bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantifying the Impact of Axillary Surgery and Nodal Irradiation on Breast Cancer–Related Lymphedema and Local Tumor Control: Long-Term Results From a Prospective Screening Trial
Authors: Naoum George E. , Roberts Sacha , Brunelle Cheryl L. , Shui Amy M. , Salama Laura , Daniell Kayla , Gillespie Tessa , Bucci Loryn , Smith Barbara L. , Ho Alice Y. , Taghian Alphonse G.
Published: July 2020

PURPOSE

To independently evaluate the impact of axillary surgery type and regional lymph node radiation (RLNR) on breast cancer–related lymphedema (BCRL) rates in patients with breast cancer.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

From 2005 to 2018, 1,815 patients with invasive breast cancer were enrolled in a lymphedema screening trial. Patients were divided into the following 4 groups according to axillary surgery approach: sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) alone, SLNB+RLNR, axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) alone, and ALND+RLNR. A perometer was used to objectively assess limb volume. All patients received baseline preoperative and follow-up measurements after treatment. Lymphedema was defined as a ≥ 10% relative increase in arm volume arising > 3 months postoperatively. The primary end point was the BCRL rate across the groups. Secondary end points were 5-year locoregional control and disease-free-survival.

RESULTS

The cohort included 1,340 patients with SLNB alone, 121 with SLNB+RLNR, 91 with ALND alone, and 263 with ALND+RLNR. The overall median follow-up time after diagnosis was 52.7 months for the entire cohort. The 5-year cumulative incidence rates of BCRL were 30.1%, 24.9%, 10.7%, and 8.0% for ALND+RLNR, ALND alone, SLNB+RLNR, and SLNB alone, respectively. Multivariable Cox models adjusted for age, body mass index, surgery, and reconstruction type showed that the ALND-alone group had a significantly higher BCRL risk (hazard ratio [HR], 2.66; P = .02) compared with the SLNB+RLNR group. There was no significant difference in BCRL risk between the ALND+RLNR and ALND-alone groups (HR, 1.20; P = .49) and between the SLNB-alone and SLNB+RLNR groups (HR, 1.33; P = .44). The 5-year locoregional control rates were similar for the ALND+RLNR, ALND-alone, SLNB+RLNR, and SLNB-alone groups (2.8%, 3.8%, 0%, and 2.3%, respectively).

CONCLUSION

Although RLNR adds to the risk of lymphedema, the main risk factor is the type of axillary surgery used.
Criminal Culpability for Acts Committed During a Possible Episode of REM Sleep Behavior Disorder
Authors: Kass Joseph S. , Rose Rachel V.
Published: July 2020

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD) may result in a patient injuring a bed partner while acting out a dream. This article examines the complexities associated with RBD as a criminal defense strategy as well as the legal implications for physicians and their duty to patients and their families to mitigate risks associated with possible injuries related to RBD.
Evaluating the Sleepy and Sleepless Patient
Authors: Malhotra Raman K.
Published: July 2020

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

This article explains the clinical approach to patients presenting with sleepiness or sleeplessness in a neurologic practice setting. Addressing the patient’s sleep symptoms may help improve symptoms of their other underlying primarily neurologic disorder.

RECENT FINDINGS

New diagnostic modalities at home such as home sleep apnea testing have improved access and diagnosis of sleep apnea. Consumer health tracking devices have also helped patients focus on their sleep duration and quality, prompting them to bring their concerns to their neurologist.

Like many neurologic disorders, a detailed history and physical examination are critical in the evaluation of patients with sleepiness or sleeplessness. Patients who have neurologic disorders are more likely to have poor-quality sleep. Questions about the patient’s sleep schedule or screening patients for common sleep disorders such as sleep apnea and restless legs syndrome (RLS) are useful to add to a typical neurologic evaluation to better recognize sleep disorders in this population. Polysomnography, home sleep apnea testing, multiple sleep latency tests, and actigraphy can be used with the available history and examination to determine the proper diagnosis and management plan for these patients.
Sleep-Wake Disorders in Childhood
Authors: Licis Amy
Published: July 2020

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

The presentation of sleep issues in childhood differs from the presentation in adulthood and may be more subtle. Sleep issues may affect children differently than adults, and distinct treatment approaches are often used in children.

RECENT FINDINGS

Sodium oxybate was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in October 2018 for an expanded indication of treatment of sleepiness or cataplexy in patients with narcolepsy type 1 or narcolepsy type 2 aged 7 years or older, with side effect and safety profiles similar to those seen in adults. Restless sleep disorder is a recently proposed entity in which restless sleep, daytime sleepiness, and often iron deficiency are observed, but children do not meet the criteria for restless legs syndrome or periodic limb movement disorder.

Children’s sleep is discussed in this article, including normal sleep patterns and effects of insufficient sleep. Sleep disorders of childhood are reviewed, including insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea, restless legs syndrome, parasomnias, narcolepsy, and Kleine-Levin syndrome. Children with neurologic issues or neurodevelopmental disorders frequently have sleep disorders arising from an interaction of heterogeneous factors. Further attention to sleep may often be warranted through a polysomnogram or referral to a pediatric sleep specialist. Sleep disorders may cause indelible effects on children’s cognitive functioning, general health, and well-being, and awareness of sleep disorders is imperative for neurologists who treat children.
Reader characteristics and mammogram features associated with breast imaging reporting scores
Authors: Trieu Phuong Dung(Yun) , Lewis Sarah J , Li Tong , Ho Karen , Tapia Kriscia A , Brennan Patrick C
Published: July 2020

Objectives:

This study aims to explore the reading performances of radiologists in detecting cancers on mammograms using Tabar Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BIRADS) classification and identify factors related to breast imaging reporting scores.

Methods:

117 readings of five different mammogram test sets with each set containing 20 cancer and 40 normal cases were performed by Australian radiologists. Each radiologist evaluated the mammograms using the BIRADS lexicon with category 1 - negative, category 2 - benign findings, category 3 - equivocal findings (Recall), category 4 - suspicious findings (Recall), and category 5 - highly suggestive of malignant findings (Recall). Performance metrics (true positive, false positive, true negative, and false negative) were calculated for each radiologist and the distribution of reporting categories was analyzed in reader-based and case-based groups. The association of reader characteristics and case features among categories was examined using Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests.

Results:

38% of cancer-containing mammograms were reported with category 3 which decreased to 32.3% with category 4 and 16.2% with category 5 while 16.6 and 10.3% of cancer cases were marked with categories 1 and 2. Female readers had less false-negative rates when using categories 1 and 2 for cancer cases than male readers (p < 0.01). A similar pattern as gender category was also found in Breast Screen readers and readers completed breast reading fellowships compared with non-Breast Screen and non-fellowship readers (p < 0.05). Radiologists with low number of cases read per week were more likely to record the cancer cases with category 4 while the ones with high number of cases were with category 3 (p < 0.01). Discrete mass and asymmetric density were the two types of abnormalities reported mostly as equivocal findings with category 3 (47–50%; p = 0.005) while spiculated mass or stellate lesions were mostly selected as highly suggestive of malignancy with category 5 (26%, p = 0.001).

Conclusions:

Most radiologists used category 3 when reporting cancer mammograms. Gender, working for BreastScreen, fellowship completion, and number of cases read per week were factors associated with scoring selection. Radiologists reported higher Tabar BIRADS category for specific types of abnormalities on mammograms than others.

Advances in knowledge:

The study identified factors associated with the decision of radiologists in assigning a BIRADS Tabar score for mammograms with abnormality. These findings will be useful for individual training programs to improve the confidence of radiologists in recognizing abnormal lesions on screening mammograms.
2′-fluoro-modified pyrimidines enhance affinity of RNA oligonucleotides to HIV-1 reverse transcriptase
Authors: Gruenke Paige R. , Alam Khalid K. , Singh Kamal , Burke Donald H.
Published: July 2020

Nucleic acid aptamers can be chemically modified to enhance function, but modifying previously selected aptamers can have nontrivial structural and functional consequences. We present a reselection strategy to evaluate the impact of several modifications on preexisting aptamer pools. RNA aptamer libraries with affinity to HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) were retranscribed with 2′-F, 2′-OMe, or 2′-NH2 pyrimidines and subjected to three additional selection cycles. RT inhibition was observed for representative aptamers from several structural families identified by high-throughput sequencing when transcribed with their corresponding modifications. Thus, reselection identified specialized subsets of aptamers that tolerated chemical modifications from unmodified preenriched libraries. Inhibition was the strongest with the 2′-F-pyrimidine (2′-FY) RNAs, as compared to inhibition by the 2′-OMeY and 2′-NH2Y RNAs. Unexpectedly, a diverse panel of retroviral RTs were strongly inhibited by all 2′-FY-modified transcripts, including sequences that do not inhibit those RTs as unmodified RNA. The magnitude of promiscuous RT inhibition was proportional to mole fraction 2′-FY in the transcript. RT binding affinity by 2′-FY transcripts was more sensitive to salt concentration than binding by unmodified transcripts, indicating that interaction with retroviral RTs is more ionic in character for 2′-FY RNA than for unmodified 2′-OH RNA. These surprising features of 2′-FY-modified RNA may have general implications for applied aptamer technologies.
Stage 1 Registered Report: Anomalous perception in a Ganzfeld condition - A meta-analysis of more than 40 years investigation
Authors: Tressoldi Patrizio E. , Storm Lance
Published: July 2020

This meta-analysis is an investigation into anomalous perception (i.e., conscious identification of information without any conventional sensorial means). The technique used for eliciting an effect is the ganzfeld condition (a form of sensory homogenization that eliminates distracting peripheral noise). The database consists of peer-reviewed studies published between January 1974 and June 2020 inclusive. The overall effect size will be estimated using a frequentist model and a Bayesian random model. Moderator analysis will be used to examine the influence of level of experience of participants and the type of task. Publication bias will be estimated by using three different tests. Trend analysis will be conducted on the cumulative database.
Impact of global warming on Raynaud’s phenomenon: a modelling study
Authors: Khouri Charles , Roustit Matthieu , Cracowski Jean-Luc
Published: July 2020

Background: Raynaud’s phenomenon is induced by excessive vasoconstriction of the peripheral microcirculation in response to environmental factors, essentially cold, but also stress or emotions. The objective of the present study is to evaluate the impact of global warming on the worldwide prevalence and severity of Raynaud’s phenomenon over the 21st century.

Method: We first estimated the correlation between average temperature and prevalence and severity of Raynaud’s phenomenon. Then, we mapped the prevalence and the severity of Raynaud’s phenomenon worldwide at Christmas 1999 using historical data and, using climate projections from the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project, we predicted the prevalence and severity of Raynaud’s phenomenon at Christmas 2099 according to four greenhouse-gas emission scenarios.

Results: The prevalence of Raynaud’s phenomenon in the general population is expected to decrease by 0.5% per degree Celsius increase. Furthermore, patients are expected to suffer from one less attack per week for each increase of 2.5 degrees Celsius. 

Conclusions: Our study shows that global warming may have a significant impact on the prevalence and the severity of Raynaud’s phenomenon over the 21st century. However, as expected, this will greatly depend on the level of greenhouse-gas emissions.
Longitudinal trajectories of brain age in young individuals at familial risk of mood disorder from the Scottish Bipolar Family Study
Authors: de Nooij Laura , Harris Mathew A. , Hawkins Emma L. , Clarke Toni-Kim , Shen Xueyi , Chan Stella W. Y. , Ziermans Tim B. , McIntosh Andrew M. , Whalley Heather C.
Published: July 2020

Background:Within young individuals, mood disorder onset may be related to changes in trajectory of brain structure development. To date, however, longitudinal prospective studies remain scarce and show partly contradictory findings, with a lack of emphasis on changes at the level of global brain patterns. Cross-sectional adult studies have applied such methods and show that mood disorders are associated with accelerated brain ageing. Currently, it remains unclear whether young individuals show differential brain structure aging trajectories associated with onset of mood disorder and/or presence of familial risk.

Methods:Participants included young individuals (15-30 years, 53%F) from the prospective longitudinal Scottish Bipolar Family Study with and without close family history of mood disorder. All were well at time of recruitment. Implementing a structural MRI-based brain age prediction model, we globally assessed individual trajectories of age-related structural change using the difference between predicted brain age and chronological age (brain-predicted age difference (brain-PAD)) at baseline and at 2-year follow-up. Based on follow-up clinical assessment, individuals were categorised into three groups: (i) controls who remained well (C-well,n= 93), (ii) high familial risk who remained well (HR-well,n= 74) and (iii) high familial risk who developed a mood disorder (HR-MD,n= 35).

Results:At baseline, brain-PAD was comparable between groups. Results showed statistically significant negative trajectories of brain-PAD between baseline and follow-up for HR-MD versus C-well (β= -0.60,pcorrected< 0.001) and HR-well (β= -0.36,pcorrected= 0.02), with a potential intermediate trajectory for HR-well (β= -0.24 years,pcorrected= 0.06).  

Conclusions:These preliminary findings suggest that within young individuals, onset of mood disorder and familial risk may be associated with a deceleration in brain structure aging trajectories. Extended longitudinal research will need to corroborate findings of emerging maturational lags in relation to mood disorder risk and onset.
Implementing an intensive care registry in India: preliminary results of the case-mix program and an opportunity for quality improvement and research
Authors: Adhikari Neill K. J. , Arali Rajeshwari , Attanayake Udara , Balasundaram Sampath , Beane Abi , Chakravarthy Vijay , Channanath Ashraf Niyaz , Darshana Sri , Devaprasad Dedeepiya , Dondorp Arjen M. , Fowler Robert , Haniffa Rashan , Ishani Pramodya , James Augustian , Jawad Issrah , Jayakumar Devachandran , Kodipilly Chamira , Laxmappa Rakesh , Mangal Kishore , Mani Ashwin , Mathew Meghena , Patodia Sristi , Pattnaik Rajyabardhan , Priyadarshini Dilanthi , Pulicken Mathew , Rabindrarajan Ebenezer , Ramachandran Pratheema , Ramesh Kavita , Rani Usha , Ranjit Suchitra , Ramaiyan Ananth , Ramakrishnan Nagarajan , Ranganathan Lakshmi , Rashan Thalha , Dominic Savio Raymond , Selva Jaganathan , Tirupakuzhi Vijayaraghavan Bharath Kumar , Tripathy Swagata , Tolppa Timo , Udayanga Ishara , Venkataraman Ramesh , Vijayan Deepak
Published: July 2020

Background: The epidemiology of critical illness in India is distinct from high-income countries. However, limited data exist on resource availability, staffing patterns, case-mix and outcomes from critical illness. Critical care registries, by enabling a continual evaluation of service provision, epidemiology, resource availability and quality, can bridge these gaps in information. In January 2019, we established the Indian Registry of IntenSive care to map capacity and describe case-mix and outcomes. In this report, we describe the implementation process, preliminary results, opportunities for improvement, challenges and future directions.

Methods: All adult and paediatric ICUs in India were eligible to join if they committed to entering data for ICU admissions. Data are collected by a designated representative through the electronic data collection platform of the registry. IRIS hosts data on a secure cloud-based server and access to the data is restricted to designated personnel and is protected with standard firewall and a valid secure socket layer (SSL) certificate. Each participating ICU owns and has access to its own data. All participating units have access to de-identified network-wide aggregate data which enables benchmarking and comparison.

Results: The registry currently includes 14 adult and 1 paediatric ICU in the network (232 adult ICU beds and 9 paediatric ICU beds). There have been 8721 patient encounters with a mean age of 56.9 (SD 18.9); 61.4% of patients were male and admissions to participating ICUs were predominantly unplanned (87.5%). At admission, most patients (61.5%) received antibiotics, 17.3% needed vasopressors, and 23.7% were mechanically ventilated. Mortality for the entire cohort was 9%.  Data availability for demographics, clinical parameters, and indicators of admission severity was greater than 95%.

Conclusions: IRIS represents a successful model for the continual evaluation of critical illness epidemiology in India and provides a framework for the deployment of multi-centre quality improvement and context-relevant clinical research.
Why the lungs became a target organ due to ischemic-reperfusion syndrome of the limb, caused by the use of haemostatic tourniquet
Authors: Volotovska Nataliya
Published: July 2020

Much attention has been paid to the ambiguous effects of the tourniquets and hemostatic bandages - namely the local and systemic consequences of planned operations, as well as the changes that occur after the cessation of bleeding from a wounded limb on the battlefield. However, there is still no consensus on the ischemic-reperfusion syndrome (IRS). Aim. Detect changes in the activity of lipid peroxidation in lung tissue on the background of experimental modifications of IRS. For this goal 260 male white rats aged 5-5.5 months were divided into 5 experimental groups: 1) EG1 - imposition of the tourniquet on the thigh for 2 h; 2) EG2 - modeling of venous blood loss in the amount of 40% of the volume of circulating blood; 3) EG3 - a combination of hemostatic tourniquet and blood loss 4) EG4 - mechanical injury to the thigh bone 5) a combination of hemostatic tourniquet and mechanical trauma. The biochemical study in 10 % lung homogenate was performed by reacting of peroxidation derivatives with thiobarbituric acid. Conclusions. It was found that each of these types of intervention caused the activation of lipid peroxidation in the lungs. The peculiarities of the reaction were such increase of this rate, which was the highest on the background of blood loss combined with the use of a tourniquet. However, the concentration of malonic dialdehyde was higher in the group where the imposition of the tourniquet was combined with mechanical trauma, compared with isolated mechanical trauma of the thigh. This has shown the role of the tourniquet as a factor that complicated the course of traumatic disease due to ischemic reperfusion.
Perception of the media image of health care in society
Authors: Jańczyk Magdalena , Samek Ilona , Bator Damian , Dąbrowska Justyna , Wójcik Magdalena , Milanowska Joanna
Published: July 2020

Introduction and purpose: The mass media deal with, among others creating the image of health care. Most often, information published in the media is negative because it aims to show sensation and increase the interest of recipients. To present the perception of the media image of health care in society.Material and method: The research was carried out using the author's questionnaire. 210 responses were collected and analyzed.Results: The study involved men (29%) and women (71%). Majority (89.52%) of respondents were in favor of an unfavorable or neutral overall image of health care created by the media. Information reached almost 70% of respondents on long queues for visits to specialists,  half a year or more. The respondents (83.81%) also drew attention to references spreading in publishers about the lack of staff among medical workers. However, most people (69.52%) did not share the healthcare model shaped by the "fourth authority" based on their experience.Conclusions: Based on the analysis, a negative media impact on the healthcare picture was confirmed. The data suggests that society does not quite agree with the media image of healthcare.
Development of gingivitis in rats receiving oral applications of peroxide sunflower oil
Authors: Markov A. V.
Published: July 2020

Aim. Determine the condition of the gums in rats receiving oral applications of peroxide sunflower oil (PSO).Methods. PSO was obtained by heating sunflower oil in the presence of Н2О2 at +180°С for 60 minutes. PSO in a dose of 0.5 ml per rat was applied to the oral mucosa for 3 or 5 days. The activity of elastase, urease, lysozyme, catalase and the content of MDA (malondialdehyde) were determined in the gum. The antioxidant-prooxidant API index was calculated by the ratio of catalase and MDA, and the degree of dysbiosis was calculated by the ratio of the relative activities of urease and lysozyme..Results. After 5 days of PSO applications, an increase in elastase activity, urease, MDA content and the degree of dysbiosis against the background of a decrease in lysozyme activity, catalase and the API index was established.Conclusion. Oral applications of PSO cause a decrease in the level of non-specific immunity, antioxidant defense, an increase in microbial seeding, the degree of dysbiosis and the development of gingivitis.
Surgical extraction of a supernumerary tooth in a patient with Angelman syndrome - case report
Authors: Lipczyńska-Lewandowska Małgorzata , Chybicki Damian , Torbicka Gaja , Ceranka Michał , Janas-Naze Anna
Published: July 2020

The article discusses the problem of dental-occlusal disorders in patients with rare Angelman syndrome, based on the case report of an 8-year-old patient.
The effectiveness of complex therapy in patients with gout using carbon enterosorbent
Authors: Mudra Uliana , Andreychyn Serhiy
Published: July 2020

Introduction. Gout is a serious medical, social and economic problem today. It becomes even more important due to its comorbidity. The relationship of pathogenetic mechanisms in the development and progression of gout and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been proven. The presence of concomitant pathology enhances the inflammatory reaction in the body and significantly complicates the course of the underlying disease.The aim of the study – to evaluate the indicators of systemic inflammatory response in patients with gout and gout with NAFLD when included in the complex therapy of the disease carbon enterosorbent carboline.Materials and Methods. 123 patients with gout in the period of exacerbation were examined, who were divided into two groups. Group I included 65 patients with gout without liver damage, group II – 58 people with concomitant NAFLD. To determine the effectiveness of treatment, both groups were divided into subgroups: IA (27 people) and IIA (23 patients) who received conventional treatment. Subgroups IB (38 patients) and IIB (35 subjects) additionally received enterosorbent carboline. The control group consisted of 30 healthy individuals. A general clinical examination (collection of complaints, history, objective examination), determination of pain intensity on a visual-analog scale (VAS), biochemical (uric acid level (UA), C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) ) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (tumor necrosis factor-α) (TNF-α), interleukins 1 (IL-1β) and 10 (IL-10) were conducted.Results. Patients in both groups had typical clinical signs of joint syndrome. In patients with gout an increase in UA, CRP, ESR, imbalance of cytokine regulation (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-10) was revealed. These changes increased in the presence of concomitant NAFLD. Significant decrease in the concentration of UA, CRP, ESR, cytokine content after treatment was in all subgroups, but more in patients who received carbon enterosorbent with basic therapy.Conclusions. The inclusion of the carbon enterosorbent carboline in the complex treatment of patients with gout and gout with NAFLD in the acute phase, promotes faster reverse dynamics of the clinical manifestations of the disease, accompanied by a more significant decrease of the level of UA, CRP, ESR and cytokines in blood serum.
Insulin resistance: from the source of development to clinical consequences
Authors: Pluta Waldemar , Dudzińska Wioleta , Lubkowska Anna
Published: July 2020

Insulin resistance is a disorder of glucose homeostasis, which is a decrease in tissue sensitivity to insulin despite normal or elevated serum hormone levels. The main sources of development are genetic and environmental factors, including excessive consumption of fats, simple sugars and high-calorie foods, and lack of physical activity. One of the most objective methods of assessing insulin resistance is the HOMA-IR index calculated on the basis of glucose and insulin levels in the blood. Among the clinical consequences, type 2 diabetes and polycystic ovary syndrome play the most important role. The goal of treatment is not only to reduce insulin resistance, but also to protect pancreatic β cells.
Contemporary methods of prevention and early detection of cervical cancer - a review of the literature
Authors: Zygmunt Ewelina , Chojeta Dariusz , Zimna Aleksandra , Wróblewski Hubert , Maziarz Barbara , Piecewicz-Szczęsna Halina
Published: July 2020

Cervical carcinoma remains a significant health problem, despite the progressive fall in the mortality rate during the past 60 years. However, cervical carcinoma is still the most common cancer among women worldwide and the leading cancer cause of death in many countries.  The primary strategy to reduce the incidence and death rate from cervical carcinoma is screening by cervical cytology. The knowledge that persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the main cause of cervical cancer has resulted in the development of prophylactic vaccines to prevent HPV infection and HPV assays that detect nucleic acids of the virus. This study is a review of currently available methods of prevention and early detection of cervical cancer.
Contextual Trustworthiness of Organizational Partners: Evidence from Nine School Networks
Authors: Keppler Samantha M. , Smilowitz Karen R. , Leonardi Paul M.
Published: July 2020

Problem definition: Trustworthy partners in procurement and service relationships are an asset. How can organizations discern trustworthy from untrustworthy partners, especially early on, so as to not waste time or resources on bad relationships? Academic/practical relevance: Like prior studies, we take the perspective that organizations rarely know whether a partner is trustworthy, but also that organizations often have some evidence of a partner’s trustworthiness, even before interacting. We argue a qualitative study is needed to understand how people discern a partner’s trustworthiness and the consequences of initial perceptions on the relationship trajectory. Methodology: We conduct an interview-based study of how people discern trustworthy partners in a setting where doing so is challenging: the education sector. Kindergarten-through-12th-grade schools must choose outside partners to rely on for resources or services the school cannot afford. Potential partners are numerous and of variable trustworthiness. Results: We find people use contextual factors as evidence of a potential partner’s trustworthiness, such as the partner’s institutional affiliations, physical proximity, and relationships with other schools. Sometimes the evidence indicates that a partner acts intrinsically trustworthily, regardless of these contextual factors. In other cases, the evidence indicates a partner acts contextually trustworthily, meaning partners follow through in some conditions but not others. Intrinsically trustworthy partners provide valuable but standardized resources or services. Contextually trustworthy partners provide the competitive advantage: customized resources that are not easily accessible by other schools. Managerial implications: People in organizations identify trustworthy partners via contextual factors, which helps them determine whether a partner acts trustworthily independent of context or conditional on context. The value of intrinsically trustworthy partners derives from their low risk and high quality, whereas the value of contextually trustworthy partners derives from their willingness to customize resources or services to some—but not all—organizations.
Splendid Isolation: a Practical Guide to the Use of Rubber Dam Part 1
Authors: Mackenzie Louis , Waplington Mike , Bonsor Steve
Published: July 2020

Rubber dam isolation is generally considered to be the optimal method of moisture control in dentistry and is taught at the majority of dental schools worldwide. Unfortunately, undergraduate training does not always translate into use in dental practice, with the majority of clinicians never using a rubber dam, even for endodontic procedures, where its use is regarded as best practice in the United Kingdom (UK) and elsewhere. The COVID-19 pandemic has increased interest in the use of rubber dam as a highly effective infection control barrier. As professional and patient experience of rubber dam isolation is extremely limited, these two papers are designed to support the practical training of clinical teams in the confident, skilful use of rubber dam, to outline its advantages and to help overcome barriers to its routine use. Part one provides an update of the latest equipment and materials for rubber dam isolation and part two provides a practical guide to rubber dam isolation techniques for endodontic and operative/restorative procedures.

CPD/Clinical Relevance: Mastering rubber dam isolation will enhance patient care and be professionally rewarding for clinical teams.
Parasites of Ungulates in the Jackson Hole Area: Scarabaeoid Beetles Acting on Lungworm, Dictyocaulus viviparus, Larvae in Elk Feces 1977
Authors: Bergstrom Robert
Published: July 2020

The lungworm of elk, Dictyocaulus viviparus, elk strain, is morphologically quite like the species in cattle but the parasite affects the two species of host animals in very different ways. In cattle, D. viviparus is usually found only in young animals. After a calf is exposed and makes antibody or cell mediated immunological responses to the the parasite, the calf usually can not be reinfected. In the case of the parasite's invasion of elk tissue, some immunological response is apparently made during the late spring, summer and fall months so that very few elk are positive for lungworm from September-January. However, most elk (65-80%) are susceptible to infection or reinfection annually (April-May). It appears that the reinfection time coincides with the span of time in which the elk are at their physiological low. The April-May period may be the time when serum proteins such as albumin, gamma globulin and, perhaps, other immunologically oriented serum proteins are at a seasonal low. Any biological factors which would decrease the numbers of infective Dictyocaulus larvae would benefit the elk.
Relation of Bird Denities to Abundance of their Insect Prey in Salix Habitats
Authors: Cody Martin
Published: July 2020

Insectivorous birds at temperate latitudes may or may not be food limited, and the degree to which they are can be assessed, by hypothesis, from the degree to which the densities of insectivorous birds are correlated to their food supplies, both within a habitat type between different years of different productivities, and among habitat types of different productivities in the same year. Speculation on the food limitation of such consumer organisms has been extensive, but little data exists. My studies in Jackson Hole Wyoming are designed to provide data on bird density and on concommitant insect density.
Instream Flows for Beaver Populations: Effects of a Midwinter Drawdown of the Snake River and Drought in Grand Teton National Park
Authors: Collins Thomas
Published: July 2020

In 1976 and 1977, much of the western United States experienced severe drought conditions and by mid-winter of 1976-77, streams, lakes, and ponds in northwest Wyoming were noticeably affected. In apparent anticipation of water shortages for summer irrigation needs, the Bureau of Reclamation administering the Jackson Lake Dam in Grand Teton National Park reduced daily discharge to nearly 100 cfs in early February of 1977 and maintained abnormally low discharges until May of 1977. This compares with a mean February discharge of 606 cfs for the previous 20 years (U.S. Geological Survey, 1957-1977). The consequences of a mid-winter drawdown on fish and wildlife populations requiring relatively stable winter stream flows are generally unknown but it was immediately apparent that aquatic mammals in the park, especially beavers, were adversely affected (Mr. Peter Hayden, NPS Biologist, GTNP, Personal Communication, March 25, 1977). Meaningful assessment of this perturbation and the drought that continued through the summer of 1977 was possible since background data on beaver populations in the park were available (Collins, 1976a).
Comparative Ethology of Solitary Wasps
Authors: Evans Howard
Published: July 2020

This research is part of a continuing, broad-scale field study of both male and female behavior in solitary, ground-nesting wasps. Emphasis at the present time is on the genus Philanthus (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae). Earlier work in Jackson Hole (Evans, 1970, 1973) had revealed the presence of large nesting aggregations of three species of this genus. Since that time we have come to appreciate that male mating strategies are deserving of detailed, comparative study; we are also aware of details of nest structure that need to be clarified. The ultimate goal of these studies is the preparation of a monograph on the comparative behavior of the species of Philanthus.
An Indexed Bibliography of Published and Unpublished Literature Relating to the Ecology and Management of the Terrestrial and Aquatic Biota in Grand Teton National Park
Authors: Marshall Kent , Knight Dennis , Van Dusen Larry
Published: July 2020

The purpose of this project is to compile an indexed, annotated bibliography of published and unpublished literature relating to the ecology and management of the biota in Grand Teton National Park. The bibliography will contain locations for all included references and should be of assistance in locating and retrieving literature for planning and research needs. As a portion of the final report, gaps in existing knowledge will be identified.
A Sampling System to Measure the Amount and Location of Backcountry Day use within Yellowstone National Park
Authors: Phillips Clynn , Cleary Paul , McDonald Lyman
Published: July 2020

This is a report on a pilot study conducted in Yellowstone National Park during July and August of 1977. The overall objective was to obtain data necessary to the development of a recommended sampling scheme for a comprehensive study of backcountry users in Yellowstone.
An Analysis of Forest Fire History on the Little Firehole River Watershed, Yellowstone National Park
Authors: Romme William , Knight Dennis
Published: July 2020

Fire is now recognized as a major process in Rocky Mountain coniferous forests, with many ecosystem patterns and processes being affected as much by fire as by climate and soil. For this reason there is a move toward reinstating fire as a natural process within our National Parks and Wilderness Areas, a move which is proceeding cautiously, however, because there is still much that we do not know about fire's natural role in ecosystems. In Yellowstone National Park, where a fire management plan is now in effect, an important question is: What is the natural frequency and size of wildfires in different Park ecosystems? An understanding of natural fire frequency and size is important not only in formulating and evaluating fire management plans, but also in evaluating long-term effects of fire on wildlife habitat, productivity, nutrient cycling, and other ecosystem processes.
The Breeding Ecology of the Trumpeter Swan (Olor Buccinator Ricahrdson) In Yellowstone National Park
Authors: Shea Ruth
Published: July 2020

This report summarizes the first of two field seasons investigating habitat selection, productivity, and human disturbance of Trumpeter Swans nesting in and near Yellowstone National Park (YNP). The study is supported by the Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, the National Park Service, the National Wildlife Federation, the Northern Rocky Mountain Cooperative Park Study Project, the Trumpeter Swan Society, and the Wildlife Management Institute. I wish to thank the personnel of the Biologist's Office, YNP, and of the Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit for their vital assistance on numerous occasions.
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS ON RESEARCH AT UNIVERSITY OF WYOMING-NATIONAL PARK SERVICE RESEARCH CENTER
Authors: National Park Service Research Center University of Wyoming
Published: July 2020

This section contains a list of publications on research at the University of Wyoming - National Park Service Research Center.
Mating Strategies of Philanthine Digger Wasps
Authors: Evans Howard
Published: July 2020

This research is part of continuing study of the ethology of digger wasps of the subfamily Philanthinae (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae). At the present time major effort is being directed toward study of mating strategies in the genus Philanthus. There are five species of this genus in Jackson Hole (Evans, 1970). Two of these are more common elsewhere and are being studied elsewhere. Preliminary studies on the remaining three in 1977 revealed striking differences between the three and in one case a mating system unique among digger wasps (Evans & O'Neill, 1978). During late June and the first half of July, 1978, we made an effort to further confirm this unique system in P. zebratus and to obtain further data on P. pulcher, a very common early summer species in Jackson Hole. These efforts were successful, but P. pulcher also proved unique in some respects and we hope to continue studies of this species in the future. Other species of Philanthus are being studied elsewhere by our group, and we hope to include all of these comparative data in a behavioral monograph on the Philanthinae.
Mushrooms of Grand Teton National Park
Authors: McKnight Kent
Published: July 2020

The following species of wild mushrooms were collected in Grand Teton National Park and the surrounding areas of Jackson Hole between August 10 and August 19, 1978. Selected specimens of the less common species were preserved and are deposited in the National Fungus Collections Herbarium (BPI), Beltsville Agricultural Research Center.
An Ecologic Study of the Habitat Types of Theodore Roosevelt National Memorial Park, North Dakota
Authors: Hoffman George
Published: July 2020

The objectives of this study, begun in May 1978, are to delimit the habitat types of Theodore Roosevelt National Memorial Park (TRNMP), North Dakota, list the plants present, and assess the animal components of the habitat types. For TRNMP a comprehensive study of the habitat types has not been done previously. The habitat type concept was developed to assess the ecologic status of forest vegetation of the Northern Rockies (Daubenmire 1952, Daubenmire and Daubenmire 1968); and the same concept was later used to assess steppe vegetation of Washington (Daubenmire 1970). The habitat type approach to assessing the ecologic status of vegetation has been used in a number of studies throughout the Rocky Mountain region (Pfister et al. 1977, Reed 1971, 1976, Wirsing and Alexander 1975, Hoffman and Alexander 1976). The basic ecologic nature of the habitat type concept lends itself to studying forest and grassland vegetation as well as interspersed shrublands (Daubenmire 1973). It has been shown that once established for a given region, habitat types provide the framework for establishing relationships between the habitat types and productivity, disease susceptibility, potential for forage production, soil moisture relations, and small mammal distributions (Daubenmire 1973, Hoffman 1960, Layser 1974, Mackee 1970, Rickard 1960). The study at TRNMP will provide data on habitat types and their major animal components and will offer opportunity for future assessment of soil moisture relations, productivity and other characteristics of a basic or applied nature.
Influences of the Longnose Sucker on the Early Life Stages of Cutthroat Trout in Tributaries of Yellowstone Lake, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming.
Authors: Baxter George , Swanson Richard
Published: July 2020

The purpose of this study was to determine what, if any, influences the longnose sucker (Catostomus catostomus) have upon the cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki) population with special reference to early life stage interactions. The specific objective of this investigation was to determine if the introduced sucker was having a deleterious effect upon the growth and survival of indigenous trout fry. Cutthroat trout and longnose suckers use tributaries of Yellowstone Lake as spawning areas and the potential for intraspecific competition between fry of both species is considerable. The maintenance of an ecologically sound population of cutthroat trout in Yellowstone Park is a prerequisite to the National Park Service policy of maintaining native flora and fauna in national parks.
The Life Cycle of Diphyllobothrium Cordiceps (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea) in Yellowstone Lake
Authors: Kingston N. , Diem Kenneth
Published: July 2020

Aspects of the life cycle of D. cordiceps have been known for more than a century, viz., the occurrence of plerocercoids in the secondary intermediate host(s), cutthroat (and other) trout, in Yellowstone National Park (Leidy, 1872); and the development of the adult parasite in various homoithermic definitive hosts (pelican, gull, bear, others) on ingestion of the larval plerocercoids with the flesh of the infected intermediate host (Scott and Honess, 1934). Attempts by various workers to complete the life cycle by incubation and matching of eggs of the tapeworm and infection of the primary intermediate host (presumably some copepod) have been unsuccessful (Crosby, 1970; Post, 1971).
A Cytogentic Analysis of Cutthroat Trout in the Grand Teton and Yellowstone National Parks
Authors: Kitchin Robert
Published: July 2020

The cutthroat trout, Salmo clarki, is the trout species native to the Rocky Mountains on both sides of the Continental Divide. The widespread distribution of cutthroat trout in several independent drainages has resulted in the formation of considerable morphological and behavioral diversity both within and between cutthroat trout populations. Behnke has described several different subspecies of Salmo clarki on the basis of their meristic serological characteristics. However, because the genetic basis of these characteristics is unknown, the results of these studies have been inconclusive for the taxonomic designations of cutthroat trout subspecies in Grand Teton and Yellowstone National Parks.
An Analysis of Forest Fire History on the Little Firehole River Watershed, Yellowstone National Park
Authors: Knight Dennis , Romme William
Published: July 2020

Fire is now recognized as a major ecosystem process and Yellowstone National Park has recently implemented a fire management plan that permits lightning fires to burn without interference under certain conditions. To predict the kinds of wildfires we can now expect in the Park, and to evaluate the effectiveness of this plan in restoring fire to the Yellowstone ecosystem, it is important to know the natural frequency and size of wildfires under pristine conditions. This study, which began in 1977 and will be completed in June 1979, has the following objectives: (1) to determine the incidence and size of major fires during the last 300-400 years on the 100-km2 Little Firehole River watershed, an area dominated by extensive lodgepole pine and some spruce-fir forests; (2) to determine average fire frequency, i.e., the time interval between successive major fires on any particular site; and (3) to determine the relationships between stand age or successional stage and fuel accumulation or the probability of fire.
Progress Report: Evaluation of Thermally Active Areas of Southwestern Yellowstone National Park
Authors: Levinson R. , Marrs R.
Published: July 2020

Production from known geothermal areas adjacent to southwestern Yellowstone National Park could have an adverse impact on thermal activity, hydrology, and ecology within the Park. Such impacts cannot be determined without a more complete knowledge of thermal activity in the region. The purpose of this research is to 1) inventory thermal features in southwestern Yellowstone National Park and adjacent regions, 2) sample and analyze effluent from springs and natural waters in the area, and 3) assess the geologic structure of the region with regard to its influence on the thermal activity.
1978 Field Studies of the Pink Bacterial Masses Which Grow at 90Â° C in the Outflow Channel of some Yellowstone Hot Springs
Authors: Ramaley Robert
Published: July 2020

The presence of masses of pink bacteria growing at 90Â° in the outflow channel in some hot springs in Yellowstone National Park was observed at least as early as 1899 (unpublished work of W. A. Setchell, cited in Brock, 1978, pp. 47-49). When Brock began his extensive microbiological studies of Yellowstone thermal areas in 1965, he also found "pink, gelatinous, stringy bacterial masses" growing at 90Â°C in the upper end of the runoff channel of Octopus Spring and published phase micrographs of these bacterial masses (Brock, 1978, pp. 45-46). However, Brock and his associates were never able to grow these bacteria in laboratory culture and beyond the determination of the fatty acid composition of the bacterial masses by Bauman and Simmond (1969) no other biochemical studies have been conducted with these extremely thermophilic bacteria.
NATIONAL PARK SERVICE AREAS COOPERATING WITH U.W.-N.P.S. RESEARCH CENTER
Authors: The National Park Service Research Center University of Wyoming
Published: July 2020

This section contains a list of the National Park Service Areas cooperating with U.W.-N.P.S. Research Center including Montana and Wyoming, North Dakota and South Dakota.
Lepidopteran Survey of Grand Teton National Park
Authors: Bagdonas K. , McGann T. , Rehg M. , Blanche S. , Houston A. , Wilkinson K.
Published: July 2020

Lepidopterans play an integral role in high altitude Rocky Mountain ecosystems as larval herbivores and, more importantly, as pollinating adults. Lepidopterans also constitute a major food source for many other invertebrates and vertebrates in Rocky Mountain food chains. However, very little is known of the important lepidopteran aspect of ecology within Wyoming ecosystems, and virtually nothing of scientific value has been published on the lepidopterans of the National Parks in Wyoming.