. During one year duration, 5630 inpatient (IP) and 823 outpatient (OPD) samples accounting for total 6453 cultures were received in the microbiology laboratory. Out of this,100 cultures of different samples showing pure growth of gram-positive cocci suggestive of staphylococci, micrococci and other Gram-positive cocci were included in the present study and tested against different antibiotics panel as per CLSI guidelines (Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute.)  Inclusion of amoxiclav disc to the antibiotics test panel as per recommendation by the special phenotypic methods for the detection of antibacterial resistance in the manual of clinical microbiology was helpful to detect the beta-lactamase hyperproducers (BHP) and helped to report correct identification of the organisms and curtailed the mismanagement of more than 95% of the patients. Therefore, I do recommend to differentiate borderline from true methicillin resistant strains to streamline the antibiotic therapy and hence further avoidance of selection of the resistant strains.
Exploring Strategies To Implement Project Management Tools And Techniques Among Startups In Nigeria
Authors: Shodeinde Azeez Olatubosun
Published: October 2024

There is plethora of evidence in the literature linking the implementation of project management tools and techniques (PMTT) by companies to timely project execution, prevention of cost overrun and efficient project outcomes. However, existing studies have hardly focused on strategies which may contribute to the effectiveness of PMTT at startup companies. This study was motivated to close this knowledge gap. With a descriptive survey design, qualitative data were collected from staff stakeholders of startups based in Lagos, Nigeria. A purposive random sampling technique was used to select 10 stakeholders each from 10 startups, making 100 participants in the study. The retrieval rate was 100% as prior consent of management of each startup was sought before the instrument administration. The data were analysed using a mix of frequency counts, percentages and logistic regression. Findings revealed that performance-based strategy makes PMTT attractive to the company’s employees while the structure-based strategy is more effective to sustain the stakeholder commitment to PMTT. Also, industry-based strategy is important to keep the company and its staff updated of technology-enhanced PMTT. It is therefore recommended that the startup firms should prioritize skills and competencies of staff while deploying the PMTT. More importantly, the firm’s structure and culture should encourage the adoption and implementation of the PMTT by its stakeholders.
Why 0and 1=True And – 1 And 2 Are False In A – 1,0,1,2 Number System
Authors: Singha Souravlal
Published: October 2024

why 0 and 1 are true will be explained Introduction:we will try to give a new explanation Main body:Suppose static energy of body a is 90 calories. Now 090=0+90 If we take 0as true then It becomes true +90=true 90 Again 1*90=90 Here 1=true (suppose) Then true 90=90 So we can see 0 and 1 are true But in no way – 1 and 2can be proven as true. So they are false. – 1=lesser false and +2=greater false
Morphometric Analysis Of Amarpatan Block, Madhya Pradesh India, Using GIS And Remote Sensing Techniques
Authors: Mishra Gaurav , Tiwari Ravindra Nath , Tiwari Pushpendra Kumar , Mishra Ashish Kumar
Published: October 2024

Remote sensing and GIS techniques are used as effective tools for morphometric analysis. Morphometric analysis classification is the most commonly adopted method for waterhed analysis. This method is helpful in conserving water resources by analyzing the drainage aspects of the catchment area. This study was conducted in Amarpatan block of Satna district, Madhya Pradesh. Morphometric features were analyzed using Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and ArcGIS software. The area was divided into 6 sub-watersheds. Stream order was determined from first to sixth order, which shows the dendritic drainage pattern. The parameters of morphometric analysis are measured as linear, aerial, and relief aspects (e.g., stream order, drainage density, stream frequency, bifurcation ratio, elongation ratio, etc.). The analysis contributes to understanding watershed management sites for the conservation of soil and water. This study provides information to policy makers for sustainable water resources development and management.
Sustainable Energy Production From Biomass: A Case Study On Tasmanian Blue Gum Eucalyptus Gasification
Authors: Shah Sk. Taher Haseebuddin , Ramjee E. , Kumar R. Ravi , Ravi Gugulothu
Published: October 2024

The global transition to renewable energy sources is a crucial response to the urgent need to reduce global warming and its negative environment consequences. One feasible approach within this paradigm is to generate steam from syngas produced by biomass gasification. Background: Gasification is a thermochemical process that transforms organic materials into combustible gas mixtures, provides a sustainable and renewable way to generate energy, chemicals and fuels. This technology helps to minimize greenhouse gas emissions and reliance on fossil fuels. Materials and methods: In this experiment, Tasmanian blue gum eucalyptus sawdust is used to generate pellets which will subsequently be processed into syngas using downdraft gasifier. The experiment investigates the effect of increasing air velocities specifically 10, 15, 20 and 25 M/sec as a gasifying agent to the gasification process. Results: The air velocity is measured at 10, 15, 20 and 25 m/s resulting in the time taken of 2280, 1860, 1560 and 1380 with efficiency increases of 41.11, 47.73, 49.62 and 54.67, respectively. This implies that optimizing air velocity is crucial for improving the overall performance of biomass gasification. The proximate and ultimate results of pellet are some better compared to the raw eucalyptus by researcher Filomena Pinto [16]. The efficiency is slightly high compared with the researcher R. Ravi Kumar [25]. The generated syngas may eventually replace the fossil fuel LPG for domestic purposes. Conclusion: The time taken for the gasification decreases with the increase of air velocity up to 25m/s. As the result the efficiency increases.
Physicochemical Properties Of Native And Acetylated Pigeon Pea Starches
Authors: Odunayo Osho, Dorcas
Published: October 2024

Starch was extracted from pigeon pea, an underutilized legume, and acetylated (2.43%) using acetic anhydride. The starch yield increased from 28.24% (native) to 83.63% (acetylated). The pH was 6.8 and 6.9, respectively. Apparent amylose content decreased after acetylation (25.95% to 19.67%). Moisture, ash, fat, crude protein, and carbohydrate contents showed minimal variation between native and acetylated starches. Bulk density, water absorption, and oil absorption capacities increased with acetylation. Acetylated starch had higher dispersibility (98.50%) than native starch (87.50%), but a higher least gelation concentration (16% vs. 6%). Viscosity decreased with acetylation, while solubility index and swelling power increased. Acetylation improved pasting properties, particularly setback and breakdown. These findings suggest acetylation enhances the functional properties of pigeon pea starch for potential industrial applications.
Waste Management In India With Special Reference To Ahmedabad City
Authors: Niyogi Ms. Baishali
Published: October 2024

This comprehensive study examines the complex landscape of waste management in India, with a particular focus on Ahmedabad city in Gujarat. The research delves into the current state of waste management practices, the socio-economic conditions of rag pickers, and the emerging trends in eco-friendly packaging. Through extensive literature review, field surveys, and data analysis, this paper provides insights into the challenges and opportunities in India's waste management sector. The study reveals significant gaps in waste collection and processing systems, the precarious living conditions of rag pickers, and the potential for eco-friendly packaging to mitigate waste generation. The findings underscore the need for integrated waste management approaches, improved working conditions for informal waste workers, and widespread adoption of sustainable packaging solutions. This research contributes to the growing body of knowledge on urban waste management in developing countries and offers policy recommendations for more sustainable and equitable waste management practices.
Economic Feasibility Study For The Setting Up And Utilization Of A Multipurpose Food Irradiation Facility In Jigawa State, North-West Nigeria
Authors: Sambo Isa , A Abuh Rafiu , Murtala Muhammad Tukur , Nasir Mahraz Mohammed
Published: October 2024

One proven and efficient method for processing and preserving food is food irradiation. Irradiation is a productive and economical technique that has several advantages over other technologies used in food processing. The technique helps prevent food loss and ensure food safety by getting rid of parasites and bacteria that can make people sick or even kill them. Produce from agriculture and animal food products can benefit from radiation treatment to increase shelf life while maintaining microbiological safety and quality. Based on more than 50 years of research and testing data, a number of national and international food and health organizations have acknowledged and supported the safety of food and products treated to ionizing radiation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the economic feasibility for the establishment and utilization of a multipurpose food irradiation facility in Jigawa state and its environ as a post-harvest treatment for major arable crops cultivated in the state and its environ which include millet, sorghum, groundnut, sesame, rice, maize, tomatoes, pepper, onions, wheat, and dried fish. The study explored ways in which irradiation may be employed for each crops and vegetable with the approved dose rate. The cost of irradiation was also calculated for different sources of colbalt-60. The study results indicate one or more technically economically feasible application points for irradiation in the processing of each commodity considered. The most promising points are the potential for disinfestation of large quantity of crops and vegetables which will ensure food availability all year round and at a cheap rate for citizens as well as the potential for export thereby helping to grow the revenue and GDP of the state.
Unlocking The Potential Of Natural Polymers: A Comparative Study For Innovative Drug Delivery Systems
Authors: . .
Published: October 2024

This study aims to characterize and compare four biopolymers - pectin, guar gum, xanthan gum, and sodium alginate - for their potential use in drug delivery systems by evaluating their hydrophilicity, pH sensitivity, and thermosensitivity. Biopolymer films were prepared and subjected to water absorption tests for hydrophilicity, gravimetric analysis in varying pH conditions for pH sensitivity, and weight change measurements after heat exposure for thermosensitivity. Each test was conducted in five trials to ensure reliability. Pectin demonstrated the highest responsiveness across all tests, showing rapid water absorption (6.46 seconds), significant pH sensitivity (0.53g weight change in acidic conditions), and high thermosensitivity (0.378g weight change). Guar gum showed moderate responsiveness, while xanthan gum and sodium alginate exhibited the most stability across varying conditions. Pectin's high responsiveness suggests suitability for smart, multi-stimuli-responsive systems. Guar gum's moderate responsiveness indicates potential for controlled release formulations. The stability of xanthan gum and sodium alginate makes them ideal for applications requiring consistent drug release in diverse physiological environments. This study offers a comprehensive, comparative analysis of four widely used biopolymers, filling a gap in the existing literature. The results provide a foundation for developing tailored, sustainable drug delivery systems, contributing to the advancement of personalized medicine and environmentally friendly pharmaceutical practices
Spent Tea Leaves as an Adsorbent Material: Preparation, Characterization, and Application
Authors: Lima Umme Sultana , Malangi Sananda , Ali Md. Korban , Suhag Mahmudul Hassan , Kayes Md. Nazmul
Published: October 2024

The adsorption of Congo Red (CR) on the surface of Spent Tea Leaves (STL) was evaluated in an aqueous system. The study was carried out for the establishment of a standard wastewater treatment method that would remove reactive dyes by employing spent tea leaves as a bio-adsorbent. The effect of various parameters like amount of adsorbent, contact time, concentration of dye, and pH on the adsorption was studied. The adsorption capacity was monitored with a UV-visible spectrophotometer. The maximum adsorption of dye was observed at adsorbent mass of 3.5g /100 mL, at 8×10-5 M CR concentration, at pH = 9.72 and 50 minutes of contact time. The experimental results suggest that the adsorption of CR on the surface of STL is an exothermic process. The adsorption of CR on STL is found to follow pseudo first order kinetics. Based on the findings, it’s feasible to draw the conclusion that spent tea leaves would be a better adsorbent for the removal of reactive dyes from the wastewater.
Assessment of the Impact of LID Techniques on Water Cycle Recovery in Industrial Complexes
Authors: Kim Jaemoon , Lee Jung Min , Cha Sungmin , Kim Byungsung , Kwon Soonchul
Published: October 2024

Urbanization and industrialization have significantly disrupted the natural water cycle, leading to increased runoff, flooding, and groundwater depletion. Research on LID (Low Impact Development) techniques is ongoing in order to address these challenges. This study has analyzed the improvement in the water cycle system by applying LID techniques to the Daejeongcheon watershed in Ulsan. Using SWMM, this study has assessed the long-term effects of LID on runoff reduction and water cycle recovery rate improvement. Based on local climate data, topographical information, and regional characteristics, LID elements such as permeable pavements, green roofs, bioretention, and vegetative swales were applied. The results showed that the LID techniques reduced runoff by 8.44% and also improved the water cycle recovery rate by 13.52%. Additionally, the study confirmed that LID techniques effectively contributed to managing runoff from the 25.5 mm rainfall management target. LID techniques are expected to serve as sustainable water management strategies in urbanized and industrialized areas, offering effective restoration and management solutions.
Evaluation of Water Allocation Scenarios in the Seomjin River Watershed Based on CMIP6 Scenarios
Authors: Kim Wonjin , Choi Sijung , Kang Seonggyu , Woo Soyoung
Published: October 2024

This study evaluated the impact of climate change and water allocation scenarios on water security in the Seomjin River Basin using K-WEAP (Korea-Water Evaluation and Planning System). The findings indicated that domestic water and instream flow are vulnerable to climate change, while industrial water supply may fail to meet future demand in certain regions. Moreover, prioritizing instream flow was found to compromise the stability of the domestic water, and equal allocation adversely affected both domestic and industrial water security. Consequently, maintaining the current system appears to be the most effective approach; however, future studies should focus on developing flexible strategies that consider the effects of climate change and regional characteristics in a more detailed manner.
Development of a Machine-learning-based Framework to Assess the Performance of Water Distribution Systems
Authors: Choi Young Hwan , Kim Min Jun , Kim Teagyun
Published: October 2024

Recent statistics indicate that the national water supply coverage is approximately 99%, reflecting a high level of service. However, the aging infrastructure continues to cause issues such as pipe failures and water quality concerns, creating operational difficulties. To solve these issues, performance assessments are used to quantitatively evaluate the system conditions and ensure effective maintenance. In Korea, these assessments are based on a scoring system that combines direct and indirect assessments. However, direct assessment of all pipes is limited by cost and time constraints. To address this issue, a deep neural network is used to assess the aging of water distribution systems. This study develops a framework to estimate direct results from indirect data by analyzing the correlation between indirect and direct assessments. Additionally, data augmentation is considered to compensate for the lack of training data in direct assessments, improve the reliability of performance assessments, and support better prioritization in system maintenance.
Case Study Analysis on the Flood Mitigation Effects of Improving a Drainage System Using Low Impact Development Techniques
Authors: Kang Taeuk , Lee Jungmin
Published: October 2024

Low-impact development (LID) techniques aim to minimize the hydrological and environmental impacts associated with watershed development by preserving the natural state as much as possible, reducing impervious surfaces, managing stormwater on a small scale at the point of generation, and promoting decentralized stormwater management. In this study, the flood reduction effects of LID techniques were analyzed using PCSWMM by comparing traditional development methods in the Songsan Green City development project. In this process, the LID technique considers nonstructural methods of diversifying drainage directions and structural methods of introducing vegetated swales to improve the drainage system. The results showed that the LID approach, introduced to improve the drainage system, had a significant effect on reducing floods and inundation compared to traditional development methods. The results of this study suggest the potential of using LID techniques in structural and nonstructural approaches to improve urban flooding and inundation problems.
Adjusting Mitigation Pathways to Stabilize Climate at 1.5°C and 2.0°C Rise in Global Temperatures to Year 2300
Authors: Goodwin Philip , Brown Sally , Haigh Ivan David , Nicholls Robert James , Matter Juerg M.
Published: March 2018

To avoid the most dangerous consequences of anthropogenic climate change, the Paris Agreement provides a clear and agreed climate mitigation target of stabilizing global surface warming to under 2.0°C above preindustrial, and preferably closer to 1.5°C. However, policy makers do not currently know exactly what carbon emissions pathways to follow to stabilize warming below these agreed targets, because there is large uncertainty in future temperature rise for any given pathway. This large uncertainty makes it difficult for a cautious policy maker to avoid either: (1) allowing warming to exceed the agreed target or (2) cutting global emissions more than is required to satisfy the agreed target, and their associated societal costs. This study presents a novel Adjusting Mitigation Pathway (AMP) approach to restrict future warming to policy‐driven targets, in which future emissions reductions are not fully determined now but respond to future surface warming each decade in a self‐adjusting manner. A large ensemble of Earth system model simulations, constrained by geological and historical observations of past climate change, demonstrates our self‐adjusting mitigation approach for a range of climate stabilization targets ranging from 1.5°C to 4.5°C, and generates AMP scenarios up to year 2300 for surface warming, carbon emissions, atmospheric CO2, global mean sea level, and surface ocean acidification. We find that lower 21st century warming targets will significantly reduce ocean acidification this century, and will avoid up to 4 m of sea‐level rise by year 2300 relative to a high‐end scenario.
Submarine Groundwater‐Borne Nutrients in a Tropical Bay (Maowei Sea, China) and Their Impacts on the Oyster Aquaculture
Authors: Chen Xiaogang , Lao Yanling , Wang Jinlong , Du Jinzhou , Liang Mingzhong , Yang Bin
Published: March 2018

Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) has been recognized as an important pathway for nutrients into estuaries, coasts, and the adjacent seas. In this study, 222Rn was used to estimate the SGD‐associated nutrient fluxes into an aquaculture area in a typical tropical bay (Maowei Sea, China). The SGD into the Maowei Sea during June 2016 was estimated to be 0.36 ± 0.33 m d−1 and was associated with SGD‐derived dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP), and dissolved silicon (DSi) fluxes (mol d−1) of (4.5 ± 5.5) × 106, (5.3 ± 9.1) × 104, and (9.4 ± 9.3) × 106, respectively. The SGD‐derived nutrients (i.e., DIN, DIP, and DSi) were more than 1.9, 0.9, and 3.6 times the amounts in the local river input and served as dominant sources in the nutrient budgets in the Maowei Sea. Moreover, the N/P ratios in the SGD around the Maowei Sea were high (mean: 64), and these ratios likely exceeded the environmental self‐purification capacity, thereby enhancing the biomass and changing the phytoplankton community structure. Therefore, SGD processes with derived nutrients may affect the biogeochemical cycles and marine ecological environment in the Maowei Sea. Furthermore, the N/P ratios (∼67) in oysters are very close to those in the SGD in the Maowei Sea; this coincidence suggests that the high N/P ratios in the SGD are likely to be one of the most important sources that support oyster aquaculture, which might weaken the burden of water eutrophication in the Maowei Sea.
On the Collisionless Asymmetric Magnetic Reconnection Rate
Authors: Liu Yi‐Hsin , Hesse M. , Cassak P. A. , Shay M. A. , Wang S. , Chen L.‐J.
Published: March 2018

A prediction of the steady state reconnection electric field in asymmetric reconnection is obtained by maximizing the reconnection rate as a function of the opening angle made by the upstream magnetic field on the weak magnetic field (magnetosheath) side. The prediction is within a factor of 2 of the widely examined asymmetric reconnection model (Cassak & Shay, 2007, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2795630) in the collisionless limit, and they scale the same over a wide parameter regime. The previous model had the effective aspect ratio of the diffusion region as a free parameter, which simulations and observations suggest is on the order of 0.1, but the present model has no free parameters. In conjunction with the symmetric case (Liu et al., 2017, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.085101), this work further suggests that this nearly universal number 0.1, essentially the normalized fast‐reconnection rate, is a geometrical factor arising from maximizing the reconnection rate within magnetohydrodynamic‐scale constraints.
Study of the Equatorial and Low‐Latitude Electrodynamic and Ionospheric Disturbances During the 22–23 June 2015 Geomagnetic Storm Using Ground‐Based and Spaceborne Techniques
Authors: Astafyeva E. , Zakharenkova I. , Hozumi K. , Alken P. , Coïsson P. , Hairston M. R. , Coley W. R.
Published: March 2018

We use a set of ground‐based instruments (Global Positioning System receivers, ionosondes, magnetometers) along with data of multiple satellite missions (Swarm, C/NOFS, DMSP, GUVI) to analyze the equatorial and low‐latitude electrodynamic and ionospheric disturbances caused by the geomagnetic storm of 22–23 June 2015, which is the second largest storm in the current solar cycle. Our results show that at the beginning of the storm, the equatorial electrojet (EEJ) and the equatorial zonal electric fields were largely impacted by the prompt penetration electric fields (PPEF). The PPEF were first directed eastward and caused significant ionospheric uplift and positive ionospheric storm on the dayside, and downward drift on the nightside. Furthermore, about 45 min after the storm commencement, the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) Bz component turned northward, leading to the EEJ changing sign to westward, and to overall decrease of the vertical total electron content (VTEC) and electron density on the dayside. At the end of the main phase of the storm, and with the second long‐term IMF Bz southward turn, we observed several oscillations of the EEJ, which led us to conclude that at this stage of the storm, the disturbance dynamo effect was already in effect, competing with the PPEF and reducing it. Our analysis showed no significant upward or downward plasma motion during this period of time; however, the electron density and the VTEC drastically increased on the dayside (over the Asian region). We show that this second positive storm was largely influenced by the disturbed thermospheric conditions.
Rainfall From Resolved Rather Than Parameterized Processes Better Represents the Present‐Day and Climate Change Response of Moderate Rates in the Community Atmosphere Model
Authors: Kooperman Gabriel J. , Pritchard Michael S. , O'Brien Travis A. , Timmermans Ben W.
Published: March 2018

Deficiencies in the parameterizations of convection used in global climate models often lead to a distorted representation of the simulated rainfall intensity distribution (i.e., too much rainfall from weak rain rates). While encouraging improvements in high percentile rainfall intensity have been found as the horizontal resolution of the Community Atmosphere Model is increased to ∼25 km, we demonstrate no corresponding improvement in the moderate rain rates that generate the majority of accumulated rainfall. Using a statistical framework designed to emphasize links between precipitation intensity and accumulated rainfall beyond just the frequency distribution, we show that CAM cannot realistically simulate moderate rain rates, and cannot capture their intensification with climate change, even as resolution is increased. However, by separating the parameterized convective and large‐scale resolved contributions to total rainfall, we find that the intensity, geographic pattern, and climate change response of CAM's large‐scale rain rates are more consistent with observations (TRMM 3B42), superparameterization, and theoretical expectations, despite issues with parameterized convection. Increasing CAM's horizontal resolution does improve the representation of total rainfall intensity, but not due to changes in the intensity of large‐scale rain rates, which are surprisingly insensitive to horizontal resolution. Rather, improvements occur through an increase in the relative contribution of the large‐scale component to the total amount of accumulated rainfall. Analysis of sensitivities to convective timescale and entrainment rate confirm the importance of these parameters in the possible development of scale‐aware parameterizations, but also reveal unrecognized trade‐offs from the entanglement of precipitation frequency and total amount.
Canopy Spectral Reflectance as a Predictor of Soil Water Potential in Rice
Authors: Panigrahi N. , Das B. S.
Published: March 2018

Soil water potential (SWP) is a key parameter for characterizing water stress. Typically, a tensiometer is used to measure SWP. However, the measurement range for commercially available tensiometers is limited to −90 kPa and a tensiometer can only provide estimate of SWP at a single location. In this study, a new approach was developed for estimating SWP from spectral reflectance data of a standing rice crop over the visible to shortwave‐infrared region (wavelength: 350–2,500 nm). Five water stress treatments corresponding to targeted SWP of −30, −50, −70, −120, and −140 kPa were examined by withholding irrigation during the vegetative growth stage of three rice varieties. Tensiometers and mechanistic water flow model were used for monitoring SWP. Spectral models for SWP were developed using partial‐least‐squares regression (PLSR), support vector regression (SVR), and coupled PLSR and feature selection (PLSRFS) approaches. Results showed that the SVR approach was the best model for estimating SWP from spectral reflectance data with the coefficient of determination values of 0.71 and 0.55 for the calibration and validation data sets, respectively. Observed root‐mean‐squared residuals for the predicted SWPs were in the range of −7 to −19 kPa. A new spectral water stress index was also developed using the reflectance values at 745 and 2,002 nm, which showed strong correlation with relative water contents and electrolyte leakage. This new approach is rapid and noninvasive and may be used for estimating SWP over large areas.
Commentary: The Feasibility of Subduction and Implications for Plate Tectonics on Jupiter's Moon Europa
Authors: Kattenhorn Simon A.
Published: March 2018

A new modeling‐based study by Johnson et al. (2017, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JE005370) lends support to the hypothesis that portions of Europa's surface may have been removed by the process of subduction, as suggested by Kattenhorn and Prockter (2014, https://doi.org/10.1038/NGEO2245). Using a simple 1‐D model that tracks the thermal and density structure of a descending ice plate, Johnson et al. show that ice plates with 10% porosity and overall salt contents of ~5%, which differ in salt content by ~2.5% from the surrounding reference ice shell, are nonbuoyant and thus likely to sink through the underlying, convecting portion of the ice shell. The feasibility of subduction in an ice shell is critical to the existence of icy plate tectonics, which is hypothesized to exist at least locally on Europa, potentially making it the only other Solar System body other than Earth with a surface modified by plate tectonics.