bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
N
6
-Methyladenosine and Its Implications in Viruses
Authors: Wang Yafen , Zhou Xiang
Published: July 2022

N  6-methyladenine (m6A) is the most abundant RNA modification in mammalian messenger RNAs (mRNAs), which participates in and regulates many important biological activities, such as tissue development and stem cell differentiation. Due to an improved understanding of m6A, researchers have discovered that the biological function of m6A can be linked to many stages of mRNA metabolism and that m6A can regulate a variety of complex biological processes. In addition to its location on mammalian mRNAs, m6A has been identified on viral transcripts. m6A also plays important roles in the life cycle of many viruses and in viral replication in host cells. In this review, we briefly introduce the detection methods of m6A, the m6A-related proteins, and the functions of m6A. We also summarize the effects of m6A-related proteins on viral replication and infection. We hope that this review provides researchers with some insights for elucidating the complex mechanisms of the epitranscriptome related to viruses, and provides information for further study of the mechanisms of other modified nucleobases acting on processes such as viral replication. We also anticipate that this review can stimulate collaborative research from different fields, such as chemistry, biology, and medicine, and promote the development of antiviral drugs and vaccines.
Coarticulation in Phonology
Authors: Zellou Georgia
Published: July 2022

There is debate about how coarticulation is represented in speakers' mental grammar, as well as the role that coarticulation plays in explaining synchronic and diachronic sound patterns across languages. This Element takes an individual-differences approach in examining nasal coarticulation in production and perception in order to understand how coarticulation is used phonologically in American English. Experiment 1 examines coarticulatory variation across 60 speakers. The relationship between speaking rate and coarticulation is used to classify three types of coarticulation. Experiment 2 is a perception study relating the differences in realization of coarticulation across speakers to listeners' identification of lexical items. The author demonstrates that differences in speaker-specific patterns of coarticulation reflect differences in the phonologization of vowel nasalization. Results support predictions made by models that propose an active role by both speakers and listeners in using coarticulatory variation to express lexical contrasts and view coarticulation as represented in an individual's grammar.
Self-Determined Health: Reevaluating Current Systems and Funding for Native American Health Care
Authors: Meadows Olivia
Published: July 2022

For years, the federal government has failed to uphold its promises to provide health care to Native Americans. These promises are echoed in treaties, the Constitution, and judicially-created law. As a result of this breach of promise and chronically underfunding, there are significant health disparities between indigenous populations and other Americans. In a recent 2020 case, McGirt v. Oklahoma, the U.S. Supreme Court held that both the federal government and individual states must follow the terms of a treaty made with a tribe, encouraging the possibility of direct health care funding. This reform, however, means little without tribal sovereignty and self-determination, which give dignity and decisionmaking capabilities back to a group that has long been without them. This Note explores two examples of self-determination in Native American health care, the Alaskan Native health care system and the recent vaccine rollout, proposing a framework for increasing self-determination in health care to provide support for funding reform, which becomes increasingly necessary as Native Americans continue to struggle to access health care.
Ignoring the Experts: Implications of the FDA’s Aduhelm Approval
Authors: Maulden Alexandra
Published: July 2022

In early June 2021, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) granted Accelerated Approval to Aducanumab (“Aduhelm”) for treating Alzheimer’s disease. The decision was immediately engulfed in controversy because the agency ignored the Scientific Drugs Advisory Committee’s unanimous recommendation not to approve the drug. The FDA granted the approval based on Aduhelm’s ability to lower beta-amyloid levels. However, the agency had not previously indicated this as a surrogate clinical end for the trial, and its own scientific analysis failed to show that amyloid changes correlate with cognitive or functional changes for Alzheimer’s patients. This decision sets dangerous precedent and has the potential to transform the approval process for new drugs including, but not limited to, those meant to treat Alzheimer’s.
An extended class of univariate and multivariate generalized Pólya processes
Authors: Cha Ji Hwan
Published: July 2022

In this paper, we consider an extended class of univariate and multivariate generalized Pólya processes and study its properties. In the generalized Pólya process considered in [8], each occurrence of an event increases the stochastic intensity of the counting process. In the extended class studied in this paper, on the contrary, it decreases the stochastic intensity of the process, which induces a kind of negative dependence in the increments in the disjoint time intervals. First, we define the extended class of generalized Pólya processes and derive some preliminary results which will be used in the remaining part of the paper. It is seen that the extended class of generalized Pólya processes can be viewed as generalized pure death processes, where the death rate depends on both the state and the time. Based on the preliminary results, the main properties of the multivariate extended generalized Pólya process and meaningful characterizations are obtained. Finally, possible applications to reliability modeling are briefly discussed.
Application of recommender systems and time series models to monitor quality at HIV/AIDS health facilities
Authors: Friedman Jonathan , Allen Zola , Fox Allison , Webert Jose , Devlin Andrew
Published: July 2022

The US government invests substantial sums to control the HIV/AIDS epidemic. To monitor progress toward epidemic control, PEPFAR, or the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief, oversees a data reporting system that includes standard indicators, reporting formats, information systems, and data warehouses. These data, reported quarterly, inform understanding of the global epidemic, resource allocation, and identification of trouble spots. PEPFAR has developed tools to assess the quality of data reported. These tools made important contributions but are limited in the methods used to identify anomalous data points. The most advanced consider univariate probability distributions, whereas correlations between indicators suggest a multivariate approach is better suited. For temporal analysis, the same tool compares values to the averages of preceding periods, though does not consider underlying trends and seasonal factors. To that end, we apply two methods to identify anomalous data points among routinely collected facility-level HIV/AIDS data. One approach is Recommender Systems, an unsupervised machine learning method that captures relationships between users and items. We apply the approach in a novel way by predicting reported values, comparing predicted to reported values, and identifying the greatest deviations. For a temporal perspective, we apply time series models that are flexible to include trend and seasonality. Results of these methods were validated against manual review (95% agreement on non-anomalies, 56% agreement on anomalies for recommender systems; 96% agreement on non-anomalies, 91% agreement on anomalies for time series). This tool will apply greater methodological sophistication to monitoring data quality in an accelerated and standardized manner.
Quadratic Klein-Gordon equations with a potential in one dimension
Authors: Germain Pierre , Pusateri Fabio
Published: July 2022

This paper proposes a fairly general new point of view on the question of asymptotic stability of (topological) solitons. Our approach is based on the use of the distorted Fourier transform at the nonlinear level; it does not rely only on Strichartz or virial estimates and is therefore able to treat low-power nonlinearities (hence also nonlocalised solitons) and capture the global (in space and time) behaviour of solutions.

More specifically, we consider quadratic nonlinear Klein-Gordon equations with a regular and decaying potential in one space dimension. Additional assumptions are made so that the distorted Fourier transform of the solution vanishes at zero frequency. Assuming also that the associated Schrödinger operator has no negative eigenvalues, we obtain global-in-time bounds, including sharp pointwise decay and modified asymptotics, for small solutions.

These results have some direct applications to the asymptotic stability of (topological) solitons, as well as several other potential applications to a variety of related problems. For instance, we obtain full asymptotic stability of kinks with respect to odd perturbations for the double sine-Gordon problem (in an appropriate range of the deformation parameter). For the

$\phi ^4$

problem, we obtain asymptotic stability for small odd solutions, provided the nonlinearity is projected on the continuous spectrum. Our results also go beyond these examples since our framework allows for the presence of a fully coherent phenomenon (a space-time resonance) at the level of quadratic interactions, which creates a degeneracy in distorted Fourier space. We devise a suitable framework that incorporates this and use multilinear harmonic analysis in the distorted setting to control all nonlinear interactions.
The association between accessing dental services and nonventilator hospital-acquired pneumonia among 2019 Medicaid beneficiaries
Authors: Baker Dian , Giuliano Karen K. , Thakkar-Samtani Madhuli , Scannapieco Frank A. , Glick Michael , Restrepo Marcos I. , Heaton Lisa J. , Frantsve-Hawley Julie
Published: July 2022

In this 2019 cross-sectional study, we analyzed hospital records for Medicaid beneficiaries who acquired nonventilator hospital-acquired pneumonia. The results suggest that preventive dental treatment in the 12 months prior or periodontal therapy in the 6 months prior to a hospitalization is associated with a reduced risk of NVHAP.
Investigating the association of mission statement and performance using the component and stakeholder approaches in an emerging market
Authors: Lizares Regina M.
Published: July 2022

This study explores the mission statement–performance relationship of 247 Philippine-listed firms by employing the practical component and theoretical stakeholder approaches to studying mission statements. Using content and regression analyses, results indicate that: (1) the existence of a mission statement and the inclusion of customer in the statement are positively and significantly associated with performance; and (2) the inclusion of society and public image is negatively and significantly associated with performance. Aside from contributing to the growing body of theory-based, quantitative research on mission statements, this study offers another view within an emerging market context. Furthermore, it reinforces the value of having a mission statement and the importance of acknowledging salient and dominant stakeholders in the statement.
The association between the Healthy Eating Index (HEI-2015) score and body composition among Iranian soccer players and referees: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Beba Mohammad , Seif-Barghi Tohid , Shab-Bidar Sakineh , Yarizadeh Habib , Tijani Aliyu Jibril , Clark Cain C. T. , Djafarian Kurosh
Published: July 2022

For an optimal performance, soccer players and referees need to consume a high-quality diet. The Healthy Eating Index (HEI) is a tool that can estimate diet quality and has been shown to be associated with body composition. The aims of the present study were first to determine the HEI-2015 score of the diets consumed by athletes and second its association with different body composition parameters of athletes. We conducted a cross-sectional study on 198 soccer players and referees. Dietary intakes were recorded using a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), and HEI scores were calculated. Body composition parameters were measured using the bioelectrical impedance analysis. The mean score for the HEI-2015 was 65⋅04. A multiple linear regression model showed significant associations of the HEI-2015 score with percent body fat (PBF), percent muscle mass (PMM), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) in male soccer players aged <18 years, body mass index (BMI) in male soccer players aged ≥18 years and BMI and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) in male soccer referees after adjustment for covariates (P < 0⋅05). The mean overall score for the HEI-2015 shows that Iranian soccer players and referees have an acceptable quality of diet. We also found significant associations between the HEI-2015 score and different body composition parameters in male soccer players and referees but we did not find any significant association in female athletes (P > 0⋅05).
Dynamic mass loss from Greenland's marine-terminating peripheral glaciers (1985–2018)
Authors: Bollen Katherine E. , Enderlin Ellyn M. , Muhlheim Rebecca
Published: July 2022

Global glacier mass balance decreased rapidly over the last two decades, exceeding mass loss from the Greenland and Antarctic Ice Sheets. In Greenland, peripheral glaciers and ice caps (GICs) cover only ~5% of Greenland's area but contributed ~20% of the island's ice mass loss between 2000 and 2018. Although Greenland GIC mass loss due to surface meltwater runoff has been estimated using atmospheric models, mass lost to changes in ice discharge into oceans (i.e., dynamic mass loss) remains unquantified. We use the flux gate method to estimate discharge from Greenland's 585 marine-terminating peripheral glaciers between 1985 and 2018, and compute dynamic mass loss as the discharge anomaly relative to the 1985–98 period. Greenland GICs discharged between 2.94 ± 0.23 and 4.03 ± 0.23 Gt a−1from 1985 to 1998, depending on the gap-filling method, and abruptly increased to 5.10 ± 0.21 Gt a−1from 1999 to 2018. The resultant ~1–2 Gt a−1dynamic mass loss was driven by synchronous widespread acceleration around Greenland. The mass loss came predominantly from the southeast region, which contains 39% of the glaciers. Although changes in discharge over time were small relative to surface mass-balance changes, our speed and discharge time series suggest these glaciers may quickly accelerate in response to changes in climate.
Mutually interacting superprocesses with migration
Authors: Ji Lina , Liu Huili , Xiong Jie
Published: July 2022

A system of mutually interacting superprocesses with migration is constructed as the limit of a sequence of branching particle systems arising from population models. The uniqueness in law of the superprocesses is established using the pathwise uniqueness of a system of stochastic partial differential equations, which is satisfied by the corresponding system of distribution function-valued processes.
Relative species abundance and population densities of the past: developing multispecies occupancy models for fossil data
Authors: Reitan Trond , Ergon Torbjørn H. , Liow Lee Hsiang
Published: July 2022

The number of individuals of species varies, but estimating abundance, given incomplete and biased sampling in both contemporary and fossilized communities, is challenging. Here, we describe a new occupancy model in a hierarchical Bayesian framework with random effects, in which multispecies occupancy and detection are modeled as a means to estimate relative species abundance and relative population densities. The modeling framework is suited for temporal samples of fossil communities with repeated sampling including multiple species with similar preservation potential. We demonstrate our modeling framework using a fossil community of benthic organisms to estimate relative species abundance dynamics and changing relative population densities of focal species in nine (geological) time intervals over 2.3 Myr. We also explore potential explanatory factors (paleoenvironmental proxies) and temporal autocorrelation that could provide extra information on unsampled time intervals. The modeling framework is applicable across a wide range of questions on species-level dynamics in paleoecological community settings.
A terrestrial record of climate variation during MIS 11 through multiproxy palaeotemperature reconstructions from Hoxne, UK
Authors: Horne David J. , Ashton Nick , Benardout Ginny , Brooks Stephen J. , Coope G. Russell , Holmes Jonathan A. , Lewis Simon G. , Parfitt Simon A. , White Tom S. , Whitehouse Nicki J. , Whittaker John E.
Published: July 2022

A terrestrial (lacustrine and fluvial) palaeoclimate record from Hoxne (Suffolk, UK) shows two temperate phases separated by a cold episode, correlated with MIS 11 subdivisions corresponding to isotopic events 11.3 (Hoxnian interglacial period), 11.24 (Stratum C cold interval), and 11.23 (warm interval with evidence of human presence). A robust, reproducible multiproxy consensus approach validates and combines quantitative palaeotemperature reconstructions from three invertebrate groups (beetles, chironomids, and ostracods) and plant indicator taxa with qualitative implications of molluscs and small vertebrates. Compared with the present, interglacial mean monthly air temperatures were similar or up to 4.0°C higher in summer, but similar or as much as 3.0°C lower in winter; the Stratum C cold interval, following prolonged nondeposition or erosion of the lake bed, experienced summers 2.5°C cooler and winters between 5°C and 10°C cooler than at present. Possible reworking of fossils into Stratum C from underlying interglacial assemblages is taken into account. Oxygen and carbon isotopes from ostracod shells indicate evaporatively enriched lake water during Stratum C deposition. Comparative evaluation shows that proxy-based palaeoclimate reconstruction methods are best tested against each other and, if validated, can be used to generate more refined and robust results through multiproxy consensus.
Association between the community food environment and dietary patterns in residents of areas of different socio-economic levels of a southern capital city in Brazil
Authors: Almeida Isadora Jardim de , Garcez Anderson , Backes Vanessa , Cunha Caroline Marques de Lima , Schuch Ilaine , Canuto Raquel
Published: July 2022

This study aimed to verify the association between the community food environment and dietary patterns in a population of different socio-economic levels. This cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of 400 adults and elderly aged between 20 and 70 years residing in the central area of Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul. Four dietary patterns were explored: healthy, traditional Brazilian, refined carbohydrates and sugars, and fast food. The community food environment included the identification of all food stores by areas where individuals lived and auditing based on the Nutrition Environment Measures Survey in Stores (NEMS-S) score. Poisson regression was used to estimate the prevalence ratios (PR) and their respective 95 % CI. After the adjustment for individual sociodemographic characteristics, residents of the area with the best community food environment (highest NEMS-S score) had 12 % and 18 % lower probabilities of high consumption (upper tertile) of the traditional (PR = 0·88; 95 % CI (0·78, 0·98)) and refined carbohydrate and sugar (PR = 0·82; 95 % CI (0·73, 0·92)) dietary patterns, respectively, compared with those living in the area with the worst community food environment (lowest NEMS-S score). Healthy and fast-food dietary patterns showed no association with the community food environment. In conclusion, the community food environment is a factor associated with the consumption of certain dietary patterns, independent of individual sociodemographic characteristics. Thus, aspects of the community food environment become important in food and nutrition actions and policies aimed at health promotion.
Zircon geochronology and Hf isotopic study from the Leo Pargil Dome, India: implications for the palaeogeographic reconstruction and tectonic evolution of a Himalayan gneiss dome
Authors: Rai Shashi Ranjan , Sachan Himanshu K. , Spencer Christopher J. , Kharya Aditya , Singhal Saurabh , Ojha Arun Kumar , Chattopadhaya Pallavi , Pati Pitambar
Published: July 2022

U–Pb geochronology, Hf isotopes and trace-element chemistry of zircon grains from migmatite of the upper Sutlej valley (Leo Pargil), Northwest Himalaya, reveal a protracted geological evolution and constrain anatexis and tectonothermal processes in response to Himalayan orogenesis. U–Pb geochronology and ϵHf record separate clusters of ages on the concordia plots in the migmatite (1050–950 Ma, 850–790 Ma and 650–500 Ma). The 1050–950 Ma zircon population supports a provenance from magmatic units related to the assembly of Rodinia. A minor amount of Palaeoproterozoic grains were likely derived from the Indian craton. The potential source rock of the 930–800 Ma detrital zircons may be granitoid present in Greater Himalayan rocks themselves and the Aravalli Range, which has 870–800 Ma granitic rocks. The arc-type basement within the Himalayan–Tibet orogen recorded (900–600 Ma) igneous activity, which may depict a northeasterly extension of juvenile terranes in the Arabian–Nubian Shield. The granitoid of 800 Ma may be a potential source for 790 Ma detrital zircons owing to scatter in 206/238 dates. The 650–500 Ma zircon population suggests their derivation from the East African Orogen and Ross–Delamerian Orogen of Gondwana. The Cambrian–Ordovician magmatism during the Bhimphedian Orogeny and observed late Neoproterozoic to Ordovician detrital zircons have been derived to some extent from Greater Himalayan magmatic sources. We found no detrital zircon grains that cannot be explained as coming from local sources. One sample yielded a discordia lower intercept age of 15.6 ± 2.2 Ma, the age of melt crystallization.
Attitudes and Action in International Refugee Policy: Evidence from Australia
Authors: Sheppard Jill , von Stein Jana
Published: July 2022

Do citizens care whether their government breaches international law, or are other imperatives more influential? We consider this question in the human rights arena, asking whether and how it matters how abuses are framed. In a novel survey experiment, we ask Australians about their attitudes toward restrictive immigration policy, holding the underlying breaches constant but varying how they are framed. We find that people most strongly oppose policy that violates international law. Emphasizing moral considerations has smaller but still notable impacts on attitudes, whereas reputational frames have the weakest effects. We also find that translating attitudes into political action is challenging: most who learn of current policy's legal, moral, or reputational dimensions and in turn become more critical do not subsequently express greater interest in trying to do something about it. Nonetheless, there are interesting differences across frames. Appealing to international law or moral considerations is more effective at spurring mobilization than emphasizing reputational harm, though via different mechanisms. Framing this debate in international reputational terms consistently has the weakest impacts on interest in political action, and may be worse than saying nothing at all.
To Securitize or to Price Credit Risk?
Authors: McGowan Danny , Nguyen Huyen
Published: July 2022

Do lenders securitize or price loans in response to credit risk? Exploiting exogenous variation in regional credit risk due to foreclosure law differences along U.S. state borders, we find that lenders securitize mortgages that are eligible for sale to the government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs) rather than price regional credit risk. For non-GSE-eligible mortgages with no GSE buyback provision, lenders increase interest rates as they are unable to shift credit risk to loan purchasers. The results inform the debate surrounding the GSEs’ buyback provisions, the constant interest rate policy, and show that underpricing regional credit risk increases the GSEs’ debt holdings.
Online learning: an effective option for teaching ENT to medical students?
Authors: Ijaz A , Sundar S , Zuberi S , Richards S
Published: July 2022

Objective

ENT is underrepresented in the curriculum, and this has been compounded by coronavirus disease 2019. Recent restructures have removed ENT placements from the curriculum. This lack of exposure needs to be addressed, and increased use of online learning represents an opportunity to facilitate this. This study aimed to evaluate whether online learning can effectively deliver undergraduate ENT teaching.

Methods

An online ENT module was created; content was structured on the Sheffield Medical School curriculum. Pre- and post-module tests and 5-point Likert scales were used to assess student knowledge and confidence, respectively.

Results

A total of 115 participants were recruited. Test scores improved by 29 per cent (p < 0.001) and confidence by 66 per cent. Anatomy and ENT conditions demonstrated significant improvement in confidence, with a lower confidence score for examination.

Conclusion

This study showed improved knowledge and confidence, whilst highlighting greater efficacy in content over practical skills teaching. Online learning is a validated educational tool; however, it should not be used as a replacement but as an adjunct to supplement learning.
Radiological dimensions of the Eustachian tube in patients with adhesive otitis media
Authors: Alanazy S , Kim H , Nam G-S , Kim H C , Cho S I
Published: July 2022

Objective

This study aimed to analyse the computed tomography parameters for effective ventilation in patients with adhesive otitis media.

Methods

Twenty-six patients with unilateral adhesive otitis media were included in the study. The patients’ temporal bone computed tomography images were retrospectively reviewed. Eustachian tube length and diameter were measured. Mastoid pneumatisation and middle-ear size were evaluated by measuring petroclival and Eustachian tube–tympanic cavity ventilation angles.

Results

The average Eustachian tube length was 38.4 mm and 38.9 mm in adhesive otitis media and healthy ears, respectively. The Eustachian tube diameter of the adhesive otitis media ears (1.47 mm) was significantly narrower than that of the healthy ears (1.83 mm). There were no significant differences in the angles between adhesive otitis media and healthy ears.

Conclusion

A narrow Eustachian tube diameter was associated with developing adhesive otitis media. Measuring Eustachian tube diameter is simple and can be routinely performed when examining temporal bone computed tomography images for Eustachian tube function evaluation.
Monitoring a Fragile Child Protection System: a Longitudinal Local Area Ecological Analysis of the Inequalities Impact of Children’s Services Inspections on Statutory Child Welfare Interventions in England
Authors: BENNETT DAVARA L , SCHLÜTER DANIELA K , MELIS GABRIELLA , WEBB CALUM JR , REDDY STEVE , BARR BEN , WICKHAM SOPHIE , TAYLOR-ROBINSON DAVID
Published: July 2022

Child protection systems monitoring is key to ensuring children’s wellbeing. In England, monitoring is rooted in onsite inspection, culminating in judgements ranging from ‘outstanding’ to ‘inadequate’. But inspection may carry unintended consequences where child protection systems are weak. One potential consequence is increased child welfare intervention rates. In this longitudinal ecological study of local authorities in England, we used Poisson mixed-effects regression models to assess whether child welfare intervention rates are higher in an inspection year, whether this is driven by inspection judgement, and whether more deprived areas experience different rates for a given inspection judgement. We investigated the impact of inspection on care entry, Child Protection Plan-initiation, and child-in-need status. We found that inspection was associated with a rise in rates across the spectrum of interventions. Worse judgements yielded higher rates. Inspection may also exacerbate existing inequalities. Unlike less deprived areas, more deprived areas judged inadequate did not experience an increase in the less intrusive ‘child-in-need’ interventions. Our findings suggest that a narrow focus on social work practice is unlikely to address weaknesses in the child protection system. Child protection systems monitoring should be guided by a holistic model of systems improvement, encompassing the socioeconomic determinants of quality.
Virtual interaction and manipulation control of a hexacopter through hand gesture recognition from a data glove
Authors: Huang Haiming , Wu Di’en , Liang Zehao , Sun Fuchun , Dong Mingjie
Published: July 2022

The purpose of this study is to realize virtual interaction and manipulation control of a hexacopter based on hand gesture recognition from a designed data glove, to provide an intuitive and visual real-time simulation system for flight control algorithm verification and external control equipment testing. First, the hand gesture recognition from a designed data glove is studied, which can recognize different actions, such as mobile ready, grab, loosen, landing, take-off, and hover. Then, the design of virtual simulation system for hexacopter capture is completed, with the model design of hexacopter and manipulator, and the simulation software design with
$CoppeliaSim$
. Finally, virtual simulation experiment of hexacopter grasping and virtual flight control experiment based on data glove are tested, respectively, and quantitatively described. The overall recognition rate is 84.3%, indicating that the data glove produced has the ability to recognize gestures, but its recognition performance is not superior. In gesture recognition, the recognition rate of static gestures is relatively higher than that of dynamic gestures. Among the static gestures, the hover gesture has the highest recognition rate. The average correct rate of static gestures can reach 94%. The lowest recognition rate of dynamic gestures is upward movement, and the average recognition rate of dynamic gestures is 76.1%. The research can be used to remotely operate hexacopter using a data glove in the future and improve the control performance through virtual interaction and manipulation simulation before actual application.
Economic feasibility of a novel tool to assist extubation decision-making: an early health economic modeling
Authors: Zheng Katina , Kumar Srishti , Sarti Aimee J. , Herry Christophe L. , Seely Andrew J. E. , Thavorn Kednapa
Published: July 2022

Objectives

To estimate the minimum percent change in failed extubation to make a tool designed to reduce extubation failure (Extubation Advisor [EA]) economically viable.

Methods

We conducted an early return on investment (ROI) analysis using data from intubated intensive care unit (ICU) patients at a large Canadian tertiary care hospital. We obtained input parameters from the hospital database and published literature. We ran generalized linear models to estimate the attributable length of stay, total hospital cost, and time to subsequent extubation attempt following failure. We developed a Markov model to estimate the expected ROI and performed probabilistic sensitivity analyses to assess the robustness of findings. Costs were presented in 2020 Canadian dollars (C$).

Results

The model estimated a 1 percent reduction in failed extubation could save the hospital C$289 per intubated patient (95 percent CI: 197, 459). A large center seeing 2,500 intubated ICU patients per year could save C$723,124/year/percent reduction in failed extubation. At the current annual price of C$164,221, the EA tool must reduce extubation failure by at least 0.24 percent (95 percent CI: .14, .41) to make the tool cost-effective at our site.

Conclusions

Clinical decision-support tools like the EA may play an important role in reducing healthcare costs by reducing the rate of extubation failure, a costly event in the ICU.
A DECOMPOSITION ANALYSIS OF DIFFUSION OVER A LARGE NETWORK
Authors: Song Kyungchul
Published: July 2022

Diffusion over a network refers to the phenomenon of a change of state of a cross-sectional unit in one period leading to a change of state of its neighbors in the network in the next period. One may estimate or test for diffusion by estimating a cross-sectionally aggregated correlation between neighbors over time from data. However, the estimated diffusion can be misleading if the diffusion is confounded by omitted covariates. This paper focuses on the measure of diffusion proposed by He and Song (2022, Preprint, arXiv:1812.04195v4 [stat.ME]), provides a method of decomposition analysis to measure the role of the covariates on the estimated diffusion, and develops an asymptotic inference procedure for the decomposition analysis in such a situation. This paper also presents results from a Monte Carlo study on the small sample performance of the inference procedure.
Trade in vulture parts in West Africa: Burkina Faso may be one of the main sources of vulture carcasses
Authors: Daboné Clément , Ouéda Adama , Thompson Lindy J. , Adjakpa Jacques Boco , Weesie Peter DM
Published: July 2022

The current catastrophic decline in African vultures is caused mainly by poisoning, and killing for consumption and belief-based use (traditional medicine). To find out more about the key threats to vultures in West Africa, we assessed the main anthropogenic causes of vulture mortality in Burkina Faso. We analysed incidents of mass vulture mortality, based on interviews conducted in 2016 with local butchers, veterinarians, foresters, and abattoir watchmen at 44 sites across the country. A total of 730 interviews revealed that poisoning was the main cause of mortality of vultures in Burkina Faso (20 of the 23 mass mortality incidents described by respondents were caused by poisoning). Poisoning was also the most lethal threat to vultures (779 out of 879 known vulture deaths were due to poisoning). According to the survey, intentional poisoning of vultures with poisoned baits (which comprised 15 out of 23 mass mortality incidents) produced the highest number of victims (577 out of 879 dead vultures). The number of vultures killed by poisoned baits was higher closer to the borders than elsewhere in Burkina Faso and we believe these recent intentional vulture poisoning events in Burkina Faso were intended to meet the growing demand for vulture body parts in West Africa. The survey showed that unintentional poisoning was the second main cause of vulture mass mortality (5 out of 23 mass mortality incidents comprising 202 of 879 dead vultures). Other important anthropogenic causes of vulture mortality included electrocution at electricity poles and motor vehicle collisions. Our results highlight the need for awareness campaigns, improved policy and legislation, and stronger commitment from governments in West Africa, to halt the trade in vultures and prevent their extirpation.
Range-wide and regional distribution of the Western Tragopan Tragopan melanocephalus and effects of disturbance on local abundances
Authors: Shah Akbar , Kayani Amjad Rashid , Ihlow Flora , Nadeem Muhammad Sajid , Mahmood Tariq , Islam Safiqul , Hausmann Alexander E. , Päckert Martin
Published: July 2022

The Western Tragopan Tragopan melanocephalus is endemic to the Western Himalayas and currently listed as ‘Vulnerable’ on the IUCN Red List which also emphasizes a data deficiency regarding its distribution and population size. With this study we provide new data from the Palas Valley, northern Pakistan and deliver a range wide estimate of the species current, past, and future potential distribution as derived from environmental niche models. In the Palas Valley, Western Tragopans occupied different summer habitats on north-facing slopes and winter habitats on south-facing slopes. A quantitative estimate of local populations in six side valleys was inferred from individual call-count surveys during two breeding seasons (April and May 2017, 2018) and disturbance factors were evaluated from information of local people provided in questionnaires. Generalized-linear models (GLMs) showed a significant effect of disturbance factors on Western Tragopans, i.e. local abundances decreased with increasing disturbance from livestock, collectors and hunters visiting the area. This effect was visible across survey years and at both, south- as well as north-facing slopes. While the known distributional range of the Western Tragopan is small and fragmented, our niche models inferred climatically suitable space between Himachal Pradesh and northwestern Pakistan to be more continuous. Given the species sensitivity to disturbance, these findings indicate that the observed fragmentation of the current range might also be attributed to habitat transformation or anthropogenic disturbance rather than climatic suitability. During the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) T. melanocephalus was probably restricted to small forest refugia, whereas projections onto eleven future climate simulations were inconclusive with the majority suggesting that climatically suitable space for T. melanocephalus will likely expand in response to anthropogenic climate change. In conclusion, we recommend that future conservation measures should be planned with regard to the species’ sensitivity to anthropogenic disturbances.
Who Sets the Agenda? Participation Asymmetries in the Select Committee on the Modernization of Congress in the 116th Congress
Authors: Baer Emily C.
Published: July 2022

In January 2019, the House of Representatives voted 418–12 to respond to widespread bipartisan criticism of the inner workings of the legislative branch by creating a Select Committee on the Modernization of Congress. This article examines the leadership, participation, and salience of the Select Committee by key reform stakeholders, including individual members, party factions, leaders, interest groups, and the national media that cover Congress. I identify bifurcated participation patterns that overrepresent the interests of junior members, party leaders, and Democratic Party factions. I also find limited salience of Select Committee activities among key stakeholders. The findings raise normative and theoretical questions about procedural reform and reveal a significant challenge to coalition-building efforts in future sessions of Congress.
The Role of Kant in Sidgwick’s Classical Utilitarianism: Two Self-Evident Axioms and the Partial Convergence between Kantianism and Utilitarianism
Authors: Dufner Annette
Published: July 2022

Among the most surprising claims in The Methods of Ethics is Sidgwick’s assertion that his key ethical axioms are corroborated by Kant. This article analyses Sidgwick’s claim that his axioms of justice and benevolence closely correspond to particular features in Kant. I shall argue that his claim of agreement with Kant was a serious overstatement. In particular, the restrictions which Sidgwick places on his acceptance of Kant’s universal law formula of the categorical imperative (FUL) seem to call into question whether the alleged convergence with the axiom of justice has a solid basis. Further, Sidgwick seemed unaware of a crucial aspect of Kant’s conception of the humanity formula that constitutes a substantial divide between their views on benevolence. The upshot is that the divide between Kantian and Sidgwickian ethics appears deeper than Sidgwick seemed to realize. This analysis is confirmed by Sidgwick’s famous worries regarding freedom and the existence of God in Kant’s work.
On Nested Justification Systems
Authors: MARYNISSEN SIMON , HEYNINCK JESSE , BOGAERTS BART , DENECKER MARC
Published: July 2022

Justification theory is a general framework for the definition of semantics of rule-based languages that has a high explanatory potential. Nested justification systems, first introduced by Denecker et al., allow for the composition of justification systems. This notion of nesting thus enables the modular definition of semantics of rule-based languages, and increases the representational capacities of justification theory. As we show in this paper, the original characterization of semantics for nested justification systems leads to the loss of information relevant for explanations. In view of this problem, we provide an alternative characterization of their semantics and show that it is equivalent to the original one. Furthermore, we show how nested justification systems allow representing fixpoint definitions.
In the Shadow of World War
Authors: Williams Chad
Published: July 2022

Black Reconstructionby W. E. B. Du Bois stands as one of the most groundbreaking books in American history. Scholars have acknowledged how the book, published in 1935, and Du Bois’s arguments in it, pioneered the study of the Civil War and Reconstruction eras today. This article explores the genesis and conceptual roots ofBlack Reconstructionby placing them in conversation with Du Bois’s connection to World War I. For several years, Du Bois labored on a history of the Black experience in World War I that he imagined as a sequel toBlack Reconstruction.Du Bois’s work on this project, informed by his personal connection to the war, shaped many of the themes and ideas at the heart ofBlack Reconstruction.I argue that the full meaning ofBlack Reconstructionis incomplete without an understanding of the impact of World War I on Du Bois’s political evolution, intellectual development, and radical approach to history.
Translating politics into policy implementation: welfare frontline workers in polarised Brazil
Authors: Eiró Flávio
Published: July 2022

How is policy implementation affected by increased polarisation and extreme shifts in politics? In order to address this question, the paper focuses on frontline workers’ (street-level bureaucrats’) interpretations of political shifts and how these are then translated into practice. Building on ethnographic fieldwork conducted among social workers in Northeast Brazil, the paper proposes a theoretical framework for analysing the influence of political landscapes on policy implementation by foregrounding the political processes in which these agents play a critical role. Drawing on empirical data, the paper proposes ideal types of possible outcomes of translation practices – counterbalance, collaboration, resistance – that function as a guiding framework for future research.
‘I Still See the Elitism’. Classical languages and the language of class at Liverpool
Authors: Perale Marco
Published: July 2022

The article discusses the issue of access to Classical education in general and Greek and Latin language in particular currently experienced by working-class students in the UK, both at high school and at University level. It then focuses specifically on the provision of Classical languages in the Liverpool region, traditionally an area of deprivation and a focal point of Classics poverty. The article details the results from a survey conducted on 68 students of the Department of Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology of the University of Liverpool, which shows that even when the cohort is not predominantly middle class, feelings of marginalisation and estrangement continue to be felt by students. Finally, it suggests a number of recommendations to address these concerns, tackle elitism, and promote inclusion.
Demenz
Authors: Kitwood Tom
Published: July 2022

Kognitive Beeinträchtigungen, wie Demenz und Altersverwirrtheit gehören zu den häufigsten Erkrankungen im Alter. Bücher über Demenz gibt es wie Sand am Meer. Aber das Buch des britischen Psychogerontologen Tom Kitwood wurde wegen seines radikal anderen person-zentrierten Ansatzes weltweit begeistert aufgenommen. Verbunden mit der Methode des „Dementia Care Mappings" entstand damit der wesentlichste Behandlungsansatz in der Pflege und Betreuung von Menschen mit Demenz. Der person-zentrierte Ansatz war prägend bei der Entwicklung des neuen DNQP-Expertenstandards «Beziehungsgestaltung in der Pflege von Menschen mit Demenz». Die 9. Auflage wurde neu übersetzt, gestaltet und illustriert. Die Interviews, Nachworte, Literatur, Links, Texte und das Glossar im Anhang wurden überarbeitet. Internationale Demenzexperten steuerten neue ausführliche Kommentare zu jedem Kapitel und den aktuellen Entwicklungen bei. Über 20 Jahre nach dem Erscheinen von Kitwoods klassischem Text denken sie frisch über die Fragen nach was es heißt eine Person zu sein, wie sich der Begriff der Demenz verändert hat, wie eine Persönlichkeit untergraben und erhalten wird, wie Menschen die Erfahrung der Demenz erleben, wie sich die Pflege von Menschen mit Demenz verbessern lässt, welche neuen Anforderungen sich an eine Betreuungsperson stellen, wie aus versorgenden auch fürsorgliche Institutionen werden können und wie sich die Kultur in einer Institution verändern lässt zum Wohl und Wohlbefinden von Menschen mit Demenz und den sie begleitenden Menschen.
Audiologie
Authors: Kompis Martin
Published: July 2022

Auch in der nunmehr 5. Auflage bleibt das Lehrbuch eingängig und kompakt in Struktur und Inhalt. Martin Kompis hat den Inhalt vollständig überarbeitet, aktualisiert und ergänzt. So ist unter anderem ein Abschnitt über das Richtungshören neu hinzugekommen, und die Kapitel über Hörgeräte und Cochlea Implantate wurden aktualisiert und dem Stand der Technik angepasst. Im Zusatzmaterial, das online in der Mediathek des Hogrefe Verlags zur Verfügung steht, finden Sie neben einer Audiometrie-Übungs-Software und zahlreichen Hörbeispielen fertige PowerPoint-Präsentationen mit sämtlichen Abbildungen und Tabellen des Buches zur didaktischen Nutzung im Unterricht. Martin Kompis präsentiert Audiologie als interdisziplinäres Wissensgebiet: Er richtet sein Buch gleichermaßen an Mit-arbeitende in Gesundheitsberufen, Studierende der Logopädie und der Medizin, an Ingenieur_innen und Hörgeräteakustiker_innen - kurzum an alle, die in Kontakt mit diesem -interessanten Feld treten. Anschaulich und in einer einfachen, verständlichen Form, vielfach unter Zuhilfenahme von Illustrationen und Grafiken, führt er die Leser_innen in die wichtigsten Grund-lagen und aktuellen Methoden der Audiologie ein. Behandelt werden u.a. folgende Themen: 
•Grundlagen der Akustik 
•Anatomie und Physiologie 
•Hörstörungen 
•Reinaudiometrie 
•Sprachaudiometrie 
•Tympanometrie 
•Otoakustische Emissionen 
•Auditorisch evozierte Potentiale 
•Hörgeräte 
•Cochlea Implantate 
Das Zusatzmaterial zu diesem Buch kann nach erfolgter Registrierung von der Hogrefe Website heruntergeladen werden.
Soziale Ängste
Authors: Asbrand Julia , Büch Hendrik , Schmitz Julian
Published: July 2022

Soziale Ängste gehören zu den häufigsten psychischen Auffälligkeiten im Kindes- und Jugendalter. Sie sind gekennzeichnet durch die Furcht, sich gegenüber fremden Personen peinlich zu verhalten oder sich zu blamieren. Typische Situationen sind das Treffen von neuen Kindern und Jugendlichen, der Besuch von Gruppen wie Sportvereinen und Leistungssituationen im Schulalltag. In der Schule stellen diese Ängste die betroffenen Kinder und Jugendlichen wie auch die Lehrkräfte vor erhebliche Herausforderungen.
Das Buch beschreibt, wie sich soziale Ängste im Kindes- und Jugendalter in der Schule äußern, wie sie entstehen, wodurch sie aufrechterhalten werden und welche Behandlungsmöglichkeiten es gibt. Darüber hinaus liefert es Lehrkräften und anderen Personen im Schulkontext Hilfestellungen, wie sie Kinder und Jugendliche mit sozialen Ängsten in der unterstützen und fördern können. Arbeitsmaterial im Anhang unterstützt die Lehrkräfte, soziale Ängste zu erkennen und betroffene Schülerinnen und Schüler im Schulalltag anzuleiten.