bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A new index for measuring extrinsic stain in clinical trials
Authors: Shaw Linda , Murray J. J.
Published: May 2006

abstract A staining index has been proposed which is simple to use clinically and yet is sensitive enough to detect small changes in staining levels between different groups. Accurate scale drawings from An atlas of tooth form were reproduced. Outlines of the labial and lingual surfaces of all eight incisor teeth were enlarged to scale (magnification × 4) and each tooth face divided into 4‐mm squares. All areas of extrinsic stain were drawn by the examiner on to the grid system. This method has been tested in three clinical trials and the reproducibility investigated. In 161 duplicate examinations a total of 1,830 stained squares were scored by one examiner, compared with 1,853 squares by the second examiner; the reproducibility ratio was 0.155 and the coefficient of correlation was 0.956. The method proved sufficiently sensitive to record differences in staining levels in groups using two dentifrices; one was a normal commercial product with an abrasivity against dentin approximately two‐thirds that of the other paste. The proposed Extrinsic Stain Index provides data which can be analyzed by applying parametric or nonparametric tests.
Differences between dental health data obtained by interviews and questionnaires
Authors: Norheim Per W. , Helöe Leif Arne
Published: May 2006

abstract Two hundred and eighty‐six persons out of a population of 358 were interviewed about dental health. Approximately 9 months later the same group was posed identical questions in a self‐administered questionnaire. An open‐ended question about reasons for loss of teeth showed nearly 50% more answers on the questionnaire than in the interview. The number of answers in the questionnaire fell with increasing age and decreasing income and/or lower social class, while sex, age, income, and social class seemed to have only a minor effect on the number of answers in the interview. The number of two‐reply categories varied between the interview and the questionnaire. To questions about water fluoridation and covering of dental expenses by Social Security, married couples gave more often identical replies on the questionnaire than in the interview. The findings imply that the method itself, i.e. the choice between the interview and questionnaire methods, is of importance for the results as such.
Caries prevalence of preschoolchildren in Baja, Hungary in 1955 and 1975
Authors: Bruszt P. , Bánáczy J. , Esztáry I. , Hadas É. , Marosi I. , Nemes J. , Albrecht M.
Published: May 2006

abstract In 1975 caries epidemiologic investigations were performed in 1,017 preschool‐children of Baja, aged 3–6 years. The data were analyzed and compared with those of 620 preschoolchildren of the same city in 1955. A mean increase of 10.9 % of the caries frequency (percentage of examinees with caries), and a mean increase of 43.5 % of the caries intensity (dmft count per examinee) could be observed in spite of a better vitamin D prophylaxis. The possible cariogenic role of the increased sugar consumption (37.5 kg from 24.4 kg per individual during 20 years) is discussed.
Time utilization, productivity and costs of solo and extended duty auxiliary dental practice
Authors: Tan H. H. , van Gemert H. G.
Published: May 2006

abstractA study was conducted to compare the time utilization of the dentist, and productivity and costs for solo (one dentist, one chairside assistant and one treatment room) and extended duty settings (one dentist, two extended duty dental hygienists, one chairside assistant and two treatment rooms). Only amalgam and composite restorations done in a general group practice were included. In the extended duty setting the dentist spent more time in managerial activities and less time in treatment than in the solo setting. Nevertheless, the dentist in the extended duty setting produced 53% more restorations as compared with solo practice. The cost ratio of solo to extended duty practice was computed to be 1:1.52. From the point of view of microeconomics, the extended duty setting was found no worse than the solo setting.
Has small‐scale audio‐visual dental health education a viable future?
Authors: Hirsch Robert S. , Clarke Nigel G.
Published: May 2006

abstract The achievement of an adequate oral hygiene status in large groups of people remains an unfulfilled objective of the dental profession. In this study an attempt was made to motivate 180 pregnant women by showing them a tape‐slide program. The subjects were randomly allocated into four statistically equal experimental groups. Two examiners, who were calibrated before commencement of the survey, measured Gingival and Plaque Indices of each subject and a questionnaire was used to assess the educational potential of the tape‐slide sequence over a period of 4 weeks. There was a 100% incidence of gingivitis in the study population. Those women who viewed the tape‐slide program in addition to being dentally examined, achieved the greatest reduction in their GI and retained the most information. The tape‐slide sequence alone did not initiate a satisfactory degree of behavioral change; similar studies have also had discouraging results and it would appear that individual attention and motivation is the only sure way to date of achieving adequate personal plaque control.
Role of health education among services rendered by dental personnel in Finland
Authors: Murtomaa Heikki , Ainamo Jukka
Published: May 2006

abstract The quantity and origins of dental health education information were surveyed in June 1973 by interviews with a sample comprising 505 persons drawn to cover the total Finnish population aged 15 years and over. The interview revealed that tooth extraction was the most frequent (43 %) of the measures performed during the last visit to dentist and tooth filling was the measure second in frequency (41 %). Rare measures were periodontal treatment (13 %) and teaching of home care (2 %). Radio and television were the most frequently mentioned sources of information (47 %); however, the evaluations of the reliability of information on dental health education in the mass media were skeptical. Dental service personnel was a not minor source of information (33 %) and its effectiveness was recognized. Although dental health education performed on the personal level is a great challenge, which should be accepted by the whole dental personnel, a total of 58 % of the interviewees were of the opinion that they had not received sufficient information on dental home care.
A marked difference in caries prevalence between 5‐year‐old children in two areas of Staffordshire, England
Authors: Doyle A. J.
Published: May 2006

abstract The purpose of this study was to compare the dental caries experience of 5‐year‐old children in an urban and rural area of Staffordshire, England. The populations comprised 365 children and 206 children, respectively. 161 children in the urban area and 124 children from the rural area were examined. Those in the rural area had 44 % less dental caries experience (P < 0.01). The mean dmf of children with good dental cleanliness was similar in each area but there was a 39 % and 33 % interarea difference between those with fair and poor standards of dental cleanliness. A larger proportion in the rural area belonged to social classes 1 + 2 and fewer to social classes 4 + 5. A significant difference in dmf (P < 0.01) between the areas in social classes 3N and 3M was found. Water supplies had less than 0.20 parts/106 fluoride. The interarea difference in caries prevalence cannot be fully explained by consideration of the variables of dental cleanliness, social class and waterborne fluoride. It is hypothesized that tooth resistance may differ between the areas. The study will be repeated to confirm the findings.
Oral health status of institutionalized elderly Cape Coloreds from the Cape Peninsula of South Africa
Authors: van Wyk C. W. , Farman A. G. , Staz J.
Published: May 2006

abstract A study has been conducted to assess the oral health status and need for dental treatment among elderly Cape Coloreds resident in homes for the aged in the Cape Peninsula of South Africa. This paper describes the prevalence of diseases of the mouth with special reference to denture‐induced lesions and white lesions of the oral mucosa. Dental caries was the most prevalent oral lesion (27.2). The most common conditions of the soft tissues were leukoedema (24.4%) and leukoplakia (4.4% for the tongue; 20.4% for the remainder of the oral mucosa). Leukoedema and leukoplakia showed statistically highly significant correlations with tobacco habits. Men more commonly had a tobacco habit than women (P < 0.002) and leukoplakia, leukoedema and depigmented lesions of the lips were significantly more common in men than in women. No significant difference could be proven statistically when the frequency of irritative fibrous hyperplasia in females was compared with that in males.
Oral health status in relation to socioeconomic and ethnic characteristics of urban adults in the U.S.A.
Authors: Nikias Mata K. , Fink Raymond , Sollecito William
Published: May 2006

abstract Nearly 1,300 adult members of a prepaid medical group plan in New York City were screened through automated multiphasic health testing in a series of test stations including a dental station during 1971–1973. Oral status indicators were developed including number of missing teeth, scores to measure levels of gingival and periodontal disease, Simplified Oral Hygiene Index scores, and ratios of decayed teeth. Ratios of filled teeth were calculated to measure levels of restorative care. The present paper examines the interrelationships of economic status, education and ethnic origin with each of the above oral status measures. It was found that variations in ratios of decayed and of filled teeth were primarily due to economic status while variations in number of missing teeth, oral hygiene levels and levels of gingival and periodontal diseases were primarily due to screenees’ educational level. Ethnic group differences could be explained in part by differences among these groups in economic and educational levels. There were no consistent ethnic patterns, however, and while some differences could be explained by controlling for education and economic status, others persisted.
A correlation study of diet, oral hygiene and dental caries in 457 Canadian children
Authors: Richardson Alan S. , Boyd Marcia A. , Conry Robert F.
Published: May 2006

abstract The interrelationship of diet, oral hygiene and caries was evaluated. Of the sample size of 457 children, 234 were in grade 1 and 223 grade 7. Five‐day diet surveys were obtained, followed by clinical examinations for oral hygiene and caries. One examiner, using mouth mirror, explorer and extraoral light, conducted the caries examination. From the diet surveys, refined and total carbohydrate consumption was calculated per day; between meals, at meals, and totaled for that day. Five‐day totals, which included one weekend, were recorded along with frequency of eating per day and for the 5‐day periods. Computer analysis revealed no significant correlation between the diet variables and caries or oral hygiene indices and caries. The children with high caries indices did not have the poorest oral hygiene nor consume the most carbohydrates. Similarly, the children with low caries indices did not have the cleanest teeth nor consume lesser amounts of carbohydrates.
Analysis of caries clinical trial data in the presence of study group imbalance
Authors: Korts David C.
Published: May 2006

abstract Imbalance of any important factor in caries clinical trials can bias group means, and make decisions based on such means of questionable value. Six hypothetical trials are presented which have varying degrees of imbalance in baseline DMFS. The crude group means for these trials vary radically, from one extreme in which the treated group has significantly less decay than the control group, to the opposite extreme in which the control group has significantly less decay than the treated group. Two methods for adjustment to correct for the imbalances, the analysis of covariance and blocking analysis, are discussed and applied to each trial. For these data sets the blocking analysis appears superior to the analysis of covariance in terms of maintaining the essential character of the data. An appendix explaining in detail how the blocking analysis is performed can be obtained on request to the author.
Oral hygiene and gingival health in Danish dental students and faculty
Authors: Lang N. P. , Gumming B. R. , Löe H. A.
Published: May 2006

abstract This survey attempted to determine the status of oral cleanliness and gingival health in 150 dental students and 101 faculty members in a dental school. Without advance notice, plaque deposits were scored, using the Plaque Index System, and gingival health was determined using the criteria of the Gingival Index System. The 1st‐year students had the poorest hygiene and gingival health. An improvement (P < 0.01) was noted in the 2nd‐year students who were still not in clinical training but had completed a course in preventive dentistry including oral hygiene techniques. Further improvement (p < 0.05) was found in students participating in the clinical courses (3rd and 4th years). However, some deterioration of both hygiene and gingival status occurred in the senior 5th year. Among the faculty, the best oral hygiene and gingival state were found in members of departments in which clinical work centered around patient motivation toward prevention and tooth conservation. The scores for plaque and gingivitis were worse in the departments of oral surgery, dental materials, orthodontics and the basic science departments. Almost all departments and every class showed a few individuals with very poor oral hygiene. It is suggested that regular patient contact influences the personal attitude toward oral hygiene, and that professional activity and emphasis on different aspects of the curriculum may be reflected in the attitude of health professionals toward oral health.
Enamel mottling in a high strontium area of the U.S.A.
Authors: Curzon M. E. J. , Spector P. C.
Published: May 2006

abstract As part of an epidemiologic study conducted in seven towns in Wisconsin, U.S.A., enamel mottling, opacities, and pigmentations were assessed in 1,313 12‐ to 14‐year‐old schoolchildren. Enamel mottling was found to increase in prevalence and severity as strontium concentrations in communal drinking water increased. This trend held for lifelong residents only, and could not be demonstrated among children who immigrated to the towns after 1 year of life. No relationship of enamel mottling and water fluoride concentrations was found.
Five years of community preventive dentistry and health education in the County of Sutherland, Scotland
Authors: Bennie Alexander M. , Tullis J. Ivor , Stephen Kenneth W. , MacFadyen Eithne E.
Published: May 2006

abstract Examination of 11‐year‐old Scots children who had participated in a 5‐year, fortnightly dental health education and preventive dentistry programme showed that, compared with a similar age‐matched group, the regimen produced mean DMF and DMFS reductions of 48.6% and 42.1%, respectively. In addition, the plaque and gingival indices differed significantly and 22.5% of test children were caries‐free compared with only 7.6% of controls.
Effect of a field program based on systematic plaque control on caries and gingivitis in schoolchildren after 3 years
Authors: Hamp S.‐E. , Lindhe J. , Fornell J. , Johansson L.‐Å. , Karlsson R.
Published: May 2006

abstract The effect of a field program, based on systematic plaque control, on caries and gingivitis was tested during a 3‐ycar period on 1,100 schoolchildren. Once every 3rd week the children were given oral hygiene instructions, professional toothcleaning and fluorides topically delivered by specially trained dental nurses. The children of a control group of approximately the same number of pupils, participated in a preventive program consisting of mouthrinsings once every 2nd week with a 0.2% sodium fluoride solution. The children of the third and fourth grades were, at the start of the experiment, selected as reference groups and then continuously examined once every year. At the end of the trial the mean reduction of surfaces harboring plaque and units with gingival inflammation was 59% and 73%, respectively. The reduction in caries increment was 51%.
Mottled permanent incisors in 15‐year‐old Lagos children
Authors: Akpata E. S. , Jackson D.
Published: May 2006

abstract Mottled permanent incisors were studied in a stratified convenience sample of 206 Lagos schoolchildren aged 15 years. The mouth prevalence of this condition was 32 %, and the right‐left symmetry of the mottled incisors occurred very approximately in only a third of those persons with mottling. The distribution pattern was similar to that observed in similarly aged children in non‐fluoride communities, and also that observed in optimally fluoridated Anglesey, England. The cause of this type of mottling in unknown, but its distribution suggests that endogenous (possibly genetic) factors may be involved.
Effect of professional toothcleansing every third week on gingivitis and dental caries in children
Authors: Agerbaek Nina , Poulsen Sven , Melsen Birte , Glavind Leif
Published: May 2006

abstract A previous paper reported on the 1‐year effect on dental caries and gingivitis of biweekly professional toothcleansing. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of a change from 2 to 3 weeks in the interval between the professional toothcleansings during the 2nd year. The DMFS increment during the 2nd year did not differ significantly between the experimental and control groups. The plaque and gingival indices, although increased during the 2nd year, were still significantly lower in children subjected to the 3‐weekly cleansing than in children in the control group.
Survey of state funds available for rehabilitation of patients with cleft lip/palate
Authors: Crawford Patrick M. , Hurst Robert V. V.
Published: May 2006

Abstract An effort was made to determine the amount of funds budgeted in each of the 50 U.S. states for total rehabilitation and dental rehabilitation of patients with cleft lip and/or cleft palate. Questionnaires were sent following a pilot letter to the directors of each state Department of Health. Total funds per patient ranged from a high of $ 17,442 for Delaware to a low of $ 426 for Wisconsin. Dental funds per patient ranged from $ 4,214 dollars for Wyoming to a low of $ 192 for New York.
Short intensive topical APF applications and dental caries in a fluoridated area
Authors: Mellberg J. R. , Franchi G. J. , Englander H. R. , Mosley G. W. , Nicholson C. R.
Published: May 2006

abstract Three groups of approximately 200 children, consuming fluoridated water since birth, were given cither 5, 10 or 25 consecutive topical applications with an APF gel (1.2% F, pH 3.2) in mouthpieces. After 1 year, mean DMFS increments were 7.2%, 30.4% and 35.3% less respectively for the three groups as compared with untreated control groups. Although enamel fluoride levels remained high after the 1st year, differences in denial caries increments between treated and control groups were too small to show group differences. The results suggest that in a Fluoridated area, when caries activity is low, if would be difficult to show a long‐term anticaries effect by increasing the fluoride con cent ration in sound enamel by a short series of self‐applied topical fluoride applications.
Utilization of dental care in a Finnish industrial population
Authors: Rajala Anna‐Liisa , Rajala Matti , Paunio Ilkka
Published: May 2006

abstract Ninety‐three percent of the 300 employees of a paper mill in central‐eastern Finland answered a questionnaire in the con text of a clinical dental survey. One third had visited the dentist annually, 22% once in 2 years and the rest irregularly. Dental visit frequency of females was somewhat higher than that of males. People in younger age groups and higher income groups used more dental services, whereas those who had dentures used clearly less dental services than others. Subjective assessment of treatment need was the main reason for dental visits, more than half of the subjects had attended the dentist the last lime because of self‐assessed need. Thirty‐eight percent went to the dentist because of toothache and only 9% for regular check‐up. Although more than one third had gone to the dentist because of toothache only one third of those who had toothache during the preceding year had visited the dentist during that period. People without toothache, in fact, used more dental services than those who had had it.
Periodontal disease and oral hygiene in Arussi province, Ethiopia
Authors: Olsson Berit
Published: May 2006

abstract A dental health survey was conducted in the Arussi province in Ethiopia. The survey comprised 1,700 persons between 6 and 54 years of age in five age groups from four regions of the province. Findings concerning periodontal disease and oral hygiene are reported in the present paper. The onset of periodontal disease was early, with 60% of the children in the 6–7 year group having gingivitis. In general, periodontal disease was found in a majority of the surveyed population (83%). Severe periodontal destruction was, however, unusual before the age of 30, but at the age of 45–54 years 52% of the sample exhibited pocket formation. The level of periodontal disease in Ethiopia was judged as low to moderate. A close relationship was observed between oral cleanliness and periodontal condition. A possible favorable influence of the diet and traditional oral cleaning methods is conceivable.
Supply and demand for prosthetic treatment in Victoria, Australia
Authors: Spratley M. H.
Published: May 2006

abstract Surveys were conducted in Victoria, Australia, to estimate the demand for prosthetic treatment by examining the needs of a randomly selected group of the population. Similar surveys were conducted in relation lo the contribution made by the dentists in Victoria and also that of a recently introduced group of workers, the Advanced Dental Technicians. It was found that approximately 19% of the population required prosthetic treatment in the full denture field and that the existing dentists were not meeting this need. When the Advanced Dental Technicians are more fully engaged in clinical work, the need may well be met.
A combined approach to preventing dental caries in schoolchildren: caries reductions after 3 years
Authors: Bagramian Robert A. , Graves Richard C. , Srivastava Sujan
Published: May 2006

abstract A combination of preventive methods have been used to reduce dental caries in children residing in a fluoridated area of Southeastern Michigan. These children had very low restorative treatment levels. The methods used included dental health education, prophylaxis, pit and fissure sealants, topical application of fluoride and restorative care. Prophylaxis, sealant and fluoride procedures were repeated every 6 months. Sealant was applied to all caries‐free posterior teeth in the mouth. Three‐year results show reduction of occlusal caries increments of nearly 73% for both 1st and 6th school grades. Although at baseline examination there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in mean DMF teeth and surface scores, the difference in mean increments at the end of 3 years was statistically significant (P<0.01). Percent reductions in caries increment for permanent first molars in 1st graders were 65.6 for DMF teeth and 66.7 for DMF surfaces. Corresponding figures for permanent teeth among 6th graders were 71% and 58.3%.
Follow‐up study of sealing and filling with composite resins in the prevention of occlusal caries
Authors: Raadal Magne
Published: May 2006

abstract A diluted composite resin (Concise® diluted with Concise Enamel Bond®) was used for fissure scaling and filling in 896 permanent first molars of 281 children, initially 5–7 years of age. Ordinary fissure sealing was used for fissures with no apparent caries, while a filling method was used after an explorative drilling with a small round bur (Ash® No. 1/2) in fissures with incipient caries.

On the basis of clinical evaluation every 6 months, the frequency of total retention of the composite material after different observation periods was calculated using the life table method. The rate of success in the fissure sealing group was 94.8% after 6 months, falling to 75.2% after 30 months. The corresponding data for the filled teeth were 92.6% and 83.5%. It would seem that diluted composite resin is well suited for the prevention of caries in pits and fissures.
Proposals for standardization of terms in clinical trials of caries preventive agents and procedures
Authors: Haugejorden Ola
Published: May 2006

Abstract The purpose of this paper was to comment on FDI's terminology for clinical trials of caries preventive agents and procedures. It is recommended that terms used to describe the score transitions observed in clinical trials, or checks of caries diagnostic reproducibility of examiners, should not contain words which imply qualitative judgments on the observed changes. It is suggested that caries increment should be used instead of “positive reversal”, caries decrement instead of “negative reversal”; and scoring inconsistencies for score changes occurring in the results of checks on the diagnostic reproducibility of examiners. These recommendations would avoid the contradictions in terms which complicate the understanding of FDI's terminology.
Periodontal treatment need in a Finnish industrial population
Authors: Markkanen Helena
Published: May 2006

Abstract A periodontal study was conducted in a paper mill in Finland. To adapt the Periodontal Treatment Need System (PTNS) to a Finnish adult population the estimates of Finnish periodontologists were used. The mean estimate of periodontal treatment need was 97 ± 58 (s.d.) min per person and 32 ± 18 min per jaw segment. Periodontal treatment need increased with age. No significant differences in periodontal treatment need by sex, education, type of employment, regularity of working hours or frequency of dental visits were observed. Adjusted family income and toothbrushing frequency did not produce significant differences in periodontal treatment need, except in the group having four dentulous jaw segments. The groups using sugar, other sweetening agents or neither of these, mainly in coffee or tea, differed significantly: the non‐users of sugar had lowest treatment time and those who used other sweetening agents than sugar had highest treatment time.
Distribution of dental fluorosis in the primary dentition
Authors: Thylstrup A.
Published: May 2006

Abstract By the use of a new classification system of dental fluorosis, primary and permanent teeth were examined in samples of children born in areas with 3.5, 6.0 and 21.0 parts/106 F‐ in the water supplies. The severity of dental fluorosis was lower than in the corresponding permanent teeth, but a significant increase in severity was noted with increasing concentration of fluoride in the drinking water. The distribution of dental fluorosis within the dentition followed the same pattern irrespective of fluoride content of the water. Thus, a progressive increase in severity was noted from the anterior to the posterior teeth. This pattern is presumably determined by variations in enamel thickness. The much thinner enamel layer of primary teeth may also explain the lower degree of dental fluorosis in these teeth rather than a maternal barrier to fluoride. The degree of dental fluorosis observed in medium and high fluoride areas did not support the hypothesis that the rapidly growing skeleton of infants prevents fluoride‐derived enamel changes.
Field testing of an information system for planning and evaluating dental services
Authors: Downer M. C. , Teagle F. A. , Whittle J. G.
Published: May 2006

A survey of the dental health and need for treatment of 796 children, one in 10 of those in the 1st and 3rd years of high schools in a health administrative area, was carried out using a comprehensive, computerized, epidemiological information system. The system was designed to aid in planning and evaluating services and expressed treatment need on the Resource Related Index as well as utilizing conventional indices. A baseline profile of the dental condition of children in four districts was obtained. This was compared with findings from other surveys. The problem of interexaminer reliability was also discussed.
The application of the International Classification of Diseases to dentistry and stomatology
Authors: Bezroukov V.
Published: May 2006

The Application of the International Classification of Diseases to Dentistry and Stomatology (ICD‐DA) takes from the parent volume (the International Classification of Diseases) all those items of specific interest in regard to oral pathology whether they be common or rare conditions, or whether the pathology originates in the oral cavity or is a manifestation of a systemic disease. The initial advantage is convenience in finding the numerical classification of disease without searching through the large parent volume. However, an even greater advantage is the fact that these conditions are not sufficiently sub‐classified in the parent manual whereas in the ICD‐DA they are classified down to the five‐digit level to make differential diagnosis meaningful within the practice of dentistry.
Brisbane Dental Survey, 1977 A comparative study of caries experience of children in Brisbane, Australia over a 20‐year period
Authors: McEniery T. M. , Davies G. N.
Published: May 2006

A dental survey of 1002 children aged 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14 years was carried out in Brisbane using criteria and methods of the World Health Organization. Mean DMFT per child were substantially lower than expected for a non‐fluoridated area, being 0.7, 2.0 3.1, 4.7 and 7.2 for the respective age groups. These scores represent a 50 % reduction cm levels reported in 1954 and a 20–35 % reduction on caries experience of Queensland country, children in 1967. 21 % of the sample consumed fluoride tablets regularly and these had caries levels virtually identical with life‐time residents of fluoridated areas. Compared with children never taking tablets they had 58–79 % fewer DMFT and 28–54 % fewer DMFT From data of a study of Townsville in 1975 after 10 years' fluoridation it can be calculated that there would be approximately 180000 fewer restorations required in Brisbane if that city had been fluoridated 10 years previously.
Dental caries prevalence in 5‐year‐old children in Mallow (a non‐fluoridated area), Cork, Ireland
Authors: Mageean James F. , Holland Timothy J. , Gleeson Patrick
Published: May 2006

295 5‐year‐old children were examined in Mallow, a non‐fluoridated town in North Cork to ascertain the dental status of children commencing first level education. The results were compared with those found in Baja, Hungary and in Barnsley, England. The def in Mallow was found to be 5.15 and the Met Need Index 14%. The authors suggest that the programmes of dental care should be re‐examined in the light of these findings and more emphasis placed on the prevention and treatment of caries at an earlier age.
Comparison of two groups of patients with TMJ‐disorder
Authors: Helöe Berit
Published: May 2006

A total of 49 patients seeking treatment for TMJ‐disorders in a district in Northern Norway during a period of 3 months, were described according to social, medical and dental characteristics, amount and type of symptoms, and clinical findings. Data were compared with those obtained from a group of TMJ‐patients at the Dental Faculty, University of Oslo. In both materials women were heavily overrepresented. In the group presently studied, the age profile and the amount of reported stressors were higher, and the social class composition somewhat lower, than those in the material obtained at the University. These inequalities should be seen in. context with the demographic composition of the two communities. It is anticipated that the main characteristics of the university group are generally valid for patients with TMJ‐disorders in Norway.
Patient dental values and their relationship to oral health status, dentist perceptions and quality of care
Authors: Weinstein Philip , Milgrom Peter , Ratener Peter , Morrison Kenneth
Published: May 2006

Abstract In this study, 1287 patients completed a questionnaire assessing knowledge of home care procedures, adherence to home care instructions, obstacles presented to the dentist in delivering care, and ability to pay for optimal care. Ninety‐seven dentists that provided treatment for these patients completed a parallel questionnaire. Measures of oral health and the quality of restorative care were based on clinical examinations. It was found that though patient values and dental perceptions were associated, dentist perceptions did not closely match patient denial values. Analysis of variance indicated that patient dental values were related positively to both oral health measures and the quality of restorations. Patient‐reported compliance with home care recommendations showed the strongest relationship to both oral health and quality of restorations.
Dental caries status of Chinese children in Johannesburg, South Africa
Authors: McInnes P. M. , Vieira E.
Published: May 2006

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the dental health status of a representative sample of Johannesburg Chinese schoolchildren, all 250 attending the only Chinese school in the city. In 18 preschoolchildren, 3‐5 years old, 16.7 % were caries‐free mean, dmft was 7.1 ± 5.8 and labial caries was present in 33.3 % In 165 primary schoolchildren aged 5‐16 years, the mean DMFT was 5.0 ± 3.2 with 20 % of the primary dentition caries‐free and the mean DMFT was 2.4 ± 1.9. 4.8 % of the primary schoolchildren were caries‐free. In 67 high school pupils of 11–17 years, 4.5 % were caries‐free and the mean DMFT score was 7.1 ± 3.9. Caries prevalences among the Chinese were similar to corresponding groups of children of Chinese immigrants in the United Kingdom and Malaysia.
Overjet values of children and young adults in Lagos
Authors: Akpata E. S. , Jackson D.
Published: May 2006

Abstract Overjet values were studied in a stratified convenience sample of 820 Nigerians aged 15, 19, 20 and 21 years from Lagos educational establishments. There was no indication that between 15 and 21 years of age overjet values were age or sex dependent. The mean overjet value, which is one indication of antero‐posterior occlusal relationship, is effectively the same in Lagos, Nigeria as it is in York, England.
Functional disorders of the masticatory system in Southwest Finland
Authors: Swanljung Outi , Rantanen Timo
Published: May 2006

Abstract Functional disorders of the masticatory system in a working age population in Southwest Finland were investigated both by interview (subjective symptoms) and by clinical examination (objective symptoms). The randomized material consisted of 583 subjects. 58 % had had subjective symptoms of dysfunction. With certain exceptions, the symptoms did not correlate with age, sex or use of removable dentures. The number of subjects with symptoms was highest in the group with the highest number of occluding teeth. 5 % of subjects with subjective symptoms had received treatment. Clinical examination revealed symptoms in 41 % Sex did not correlate with the findings. The percentage of subjects with clinical symptoms was higher among those over 35 than in the younger age groups; this correlation was not, however, observed in the full denture wearers. Full denture wearers had symptoms more often than the others. Although young persons with relatively good natural dentition showed objective symptoms less often than the elderly and those wearing full dentures or with incomplete dentition, they more frequently had subjective experiences. This perhaps explains why the findings based on patient materials differ from those reported from pure population studies.
Caries prevalence and oral contraception
Authors: Cebi Saadet , Stephen Kenneth W.
Published: May 2006

Abstract A pilot, study to determine whether 452 regular oral contraceptive users had a higher caries prevalence than 114 women not using those preparations found no significant variation between groups. Thus assumptions drawn from previous rodent studies do not justify the initiation of more complex laboratory‐based human investigations.
Assessment of the readability of dental health education literature
Authors: Blinkhorn A. S. , Verity J. M.
Published: May 2006

Abstract General dental practitioners have an important role in the dissemination of information to their patients and their advice is often reinforced with written health education material. Unfortunately, this written information is often of limited value for particular groups of patients because of its level of readability. This investigation of the problem was in two parts; firstly, a group of 140 secondary schoolchildren were asked to explain the meaning of a selection of words in common use in dental health education, and secondly, the readability of some current dental health education literature was assessed using the Fog Index. The results indicate that current dental health education literature reflects the reading ability of the designers rather than the ability of the potential target group. Many of the words in the dental profession's preventive vocabulary were not understood by the children. Over 80 % were unsure of the meaning of fluoride tablets, gum disease, gingivitis and oral hygiene. The results of this investigation indicate that dentists should ensure that dental health education literature is not unduly complex and should take more time explaining the dental vocabulary in lay terminology.
Long term retention of sealants applied by inexperienced operators in Minneapolis
Authors: Cline Jay T. , Messer Louise B.
Published: May 2006

Abstract A clinical trial of 4047 single applications of Nuva Seal® placed on the occlusal surfaces of primary molars, permanent first and second molars and premolars by 250 dental students showed that, the sealants were not well retained. The sealant was fully retained on 86 % of all permanent posterior teeth at 3 months, on 76% at 6 months, 58 % at 12 months, 52 % at 24 months and 41 % at 36 months. At 4 years, complete sealant coverage was shown by 14 % of primary molars, 25 % of permanent molars and 68 % of premolars. Permanent mandibular molars and premolars were superior to permanent maxillary molars and premolars in fully retaining sealants. Following sealant failure, i.e. providing partial coverage or missing, permanent maxillary molars and premolars were more prone to occlusal caries than permanent mandibular molars and premolars. At 4 years, caries was diagnosed in 40 % of applications to permanent molars and in 9 % of applications to premolars. Twelve instances of caries under apparently intact sealants were seen.
Factors influencing the local planning of dental services
Authors: Downer M. C. , Whittle J. G. , Teagle F. A.
Published: May 2006

Abstract Findings from a survey of 796 high school children in four districts constituting a health administrative area were examined to ascertain the factors influencing their dental disease experience, treatment received and attendance pattern. In three of the four districts over 60 % of the children were regular attenders, enjoying the benefit of less active caries than irregular attenders. However, in the remaining district, much of which consisted of depressed, inner city areas undergoing re‐development, only one third were regular attenders. Several local factors, such as availability and accessibility of services, probably influenced the numbers seeking regular care, but one of the most important appeared to be the level of provision in the salaried Community Dental Service. The implications of the findings for planning improvements in local services are discussed.
Forecasting progress in preventive dentistry
Authors: Lind Odd P. , Møller Ingolf J. , Strande‐Sørensen Gert
Published: May 2006

Abstract Technological forecasting is a new discipline with research methodologies of its own. One of the methods is the delphi‐experiment. Predictive experiments have been conducted in both medicine and pharmacology, but not yet in the field of dentistry and dental research. The first round of the present dental delphi‐experiment was conducted in 1975 with the participation of an international panel consisting of 91 experts. The experts were requested to respond to six questions related to dental caries and six questions related to periodontal disease. Numerous forecasts concerning future developments or breakthroughs were given by the international panel. This report discusses the preliminary findings.
Oral health of South African Black (Xhosa) mine recruits
Authors: Cleaton‐Jones P.
Published: May 2006

Abstract The oral health of 100 rural Black Xhosa men commencing employment on the gold mines was examined. Dental caries was present in 68 %, the mean DMFT per mouth was 2.5 (s.d. 2.8) while the mean DMFT per carious mouth was 3.7 (s.d. 2.7). Oral hygiene was good and periodontal disease uncommon. Although the frequency of individuals with dental caries has increased since studies on similar groups were made 40 years ago, the severity of the disease in affected individuals has remained static.
Survey of the dental state and needs of a group of elderly army pensioners in England
Authors: Davidson Peter N.
Published: May 2006

Abstract 375 army pensioners (89% of the population of the Royal Hospital Chelsea) were interviewed and given a dental inspection. The quality of any denture was assessed by Kapur's method. Of the 318 men with dentures 254 (85%) had not been back to the dentist since and 60% of the dentures were over 10 years old. 244 denture wearers claimed they were satisfied although only 11 dentures could be rated ‘good’ and 67% of complete dentures were ‘poor’. 25% of those interviewed actually wanted treatment, 10% did not know but the majority simply ‘couldn't be bothered’. The overwhelming need is for skilled prosthetic treatment. A plea is made for educating patients to appreciate that dentures should be changed and that regular dental inspections are necessary throughout life.
Symptoms and signs of mandibular dysfunction in 70‐year‐old men and women in Gothenburg, Sweden*
Authors: ÖSterberg Tor , Carlsson Gunnar E.
Published: May 2006

Abstract A representative systematic selection of 30% of all 70‐year‐olds in Gothenburg were invited to a population study. Forty percent of the sample (384 persons) were subjected to a comprehensive dental examination. The participation rate was 84%. The aim of the present study was to describe the function and dysfunction of the masticatory system of the 70‐year‐olds. 41 % reported no symptoms of dysfunction while 46% had severe dysfunction according to Helkimo's Anamnestic Dysfunction Index. The clinical examination revealed that only 14% had no signs of dysfunction. 32% had moderate or severe dysfunction according to Helkimo's Index. In more than half of the subjects the masticatory muscles were tender to palpation and in 37% TMJ sounds were diagnosed. Several of the clinical findings were more common in the women than in the men but only concerning tenderness of the TMJ and the masseter muscle were the differences significant. The degree of dental invalidity was measured by Eichner's Index. The Index showed no or only weak relation to the Anamnestic and Clinical Dysfunction Indices. Neither did the degree of dysfunction in complete denture wearers vary with the condition of their prostheses.
Estimation of actual caries prevalence and treatment needs from field survey caries information on a child population in U.S.A.
Authors: Long Linwood M. , Rozier Richard G. , Bawden James W.
Published: May 2006

Abstract Caries scores (DT+ Dt) were recorded under simulated field survey conditions on 270 children ranging in age from 3 to 12 years. The children were subsequently diagnosed under optimum clinical conditions. The findings from the field and clinical examinations were statistically analyzed to determine the relationships between “survey” and “true” caries scores. It is proposed that the true mean caries score can be estimated from the survey mean score by adding 1.5 teeth in the primary dentition and 2 teeth in the mixed dentition. Tables were devised to estimate treatment needs for children at various survey caries scores in each dentition category.
Identification of high caries risk children using prevalence of filled surfaces as predictor variable for incidence
Authors: Rise J. , Birkeland J. M. , Haugejorden O. , Blindheim O. , Furevik J.
Published: May 2006

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to determine the validity of prevalence of filled surfaces at 9 years of age as a screening criterion for prediction of future caries incidence. Retrospective data were available for 114 children who had participated in an incremental dental care program from 7 to 16 years of age. There was a significant positive correlation between prevalence of filled surfaces (FS) at age 9 and increment of surfaces filled during the subsequent 7 years. Thus only 13 % of the variation in increment of surfaces filled was explained by the variation in prevalence of FS. Subjects who had eight or more filled surfaces at 9 years of age were classed as the Expected H‐group (22 subjects), while the Real H‐group consisted of the 22 subjects who experienced the highest increment of surfaces filled between the ages of 9 and 16. Sensitivity and diagnostic power were both 45%, specificity 87%. While sensitivity decreased with increasing FS score at age 9, specificity and diagnostic power increased. A detailed analysis of the increment of surfaces filled each year from age 11 to 16 revealed that a considerable number of subjects not included in the H‐groups also received many fillings.
Comparison of the severity of caries attack in permanent first molars in Iraqi and Sudanese schoolchildren
Authors: Baghdady Virgin S. , Ghose Leonora J.
Published: May 2006

Abstract Severity of caries attack of the permanent first molars was investigated on two population groups of Arabian origin, namely 1617 Iraqi and 725 Sudanese primary schoolchildren ranging in age from 6 to 12 years. The results showed a higher DMF rate in the Iraqis in all the age groups studied, reaching a maximum of 83% at age 11, whereas the maximum level was 60% in Sudanese children at age 10.
Frequency and distribution of Myofascial Pain‐Dysfunction Syndrome in a population of 25‐year‐olds
Authors: Helöe Berit , Helöe Leif Arne
Published: May 2006

Abstract Interviews on the occurrence of Myofascial Pain‐Dysfunction (MPD) Syndrome were held with a group consisting of 246 individuals 25 years of age. Every fifth interviewee said she/he had experienced clicking/crepitation from the TMJs. Five percent had felt pain when opening the mouth wide and 3% while chewing, yawning or talking. These frequencies of symptoms were much like those found in a probability sample of the total adult population in Norway and a probability sample of elderly Norwegians. In the present study, 28% said they had some or much headache recently. These symptoms varied with background characteristics, especially with sex. There was also a relationship between headache and MPD‐sympioms. By combining the effect of the variables sex and headache upon the frequency of reported clicking/crepitation, it was tripled.