bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SEASONAL VARIATIONS IN RADIAL GROWTH AT BREAST HEIGHT OF SOME WESTERN HEMLOCK AND DOUGLAS FIR TREES, 1953-57
Authors: Griffith Braham G.
Published: February 2014

Radial increment was recorded at weekly intervals for 68 Douglas fir and 14 western hemlock trees throughout the growing season for the years 1953-57 inclusive. The average diameter, inside bark at breast height, was 13.9 inches for the Douglas firs and 11.9 inches for the western hemlock. Growth for both species generally commenced during the first week of May. The average length of the growing season for Douglas fir was 146 days and for western hemlock 156 days. Douglas fir completed a greater percentage of its total growth earlier in the season than did western hemlock, accounting for an average of 83 per cent of its basal area growth by July 31 compared to 68 per cent for western hemlock. Growth in both 1956 and 1957 was considerably below that of each of the preceding three years. This was attributed partly to the severe frost damage to the trees in November 1955.
REGIONAL SITE RESEARCH
Authors: Hills G. A.
Published: February 2014

Soil features, such as soil texture, mineral composition and soil moisture, and other features of land, such as topography, vary in their effect on forest growth depending upon regional climate. In Ontario, studies of land-forest relationships are conducted within the framework of site regions. Site regions are regions within which the effectivity of macroclimate is assumed to be relatively uniform since these regions are established through comparing the natural succession of vegetation on similar landforms, rather than by meteorological data. From the standpoint of forestry practice, the most pertinent feature of a site region is that it is an area in which similar responses may be expected from similar natural disturbances and forestry practices within similar combinations of landforms and forest types.Regional site research embraces, within each site region:(a) The establishment of landtypes and the description of the physiographic site types occurring within each landtype.(b) The description of the forest types coinciding with stages of succession within each physiographic site type.(c) The establishment of soil types coinciding with physiographic site types and major vegetation controls; also the establishment of variations in soil types resulting from differences in forest succession and forestry practice.(d) The evaluation of each physiographic site type for producing forest and other crops.Thus the aim of regional site research is (i) to describe the various physiographic conditions occurring in a site region so that foresters and land-use planners may recognize them, and (ii) to provide information regarding forest distribution, forest succession and the capability of these physiographic site types to produce forest and other crops, which information may aid these people in designing silvicultural experiments, in making forest management decisions, or in planning alternative uses of the land.Examples have been drawn from the site regions of Ontario to illustrate the principles and methodology of regional research.
WHO NEEDLESSLY SETS FOOT UPON A WORM
Authors: Fayle D. C. F.
Published: February 2014

Interest in the role of soil animals in humus formation is currently at a low ebb in North America. In this paper, the results of animal activity are briefly described as an aid in identifying and understanding the evolution of certain types of forest humus layers formed under aerobic conditions. No specific references are made to the available literature, but a few general texts are listed.
THE COMBINED STOCKING OF MULTIPLE SPECIES COMBINATIONS
Authors: Bickerstaff A. , Matte L.
Published: February 2014

The combined stocking for n species whose individual composite stockings are S1, S2 – Sn, expressed as decimal fractions, is equivalent to: 1 − (1 − S) (1 − S2)–(1 − Sn). The derivation and application of the formula in stocked quadrat regeneration surveys are described.
PATHOLOGICAL CONDITION OF IMMATURE BALSAM FIR STANDS OF HYLOCOMIUM-OXALIS TYPE IN THE LAURENTIDE PARK, QUEBEC
Authors: Smerlis E.
Published: February 2014

The pathological condition of fully stocked immature balsam fir stands was investigated in the Hylocomium-Oxalis forest type in the Laurentide Park. Phacidium infestons Karst. was the only foliage disease associated with severe defoliation of trees of all crown classes in 6- to 15-year-old stands. Other foliage diseases were responsible for severe defoliation of intermediate and suppressed trees in stands as old as 45 years. Decays of trunks, butts, and roots were present in all stands, including stands of the 6- to 15-year age class. Fungi associated with trunk rots entered mainly through broken trunks and scars. The principal wood-destroying fungus causing trunk decays was Stereum sanguinolentum Alb. and Schw. ex Fr. Fungi associated with root and butt rots of dominant and codominant trees entered mainly through injuries caused by larvae of Hylobius pinicola Couper. This is the first time that H. pinicola has been associated with infection courts of wood-destroying fungi. Injuries of undetermined nature were the principal infection courts of fungi causing root and butt rots of intermediate and suppressed trees. Corticium galactinum (Fr.) Burt was the most frequently isolated Basidiomycete from root and butt rots.
SURVIVAL AND GROWTH OF SHELTERBELT TREES AT THREE SPACINGS
Authors: Cram W. H. , Morgan G. A.
Published: February 2014

Seedlings of Caragana arborescens Lam., Acer Negundo L., Ulmus americana L., Populus deltoides Bartr. and Fraxinus p. lanceolata Sarg. were planted in 3-row shelterbelts at spacings of 4, 8, and 16 feet at the Forest Nursery Station, Indian Head, Saskatchewan. Data for stand and height are presented after 17 years of growth. Survival of caragana, maple, and ash were not materially influenced by Spacing, but that of elm increased from 91 to 100% and of cottonwood from 0 to 25%, as spacings increased from 4 to 16 feet. Caragana was outstanding with 100% survival at all spacings. Maximum height of caragana and ash (15 and 19 feet, respectively) was obtained at the 8-foot spacings; while that of maple and elm (23 and 26 feet) was obtained at the 16-foot spacing.
THE EFFECT OF CHLORDANE AND THIRAM ON DAMPING-OFF AND SEEDLING GROWTH
Authors: Cockerill J.
Published: February 2014

Chlordane, applied to seed beds of red pine to control white grub infestation, increased seedling mortality due to damping-off in these beds. Losses were significantly reduced when the seed was pelleted with thiram prior to sowing. Neither chlordane nor thiram, alone or in combination, had any apparent adverse effect on seedling growth, root development, or the formation of mycorrhiza.
SEEDING WHITE SPRUCE AT THE BASE OF ASPEN
Authors: Waldron R. M.
Published: February 2014

Three methods of seeding white spruce—in the humus layer, in moss, and on scalps—at the base of aspen were tested in dense young and open mature stands. Results indicated that scalps prepared at the base were more favourable for germination than either of the other two seedbeds tested, and for seedling survival more favourable than control scalps prepared between trees.
NATURAL LAYERING OF BLACK SPRUCE IN NORTHERN ONTARIO
Authors: Stanek Walter
Published: February 2014

In northern Ontario, layering of black spruce occurs within the range of the species. It is a characteristic feature of black spruce and takes place whenever parent trees are present with green branches sustained at their bases, provided there is a moist rooting medium capable of imbedding them. Because of specific requirements, layering is more abundant on wet sites than on well drained ones.All trees identified as layerings originated from branch layering. The transverse sections of all layering connections examined showed the anatomy typical of a branch. No trees originating from root suckers or by rooting were found.It is reasonable to assume that once layerings have become established and are physiologically independent, their further development will be similar to that of seedlings. Both are subjected to the prevailing growing conditions, can participate in stand establishment, and may develop into merchantable trees.
SAPSUCKER DAMAGE IN COASTAL BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Ziller Wolf G. , Stirling David
Published: February 2014

The characteristics and feeding habits of the red-breasted sapsucker, Sphyrapicus varius ruber (Gmelin), are outlined. The bird appears to fluctuate violently in numbers. Incidental observations suggest that a large population of sapsuckers can cause considerable damage to forest trees.
MOISTURE CHANGES IN LODGEPOLE PINE BEFORE AND AFTER ATTACK BY THE MOUNTAIN PINE BEETLE
Authors: Reid R. W.
Published: February 2014

The moisture content of the outer sapwood of non-infested lodgepole pine is normally about 85 to 165 per cent of oven dry weight. In trees that have been infested by the mountain pine beetle for one year, the sapwood moisture content can be as low as 16 per cent. There is a steep moisture gradient from about 160 per cent in the outer sapwood to about 30 per cent in the heart-wood. The moisture content in the centre is slightly higher than in the adjacent wood. In infested trees the sapwood moisture is greatly reduced within a year after the attack but moisture in the heartwood is not altered appreciably. Trees infested early in the season drop to a lower moisture content by fall than trees infested later in the season. In non-infested trees there is a diurnal and a seasonal moisture march; these do not occur in infested trees. The rapid moisture loss in the sapwood of infested trees is associated with blue-stain infection and successful establishment of bark-beetle broods
BRANCH AND STEM CANKERS OF WHITE AND NORWAY SPRUCES IN ONTARIO
Authors: Jorgensen Erik , Cafley J. D.
Published: February 2014

A branch and stem canker disease of white and Norway spruce was investigated in southern Ontario. The disease was found to be associated with the occurrence of Valsa Kunzei var. picea, a wound parasite commonly occurring on spruce in central and eastern United States and Canada. A study of tree growth in relation to the development of stem cankers revealed that stem-cankered trees had been predisposed to the attack, as indicated by a sudden decrease in diameter growth one or more years in advance of the infection.The predisposing factor is believed to be drought, which weakens trees with a poorly developed root system, thus causing the reduced diameter growth and permitting fungus infection of the main stem and the later developmnet of stem cankers.Spruce grown on sites with a continuous supply of aerated soil water will not be affected by the disease if crowding of trees in the stand is avoided.
NATIONAL REGENERATION RESOLUTION COMMITTEE REPORT, NORTHERN ONTARIO SECTION
Authors: Hare P. J. , Peacock A. H. , Stanek W. , VanVlymen V. P. , Robinson F. N. , Catto A. T. , Bell G. W.
Published: February 2014

The regeneration committee reached the following conclusions regarding conifer reproduction in the Northern Ontario Section.1. The conifer reproduction problem has been thoroughly investigated in the Clay Belt portion of the section but more surveys are required in the transition zones. Further surveys will be required as logging methods change.2. The present yard-stick of 40% stocked to conifers is outmoded. A series of standards is required with high standards for accessible areas nearest the mill and lower standards for inaccessible remote areas.Basal area tables and not percentage stocking should be used in cut-over stands older than 20 years, to determine the stand condition.3. The conifer reproduction on lowland sites does not present a problem and should require no silvicultural treatment under present economic conditions.4. Spruce regeneration is a problem on the well drained sites, which comprise approximately 30% of the productive area in the Northern Ontario Section. Conifer stocking is borderline but predominantly balsam.5. Conifer reproduction is not adequate on the fresh and dry sites.6. The understocking of spruce is gradually being rectified throughout much of the section by the present planting programme and various specialized silvicultural treatments.7. There is a definite improvement in both conifer and spruce stocking in the eastern part of the section. (See Table 1 — Kapuskasing District vs. Cochrane District).8. Fire in uncut stands does not as a rule pose a regeneration problem as many of our present stands originated from fire.
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT IN ONTARIO THROUGH CONSERVATION AUTHORITIES
Authors: McMullen D. N. , Barnes A. S. L.
Published: February 2014

There are 30 Conservation Authorities in Ontario with a total area of 20,000 square miles. They have been established to co-ordinate all conservation work including flood control, land use, reforestation, fish and wildlife management and recreation on a watershed basis.The Conservation Authorities are bodies corporate composed of representatives from all the municipalities lying wholly or partly in the watershed. They may obtain grants from the Province of Ontario and, in some cases, from the Government of Canada.The Grand Valley Conservation Authority, which has jurisdiction over a watershed of 2,600 square miles in the agricultural region of Ontario, has been used as an example. About 10 per cent of this watershed remains in woodland composed of headwater swamps and farm woodlots, and for this reason the subject has been dealt with from the point of view of hydrometeorology rather than from the point of view of forestry.
ALBERTA FOOTHILLS SILVICULTURE
Authors: Lees J. C.
Published: February 2014

Following a regional description in which a classification of site is developed, certain silvicultural systems are examined and recommended for the dominant stand types which occur on three major site groups, viz:—1. Dry Upland2. Moist Transition3. WetIt is pointed out that through control of silviculture the objects of management in the region may be achieved. There are already available to the forest manager silvicultural systems which are applicable with or without modification to the forest stands of the region on the sites described.
FOREST FIRE CONTROL PLANNING
Authors: Hess Q. F.
Published: February 2014

For Central Canada the need for forest fire control planning is reviewed. The degree of forest fire control necessary and a method of determining the necessary standards is discussed. The fire control elements and the planning components involved are then summarized. This includes fire control planning to meet peak fire loads.
OVER-WINTER STORAGE OF CONIFEROUS SEEDLINGS AS A MEANS OF PREVENTING LATE FROST DAMAGE
Authors: Jorgensen E. , Stanek W. K. L.
Published: February 2014

In a series of experiments on over-winter storage, seedlings of white spruce and other conifers were placed in normal shipping hales and stored in root cellars without artificial refrigeration. White spruce seedlings were retained in dormant condition for approximately six months without apparent damage to their later performance in plantations. Stored seedlings proved highly resistant to damage from spring frosts and therefore superior to spring-shipped stock from the same nursery beds. Conclusive evidence of the suitability of other conifers for over-winter storage was not obtained. The application of over-winter storage of white spruce seedlings in planting operations in northern Ontario is discussed.
MARKETING PROBLEMS AND PROMOTION IN THE SALE OF PRODUCTS FROM SMALL WOODLOTS
Authors: Hamilton Lawrence S.
Published: February 2014

This paper summarizes for an audience of Ontario woodlot owners and foresters what seem to the author to be the main woodlot marketing problems in New York State. Some of the programs and educational materials which have been developed in New York are briefly described as possible guidelines for marketing assistance in Canada.
BREEDING FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE IN FOREST TREES
Authors: Heimburger C.
Published: February 2014

Breeding for disease resistance in forest trees is a specialized kind of forest tree breeding. With breeding of white pines for resistance to blister rust as an example, the various problems encountered and solved are described. Resistance to blister rust in eastern white pine has thus far been found to be inherited on a polygenic basis. This influences the choice of effective breeding methods and the silvicultural use of the resistant materials obtained. The genetic basis of superior resistance found in exotic species, such as Balkan white pine, Japanese white pine and Himalayan white pine is also influencing the breeding methods. Because of its early flowering, breeding work with Balkan white pine has progressed further than with other exotic species. Indications have been obtained that resistance in this species is also based on polygenes. Some of these are complementary to those found in eastern white pine. In Himalayan white pine materials the presence of recessive major genes for resistance as well as polygenes is probable. The possible use of these findings in the development of resistant white pine materials and their use in the establishment of artificially and naturally regenerated stands is discussed.
SURVIVAL OF WOOD BORERS (COLEOPTERA: CERAMBYCIDAE, BUPRESTIDAE) IN WATER-STORED LOGS
Authors: Gardiner L. M.
Published: February 2014

In logs that have been stored for at least a month in water, 3 to 6 per cent of borer larvae may survive, depending on the size of logs and whether the larvae are under the bark or in the wood. In sawlogs, larval survival is three times as great in the portion of the log above the water as in the submerged portion. These survival figures may be acceptable for control purposes but should be considered in certification of logs for export.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THINNING FORESTS IN THE COASTAL REGION OF BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Warrack G. C.
Published: February 2014

Thinning is a potential forest practice awaiting economic evidence of its merit. In the south coast zone of British Columbia, nearly 2 million acres of immature Douglas fir and western hemlock forests offer the possibility of making thinnings to maximize the productive capacity of sustained yield units. The commercial feasibility of any one thinning should not overrule the silvicultural attributes of repeated thinnings to mould the stands in a forest to a desired structure. There is no economic or biological necessity to clearcut immature stands on short rotations rather than adopt thinning regimes within a rotation twice as long. Careful attention to location of skid trails, landings and roads should precede the marking job. If thinnings become widely applied, the need for mechanization of yarding processes to cope with difficulties of terrain may probably give rise to thinning schemes which alternate thinned patches with clearcut patches. Management, engineering and silvicultural aspects are very much in need of integrated research on a scale large enough to entertain sustained yield objectives and realistic costs. The application of crown thinnings meets economic and biological requirements. Experience rather than science must still underlie marking techniques until facts are available concerning the growth performance and intrinsic wood qualities of particular phenotypes in relation to tree-spacing. As a result of tending plantations since they were 13 years old, the gross and merchantable volumes per acre at 21 years of age are lower in a plot having 400 free-growing stems than in a plot with 1,200 competitors, but different stand development is expected in the next decade as the degree of competition becomes a more important influence. There is evidence that a thinning which yields #3 logs to an 8″ top and/or poles and piling will return a small profit, terrain and transportation permitting, and that when a thinning yields only pulpwood or the larger percentage of the total thinning yield is pulpwood, that it will not usually meet the costs of the operation.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF INITIAL ADVENTITIOUS ROOTS IN POPLAR CUTTINGS AND THE EFFECT OF CERTAIN FACTORS ON THEIR DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Bloomberg W. J.
Published: February 2014

In planted cuttings of Populus trichocarpa Torr. and Gray, P. x canadensis Moench 'Regenerata', and P. x canadensis 'Robusta Bachelieri', adventitious roots developed first along the cutting, then later at the basal end. Removal of the first roots, termed initial roots, resulted in decreased shoot growth during the early growth of the cuttings and a smaller root system at the end of the growing season. Mortality occurred only in those cuttings from which all initial roots had been removed. Poplar varieties differed significantly with respect to number, but not length of initial roots produced. In general, the number, length and weight of initial roots increased with the cutting moisture content and with temperature. Number of roots increased with increasing age of parent shoot up to a maximum at 10 months, with no further increase up to 16 months. Cuttings from the base of the shoot produced longer, and in the hybrids, heavier roots than cuttings from the top. At 50% moisture content, basal cuttings produced more roots than top cuttings, but at 100% moisture content, there was no significant difference between the shoot regions. The position in which cuttings were placed exerted a significant effect on the number of roots produced in the hybrids, but not in P. trichocarpa.
MORE ABOUT THE 'CROWN COMPETITION FACTOR'
Authors: Vezina P. E.
Published: February 2014

The relationship between crown width and tree diameter is presented for open-grown pine in Quebec so that "Maximum Crown Area" in square feet can be estimated from tree diameter. The relationship between maximum crown area and tree diameter provides a basis for computing the "Crown Competition Factor" value of a stand as a measure of stand density. The CCF values for plots covering a range of ages were investigated.
DEVELOPING AN IDEAL GROWING STOCK FOR TOLERANT HARDWOODS IN CENTRAL ONTARIO
Authors: Berry A. B.
Published: February 2014

A brief history is given for a 47-acre woodlot successively high-graded for the best timber, grazed by cattle, cut haphazardly for fuelwood then placed under management with the object of developing a balanced stand structure for the maximum production of wood volume under the selection system. Four stem-distributions are being tested, two levels of growing stock and two upper diameter limits, combined with two cutting cycles. From the analysis of the results the best, or ideal, stand structure will be determined for this area.
SAMPLING THE LARVAL STAGES OF THE TWO-YEAR-CYCLE SPRUCE BUDWORM NEAR BABINE LAKE, BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Harris J. W. E.
Published: February 2014

Methods of sampling the immature stages of the two-year-cycle spruce bud-worm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), were studied at Babine Lake in west-central British Columbia; this paper deals with the larval stages. No significant differences in the numbers of overwintering larvae per square foot of foliage were found between host species or size of sample branch. Significant differences existed between sample trees but a difference between crown levels was found only in the first-year population. No differences were found in the number of feeding larvae between host species, study areas, or crown sides. A difference between sample branch size was found only in the first-year population. Significant differences existed between crown levels, between overstory trees, and between the understory and overstory. An acceptable estimate of larval numbers at least for year-to-year comparison might be obtained by sampling one 18-inch branch tip from the mid-crown portion of as many trees as time permits.
DROUGHT EFFECTS ON YOUNG SPRUCE STANDS IN POOR SITES
Authors: Denyer W. B. , Riley C. G.
Published: February 2014

Drought in recent years was found to be the cause of conspicuous reddening and defoliation of young spruce stands in both mucky depressions and well-drained sites over extensive areas in Saskatchewan. Following a relatively wet summer, most of the trees appeared to be recovering.
TOLERANCE OF WHITE SPRUCE SEEDLINGS TO FLOODING
Authors: Lees J. C.
Published: February 2014

One and two-year-old white spruce seedlings growing in trays in the laboratory were immersed in water for periods of 3½, 7, 10½, and 14 days. Total mortality resulted from the 14-day immersion period, but a small percentage of seedlings survived the shorter periods and even repeated immersions for 3½-day periods. Two-year-old seedlings were more tolerant of flooding than one-year-old seedlings. The lelation of thes results to flooding of scarified seedbeds in the B-18a Mixedwood Section of Alberta is discussed.
DIEBACK AND MORTALITY OF TAMARACK CAUSED BY HIGH WATER
Authors: Denyer W. B. G. , Riley C. G.
Published: February 2014

Dieback and mortality of tamarack stands in an extensive area in Saskatchewan has attracted attention in recent years. Investigation has shown the cause to be unusually high water. The evidence includes the development of adventitious roots above high water level and adventitious shoots in the crown, both coinciding with records of high levels in adjacent Peter Pond Lake.
INFLUENCE OF PLANTING DEPTH ON SURVIVAL AND GROWTH OF RED PINE
Authors: Mullin R. E.
Published: February 2014

The tenth-year survival and height data for an experiment which compared five depths of planting (−2, −1, 0, +1 and +2 inches), and two methods of planting, slit (with spade) and wedge (side-hole, with spade), of red pine, Pinus resinosa Ait., are given.Survival was found to increase with depth of planting whereas height growth was best with shallow planting in the 0 to +1 range. As the effect on height growth was minor in comparison with the effect on survival it was concluded that planting slightly below nursery level was best.The poorer survival (about 10%) and height growth (about 13%) of the trees planted by the slit method was not significant, although the experimental design permitted only a coarse comparison.
AN ANALYSIS OF MEASURES OF DENSITY IN EVEN-AGED BALSAM FIR AND JACK PINE STANDS
Authors: Vezina P. E.
Published: February 2014

The concept of stand density in relation to thinning is examined and its development over the years is discussed. Present difficulties of objectively measuring stand density are recognized and probable future trends towards the development of better formulae to express stand density are outlined. Researchers should continue to collect information on interrelationships among stand variables. Certain merits accrue from description of stand density in terms of variables, such as crown closure, that can be measured with some precision from aerial photographs. Conversely, valid estimates of crown closure which are often difficult to obtain by means of devices from the ground, could be predicted from stand density. Three stand variables, used as expressions of stand density, were tested in crown closure simple regressions in even-aged, unmanaged stands of balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.). These are: total number of trees, number of trees 4 inches and up, and basal area per acre. The strongest relationship found was the one where crown closure is compared with basal area; it was stronger for jack pine than for balsam fir. This was explained by differences in tolerance among the two species. The significance of these relationships for the stand development, and the feasibility of using height-and diameter-based indices as measures of growing stock in studies of yield are discussed.
THE COMPARISON OF TREE QUALITIES
Authors: Northcott P. L.
Published: February 2014

The need to compare individuals is discussed briefly. It is suggested that the composite quality of an individual is best defined as the weighted sum of a number of measurable characteristics of the individual. A statistical procedure for comparison of weighted average quality is derived from application of the principle of the linear combination of variables. A digital computer program is available.
MEASUREMENT OF WOOD MOISTURE CONTENT USING THE COLMAN ELECTRODE
Authors: Bloomberg W. J. , Farrell D.
Published: February 2014

Colman electrodes were inserted into stem sections of Douglas-fir, western hemlock, western red cedar and black cottonwood and resistance readings were taken at wood moisture contents of 10% to 100% of maximum moisture content. In almost all the conifer sections tested, 85% or more of the readings lay within limits of ±10% moisture content about the mean curve, and over 50% were within ±5%. The variation was greater for black cottonwood. Variation was also greater in the larger than in the smaller sections. The curves for individual sections within each species had certain characteristics in common, but no two curves were identical.Resistance readings given by Colman electrodes inserted into living black cottonwood trees showed a fairly good correlation with soil moisture content when the trees were subjected to cycles of drought and watering.
WEIGHT AND SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF SLASH OF WHITE SPRUCE AND LODGEPOLE PINE
Authors: Kiil A. D.
Published: February 2014

A simple and practical method is described for predicting slash weight and proportion of fine fuels. Sixty white spruce and 101 lodgepole pine trees in west central Alberta differing in site and stand conditions were felled, measured and the unmerchantable stem and all branchwood weighed. A graphical analysis showed that the slash weight-merchantable cubic foot ratios for both species varied inversely with tree diameter for the range of diameters sampled. White spruce has a higher slash weight-merchantable cubic foot ratio and a higher proportion of fine fuels than lodgepole pine.
A TRIAL OF HOHENADL'S METHOD OF STEM FORM AND STEM VOLUME ESTIMATION
Authors: Heger L.
Published: February 2014

The essentials of Hohenadl's method of stem form and stem volume estimation were outlined. Application of the method was exemplified in a study of 37 dominant and codominant lodgepole pines grown in Alberta. Form of Alberta-grown pine was compared with that of British Columbia-grown pine. Hohenadl's method was found to be a convenient means of estimating both form and volume. For 80 per cent of the lower bole, overbark form of pine from Alberta did not differ appreciably from underbark form of pine from British Columbia.
A NEW TOTAL CUBIC FOOT VOLUME FUNCTION
Authors: Honer T. G.
Published: February 2014

The problems involved in constructing volume tables are briefly discussed. Nine functions were evaluated, and the transformed variable function [Formula: see text] selected to express the volume-diameter-height relationship.In developing the function, the relationship between [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] was accepted as being linear in form, permitting graphical or least squares solution. No special weighting procedures were required as the transformation tends to equalize variances over the range of data.The function provided accurate estimates, and volume errors were independent of tree size. The methods used to estimate tree and stand volumes are briefly described. (Oxford Classification 524.2)
THE MEASUREMENT OF FOREST PRODUCTS IN CANADA: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE HISTORICAL AND LEGISLATIVE BACKGROUND
Authors: Ker J. W.
Published: February 2014

The measurement of forest products in Canada, as the administration of the forests, is the responsibility of the provincial or other local authority. Scaling is commonly used by provincial governments as a basis for assessment of stumpage and/or royalty charges and by logging operators for payment of piece-workers. Legislation and regulations pertaining thereto have evolved independently but with remarkably similar results from Newfoundland to British Columbia.A brief sketch is given of the historical and legislative background and scaling methods in use in Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario, Alberta and British Columbia. Included are regulations governing the training and licensing of scalers, approved methods of scaling forest products, whether singly or collectively, and the board-foot or cubic-foot log rules used, both past and present.
A FROST HARDINESS STUDY OF SIX CONIFEROUS SPECIES
Authors: Glerum C. , Farrar J. L. , McLure R. L.
Published: February 2014

In the summer of 1963, the frost hardiness of six native coniferous species was tested. It was found that temperature and degree of frost damage were linearly related. The frost hardiness increased from the first week (Aug. 11) to the fifth week (Sept. 8) of testing. The most sensitive species were those which were growing most actively.
COMPARATIVE SURVIVAL AND GROWTH OF FIVE CONIFERS RIDGE-PLANTED ON A WET SITE
Authors: MacArthur J. D.
Published: February 2014

Five-year results indicate that ridge-planting is effective in reforesting poorly-drained land in the Morgan Arborteum. White, red, black, and Norway spruce and white pine showed significantly better survival and growth on ridges than in control planting. Norway and black spruce and white pine were the most successful. White spruce and red spruce survived well, but grew slowly.
WINTER SCARIFICATION AND WHITE SPRUCE REGENERATION, SASKATCHEWAN
Authors: Gilmour J. G.
Published: February 2014

During the frost free period in Saskatchewan, access to many forest areas is restricted, and the movement of heavy machinery in the forest is limited. Because of this, an experiment to test the effectiveness of winter seedbed disturbance was established on a 2-chain cut strip.Adequate natural restocking to white spruce was recorded on winter disturbed seedbeds the following summer. A link between a lengthy period of seed dissemination and a heavy cone crop seems evident from the results. This feature, coupled with a winter seedbed disturbance, may prove useful to assisted spruce regeneration in this province.Regeneration resulting from the residual trees obscured the results of artificially sown white spruce. However, the results show the effect of different sowing rates and indicate that spring sowing produces more seedlings.
AN EFFECT OF SPHAGNUM ON THE GROWTH OF BLACK SPRUCE
Authors: McEwen J. K.
Published: February 2014

Black spruce (P. mariana (Mill.) BSP.) grows slowly and reproduces with difficulty on most of the lowland sites where it normally occurs. An examination of the rooting systems of small and large trees indicates that growth was initiated at points substantially below the present ground surface. From the evidence available it is adduced that the growth of sphagnum is responsible for the poor growth and regeneration of the black spruce.
THE EFFECT OF LEAF LITTER UPON ESTABLISHMENT OF WHITE SPRUCE BENEATH PAPER BIRCH
Authors: Gregory Robert A.
Published: February 2014

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of leaf smothering upon establishment of white spruce in Alaska. Treatment consisted of protecting seed-spots from leaf litter of an overstory paper birch stand with hardware cloth screens for varying periods. Protection significantly improved survival through the first four growing seasons following germination of the spruce seed. After the fourth growing season, most seedlings were large enough to avoid being smothered or crushed by fallen leaves; additional protection through the fifth growing season was not significantly beneficial. It appears unlikely that more than an occasional white spruce can become naturally established beneath birch stands in this region.
TAPHOLE SANITIZATION PELLETS AND SUGAR MAPLE SAP YIELD
Authors: MacArthur J. D. , Blackwood A. C.
Published: February 2014

The effect of taphole sanitization using paraformaldehyde (PFA) pellets on yield of sap of sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) was tested in 1965 in an experiment comprising 240 trees and 480 tapholes—24 ten-tree observation units from each of which paired ten-tap cumulative yields from treated and untreated tap-holes were obtained. Significant positive effects of PFA appeared about mid-season and increased to a maximum toward the season's end. Also by the season's end bacteria and fungi were significantly less numerous in sap from treated tapholes. Treated taphole yields averaged 50% higher for the season.
THE ECONOMICS OF FOREST FERTILIZATION
Authors: Haley David
Published: February 2014

The economics of forest fertilization are discussed and an economic criterion for determining the feasibility of fertilization programs is formally stated. It is suggested that research in this field is neglecting several important questions. More effort should be made to relate research to the basic economic decisions which have to be made by the forest manager. The timing and frequency of fertilizer applications appears to be particularly important from an economic point of view.
ESTABLISHMENT AND EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF WHITE SPRUCE IN THE INTERIOR OF BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Eis S.
Published: February 2014

Survival and growth of white spruce seedlings and juvenile trees were compared on two seedbeds, three forest sites, and a range of light conditions in the central interior of British Columbia. For germination, the most favourable seedbed was mineral soil in shade on moist and wet sites; for survival, mineral soil, dry habitats, partial shade; for growth, mineral soil, moist habitats, full light exposure.
SELECTIVITY OF HERBICIDES
Authors: Sutton R. F.
Published: February 2014

Various forms of selectivity of herbicides (chemical, physical, physiological, placement, and probability) are described and illustrated with examples from the literature. The point is made that selectivity is not an all-or-nothing proposition, but is frequently the resultant of more than one form of selectivity. Clear recognition of the nature and components of selectivity is essential to the efficient use of herbicides.
Lateral Root Pruning – A Promising Forest Nursery Practice
Authors: Eis S.
Published: February 2014

The regeneration and growth of pruned roots of Douglas-fir seedlings were studied under nursery conditions. Root pruning did not decrease the height increment of seedlings. For the best development of dense and compact root systems, the bottom pruning should be done early in spring and the side pruning around the middle of June, on both sides of the row simultaneously.
"Upwards from the Plateau — A Consulting Forester's View"
Authors: Fellows E. S.
Published: February 2014

The varied demands on the wildlands of North America for timber, recreation, watershed protection, and other purposes are growing at an unprecedented rate. In Canada, we are trying to meet this situation with antiquated legislation and out-worn concepts. Unless there are drastic changes in our approach, we shall fall far short of meeting anticipated demands by the year 2000.The author believes that we should visualize the forecast conditions and then formulate the policies which would necessarily have to exist, if we are to attain the goals which are in prospect. An orderly transition from present policies to those which will be needed can then be achieved.Professional foresters, as the most broadly based group of wildland managers, should take the initiative in such an undertaking. Consulting foresters collectively can perform a special function in such a project, becacse they are accustomed to working in both the private and public sectors of the economy and have no vested interest and no entrenched position to maintain on either side.
Results of an Aerial Spraying Operation Against the Swaine Jack Pine Sawfly, Neodiprion swainei Middleton, in Quebec utilizing the Insecticide Phosphamidon
Authors: McLeod J. M.
Published: February 2014

In August 1965, 135,000 acres of jack pine forest in the St. Maurice Valley, Quebec, were sprayed with Phosphamidon for control of an outbreak of the Swaine jack pine sawfly, Neodiprion swainei Middleton. Applied by spray planes at a rate of 0.2 gallon per acre containing ¼ pounds of active insecticide material, it resulted in 99% mortality of the sawfly, and the threat of defoliation subsided. Phosphamidon applied at [Formula: see text] lb. per acre in a subsidiary test was almost as effective. One year after treatment, the sawfly population remained suppressed in the spray area, with no immediate prospect of resurgence. The treatment did not adversely affect the balance between the sawfly and its parasites, nor cause long-term instability in populations of other insects, birds and mammals living in the forest.
An Evaluation of the McClure and Wheeler Optical Calipers
Authors: Robbins Wallace C. , Young Harold E.
Published: February 2014

Five trees of each of four species were measured at six positions on the bole ranging from 0.5 to 32.5 feet above ground with the McClure optical caliper's, Wheeler optical calipers, diameter tape and conventional calipers. Measurements are quickly and easily made with the optical calipers. The only statistically significant difference occurred at the three middle positions where the McClure measurements were larger than the other instruments'. The exact cause for this is not known but it is attributed to the 0.5-inch scale markings on the McClure requiring interpolation to read to 0.1 inch, as there were no significant differences between the instruments when all positions were combined in a single analysis.
The Future of Recreation on Wild Lands
Authors: Edwards R. Yorke
Published: February 2014

The urban exodus onto the rural landscape in search of recreation will increase several hundred per cent in the next three decades. On variously wild rural lands this means that recreation that is based all or in part on wild surroundings must suffer a decline in quality. Four measures can to some extent alleviate this decline: developed facilities that are designed to limit the volume of use at that maximum level compatible with the preservation of wild values; direct limitation of use at the level beyond which damage would occur; restriction of the kinds of recreational uses most damaging to wildness; and the use of interpretation programs to influence human behaviour so there is an increase in the quality of recreational experience, accompanied by a decrease in the damage done by recreation.
Development of Black Spruce Layers in Quebec and Ontario
Authors: Stanek W.
Published: February 2014

Black spruces of layer or seed origin develop into merchantable trees with similar growth in height, diameter and volume. Layerings tend to have a poorer stem form than seedlings, especially under adverse growing conditions. However, stem form of old layering trees is considerably better. The proportion of layerings and seedlings is influenced by stand history. Black spruce stands undisturbed for a long time consist largely of layerings. After fire, scarification, or exposure of mineral soil, stands regenerate mainly from seedlings. Stocking of black spruce is satisfactory where advance growth has been preserved after cutting, whether it is of layer or of seed origin.
The Influence of Soil Moisture Deficits on Seedling Growth of Three Coniferous Species
Authors: Glerum C. , Pierpoint G.
Published: February 2014

Rising 3-0 seedlings of red pine, white spruce and larch were subjected to two drought periods in a growth chamber. The four treatments were control, 1, 6, and 15 atmospheres of soil moisture tension.The 15 atmospheres treatment affected the length of terminal leader and the stem diameter of red pine and larch, but not of white spruce. The needle length of red pine was affected by all three drought treatments.
Application of Life-Table Analyses to Tree Seedlings in Quetico Provincial Park, Ontario
Authors: Hett Joan M. , Loucks Orie L.
Published: February 2014

Data for numbers of living seedlings by two-year age-classes under old-growth forests permit examination of life-table analysis as a tool for following seedling population relationships. The population depletion curves for white pine, balsam fir and red maple are compared. The negative exponential depletion model is demonstrated as a potentially sensitive method for quantitative comparison of silvical response characteristics.
Seasonal Water Content and Distribution in Eastern White Pine
Authors: Linzon S. N.
Published: February 2014

Studies over a 30-month period revealed the presence of a seasonal rhythm in water content in the sapwood and in wet and dry portions of the heartwood of eastern white pine, Pinus strobus L. The data, indicated an increase in water content in late autumn and early winter, a drying out in late winter, a slight increase in the spring, fluctuations during the summer strongly influenced by weather, and a slight decrease in early autumn prior to the increase at the end of the year. The newest parts of the crown were the wettest in the tree. Outer rings in the sapwood of the crown were wetter than those in the bole and butt. Wet heartwood possessed as high a water content as sapwood, whereas dry heartwood contained the lowest water content of all the parts of the tree examined.
The Harmonic Mean in Forest Mensuration
Authors: Buckingham Forrest M.
Published: February 2014

Under certain conditions, the harmonic mean rather than the arithmetic mean should be used to average measurements. Two examples which illustrate the proper use of the harmonic mean are the averaging of growth measurements in the form of number of rings in the last half-inch of radius, and the calculation of the arithmetic mean basal area of a forest stand from a point-sample tally.
An Electrical Device for Recording Small Fluctuations and Accumulated Increment of Tree Stem Circumference
Authors: Dobbs Robert C.
Published: February 2014

A device is described which employs a displacement transducer affixed to a metal band to measure and record, continuously, changes in stem circumference.
The Forestry Picture Today and Forty Years Hence
Authors: Drysdale D. P.
Published: February 2014

The forest industries are Canada's most important manufacturing group. They account directly for about 14% of the number of persons employed; the salaries and wages paid; and the amount of capital invested. A rosy outlook is forecast for at least the next ten years with a continuing high demand likely throughout the next forty years. According to estimates it would appear that the demand for wood will exceed the present annual supply about 1990.The increased demand for wood products which is forecast does not automatically guarantee that Canada will continue to play a leading role in supplying world needs indefinitely. A number of problems facing our industry are discussed including the need for modernizing manufacturing establishments in some localities, increasing productivity, and decreasing costs.Studies to determine the total economic impact of Canada's Forest Industries are called for, as well as trend studies to provide guidance as to the best course for future development. Foresters are challenged to ensure that adequate supplies of wood will be available to meet the increased demand.
A Review of Forest Tree Seed Certification
Authors: Wang B. S. P. , Sziklai O.
Published: February 2014

The bulk of forest tree seed required for artificial regeneration of forests in Canada is collected by provincial forest services or forest industries. The commercial collections and trading of tree seed is limited to British Columbia. Each agency sets its own standards for seed collection and lot identification, according to particular needs and species with which it deals.With increased emphasis on artificial reforestation in all provinces, control and improvement of quality and quantity of seed and seedlings used in reforestation are urgently required. Certification in conjunction with genetics and breeding has played a key role in improving agricultural crop yields but the same principles have not been applied to forestry practice until recently.As a result of increased awareness of the importance of seed origin and seed quality and their possible impact on future forests, current and contemplated tree improvement programs in nine of the ten provinces are progressing towards the production of improved seed for reforestation purposes. This is the first step in tree seed certification, and it is hoped that uniform certification standards will be adopted throughout Canada.