bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of Solvent‐Like Sidechains on the Adsorption of Light Hydrocarbons in Metal–Organic Frameworks
Authors: Schneemann Andreas , Bloch Eric D. , Henke Sebastian , Llewellyn Philip L. , Long Jeffrey R. , Fischer Roland A.
Published: November 2015

A variety of strategies have been developed to adsorb and separate light hydrocarbons in metal–organic frameworks. Here, we present a new approach in which the pores of a framework are lined with four different C3 sidechains that feature various degrees of branching and saturation. These pendant groups, which essentially mimic a low‐density solvent with restricted degrees of freedom, offer tunable control of dispersive host–guest interactions. The performance of a series of frameworks of the type Zn2(fu‐bdc)2(dabco) (fu‐bdc2−=functionalized 1,4‐benzenedicarboxylate; dabco=1,4‐diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane), which feature a pillared layer structure, were investigated for the adsorption and separation of methane, ethane, ethylene, and acetylene. The four frameworks exhibit low methane uptake, whereas C2 hydrocarbon uptake is substantially higher as a result of the enhanced interaction of these molecules with the ligand sidechains. Most significantly, the adsorption quantities and selectivity were found to depend strongly upon the type of sidechains attached to the framework scaffold.
Genotyping confirms inheritance of the rare At(a−) type in a case of haemolytic disease of the newborn
Authors: McBean Rhiannon , Liew Yew‐Wah , Wilson Brett , Kupatawintu Pawinee , Emthip Morakot , Hyland Catherine , Flower Robert
Published: November 2015

The Ata blood group antigen (now AUG2 in the Augustine system) is a high‐frequency antigen with negative phenotype At(a−) found only in individuals of African ancestry. In a twin pregnancy, the fifth pregnancy in a woman of African origin, serological investigations confirmed that the mother was At(a−) and anti‐Ata was detected. DNA samples were exome sequenced and alignment was performed to allow variant calling. It was confirmed that the single nucleotide polymorphism, rs45458701, within the SLC29A1 gene encoding the ENT1 protein, recently reported to be a basis of the At(a−) phenotype was also the basis of the phenotype in this family. The reagents for serological analysis required to identify the rare blood type present in this mother are held in only a few reference laboratories worldwide. This case highlights the utility of genetic methods in resolving complex investigations involving blood grouping and demonstrates that genotyping of variants associated with blood types present in specific ethnic groups may be the fastest method available for identification of the basis of fetomaternal incompatibilities.
Breast cancer risk by extent and type of atypical hyperplasia: An update from the Nurses' Health Studies
Authors: Collins Laura C. , Aroner Sarah A. , Connolly James L. , Colditz Graham A. , Schnitt Stuart J. , Tamimi Rulla M.
Published: November 2015

BACKGROUND

Women with atypical hyperplasia (AH) on a benign breast biopsy specimen are at increased risk for the development of breast cancer. However, the relation between the type and extent of AH (atypical ductal hyperplasia [ADH] vs atypical lobular hyperplasia [ALH]) and the magnitude of the breast cancer risk is not well defined.

METHODS

A nested case‐control study of benign breast disease and breast cancer risk was conducted. Women with breast cancer and prior benign breast biopsy findings (488 cases) were matched to women with prior benign breast biopsy findings who were free from breast cancer (1907 controls). Benign breast biopsy slides were reviewed and categorized as nonproliferative, proliferative without atypia, or AH (ADH or ALH). The number of foci of AH was also recorded.

RESULTS

Among women with ADH, the interrelation between the extent of atypia and breast cancer risk was not significant (odds ratio [OR] for 1 or 2 foci, 3.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.2‐5.6; OR for ≥3 foci, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.4‐5.1; P = .41). Similarly, although the risk with ALH was higher for those with ≥3 foci than for those with <3 foci, the difference was not statistically significant (OR for 1 or 2 foci, 5.2; 95% CI, 2.7‐10.0; OR for ≥3 foci, 8.0; 95% CI, 4.5‐14.2; P = .19).

CONCLUSIONS

This analysis demonstrates that the extent of ADH or ALH does not significantly contribute to breast cancer risk. The lack of a significant dose‐response relation between the extent and type of atypia and breast cancer risk suggests that it would be premature to use the extent of atypia to influence management decisions for women with ADH or ALH. Cancer 2016;122:515–520. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Interspecific interactions change the outcome of sexual conflict over prehatching parental investment in the burying beetle Nicrophorus vespilloides
Authors: De Gasperin Ornela , Kilner Rebecca M.
Published: November 2015

Sexual conflict arises when the optimal reproductive strategy differs for males and females. It is associated with every reproductive stage, yet few studies have considered how the outcome may be changed by interactions with other species. Here, we show that phoretic mites Poecilochirus carabi change the outcome of sexual conflict over the supply of prehatching parental investment in the burying beetle Nicrophorus vespilloides. Burying beetles require a small dead vertebrate for reproduction, which they prepare by shaving it, rolling up the flesh, and burying it. When pairs were given a medium‐sized mouse to prepare (13–16 g), mites changed how the costs of reproduction were divided between the sexes, with males then sustaining greater costs than females. We found no equivalent difference when pairs prepared larger or smaller carcasses. Thus, our experiment shows that the outcome of sexual conflict over prehatching parental investment is changed by interactions with other species during reproduction.
Inflammation in tissue engineering: The Janus between engraftment and rejection
Authors: Crupi Annunziata , Costa Alessandra , Tarnok Attila , Melzer Susanne , Teodori Laura
Published: November 2015

Tissue engineering (TE) for tissue and organ regeneration or replacement is generally performed with scaffold implants, which provide structural and molecular support to in vitro seeded or in vivo recruited cells. TE implants elicit the host immune response, often resulting in engraftment impediment or rejection. Besides this negative effect, however, the immune system components also yield a positive influence on stem cell recruitment and differentiation, allowing tissue regeneration and healing. Thus, a balanced cooperation between proinflammatory and proresolution players of the immune response is an essential element of implant success. In this context, macrophage plasticity plays a fundamental role. Therefore modulating the immune response, instead of immune suppressing the host, might be the best way to successfully implant TE tissues or organs. In particular, it is becoming evident that the scaffold, immune, and stem cells are linked by a three‐way interaction, and many efforts are being made for scaffold‐appropriate design and functionalization in order to drive the inflammation process toward regeneration, vascularization, and implant success. This review discusses current and potential strategies for inflammation modulation to aid engraftment and regeneration, supporting the concept that quality, and not quantity, of inflammation might influence implant success.
mTORC1 signaling and IL‐17 expression: Defining pathways and possible therapeutic targets
Authors: Ren Wenkai , Yin Jie , Duan Jielin , Liu Gang , Tan Bie , Yang Guan , Wu Guoyao , Bazer Fuller W. , Peng Yuanyi , Yin Yulong
Published: November 2015

IL‐17 mediates immune responses against extracellular pathogens, and it is associated with the development and pathogenesis of various autoimmune diseases. The expression of IL‐17 is regulated by various intracellular signaling cascades. Recently, it has been shown that mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling, comprised mainly of mTORC1 signaling, plays a critical role in IL‐17 expression. Here, we review the current knowledge regarding mechanisms by which mTORC1 regulates IL‐17 expression. mTORC1 positively modulates IL‐17 expression through several pathways, i.e. STAT3, ‐HIF‐1α, ‐S6K1, and ‐S6K2. Amino acids (AAs) also regulate IL‐17 expression by being the energy source for Th17 cells, and by activating mTORC1 signaling. Altogether, the AA‐mTORC1‐IL‐17 axis has broad therapeutic implications for IL‐17‐associated diseases, such as EAE, allergies, and colitis.
Interleukin 17 inhibits progenitor cells in rheumatoid arthritis cartilage
Authors: Schminke Boris , Trautmann Sandra , Mai Burkhard , Miosge Nicolai , Blaschke Sabine
Published: November 2015

Mesenchymal stem cells are known to exert immunomodulatory effects in inflammatory diseases. Immuneregulatory cells lead to progressive joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumour necrosis factor α (TNF‐α) and interleukins (ILs) are the main players. Here, we studied progenitor cells from RA cartilage (RA‐CPCs) that are positive for IL‐17 receptors to determinate the effects of inflammation on their chondrogenic potenial. IL‐17A/F reduced the chondrogenic potential of these cells via the upregulation of RUNX2 protein and enhanced IL‐6 protein and MMP3 mRNA levels. Blocking antibodies against IL‐17 positively influenced their repair potential. Furthermore, treating the RA‐CPCs with the anti‐human IL‐17 antibody secukinumab or the anti‐TNF‐α antibody adalimumab reduced the proinflammatory IL‐6 protein level and positively influenced the secretion of anti‐inflammatory IL‐10 protein. Additionally, adalimumab and secukinumab in particular reduced RUNX2 protein to promote chondrogenesis. The amelioration of inflammation, particularly via IL‐17 antagonism, might be a new therapeutic approach for enhancing intrinsic cartilage repair mechanisms in RA patients.
Local maximum principle satisfying high‐order non‐oscillatory schemes
Authors: Dubey Ritesh Kumar , Biswas Biswarup , Gupta Vikas
Published: November 2015

The main contribution of this work is to classify the solution region including data extrema for which high‐order non‐oscillatory approximation can be achieved. It is performed in the framework of local maximum principle (LMP) and non‐conservative formulation. The representative uniformly second‐order accurate schemes are converted in to their non‐conservative form using the ratio of consecutive gradients. Using the local maximum principle, these non‐conservative schemes are analyzed for their non‐linear LMP/total variation diminishing stability bounds which classify the solution region where high‐order accuracy can be achieved. Based on the bounds, second‐order accurate hybrid numerical schemes are constructed using a shock detector. The presented numerical results show that these hybrid schemes preserve high accuracy at non‐sonic extrema without exhibiting any induced local oscillations or clipping error. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Combined treatment with memantine/es‐citalopram for older depressed patients with cognitive impairment: a pilot study
Authors: Pelton Gregory H. , Harper Oliver L. , Roose Steven P. , Marder Karen , D'Antonio Kristina , Devanand D. P.
Published: November 2015

Objective

The objective of the study is to assess combined antidepressant and memantine treatment in older patients presenting with depression and cognitive impairment.

Methods

Thirty‐five depressed patients with cognitive impairment participated in this open‐label pilot study. We evaluated whether, over a 48‐week period, combined antidepressant (primarily es‐citalopram) and memantine treatment was effective in the treatment of cognitive impairment and depression. Neuropsychological testing was performed, and antidepressant response monitored at baseline and at the 12, 24, and 48‐week time points.

Results

Treatment with escitalopram (mean daily dose 18.62 mg, SD 5.15) and memantine (mean daily dose 13.62 mg, SD 6.67) was associated with improvement in Hamilton Depression Rating Scale scores over the 48‐week study period. Patients demonstrated significant improvement in the primary outcome of cognitive performance (Selective Reminding Test total immediate recall; SRT‐IR) over the 48‐week treatment period (p = 0.0147). Significant improvement was also observed in measures of naming and verbal fluency but not in the other cognitive domains. One of the 35 patients (2.9%) converted to Alzheimer's disease over the 48‐week treatment period. In the amnestic mild cognitive impairment subsample (n = 22), the conversion rate was 4.5%, a rate lower than in other reports of patients with DEP‐CI.

Conclusions

In this open‐label trial, combined antidepressant and memantine treatment in patients with DEP‐CI was associated with improved cognition and a low rate of conversion to dementia compared with published studies in patients with DEP‐CI. Although limited by the open‐label study design that incorporates practice effects that can improve cognitive test performance, the findings suggest the need for a larger randomized placebo‐controlled trial. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessing the role of physical illness in young old and older old suicide attempters
Authors: Wiktorsson Stefan , Berg Anne I. , Wilhelmson Katarina , Mellqvist Fässberg Madeleine , Van Orden Kimberly , Duberstein Paul , Waern Margda
Published: November 2015

Objectives

Attributions for attempting suicide were explored in older adults with and without serious physical illness.

Methods

An open‐ended question was used to explore attributions for attempting suicide in 101 hospitalized persons aged 70+. Serious physical illness was defined as a score of 3 or 4 on any of the 13 non‐psychiatric organ categories in the Cumulative Illness Rating Scale for Geriatrics.

Results

Roughly one‐third of hospitalized persons with (22/62) and without (12/39) serious physical illness attributed the suicide attempt to somatic distress. Among 70‐ to 79‐year‐olds, seriously physically ill patients were more likely than healthier patients to attribute their attempt to psychological pain (84% vs. 48%, p = 0.013). There were no significant differences in attributions in persons with and without serious health problems in the 80+ group.

Conclusions

The processes by which physical illness confers risk for attempted suicide in older adulthood may be age dependent. Interventions are needed to mitigate psychological pain in physically ill older patients, especially those in their seventies. Research is needed to understand how the psychological processes that influence the desire for suicide change across older adulthood. © 2015 The Authors. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Radiologic extranodal spread and matted nodes: Important predictive factors for development of distant metastases in patients with high‐risk head and neck cancer
Authors: de Bree Remco , Ljumanovic Redina , Hazewinkel Marieke J. , Witte Birgit I. , Castelijns Jonas A.
Published: November 2015

Background

Different clinical high‐risk factors for the development of distant metastases have been identified but not tested in the same cohort of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).

Methods

In 145 patients with previously identified clinical high risk factors, the presence of extranodal spread (ENS) and matted node on pretreatment CT (n = 96) and/or MRI (n = 111) were determined.

Results

Of 145 patients, ENS was detected in 87 patients (60.0%) and matted nodes in 53 patients (36.6%). Kaplan–Meier curves for presence or absence of ENS (on CT and/or MRI) and matted nodes (on CT) differ significantly. In a Cox regression analysis, only ENS was a significant risk factor (hazard ratio [HR] = 3.3; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.0–5.5; p < .001).

Conclusion

In patients with high‐risk HNSCC with clinically (palpably or radiologically) ENS and matted nodes, both determined radiologically, are high risk factors for development of distant metastases. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E1452–E1458, 2016
Comparative ontogeny of the feeding apparatus of sympatric drums (Perciformes: Sciaenidae) in the Chesapeake Bay
Authors: Deary Alison L. , Hilton Eric J.
Published: November 2015

The anatomy of the feeding apparatus in fishes, including both oral and pharyngeal jaw elements, is closely related to the ecology of a species. During ontogeny, the oral and pharyngeal jaws undergo dramatic changes. To better understand how such ontogenetic changes occur and relate to the feeding ecology of a species, ontogenetic series of four closely related members of the family Sciaenidae (Cynoscion nebulosus,Cynoscion regalis,Micropogonias undulatus, andLeiostomus xanthurus) were examined. Sciaenids were selected because as adults they exhibit considerable specialization of the feeding apparatus correlated with differences in foraging habitats. However, it is not clear when during ontogeny the structural specializations of the feeding apparatus develop, and thereby enable early life history stage (ELHS) sciaenids to partition their foraging habitats. A regression tree was recovered from the analysis and three divergences were identified during ontogeny. There are no measurable differences in elements of the feeding apparatus until the first divergence at 8.4 mm head length (HL), which was attributed to differences in average gill filament length on the second ceratobranchial. The second divergence occurred at 14.1 mm HL and was associated with premaxilla length. The final divergence occurred at 19.8 mm HL and was associated with differences in the toothed area of the fifth certatobranchial. These morphological divergences suggest that ELHS sciaenids may be structurally able to partition their foraging habitats as early as 8.4 mm HL. J. Morphol. 277:183–195, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Zinc bioavailability in maize grains in response of phosphorous–zinc interaction
Authors: Imran Muhammad , Rehim Abdur , Sarwar Nadeem , Hussain Saddam
Published: November 2015

Phosphorous (P) and zinc (Zn) are plant nutrients that interact with each other in soil–plant systems. Such interactions may cause deficiency of one of the nutrients interacting with each other if interactions are antagonistic. In the present trial, a field experiment was conducted to investigate the interactive effect of Zn (0 and 16 kg ha−1) and P (0 and 60 kg ha−1) on growth, yield and grain Zn concentration of two maize (Zea maysL.) genotypes,i.e., Neelam (local) and DK‐6142 (hybrid). Growth and yield of both maize genotypes were increased by the application of Zn and P treatments compared with control, but Zn+P was more effective than their sole application. When compared to control, combined application of Zn+P increased grain Zn and P concentrations by 52% and 32%, respectively, averaged for the two genotypes. Single application of P decreased grain Zn concentration by 10% over control. Application of P and Zn particularly in combination decreased the grain [phytate] : [Zn] ratio and increased the estimated human Zn bioavailability in grains based on a trivariate model of Zn absorption in both maize genotypes. Conclusively, combined Zn+P application appeared more suitable for enhancing grain yield and agronomic Zn biofortification in maize grains. However, Zn fertilization aiming at increasing grain yield and grain Zn concentration should consider the genotypic variations and P rate.
Late Devensian deglaciation of the Tyne Gap Palaeo‐Ice Stream, northern England
Authors: Livingstone Stephen J. , Roberts David H. , Davies Bethan J. , Evans David J. A. , Ó Cofaigh Colm , Gheorghiu Delia M.
Published: November 2015

The deglacial history of the central sector of the last British–Irish Ice Sheet is poorly constrained, particularly along major ice‐stream flow paths. The Tyne Gap Palaeo‐Ice Stream (TGIS) was a major fast‐flow conduit of the British–Irish Ice Sheet during the last glaciation. We reconstruct the pattern and constrain the timing of retreat of this ice stream using cosmogenic radionuclide (10Be) dating of exposed bedrock surfaces, radiocarbon dating of lake cores and geomorphological mapping of deglacial features. Four of the five 10Be samples produced minimum ages between 17.8 and 16.5 ka. These were supplemented by a basal radiocarbon date of 15.7 ± 0.1 cal ka BP, in a core recovered from Talkin Tarn in the Brampton Kame Belt. Our new geochronology indicates progressive retreat of the TGIS from 18.7 to 17.1 ka, and becoming ice free before 16.4–15.7 ka. Initial retreat and decoupling of the TGIS from the North Sea Lobe is recorded by a prominent moraine 10–15 km inland of the present‐day coast. This constrains the damming of Glacial Lake Wear to a period before ∼18.7–17.1 ka in the area deglaciated by the contraction of the TGIS. We suggest that retreat of the TGIS was part of a regional collapse of ice‐dispersal centres between 18 and 16 ka.
Comparison of antioxidant activity of the fruits derived from in vitro propagated and traditionally cultivated tayberry plants
Authors: Zayova Ely G , Stancheva Ira V , Geneva Maria P , Petrova Maria I , Dimitrova Ludmila I
Published: November 2015

BACKGROUND

Tayberry is a hybrid between Rubus fruticosus L. and Rubus idaeus L. These fruits contain valuable vitamins and antioxidants. An effective protocol for micropropagation of tayberry plants is here described. Different concentrations of cytokinins (6‐benzylaminopurine, zeatin, and 6‐(γ,γ‐dimethylallylamino)purine) were added in Murashige and Skoog, 1962 (MS) medium to micropropagation using stem tip and nodal explants.

RESULTS

The highest propagation rate was recorded on MS medium containing 2 mg L−1 zeatin, where the shoot formation resulted in 3.4 shoots per stem tip explant after 4 weeks of culture. It was found that half‐strength MS medium with 0.1 mg L−1 indole‐3‐butyric acid was the best for plant rooting. For ex vitro acclimatization of plants, the mixture of peat, soil, and perlite (1:1:1 v/v/v) was the most suitable planting substrate for hardening. The micropropagation protocol described in this study might be useful for the production of healthy plant materials. Tayberry fruits from in vitro propagated plants and adapted to the field conditions possessed higher antioxidant capacity in comparison to traditionally cultivated plants.

CONCLUSION

Fruit extracts of micropropagated tayberry plants and adapted to field conditions can be used as a rich source of natural antioxidants. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
High‐volume hydrodissection for abdominally based free flaps: Preliminary results
Authors: Lee Timothy , Patel Nirav , Toskich Beau B. , Fanzio Paolo M. , Cheng Ming‐Huei , Lee Bernard T. , Singhal Dhruv
Published: November 2015

Introduction

A novel method of high‐volume hydrodissection that provides both subfascial and intramuscular perforator dissection of deep inferior epigastric perforators has been safely demonstrated in animals. This manuscript demonstrates our preliminary results when translating this technique to humans.

Methods

A retrospective review was performed of all free‐flap breast reconstructions utilizing the high‐volume hydrodissection technique performed by the senior author (DS) at the University of Florida Medical Center from January 2014 to June 2015.

Results

Twenty‐one patients underwent 31 free‐flap breast reconstructions during the study period utilizing the high‐volume hydrodissection technique. No patients were lost to follow‐up which averaged 8.2 months. Complications included 1 partial flap necrosis (<10%), 1 breast hematoma, 1 abdominal bulge, 2 flaps with minimal fat necrosis (<5%), and 1 abdominal wall cellulitis.

Conclusion

High‐volume hydrodissection is a safe technique to facilitate dissection of abdominally based free flaps for breast reconstruction. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 37:307–311, 2017.
Can information be spread as a virus? viral marketing as epidemiological model
Authors: Rodrigues Helena Sofia , Fonseca Manuel José
Published: November 2015

In epidemiology, an epidemic is defined as the spread of an infectious disease to a large number of people in a given population within a short period of time. In the marketing context, a message is viral when it is broadly sent and received by the target market through person‐to‐person transmission. This specific marketing communication strategy is commonly referred as viral marketing. Because of this similarity between an epidemic and the viral marketing process and because the understanding of the critical factors to this communications strategy effectiveness remain largely unknown, the mathematical models in epidemiology are presented in this marketing specific field. In this paper, an epidemiological model susceptible‐infected‐recovered to study the effects of a viral marketing strategy is presented. It is made a comparison between the disease parameters and the marketing application, and MATLAB simulations are performed. Finally, some conclusions are carried out and their marketing implications are exposed: interactions across the parameters suggest some recommendations to marketers, as the profitability of the investment or the need to improve the targeting criteria of the communications campaigns. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
NEB‐related core‐rod myopathy with distinct clinical and pathological features
Authors: Park Young‐Eun , Shin Jin‐Hong , Kang Boram , Lee Chang‐Hoon , Kim Dae‐Seong
Published: November 2015

Introduction: Mutations in the gene encoding nebulin (NEB) are known to cause several types of congenital myopathy including recessive nemaline myopathy and distal nebulin myopathy. Core‐rod myopathy has recently been reported to be another type of NEB‐related myopathy, and is pathologically characterized by the coexistence of cores and nemaline rods within muscle fibers. Methods: We describe 2 patients with core‐rod myopathy who were analyzed genetically by whole exome sequencing and evaluated clinically and pathologically. Findings were compared with those of patients with the disease of other genetic causes. Results: Three NEB mutations were identified, 2 of which were novel. Mild clinical features, unusual patterns of muscle involvement, and atypical pathological findings were observed. Conclusions: We propose that the clinical and pathological spectrum of core‐rod myopathy should be widened. A significant amount of residual nebulin expression is believed to contribute to the much milder phenotype exhibited by the patients we describe here. Muscle Nerve 53: 479–484, 2016
CREATING UNIVERSITY‐COMMUNITY ALLIANCES TO BUILD INTERNSHIP PROGRAMS
Authors: Schmitt Ara J. , Hughes Tammy L. , Herndon‐Sobalvarro Adrianna
Published: November 2015

By bringing together a community of field‐based practitioners, university faculty can help school districts develop accredited school psychology internships. This article describes the rationale for an increase in university involvement in the development of internships, offers considerations unique to schools when supporting the development of an internship, and provides practical advice based on the university‐internship program alliance developed between Duquesne University and the Pittsburgh Psychology Internship Consortium.
Amphiphilic liquid‐crystalline 4‐miktoarm star copolymers with a siloxane junction leading to cylindrically nanostructured templates for a siloxane‐based nanodot array
Authors: Asadul Hoque Md , Komiyama Hideaki , Nishiyama Hiroki , Nagai Keiji , Kawauchi Takehiro , Iyoda Tomokazu
Published: November 2015

Well‐defined A3B‐, A2B2‐, and AB3‐type 4‐miktoarm star copolymers (Mn = 10,500–16,200, Mw/Mn = 1.16–1.18) consisting of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and polymethacrylate bearing an azobenzene mesogen (PMA(Az)) as the arms and cyclotetrasiloxane as the core unit were synthesized using a combined route composed of a thiol‐ene click reaction and atom transfer radical polymerization. Microphase‐separated structures of the star copolymers in thin films with a thickness of approximately 100 nm were investigated by GISAXS and TEM. The A3B‐type star‐(PEO)3[PMA(Az)]1 copolymer formed a more highly ordered PEO cylinder array with perpendicular alignment in the PMA(Az) matrix than that of the corresponding linear‐type block copolymer. The center‐to‐center distance of the PEO cylinders and the cylinder diameter were 13 and 4 nm, respectively. The highly ordered star‐(PEO)3[PMA(Az)]1 thin film was directly transferred to a siloxane‐based nanodot array by oxygen reactive ion etching. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2016, 54, 1175–1188
Bifunctional benzoxazines: Synthesis and polymerization of resorcinol based single isomers
Authors: Schäfer Hannes , Arnebold André , Stelten Johannes , Marquet Jordi , María Sebastián Rosa , Hartwig Andreas , Koschek Katharina
Published: November 2015

Aside from their outstanding properties such as thermal and chemical stability and excellent mechanical performance, benzoxazines suffer from high polymerization temperatures. Isomeric mixtures of bifunctional benzoxazines based on resorcinol proved already to be highly reactive monomers enabling polymerizations at lower temperatures. This contribution describes the polymerization behavior of single benzoxazine isomers and furthermore the influence of different substituents at the aniline moiety on the curing temperature. Single isomers of bifunctional benzoxazines are now accessible in a straightforward one‐pot synthesis starting from resorcinol and the appropriate N‐phenyl functionalized aniline component. The asymmetric benzoxazine monomers bearing no (R‐a: Tpeak = 179 °C) or electron‐donating substituents in meta position to N (R‐3,5dma: Tpeak = 183 °C) succeed in lowering the polymerization temperature. Additionally, the impact of several initiating systems was studied resulting in a decrease of the polymerization temperature for all studied resorcinol derived benzoxazine isomers (down to 144 °C). © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2016, 54, 1243–1251
Morphological and mechanical behavior of montmorillonite grafted block copolymer brushes
Authors: Behling Ross E. , Kalluru Sri Harsha , Cochran Eric W.
Published: November 2015

Here we report the phase behavior of a family of montmorillonite (MMT) block copolymer brushes (MBBs), a novel class of polymer nanocomposites. MBBs are comprised of discrete MMT platelets encapsulated with block copolymer brushes. These MBBs were synthesized via surface‐initiated atom transfer radical polymerization using halogenated alkylammonium surfactants to localize initiation sites on the clay surfaces. Two styreninc MBB systems—poly(styrene‐b‐n‐butyl acrylate) and poly(styrene‐b‐t‐butyl acrylate)—were prepared varying the composition and total
80–250 kDa. MBB materials were compared with their non‐clay bulk block copolymer counterparts via electron microscopy and a host of mechanical tests in both the solid and melt states. Notably, MBBs have similar melt‐state rheological properties compared to neat block copolymers and are thus amenable to current processing techniques. MBBs were found to self‐assemble into single grain morphologies across incredibly large areas (>3 μm) which resulted in extremely well‐ordered, defect‐free lamellar structures with applications in microelectronics. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2016, 54, 353–361
Retracted: Ebola virus: an introduction and its pathology
Authors: Singh Gurpreet , Kumar Arbind , Singh Kashmir , Kaur Jagdeep
Published: November 2015

The Ebola viruses are causative agent of a severe Ebola virus disease (EVD) or Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF) in human and other primates. Transmission of EVD occurs through the contact of body fluids from infected persons or animals, making it one of the most epidemic diseases worldwide. Underestimating the Ebola virus has cost loss of precious human lives in recent years. Ebola virus outbreak in year 2014 created a history, affecting a larger population in a wide geographical region of African sub‐continent. EVD outbreaks have a case fatality rate of up to 70%. Ebola viruses are endemic in regions of Africa. Ebola viruses mainly target the hepatocytes, endothelial, and macrophage‐rich lymphoid tissues and are characterized by immune suppression and a systemic inflammatory response that causes impairment of the vascular, coagulation, and immune systems. This impairment leads to multifocal necrosis and multi organ failure, and thus, in some ways, resembling septic shock. Currently, neither a specific treatment nor a vaccine licensed for use in humans is available. This review is focused on general characteristic of Ebola viruses, its pathogenesis, immunological response of host, and recent approaches for vaccine development against EVD. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Scalable synthesis of oleoyl ethanolamide by chemical amidation in a mixed solvent
Authors: Wang Xiaosan , Han Zhengyang , Chen Yang , Jin Qingzhe , Wang Xingguo
Published: November 2015

Oleoyl ethanolamide is a lipid mediator that exhibits biological activity in animal and cell models. In this study, an effective process is described to synthesize oleoyl ethanolamide by chemical amidation with native oil used as an acyl donor in the presence of sodium methoxide. Reaction conditions were optimized. When the amidation reaction was conducted in a mixed solvent, by reacting 2 mmol high oleic sunflower oil and 20 mmol ethanolamine in the presence of 1.5 % sodium methoxide with agitation, >90 % fatty acid ethanolamide was formed after 3 h of reaction time. The fatty acid ethanolamide product was purified by a two‐step crystallization process to prepare oleoyl ethanolamide. Highly pure oleoyl ethanolamide was obtained in a 70.3 % molar yield. The novelty of the work is the use of native oil as acyl donor and the mixed solvent used as the reaction media. The use of native oil avoids the formation of ion pairs with ethanolamine that can occur in other synthesis routes.
“By means of tigers”: Jaguars as Agents of Conversion in Jesuit Mission Records of Paraguay and the Moxos, 1600–1768
Authors: Vélez Karin
Published: November 2015

In the mid-1600s, the Jesuit Antonio Ruiz de Montoya reported that man-eating jaguars were helping to convert Guaraní Indians to Catholicism. This article tests his claim by aggregating multiple mentions of jaguars found in the accounts and letters of Jesuit missionaries in the reductions of Paraguay and the Moxos from the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, including the writing of Jesuits Antonio Ruiz de Montoya, François-Xavier Eder, Alonso Messia, and Martín Dobrizhoffer. Cumulatively, their predator sightings and references suggest that, indeed, the actions of real jaguars were transforming local religious beliefs. The presence of jaguars in Jesuit records also reveals the complexity of missionary and indigenous attitudes towards animals. Jesuits often associated jaguars with pre-Christian jaguar-shaman rituals, but also considered them to be divine instruments. Indigenous peoples sometimes preserved older practices, but also occasionally took real jaguars as an impetus to convert to Christianity. Both Jesuits and indigenous peoples reacted to jaguar incursions with violence as well as spiritual reflection. Most importantly, the prominence of active jaguars on this contested religious frontier suggests that animals should be viewed as more than symbols in Christian history. Jesuit records indicate that jaguars were key third players in zones where Europeans and indigenous populations met.
Mapping of quantitative trait loci underlying resistance to cassava anthracnose disease
Authors: BOONCHANAWIWAT A. , SRAPHET S. , WHANKAEW S. , BOONSENG O. , SMITH D. R. , TRIWITAYAKORN K.
Published: November 2015

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is an economically important root crop in Thailand, which is ranked the world's top cassava exporting country. Production of cassava can be hampered by several pathogens and pests. Cassava anthracnose disease (CAD) is an important disease caused by the fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. manihotis. The pathogen causes severe stem damage resulting in yield reductions and lack of stem cuttings available for planting. Molecular studies of cassava response to CAD will provide useful information for cassava breeders to develop new varieties with resistance to the disease. The current study aimed to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) and DNA markers associated with resistance to CAD. A total of 200 lines of two F1 mapping populations were generated by reciprocal crosses between the varieties Huabong60 and Hanatee. The F1 samples were genotyped based on simple sequence repeat (SSR) and expressed sequence tag-SSR markers and a genetic linkage map was constructed using the JoinMap®/version3·0 program. The results showed that the map consisted of 512 marker loci distributed on 24 linkage groups with a map length of 1771·9 centimorgan (cM) and a mean interval between markers of 5·7 cM. The genetic linkage map was integrated with phenotypic data for the response to CAD infection generated by a detached leaf assay test. A total of three QTL underlying the trait were identified on three linkage groups using the MapQTL®/version4·0 program. Those DNA markers linked to the QTL that showed high statistically significant values with the CAD resistance trait were identified for gene annotation analysis and 23 candidate resistance genes to CAD infection were identified.
Backward runaway electrons in a subnanosecond air discharge at atmospheric pressure
Authors: Tarasenko Victor F. , Kostyrya Igor' D. , Beloplotov Dmitry V.
Published: November 2015

In the paper, we study the conditions for the generation of backward runaway electrons through a grounded grid cathode in atmospheric pressure air at high-voltage pulses with a full width at half maximum of 1 ns and risetime of 0.3 ns applied to the gap from a SLEP-150 pulser. The study confirms that backward runaway electrons and X-rays do arise near grid cathodes in atmospheric pressure air. It is shown that the current of the backward beam and the X-rays from the gas diode depend differently on the interelectrode distance. The average X-ray exposure dose in a pulse is more than 3.5 mR.
On infinitivals hosting logophors: The case of Icelandic
Authors: Gärtner Hans-Martin
Published: November 2015

This squib provides counterexamples to the claim that Icelandic reflexivesigcannot be construed logophorically if immediately contained inside an infinitival clause. Consequences for Eric Reuland's views on the division of labor between grammar and pragmatics are discussed.
Horizontal or Vertical: Rereading the Space Scheme in Only Yesterday by S. Y. Agnon
Authors: Shait Heddy
Published: November 2015

Since its publication in 1945, scholarly works on S. Y. Agnon's Only Yesterday(Temol shilshom) have focused on various thematic and poetic aspects of the novel, such as the structure of the plot, the protagonist Isaac Kumer, and the moral and poetic meanings of the novel's ending. Inter alia, scholars have been interested in the geographical spaces presented in the plot, and the protagonist's indecision of whether to settle in Jaffa or Jerusalem, two cities that offer contrasting ways of living. This article offers a new reading of the novel's space scheme in tandem with an analysis of the short story, “The Mines of Falun,” by E. T. A. Hoffman, with which Agnon was familiar, and thus sheds a different light on Kumer's unexpected death at the novel's end. A comparative study of Agnon's and Hoffman's works reveals a similar space scheme that does not emphasize the contrast between two different cities—Jerusalem and Jaffa—but focuses on a single highly significant urban setting—Jerusalem. In Only Yesterday the main conflict is actually between a heavenly Jerusalem and an earthly Jerusalem (Jerusalem of above and below), and not between Jerusalem and Jaffa. Concentrating interest on Jerusalem itself turns the discussion of the novel to the nature of Jewish life in the Land of Israel, an issue that was of great concern to Agnon.
Relation entre la mastication et la qualité de l'alimentation des aînés de l’Étude longitudinale québécoise sur la nutrition et le vieillissement (NuAge)
Authors: Cusson Valérie , Payette Hélène , Caron Christian , Shatenstein Bryna , Gaudreau Pierrette
Published: November 2015

The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between the quality of mastication and dietary intake among community-dwelling older adults (67-84 years). A secondary analysis of data collected upon entry of participants in the NuAge study was effected. Perceived masticatory efficiency (n=1793) was measured using a questionnaire inspired by theOral Health Impact Profile. Direct assessment of masticatory efficiency was carried out in a subsample (n=94), using a validated clinical test (Swallowing Threshold Test Index,0-100%). Dietary intake was calculated from three non-consecutive 24h recalls. Mean scores indicate good perceived masticatory efficiency (Men:26.22±0.19/28;Women:25.81±0.21/28), but weak assessed efficiency (Men:60.8% [CI(57.3-64.2)]; Women:61.2% [CI(57.7-64.7)]). Multivariate regression analysis, adjusting for confounding variables (age, sex, schooling, living alone, income, smoking, chronic conditions, functional autonomy), showed that masticatory efficiency (measured or perceived) was not associated with intake of fruits/vegetables, protein, vitamin C or folic acid.
Senesino’s Negotiations with the Royal Academy of Music: Further Insight into the Riva–Bernardi Correspondence and the Role of Singers in the Practice of Eighteenth-Century Opera
Authors: Bucciarelli Melania
Published: November 2015

This article examines the protracted negotiations between the castrato Francesco Bernardi, known as ‘Senesino’, and the Royal Academy of Music, documented in five letters sent by the singer to diplomat Giuseppe Riva between 1717 and 1720. They reveal a tight network of singers, patrons and agents, and highlight how Senesino negotiated not only for a role of primo uomo in the cast, but also for a role of artistic influence in London. This episode in Senesino’s career together with examples of ‘unofficial’ directorial practice and ‘hidden’ artistic influence of singers such as Nicola Grimaldi (‘Nicolini’), Antonio Bernacchi and Luigi Marchesi suggest a yet stronger presence of singers, especially castrati, in the economy of eighteenth-century opera than has been hitherto recognised.
‘Sancta Cæcilia Rediviva’. Elizabeth Linley: Repertoire, Reputation and the English Voice
Authors: Aspden Suzanne
Published: November 2015

In the early 1770s, Elizabeth Linley was, for a few short years, not just Britain’s most celebrated singer, but also the subject of almost cult-like devotion. Her brief career demonstrated a general awareness on the part of audience, singer and managers alike of the value of enmeshing of art, voice and life in the construction of a successful public persona. The extraordinary adulation she inspired suggests more than just canny use of publicity, however: her cultivation of an apparently distinctive sound and association with a particular repertoire – Handelian oratorio – at a time when Handel was particularly revered suggests British interest in the development of a national musical voice, as well as repertoire.
CARMICHAEL’S ARCTAN TREND: PRECURSOR OF SMOOTH TRANSITION FUNCTIONS
Authors: Mills Terence C. , Patterson Kerry
Published: November 2015

In an almost unreferenced article, Fitzhugh Carmichael (1928), writing of the period around the First World War, noted that “during the past twelve years many economic series have undergone what appears to be a permanent change in level.” These are prescient words that are widely applicable today. Carmichael noted that the then-standard practice of linear detrending was inappropriate in the presence of what we would now call “structural breaks”; as a result he proposed a method that would not only model a nonlinear trend, but would be suitable for situations where the transition from one regime to another was smooth. This study establishes the precedence of Carmichael’s ideas, re-examines his methods, and solves the problems that he thought would hinder wider applications of his approach, which has since become a central part of contemporary nonlinear econometric methods and for which Carmichael should be given credit.
Multiscale and multiresolution modeling of shales and their flow and morphological properties
Authors: Tahmasebi Pejman , Javadpour Farzam , Sahimi Muhammad
Published: November 2015

The need for more accessible energy resources makes shale formations increasingly important. Characterization of such low-permeability formations is complicated, due to the presence of multiscale features and defies conventional methods. High-quality 3D imaging may be an ultimate solution for revealing the complexities of such porous media, but acquiring them is costly and time consuming. High-quality 2D images, on the other hand, are widely available. A novel three-step, multiscale, multiresolution reconstruction method is presented that directly uses 2D images in order to develop 3D models of shales. It uses a high-resolution 2D image representing the small-scale features to reproduce the nanopores and their network, a large scale, low-resolution 2D image to create the larger-scale characteristics and generates stochastic realizations of the porous formation. The method is used to develop a model for a shale system for which the full 3D image is available and its properties can be computed. The predictions of the reconstructed models are in excellent agreement with the data. The method is, however, quite general and can be used for reconstructing models of other important heterogeneous materials and media. Two biological examples and from materials science are also reconstructed to demonstrate the generality of the method.
Determination of RNA polymerase binding surfaces of transcription factors by NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Drögemüller Johanna , Strauß Martin , Schweimer Kristian , Jurk Marcel , Rösch Paul , Knauer Stefan H.
Published: November 2015

In bacteria, RNA polymerase (RNAP), the central enzyme of transcription, is regulated by N-utilization substance (Nus) transcription factors. Several of these factors interact directly and only transiently, with RNAP to modulate its function. As details of these interactions are largely unknown, we probed the RNAP binding surfaces of Escherichia coli (E. coli) Nus factors by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Perdeuterated factors with [1H,13C]-labeled methyl groups of Val, Leu and Ile residues were titrated with protonated RNAP. After verification of this approach with the N-terminal domain (NTD) of NusG and RNAP we determined the RNAP binding site of NusE. It overlaps with the NusE interaction surface for the NusG C-terminal domain, indicating that RNAP and NusG compete for NusE and suggesting possible roles for the NusE:RNAP interaction, e.g. in antitermination and direct transcription:translation coupling. We solved the solution structure of NusA-NTD by NMR spectroscopy, identified its RNAP binding site with the same approach we used for NusG-NTD and here present a detailed model of the NusA-NTD:RNAP:RNA complex.