bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Parental influences on weight‐related health behaviors in western and eastern cultures
Authors: Niemeier B. S. , Duan Y. P. , Shang B. R. , Yang J.
Published: January 2017

Background

Excessive bodyweight contributes to a myriad of risk factors for chronic diseases, and multiple reports have demonstrated that parents influence the development of their children's behaviors that contribute to bodyweight. However, studies that include considerations for cultural influences are limited, and methodology that considers direct reports from young adults and their parents across cultures does not exist.

Methods

A sample of young adults (N = 327) and their parents in the U.S. and in China were recruited and completed a series of questionnaires in two cycles (2010 and 2014). With correlation and multiple regression analyses, parents’ characteristics, behaviors, and parental authority styles were examined and compared to weight‐related health behaviors and bodyweight of their young‐adult children. Additionally, similarities and differences of parental influences between the two cultures were explored.

Results

Parents’ body mass indexes (BMIs) and dietary behaviors were positively associated with those of their young adult children in the mixed‐culture sample (P < .001 for both). When controlling for gender, at high levels of authoritarian and permissive parental authority, the relationships between young adults' and their parents’ BMIs were negative for U.S. participants and positive for Chinese participants (P < .05 for both). Further, at high levels of authoritarian parenting, the relationship between young adults' and their parents’ dietary consumption behaviors was negative for U.S. participants and positive for Chinese participants (P < .001).

Conclusions

This study provides evidence that the development of life‐long health behaviors that contribute to BMI are significantly influenced by parents’ behaviors and parenting styles. Moreover, an interaction of parental characteristics and cultural norms is indicated.
Local extension staging of sinonasal tumours: retrospective comparison between CT/MRI assessment and pathological findings
Authors: Mortuaire G. , Camous D. , Vandenhende‐Szymanski C. , Dubrulle F. , Chevalier D.
Published: January 2017

Objectives

To assess the reliability of clinical staging with CT and MRI in sinonasal cancers.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective review of patients who underwent surgery for a sinonasal cancer. The 7th edition of the TNM classification was used to establish tumour staging. Standardised preoperative CT/MRI staging was compared with the pathological staging based on specimens obtained during surgery from each subsite within and around the tumour.

Results

We analysed data from 68 patients between January 2010 and December 2014. A comparison of cT and pT stages was established for 49 naso‐ethmoidal and 16 maxillary tumours. Clinical staging for naso‐ethmoidal cT1 and maxillary cT2 was consistent with pathological results. Clinical staging for naso‐ethmoidal cT2, cT3 and cT4b was overstated in comparison with pT findings. The positive predictive value of imaging was <65% for the lamina papyracea, the cribriform plate, the dura, and the frontal and sphenoid sinuses. Sensitivity was over 75% for each anatomical site except for the cribriform plate (73.3%) and the sphenoid sinus (57.2%).

Conclusion

Systematic pathologic analysis of the anatomical areas around the sinonasal cancer has to be applied in further studies to improve our therapeutic management. CT/MRI mapping cannot replace accurate assessment of tumour extension during surgery.
Relation between dynamic change of red cell distribution width and 30‐day mortality in patients with acute pulmonary embolism
Authors: Yazıcı Selçuk , Kırış Tuncay , Sadık Ceylan Ufuk , Terzi Sait , Uzun Ahmet Okan , Emre Ayşe , Yeşilçimen Kemal
Published: January 2017

Introduction and Objectives

Recent studies suggest that an increase in red cell distribution width (RDW) levels have a better prognostic value than a single measurement. In the current study, we investigated the predictive value of increasing RDW levels for mortality in acute pulmonary emboli (APE) patients.

Materials and Methods

For the study, 199 APE patients who were hospitalized were enrolled. Patients were divided into three groups according to their admission and 24th hour RDW values. Patients for whom both RDW values normal were put in group 1 (normal); patients with admission RDW > 14.5% and decreased 24th hour RDW values were in group 2 (decreased); patients whose 24th hour RDW levels were >14.5% and increased compared to their baseline RDW measurement were in group 3 (increased). Clinical and laboratory findings and 30‐day mortality of these groups were compared.

Results

Mean patient age was 68 ± 16, and 48% of the patients were male. There were 98 patients (49%) in group 1, 59 patients (30%) in group 2, and 42 patients (21%) in group 3. Patients in group 3 were older, had lower eGFR and hemoglobin values, and had higher brain type natriuretic peptide values. Mortality rate was higher in group 3 (0%, 3.4%, 19%, respectively, P < .0001). Increase in RDW was independently related to mortality [HR: 4.9, (95%CI: 1.2‐18, P = .02)].

Conclusion

APE patients with increasing RDW levels have higher mortality rates. Serial measurements of RDW may help us determine patients with high risk for mortality.
Paediatric stress: from neuroendocrinology to contemporary disorders
Authors: Stavrou Stavroula , Nicolaides Nicolas C. , Critselis Elena , Darviri Christina , Charmandari Evangelia , Chrousos George P.
Published: January 2017

Background

Stress is defined as a state of threatened or perceived as threatened homeostasis. A broad spectrum of extrinsic or intrinsic, real or perceived stressful stimuli, called ‘stressors’, activates a highly conserved system, the ‘stress system’, which adjusts homeostasis through central and peripheral neuroendocrine responses. Inadequate, excessive or prolonged adaptive responses to stress may underlie the pathogenesis of several disease states prevalent in modern societies. The development and severity of these conditions primarily depend on the genetic vulnerability of the individual, the exposure to adverse environmental factors and the timing of the stressful event(s), given that prenatal life, infancy, childhood and adolescence are critical periods characterized by increased vulnerability to stressors.

Materials and methods

We conducted a systematic review of original articles and reviews published in MEDLINE from 1975 through June 2016. The search terms were ‘childhood stress’, ‘pediatric stress’, ‘stress and disorders’ and ‘stress management’.

Results

In this review, we discuss the historical and neuroendocrine aspects of stress, and we present representative examples of paediatric stress system disorders, such as early‐life adversity, obesity and bullying. We also discuss the adverse impact of a socio‐economic crisis on childhood health. The tremendous progress of epigenetics has enabled us to have a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying paediatric stress‐related disorders.

Conclusions

The need for early successful stress management techniques to decrease the incidence of paediatric stress‐related diseases, as well as to prevent the development of several pathologic conditions in adolescence and adulthood, is imperative.
BETYdb: a yield, trait, and ecosystem service database applied to second‐generation bioenergy feedstock production
Authors: LeBauer David , Kooper Rob , Mulrooney Patrick , Rohde Scott , Wang Dan , Long Stephen P. , Dietze Michael C.
Published: January 2017

Increasing demand for sustainable energy has led to research and development on the cultivation of diverse plant species for biomass production. To support the research and development required to domesticate and cultivate crops for bioenergy, we developed the Biofuel Ecophysiological Traits and Yields database (BETYdb). BETYdb is a centralized open‐access repository that facilitates organization, discovery, and exchange of information about plant traits, crop yields, and ecosystem functions. BETYdb provides user interfaces to simplify storage and discovery as well as programming interfaces that support automated and reproducible scientific workflows. Presently, BETYdb contains over forty thousand observations of plant traits, biomass yields, and ecosystem dynamics collected from the published articles and ongoing field studies. Over half of these records represent fewer than ten genera that have been intensively evaluated for biomass production, while the other half represent over two thousand plant species reflecting research on new crops, unmanaged ecosystems, and land use transitions associated with bioenergy. BETYdb has been accessed over twenty‐five thousand times and is used in the fields of bioenergy and ecosystem ecology to quantify yield potential and ecosystem functioning of crops and unmanaged systems under present and future climates. Here, we summarize the database contents and illustrate its applications. We show its utility in a new analysis that confirms that Miscanthus is twice as productive as switchgrass over a much wider range of environmental and management conditions than covered in previous analyses. We compare traits related to carbon uptake and water use of these species with each other and with two coppice shrubs, poplar and willow. These examples, along with a growing body of published research that used BETYdb, illustrate the scope of research supported through this open‐access database.
Enzymatic extraction of oil from yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) by‐products: a comparison with other extraction methods
Authors: de Oliveira Dayse A. S. B. , Licodiedoff Silvana , Furigo Agenor , Ninow Jorge L. , Bork Jonathan A. , Podestá Rossana , Block Jane Mara , Waszczynskyj Nina
Published: January 2017

This study evaluated the quality of oil extracted from yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) by enzymatic hydrolysis (EHO) compared with oil extracted by traditional methods, such as the physical method of cooking and pressing after fishmeal production and the chemical solvent method. The oil extracted by EHO presented the lowest acidity (1.96% oleic acid) and peroxide indexes (5.14 mEq O2 kg−1 of oil) and the highest levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (6.05g 100 g−1) and docosahexaenoic acid (27.15 g 100 g−1), two omega‐3 fatty acids with high nutritional value. Importantly, oil extraction from yellowfin tuna heads using EHO produced oil rich in omega‐3s with no oxidation. This study shows that this extraction method greatly increases the value of fish by‐products and increases the competitiveness of the fishing industry.
Geographical origin identification and quality control of Chinese chrysanthemum flower teas using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and olfactometry and electronic nose combined with principal component analysis
Authors: Luo Dongsheng , Chen Jun , Gao Lin , Liu Yuping , Wu Jihong
Published: January 2017

Aroma profiles and volatile profiles were established based on volatile and aroma‐active components identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and olfactometry (GC–MS–O) and electronic nose (E‐nose). The two profiles were used for quality control and origin identification of chrysanthemum flower teas. Results showed that 86 volatile components were identified in five chrysanthemum flower teas, including terpenes, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, esters and others. Of them, 33 aroma‐active components were recognised, including 10 aroma categories. The aroma profiles and volatile profiles were established by 10 aroma categories and E‐nose. Chrysanthemum flower teas were divided into five groups on PCA score plots based on their aroma profiles and volatile profiles, and the key volatile (aroma‐active) components resulting in the tea sample differences were determined. The quality of chrysanthemum flower teas could be evaluated according to aroma‐active components and aroma profiles and origins could be discriminated by PCA combined with GC–MS–O and E‐nose.
Response surface methodology for optimisation of soluble dietary fibre extraction from sweet potato residue modified by steam explosion
Authors: Wang Tianlin , Liang Xinhong , Ran Junjian , Sun Junliang , Jiao Zhonggao , Mo Haizhen
Published: January 2017

To make better use of sweet potato residue (SPR), a new pretreatment method, steam explosion (SE), can increase its content of soluble dietary fibre (SDF). Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to determine the SE variables for optimum SDF yield. The optimal conditions were a steam pressure of 0.35 MPa, a residence time of 121 s and a sieving mesh size 60. Under the optimised conditions, the content of SDF from SPR reached 22.59 ± 0.35%, an increase of 18.78% compared with that (3.81 ± 0.62%) from untreated SPR. The water‐holding capacity, oil‐holding capacity (OHC) and swelling capacity of SDF were improved by SE. Scanning electron micrograph (SEM) images demonstrated that SDF had become poriferous, loose and dilatants after SE treatment. This technology provides an efficient process for increasing the industrial production of SDF from SPR.
Females' attitude and preference for beer: a conjoint analysis study
Authors: Muggah Elizabeth M. , McSweeney Matthew B.
Published: January 2017

In order to sustain the fast‐expanding beer industry, companies need to attract new female consumers. The main objective of this study was to identify the extrinsic and intrinsic attributes that drive female consumers' purchase of beer. A literature review and focus group (n = 6) were conducted, and six attributes were identified as purchase drivers of beer. These attributes included flavour, appearance (colour), packaging, brand, production methods and beer style. These attributes were used to design a choice‐based conjoint analysis survey. The survey was administered to 277 females (aged 35.09 ± 15.2) residing in Nova Scotia (Canada). The results indicated that sweetness has a positive effect on liking. Bitterness has a strong negative effect on liking of beer. Black colour, stouts and macro‐brewed beers also had negative effects on liking of beer products. The consumer clusters showed that generally all of the consumer groups liked sweet beers with low bitterness.
Frequency and phenotype of natural killer cells and natural killer cell subsets in bovine lymphoid compartments and blood
Authors: Hamilton Carly A. , Mahan Suman , Bell Charlotte R. , Villarreal‐Ramos Bernardo , Charleston Bryan , Entrican Gary , Hope Jayne C.
Published: January 2017

Natural killer (NK) cells are widely distributed in lymphoid and non‐lymphoid tissues, but little is known about the recirculation of NK cells between blood and tissues. This is relevant to understanding recirculation in the steady‐state and also for determining the roles for NK cells in vaccine‐induced immunity and responses to infection. Therefore, the percentage of NK cells and their phenotype across peripheral blood, afferent lymph and lymph nodes in steady‐state conditions was investigated in cattle using the pseudo‐afferent lymphatic cannulation model. CD2+ CD25lo NK cells were the predominant subset of NK cells within the blood. In contrast, CD2− CD25hi NK cells were the main subset present within the skin‐draining afferent lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes, indicating that CD2− NK cells are the principal NK cell subset trafficking to lymph nodes via the afferent lymphatic vessel. Furthermore, a low percentage of NK cells were present in efferent lymph, which were predominantly of the CD2− subset, indicating that NK cells can egress from lymph nodes and return to circulation in steady‐state conditions. These compartmentalization data indicate that NK cells represent a population of recirculating lymphocytes in steady‐state conditions and therefore may be important during immune responses to vaccination or infection.
Efficacy of nebivolol‐valsartan single‐pill combination in obese and nonobese patients with hypertension
Authors: Mende Christian W. , Giles Thomas D. , Bharucha David B. , Ferguson William G. , Mallick Madhuja , Patel Mehul D.
Published: January 2017

Antihypertensive efficacy of single‐pill combinations (SPCs) consisting of a β1‐selective adrenergic blocker with vasodilatory properties via β3‐agonism (nebivolol) and an angiotensin II receptor blocker (valsartan) was demonstrated in an 8‐week phase 3 trial (NCT01508026). In this post hoc analysis, seated blood pressure, heart rate, 24‐hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, plasma aldosterone, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and safety measures were assessed in obese (body mass index >32 kg/m2; n=1823) and nonobese (body mass index <27 kg/m2; n=847) adults with hypertension (stage I or II) treated with nebivolol‐valsartan SPCs, nebivolol or valsartan monotherapy, or placebo. At week 8, reductions from baseline in blood pressure and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring were greater with SPCs and most nebivolol and valsartan monotherapy doses vs placebo regardless of obesity status. Aldosterone declined with all active treatments and estimated glomerular filtration rate remained steady. The nebivolol‐valsartan 5/80 mg/d SPC was efficacious regardless of degree of obesity.
ON THE SOURCES OF HETEROGENEITY IN BANKING EFFICIENCY LITERATURE
Authors: Aiello Francesco , Bonanno Graziella
Published: January 2017

This study reviews the empirical literature on banking efficiency by conducting a meta‐regression analysis. The meta‐dataset consists of 1661 observations retrieved from 120 papers published over the period 2000–2014. While the role of study design and method‐specific characteristics of primary studies is evaluated, the focus concerns regulation in banking. The results are fourfold. First, parametric methods always yield lower levels of banking efficiency than non‐parametric studies. Second, banking efficiency is higher in studies using the value‐added approach rather than the intermediation method. Third, efficiency scores also depend on the journal's ranking and on the number of observations and variables used in the primary papers. Finally, regulation matters: primary papers focusing on countries with a liberalized banking industry provide higher values for efficiency scores.
Aspergillus awamori‐fermented mung bean seed coats enhance the antioxidant and immune responses of weaned pigs
Authors: Lee D. N. , Hung Y. S. , Yang T. S. , Lin J. H. , Weng C. F.
Published: January 2017

The potential benefits ofAspergillus‐fermented mung bean seed coats (FMSC) for weaned pigs remain unexplored. Bothin vitroandin vivoexperiments were employed to evaluate the potential ofFMSCsupplement on the growth, antioxidant and immune responses of weaned pigs. The total polyphenols andDPPHscavenging capability of ethanol extract ofFMSCexhibited a greater (p < 0.01) increase than those of pre‐fermentation. With the addition of the polyphenol ofFMSCextract, an increase in phagocytosis by neutrophils and proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were found. However, these observations were significantly inhibited (p < 0.05) in those activated cells. Next, 96 weaned pigs were allotted with a randomized complete block design into four dietary treatments, including 0 (control), 600, 1200 or 1800 mg/kgFMSCin a corn–soya bean meal basal diet for a 35‐day trial. The pigs were injected with swine enzootic pneumonia (SEP) vaccines at day 3 and day 21 respectively. The results showed that dietary treatment failed to affect growth performance or serumSEPtitre. The diet supplemented with 600–1800 mg/kgFMSCdecreased faecal lactoferrin on day 21 and increased plasma trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and erythrocytes catalase activity, as well as decreased (p < 0.01) plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration on day 35. Diet supplementation of 1800 mg/kgFMSCincreased phagocytosis by neutrophils andPBMCproliferation induced by pokeweed mitogen (PWM). However, the polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN)‐positive respiratory burst cells were decreased in the supplementation of 1200 or 1800 mg/kgFMSCrespectively. In addition, the serum haptoglobin concentration was decreased in the supplementation with 1200 mg/kgFMSC. Taken together,FMSCenriches polyphenols with antioxidative and immune modulated properties. After feedingFMSC, an improvement in antioxidative capability and immunocompetence was found, implying thatFMSCcould provide as a feed additive at optimal level 1200 mg/kg for weaned pigs.
Neurally adjusted ventilatory assist for infants under prolonged ventilation
Authors: Lee Juyoung , Kim Han‐Suk , Jung Young Hwa , Choi Chang Won , Jun Yong Hoon
Published: January 2017

Background

Severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia often leads to prolonged mechanical ventilation lasting several months. Cyanotic episodes frequently occur in these patients, necessitating long‐term sedation and/or intermittent muscle paralysis. Neurally adjusted ventilatory assist (NAVA) might provide precisely the amount of support that these patients need without sedation.

Methods

We reviewed the medical records of preterm infants who underwent tracheostomy and required mechanical ventilation for >6 months during a period of 6 years. We compared two groups of patients: those supported with NAVA for ≥2 months versus those supported by pneumatically triggered assist methods. We also evaluated any change after NAVA use in the NAVA group.

Results

Among 14 prematurely born patients who received prolonged ventilation, nine were supported with NAVA and five were supported using other ventilator modes. Duration of continuous sedation was significantly shorter and the bolus use of sedatives was also significantly lower in the NAVA group than in the pneumatically triggered assist group. In addition, the NAVA group received a lower dose of dexamethasone than the pneumatically triggered assist group. Compared with before NAVA, the frequency of cyanotic episodes and of the bolus sedatives was significantly decreased after implementation of NAVA.

Conclusions

For infants on prolonged mechanical ventilation, NAVA could reduce cyanotic episodes and the need for sedatives and dexamethasone. NAVA may be superior to pneumatically triggered modes in terms of the minimization of patient–ventilator dyssynchrony while delivering appropriate respiratory support in premature infants with tracheostomy.
5‐Aminosalicylate intolerance causing exacerbation in pediatric ulcerative colitis
Authors: Shimizu Hirotaka , Arai Katsuhiro , Tang Julian , Hosoi Kenji , Funayama Rie
Published: January 2017

Background

5‐Aminosalicylate (5‐ASA) is widely used as the first‐line drug for ulcerative colitis (UC). 5‐ASA is mostly a safe and effective drug, but it can bring about exacerbation due to 5‐ASA intolerance. 5‐ASA intolerance can be confusing and it can mislead physicians into considering unnecessary treatment escalation, including corticosteroid (CS), biologics, or even surgery. In spite of the clinical importance of 5‐ASA intolerance, there have been few studies on its incidence, clinical features, and diagnosis.

Methods

In order to evaluate the incidence, characteristic symptoms, disease course, and laboratory data of children with 5‐ASA intolerance, we retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 80 children with UC.

Results

Eleven of 80 children (13.8%) with UC were diagnosed with 5‐ASA intolerance. The median time between the initiation of 5‐ASA and the onset of 5‐ASA intolerance was 10 days (range, 4–20 days) in patients not receiving CS. Drug‐induced lymphocyte stimulation test (DLST) was performed in 10 patients, and was positive in eight. C‐reactive protein (CRP) increased significantly when exacerbation of colitis symptoms occurred.

Conclusions

The incidence of 5‐ASA intolerance was relatively high. Besides the challenge test, elevation of CRP and positive DLST appeared to support the diagnosis of 5‐ASA intolerance.
Bioluminescence in Dinoflagellates: Evidence that the Adaptive Value of Bioluminescence in Dinoflagellates is Concentration Dependent
Authors: Hanley Karen A. , Widder Edith A.
Published: January 2017

Three major hypotheses have been proposed to explain why dinoflagellate bioluminescence deters copepod grazing: startle response, aposematic warning, and burglar alarm. These hypotheses propose dinoflagellate bioluminescence (A) startles predatory copepods, (B) warns potential predators of toxicity, and (C) draws the attention of higher order visual predators to the copepod's location. While the burglar alarm is the most commonly accepted hypothesis, it requires a high concentration of bioluminescent dinoflagellates to be effective, meaning the bioluminescence selective advantage at lower, more commonly observed, dinoflagellate concentrations may result from another function (e.g. startle response or aposematic warning). Therefore, a series of experiments was conducted to evaluate copepod grazing (Acartia tonsa) on bioluminescent dinoflagellates (during bioluminescent and nonbioluminescent phases, corresponding to night and day, respectively) at different concentrations (10, 1000, and 3000 cells mL−1), on toxic (Pyrodinium bahamense var. bahamense) and nontoxic (Lingulodinium polyedrum) bioluminescent dinoflagellates, and in the presence of nonluminescent diatoms (Thalassiosira eccentrica). Changes in copepod ingestion rates, clearance rates, and feeding preferences as a result of these experimental factors, particularly during the mixed trails with nonluminescent diatoms, indicate there is a concentration threshold at which the burglar alarm becomes effective and below which dinoflagellate bioluminescence functions as an aposematic warning.
Pathogenesis of developmental anomalies of the central nervous system induced by congenital cytomegalovirus infection
Authors: Kawasaki Hideya , Kosugi Isao , Meguro Shiori , Iwashita Toshihide
Published: January 2017

In humans, the herpes virus family member cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most prevalent mediator of intrauterine infection‐induced congenital defect. Central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction is a distinguishing symptom of CMV infection, and characterized by ventriculoencephalitis and microglial nodular encephalitis. Reports on the initial distribution of CMV particles and its receptors on the blood brain barrier (BBB) are rare. Nevertheless, several factors are suggested to affect CMV etiology. Viral particle size is the primary factor in determining the pattern of CNS infections, followed by the expression of integrin β1 in endothelial cells, pericytes, meninges, choroid plexus, and neural stem progenitor cells (NSPCs), which are the primary targets of CMV infection. After initial infection, CMV disrupts BBB structural integrity to facilitate the spread of viral particles into parenchyma. Then, the initial meningitis and vasculitis eventually reaches NSPC‐dense areas such as ventricular zone and subventricular zone, where viral infection inhibits NSPC proliferation and differentiation and results in neuronal cell loss. These cellular events clinically manifest as brain malformations such as a microcephaly. The purpose of this review is to clearly delineate the pathophysiological basis of congenital CNS anomalies caused by CMV.
Our Followers Are Lions, Theirs Are Sheep: How Social Identity Shapes Theories About Followership and Social Influence
Authors: Steffens Niklas K. , Haslam S. Alexander , Jetten Jolanda , Mols Frank
Published: January 2017

Two studies examine how self‐categorization theory can be used to refine our understanding of people's implicit theories about followership and social influence. Results from Study 1 show that perceivers regard followers of a group they themselves identify strongly with (rather than not at all) to be more representative of the prototype of effective followers (displaying enthusiasm, industry, good citizenship) and to be less representative of the antiprototype of effective followers (displaying conformity, incompetence, and insubordination). Results are replicated in a second experiment in which we compare the views of those self‐categorizing as either Republican or Democrat responding to followers of the Republican and Democratic Party. Results of Study 2 replicate those of Study 1 and also reveal qualitative differences in the preferred influence strategy for dealing with followers. Specifically, respondents seek to engage in persuasion when trying to change the behavior of ingroup followers, while resorting to coercion when trying to change the behavior of outgroup followers. Our results are the first to provide evidence that perceivers' theories about what followers are like and how they are influenced most effectively are structured by perceivers' identification (and dis‐identification) with the particular groups that leaders are championing.
The intriguing and convoluted life of a heteroecious rust fungus in New Zealand
Authors: Padamsee M. , McKenzie E. H. C.
Published: January 2017

Molecular phylogenetic analyses of New Zealand rust fungi suggested that four taxa, Aecidium otagense on Clematis spp., Puccinia tiritea on Muehlenbeckia spp., Puccinia rhei‐undulati sensu auct. NZ, non (Dietel) Hirats. f. on Rheum ×rhabarbarum, and an unidentified Puccinia species on Rumex sagittatus, are a single species. Morphological studies and multilocus molecular data, together with inoculation studies, confirmed this finding. This species is only the third heteroecious rust fungus known to be native to New Zealand.
Anxiety and burnout in young athletes: The mediating role of cognitive appraisal
Authors: Gomes A. R. , Faria S. , Vilela C.
Published: January 2017

This study tested the relationship between trait anxiety, cognitive appraisal, and athletes’ burnout proposing two hypotheses: (a) there is a direct relationship between athletes’ trait anxiety and cognitive appraisal and burnout, and (b) cognitive appraisal mediates the relationship between trait anxiety and burnout, and this mediation occurs despite the competitive level and sport records of athletes. The study included 673 young athletes and provided measures of trait anxiety, cognitive appraisal, and burnout. Structural equation modeling indicated that cognitive appraisal mediates the relationship between trait anxiety and burnout, confirming hypothesis 2, and this model provided better fit than the direct model of hypothesis 1. However, the mediation also indicated that the direct relationship between trait anxiety and burnout should be considered. The mediating model was invariant according to competitive levels and sport records. In conclusion, cognitive appraisal is an important variable in explaining athletes’ burnout.
Strongholding the Synagogue to Stronghold the City: Urban‐Religious Configurations in an Israeli Mixed‐City
Authors: Ram Moriel , Aharon Gutman Meirav
Published: January 2017

This article explores the geopolitical significance of public religious institutions and the ways in which it has corresponded to changes in their urban environment. Based on a spatial analysis and ethnography of urban synagogues in the northern Israeli mixed city of Acre that were established and constructed by communities of Jewish immigrants from North African countries, we demonstrate how significant shifts in the city's demographic pattern and landscape have affected these institutions' ascribed functions and meanings. We theorise this dynamic as ‘strongholding’, or, more specifically, strongholding the synagogue as a means of strongholding the city. The formation of the synagogue as a stronghold is enacted through a dual configuration process by which the religious legitimacy, which the synagogue bestows on those who maintain it, is interwoven into a broader urban sociopolitical struggle to claim a presence in the city.
Mutation analysis and gene expression profiling of ocular melanomas in cats
Authors: Rushton J. G. , Ertl R. , Klein D. , Nell B.
Published: January 2017

Feline ocular melanomas show a high malignant behaviour, but adjunctive therapies are non‐existent. The aim of this pilot study was to determine, whether feline ocular melanomas harbour mutations comparable to mutations in human melanomas and to evaluate the gene expression status of genes known to be involved in initiation and progression of human melanomas. Mutation hotspot regions of several genes of feline ocular melanomas were analysed by DNA sequencing and RNA expression levels of the respective genes and others were evaluated by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR). Common mutations found in human melanomas are not present in feline tumours. Gene expression analysis revealed a significant upregulation of KIT and LTA4H, as well as a downregulation of GNAQ, GNA11, BRAF and RASSF1 in feline ocular melanomas. As KIT seems to harbour a potential as target gene in human uveal melanomas, future studies should further investigate the potential of KIT as target for adjunctive therapy in feline ocular melanomas.
S100A4 (metastasin) positive mesenchymal canine mammary tumour spheroids reduce Tenascin C synthesis under DMSO exposure in vitro
Authors: Kau S. , Miller I. , Tichy A. , Gabriel C.
Published: January 2017

In breast cancer research S100A4‐positive tumour‐associated stromal cells are assumed as primary source of Tenascin C (TNC) in the metastatic environment. Aim of the present study was to isolate and characterize S100A4/TNC positive stromal canine mammary tumour (CMT) cells. Cells grown as scaffold‐free spheroids were investigated for S100A4, TNC, and proliferative activity under 1.8% DMSO stimulation by means of Western blot and immunohistochemistry. DMSO is a commonly used drug solvent despite well‐known side effects on cells including TNC expression. DMSO did not affect proliferation, but TNC was significantly reduced under DMSO exposure for 7 and 14 days, whereby for S100A4 a reducing effect was only observed after 14 days. Without DMSO, cells stably expressed TNC and S100A4 which makes them suitable to be used in experimental approaches requiring S100A4/TNC expressing CMT stromal cells. Results show that 1.8% DMSO should not be used as solvent for experiments concerning TNC/S100A4 expression.
Cohesion and Coherence in Written Texts of Students of Faculty of Education
Authors: Karadeniz Abdulkerim
Published: January 2017

The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between Faculty of Education students’ levels of using cohesive devices and their skills in creating a consistent text. The document review technique, which is one of the qualitative research methods, was employed in the study. The “Cohesive Devices Evaluation Scale” was employed in determining the coherency factors in the students’ texts, and the “Paragraph Consistency Evaluation Scale” was employed in the evaluation of the consistency of the texts. The study was carried out at the Faculty of Education, Ahi Evran University in the 2014-2015 academic year. The students’ skills in using cohesive devices, elliptical narrative and conjunctive components are varies significantly depending on the department in which they are receiving their education. It is observed that there is a highly significant relationship between the length of the text and coherence and consistency. Again, it is observed that there is a significant relationship in a positive direction between consistency and coherence. A significant relationship at a low level between the students’ skills in creating a consistent text and references, elliptical narrative and substitution of the cohesive devices is also seen.
AMPK does not play a requisite role in regulation of PPARGC1A gene expression via the alternative promoter in endurance‐trained human skeletal muscle
Authors: Popov Daniil V. , Lysenko Evgeny A. , Butkov Alexey D. , Vepkhvadze Tatiana F. , Perfilov Dmitriy V. , Vinogradova Olga L.
Published: January 2017

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?

This study was designed to investigate the role of AMPK in the regulation of PGC‐1α gene expression via the alternative promoter through a cAMP response element‐binding protein‐1‐dependent mechanism in human skeletal muscle.

What is the main finding and its importance?

Low‐intensity exercise markedly increased the expression of PGC‐1α mRNA via the alternative promoter, without increases in ACCSer79/222 (a marker of AMPK activation) and AMPKThr172 phosphorylation. A single dose of the AMPK activator metformin indicated that AMPK was not involved in regulating PGC‐1α mRNA expression via the alternative promoter in endurance‐trained human skeletal muscle.

In human skeletal muscle, PGC‐1α is constitutively expressed via the canonical promoter. In contrast, the expression of PGC‐1α mRNA via the alternative promoter was found to be highly dependent on the intensity of exercise and to contribute largely to the postexercise increase of total PGC‐1α mRNA. This study investigated the role of AMPK in regulating PGC‐1α gene expression via the alternative promoter through a cAMP response element‐binding protein‐1‐dependent mechanism in human skeletal muscle. AMPK activation and PGC‐1α gene expression were assayed in skeletal muscle of nine endurance‐trained men before and after low‐intensity exercise (38% of maximal oxygen uptake) and with or without administration of a single dose (2 g) of the AMPK activator metformin. Low‐intensity exercise markedly and significantly increased (∼100‐fold, P < 0.05) the expression of PGC‐1α mRNA via the alternative promoter, without increasing ACCSer79/222 (a marker of AMPK activation) and AMPKThr172 phosphorylation. Moreover, in contrast to placebo, metformin increased the level of ACCSer79/222 phosphorylation immediately after exercise (2.6‐fold, P < 0.05). However postexercise expression of PGC‐1α gene via the alternative promoter was not affected. This study was unable to confirm that AMPK plays a role in regulating PGC‐1α gene expression via the alternative promoter in endurance‐trained human skeletal muscle.
Performance Characterization of Twin-Scroll Turbine Stage for Vehicular Turbocharger Under Unsteady Pulsating Flow Environment
Authors: Lee Jinwook , Tan Choon S. , Sirakov Borislav T. , Im Hong-Sik , Babak Martin , Tisserant Denis , Wilkins Chris
Published: January 2017

Unsteady three-dimensional computations have been implemented on a turbocharger twin-scroll turbine system (volute–turbine wheel–diffuser). The flow unsteadiness in a turbocharger turbine system is essentially driven by a highly pulsating flow from the upstream combustor which causes a pulsating stagnation pressure boundary condition at the inlet to the turbine system. Computed results have been postprocessed and interrogated in depth in order to infer the significance of the induced flow unsteadiness on performance. The induced flow unsteadiness could be deemed important, since the reduced frequency of the turbine system (based on the time scale of the inlet flow fluctuation and the flow through time) is higher than unity. Thus, the computed time-accurate pressure field and the loss generation process have been assessed to establish the causal link to the induced flow unsteadiness in the turbine system. To do this consistently both for the individual subcomponents and the system, a framework of characterizing the operation of the turbine system linked to the fluctuating inlet stagnation pressure is proposed. The framework effectively categorizes the operation of the unsteady turbine system in both spatial and temporal dimensions; such a framework would facilitate determining whether the loss generation process in a subcomponent can be approximated as unsteady (e.g., volute) or as locally quasi-steady (LQS) (e.g., turbine wheel) in response to the unsteady inlet pulsation in the inlet-to-outlet stagnation pressure ratios of the two inlets. The notion that a specific subcomponent can be approximated as locally quasi-steady while the entire turbine system in itself is unsteady is of interest as it suggests a strategy for an appropriate flow modeling and scaling as well as for the turbine system performance improvement. Also, computed results are used to determine situations where the flow effects in a specific subcomponent can be approximated as quasi-one-dimensional; thus, for instance, the flow mechanisms in the volute can reasonably be approximated on an unsteady one-dimensional basis. For a turbine stage with sudden-expansion type diffuser, the framework for integrating subcomponent models into a turbine system is formulated. The effectiveness and generality of the proposed framework are demonstrated by applying it to three distinctly different turbocharger operating conditions. The estimated power from the integrated turbine system model is in good agreement with the full unsteady computational fluid dynamics (CFD) results for all three situations. The formulated framework will be generally applicable for assessing the new design configurations as long as the corresponding high-fidelity steady CFD results are utilized to determine the quasi-steady (or acoustically compact) behavior of each new subcomponent.
Numerical Study of the Buoyancy Effect on Magnetohydrodynamic Three-Dimensional LiPb Flow in a Rectangular Duct
Authors: Zahia Tigrine , Faiza Mokhtari , Ahcène Bouabdallah , AbdelKrim Merah , Abdellah Kharicha
Published: January 2017

In this paper, the effect of transverse magnetic field on a laminar liquid lead lithium flow in an insulating rectangular duct is numerically solved with three-dimensional (3D) simulations. Cases with and without buoyancy force are examined. The stability of the buoyant flow is studied for different values of the Hartmann number from 0 to 120. We focus on the combined influence of the Hartmann number and buoyancy on flow field, flow structure in the vicinity of walls and its stability. Velocity and temperature distributions are presented for different magnetic field strengths. It is shown that the magnetic field damps the velocity and leads to flow stabilization in the core fluid and generates magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) boundary layers at the walls, which become the main source of instabilities. The buoyant force is responsible of the generation of vortices and enhances the velocities in the core region. It can act together with the MHD forces to intensify the flow near the Hartmann layers. Two critical Hartmann numbers (Hac1 = 63, Hac2 = 120) are found. Hac1 is corresponding to the separation of two MHD regimes: the first one is characterized by a core flow maximum velocity, whereas the second regime is featured by a maximum layer velocity and a pronounced buoyancy effect. Hac2 is a threshold value of electromagnetic force indicating the onset of MHD instability through the generation of small vortices close to the side layers.
Unsteady Flow of Fluids With Arbitrarily Time-Dependent Rheological Behavior
Authors: Daprà Irene , Scarpi Giambattista
Published: January 2017

This paper presents an analytical solution of the momentum equation for the unsteady motion of fluids in circular pipes, in which the kinematic viscosity is allowed to change arbitrarily in time. Velocity and flow rate are expressed as a series expansion of Bessel and Kelvin functions of the radial variable, whereas the dependence on time is expressed as Fourierlike series. The analytical solution for the velocity is compared with the direct numerical solution of the momentum equation in a particular case, verifying that the difference between analytical and numerical values of axial velocity is less than 1%, except near the discontinuity of the applied pressure gradient, where the typical behavior due to the Gibbs phenomenon is to be noted.
Mathematical Modeling of Novel Two-Phase Heat Transfer Device for Thermal Management of Light Emitting Diodes
Authors: Remella Karthik S. , Gerner Frank M. , Shuja Ahmed
Published: January 2017

The paper introduces a novel two-phase heat transfer device (TPHTD) which is employed in the thermal management of light emitting diodes (LEDs). The heat transfer device structurally resembles a conventional loop heat pipe (LHP) without a compensation chamber, but operates very differently from it. The device is comprised of a central evaporator package and a circular coil that acts as a heat exchanger loop. The working fluid leaving the evaporator has a two-phase mixture quality of approximately 0.2. Having introduced the device, the paper delineates a mathematical model for predicting its thermal performance. The primary objective of the model is to provide a fundamental understanding of the operation of the device. A one-dimensional thermal resistance model (TRM) is utilized in modeling the evaporator. The paper presents a detailed discussion on obtaining these resistances from experiments conducted on the device. A correlation for the external heat transfer coefficient of the heat exchanger loop is proposed based on experiments and is found to be in good agreement with literature. The model predicts performance parameters such as board temperature, two-phase mixture quality, and saturation and subcooled temperatures (Tsat and Tsc) of the working fluid for different input thermal powers (Qtot). Based on experimental evidence, it is concluded that the majority of Qtot (∼75%) is utilized in phase change of the working fluid, and the rest reheats the working fluid from a lower subcooled temperature (Tsc) to the saturation temperature (Tsat) of the evaporator.
Analytical Solution of Transient Three-Dimensional Temperature Field in a Rotating Cylinder Subject to a Localized Laser Beam
Authors: Kashani Mostafa M. , Movahhedy Mohammad R. , Ahmadian Mohammad T. , Razavi Reza Shoja
Published: January 2017

Laser-assisted machining (LAM) is a growing trend in machining of hard to cut materials. In most experimental cases, LAM is carried out in two stages; first, laser and machine parameters are tuned to adjust the temperature at the material removal point (Tmr), and second, the cutting tool is engaged to cut the points that have already been heated by the laser. Alternatively, an analytical model for the prediction of temperature filed can replace lengthy experimentation needed for tuning the material removal temperature. This paper presents an analytical solution to the transient temperature field in a rotating cylinder subject to a localized laser heat source based on Green's functions. The analytical solution is validated by comparing the surface point temperatures to thermal experiments on DIN 1.7225 steel, which shows good agreement in trend and values. Furthermore, a finite element model is developed and verified by the results of the same experiments, providing a more detailed investigation on the performance of the analytical model. The developed analytical scheme can be used to readily calculate pointwise temperatures on workpiece surface and internal points which can be used as a tool for designing machining conditions.
Current relaxation analysis in AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors
Authors: Polyakov Alexander Y. , Smirnov N. B. , Shchemerov Ivan V. , Lee In-Hwan , Jang Taehoon , Dorofeev Alexey A. , Gladysheva Nadezhda B. , Kondratyev Eugene S. , Turusova Yulia A. , Zinovyev Roman A. , Turutin A. V. , Ren Fan , Pearton S. J.
Published: January 2017

Current relaxations in AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) often show a broad spread of relaxation times. These are commonly linked to the ionization energies of the traps in different regions of the devices and the relaxations are assumed to be exponential. To explain the observed spread of parameters, the presence of multiple centers is assumed. However, in actual spectra, only a few main peaks in the lifetimes distributions are observed, with considerable broadening of the peaks. In this paper, the authors examine the possible origin of the relaxation time broadening, including the presence of disorder giving rise to extended exponential decays and to physical broadening of discrete levels into bands. The latter is modeled by Gaussian broadening of the logarithm of relaxation time. The authors demonstrate the analysis of the peak positions and widths of the first derivative of the current transient by the logarithm in time, which is quite useful in deriving the relevant broadening parameters. They illustrate the approach for current relaxations in HEMTs for different pulsing modes.
Disruptive reproductive technologies
Authors: Cohen I. Glenn , Daley George Q. , Adashi Eli Y.
Published: January 2017

In vitro gametogenesis raises new possibilities for reproductive and regenerative medicine as well as vexing policy challenges.