bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment of hydrological changes in the lower Mekong Basin from Basin‐Wide development scenarios
Authors: Piman T. , Lennaerts T. , Southalack P.
Published: March 2013

The Mekong is one of the world's great rivers. It has the greatest mean annual flow in the world for a river basin of comparable size. The flow regime, with very distinct wet and dry seasons, supports a rich biodiversity and the world's largest freshwater fishery. Given that at the present time the hydrological regime of the Mekong remains in its natural state, the accelerating pace of water resources development will induce hydrological change. The natural productivity of the system is therefore potentially jeopardized. This paper reports the findings of simulation studies of the potential hydrological impacts of water resource development scenarios over future planning horizons. In the Definite Future scenario (next 5 years), the seasonal redistribution of water by on‐going hydropower development will increase the dry season flow by 40–60% in the upper portion of the basin and by 20–30% in the Mekong Delta. The Foreseeable Future scenario (next 20 years) and Long‐Term Future scenario (next 50 years) will result in relatively small changes to the flow regime as further increases in dry season reservoir releases will be offset by planned increases in irrigation and other consumptive water demands. All scenarios were predicted to reduce the average wet season flows by 4–14%, flow reversal to the Tonle Sap Lake by 7–16%, flooded areas by 5–8% and salinity intrusion areas in the Viet Nam Delta by 15–17%. Predicted changes in Definite Future scenario will be irreversible, necessitating improved coordination between the LMB countries and cooperation with China in order to manage the risks and maximize the regional benefits. The scenario assessments highlighted the areas where research is necessary to mitigate and manage impacts in order to ensure the reasonable and equitable use of the Mekong basin's water resources. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of a Bayesian model to infer the contribution of coalbed natural gas produced water to the Powder River, Wyoming and Montana
Authors: Mailloux Jason M. , Ogle Kiona , Frost Carol D.
Published: March 2013

The Powder River Basin (PRB) of Wyoming and Montana contains significant coal and coal bed natural gas (CBNG) resources. CBNG extraction requires the production of large volumes of water, much of which is discharged into existing drainages. Compared to surface waters, the CBNG produced water is high in sodium relative to calcium and magnesium, elevating the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR). To mitigate the possible impact this produced water may have on the quality of surface water used for irrigation, the State of Montana passed water anti‐degradation legislation, which could affect CBNG production in Wyoming.

In this study, we sought to determine the proportion of CBNG produced water discharged to tributaries that reaches the Powder River by implementing a four end‐member mixing model within a Bayesian statistical framework. The model accounts for the 87Sr/86Sr, δ13CDIC, [Sr] and [DIC] of CBNG produced water and surface water interacting with the three primary lithologies exposed in the PRB. The model estimates the relative contribution of the end members to the river water, while incorporating uncertainty associated with measurement and process error.

Model results confirm that both of the tributaries associated with high CBNG activity are mostly composed of CBNG produced water (70–100%). The model indicates that up to 50% of the Powder River is composed of CBNG produced water downstream from the CBNG tributaries, decreasing with distance by dilution from non‐CBNG impacted tributaries from the point sources to ~10–20% at the Montana border. This amount of CBNG produced water does not significantly affect the SAR or electrical conductivity of the Powder River in Montana. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparative metal (Cu, Ni, Zn, total Cr, and Fe) removal from galvanic sludge by molasses hydrolysate
Authors: Özbaş Emine Elmaslar , Gökçe Cemal Emre , Güneysu Sinan , Özcan Hüseyin Kurtuluş , Sezgin Naim , Aydin Serdar , Balkaya Nilgün
Published: March 2013

BACKGROUND

The objective of this study was to evaluate the chemical extraction efficiency of five metals (Cu, Ni, Zn, total Cr, and Fe) from galvanic sludge using molasses hydrolysate produced from molasses, a by‐product of the sugar industry. The study was also aimed to compare the extraction efficiency of the molasses hydrolysate with those of nitric acid and EDTA.

RESULTS

The experimental results showed that the metal removal (%) increased with extracting solution concentration, but decreased with increasing solid:liquid (S:L) ratio. The highest removal efficiencies using molasses hydrolysate were: Cu 90%; Ni 100%; Zn 90%; total Cr 100%, and Fe 81% at 10 min extracting time and S:L = 1:10 g mL−1.

CONCLUSION

Molasses hydrolysate was found to be more effective than nitric acid and EDTA in the extraction of metals from the sludge. It was concluded that although using HNO3 was more economical than Na2EDTA and molasses hydrolysate, using molasses hydrolysate which is a novel, environmentally friendly, biodegradable extracting agent would be appropriate to prevent secondary pollution. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Three‐dimensional aspects of the structural characteristics and kidney angioarchitecture of adult and aged wistar rats: A scanning electron microscopy study
Authors: De Sousa Bolina Cristina , De Sousa Bolina‐Matos Regina , De Matos Alves Paulo Henrique , Pulzato Cury Diego , Ciena Adriano Polican , Watanabe Ii‐Sei
Published: March 2013

The aim of this study was to describe the structural morphological characteristics and organization of the kidney angioarchitecture in adult and aged Wistar rats using different scanning electron microscopy (SEM) methods. Twenty male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) were divided into two groups: the Adult Group (n = 10), which included animals at 3 months of age, and the Aged Group (n = 10), which included animals at 24 months of age. Kidney samples from both groups were analyzed using three distinct SEM methods: coronal sections, cryofracturing and vascular corrosion casts/angioarchitecture. This study demonstrates the specificity of each technique for three‐dimensional morphological analyses of the kidney using SEM. In the coronal sections, it was possible to view the structures on a given plane; the stratigraphy was best observed in the cryofracture method, and the vascular corrosion casts showed the organization and arrangement of the angioarchitecture. Thus, we concluded that the SEM methods together provide the best description of the morphological characteristics of normal and pathological kidneys of adult and aged Wistar rats. Microsc. Res. Tech. 76:538–544, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Halogen biogeochemistry of invasive perennial pepperweed (Lepidium latifolium) in a peatland pasture
Authors: Khan M. A. H. , Rhew R. C. , Zhou K. , Whelan M. E.
Published: March 2013

Perennial pepperweed (Lepidium latifolium) is a widespread invasive plant in North America. This yearlong field study at a pasture peatland infested with L. latifolium demonstrates that these plants are large emitters, on a per area basis, of methyl chloride (CH3Cl) and methyl bromide (CH3Br), compounds that contribute to the destruction of stratospheric ozone. Annually averaged net emission rates were 9.0 ± 11.8 µmol m−2 d−1 for CH3Cl and 460 ± 430 nmol m−2 d−1 for CH3Br, comparable to observed coastal salt marsh emission rates. A stable isotope tracer technique was used to distinguish between simultaneous production and consumption processes for CH3Cl and CH3Br. Over the course of the year, gross production rates for methyl halides varied widely over different life cycle stages, with the highest fluxes surprisingly occurring at senescence. Maximum emissions of CH3Cl and CH3Br occurred at midday, the time of highest solar radiation. During the growing season, methyl halide gross production rates were positively correlated with temperature and live biomass, suggesting that the production of methyl halides from L. latifolium at this time was mostly biotic. During plant senescence, the peak emissions of CH3Cl and CH3Br are unexplained but may be released from L. latifolium associated with transitions in biochemistry. Overall, these flux measurements show expected diel and growing season trends based on plant production for most of the year, overlaid by a high emission peak during senescence, suggesting that both plant biochemical shifts and varying environmental factors need to be considered as important internal and external controls on emissions.
Morphological analysis of rat ureteric terminal arterioles in situ
Authors: Mumtaz Sadaf
Published: March 2013

Confocal imaging of Fluo‐4, Propidium iodide, and di‐8‐Anepps loaded ureter were used to study the morphology of terminal arterioles with an inner diameter <50 μm in intact rat ureter. Optical sectioning showed that the muscle coat of the terminal arterioles consisted of a monolayer of highly curved smooth muscle cells which run circumferentially around the endothelium. This technique allowed not only to measure the inner diameter of the terminal arterioles but also to define the orientation and number of revolutions an individual smooth muscle cell made around the endothelium. We measured thickness, width, length, and morphological profile of the myocytes and endothelial cells. Propidium iodide staining showed nuclei of individual cells by continuous imaging at high resolution in serial optical sections. Conventional haematoxylin‐eosin, Masson's tri‐chrome staining, and transmission electron microscopy were also used in this study to compare the measurements obtained from live confocal imaging with histological standard methods. Parameters obtained from live imaging were significantly different. This technique of live staining allowed measuring the cellular and nuclear dimensions of the terminal arterioles in their natural environment which are important in studying the effects of vascular disease or aging on vascular structure. J. Morphol. 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Exploring variation in proanthocyanidin composition and content of sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia)
Authors: Azuhnwi Blasius N , Boller Beat , Dohme‐Meier Frigga , Hess Hans D , Kreuzer Michael , Stringano Elisabetta , Mueller‐Harvey Irene
Published: March 2013

Background

To maximise the potential benefits to ruminants from sainfoin, plant breeding should focus on developing varieties with predictable condensed tannin (CT) profiles. Little is known about whether and to what extent accession and environment influence sainfoin CT structures. We sought to investigate the likely extent of accession and environment effects on CT characteristics of sainfoin. Four single‐flowering (Communis) accessions and two multiple‐flowering (Bifera) accessions, grown at three sites and collected at two harvest times were used. Sainfoin CTs were characterised by thiolytic degradation and by high‐performance liquid chromatography–gel permeation chromatography (HPLC‐GPC). Also, CT concentration measured earlier by the HCl–butanol method was compared with that from thiolysis.

Results

Thiolysis revealed that accession and harvest influenced most CT structural attributes. Bifera CTs eluted as single peaks (Mp < 6220 Da) in HPLC‐GPC across the two harvests and two sites, whereas Communis generated two to three CT peaks, which included a peak (Mp ≤ 9066 Da) in the second harvest. A discrepancy was observed in CT concentrations measured by the two methods.

Conclusion

CTs from Bifera accessions had more stable and predictable characteristics across harvests and sites and this could be of interest when breeding sainfoin. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Fahndung nach der zweiten Erde
Authors: Titz‐Weider Ruth , Gebauer Stefanie , Godolt Mareike , Grenfell John Lee
Published: March 2013

Erdähnliche Planeten oder Supererden, bei denen man Transit‐ und Bedeckungsereignisse beobachten kann, sind für spektroskopische Untersuchungen der Atmosphäre geeignete Objekte. Es ist aber keineswegs eindeutig zu sagem, welche Bestandteile der Atmosphäre Indizien für Leben sind und wie sich diese während der Entwicklung in Milliarden von Jahren ändern. Um Instrumente zur Messung der extrasolaren Atmosphären zu entwickeln, braucht man Modellrechnungen, mit denen man die zu erwartenden Signale bei verschiedenen Sterntypen abschätzen kann.
Spidermans Geheimnis
Authors: Giesa Tristan , Buehler Markus J.
Published: March 2013

Warum Spinnenseide so stark wie Stahl sein kann, war bis vor kurzem eines der Rätsel der Materialwissenschaften. Mit Hilfe von Computermodellen dringen wir bis in die atomistischen Details der Proteinbausteine ein, um die Geheimnisse der Spinnennetzarchitektur zu ergründen. Dabei entdecken wir, wie das Zusammenspiel von molekularen Strukturen auf den hierarchischen Ebenen die verblüffenden Eigenschaften der Seide hervorbringen. Sie ist ein extrem starkes, hochelastisches, schadenstolerantes, selbstheilendes und umweltfreundliches Material. Im Zeitalter des Stahls und Zements kann man von künstlichen Materialien mit solchen Eigenschaften nur träumen, die durch eine clevere Kombination von einfachen Bausteinen in komplexe hierarchische Strukturen erreicht werden.
Moleküle leisten Sisyphus‐Arbeit
Authors: Englert Barbara G. U.
Published: March 2013

Die Kühlung von Atomen bis hin zum ultrakalten Bose‐Einstein‐Kondensat ist seit Jahren Stand der Technik. Für Moleküle, insbesondere solche mit mehr als zwei Atomen, ist es bislang jedoch nicht gelungen, in diesen Temperaturbereich vorzustoßen. Die in unserer Gruppe am Max‐Planck‐Institut für Quantenoptik entwickelte optoelektrische Sisyphus‐Kühlung birgt erstmals das Potenzial, ultrakalte Moleküle zu produzieren.
Metallophilic Bond‐Induced Quenching of Delayed Fluorescence in Au25@BSA Nanoclusters
Authors: Yu Pyng , Wen Xiaoming , Toh Yon‐Rui , Huang Jane , Tang Jau
Published: March 2013

The metallophilic bond is a weak interaction between closed‐shell ions and has been widely used a probe for various sensing of toxic chemicals for environmental safety concerns. Here, the interaction between Au nanoclusters (NCs) and metallic ions (mercury (Hg2+) and copper (Cu2+) ions) is explored using steady‐state and time‐resolved luminescence and transient absorption measurements. For Hg2+ ions, the delayed fluorescence (DF) of bovine serum albumin (BSA) protected Au25 (Au25@BSA) NCs is quenched via an effective triplet state electron transfer through the metallophilic bond. However, the Cu2+ ions do not alter the DF in Au25@BSA NCs because of the absence of the metallophilic interaction. Furthermore, for Au8@BSA and Au10@histidine, in which there are no Au+ ions on the surface, the fluorescence is not quenched by Hg2+ ions. Such a novel triplet electron transfer process through metallophilic bonds are observed and reported for the first time. The reduction of the reverse intersystem crossing is the crucial for Hg2+ ion sensing in the fluorescent Au25@BSA NCs.
Photoluminescence and diffusion properties of O2 molecules in amorphous SiO2 nanoparticles
Authors: Agnello Simonpietro , Cannas Marco , Iovino Giuseppe , Vaccaro Lavinia , Gelardi Franco Mario
Published: March 2013

An experimental study by Raman and Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopies on the emission and diffusion properties of O2 molecules in amorphous SiO2 nanoparticles of commercial origin with diameters from 14 to 40 nm is reported. Stationary and time resolved PL measurements have been carried out to characterize the Near Infrared (NIR) emission at 1272 nm of O2. Emission features similar to those of bulk silica systems with a sharp PL band and excitation channels in the NIR, at 1070 nm, and in the visible, at 765 and 690 nm are found, with peculiarities arising from embedding O2 in nanostructures. The study of the NIR PL lifetime as a function of temperature down to 10 K enabled to reveal the presence of non radiative processes competitive to the radiative channel and to the non‐radiative one already highlighted and related to high energy vibrational modes of matrix or of impurity sites. By detecting the O2 content of nanoparticles, the dynamics of diffusion in the low temperature range from 98°C up to 177°C has been characterized. The applicability of Fick's theory has been tested, determining the diffusion coefficients and evidencing some peculiarities detectable in the nanosystem. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Surfactant‐Free Sub‐2 nm Ultrathin Triangular Gold Nanoframes
Authors: Shahjamali Mohammad Mehdi , Bosman Michel , Cao Shaowen , Huang Xiao , Cao Xiehong , Zhang Hua , Pramana Stevin Snellius , Xue Can
Published: March 2013

Ultrathin triangular gold nanoframes are synthesized in high yield through selective gold deposition on the edges of triangular silver nanoprisms and subsequent silver etching with mild wet etchants. These ultrathin gold nanoframes are surfactant‐free with tailorable ridge thickness from 1.8 to 6 nm and exhibit adjustable and distinct surface plasmon resonance bands in the visible and near‐IR region. In comparison, etching of the nanoprism template by galvanic replacement can only create frame structures with much thicker ridges, which have much lower catalytic activity for 4‐nitrophenol reduction than the ultrathin gold nanoframes.
Discursive Colorlines at Work: How Epithets and Stereotypes are Racially Unequal
Authors: Embrick David G. , Henricks Kasey
Published: March 2013

In a racialized social system, racial slurs and stereotypes applied to whites by nonwhites do not carry the same meanings or outcomes as they do when these roles are swapped. That is, racial epithets directed toward whites are unlikely to affect their life chances in the same way that racial epithets directed toward minorities do. Our central question in this paper is in what ways are epithets and stereotypes racially unequal? To answer this question, we rely upon a case study to drive our analysis. We argue that the symbolic meanings and outcomes of epithets and stereotypes matter because they maintain white supremacy in both material and symbolic ways. Thus, they serve as resources that impose, confer, deny, and approve other capital rewards in everyday interactions that ultimately exclude racial minorities, blacks and Latinas/os in particular, from opportunities and resources while preserving white supremacy.
Validity Evidence for Learning Progression‐Based Assessment Items That Fuse Core Disciplinary Ideas and Science Practices
Authors: Gotwals Amelia Wenk , Songer Nancy Butler
Published: March 2013

This article evaluates a validity argument for the degree to which assessment tasks are able to provide evidence about knowledge that fuses information from a progression of core disciplinary ideas in ecology and a progression for the scientific practice of developing evidence‐based explanations. The article describes the interpretive framework for the argument, including evidence for how well the assessment tasks are matched to the learning progressions and the methods for interpreting students' responses to the tasks. Findings from a dual‐pronged validity study that includes a think‐aloud analysis and an item difficulty analysis are presented as evidence. The findings suggest that the tasks provide opportunities for students at multiple ability levels to show evidence of both successes and struggles with the development of knowledge that fuses core disciplinary ideas with the scientific practice of developing evidence‐based explanations. In addition, these tasks are generally able to distinguish between different ability‐level students. However, some of the assumptions in the interpretive argument are not supported, such as the inability of the data to provide evidence that might neatly place students at a given level on our progressions. Implications for the assessment system, specifically, how responses are elicited from students, are discussed. In addition, we discuss the implications of our findings for defining and redesigning learning progressions. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 50: 597–626, 2013.
Tennessee Emergency Hand Care Distributions and Disparities: Emergent Hand Care Disparities
Authors: Anthony Joshua R. , Poole Victoria N. , Sexton Kevin W. , Wang Li , Mueller Melissa A. , Guillamondegui Oscar , Shack R. Bruce , Thayer Wesley P.
Published: March 2013

Background

Hand trauma is the most frequently treated injury in emergency departments, but presently there is a crisis of insufficient emergency coverage. This study evaluates the discrepancy of emergent and elective hand care trends based on socioeconomic factors in the state of Tennessee.

Method

We identified 119 hospitals in Tennessee that contained operating and emergency room facilities. Of these, 111 hospitals participated in a survey to determine the availability of elective and emergency hand surgery. Wilcoxon rank-sum test or permutation chi-square test and logistic regression were used to analyze reported measures.

Results

Our results revealed that hospitals in counties with the lowest per capita income and median household income are less likely to have hand specialists or offer hand call. There are also significantly fewer hospitals that have hand specialists and offer hand call that are located in medically underserved areas. In the state of TN, level 1 trauma facilities are required by the Tennessee Department of Health to have staffed hand specialists and 24/7 hand call. Our study revealed that while 7/8 (87.5 %) level 1 trauma facilities have hand specialists, only 2/8 (25 %) provide 24/7 hand specialist call.

Conclusion

Our results strongly suggest the presence of a health care disparity for hand trauma in counties with a low income and in medically underserved areas.
Structural organization of large and very large scales in turbulent pipe flow simulation
Authors: Baltzer J. R. , Adrian R. J. , Wu Xiaohua
Published: March 2013

The physical structures of velocity are examined from a recent direct numerical simulation of fully developed incompressible turbulent pipe flow (Wu, Baltzer & Adrian, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 698, 2012, pp. 235–281) at a Reynolds number of ${\mathit{Re}}_{D} = 24\hspace{0.167em} 580$ (based on bulk velocity) and a Kármán number of ${R}^{+ } = 685$. In that work, the periodic domain length of $30$ pipe radii $R$ was found to be sufficient to examine long motions of negative streamwise velocity fluctuation that are commonly observed in wall-bounded turbulent flows and correspond to the large fractions of energy present at very long streamwise wavelengths (${\geq }3R$). In this paper we study how long motions are composed of smaller motions. We characterize the spatial arrangements of very large-scale motions (VLSMs) extending through the logarithmic layer and above, and we find that they possess dominant helix angles (azimuthal inclinations relative to streamwise) that are revealed by two- and three-dimensional two-point spatial correlations of velocity. The correlations also reveal that the shorter, large-scale motions (LSMs) that concatenate to comprise the VLSMs are themselves more streamwise aligned. We show that the largest VLSMs possess a form similar to roll cells centred above the logarithmic layer and that they appear to play an important role in organizing the flow, while themselves contributing only a minor fraction of the flow turbulent kinetic energy. The roll cell motions play an important role with the smaller scales of motion that are necessary to create the strong streamwise streaks of low-velocity fluctuation that characterize the flow.
Flow domain identification from free surface velocity in thin inertial films
Authors: Heining C. , Pollak T. , Sellier M.
Published: March 2013

We consider the flow of a viscous liquid along an unknown topography. A new strategy is presented to reconstruct the topography and the free surface shape from one component of the free surface velocity only. In contrast to the classical approach in inverse problems based on optimization theory we derive an ordinary differential equation which can be solved directly to obtain the inverse solution. This is achieved by averaging the Navier–Stokes equation and coupling the function parameterizing the flow domain with the free surface velocity. Even though we consider nonlinear systems including inertia and surface tension, the inverse problem can be solved analytically with a Fourier series approach. We test our method on a variety of benchmark problems and show that the analytical solution can be applied to reconstruct the flow domain from noisy input data. It is also demonstrated that the asymptotic approach agrees very well with numerical results of the Navier–Stokes equation. The results are finally confirmed with an experimental study where we measure the free surface velocity for the film flow over a trench and compare the reconstructed topography with the measured one.
Direct numerical simulation of the autoignition of a hydrogen plume in a turbulent coflow of hot air
Authors: Kerkemeier S. G. , Markides C. N. , Frouzakis C. E. , Boulouchos K.
Published: March 2013

The autoignition of an axisymmetric nitrogen-diluted hydrogen plume in a turbulent coflowing stream of high-temperature air was investigated in a laboratory-scale set-up using three-dimensional numerical simulations with detailed chemistry and transport. The plume was formed by releasing the fuel from an injector with bulk velocity equal to that of the surrounding air coflow. In the ‘random spots’ regime, autoignition appeared randomly in space and time in the form of scattered localized spots from which post-ignition flamelets propagated outwards in the presence of strong advection. Autoignition spots were found to occur at a favourable mixture fraction close to the most reactive mixture fraction calculated a priori from considerations of homogeneous mixtures based on inert mixing of the fuel and oxidizer streams. The value of the favourable mixture fraction evolved in the domain subject to the effect of the scalar dissipation rate. The hydroperoxyl radical appeared as a precursor to the build-up of the radical pool and the ensuing thermal runaway at the autoignition spots. Subsequently, flamelets propagated in all directions with complex dynamics, without anchoring or forming a continuous flame sheet. These observations, as well as the frequency of and scatter in appearance of the spots, are in good agreement with experiments in a similar set-up. In agreement with experimental observations, an increase in turbulence intensity resulted in a downstream shift of autoignition. An attempt is made to understand the key processes that control the mean axial and radial locations of the spots, and are responsible for the observed scatter. The advection of the most reactive mixture through the domain, and hence the history of evolution of the developing radical pools were considered to this effect.
Bending of elastic fibres in viscous flows: the influence of confinement
Authors: Wexler Jason S. , Trinh Philippe H. , Berthet Helene , Quennouz Nawal , du Roure Olivia , Huppert Herbert E. , Lindner Anke , Stone Howard A.
Published: March 2013

We present a mathematical model and corresponding series of microfluidic experiments examining the flow of a viscous fluid past an elastic fibre in a three-dimensional channel. The fibre’s axis lies perpendicular to the direction of flow and its base is clamped to one wall of the channel; the sidewalls of the channel are close to the fibre, confining the flow. Experiments show that there is a linear relationship between deflection and flow rate for highly confined fibres at low flow rates, which inspires an asymptotic treatment of the problem in this regime. The three-dimensional problem is reduced to a two-dimensional model, consisting of Hele-Shaw flow past a barrier, with boundary conditions at the barrier that allow for the effects of flexibility and three-dimensional leakage. The analysis yields insight into the competing effects of flexion and leakage, and an analytical solution is derived for the leading-order pressure field corresponding to a slit that partially blocks a two-dimensional channel. The predictions of our model show favourable agreement with experimental results, allowing measurement of the fibre’s elasticity and the flow rate in the channel.
A1-3 chromosomal translocations in Italian populations of the peach potato aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer) not linked to esterase-based insecticide resistance
Authors: Rivi Marco , Monti Valentina , Mazzoni Emanuele , Cassanelli Stefano , Panini Michela , Anaclerio Matteo , Cigolini Manuela , Corradetti Bruna , Bizzaro Davide , Mandrioli Mauro , Manicardi Gian Carlo
Published: March 2013

Esterase-based resistance in the peach-potato aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), is generally due to one of two alternative amplified carboxylesterase genes, E4 or FE4 (fast E4). The E4 amplified form is distributed worldwide and it is correlated with a particular translocation between autosomes 1 and 3, whereas the FE4 form, which has hitherto not been found to be associated with chromosomal rearrangements, is typical of the Mediterranean regions. In this study, we present for the first time cytogenetic and molecular data on some M. persicae parthenogenetic lineages, which clearly show a chromosomal A1-3 translocation associated with esterase FE4 genes and unrelated to high levels of esterase-based resistance.
Incidence of post-intubation subglottic stenosis in children: prospective study
Authors: Schweiger C , Marostica P J Cauduro , Smith M M , Manica D , Carvalho P R Antonacci , Kuhl G
Published: March 2013

Objective:

To evaluate the incidence of subglottic stenosis in children undergoing endotracheal intubation.

Methods:

Children in the paediatric intensive care unit of a tertiary care hospital were considered eligible for inclusion if they received endotracheal intubation for more than 24 hours. After extubation, children underwent flexible fibre-optic nasolaryngoscopy. Based on this first evaluation, they were divided into two groups: ‘acute normal’, with mild laryngeal alterations or normal findings; and ‘acute alterations’, with moderate to severe laryngeal alterations. Further laryngoscopic follow up (7–10 days later) was undertaken for those children in the acute normal group who developed symptoms during follow up (after discharge from the intensive care unit), and for all children in the acute alterations group. Children were then classified into two final groups: ‘normal final examination’, with no chronic changes; and ‘subglottic stenosis’.

Results:

We included 123 children. The incidence of subglottic stenosis was 11.38 per cent (95 per cent confidence interval, 6.63–17.94 per cent). All the children who developed subglottic stenosis had had moderate to severe alterations immediately after extubation.

Conclusion:

This incidence of subglottic stenosis is quite high and needs further investigation to identify risk factors.
Human biology investigations during the heroic age of Antarctic exploration (1897–1922)
Authors: Guly H.R.
Published: March 2013

This article describes the human biological data that was collected from the participants of the Antarctic expeditions of the ‘heroic age’ (1897–1922). Routine body weights, waist circumference, spirometry and grip strength measurements were performed on a number of the expeditions for monitoring health and at least four expeditions measured the haemoglobin level and demonstrated that anaemia did not occur. The only true research was done by Dr A.L. McLean of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition, who measured hair and nail growth and investigated immunity. By modern standards, the data collected is of little value but McLean's work laid the groundwork for modern research into the effects of Antarctic residence on the human organism.
Genetic characteristics of Shiga toxin-producingE. coliO157, O26, O103, O111 and O145 isolates from humans, food, and cattle in Belgium
Authors: VERSTRAETE K. , DE REU K. , VAN WEYENBERG S. , PIÉRARD D. , DE ZUTTER L. , HERMAN L. , ROBYN J. , HEYNDRICKX M.
Published: March 2013

In this study, we characterized 272 Shiga toxin-producingEscherichia coli(STEC) isolates from humans, food, and cattle in Belgium [O157 (n = 205), O26 (n = 31), O103 (n = 15), O111 (n = 10), O145 (n = 11)] for their virulence profile, whole genome variations and relationships on different genetic levels. Isolates of O157 displayed a wide variation ofstxgenotypes, heterogeneously distributed among pulsogroups (80% similarity), but with a concordance at the pulsosubgroup level (90% similarity). Of all serogroups evaluated, the presence ofeaewas conserved, whereas genes encoded on the large plasmid (ehx,espP,katP) occurred in variable combinations in O26, O103, and O145. The odds of having haemolytic uraemic syndrome was less for all genotypesstx2a,stx2c,stx1/stx2c, andstx1compared to genotypestx2a/stx2c; and for patients aged >5 years compared to patients aged ⩽5 years. Based on the genetic typing and by using epidemiological data, we could confirm outbreak isolates and suggest epidemiological relationships between some sporadic cases. Undistinguishable pulsotypes or clones with minor genotypic variations were found in humans, food, and cattle in different years, which demonstrated the important role of cattle as a reservoir of STEC O157, and the circulation and persistence of pathogenic clones.
Quand la passion autorise la transitivation d'un circonstanciel de lieu
Authors: CONDAMINES ANNE
Published: March 2013

L'hypothèse testée dans cette étude est que des énoncés (a prioritrès inattendus) dans lesquels un complément de lieu figure en position d'objet sont néanmoins possibles dans des situations de communication associées à des domaines spécialisés, pourvu qu'elles se déroulent dans un contexte de connivence très fort. Le locuteur qui transitivise le complément fait alors le choix de mettre en exergue le lieu où se déroule l'action plutôt que l'objet. L'article décrit le cas de la pêche et s'appuie sur des occurrences repérées sur internet où interviennent le verbepêcheret le nomrivière. Il s'avère que la structurepêcher une rivière, en principe anormale, est relativement fréquente et apparaît majoritairement dans des sites personnalisés (blogs, forums). Ces éléments, associés à d'autres comme l'analyse du fonctionnement de l'adjectifpêchable, confirment l'hypothèse et ouvrent de nombreuses perspectives, notamment vers l'analyse discursive, la sémantique et la terminologie.
A logical framework combining model and proof theory
Authors: RABE FLORIAN
Published: March 2013

Mathematical logic and computer science have driven the design of a growing number of logics and related formalisms such as set theories and type theories. In response to this population explosion, logical frameworks have been developed as formal meta-languages in which to represent, structure, relate and reason about logics.

Research on logical frameworks has diverged into separate communities, often with conflicting backgrounds and philosophies. In particular, two of the most important logical frameworks are the framework of institutions, from the area of model theory based on category theory, and the Edinburgh Logical Framework LF, from the area of proof theory based on dependent type theory. Even though their ultimate motivations overlap – for example in applications to software verification – they have fundamentally different perspectives on logic.

In the current paper, we design a logical framework that integrates the frameworks of institutions and LF in a way that combines their complementary advantages while retaining the elegance of each of them. In particular, our framework takes a balanced approach between model theory and proof theory, and permits the representation of logics in a way that comprises all major ingredients of a logic: syntax, models, satisfaction, judgments and proofs. This provides a theoretical basis for the systematic study of logics in a comprehensive logical framework. Our framework has been applied to obtain a large library of structured and machine-verified encodings of logics and logic translations.
Lost in the supermarket
Authors: Jacobs Howy
Published: March 2013

Pancreatic cancer is one of the most deadly and distressing forms of the disease, yet it attracts comparatively little attention. Howy argues that it should be moved up the list of priorities.
Ring Finger Protein 14 is a new regulator of TCF/β‐catenin‐mediated transcription and colon cancer cell survival
Authors: Wu Beibei , Piloto Sarah , Zeng Weihua , Hoverter Nate P , Schilling Thomas F , Waterman Marian L
Published: March 2013

T‐cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor (TCF/LEF) proteins regulate transcription by recruiting β‐catenin and its associated co‐regulators. Whether TCF/LEFs also recruit more factors through independent, direct interactions is not well understood. Here we discover Ring Finger Protein 14 (RNF14) as a new binding partner for all TCF/LEF transcription factors. We show that RNF14 positively regulates Wnt signalling in human cancer cells and in an in vivo zebrafish model by binding to target promoters with TCF and stabilizing β‐catenin recruitment. RNF14 depletion experiments demonstrate that it is crucial for colon cancer cell survival. Therefore, we have identified a key interacting factor of TCF/β‐catenin complexes to regulate Wnt gene transcription.
Asymmetric Domino Reactions
Authors: Pellissier Helene
Published: March 2013

This book covers the latest developments in asymmetric domino reactions, focussing on those published in the last 6 years. These fascinating reactions have rapidly become one of the most current fields in organic chemistry, since they allow reaching easily high molecular complexity in an economically favourable way with advantages of savings in solvent, time, energy, and costs. Unsurprisingly, the high levels of efficiency and enantioselectivity generally reached in these reactions have been exploited for the production of a wide number of complex chiral molecules with dense stereochemistry and functionality, which are motifs present in biologically active compounds and natural products. The book is divided into three principal sections, dealing successively with asymmetric domino reactions based on the use of chiral auxiliaries, asymmetric domino reactions based on the use of chiral metal catalysts, and asymmetric domino reactions based on the use of chiral organocatalysts, covering the literature since the beginning of 2006.
A Gendered Critique of Transboundary Water Management
Authors: Earle Anton , Bazilli Susan
Published: March 2013

The starting point of this paper is that most of the international transboundary water management (TWM) processes taking place globally are driven by ‘the hydraulic mission’ —primarily the construction of mega-infrastructure such as dams and water transfer schemes. The paper argues that such heroic engineering approaches are essentially a masculinised discourse, with its emphasis being on construction, command and control. As a result of this masculinised discourse, the primary actors in TWM processes have been states—represented by technical, economic and political elites operating in what generally gets termed ‘the national interest’. Left out are the local communities relying on the resource directly: the water users; the poor; women; and other important groups. Instruments such as the UN Watercourses Convention of 1997 make an effort to present an attempt at a gender-balanced approach—through asserting the importance of the ‘no-harm rule’ and the ‘equitable share approach’. However, they end up supporting the status quo through the omission of any reference to gender issues. The paper provides an overview of the masculinised discourse on TWM institutions, proposing that this is the case because of the intersection of two masculinised fields—water resource management and the disciplines engaged in the research of transboundary water management, namely, political science and international relations. The paper investigates two southern African examples that illustrate the potential for including a gendered perspective and pro-poor policies that take into account the needs of the water users or ‘stakeholders’. The analysis includes the international and regional legal agreements on transboundary water issues, searching for evidence of a gendered approach. It is concluded that the laws and organisations responsible for transboundary water management currently do not reflect a gendered approach, despite the international recognition given to the necessity of including women in water management structures at all levels.
Kinship Flows in Brandy Nā Lani Mcdougall's The Salt-Wind/Ka Makani Pa'akai
Authors: Peek Michelle
Published: March 2013

This paper follows the Salt-Wind and subterraneous freshwater flows in Hawaiian poet Brandy Nālani McDougall's collection of poetry The Salt-Wind/Ka Makani Pa'akai. McDougall illustrates that in order to begin again in the aftermath of American imperialism and environmental destruction, one must return to the salt-water and sub-surface waterings, and the ancestral connections and voices therein who beckon her (and others) home. In this way, her work is situated within contemporary movements within the Pacific, presently coming together in deimperializing efforts to restructure a future for the Pacific that is ‘beyond empires’ (Fujikane, 2012: 191). Selecting two poems in particular from McDougall's collection—'Hāloanaka’ and ‘On a Routing Slip from the U.S. Postal Service, Pukalani Branch'—I illustrate how they chart the ancestral, cosmological, and historical flows of kinship between Kānaka Maoli and their near and distant earthly and spiritual relations. In particular, the water that passes through the taro plant infuses all manner of kinship, economic, and social relations in Hawai'i, connecting Kānaka Maoli to their ancestor Hāloa, and to land, sea, and each other, as well as—through the formative oceanic movements of Moana Nui—to other Pacific islanders. A thirst for water—sacred, imaginative, mobile, past, present—underwritten by an assertion of Hawaiian sovereignty, language, and tradition flows just beneath the surface of McDougall's words.
A dyadic model on a tree
Authors: Barbato David , Bianchi Luigi Amedeo , Flandoli Franco , Morandin Francesco
Published: March 2013

We study an infinite system of nonlinear differential equations coupled in a tree-like structure. This system was previously introduced in the literature and it is the model from which the dyadic shell model of turbulence was derived. It mimics 3D Euler and Navier-Stokes equations in a rough approximation of wavelet decomposition. We prove existence of finite energy solutions, anomalous dissipation in the inviscid unforced case, existence and uniqueness of stationary solutions (either conservative or not) in the forced case.
Dielectric controlled excited state relaxation pathways of a representative push-pull stilbene: A mechanistic study using femtosecond fluorescence up-conversion technique
Authors: Rather Shahnawaz R. , Sen Pratik
Published: March 2013

Femtosecond fluorescence up-conversion technique was employed to reinvestigate the intriguing dependence of fluorescence quantum yield of trans-4-dimethylamino-4′-nitrostilbene (DNS) on dielectric properties of the media. In polar solvents, such as methanol and acetonitrile, the two time components of the fluorescence transients were assigned to intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) dynamics and to the depletion of the ICT state to the ground state via internal conversion along the torsional coordinate of nitro moiety. The viscosity independence of the first time component indicates the absence of any torsional coordinate in the charge transfer process. In slightly polar solvent (carbon tetrachloride) the fluorescence transients show a triple exponential behavior. The first time component was assigned to the formation of the ICT state on a 2 ps time scale. Second time component was assigned to the relaxation of the ICT state via two torsion controlled channels. First channel involves the torsional motion about the central double bond leading to the trans-cis isomerization via a conical intersection or avoided crossing. The other channel contributing to the depopulation of ICT state involves the torsional coordinates of dimethylanilino and/or nitrophenyl moieties and leads to the formation of a conformationally relaxed state, which subsequently relaxes back to the ground state radiatively, and is responsible for the high fluorescence quantum yield of DNS in slightly polar solvents such as carbon tetrachloride, toluene, etc. The excited singlet state which is having a dominant π-π* character may also decay via intersystem crossing to the n-π* triplet manifold and thus accounts for the observed triplet yield of the molecule in slightly polar solvents.
Combined resistive and laser heating technique for in situ radial X-ray diffraction in the diamond anvil cell at high pressure and temperature
Authors: Miyagi Lowell , Kanitpanyacharoen Waruntorn , Raju Selva Vennila , Kaercher Pamela , Knight Jason , MacDowell Alastair , Wenk Hans-Rudolf , Williams Quentin , Alarcon Eloisa Zepeda
Published: March 2013

To extend the range of high-temperature, high-pressure studies within the diamond anvil cell, a Liermann-type diamond anvil cell with radial diffraction geometry (rDAC) was redesigned and developed for synchrotron X-ray diffraction experiments at beamline 12.2.2 of the Advanced Light Source. The rDAC, equipped with graphite heating arrays, allows simultaneous resistive and laser heating while the material is subjected to high pressure. The goals are both to extend the temperature range of external (resistive) heating and to produce environments with lower temperature gradients in a simultaneously resistive- and laser-heated rDAC. Three different geomaterials were used as pilot samples to calibrate and optimize conditions for combined resistive and laser heating. For example, in Run#1, FeO was loaded in a boron-mica gasket and compressed to 11 GPa then gradually resistively heated to 1007 K (1073 K at the diamond side). The laser heating was further applied to FeO to raise temperature to 2273 K. In Run#2, Fe–Ni alloy was compressed to 18 GPa and resistively heated to 1785 K (1973 K at the diamond side). The combined resistive and laser heating was successfully performed again on (Mg0.9Fe0.1)O in Run#3. In this instance, the sample was loaded in a boron-kapton gasket, compressed to 29 GPa, resistive-heated up to 1007 K (1073 K at the diamond side), and further simultaneously laser-heated to achieve a temperature in excess of 2273 K at the sample position. Diffraction patterns obtained from the experiments were deconvoluted using the Rietveld method and quantified for lattice preferred orientation of each material under extreme conditions and during phase transformation.