bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Return of the New Democrats: Canada’s Socialists Re-invent Themselves
Authors: Smith Jordan Michael
Published: February 2012

When Canada’s New Democratic Party (NDP) leader Jack Layton died of prostate cancer at age sixty-one in August, the outpouring of grief was extraordinary. Thousands attended his funeral and lined the streets, wearing the orange colors of the social democratic party he led. Layton was granted a state funeral, his body lying in state for two days in Toronto. Such ceremonies are reserved for prime ministers, governor generals, and active members of the cabinet, not opposition leaders. Conservative prime minister Stephen Harper offered Layton’s family the honor, however, sensing the public mood. Harper is nothing if not a shrewd politician, and he knew much of the country felt it had suffered a great loss.
50 Years Later: Poverty and The Other America
Authors: Isserman Maurice
Published: February 2012

Michael Harrington’s most famous appeal to the American conscience, The Other America , was a short work (one hundred and eighty-six pages in the original edition) with a simple thesis: poverty in the affluent society of the United States was both more extensive and more tenacious than most Americans assumed. The extent of poverty could be calculated by counting the number of American households that survived on an annual income of less than $3,000. These figures were readily available in the census data, but until Harrington published The Other America they were rarely considered. Harrington revealed to his readers that an “invisible land” of the poor, over forty million strong, or one in four Americans at the time, fell below the poverty line. For the most part this Other America existed in rural isolation and in crowded slums where middle-class visitors seldom ventured. ”That the poor are invisible is one of the most important things about them,” Harrington wrote in his introduction in 1962. “They are not simply neglected and forgotten as in the old rhetoric of reform; what is much worse, they are not seen.” That was then. Fifty years since the publication of The Other America the poor are still among us—and in a testament to the lasting significance of Harrington’s work, not at all invisible. Whether or not the poor exist is thus no longer a matter of debate; what if anything can be done to improve their condition remains at issue.
Winney Grimshaw, a Virginia Slave, and Her Family
Authors: Dunn Richard S.
Published: February 2012

My biographical sketch of Winney Grimshaw is drawn from a larger study of the 973 slaves who lived and worked at Mount Airy plantation in Virginia between 1808 and 1865. My basic source is a series of 52 slave inventories, which enable me to track the careers of Winney's grandparents, parents, and siblings as well as to reconstruct Winney's life history. My sketch is illustrated by three letters written by or to members of Winney's family, documenting a stormy story of slave escape, of family breakup, of slave migration from Virginia to Alabama, and of interracial sex.
To Beget a Tame Breed of People: Sex, Marriage, Adultery, and Indigenous North American Women
Authors: Donohoe Felicity
Published: February 2012

Eighteenth-century primary sources depict a number of group sexual attacks on southeastern Indian women by Indian men as punishment for adultery. To maintain that these events were the result of adultery is problematic, as all modern scholarship provides evidence that Native women had significant status, authority, and freedom, especially regarding sexual matters. This article reexamines these sources and suggests that the events were not a result of any Euro-American concept of adultery. Instead, it presents some alternative explanations that are more in accordance with Indian tradition as opposed to European social conventions, while simultaneously shedding further light on the lives of Native American women.
Ursa's Return: Captivity, Remarriage, and the Domestic Authority of Roman Bishops in Fifth-Century Italy
Authors: Sessa Kristina
Published: February 2012

This article examines the problems and possibilities that captivity, remarriage, and the return of kidnapped spouses presented to Roman bishops during the fifth century, a period of social instability and religious change in the Italian peninsula. Through close readings of letters penned by Innocent I (401-417 C.E. ) and Leo I (441-461 C.E. ), it explores how these bishops attempted to resolve a novel quandary for households: the impasse between emergent Christian ethics that insisted upon the indissolubility of first marriages and the Roman legal position that captivity severed all unions. Rather than pronouncing the sanctity of the former and the venality of the latter, Innocent and Leo offered complementary solutions that established their expertise in solving new conundrums of domestic life.
How to Teach Genesis 1.1-19: John Chrysostom and Basil of Caesarea on the Creation of the World
Authors: Sandwell Isabella
Published: February 2012

John Chrysostom and Basil of Caesarea both preached on Gen 1.1-19 to similar audiences in the last quarter of the fourth century C.E. Both were followers of Nicaea and both claimed to carry out literal forms of exegesis and yet Chrysostom's pastoral and moral concerns and Basil's interest in science and philosophy meant that their preaching on the early books of Genesis was radically different. This article will explore the differences between the two in order to assess which would have been more successful at teaching the newly created world and thus at bringing about audience understanding of the difficult text of Genesis. It will use ideas drawn from cognitive psychology to define what counts as understanding and good teaching in order to provide a new approach for making such assessments of ancient preachers.
Perpetuated Human-Wildlife Wars: A Case Study of the Marauding Elephants in Mbuvori Small Scale Farms, Embu, Kenya
Authors: Kibue G. W. , Karachi M. K. , Maara N. T. , Cheboi E. K.
Published: February 2012

This research was prompted by increasing cases of damage by elephants reported in media and frequent public demonstrations by small scale farmers adjacent to Mt. Kenya forest. A sociological survey was conducted in Mbuvori a sub-location in Embu District to examine types and extent of damage; effectiveness of conflict management strategies and people's attitudes towards elephants. Data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). The conflicts have a great negative impact on the community's welfare. Management strategies are ineffective and are not dictated by people's attitudes. Legislation that considers the interest of locals and goals of sustainable conservation should be enacted.
Hegemony: From Domestic Dominance to Global Empire
Authors: Rwengabo Sabastiano
Published: February 2012

This paper provides an assessment of why hegemony is difficult to roll back, employing a Marxist approach built upon the work of Robert W. Cox on Gramscian hegemony. It traces the evolution of international hegemony and demonstrates how it sustains itself. Hegemony is a result of social development, and a form of power that relies on non-coercive control. Known as it may be to intellectuals that hegemony is real in international relations, less able have we been in articulating its materiality, explaining its resilience over the years, and uncovering the mechanisms by which this is sustained. Cox ably applies the concept of hegemony to international relations. He shows that hegemony is a product of a lengthy process of social development that begins from the domestic and then internationalises. In this process the domestic capitalist class metamorphoses into a dominant class that controls the socio-political and ideological superstructure of the state. Then it transcends national boundaries, internationalises and perpetuates itself at the international level, forming what Hardt and Negri call a global Empire. Hegemony, therefore, ably resists counter-hegemonic developments because of its empire-like entrenchment with both visible and invisible technologies, and articulated and unarticulated knowledge by which it is sustained.
"Socialists of a New Socialism"?: Christina Stead's Critique of 1930s America in The Man Who Loved Children
Authors: Ackland Michael
Published: February 2012

This essay examines Christina Stead's engagement with the Communist Party in the 1930s and argues that her most famous novel, The Man Who Loved Children , offers a fierce critique not only of patriarchy and her childhood, but also of contemporary events in Roosevelt's America. Through close analogy Stead savages Earl Browder's innovative Party program, and establishes startling correspondences between the Pollit family and a nation where free speech was increasingly jeopardized by Federal agencies and the Party line. Though Stead's literary rehabilitation depended, in part, on down-playing her political views, their continued neglect risks diminishing the full stature of her achievement.
Critics and Criticism in the Poetry of Anne Finch
Authors: Gavin Michael
Published: February 2012

In this essay, I argue that Anne Finch should be considered within the history of English criticism. Through a half-hearted embrace of figures of male literary authority, who were at turns ironized or idealized, Finch sought ways for women's poetry to stand apart from and transcend a discordant culture of criticism. Throughout her career Finch was a strong advocate for provincial coterie writing, and women's poetry in particular. By tracing the relationship between Finch's thinking about criticism and her poetry across its different forms (manuscript collections, poetic miscellanies, and her own published volume), I explore the intersections between women's poetry and the practice of criticism in early eighteenth-century England.
Dickens and Shakespeare's Household Words
Authors: Pollack-Pelzner Daniel
Published: February 2012

Though Dickens' Shakespearean qualities have often been noted, less attention has been paid to the way that Dickens constructed the terms of his comparison to Shakespeare, scripting the response he received from critics from the nineteenth century to the present and shaping Shakespeare's reception as well. Focusing on The Pickwick Papers and David Copperfield in the context of their Victorian reception, this essay shows how Dickens used Shakespearean quotation to market his characters' quotability, turning them into household words and popularizing Shakespeare's sayings in turn, even as he challenged the universality of quotable phrases.
The Forms of Justice: Precedent and Gloss in The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
Authors: Barr Mark L.
Published: February 2012

Setting Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s 1817 The Rime of the Ancient Mariner within the context of his concerns in the Biographia Literaria and Letters to Chief Justice Fletcher about the revolutionary potential of unregulated language and mass print circulation, I suggest its marginal gloss dramatizes law’s failure to suppress radical sentiment and the inability of literary and legal expression to contain the revolutionary possibilities inherent in their own dissemination. Reading the Thomas Hardy trial as a traumatic cultural moment planting these traces in Coleridge’s later work, I claim the gloss undermines concurrent developments in legal interpretive practice by anticipating modern critical legal studies’ reevaluation of legal positivism.
Francesco di Meyronnes e la relazione tra la volunà divina e quella umana dopo Duns Scoto
Authors: Fiorentino Francesco
Published: February 2012

Using Scotus's theory of the determination of the divine will as a frame of reference in their discussion of divine foreknowledge, predestination, contingency of the world, and the human freedom of choice, the immediate Parisian successors of the Subtle Doctor in the fourteenth century attempt to illuminate some obscure issues left without clarification by John Duns Scotus, on the way to developing new theories and new theoretical tools capable of corroborating and going beyond the original teaching. This article intends to demonstrate, in particular, how Francis of Meyronnes, OFM, nick-named Princeps Scotistarum , in the midst of late-medieval doctrinal discussions assumes Scotus's theory of the determination of the divine will and how he resolves the question of the relationship between the divine will as a primary source, and the human will as a secondary source of contingency in the world, to the advantage of the human freedom of choice.
Goncourt's Dream: Night Terrors in La Fille Élisa
Authors: Katsaros Laure
Published: February 2012

Goncourt's novel opens in a courtroom where a prostitute known as "la fille Élisa" is sentenced to death. Book I retraces Élisa's life leading up to her crime. The daughter of a midwife and occasional abortionist, Élisa runs away from home at sixteen to prostitute herself, first in a quiet provincial brothel, then in various Parisian maisons de tolérance. At a brothel near the École Militaire, she meets a soldier named Tanchon who falls in love with her. At the beginning of Book II, Élisa's death sentence has been commuted to life in prison, and she is on her way to a women's penitentiary which enforces the rule of continuous silence. The second half of the novel describes Élisa's physical and mental deterioration. As Élisa reminisces about Tanchon, the reader finally understands that she murdered her lover in a fit of rage when he tried to rape her. In the epilogue, the narrator—presumably Edmond de Goncourt himself—is being shown around the penitentiary by the self-satisfied local prefect. At the end of the tour, Goncourt comes across a madwoman who is mute, blind, and paralyzed: she is none other than his own creation, "la fille Élisa."
Duality and Acceptance: The Image of the Outsider in the Literary Work of Shimon Ballas
Authors: Taha Ibrahim
Published: February 2012

This article deals with the position and status of the characters in Shimon Ballas' literary works, with their relations to the center, with their means of struggling against the canon, and with the results of that struggle. In other words, the article will follow their attempts to move from duality, otherness, and marginality to the center. All the major characters in Ballas' literary works move from one reality to another. This transition creates dual identities for them, strengthening their feelings of otherness and difference while stimulating their need for a process of acceptance. This process turns them into anti-heroes or failed heroes.
The Particle נָא in Biblical Hebrew Prose
Authors: Shulman Ahouva
Published: February 2012

The particle נָא in biblical Hebrew has been interpreted in various, sometimes opposing, ways. The purpose of this paper is to determine the function of נָא by evaluating all contexts where נָא occurs in the prose portions of the Pentateuch and Former Prophets from a socic-contextual perspective. This study is based on the assumption that there is a semantic and pragmatic distinction between an utterance in which נָא is used, and an utterance in which it is not used. The study provides a plausible explanation for the use of נָא in all occurrences in our corpus and for its absence. It demonstrates that נָא is typically used to mark an utterance as a polite, personal, or emotional request of the addressee.
Further Clarifications on the Work of Norzi
Authors: Betzer Zvi H.
Published: February 2012

The printed editions of the commentary Minḥat Šay differ from the two autographs written by Šelōmōh Raphael Norzi in that its opening words (דיבורים מתילים dibburim matḥilim ) are not vocalized whereas those of the autographs are. The absence of vocalization in the opening words of the printed publications generated speculation regarding Norzi's readings. My study focuses on this fact and also describes the importance of Norzi's essay for determining the exact reading of the Bible in the period preceding the discovery of the Aleppo Codex (the Keter ) and the Leningrad manuscript B19 a of the Bible. The study of the relative chronology between Minḥat Šay and his three articles (כללי בגײד כפײת דסמין ליהוײא The Rules of Begad Kefat following Yehuʾ , כללי הקמין הטוף The Rules of the Qāmeṣ Ḥaṭuf , and מאמד המארין The Maʾarikh Article ) as presented here should enable a fuller understanding of Norzi's work.
Three Things...Four Things...Seven Things: The Coherence of Proverbs 30:11-33 and the Unity of Proverbs 30
Authors: Steinmann Andrew E.
Published: February 2012

Little agreement exists on the structure, unity or authorship of Proverbs 30. While nearly everyone agrees that at least some of the material in this chapter comes from the Agur named as author in 30:1, there is no consensus on how much of this chapter should be attributed to him. This study examines the use of numerical devices, both explicit and implied, in the text of 30:11-33. Combined with structural analysis, the use of these numerical devices demonstrates that these verses are a coherent unit within this chapter and contain literary devices linking them to 30:1-10. Thus, it is likely that the final editor of the book intended this entire chapter to be read as the work of Agur, even if it cannot be proven that all of the material in this chapter was originally composed by one author.
Observations on the Third Person Masculine Singular Pronominal Suffix - H in Hebrew Biblical Texts
Authors: Young Ian
Published: February 2012

A minority spelling for the third person masculine singular pronominal suffix in the Masoretic Text (MT) of the Hebrew Bible is with the letter he rather than the regular spelling with waw . This study first of all attempts to demonstrate patterns in the distribution of these forms in the Masoretic Text. It then surveys our other Hebrew biblical texts, in particular the Samaritan Pentateuch, Qumran, and the Nash Papyrus, to ascertain whether they contain evidence of a different pattern of distribution of he suffixes to that of the Masoretic Text. While some variation is found, no significantly different profiles emerge. This stability implies that Hebrew texts exhibiting widespread variation from the Masoretic Text pattern of spelling of this suffix are far removed from any of the biblical textual evidence we currently possess.
Staging Sexuality, Reading Wallach's Poetry
Authors: Tsoffar Ruth
Published: February 2012

This article offers a reading of "Tefillin" as a staged performance of a theatrical piece. It reveals that staging sexuality is Wallach's political, feminist strategy, one that produces and overcomes the reader's resistance to the poem. On this stage, "Tefillin" unbinds a new poetic space, one that potentially transforms the Hebrew cultural and literary scene.
Sentence Length in Two Novellas by Judith Katzir
Authors: Muchnik Malka
Published: February 2012

This study deals with the special structure of two novellas by Judith Katzir, "Light-houses inland" and "And the clouds are floating, floating." Although both were written and published in 1998, a key syntactic feature of each sentence length is quite distinct. While in the first one the sentences are notably long, in the second one they are remarkably short. Usually interpreted as a subconscious clement of an author's style, this article contends that in these two works by Katzir, sentence length is employed as a conscious tool. The author chooses the language rhythm according to the rhythm of the events. One goal of short sentences is to introduce quick consecutive actions, creating a "staccato" rhythm. In contrast, long sentences are used to describe the hero's meandering thoughts, skipping from present activities to past events. Another reason for this peculiar difference is the adoption of syntax as a device characterizing the hero—while the first story is told by an elderly man, the second one is told by a young woman. It seems that the writer is especially sensitive to the adaptation of the language structure to the hero's personality and the novel's contents.
A Greek Witness to the Semantic Shift לקח—"Buy"
Authors: Yadin Azzan
Published: February 2012

The present article argues that the Greek Book of Baruch reflects a Hebrew original in which the verb לקח means "buy." This meaning is standard in mishnaic Hebrew, but not in biblical Hebrew, where לקח generally means "take." Some scholars hold that in Prov 31:16 לקח to means "buy," but this reading is not certain and it is possible that Baruch is the earliest witness to the semantic shift of לקח from "take" to "buy."
The Recent Debate on Late Biblical Hebrew: Solid Data, Experts' Opinions, and Inconclusive Arguments
Authors: Hurvitz Avi
Published: February 2012

It is widely recognized that the sixth century B.C.E. marks a significant turning point in the history of Biblical Hebrew. The books written after this point reveal new linguistic features whose appearance reflects far-reaching modifications in the structure of the language. These neologisms , attested in grammar, lexicon, and syntax, are entirely lacking in Standard Biblical Hebrew, but are common in Post-Biblical Hebrew sources (Dead Sea Scrolls, Ben-Sira, Rabbinic Literature) and in the Aramaic dialects of the post-exilic period (Imperial Aramaic, Nabatean, etc.). Consequently, the dominant view prevailing among biblical philologists and Hebrew linguists specializing in the history of Biblical Hebrew is to classify them as post-classical features. In recent years, however, a dissenting thesis against this diachronic research has been voiced, minimizing—if not denying altogether—the existence of a chronological factor in the history of Biblical Hebrew. This paper seeks to examine the validity of the said non-diachronic approach.
From Linguistics to Text-Criticism and Back: WayyiqṮōl Constructions with Long Prefixed Verbal Forms in Biblical Hebrew
Authors: Bloch Yigal
Published: February 2012

This article, taking as its starting point the notion that the Biblical Hebrew wayyiqṭōl construction includes a short prefixed verbal form originating in the Proto-Semitic perfective conjugation yaqṭul , deals with a problem raised by this notion—namely, with those instances in the Masoretic Text of the Hebrew Bible, where wayyiqṭōl constructions include long prefixed verbal forms which appear on morphological grounds to belong to the Proto-Northwest Semitic imperfective conjugation yaqṭulu . The article argues for the solution of this problem on the following lines. In 1 sg. and pl., wayyiqṭōl - like constructions with long prefixed verbal forms (belonging to the Proto-Northwest Semitic conjugation yaqṭulu ), as well as similar constructions with cohortatives (belonging to the Proto-Northwest Semitic conjugation yaqṭula ), are to be understood as resulting from an analogical development, brought about by the use of different prefixed verbal forms in the modal system. In 2 m. sg., 3 m. sg., and 3 f sg., the apparently long prefixed verbal forms in wayyiqṭōl constructions result probably from corruption of the biblical text by late Second Temple period scribes or from its misvocalization by the Masoretes; it is thus justifiable to suppose that the original text employed wayyiqṭōl constructions with short prefixed verbal forms. Finally, those few wayyiqṭōl constructions in 2 m. pl. and 3 m. pl., which include prefixed verbal forms appearing morphologically as long (i.e., with the ending - ūn rather than - ū ), are to be attributed to the attempts of the authors of biblical books to produce archaic-looking verbal forms without due regard for the original morphological restriction on the use of the ending - ūn only with verbal forms belonging to the imperfective conjugation yaqṭulu .
Dating Prophetic Texts
Authors: Sweeney Marvin A.
Published: February 2012

This paper considers non-linguistic criteria for dating prophetic texts. It examines texts from Isaiah (e.g., Isa 10:5-12:6), Jeremiah (Jeremiah 32-33), Ezekiel (Ezek 37:15-28), and the Book of the Twelve Prophets (Zephaniah 1) in an effort to determine their respective historical contexts. Criteria employed include formal characteristics, historical allusions, and intertextual citations or allusions. Although problematic, the paper argues that such criteria provide some basis for dating prophetic texts.
Ethics and Wisdom in the Book of Proverbs
Authors: Fox Michael V.
Published: February 2012

Socratic ethics is a useful heuristic model for understanding the ethical presuppositions behind the variegated advice and observations in the book of Proverbs. The ethics of both rest on three principles: (1) virtue is knowledge; (2) no one does wrong willingly; and (3) all virtues are one. Socrates states these principles; Proverbs assumes them. Underlying these principles is the primary axiom of sapiential ethics, namely that the exercise of the human mind is the necessary and sufficient condition of right and successful behavior.
The Isha Zara in Proverbs 1-9: Allegory and Allegorization
Authors: Forti Tova
Published: February 2012

Qumran tradents (4Q184), The classical Rabbis, and medieval commentators related to the figure of the Isha Zara in Proverbs (2:16-22; 5:1-23; 6:20-35; 7:1-27) as representing abstract dangers, such as foreign wisdom or Gentile culture, using allegory, or rather allegorization, as a legitimate hermeneutic tool. Modern scholars as well have interpreted the Isha Zara speeches in a variety of ways, being reluctant to admit that the texts mean nothing more than warnings against dangerous liaisons. This paper aims to retrieve the original meaning of the Isha Zara speeches and to prove that it is only the strong figurative and stylistic affinities between the portryals of the "strange woman" and Lady folly (Prov 9:13-18) which have evoked the hermeneutical tendency to interpret the former in light of the later, thus leading to the aforementioned proposed allegories. This conclusion requires setting aside methods such as intertextuality, that too often function as a modern version of midrash. In my view, the Isha Zara speeches do not differ from other issues of everyday life dominating the book of Proverbs such as family ethos, parental teaching, domestic harmony, and social stability—themes that are also attested to in another manual of conduct, that is, Ben Sira.
Aspects of Dialogic Syntax: Examples from Yehoshua and Grossman
Authors: Abadi Adina
Published: February 2012

The paper opens with a definition of the minimal unit of dialogue as a pair of "speech moves" and points to the wide distribution of contextual elliptical sentences in a dialogue. It applies to dialogues the theory of "functional sentence perspective" by which each sentence is divided into given information—Theme—and new information—Rheme. The paper shows that a Rheme in one speech move can serve as a Theme in another speech move, which is an elliptical sentence, without its repetition. In such cases, the degree of "communicative dynamism" heightens, whereas repetitions or long speech moves cause a low degree of "communicative dynamism." In this paper, I apply to dialogues the models suggested by Daneš for the description of the thematic progression in monologues. The graphic models help the reader grasp at a glance the different types of "thematic progression," and also capture at once the nature of dialogues, whether cooperative or argumentative. The dialogues described here are from novels by Yehoshua and Grossman.
On the Narrative Discourse in Tannaitic Language: An Exploration of the מעשה (Ma'aseh)
and פעם אחת (Pa'am aḤat) Discourse Units
Authors: Shemesh Rivka
Published: February 2012

Although the distinction between halakic and non-halakic texts is a basic distinction in the discourse analysis of the Tannaitic literature, and although that the observation of various types of texts can be found in the research of Mishnaic Hebrew, the research does not contain complete descriptions of the various types of texts. Part 2 of the article presents a continuum of seven types of texts in Tannaitic literature: formulation of law, halakic give-and-take, expounding on verse, wise saying, parable, ceremony description, and story. The article is focused on the narrative text, which is defined in part 3. The sections of part 4 describe the features of two narrative discourse units in Tannaitic literature—the most common narrative discourse unit [inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="03i" /] ( Ma'aseh ) and the unit [inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="04i" /] ( Pa'am Aḥat )—based on their four components: source, opening, story, and additions. The source of the unit, that is, the Sage who tells the story, appears more often in the Pa'am Aḥat unit than in the Ma'aseh unit. An opening marker begins the two units, but only the [inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="05i" /] marker underwent a process of fossilization. The story in both discourse units has halakic nature—a situation of a halakic ruling (in the Ma'aseh unit) and an event that is related to the preceding halakah or halakic opinion (in both units). At the end of both units sometimes appear additions of the following types: an opposing view, a conclusion, an explanation, and a continuation.
Gershon Shaked's History of Hebrew Narrative Fiction: A Zionist Enterprise
Authors: Holtzman Avner
Published: February 2012

Gershon Shaked's major achievement is the analytic description of modern Hebrew narrative fiction (1880-1980) in five volumes, published between 1977-1998. This is not a monolithic work, because some of its methods, inner proportions, driving forces and basic assumptions have shifted during the years. While the early volumes reflect a structuralist-formalist inclination, the later ones emphasize social and historical contexts and deal with problems of reception, generic divisions, and generational attributes. However, one of the constant elements underlying the whole project is the assumption that modern Hebrew literature conducts a complex dialogue with what Shaked defines as "Zionist meta-narrative." By this term he means a basic myth of exile and redemption, destruction and revival—a profound belief that the return to Zion will bring mental, social, and national salvation to the Jewish people. According to Shaked, modern Hebrew fiction was molded to a great extent by the radiation of this meta-narrative, whether by confirming it or by criticizing it. This basic assumption (that can also be connected to Shaked's own biography and existential beliefs) is recently being questioned by younger generations of scholars, who seek to build other kinds of historiographic narratives, which emphasize literary trends (non-Zionist, diasporic, feminine, Sephardic, Palestinian) that were supposedly suppressed by the powerful, hegemonic narrative represented in Shaked's work. The present article seeks to reaffirm and revalidate Shaked's basic concept, while giving its opponents their proportionate weight.
Inter-Generational Portraits: Agnon, Shaked, Gender and Narrative
Authors: Hoffman Anne Golomb
Published: February 2012

This paper approaches the critical oeuvre of Gershon Shaked, with particular reference to his writing on Agnon's fiction, in light of the complexity of Jewish responses to the Enlightenment. The ironic tensions that shape Agnon's fiction and Shaked's criticism can be read in light of the conflicting identifications that shaped Jewish responses to anti-Semitic themes in European culture. Agnon's novella, Shevu'at emunim , and Shaked's essay on it, exemplify the value of literary response in exposing the conflicting trends that subtend culture and ideology.
Iphigenia in Israel: The Daughter's Options in Hebrew Literature
Authors: Berg Nancy E.
Published: February 2012

"Iphigenia in Israel" explores how the figure of the daughter—now more prominent with the flourishing of women's writing in Hebrew, but certainly significant well before—works against a literature that has been characterized as a literature of fathers and sons. The project is meant as a corrective to the distorted image of Israeli literature. In addition to incorporating more recent works into our reading of the national literature, alternative readings of earlier works are also included. The article analyzes how authors contend with the "impossibility" of the father-daughter relationship, and the possibilities they present to their characters. While the variations on fathers and daughters seem nearly endless, the options remain starkly limited. More recent works challenge and subvert the paradigm of limited choices.
Problems of the Content Clause in Hebrewp
Authors: Ornan Uzzi
Published: February 2012

A content clause is a subordinate clause usually describing the content of a word existing as an antecedent in the main clause. In this paper, we present an overview of the Hebrew studies devoted to content clauses since this structure was first recognized and described until a recent paper from 2008, where a multitude of examples from all periods have been gathered. A special section describes Jespersen's contribution to the topic, even though this great linguist did not directly investigate this issue per se. The content clause as an adjectival clause is the most interesting point. It differs from other adjectival clauses in some essential features. A conclusive investigation should also reveal the source of these differences. Such a review might clarify the essential features of the content clause. It also shows how the science of linguistics is developing by discussions and mutual criticism. We will not refrain from criticism where it may clarify details in order to achieve better understanding. This paper also demonstrates the efforts to formalize semantics, that is, to incorporate semantic features or even certain dictionary entries within syntactic rules. Here we can define new sets of features of nouns and verbs serving as an antecedent followed by a content clause. These lists of words may be considered a part of the syntax. They share not only semantic features but syntactic features as well.
hinneh and Mirativity in Biblical Hebrew
Authors: Miller-Naudé Cynthia L. , van der Merwe C. H. J.
Published: February 2012

This exhaustive study of hinneh modifies the findings of an earlier pilot study of the lexeme. Three major categories of use are distinguished, namely, 1) when hinneh within in a speech situation points out an entity, location, or event to an addressee; 2) when a narrator (and less often a speaker) uses hinneh to point to the cognitive effects of an observation or mental consideration upon another character (or, less often, upon the speaker him-/herself); and 3) when hinneh points to a proposition (or propositions) which need(s) to be related to another proposition (or propositions) or speech act(s). In each of the three categories hinneh has a deictic function, which could be regarded as its semantic core. However, since in about two-thirds of the occurrences in the corpus, it is unambiguously clear that hinneh is used to point to something for which either addressees or characters were not prepared, it is postulated the most typical and central use of hinneh is to mark mirativity. However, some secondary shifts away from this core mirative sense have been identified in the corpus. Each of the shifts is to be accounted for in a principled manner.
Topicalization and Its Pragmatic and Textual Functions in Contemporary Hebrew Literature
Authors: Margolin Bruria
Published: February 2012

This paper offers an empirical examination of topicalization in contemporary Hebrew literature. A corpus chosen to reflect contemporary Hebrew prose was examined for topicalization, and the structures found were classified into six main models: simple topicalization, focalized topicalization, double topicalization, triple topicalization, quadruple topicalization, and multiple topicalization. Examination of the topicalized sentences shows that this device is quite prevalent in contemporary Hebrew literature. In every paragraph, the addresser chooses to use at least one topicalized sentence, thus reflecting an understanding that these topicalization groups, especially simple topicalization, are essential in organizing the narrative. This understanding that topicalization is an essential element in the textual organization of the contemporary Hebrew story provides the writer tools for constructing a coherent text and helps the reader decipher the text.
Biblio-Files: Notions from a Decade of Annotation
Authors: DeFazio Albert J.
Published: February 2012

Bibliography isn't what it used to be, and to contemplate the problems and possibilities that a bibliographer faces today is in large part to reckon how technology makes the task more or less possible, more or less reliable. This essay addresses three subjects: an overview of changes witnessed since the late 1980s, the impact of current technologies on the "current bibliography," and, finally, the opportunities that we have not only to harness the torrent of information but to help guide users through it.
Partial Articulation: Word Play in A Farewell To Arms
Authors: Harrington Gary
Published: February 2012

Frederic Henry's return to the front with only "partial articulation" of his wounded leg comments indirectly on his reticence and failings as narrator, and constitutes but one of a multitude of puns which appear in A Farewell to Arms . For the most part, Frederic remains unaware of these puns, but Hemingway plays with language for the serious purpose of calling into question Frederic's integrity not only as a narrator but also as Catherine's companion. Frederic suppresses as much as he reveals, but the wordplay in A Farewell to Arms reveals even more than Frederic attempts to suppress.
Jane Mason and Ernest Hemingway: A Biographer Reviews Her Notes
Authors: Kert Bernice
Published: February 2012

Four Hemingway scholars with diverse approaches offer their first impressions of Jane Mason's newly published play, Safari .
The Stones of Venice, Time, and Remembrance: Calculus and Proust in Across the River and into the Trees
Authors: Stoltzfus Ben
Published: February 2012

Although Across the River and into the Trees is a flawed novel, Hemingway believed it was the best book he had written. In recent years its experimental complexity has elicited revaluations that unveil "a calculus of writing." In an early passage of Proust's A la recherche du temps perdu , the source of Marcel's joy is the taste of a madeleine that has the shape of a scallop shell. In Across the River and into the Trees , Venice and Renata, like Botticelli's Venus , also "rise from the sea" on a scallop shell of memory. The narrators of both novels remember the past as though it were the present and they compress time by reliving events that dramatize love and death.
Monstruos de ida y vuelta: gitanos y caníbales en la máquina antropológica barroca
Authors: Jiménez-Belmonte Javier
Published: February 2012

Este ensayo explora la intersección de dos discursos de control y representación de la España premoderna: el del gitano y el del caníbal. Propone que la deshumanización y animalización de los gitanos durante el período de represión más severo por parte de las autoridades españolas se benefició, moral y retóricamente, de la existencia de otros procesos similares que venían afectando a otros grupos marginales tanto dentro de la metrópolis (caso de vagabundos) como en las colonias (caso de los caníbales americanos). Las ideas de Giorgio Agamben en torno a la figura del homo sacer en el contexto de una biopolítica europea emergente sirven de marco crítico para esta doble exploración de las representaciones imperiales del caníbal "doméstico" y de la ansiedad caníbal y asimiladora del propio imperio con respecto a ciertos grupos resistentes.
"Personas fidedignas y palabras formales": estrategias de legitimación del narrador historiográfico en la cuarta parte de la Crónica del Perú de Pedro Cieza de León
Authors: Castañeda Luis H.
Published: February 2012

El presente ensayo discute algunas estrategias de legitimación empleadas por el historiador español Pedro Cieza de León en la cuarta parte de su Crónica del Perú con la intención de cimentar su autoridad para narrar el pasado colonial peruano. En especial, se concentra en la forma en que Cieza redefine el concepto de testimonio de vista —o autoridad autóptica, en términos de Anthony Pagden—, considerado fundamental para la adquisición del conocimiento por parte de los cronistas de Indias. Cieza no fue humanista y vivió en los Andes varios años, durante los cuales participó en las guerras civiles libradas entre los conquistadores que más tarde narraría en su Crónica . Fue soldado, pero también fue un lector voraz y logró desarrollar una visión sofisticada sobre la interacción entre la experiencia textual y la experiencia vivida. Este ensayo también proporciona una lectura de Cieza en el contexto más amplio de la historiografía renacentista.
Leonardo Padura Fuentes: las máscaras estéticas y sexuales de la Revolución
Authors: Montoya Óscar E.
Published: February 2012

Drawing from Foucault's concept of device , and from its revision by Agamben, I propose that the Cuban police novel served as a literary political device, intended to consolidate the process of institutionalizing the Cuban Revolution. The police novel became an educational and propagandistic mechanism, but also a fictional space where it was possible to materialize a socialist ideal that could not be brought into real existence. I then focus on Leonardo Padura Fuentes's novel, Máscaras . I show how this novel subverts the foundations of the socialist police novel device, and analyze how, upon dismantling it, the narrative effects a reading of the Cuban literary and cultural tradition simultaneously in two specific moments: the prerevolution years, and the "black decade" of the seventies. I reveal how Padura Fuentes transforms the police novel into a literary historiography, allowing him to explore not only factual history but also the artistic possibilities restricted by the revolution.
Bersani in Love
Authors: See Sam
Published: February 2012

“Bersani in Love” argues that Leo Bersani and Henry James bear a non-relational relation that exemplifies two overlooked focuses of Bersani’s scholarship: history and love. The article examinies how Bersani admires James’s depictions of betrayal and lying as destabilizations of epistemological certainty and how Bersani criticizes James for suturing that instability with a superior narratorial consciousness. Bersani’s love in betrayal of James throughout his career offers not only a practical example of Bersani’s own socio-sexual ethics but also a history of the novel in which James functions as the fulcrum where literary realism betrays itself and where literary desire must learn to love better.
A Future for Isabel Archer: Jamesian Feminism, Leo Bersani, and Aesthetic Subjectivity
Authors: Lamm Kimberly
Published: February 2012

This essay brings Leo Bersani’s theorization of aesthetic subjectivity to bear on Henry James’s The Portrait of a Lady (1908) and its portrayal of Isabel Archer’s concept and embodiment of “independence.” Drawing upon a psychoanalytic understanding of sexuality as that which shatters and undoes the rigid contours of the self, Bersani argues for and attends to aesthetic experiences that model the values and pleasures of relinquishing power. I deploy these formulations from Bersani’s thought to read the transformation of Isabel’s perceptions, which becomes most evident in her aesthetic encounters with Rome’s historical landscape, and argue that Isabel’s betrayal at the hands Madame Merle and Gilbert Osmond opens her to a form of feminist engagement unhinged from a rigorous and definitive American identity.
Re-perusal, Registered
Authors: Bersani Leo
Published: February 2012

James and Proust give us surprisingly divergent representations of psychic phenomena such as introspection, the analysis of others, sexual drives, loyalty and betrayal, the social impulse, and the sense of time. More than thirty-five years ago, without intending to do so, I had already begun to specify the differences between the Jamesian and Proustian subjects. This essay has been my registering, after re-perusal, of the designs I suppose I have always had on and for James. We can’t help but be critics, which means that our re-perusals will inevitably include modifications and accretions. We develop. And yet we develop within a fundamental sameness; while our re-perusals of our past may almost never include re-writing, they do allow for modifications or what I now like to call re-categorizations of our always present past. We can, like Witt, remain immobile as we participate in our multiple reappearances in the universe.
Seditious Subjects: Race, State Violence, and the U.S. Empire
Authors: Jung Moon-Ho
Published: February 2012

Jung excavates a rich history of radicalism, empire, and state violence across the Pacific showing the history of European radicalism to be deeply imbricated in racial formation. Asserting that the tension between free trade and free labor and the discourses of anarchy and modernity overlapped into questions of national security to consolidate state power, Jung argues that these developments call into question the ways in which Asian American studies has privileged "immigrants" and "immigration." What emerges as the result of questioning these given frameworks is a history of seditious subjects that fall outside the normal boundaries of Asian American studies.
“Ticketed Through”: The Commodification of Travel in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Mackintosh Will
Published: February 2012

The means and meanings of travel in the United States changed drastically between the beginning of the nineteenth century and the eve of the Civil War. Historians have labeled this massive transformation the “transportation revolution,” a construct that illuminates its economic causes and effects but which reveals little about the changing experience of travel in this period. This article suggests that it is informative to focus instead on the commodification of travel that took place during the transportation revolution. Travel went from being a good produced by the travelers themselves to one produced by entrepreneurs, offered for sale in a travel marketplace, and consumed by passengers. The commodification of travel happened gradually, partially, and unevenly throughout the nineteenth century and across the geographical space of the expanding nation, and individuals’ access to commodified travel varied significantly with their race, class, and gender, as well as with the varying goals of their travel. Nevertheless, it represented a fundamental conceptual shift in the way travelers thought about travel, and made it a potential source of pleasure and recreation for a broad swath of the traveling public. This change was both celebrated and mourned by those who experienced it. This article analyzes three examples that explore the uneven and contested process of commodification that travel underwent in the first half of the nineteenth century and the new meanings that travelers assigned to their journeys in the process.
The Man with the Dirty Black Beard: Race, Class, and Schools in the Antebellum South
Authors: Watson Harry L.
Published: February 2012

The problem of poor, degraded white people in the antebellum South presented a problem to both reformers and proponents of slavery. Sharpening the differences of race meant easing those of class, ensuring that public schooling did not always receive widespread support. The cult of white superiority absolved the state of responsibility for social mobility. As better schooling was advocated for religious and civic reasons, wealthy planters determined to avoid taxes joined with their illiterate neighbors in fighting attempts at “improvement” that undermined the slave system based on the notion of black inferiority.