bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Reaction Medium on V-Ti Oxide Catalyst Composition in 2-Methyl-5-Ethylpyridine Ammoxidation
Authors: Pochtennaya V.M. , Sembaev D.Kh.
Published: June 2017

A chemical composition of V-Ti oxide catalyst changes in accordance with the reaction medium composition in a process of 2-methyl-5-ethylpyrydine ammoxidation into nicotinonitrile in an integral reactor. The presence of alkylpyridine concentration gradient along the catalyst bed leads to the appearance of V2O5 content gradient in the catalyst. V2O5 concentration increases in the conditions of alkylpyridine completed conversion in consequence of oxidative decomposition of VO2-TiO2 solid solution under the influence of N2O nitrogen oxide, which is formed upon the NH3 oxidation. An increase of V2O5 contents over 5 wt% causes rising of the share of the 2-methyl-5-ethylpyridine and nicotinonitrile destructive oxidation. An introduction of small amounts of alkylpyridine directly into the catalyst bed permits to create the definite alkylpyridine concentration gradient, which the optimal content of V2O5 is corresponding to, for any given conditions of oxidative reaction. The catalysts containing 1-5 wt% of V2O5 and solid solution of VO2-TiO2 possess of the highest selectivity to nicotinonitrile.
Effects of Rhizobium inoculation and cropping systems on macronutrients uptake and partitioning in two legumes (Common bean and Lablab)
Authors: Massawe Prosper I. , Mtei Kelvin M. , Munishi Linus K. , Ndakidemi Patrick A.
Published: June 2017

The study to investigate the effect of Rhizobium inoculation and cropping systems on the uptake of macronutrients in shoot, root and whole plant of Phaseolus vulgaris and Lablab purpureus was conducted at Selian Agricultural Research Institute (SARI) for two cropping seasons. A randomized complete block design was used in a 3-factorial arrangement with two levels of Rhizobium (with and without rhizobia), two legumes (P. vulgaris and L. purpureus) and five cropping systems (sole maize or sole legumes, 1 row maize to 1 row legumes (1:1) i.e. 0 m or 0.45 m of legume from maize row, 1 row maize to 2 rows of legumes (1:2) i.e. 0.1 m or 0.2 m of legumes from maize rows). The result showed that Rhizobium inoculation significantly (P£0.001) increased the uptake of N, P, K, Ca and Mg in the plant parts and whole plant. Similarly, cropping systems significantly (P£0.001) increased the uptake of N, K and Mg in shoots and whole plant of P. vulgaris and L. purpureus but decreased the P and Ca content in roots. Legumes significantly increased the uptake of the macronutrients in shoots and roots but more nutrients concentration in shoots than roots for both cropping seasons. There were significant (P£0.001) interaction between; Rhizobium x legumes x cropping systems on whole plant uptake of N in cropping season 1 and 2. Regardless of the type of interaction, inoculated legumes maximized the uptake of macronutrients in shoots, roots and whole plant.
Consideraciones sobre la movilidad social y los servicios públicos domiciliarios en Bogotá, 2004-2011
Authors: Cajamarca Azuero Camilo Andrés , Lovich Villamizar Verena
Published: June 2017

El presente artículo se encuentra en el marco de la investigación sobre políticas públicas en materia de servicios públicos domiciliarios para Bogotá que se identifica en el periodo 2004 al 2011. El interés del grupo de investigación se centró en el análisis de los sectores medios que han logrado identificarse como bases del crecimiento económico en el país y en la región. El texto profundiza en la movilidad social y la consolidación de esas clases medias a partir de dos variables de estudio: la estratificación y la participación de los costos de las facturas en el total de ingresos.
OS IMPACTOS DOS FEMINISMOS E DOS ESTUDOS DE GÊNERO NO CURRÍCULO EDUCACIONAL
Authors: França Fabiane Freire , Felipe Delton Aparecido
Published: June 2017

A professora Margareth Rago, pós-doutora e livre docente da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, é professora titular do Departamento de História desde 1985. Foi professora visitante da Universidade de Colúmbia em Nova York, entre 2010 e 2011, e do Connecticut College nos Estados Unidos, entre 1995 e 1996. Ministrou aulas na Universidade de Paris 7 em 2003. Fez parte do Coletivo responsável pela publicação da revista "Libertárias", entre 1998 e 2000 e é uma das coordenadoras da revista digital feminista internacional LABRYS. A professora tem estudos e pesquisas sobre feminismo, subjetividade, gênero, Foucault e anarquismo, dentre outras temáticas. Atualmente é assessora científica da Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo, da CAPES e do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico e participa do Centro de Cultura Social de São Paulo. Nessa entrevista, a professora dialoga sobre polêmicas atuais no campo das Teorias Feministas e dos Estudos de Gênero e seus impactos nos currículos educacionais.
Characterization and Comparison of Three Species of the Genus Salacia.
Authors: M K Harinarayanan , A. Jayanthy , S Lubna , M. Deepak
Published: June 2017

Some of the plant species of the genus Salacia are considered as an important anti-diabetic drug in ayurveda. Among them
S. chinensis, S. fruticosa and S. oblonga possess great medicinal importance, mostly because of its promising anti-diabetic
activity. The increasing demand of this drug, resulted in a huge decline in its availability and it is replaced by spurious ones
mainly because of lack of adequate quality standards. There is now a felt need to develop a systematic approach for the
authentication of these plants and to develop well-designed methodologies for its standardization. The present study
focused on the Pharmacopoeial parameters like pharmacognostical characterization and preliminary phytochemical
screening of these three species. which were found to be sufficient to evaluate the raw material and can also be used as
reference standards for the quality control/quality assurance purposes. The pharmacognostic study revealed that there are
specific diagnostic features for distinguishing these three species among themselves and also from other related species.
The external morphology of these three species are also shows variation in their colour, odour and taste. Both the species
of Salacia ie, S. chinensis is having bitter taste and S. fruticose is with astringent taste whereas S. oblonga has no
characteristic taste of its own. The TLC profile showed similar pattern in S. chinensis and S. fruiticosa where as S. oblonga
showed more band in the profile than that of the other two. This reveals that the S. chinensis and S. fruiticosa having similar
compounds responsible for therapeutic efficacy, whereas S. oblonga has more chemical constituents.
Physicochemical Stability Studies of Tablet Containing A Mixture of Sonchus Arvensis L Leaves Extract and Lumbricus rubellus Powder
Authors: Y. Syukri , H. Anshory , F. Romadhonsyah
Published: June 2017

The aim of this study was to determine the physical and chemical stabilities of tablets containing Sonchus arvensis L leaves extract and Lumbricus rubellus. The tablets were produced by wet granulation process. The stability test was observed during a 3-month accelerated stability under 40 ± 2ºC and 75 ± 5% RH storage conditions. The tablets were evaluated every month for the physical properties include organoleptic, weight variation, friability, hardness, and disintegration time, while the chemical properties of the tablets include Rf value, and spotting profile was examined using TLC-Densitometry. The result of the physical stability test up to the third month showed that the tablets of Sonchus arvensis leaves extract and Lumbricus rubellus met the requirements of Indonesian Pharmacopeia 5th and United State Pharmacopeia 32. The qualitative chemical property stability test on the tablets also demonstrated that luteolin as a marker compound remained stable in the tablets after three months of storage in an accelerated condition. Conclusion, the formulation of a tablet containing Sonchus arvensis leaves extract and Lumbricus rubellus stable after this stability studies.
Material Remains: Doris Salcedo
Authors: Comay Rebecca
Published: June 2017

Doris Salcedo's artworks seem to confront the challenge that Adorno expressed so brutally: how to commemorate a traumatic event which both demands and refuses commemoration; where all available cultural forms threaten to trivialize, sentimentalize, mystify, embellish, instrumentalize, or otherwise betray the memory of the dead; and where every attempt to acknowledge injury seems only to compound it. On the one hand, it is the task of art to commemorate suffering. On the other hand, art, by its very existence—its status as a thing among things—is complicitous in this suffering. This essay reflects on the antinomies of mourning and politics in Salcedo's work.
United Kingdom Health Promotion Initiatives for Healthy Aging
Authors: Dawkes Susan , Cheung Simon T.
Published: June 2017

People are living longer but not, unfortunately, living longer healthy lives as there is an increasing number of years spent in ill-health from the age of 65 years onwards. Rates of chronic non-communicable diseases are increasing. This purpose of this chapter is to describe how modern healthcare aims to involve patients more in their care (so called self-management) to reduce the incidence of complications linked to chronic disease while attempting to promote healthy ageing. Support for patients' self-management is multifaceted but patients require support from healthcare professionals and this will be discussed as well as the educational requirements of the healthcare professionals who support those patients. How well nurses are prepared for giving patients health promotion advice will be described using an example of research from the United Kingdom. The chapter will conclude with an outline of how healthcare professionals are considered as role models for healthy living.
Public-Private Partnership in Health and Long-Term Care
Authors: Ho Wing Tung , Fong Ben Yuk Fai
Published: June 2017

An exponential growth in elderly population reflects a proportional increase in recourses that are unaffordable and unsustainable to the economy. This rapid demand for health services and long-term care not only leads to non-financial implication like shortage of manpower and long waiting time, but this also creates a large burden on health and related services in the public sector. Involving the private sector to provide better and more efficient facilities and services and to encourage innovation will enhance productivity, speed up project and service delivery, and increase opportunities for investment in health. This chapter examines existing problems within health care systems in aging populations such as Hong Kong, explores the advantages and challenges of Public Private Partnership (PPP), identifies successful factors in establishing PPPs models, reviews the PPP projects in Hong Kong and elsewhere and recommends methods in promoting PPP in health and long-term care as sustainable solutions.
An Energy-Efficient Layered Clustering Algorithm for Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Alphonse PJA  , Sivaraj C  , Janakiraman T N.
Published: June 2017

Efficient energy management is a key issue in battery equipped wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The cluster based routing in WSNs is a prominent approach for energy conservation of the network which provides a hierarchical data collection mechanism. In order to maximize the energy conservation of sensor nodes, this paper proposes an Energy-efficient Layered Clustering Algorithm (ELCA) for routing in wireless sensor networks. ELCA constructs two layers of clusters to reduce the transmission rate and to balance the energy consumption of sensors. As early energy depletion of clusterheads (CHs) is a major limitation in clustering, this algorithm provides local remedy for energy suffering CHs through efficient CH substitution scheme. The performance of the proposed algorithm is analysed through extensive simulation experiments and verified by compared results with existing clustering algorithms.
Development of Aluminium Reinforced Milled Carbon Fibre Composites via Magnetically Controlled Ball Milling: Manufacturing and Characterisation
Authors: Al-Mosawi Buraq , Wexler David , Calka Andrzej
Published: June 2017

Aluminium reinforced with different volume fractions of milled carbon fibres (MCFs) were manufactured via advanced powder metallurgy processing method. Composites containing 5, 10, 15 and 20 % volume fraction of MCFs were prepared using the Uniball magneto milling technique. Full density cylindrical compacts were produced by uniaxial hot pressing (UHP) at 600°C for a dwelling time close to 15 minutes. Characterization was done using x-ray diffractometry (XRD) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FSEM). The mechanical and physical properties were determined by compression testing, Vickers hardness, and Archimedes density. Unniball milling of blends resulted in decrease of aspect ratio of the MCFs and refinement of the Al grain size. Results show slight uniform distribution of MCFs in Al matrix for higher volume fractions without discernible porosity. In samples containing low volume fractions of MCFs (5% and 10%) fibres tended to be pushed towards grain boundaries during grain growth. In samples with higher volume fraction of MCFs (15 and 20% a more uniform distribution of MCFs in the product was obtained. The compressive strength of the composites was enhanced by the fibres, attributable to good interface bonding and wetting between the matrix and the reinforcement fibres. The combination of controlled ball milling and UHP techniques has facilitated the development of Al-MCFs composites potentially to be used in automobile industries.
Evaluación de la tutoría en los estudios d posgrado: construcción y validez de escalas
Authors: De la Cruz Flores G. , Abreu Hernández L. F.
Published: June 2017

El posgrado orientado a la formación de investigadores es una pieza angular en el desarrollo del conocimiento y las sociedades contemporáneas. Este nivel posee escasos instrumentos para evaluar la tutoría con énfasis en sus funciones y actividades. Dicha carencia puede explicarse en virtud de la falta de definiciones sobre el constructo denominado “tutoría en posgrado”. La tutoría en los estudios de posgrado se reconoce como un modelo de formativo personalizado que coadyuva al desarrollo de capacidades para la investigación, la práctica profesional y la incorporación a la docencia en la educación superior. No obstante este concepto debe ser ampliado para incluir a los aspectos relacionados con la socialización y la integración de los estudiantes a las comunidades epistémicas y profesionales. En el presente artículo se fortalecen estos atributos y se da cuenta del proceso de construcción y validación de once escalas de respuesta tipo Likert, que permiten valoran el desempeño de la tutoría en los estudios de posgrado. Las escalas fueron elaboradas con base en un modelo conceptual que integra tanto funciones formativas como las socializadoras así como aspectos interpersonales que promueven la interacción entre posgraduados y tutores. Cada escala presenta una consistencia interna aceptable. La validez de las mismas se obtuvo mediante análisis factoriales, cada escala explica más del 50% de la varianza.

 
Descubriendo el enfoque formativo de la evaluación en un Curso de Matemáticas para estudiantes de Bioingeniería
Authors: Carrere L. C. , Miyara A. , Ravera E. , Escher L. , Lapyckyj I. , Pita G. , Perassi M. , Añino M. M.
Published: June 2017

Este trabajo describe cómo la evaluación formativa fue introducida en un curso de matemáticas para futuros bioingenieros. Este cambio se desarrolló en el contexto de una indagación enmarcada en los principios metodológicos de una Investigación Acción Participativa. Como resultado de la indagación el sistema tradicional de evaluación basado en exámenes parciales, evaluaciones finales y trabajos de laboratorio fue reemplazado por un nuevo sistema que incorpora nuevas actividades enfatizando el debate, la retroalimentación y la participación de los estudiantes. En este nuevo sistema se solicita a los estudiantes completar informes escritos y presentarlos oralmente en la clase, dando lugar a un intercambio enriquecido por la combinación de la evaluación entre pares, la autoevaluación y la evaluación del docente. Por otro lado también se les propone realizar entregas de borradores de los trabajos de laboratorio para recibir retroalimentación del docente, y en otra instancia de autoevaluación, se les presentan listas de cotejo y cuestionarios para reflexionar sobre su desempeño en el curso. Los primeros resultados de este nuevo sistema son alentadores, porque no sólo muestran mejoras en el desempeño de los alumnos, sino que también permiten observar un cambio de actitud beneficioso tanto en los alumnos como en los docentes.
Neutron Multiple Number as a Factor Ruling Both the Abundance and Some Material Properties of Elements
Authors: Mae Yoshiharu
Published: June 2017

The abundance of elements in the universe was plotted on the TC-YM diagram. The most abundant elements show the unique pattern drawing a quadrant. Next, the neutron multiple number, the number of neutron per proton in the nucleus, was introduced. The neutron multiple numbers of elements show the same pattern as the abundance of elements on the diagram. As a result, the abundance of elements shows a good correlation with neutron multiple numbers of elements. With increasing neutron multiple number, the abundance decreases. Besides, the neutron multiple number relates to the materials properties such as the Young’s modulus, thermal conductivity and melting temperature of elements.
Decolonizing Othello in search of black feminist North American identities: Djanet Sears' Harlem duet and Toni Morrison's Desdemona
Authors: Cucarella-Ramon Vicent
Published: June 2017

The plays Harlem duet (1997) by African Canadian playwright Djanet Sears and Desdemona (2012) by Toni Morrison signify upon European texts aiming to carve out a new definition of what it means to be black in North America. Therefore both texts make for interesting reading in the study of (black) identity construction within US and Canadian contexts for, by revising Shakespeare’s Othello, they rethink and rewrite a social and racial reality unrelentingly disrupted by difference and hybridity. Sears’ play establishes a specific reading of Canadianness in dialogue with African America to erect a possibility of healing and inclusion, offering a feminist vision of the black self. Similarly, Morrison inscribes the voice of Africa within the US to conclude Sears’ account of a feminist and transnational subjectivity for blacks in North America. By reversing the manly ethos that characterized Shakespeare’s story and bringing the role of women to the front, both plays succeed in readjusting the Shakespearean story to render a feminist, transnational, cosmopolitan and democratic definition of the black female self.
Porto Maravilha: os impactos das obras de revitalização na percepção dos empresários da região
Authors: Braun Fábio , Meiriño Marcelo Jasmim , Oliveira Paulo Roberto , França Sérgio Luis Braga
Published: June 2017

Este estudo teve como principal objetivo identificar os impactos provenientes das obras de reestruturação que tiveram lugar na região portuária do Rio de Janeiro sobre as empresas locais, tendo como base a percepção dos empresários da respectiva região. Para tanto, buscou-se identificar, entre os diversos fatores, aqueles relatados com maior frequência que poderiam impactar, de alguma forma, as atividades da empresa. Dessa maneira, foram realizadas entrevistas com os empresários locais por intermédio de um roteiro semiestruturado, para posterior análise do conteúdo levantado. A partir da análise das entrevistas realizadas, o cenário revelado pelos resultados indicou que as mudanças ocorridas na região não apenas têm tido influência na demanda dos serviços das empresas pesquisadas, mas também têm impactado os seus respectivos custos operacionais.Código JEL | L92; O24; R42.
COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY DATA - AN AID TO THE COASTAL ENGINEER
Authors: Studds Robert F. A.
Published: June 2017

In its long career of surveying and chartering the coastal waters of the United States and possessions, a career which dates back to the early part of the nineteenth century, the work of the Coast and Geodetic Survey has been associated with the problems of the coastal engineer. Its successive hydrographic and topographic surveys of the coastal regions furnish basic data for the study of changes in the coastline and adjacent underwater topography and the means to arrest these changes; its tide and current surveys provide the fundamental data necessary in the design of waterfront structures and in harbor improvement; and its geodetic control surveys provide an accurate base for the preliminary study and final construction plans for large-scale improvement projects. To a lesser extent the geomagnetic and seismologic data of the Bureau have also been used by the coastal engineer.
SANTA MONICA BAY SHORELINE DEVELOPMENT PLANS
Authors: Johnson A. G.
Published: June 2017

The officially adopted Master Plan of Shoreline Development for Santa Monica Bay covers 13 miles of the shoreline between Topanga Canyon and El Segundo, with 9 miles in the City of Los Angeles, 3 miles in the City of Santa Monica, and one mile in unincorporated territory. It is planned to care for the beach recreation needs of 6,000,000 people, which is the estimated population for Los Angeles County in 1970. The beach development includes an ocean fill of 56,000,000 cubic yards, on which all the facilities will be constructed. These include scenic beach drives with divided roadways, promenades, areas for games of various kinds, bath houses, rest rooms, landscaping, restaurants, and last but not least, auto parking areas with a total capacity of 40,000 cars at one time. The amusement park and marina will also have parking fields with a capacity of 6,000 and 11,000 cars, respectively.
WAVE RECORDERS
Authors: Snodgrass F. E.
Published: June 2017

Several satisfactory instruments are available for recording the height and period of ocean waves, and new improved gages for this purpose are being designed. The actual procurement of wave data is no longer a major problem, but the present theories interpreting these data and the methods of data analysis leave much to be desired. Definitions of characteristic wave height and wave period are vague, as no specific period of observation is designated for determining these measurements. Analysis techniques and results are inconsistent. Preliminary studies of the statistical distribution of wave heights are encouraging, but no simple method of describing the waves with regard to period has been developed. Current hydrodynamic wave theory is apparently in error, and reexamination of this basic theory in regard to the hydrodynamic attenuation factor should be made.
HYDRODYNAMICAL EVALUATION OF STORMS ON LAKE ERIE
Authors: Keulegan Garbis H.
Published: June 2017

The wind velocities observed over cities on the southern coast of Lake Erie during storms are modified, according to recently given meteorological theories, to obtain the wind velocities coexisting over the surface of the lake water. On the basis of these reduced velocities and the associated wind tides of the lake, the coefficient of wind stress of wind action on the water of the lake is determined. Due attention is given to the fact that the form of the lake affects the relation between the wind stress and the associated wind tide. The coefficient of stress arrived at for the larger wind velocities is in substantial agreement with the values which Neumann determined for the Gulf of Bothnia. The matter of sea roughness is discussed briefly.
ARTIFICIALLY NOURISHED AND CONSTRUCTED BEACHES
Authors: Hall, Jr. Jay V.
Published: June 2017

Construction, improvement and maintenance of beaches through the artificial deposition of sand on the shore is rapidly gaining prominence in the field of shore protection engineering. The trend toward this type of shore improvement has resulted from our changing economy, modes of transportation and recreational habits. As our mode of transportation improved and people had more time for recreation, beach resorts developed and grew to proportions typified by Atlantic City, N. J. Numerous factors control the growth of a resort of this size but undoubtedly all will agree that it is the beach which is the resorts' primary asset. This fact was recognized very early in resort development and every effort was made to preserve the beaches from the ravages of the sea. Unfortunately the science of shore protection lagged behind resort development and beaches soon became covered with a maze of structures which discouraged rather than encouraged their use. At this point something had to be done to restore the beaches to their original attractiveness. The obvious means for this improvement was to eliminate all structures as far as possible and to replace the beach material which had been removed. Was it possible that such plans could succeed? Careful study convinced a number of engineers that beach restoration employing artificial nourishment had possibilities and in some instances might be the most economical as well as best method of improvement. More importantly, there has developed a growing recognition of the fact that preventing erosion by means of protective structures is a dangerous practice, in the sense that in many cases such protection is secured at the expense of producing an ever expanding problem area. Artificial nourishment, on the other hand, benefits not only the shore upon which it is placed but adjoining shores as well. The economic merit of this type of treatment has often been difficult to evaluate because of uncertainties in prospective maintenance cost and in determination of the extent of shore which would be benefited. It is needless to say here that although the method has been employed without a complete understanding of all the factors controlling an ideal installation the results have been gratifying.
ACCURACY OF HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYING IN AND NEAR THE SURF ZONE
Authors: Saville, Jr. Thorndike , Caldwell Joseph M.
Published: June 2017

The analysis and solution of most beach erosion problems are based to a significant degree on the quantitative changes in the bottom hydrography as observed in successive surveys. Critical decisions as to the dominant direction of littoral drift, the average rate of this drift, and the onshore-offshore movement of material are based largely on such hydrographic surveys. As the net changes between successive surveys are usually small compared to the area being studied, the degree of accuracy or comparability of the hydrographic surveys is of considerable importance. For instance, a net change of 100,000 cubic yards over one square mile of beach represents an average change in depth of only about 0.1 feet. Thus, it can be seen that uncompensated errors in depth measurement of as little as 0.1 feet can produce indications of significant littoral sand movement which might not exist in reality.
FORMATION OF BREAKING BORES IN FUKUSHIMA PREFECTURE DUE TO THE 2011 TOHOKU TSUNAMI
Authors: Sato Shinji , Ohkuma Shohei
Published: June 2017

Tsunami forces on critical coastal structures were reanalyzed by combining laboratory experiments and numerical tsunami simulation, focusing on the formation of breaking bores and their large force to structures. Laboratory experiments demonstrated that nearshore tsunami is likely to form a breaking bore when the slope of the incident tsunami front is steep and the nearshore bed slope is mild. The impulsive pressure to coastal structures was found to increase with the steepness of the tsunami front. Based on these results, together with numerical simulation of tsunami, the formation of bores was discussed in relation to coastal cliff topography in Fukushima Prefecture.
LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS ABOUT BED PATTERNS IN THE SHOALING REGION UNDER REGULAR WAVES AND REFLECTING CONDITIONS
Authors: Cobos Manuel , Clavero MarÃ­a , Longo Sandro , Baquerizo AsunciÃ³n , Losada Miguel Angel
Published: June 2017

This research is an experimental study of ripple dynamic for regular waves propagating on horizontal and sloping beds in mid- and high-reflective conditions. Small-scale laboratory experiments were carried out on shoaling region (with non breaking waves) and sediment transport in bedload regime. Our experiments showed the key role that plays the reflection in ripple development. The spatial modulation of the free surface elevation due to reflection created sandbars. Ripples grew up in the region where sandbars were appearing. These patterns were gradually reproduced from breakwater to offshore. The incidence of sandbar created a bi-modal structure of ripple geometry. The larger ripples appeared in the crest of sandbars whereas smaller ripples were found in the troughs. Furthermore, it was found that the evolution of ripples at these two locations can be explained by means of different growth mechanisms. Finally, at equilibrium stages, ripple height converges reaching the same height along the sandbar while ripple length and steepness remains almost constant.
SMALL-SCALE MODEL TESTS ON THE HYDRAULIC STABILITY OF STRUCTURES IN TIDAL WATERWAYS
Authors: WÃ¶ffler Theide , Kreyenschulte Moritz , Oetjen Jan , Uliczka Klemens , SchÃ¼ttrumpf Holger
Published: June 2017

During the last years, an increased amount of damage has been observed on estuarine and riverine waterway structures such as groins or training walls in tidal waterways. The cause of these damages could be attributed to ship-induced long-periodic waves. Because of higher traffic volumes and increased ship dimensions these loads have risen. In contrast to short-periodic secondary waves, the long-periodic wave system is not taken into account in existing design approaches so far. In the framework of the project â€œShip-induced long-periodic loads for the design of cover layers on maritime waterway structuresâ€ small-scale 2D physical model tests have been performed in order to quantify the specific overflow and overtopping rate taking into account different geometries, surface roughnesses and permeabilities of the structures as well as stationary overflow, short- and long-periodic waves. Furthermore, the stability of the structures under short- and long-periodic wave loads has been observed. These tests provide the basis for the design of cover layers on river structures in maritime waterways.
FRF WAVE TEST BED AND BATHYMETRY INVERSION
Authors: Smith Jane McKee , Bak Spicer , Hesser Tyler , Bryant Mary A. , Massey Chris
Published: June 2017

An automated Coastal Model Test Bed has been built for the US Army Corps of Engineers Field Research Facility to evaluate coastal numerical models. In October of 2015, the test bed was expanded during a multi-investigator experiment, called BathyDuck, to evaluate two bathymetry sources: traditional survey data and bathymetry generated through the cBathy inversion algorithm using Argus video measurements. Comparisons were made between simulations using the spectral wave model STWAVE with half-hourly cBathy bathymetry and the more temporally sparse surveyed bathymetry. The simulation results using cBathy bathymetry were relatively close to those using the surveyed bathymetry. The largest differences were at the shallowest gauges within 250 m of the coast, where wave model normalized root-mean-square was approximately twice are large using the cBathy bathymetry. The nearshore errors using the cBathy input were greatest during events with wave height greater than 2 m. For this limited application, the Argus cBathy algorithm proved to be a suitable bathymetry input for nearshore wave modeling. cBathy bathymetry was easily incorporated into the modeling test bed and had the advantage of being updated on approximately the same temporal scale as the other model input conditions. cBathy has great potential for modeling applications where traditional surveys are sparse (seasonal or yearly).
ENHANCING MARINE ENERGY COMPETITIVENESS: CO-LOCATED OFFSHORE WIND AND WAVE ENERGY FARMS
Authors: Astariz Sharay , Iglesias Gregorio
Published: June 2017

If marine energy is to become a viable alternative to fossil fuels, its competitiveness must be enhanced. In this sense, combining various renewables in the same marine space is emerging as a solution. Among the different options, this paper focuses on combined wind and wave energy farms. First, the different synergies between both renewable are analysed, such as the more sustainable use of the marine resource or the opportunity to reduce costs of both technologies by sharing some of the most important costs of an offshore project. Second, this paper focuses on two technology synergies: the reduction of the inherent intermittency of renewables; and the so-called shadow effect which implies the reduction of the wave height in the inner part of the wind farm. Both effects may suppose an important reduction in the operation and maintenance cost by reducing the balancing cost when connecting the installation to the grid and increasing weather windows to access the wind turbines. However, the benefits of this combination will depend on the site characteristics and the array layout. On this basis, the power smoothing and shadow effect in co-located farms are analysed through different case studies considering real sea conditions, wind farms currently in operation and a high resolution numerical model (SWAN). Finally, conclusions about the economic benefits of co-located farms are drawn by recalculating the levelised cost of energy when both renewable are combined.
DETERMINATION OF WAVE ENERGY POTENTIAL OF BLACK SEA
Authors: BingÃ¶lbali Bilal , AkpÄ±nar Adem , Van Vledder Gerbrant
Published: June 2017

This study aims to assess wave energy potential and its long-term spatial and temporal characteristics in the Black Sea within the TUBITAK research project (AkpÄ±nar et al., 2015). With this purpose, a wave model (SWAN model version 41.01 driven by the CFSR winds) over the entire Black Sea was constructed. The model was calibrated using buoy data from 1996 at three offshore locations (Gelendzhik, Hopa, and Sinop) obtained within NATO TU-WAVES Project. The calibrated model was also validated using buoy data unused in calibration at five locations (Gelendzhik, Hopa, Gloria, Filyos, and Karaburun). Using this model a database including many of integral wave parameters (such as Hm0, Tm-10 etc.) was produced. Long-term variability of wave energy in the Black Sea basin over a period of 31 years was determined. Finally, hot-spot areas for harvesting wave energy in the Black Sea were identified.
HINDCAST WAVE STATISTICS FOR THE GREAT LAKES
Authors: Saville, Jr. Thorndike
Published: June 2017

The General Investigations program of the Beach Erosion Board comprises investigations, regional rather than local in scope, designed to improve, simplify, and expedite the solution of local problems, by giving a compilation of all existing data pertinent to shore processes in the particular region. As a first step in the compilation of these data, a study of wave and lake level conditions on the Great Lakes is being made. The results of such studies for Lake Michigan, Lake Erie, and Lake Ontario have recently been completed and published as Technical Memorandums of the Beach Erosion Board (Saville, 1953).
USING A BREAKWATER FOR BEACH PROTECTION
Authors: Delage G.
Published: June 2017

This study consists of two part:

In the first, the effect of the presence of a breakwater on the profile of a beach has been studied. The tests were preceded by a study of the kind of disturbance arising behind a breakwater, which set forth the occurrence of harmonics of the incident wave. During these tests, it was possible to observe the different kinds of breaking over the structure resulting from the characteristics of the incident wave and the layout of the structure. Three typical kinds of breaking were distinguished : a horizontal jet of water, a descending jet and partial breaking; all intermediate conditions being liable to happen.

In the second part, a study has been made of the layout of an immersed breakwater intended as a local beach protection. Great difficulties may arise in this solution, if it is affected by coastal drift prevailing in one direction. Indeed, the partial destruction of wave energy in a certain coastal area reduces the drift and this causes a more or less heavy deposit towards one end of the breakwater and consequently erosion, which may be very marked, near the other end.
THE USE OF THE STOKES-STRUIK APPROXIMATION FOR WAVES OF FINITE HEIGHT
Authors: Borgman L. E. , Chappelear J. E.
Published: June 2017

A formal approximate solution is derived for the profile and velocity components of a wave with permanent form of finite height m moderate water depths. The approximation is carried to the third order, sufficiently far to represent all except the very high "design" waves. The relationship of the formulas to others found in the literature is discussed.

The wavelengths and the coefficients in the third-order series for the wave profile, and the water particle velocities and local accelerations are tabulated for approximately 2000 waves. The depths, heights, and periods for the listed wave conditions vary respectively from 10 to 500 feet, 5 to 40 feet, and 4 to 20 seconds. The range of applicability of the theory is discussed and approximate limits estimated. As an aid in calculations, tables of the trigonometric and hyperbolic sines and cosines for integral multiples of the argument are included.
REVISIONS IN WAVE FORECASTING: DEEP AND SHALLOW WATER
Authors: Bretschneider C. L.
Published: June 2017

During the past six years since the latest revisions in wave forecasting (Bretschneider 1951) were made, much information has become available such that another revision is in order. An abundance of published (and unpublished) accounts of wave generation and decay in both deep and shallow water from various sources, as well as new ideas in the art of wave forecasting, are used in this revision. Deep water wave forecasting relationships, relationships for the generation of wind waves in shallow water of constant depth, and techniques for forecasting wind waves over the Continental Shelf are included in this paper. Forecasting hurricane waves is also discussed, from the engineering design point of view. The concept of significant wave is still retained as the most practical method in wave forecasting to date. The significant period has definite significance in that the wave energy is propagated forward at a speed approximately equal to the corresponding group velocity.

The graphical approach (Wilson 1955) for moving fetches and variable wind vectors is discussed, and is the best approach for forecasting waves. Without Wilson's graphical technique it is difficult for any two forecasters supplied with the same meteorological data to obtain the same degree of verification, or determine whether the forecaster or the forecasting relationships are in error. It is quite possible that by use of this technique further revisions in wave forecasting are possible.

The problem of wave variability is discussed, and the distribution functions are given. A short summary of the wave spectra (Bretschneider 1958) used in connection with the revisions is also given.

When the present forecasting relationships are applied to sections of the world, other than that from which the basic data were procured, it is recommended that atmospheric stability factors be taken into account. This essentially involves a slight modification or calibration of the forecasting relationships and techniques, prior to general use in the area of interest.
SUBMARINE WASTE DISPOSAL INSTALLATIONS
Authors: Pearson Erman A.
Published: June 2017

The underlying philosophy of submarine waste disposal is economic disposal of waste without any significant adverse effect on the receiving water that would impair its beneficial use.
Exercise and Reproductive Function in Women
Authors: Cumming David C. , Rebar Robert W.
Published: June 2017

Recent studies have documented that women engaged in strenuous exercise programs may develop reproductive defects, including delayed menarche, shortened local phase, and amenorrhea. The etiological bases for these abnormalities have not been determined, but physical, hormonal, nutritional, psychological, and environmental factors may be involved and may differ in importance in affected individuals. The consequences of the altered reproductive function associated with exertion will not be identified until prospective long‐term investigations are conducted. In the absence of data to the contrary, however, we currently believe that exercise‐associated defects in reproduction are not serious and may he reversed by changes in life‐style.
Female Reproduction
Authors: Takizawa Ken , Mattison Donald R.
Published: June 2017

Reproduction in the female requires a complex sequence of integrated events including ovulation, gamete transport, fertilization, concept us transport, implantation, fetal support, and finally parturition. Each of these individual reproductive events represents the sum of many systemic, local, cellular, and molecular interactions. All of these processes have varying degrees of susceptibility to interference by xenobiotic compounds. This chapter presents a brief review of some of these mechanisms or female reproductive biology.
Surveillance of Pregnancy Loss in Human Populations
Authors: Wilcox Allen J.
Published: June 2017

Surveillance of pregnancy loss as a way to detect hazardous exposures is attractive in principle. However, there are no established methods for monitoring pregnancy loss in humans. Surveillance is difficult because most loss occurs within the first 12 weeks of gestation, when pregnancy may not he documented or even recognized. Three possible approaches to surveillance of pregnancy loss are discussed here: direct surveillance of recognized loss, direct surveillance of unrecognized loss, and indirect surveillance of all loss. These approaches vary in cost, technique, power, and interpretability. While these surveillance methods appear potentially useful, their effectiveness in practice has not yet been determined.
Birth Defects Monitoring
Authors: Klingberg Marcus A. , Papier Cheri M. , Hart Jacob
Published: June 2017

Population monitoring of birth defects provides a means for detecting relative changes in their frequency. Many varied systems have been developed throughout the world since the thalidomide tragedy of the early 1960s. Although it is difficult to pinpoint specific teratogenic agents based on rises in rates of a particular defect or a constellation of defects, monitoring systems can provide clues for hypothesis testing in epidemiological investigations. International coordination of efforts in this area resulted in the founding of the International Clearinghouse for Birth Defects Monitoring Systems (ICBDMS) in 1974. In this paper we will describe the functions and basic requirements of monitoring systems in general, and look at the development and activities of the ICBDMS. A review of known and suspected environmental teratogenic agents (eg. chemical, habitual, biological, physical, and nutritional) is also presented.
Uses of Available Record Systems in Epidemiologic Studies of Reproductive Toxicology
Authors: Polednak Anthony P. , Janerich Dwight T.
Published: June 2017

The uses of available record systems in epidemiologic studies of reproductive toxicology are described with reference to New York State. The available record systems (and relevant reproductive end points) described include: a newborn screening program I-or metabolic diseases and hemoglobinopathies (relevant to point mutations); chromosome registries and prenatal cytogeneties (for chromosome anomalies); live birth certificates (for birth defects, birthweight, sex ratio, etc); fetal death certificates (for spontaneous fetal deaths); and a statewide cancer registry (for childhood cancers and transplacental carcinogenesis). The uses and limitations of these record systems are discussed, along with examples of their use in descriptive and analytic epidemiologic studies. Descriptive studies outlined include investigations at temporal and geographic trends in birth defects, birth weight, and fetal deaths, with reference to environmental questions (eg. Love Canal, nuclear power plants). Analytic studies described concern parental occupation in relation to specific birth defects (neural tube defects and Down syndrome) and maternal use or contraceptive drugs.
Heteroatom‐doped Carbon Spheres from Hierarchical Hollow Covalent Organic Framework Precursors for Metal‐Free Catalysis
Authors: Li Liuyi , Li Lu , Cui Caiyan , Fan Hongjun , Wang Ruihu
Published: June 2017

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with hollow structures hold great promise for developing new types of functional materials. Herein, we report a hollow spherical COF with a hierarchical shell, which serves as an effective precursor of B,N‐codoped hierarchical hollow carbon spheres. Benefiting from the synergistic effects of hierarchical porosity, high surface area, and B,N‐codoping, the as‐synthesized carbon spheres show prospective utility as metal‐free catalysts in nitroarene reduction. A mechanistic hypothesis is proposed based on theoretical and experimental studies. Boron atoms situated meta to pyridinic N atoms are identified to be the main catalytic active sites. The anti‐aromaticity originating from the codoping of B and pyridinic N atoms, not charge distribution and deformation energy, is confirmed to play a pivotal role in the catalytic reaction.
Factors Influencing the Mechanical Properties of Formamidinium Lead Halides and Related Hybrid Perovskites
Authors: Sun Shijing , Isikgor Furkan H. , Deng Zeyu , Wei Fengxia , Kieslich Gregor , Bristowe Paul D. , Ouyang Jianyong , Cheetham Anthony K.
Published: June 2017

The mechanical properties of formamidinium lead halide perovskites (FAPbX3, X=Br or I) grown by inverse‐temperature crystallization have been studied by nanoindentation. The measured Young's moduli (9.7–12.3 GPa) and hardnesses (0.36–0.45 GPa) indicate good mechanical flexibility and ductility. The effects of hydrogen bonding were evaluated by performing ab initio molecular dynamics on both formamidinium and methylammonium perovskites and calculating radial distribution functions. The structural and chemical factors influencing these properties are discussed by comparison with corresponding values in the literature for other hybrid perovskites, including double perovskites. Our results reveal that bonding in the inorganic framework and hydrogen bonding play important roles in determining elastic stiffness. The influence of the organic cation becomes more important for structures at the limit of their perovskite stability, indicated by high tolerance factors.