bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sokak Lezzetlerinin Seçimini Etkileyen Faktörler
Authors: Özer Ayşe Nur , Önel Emre , Sünnetçioğlu Ayşe
Published: November 2024

Bu çalışmada nitel araştırma desenlerinden netnografya deseni kullanılmıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı Meksika, Güney Kore, Hindistan ve Kolombiya ülkelerine seyahat etmiş olan Türk gezginlerinin paylaştığı sokak lezzetleri videolarına Türk tüketiciler tarafından yapılan yorumları incelemek ve sokak lezzetlerinin seçimini etkileyen faktörleri ortaya koymaktır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda çalışmada; gezginlerin sokak lezzetleri ile ilgili çektikleri videolara yapılan yorumlar incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın evreni Youtube platformunda bulunan sokak lezzetlerine ilişkin gezgin videolarıdır. Hangi gezgine ait videoların araştırma analizine dâhil edileceği, amaçlı örnekleme yöntemi kullanılarak belirlenmiştir. Çalışma da Youtube platformuna sokak lezzetleri videolarına gelen 10.193 yorum incelenmiştir. İncelenen yorumların 796 tanesinin yemeğe ilişkin olduğu görülmüştür. Çalışmada nitel veriler kullanılmış ve gezginlerin sokak lezzetleri videolarına gelen yorumlara içerik analizi yapılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda Türk tüketiciler tarafından en çok kendi mutfağına benzetilen ülke Meksika olarak tespit edilmiştir. Ülke mutfaklarını tüketme eğilimi incelendiğinde ise yine Meksika Mutfağı, sokak lezzetlerini tüketmeye en çok eğilim gösterilen mutfak olarak saptanmıştır.
Quotients of sequences under the binomial convolution
Authors:   Tampere University, Haukkanen Pentti
Published: November 2024

This paper gives expressions for the solution $\{a(n)\}$ of the equation \begin{equation*} \sum_{k=0}^n{n \choose k}a(k)b(n-k)=c(n), \ n=0,1,2,\ldots, \end{equation*} where $b(0)\ne 0$, that is, of the equation $a \circ b = c$ in $a$, where $\circ$ is the binomial convolution. These expressions are classified as recursive, explicit, determinant, exponential generating function and convolutional expressions. These expressions are compared with those under the usual Cauchy convolution. Several special cases and examples of combinatorial nature are also discussed.
Vulnerabilidad del Área Metropolitana de Valparaíso ante incendios
Authors: Cima Vergara Macarena Alejandra
Published: November 2024

Sin lugar a dudas, la vulnerabilidad ante desastres tanto en Chile como en el resto del mundo ha crecido en el contexto del cambio climático. Desastres como los incendios son cada vez más frecuentes e intensos en cuanto a daños territoriales. El Área Metropolitana de Valparaíso ha sido escenario de estos eventos en diversas oportunidades durante los últimos diez años, motivo por el que se han realizado una serie de diagnósticos territoriales, además de planes de reconstrucción para la comuna de Valparaíso, en 2014, y para las comunas de Viña del Mar, Quilpué y Villa Alemana, en 2024. Estos instrumentos sientan un precedente de conocimiento y acción a partir de los cuales, como planificadores, podemos analizar los aprendizajes y utilizarlos en virtud de actuar para disminuir los riesgos ante mega incendios en el Área Metropolitana de Valparaíso. El presente artículo estudia los casos de los incendios de los años 2014 y 2024 en cuanto a sus diagnósticos y también a los aprendizajes que se puedan aplicar de forma concreta el día de hoy en esta materia.
Incidence of cumulative degree-days on asphalt mixture aging in regions of Ecuador
Authors: Vila Romaní Rolando , Mera Intriago Walter Antonio
Published: November 2024

The aging of asphalt mixes affects the durability of the pavement. The characteristics of the mixture interact in a complex way with the temperature and service time on site, so the use of the cumulated degree-days (CDD) criterion is possible. The work’s objective is to analyze the aging of the mixtures in the Coastal and Andean regions, through the application of the CDD related to the stiffness modulus at 20 °C in the NAT equipment, obtained from cores sampling in roads built in different years and to make observations regarding existing damages associated with durability. Seven sections were selected from similar mixtures placed between 0 and 14 years ago, made with crushed alluvial materials and AC-20 asphalt from the Esmeraldas refinery. The results show that the aging evaluated through the stiffness modulus presented a greater impact in the Coastal region than in the Andean region due to its higher temperatures, allowing the use of the CDD to unify the behaviors in the two regions into a single relationship. Observations show that the probable range of the progressive evolution of damages, from its beginning to its critical phase, is from 45.000 to 80.000 °C-days.
Fatigue vulnerability assessment of a steel arch bridge using the probabilistic weibull model and considering its remaining service life under localized corrosion effects
Authors: Nuñez-Moreno Federico A. , Lozano Acosta Luisa Fernanda , Silva Fajardo Maria Camila , Muñoz Diaz Edgar Eduardo , Campo Neira Indira
Published: November 2024

This study attempts to obtain the approximate fatigue vulnerability of a steel arch bridge from the Colombian national road network. It establishes the interaction between the demand and the available capacity through the Weibull probability equation, and an AASHTO remaining-time equation indicated in (FHWA, 2015). However, the available capacity in terms of the S-N curve obtained from available international references was modified to account for the effects of corrosion present in elements and/or joints in the bridge. The load demand was modeled as the controlled action of the fatigue truck reported in AASHTO, which was systematically located on a structural model represented by Shell and Frame type finite elements, which represented the information available in drawings (in the current Colombian bridge management system), and the one obtained from structural survey activities. The structural model was further calibrated by a parametric study on the modulus of elasticity of steel, which included the minimization of the error difference in the vertical deflections of a bridge load test, keeping the magnitude within the expected ranges established in a protocol. Such reports of actual deflections were achieved using distance meters at important points of the bridge. This model allowed for estimating the magnitude of stresses in the structural elements of the bridge, especially in an area of interest for the study where chemical and physical elements of structural deficiency were determined. The results show an inverse relationship between the probability of failure and remaining service life. The effect of corrosion on the remaining capacity and the probability of failure of the structural elements is clear.
Ecuadorian asphalt aging in laboratory and field. Relationships and analysis
Authors: Vila Romaní Rolando , Mera Intriago Walter Antonio , García Cucalón Lorena
Published: November 2024

The aging of asphalt binders has a great impact on the behavior of pavement. The specifications for performance grade include tests on short-term (RTFOT) and long-term (PAV) aged residues. However, aging is greater at the top of wearing course than deeper zones, long-term tests do not correlate accurately with field aging and in the latter, the incidence of local temperature is not considered accurately. The objective is to relate the aging of Ecuadorian asphalt at the laboratory level, applying different conditioning times in the PAV, with the field aging from asphalts recovered from the top of pavements surface in selected roads of the Andean and Coastal regions, with different construction times and cumulated degree-days (CDD), using certain rheological parameters. As a result, in the Ecuadorian asphalt, the RTFOT residue is equivalent to field aging of 1.1 years in the Coastal region and 1.7 years in the Andean region. On the other hand, the usual PAV of 20 hours corresponds to field aging of 5.8 years for the Coastal region and 9.3 years for the Andean region. The progressive evolution of damage to our roads, without considering traffic, corresponds to conditioning times in the PAV between 13.0 and 26.6 hours.
Barreiras à implementação da Indústria 4.0 no Polo Industrial de Manaus
Authors: Andrade Sheyla Cardoso , Rodriguez Carlos Manuel Taboada , Machado Nazaré Toyoda , Pincheira Jaime Guillermo Castillo
Published: November 2024

A era da Indústria 4.0 está transformando os setores econômicos por meio da integração de tecnologias como inteligência artificial, IoT, big data, robótica avançada e manufatura aditiva, aumentando eficiência e inovação. O Polo Industrial de Manaus (PIM), um dos principais centros industriais da América Latina, enfrenta desafios na adoção dessas tecnologias, especialmente no setor industrial de eletrodomésticos, o que prejudica seu desenvolvimento econômico e competitividade. Identificar as barreiras à adoção da Indústria 4.0 é crucial para propor soluções que preservem empregos e promovam o progresso industrial. A pesquisa adotou uma abordagem mista, combinando métodos qualitativos e quantitativos. Inicialmente foram identificadas as barreiras com base na literatura mundial, as que posteriormente foram legitimadas com especialistas da área. Em seguida a aplicação da metodologia DEMATEL revelou barreiras importantes para a adoção da Indústria 4.0 no Polo Industrial de Manaus, como falta de infraestrutura tecnológica, necessidade de capacitação, segurança cibernética e alto custo de implementação. Além disso, fatores como resistência à mudança e interoperabilidade atuam como obstáculos que dificultam o avanço tecnológico. O estudo oferece uma estrutura útil para gestores, auxiliando na compreensão dessas barreiras e nas relações entre elas.
Evaluating the Genetic Landscape of (Plasmodium falciparum) PfKelch13 Gene Polymorphisms in Côte d'Ivoire Following a Decade of Artemisinin-based Combination Therapy
Authors: Baba Coulibaly , Ako Aristide Berenger , Assi Serge Brice , Landry Tiacoh N’guessan , Eric Adji Gbessi Aka , Josée Brou Somela Marie , Florence Ehouman Marie , Gnamien Laeticia , Aristide Coulibaly M’lanhoro , Sylvain Beourou , Issiaka Bassinka , Adama Soumahoro , Florence Kadjo , Didier Menard , Antoine Tanoh Mea , Koné Penali , N’guetta Assanvo Simon-Pierre , Touré André Offianan
Published: November 2024

Introduction: Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) are the mainstay of malaria treatment globally. However, their effectiveness is threatened by the emergence of resistance in Plasmodium falciparum (P.f), particularly in Southeast Asia (SEA). Specific mutations within the pfKelch13 gene, such as Cys-580-Tyr, Arg-539-Thr, Tyr-493-His, and Ile-543-Thr, have been strongly linked to delayed parasite clearance following ACT treatment. This study aimed to investigate polymorphisms within the pfKelch13 gene (also known as the K13-propeller or K13 gene) in four regions of Côte d'Ivoire. Côte d'Ivoire experiences year-round malaria transmission and has utilized ACTs for over a decade.
Methods: From September 2013 to July 2014, samples were collected from patients residing in Abidjan (south), Ayamé (southeast), Man (west), and Korhogo (north) who presented with microscopically confirmed uncomplicated malaria. Following Plasmodium falciparum DNA extraction, nested PCR was employed to amplify an 849 bp fragment of the pfKelch13 gene. Amplicons were subsequently sequenced and analyzed using BioEdit software.
Results: 531 DNA sequences were analyzed including 301 (58.7%) from Abidjan, 61(11.5%) from Ayamé, 93 (17.5%) from Man and 76 (13.4%) from Korhogo. Only 20 isolates carrying 22 mutations were observed including 6 non-synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNP): 4 in Abidjan (Asp-535-Met; Ala-578-Ser; Phe-583-Ser and Ile-601-Thr) and 2 in Korhogo (Asp-559-Asn and Val-510-Met). Only synonymous SNP (sSNP) were identified in the two other Towns. The proportion of mutated pfK13 sequences is 3.8% (20/531).
Conclusion: The identification of non-synonymous mutations in this study underscores the importance of heightened surveillance for potential ACT resistance in Plasmodium falciparum within Côte d'Ivoire. Combining in vitro assays, such as the Ring-stage Survival Assay, with molecular testing will be crucial for definitively determining the phenotypic impact of these mutations on parasite susceptibility to ACTs.
Uncovering the Anthropogenic Influences on Water Quality: A Case of Lake Victoria Shores, Entebbe, Uganda
Authors: Nur Mustafe Said , Nabukonde Ameria , Barakagira Alex
Published: November 2024

Lakes serve as vital ecosystems, providing freshwater resources and habitats for diverse species. However, human activities, particularly around lakeshores, have led to significant environmental degradation, including heavy metal contamination. Lake Victoria, the second-largest freshwater lake globally, has been severely impacted by pollution from industrial, agricultural, and urban sources. This research aims at examining the influence of the anthropogenic activities on the water quality of Lake Victoria. Specifically, the study tried to determine the activities undertaken at the Lake shores of Lake Victoria; determined the physico-chemical parameters of the water from the shores and the heavy metal concentration in the water samples obtained from the shores of Lake Victoria. This study utilized a cross-sectional and experimental research designs to assess water quality and anthropogenic influences around Lake Victoria. A total of 150 residents from selected communities were surveyed using a semi-structured questionnaire to gather demographic information, perceptions of water quality and the activities carried out within the shores of Lake Victoria. Water samples were collected from multiple sites along the lake shores for analysis of heavy metals using the Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). Water quality parameters were determined In-situ using a multi-parameter water testing kit and Hanna instrument. Results showed that the anthropogenic activities that could have contributed to water degradation include: fishing, transport, agriculture and construction among others.  Apart from pH which was outside the permissible limits, all the other water parameters were within the WHO permissible limits. Considering the heavy metal concentration, all the sampled sites apart from one inlet, had the concentrations above the WHO permissible levels an indication of significant heavy metal contamination in the Lake Victoria shores. These findings highlight the urgent need for targeted pollution control measures and regular monitoring to mitigate further environmental degradation. Effective interventions, including stricter regulations and sustainable land use practices within the Victoria shores are essential for safeguarding the lake's ecosystem and the health of surrounding communities.
A Prospective Randomised Comparative Study of Baska Mask and I-Gel for Airway Management in Elective Surgeries: Focus on Airway Sealing Pressure, Insertion Time, and Haemodynamic Response
Authors: Sridharan Nandeeswaran Kola , Sutrave Santhosh Kumar
Published: November 2024

Introduction: General anesthetic procedure requires a safe and open airway. Endotracheal intubation is the gold standard for airway management; it is being replaced by supraglottic airway devices because they are easy to introduce, better tolerated and results in a lesser haemodynamic response. As both the Baska mask and I-gel have a non-inflatable self-sealing mechanism, these two devices were compared in our study in terms of time taken for insertion, airway sealing pressure, the number of attempts, hemodynamic changes, and complications.
Methods: A Prospective comparative study was conducted on 90 patients (45 in each group), aged 18-60 years, undergoing elective surgeries under general anesthesia at Tertiary care Hospital, Madurai. Patients were randomized into two groups using the computer generated statistical software STATA version14 (Texas, USA): Group B: Airway was secured by insertion of Baska mask. Group I: Airway was secured by insertion of I Gel. Following assessments were done to evaluate the SAD: Time taken to insert the device, airway sealing pressure, rate of successful insertion, number of attempts, Haemodynamic parameters, laryngopharyngeal morbidity. Data were analyzed using Student t-tests and chi-square tests, with p < 0.05 considered significant.
Results: The mean airway sealing pressure of the Baska mask (26.1+6.1 cmH2O) was significantly higher than that of the I-gel (23.1± 5.9 cmH2O) with a P value of 0.019 which was statistically significant. In our study the time taken to insert the device, for Baska mask it was 18.9+4.1 seconds and for the I gel it was 17.2±5.1 seconds with a P value of 0.089 which was statistically insignificant. In our study there was no statistical difference between Baska mask and I-gel groups in regards to hemodynamic changes (Heart rate and Mean arterial pressure). This may be due to the same stress response produced by the both devices.
Conclusion: Baska mask is superior to I-gel in positive pressure ventilation under general anaesthesia for short surgical procedures with statistically significant higher airway sealing pressure though it has comparable time of insertion, haemodynamic changes and laryngopharyngeal morbidity.
Assessing the Effects of Climate Change on Human Security: Case of Nyahururu Sub-county, Laikipia County, Kenya
Authors: Serem Rebecca Chemutai , Naburi Namenya Daniel , Mugendi David
Published: November 2024

Climate change poses a significant threat to human security by exacerbating societal challenges, potentially leading to widespread despair. The primary objective of this study was to assess the effects of climate change on human security in Nyahururu Sub-County. The study adopted a concurrent triangulation research design. The study targeted the residents (household heads) of Nyahururu Sub-County, including farmers, pastoralists, ranchers and traders, who were distributed across the 4 locations/administrative units: Gituamba, Marmanet, Ngarua and Nyahururu. According to the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics, Nyahururu Sub-County had an estimated population of approximately 154,704 individuals and a total of 44,073 households as of the 2019 census. The study was conducted between 2021 and 2024. The study used both quantitative and qualitative methods. Data collection involved questionnaires, key informant interviews and focus group discussions, with stratified random sampling for household heads and purposive sampling for key informants. Data were analyzed using frequencies, percentages and thematic analysis. The study found that Nyahururu Sub-    County experiences fluctuations in both temperature and precipitation levels from 1989 to 2023, with mean daily maximum temperatures ranging from 22.8°C to 24.4°C and total annual precipitation varying between 665.1 mm and 771.7 mm. These trends indicate climate variability rather than a consistent long-term change in either temperature or precipitation. The study recommends targeted interventions to enhance community capacity, strengthen governance structures and promote sustainable livelihoods to mitigate the impacts of climate change on human security.
Molecular Confirmation for Gall Midge (Biotype 3) Resistance in Phenotypically Resistant Rice Genotypes Using Functional Markers
Authors: Kumar Anil , Hari Y. , Suresh J. , Srinivas B. , Omprakash S. , Reddy C. Narendra , Pal Saikat , Kumar R. Shravan , Edukondalu B.
Published: November 2024

This study performed molecular screening of rice genotypes, which showed no gall infestation in field conditions at the Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Jagtial, during rabi, 2021-22. using functional markers such as “gm3del3” for the gm3 gene, “LRR del” for the Gm4 gene, and “PRP” for the Gm8 gene, six genotypes were analyzed. WGL-1145 contained all three resistance genes (gm3, Gm4, and Gm8). Additionally, three genotypes namely WGL-1147, WGL-1127, and Kakai had the Gm4 and Gm8 genes, while RP-5332-54-11-8-2-13 had only Gm8 and IR72476-B-P-9-3-1-1 possessed only gm3. These findings contribute to developing new rice varieties with resistance to gall midge, which can improve crop yields and food security in affected regions. Some promising rice varieties may be used as donors in breeding programs aimed at creating pyramided lines with durable gall midge resistance.
Emergence of African Traditional Medicine: Understanding the Learning Process and Pedagogic Implications for Adolescents of the North West Region of Cameroon
Authors: Lukong Tani Emmanuel
Published: November 2024

This article examines the global debates about indigenous knowledge and Africa’s traditional medicine from the pedagogy perspective. This study investigated the emergence of African traditional medicine with keen attention on understanding the learning/apprenticeship process and deducing pedagogic implications for adolescents’ learners in the North west Region of Cameroon. Specifically, the paper examined the extent, traditional medicine influence the development of cognitive skills in adolescents. The development of cognitive skills in late adolescents is marked by social competence, decision making, and problem solving. A conceptual review of the major concepts was done. Theoretically, the article was anchored on the social learning theory of Bandura (1977). A convergent parallel mixed method research design was used. The sample of the study emerged through purposive and convenient sampling techniques. A pilot study was done with 10 participants. Interviews were conducted with 15 elders and a questionnaire for 150 adolescents drawn from 6 villages in Oku Subdivision, namely: Elak, Jikijem, Lui, Manchok, Keyon and Simonkoh. Quantitative data was entered using EpiData Version 3.1 (EpiData Association, Odense Denmark, 2008) and analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Standard version, Release 21.0 (IBM Inc. 2012). Interviews and focus group discussions were transcribed verbatim. Each interview or focus group was prepared as a single primary document and assigned for coding and analysis in Atlas.Ti 5.2 software (Atlas.ti Scientific Software Development GmbH, Berlin, Germany). Statistically the weight of traditional medicine = 80.3%; Traditional medicine (R=0.382; P=0.000);. These are marked by alertness, critical thinking, decision making, social competence, problem solving, imagination, mathematical abilities, etc. From the study it is recommended that indigenous practices be taught formally in schools and that indigenous medicines be studied more keenly and upgraded.
Analysing the Impact of Natural Disasters, Pandemics and Other Crisis on Employment and Workforce Dynamics
Authors: Bello Abdul-waliyyu , Njoku Tochukwu , Wonuola Idris , Obunadike Callistus , Idowu Olumuyiwa , Ajadi Esther , Adebisi Aderonke , Aroks Ebiere , Adeyeri Adesola
Published: November 2024

This study investigates the impact of recent crises such as natural disasters and pandemics on employment and workforce dynamics using a Random Forest machine learning model. The data was collected through a detailed questionnaire analyzing various factors, including demographic information, employment status, the impact of crises, job security, coping mechanisms, and future outlook. The findings reveal that most respondents are young adults, with a higher percentage engaged in full-time or self-employment roles. Crises, notably COVID-19, led to significant financial impacts such as reduced salaries and layoffs, with many experiencing jobs in security and moderate to high stress levels. A substantial portion of the workforce transitioned to remote work, though many reported inadequate employer support. The analysis of the Random Forest model indicates a moderate performance in predicting workforce dynamics, with accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 scores highlighting the complexity of this issue. The study provides practical recommendations such as enhancing remote work infrastructure, improving financial and mental health support, and promoting workforce adaptability to mitigate the adverse effects of future crises and ensure a resilient workforce.
Decoding The Controversy: An Investigation Into The Impact Of Frequent Texting Language Use On Undergraduate Students' Academic Writing
Authors: Junior Braimoh, Jimoh , Ehigie Dare Eriel,
Published: November 2024

This study aims to explore the potential relationship between the prevalence of mobile phone text messaging (SMS) and the use of abbreviations in academic writing among students at a Nigerian University. Our investigation examines the hypothesis that the surge in SMS abbreviations in academic writing may not solely be linked to an increase in the students' use of abbreviations. Factors such as the context of the writing and the mental state of the students could also impact their decision to employ abbreviations. To gather data, a questionnaire-based survey was conducted with 62 students in 2015, probing their adoption of texting language and its influence on their written assignments. Furthermore, document analysis was carried out on 72 notebooks, 126 written tasks, and 85 examination scripts provided by the students' professor for validation and deeper insights. The hypothesis posited that the influence of texting on students' writing may not have a significant negative impact, and if present, it would be minimal. The results from the analysis revealed that while students were more inclined to use texting language for note-taking purposes, a substantial proportion utilized abbreviations in their assignments compared to examination scripts. This indicates that students demonstrated an awareness of the formal requirements associated with examinations and adjusted their writing style accordingly. The findings suggest that students integrated SMS abbreviations into their notes, written tasks, and exam scripts. However, it was observed that the abbreviations used in the written assignments predominantly comprised standard abbreviations widely accepted in dictionaries and within the realm of linguistics, the student's area of expertise. This research provides valuable insights into the complex dynamics between technology, language, and culture, contributing to a deeper understanding of the influence of texting language on academic writing in the context of Nigerian university students
The Scientific And Technological Research Capacity Of The Vietnamese Trade Union And Some Issues Raised
Authors: Khoa Nguyen Huy , Hoang Nguyen Dang , Thanh Tran Thi
Published: November 2024

In the context of globalization and the rapid development of science and technology (S&T), enhancing S&T research capacity has become a crucial factor for organizations, including the Vietnamese Trade Union. The role of the Trade Union is not only limited to protecting workers' rights but also requires active participation in research and application of S&T to help improve working conditions, increase production efficiency, and enhance the lives of workers. However, the S&T research capacity of Trade Union organizations in Vietnam still faces many limitations and has yet to meet the development needs and demands of practical situations. This article assesses the current state of S&T research capacity of the Vietnamese Trade Union, identifies existing issues, and proposes solutions to improve research quality, contributing to promoting activities to protect workers' rights in the new context
Management Of Inguinal Hernias In Adults In Mulongo: A Local Anesthesia Approach
Authors: Mbbf Mutonkole Emmanuel , Katambwa Prince Muteba , Kasanga Trésor Kibangula , Jospin Mutonkole Lunda , Ilunga Guy-René Nday
Published: November 2024

Introduction: Inguinal hernia, passage through the transversalis fascia of a peritoneal diverticulum, is a common condition often requiring surgical intervention. It represents one of the most frequent reasons for consultation in surgery, with a worldwide incidence estimated at 4.6% of the population. Objective: Describe the epidemiological, clinical aspects and therapeutic modalities of sublocal hernia repair of inguinal hernias in adults in the territory of Mulongo. Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional and prospective study was conducted during a campaign of free general surgery operations in Mulongo, Haut-Lomami, DRC, between June 1, 2021 and December 31, 2021. Local anesthesia with xylocaine was used. The parameters evaluated were frequency, age, sex, anatomoclinical type, type of anesthesia and postoperative evolution. Results :A total of 162 patients were included. The mean age was 41.5 years (range: 18-70). There were 90.7% men, the sex ratio was 9.8. The hernia was simple in 95.6% of cases and located on the right in 50% of cases. In 4.4% of cases the hernia was operated on urgently (strangulated and engorged and painful). Postoperative pain was the most common postoperative complication found in 54.9% of cases. Conclusion: The management of inguinal hernias in adults in Mulongo is often carried out under local anesthesia, due to the high prevalence of this pathology in the professional context of patients. Inguinal hernia thus remains a significant problem in this region, justifying adapted approaches such as local anesthesia
Comparative Study Of BISAP Score With APACHE-II Scoring System To Determine The Severity Of Acute Pancreatitis
Authors: Shahid Dr Mohammad
Published: November 2024

Introduction: Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a significant abdominal emergency characterized by inflammation of the pancreas, primarily due to autodigestion by pancreatic enzymes. Early severity assessment is crucial for management, as severe cases lead to complications and mortality. While various scoring systems exist, the Bedside Index for Severity in Acute Pancreatitis (BISAP) and APACHE-II (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation) scores are commonly used, each with unique advantages and limitations in severity prediction. Objective: This study aims to compare the effectiveness of BISAP and APACHE-II scores in predicting acute pancreatitis severity, helping clinicians optimize treatment decisions. Methods: This observational study was conducted at SMS Hospital, Jaipur, involving 76 patients diagnosed with AP based on clinical, biochemical, and imaging criteria. Participants were assessed using both BISAP and APACHE-II scoring within 24 hours of admission, with a focus on accuracy in predicting severe cases and outcomes. Results: Among participants, the mean age was 43 years, and 84.2% were male. Gallstone disease was the leading cause of AP (55.2%), followed by alcohol (34.2%). BISAP scores ≥3 was associated with significantly higher mortality, highlighting BISAP’s predictive accuracy. The mean BISAP score was 1.86 ± 1.09, while the APACHE-II score was 6.97 ± 5.66, indicating more severe classifications using BISAP. The study found a moderate positive correlation between BISAP and APACHE-II scores, though only BISAP scores significantly predicted patient outcomes. Conclusion: BISAP offers a rapid and accurate assessment tool for AP severity, especially suitable for early intervention in high-risk patients. Compared to APACHE-II, BISAP is simpler, cost-effective, and demonstrates a high negative predictive value, making it more practical for acute settings.
Outcomes Of Early And Delayed Intervention Of Maxillofacial Trauma
Authors: Mitra Dr. Geeti Vajdi , R. Vyas Dr. Sushmita , Agrawal Dr. Divya
Published: November 2024

Background: Maxillofacial trauma is routinely evaluated on the basis of high and low velocity injuries, types of fractures in the literature. On the other hand, we have evaluated them on the basis of timing of surgery after trauma and their outcomes. In India RTA (Road traffic accidents) scenario is quite different from other countries. The highway traffic consists of a variety of vehicles from a cyclist, a two-wheeler, a four-wheeler to a heavy loaded truck. Animals like cows and dogs frequent the highways. Hence, we have classified the patients based on Single jaw and Panfacial fractures with or without the presence of extensive soft tissue injuries. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective record-based descriptive study, 200 patients that were treated at Sri Aurobindo Hospital between January 2023 to July 2024 for maxillofacial trauma were reviewed. Of which 176 patients were surgically operated, averaging 30 years of age and ranging from 12-70 years. For the purpose of our study these 176 patients were categorized into two groups, first of single jaw fractures(108 patients) and second of Panfacial fractures (68 patients). Single Jaw fractures were further divided as mandibular (84 patients); maxilla & zygomaticomaxillary complex fractures (24 patients). These were further evaluated and categorized as those patients who were treated within 72 hours (Early) and after 72 hours (Delayed) following injury. All patients of both the groups were treated with open reduction and internal fixation. Individual complications that of soft tissue dehiscence, plate/bone exposure, bone graft rejection, oroantral/palatal fistula, non-union of fractured segments, infections were analyzed. These complications were again assessed on the basis of their timing; those occurring within 72 hours and those after 72 hours. Results: When each type of complication was compared and evaluated, there was significantly more complication noted among delayed group than in early group. Conclusion: The restoration of the aesthetics and functionality of the face, post-trauma is a critical and an arduous task. As the anatomical complexity of the face must be addressed, timely intervention to achieve optimal functional and aesthetic outcomes is pertinent. Thus, the treatment should be done at the earliest when feasible
Development Overview Of Communication Satellites For Television Transmission
Authors: Jaksic Branimir , Todorovic Jelena , Maksimovic Vladimir , Sarkocevic Ivan , Bojanic Slobodan
Published: November 2024

This paper presents a survey of data related to development of the communication satellites for TV broadcasting, located in the geostationary orbit, for the period starting with the emergence of the first commercial satellite television broadcasting in 1965 up to 2023. It presents development of the satellite network technology through the number of satellites and active satellite transponders in the Ku and C bands at the end of each year for the mentioned period. These numbers are presented graphically for differentgeographical zones
Vaccines:
DNA
Authors: Tiriveedhi Venkataswarup
Published: June 2018

From their initial discovery, DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) vaccines have evolved considerably in the past three decades to become a viable alternative to the traditional active and live attenuated vaccines. While the safety profile of DNA vaccines is highly promising, there still seem to be some looming challenges with their efficiency. A range of modifications have been made to optimise the immunogenicity and functional efficiency of DNA vaccines including plasmid backbone optimisation, delivery methodology, formulation and therapeutic regimen adaptation. Although most of these changes have provided iterative benefits, a more thorough understanding is needed for lasting success.

Key Concepts

DNA vaccines offer a novel viable immunisation against infectious diseases and cancers.

Plasmid design and adjuvant formulation enhances the DNA vaccine outcomes.

Efficient activation of cellular and humoral response dictates the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines.

Categorisation of various factors which affect DNA vaccination strategy into ‘five immune forces’.

Next‐generation sequencing and mutanome analysis seem to offer promising future prospects to DNA vaccination.
Autoimmune Disease: Treatment
Authors: Elkhalifa Shuayb , Anwar Siddiq , Karim Yousuf
Published: June 2018

In the past decade, there have been significant advances in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Biologic therapies (BT), which are targeted at cells and molecules involved in the mechanisms of autoimmunity, provided an exciting era of much promise, which resulted in amelioration of morbidity and mortality in these diseases.

The armoury of conventional immunotherapeutic agents, such as corticosteroids, azathioprine (AZA) and methotrexate (MTX), has been progressively improved by the addition of targeted BT, which may possess less toxicity and undesirable side effects. Many researchers are seeking to identify and trial novel immunotherapeutic strategies. Important examples include therapies aimed at influencing immune cells (e.g. B cells) and molecules (e.g. costimulatory molecules and cytokines) which are thought to be important in disease pathogenesis.

On the other hand, autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT) has showed exciting outcome when used as a nontargeted treatment for severe and therapy‐refractory autoimmune diseases.

Overall, various immunotherapeutic strategies are used to treat autoimmune diseases; these have included conventional immunosuppressive drugs and targeted biologic agents. Clinical use, mechanism of actions and common side effects are important to understand.

Key Concepts

Autoimmunity is an immune response directed against an antigen within the body of the host. Not all autoimmunity is deleterious.

Autoimmune disease occurs when autoimmunity results in tissue damage or organ dysfunction.

There is emphasis on avoiding chronic corticosteroid therapy wherever possible, but acute treatment with corticosteroids remains essential in acute severe presentations of several autoimmune diseases.

Conventional immunosuppressive therapy remains both clinically efficacious and cost‐effective in many autoimmune diseases.

Biologic therapies are now well established in the current treatment of several autoimmune diseases. It is likely that currently unknown side effects of biologics will emerge, especially with prolonged uses. Biologic therapies are now recognised to cause secondary immunodeficiency in a minority of patients, for example hypogammaglobulinaemia.

Many new targeted biologic therapies with potentially less toxicities are in development, and will emerge into routine clinical practice over the next few years.
Mouse Knockouts: Modifying the Mouse Genome by Using Embryonic Stem Cells
Authors: Mansouri Ahmed
Published: June 2018

Mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells are derived from the early embryo. They are pluripotent and can be genetically manipulatedin vitro. This allows the modification of the mouse genome by gene targeting through homologous recombination and by gene trapping approaches. Thus, mouse mutants with any desired mutation can be created and represent a valuable tool to give new insights into normal and pathological processes, providing animal models for human genetic diseases. However, until recently such a genetic manipulation was limited to the mouse. New insights into the molecular mechanisms controlling pluripotency have led to the derivation of ES cells from different species, as well as from somatic cells (iPS). In addition, the discovery of designer nucleases has opened new avenues to edit the genome and generate any knockout/knockin animal for the gene of interest. Moreover, these custom nucleases are used to introduce mutations without the requirement of ES cells.

Key Concepts

Embryonic stem cells represent inner cell mass (ICM) cells that are maintained at the ground state of pluripotency.

The repair machinery of induced double‐strand breaks is the driving mechanism allowing the design of specific mutations for the gene of interest.

Homologous recombination allows the design of any desired genome editing.

Double‐strand breaks enhance the frequency of homologous recombination events.

The CRISPRs/Cas9 system can be used to modify the genome of any organism and therefore its application may touch some ethical and environmental issues.
An Introduction toX‐Ray Crystallography
Authors: Wilson Keith S
Published: June 2018

X‐ray crystallography is the prime technique for determining the 3D structure of chemical and biochemical compounds, providing the conformation of the molecules in the crystal in addition to their configuration. The use of X‐rays with wavelengths around 1 Å means that the positions of individual atoms in the molecule can be defined. However, the technique needs a crystal to amplify the signal from a single molecule, and crystal growth requires the compound under study to be homogenous and that all the molecules take up a single stable conformation in the crystal, which restricts crystallography to the study of long‐lived states. In small molecule structures, the molecules are closely packed with few solvent molecules present. In contrast, crystals of macromolecules contain on average roughly 50% aqueous solvent and as result are less well ordered, with the resolution of the experimental X‐ray data being less than atomic. Thus, while for small molecule structures there are sufficient experimental observations to provide accurate atomic positions, the more limited resolution of macromolecular structures means that the X‐ray observations must be supplemented by stereochemical restraints.

Key Concepts

It is vital to visualise molecules in 3D at the atomic level to fully understand their function.

X‐rays allow us to see such atomic structures, but require crystals to produce an amplified view of the structure.

The crystal works as an amplifier, producing an averaged view of many millions of similarly oriented molecules.

It is the electrons around the atoms which scatter X‐rays and thus provide an image of the electron density.

Crystallography reveals not only the configurations but in addition the 3D conformations of molecules.
Genetics of Primary Ovarian Insufficiency
Authors: Jiao Xue , Chen Zi‐Jiang
Published: June 2018

Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) is characterised by loss of ovarian function before the age of 40, and accounts for one major cause of female infertility. POI is highly heterogeneous in phenotype and aetiology. It has a strong genetic component, but aetiology in most cases remains idiopathic. Chromosomal abnormalities have long been recognised as a frequent cause of POI. On the basis of the candidate gene studies, single‐gene perturbations with a deleterious effect have been found in a few genes. Recent application in next‐generation sequencing (NGS) and whole‐exome approaches to familial POI have identified new causative genes responsible for POI. In the future, NGS studies will give more insight into the complex gene network involved in POI.

Key Concepts

Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) is characterised by marked heterogeneity, but with a significant genetic contribution.

Chromosomal abnormalities, especially the X chromosome aberrations, have long been recognised as a frequent cause of POI.

No single underlying dominant gene deficiency could explain the disorder further supports the genetic heterogeneity of POI aetiology.

Family‐based whole‐exome and whole‐genome sequencing appear to be the most promising approaches for detecting potential genes responsible for POI.

Most genes identified by whole‐exome sequencing in POI pedigrees were involved in meiosis, DNA repair and chromosomal instability.
Freshwater Fungi
Authors: Raja Huzefa A , Shearer Carol A , Tsui Clement K‐M
Published: June 2018

The shift from terrestrial to freshwater ecosystems is accompanied by a dramatic shift in the decomposer fungal assemblages. The life cycle of freshwater fungi complicates our understanding of the phylogenetic relationships in this group. The freshwater ascomycetes (teleomorphs) often have asexual states (referred to as anamorphs or mitosporic states) in their life cycles. The asexual states of freshwater ascomycetes are often adapted to aquatic life by producing spores (conidia) that are long and filamentous or branched; this facilitates their attachment to substrates in moving water. Some species have conidia that are tightly coiled to trap air or are hydrophobic and hollow; these adaptations allow them to float on the surface of water until they attach to a new substrate. The main ecological functions of freshwater fungi involve the breakdown of leaves, conifer needles, wood and other sources of coarse‐particulate organic matter. Training students in this field of fungi is imperative given the increase in global transportation of microbes, the rapid loss of healthy freshwater habitats due to human perturbation and global warming, the serious problem of antibiotic resistance and the rarity of trained taxonomists and molecular systematists in the field of mycology.

Key Concepts

Freshwater fungi are an ecological group of fungi and comprise both the meiosporic and mitosporic ascomycetes.

They are important decomposers in freshwater habitats as they produce different types of enzymes to breakdown organic matter.

The meiosporic ascomycetes are adapted to fresh water as their ascospores are equipped with gelatinous appendages or sheaths that are thought to help them attach to substrates in flowing or moving water. The mitosporic ascomycetes are adapted to freshwater habitats as they produce conidia, which are branched or long and filamentous, or have conidia which trap air for buoyancy and/or are hydrophobic.

Freshwater fungi are understudied source of novel secondary metabolites.

Phylogenetic studies on freshwater ascomycetes have shown that some species cluster with terrestrial ascomycete lineages while others belong in exclusive aquatic lineages.

Distributional patterns of freshwater ascomycetes show distinct latitudinal and elevational structuring, but additional comparative studies are required to better predict distribution patterns of freshwater fungi.

Species composition varies between lentic and lotic habitats, but more studies are warranted.

Some species are distributed worldwide in similar habitats – A pantropical distribution of freshwater ascomycetes exists.

As threats to freshwater biodiversity escalate, there is an urgent need to survey, collect and isolate freshwater fungal species, especially the poorly known but important taxa from the remaining high‐quality habitats.

The knowledge of this group is essential to our understanding of ascomycete systematics in general as well as the systematics of freshwater ascomycete fungi.
HSP40
/
DNAJ
Chaperones
Authors: Musskopf Maiara K , de Mattos Eduardo P , Bergink Steven , Kampinga Harm H
Published: June 2018

Members of the HSP40/DNAJ family comprise one of the largest groups of molecular chaperones, and are present in all living organisms from bacteria to humans. The hallmark of DNAJs is the presence of a J‐domain, which is crucial for interaction with HSP70. DNAJs can be seen as the workforce that steers HSP70 machines, regulating client input and specificity. The different DNAJs are involved in processes such as (re)folding, intracellular transport across membranes, protein modifications, remodelling of protein complexes and protein degradation. In particular, different DNAJs are able to suppress aggregate formation of several amyloidogenic proteins linked to human diseases. On the other hand, mutations in many DNAJs give rise to a wide range of pathologies, attesting to their fundamental role in cellular homeostasis and general protein quality control.

Key Concepts

Chaperome is the interconnected network of chaperones and cochaperones that works cooperatively to maintain protein homeostasis (Brehme and Voisine, 2016).

Molecular chaperone is a protein that assists folding, refolding, disaggregation and/or assembly of macromolecular complexes, but is not a permanent component of the final, native, functional structure. Chaperones can act as substrate ‘foldases’ in an ATP‐dependent manner or as ‘holdases’ in an ATP‐independent manner.

Folding is the formation of an energetically stable three‐dimensional conformation specific to a given protein sequence, also known as the native, functional conformation. On the other hand, misfolding happens when the protein does not reach its native conformation on a biologically relevant timescale.

Amyloidogenic proteins are proteins with a high tendency of folding into energetically favourable aggregates, which catalyse the formation of protein fibrils and plaques, and are associated to cellular toxicity and degeneration.

Protein disaggregation is the disentangling of protein aggregates through their resolubilization by chaperones, followed by their refolding or degradation.