bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Occupational Segregation Research: Queering the Conversation
Authors: McDonald James
Published: June 2015

Scholars of gender, work, and organization have long been concerned with developing explanations to occupational segregation; that is, the segregation of work by socially significant forms of difference such as sex and race. In this article, I argue that extant occupational segregation research is limited by its reliance upon binary thinking, as well as its neglect of forms of difference other than sex and race. In order to rethink this line of research, I develop a new approach to occupational segregation that is rooted in queer theory. The queer approach to occupational segregation research that I develop entails: (1) examining occupational segregation beyond the multiple binaries upon which extant occupational segregation research is premised; (2) conceptualizing and operationalizing difference as being performatively accomplished in everyday occupational and organizational life; (3) articulating a politics of occupational segregation that challenges dominant notions of group identity and exposes within‐group inequalities and marginalization; and (4) expanding the repertoire of methods through which we conduct occupational segregation research. I conclude this article by discussing how queer theory can enable us to rethink not only occupational segregation research, but also the study of gender, work and organization.
Leapfrog migration and habitat preferences of a small oceanic seabird, Bulwer's petrel (Bulweria bulwerii)
Authors: Ramos Raül , Sanz Víctor , Militão Teresa , Bried Joël , Neves Verónica C. , Biscoito Manuel , Phillips Richard A. , Zino Francis , González‐Solís Jacob
Published: June 2015

Aim

Our current understanding of migratory strategies and the reasons for their high variability along the phylogenetic tree remains relatively poor. Most of the hypotheses relating to migration have been formulated for terrestrial taxa; classically, oceanic migrations were considered as merely dispersive because of the scarcity of observations in the open ocean. We describe for the first time, the migration strategy of a small seabird, the Bulwer's petrel (Bulweria bulwerii), and provide new insights into the ecology and evolution of long‐distance marine migrations.

Location

Subtropical and tropical Atlantic Ocean.

Methods

Using cutting‐edge geolocators, we examined the year‐round distribution and at‐sea activity patterns of adult Bulwer's petrels sampled at five localities throughout the species' breeding range in the Atlantic, within the Azores, Salvages, Canary and Cape Verde archipelagos. We assessed the migratory connectivity of the species and its habitat use at population and metapopulation scales.

Results

Our results provide the first evidence of an oriented leapfrog migration in oceanic seabirds. Ecological niche models based on breeding‐season data effectively predicted that subtropical waters of the South Atlantic would be the preferred habitat for the northern populations of Bulwer's petrels during the non‐breeding season. Habitat modelling also highlighted similarities in distributions between the breeding and non‐breeding periods for the southern populations. Data on at‐sea activity patterns suggested that birds from the northern and southern populations behave differently during the breeding season, as well as in the northern and southern non‐breeding ranges during the non‐breeding period.

Main conclusions

These results indicate that specific habitat preferences, presumably related to differences in prey availability, explain the observed distributions and hence the pattern of leapfrog migration described for Bulwer's petrel. Our study demonstrates the utility of integrating diverse tracking data from multiple populations across international boundaries, and habitat modelling, for identifying important areas common to many marine species in the vast oceanic environments.
Do oral bacteria alter the regenerative potential of stem cells? A concise review
Authors: Chatzivasileiou Kyriaki , Kriebel Katja , Steinhoff Gustav , Kreikemeyer Bernd , Lang Hermann
Published: June 2015

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are widely recognized as critical players in tissue regeneration. New insights into stem cell biology provide evidence that MSCs may also contribute to host defence and inflammation. In case of tissue injury or inflammatory diseases, e.g. periodontitis, stem cells are mobilized towards the site of damage, thus coming in close proximity to bacteria and bacterial components. Specifically, in the oral cavity, complex ecosystems of commensal bacteria live in a mutually beneficial state with the host. However, the formation of polymicrobial biofilm communities with pathogenic properties may trigger an inadequate host inflammatory‐immune response, leading to the disruption of tissue homoeostasis and development of disease. Because of their unique characteristics, MSCs are suggested as crucial regulators of tissue regeneration even under such harsh environmental conditions. The heterogeneous effects of bacteria on MSCs across studies imply the complexity underlying the interactions between stem cells and bacteria. Hence, a better understanding of stem cell behaviour at sites of inflammation appears to be a key strategy in developing new approaches for in situ tissue regeneration. Here, we review the literature on the effects of oral bacteria on cell proliferation, differentiation capacity and immunomodulation of dental‐derived MSCs.
Treatment of adult female acne: a new challenge
Authors: Dréno B.
Published: June 2015

Acne is affecting an increasing number of adult females and so can no longer be considered as a disease of adolescence. The disease has a greater negative impact on the quality of life of adult females than their younger counterparts. Adult female acne may persist from adolescence or may have its first occurrence once adulthood has been reached. The clinical presentation and pathogenesis of adult female acne may be somewhat different to that of adolescent acne and this may require a different treatment approach. Genetic and hormonal factors are thought to play key roles in the pathogenesis of adult female acne and the disease is characterized by a chronic evolution with frequent relapses requiring long‐term maintenance therapy. Fixed‐dose retinoid/antimicrobial combinations may be of interest for the treatment of adult female acne given that subgroup analysis of clinical trials has indicated that they are effective against both inflammatory and non‐inflammatory lesions in these patients. These treatments may also be of interest, given the chronic course of the disease in adult females, the high likelihood of the presence of antibiotic‐resistant P. acnes and the poor adherence of patients to other long‐term therapies. Oral hormonal treatment or isotretinoin may be required in patients with severe acne or disease that is refractory to other treatments. Additional clinical studies of acne treatments specifically conducted in adult female patients are required to increase the evidence base on which future treatment recommendations can be based.
Making reasonable decisions: a qualitative study of medical decision making in the care of patients with a clinically significant haemoglobin disorder
Authors: Crowther Helen J. , Kerridge Ian
Published: June 2015

Rationale, aims and objectives

Therapies utilized in patients with clinically significant haemoglobin disorders appear to vary between clinicians and units. This study aimed to investigate the processes of evidence implementation and medical decision making in the care of such patients in NSW, Australia.

Methods

Using semi‐structured interviews, 11 haematologists discussed their medical decision‐making processes with particular attention paid to the use of published evidence. Transcripts were thematically analysed by a single investigator on a line‐by‐line basis.

Results

Decision making surrounding the care of patients with significant haemoglobin disorders varied and was deeply contextual. Three main determinants of clinical decision making were identified – factors relating to the patient and to their illness, factors specific to the clinician and the institution in which they were practising and factors related to the notion of evidence and to utility and role of evidence‐based medicine in clinical practice.

Conclusions

Clinicians pay considerable attention to medical decision making and evidence incorporation and attempt to tailor these to particular patient contexts. However, the patient context is often inferred and when discordant with the clinician's own contexture can lead to discomfort with decision recommendations. Clinicians strive to improve comfort through the use of experience and trustworthy evidence.
Developing an Internet‐Based Decision Aid for Women Choosing Between Vaginal Birth After Cesarean and Planned Repeat Cesarean
Authors: Shorten Allison , Fagerlin Angela , Illuzzi Jessica , Kennedy Holly P. , Lakehomer Hannah , Pettker Christian M. , Saran Allison , Witteman Holly , Whittemore Robin
Published: June 2015

Introduction

In response to the call to develop strategies to engage women and providers in shared decision making, this article outlines a framework and process used to create an Internet‐based decision aid about birth choices after previous cesarean. Recognizing the potential benefits of mobile health information technology, a paper‐based decision aid was transformed into a secure, interactive Web site to meet the diverse needs of women and providers in this often challenging health care decision.

Methods

An iterative and participatory research approach was used, engaging targeted users (pregnant women and pregnancy care providers) in the design and development process.

Results

Women recommended that features and functions of the decision aid should include individualized information, trustworthy evidence, a secure and private site, quizzes to check knowledge, and a way to share values and preferences with their providers. Providers recommended individualized information for women, a process for women to share and document values and preferences with providers, and balanced, straightforward and complete information about the risks and benefits of each option.

Discussion

There is great potential for direct linkage between Internet‐based decision aids and the electronic medical record. Work is currently underway to integrate and evaluate the Internet‐based decision aid within busy practice settings to support shared decision making. This article is part of a special series of articles that address midwifery innovations in clinical practice, education, interprofessional collaboration, health policy, and global health.
Rivaroxaban for the treatment and prevention of thromboembolic disease
Authors: Antoniou Sotiris
Published: June 2015

Objectives

A number of direct oral anticoagulants are now available and offer alternative strategies for anticoagulation therapy. Rivaroxaban, a direct oral Factor Xa inhibitor, is approved for use across several thromboembolic indications. This article aims to provide an overview of the key pharmacological characteristics of rivaroxaban and the rationale and evidence for the use of different dose regimens across its licenced indications, and offer practical guidance to healthcare professionals on responsible use. References were sourced via PubMed searches using the search string (rivaroxaban AND (pharmacokinetics OR pharmacodynamics OR (clinical studies) OR (drug interaction)) NOT review NOT (children OR pediatrics OR paediatrics OR adolescent)).

Key findings

Rivaroxaban exhibits predictable pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, and thus does not require routine coagulation monitoring, unlike vitamin K antagonists (e.g. warfarin). Rivaroxaban also has a lower potential for drug–drug and food–drug interactions compared with warfarin; however, co-administration with strong inhibitors of both cytochrome P450 3A4 and P-glycoprotein is not recommended. The data indicate that dose adjustment is not necessary for age, gender or body weight. The dosing regimens of rivaroxaban vary depending on the indication, and phase III studies have demonstrated a favourable benefit–risk profile of rivaroxaban compared with traditional standard of care.

Rivaroxaban may offer an anticoagulant option that could simplify and improve the management of patients with thromboembolic disorders.
Cardiac response to centrally administered echinocandin antifungals
Authors: Stover Kayla R , Cleary John D
Published: June 2015

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the echinocandin antifungals on the cardiac system, including cardiac output, blood pressure and heart rate, when administered in an in-vivo model.

Methods

The echinocandin antifungals were administered via central line to male Sprague–Dawley rats. Cardiac imaging and functional measurements were made using a high-resolution in-vivo imaging system. Statistical comparisons of the experimental antifungals versus saline control were made using a Student's t-test.

Key findings

In cardiac output (CO) measurements, caspofungin was associated with a bimodal distribution in results at 3 mg/kg. Those with little response, termed ‘non-vulnerable’ animals (n = 3) had no significant change in CO from baseline (−4.6 ± 10.7%). Other animals, termed ‘vulnerable’ animals (n = 3 at 3 mg/kg and those dosed at 6 mg/kg (n = 6)), experienced greater than 60% decrease in CO (−66.4 ± 13.1% at 3 mg/kg and −62.9 ± 13.0% at 6 mg/kg, P < 0.05). A dose of 5 mg/kg anidulafungin was associated with no significant changes in CO (−16.1 ± 26%), while 11.5 mg/kg decreased CO by 62.7 ± 19.4% from baseline (P < 0.05). With micafungin 1 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg doses, changes in CO were not significant (−16.7 ± 2.1% and −18.2 ± 1.9%, respectively).

Conclusions

These studies provide substantial evidence to support ex-vivo Langendorff and in-vitro mitochondrial studies demonstrating a similar pharmacological event. Clinical reports of similar effects also support these findings.
Seasonal synchronization of seed release phenology promotes long‐distance seed dispersal by wind for tree species with medium wind dispersal potential
Authors: Heydel Felix , Cunze Sarah , Bernhardt‐Römermann Markus , Tackenberg Oliver
Published: June 2015

Questions

How does the seasonal variability of wind affect the seed release phenology of plant species from different vegetation types? Do wind‐dispersed species show a seasonal synchronization of seed release timing with meteorological conditions that promote long‐distance dispersal (LDD) by wind?

Location

Germany, Central Europe.

Methods

We combined empirical observations of seed release phenology with simulations of LDD by wind. We simulated LDD by wind for species differing in seed terminal velocity for open and forested habitats using a broad set of measured meteorological conditions. In order to investigate the extent of seasonal synchronization of seed release with LDD, we compared species' LDD throughout the year with phenological data on timing of seed release for herbaceous species from open and tree species from forested habitats.

Results

For tree species with winged seeds and medium seed terminal velocity (e.g. Acer platanoides, Tilia cordata) we found a pronounced seasonal synchronization of seed release timing with high LDD by wind. These species showed an extended ripening duration together with both the highest rate of seed release and high LDD in winter. Species with low seed terminal velocity (i.e. high wind dispersal potential) from open habitats (mainly species from the Asteraceae with plumed seeds) and forested habitats (e.g. tree species of the genera Populus, Salix) both showed high LDD but lacked seasonal synchronization of seed release timing with LDD.

Conclusions

For forest species with medium seed terminal velocity, the seasonal timing of seed release during winter and strong winds could be evidence for phenological adaptations to timing of wind dispersal within periods with favourable conditions. Our finding that species with low seed terminal velocity and high LDD throughout the year did not show seasonal seed release synchronization tentatively suggests that selection for other mechanisms such as synchronization with short‐term weather events might promote LDD of these species. Our results provide insights into how seasonal seed release timing of plant species from different vegetation types affects LDD by wind and shows that seed release phenology should be considered while assessing species' wind dispersal potential.
Contextual Compliance: Situational and Subjective Cost‐Benefit Decisions about Pesticides by Chinese Farmers
Authors: Yan Huiqi , van Rooij Benjamin , van der Heijden Jeroen
Published: June 2015

This article analyzes how cost‐benefit calculation influences compliance with pesticide regulation by Chinese farmers. Building on a study including 150 farmers and experts, it studies how operational costs and benefits and deterrence affect compliance. Moreover, it studies what variation in cost‐benefit perceptions there are with different types of rules, farms, and villages. It finds that, in this context, cost‐benefit calculation matters for compliance; with operational costs and benefits being more clearly related to compliant behavior than deterrence. It highlights that perceptions about costs and benefits are situational and vary along the type of legal rule and the type of regulated actor. It also shows that such perceptions are individually subjective, as even with similar rules and similar types of actors, perceptions vary. The paper concludes by stating expectations on how the situational and subjective nature of cost‐benefit calculation can inform regulators seeking to enhance compliance.
The Outpost Office: How International Law Firms Approach the China
Market
Authors: Stern Rachel E. , Li Su
Published: June 2015

How are international law firms faring in China? Drawing on 2013 data,
this article presents the first comprehensive overview of the field,
including information about the global mix of players and variation in
market niche. Three variables—years present in China, global strategy, and
level of localization—help explain why some China practices grow bigger than
others. Overall, however, there is a great deal of convergence on one
business model: an outpost office with a median size of eleven lawyers
responsible for under 5 percent of worldwide revenue. The common experience
of stagnation following market entry illustrates the strength of hype, the
constraints of partnership, and the persistent power of the Chinese state to
shape the legal services market. At the same time, the rarity of market exit
reflects perceptions that a China presence is a valuable symbol of global
commitment and a worthwhile bet on future growth.
Analysis of the giant genomes of Fritillaria (Liliaceae) indicates that a lack of DNA removal characterizes extreme expansions in genome size
Authors: Kelly Laura J. , Renny‐Byfield Simon , Pellicer Jaume , Macas Jiří , Novák Petr , Neumann Pavel , Lysak Martin A. , Day Peter D. , Berger Madeleine , Fay Michael F. , Nichols Richard A. , Leitch Andrew R. , Leitch Ilia J.
Published: June 2015

Plants exhibit an extraordinary range of genome sizes, varying by > 2000‐fold between the smallest and largest recorded values. In the absence of polyploidy, changes in the amount of repetitive DNA (transposable elements and tandem repeats) are primarily responsible for genome size differences between species. However, there is ongoing debate regarding the relative importance of amplification of repetitive DNA versus its deletion in governing genome size.

Using data from 454 sequencing, we analysed the most repetitive fraction of some of the largest known genomes for diploid plant species, from members of Fritillaria.

We revealed that genomic expansion has not resulted from the recent massive amplification of just a handful of repeat families, as shown in species with smaller genomes. Instead, the bulk of these immense genomes is composed of highly heterogeneous, relatively low‐abundance repeat‐derived DNA, supporting a scenario where amplified repeats continually accumulate due to infrequent DNA removal.

Our results indicate that a lack of deletion and low turnover of repetitive DNA are major contributors to the evolution of extremely large genomes and show that their size cannot simply be accounted for by the activity of a small number of high‐abundance repeat families.
Application of an ELISA Milk Pregnancy Test in Beef Cows
Authors: Roberts JN , Byrem TM , Grooms DL
Published: June 2015

Contents

Pregnancy‐associated glycoproteins (PAG) are secreted by the binucleate giant cells of the ruminant placenta and enter maternal circulation at the time of placental attachment. The IDEXX Milk Pregnancy Test (IDEXX, Westbrook, ME) detects a subset of PAG in milk. Although designed as a management tool for dairy cows, there is potential for using the milk PAG test in beef cows. Our objective was to compare the performance of the milk PAG ELISA with a gold standard method for pregnancy diagnosis and determine the agreement between milk and serum PAG analysis in lactating beef cows. Angus and Angus‐crossed cows (n = 332) from two Michigan beef herds were enrolled in this study. Cows were subjected either to timed artificial insemination followed by exposure to a bull or exclusively exposed to a bull. The bulls and cows were separated 30 days prior to examination. Serum and milk samples were collected and submitted within 24 h of collection to a commercial laboratory for PAG analysis using the IDEXX Milk Pregnancy Assay (milk) and the IDEXX Bovine Pregnancy Assay (serum). Concurrently with milk and serum collection, each cow was examined transrectally by palpation or ultrasonography. When compared to transrectal examination, the performance (and 95% confidence intervals) of the milk PAG ELISA was sensitivity of 99.7% (99.0–100.0%) and specificity of 80.8% (65.6–95.9%). The lower specificity is likely due to the low prevalence (9.9%) of open cows (n = 30) in the herds examined. Of the 332 cows examined, 1.8% (n = 6) were classified as rechecks using the milk PAG ELISA. Results of the milk and serum PAG ELISA were in high agreement (kappa coefficient = 0.91). The milk PAG ELISA was accurate in predicting pregnancy status using milk collected from beef cattle between days 37 and 125 post‐insemination and may be useful for aiding management decisions in beef herds.
Litter and soil arthropod colonization in reforested semi‐deciduous seasonal Atlantic forests
Authors: Meloni Fernando , Varanda Elenice M.
Published: June 2015

The recovery of soil ecological processes during the restoration of tropical forests is greatly influenced by arthropods that live in the litter and soil. However, these communities present complex dynamics, and their colonization patterns are not well understood. In this study, we examined the response patterns of litter and soil arthropods to the ecosystem regeneration process by assessing reforestation sites from two regions of São Paulo State, Brazil, and we compared the data obtained from these sites with data from mature forests. We assessed the arthropod communities using similarity indices and high‐level taxa abundance, with the level of forest succession and the locations of the restoration areas as factors. Forest succession correlated with the species composition as communities from the reforestation sites gradually became more similar to communities from the mature forests, while their quantitative patterns were minimally related. Forest maturation positively affected the richness of the litter community and the abundance of some minor groups, such as Protura, Diplura, and Symphyla. The region influenced the species composition but did not influence the manner in which the communities changed during the maturation process. We also found a convergent soil colonization pattern as arthropod communities from different sites became more similar during forest succession. This finding is consistent with both empirical data and theoretical predictions from the specialized literature, although the subject has been poorly explored until now. We conclude that reforestation allows the colonization of soil and litter fauna in a biased manner.
MDT lung cancer care: Input from the Surgical Oncologist
Authors: Kidane Biniam , Toyooka Shinichi , Yasufuku Kazuhiro
Published: June 2015

Although there have been many advancements in the multidisciplinary management of non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), surgery remains the primary modality of choice for resectable lung cancer when the patient is able to tolerate lung resection physiologically. There have been recent advances in surgical diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer. Increasing use of low‐dose computed tomography (CT) screening for lung cancer has resulted in increased detection of small peripheral nodules or semi‐solid ground glass opacities. Here, we review different modalities of localization techniques that have been used to aid surgical excisional biopsy when needle biopsy has failed to provide tissue diagnosis. We also report on the current debates regarding the use of sublobar resections for Stage I NSCLC as well as the surgical management of locally advanced NSCLC. Finally, we discuss the complex surgical management of T4 NSCLC lung cancers.
Functional assessment of the elderly with the use of EASY‐Care Standard 2010 and Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment
Authors: Talarska Dorota , Pacholska Renata , Strugała Magdalena , Wieczorowska‐Tobis Katarzyna
Published: June 2015

Background

The wide variation in performance among the elderly leads to the search for a suitable instrument to identify the necessary support.

The aim of this study was to examine the scope of independent functioning of the elderly and to indicate the necessary support using basic instruments, Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA) and EASY‐Care Standard 2010.

Methods

For statistical analysis were qualified 101 questionnaires of patients from oncological surgery clinic.

Results

The study group was dominated by women (79.2%). The average age for the entire group was 74.7 ± 7.5 years. In terms of basic life activities (Barthel Index), 75.2% of the elderly performed most of their activities independently. The Lawton IADL (Instrumental Activity of Daily Living Scale) median was 25 points. Moderate depression (Geriatric Depression Scale) reported 37.6% of the group. The influence of age, education, mode of movement and efficiency in basic and instrumental life activities and depression (Geriatric Depression Scale) was demonstrated in the results in three scales of the EASY‐Care Standard 2010 questionnaire: Independence score, Risk of break down in care and Risk of falls. There was no difference in terms of gender and the nature of the residence.

Conclusion

The study group of the elderly was characterised by a good level of efficiency in basic and instrumental activities of daily living. Questionnaire EASY‐Care Standard 2010 enables to identify functional limitations of the elderly that may form the basis for planning individual support.
Neutrophil and monocyte responses to downhill running: Intracellular contents of MPO, IL‐6, IL‐10, pstat3, and SOCS3
Authors: van de Vyver M. , Engelbrecht L. , Smith C. , Myburgh K. H.
Published: June 2015

High‐intensity exercise results in immune activation. This study determined whether (a) there is concordance between serum MPO and neutrophil and/or monocyte intracellular MPO content; (b) peripheral blood mononuclear cells respond to inflammatory interleukins (ILs) by increasing intracellular signaling. Healthy male (n = 12) volunteers participated in high‐intensity running (12 × 5 min, 10% decline, 15 km/h). Blood sample (pre, post, 4 h) analyses included serum concentrations of IL‐1β, IL‐1ra, IL‐4, IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐10, matrix metalloprotease‐9 (MMP‐9) and creatine kinase (CK). Intracellular IL‐6, IL‐10, MPO and STAT3/SOCS3 signaling were assessed in mononuclear cells. CK (1573 ± 756 u/L), MMP‐9 (101 ± 27 ng/mL), neutrophil (9.89 ± 0.76 × 109 cells/L) and monocyte counts (1 ± 0.08 × 109 cells/L) increased at 4 h. At 4 h serum (7.1 ± 1.3 ng/mL) and monocyte MPO (1.7‐fold) increased, whereas neutrophil MPO decreased (0.8‐fold). Intracellular monocyte IL‐10 and IL‐6 decreased by 15% and 20–30%, respectively, coinciding with elevations in serum IL‐10 of 14.5 ± 4.7 pg/mL and IL‐6 of 5.4 ± 2.9 pg/mL, suggesting immune cell cytokine release in response to exercise. Intracellular PBMC p‐STAT3 to total STAT3 ratio increased from pre to 4 h. Circulating monocytes are responsive to increased serum IL‐6 suggesting a negative feedback loop via STAT3 signaling.
A Difficult Encounter – National Health Care Models and the EU
Authors: Martinsen Dorte Sindbjerg , Vasev Nikolay
Published: June 2015

This article examines the institutional output and preliminary outcome of the EU Patients' Rights Directive in two health care models: the Beveridge and Bismarck models in Denmark and Bulgaria, respectively. The study applies a most dissimilar system design to explain a similar transposition output through three explanatory variables, namely, institutional misfit, salience and administrative resources. We find that Denmark and Bulgaria have transposed the Directive in protectionist and minimalistic ways, thus far leading to a low outcome, i.e. low patient outflow. The encounter between the EU and the national health care models has not been enthusiastic but has instead been another example of reluctant and restrictive Europeanisation.
Europeanization, Welfare and Variegated Austerity Capitalisms – Hungary and Croatia
Authors: Lendvai Noémi , Stubbs Paul
Published: June 2015

This article focuses on the implications of understanding ‘Europeanization’ as a complex, dynamic and troubled translation process. It discusses post‐communist welfare in the context of variegated forms of austerity capitalism in the EU. In particular, the complex relationships between modalities of welfare, the uneven development of neo‐liberalisms and the multi‐scalar restructuring of welfare assemblages, are discussed in the context of the reframing of relationships between the economic, the political and the social in a period of deep crisis and austerity. Post‐communist Europe cannot be conceived as a flattened map or a singular regime type. Rather, diverse and often contradictory restructurings operate in different places at different times, and political agency continues to matter. Comparing and contrasting the changing relationships between neo‐liberalism, authoritarian populism and ethnicized nationalism in Hungary and Croatia provides a more nuanced understanding of the variable geometries of transnational translations.
Depression and Political Participation*
Authors: Ojeda Christopher
Published: June 2015

Objective

I hypothesize that individuals with depression lack the motivation and physical capacity required to participate in politics due to somatic problems and feelings of hopelessness and apathy. Furthermore, I hypothesize that depression in adolescence can have negative downstream consequences for participation in young adulthood.

Method

Using the 1998 General Social Survey and the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, I employ logistic regression and mediation analysis to test the relationship between depression and voting as well as adolescent depression and political participation.

Results

The results show that both depression and adolescent depression reduce the probability of political participation. The effect of adolescent depression on political participation is mediated by educational attainment and partisan affiliation.

Conclusion

Depression reduces participation and merits further attention as a political phenomenon. The possibility of depression as a disability is discussed, including potential efforts to boost participation among this group.
A Non‐linear Manifold Strategy for SHM Approaches
Authors: Dervilis N. , Antoniadou I. , Cross E. J. , Worden K.
Published: June 2015

In the data‐based approach to structural health monitoring (SHM) when novelty detection is utilised as a means of diagnosis, benign operational and environmental variations of the structure can lead to false alarms and mask the presence of damage. The key element of this paper is to demonstrate a series of pattern recognition approaches which investigate complex correlations between the variables and thus potentially shed light on the variations within the data that are of interest for SHM.

The non‐linear manifold learning techniques discussed here, like locally linear embedding combined with robust discordance measures like the minimum covariance determinant and regression techniques like Gaussian processes offer a strategy that includes reliable novelty detection analysis but also a method of investigating the space where structural data clusters are lying.
Robust Stochastic Sampled-Data H∞ Control for a Class of Mechanical Systems With Uncertainties
Authors: Dharani S. , Rakkiyappan R. , Cao Jinde
Published: June 2015

This paper considers a class of mechanical systems with uncertainties appearing in all the mass, damping, and stiffness matrices. Two cases, linear fractional and randomly occurring uncertainty formulations, are considered. Since sampled-data controllers have an advantage of implementing with microcontroller or digital computer to lower the implementation cost and time, a robust stochastic sampled-data controller is considered with m sampling intervals whose occurrence probabilities are given constants and satisfy Bernoulli distribution. A discontinuous type Lyapunov functional based on the extended Wirtinger's inequality is constructed with triple integral terms and sufficient conditions that promises the robust mean square asymptotic stability of the concerned system are derived in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). In an aim to reduce the conservatism, a newly introduced concept called the second-order reciprocally convex approach is employed in deriving the bound for some cross terms that arise while maneuvering the derivative of Lyapunov functional. The obtained LMIs can be easily solved through any of the standard available software. Finally, numerical examples are given to verify the effectiveness of the proposed theoretical results.
Comparison of breathing gated CT images generated using a 5DCT technique and a commercial clinical protocol in a porcine model
Authors: O'Connell Dylan P. , Thomas David H. , Dou Tai H. , Lamb James M. , Feingold Franklin , Low Daniel A. , Fuld Matthew K. , Sieren Jered P. , Sloan Chelsea M. , Shirk Melissa A. , Hoffman Eric A. , Hofmann Christian
Published: June 2015

Purpose:

To demonstrate that a “5DCT” technique which utilizes fast helical acquisition yields the same respiratory‐gated images as a commercial technique for regular, mechanically produced breathing cycles.

Methods:

Respiratory‐gated images of an anesthetized, mechanically ventilated pig were generated using a Siemens low‐pitch helical protocol and 5DCT for a range of breathing rates and amplitudes and with standard and low dose imaging protocols. 5DCT reconstructions were independently evaluated by measuring the distances between tissue positions predicted by a 5D motion model and those measured using deformable registration, as well by reconstructing the originally acquired scans. Discrepancies between the 5DCT and commercial reconstructions were measured using landmark correspondences.

Results:

The mean distance between model predicted tissue positions and deformably registered tissue positions over the nine datasets was 0.65 ± 0.28 mm. Reconstructions of the original scans were on average accurate to 0.78 ± 0.57 mm. Mean landmark displacement between the commercial and 5DCT images was 1.76 ± 1.25 mm while the maximum lung tissue motion over the breathing cycle had a mean value of 27.2 ± 4.6 mm. An image composed of the average of 30 deformably registered images acquired with a low dose protocol had 6 HU image noise (single standard deviation) in the heart versus 31 HU for the commercial images.

Conclusions:

An end to end evaluation of the 5DCT technique was conducted through landmark based comparison to breathing gated images acquired with a commercial protocol under highly regular ventilation. The techniques were found to agree to within 2 mm for most respiratory phases and most points in the lung.
Sport for Development: An Integrated Literature Review
Authors: Schulenkorf Nico , Sherry Emma , Rowe Katie
Published: June 2015

Despite the significant increase of published research in sport-for-development (SFD), to date there have been no attempts to rigorously review and synthesize scholarly contributions in this area. To address this issue, we conducted an integrative review of SFD literature to portray an overarching and holistic picture of the field. Through a comprehensive literature analysis following Whittemore and Knafl’s (2005) five-step process, we provide evidence of the status quo of current SFD research foci, authorship, geographical contexts, theoretical frameworks, sport activity, level of development, methodologies, methods, and key research findings. Our study shows an increasing trend of journal publications since 2000, with a strong focus on social and educational outcomes related to youth sport and with football (soccer) as the most common activity. A large majority of SFD research has been conducted at the community level, where qualitative approaches are dominant. The geographical contexts of authorship and study location present an interesting paradox: Although the majority of SFD projects are carried out in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, 90% of SFD authors are based in North America, Europe, and Australia. We conclude our study by providing new perspectives on key issues in SFD and by outlining current research and theoretical gaps that provide the basis for future scholarly inquiry.
Correlated gene expression supports synchronous activity in brain networks
Authors: Richiardi Jonas , Altmann Andre , Milazzo Anna-Clare , Chang Catie , Chakravarty M. Mallar , Banaschewski Tobias , Barker Gareth J. , Bokde Arun L.W. , Bromberg Uli , Büchel Christian , Conrod Patricia , Fauth-Bühler Mira , Flor Herta , Frouin Vincent , Gallinat Jürgen , Garavan Hugh , Gowland Penny , Heinz Andreas , Lemaître Hervé , Mann Karl F. , Martinot Jean-Luc , Nees Frauke , Paus Tomáš , Pausova Zdenka , Rietschel Marcella , Robbins Trevor W. , Smolka Michael N. , Spanagel Rainer , Ströhle Andreas , Schumann Gunter , Hawrylycz Mike , Poline Jean-Baptiste , Greicius Michael D. ,   IMAGEN consortium, Albrecht Lisa , Andrew Chris , Arroyo Mercedes , Artiges Eric , Aydin Semiha , Bach Christine , Banaschewski Tobias , Barbot Alexis , Barker Gareth , Boddaert Nathalie , Bokde Arun , Bricaud Zuleima , Bromberg Uli , Bruehl Ruediger , Büchel Christian , Cachia Arnaud , Cattrell Anna , Conrod Patricia , Constant Patrick , Dalley Jeffrey , Decideur Benjamin , Desrivieres Sylvane , Fadai Tahmine , Flor Herta , Frouin Vincent , Gallinat Jürgen , Garavan Hugh , Briand Fanny Gollier , Gowland Penny , Heinrichs Bert , Heinz Andreas , Heym Nadja , Hübner Thomas , Ireland James , Ittermann Bernd , Jia Tianye , Lathrop Mark , Lanzerath Dirk , Lawrence Claire , Lemaitre Hervé , Lüdemann Katharina , Macare Christine , Mallik Catherine , Mangin Jean-François , Mann Karl , Martinot Jean- Luc , Mennigen Eva , Mesquita de Carvahlo Fabiana , Mignon Xavier , Miranda Ruben , Müller Kathrin , Nees Frauke , Nymberg Charlotte , Paillere Marie-Laure , Paus Tomas , Pausova Zdenka , Poline Jean-Baptiste , Poustka Luise , Rapp Michael , Robert Gabriel , Reuter Jan , Rietschel Marcella , Ripke Stephan , Robbins Trevor , Rodehacke Sarah , Rogers John , Romanowski Alexander , Ruggeri Barbara , Schmäl Christine , Schmidt Dirk , Schneider Sophia , Schumann MarkGunter , Schubert Florian , Schwartz Yannick , Smolka Michael , Sommer Wolfgang , Spanagel Rainer , Speiser Claudia , Spranger Tade , Stedman Alicia , Steiner Sabina , Stephens Dai , Strache Nicole , Ströhle Andreas , Struve Maren , Subramaniam Naresh , Topper Lauren , Whelan Robert , Williams Steve , Yacubian Juliana , Zilbovicius Monica , Wong C Peng , Lubbe Steven , Martinez-Medina Lourdes , Fernandes Alinda , Tahmasebi Amir
Published: June 2015

Cooperating brain regions express similar genes

When the brain is at rest, a number of distinct areas are functionally connected. They tend to be organized in networks. Richiardiet al.compared brain imaging and gene expression data to build computational models of these networks. These functional networks are underpinned by the correlated expression of a core set of 161 genes. In this set, genes coding for ion channels and other synaptic functions such as neurotransmitter release dominate.

Science, this issue p.1241
Comment on “Principles of ER cotranslational translocation revealed by proximity-specific ribosome profiling”
Authors: Reid David W. , Nicchitta Christopher V.
Published: June 2015

Jan
et al
. (Research Articles, 7 November 2014, p. 716) propose that ribosomes translating secretome messenger RNAs (mRNAs) traffic from the cytosol to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) upon emergence of the signal peptide and return to the cytosol after termination. An accounting of controls demonstrates that mRNAs initiate translation on ER-bound ribosomes and that ribosomes are retained on the ER through many cycles of translation.
Earthquakes induced by fluid injections
Authors: Cornet Francois H.
Published: June 2015

Controlling fluid injection may mitigate the extent of induced earthquakes

[Also see Report by

Guglielmi
et al.

]
Development and Evaluation of an Enterovirus D68 Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase PCR Assay
Authors: Wylie Todd N. , Wylie Kristine M. , Buller Richard S. , Cannella Maria , Storch Gregory A.
Published: June 2015

We have developed and evaluated a real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) assay for the detection of human enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) in clinical specimens. This assay was developed in response to the unprecedented 2014 nationwide EV-D68 outbreak in the United States associated with severe respiratory illness. As part of our evaluation of the outbreak, we sequenced and published the genome sequence of the EV-D68 virus circulating in St. Louis, MO. This sequence, along with other GenBank sequences from past EV-D68 occurrences, was used to computationally select a region of EV-D68 appropriate for targeting in a strain-specific RT-PCR assay. The RT-PCR assay amplifies a segment of the VP1 gene, with an analytic limit of detection of 4 copies per reaction, and it was more sensitive than commercially available assays that detect enteroviruses and rhinoviruses without distinguishing between the two, including three multiplex respiratory panels approved for clinical use by the FDA. The assay did not detect any other enteroviruses or rhinoviruses tested and did detect divergent strains of EV-D68, including the first EV-D68 strain (Fermon) identified in California in 1962. This assay should be useful for identifying and studying current and future outbreaks of EV-D68 viruses.
Context-Dependent Cleavage of the Capsid Protein by the West Nile Virus Protease Modulates the Efficiency of Virus Assembly
Authors: VanBlargan Laura A. , Davis Kaitlin A. , Dowd Kimberly A. , Akey David L. , Smith Janet L. , Pierson Theodore C.
Published: June 2015

The molecular mechanisms that define the specificity of flavivirus RNA encapsulation are poorly understood. Virions composed of the structural proteins of one flavivirus and the genomic RNA of a heterologous strain can be assembled and have been developed as live attenuated vaccine candidates for several flaviviruses. In this study, we discovered that not all combinations of flavivirus components are possible. While a West Nile virus (WNV) subgenomic RNA could readily be packaged by structural proteins of the DENV2 strain 16681, production of infectious virions with DENV2 strain New Guinea C (NGC) structural proteins was not possible, despite the very high amino acid identity between these viruses. Mutagenesis studies identified a single residue (position 101) of the DENV capsid (C) protein as the determinant for heterologous virus production. C101 is located at the P1′ position of the NS2B/3 protease cleavage site at the carboxy terminus of the C protein. WNV NS2B/3 cleavage of the DENV structural polyprotein was possible when a threonine (Thr101 in strain 16681) but not a serine (Ser101 in strain NGC) occupied the P1′ position, a finding not predicted by
in vitro
protease specificity studies. Critically, both serine and threonine were tolerated at the P1′ position of WNV capsid. More extensive mutagenesis revealed the importance of flanking residues within the polyprotein in defining the cleavage specificity of the WNV protease. A more detailed understanding of the context dependence of viral protease specificity may aid the development of new protease inhibitors and provide insight into associated patterns of drug resistance.

IMPORTANCE
West Nile virus (WNV) and dengue virus (DENV) are mosquito-borne flaviviruses that cause considerable morbidity and mortality in humans. No specific antiflavivirus therapeutics are available for treatment of infection. Proteolytic processing of the flavivirus polyprotein is an essential step in the replication cycle and is an attractive target for antiviral development. The design of protease inhibitors has been informed by insights into the molecular details of the interactions of proteases and their substrates. In this article, studies of the processing of WNV and DENV capsid proteins by the WNV protease identified an unexpected contribution of the sequence surrounding critical residues within the cleavage site on protease specificity. This demonstration of context-dependent protease cleavage has implications for the design of chimeric flaviviruses, new therapeutics, and the interpretation of flavivirus protease substrate specificity studies.
Juvenile obsessive compulsive disorder in a paediatric dentistry set-up
Authors: Ahuja Ruchi , Shigli Anand L , Thakur Gagan , Jain Upendra
Published: June 2015

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is an anxiety disorder comprising uncontrollable thought processes and repetitive, ritualised behaviours that one feels compelled to perform. If an individual has OCD, he/she probably realises that his/her obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviours are irrational but would still feel unable to resist them. Since a pedodontist's association with the child patient and parents is established at quite an early age, they should make good use of the opportunity to diagnose psychological disorders in child patients as well as adolescents. Prompt diagnosis in such cases would enable timely medical intervention and hence help in achieving a more cooperative dental patient to ensure instillation of a positive dental attitude. This endeavour highlights a case of a 10-year-old boy who had reported to a private dental set-up with dental problems and was concurrently diagnosed for OCD.
Chronic cholecystitis withCystoisospora belliin an immunocompetent patient
Authors: Takahashi Hideo , Falk Gavin A , Cruise Michael , Morris-Stiff Gareth
Published: June 2015

A 47-year-old woman presented with a history of vague abdominal pain for several years, which worsened over the past 2 months, with pain more prominent in the right upper quadrant. She also had a history of peptic ulcer disease. The ultrasound scan of right upper quadrant revealed normal gallbladder and oesophagogastroduodenoscopy was unremarkable. A99mtechnetium labelled hepato iminodiacetic acid (HIDA) scan with cholecystokinin provocation demonstrated a decreased gallbladder ejection fraction (EF) of 32%. On this basis, the patient was diagnosed with biliary dyskinesia and underwent an elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Histopathological analysis revealed chronic cholecystitis withCystoisospora belliidentified in the gallbladder wall.Cystoisosporahas been identified to cause an opportunistic acalculous cholecystitis among immunocompromised hosts, especially those with AIDS. This is the first case report of chronic cholecystitis due toC. belliin an immunocompetent patient.