bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Pacing vs. Nonpacing on a One-Mile Walk Test in Adults with Mental Retardation
Authors: Kunde Karen , Rimmer James H.
Published: August 2016

The purpose was to compare heart rates and completion times of adults with MR after performing a 1-mi walk test with and without a pacer. Fifteen participants (8 males, 7 females) with mild or moderate mental retardation (M age = 38.8 years ± 10.2) performed the test a minimum of two times with a pacer and two times without a pacer. Analysis of variance revealed no significant difference between genders; thus data were combined for further analysis. Intraclass reliability coefficients (R) for walk time with a pacer, walk time without a pacer, heart rate with a pacer, and heart rate without a pacer were .99, .99, .91, and .95, respectively. Results indicated that the average walk times for the pacer and no pacer conditions were significantly different, t (14) = 3.11, p = .008. The pacer condition resulted in a faster average walk time by approximately 1 min; however, there was no significant difference between conditions on heart rate. Therefore, it is recommended that, when having adults with MR perform a walk test, a pacer should be used to assure maximum performance.
Classifiers as Agents of Social Control in Disability Swimming
Authors: Wu Sheng K. , Williams Trevor , Sherrill Claudine
Published: August 2016

The purpose was to examine classifiers as agents of social control in disability swimming. The examination centered on three themes: (a) resources used by classifiers to maintain the authority of Sports Assembly Executive Committee–Swimming (SAEC-SW) of the International Paralympic Committee (IPC), (b) socialization to become classifiers, and (c) influence of dominant groups. Data were collected using participant observation methodology at national and international swimming championships and a survey of the 18 SAEC-SW authorized classifiers. The results identified six essential features of SAEC-SW classifiers. SAEC-SW classifiers use their medical and swimming knowledge and experience to control the classification process and to maintain fairness of competition. Socialization of SAEC-SW classifiers enables them to play their role appropriately in disability swimming classification.
Progressive Time Delay Procedure for Teaching Motor Skills to Adults with Severe Mental Retardation
Authors: Chen Shihui , Lange Ernest , Miko Paul , Zhang Jiabei , Joseph Daniel
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of the progressive time delay (PTD) procedure on teaching gross motor skills to adult males with severe mental retardation. A multiple probe design across three skills and replicated across 4 participants was utilized. Results indicated that a PTD procedure with a 0 to 5 s delay was effective in teaching 4 participants three gross motor skills (tee-ball batting, softball pitching, croquet striking) over a period of 13 weeks. Data on effectiveness were analyzed in terms of the number of instructional sessions (M = 9.58), the number of trials (M = 105.41), the number of min (M = 84.66), and the number of performing errors to criterion (M = 4.08%). A maintenance level (M = 96.87%) was also determined across 4 participants and three skills on the 1st, 4th, 14th, and 24th sessions after terminating the PTD instruction.
Self-Efficacy for Quad Rugby Skills and Activities of Daily Living
Authors: Adnan Yuhanis , McKenzie Alex , Miyahara Motohide
Published: August 2016

The purpose was to compare quad rugby male athletes with a lesion-matched group of persons without quad rugby experience on self-efficacy expectations for performing quad rugby skills (SEQRS) and activities of daily living (SEADL) skills. Each group contained 15 participants. The experimental design was ex post facto. Mann-Whitney U Tests revealed that quad rugby participants scored significantly higher on all 11 items comprising the SEQRS and 4 of the 28 items comprising SEADL. Correlations between SEQRS and SEADL were .75 and .92 for the QR participants and nonparticipants, respectively.
Participation of Adults with Mental Retardation in a Video- and Leader-Directed Aerobic Dance Program
Authors: Stanish Heidi I. , McCubbin Jeffrey A. , Draheim Christopher C. , Mars Hans van der
Published: August 2016

The purpose was to compare two conditions (leader-plus-video, video-only) that involved different levels of support on facilitating engagement in moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in adults with mental retardation (MR). Engagement was examined during 10-min aerobic dance sessions conducted 3 days per week over a 10-week experimental period followed by a 4-week maintenance period. The experimental design was single subject reversal (B-A-B-A). Participants were 17 adults (mean age = 42.6 years) with MR (5 females, 12 males) employed at a sheltered workshop. Visual analysis of graphed data revealed no meaningful difference between leader-plus-video and video-only conditions on MVPA engagement. Over 75% of the participants chose to attend each session over the 10-week experiment. Approximately 60% chose to attend during the 4-week maintenance period. Persons who attended, however, did not necessarily engage in MVPA.
The Processing Speed of Visual and Verbal Movement Information by Adults with and Without Down Syndrome
Authors: Welsh Timothy N. , Elliott Digby
Published: August 2016

Previous research has indicated that individuals with Down syndrome (DS) have difficulties processing auditory movement information relative to their peers with undifferentiated developmental disabilities. The present study was conducted to assess whether a model of atypical cerebral specialization could explain these findings. Thirteen adults with Down syndrome (8 men, 5 women), 14 adults with undifferentiated developmental disabilities (7 men, 7 women), and 14 adults without disabilities (8 men, 6 women) performed rapid aiming movements to targets under three conditions: a visual cue at the target location, a visual cue remote from the target location, or a verbal cue. Results revealed that, while the reaction times did not differ between the two groups with disabilities across conditions, the participants with DS, unlike their peers, had significantly longer movement times in the verbal than in two visual conditions. These results are consistent with the model of biological dissociation.
Physical Fitness of Children and Youth with Handicapping Conditions: Testimony before the President’s Council on Physical Fitness and Sports1
Authors: Stein Julian U.
Published: August 2016

The President’s Council on Physical Fitness and Sports was created and is maintained by presidential executive order. Originally called the President’s Council on Youth Fitness and established by President Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1957, the Council has continued under every president since its inception. The name of the Council has evolved to President’s Council on Physical Fitness (President John F. Kennedy) and then to its present name during the administration of President Lyndon B. Johnson. It is the only official body in the United States Government responsible for physical fitness and sport. Currently chaired by long-time professional football coach George Allen, the Council consists of 15 individuals appointed by the President from sport, education, business, and industry. A professional staff, now directed by Dr. Ash Hayes, former Director of Physical Education in San Diego, is responsible for administering all Council programs and activities.
Effects of an Individual Contingency on Behaviorally Disordered Students in Physical Education
Authors: Jeltma Kathy , Vogler E. William
Published: August 2016

An A-B-A-B time series design was used to determine the effects of an individual contingency system in decreasing inappropriate and disruptive behavior of behaviorally disordered students in a physical education setting. Nine students (ages 8-13 years) participated in a 4-week physical education program in which response cost procedures (loss of free time) were systematically administered to individuals who did not follow class rules. Results indicated that during treatment and replication of treatment, the on-task behavior of all students improved from 44.0% to 69.1% and 38.1% to 71.6%, respectively. Older students appeared more responsive to treatment than younger students. Individually, three of five younger students (mean age 9.4 years) and all four older students (mean age 12.2 years) responded favorably to treatment. The study demonstrates that an individual contingency can be an effective behavioral strategy in modifying disruptive behavior which normally prevents these students from participation in physical education. In addition, younger as well as older students benefit from the approach, but not all individuals within this group responded favorably.
Using the Leisure Activities Blank with Spinal Cord-Injured Persons: A Field Study
Authors: Kennedy Dan W.
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to examine the use of the Leisure Activities Blank (McKechnie, 1975) with males who had sustained spinal cord injuries. It was hypothesized that after treatment and time for adjustment, persons with spinal cord injuries would have higher scores on the Leisure Activities Blank (LAB) than they would within 3 months of hospitalization. Also, the male profile derived from persons with spinal cord injuries was compared with the normative male profile established by McKechnie (1975). The t-tests between means of pretest and posttest scores on the Future categories (male profile) of the LAB revealed no significant differences. However, significant differences (p < .01) were found between the nondisabled and disabled groups in 6 of the 8 categories on the Future LAB. No differences were found between the two disability groups (paraplegics and quadriplegics) on the Leisure Activities Blank.
Burnout Symptoms Experienced among Special Physical Educators: A Descriptive Longitudinal Study
Authors: DePaepe Jim , French Ron , Lavay Barry
Published: August 2016

Burnout is a syndrome that has had a negative effect on the behavior of regular and special classroom teachers. The purpose of this investigation was to determine (a) whether special physical educators experience symptoms of burnout and (b) whether these symptoms fluctuate over time. Based on the results of this investigation, the subjects exhibited several symptoms that are related to the burnout phenomenon. Furthermore, these symptoms characteristically are high throughout the school year. It was concluded that special physical educator supervisors should design appropriate strategies to prevent or reduce these symptoms. Not only would this have a positive effect on teaching behavior but it would in turn improve student learning.
Effects of a Physical Fitness Training Program on the Exercise Behavior of institutionalized Mentally. Retarded Adults
Authors: Tomporowski Phillip D. , Jameson Larry D.
Published: August 2016

Institutionalized severely and profoundly mentally retarded adults participated in two exercise programs. One group of 19 subjects performed a circuit-training regimen consisting of treadmill walking, stationary bicycle riding, rowing, and calisthenics. Exercise sessions lasted 60 minutes and were performed every third day during an 18-week training period. A second group of 19 subjects participated in an 18-week jogging regimen which consisted of running distances of 1/2, 1, or 1 1/2 miles each session. The exercise requirements in both programs were increased progressively during the course of training. Subjects adapted quickly to both exercise regimens and almost all improved their physical endurance and ability to exercise. It is suggested that the highly motivating characteristics of exercise may provide educators with a training medium through which new skills can be taught to severely and profoundly mentally retarded adults.
Selected Kinematic Patterns of Visually Impaired Youth in Sprint Running
Authors: Arnhold Robert W. , McGrain Peter
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to determine which set of selected kinematic variables affected the speed of visually impaired residential youth in the sprint run. The subjects were 27 students, 16 males and 11 females, between the ages of 9.4 and 16.4 years. Film data were collected during two trials of the 50-m dash. A Fortran computer program produced nine variables from these digitized data. A multiple regression analysis was performed on the variables using running speed as the dependent variable. Results of a correlation matrix yielded five variables with significant bivariate correlations to running speed. Results of a regression analysis indicated that the cycle length and hip joint range of motion had significant effects on running speed. Implications for an increase in sprinting speed include increasing stride length via the generation of greater hip extension during the drive phase and a greater hip flexion during the recovery phase of sprint running.
Learning Disabled Students in Physical Education
Authors: Sherrill Claudine , Pyfer Jean L.
Published: August 2016

Many learning disabled students demonstrate psychological/behavioral and perceptual motor characteristics that affect physical education placement and programming. Among the characteristics exhibited by these students are hyperactivity, disorders of attention, impulsivity, poor self-concept, social imperception, delay in social play development, and deficiencies in body equilibrium, visual motor control, bilateral coordination, repetitive finger movements, and fine motor coordination. Activities found to benefit learning disabled students are jogging, relaxation, highly structured teacher-directed routines, and noncompetitive games, all of which must be carefully sequenced. Testing must be done to determine the type and extent of the learning disabled students’ problems, and activities must be selected on the basis of the results of such tests.
Placement of Mildly Handicapped Children in Mainstream Physical Education
Authors: Broadhead Geoffrey D.
Published: August 2016

This paper describes some issues which should be considered when placing mildly handicapped children with their nonhandicapped peers for physical education, and contrasts two approaches which seek to produce effective mainstreaming. In some parts of the country, having decided that mainstreaming large numbers of mildly handicapped children was appropriate, state education administrators have issued regulations and guidelines aimed at ensuring delivery of services. However, it is suggested that mainstreaming policies and procedures which do not take account of conditions in widely disparate local school settings may be unlikely to match the unique needs of each handicapped child. An alternate way to ensure effective mainstreaming is discussed.
Physical Educators, Attitudes and the Mainstream: Suggestions for Teacher Trainers
Authors: Santomier James
Published: August 2016

Establishing a psychosocial atmosphere that encourages the acceptance of individual differences is of primary importance to the success of mainstreaming. However, a positive psychosocial atmosphere does not occur incidentally. It demands (a) a desire to establish a positive environment; (b) knowledge concerning the importance of establishing such an environment; (c) skills and techniques required to establish such an environment; (d) deliberate planning on the part of the physical education teacher. Since teacher attitudes and opinions regarding mainstreamed handicapped children affect the psychosocial environment, this paper examines the potential effects of teachers’ negative attitudes and opinions and suggests strategies that teacher trainers may use to improve attitudes and opinions toward mainstreaming and toward handicapped children.
Participation Motives of Special Olympics Athletes
Authors: Shapiro Deborah R.
Published: August 2016

This study examined sport participation motives of 147 Special Olympics athletes ages 21 to 70 years. Athletes completed a Sport Motivation Questionnaire (SMQ). No significant differences in participation motives were found for gender, age, race, or sport. Special Olympics athletes participate to win ribbons and medals, play with other people, get exercise, do something they’re good at, and have fun. Consistent with Nicholls’ achievement motivation theory, Special Olympics athletes participate primarily for task oriented and social integrative reasons rather than for ego oriented reasons. For Special Olympic athletes, optimal motivation results in a task oriented environment where coaches provide time for fun, facilitate opportunities for fitness, provide time to be with friends, and emphasize effort and improvement.
Control of Stance and Developmental Coordination Disorder: The Role of Visual Information
Authors: Przysucha Eryk P. , Taylor M. Jane
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to compare the postural sway profiles of 20 boys with and without Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) on two conditions of a quiet standing task: eyes open and eyes closed. Anterior-posterior (AP) sway, medio-lateral sway (LAT), area of sway, total path length, and Romberg’s quotient were analyzed. When visual information was available, there was no difference between groups in LAT sway or path length. However, boys with DCD demonstrated more AP sway (p < .01) and greater area of sway (p < .03), which resulted in pronounced excursions closer to their stability limits. Analysis of Romberg’s quotient indicated that boys with DCD did not over-rely on visual information.
Psychosocial Predictors and Exercise Intentions and Behavior among Individuals with Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Latimer Amy E. , Ginis Kathleen A. Martin , Craven B. Catherine
Published: August 2016

Using the theory of planned behavior as a theoretical framework, the present study examined psychosocial predictors of exercise intentions and behavior among 124 men and women with spinal cord injury. Theory of planned behavior constructs were measured using an exercise–specific questionnaire for individuals with spinal cord injury. Exercise behavior was assessed using an adapted version of the Godin Leisure Time Exercise Questionnaire. Regression analyses indicated that the theory of planned behavior had limited utility in this population. Among individuals with tetrapelgia, perceived behavioral control was the only determinant of exercise intentions and behavior. Among people with paraplegia, none of the theory of planned behavior constructs predicted exercise intentions or behavior. These results have methodological and practical implications for future research and exercise interventions, respectively.
Physical Activity Experiences of Women Aging with Disabilities
Authors: Goodwin Donna L. , Compton Scott G.
Published: August 2016

This hermeneutic phenomenological study sought to understand the experiences of physical activity and aging with a disability. Six women with physical disabilities, including cerebral palsy (n = 2), acquired brain injury (n = 1), and spinal cord injury (n = 3), and between the ages of 22-37 years (mean age = 28 years) participated in the study. Their experiences were captured by way of semi-structured interviews. Each participant completed two interviews that were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim. The thematic analysis revealed three themes: experiencing something normal, loss of physical freedom, and maintaining function through physical activity. Implications of the findings were discussed within the context of health promotion and Verbrugge and Jette’s (1994) socio-medical model of disablement.
Clinical Intervention for Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder:A Multiple Case Study
Authors: Miyahara Motohide , Wafer Alena
Published: August 2016

The teaching process and outcome in a skill theme program and a movement concepts program were described and analyzed in seven children with developmental coordination disorder. It was hypothesized that the skill theme program would improve targeted skills and perceived physical competence, whereas the movement concepts program would improve self-esteem and creativity. The seven children were taught individually by the same student teachers twice a week for a period of five weeks in one of the teaching methods. After a vacation, the teachers changed their teaching strategies and taught the same children using the alternative method. Although the hypothesis was generally supported, the children’s response to and progress in the programs varied. Possible factors influencing the variation were discussed.
Distorted Pictures: Images of Disability in Physical Education Textbooks
Authors: Hardin Brent , Hardin Marie
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to examine the images of disability in general physical education textbooks. Photographs in 59 general physical education textbooks were examined via content analysis. A recording instrument was generated to categorize and analyze the textbook images. The findings indicate that general physical education textbooks do not usually include photographs of persons with disabilities, instead presenting the general physical education setting as noninclusive. Furthermore, the photographs that were included presented persons with disabilities in a stereotypical manner that generally did not encourage readers without disabilities to see their peers more realistically or persons with disabilities to see themselves more positively. The authors speculate on the role of cultural hegemony and body politics in sport as reasons for the exclusion of people with disabilities.
Physiological Profiles of Elite Wheelchair Basketball Players in Preparation for the 2000 Paralympic Games
Authors: Goosey-Tolfrey Victoria L.
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to examine the physiological changes in elite wheelchair basketball players leading up to the 2000 Paralympics. Twelve male players attended regular physiological assessments on six occasions; averaged data of two sessions for each year were used. Physiological measures included body mass, skinfold measurements, peak oxygen uptake and peak power obtained during maximal sprinting. VO2peak significantly increased from 2.65 to 2.83 L·min-1 prior to the Paralympics. Training had little influence on the anthropometric measurements or maximal sprinting data. In conclusion, the GB wheelchair basketball players appeared to have high levels of aerobic and anaerobic fitness. The longitudinal physiological profiles leading to the 2000 Paralympics suggest that players improved their aerobic base while maintaining other fitness prerequisites.
Developmental Coordination Disorder, Self-Efficacy Toward Physical Activity, and Play: Does Gender Matter?
Authors: Cairney John , Hay John , Faught Brent , Mandigo James , Flouris Andreas
Published: August 2016

This study investigated the effect of gender on the relationship between Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) and self-reported participation in organized and recreational free-play activities. A participation-activity questionnaire and the short form Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency was administered to a large sample of children ages 9 to 14 (N = 590). A total of 44 children (19 boys, 25 girls) were identified as having probable DCD. Regardless of gender, children with DCD had lower self-efficacy toward physical activity and participated in fewer organized and recreational play activities than did children without the disorder. While there were no gender by DCD interactions with self-efficacy and play, girls with DCD had the lowest mean scores of all children. These findings are discussed in terms of the social norms that influence boys and girls’ participation in physical activity.
Bimanual Coordination Preferences in Adults with Down Syndrome
Authors: Ringenbach Shannon D. , Lantero Dawn A.
Published: August 2016

This study examined the influences of intention on continuous bimanual circle drawing performed by adults with Down syndrome (DS) and mental age (MA) and chronological age (CA) matched comparison groups. The task was performed with preferred and instructed coordination patterns paced by a 500 ms metronome. While all participants adopted an in-phase coordination mode in the preferred conditions, only the adults with DS were unable to perform in-phase coordination when instructed to do so. We suggest that intention to perform specific coordination patterns taxes the attentional resources available, and mental age may be a precipitating factor to appropriate attention directing when performing multiple tasks. Results are discussed with respect to the developmental differences in attentional resources.
RT3 Accelerometer Accuracy in Estimating Short Term Physical Activity in Individuals with Visual Impairments
Authors: Kozub Francis M. , Oh Hyun-Kyoung , Rider Robert A.
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to estimate validity and reliability for RT31 monitors when worn by 19 school age participants with visual impairments during physical education. Values from RT3 monitors were compared to observational data using the Children’s Physical Activity Form (CPAF). Estimates of reliability for the RT3 monitors were calculated by placing two monitors on participants during data collection and then calculating intraclass correlations using repeated measures. Validity estimates between RT3 monitors and CPAF scores resulted in a strong relationship (R = .89, p < .001, n = 19). Validity and reliability estimates indicate that the RT3 is a useful tool for measuring short term physical activity levels in adolescents with visual impairments.
Wheelchair Velocity of Tennis Players during Propulsion with and Without the Use of Racquets
Authors: Goosey-Tolfrey Victoria L. , Moss Andrew D.
Published: August 2016

To compare the velocity characteristics of wheelchair propulsion with and without the use of a tennis racquet, eight male wheelchair tennis players performed a series of 20m sprints from a stationary start. The maximum velocities reached on average 4.39 ± 0.74 m/s; however, they were reduced by 0.18 ± 0.06 m/s during the racquet condition. Furthermore, when wheeling under the racquet condition, the velocities achieved during the first three pushes were significantly reduced. The reduction in maximum velocity and relative velocity contributions while holding a tennis racquet may have been due to an ineffective push technique resulting in low effectiveness of force application. The relation of these parameters and trunk stability is discussed.
Measuring Exercise Induced Affect in Adults with Brain Injuries
Authors: Driver Simon
Published: August 2016

The aim of the study was to provide evidence for the validity and reliability of the Physical Activity Affect Scale (PAAS; Lox, Jackson, Tuholski, Wasley, & Treasure, 2000) as a measure of exercise induced affect for adults with brain injuries. The PAAS is a 12-item measure of feeling states based on Russell’s (1980) conceptualization of affect. A confirmatory factor analysis was conducted on data from 193 participants with brain injuries who completed the PAAS following a single bout of exercise. Results identified four dimensions of affect (positive affect, negative affect, tranquility, and fatigue). Findings provide evidence for the validity and reliability of the PAAS as a measure of exercise induced affect for adults with brain injuries.
The Movement ABC: A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Preschool Children from Hong Kong, Taiwan, and the USA
Authors: Chow Susanna M.K. , Hsu Yung-Wen , Henderson Sheila E. , Barnett Anna L. , Lo Sing Kai
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the suitability of the Movement Assessment Battery for Children (M-ABC) for use in Greater China. Chinese children numbering 255 between the ages of 4 and 6 from Hong Kong and 544 from Taiwan were tested individually on the standardized test contained within the M-ABC. Data from these 799 children were compared to that presented in the test manual for the 493 children of the same age comprising the United States standardization sample. Both within-culture and cross-cultural differences were statistically significant when all items of the M-ABC were examined simultaneously, but effect sizes were too low to be considered meaningful. However, descriptive analysis of the cut-off scores used for impairment detection on the test suggested that adjustments to some items would be desirable for these particular Chinese populations.
Psychosocial Determinants of Stages of Change and Physical Activity among Adults with Physical Disabilities
Authors: Kosma Maria , Gardner Rebecca Ellis , Cardinal Bradley J. , Bauer Jeremy J. , McCubbin Jeffrey A.
Published: August 2016

A high proportion of individuals with disabilities remain physically inactive. Therefore, this study (web-based survey) investigated the relationships between the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) and physical activity among 224 adults with physical disabilities (M age = 45.4 years, SD = 10.78, females = 71%). Additionally, the most important TTM predictors of the stages of change and physical activity were examined. Standardized self-report scales of the TTM constructs and physical activity were completed. The study findings supported the theorized relationships between the TTM constructs and physical activity. The behavioral and cognitive processes of change distinguished the stages of change. These two constructs and self-efficacy mostly predicted physical activity (R2total = .18). The assessment methodology of the TTM constructs needs to be revisited.
A Multi-Level Examination of Personality, Exercise, and Daily Life Events for Individuals with Physical Disabilities
Authors: Giacobbi Peter R. , Hardin Brent , Frye Nancy , Hausenblas Heather A. , Sears Sam , Stegelin Amber
Published: August 2016

We assessed within- and between-person associations among appraisals of daily life events, positive and negative affective states, and exercise behavior and the moderating role of personality for the exercise/affect relationship with individuals with physical disabilities. Forty-eight individuals with physical disabilities completed measures of personality and daily assessments of affect, exercise, and cognitive appraisals of life events for eight consecutive days. The results revealed that exercise behavior was associated with increased positive and decreased negative affect even when associations between daily events and affect were statistically controlled. Finally, aspects of personality, especially Neuroticism, significantly moderated the exercise/affect relationship for both positive and negative affect.
The Decision to Join Special Olympics: Parents’ Perspectives
Authors: Goodwin Donna L. , Fitzpatrick David A. , Thurmeier Robin , Hall Carol
Published: August 2016

This phenomenological study explored the decision-making experience of parents whose children joined Special Olympics programs. The experiences of 16 families with children 10-22 years old were gathered through interviews, artifacts, and field notes. Three themes emerged from the thematic analysis (a) thoughtful instruction, (b) finding the fit, and (c) security of acceptance. Parents sought instructors who were interested in building relationships with their children and creating anxiety-free instructional environments for them. A good program fit occurred when instructors had expectations for motor skill development and increased independence. Parents also preferred environments that encouraged meaningful peer interactions. The findings were interpreted within the context of self-determination theory.
Effects of Sport Participation on the Basketball Skills and Physical Self of Adolescents with Conduct Disorders
Authors: Maïano Christophe , Ninot Grégory , Morin Alexandre J.S. , Bilard Jean
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to examine the long-term effects of sport participation on the basketball skills and physical self-concept of adolescents with conduct disorders (CD). Participants were 24 adolescent males with CD, divided equally into three groups: (a) interestablishment basketball (IEBB), (b) integrated scholastic basketball (ISBB), and (c) control—adapted physical activity (APA). The basketball skills tests and physical self-concept were both administrated 4 times over an 18-month period. Results indicated (a) an improvement in basketball skills in both competitive groups (i.e., ISBB, IEBB), (b) a significant curvilinear trend of physical self-worth scale in the three groups, and (c) no significant changes in physical self-concept in the three groups (i.e., ISBB, IEBB, and APA). In conclusion, the integrated and segregated competitive programs did not represent an effective means for improving the physical self-concept of adolescents with CD.
Kinetic Movement Analysis in Adults with Vision Loss
Authors: Ray Christopher , Horvat Michael , Williams Michael , Blasch Bruce
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this investigation was to assess movement capabilities of adults with visual impairments in comparison to sighted peers. Thirty participants (n = 15 visually impaired; n = 15 without vision loss) were age and gender matched and assesed on three functional movement measures. A Walk Across, Forward Lunge, and Sit to Stand were completed on a long force plate and analyzed using Group MANOVAs. Individuals with visual impairment were more cautious and conservative in their movement as evident by signifigantly reduced performance on both the Walk Across assessment and the Forward Lunge task. Performance between groups was similar on the Sit to Stand manuver. It was concluded that individuals with visual impairments are more cautious and have more difficulty performing tasks when their center of gravity is outside of their base of support.
Lower Extremity Movement Preparation and Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Pedersen Scott J. , Surburg Paul R.
Published: August 2016

This study investigated the movement preparation (reaction time) and movement execution (movement time) of children with and without ADHD by manipulating the uncertainty of occurrence. Participants performed a seated lower extremity choice response time protocol, which contained either 10% catch trials or 30% catch trials along with 27 empirical stimuli to one of three target directions. Results indicated that children with ADHD were significantly slower at processing lower extremity movements than their peers for the condition with increased number of catch trials, but not the condition with fewer catch trials. These findings suggest that children with ADHD are more affected by the uncertainty of an empirical stimulus during the preparation phase of a movement response than their age-matched peers are.
The Emotional Reactions to Challenging Behavior Scale-Korean (ERCBS-K): Modification and Validation
Authors: Oh Hyun-Kyoung , Seo Dong-Chul , Kozub Francis M.
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to explore the original version of Mitchell and Hastings’s (1998) Emotional Reaction to Challenging Behavior Scale (ERCBS) and estimate validity and reliability of a revised version containing 29 items. The Emotional Reaction to Challenging Behavior Scale–Korean (ERCBS-K) was studied using 445 in-service physical educators (228 females; 217 males). Data were collected using onsite administration as well as mail survey administration procedures. Confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses results supported a five-factor, 28-item scale (ERCBS-K). Acceptable internal consistency coefficients were found for each of the subscales of the ERCBS-K (Cronbach’s alpha ranged from 0.71 to 0 .87).
Impaired Step Up/Over in Persons With Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Nocera Joe R. , Horvat Michael , Ray Christopher T.
Published: August 2016

This study explored the functional movement task of stepping up and over an obstacle in individuals with Parkinson’s disease to their aged-matched controls. Ten participants with Parkinson’s disease and 10 aged matched participants were assessed on the Step Up/Over task completed on a NeuroCom EquiTest long force-plate and analyzed using Group MANOVAs. The results indicate that individuals with Parkinson’s disease produce less lifting force and exhibited an increased time to complete the task of stepping up and over an object when compared with their aged matched peers. Considering the substantial risk of falls demonstrated in this population these preliminary finding demonstrate the need for interventions aimed at improving this component of function.
Cycling for Students With ASD: Self-Regulation Promotes Sustained Physical Activity
Authors: Todd Teri , Reid Greg , Butler-Kisber Lynn
Published: August 2016

Individuals with autism often lack motivation to engage in sustained physical activity. Three adolescents with severe autism participated in a 16-week program and each regularly completed 30 min of cycling at the end of program. This study investigated the effect of a self-regulation instructional strategy on sustained cycling, which included self-monitoring, goal setting, and self-reinforcement. Of particular interest was the development of self-efficacy during the physical activity as a mediator of goal setting. A multiple baseline changing criterion design established the effectiveness of the intervention. The results suggest that self-regulation interventions can promote sustained participation in physical activity for adolescents with severe autism.
Fitness Level and Gross Motor Performance of Children With Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Verret Claudia , Gardiner Phillip , Béliveau Louise
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to assess fitness and gross motor performance of children with ADHD, including users and nonusers of methylphenidate medication. Seventy boys took part in the study. Fitness level of children with ADHD using medication or not, including body composition, flexibility, and muscular endurance, was similar to that of a control group. The only difference was observed for body mass index, which was lower in children with ADHD using medication. Aerobic capacity was also similar when measured by a treadmill test. A lower performance was observed when aerobic capacity was estimated using a field shuttle test, however, suggesting that the methodology used is important. Finally, both groups of children with ADHD presented significantly lower scores for locomotion skills.
Motor Skill Interventions to Improve Fundamental Movement Skills of Preschoolers With Developmental Delay
Authors: Kirk Megan A. , Rhodes Ryan E.
Published: August 2016

Preschoolers with developmental delay (DD) are at risk for poor fundamental movement skills (FMS), but a paucity of early FMS interventions exist. The purpose of this review was to critically appraise the existing interventions to establish direction for future trials targeting preschoolers with DD. A total of 11 studies met the inclusion criteria. Major findings were summarized based on common subtopics of overall intervention effect, locomotor skill outcomes, object-control outcomes, and gender differences. Trials ranged from 8 to 24 weeks and offered 540–1700 min of instruction. The majority of trials (n = 9) significantly improved FMS of preschoolers with DD, with a large intervention effect (η2 = 0.57–0.85). This review supports the utility of interventions to improve FMS of preschoolers with DD. Future researchers are encouraged to include more robust designs, a theoretical framework, and involvement of parents and teachers in the delivery of the intervention.
The Effect of Visual Supports on Performance of the TGMD-2 for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Breslin Casey M. , Rudisill Mary E.
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of visual supports on the performance of the Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD-2) for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Participants (N = 22) performed the TGMD-2 under three different protocols (traditional protocol, picture task card protocol, and picture activity schedule protocol). Gross motor quotient scores on the TGMD-2 were measured and statistically analyzed using a within-subjects repeated-measures ANOVA. Results indicated statistically significant differences between protocols, while post hoc tests indicated that the picture task card condition produced significantly higher gross motor quotient scores than the traditional protocol and the picture activity schedule. The results suggest that more accurate gross motor quotient scores on the TGMD-2 by children with ASD can be elicited using the picture task card protocol.
Parent Perceptions of Factors Influencing After-School Physical Activity of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Obrusnikova Iva , Miccinello Dannielle L.
Published: August 2016

The study assessed parental perceptions of the benefits of physical activity (PA) and the factors that influence participation of children with autism spectrum disorders in PA after school. Data were collected from 103 parents using an online open-ended questionnaire and focus-group interviews. Data were analyzed using a socioecological model. Parents provided 225 responses that were coded as advantages, 106 as disadvantages, 225 as facilitators, and 250 as barriers of PA. The most frequently reported advantages were physical, followed by psychosocial, and cognitive. Disadvantages were psychosocial and physical. The most frequently reported barriers were intrapersonal, followed by interpersonal, physical, community, and institutional. Facilitators were intrapersonal, followed by physical, interpersonal, community, and institutional. Public policy factors were elicited in the interviews.
Prediction of Energy Expenditure From Wrist Accelerometry in People With and Without Down Syndrome
Authors: Agiovlasitis Stamatis , Motl Robert W. , Foley John T. , Fernhall Bo
Published: August 2016

This study examined the relationship between energy expenditure and wrist accelerometer output during walking in persons with and without Down syndrome (DS). Energy expenditure in metabolic equivalent units (METs) and activity-count rate were respectively measured with portable spirometry and a uniaxial wrist accelerometer in 17 persons with DS (age: 24.7 ± 6.9 years; 9 women) and 21 persons without DS (age: 26.3 ± 5.2 years; 12 women) during six over-ground walking trials. Combined groups regression showed that the relationship between METs and activity-count rate differed between groups (p < .001). Separate models for each group included activity-count rate and squared activity-count rate as significant predictors of METs (p ≤ .005). Prediction of METs appeared accurate based on Bland-Altman plots and the lack of between-group difference in mean absolute prediction error (DS: 17.07%; Non-DS: 18.74%). Although persons with DS show altered METs to activity-count rate relationship during walking, prediction of their energy expenditure from wrist accelerometry appears feasible.
Exercise and Quality of Life in Women With Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Giacobbi Peter R. , Dietrich Frederick , Larson Rebecca , White Lesley J.
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to evaluate perceptions of quality of life after a 4-month progressive resistance training program for individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS). A second purpose was to examine participants’ views about factors that facilitated or impeded exercise behavior. Qualitative interviews were conducted with eight females (Mage = 49.86, SD = 6.94) with relapsing remitting MS. Audio-tape recorded interviews were transcribed verbatim and coded. Walking performance improved (M = 13.08%, SD = 7.11). All participants perceived improvements in muscular strength and endurance while six indicated improvements in walking endurance and performance in tasks of daily living. Social benefits of participation were discussed by seven participants including interactions in the exercise environment. We concluded that supervised resistance training may promote improvements in QOL for women with relapsing remitting MS.
Behavioral Relaxation Training and Motor Performance of Learining Disabled Children with Hyperactive Behaviors
Authors: Brandon Jeffrey E. , Eason Robert L. , Smith Theresa L.
Published: August 2016

The purposes of this study were to determine if learning-disabled males referred with hyperactive behaviors could be taught to relax, and to measure the effects of relaxation training on an attention demanding motor task. Subjects were given behavior relaxation training and a modified visual choice reaction time task. There was a dramatic decrease in the number of unrelaxed behaviors (BRS scores) for all subjects across training. A training effect for the response time task for all subjects was noted following the baseline stabilization phase. This study supports the use of behavior relaxation training as a technique for teaching learning-disabled males to relax. Also, it suggests that being in a relaxed state may facilitate performance on an attention demanding motor task.
AAHPER(D) Unit on Programs for the Handicapped
Authors: Stein Julian U.
Published: August 2016

Growth and progress of the AAHPER(D) Unit on Programs for the Handicapped are traced from activities initiated during the 1965 AAHPER National Convention in Dallas through 1984 when the Unit and its services were terminated. Included in this historical review are discussions about the Task Force on Programs for the Mentally Retarded, Project on Recreation and Fitness for the Mentally Retarded, Physical Education and Recreation for the Handicapped: Information and Research Utilization Center (IRUC), Leadership Developmental Institutes (LDI), and other specific service activities conducted by the Unit during this 19-year period. Services are presented in terms of the Unit’s four basic operational objectives—leadership preparation, research, program and material development, and consultation.
The Need for a National Consortium
Authors: Johnson Leon E.
Published: August 2016

Since the beginning of recorded history, physical activity has been recognized as a helpful adjunct to the improvement of the human condition. The history of special physical activities for handicapped individuals ranges from the early Greeks and Romans to the present day, when adapted physical education is a legal mandate for all handicapped children and youth. To answer the question, “Is there need for a National Consortium?” one must look back at historical events and recognize that only through an organized effort can goals in adapted physical education for the handicapped be reached.
The Life and Influence of Hollis Francis Fait on Adapted (Special) Physical Education
Authors: Dunn John M.
Published: August 2016

An historical view of the life and contributions of Hollis Francis Fait to the field of special physical education is presented in this article. Dr. Fait’s childhood, education, and early career are explored as well as his success in developing at the University of Connecticut one of the first graduate programs to train physical educators to work with the handicapped. Dr. Fait’s perspectives on athletics, administration, minorities, and scholarship are described. His belief in the need for concise language and clarity of thought demonstrated in his own scholarship is discussed.