bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LEARNING INTELLIGENCE – CHILDREN'S CHOICES OF THE BEST PUPILS IN THE MOTHER TONGUE AND MATHEMATICS
Authors: Räty Hannu , Kiiskinen Johanna , Nykky Merja
Published: May 2006

This study addressed children's perceptions and explanations of verbal and cognitive intelligence. A group of primary-school children (N = 119) from the second, the fourth, and the sixth grades were asked to choose the best pupils of their respective classes in their mother
tongue (native language) and mathematics and to give reasons for their choices. In the mother tongue, the children tended to favor their own gender in their choices, and boys and girls were chosen as the best pupils quite evenly. In mathematics, the boys selected only boys from the second
grade on, while the girls started selecting mostly boys from the fourth grade on only. In the mother tongue the consensus was low, and the choices were explained by referring to the pupil's positive classroom behavior and appropriate work habits. But in mathematics the consensus was high,
and the choices were explained by referring to the formal academic recognition that the best pupil had attained and to the speed and correctness of his/her performance. These findings seemed to suggest that mathematical ability is personified as a masculine domain and that our culture's
gender-bound representation of mathematical ability may well be inherent to the routines of the school institution.
AN EXAMINATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN QIGONG MEDITATION AND PERSONALITY
Authors: Leung Yvonne , Singhal Anthony
Published: May 2006

Qigong meditation is an ancient form of meditation that has been linked with various health benefits. We were interested in whether or not this form of meditation has a relationship with personality. To this end, we administered the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI) to eighty Qigong
meditation practitioners and seventy-four non-practitioners. The results showed that the number of years of Qigong practice was negatively correlated with neuroticism, but there was no relationship with extraversion. Even after controlling for age, gender, and education level, the practitioners
were significantly less neurotic than the nonpractitioners. The study of Qigong meditation and personality may lead to a greater understanding of the various disorders characterized by high neuroticism, and may provide a viable treatment option for long-term health.
PERSONALITY CORRELATES OF HEALTH OUTCOMES IN SUDANESE UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
Authors: Hamid Abdalla A.R.M.
Published: May 2006

Individual differences play a salient and vital role in the person's responses to different stressors. Hence, various individuals are expected to differ in health outcome resulting from encountering stressful situations. This study aimed at identifying personality traits in Sudanese
university students and investigating the nature of the relationship between these traits and psychological disturbances measured by the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28-item version, Goldberg & Williams, 1988). The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ-R, 48 items, Eysenck, Eysenck,&
Barrett, 1985) was used to assess personality traits. One hundred psychology students (mean age 23.7) participated in the study. The majority (80%) of the students were females. The results revealed a strong positive relationship between neuroticism (N) on one hand and somatic symptoms,
anxiety and depression on the other hand. Extraversion (E) was negatively related to anxiety, depression, somatic symptoms and social dysfunction. No significant sex or age difference was found in psychological disturbances measured by the GHQ or in personality traits – apart from a
positive association between E and age. Unlike studies carried out in other countries which showed females to be more anxious and more neurotic, the present study did not find sex differences in anxiety and neuroticism. When a cutoff point of 4 was used, 20% of the students were classified
as psychiatric cases. This may indicate the widespread prevalence of psychological disorders amongst Sudanese university students.
STANISLAVSKI'S ACTING METHOD AND CONTROL THEORY: COMMONALITIES ACROSS TIME, PLACE, AND FIELD
Authors: Bilgrave Dyer P. , Deluty Robert H.
Published: May 2006

Constantin Stanislavski revolutionized 20th century theater by developing a highly articulated and practical system of acting, now referred to simply as “the method.” Stanislavski's method presents a model of human behavior and motivation that is strikingly similar
to the “control theory” of psychologists Charles Carver and Michael Scheier. These similarities are in the areas of (a) the regulation of behavior by goals, (b) the process of goal formation, (c) the hierarchical organization of behavior, (d) the disruption of goals by obstacles,
(e) outcome expectancies, (f) the sequencing of behavior into units, and (g) the formation of identity. These commonalities provide something akin to “construct validity” for the basic assertions of each model.
FAMILY ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AS CORRELATES FOR ADOLESCENT SUICIDAL BEHAVIORS IN THE LIMPOPO PROVINCE OF SOUTH AFRICA
Authors: Madu Sylvester N. , Matla Ma-Queen P.
Published: May 2006

The perceived family environmental factors that could correlate with adolescent suicidal behaviors in the Limpopo Province (South Africa) were investigated. The participants were 435 secondary school adolescents from the Pietersburg area in the Limpopo Province of whom 56% were female, and 44% were male, aged between 15–19 years. A questionnaire was used to determine demographic variables, family environmental factors (Moos & Moos, 1989), and suicidal behaviors. Logistic regression analysis showed that: conflict in a family was a significant correlate for three forms of suicidal behaviors studied; family independence, family cohesion, and family organization were also indicated as significant correlates for suicidal threats, however, family independence and organization correlate negatively with suicidal threat. Mental health workers and educators should consider these findings when planning preventive and therapeutic strategies for the minimization of suicidal behaviors among adolescents in the province.
THE HIERARCHICAL STRUCTURE OF THE INTERPERSONAL REACTIVITY INDEX
Authors: Pulos Steven , Elison Jeff , Lennon Randy
Published: May 2006

The hierarchical factor structure of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) (Davis, 1980) inventory was investigated with the Schmid-Leiman orthogonalization procedure (Schmid & Leiman, 1957). The sample consisted of 409 college students. The analysis found that the IRI could
be factored into four first-order factors, corresponding to the four scales of the IRI, and two second-order orthogonal factors, a general empathy factor and an emotional control factor.
DISTINGUISHING AROUSAL FROM NOVELTY AND CHALLENGE IN INITIAL ROMANTIC ATTRACTION BETWEEN STRANGERS
Authors: Lewandowski Gary W. , Aron Arthur P.
Published: May 2006

This study attempts to disentangle the influence of arousal from novelty and challenge in the context of interpersonal attraction. Further, this study attempts to demonstrate the robustness of the arousal/attraction effect. Cross-sex stranger pairs participated in one of four game-like
physical activities in a 2 (high vs. low novelty/challenge) X 2 (high vs. low arousal) between-pairs design, then completed a measure of romantic attraction. As predicted, those participating in highly arousing activities showed significantly greater romantic attraction to their partners
than did those participating in less arousing activities. There were no significant effects for novelty/challenge, contrary to expectations based on theory and previous parallel research showing such effects on love and satisfaction for couples in long-term relationships. Additionally,
this is the first study to show an arousal-attraction effect using real randomly paired partners (as opposed to confederates or photographs), in which their actual interaction was the source of arousal.
COMPARATIVE BEHAVIORAL RESPONSE TO FUTURE EARTHQUAKES: THE CASES OF TURKEY AND USA
Authors: Kasapoglu Aytül , Ecevit Mehmet
Published: May 2006

Loss of life and property from earthquakes is extensive and continues to grow in developing societies. On the other hand culture and social change have become key concepts in studies of mitigation of both natural and human-made disasters. The primary aim of this study is to demonstrate the impact of knowledge in terms of risk information on what people have thought and done to be prepared for the next probable earthquakes in both the USA and Turkey. In this cross-cultural comparative study, similar data to those from the Mileti's Bay Area study (1995) have been collected and analyzed. The present study revealed that for risks, knowledge alone is not sufficient and societal factors–along with the urgent need for cultural change in accordance with sustainable development–should be taken into consideration.
PREDICTING ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR: INTEGRATING THE FUNCTIONAL AND ROLE IDENTITY APPROACHES
Authors: Finkelstein Marcia A. , Penner Louis A.
Published: May 2006

Motive and role identity, previously studied as predictors of volunteerism, were examined as correlates of another discretionary prosocial behavior, Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB). County employees (181 females, 62 males) completed questionnaires that measured frequency of
OCB, motives for the behavior, and the degree to which the respondents had developed an organizational citizen identity. Motives concerned with the desire to help co-workers and/or the organization proved to be better predictors of OCB than those concerned with the desire for Impression
Management. A citizen role identity also correlated with citizenship behavior but, contrary to expectation, mediated the relationship between OCB and motive only partly. The findings suggest that similar mechanisms are involved in sustaining both volunteerism and OCB.
PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR AND JOB PERFORMANCE: DOES THE NEED FOR CONTROL AND THE NEED FOR ACHIEVEMENT MAKE A DIFFERENCE?
Authors: Baruch Yehuda , O'Creevy Mark Fenton , Hind Patricia , Vigoda-Gadot Eran
Published: May 2006

This study examined the relationship between job performance and prosocial behavior at work using several variables that to date have received little or no attention in the literature. It focuses on employees' need for control, need for achievement, and the more commonly studied variable of organizational commitment as direct predictors of prosocial behavior and ultimately as indirect antecedents of job performance. Eight hundred and forty-six employees from 41 organizations participated in the study. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) supported a direct relationship between need for achievement and job performance. However, no relationship was found between need for control and job performance. Moreover, when both personality variables were controlled for, the effect of prosocial behavior and commitment on job performance disappeared. This finding suggests that further work on the mediating effects of prosocial behavior and commitment on job performance is needed. Additional suggestions are given about the relationships among, and implications of, prosocial behavior, job performance, attitudinal, and personality variables.
THE PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL DYNAMICS OF A SIMPLE CONVERSATION
Authors: Silver Rebecca , Parente Rick
Published: May 2006

Two experiments examined several variables that influence first impressions between previously unacquainted, opposite gender participants. The first experiment investigated the relationship among measures of extroversion, cheerfulness, and attractiveness during a first encounter. Results
showed that measures of attractiveness did not correlate with measures of extroversion and cheerfulness. The second experiment examined galvanic skin response (GSR) from male and female couples engaged in conversation. The results showed a significant direct relationship between the electrical
conductivity of the skin for 10 pairs of participants who were engaged in a simple conversation.
THE PSYCHOLOGICAL DISEASE BURDEN IN NEPAL AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO PHYSICAL HEALTH PROBLEMS
Authors: Tausig Mark , Subedi Sree , Subedi Janaradan , Broughton C. L. , Williams-Blangero Sarah
Published: May 2006

Psychological disorders are a substantial part of the disease burden in many developing countries, yet few health services are directed toward the detection and treatment of these disorders. The relationship between psychological disorders and physical health problems was investigated by means of a community survey (N=653) in a small village in Nepal, using a shortened version of the DSM-III-R Checklist to estimate the prevalence of several psychological disorders and a version of the Cornell Medical Index to assess physical illness symptoms. Results indicate that approximately 18.4 percent of this rural population has had a diagnosable mental illness. Moreover, there is substantial overlap between physical health problems and psychological disorder for those with a psychological disorder (32.5%). The findings indicate that health providers in developing countries need to screen for psychological disorders as a standard part of health assessments.
COUNSELOR TRAINING, ANXIETY, AND COUNSELING SELF-EFFICACY: IMPLICATIONS FOR TRAINING PSYCHOLOGY STUDENTS FROM THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES UNIVERSITY
Authors: Al-Darmaki Fatima R.
Published: May 2006

The impact of training on counseling self-efficacy and state and trait anxiety was examined in this study. One hundred and thirteen undergraduate psychology students from United Arab Emirates (UAE) University participated in this investigation. The experimental group consisted of seventy-three
students who were taking their first practicum (65 females; 8 males) and the control group was composed of female students who had not yet taken their practicum (n=40). Pre- and posttests were conducted using the Counseling Self-Estimate Inventory (COSE: Larson et al., 1992) and the
State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI: Spielberger, Gorsuch, & Lushene, 1970). Significant mean differences were found between the experimental group and the control group in both counseling self-efficacy and anxiety. Analysis of covariance revealed that training increased trainees'
counseling self-efficacy and decreased their level of anxiety. These findings are discussed and directions for future research are provided.
THE EFFECTS OF SITUATION AND LEARNED RESOURCEFULNESS ON COPING RESPONSES
Authors: Akgun Serap
Published: May 2006

Learned resourcefulness theory suggests that people high in resourcefulness can minimize the negative effect of stress on their performance, therefore, they can do better than less resourceful individuals under stressful conditions (Rosenbaum, 1990). This study was designed to examine
whether individuals high and low in resourcefulness, differ in their perceived stress levels, self-efficacy expectancies, and coping strategies. In the study, 255 students were asked to imagine themselves in two different stressful academic situations (controllable and uncontrollable) and
to complete measures of perceived stress level, self-efficacy expectancy, and coping ways (Folkman & Lazarus, 1988). Data analyses indicated that highly resourceful students have higher self-efficacy expectancies. They use more problem-focused coping, more positive reappraisal, are more
likely to seek social support, and less likely to use escape-avoidance strategies during the stages of an examination situation.
DIRECT AND INDIRECT EFFECTS OF SOCIAL SUPPORT ON PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING
Authors: Gençöz Tülin , Özlale Yeşim , Lennon Randy
Published: May 2006

The aim of this study was to investigate the direct and indirect effects of social support on psychological well-being. Social support was evaluated under two different categories which were named as Aid-Related and Appreciation-Related Socia+l Support. The first category was more
related to potential for receiving help from others when needed, and being cared for by others, while the latter category was more related to being recognized by others as an efficient source of help and reassurance of worth. Undergraduate university students (N =342) served as subjects,
and results revealed that aid-related social support and psychological well-being (i.e., alleviated depression symptoms) association was partially mediated by experiencing fewer life stresses. On the other hand, appreciation-related social support had a direct effect on psychological well-being.
Implications of these results are discussed.
PERSONAL AND SITUATIONAL DETERMINANTS OF RELATIONSHIP-SPECIFIC PERCEPTIONS OF SOCIAL SUPPORT
Authors: Gracia Enrique , Herrero Juan
Published: May 2006

This study explores personal (self-esteem, perceived stress, and depressive mood) and situational (undesirable life events) variables as determinants of relationship-specific perceptions of social support. Structural equation analyses from two-wave panel data (N = 583) of adult
participants from a community-based urban sample revealed that, after controlling for initial levels of perceived social support, psychological characteristics (high levels of stress and depression, and low levels of self-esteem) and situational determinants (number of undesirable life events)
were both negatively related to perceived social support from specific significant relationships over time. Multigroup analyses revealed that these processes generalized across groups of gender, income, and marital status (single vs. married). Implications of these findings are discussed.
HUMAN VALUES AS PREDICTORS FOR POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS AND HEALTH-RELATED ATTITUDES: A CONTRIBUTION TOWARDS VALIDATING THE AUSTRIAN VALUE QUESTIONNAIRE (AVQ) BY STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELING
Authors: Renner Walter , Salem Ingrid , Alexandrowicz Rainer
Published: May 2006

A representative Austrian sample (N= 421) received the Austrian Value Questionnaire (AVQ) as well as attitude scales measuring Patriotism, Nationalism, Authoritarianism, Religiosity and Sense of Coherence (SOC). By Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) sets of hypotheses were tested, predicting influences of values on attitudes in order to assess the validity of the AVQ. In line with the hypotheses, nationalistic values and low Open-Mindedness predicted nationalistic attitudes, and, combined with fundamentalistic Religiosity, also predicted Authoritarianism. Patriotism and Nationalism did not differ by the value orientations that predicted them. Hypotheses on Religiosity were only partly confirmed, those on SOC were not confirmed. The results pose some arguments for the construct validity of some of the AVQ-scales and their factorial validity was mostly confirmed, but more research toward the validation of the instrument is advocated.
ATTITUDES TOWARDS CONDOM USE FOR PREVENTION OF HIV INFECTION IN BOTSWANA
Authors: Marandu Edward E. , Chamme Mbaki A.
Published: May 2006

Attitudes to condom use for prevention of HIV infection in Botswana were examined. Data collection was by personal interview of 1349 respondents throughout the country. Alcohol is believed to be the single main barrier to condom use. Others include: beliefs that condoms are not effective,
emotional barriers to condom use, cultural traditions and complacency. Men appear to have a greater tendency to agree with beliefs that encourage nonuse of condoms. There was evidence to suggest that a holder of an attitude in one area such as cultural belief is likely to hold a similar attitude
in almost all other areas. The implication of this finding for theory development is that attitudes are not independent of each other. The implications for policy action are straightforward: an effective strategy for attacking the negative attitudes should put emphasis on men and be broadly
educative in the sense of attacking several attitudes simultaneously, rather than one at a time.
A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTS ON SURVIVORS OF THE 1999 EARTHQUAKE IN TURKEY
Authors: Yilmaz Veysel
Published: May 2006

In the 17 August 1999 Kocaeli Earthquake about 20,000 people died and 3,000,000 were affected either directly or indirectly. A survey of earthquake victims in Kocaeli and Adapazari (two cities in North-Western Turkey) was conducted 8 months after this major earthquake to find out its
physically and psychologically destructive effects. For this purpose a questionnaire containing 25 questions was given to 800 people in Kocaeli and Adapazari where the most destruction and greatest number of deaths occurred. Results indicate that changes in expectations from life after an
earthquake are highly correlated with gender, marital status, and education level
SELF- AND BEST-FRIEND ASSESSMENTS OF PERSONALITY VULNERABILITY AND DEFENSES IN THE PREDICTION OF DEPRESSION
Authors: Besser Avi
Published: May 2006

The associations are explored between personality vulnerability and the use of defense mechanisms in the prediction of depression. A nonclinical community sample of 187 respondents and their same-sex best friends reported on participants' personality vulnerability factors (Self-criticism,
Dependency and Efficacy), defense mechanisms (Mature, Immature and Emotion-avoiding), and depression (Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale: CES-D; Radloff, 1977). It was found that Mature defenses were associated only with Efficacy. Extensive use of Immature and Emotion-avoiding
defenses was associated with vulnerability to depression. Furthermore, Immature defenses interacted with personality vulnerabilities. Specifically, highly self-critical participants who reported low levels of Immature defense were less depressed than were participants high on both Self-criticism
and Immature defense. High Immature defense scores mediated the effect of Dependency on depression. Finally, more severe vulnerability was found when targets both rated themselves and were rated by their best friends as higher on Dependency and/or on Emotion-avoiding defenses. The implications
of these findings for the study of the role of defense mechanisms in personality configurations and their susceptibility to depression, as well as for the use of multisource assessment strategies in the study of personality, are discussed. Finally, the practical and theoretical implications
of these findings are discussed.
MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF PERCEIVED DYSFUNCTION RATINGS OF PERSONALITY DISORDER SYMPTOMS
Authors: Watson David C. , Howell Andrew J.
Published: May 2006

Dysfunction in personality disorder symptoms was assessed using multivariate techniques to analyse lay judges' (N = 216) ratings of occupational impairment, social impairment, and personal distress. Factor analysis revealed that ratings of occupational impairment and social
impairment loaded onto distinct factors. Personal distress ratings loaded onto two separate factors: high distress and low distress. Multidimensional scaling revealed two dimensions for overall dysfunction among personality disorders: severity of dysfunction and internalization-externalization.
The dimensions were independence-dependence and severity of dysfunction for occupational impairment, interpersonal involvement and dominance-submission for social impairment, and internalization-externalization and severity for personal distress.
RACISM ON A SOUTH AFRICAN CAMPUS: A SURVEY OF STUDENTS' EXPERIENCES AND ATTITUDES
Authors: Pillay Neeshi Singh , Collings Steven J.
Published: May 2006

Racial experiences and attitudes were examined in a sample of 433 South African university students. Two hundred and forty-two respondents (55.9%) reported that they had experienced a total of 926 racial incidents on campus in the 12-month period reviewed. The majority of these
experiences (71%) involved discriminatory behaviors, with members of the university staff being the modal perpetrators (56% of all incidents). Although racial experiences elicited a range of negative reactions (becoming upset, fearful, or angry) none of the incidents had been
reported to campus authorities. Respondents' racial attitudes were found to vary as a function of both gender (males being more likely to endorse racist statements) and race (white students scoring highest on a measure of old-fashioned racism, and Indian and white students scoring highest
on a measure of modern racism).
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN BIG FIVE PERSONALITY FACTORS AND VALUES
Authors: Aluja Anton , García Luis F.
Published: May 2006

An analysis of principal components showed a robust structure of three factors formed by 25 of the 30 values studied. These factors were called Social Power, Order and Benevolence values. Those factors match with some of Schwartz's (1992) types of values. Sex differences and correlations
between traits and values replicate other authors' findings. Path analysis results, performed separately for females and males, yielded a better fit for the female than for the male group. However, although there were no substantial differences with regard to the prediction of Surgency,
Conscientiousness, Unfriendliness and Neuroticism, Order values (order, neatness, responsibility) for males and Social Power values (power, prestige, fame) for females predicted the Intellect trait. This pattern of results is discussed in relation to changes in gender roles.
BELIEF IN PARANORMAL DETERMINISM AS A SOURCE OF PREJUDICE TOWARD DISADVANTAGED GROUPS: “THE DARK SIDE OF STARS”
Authors: Dambrun Michaël
Published: May 2006

In previous research and theory dealing with prejudice, the role of belief in a paranormal determinism of human personality and behavior has been relatively overlooked. Two studies (N = 371) tested the impact of belief in astrology on prejudice toward significant stigmatized
groups in France (i.e., Arabs, women, and overweight people). Results of the first study reveal that belief in astrology is a significant predictor of prejudice toward stigmatized groups. In addition, results of the second study suggest that attribution of ethnic outgroups' disadvantages
to internal causes mediates the effect of belief in astrology on ethnic prejudice. Implications of these results are discussed.
THE ROLE OF SCHOOL ADMINISTRATORS IN PROMOTING STUDENT THINKING IN KUWAIT
Authors: Al-Mhelby Abdulaziz , Al-Muqate Humood , Al-Dhafiri Mohammad
Published: May 2006

This study explored how school administrators in Kuwait conceive students' thinking skills and their perceived role in promoting such skills. A random sample of school principals and head teachers was interviewed. A major finding of this study was that administrators understand
students' thinking in terms of higher levels of thinking activities. Administrators also indicated that they can play a significant role in this endeavor by giving teachers the opportunity to be creative and encouraging and helping them to be so. However, they believe that their role
is hindered by their limited authority, their many managerial responsibilities, and the limited time available to finish the prescribed curriculum.
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN ANXIETY AMONG UNDERGRADUATES FROM TEN ARAB COUNTRIES
Authors: Ahmed M. Abdel-Khalek , Alansari Bader M.
Published: May 2006

This study investigated gender differences in anxiety among volunteer undergraduates recruited from 10 Arab countries; Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Emirates, Oman, Egypt, Syria,Lebanon, Palestine (Nablus and Gaza), Jordan and Iraq (N = 3,064). The Kuwait University Anxiety Scale (KUAS)
was used in its Arabic form. It was found that females had higher mean anxiety scores than did their male counterparts in all 10 countries. However, significant differences were found in 7 out of the 10 countries. The salient gender differences were interpreted in the light of a socialization
process; especially sex-typing and gender roles.
CAN SOMATIC SYMPTOMS PREDICT DEPRESSION?
Authors: Abdel-Khalek Ahmed M.
Published: May 2006

In this study Kuwaiti undergraduate students (N= 215) completed the 60 individual items of the Somatic Symptoms Inventory (Abdel-Khalek, 2003) and 3 scales of depression – the Symptom Checklist-90, Depression Subscale (SCL-90; D: Derogatis, 1994) the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CESD: Radloff, 1977) and the Hopkins Symptoms Check List-Depression Scale (HCS-D: Derogatis, Lipman, Rickels, Uhlenhuth, & Covi, 1974) to determine the correlation between the 60 individual items of the SSI and the 3 scales of depression. It was concluded that the following somatic symptoms can predict depression in a nonclinical sample: tension, heart pains, sleep disorder, anorexia, weight gain, migraine, and sexual disorders, respectively.
GENDER, ETHNICITY, AND THE DEVELOPMENTAL TIMING OF FIRST SEXUAL AND ROMANTIC EXPERIENCES
Authors: Regan Pamela C. , Durvasula Ramani , Howell Lisa , Ureño Oscar , Rea Martha
Published: May 2006

One of the most important tasks faced by adolescents and young adults is the formation of romantic relationships. Little is known, however, about the developmental timing of early relational experiences. This study investigated the age at which an ethnically diverse sample of young
adults (N = 683) experienced their very first date, love, serious relationship, kiss, and act of intercourse. Most had experienced each event by the end of high school, with first dates and kisses occurring at earlier ages than falling in love or intercourse. Gender and ethnic differences
were found. For example, young men began dating at earlier ages than did young women. Asian American participants were less sexually and romantically experienced, and had their very first sexual experiences at an older age, than African American, Latino/Hispanic, and Caucasian/non-Hispanic
White participants. Interestingly, there were no differences in first romantic love experience. Almost all men and women within each ethnic group had fallen in love at least once, typically around age 17; this suggests that romantic love is a common human life event and that it first occurs
during the developmental period spanning late adolescence and early adulthood.
GIVING LIFE: LONELINESS, PREGNANCY AND MOTHERHOOD
Authors: Rokach Ami
Published: May 2006

This study examined the qualitative aspects of loneliness that pregnant women and mothers during the first year after childbirth experience. These were compared to the loneliness of women in the general population. Ninety-one pregnant women, 97 women during the first year following
childbirth, and 208 women from the general population answered a 30-item questionnaire. The questionnaire comprised five qualitative dimensions of loneliness, namely Emotional distress, Social inadequacy and alienation, Growth and discovery, Interpersonal isolation, and Self-alienation. Although
the literature indicates that pregnancy and motherhood are replete with loneliness, the present study found that those two groups had lower mean subscale scores than did women of the general population.
SOME PSYCHOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF ENVIRONMENTALLY RESPONSIBLE BEHAVIOR
Authors: Iwata Osamu
Published: May 2006

This study investigated the relationship between six psychological variables and the environmentally responsible behavior of Japanese undergraduates; 106 males and 44 females. Their average age was 18.66 with a standard deviation of 1.38. The six variables were attitudes toward growth
and technology, efficacy of personal proenvironmental behavior, sensitivity to noise, social awareness, emotional sensitivity, and behavioral independence. Multiple regression analysis was conducted for environmentally responsible behavior with the six variables entered simultaneously as predictors.
Negative attitudes toward growth and technology, efficacy of personal proenvironmental behavior, and emotional sensitivity were significantly related to environmentally responsible behavior, while behavioral independence was marginally related, and sensitivity to noise and social awareness
were not related.
SUCCESS AND FAILURE IN GOAL ATTAINMENT AS A MOOD INDUCTION PROCEDURE
Authors: Henkel Jordan M. , Hinsz Verlin B.
Published: May 2006

The experimental study of mood and affect requires the manipulation of mood experiences. There are some problems regarding the use of certain types of success and failure mood induction procedures and how they actually induce the desired mood. The authors hypothesized that success and
failure in goal attainment would lead to desired differences in positive and negative affect. Results indicate that success in attaining a goal led to more positive affect and less negative affect, while failure in goal attainment resulted in less positive affect and more negative affect.
These results demonstrate that goal-setting situations are viable ways to explore affective reactions and support success and failure in goal attainment as a method to induce desired moods.
ANXIETY AND HOPELESSNESS IN TWO SOUTH PACIFIC COUNTRIES: EXPLORATORY STUDIES
Authors: Marai Leo
Published: May 2006

The presence of anxiety and hopelessness amongst the general population in the developing countries of the South Pacific region has not yet been empirically investigated. This study had 2 aims. Firstly, it predicted the presence of less severe anxiety and hopelessness in the nonclinical
population within a sample from two South Pacific countries. Secondly, it predicted a positive relationship between anxiety and hopelessness. The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS) were administered to 45 Fijian employees in various organizations (Study One), and
to 92 Papua New Guinean undergraduate university students (Study Two). The results derived from both studies showed that there was not a severe degree of anxiety or hopelessness within either group. The t tests revealed no significant differences for either anxiety or hopelessness between
Fijian and Papua New Guinean groups. There were significant positive correlations between anxiety and hopelessness in both studies. The findings support the general trend of data as reported by earlier studies elsewhere. The cross-cultural and cultural importance of differences in expression
of emotional symptoms are discussed in relation to the findings, and the limitations of the study are highlighted, and suggestions for future research are made.
AN EXAMINATION OF MASCULINITY-FEMININITY TRAITS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIPS TO COMMUNICATION SKILLS AND STRESS-COPING SKILLS
Authors: Hirokawa Kumi , Yagi Akihiro , Miyata Yo
Published: May 2006

This study examined the relationships of masculinity-femininity with stress-coping skills (Ozeki, 1993) and with communication skills, measured by the Social Skills Inventory (SSI: Riggio, 1986). Participants were 916 (353 males, 563 females) undergraduate students, mean age 18.7 years,
in Japanese universities. The following 5 types were studied: the masculine type, the feminine type, the androgynous type, the undifferentiated type, and the midmost type. Results showed that masculinity was strongly and linearly associated with the dependent variables, and femininity showed
low correlation coefficients after controlling the masculinity, especially for males. For females, the androgynous type had better communication skills and active coping skills than did the other types. The androgynous type had cumulative effects of masculinity and femininity.
“I KNOW WHAT I HAVE TO DO, BUT…” WHEN HYPOCRISY LEADS TO BEHAVIORAL CHANGE
Authors: Fointiat Valerie
Published: May 2006

Hypocrisy procedure has been used to induce behavioral change in a wide variety of areas including water conservation, condom use, and donations for homeless people. Hypocrisy implies the articulation of two factors: advocating a prosocial position and being made mindful of failures to behave according to that advocacy. This dissonance leads to a behavioral change which is the most efficient way to restore the self, in line with the self-consistency conception of dissonance. The aim of this study was to refine this procedure in a new setting: road safety area and specifically respect for speed limits. Moreover, we used a feedback threatening versus strengthening people's self-concept. The results suggest that threatening the self-concept enhances the hypocritical effect.
FAIRNESS OF IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT IN EMPLOYMENT INTERVIEWS: A CROSS-COUNTRY STUDY OF THE ROLE OF EQUITY AND MACHIAVELLIANISM
Authors: Lopes Joana , Fletcher Clive
Published: May 2006

This study focused on the use of Impression Management (IM) in employment interviews from the perspective of interviewees and investigated possible antecedents of their perceptions regarding what is fair interviewee IM. Its rationale was largely based on the tenets of equity theory
(Adams, 1963; 1965). Data from 163 potential interviewees (college students) approached in the UK and Portugal showed that, as expected, they tended to perceive as fair interviewee IM those IM tactics they also saw as fair for interviewers to use. Gender did not predict IM fairness perceptions,
but IM use by the organization, Machiavellianism and Country did. Results regarding the influence of experience of job interviews were inconclusive. Finally, based on these findings, suggestions are made for further research and for the education of both interviewees and interviewers regarding
behavior in the employment interview.
TWO FACETS OF SELF-KNOWLEDGE, THE FIVE-FACTOR MODEL, AND PROMOTIONS AMONG IRANIAN MANAGERS
Authors: Ghorbani Nima , Watson P. J.
Published: May 2006

Reflective and Experiential Self-Knowledge Scales were administered to Iranian managers along with measures of the Five Factor Model, anxiety, depression, perceived stress, and attributional complexity. Experiential Self-Knowledge correlated positively with the number of promotions
earned by these managers. Both scales were associated with higher levels of Agreeableness, Openness to Experience, and Extraversion and, in general, with greater self-reported mental health. Each Self-Knowledge Scale displayed evidence of incremental validity. These data confirmed that the
Reflective and Experiential Self-Knowledge Scales deserve additional research attention.
TREATMENT ADHERENCE AND COPING WITH STRESS AMONG BLACK SOUTH AFRICAN HAEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS
Authors: Khechane Ntombizodwa L. , Mwaba Kelvin
Published: May 2006

Chronic illness is often experienced as stressful both physically and psychologically. The purpose of this study was to investigate how haemodialysis patients cope with treatment-related stress and to establish whether or not coping is related to treatment adherence. Subjects were a
convenience sample of 50 black patients undergoing haemodialysis at a South African hospital. Data on coping were collected using the Coping Strategy Indicator (CSI) while treatment adherence was measured by interdialytic weight gain (IWG). The results showed that avoidance and social-support
seeking were the most used coping strategies while problem solving was used least. The latter was the only coping strategy significantly associated with treatment adherence. It was concluded that intervention oriented toward problem solving may be helpful in enhancement of adherence behavior.
FUTURE TIME ORIENTATION IN ROMANTIC RELATIONSHIPS AND THE MINDING THEORY OF RELATING
Authors: Öner-Özkan Bengi
Published: May 2006

The aim of this study was to explore the differences between high and low scorers of Future Time Orientation in Romantic Relationships (FTORR) on the three subscales of the minding scale, namely Acceptance, Knowledge, and Attribution. Undergraduate students (N = 160) from Middle
East Technical University were given the FTORR scale developed by Öner (2000b) together with the Minding Scale developed by Omarzu, Whalen and Harvey (2001). Results indicated an interaction effect between subscales of the minding scale and FTORR. In terms of the “Acceptance”
subscale, individuals with high FTORR scores were found to score lower than were individuals who had lower FTORR scores – whereas for both “Knowledge” and “Attribution” measures, individuals with higher scores of FTORR scored higher than did individuals who had
lower FTORR scores. Detailed analysis of the results and research implications were discussed.
MOOD, GENDER, AND SITUATIONAL INFLUENCES ON RISK-TAKING ADVICE FOR OTHERS
Authors: Magnan Renee E. , Hinsz Verlin B.
Published: May 2006

The influences of mood and gender on the level of risk taking that people advise for others was examined. Music was used to create positive and negative moods in male and female participants who were asked to give risk-taking advice to others for typically cautious and risky situations.
As expected, the influence of mood and gender on advice for risk decisions was dependent on the nature of the situation and on whether the situation was considered risky or cautious. How the individuals react to the situation at hand may be more predictive of the outcome than mood or gender.
In addition, the relevance of the situation to the individual may also change how mood and gender influence risk advice for others.
IMPOSTOR TENDENCIES AND ACADEMIC DISHONESTY: DO THEY CHEAT THEIR WAY TO SUCCESS?
Authors: Ferrari Joseph R.
Published: May 2006

College students (N = 124) completed self-reported measures of impostor tendencies and academic dishonesty (tendency to engage in plagiarism in written assignments and cheating in examinations), as well as social desirability. Based on extreme scores on the impostor measure and
independent of social desirability responding, nonimpostors (20 women, 11 men) reported a greater tendency to engage in plagiarism in papers and cheating in examinations, compared to impostors (22 women, 10 men). Results indicated that students who report impostor tendencies claim lower rates
of cheating and plagiarism to obtain academic success than do nonimpostors.
AN INVESTIGATION OF SOCIAL SKILLS AND LONELINESS LEVELS OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS WITH RESPECT TO THEIR ATTACHMENT STYLES IN A SAMPLE OF TURKISH STUDENTS
Authors: Deniz M. Engin , Hamarta Erdal , Ari Ramazan
Published: May 2006

This study investigated the effects of attachment styles of university students on their social skills and loneliness levels. Their social skill levels, loneliness levels and attachment styles were measured by the Social Skills Inventory, UCLA Loneliness Scale, and Relationships Scale
Questionnaire respectively. To analyze data, t-test, correlation analysis, and regression analysis were employed. Emotional expressivity levels, emotional sensitivity levels, social control levels, and total social skill levels of female students were found to be significantly higher
than those of male students. However, emotional control levels of male students were significantly higher than those of female students. A significant effect of attachment styles on loneliness and social skills was detected. Social skill levels of students who have secure attachment styles
were found to be significantly higher than social skills levels of students who have insecure attachment styles. Average loneliness points of students who do not have a romantic relationship were found to be significantly higher than others. However, the average social skill points of those
students were found to be significantly lower than others.
THE IMPACT OF ANXIETY AND GENDER ON PERCEIVING THE MUELLER-LYER ILLUSION
Authors: Baroun Khader A. , Al-Ansari Bader M.
Published: May 2006

This study aimed at investigating the relationship between anxiety, gender and the Mueller-Lyer illusion perception among a sample of 242 undergraduate students (66 males and 176 females), of Kuwait University, Kuwait, to the Mueller-Lyer and Horizontal-Vertical illusion forms. The
subjects were divided into 3 groups (high, middle and low anxiety) in accordance with their anxiety scale scores. Although the overall analysis showed no significant difference between males and females with respect to most variables, a significant difference in anxiety was observed where
females scored higher than males. The results also showed that gender had no significant correlation to the Mueller-Lyer perception and Horizontal-Vertical illusion. In addition, no significant difference was found as regards the anxiety and gender relationship to degree of illusion. However,
the data did show some significant difference in relationship between anxiety and the perception of illusion, with males exhibiting higher scores for anxiety tending to have higher illusion error scores than males with low anxiety scores. Females with higher anxiety scores also were found
to have higher illusion error scores than females with low anxiety scores.
MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES: A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN THE PREFERENCES OF MALES AND FEMALES
Authors: Loori Ali A.
Published: May 2006

This study reports the differences in intelligences preferences of male and female students learning English as a second language at higher institutions in the United States of America. The sample comprised 90 international students registered at ESL centers at three American universities.
The study results indicated that there were significant differences between males' and females' preferences of intelligences. Males preferred learning activities involving logical and mathematical intelligences, whereas females preferred learning activities involving intrapersonal
intelligence. The study recommends some implications to be considered in ESL/EFL classrooms.
PHYSICAL APPEARANCE AND INTIMATE FRIENDSHIP IN ADOLESCENCE: A STUDY USING A PORTUGUESE COLLEGE STUDENT SAMPLE
Authors: Cordeiro Raul
Published: May 2006

A group of students enrolled in the 12th year of education was asked to answer a direct application questionnaire containing the following measures: Intimate Friendship Scale (IFS) (Sharabany, 1994), The Self-Perception Profile for College Students (Neemann & Harter, 1986) adapted
for the Portuguese population (Ribeiro, 1994) and Family Social Notation ‐ Adapted Graffar, adapted from the original (Graffar, 1956). The values of Intimate Friendship were found to be higher for girls and the values of Perception of Physical Appearance were higher for boys.
ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH ANXIETY, SELF-ESTEEM, OPTIMISM, AND PESSIMISM IN KUWAITI STUDENTS
Authors: El-Anzi Freih Owayed
Published: May 2006

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between academic achievement and the following variables: anxiety, self-esteem, optimism, and pessimism. The sample consisted of 400 male and female students in the Basic Education College in Kuwait. The salient findings of the investigation
were the significant positive correlation between academic achievement and both optimism and self-esteem – whereas the correlations were negative between academic achievement and both anxiety and pessimism.
WILLPOWER AND PERCEIVED BEHAVIORAL CONTROL: INFLUENCES ON THE INTENTION-BEHAVIOR RELATIONSHIP AND POSTBEHAVIOR ATTRIBUTIONS
Authors: Fitch Judy L. , Ravlin Elizabeth C.
Published: May 2006

Individual differences in willpower (a subdimension of conscientiousness) and perceived behavioral control (PBC: cognition regarding extent of control over an action; Ajzen, 1985) in the intention-behavior relationship were explored to better understand when intention will be completed
to action. The impact of these constructs in postbehavior attributions also was explored. Subjects were traditional and nontraditional students (N=325) preparing for examinations at two time periods. Rather than confirming main effects proposed by prior research (e.g., Ajzen), moderation
effects characterized these data. At Time 1, individuals higher in willpower behaved more consistently with their intentions. At Time 2, individuals higher in PBC showed a similar effect. Lower willpower also led subjects to make less attribution to effort when expectations were exceeded.
EFFECT OF EXPERIMENTER ATTIRE AND SEX ON PARTICIPANT PRODUCTIVITY
Authors: Green Raymond J. , Sandall Jana C. , Phelps Cliff
Published: May 2006

The experimental environment is complex and many subtle variables can influence the research findings. We investigated whether the sex of experimenter, the formality of experimenter attire, and the sex of participant affected respondents' productivity when asked to describe a business
executive. The results revealed a significant interaction between experimenter sex and attire. Participants generated more terms and took longer to describe the business executive when the female experimenter was dressed casually and when the male experimenter was dressed professionally.