bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spending, Shopping and Saving: Ex-Smokers' Perceptions About Material Gains Following Quitting
Authors: Bonevski Billie , Paul Christine , Lorraine Paras , Lecathelinais Christophe
Published: July 2010

Objective:To measure (a) the perceived amount of money saved by ex-smokers after quitting, (b) changes in shopping behaviours and (c) alternative uses of the money saved.Design:A 2006 computer-assisted telephone interview survey of smoking-related behaviours and attitudes in New South Wales, Australia.Main outcome measures:Participants (N= 147) who had quit smoking in the previous 12 months answered items regarding personal expenditure on tobacco smoking.Results:Most (51%) ex-smokers reported spending up to $40 per week on cigarettes when they smoked. Fifty-six per cent of lower socioeconomic status (SES) ex-smokers reported spending over $40 per week on cigarettes compared to 40% of those from higher socioeconomic areas. Almost a third (28%) of respondents reported shopping more or shopping at different locations since quitting. The three highest alternative items purchased since quitting were food (19%). other things not listed (13%) and clothing (10%); however, most respondents reported not changing their spending habits (54%).Conclusion:This study indicates that tobacco is a high-cost product with smokers spending approximately 5% of average weekly income on cigarettes. Those living in lower SES areas report spending more on cigarettes than those in higher SES areas. The majority of quitters could not identify any change in spending or saving as a result of quitting. However, changes in shopping behaviours were noted. It may be useful for quitters to quarantine their cigarette money to increase the salience and power of financial benefit as an incentive to maintain quitting.
Perceptions of Social Support Provided to Smokers
Authors: Stewart Diana W. , Thomas Janet L. , Copeland Amy L.
Published: July 2010

Introduction: Cessation efforts and maintained abstinence in smokers have been associated with social support from others (i.e., ‘support persons’). Characteristics of support persons appear to affect the amount and quality of support provided to adults who smoke. In the present investigation, the relationship between support person characteristics and perceived quality and quantity of smoking-specific support provided was examined. Method: College students (N = 244) were asked to identify an adult who smokes about whom they were concerned. Participants reported demographic and smoking-related information about themselves and their identified smoker and perceptions of positive and negative smoking-specific social support provided. Results: Results indicated significant differences in smoking status (p < .05), such that current and ex-smokers reported providing more negative support than never smokers. Additionally, participants romantically involved with their smokers reported providing more positive (p < .05) support than those in other relationships. Discussion: Findings suggest the importance of relationship in the perception of support provided during the cessation process and highlight the need for future research in this area.
Apoglossum gregarium (Delesseriaceae, Rhodophyta) from Greece: a new record for the eastern Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Tsiamis Konstantinos , Bellou Nikoleta
Published: July 2010

Apoglossum gregarium, a minute deep-water red alga considered an alien in the Mediterranean Sea, was previously known only from the western basin. The present paper reports A. gregarium for the first time off Greece, in the eastern Mediterranean basin. It was found on artificial substrata at 50 m depth in the southeastern Ionian Sea. The Greek specimens were identical to previous Mediterranean descriptions. Moreover, the Greek habitat is the deepest ever recorded for the species. Associated flora as well as biogeographical data are also provided. Based on its worldwide distribution, the possibility that A. gregarium is native to the Mediterranean Sea should not be ruled out.
Association of intramyocellular, intraperitoneal and liver fat with glucose tolerance in severely obese adolescents
Authors: Saukkonen Tero , Heikkinen Sami , Hakkarainen Antti , Häkkinen Anna-Maija , van Leemput Koen , Lipsanen-Nyman Marita , Lundbom Nina
Published: June 2010

Objective

Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) is common among obese adolescents. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between glucose tolerance and intramyocellular, intra-abdominal and liver fat in adolescents presenting with early-onset severe obesity.

Design and methods

We studied 21 adolescents (mean age 13.5 years, range 11.5–15.9 years) referred to secondary care due to severe obesity (relative weight for height >+60% or body mass index >98th percentile for age and sex, before the age of 10 years) and their eight non-obese siblings (mean age 14.4 years, range 11.8–16.7 years). All subjects underwent oral glucose tolerance tests, followed by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to measure the intramyocellular fat content in mainly oxidative soleus and mainly glycolytic tibialis anterior muscles. MRS was also used to measure liver fat. Abdominal fat (subcutaneous, intraperitoneal and retroperitoneal) was measured using MR imaging.

Results

Compared with their non-obese siblings, the obese adolescents had increased fat deposition in all anatomic locations studied. Eight obese adolescents had IGT, and they also had increased intramyocellular fat in the soleus (P=0.03) and increased intraperitoneal fat (P=0.04) compared with obese subjects with normal glucose tolerance (NGT). In contrast, no significant difference was seen between obese adolescents with NGT and IGT in liver fat (P=0.9) or intramyocellular fat in the tibialis anterior (P=0.13). In logistic regression analysis, increased soleus intramyocellular fat and intraperitoneal fat were significant predictors of IGT.

Conclusions

IGT in obese adolescents is associated with increased intramyocellular and intraperitoneal fat rather than liver fat.
GH in combination with bisphosphonate treatment in osteogenesis imperfecta
Authors: Antoniazzi Franco , Monti Elena , Venturi Giacomo , Franceschi Roberto , Doro Francesco , Gatti Davide , Zamboni Giorgio , Tatò Luciano
Published: July 2010

Objective

To verify the effects of bisphosphonates (Bps) in combination with recombinant human GH (rGH) in pediatric osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) patients; we focused on possible improvement of bone mineral density (BMD), projected bone areas, growth velocity, and fractures risk.

Design

A randomized controlled 1-year clinical trial on 30 prepubertal children (M:F=14:16) affected by OI (type I, IV, and III) being treated with neridronate.

Methods

Following an observational period of 12 months during ongoing neridronate treatment, the patients were randomly divided into two groups: 15 were treated for 12 months with rGH and neridronate (group Bp+rGH) and 15 continued neridronate alone (group Bp). We evaluated auxological parameters, number of fractures, bone age (BA), bone metabolic parameters, and bone mass measurements (at lumbar spine and radius by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry).

Results

The mean variation in percentage of BMD (Δ%BMD) – at lumbar spine (L2–L4), at distal and ultradistal radius – and the projected area of lumbar spine increased significantly in group Bp+rGH (P<0.05). Growth velocity was significantly higher during rGH treatment in group Bp+rGH versus group Bp and versus pretreatment (P<0.05), with no difference in increase in BA or fracture risk rate. Patients with quantitative (-qt) collagen synthesis defects had a higher, although not significant, response to rGH in terms of growth velocity and BMD.

Conclusions

In OI patients, the combined rGH–Bp treatment may give better results than Bp treatment alone, in terms of BMD, lumbar spine projected area and growth velocity, particularly in patients with quantitative defects.
The Genetic Architecture of Grain Yield and Related Traits inZea maizeL. Revealed by Comparing Intermated and Conventional Populations
Authors: Huang Yung-Fen , Madur Delphine , Combes Valérie , Ky Chin Long , Coubriche Denis , Jamin Philippe , Jouanne Sophie , Dumas Fabrice , Bouty Ellen , Bertin Pascal , Charcosset Alain , Moreau Laurence
Published: July 2010

Using advanced intermated populations has been proposed as a way to increase the accuracy of mapping experiments. An F3 population of 300 lines and an advanced intermated F3 population of 322 lines, both derived from the same parental maize inbred lines, were jointly evaluated for dry grain yield (DGY), grain moisture (GM), and silking date (SD). Genetic variance for dry grain yield was significantly lower in the intermated population compared to the F3 population. The confidence interval around a QTL was on average 2.31 times smaller in the intermated population compared to the F3 population. One controversy surrounding QTL mapping is whether QTL identified in fact represent single loci. This study identifies two distinct loci for dry grain yield in the intermated population in coupling phase, while the F3 identifies only a single locus. Surprisingly, fewer QTL were detected in the intermated population than the F3 (21 vs. 30) and <50% of the detected QTL were shared among the two populations. Cross-validation showed that selection bias was more important in the intermated population than in the F3 and that each detected QTL explained a lower percentage of the variance. This finding supports the hypothesis that QTL detected in conventional populations correspond mainly to clusters of linked QTL. The actual number of QTL involved in the genetic architecture of complex traits may be substantially larger, with effect sizes substantially smaller than in conventional populations.
The Synaptonemal Complex Shapes the Crossover Landscape Through Cooperative Assembly, Crossover Promotion and Crossover Inhibition During Caenorhabditis elegans Meiosis
Authors: Hayashi Michiko , Mlynarczyk-Evans Susanna , Villeneuve Anne M
Published: July 2010

The synaptonemal complex (SC) is a highly ordered proteinaceous structure that assembles at the interface between aligned homologous chromosomes during meiotic prophase. The SC has been demonstrated to function both in stabilization of homolog pairing and in promoting the formation of interhomolog crossovers (COs). How the SC provides these functions and whether it also plays a role in inhibiting CO formation has been a matter of debate. Here we provide new insight into assembly and function of the SC by investigating the consequences of reducing (but not eliminating) SYP-1, a major structural component of the SC central region, during meiosis in Caenorhabditis elegans. First, we find an increased incidence of double CO (DCO) meiotic products following partial depletion of SYP-1 by RNAi, indicating a role for SYP-1 in mechanisms that normally limit crossovers to one per homolog pair per meiosis. Second, syp-1 RNAi worms exhibit both a strong preference for COs to occur on the left half of the X chromosome and a significant bias for SYP-1 protein to be associated with the left half of the chromosome, implying that the SC functions locally in promoting COs. Distribution of SYP-1 on chromosomes in syp-1 RNAi  germ cells provides strong corroboration for cooperative assembly of the SC central region and indicates that SYP-1 preferentially associates with X chromosomes when it is present in limiting quantities. Further, the observed biases in the distribution of both COs and SYP-1 protein support models in which synapsis initiates predominantly in the vicinity of pairing centers (PCs). However, discontinuities in SC structure and clear gaps between localized foci of PC-binding protein HIM-8 and X chromosome-associated SYP-1 stretches allow refinement of models for the role of PCs in promoting synapsis. Our data suggest that the CO landscape is shaped by a combination of three attributes of the SC central region: a CO-promoting activity that functions locally at CO sites, a cooperative assembly process that enables CO formation in regions distant from prominent sites of synapsis initiation, and CO-inhibitory role(s) that limit CO number.
QIP, a Component of the Vegetative RNA Silencing Pathway, Is Essential for Meiosis and Suppresses Meiotic Silencing inNeurospora crassa
Authors: Lee Dong Whan , Millimaki Ryan , Aramayo Rodolfo
Published: July 2010

Among the processes that play essential roles in both genome defense and organism survival are those involved in chromosome comparison. They are acutely active in the meiotic cells of Neurospora crassa, where they evaluate the mutual identity of homologs by a process we call trans-sensing. When nonsymmetrical regions are found, they are silenced. The known molecular components of this meiotic silencing machinery are related to RNA-dependent RNA polymerases, Argonautes and Dicers, suggesting that the mechanisms of how heterologous chromosomal regions are silenced involves, at some stage, the production of small interfering RNAs. Neurospora has two active and clearly distinct RNA interference pathways: quelling (vegetative specific) and meiotic silencing (meiosis specific). Both pathways require a common set of protein types like RNA-dependent RNA polymerases, Argonautes and Dicers. In this work we demonstrate the involvement of quelling defective-2 interacting protein (qip+), a Neurospora gene whose function is essential to silencing by quelling, in meiotic silencing, and normal sexual development. Our observations reinforce the molecular connection between these two silencing pathways.
Interaction Between Eye Pigment Genes and Tau-Induced Neurodegeneration inDrosophila melanogaster
Authors: Ambegaokar Surendra S , Jackson George R
Published: July 2010

Null mutations in the genes white and brown, but not scarlet, enhance a rough eye phenotype in a Drosophila melanogaster model of tauopathy; however, adding rosy mutations suppresses these effects. Interaction with nucleotide-derived pigments or increased lysosomal dysregulation are potential mechanisms. Finally, tau toxicity correlates with increased GSK-3β activity, but not with tau phosphorylation at Ser202/Thr205.
Using Student-Generated UV-Induced Escherichia coli Mutants in a Directed Inquiry Undergraduate Genetics Laboratory
Authors: Healy Frank G , Livingstone Kevin D
Published: July 2010

We report a thematic sequence of directed inquiry-based labs taking students from bacterial mutagenesis and phenotypic identification of their own self-created mutant, through identification of mutated genes by biochemical testing, to verification of mutant alleles by complementation, and finally to mutant allele characterization by DNA sequence analysis. The lab utilizes UV mutagenesis with wild-type Escherichia coli and a UV-sensitive isogenic derivative optimized for undergraduate use. The labs take advantage of the simplicity of E. coli in a realistic genetic investigation using safe UV irradiation methods for creation and characterization of novel mutants. Assessment data collected over three offerings of the course suggest that the labs, which combine original investigation in a scientifically realistic intellectual environment with learned techniques and concepts, were instrumental in improving students' learning in a number of areas. These include the development of critical thinking skills and understanding of concepts and methods. Student responses also suggest the labs were helpful in improving students' understanding of the scientific process as a rational series of experimental investigations and awareness of the interdisciplinary nature of scientific inquiry.
Pathogenesis of adrenocortical cancer
Authors: Szabó Diána , Zsippai Adrienn , Bendes Melinda , Tömböl Zsófia , Szabó Péter M. , Rácz Károly , Igaz Péter
Published: July 2010

A mellékvesekéreg-carcinoma ritka, rossz prognózisú daganat. Döntően sporadikus előfordulású, de ismertek nagyon ritka öröklődő formái is, amelyek a patogenezis megértésében nagy segítséget nyújtanak. A mellékvesekéreg-daganatokra hajlamosító öröklődő szindrómák közé tartozik a Li–Fraumeni-szindróma, a Beckwith–Wiedemann-szindróma, a familiáris adenomatosus polyposis, illetve a döntően benignus daganatokkal társuló multiplex endokrin neoplasia 1-es típusa (MEN1), Carney-komplex és McCune–Albright-szindróma. A mellékvesekéreg-daganatok patogenezisében szereplő főbb mechanizmusok közé tartozik az inzulinszerű növekedési faktor-2 fokozott expressziója, a Wnt/β-katenin és a cAMP-proteinkináz-A jelátviteli utak aktivációja, valamint a p53 és MEN1 gének mutációi. A mellékvesekéreg-carcinoma kezelésében a gyógyszeres lehetőségek meglehetősen korlátozottak. Az utóbbi évek molekuláris-bioinformatikai kutatásai számos eddig ismeretlen patogenetikai út szerepét vetették fel, amelyek új gyógyszeres támadáspontok lehetőségét is jelenthetik. E tanulmányban a szerzők az öröklődő daganatszindrómák patogenezisét, a sporadikus daganatokban észlelt eltéréseket és a legújabb molekuláris-bioinformatikai eredményeket ismertetik.
Three-Dimensional Accuracy of Implant and Abutment Level Impression Techniques: Effect on Marginal Discrepancy
Authors: Alikhasi Marzieh , Siadat Hakimeh , Monzavi Abbas , Momen-Heravi Fatemeh
Published: July 2010

Impression techniques should precisely represent the 3-dimensional status of implants to allow for the fabrication of passively fitting prostheses and subsequently the elimination of strain on supporting implant components and surrounding bone. The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of an abutment level impression method with that of an implant level (direct and indirect) impression method using polyether impression material to obtain precise definitive casts and prostheses. A reference acrylic resin dentoform with 2 internal connection implants (Implantium) was made. A total of 21 medium-consistency polyether impressions of the dentoform, including 7 direct implant level, 7 indirect implant level, and 7 abutment level (after 2 straight abutments were secured), were made. Impressions were poured with American Dental Association (ADA) type IV stone, and the positional accuracy of the implant replica heads and abutment analogs in each dimension of x-, y-, and z-axes, as well as angular displacement (Δθ), was evaluated using a coordinate measuring machine. Noble alloy 3-unit castings were fabricated and seated on the abutments in 3 groups; marginal discrepancies were measured at 4 points between prostheses and abutments. Data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney U test, 1-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Kruskal-Wallis tests. In comparisons of different impression techniques, only significant statistical Δθ differences were noted between the abutment level method and other techniques (P < .001). Results of this study reveal that although the implant level impression method could better transfer the angular position of the implants (Δθ), the impression method could not affect Δy, Δx, and Δz coordinates of the implants or marginal discrepancy of the 3-unit fixed partial dentures (FPD).
Part I: Crystalline Fluorapatite-Coated Hydroxyapatite, Physical Properties
Authors: Kimoto Kazunari , Okudera Toshimitsu , Okudera Hajima , Nordquist William D , Krutchkoff David J
Published: July 2010

Crystalline fluorapatite-coated hydroxyapatite (FA-HA) is studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XD), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), and EDX analysis mapping (EDXM). Fluoridated HA (fluorapatite) was prepared by reacting resorbable synthetic HA (OsteoGen, Impladent, Ltd, Holliswood, NY) with 4.3% sodium fluoride (NaF) for 2 minutes. After washing and drying, the resultant powder was subjected to physical property analysis using the methods listed above. SEM showed little evidence of surface change. Changes, if any, consisted of a slightly more distinct crystalline clarity on the surface of the FA sample. XD patterns showed significant random noise dispersion of the untreated HA sample compared with the lack of noise patterns in the treated FA sample. Characteristic monetite peaks were noted in analysis of the nontreated HA control sample, whereas there was no evidence of monetite in XD analysis of the treated FA material. It was determined that the fluoridation reaction, as described, served as a purification procedure of the initial HA reagent to eliminate a more soluble monetite contaminant. Also, the reaction of fluoride ion with surface HA (whether it be from or a combination of dissolution-reapposition or isomorphic substitution) produces a more purified, crystalline FA sample that was characterized by a more characteristic and sharp XD pattern. EDX analysis of the FA sample revealed a fluoride peak at 0.70 KeV that was not seen in the nonfluoridated control. EDX mapping showed an evenly distributed needle-like crystalline-shaped particulate pattern over the entire surface of the FA sample, which was lacking in the HA control. From a variety of analytic methods (as described), it was concluded that reaction of synthetic resorbable HA with 4.3% NaF solution at neutral pH produces FA-coated HA.
Platelet Derived Growth Factor Secretion and Bone Healing After Er:YAG Laser Bone Irradiation
Authors: Kesler Gavriel , Shvero Dana Kesler , Tov Yariv Siman , Romanos George
Published: July 2010

Er:YAG laser irradiation has been reported to enhance wound healing. However, no studies have evaluated the synthesis of growth factors after laser irradiation. The present study investigated the effects of laser irradiation on the amount of secretion of platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) in the wound, clarifying the effects of the Er:YAG laser on the bone healing. Osteotomies were prepared in the tibiae of 28 rats using an Er:YAG laser (test group). Maximum power of 8 watts, energy per pulse of 700 mJ, and frequency up to 50 Hz were used. The laser was used with external water irrigation, a spot size of 2 mm, energy per pulse of 500 to 1000 mJ/pulse, and energy density of 32 J/cm2. Twenty eight additional rats served as a control group and their osteotomies were prepared with a drill 1.3 mm in diameter at 1000 rpm, with simultaneous saline irrigation. Two rats from the tested group and 2 from the control group were sacrificed on each day following surgery (1–14 days), and the tissue specimens were prepared for histologic evaluation. Immunohistochemical staining with anti-PDGF was performed after histologic examination. The difference between the PDGF staining intensities of the 2 treatment groups was analyzed using a multivariate logistic regression test. A significant rise in PDGF staining occurred in both groups 2–3 days following surgery. However, while high PDGF counts remained for the 2-week experimental period in the laser group, PDGF levels in the control group returned to baseline levels 8 days post surgery. The 2 groups (laser and control) were found to be different throughout the experiment, and the rat type was found to be a significant predictor (P  =  .000011). The present study demonstrated that Er:YAG laser irradiation seems to stimulate the secretion of PDGF in osteotomy sites in a rat model. It is possible that the high levels of PDGF are part of the mechanism that Er:YAG irradiation enhances and improves the healing of osteotomy sites.
Molecular and Morphological Identification of the Soybean Aphid and OtherAphisSpecies on the Primary HostRhamnus davuricain Asia
Authors: Kim Hyojoong , Hoelmer Kim A , Lee Wonhoon , Kwon Young-Dae , Lee Seunghwan
Published: June 2010

The soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura, was recently introduced into North America where it has become a serious pest of soybean, Glyine max (L.) Merr. In its native range of northeastern Asia, A. glycines undergoes host alternation between the soybean (summer host) and Dahurian buckthorn, Rhamnus davurica Pallas (winter host). On the primary host, it is difficult to discriminate A. glycines from coexisting, morphologically similar Aphis species, including seasonal polymorphisms of each species (e.g., gynopara, ovipara, and male). Two widely used molecular markers, the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) “barcode” region (658 bp) and the partial tRNA-leucine + cytochrome c oxidase II (tRNA/COII, 702 bp), were used to analyze 31 individuals of Aphis from R. davurica in Asia and compared with 26 closely related Aphis species. We found that three different species, Aphis gossypii Glover and two new and undescribed putative Aphis species, occur together with A. glycines on R. davurica. All these species were genetically close within the gossypii group. A study of 28 quantitative morphological characters showed that A. glycines, A. gossypii, and one of the new species were quite similar with only a few characters differing significantly between species.
Effects of Photoperiod on Reproduction and Longevity ofPodisus nigrispinus(Heteroptera: Pentatomidae)
Authors: Malaquias José B , Ramalho Francisco S , Fernandes Francisco S , Júnior José L Nascimento , Correia Ezequias T , Zanuncio José C
Published: June 2010

Effects of photoperiod on reproduction and longevity of Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) were assessed under seven different photophases (10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, and 16 h) at a constant 28 ± 1°C temperature and 70 ± 10% RH in the laboratory. Photoperiod affected the longevity of P.nigrispinus females. The highest longevity (24.10 d) occurred with a 15-h photoperiod, compared with longevity of 9.75 d at 12-h photoperiod. The preoviposition period of P.nigrispinus was influenced by the photoperiod. The preoviposition period of P.nigrispinus was longer for the 16-h photoperiod (7.25d) than for the 12- (4.06d), 13- (4.00 d), and 14-h (3.68d) photoperiod. The postoviposition period, the number of egg clutches per female per day, and the interval between egg clutches were not affected by the photoperiod. The postoviposition period ranged from 1.46 d (at 14 h of light) to 3.71 d (at 11 h of light). The number of egg clutches per female per day varied between 0.19 (at 11 h or 14 h of light) and 0.40 (at 15 h of light). The interval between egg clutches ranged from 1.29 d (at 14 h of light) to 2.07 d (at 11 h of light). The variation in the number of eggs and egg clutches per female of P.nigrispinus in relation to their age varied according to the photophase to which they were exposed. The fecundity of P.nigrispinus females was higher in 15 h of light. These informations serve as a valuable ecological variable in modeling population dynamics of P.nigripinus, both in the field and in the laboratory, thereby contributing to the success of A.argillacea control programs.
Phylogeny of Moth Lacewings and Giant Lacewings (Neuroptera: Ithonidae, Polystoechotidae) Using DNA Sequence Data, Morphology, and Fossils
Authors: Winterton Shaun L , Makarkin Vladimir N
Published: June 2010

A phylogeny of lacewing families Ithonidae and Polystoechotidae is presented based on three gene markers (16S and 18S ribosomal DNA and CAD) and 23 morphological characters. Living and fossil genera presently placed in Polystoechotidae (Fontecilla Navás, Platystoechotes Carpenter and Polystoechotes Burmeister) and Ithonidae (Adamsiana Penny, Allorapisma † Makarkin & Archibald, Ithone Newman, Megalithone Riek, Oliarces Banks, Principiala† Makarkin & Menon, Rapisma Walker and Varnia Walker) were included in phylogenetic analyses (parsimony and Bayesian) and compared with outgroups selected from various families of Neuroptera. The resulting phylogeny recovered a monophyletic clade comprising Ithonidae and Polystoechotidae as hypothesized previously. Rapismatidae as a separate family is not supported and Ithonidae are rendered paraphyletic with three extant genera previously placed in Ithonidae (Adamsiana, Oliarces, and Rapisma), recovered deep within Polystoechotidae. The fossil genera Allorapisma † and Principiala † formed a sister-group relationship with Rapisma, also within Polystoechotidae. Due to the lack of mutually exclusive synapomorphies for either Ithonidae or Polystoechotidae, a single more inclusive family Ithonidae is proposed, including all ithonid genera and all genera previously placed in Polystoechotidae. Synapomorphies characterizing the revised concept of Ithonidae s.l. are discussed.
A harmonised GI model for urban governance
Authors: Aydinoglu A. C. , Yomralioglu T.
Published: July 2010

Geographic information is a prerequisite for good governance. There are various urban geographic information system projects that have been produced by local governments all over the world. However, there are technical difficulties, a lack of spatial data standards and specific policies governing geographic information system projects. The result of the current situation is that the process of data collection is sometimes inefficient and the quality of the data may be inadequate. Furthermore, there are problems with managing projects and sharing data. The key to resolving these problems is to develop a harmonised geographic information model for the urban governance of Turkey. The model should fulfill the application-driven geographic data needs of local governments and support decision-making processes at regional and national levels. The domain model is an object-relational model and the starting point for creating sector models. The generic conceptual model components were defined to harmonise geographic data and to produce data specifications. In order to enable semantic interoperability unified modelling language has produced the application schemas for data themes such as administrative unit, address, cadastre/building, hydrographic, topography, geodesy, transportation, and land cover/use. The model has been tested and revised with local applications such as economic and demographic spatial analysis cases.
Geological and topographical study of the original hills at the base of Fourth Dynasty Egyptian monuments of the Memphite plateau
Authors: Raynaud Suzanne , de La Boisse Henri , Makroum Farid Mahmoud , Bertho Joël
Published: June 2010

Rock foundations of the Kephren and Kheops pyramids are examined in comparison with other Fourth Dynasty monuments: the Sphinx, Queen Kentkawes’ monument and the Abu Rawash monument. This study is based on geological and topographical observations, photomontages and field measurements. The results, which are correlated with those of former studies, demonstrate the existence of natural hills used as substrata in the construction of the two great pyramids. The minimum volume of these hills can be estimated at 12% and 23% respectively of the volumes of the Kephren and Kheops pyramids. The use of worked rock hills appears to be a construction method under the Fourth Dynasty.
Hydrodynamic Behaviour and Mass Transfer Performance of SiC Foam
Authors: Leveque Julien , Rouzineau David , Prevost Michel , Meyer Michel
Published: July 2010

This work presents an experimental study of hydrodynamic behaviour and mass transfer performance of ceramic foam (SiC) as column packing. Voidage of the foam studied is of 91% with 640 m2/m3 specific area and 5 PPI. Hydrodynamics experiments are realised with air-water system in counter current in a 150 mm diameter column with a packing height of one meter. Parameters studied are pressure drop for dry and wet packing, flooding and liquid hold-up. Total reflux experiments with n-heptane/cyclohexane mixture were carried out in a distillation column at atmospheric pressure to study mass transfer by determination of HETP (Height Equivalent to Theoretical Plate). The performance in terms of pressure drop per unit height and flooding are quite lower in comparison with classical packings of distillation. The pressure drop obtained is about few millibars per meter (0-10 mbar.m-1) for F-Factor from the range of 0 to 1 and liquid superficial velocities from 1 to 10 m3m-2h-1. Liquid hold-up values, measured in the same range of flow, are in a range of 5 to 10%. The possible application of foam as a packing for distillation is so demonstrated.
Dual Voltage Driveline for Vehicle Applications
Authors: de Santiago Juan , Larsson Anders , Bernhoff Hans
Published: July 2010

This paper presents a novel driveline where the load and the energy source are operated at different voltage levels and they are galvanically insulated. The element that couples both part of the driveline is a Two Voltage Level Machine (TVLM). The machine is formed of a self-excited rotor and a stator with two sets of electrically isolated windings for adjustable speed drive applications. Both sets of these three phase windings are independently operated at different voltages. The equivalent circuit of the TVLM is deduced and phasor diagrams are presented. A complete driveline is simulated and the performance of the complete system is discussed. The driveline is applicable in flywheel energy storage systems for vehicles and power conditioning in renewable energy production.
Linear Programming Approach for Power System State Estimation Using Upper Bound Optimization Techniques
Authors: Dhadbanjan Thukaram , Vanjari Seshadri Sravan Kumar
Published: July 2010

State estimation plays an important role in real time security monitoring and control of power systems. There are many problems in the implementation of state estimator for large scale networks due to measurement errors, weights given and the numerical ill-conditioning associated with the solution techniques. In this paper a new formulation using linear programming approach is presented. The formulation is devoid of weights and errors associated with the measurements are taken care of in constraints. The non linear problem is linearized at previous operating state and constraints are set up using flow mismatches. The implementation of the formulation exploits sparse features of the network matrices and avoids matrix inversions. Upper bound optimization technique is employed to solve the linear programming problem. Illustration of the proposed approach on sample 3-bus and 6-bus systems and a practical Indian Southern grid 72 bus equivalent system are presented.
Analysis of concentration levels of particulate matter (PM10, total suspended particulates and black smoke) in the city of Zrenjanin
Authors: Vujic Bogdana , Milovanovic Dusan , Ubavin Dejan
Published: July 2010

Air quality monitoring on the territory of AP Vojvodina was initiated in mid 90s. During the last decade of the 20th century the development of the air quality monitoring in Serbia didn?t keep up with the pace of the other countries in the region due to political isolation and severe economic crisis. Monitoring of the particular pollutants was conducted unsystematically and sporadically. Data presented in this paper were obtained on the territory of the city of Zrenjanin, which represents typical agglomeration in the region in regard to its geographical location, population, level of industry development and the presence of natural gas as energy product in the remote and domestic heating system of residential objects. Available data on the concentration levels of PM10 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 10 ?m), TSP (total suspended particulates) and BS (black smoke) during the period of 2005-2007 (three cold and three warm seasons) have been used in this work in order to carry out analysis and comparison of the daily concentration levels of PM10, TSP and BS and their seasonal variation.
The analysis of damage threshold in the ruby laser interaction with copper and aluminium
Authors: Katavic Boris , Ristic Slavica , Polic-Radovanovic Suzana , Nikolic Zoran , Puharic Mirjana , Kutin Marina
Published: July 2010

Nondestructive methods are dominant in diagnosing the status and protection of all kinds of contemporary industrial object, as well as object of industrial heritage. Laser methods open wide possibilities of research in the field of diagnosis and metal processing. This paper presents the results of laser radiation interaction (wavelength ? = 694.3 nm, Ruby laser, Q-switch mode) with metal samples covered with a deposit. The goal of the examination was to determine the maximum energy density, that can be used in diagnostics purpouses (interferometric methods, 3D scanning, i.e.) and as a tool for safe removal of deposits, without interacting with the basic material. Microscopic examination performed with SEM coupled with EDX allowed the determination of the safe laser light energy density levels, which caused the removal of the deposite from the surface of the sample, without degradation of the surface. The energy density up to 20 103 J/m2 is maximum allowed for the diagnosis or deposit removal.
Ghrelin Suppresses Glucose-Stimulated Insulin Secretion and Deteriorates Glucose Tolerance in Healthy Humans
Authors: Tong Jenny , Prigeon Ronald L. , Davis Harold W. , Bidlingmaier Martin , Kahn Steven E. , Cummings David E. , Tschöp Matthias H. , D'Alessio David
Published: June 2010

OBJECTIVE

The orexigenic gut hormone ghrelin and its receptor are present in pancreatic islets. Although ghrelin reduces insulin secretion in rodents, its effect on insulin secretion in humans has not been established. The goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that circulating ghrelin suppresses glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in healthy subjects.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Ghrelin (0.3, 0.9 and 1.5 nmol/kg/h) or saline was infused for more than 65 min in 12 healthy patients (8 male/4 female) on 4 separate occasions in a counterbalanced fashion. An intravenous glucose tolerance test was performed during steady state plasma ghrelin levels. The acute insulin response to intravenous glucose (AIRg) was calculated from plasma insulin concentrations between 2 and 10 min after the glucose bolus. Intravenous glucose tolerance was measured as the glucose disappearance constant (Kg) from 10 to 30 min.

RESULTS

The three ghrelin infusions raised plasma total ghrelin concentrations to 4-, 15-, and 23-fold above the fasting level, respectively. Ghrelin infusion did not alter fasting plasma insulin or glucose, but compared with saline, the 0.3, 0.9, and 1.5 nmol/kg/h doses decreased AIRg (2,152 ± 448 vs. 1,478 ± 2,889, 1,419 ± 275, and 1,120 ± 174 pmol/l) and Kg (0.3 and 1.5 nmol/kg/h doses only) significantly (P < 0.05 for all). Ghrelin infusion raised plasma growth hormone and serum cortisol concentrations significantly (P < 0.001 for both), but had no effect on glucagon, epinephrine, or norepinephrine levels (P = 0.44, 0.74, and 0.48, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

This is a robust proof-of-concept study showing that exogenous ghrelin reduces glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and glucose disappearance in healthy humans. Our findings raise the possibility that endogenous ghrelin has a role in physiologic insulin secretion, and that ghrelin antagonists could improve β-cell function.
Potential Additional Effect of Omentectomy on Metabolic Syndrome, Acute-Phase Reactants, and Inflammatory Mediators in Grade III Obese Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass
Authors: Herrera Miguel F. , Pantoja Juan Pablo , Velázquez-Fernández David , Cabiedes Javier , Aguilar-Salinas Carlos , García-García Eduardo , Rivas Alfredo , Villeda Christian , Hernández-Ramírez Diego F. , Dávila Andrea , Zaraín Aarón
Published: June 2010

OBJECTIVE

To assess the additional effect of sudden visceral fat reduction by omentectomy on metabolic syndrome, acute-phase reactants, and inflammatory mediators in patients with grade III obesity (G-III O) undergoing laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Twenty-two patients were randomized into two groups, LRYGB alone or with omentectomy. Levels of interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-α, leptin, adiponectin, glucose, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides, as well as clinical characteristics, were evaluated before surgery and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery. Results were compared between groups.

RESULTS

Baseline characteristics were comparable in both groups. Mean operative time was significantly higher in the group of patients who underwent omentectomy (P < 0.001). Median weight of the omentum was 795 ± 341 g. In one patient, a duodenal perforation occurred at the time of omentectomy. BMI, blood pressure, glucose, total cholesterol, LDL, and triglycerides significantly improved in both groups at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months of follow-up when compared with basal values. However, there were no consistent statistically significant differences among the groups in terms of metabolic syndrome components, acute-phase reactants, and inflammatory mediators.

CONCLUSIONS

Omentectomy does not have an ancillary short-term significant impact on the components of metabolic syndrome and does not induce important changes in the inflammatory mediators in patients undergoing LRYGB. Operative time is more prolonged when omentectomy is performed.
From Pre-Diabetes to Type 2 Diabetes in Obese Youth
Authors: Bacha Fida , Lee SoJung , Gungor Neslihan , Arslanian Silva A.
Published: July 2010

OBJECTIVE

Impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) are considered pre-diabetes states. There are limited data in pediatrics in regard to their pathophysiology. We investigated differences in insulin sensitivity and secretion among youth with IFG, IGT, and coexistent IFG/IGT compared with those with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) and type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

A total of 24 obese adolescents with NGT, 13 with IFG, 29 with IGT, 11 with combined IFG/IGT, and 30 with type 2 diabetes underwent evaluation of hepatic glucose production ([6,6-2H2]glucose), insulin-stimulated glucose disposal (Rd, euglycemic clamp), first- and second-phase insulin secretion (hyperglycemic clamp), body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), abdominal adiposity (computed tomography), and substrate oxidation (indirect calorimetry).

RESULTS

Adolescents with NGT, pre-diabetes, and type 2 diabetes had similar body composition and abdominal fat distribution. Rd was lower (P = 0.009) in adolescents with type 2 diabetes than in those with NGT. Compared with adolescents with NGT, first-phase insulin was lower in those with IFG, IGT, and IFG/IGT with further deterioration in those with type 2 diabetes (P < 0.001), and β-cell function relative to insulin sensitivity (glucose disposition index [GDI]) was also lower in those with IFG, IGT, and IFG/IGT (40, 47, and 47%, respectively), with a further decrease (80%) in those with type 2 diabetes (P < 0.001). GDI was the major determinant of fasting and 2-h glucose levels.

CONCLUSIONS

Obese adolescents who show signs of glucose dysregulation, including abnormal fasting glucose, glucose intolerance or both, are more likely to have impaired insulin secretion rather than reduced insulin sensitivity. Given the impairment in insulin secretion, they are at high risk for progression to type 2 diabetes. Further deterioration in insulin sensitivity or secretion may enhance the risk for this progression.
Retinal Blood Flow in Type 1 Diabetic Patients With No or Mild Diabetic Retinopathy During Euglycemic Clamp
Authors: Pemp Berthold , Polska Elżbieta , Garhofer Gerhard , Bayerle-Eder Michaela , Kautzky-Willer Alexandra , Schmetterer Leopold
Published: June 2010

OBJECTIVE

To compare total retinal blood flow in diabetic patients with no or mild nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy and healthy control subjects and to investigate in patients whether there is a difference between retinal blood flow before morning insulin and under normoglycemic conditions using a glucose clamp.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Twenty patients with type 1 diabetes with no or mild diabetic retinopathy were included in this open parallel-group study, and 20 healthy age- and sex-matched subjects were included as control subjects. Retinal blood flow was assessed by combining velocity measurements using laser Doppler velocimetry and diameter measurements using a commercially available dynamic vessel analyzer. Measurements were performed before and during a euglycemic clamp.

RESULTS

Total retinal blood flow was higher in diabetic patients (53 ± 16 μl/min) than in healthy subjects (43 ± 16 μl/min; P = 0.034 between groups). When plasma glucose in diabetic patients was reduced from 9.3 ± 1.7 to 5.3 ± 0.5 mmol/l (P < 0.001) retinal blood flow decreased to 49 ± 15 μl/min (P = 0.0003 vs. baseline). Total retinal blood flow during the glucose clamp was not significantly different from blood flow in normal control subjects (P = 0.161).

CONCLUSIONS

Type 1 diabetic patients with no or only mild diabetic retinopathy have increased retinal blood flow before their morning insulin dosage. Blood flow is reduced toward normal during euglycemic conditions. Retinal blood flow may fluctuate significantly with fluctuating plasma glucose levels, which may contribute to the microvascular changes seen in diabetic retinopathy.
Defining the Ideal Injection Techniques When Using 5-mm Needles in Children and Adults
Authors: Hofman Paul Leslie , Derraik José Guilherme Behrensdorf , Pinto Teresa Elizabeth , Tregurtha Sheryl , Faherty Ann , Peart Jane Michele , Drury Paul Leslie , Robinson Elizabeth , Tehranchi Ramin , Donsmark Morten , Cutfield Wayne Stephen
Published: June 2010

OBJECTIVE

We aimed to establish the ideal injection techniques using 5-mm needles to reliably inject insulin into the subcutaneous fat in both children and adults and to quantify the associated pain and leakage of the test medium.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

A total of 259 subjects (122 children/adolescents and 137 adults) were injected with sterile air corresponding to 20 IU insulin (200 μl) with 32-G 5-mm needles at 90° or 45°, in the abdomen and thigh, and with or without a pinched skin fold. Injection depth was assessed via ultrasonography. Subjects rated pain on a visual analog scale. Test medium injections into the abdomen and thigh (0.2–0.6 ml) were also administered to assess injection leakage.

RESULTS

Among children, 5.5% of injections were intramuscular (IM) and 0.5% were intradermal, while in adults, the incidence was 1.3 and 0.6%, respectively. The frequency of IM injections was greater in boys and negligible among adult women. Subcutaneous fat thickness was the primary predictor of the likelihood of IM injections (P < 0.001). A third of all patients reported experiencing no pain during insulin injection, with children/adolescents experiencing considerably more discomfort than adults. Some leakage of medium was observed, but was unrelated to injection volume and was generally minimal.

CONCLUSIONS

5-mm needles are reliably inserted into subcutaneous fat in both adults and children. These needles were associated with reduced pain and minimal leakage. We recommend an angled injection with a pinched skin fold for children, while in adults, the technique should be left to patient preference.