bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Captive Breeding and Nursery Rearing of the Indian Seahorse, Hippocampus kuda (Teleostei: Syngnathidae)
Authors: LIPTON A. P. , THANGARAJ M. , SREEREKHA S. R.
Published: August 2021

Breeding of laboratory-reared 21 pairs of broodstock Hippocampus kuda (Bleeker 1852) and rearing of their young ones indicated that 262.00 ± 59.00 offsprings were released during each spawning. A newly born seahorse was (mean ± SE) 7.83 ± 0.11 mm in length with a weight of 1.17 ± 0.009 mg. It could attain a mean length of 31.14 ± 0.66 mm with a mean weight of 16.13 ± 0.60 mg in 30 days when fed ad libitum with Artemia nauplii. The mean survival per brood cycle was enhanced to 65.22 ± 1.87% from almost less than 1.0% by improving the rearing conditions.
Analysis of the Customer Satisfaction of Black Market’s Chinese Smartphone
Authors: Mangifera Liana , Putra Febrianur Ibnu Fitroh Sukono
Published: August 2021

Objective: This research aims to analyse the factors that influence customer satisfaction of black market’s Chinese smartphone. Research Design & Methods: The research uses quantitative approach to analyse the sample of 250 buyers of black market’s Chinese smartphone across Solo Raya. The sampling technique is purposive sampling through questionnaires with a Likert scale. The analytical technique is multiple regression. Findings: The findings showed that 1) black market has a significant direct effect on customer satisfaction, 2) price has a significant direct effect on customer satisfaction, 3) product quality has a significant direct effect on customer satisfaction. Implications & Recommendations: This research has practical implications for the marketing policies implemented by Chinese smartphone companies to increase customer awareness and product distribution policies to support increased sales at official stores and fight illegal trade in Chinese smartphone products. The social impact of the research is to contribute to changes in people's behavior in buying Chinese smartphones where there needs to be aware that the black market is an illegal store to buy products if people want to buy Chinese smartphones, then the right thing is at official stores or outlets that are already working—same with the company. Contribution & Value Added: This research provides added value to evaluating distribution policies implemented by Chinese smartphone companies, which are considered less able to compete with the black market. So to increase market share at official stores, Chinese smartphone companies must be more severe in managing the distribution of product sales so that industrial competition can run properly.
Establishment of Entrepreneurial Character Santri Based on Human Resources Management
Authors: Kamala Aulia Zahra Husnil , Pebruary Silviana
Published: August 2021

Objective: This research analysis about management human resources for santri Pondok Pesantren Darul Falah Amtsilati to manage academic and business personality. Research Design & Methods: This research uses qualitative research methods with case study approach. The data source in this study is primary data by conducting in-depth interviews to the manager (academic & business) and santri Pondok Pesantren Darul Falah Amtsilati. And observations were made to observe directly about the state of Darul Falah Amtsilati boarding school. Data analysis techniques use source triangulation. Findings: The results of this study showed that in the formation of the character of boarding schools Darul Falah Amtsilati using methods of precision, planting discipline, habituation, creating a conducive atmosphere, as well as integration and internalization. From the formation of the entrepreneurial character has been done based on the character of Islamic human resource. Where shiddiq is taught with honesty, trust by emphasizing responsibility, tabligh conveys correctly, and fathonah is realized by the selection of santri based on criteria. Implications & Recommendations: The implication of the results of this study is that the pesantren has used Islamic resource principles in the recruitment and learning process but needs to be improved or perfected in the implementation of learning by creating special classes for business character building. The aim is to help develop the quality of productive pesantren business managers. Contribution & Value Added: The contribution of the results of this study is to provide input to pesantren in improving the quality of prospective Islamic resources who will become managers of productive business activities of pesantren.
Membina Sikap Keagamaan pada Peserta Didik Melalui Pendidikan Agama Islam
Authors: Mustaghfiroh Heni , Az Zafi Ashif
Published: August 2021

Di era zaman yang mulai berkembang, kemajuan teknologipun yang semakin canggih sedangkan ajaran nilai-nilai agama bukan juga mengalami peningkatan, namun mengalami pemerosotan. Nilai-nilai agama bukan saja mencakup ajaran dalam beribadah, bertata krama; sopan santun; bersikap sesuai agama atau berakhlak sholeh juga merupakan bagian dari nillai -nilai agama yang mana akhir-akhir ini kurang diperhatikan. Penanaman nilainilai agama harus sudah mulai diajarkan sejak dini walaupun kita tahu memang banyak faktor yang akan mempengaruhinya. Dengan melakukan penelitian ini dimaksudkan agar mengetahui bagaimana perkembangan ajaran serta nilai-nilai agama khususnya dalam hal perkembangan sikap keagamaan siswa. Penulis dalam menulis peneletian ini menggunakan metode pustaka.
Implementasi Model Problem Based Learning dalam Meningkatkan Prestasi dan Keaktifan Belajar Pendidikan Agama Islam Pokok Bahasan Ibadah Salat
Authors: Istiqomah Istiqomah
Published: August 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah ada peningkatan prestasi belajar Pendidikan Agama Islam (PAI) siswa kelas IV di SDN 020 Tanjung Selor, Tahun Pelajaran 2017/2018. Subjek penelitian tindakan kelas ini adalah siswa kelas IV SDN 020 Tanjung Selor. Variabel penelitian ini terdiri atas variabel siswa berupa kemampuan dalam menyelesaikan soal dan variabel guru berupa rencana pembelajaran dan pelaksanaannya di dalam kelas. Penelitian dilakukan dalam dua siklus yang masing-masing terdiri atas empat tahapan, yakni: perencanaan, pelaksanaan, observasi dan refleksi. Indikator keberhasilan ditetapkan bila minimal terdapat 75% siswa mencapai ketuntasan belajar setelah diterapkan Model Problem Based Learning (PBL). Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh temuan bahwa ada peningkatan prestasi belajar Pendidikan Agama Islam siswa kelas IV SDN 020 Tanjung Selor yang ditunjukkan dengan: (1) rata-rata prestasi belajar siswa pada siklus I adalah 6,74 dan pada siklus II adalah 8,64; (2) ketuntasan belajar siswa pada siklus I siswa 9 siswa atau 45,00% dan yang tidak tuntas sebanyak 11 siswa atau 55,00%; serta (3) ketuntasan belajar klasikal pada siklus I adalah 45,00% dan pada siklus II mencapai 100,00%. Uji kompetensi siklus II lebih baik dibandingkan siklus I dan sudah mencapai indikator ketuntasan. Disamping itu terdapat peningkatan aktivitas siswa baik individu maupun kelompok. Temuan lain menunjukkan bahwa respon siswa terhadap pelaksanaan Model Problem Based Learning (PBL) mencapai 82, 50% menyatakan sangat setuju atau dalam kategori tinggi.
¿Reformar sin los docentes?: identidad profesional, resistencia y mediación a la reforma de la educación secundaria en Perú
Authors: Bravo Chacón Angela
Published: August 2021

¿Puede una reforma educativa ignorar la agencia y la mediación de los docentes? ¿Cómo se siente que los profesionales docentes al ser asumidos como ejecutores de programas diseñados por los hacedores de política? Bajo estas premisas, este articulo tiene como objetivo explorar y analizar las respuestas e imaginarios sobre el profesionalismo y la mediación y resistencia de los docentes de secundaria hacia la política de sesiones estandarizadas diseñada por el Ministerio de Educación (MINEDU) en el contexto de la implementación de la Jornada Escolar Completa (JEC). El caso proporciona un ejemplo de libro de texto de una reforma jerárquica basada en los enfoques neoliberales de diseño único y accountability de vigilancia a la fidelidad de implementación implementados en un contexto particular de duras condiciones laborales y desprofesionalización de los docentes de secundaria.
Este articulo está basado en una investigación exploratoria producto de un trabajo de campo en profundidad en dos escuelas secundarias rurales. Los hallazgos muestran que en el contexto de la reforma JEC el rol profesional docente se reconfigura en todas sus dimensiones: juicio profesional, ejercicio de identidad y autovaloración y posturas políticas. Los docentes reaccionan a este desafío en su agencia profesional mediante la construcción de respuestas contradictorias hacia la reforma y acciones de resistencia a la implementación impulsadas por imperativos competitivos en su discurso. Además, los hallazgos muestran que en el contexto de las escuelas rurales JEC dadas las condiciones de alta inequidad y reto el rechazo a la reforma y sus puntos débiles son usados para reforzar el uso de estrategias profesionales negativas como el absentismo, la alienación y desconfianza hacia las propuestas del MINEDU.
RHETORICAL CONNOTATIONS OF THE PHARSE ‘THINNAI’
Authors: V Sivakumar
Published: August 2021

The ‘word’ means that everyone knows what it means. Time and space confirm that ‘word’ is the ‘meaning’ of the word. Tholkappiyar who says that everything is about meaning. The word 'Thinnai' is given in many meanings in the Tamil language. Tholkappiyar refers to 'Thinnai' by other names when thinking about language. He clarified the Tamil grammar by using different types of names when thinking about the meaning found in the literature. The pharse ‘'Thinnai'’ depending on the grammar and the literature it has been handled in a multiple of ways. In Tamil literature it is known for its dependence on land and its morality. The word ‘'Thinnai'’ is known in various context in Tamil Literature.
A Novel Homozygous Mutation ABCA3gene: Presented as Sever Respiratory Distress Syndrome in a Term Neonate
Authors: Hashmi Dr. Samiya Al , Manarang Dr. Jazel , Lawati Dr. Hussein Al , Al Ajmi Dr. Mujtaba. A.
Published: July 2021

Congenital surfactant deficiency is a rare condition diagnosed in newborns who present with respiratory distress at birth. We report a case of a term Omani neonate with fatal surfactant protein deficiency who was admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU)of the Royal Hospital with respiratory distress syndrome with persistent interstitial infiltrates on serial chest x-ray responsive to intermittent surfactant administration. He underwent a lung biopsy, and immunohistochemistry confirmed the diagnosis of congenital surfactant protein deficiency. However, despite aggressive treatment and supportive measures, his condition rapidly deteriorated, and he succumbed after two months of admission. This case report will highlight and review surfactant deficiency differential diagnoses, management, and complications.
¿El voto directo como derecho humano?: el caso de las elecciones presidenciales de los Estados Unidos de América
Authors: Sebastián Herrera Castro
Published: August 2021

Analiza si el voto directo puede considerarse un derecho humano. Para ello, revisa los instrumentos internacionales con el auxilio de criterios de organismos internacionales pertinentes y doctrina especializada. Reflexiona que los instrumentos universales establecen el requerimiento del voto en igualdad, lo cual no puede cumplirse a cabalidad con elecciones indirectas. En ese sentido, concluye que el voto directo en el sufragio para elegir la jefatura de Gobierno sí es un derecho humano y que puede ser satisfecho aún en los regímenes parlamentarios si esa jefatura del Gobierno es elegida como integrante del parlamento y designada por el mismo cuerpo representativo, ante el cual también es responsable. Estudia específicamente el sistema de las elecciones presidenciales de los Estados Unidos de América, de donde se concluye que el Colegio Electoral impide que haya voto en igualdad y voto directo, por lo que se requiere ajustar el sistema a los estándares contemporáneos de derechos humanos, con miras a asegurar que el voto popular sea el que determine la jefatura del Gobierno, pues se trata de un sistema político en el que la presidencia ostenta fuertes potestades y una alta cuota de poder político.
Debates contemporáneos en la justicia electoral y rendición de cuentas
Authors: Luis Diego Brenes Villalobos
Published: August 2021

El ensayo sistematiza debates recientes de la justicia electoral costarricense como repaso de criterios disidentes del magistrado electoral Luis Diego Brenes Villalobos, y en acompañamiento de la rendición de cuentas presentada para el periodo 2015-2021
Flora marina bentonica del Mediterraneo: Rhodophyta - Rhodymeniophycidae II. Halymeniales, Nemastomatales, Peysson-neliales, Plocamiales, Rhodymeniales, Sebdeniales
Authors: Cormaci Mario , Furnari Giovanni , Alongi Giuseppina
Published: August 2021

Dopo una breve introduzione sui 6 Ordini che costituiscono l’oggetto di questo secondo contributo alle Rhodymeniophycidae del Mediterraneo (Mar Nero escluso), si passa alla trattazione dei taxa seguendo l’ordine strettamente alfabetico.La trattazione riguarda 131 taxa correntemente accettati, di cui 126 a livello specifico e infraspecifico e 5 a livello solamente di genere. Inoltre vengono censiti 132 taxa (a livello specifico e infraspecifico) non accettati, nonché altri 280 taxa (a livello specifico e infraspecifico) sinonimi dei taxa accettati e/o non accettati. Dei 124 taxa a livello specifico e infraspecifico accettati, 96 sono componenti tradizionali della flora macroalgale mediterranea, 12 sono alieni o involontariamente introdotti, 16 sono taxa excludenda. Tutti i taxa accettati sono ripartiti in 39 generi di cui: 31 con rappresentanti in Mediterraneo, 3 sono excludenda, e 5 privi di rappresentanti in Mediterraneo (solamente citati nel testo). I 132 taxa non accettati sono così ripartiti: 47 sono taxa inquirenda (di cui 3 con nome illegittimo); 32 sono taxa con nome illegittimo (3 dei quali sono anche taxa inquirenda); 41 sono taxa con il nome invalidamente pubblicato (32 dei quali sono nomina nuda); 15 taxa sono combinazioni invalide. Di ciascun taxon trattato viene fornita una breve descrizione preceduta da alcuni riferimenti bibliografici riportanti notizie, illustrazioni e/o distribuzione in Mediterraneo. La trattazione della maggior parte dei taxa specifici e infraspecifici è corredata da tavole iconografiche; inoltre, quasi tutti i taxa trattati sono arricchiti di note bilingue (Italiano e Inglese) a supporto delle sinonimie indicate, o delle scelte tassonomiche seguite o delle motivazioni per cui il taxon è stato considerato inquirendum e/o excludendum o delle conclusioni nomenclaturali. Inoltre, vengono proposte 3 nuove combinazioni, 2 delle quali di taxa non presenti in Mediterraneo. Il lavoro è completato da un glossario di 173 voci, da un indice di tutti i nomi dei taxa citati nel testo e da una errata corrige al precedente lavoro sulle Rhodymeniophycidae di Cormaci et al. (2020).
Modelos educativos en la educación virtual universitaria
Authors: Hidalgo Benites Lilliam Enriqueta
Published: July 2021

La investigación analiza y reflexiona sobre los contenidos de los modelos educativos universitarios con el propósito de identificar las concepciones que los fundamentan, las semejanzas y diferencias en planteamientos filosóficos doctrinarios y pedagógicos que animan la vida académica de las universidades y si éstos responden a los requerimientos de la educación virtual que se aplica hoy en día en las universidades de todo el país. Para cumplir con el objetivo se utiliza una metodología de técnica documental que se sustenta en la revisión de artículos y libros que tratan sobre modelos educativos universitarios. Se seleccionaron, así mismo, diez modelos educativos de universidades públicas del Perú. Como estudio cualitativo se formularon categorías para realizar el análisis y la reflexión desde una ficha de análisis de contenidos. La conclusión más importante es que las universidades públicas peruanas adoptan fundamentos educativos que giran en torno al humanismo, el cual se refleja en concepciones pedagógicas, curriculares y didácticas, centradas en el desarrollo de las capacidades cognitivas y actitudinales del estudiante como protagonista e interlocutor válido en la comunicación didáctica en el aula.  Sin embargo, por el cambio acelerado de modalidad de educación presencial a virtual, resulta urgente adecuar los modelos educativos de las universidades al nuevo contexto educativo.

Palabras clave: Modelo educativo; educación virtual universitaria.
Diseases of the Endocrine System in the Population of the Orenburg Region
Authors: Borshchuk EL , Sidorova IG , Begun DN , Boev MV , Karmanova DS
Published: August 2021

Introduction. The increase in the rates of diseases of the endocrine system has been observed in the Russian Federation for many years. Unfavorable trends, including increasing growth rates and rising incidence and prevalence, are also registered in the Orenburg Region. The prevalence and structure of endocrine disorders in children and adolescents differ significantly from those in adults.
The objective of our study was to establish regional features of the structure, dynamics and rates of endocrine morbidity in the population of the Orenburg Region.
Materials and methods. We conducted correlation and regression analyses of data extracted from summary statistical reports for 2006–2019 issued by the State Budgetary Health Care Institution for the Orenburg Region “Medical Information and Analytical Center”.
Results. In 2006–2019, the incidence rate of diseases of the endocrine system increased by 1.6 and 1.7 times in the Russian Federation and the Orenburg Region, respectively. In 2019, the growth rate in the Orenburg Region was 2.6 %. We observed age-specific differences in disease growth rates: the prevalence in the adult population increased by 1.7 times while in children aged 0–14 years this increase was already by 2.4 times. The incidence rate of endocrine disorders in the population of the Russian Federation and the Volga Federal District increased by 1.2 times, and in the Orenburg Region – by 1.5 times. By 2024, there is a 95 % probability that the prevalence of diseases of the endocrine system will range from 124.3 to 143.3 % while the incidence rates might range from 20.6 to 38.6 % with the same confidence level.
Conclusions. Our findings indicate unfavorable trends in the rates of diseases of the endocrine system among both adults and children.
Regional Characteristics of Medical and Demographic Indicators
of the Population of the Belgorod Region Based on the Example
of Digestive Diseases, 2000–2017
Authors: Shmakova NN , Dmitrieva TV , Dmitriev VN , Urusova MA , Andreeva NA , Penzev SA , Zapariy NS , Paikov AYu
Published: August 2021

Introduction. In 1990–2017, the size of population in the Belgorod Region increased by 10.9 % only as a result migration. Negative medical and demographic trends characterized by population decline caused by a decreased birth rate, increased mortality and disease incidence rates, and population aging were registered at that time. The level of primary disability due to digestive diseases dropped significantly; yet, young and middle-aged people and disability grades II and III began to prevail among primary disability cases.
Our objective was to study regional characteristics of the medical and demographic situation in the Belgorod Region from the point of view of medical and social expert examination.
Materials and methods. We analyzed data of the Federal Service for State Statistics (Rosstat) and its Belgorod Department (Belgorodstat), and the database of the unified automated vertically integrated information and analytical system (EAVIIAS) of medical and social expertise for persons with primary disability caused by digestive disorders in the Belgorod Region in 2000–2017. We processed anonymized computerized data entered by the bureau’s medical staff. Ethical and legal principles were not violated when working with medical records. The study was carried out by a continuous method. We applied analytical, analytical graphics, and statistical (t-test, z-test, F-test) methods to data collection and processing. Digital data were processed using an IBM PC IntelCore i5-2500K and Stat Soft Statistica 12.5 software package.
Results. Despite the population growth resulting from migration, we observed worsening of regional medical and demographic indices in 2010–2017. Although the incidence rates of all diseases of the digestive system decreased, the rates of incidence and mortality from diseases of the pancreas and liver rose significantly. The average age at death from diseases of the pancreas and liver indicated premature mortality. In the structure of primary disability caused by digestive disorders, diseases of the liver and pancreas ranked highest.
Conclusion. Population decline, rising digestive disease and related mortality rates dictate the need for in-depth study and practical solution of the problems of health improvement, disease prevention, treatment and rehabilitation of patients and individuals with disability due to this pathology in order to reduce premature mortality and improve the demographic situation in the region.
Etiology of Community-Acquired Pneumonia during the Epidemic Spread
of COVID-19 and Healthcare-Associated Pneumonia Risk Assessment
Authors: Popova AYu , Ezhlova EB , Demina YuV , Noskov AK , Kovalev EV , Karpushchenko GV , Chemisova OS , Pichurina NL , Pavlovich NV , Vodopyanov SO , Gudueva EN , Slis SS , Pshenichnaya NYu , Litovko AR , Asmolova NYu
Published: August 2021

In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic contributed to the epidemiology of respiratory tract infections. The importance of timely differential diagnosis of COVID-19 and seasonal acute respiratory diseases is hard to overestimate. Patients with the novel coronavirus disease are at risk of developing hospital-acquired pneumonia. The analysis of specific features of circulation of various strains of pathogens of nosocomial infections resistant to antibacterial chemotherapeutic agents is relevant.
Our objective was to study the etiological structure of community-acquired pneumonia during the epidemic spread of COVID-19 and to assess risks of developing healthcare-associated pneumonia.
Materials and methods. Biological specimens from 446 inpatients and outpatients diagnosed with community-acquired pneumonia in the city of Rostov-on-Don were tested. Verification of respiratory viruses, including RNA of SARS-CoV-2, M. pneumoniae, C. pneumoniae, and L. pneumophila, was performed by polymerase chain reaction in nasopharyngeal swab specimens. Bacteriological analysis of sputum was carried out using differential diagnostic media, and isolated pathogens were then identified by time-of-flight mass spectrometry on an Autoflex instrument (Bruker Daltonics GmbH, Germany) using the MALDI BioTyper R 3.0 software.
Results and discussion. In December 2020, the proportion of SARS-CoV-2 positive test results among patients diagnosed with community-acquired pneumonia was 35.6 %. The frequency of mixed viral infections in patients with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 was not significantly different from that in patients tested negative (25.9 % and 26.2 %, respectively). The microbiota in pneumonia unrelated to SARS-CoV-2 was dominated by Candida fungi and plasma-coagulating staphylococci while cultures of non-fermenting gram-negative bacteria were significantly more often isolated from COVID-19 cases. Secondary infection presumably induced by environmental contamination or disease transmission from healthcare personnel was registered in 51.6 % of inpatients. Transmission of nosocomial infections between patients was not observed.
Música eletroacústica audiovisual para VR
Authors: Sousa Fabio Wanderley Janhan
Published: August 2021

O presente artigo tem como objetivo definir o desenvolvimento da música eletroacústica audiovisual para realidade virtual (VR) como uma manifestação artística emergente. Revisitando conceitos e terminologias de diversos autores (Gibbs, 2007; Leite, 2004; Lima, 2011; Fry, 1920) com relação às mais diversas manifestações audiovisuais, consolidamos a definição de Hill (2010) e a expandimos para um sistema de reprodução específico, o VR, como a mais apropriada para o nosso objeto de estudos. A manutenção do que denominamos de espaço extrínseco (Henriksen, 2002) nesse tipo de manifestação possibilita a consolidação do mesmo como parâmetro musical. Primeiros estudos em música eletroacústica audiovisual para VR são apresentados como resultado de um trabalho de doutorado.
Comparison of Cluster Validity Index and Distance Measures Using Integrated Cluster Analysis and Structural Equation Modeling the Warp-PLS Approach
Authors: Fernandes Adji Achmad Rinaldo , Solimun  , Nurjannah  , Billah Usfi Al Imama , Badung Ni Made Ayu Astari
Published: August 2021

This study wants to compare the Integrated Cluster Analysis and SEM model of the Warp-PLS approach with various cluster validity indices and distance measures on Service Quality, Environment, Fashions, Willingness to Pay, and Compliant Paying Behavior of Bank X Customers. The data used in this study are primary. The variables used in this study are service quality, environment, fashion, willingness to pay, and compliance with paying behavior at Bank X. The data were obtained through a questionnaire with a Likert scale — measurement of variables in primary data using the average score of each item. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling. The object of observation is the customer as many as 100 respondents. Data analysis was carried out quantitatively, and a descriptive analysis was carried out first. An Integrated Cluster Analysis and SEM analysis of the Warp-PLS approach was carried out with the average linkage method on various cluster validity indices and three distance measures. The Warp-PLS approach's integrated cluster and SEM model with the Gap Index, Index C, Global Sillhouette, and Goodman-Kruskal with the Manhattan Distance are better than the Gap, Index C, Global Sillhouette, and Goodman-Kruskal with the Euclidean and Minkowski Distance. The novelty in this research is the application of Integrated Cluster Analysis and SEM of the Warp-PLS approach to compare 4 cluster validity indices, namely Gap Index, C Index, Global Sillhouette, and Goodman-Kruskal, and three distance measures, namely Euclidean, Manhattan, and Minkowski distances simultaneously.
Analysis of Efficiency and Strategy for Increasing Efficiency through the Potential Improvement of the Company Using Data Envelopment Analysis Method (A Study of Cement Companies in Indonesia)
Authors: Hendrawan Riko , Putra Eddy
Published: August 2021

This research analyzes the efficiency of four of thirteen cement companies in Indonesia listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange, namely Semen Indonesia Ltd., Solusi Bangun Indonesia Ltd., Indocement Tunggal Prakarsa Ltd., and Semen Baturaja Ltd. during the 2014-2018 period. This research employs quantitative methods with comparative and descriptive approaches, where the efficiency level was analyzed using the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). The input variables in this research are raw material costs, labor costs, total assets, and total equity, while the output variables are revenue and EBITDA. The analysis shows that respectively the average efficiency values are as follows: Semen Indonesia Ltd. (0.92), Solusi Bangun Indonesia Ltd (0.85), Semen Baturaja Ltd (0.8), and Indocement Tunggal Prakarsa Ltd (0.74). Considering these results, the potential improvements that can be done by Semen Baturaja Ltd. and Indocement Tunggal Prakarsa Ltd. are to increase the revenue and EBITDA, minimize the raw materials, and maximize the use of assets.
A New Design and Development Framework for Better Aesthetic Appearance for Consumers Products
Authors: Ibrahim Mohd Qadafie , Romli Fairuz Izzuddin , Alli Hassan , Supeni Eris Elianddy , Arep Hambali
Published: August 2021

One of the primary issues with many product design and development processes today is having a good balance between the elements of form and function. While all products must be able to perform their intended functions, considerations of aesthetic features are also necessary for them to be accepted as a good quality design. However, most available design and development processes of consumer products have been more focused on achieving the functional aspects and have tended to treat the aesthetic aspects as less crucial features. This approach has led to many failed functional products in the market, as their physical design lacks appealing factors to targeted users. To improve the situation, a new product design and development framework is proposed in this study to better facilitate designers or engineers in creating an all-rounded quality product design. This new method is developed based on the findings from a survey conducted among engineering students, who are future product design engineers, in order to identify and also resolve issues with the current methods that they typically apply for their design tasks. All in all, the new proposed method is fundamentally tailored to offer a structured guide for developing beautiful and useful products based on a semantic design approach.
Influence of Acetylated Cellulose Nanocrystal Incorporated into Poly(e-Caprolactone) Nanocomposites on Its Thermal, Mechanical, and Physicochemical Properties
Authors: Marpongahtun  , Nasution Darwin Yunus , Panindia Nami , Purwandari Vivi
Published: August 2021

Poly(e-caprolactone) are synthetic biodegradable polymers that can potentially be used as biocompatible materials for biological applications. The purpose of this work was to investigate the effect of acetylated cellulose nanocrystals isolated from corncob waste loaded into poly(e-caprolactone) matrix blend on its thermal, mechanical, morphology, and crystallinity. The acetylated cellulose nanocrystal filler with various concentrations (namely 5, 10, 15, and 20%) was mixed with poly(e-caprolactone) matrix prepared using reflux method under N2 gas flow at 120oC for 10 min. Subsequently, the samples was characterized by thermal gravimetric analysis, DSC, tensile, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, tunneling electron microscope, SEM, and XRD to determine the thermal, mechanical, functional group, particle size, morphology, and crystallinity, respectively. Thermal gravimetric analysis and DSC analysis revealed that the thermal stability of poly(e-caprolactone) improved and the degree of crystallinity gradually increased with the addition of 10% acetylated cellulose nanocrystals, hence resulting in a higher Young's modulus. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results demonstrate that acetylated cellulose nanocrystal was successfully incorporated into poly(e-caprolactone) with an additional OH group. In addition, the particle size of 32 nm for acetylated cellulose nanocrystal and the formation of agglomeration was present based on TEM analysis, thus suggesting that acetylated cellulose nanocrystal was compatible as a reinforcing filler in the poly(e-caprolactone) matrix. SEM and XRD analysis suggests that the morphology was relatively smooth and higher crystallinity was achieved. The results of this research demonstrated the good feasibility of poly(e-caprolactone)/acetylated cellulose nanocrystal nanocomposites with improved thermal, mechanical, and physicochemical properties that were successfully prepared using simple and low-cost acetylated cellulose nanocrystal as a filler material.
Characteristics of nonlinear terahertz-wave radiation generated by mid-infrared femtosecond pulse laser excitation
Authors: Shibuya Kyuki , Nawata Kouji , Nakajima Yoshiaki , Fu Yuxi , Takahashi Eiji J. , Midorikawa Katsumi , Yasui Takeshi , Minamide Hiroaki
Published: August 2021

We report on efficient terahertz-wave generation in organic and inorganic crystals by nonlinear wavelength conversion approach using a 3.3 μm femtosecond pulse laser. Experimental results reveal the relation between pump power and terahertz-wave output power, which is proportional to the square of the pump power at the range of mega- to tera-watt cm−2 class even if the pump wavelength is different. Damage threshold of organic and inorganic crystals are recorded 0.6 and 18 tera-watt cm−2 by reducing several undesirable nonlinear optical effects using mid-infrared source.
Contagiare e contagiabile*
Authors: Paoli Matilde
Published: August 2021

In questo periodo soprattutto, ma anche in tempi meno recenti, molti lettori si sono rivolti a noi per sciogliere dubbi sul verbo contagiare: i più domandano se contagiare possa avere come oggetto la malattia, il virus (“mi ha contagiato l’influenza”) o anche altro, nel caso di usi figurati (“la pioggia contagia tristezza”); una lettrice ci chiede se l’oggetto del contagio può essere introdotto dalla preposizione di (“contagiare di felicità”); infine un lettore domanda se l’italiano dispone dell’aggettivo contagiabile per ‘soggetto potenzialmente a rischio di contagio’.
Exploring the Science of Marma - An Ancient Healing Technique: Definition and Properties of Marma
Authors: Mishra Alka , Shrivastava Vandana
Published: July 2021

In the vast sea of the knowledge of Ayurveda, Marma is one of the extremely important topics. Marma points have been unanimously accepted as the ‘seats of life’ (Prana - the vital life force). If these locations are injured, then it may lead to severe pain, disability, loss of function, loss of sensation, or death. Therefore, the ancient scriptures have strictly directed that these vital locations should not be injured, and due care should be taken in this regard even while doing surgeries. However, recent researches indicate that if there is inflammation or pain at any Marma point, then stimulating its nearby Marma points can help in alleviating this pain. This Marma Therapy has been used in treating various physical and mental disorders, with encouraging results.

In view of the importance of Marma Science mentioned in scriptures and with regards to surgeries, as well as the encouraging outcomes of Marma Therapy in recent times, the present study was undertaken for an in-depth study of the Science of Marma. Part-1 of this study gave an account of various ancient / classical Indian scriptures that mention different aspects of the Science of Marma. The present article, which is Part-2 of this study, gives a detailed description of the number of marmas, their location, structures involved, correlation with Panchamahabhutas, classification, as well as a detailed explanation of marmaghata or viddha lakshanas (effect of trauma), as given in classical texts written during Samhita kala. The anatomical correlation with modern science is also presented.
El financiamiento del gasto público en una economía en crecimiento: El caso de México
Authors: Ize Alain
Published: August 2021

El objetivo de este trabajo es de ubicar la discusión en torno al financiamiento del gasto público dentro del marco general de un modelo de crecimiento.
Intermediarios financieros y mercados imperfectos de capital
Authors: Ortiz Martínez Guillermo
Published: August 2021

Se examinan los principales aspectos teóricos del papel que la intermediación financiera representa en el desarrollo económico.
EVALUATION OF COVID 19 IMPACT ON THE LEARNING STRATEGIES OF HEALTH SCIENCE STUDENTS: A SURVEY
Authors: Rajesh Padmanabhan , Vijay Amalendu , Sethuraman Shankar , Karthik PV Sai , Rustagi Prakhar , BN Girish , Marwaha Vishal , L Saraswathy , Sekhar S Saritha , Deepa O.S.
Published: August 2021

Background: The lockdown period following the COVID 19 pandemic has affected students in many ways. The present
study aims to investigate any changes in learning practice during this pandemic. We conducted this study to investigate
any variations in the learning approach by health science students during the Covid 19 pandemic and also to assess possible confounding factors
on learning.
Methods: A survey was conducted on 630 health science students from South Indian states through 2 pre-validated questionnaires - Approaches
and Study Skills Inventory for Students (ASSIST) and Generalised Anxiety Disorder Assessment (GAD 7), to assess learning approach and
anxiety levels respectively. Another set of questionnaire consisting 10 questions were prepared that may affect learning approach. These
questionnaires were shared via Google forms across various health science institutions of South India.
Results: A signicant decrease in strategic and deep learning scores and increase in surface learning scores were observed after Covid 19
pandemic. Anxiety scores were increased after pandemic. A signicant negative correlation was observed between change in deep learning
scores vs change in anxiety scores and change in strategic scores vs change anxiety scores. A positive correlation was observed between change
in surface learning scores vs anxiety scores. Decrease in strategic and deep learning scores were signicantly correlated with students
perceptions on worsening study environment, decreased effectiveness of academic assessments, decreased time devoted for studies, decreased
ability to gure out high yielding questions and a decreased ability to frame quality answers. Increase in surface learning negatively correlated
with worsening study environment and decreased study time. A negative correlation was observed between suitable study environment and
change in anxiety scores.
Conclusion: Increased anxiety level was associated with decrease in deep and strategic learning and increase in surface learning approach after
Covid 19 pandemic. Appropriate measures are essential to improve students' academic performance
A STUDY ON CORRELATION BETWEEN MODIFIED SHOCK INDEX AND SERUM LACTATE VALUES
Authors: Biradar Praveenkumar , Khasage Udaykumar Jaihind , B Veeresh , Vijayakumara Vijayakumara , Biradar Kasinath
Published: August 2021

INTRODUCTION: The Modied Shock Index is a test to identify occult shock in a patient with a normal blood pressure.
High Lactate levels have been validated to identify the degree of shock and also response to resuscitation. The shock index
(SI) is a bedside assessment dened as heart rate divided by systolic blood pressure, with a normal range of 0.5 to 0.7 in healthy adults.
METHODOLOGY: Demographic data like age and sex was obtained. The patients were evaluated clinically, history and hemodynamic were
noted. ABG was done on the patients and lactate levels were recorded. Requirement of Inotropic support, mechanical ventilation and dialysis were
noted. All the ndings were recorded on a predesigned and prepared proforma. The Modied Shoc RESULTS: k Index was split into three
categories: <0.7, 0.7-1.3 and >1.3. The mean lactate in the <0.7 group, 0.7-1.3 group and the >1.3 group were 5.5000, 3.7060 and 4.8616
respectively. A Tukey post hoc test revealed that patients with modie CONCLUSION: d Shock Index >1.3 had statistically signicantly higher
Lactate levels (5.729±2.846, p = 0.000) than patients with modied Shock Index 0.7 – 1.3 (3.706±1.520).
IS THYROID ASSOCIATED WITH DEMENTIA? A CASE CONTROL STUDY
Authors: Biswas Mithun , Sanyal Soumyajit , Prakash Om , Kushwaha Suman , Agarwal Rachana
Published: August 2021

Objectives: The present study was undertaken with an objective to explore if thyroid is related to dementia among
participants aged 45 years and above.
Design: Participants aged more than 45 years of age, giving written informed consent and meeting the selection criteria were enrolled in the
study. The participants were administered with a series of paper pencil tests. The data was further analyzed for any association using the
Statistical Package for Social Sciences, version 22 (SPSS 22).
Setting: Participants attending the Outpatient Department (OPD) at Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied sciences (IHBAS), a tertiary care
neuropsychiatric hospital and normal elderly controls from local community.
Participants: A sample size of at least 40 cases of Dementia of Alzheimer type and at least 40 cases of vascular/ mixed dementia and 60 normal
controls were recruited.
Measurements: Semi-structured Performa for demographic and clinical variables; Hindi mental status examination (HMSE) for cognitive
functions was applied as screening tools for both case and control groups;Tools for patients with dementia: NINCDS-ADRDA criteria for
Probable Alzheimer's disease (McKhann et al), NINDS /AIREN criteria for diagnosis of probable vascular dementia (VaD), NINDS-AIREN
diagnostic criteria for “Alzheimer's disease with Cerebro-Vascular Disease” (mixed dementia), Clinical Dementia Rating Scale (Morris et al
1997), and 5 ml blood sample collection and analysis through vein puncture.
Results: The results of the study indicate that subclinical hypothyroidism is associated with dementia of Alzheimer type.
Conclusion: When considered in light with varied ndings of prior studies, it may be implied that subclinical thyroid dysfunction not especially
hypo or hyperthyroidism is a risk for DAT.
A STUDY OF THE DIMENSIONS OF HUMAN ACETABULUM IN THE DRY HIP BONES OF SOUTH KERALA POPULATION
Authors: Raphael M Rani , P. S. Sajey , R Rajad. , P. D Varghese
Published: August 2021

Introduction: In human anatomy the acetabulum is a cavity on the lateral aspect of the hip-bone. The purpose of this
study is to record the depth and diameter of the acetabulum cavity to accumulate morphological data helpful for
anthropologists, Forensic medicine experts and orthopedicians.
Materials And Methods: The study was done on 88 adult human hip bones (42 right and 46 left) collected from Department of Anatomy,
Govt.T.D Medical College, Alappuzha, Kerala state. The diameters and maximum depth were measured using digital vernier calliper. The
measurements were compared with other studies in the world. The mean diam Results: eter of acetabulum was 48.08 ± 3.21mm, 44.16 ± 2.60 mm
in male and female respectively. The mean ± S.D value of depth was 29.11± 2.37 and 27.20± 2.01 mm. in male and female respectively. The
correlation between depth and diameter was signicant only in the right male hip bones. There is signicant variation in the Conclusion:
anatomical parameters of hip bone between different Indian population groups. The data from this study may be used for designing population
specic hip prosthesis.
THE PREDICTIVE VALUE OF MODIFIED SHOCK INDEX FOR HOSPITAL MORTALITY
Authors: Biradar Praveenkumar , Vijayakumara Vijayakumara , B Veeresh , Jaihind Khasage Udaykumar , Katti Kartik
Published: August 2021

INTRODUCTION: Shock Index uses only systolic blood pressure; however, diastolic blood pressure is also of
undeniable importance when determining patient's clinical severity. All METHODOLOGY: patients who t into the
inclusion criteria were requested for consent to join the study. The patients were further divided into sub-groups as per their working diagnosis as
medical or surgical cases and denitive diagnosis were noted. In the prese RESULTS: nt study, the mean age group for patients on whom lactate
levels were done was found to be 53.2±15.9 years and the maximum study samples were in the age group 60-69. The mean of systolic blood
pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, MAP, Shock Index, Modied Shock Index and lactate levels in our study was 104.1±26.8 mm/hg,
72.4±18.4 mm/hg, 116.9±18.7, 83.1±20.4 mm/hg, 1.2±0.5, 1.5±0.6 and 4.9±2.6 respectively. The p CONCLUSION: redictive value of MSI
for hospital mortality was calculated by ROC curve where the sensitivity was 0.750 and specicity was 0.454.
SPHINCTER CUTTING AND PRESERVING SURGERIES FOR COMPLEX FISTULA IN ANO: A COMPARATIVE STUDY AT A TERTIARY CARE CENTRE IN NORTH INDIA
Authors: Kala Sanjay , Jauhari Ramendra Kumar , Deb Adiveeth , Chauhan Akanksha
Published: August 2021

INTRODUCTION: Anal stula represents an important aspect of colorectal practice, being a distressing condition for
the patient and sometimes a challenge for the surgeon. Successful surgical management of anal stulas requires accurate
preoperative assessment of the course of the primary stulous tract and the site of any secondary extension or abscess. Fistula-in-ano has various
types of clinical presentations. With time newer techniques have also evolved. Here we comparing the various treating modalities by
classifying them as sphincter preserving and sphincter cutting surgeries.
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES : To compare the outcome, duration of wound healing, recurrence rate, and complications after sphincter
preserving and sphincter cutting surgeries.
MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total 100 patients were taken up for the study after ethical clearance and proper informed consent. Group A
(n=50) patients were selected for sphincter preserving surgeries (VAAFT+FILAC+LIFT, VAAFT+FILAC, LIFT). Group B (n=50) patients
were taken up for sphincter cutting procedures (stulectomy and stulotomy). Simple fistulas, and those associated with tuberculosis, IBD,
carcinomas, or with perianal injury were excluded from the study. Rectovaginal and anovaginal stulas, patients with history of incontinence, or
anal sphincter impairment were also excluded.
RESULTS: 66% patients were males and 34% were females. (1.94:1). Mean age of patients was 41.01+12.35 between 20-70 years.
Transphincteric stula was the most common type (61%, n=61) and perianal discharge was the most common presentation. (100%, n=100).
Primary healing rate at 3 months in sphincter preserving surgeries was 84%, and 66% in cutting surgeries (p<0.05). Recurrence (p<0.05) was
st more in cutting surgeries. Incontinence at 1 week (p<0.05) and hospital stay (p<0.05), were also more after cutting surgeries. However, there
was no statistically signicant difference in the mean healing time and pain by VAS score at 48 hours.
CONCLUSIONS: Sphincter preserving surgeries for complex stula in ano are better in terms of less recovery time and better healing rate,
less chances of incontinence, recurrence, compared to sphincter cutting surgeries. With the advent of more sphincter sparing techniques the
percentage of patients undergoing sphincter cutting techniques should continue to decrease over time.
DETERMINANTS OF ORAL ENDOTRACHEAL TUBE PLACEMENT: A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY
Authors: Kumar Pankaj , Singh Sudha , Prakash Aditya
Published: August 2021

Introduction: Finding the best depth of endotracheal tube (ET) placement has been a challenge because of the
complications caused due to its malposition.
Aims: To nd the best depth of placement of oral ET in Indian adult patients.
Methods And Design: This study was conducted in 125 ASA I and II patients requiring general anaesthesia and orotracheal intubation.
Methods: After placing the ET with the designated black mark at vocal cords, various airway distances were measured from the right angle of
mouth using a bre optic bronchoscope.
Statistical Analysis: Mean (SD) and median (range) of various parameters and Pearson correlation coefcient was calculated.
Results: The mean lip-carina distance, i.e., total airway length was 23.52±1.72 cm and 22.11±1.26 cm in males and females, respectively. With
black mark of ET between vocal cords, the mean ET tip-carina distance of 4.19±1.60 cm in males and 2.78±1.52 cm females was found to be less
than the recommended safe distance.
Conclusions: Height has the best correlation to lip to carina distance. Fixing the tube at recommended distances in both male and female will lead
to carinal stimulation or endobronchial placement in many Indian patients. The formula “(Height in cm/7) -2.5.” gives us an idea about the
approximate depth of ET placement.
SERUM URIC ACID LEVELS IN NEWLY DIAGNOSED CASES OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS IN ASSAM: A CASE CONTROL STUDY
Authors: Bora Madhurima , Alom Akand Siddiqul , Gogoi Sherin
Published: August 2021

INTRODUCTION: T DM is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia with disturbances of carbohydrate, 2
fats and protein metabolism. Hyperuricaemia has often been associated with diabetes mellitus. 100 patients METHOD:
with T DM diagnosed according to ADA guidelines and 100 age sex matched normal healthy individuals as controls were selected. Serum Uric 2
acid and Fasting blood sugar levels were measured and the results were analyzed statistically Statistical analysis of the results shows RESULTS:
signicant increase in Serum Uric acid in the cases (P<0.001) the mean S CONCLUSION: erum Uric acid level was found to be signicantly
higher in newly diagnosed cases of T DM