bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Co-doping of Iron and Cerium in Titanium Dioxide: Observation of a Cooperative Effect
Authors: Li Xiao-jun , Si De-jun , Fang Jun , Jiang Zhi-quan , Huang Wei-xin
Published: January 2011

The co-doping of iron and cerium into TiO2 was studied by means of X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. when separately doping via the sol-gel method, iron was introduced in the framework of anatase TiO2 whereas cerium was not; interestingly, both iron and cerium were introduced in the framework when co-doping by the sol-gel method. The co-doped TiO2 behaves much more intense surface hydroxyl concentration than the separately-doped and pure TiO2. This observation demonstrates for the first time a cooperative effect in the co-doping of transitional metals in the framework of TiO2.
Hydrothermal Synthesis and Formation Mechanism of Micrometer-sized MoO2 Hollow Spheres
Authors: Guo Cheng-hua , Zhang Gui-jun , Shen Zhu-rui , Sun Ping-chuan , Yuan Zhong-yong , Jin Qing-hua , Li Bao-hui , Ding Da-tong , Chen Tie-hong
Published: January 2011

Micrometer-sized MoO2 hollow spheres were synthesized hydrothermally with ammonium heptamolybdate tetrahydrate as molybdenum source, Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as structure-directing agent and C2H5OH as reducing agent, respectively. The products were investigated by X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. A morphology transition of "blocks-solid spheres-hollow spheres" during the growth process was observed and the possible mechanism for the formation of MoO2 samples was proposed to be through a microscale Kirkendall effect.
Effect of H2O on NO Reduction over NSR Catalyst 12CaO7Al2O3/10%K
Authors: Gao Ai-mei , Wang Hua-jing , Tu Jing , Li Quan-xin
Published: January 2011

A novel NOx storage/reduction catalyst 12CaO7Al2O3/10%K, defined as C12A7/K, was prepared, which possesses good NOx storage/reduction ability with a high sulfur-tolerance. The effect of H2O on the NO reduction features over the C12A7/K catalyst was investigated. The NO conversion and the N2 selectivity were measured as a function of temperature and H2O concentration. In the presence of 1.2% H2O, both the NO conversion and the N2 selectivity significantly decrease at lower temperature region ( 500C). At temperatures over 500C, however, the NO reduction is only slightly influenced by H2O. The species of NO3/NO2 are confirmed as main storage components in the C12A7/K catalyst, which are further reduced into N2 by H2 under the reduction conditions.
DPP-4 inhibition increases GIP and decreases GLP-1 incretin effects during intravenous glucose tolerance test in Wistar rats
Authors: Freyse Ernst-Joachim , Berg Sabine , Kohnert Klaus-Dieter , Heinke Peter , Salzsieder Eckhard
Published: January 2011

GIP metabolite [GIP (3–42)] and GLP-1 metabolite [GLP-1 (9–36) amide] have been reported to differ with regard to biological actions. Systemic DPP-4 inhibition can therefore reveal different actions of GIP and GLP-1. In catheter wearing Wistar rats, insulinotropic effects of equipotent doses of GIP (2.0 nmol/kg) and GLP-1 (7–36) amide (4.0 nmol/kg) and vehicle were tested in the absence/presence of DPP-4 inhibition. Blood glucose and insulin were frequently sampled. DPP-4 inhibitor was given at -20 min, the incretin at -5 min and the intravenous glucose tolerance test (0.4 g glucose/kg) commenced at 0 min. G-AUC and I-AUC, insulinogenic index and glucose efflux, were calculated from glucose and insulin curves. Systemic DPP-4 inhibition potentiated the acute GIP incretin effects: I-AUC (115±34 vs. 153±39 ng·min/ml), increased the insulinogenic index (0.74±0.24 vs. 0.99±0.26 ng/mmol), and improved glucose efflux (19.8±3.1 vs. 20.5±5.0 min-1). The GLP-1 incretin effects were diminished: I-AUC (124±18 vs. 106±38 ng·min/ml), the insulinogenic index was decreased (0.70±0.18 vs. 0.50±0.19 ng/mmol), and glucose efflux declined (14.9±3.1 vs. 11.1±3.7 min-1). GLP-1 and GIP differ remarkably in their glucoregulatory actions in healthy rats when DPP-4 is inhibited. These previously unrecognized actions of DPP-4 inhibitors could have implications for future use in humans.
Laboratory testing for the antiphospholipid syndrome: making sense of antiphospholipid antibody assays
Authors: Favaloro Emmanuel J. , Wong Richard C.W.
Published: January 2011

The antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune condition characterised by a wide range of clinical features (primarily thrombosis and/or obstetric related), associated with the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) as detected by a diverse range of laboratory tests. APS remains a significant diagnostic challenge for clinicians across a wide range of specialities, largely due to issues related to laboratory testing as well as the expanding range of reported clinical manifestations of APS. The laboratory issues include limitations in detailed knowledge by both clinical and laboratory personnel regarding the ‘complete’ range of available aPL tests, as well as ongoing problems with assay reproducibility and standardisation. aPL are identified using diverse laboratory procedures based on one of two distinct test processes, namely solid phase and liquid phase assays. The former includes anticardiolipin antibodies (aCL) and anti-β2-glycoprotein I antibodies (aβ2GPI). The latter are centred on clot-based tests that are used to identify the so-called lupus anticoagulant (LA). This article will discuss: (i) issues related to laboratory testing for APS in terms of the currently available solid-phase and liquid-phase assays, and identifiable biases resulting from these tests usually being performed in different laboratories; (ii) current problems with calibration, standardisation and reproducibility of these assays; (iii) pre-analytical, analytical and post-analytical considerations and ongoing initiatives for improvement; (iv) issues related to potential combinations/panels of available aPL tests; and (v) the entities of seropositive APS, seronegative APS and non-APS aPL-positivity. In doing so, this review will hopefully help bridge the two disciplines of haematology and immunology (‘representing’ liquid-phase and solid-phase aPL testing, respectively), by improving the understanding of those working in each of these disciplines of the merits and limitations of the assays performed in the other discipline, and encouraging inter-discipline cooperation in the reporting of aPL test results.
Evaluation of hematological parameters on admission for the prediction of 7-day in-hospital mortality in a large trauma cohort
Authors: Lam Siu W. , Leenen Luke P.H. , van Solinge Wouter W. , Hietbrink Falco , Huisman Albert
Published: January 2011

Background:We evaluated the complete blood count (CBC) for the prediction of 7-day in-hospital mortality in a large adult trauma cohort.

Methods:We conducted an analysis of two prospectively collected databases on 1673 patients aged ≥18 years admitted to a level I trauma center (2005–2007). Comparisons between survivors and non-survivors within 7 days after admission and between single and multiple trauma patients were made. Discriminative performance for 7-day in-hospital mortality was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC). Logistic regression was used to identify independent prognostic factors for 7-day in-hospital mortality.

Results:Comparison between survivors and non-survivors showed significant differences in white blood cell (WBC) count, absolute neutrophil count, segmented neutrophil count and most red blood cell (RBC) and platelet indices. Comparison between single and multiple trauma patients showed significant differences for WBC count and differential count and most RBC and platelet indices. Among the CBC parameters, RBC count (ROC=0.748), hemoglobin concentration (Hb) (ROC=0.734), hematocrit (Ht) (ROC=0.726), platelet count (PLT) (ROC=0.684) and plateletcrit (PCT) (ROC=0.696) showed the highest ROC. Using logistic regression we showed that RBC count, Hb, Ht, PLT and PCT were predictors of 7-day in-hospital mortality independently of patient's age, injury severity and initial physiological state.

Conclusions:Significant differences in CBC parameters were found between survivors and non-survivors and between patients with single and multiple trauma, but most of the CBC parameters demonstrated poor to moderate pre dictive ability for 7-day in-hospital mortality in adult trauma patients. Routine laboratory workup of trauma patients should be performed as treatment guidance. However, prognostic value of initial hematological parameters remains limited.
Advanced glycation endproducts as gerontotoxins and biomarkers for carbonyl-based degenerative processes in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Rahmadi Anton , Steiner Nicole , Münch Gerald
Published: January 2011

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common dementia disorder of later life. Although there might be various different triggering events in the early stages of the disease, they appear to converge on a few characteristic final pathways in the late stages, characterized by inflammation and neurodegeneration. Here, we review the hypothesis that advanced glycation end products (AGEs), which reflect carbonyl stress, an imbalance between the production of reactive carbonyl compounds and their detoxification, can serve as biomarkers for the progression of disorder. AGE modification may explain many of the neuropathological and biochemical features of AD, such as extensive protein cross-linking shown as amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, inflammation, oxidative stress and neuronal cell death. Although accumulation of AGEs is a normal feature of aging, it appears to be significantly accelerated in AD. We suggest that higher AGE concentrations in brain tissue and in cerebrospinal fluid might be able to distinguish between normal aging and AD.
Elevated concentrations of Nɛ-homocysteinyl-lysine isopeptide in acute myocardial infarction: links with ADMA formation
Authors: Zaąbczyk Michał , Głowacki Rafał , Machnik Andrzej , Heród Paweł , Kazek Grzegorz , Jakubowski Hieronim , Undas Anetta
Published: January 2011

Background: A homocysteine (Hcy) metabolite, thioester Hcy-thiolactone, whose reaction with protein lysine residues affords N-homocysteinylated proteins, has been implicated in cardiovascular disease. Proteolytic turnover of N-homocysteinylated proteins generates the isopeptide Nɛ-homocysteinyl-lysine (N-Hcy-Lys).

Methods: We determined N-Hcy-Lys in serum and a NO syntase inhibitor asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), as well as symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) and glutathione in plasma by high performance liquid chromatography in 52 consecutive patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) recruited within the first 12 h following onset of chest pain. Associations of N-Hcy-Lys with markers of thrombin generation, oxidative stress, enhanced inflammation, fibrinolysis, and autoantibodies against homocysteinylated proteins were also analyzed.

Results: N-Hcy-Lys concentrations, detectable in 45 (86.5%) patients (>0.1 μmol/L), were 127.3% higher compared with healthy controls. N-Hcy-Lys correlated with ADMA (r=0.50; p<0.001), SDMA (r=0.43; p<0.01), glutathione (r=0.37; p<0.05), fibrinogen (r=0.39; p<0.01) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (r=0.32; p<0.05), but not with plasma total Hcy, anti-N-Hcy-protein autoantibodies, vitamin B12, folate, interleukin-6, plasma thrombin-antithrombin (TAT) complexes, prothrombin fragments F1+2 or 8-isoprostaglandin F2α a marker of oxidative stress.

Conclusions: N-Hcy-Lys is increased in AMI patients and its formation is linked with the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor ADMA.
Trefoil factor family peptides in human saliva and cyclical cervical mucus. Method evaluation and results on healthy individuals
Authors: Samson Mie Hessellund , Chaiyarit Ponlatham , Nortvig Helene , Vestergaard Else Marie , Ernst Erik , Nexo Ebba
Published: January 2011

Background: Trefoil peptides are 7–12 kDa molecules, se-creted by a variety of mucin-producing epithelial cells from different tissues and believed to be essential for protection and maintenance of gastrointestinal mucosa. Data on concentrations of trefoil peptides in secretions are limited.

Methods: We validated in-house ELISA assays, developed for measurement of trefoil peptide concentrations (TFF1, TFF2 and TFF3) in serum, for use with saliva and cervical mucus. Saliva from healthy individuals (n=30), and cervical mucus as well as blood collected three times during the menstrual cycle from healthy women (n=18) were analyzed.

Results: Recovery of all trefoil peptides in the initial supernatants of saliva and (cervical mucus) were 86 and (92)% or more. Recovery of exogenously added trefoil peptides was 93 and (95)% or more. Western blotting showed that antibodies used in the TFF3-ELISA assay recognised one molecule of the same size as TFF3 in both saliva and cervical mucus. Median concentrations of TFF1, TFF2 and TFF3 in saliva and (cervical mucus) were 2.7 (2.7), 0.08 (0.58) and 14 (430) nmol/g protein, with a significant decrease in concentrations in cervical mucus after ovulation. Serum concentrations resembled previously measured values in blood donors and showed no cyclic change.

Conclusions: Previously established ELISA assays can be employed for measurement of trefoil peptides in saliva and cervical mucus. TFF3 was the predominant trefoil peptide in both saliva and cervical mucus, and TFF3 in cervical mucus represents the highest concentration measured in a biological fluid to date.
The plodding diagnosis of monogenic autoinflammatory diseases in childhood: from the clinical scenery to laboratory investigation
Authors: Rigante Donato , Capoluongo Ettore
Published: January 2011

Autoinflammatory diseases (AID) are inherited errors of innate immunity which, although individually uncommon, collectively set up an emerging chapter of medicine. Careful analysis and identification of AID is essential to prompt effective treatment and improve survival and quality of life in these patients. Research into pediatric AID is lagging behind studies in adults, though a better understanding of AID in infancy could lead to improved diagnostic protocols and reduce long-term disability. This review provides a detailed summary of monogenic AID in childhood to help pediatricians correctly recognize these conditions and also highlight recent developments in the laboratory diagnostic work-up.
First record of Alston's Woolly Mouse Opossum (Micoureus alstoni) from the canal area of Central Panama
Authors: Lambert Thomas D. , Halsey Michaela K. , Dittel Jacob W. , Mangan Scott A. , Delfosse Erika , Adler Gregory H. , Schnitzer Stefan A.
Published: January 2011

No abstract available
eVoc Strategies: 10 Ways to Use Technology to Build Vocabulary
Authors: Dalton Bridget , Grisham Dana L.
Published: January 2011

Vocabulary knowledge is key to comprehension and expression. For students in the intermediate grades, the need for breadth and depth of vocabulary accelerates as they encounter more challenging academic texts in print and on the Internet. Drawing on research‐based principles of vocabulary instruction and multimedia learning, this article presents 10 eVoc strategies that use free digital tools and Internet resources to evoke students' engaged vocabulary learning. The strategies are designed to support the teaching of words and word learning strategies, promote students' strategic use of on‐demand web‐based vocabulary tools, and increase students' volume of reading and incidental word learning. The strategies emphasize developing students' interest in words as they read, view, interact with, and create word meanings in digital and multimedia contexts. Teachers are invited to ‘go digital with word learning’ and experiment with integrating technology to improve their students' vocabulary and reading comprehension.
Multiple Literacies Gone Wild
Authors: Jewett Pamela
Published: January 2011

Geocaching is a worldwide game of hiding and seeking, in which participants can place a cache anywhere in the world, pinpoint its location using global positioning system technology, and then share the geocache's existence and location online. This article describes the geocaching adventures the author took with three boys, ages 11, 8, and 6, and the holistic, organic, and authentic learning that occurred as they engaged in a treasure hunt of sorts in the natural world. This article also explores the multiple digital and print literacies in which geocachers engage and how these out‐of‐school literate experiences relate to what we know about in‐school literacy. Finally, the author discusses the implications of geocaching and other digital literacies for teachers, providing links for those who would like to learn more.
Wiki Writers: Students and Teachers Making Connections Across Communities
Authors: Andes Laurie , Claggett Elizabeth
Published: January 2011

Expressions of delight and anticipation are a direct result of a schoolwide writing program designed by teachers to develop language skills in special education students. These second graders participated in a writing project that made use of wikis to facilitate collaboration among the students, parents, teachers, and university members of their professional development school. Student results on reading benchmark tests showed impressive growth.
Comprehending, Composing, and Celebrating Graphic Poetry
Authors: Calo Kristine M.
Published: January 2011

The use of graphic poetry in classrooms is encouraged as a way to engage students and motivate them to read and write poetry. This article discusses how graphic poetry can help students with their comprehension of poetry while tapping into popular culture. It is organized around three main sections—reading graphic poetry, writing graphic poetry, and celebrating/sharing graphic poetry. Teachers are provided with information about why visual literacy is important in today's world as well as information about ways to build students' visual literacy skills, comprehension, and fluency by incorporating graphic poetry into their classrooms. Ideas for developing students' reading skills and strategies are included as well as ideas for writing graphic poetry. The article concludes with ways that teachers and students can celebrate and share graphic poetry including graphic poetry contests, poetry clubs, and poetry Readers' Theatre presentations.
Focused Feedback for Inference in Expository Text
Authors: Thornley Christina , Selbie Joanne , McDonald Trevor
Published: January 2011

This Teaching Tips article describes a classroom‐based research project conducted between a teacher and a researcher. The topic arose from the teacher's concern about the inaccuracies and misconceptions exhibited by many of her third‐grade students as they fluently decoded unfamiliar expository texts. The teacher researched her practice and the students' learning as she implemented an approach called “focused feedback,” to support their acquisition of retelling, with evidence and inference as comprehension strategies. The article describes how the research project informed the teaching. It explains the use of observations, research literature, a student survey, and a teacher designed assessment task to build the teacher's knowledge and to refine her instruction. It illustrates how the students' abilities to identify literal information from which they then made inferences could increase their knowledge of an unfamiliar topic.
ACUTE AND CHRONIC EFFECTS OF COCAINE ON THE SPONTANEOUS BEHAVIOR OF PIGEONS
Authors: Pinkston Jonathan W. , Branch Marc N.
Published: January 2011

The present experiment examined the effects of acute and daily cocaine on spontaneous behavior patterns of pigeons. After determining the acute effects of a range of doses, 9 pigeons were divided into three groups that received one of three doses of cocaine daily, either 1.0, 3.0, or 10.0 mg/kg cocaine. Measures were taken of spontaneous locomotion, pecking, preening, and emesis. Under daily administration, cocaine induced consistent and substantial enhancements of its locomotor effects in all 9 pigeons, consistent with the phenomenon of locomotor sensitization. The maximum locomotor output did not differ according to the size of the daily dose. Locomotion was not elevated following tests of the saline vehicle, suggesting the effect was due to cocaine, not to a change in baseline or reactivity to the injection procedure. Cocaine dose‐dependently decreased preening when given acutely, and those effects were not altered by repeated cocaine administration. Pecking occurred at very low rates and was unresponsive to cocaine treatment. Cocaine‐induced emesis showed a dose‐dependent increase under initial tests with cocaine, and those effects were attenuated following daily exposure. In a final condition, cocaine was replaced with daily saline for 30 days to assess the persistence cocaine‐related increases in locomotion. Approximately half of the pigeons continued to show enhanced effects even after 30 days without cocaine, so although persistence was obtained, it showed marked intersubject variability. The data indicate that the effects of repeated cocaine administration on the behavior of pigeons shows parallels with many effects commonly reported with rodents (i.e., increased locomotion following repeated treatment, decrease in preening or grooming, persistence following drug withdrawal).
DERIVED RELATIONAL RESPONDING: A COMPARISON OF MATCH‐TO‐SAMPLE AND THE RELATIONAL COMPLETION PROCEDURE
Authors: Dymond Simon , Whelan Robert
Published: January 2011

Previous research suggests that the Relational Completion Procedure may be an effective alternative procedure for studying derived relational responding. However, the parameters that make it effective, relative to traditional match‐to‐sample, remain to be determined. The present experiment compared the Relational Completion Procedure and match‐to‐sample protocols for training and testing Same and Opposite derived stimulus relations. Trials to criterion and overall pass rate (i.e., yield) in both procedures were compared across three variables: presence versus absence of a confirmatory response requirement, three versus five comparison stimuli, and top‐to‐bottom versus left‐to‐right presentation format. Findings demonstrated a facilitative effect of the confirmatory response requirement in both procedures. Training trials to criterion were nominally but not significantly lower during the nonarbitrary training phase in the Relational Completion Procedure compared to match‐to‐sample, and the overall yield on the arbitrary relational test was greater in the former procedure compared to the latter. The present findings support the further development of the Relational Completion Procedure as an efficient alternative procedure for establishing Same and Opposite relations with adult humans, and with potential applicability to other types of derived relations.
TITRATING‐DELAY MATCHING‐TO‐SAMPLE IN THE PIGEON
Authors: Kangas Brian D. , Vaidya Manish , Branch Marc N.
Published: January 2011

The titrating‐delay matching‐to‐sample (TDMTS) procedure offers researchers an additional behavioral task thought to capture some important features of remembering. In this procedure, the delay between sample offset and comparison onset adjusts as a function of the subject's performance. Specifically, correct matches increase the delay and incorrect matches decrease the delay, and steady‐state titrated delays serve as the primary dependent measure. The present series of experiments investigated the effects of several procedural variables on performance in TDMTS procedures in an effort to elucidate better its features to allow for more precision in future use. Experiment 1 reports results from a parametric analysis of fixed‐ratio response requirements on the sample key that indicated improved remembering in the form of higher daily titrated delay values as the requirement was increased. Experiment 2 investigated the extent to which the initial delay value in each session affected session‐wide delay values. Results indicated that regardless of value of the initial delay, the subjects' performances adjusted the delay values in the direction of the known baseline delay‐value levels. Experiment 3 manipulated the step size by which delay values were adjusted and the results indicated that larger step sizes increased both session‐to‐session variability and within‐session range of titrated delay values, although the average values remained approximately the same. These results suggest that the TDMTS task serves as a promising procedure to study what many refer to as memory.
PSYCHOPHYSICS OF REMEMBERING: TO BIAS OR NOT TO BIAS?
Authors: White K. Geoffrey , Wixted John T.
Published: January 2011

Delayed matching to sample is typically a two‐alternative forced‐choice procedure with two sample stimuli. In this task the effects of varying the probability of reinforcers for correct choices and the resulting receiver operating characteristic are symmetrical. Aversion of the task where a sample is present on some trials and absent on others is analogous to a yes/no recognition task. We describe data from two experiments where an asymmetry in performance in the yes/no task could be attributed to a change in response bias with increasing retention‐interval duration from a matching‐law perspective, but not from a signal‐detection perspective. Both approaches make explicit assumptions about response bias. The apparent inconsistency between the two approaches to the treatment of response bias is resolved in terms of a model proposed by K. G. White and J. T. Wixted (1999) which predicts asymmetrical matching‐law functions and receiver operating characteristics without making any assumptions about response bias.
HOW SHOULD WE BEHAVE? A REVIEW OF REASONS AND PERSONS BY DEREK PABFIT
Authors: Rachlin Howard
Published: January 2011

In this book Parfit attempts to develop a rational, non‐religious ethics. Instead of asking, “What does God tell us to do?” he asks, “What does reason tell us to do?” Given a set of simple assumptions, he considers whether it is possible to be consistently selfish or consistently good. Analyses of personal dilemmas (problems of self‐control) and moral dilemmas (problems of social cooperation) show that neither consistent selfishness nor consistent goodness is logically possible. Instead, a fine balance must be maintained between, on the one hand, our immediate versus long‐term good and, on the other, our own good versus that of other people. Ultimately Parfit fails to develop a formula by which such a balance may be struck. Parfit's analysis is consistent with behavioral analysis in its reductionistic view of the self and the parallel it draws between relations with other people and relations with oneself at other times. Parfit's analysis is inconsistent with behaviorism in its view of the mind as internal, available to introspection, and able to cause behavior. His nonfunctional mentalism leads Parfit to inconsistencies and blocks the path to a consistent ethics. Teleological behaviorism's view of the mind in terms of patterns of overt behavior is not hampered by these inconsistencies and may lead to a functional rather than purely rational ethics.
Comparative evaluation of spark plasma (SPS), microwave (MWS),two stage sintering (TSS) and conventional sintering (CRH) on the densification and micro structural evolution of fully stabilized zirconia ceramics
Authors: Rajeswari K. , Hareesh U.S. , Subasri R. , Chakravarty Dibyendu , Johnson R.
Published: January 2011

Yttria stabilized zirconia (8YSZ) powders were subjected to densification
studies employing various sintering techniques like spark plasma sintering
(SPS), microwave sintering (MWS) and two-stage sintering (TSS). The
densification and microstructural evolution of the samples are studied and
compared with that of conventionally sintered samples (ramp and hold).
Depending on the technique employed the samples were sintered at different
temperatures to arrive at a minimum density of 99%TD. Detailed
microstructural evaluation indicated that a low temperature densification
leading to finer sintered grain sizes (~1 ?m) could be achieved by spark
plasma sintering followed by the two stage sintering technique with an
average sintered grain size of 2.6 microns.
Synthesis of composite AlN-AlON-Al2O3 powders and ceramics prepared by high-pressure sintering
Authors: Vlasova M. , Kakazey N. , Rosales I. , Krushinskaya L. , Bykov A. , Tomila T. , Voitsehovskaya E. , Vinokurov V.
Published: January 2011

The process of carbothermal reduction of Al2O3 in a nitrogen flow at
temperatures of 1450 and 1600?C has been studied. It was established that the
powder synthesized at 1450?C is a mixture of Al2O3 and AlN particles and that
the powders synthesized at 1600?C are mixtures of AlN, AlON, and Al2O3.
Amorphous and crystalline AlON films form on the surface of Al2O3 and AlN
particles. Both synthesized powders contain unreacted residual carbon. In the
stage of high-pressure sintering of specimens at a temperature of 1750?C
under a pressure of 7 GPa for 110 s, AlON decomposes into AlN and Al2O3.
Residual graphite transforms into a crystalline graphite phase, which
decreases the strength and increases the fracture toughness. The highest
hardness of 19.5 GPa was achieved in the ceramics obtained from the powder
synthesized at 1600?C for 4 h, and the largest fracture toughness of ~7.2
MPa?m1/2 was achieved in the ceramics obtained from the powder synthesized at
1450?C for 4h.
Effect of B2O3 and P2O5 on fluorosilicic mica glass-ceramic sintering process
Authors: Wu S. , Lv X. , Zhang M. , Chen Y.J. , Zhao R.N.
Published: January 2011

To study the effect of B2O3 and P2O5 on fluorosilicic mica glass-ceramic
sintering process, six sets of K2O-MgO-SiO2-F glasses were prepared by using
B2O3 and P2O5 as sintering aid, respectively. Green bodies of the glass
powder were formed by gel casting and sintered at 800, 850, 900, 950, 1000oC
for 6 hours, resectively. The sintering and crystallization behavior were
studied by thermal shrinkage , X-ray diffraction and SEM. The results showed
that the shrinkage rate of the glass with 2wt% B2O3 and P2O5 was highest,
while the rate of the glass with 5wt% P2O5 was lowest. An additional crystal
other than fluorosilicic mica was precipitated in the glass ceramics
generated by sintering of glass powder. The present results confirmed that
the glass powder of pure K2O-MgO-SiO2-Fsystem had poor sinterability, while
glass powder with minor addition of P2O5 and/or B2O3 showed good
sinterability. This result was also verified by SEM.
Effect of sintering time on the microstructure and properties of inorganic polyphosphate bioceramics
Authors: Wang Q.B. , Wang Q.G. , Wan C.X.
Published: January 2011

Sintering is an important step in the fabrication process of ceramic bodies,
which can significantly affect the microstructure and properties of
materials. In this article, calcium based inorganic polyphosphate (CPP)
bioceramics were synthesized by gravity sintering. Effects of the sintering
time (30 minutes, 1 hour, 3 hours and 5 hours) on the microstructure,
physicochemical degradation and mechanical property were investigated. It was
found that all prepared CPP samples for various sintering times showed a
?-CPP phase at the temperature of 800?C. The sample morphology changed to
more compact with extending the sintering time from 30 minutes to 5 hours.
Moreover, the grain size increased with the increase of sintering time, from
1.59 ?m for 30 minutes to 3.40 ?m for 5 hours. The in vitro degradation test
revealed that the degradation velocity had an inverse relationship with the
sintering time. The CPP samples sintering for 30 minutes showed the fastest
degradation, while CPP sintering for 5 hours was the slowest one. Compression
test results showed that longer sintering times led to improved mechanical
properties.
The effect of CaCO3 addition on the crystallization behavior of ZnO crystal glaze fired at different gloss firing and crystallization temperatures
Authors: Jamaludin A.R. , Kasim S.R. , Ahmad Z.A.
Published: January 2011

A glazed ceramic product with crystalline structure gives an artistic effect.
In this study, the effects of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) addition into glaze
batches on the crystallization behavior of crystal glaze were studied.
Samples were fired at different gloss firing temperatures ranging from
1000-1200?C with 1060?C crystallization temperature. Xray diffraction (XRD)
and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX) analysis of the phases
identified these crystals as willemite (Zn2SiO4) in the form of spherulites.
Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis indicated that willemite crystals
are in the acicular needle like shape. XRD result showed that the intensities
of crystal peaks decreased with the addition of CaCO3 up to 3.0 wt%. However,
there was no willemite crystals formation as the amount of CaCO3 raised to
5.0 wt%. Besides that, the results also indicated that willemite growth
occurs during isothermal holding at crystallization temperature instead of
during cooling from gloss firing temperature.
Densification, microstructure and properties of supersolidus liquid phase sintered 6711Al-SiC metal matrix composites
Authors: Padmavathi C. , Upadhyaya Anish
Published: January 2011

The present study compares the effect of SiC reinforcement on densification
and properties of supersolidus liquid phase sintered 6711Al-SiC composites.
The prealloyed 6711 powders were mixed with SiC ranging from 5 to 20 vol.%,
compacted at 400 MPa and sintered at 630?C under vacuum. It was shown that
better densification, yield strength, wear and corrosion resistance were
achieved up to 10 vol.% due to uniform distribution of SiC particles
throughout matrix. Beyond 10 vol.%, SiC resulted in clustering and had
detrimental effect on densification and mechanical properties. Age hardening
of 6711-10SiC composites led to improvement in mechanical properties.
Glass-ceramics obtained by the crystallization of basalt
Authors: Cocic M. , Logar M. , Matovic B. , Poharc-Logar V.
Published: January 2011

The possibility to obtain glass-ceramics from basalt from the locality on
Vrelo (Kopaonik mt.) is shown in this paper. The parent rock was ground to
fraction -0.4 +0.1 mm, and then melted at 1250 - 1300?C. The crystallization
melted bazaltic glass at 950?C during the time interval of 3 hours caused
synthesis of a glass-ceramic material with a microstructure that has
excellent mechanical properties according to the determined dynamic modulus
of elasticity and uniaxial compresive strength. The phase composition of the
obtained glass ceramic material was determined by XRPD using Rietveld
refinement and SEM. Two phases were found: pyroxene which corresponds to
omphacite of the composition (Na0.199 K0.180 Ca0.471
Mg0.249)1.1(Mg0.271Fe0.299Al0.430)1.0(Si1.704Ti0.046Al0.250)2.0O6 and glass
with an approximate relationship 69:31.
The Expression of Fibrinolytic Components in Chronic Paranasal Sinus Disease
Authors: Sejima Takayuki , Holtappels Gabriele , Bachert Claus
Published: January 2011

Background

Fibrinolytic components, their receptors, and inhibitors are considered to play an important role in inflammation and tissue remodeling including chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). To clarify the relationship between these components and the pathology of CRS, we analyzed fibrinolytic components in sinonasal mucosa of CRS.

Methods

Sinonasal mucosa samples from 12 patients with CRS without nasal polyp (CRSsNP), 14 patients with CRS with nasal polyp (CRSwNP), and 12 control patients were prepared. By immunohistochemistry and ELISA, samples were studied with respect to urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), uPA receptor (uPAR), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and key mediators in sinus disease, TGF-beta1 and eosinophil cationic protein (ECP).

Results

uPA- or uPAR-positive inflammatory cells were increased in CRSwNP compared to controls and CRSsNP, whereas PAI-1-positive cells were increased in CRSsNP compared to CRSwNP and controls. ELISA measurements revealed that uPAR concentrations were increased in both CRSsNP (16.1 ng/mL; 10.4–22.9; p < 0.05) and CRSwNP (20.8 ng/mL; 9.62–25.9; p < 0.01) compared to controls (8.7 ng/mL; 7.9–12.9), and PAI-1 concentrations were increased in CRSsNP (198.8 ng/mL; 147.4–234.1) compared to controls (107.3 ng/mL; 92.6–175.3; p < 0.01) and CRSwNP (113.5 ng/mL; 105.1–193.5; p < 0.05). Moreover, the concentrations of TGF-beta1 correlated with PAI-1 in CRSsNP, and ECP correlated with uPAR protein in CRSwNP.

Conclusion

Fibrinolytic components were highly expressed in CRSwNP compared to normal controls, whereas the inhibiting protein was up-regulated in CRSsNP. Furthermore, correlations between the expressions of fibrinolytic components and key mediators in CRS were found.
A Novel Use of a Landmark to Avoid Injury of the Anterior Ethmoidal Artery during Endoscopic Sinus Surgery
Authors: Pernas Francisco G. , Coughlin Andrew M. , Hughes Sharon E. , Riascos Roy , Maeso Patricia A.
Published: January 2011

Background

The aim of this study was to describe and correlate radiographically the anterior ethmoidal artery (AEA) to useful endoscopic surgical landmarks, such as the nasal beak (NB), nasal crest (NC), and axilla of the middle turbinate, because these are commonly encountered during endoscopic sinus surgery and skull base surgery.

Methods

A retrospective review and software analysis was performed by three independent observers. Measurements of distance and angulation from the AEA to the NC, NB, and axilla of the middle turbinate were performed. A total of 138 unique computed tomography (CT) scans performed at a university tertiary care center were evaluated.

Results

The average age of the patients whose scans were analyzed was 50.5 (range, 17–90 years) years of age. The gender distribution was 61 male and 89 female patients. After comparing the measurements to the three landmarks noted, it was determined that the NB had the most interpatient concordance and the least interobserver variability. The average distance between the NB and the AEA as it penetrates the lamina papyracea is 2.34 cm (variance, 0.07) at an angle of 45.21° from the Frankfurt horizontal line.

Conclusion

The real advantage of this novel use of the NB as a landmark to identify the AEA is that it is easy to use, unobtrusive, and is not time-consuming. This relationship between the NB and the AEA is consistent across genders and ethnicities and is more valuable than others presented previously, which may be more variable.
A Theoretical Cause of Nasal Obstruction in Patients with Repaired Cleft Palate
Authors: Scott Andrew R. , Moldan Matthew M. , Tibesar Robert J. , Lander Timothy A. , Sidman James D.
Published: January 2011

Background

During cleft palate repair, mucoperiosteal flaps are elevated from the palatal shelves and the nasal septum to accomplish tension-free closure of the nasal floor. This study was designed to geometrically describe how palate repair inherently limits airflow by decreasing nasal cavity cross-sectional area and increasing nasal airflow resistance. In addition, this study investigates whether the width of the repaired cleft palate directly affects the degree of postoperative airflow resistance.

Methods

A simplified geometric model of normal nasal cavity anatomy was compared with an equivalent schematic representing an individual with an unrepaired palatal cleft. Mathematical equations approximating the cross-sectional areas of normal and cleft nasal cavities were created. The theoretical postoperative loss of nasal cavity cross-sectional area was then considered for both unilateral and bilateral palatal clefts.

Results

According to this geometric model, the cross-sectional area of the nasal cavity is decreased in patients who undergo cleft repair. Repaired bilateral clefts experience a greater area loss than their unilateral counterparts.

Conclusion

Nasal cavity resistance is higher in patients who have undergone cleft repair than in individuals who have not undergone cleft repair. because tension-free closure of the nasal floor inherently reduces cross-sectional breathing area. The wider the cleft, the higher the resistance to nasal airflow postoperatively. This iatrogenic source of nasal resistance is likely additive to other anatomic contributors to airflow resistance observed in individuals with cleft nasal deformities.
The Effect of a Low Concentration of Hypochlorous Acid on Rhinovirus Infection of Nasal Epithelial Cells
Authors: Yu Myeong Sang , Park Hyung Wook , Kwon Hyun Ja , Jang Yong Ju
Published: January 2011

Background

Low concentrations of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) have been shown to exhibit both antibacterial and anti-influenza virus activity, but HOCl still has not been used to kill human rhinovirus (HRV). To model the antiviral effect of nasal irrigation with low-level HOCl in patients with the common cold, we tested the effects of a low concentration of HOCl on HRV infection of primary human nasal epithelial cells (HNEC).

Methods

Cells were infected with HRV for 24 hours and treated with HOCl three times, for 5 minutes each time, at 12 hour intervals. The effects of HOCl on rhinovirus-induced secretion of IL-6 and IL-8 were assessed by ELISA and HRV replication was determined by viral titration.

Results

HOCl treatment significantly inhibited HRV-induced secretion of IL-6 and IL-8 and significantly reduced viral titer. The effects of HOCl peaked at 1 minute after HOCl generation and decreased thereafter.

Conclusion

These in vitro findings indicate that nasal irrigation with low-level HOCl solution may improve clinical symptoms in patients with the common cold.
Recombinant Marker Allergens in Diagnosis of Patients with Allergic Rhinoconjunctivitis to Tree and Grass Pollens
Authors: Canis Martin , Gröger Moritz , Becker Sven , Klemens Christine , Kramer Matthias F.
Published: January 2011

Background

The aim of this study was to investigate recombinant marker allergens in patients with allergic rhinoconjunctivitis to tree and grass pollens.

Methods

Sera of 260 tree pollen– and 282 grass pollen–allergic patients were analyzed. Bet v 1 and Phl p 1/p 5 were used as marker allergens for allergies to pollen from birch and grasses. Profilin (Bet v 2 and Phl p 12) and calcium-binding protein (Bet v 4 and Phl p 7) were used as markers for polysensitization.

Results

Two hundred thirty-nine (92%) patients tested positive for IgE anti–Bet v 1. All of them were positive for IgE antibodies against natural birch extract (t3), hazel (t4), and alder (t2). Bet v 1 in combination with t3 identified allergies from related trees with a sensitivity of 99.2%. Two hundred fifty-six patients (91%) tested positive for IgE anti–Phl p 1 and/or anti–Phl p 5. All of them were positive for IgE antibodies against natural timothy (g6) and rye (g12) extract. Phl p 1/p 5 and natural timothy extract identified allergies from grasses and rye with a sensitivity of 99.3%. All Patients reacting to the cross-reactive allergens Bet v 2, Phl p 12, Bet v 4, and Phl p 7 were polysensitized.

Conclusion

Bet v 1 in combination with natural birch pollen extract identifies allergies from related trees with a sensitivity of 99.2%. Phl p 1, Phl p 5, and natural timothy extract identifies allergies from grasses and rye in 99.3%. Reactivity to the allergens Bet v 2, Phl p 12, Bet v 4, and Phl p 7 identifies polysensitization and cross-reactivity.
Chitinolytic Activity in Nasal Polyps
Authors: Park Seong Kook , Heo Kyung Wook , Hur Dae Young , Yang Young Il
Published: January 2011

Background

Chitin is a recognition element for tissue infiltration by innate cells implicated in allergy and immunity. This process can be negatively regulated by vertebrate chitinases. Both acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase) and chitotriosidase (ChT) have chitinolytic activity. This study aimed to determine the activities of AMCase and ChT in nasal polyps (NPs), as well as their in situ localization in NP tissue.

Methods

AMCase and ChT activities in NPs were compared with those in inferior turbinate tissue samples. Tissue samples were measured for AMCase and ChT activities at a range of pHs using the fluorogenic substrate 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-N,N′,N″-triacetyl-chitotriose. Double immunofluorescent staining for the localization of both AMCase and ChT was performed using NP cryosections.

Results

Both AMCase and ChT displayed markedly increased chitinolytic activity in all NPs, compared with inferior turbinate tissues. Double immunofluorescent staining revealed that CD68 highlighted monocytes in the submucosa of NP and these cells disclosed coexpression of AMCase and ChT. CD31 detected capillary endothelial cells, but did not express any AMCase and ChT.

Conclusion

The increased chitinolytic activities of AMCase and ChT in NPs may be important in NP pathogenesis, suggesting that inhibition of chitinolytic activity may be a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of NPs.
Nonallergic Rhinitis and its Association with Smoking and Lower Airway Disease: A General Population Study
Authors: Håkansson Kåre , von Buchwald Christian , Thomsen Simon F. , Thyssen Jacob P. , Backer Vibeke , Linneberg Allan
Published: January 2011

Background

The cause of nonallergic rhinitis (NAR) and its relation to lower airway disease remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to perform a descriptive analysis of the occurrence of rhinitis in a Danish general population with focus on NAR and its association with smoking and lower airway disease.

Methods

A population-based, cross-sectional study conducted in Copenhagen, Denmark was performed. A random sample from the general population (n = 7931; age, 18–69 years) was invited to a general health examination including measurements of serum-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) to common aeroallergens; 3471 (44%) persons were accepted. For further analysis, we divided the population into the following groups: (I) negative specific IgE and no rhinitis (controls); (II) negative specific IgE and rhinitis (NAR); (III) positive specific IgE and rhinitis (allergic rhinitis [AR]); and (IV) positive specific IgE but no rhinitis (sensitized).

Results

We found that NAR was associated with asthma (odds ratio [OR] = 2.51 [1.87–3.37]); chronic bronchitis (OR = 2.27 [1.85–2.79]); current smoking (>15 g/day; OR = 1.57 [1.18–2.08]); lower forced expiratory volume in 1 second/forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC) ratios and reduced FEV1 values. The association with chronic bronchitis was stronger in NAR than in AR, whereas the opposite was true for asthma. FEV1/FVC of <70% was not significantly associated to any group.

Conclusion

This epidemiological study indicates that both asthma and chronic bronchitis are important comorbidities in NAR confirming the “united airway” hypothesis, and that smoking might be a significant modulator of disease. Although NAR was significantly associated with poor lung function, no significant association with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was shown.