bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tagging Returns, Age Studies and Fluctuations in Abundance of Lake Winnipeg Whitefish, 1931–1951
Authors: Kennedy W. A.
Published: April 2011

On the basis of 2,003 lake whitefish, Coregonus clupeaformis, tagged in 1938, of which 126 were recovered during the next five years, there is evidence that fish released together tend to stay together for years, and that the proportion of a population captured during a certain time by a unit amount of fishing effort can fluctuate greatly (a plausible explanation is the effect of variations in weather conditions). On the basis of age determinations of 12,975 whitefish in samples taken annually from 1937 to 1951, growth rate was determined, the total annual mortality rate among fully exploited fish was calculated to be 64 per cent over several years, and it appeared that all year-classes had been of about equal strength in recent years. The generally accepted idea that fluctations in fishing success correspond to fluctuations in abundance of whitefish is probably erroneous. Possibly the Lake Winnipeg whitefish are underfished.
Contrasting Susceptibilities of Two Fish Species to a Diet Destructive to Vitamin B1
Authors: Harrington Jr. Robert W.
Published: April 2011

Specimens of Schilbeodes mollis, a catfish, and of Enneacanthus obesus, a sunfish, were fed exclusively on carp eggs. Within a month, catfish developed symptoms of athiaminosis and died. These results were swifter and more widespread under longer, brighter light. Survivors responded to a change of diet with the addition of thiamin chloride hydrochloride. No sunfish showed any signs of athiaminosis or died. Sunfish subjected to long, bright light were induced to spawn out of season. Catfish on a carp-egg-free diet for 10½ weeks from date of capture remained healthy without the addition of thiamin chloride.
Movements of Cutthroat Trout after Different Periods of Retention Upstream and Downstream from their Homes
Authors: Miller Richard B.
Published: April 2011

A homing experiment of cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki) was carried out in Gorge Creek, a small trout stream more or less typical of the streams of the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains in Alberta. A half-mile portion of the stream was screened off and, into the enclosure thus formed, 105 trout were transferred from above and 104 from below. Each of these was given a numbered tag and the home locality was recorded. The transfers were made from June 24 to August 13. On August 15 the screens were removed; from September 3 to 5 most of the experimental area was poisoned with Fish Tox and the localities of tagged fish recorded. It was found that most of the trout that had been confined for 30 or more days remained in the enclosure area, i.e., they had adjusted to new homes. The exceptions appear to be the result of random movements. Trout of upstream origin, confined for less than 30 days, move toward their original home territory. Trout of downstream origin, confined for less than 30 days, show very much less ability to move toward or to find their homes. The hypothesis is put forward that trout are guided by smell in finding home.A few observations on size of home territory suggest that it is small, perhaps not more than 20 yards of stream. Trout may inhabit the same area of stream for at least three years.
Sex Ratios in Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)
Authors: Foerster R. E.
Published: April 2011

A low male:female ratio (average for 14 years—32.4% males) occurs in the sockeye salmon spawning escapements to Cultus Lake. Factors likely to cause such unequal sex representation are examined. Sex ratios of seaward-migrating smolts (7 years' records) were found to approximate 50:50. Selection of male fish by the gill-net fishery, while contributing, does not appear great enough. Therefore, a greater mortality of male sockeye during the period of ocean residence seems indicated, and records for two series of data are presented.
More Folliculinids (Ciliata Heterotricha) from British Columbia
Authors: Andrews E. A.
Published: April 2011

not available
Isopleth Diagrams to Predict Equilibrium Yields of a Small Flounder Fishery
Authors: Dickie L. M. , McCracken F. D.
Published: April 2011

Detailed records of the fishery for a small discrete population of winter flounders permit calculations of growth rate, natural and fishing mortality rates and recruitment which are used to construct yield- and value-isopleths. The analysis illustrates the value of such data in predicting equilibrium yields under different conditions. Results in the present instance indicate that near-maximum economic yields are now being realized by the fishery.
The American Eel in Certain Fresh Waters of the Maritime Provinces of Canada
Authors: Smith M. W. , Saunders J. W.
Published: April 2011

Estimated standing crops of eels in eight Maritime lakes treated with fish poisons varied from 0 to 70.8 pounds per acre. Smaller standing crops were associated with greater distances of lakes from the sea, and with obstructions to ascending elvers. Few eels were found in small spring-fed streams. The eel is prominent in Maritime lakes, but frequently is not more successful than other fish considered inimical to game species. Seaward migrations of eels may represent major losses of organic matter to lakes.Scales appear on young eels at lengths from 16 to 20 centimetres, probably in their third or fourth year of age. Nine year-classes were found among eels with scales in each of three limnetic populations. Eels with three and four annual rings on the scales were dominant in the runs from lakes.Runs of eels from lakes occurred in April and May, and again, in larger numbers, from late August through November. These movements were at night, and usually coincident with rising water during and immediately following heavy rains. Silvering, an index of maturity, was manifest among only a portion of the largest of these eels. Fall runs of large eels from salt water into streams have been noted. Upstream movements of elvers are most prominent in May and June, although they attempted to bypass a barrier in the outlet of one lake throughout the summer.
The Egg Masses of the Naticidae (Gastropoda)
Authors: Giglioli M. E. C.
Published: April 2011

The process of egg collar formation by naticid whelks is described in detail, with an account of the structure of the egg masses of nine species of Naticidae. The collars of five American and two European species are described together with three unidentified egg masses recovered from Canadian Atlantic waters. These are compared with the egg masses of other species, previously described in the literature, and a scheme of classification for the egg collars of the Naticidae is presented on the basis of these descriptions and comparisons.
Spoilage of Haddock in the Trawlers at Sea: The Measurement of Spoilage and Standards of Quality
Authors: Castell C. H. , Triggs Rosalie E.
Published: April 2011

During a period of eight months, 850 haddock were taken from a trawler from the Nova Scotian and Grand Banks. Immediately after landing, the fish were filleted and the fillets were examined organoleptically and tested for pH and trimethylamine.The results indicate a rather close correlation between the development of early spoilage odours and the increase of trimethylamine. One marked exception was the development of "bilgy" odours which can become very offensive without an increase in the trimethylamine content of the muscle.Sixty-five per cent of the fillets without perceptible spoilage odours had trimethylamine values of less than 1 mg. per 100 g.; 83 per cent had values of less than 1.5 mg., 92.5 per cent of less than 2 mg.; only 0.5 per cent had trimethylamine values of between 3 and 4 mg. and none above that level. Conversely, only 10.5 per cent of the "smelly" fish had trimethylamine values below 1 mg.; 89.5 per cent had values above 1.0 mg., and 66.5 per cent above the 1.5-mg. level. For the purpose of grading freshly cut haddock fillets, the following standards are suggested: trimethylamine values of 0 to 1 mg. per 100 g.–fresh; 1 to 5 mg.–doubtful or spoiling; above 5 mg.–spoiled.In spite of its usefulness as a measure of spoilage, it seems very unlikely that trimethylamine contributes to the early spoilage odours that develop in haddock muscle before the pH reaches 6.9.The pH of the homogenized muscle is not a good indication of the extent of deterioration that takes place in the earlier stages of spoilage of these fish.
The Skeena River Salmon Fishery, with Special Reference to Sockeye Salmon
Authors: Milne D. J.
Published: April 2011

The general history of the Skeena River commercial salmon fishery is presented from 1877 to 1948. The changes in fishing areas, seasons and fishing methods are described, together with the trends in the catches obtained. The most accurate data pertain to the important sockeye salmon gill-net fishery. The sockeye catch attained a maximum of 187,000 cases in 1910 and since then has declined to a minimum of 28,000 cases in 1933 and 1943. In recent years the catches have tended to level off. The pink salmon catches declined markedly after 1930. The chum catches also appear to have declined in recent years. Whether or not the spring and coho salmon catches have declined is not known. The size of the sockeye catch appears to be the best available measure of the relative size of the population. An analysis of the age cycles in the catch of sockeye and pink salmon did not reveal a practical basis for prediction. Some possible changes in the fishing regulations are discussed and the need for more data on the fluctuations in the size of the stocks during the fresh water phase is stressed.
Pollution Survey of Humber Arm and Exploits River
Authors: Vavasour G. R. , Blair A. A.
Published: April 2011

In 1942 a pollution survey was made of Humber Arm, Bay of Islands, and Exploits River, Notre Dame Bay, Newfoundland, where pulp and paper mills are situated.Fresh water from the Humber River affects the salinity of the water in Humber Arm mainly to a depth of about 10 metres. The salinities and sulphates increased from the surface to the bottom while the temperature and dissolved oxygen decreased. No sulphite was detected. It was concluded that the operations of the mill have no injurious effects on fish life in Humber Arm.On the Exploits River the dissolved oxygen was decreased by the mill effluents, and sulphite was detected in appreciable quantities, but neither of these effects was sufficient to harm fish life.
The Relation between Scale Diameter and Body Length of Kamloops Trout, Salmo gairdneri kamloops
Authors: Smith S. B.
Published: April 2011

The scale/body relationship for Kamloops trout is very close to direct proportion for fish larger than 4.5 cm. fork length. The resultant plot on a double logarithmic grid is linear with a slope not significantly different from 1.00 (45°). Calculations of lengths of trout from scales at ages previous to that of capture can be made on the basis of simple proportion in two ways, (1) by use of a constant slope (45°) on a double logarithmic plot, or (2) by use of a constant zero-zero intercept on an arithmetic plot.Growth of the scales of the young is characterized by relatively rapid increase from time of scale formation, 3.5 cm. fork length up to 4.5 cm. At about 4.5 cm. fork length there is a sharp break (inflection) in the relative growth curve toward isometric growth of scales and body. Reliable estimates of the length of trout may be obtained from scales alone, using the diameter of the first circulus of the scale, the slopes and inflection of the relative scale/body plot and total diameter of the scale at time of capture.Marked Kamloops trout of known size were released in 1953. Subsequent recaptures both in 1953 and 1954 substantiated the accuracy of the method of estimating lengths of trout at ages previous to that of capture.Observations on the steelhead trout, Salmo gairdneri gairdneri, and on the coastal cutthroat trout, Salmo clarki clarki, suggest that an isometric scale/body relationship may exist among those species also.
Study of Red Halophilic Bacteria in Solar Salt and Salted Fish: I. Effect of Bacto-Oxgall
Authors: Dussault H. P.
Published: April 2011

Bacto-oxgall has shown a differential effect on the red halophilic bacteria commonly found in solar salt and in contaminated salted fish. Pseudomonas salinaria was inhibited by low oxgall concentrations while Sarcina littoralis tolerated high ones. When this differentiating test is applied to a larger number of strains it will be possible to determine if Bacto-oxgall can be used as the basis of a selective medium to distinguish one genus from the other. The clearing of bacterial suspensions and microscopical examination have shown that the inhibition of Ps. salinaria was produced by the lysis of the cells. The inhibition of Ps. salinaria was effective and rapid. It was not affected by pH variations but was reduced by the presence of proteins. When compared similarly to other bile products, Bacto-oxgall was found to have the same inhibitory power as sodium taurocholate. Bacto-oxgall, diluted to the equivalent of fresh bile, was also found to be three times more effective than fresh cod bile. From the evidence gathered it was concluded that the inhibition of Ps. salinaria by Bacto-oxgall is due to a mechanical disruption of the bacterial cytoplasm.
A Note on the Production of Nitrite from Hydroxylamine by Some Heterotrophic Bacteria
Authors: Castell C. H. , Mapplebeck E. G.
Published: April 2011

Small amounts of nitrite slowly accumulated in cod fillets that had been dipped in a solution of hydroxylamine. Cultures of Pseudomonas isolated from fish, as well as two species of Proteus and one species of Microbacterium, were able to convert hydroxylamine to nitrite when grown in a nutrient broth.
The Choice and Solution of Mathematical Models for Predicting and Maximizing the Yield of a Fishery
Authors: Watt Kenneth E. F.
Published: April 2011

The great expense of modern fisheries research programs necessitates, prior to data collection, careful consideration of the mathematical model to be used in analysis. The simplest type of model requires little information, but has poor predictive reliability. Progressively more complex models have higher information output, in the form of predictive reliability and insight into dynamics of the exploited population, but require higher information input, not only as amount of data, but array of types of data. The general form of the most complex type of model is derived by consideration of available information on the dynamics of fish populations. The specific form of the component terms and the values of the parameters must be derived in each instance through a combination of deduction and joint regression analysis. To solve the models, catch-effort data must be weighted to avoid gross errors, all readable scales must be aged, regardless of difficulty in interpretation, and various modifications of the theory and practice of tag-recapture programs are necessary. Schooling behaviour and regenerated scale centers influence necessary minimum size of scale sample.
Salmon Tagging at Francis Harbour Bight, Labrador
Authors: Blair A. A.
Published: April 2011

Francis Harbour Bight, situated near the southern end of the Labrador coast, was the centre of tagging operations in 1950. During the period June 28 to July 18, 74 salmon and 41 grilse caught in commercial gear were tagged. In this area the salmon run extends from June 10 to July 31 with the peak around June 30, and the time of the grilse run is from July 1 to August 15 with the peak around July 20. Thus the tagging period covered the last half of the salmon run and the first part of the grilse run.There was a 15% return of tagged salmon which is considered to be fairly representative. All the recaptured salmon were taken in Labrador by commercial gear. The distribution north and south of the tagging area was equal and extended to the northernmost limit of the commercial salmon fishery. The greatest distance travelled by a recaptured salmon was 186 miles, and the fastest rate of travel was 17 miles per day.The small return of tagged grilse of just over 7% is indicative of low fishing effort. The fishermen here are mainly concerned with procuring the larger salmon and in prosecuting the cod fishery.
Scale Characteristics of Yearling Coastal Cutthroat and Steelhead Trout
Authors: Vernon E. H. , McMynn R. G.
Published: April 2011

Some scale characteristics of 88 yearling coastal cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki clarki) and 96 yearling steelhead (Salmo gairdneri) were compared in some detail. Although the number of diagonal scale rows above the lateral line was significantly higher in cutthroat, the counts of the two species overlap. The correlation of scale circuli counts with scale diameter was 0.94 for steelhead and 0.90 for cutthroat. At any given scale size cutthroat had 8 per cent more circuli than steelhead scales. Measurements of lateral and longitudinal diameters and anterior radii of scales show that the anterior portions of cutthroat scales tend to be longer and narrower than those of steelhead.Regression analyses of each scale measurement on fork length indicated that, for any given fork length, cutthroat scales are smaller than those of steelhead; the greatest difference being apparent when anterior radii are compared. Growth of scales in a dorsoventral plane approximates isauxesis in relation to fork length but scale growth in a longitudinal plane tends toward positive heterauxesis which is particularly pronounced in the anterior portions of scales.Multiple regression analyses of scale diameter, scale row count and fork length indicated that the smaller size of cutthroat scales is not balanced by proportionate increase in their number. When scale diameter is adjusted for scale number and fork length, cutthroat scales are 15.6 per cent smaller than those of steelhead, indicating that young cutthroat are covered by their scales with less overlap.
Some Considerations of Population Dynamics and Economics in Relation to the Management of the Commercial Marine Fisheries
Authors: Schaefer Milner B.
Published: April 2011

not available
The Optimum Level of Fisheries Exploitation
Authors: Frick Harold C.
Published: April 2011

not available
Alterations in the Blood Level of Lactic Acid in Certain Salmonoid Fishes Following Muscular Activity.: III. Sockeye Salmon,Oncorhynchus nerka
Authors: Black Edgar C.
Published: April 2011

The blood level of lactic acid in hatchery-raised sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka, was studied following 15 minutes of vigorous muscular activity. Yearling salmon acclimated and exercised in fresh water showed a sevenfold increase in blood lactic acid following activity, increasing still further during the first two hours of recovery, as in the Kamloops trout, Salmo gairdneri. Yearling salmon acclimated in sea water for two days and then exercised exhibited higher immediate increase in lactic acid and showed less fatigue. The sea water appeared to aid the yearling salmon in coping with fatigue products. However, two-year-old salmon that had been acclimated a year and a half in sea water showed the same change in lactic acid following exercise as the yearlings in fresh water. Five of 19 two-year-old salmon died following the exercise.
Energy Considerations in the Bay of Fundy System
Authors: McLellan H. J.
Published: April 2011

Following developments of Taylor, Allard and Redfield, the rates at which energy is dissipated in the Bay of Fundy in various ways are calculated. A total of 30.9 × 106 kw. is transmitted into the bay of which 1.26 × 106 kw. is transmitted into Passamaquoddy Bay. Work is done on the moon at the rate of 2.48 × 106 kw. and 0.03 × 106 kw. is used to maintain the mixed state in the waters of the Bay of Fundy. The remaining 27.1 × 106 kw. must be dissipated by tidal friction. This value is compatible with the usual concepts of turbulent flow over a rough surface if the "roughness length" (Z0) is equal to 0.4 cm. or the average size of the roughness elements (E) is about 11 cm.The effect which the extraction of additional power from the system would have on tidal ranges is evaluated. The range at the head of the Bay of Fundy would decrease at the rate of 0.84 foot (26 cm.) for each million kilowatts. The proposed Passamaquoddy Project would probably increase the mean tidal range at Hopewell Cape by 0.6 foot (18 cm.)
Limnological Studies of Heming Lake, Manitoba, and Two Adjacent Lakes
Authors: Lawler G. H. , Watson N. H. F.
Published: April 2011

Heming, Home and Wapun Lakes are small, eutrophic lakes on the Precambrian Shield. They are at the headwaters of the Nelson River in northern Manitoba at approximately 55°N. longitude, 101°W. latitude. The lakes are each about one square mile in area and are all under 30 feet in depth. For four years physical and chemical studies have been conducted as part of the Triaenophorus investigation. During six months of the year the lake is ice-covered. No summer thermal or oxygen stratification is evident. Oxygen concentrations remain at a high level throughout the year. Summer water temperatures follow very closely changes in air temperature. The pH remains close to neutrality and the dissolved mineral content is about 60 p.p.m. The mineral content of these three soft water lakes is similar. Flora and fauna identified from Heming Lake include 41 genera of phytoplankton, 35 species of zooplankton, 17 genera of bottom organisms, 13 species of fish and 9 species of fish parasites.
Red Flesh in Redfish,Sebastes marinus(L.)
Authors: Templeman Wilfred , Sandeman E. J.
Published: April 2011

Occasional fillets of redfish salmon red in colour have been found in the Newfoundland area. A portion of a minced pair of the red fillets was extracted with acetone and the absorption spectrum of the solution measured at various wavelengths from 350 to 700 mμ. Maximum absorption was obtained at 475 mμ, which is similar to that of astaxanthin in acetone. An acetone extract of normal whitish-coloured redfish fillets showed no appreciable absorption over this range of wavelengths. Instances of red coloration of the flesh are also noted in haddock, cod and saithe.
Maximum Sustained Yields from Fluctuating Environments and Mixed Stocks
Authors: Ricker W. E.
Published: April 2011

Using numerical models, effects of environmental variability upon yield were tested for six single-age fish stocks characterized by different kinds and degrees of density-dependent reproduction potential. The two levels of variability examined had extremes of yield standing in the ratios 7:1 and 18:1, respectively. Close regulation of fishing to the optimum percentage for each year's stock improves the long-term average catch taken, the improvement being the greater, the more variable the environment. With the higher level of variability, improvement in average catch among five of the stocks ranged from 26% to 79% increase. However this increase in mean catch is achieved at the expense of increased variability in catch from year to year—in fact, for some kinds of stocks there must be complete cessation of fishing in some years in order to get the long-term maximum. The yield of stocks, in which reproduction per spawner declines at low levels of abundance, is particularly improved by a close adaptation of fishing effort to the supply of fish available.When two or more populations of a species, characterized by different reproduction potentials, are fished in common, total potential catch is less than when each can be fished separately at its optimum level. If a common fishery cannot be avoided, the achievement of maximum average yield may find one of two originally-equal stocks as abundant or even more abundant than before the fishery began, while the other may persist only at a low level or even be exterminated completely.
The Validity of Otolith Age Determinations for Haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus L.) from the Lockeport, N.S., Area
Authors: Kohler A. C.
Published: April 2011

An analysis of otolith edge types, age compositions, length distributions, and an examination of growth from age–length data as compared to growth from tagging data are presented as evidence for the validity of the otolith method of age determination for Lockeport haddock.
Fatness of Small Herring in the Bay of Fundy
Authors: Leim A. H.
Published: April 2011

Fat determinations, by ether extraction, were made on 205 samples of "sardine" herring (Clupea harengus L.) from the Quoddy region of the Bay of Fundy on the east coast of Canada. The period covered was from 1942 to 1952. The fat content was lowest in April to June and highest from August to November, with few exceptions. It varied between 1.2% and 27.5% of the wet weight of the fish. There was marked variation from year to year. Until sexual maturity was reached, the fatness increased with size. The herring were extremely fat in the winter of 1942–43 and quite poor in the next winter; a remote connection with plankton abundance is discussed. Certain regions are noted for very high fatness. A fungus disease did not greatly affect the fatness of recovering fish.
The Activity and Catchability of the Lobster (Homarus americanus) in Relation to Temperature
Authors: McLeese D. W. , Wilder D. G.
Published: April 2011

The activity (walking rate) of lobsters acclimated to various temperatures increased from 2 to 10 °C. and from 20 to 25 °C. but was constant between 10 and 20 °C. Lobsters acclimated to low temperatures were most active above the acclimation temperature. Those acclimated to intermediate and high temperatures were most active at the acclimation temperatures. Experimental fishing of a relatively constant stock showed that the catch per 100 standard trap hauls (index of catchability) was linearly related to temperature. Slope of line is, however, dependent on stock density. Catchability is shown to be proportional to activity minus a constant. This relationship permits use of catch per unit effort and accumulated catch data to estimate lobster populations.
On the Occurrence and Distribution of Larval Herring (Clupea harengus L.) in the Bay of Fundy and the Gulf of Maine
Authors: Tibbo S. N. , Legaré J. E. Henri , Scattergood Leslie W. , Temple R. F.
Published: April 2011

A major portion of the Bay of Fundy and Gulf of Maine has been surveyed for occurrence and distribution of herring larvae. Plankton samples obtained with Hardy continuous plankton recorders and plankton nets confirm major spawning areas off the southwest coast of Nova Scotia and on the northern edge of Georges Bank. Newly hatched larvae were found in abundance in these areas, but nowhere else. Drift of larvae as indicated by non-tidal surface currents suggests that Nova Scotia spawnings may contribute substantially to commercial stocks of herring in inshore areas of Maine and New Brunswick. It is possible that Georges Bank spawnings also supply herring to this region.
Effect of Chlortetracycline (Aureomycin) on the Keeping Quality of Freshwater Fish under Tropical Conditions
Authors: Visweswariah K. , Moorjani M. N. , Bhatia D. S. , Subrahmanyan V.
Published: April 2011

Chlortetracycline had no effect in prolonging the keeping quality of round and eviscerated freshwater fish when stored at 30 °C. However, the effectiveness of the antibiotic in prolonging the storage life of fish fillets stored under identical conditions was demonstrated.
The Action of Pseudomonas on Fish Muscle: 4. Relation between Substrate Composition and the Development of Odours by Pseudomonas fragi
Authors: Castell C. H. , Greenough Maxine F.
Published: April 2011

The characteristic fruity and onion-like odours produced by Ps. fragi are the result of these organisms acting on substrates containing partially hydrolyzed proteins. It has been shown that the immediate protein derivatives from which the bacteria produce the fruity odours are mono-amino monocarboxylic acids. The fruity smelling compounds are probably volatile esters formed after bacterial deamination of these amino acids.Under some conditions these organisms are able to produce various types of sour-onion and garlic-like odours. It has been found that these odours are also produced through the action of the bacteria on amino acids, but are not restricted to the mono-amino monocarboxylic group. Nothing is yet known of the mechanism by which these onion-like odours are formed.Fruity and oniony odours are only two of many different odours produced by the action of these organisms on amino acids. Among others, they are also able to produce odours suggesting cabbage, sour cabbage and rotten vegetables from methionine; cooked egg yolk, and hydrogen sulphide-like odours from cysteine, cystine, and glutathione; and various sour vegetable-like odours from other amino acids.
Growth of Fishes in Different Salinities
Authors: Canagaratnam P.
Published: April 2011

Sizes attained by several species of fish inhabiting both sea and fresh waters suggest that the larger size of the marine form is due to the higher osmotic content of the medium. This theory was tested experimentally by comparing fresh and saltwater growth of juvenile coho, sockeye and chum salmon and adult goldfish. Such factors as temperature and food were rigidly controlled. In general, the salmonids (coho, chum or sockeye underyearlings) grew more rapidly in saline than in fresh water. Adult goldfish did not show any significant difference in weight increase.
Biochemical Studies on Sockeye Salmon During Spawning Migration. V. Cholesterol, Fat, Protein and Water in the Body of the Standard Fish
Authors: Idler D. R. , Bitners I.
Published: April 2011

The absolute changes in fat, protein, water and free and esterified cholesterol for the entire body of standard male and female sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) during the Fraser River spawning migration are discussed.The data were obtained for twelve groups of males and twelve groups of females, totalling 216 fish. The fish were caught at three locations: before entering the river, 250 miles up the river, and at one of the spawning grounds 715 miles from the first sampling station.
A Predator–Prey Interaction in Freshwater Fish
Authors: Crossman E. J.
Published: April 2011

The predator–prey interaction of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, and the redside shiner, Richardsonius balteatus (Richardson), in Paul Lake, British Columbia, depends on such factors as distribution and movements of predator and prey, behaviour of predator and prey, lake morphometry, shoal water temperature and characteristics of the fish.In adult trout, activity associated with predation follows a stereotype pattern. Behaviour may also be responsible for the fact that trout under 10 inches in length do not utilize, as food, even small shiners to any extent, even though under laboratory conditions they will kill and eat them. The estimated annual kill of shiners by predatory trout is 150,000 and the shiner population is probably in the millions. Shiners preyed on are such that predation appears not to limit recruitment to the prey population. Shortly after their introduction to the lake shiners reduced the growth rate of small trout by competition. There is evidence that feeding on shiners now increases the growth rate of at least those trout over 14 inches whose food is as high as 98% shiners in summer.
Effects of Some Aspects of Environment on the Distribution of Juvenile Herring in Barkley Sound
Authors: Hourston Alan S.
Published: April 2011

During the early juvenile stage, the herring in Barkley Sound move from the spawning grounds, mainly on the northwest side of the sound, to rearing grounds mainly on the southeast side. From a study of the distribution abundance and environment of the juveniles, it would appear that the herring were neither carried across the sound by prevailing currents nor were they simply following their food supply. The fish appear to have dispersed and gradually collected in the sheltered bays, inlets and channels, which are more numerous on the southeast side. Juvenile habitats generally had shallow thermoclines, medium salinities and below average zooplankton concentrations but these factors did not appear to affect the distribution of the juveniles directly.
Variations in Annual Average Weights of British Columbia Pink Salmon, 1944–1958
Authors: Godfrey Harold
Published: April 2011

Average weight data of British Columbia pink salmon, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, since 1944 were made available by the Fisheries Association of British Columbia, and were used to compare annual changes in size among stocks throughout the Province. Adult pinks of the odd-year cycle were almost invariably larger than those of the even-year cycle. In British Columbia this cycle has also been consistently the more abundant, and in southeast Alaska these fish have been either about equally as numerous as the even-year pinks, or, upon occasion, much more numerous. The pink salmon of each of the major fishing areas in the Province show similar annual changes in average weight. From an extremely small average size in 1946 there was a trend of steady increase, among all stocks and involving both cycles, over the next 8 years; this was followed by a decline in 1955 and 1956, then a further increase in 1957 and 1958. A comparison between southeastern Alaska pinks and pinks of northern British Columbia showed that they had experienced similar year-to-year weight changes during the earlier period of 1930–1939.
Records of Fishes from Waters off the British Columbia Coast
Authors: Neave Ferris
Published: April 2011

not available
Fatigue and Mortality in Troll-Caught Pacific Salmon (Oncorhynchus)
Authors: Parker R. R. , Black E. C. , Larkin P. A.
Published: April 2011

Capture by trolling subjects feeding coho and chinook salmon to hyperactivity which may lead to a distressed condition or death, and death cannot be predicted from examination of individual fish at time of capture. Mortality of coho was estimated to be in the 0.95 confidence interval of 34% and 52%. Time of maximum death rate of coho is shown to coincide with the period of maximum blood lactate response. Survival occurred either when blood lactate did not reach critical levels (above 125 mg%) or reached critical levels and subsequently subsided. Holding salmon in a live box for 8–14 hours before release did not improve tag recovery, suggesting additional indiscriminant stress was caused at release. Adult coho in fresh water did not appear capable of lethal hyperactivity. This led to the hypothesis that cessation of feeding during spawning migration has adaptive significance for survivial of Pacific salmon.
Records of Uncommon and Unusual Fishes from Eastern Canadian Waters, 1950–1958
Authors: Leim A. H. , Day L. R.
Published: April 2011

Records of fishes rare in Canada, and unusual occurrences of commoner ones, are presented for 65 species. First Canadian records are given for the short-nosed sturgeon (Acipenser brevirostrum), halfbeak (Hyporhamphus unifasciatus), four spot flounder (Paralichthys oblongus), weakflsh (Cynoscion regalis) and striped sea robin (Prionotus evolvans). Specimens of unusually large size include a cunner (Tautogolabrus adspersus) of 171/4 inches and 31/4 lb, and a redfish (Sebastes marinus) of 311/2 inches and 231/2 lb.
Comparison of Certain Scottish and Canadian Experiments in Respect of Grading Fish for Quality
Authors: Shewan J. M. , Ehrenberg A. S. C.
Published: April 2011

not available
Condensed Fish Solubles. A Review of its Preparation and Properties
Authors: MacLeod Robert A.
Published: April 2011

The chief methods of preparing condensed solubles are by concentrating stickwater after first treating it with acid or enzymes to remove or destroy interfering proteins. When acid treatment of the stickwater is used prior to its centrifugation and concentration, there is a change in the viscosity of solubles with season, which can be attributed to changes in its gelatin content. The effect of the gelatin can be overcome by the use of enzymes.Stickwater can be preserved with acid, sodium acid pyrophosphate or penicillin prior to its conversion to solubles.The amino acid and vitamin content of condensed solubles is discussed with particular reference to factors such as freshness of the fish, degree of spoilage of the stickwater and methods of processing the solubles which cause variations in the levels of these nutrients.The composition of the solubles is also determined by the species of fish used, the age and extent of maturation of the fish, and by the type of material (whether whole fish or fish scraps) from which the solubles is prepared.The use of condensed fish solubles as a feed supplement is discussed. The need for using fish solubles of known history both in practical rations and in nutrition studies is stressed.
Distribution of a Lipase Enzyme in Lingcod Fillets and the Effect of Low Temperature Storage on its Activity
Authors: Wood J. D.
Published: April 2011

not available
Phosphorus Enrichment of Drainage Waters from Farm Lands
Authors: Smith M. W.
Published: April 2011

Excellent production of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and drainage from a stabilized agricultural area are associated in the streams and ponds of Prince Edward Island. Determinations of phosphorus content of Ellerslie Brook, P.E.I., showed major contributions from commercial fertilizers applied to cultivated land. The inference appears valid that commercial land fertilizers are an important factor in maintaining high trout production, and may enhance oyster production in shallow saltwater inlets at the mouths of the streams.
Some Morphological Differences Between the Subspecies of Cutthroat Trout, Salmo clarkii clarkii and Salmo clarkii lewisi, in British Columbia
Authors: Qadri S. U.
Published: April 2011

Coastal cutthroat trout, S. c. clarkii Richardson, occupy most lakes and streams of coastal British Columbia, including the adjacent islands. Yellowstone cutthroat, S. c. lewisi (Girard), occupy southeastern British Columbia; their range is separated from that of the coastal subspecies by a zone lacking cutthroat trout. A map showing all natural distribution records in the province is presented. From 60 to 146 specimens were examined for distinguishing characters. Spots below the lateral line are more numerous towards the anterior end in S. c. clarkii, but more numerous towards the posterior end in S. c. lewisi. A plot of spot number in selected areas of the body provides almost complete separation of individuals of the two subspecies. Significant differences also occur in certain scale counts and in body and peduncle depth, although these characters overlap considerably between the subspecies. No difference was found in vertebral count.
The Effect of Time and Temperature of Cooking on the Palatability and Cooking Losses of Frozen Atlantic Codfish Fillets
Authors: Armstrong Iva L. , Park Edna W. , McLaren Barbara A.
Published: April 2011

Methods of preparing codfish fillets were developed to determine whether baking at 300°F or 500°F was the more suitable temperature to produce optimum quality of the final product. Different methods of thawing, and cooking covered and uncovered were evaluated by a trained test panel. There appeared to be no significant differences between the final products cooked at the lower and higher temperatures.
Incidence and Distribution of Infestation by Sphyrion lumpi (Krøyer) on the Redfish, Sebastes marinus (L.), of the Western North Atlantic
Authors: Templeman Wilfred , Squires H. J.
Published: April 2011

Investigations of infestation of redfish by female Sphyrion lumpi, in the Newfoundland area, showed that in the Labrador area Sphyrion were generally distributed all over the body but with the greatest infestation in the cloacal region. In the eastern Grand Bank area there was a strongly ventral distribution of the parasite on the trunk with over 40% of the parasites in the cloaca. This is contrasted with previously published data from the Gulf of Maine where most of the Sphyrion were situated antero-dorsally, near the base of the spiny first dorsal fin.The major centre of infestation, in the Newfoundland area, of redfish by Sphyrion was off southern Labrador east of Hamilton Inlet Bank with as high as 8% of the redfish infested. Centres of less infestation were found on the southern part of the eastern slope of the Grand Bank and in the southeastern part of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Sphyrion were very scarce on the southwestern Grand Bank, the western part of the south coast of Newfoundland and in the northern part of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Sphyrion were not noted on redfish from the NE Grand Bank, Flemish Cap and from the Nova Scotian Shelf. A study of residual remains, in redfish fillets, of the cephalothorax from individuals of previous Sphyrion generations showed the same centres of abundance but with some spreading of the previously infested fish in 2 of 3 areas in the direction of the deep-water current, thus indicating the possibility of very slow migration of some individual redfish with the current.It is believed that almost all the redfish discussed in this paper are of the mentella type.
Description of Young Ammocoetes belonging to Two Species of Lampreys: Petromyzon marinus and Entosphenus lamottenii
Authors: Vladykov Vadim D.
Published: April 2011

The description of young ammocoetes, 19–68 mm in length, belonging to Petromyzon marinus and Entosphenus lamottenii, is given. The principal differences between species consist in the intensity and pattern of the pigmentation. For identification, in decreasing order of importance, the different sections of an ammocoete are as follows: the dorsal surface of the head and trunk, the lateral side of the head, and the tail region. Among the other characters are described the peritoneum, which is pale, unpigmented in E. lamottenii and darkly pigmented in P. marinus; and the precursor of the tongue, the dark pigmentation of which is found in 98% of E. lamottenii and only in 11% of P. marinus.
On the Forms, Balance and Cycle of Phosphorus Observed in the Coastal and Oceanic Waters of the Northeastern Pacific
Authors: Strickland J. D. H. , Austin K. H.
Published: April 2011

The analytical data required for the determination of various forms of phosphorus in sea water are discussed. The precision obtained by a modified Hansen–Robinson perchloric oxidation method has been evaluated and results are given for particulate phosphorus and for soluble inorganic and organic phosphorus.At Departure Bay, near Nanaimo, B.C., over 75% of the soluble phosphorus in the surface water may be organically combined, the fraction increasing as the standing crop of phytoplankton increases. A similar high percentage is found in other coastal areas in summer and in the open ocean. The total phosphorus content of deep oceanic water is over 4 μg-at P/1 and as much as 1 μg-at P/1 or more may remain unmineralized, even at a depth of 1000 to 2000 m.
Seasonal Variation in the Collagen Content of Pacific Herring Tissues
Authors: McBride J. R. , MacLeod R. A. , Idler D. R.
Published: April 2011

The total amount of collagen and its relative solubility was determined in 3-year-old herring of the same population caught at two periods, June and January, representing two extremes of the sexual cycle. Sexually mature herring, caught in January, contained 40% more collagen than sexually immature fish caught in June. When fractionated into neutral salt-soluble, acid-soluble and insoluble collagen, the proportions of the three fractions remained much the same at both seasons of the year. When various tissue fractions of the fish were examined at the two seasons it was found that not only did the concentration of collagen change in the tissues with maturation but the contribution which some of the tissues made to the total body weight also changed. The skin + scales fraction contributed most to the increase in collagen in February herring. This was due partly to a higher concentration of collagen in these tissues at this season and partly to the higher proportion of skin + scales at this time of year. The significance of these findings in relation to the biochemistry of sexual maturation is considered.
Lipid Hydrolysis in Frozen Cod Muscle
Authors: Bligh E. G.
Published: April 2011

not available
Correlation of Morphological and Intra-ocular Measurements in the Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Yearling
Authors: Ali M. A. , Copes P. , Stevenson W. R.
Published: April 2011

In the Atlantic salmon yearling, correlation among various morphological measurements is of a higher order than correlation of various intra-ocular measurements. While the latter correlation is positive, it is not of a high enough order to serve as a useful predictive device. Correlation between intra-ocular measurements from the left and the right eyes is also of a low order.
Radioactive Iron as a Fish Mark
Authors: Scott D. P.
Published: April 2011

Experiments designed to test the feasibility of using radioactive iron as a fish mark are described. The biological half-life (turnover) of iron in speckled trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) was found to be probably at least 2 years. Iron-59, with a physical half-life of 45.1 days, was used in the experiments.
The Light Pickle Salting of Cod
Authors: Crean P. B.
Published: April 2011

Salting theory for the light pickle salting of cod on a commercial scale is discussed and data are presented on the salt uptake with respect to time, temperature, and location in the tank. Variation of salt uptake by fish was examined and the proportion of top-quality fish, in terms of the amount of salt appropriate to the various commercial grades, that could be expected from a given salting operation is calculated. A method for determining an overall transfer coefficient is suggested and a coefficient for the case in point calculated. A regression line for water and salt contents of the fish during pickle salting is given.
Growth and Age Determination of the Pacific Edible Crab Cancer magister Dana
Authors: Butler T. H.
Published: April 2011

Of 2,820 early post-larval unsexed crabs collected by small-meshed trawl in two regions of the Queen Charlotte Islands, 1,175 were measured and the 1st and 2nd post-larval instars were identified as modes at 6.9 and 10.0 mm, respectively. Increments of 5 unsexed moulted crabs, carapace widths 6.80 to 9.96 mm, were from 36.3 to 46.5%. A total of 284 males, from 83 to 186 mm, moulted in crab traps, live-wells, and while at large as tagged specimens; 44 females, from 88 to 145 mm, moulted in traps. Using equations of regression of new carapace width on old width for both sexes and starting at the 2nd instar, average carapace widths were calculated for instars 3 to 15. In the width-frequency distributions of 8,145 crabs, separation of stages was sufficient for identification of age-groups. It is estimated that a year after hatching, males reach stage 5 or 6 (24.2 or 31.1 mm); after 2 years stage 11 or 12 (96.6 or 119.5 mm) is attained; after 3 years stage 13 (146.9 mm); after 4 years most males are in the 14th stage (176.2 mm) and above the British Columbia legal size of 165 mm; and generally after 5 years males are in stage 15 (207.5 mm). Growth of females is similar for 2 years, but afterwards is slower.
On the Pigment Composition of Eleven Species of Marine Phytoplankters
Authors: Parsons T. R.
Published: April 2011

The amounts of different chlorophylls and carotenoids in eleven representatives of marine phytoplankton have been estimated. Representatives of the Chlorophyceae, Chrysophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Dinophyceae and Myxophyceae were grown under similar chemical and physical conditions and their pigment content was determined during the exponential phase of growth. Particular attention was paid to the presence of chlorophyll c as well as to the identity of certain carotenoids.