bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Approaches to social complexity in Kura-Araxes culture: A view from Köhne Shahar (Ravaz) in Chaldran, Iranian Azerbaijan
Authors: Alizadeh Karim , Eghbal Hamed , Samei Siavash
Published: January 2018

Due to increasing investigations and studies of the Kura-Araxes cultural communities, our information about this enigmatic archaeological culture has increased in many respects. Its interactions and regional variations in terms of cultural materials have been analyzed by many scholars. However, our knowledge about its societal variations is still very limited. We do not yet know much about social dynamics behind its material culture that spread out through vast regions in the Caucasus and the Near East. Indeed, there are some fundamental questions about the Kura-Araxes cultural communities that need further investigation. To address these questions, we focus on data collected from Köhne Shahar, a Kura-Araxes site in the Chaldran area of the Iranian Azerbaijan. We concentrate on two major features of the site that we have explored during the past three years : the fortification wall and the stratigraphy. Analysis of the site’s large fortification wall suggests that external threat and conflict could have played a role in the development of political complexity at Köhne Shahar. We further argue that there is a great potential at Köhne Shahar for addressing social complexity and suggest that further investigations at the site may shed more light on social dynamics in the Kura-Araxes cultural communities.
Hearth and home. Interpreting fire installations at Arslantepe, Eastern Turkey, from the fourth to the beginning of the second millennium BCE
Authors: Balossi Francesca
Published: January 2018

Les méthodes de cuisson et les pratiques culinaires sont essentielles pour définir l’identité d’un groupe. Elles permettent d’identifier des réseaux parentaux ou sociaux, tout en reflétant une économie familiale. Dans cet article, je présente, d’un point de vue typologique et fonctionnel, les installations associées au feu et les ustensiles utilisés sur le site d’Arslantepe, en Anatolie orientale, sur une période de près de 2500 ans (4200-1750 av. notre ère). Arslantepe témoigne, par cette longue séquence, du développement des sociétés hiérarchisées, de l’origine de l’État et de son effondrement, de l’arrivée de communautés pastorales semi-mobiles puis de l’existence de petits villages agricoles. Les économies familiales et les relations sociales liées à la préparation et à la consommation des aliments sont ici étudiées à travers le prisme de la répartition spatiale des équipements culinaires et leurs différentes caractéristiques techniques.
Extended High-Frequency Smartphone Audiometry: Validity and Reliability
Authors: Bornman Martelle , Swanepoel De Wet , De Jager Leigh Biagio , Eikelboom Robert H.
Published: January 2018

Background:Extended high-frequency (EHF) audiometry (8‐16 kHz) has an important role in audiological assessments such as ototoxicity monitoring, and for speech recognition and localization. Accurate and reliable EHF testing with smartphone technologies has the potential
to provide more affordable and accessible hearing-care services, especially in underserved contexts.Purpose:To determine the accuracy and test‐retest reliability of EHF audiometry with a smartphone application, using calibrated headphones.Research Design:Air-conduction
thresholds (8‐16 kHz) and test‐retest reproducibility, recorded with conventional audiometry (CA) and smartphone audiometry (SA), using audiometric (Sennheiser HDA 300 circumaural) and nonstandard audiometric (Sennheiser HD202 II supra-aural) headphones, were compared in a repeated-measures
design.Study Sample:A total of 61 participants (122 ears) were included in the study. Of these, 24 were adults attending a tuberculosis clinic (mean age = 36.8, standard deviation [SD] = 14.2 yr; 48% female) and 37 were adolescents and young adults recruited from a prospective students
program (mean age = 17.6, SD = 3.2 yr; 76% female). Of these, 22.3% (n = 326) of EHF thresholds were ≥25 dB HL.Data Analysis:Threshold comparisons were made between CA and SA, with audiometric headphones and nonstandard audiometric headphones. A paired samples t-test was used
for comparison of threshold correspondence between conventional and smartphone thresholds, and test‐retest reproducibility of smartphone thresholds.Results:Conventional thresholds corresponded with smartphone thresholds at the lowest intensity (10 dB HL), using audiometric and
nonstandard audiometric headphones in 59.4% and 57.6% of cases, respectively. Conventional thresholds (exceeding 10 dB HL) corresponded within 10 dB or less, with smartphone thresholds in 82.9% of cases using audiometric headphones and 84.1% of cases using nonstandard audiometric headphones.
There was no significant difference between CA and SA, using audiometric headphones across all frequencies (p > 0.05). Test‐retest comparison also showed no significant differences between conditions (p > 0.05). Smartphone test‐retest thresholds corresponded
within 10 dB or less in 86.7% and 93.4% of cases using audiometric and nonstandard audiometric headphones, respectively.Conclusions:EHF smartphone testing with calibrated headphones can provide an accurate and reliable option for affordable mobile audiometry. The validity of EHF smartphone
testing outside a sound booth as a cost-effective and readily available option to detect high-frequency hearing loss in community-based settings should be established.
Spectroscopic Confirmation and Velocity Dispersions for 20 Planck Galaxy Clusters at 0.16 < z < 0.78
Authors: Amodeo Stefania , Mei Simona , Stanford Spencer A. , Lawrence Charles R. , Bartlett James G. , Stern Daniel , Chary Ranga-Ram , Shim Hyunjin , Marleau Francine R. , Melin Jean-Baptiste , Rodríguez-Gonzálvez Carmen
Published: January 2018

We present Gemini and Keck spectroscopic redshifts and velocity dispersions for 20 clusters detected via the Sunyaev–Zel’dovich (SZ) effect by the Planck space mission, with estimated masses in the range

. Cluster members were selected for spectroscopic follow-up with Palomar, Gemini, and Keck optical and (in some cases) infrared imaging. Seven cluster redshifts were measured for the first time with this observing campaign, including one of the most distant Planck clusters confirmed to date, at

, PSZ2 G085.95+25.23. The spectroscopic redshift catalogs of members of each confirmed cluster are included as online tables. We show the galaxy redshift distributions and measure the cluster velocity dispersions. The cluster velocity dispersions obtained in this paper were used in a companion paper to measure the Planck mass bias and to constrain the cluster velocity bias.
Extremely Rapid X-Ray Flares of TeV Blazars in the RXTE Era
Authors: Zhu S. F. , Xue Y. Q. , Brandt W. N. , Cui W. , Wang Y. J.
Published: January 2018

Rapid flares from blazars in very high-energy (VHE) γ-rays challenge the common understanding of jets of active galactic nuclei (AGNs). The same population of ultra-relativistic electrons is often thought to be responsible for both X-ray and VHE emission. We thus systematically searched for X-ray flares at sub-hour timescales of TeV blazars in the entire Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer archival database. We found rapid flares from PKS 2005−489 and S5 0716+714, and a candidate rapid flare from 1ES 1101−232. In particular, the characteristic rise timescale of PKS 2005−489 is less than half a minute, which, to our knowledge, is the shortest among known AGN flares at any wavelengths. The timescales of these rapid flares indicate that the size of the central supermassive black hole is not a hard lower limit on the physical size of the emission region of the flare. PKS 2005−489 shows possible hard lags in its flare, which could be attributed to particle acceleration (injection); its flaring component has the hardest spectrum when it first appears. For all flares, the flaring components show similar hard spectra with

, and we estimate the magnetic field strength B ∼ 0.1–1.0 G by assuming synchrotron cooling. These flares could be caused by inhomogeneity of the jets. Models that can only produce rapid γ-ray flares but little synchrotron activity are less favorable.
Nonlocal Ohms Law, Plasma Resistivity, and Reconnection During Collisions of Magnetic Flux Ropes
Authors: Gekelman W. , DeHaas T. , Pribyl P. , Vincena S. , Compernolle B. Van , Sydora R. , Tripathi S. K. P.
Published: January 2018

The plasma resistivity was evaluated in an experiment on the collision of two magnetic flux ropes. Whenever the ropes collide, some magnetic energy is lost as a result of reconnection. Volumetric data, in which all the relevant time-varying quantities were recorded in detail, are presented. Ohm’s law is shown to be nonlocal and cannot be used to evaluate the plasma resistivity. The resistivity was instead calculated using the AC Kubo resistivity and shown to be anomalously high in certain regions of space.
An UXor among FUors: Extinction-related Brightness Variations of the Young Eruptive Star V582 Aur
Authors: Ábrahám P. , Kóspál Á. , Kun M. , Fehér O. , Zsidi G. , Acosta-Pulido J. A. , Carnerero M. I. , García-Álvarez D. , Moór A. , Cseh B. , Hajdu G. , Hanyecz O. , Kelemen J. , Kriskovics L. , Marton G. , Mező Gy. , Molnár L. , Ordasi A. , Rodríguez-Coira G. , Sárneczky K. , Sódor Á. , Szakáts R. , Szegedi-Elek E. , Szing A. , Farkas-Takács A. , Vida K. , Vinkó J.
Published: January 2018

V582 Aur is an FU Ori-type young eruptive star in outburst since ∼1985. The eruption is currently in a relatively constant plateau phase, with photometric and spectroscopic variability superimposed. Here we will characterize the progenitor of the outbursting object, explore its environment, and analyze the temporal evolution of the eruption. We are particularly interested in the physical origin of the two deep photometric dips, one that occurred in 2012 and one that is ongoing since 2016. We collected archival photographic plates and carried out new optical, infrared, and millimeter-wave photometric and spectroscopic observations between 2010 and 2018, with a high sampling rate during the current minimum. Besides analyzing the color changes during fading, we compiled multiepoch spectral energy distributions and fitted them with a simple accretion disk model. Based on pre-outburst data and a millimeter continuum measurement, we suggest that the progenitor of the V582 Aur outburst is a low-mass T Tauri star with average properties. The mass of an unresolved circumstellar structure, probably a disk, is 0.04 M
⊙. The optical and near-infrared spectra demonstrate the presence of hydrogen and metallic lines, show the CO band head in absorption, and exhibit a variable Hα profile. The color variations strongly indicate that both the ∼1 yr long brightness dip in 2012 and the current minimum since 2016 are caused by increased extinction along the line of sight. According to our accretion disk models, the reddening changed from A

V
 = 4.5 to 12.5 mag, while the accretion rate remained practically constant. Similarly to the models of the UXor phenomenon of intermediate- and low-mass young stars, orbiting disk structures could be responsible for the eclipses.
Doit faire ses preuves
Authors: Casanova Vincent
Published: January 2018

Résumé Scientifique
USOPEN
Authors: Brossard Olivier
Published: January 2018

Résumé Poésie
Les ruines de la nostalgie. Cinq extraits
Authors: Stonecipher Donna , Bouquet Stéphane
Published: January 2018

Résumé Tableaux mélancoliques
Mémoire vive. Politique et sida dans « 120 Battements par minute »
Authors: Chémery Valentin , Farjat Juliette , Gérard Stéphane , Lalande Aude , Vermeersch Laure , Wahnich Sophie
Published: January 2018

Résumé
Points noirs sur fond rouge / 6
Authors: Alexakis Dimitris
Published: January 2018

Résumé Chronique Les baricades mistérieuses
Les études médiévales dans les enseignements en France. Une rétrospective
Authors: Cerquiglini-Toulet Jacqueline
Published: January 2018

Face à une Université réticente à intégrer les études médiévales, après l’École des Chartes (1832), la chaire de langue et de littérature du moyen âge du Collège de France (1853) et l’EPHE (1868) sont des créations soutenues par Fortoul et Duruy : les ministres chargés de réformer l’éducation sous le Second Empire perçoivent ces disciplines comme modernes face au latin et au grec, et comme scientifiques face aux Belles-Lettres et à la rhétorique. Puis en 1870, la Chanson de Roland est enseignée comme antidote à la défaite de Sedan. Désormais socles de l’histoire nationale, des textes médiévaux entrent sous la IIIe République aux programmes de plusieurs Agrégations et des lycées, tandis qu’est créée à la Sorbonne une maitrise de conférence (1877) devenue chaire magistrale (1883) de langue et de littérature françaises du moyen âge. Et c’est depuis ces diverses institutions que les médiévistes s’affrontent lors de l’affaire Dreyfus. Jusqu’à l’orée du XXe siècle, l’enseignement de la langue et de la littérature médiévales a donc été fortement lié à la vie politique du pays et à ses inflexions majeures.
Réflexions sur la place du Moyen Âge dans les programmes de français au collège
Authors: Haugeard Philippe
Published: January 2018

S’il faut se féliciter de l’apparition, dans les nouveaux programmes de français au collège, de la notion de « questionnement » associée au choix et à l’étude des textes littéraires, on peut regretter que cette apparition ne se soit pas accompagnée d’une réflexion nouvelle sur la place du Moyen Âge, lequel continue de n’être explicitement recommandé que dans les classes de 6ème et de 5ème, comme si la littérature médiévale constituait naturellement une sorte de littérature pour la jeunesse, voire pour l’enfance, ce qu’elle n’est évidemment pas. Il convient donc, d’une part, de condamner l’édulcoration mutilante dont la littérature médiévale se trouve être régulièrement l’objet (voir les manuels scolaires), et, d’autre part, de revendiquer pour elle la place qu’appellent la nature, la complexité et la diversité de son potentiel de questionnement, sans aucun doute susceptibles d’attiser la curiosité et de susciter l’intérêt d’esprits déjà formés, comme ceux des adolescents ou des jeunes adultes.
Pratique des anciennes instructions et nouveaux programmes de collège : réflexions, propositions
Authors: Legrand Sandrine
Published: January 2018

L’article s’appuie sur des pratiques de classes menées dans le cadre des anciens programmes de collège afin de proposer des pistes de travail pour aborder les nouvelles instructions. Il convient à l’enseignant de sensibiliser les élèves à la variété et à l’étrangeté de la littérature médiévale en prenant comme support des textes authentiques qui susciteront la curiosité des jeunes. L’article prend l’exemple d’une séquence sur le personnage du roi Arthur, figure emblématique de la matière de Bretagne. Ce projet, qui articule cinéma, textes médiévaux et travail sur le manuscrit, permet de montrer aux élèves, de manière simple, comment se constitue une tradition littéraire et comment s’écrit la littérature médiévale. Ce type d’activité qui rencontre un grand succès auprès des collégiens, est facilement transférable dans le cadre des cours et des EPI des nouveaux programmes, notamment via des travaux transdisciplinaires.
Ponts et carrefours : enjeux pour la littérature médiévale des pratiques interdisciplinaires au collège
Authors: Grodet Mathilde
Published: January 2018

Si la recherche en littérature médiévale se nourrit depuis longtemps du dialogue entre les disciplines, les pratiques interdisciplinaires dans l’enseignement supérieur restent rares. A l’inverse, dans le secondaire, l’interdisciplinarité se développe depuis une quinzaine d’années avec la volonté affichée de renouveler les approches pédagogiques. L’organisation des enseignements, mise en œuvre dans le cadre de la réforme du collège, accorde une importance accrue à l’interdisciplinarité dans l’apprentissage des élèves. Mais quelle place pour la littérature médiévale dans les nouveaux dispositifs interdisciplinaires au collège ? Souvent limités à la classe de 5e et à des partenariats avec l’histoire, les projets portant sur des œuvres médiévales pourraient pourtant être plus nombreux et diversifiés et offrir une image plus juste de la littérature du Moyen Âge.
De Lancelot à Renart : comment adapter sans trahir ?
Authors: Cadot-Colin  Anne-Marie
Published: January 2018

L’adaptation pour la jeunesse d’un roman tel que le Lancelot en prose nécessite un certain nombre d’aménagements, dus aux dimensions de l’œuvre, au foisonnement des personnages et des aventures. Il importe d’accroître la lisibilité du roman, en le recentrant sur les personnages principaux. L’essentiel est de ne pas fausser le sens du roman : la représentation de l’amour, la place de la religion doivent être respectées, aussi étranges qu’elles puissent paraître à un jeune lecteur du XXIe siècle. Réécrire pour la jeunesse des œuvres destinées à un public adulte confronte parfois l’auteur à un problème de censure : jusqu’où peut-on pousser la fidélité à l’œuvre d’origine ?
Traduire et adapter les textes du Moyen Âge à l’intention des jeunes lecteurs : nécessité, contraintes, limites
Authors: Tusseau Jean-Pierre
Published: January 2018

Pour rendre accessibles les textes du Moyen Âge à un vaste public, notamment scolaire, le point de départ indispensable devrait être une édition critique mais sa traduction littérale ne serait pas satisfaisante tant les conditions de réception de l’oeuvre ont changé. Quels sont les allègements et transpositions indispensables et leurs limites ? Quelles informations complémentaires faudrait-il aussi offrir au lecteur curieux d’en savoir plus ?
Refoulements sommaires : la CEDH trace la « frontière des droits » à Melilla
Authors: Imbert Louis
Published: January 2018

Le 3 octobre 2017, la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme a condamné l’Espagne pour le refoulement sommaire de deux migrants au niveau de la barrière de Melilla. Pour la première fois, la Cour désavoue les pratiques espagnoles de contrôles aux frontières, en rejetant explicitement l’idée d’une « frontière opérationnelle » où les droits protégés par la Convention ne trouveraient guère à s’appliquer. Pour autant, cet arrêt ne signe pas nécessairement la fin des refoulements « à chaud » et la solution adoptée par la Cour s’avère plus limitée qu’un premier examen ne pouvait le laisser penser.
The Automatic Detection of Diabetes Based on Swarm of Fish
Authors: Hamou Reda Mohamed
Published: January 2018

Diabetes is a major health problem and a disease that can be very dangerous in developing and developed countries, and its incidence is increasing dramatically. In this chapter, the authors propose a system of automatic detection of diabetes based on a bioinspired model called a swarm of fish (fish swarm or AFSA). AFSA (artificial fish swarm algorithm) represents one of the best methods of optimization among swarm intelligence algorithms. This algorithm is inspired by the collective, the movement of fish and their different social behaviors in order to achieve their objectives. There are several parameters to be adjusted in the AFSA model. The visual step is very significant, given that the fish artificial essentially moves according to this parameter. Large parameter values increase the capacity of the global search algorithm, while small values tend to improve local search capability. This algorithm has many advantages, including high speed convergence, flexibility, and high accuracy. In this chapter, the authors evaluate their model of AFSA for the purpose of automatic detection of diabetes.
A Survey on Different Digital Authentication Systems Using Fuzzy Logic
Authors: Chatterjee Ayan , Rong Mahendra
Published: January 2018

The communication through wireless medium is very popular to the developed society. More specifically, the use of the internet as well as the use of social networking sites is increasing. Therefore, information security is an important factor during wireless communication. Three major components of it are confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information among authorized users. Integrity level is maintained through various digital authentication schemes. Fuzzy logic is an important soft computing tool that increases the digital watermarking system in various ways. In this chapter, different popular and high secured watermarking schemes using fuzzy logic are analyzed with their mathematical and experimental efficiency. A comparative analysis is developed here with corresponding different parameters.
Efficient Implementation of Hadoop MapReduce-Based Dataflow
Authors: Meddah Ishak H. A. , Belkadi Khaled
Published: January 2018

MapReduce is a solution for the treatment of large data. With it we can analyze and process data. It does this by distributing the computation in a large set of machines. Process mining provides an important bridge between data mining and business process analysis. This technique allows for the extraction of information from event logs. Firstly, the chapter mines small patterns from log traces. Those patterns are the representation of the traces execution from a business process. The authors use existing techniques; the patterns are represented by finite state automaton; the final model is the combination of only two types of patterns that are represented by the regular expressions. Secondly, the authors compute these patterns in parallel, and then combine those patterns using MapReduce. They have two parties. The first is the Map Step. The authors mine patterns from execution traces. The second is the combination of these small patterns as reduce step. The results are promising; they show that the approach is scalable, general, and precise. It minimizes the execution time by the use of MapReduce.
LAS
Authors: Fiori Alessandro , Grand Alberto , Geda Emanuele , Schioppa Domenico , Brundu Francesco G. , Mignone Andrea , Bertotti Andrea
Published: January 2018

Rapid technological evolution is providing biomedical research laboratories with huge amounts of complex and heterogeneous data. The LIMS project Laboratory Assistant Suite (LAS), started by our Institution, aims to assist researchers throughout all of their laboratory activities, providing graphical tools to support decision-making tasks and building complex analyses on integrated data. Thanks to a clinical data management module, linking biological samples analysed by translational research with the originating patients and their clinical history, it can effectively provide insight into tumor development. Furthermore, the LAS tracks molecular experiments and allows automatic annotation of biological samples with their molecular results. A genomic annotation module makes use of semantic web technologies to represent relevant concepts from the genomic domain. The LAS system has helped improve the overall quality of the data and broadened the spectrum of interconnections among the data, offering novel perspectives to the biomedical analyst.
Big Data Approaches to Improve Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT) Outcomes
Authors: El Naqa Issam , Milano Michael T. , Ohri Nitin , Moiseenko Vitali , Moros Eduardo G. , Deasy Joseph O. , Grimm Jimm , Xue Jinyu , Martel Mary , Ten Haken Randall K
Published: January 2018

‘Big data' approaches carry promise for advancing our understanding of stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) (also termed stereotactic ablative radiotherapy, SABR) and is guiding the design of clinical trials using hypofractionated radiotherapy. However, the field of big data in radiotherapy, or in combination with other therapies, is still in its infancy and will likely benefit from multidisciplinary collaborative teams including physicians, physicists, radiobiologists, biostatisticians, bioinformaticists and other data scientists analyzing shared data. We herein review opportunities to use the Big data (including dosimetry, clinical factors, imaging and biomarkers/genomics) to improve SBRT outcomes.
Massive-Training Support Vector Regression With Feature Selection in Application of Computer-Aided Detection of Polyps in CT Colonography
Authors: Xu Jianwu , Zarshenas Amin , Chen Yisong , Suzuki Kenji
Published: January 2018

A major challenge in the latest computer-aided detection (CADe) of polyps in CT colonography (CTC) is to improve the false positive (FP) rate while maintaining detection sensitivity. Radiologists prefer CADe system produce small number of false positive detections, otherwise they might not consider CADe system improve their workflow. Towards this end, in this study, we applied a nonlinear regression model operating on CTC image voxels directly and a nonlinear classification model with extracted image features based on support vector machines (SVMs) in order to improve the specificity of CADe of polyps. We investigated the feasibility of a support vector regression (SVR) in the massive-training framework, and we developed a massive-training SVR (MTSVR) in order to reduce the long training time associated with the massive-training artificial neural network (MTANN) for reduction of FPs in CADe of polyps in CTC. In addition, we proposed a feature selection method directly coupled with an SVM classifier to maximize the CADe system performance. We compared the proposed feature selection method with the conventional stepwise feature selection based on Wilks' lambda with a linear discriminant analysis classifier. The FP reduction system based on the proposed feature selection method was able to achieve a 96.0% by-polyp sensitivity with an FP rate of 4.1 per patient. The performance is better than that of the stepwise feature selection based on Wilks' lambda (which yielded the same sensitivity with 18.0 FPs/patient). To test the performance of the proposed MTSVR, we compared it with the original MTANN in the distinction between actual polyps and various types of FPs in terms of the training time reduction and FP reduction performance. The CTC database used in this study consisted of 240 CTC datasets obtained from 120 patients in the supine and prone positions. With MTSVR, we reduced the training time by a factor of 190, while achieving a performance (by-polyp sensitivity of 94.7% with 2.5 FPs/patient) comparable to that of the original MTANN (which has the same sensitivity with 2.6 FPs/patient).
Community Networks for Addressing Affordability of ICT Access in African Rural Areas
Authors: Takavarasha Jr. Sam , Adams Carl , Cilliers Liezel
Published: January 2018

Mobile ICTs have addressed the digital divides between the global south and the global north. While a phenomenal mobile penetration in developing countries has enabled ICT4D innovations by connecting previously unconnected people, several communities suffer adverse inclusion or lack access altogether. Such digital divides within countries have been attributed to technical, social, and economic issues. As a result, many approaches to bridging the digital divides have been used by both academics and practitioners. This chapter, therefore, discusses the potential use of community networks for providing sustainable and affordable access to rural communities in developing countries. In addition to the advantages of community networks, the chapter presents the challenges thereof, and it contributes to the vexed question about how to harness ICTs to empower the disadvantaged communities in developing countries. A case study of Zenzeleni Makhosi community network in South Africa's Eastern Cape province is presented and analysed using Sen's capability approach.
Need for Sustainable Development
Authors: Kabote Samwel J. , Mangi Halima Omari
Published: January 2018

Since 2015, the efforts to promote sustainable development turned into a new face after the 17 Sustainable Development Goals were embraced by the 193 nation states, in the world, to be implemented up to 2030. Despite this impressing milestone, the concept of SD is not explored sufficiently. This chapter reviews and discusses need for SD in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) where poverty is rampant and livelihood security is deprived. The chapter argues that SSA needs SD. This can be achieved through a balance between the environment, society, economy and institutions, concurrently with interventions to eliminate abject poverty and improve livelihood security. Additionally, SSA should address the challenges that impede the efforts to promote SD seriously with considerations that the communities are heterogeneous and inequalities in different forms are lingering. The future research should investigate, among others, appropriate strategies and interventions to balance the environment, society and the economy for SD.
Financing the Sustainable Development Goals in Sub-Saharan African Countries
Authors: Jiya Alex Nester , Falinya Ernest Roderick
Published: January 2018

The chapter seeks to provide insights on the alternatives for financing sustainable development in the Sub- Saharan Africa (SSA). It has been highlighted in the chapter that the region faces the danger of not attaining the SDGs due to poor political systems, climate change, high population growth and restricted economic growth and development. This comes in the midst of declining and unpredictable Official Development Assistance (ODA) plus other domestic and foreign financing instruments. Despite the constraints, the chapter has explored the potential for the region to attain and maintain the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) way beyond 2030. Sub-Saharan Africa has a lot of natural resources and a favorable demographic structure. Furthermore, the region has shown some signs of industrial development of late and increasing regional integration which are key to economic transformation. Finally, the chapter has highlighted some policy recommendations in order for the region to realise its potential and attain the SDGs.
Resettlement, Sustainable Livelihoods, and Development in Africa
Authors: Alemu Kassa Teshager , Madziakapita Victor Sevenia
Published: January 2018

Resettlement has become a worldwide phenomenon in the development discourse. This phenomenon is mainly caused by population pressure, war or prolonged hostilities, irreversible environmental degradation, and development projects. The main objective of this chapter is to analyze the effects of a planned government intra-regional resettlement program on the sustainable livelihoods of resettled households in Ethiopia. To this end, the combination of SLF and IRR models were used as the pillars of the theoretical and conceptual framework of the study. This study, based on mixed method design, concludes that the effects of planned resettlement on the sustainable livelihoods of resettlers were mixed and challenged the generic representation of the scheme as a success or a failure. The adverse effects were mainly due to policy gaps, the mismatch between policy and practice, poor inter-sectoral and inter-regional integration, and inadequate capacity building efforts. Recommendations are provided in line with these gaps.
Management of Risk and Adverse Events in Medical Entities
Authors: Pieczka Bożena
Published: January 2018

The purpose of this chapter is to point out that effective risk management, also in healthcare units, can contribute to the effective reduction of adverse events and, consequently, the compensation claims of the patients. Also defined is the concept of risk and outlines the necessary elements that should be included in effective risk management. As far as medical entities are concerned, risk management is primarily about dealing with adverse events. Conscious control and limiting the occurrence of these events affects patient safety in a medical facility.
Teachers as Researchers
Authors: Cranton Patricia
Published: January 2018

The purpose of this chapter is to introduce readers to how teachers can be taught about research in ways that are meaningful for them and relevant to their practice. The three main research paradigms are described, paradigms that are defined based on the kind of knowledge being sought. Mixed methods research is also acknowledged as possibly being in a fourth paradigm. It is action research and participatory action research (also called “teacher research”) that most closely illustrates how teachers can meaningfully engage in research relevant to their practice. These methodologies are described, and then a template for a research course for teachers is provided. Finally, practical examples of participatory and action research are provided, followed by suggestions for the future development of teacher research, including narrative inquiry and arts-based research.
Using Photo-Methods to Empower Participants in Education Research
Authors: Boucher, Jr. Michael L.
Published: January 2018

The use of photographs in ethnographic education research promises new insights and challenges to researchers who wish to do good, by doing science and working for justice in the communities under examination. The use of photo-elicitation is discussed as a method that can help alleviate what Foucault described as the analytical “gaze,” allowing for discussions of difficult or taboo subjects like race, sex, gender, and dis/ability. The history, uses, and techniques, are examined for different photo methods including photo-elicitation interviews and photovoice. This chapter also contributes practical suggestions for using photos in ethnographic research and illuminates new research in the field. Using photos in the reviewed studies achieved positive results for participants and revealed new understandings of communities, culture, and individuals.
A Brief Preview of Q Methodology
Authors: Yang Yang
Published: January 2018

Q methodology systematically studies subjective matters such as thoughts, beliefs, and behaviors on a wide range of topics. The purpose of this chapter is to give a brief overview of Q methodology to readers across disciplines. This chapter presents several advantages of Q methodology that make it attractive to researchers and practitioners who are interested in understanding different perspectives or behavioral patterns among individuals toward any given topic. The author also discusses Q's distinct position as a methodology and how it fits into the qualitative-mixed-quantitative continuum. The chapter further uses two research studies the author conducted as applications to demonstrate how to perform a Q methodological study, involving the following steps: development of the Q sample, selection of the participants (P set), Q sorting, and analysis and interpretation of Q sorts.
Metastructuring for Standards
Authors: Gey Ronny , Fried Andrea
Published: January 2018

This chapter focusses on the appearance and implementation of process standards in software development organizations. The authors are interested in the way organizations handle the plurality of process standards. Organizations respond by metastructuring to the increasing demand for standardizing their development processes. Standards metastructuring summarizes all organizational mechanisms for facilitating the ongoing adaption of global standards to the organizational context. Based on an in-depth single case study of a software developing organization in the automotive technology sector, the authors found four areas of metastructuring, four roles for standard mediation, and four types of metastructuring activities. With the case study, they encourage further research that proves standards in use and how organizations respond to the challenges of standardization.
A COBRANÇA DO USO DA ÁGUA E O IMPACTO NO CUSTO DA PRODUÇÃO DO ARROZ IRRIGADO NA REGIÃO SUL DO ESTADO DE SANTA CATARINA
Authors: Ladwig Nilzo Ivo , Da Silva Eulinor Pereira , Back Álvaro José
Published: January 2018

A cobrança pelo uso da água é um ato legal no Brasil, instituído pela Lei Federal nº 9.433 de 08 de janeiro de 1997. É um instrumento de gestão dos recursos hídricos utilizado em bacia hidrográfica. A tendência é de que deverá ser implantado em todas as bacias hidrográficas do Brasil, principalmente naquelas onde há conflitos na utilização de água, a fim de atender a sociedade no desenvolvimento sustentável dos recursos hídricos. A pesquisa foi realizada na Associação de Drenagem e Irrigação Santo Izidoro (ADISI), localizada nos municípios de Nova Veneza e de Forquilhinha, no Sul do Estado de Santa Catarina que possui 240 produtores associados em uma área de cultivo de 5000 hectares. O objetivo foi investigar a eficiência da cobrança pelo uso dos recursos hídricos como instrumento de gestão e se esta cobrança poderá afetar economicamente o processo produtivo, principalmente quando o volume gasto na cultura do arroz se mostra elevado e o rendimento econômico reduzido. Para alcançar o objetivo da pesquisa, além do referencial bibliográfico e dos dados secundários disponíveis foram realizadas entrevistas no grupo de técnicos agrícolas e engenheiros agrônomos que prestam assistência às propriedades rurais de abrangência da ADISI. Os resultados mostraram que o valor de R$ 70,00 (setenta reais) pelo uso da água por hectare afetará o custo de produção, justamente pelo fato do custeio rizícola neste momento apresentar-se muito alto, e mesmo que fosse implementada, a cobrança pelo uso de água não fará com que o agricultor economize mais água. Conclui-se que o estudo sobre a cobrança pelo uso da água na área da ADISI, trouxe uma melhor compreensão para os produtores da eficiência da cobrança pelo uso dos recursos hídricos como instrumento de gestão hídrica.
Differential Expression of CD8+ T Cell Cytotoxic Effector Molecules in Blood and Gastrointestinal Mucosa in HIV-1 Infection
Authors: Kiniry Brenna E. , Hunt Peter W. , Hecht Frederick M. , Somsouk Ma , Deeks Steven G. , Shacklett Barbara L.
Published: January 2018

We previously reported that CD8+ T cells in human gastrointestinal mucosa exhibit reduced perforin expression and weak or impaired cytotoxic capacity compared with their counterparts in blood. Nevertheless, these cells degranulate and express cytokines and chemokines in response to cognate Ag. In addition to weak expression of perforin, earlier studies suggested differential regulation of perforin and granzymes (Gzms), with GzmA and B expressed by significantly higher percentages of mucosal CD8+ T cells than perforin. However, this topic has not been fully explored. The goal of this study was to elucidate the expression and coexpression patterns of GzmA, B, and K in conjunction with perforin in rectosigmoid CD8+ T cells during HIV-1 infection. We found that expression of both perforin and GzmB, but not GzmA or GzmK, was reduced in mucosa compared with blood. A large fraction of rectosigmoid CD8+ T cells either did not express Gzms or were single-positive for GzmA. Rectosigmoid CD8+ T cells appeared skewed toward cytokine production rather than cytotoxic responses, with cells expressing multiple cytokines and chemokines generally lacking in perforin and Gzm expression. These data support the interpretation that perforin and Gzms are differentially regulated, and display distinct expression patterns in blood and rectosigmoid T cells. These studies may help inform the development of strategies to combat HIV-1 and other mucosal pathogens.
Role of Yoga in Management of Substance-use Disorders: A Narrative Review
Authors: Kuppili Pooja Patnaik , Parmar Arpit , Gupta Ankit , Balhara Yatan Pal Singh
Published: January 2018

Substance use disorders are comparable to chronic medical illnesses and have a chronic relapsing course. Despite being significant contributors to morbidity and mortality, limited treatment options exist. The current narrative review was aimed at providing an overview of yoga therapy in substance-use disorders and discuss the relevant methodological issues. Articles published in English language till May 2017 indexed with PubMed, PubMed central, and Google Scholar were searched using search terms “Yoga,” “Substance use,” “Drug dependence,” “Nicotine,” “Tobacco,” “Alcohol,” “Opioids,” “Cannabis,” “Cocaine,” “Stimulants,” “Sedative hypnotics,” “Inhalants,” and “Hallucinogens” for inclusion in the review. A total of 314 studies were found fulfilling the stated criteria. Out of which, 16 studies were found to fulfill the inclusion and exclusion criteria and 12 were randomized control trials. The majority of studies were available on the role of yoga in management of nicotine dependence. Sample size of these studies ranged from 18 to 624. The majority of studies suggested the role of yoga in reducing substance use as well as substance-related craving (especially in nicotine-use disorders) in short term. However, more studies are required for demonstrating the long-term effects of yoga therapy in substance-use disorder.
Clinical Features and Psychiatric Comorbidity of Epicrania Fugax
Authors: Rammohan K. , Shyma M. M. , Das Soumitra , Shaji C. Velayudhan
Published: January 2018

Background: Epicrania fugax (EF) is a rare newly described primary headache characterized by paroxysms of unilateral pain radiating across one hemicranium. Aim: We aimed to describe 10 new cases of EF and assess the psychiatric comorbidity. Materials and Methods: Cases of EF were identified from patients attending the neurology outpatient department of a tertiary level referral and teaching hospital by the first author during a period extending from January 1, 2015 to April 31, 2017. Case ascertainment was done as per ICHD 3 beta criteria from among patients presenting with complaints of headache after detailed history and clinical examination. Clinical and demographic features were noted and patients were subjected to Mini Neuropsychiatric Interview to screen for psychiatric comorbidity followed by Becks Anxiety/Depression Inventory. Results: A total of 10 subjects were obtained during the study period, 4 males, and 6 females. Mean age of subjects was 45.3 years (standard deviation-10). Seventy percent had anteroposterior, and 30% had posteroanterior radiation of pain. The most common character of pain was stabbing (50%) followed by electrical (40%) and pressing (10%). None of the subjects had autonomic symptoms or focal symptoms in the scalp while 30% subjects had hyperesthesia in the affected area of the scalp. Six subjects (60%) patients had episodic course while 40% had chronic course. Sixty percent had comorbid anxiety while one (10%) had comorbid depression. A significant relation was obtained between duration of disease and occurrence of anxiety as well as Becks Anxiety Inventory scores while there was no correlation with attack duration. There was also a nonsignificant correlation between visual analog score and occurrence of anxiety symptoms. Conclusions: Our study conclusively proves the existence of EF as a rare, distinct primary headache syndrome in our study population. It has a significant psychiatric comorbidity consisting of 60% of generalized anxiety disorder, 10% of panic attacks, and 10% of depression.
Study of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice in Participants with Regular Intake of Lathyrus, But No Spastic Paraparesis
Authors: Chaurasia Rameshwar Nath , Pathak Abhishek , Singh Smriti , Joshi Deepika , Mishra Vijay Nath
Published: January 2018

Background and Purpose: Neurolathyrism is now a disease of the past and also the causative agent, Lathyrus sativus (Khesari Pulse or keerai in Local Hindi and Bhojpuri language) has now been proven to be harmless and has become part of the usual diet. Materials and Methods: The population at risk was screened and studied for demography, economic status, knowledge about Khesari pulse, awareness about so-called harmful effects of Khesari pulse intake in humans, and the effects of ban of Khesari pulse on the population which is using Lathyrus (Khesari) as a major source of pulse since the past 4 years through a questionnaire of three pages. Results: Nearly 97% of total screened population totally fed on Khesari pulse as their major source of food and we did not found a single case of primary walking difficulty. We did find three cases of poststroke paralysis, a case of post-GBS lower limb weakness, and a case of recurrent myelitis as a part of questionnaire-based study and then followed by personally examining the patients to confirm the diagnosis. Conclusion: Khesari pulse if consumed in smaller quantities as a part of a normal mixed diet, its nutritional values can be optimally utilized.
Impact of Aging on Nerve Conduction Velocities and Late Responses in Healthy Individuals
Authors: Palve Suchitra Sachin , Palve Sachin Bhaskar
Published: January 2018

Background: Nerve conduction studies are performed to diagnose the disorders of the peripheral nervous system. The reference values for nerve conduction velocity (NCV) and late responses for different nerves considerably vary in different group and type of population. Physiological factors such as age, temperature, height, and gender affect the NCV. However, there are very few studies which show the age group at which these changes become significant. Aim and Objectives: The aim of the study was to establish the electrophysiological data of the specific age group at which changes in NCV as well as late responses of median common peroneal nerve and also see the late response in the form of F-waves and H-reflex. Methodology: Study groups were divided into three categories based on the age: Group I (18–30 years) (n = 80), Group II (31–45 years) (n = 43), and Group III (46–60 years) (n = 27). Out of which, 93 patients were male and 57 were female. The NCVs were determined for median, common peroneal nerve (motor component and sensory component) along with late responses in the form of H-reflex and F-waves. Results: The mean and standard deviation of median, ulnar, peroneal, and tibial nerve was studied for latencies, amplitude, and velocities for both sensory and motor components. Patients with older age had longer latencies, smaller amplitudes, and slower conduction velocities compared with the younger age group. The change with age was greater in sensory nerve conduction and late responses in all the peripheral nerves. Conclusions: Aging has a definite correlation with the NCV and late responses of different peripheral nerves. There is a need to have reference values with relation to age.
Evaluation of Predictive Factors Influencing Community Reintegration in Adult Patients with Stroke
Authors: Olawale Olajide Ayinla , Usman Jibrin Sammani , Oke Kayode Israel , Osundiya Oladunni Caroline
Published: January 2018

Objectives: Patients with stroke are faced with gait, balance, and fall difficulties which could impact on their community reintegration. In Nigeria, community reintegration after stroke has been understudied. The objective of this study was to evaluate the predictors of community reintegration in adult patients with stroke. Materials and Methods: Participants were 91 adult patients with stroke. Gait variables, balance self-efficacy, community balance/mobility, and fall self-efficacy were assessed using Rivermead Mobility Index, Activities-specific Balance Confidence Scale, Community Balance and Mobility Scale, and Falls Efficacy Scale-International respectively. Reintegration to Normal Living Index was used to assess satisfaction with community reintegration. Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient was used to determine the relationship between community reintegration and gait spatiotemporal variables, balance performance, and risk of fall. Multiple regression analysis was used to determine predictors of community reintegration (P ≤ 0.05). Results: There was significant positive relationship between community reintegration and cadence (r = 0.250, P = 0.017), functional mobility (r = 0.503, P = 0.001), balance self-efficacy (r = 0.608, P = 0.001), community balance/mobility (r = 0.586, P = 0.001), and duration of stroke (r = 0.220, P = 0.036). Stride time (r = −0.282, P = 0.073) and fall self-efficacy (r = 0.566, P = 0.001) were negatively correlated with community reintegration. Duration of stroke, balance self-efficacy, community balance/mobility, and fall self-efficacy (52.7% of the variance) were the significant predictors of community reintegration. Conclusion: Community reintegration is influenced by cadence, functional mobility, balance self-efficacy, community balance/mobility, and duration of stroke. Hence, improving balance and mobility during rehabilitation is important in enhancing community reintegration in patients with stroke.