bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Multi-locus Analysis of Arabic Negation
Authors: Alqassas Ahmad
Published: September 2019

This book studies the micro-variation in the syntax of negation of Southern Levantine, Gulf and Standard Arabic. By including new and recently published data that support key issues for the syntax of negation, the book challenges the standard parametric view that negation has a fixed parametrized position in syntactic structure. It particularly argues for a multi-locus analysis with syntactic, semantic, morphosyntactic and diachronic implications for the various structural positions. Thus accounting for numerous word order restrictions, semantic ambiguities and pragmatic interpretations without complicating narrow syntax with special operations, configurations or constraints. The book includes data from Southern Levantine, Gulf and Standard Arabic, which shed light on word order contrasts in negative clauses and their interaction with tense/aspect, mood/modality, semantic scope over adverbs, and negative sensitive items. It also has new data challenging the standard claim in Arabic linguistics literature that negation has a fixed parametrized position in the clause structure. The book brings a new perspective on the role of negation in licensing negative sensitive items, scoping over propositions and interacting with pragmatic notions such as presupposition and speech acts.
Licensing Negative Sensitive Items
Authors: Alqassas Ahmad
Published: September 2019

This chapter introduces the key contrasts between two major NSI categories and shows the explanatory adequacy of the multi-locus analysis of negation to account for the mutual exclusivity between certain NSIs on the one hand and bipartite negation in JA and the negative marker maa in SA on the other hand. NSIs’ interaction with negation takes place in at least three different ways. First, negation is (usually) required in simple declarative sentences containing an NSI. Second, certain NSIs have a negative interpretation when used as fragment answers despite the absence of overt negation. Third, certain negative markers are in complementary distribution with certain NSIs. The chapter starts by defining the major NSI types along with their lexical categories. It then lays out the theoretical background of NSI licensing as this is necessary to develop an analysis for NSIs based on the multi-locus analysis of negation. This chapter extends this analysis to the Qatari and SA data giving further evidence that the different positions of negation have different effects on the licensing of NPIs. This chapter also discusses the interaction between higher negation and determiner NCIs (wala-NP) as well as the interaction between maa and NPIs in SA.
Distribution of the negation strategies
Authors: Alqassas Ahmad
Published: September 2019

This chapter explores the explanatory power of the multi-locus analysis of negation in accounting for the distributional contrasts between two negation strategies in JA and Egyptian Arabic. These two strategies are the use of discontinuous negation ma…š and non-discontinuous negation miš. The distribution of these strategies follows from analysing bipartite negation as a low negation occupying a position below TP. Following Benmamoun (2000), the analysis assumes that discontinuous negation is a result of predicate merger with negation via predicate head movement to the negative head for feature checking. The chapter argues that the Person feature of the predicate causes this movement, and departs from Benmamoun’s (2000) idea that with non-discontinuous negation, the subject NP fulfills the checking requirement of the negative head. Instead, the chapter argues that a covert copular head fulfills the checking requirement as a last-resort mechanism when the predicate lacks the person feature. The chapter also argues that Egyptian Arabic does not have this checking requirement and that, aside from with perfective verbs, predicate merger with negation is an optional post-syntactic operation. Assuming that perfective verbs undergo V-to-T movement (Benmamoun 2000; Soltan 2007), the obligatory merger between perfective verbs and negation is due to minimality constraints.
The Paratext of Egyptian Blogs
Authors: Pepe Teresa
Published: September 2019

In this chapter, the book shifts to an analysis of the blogs as autofiction. This section deals with the paratext, that is information that is secondary to the main text, such: titles, choices of authorship (onymity, pseudonymity); the visual layout of the blog; interviews with the blog authors revealing their social backgrounds and their reasons to blog.
The first part of the chapter focuses on the analysis of the paratext of the six blogs chosen as case studies: Wassiʿ Khayalak (Widen Your Imagination) by Ahmed Naji; Ma Bada Li (What Seemed to Me) by Amr Ezzat; Tanatif Maʿat (Ma3t’s Bits and Pieces) by Mona Seif (Munā Sayf); Yawmiyyat Imraʾa Mithliyya (Diary of a Gay Woman) by the writer who uses the pseudonym ‘Emraamethlya’; Al-Kanaba al-Hamra (The Red Sofa) by Bilal Husni (Bilāl Ḥusnī); and Yawmiyyat ʿAnis (Diary of a Spinster) by Abeer Soliman (ʿAbīr Sulaymān). In the second part, the data retrieved from these blogs are analysed together with the larger sample of blogs selected for this study.
When Writers Activate Readers
Authors: Pepe Teresa
Published: September 2019

This chapter looks at the ways in which the blog transforms adab and in particular the autobiographical genre in Arabic literature. Drawing on theories of autofiction, digital literature and Arabic print literature, it explores the innovative features of autofictional blogs resulting from the adoption of Internet technology. These are (1) interactivity, (2) the blurring of the author/main character, (3) the multimedia, open nature of the blog texts, and (4) their stylistic features. By depicting modes of interaction between readers and writers in the Egyptian blogosphere, the chapter shows how the autofictional blog transforms the practice of writing the self into an interactive game to be played among authors and readers, away from the gatekeepers of the literary institutions. This game requires the readers to be active participants in the interpretation of the text by discovering the blurred identity hidden behind the screen; to find their way in the open, multimedia text; and to contribute actively to the plot and style of the narrative. An aspect related to the interactivity of blogs is “audience gatekeeping”, that is that, in the absence of gatekeepers, readers may themselves take charge of this task, sometimes turning into “online haters”.
Conclusion: A New Literary Genre and a Social Uprising
Authors: Pepe Teresa
Published: September 2019

The chapter sumps up the main themes and findings presented in the book. It concludes that blogging has led to emergence of a new literary genre, as well as has allowed young Egyptians to reshape their identity, connect to each other and rebel against the authorities. Placing blogs in the larger history of Arabic autobiographical genre, it argues that the autofictional blog, in some ways, continues the role played by the autobiographical novel or novelised autobiography in the twentieth century. In addition, the interactivity afforded by blogging has helped intellectuals to re-establish connections with the public sphere and to communicate with their readers, a connection that was lost in recent decades, particularly the 1990s. Finally, the chapter advocates for further studies on Arabic digital expression, as well for trans-historical studies on the impact of media on Arabic culture.
Introduction
Authors: Macaraig Nina
Published: September 2019

Do monuments have lives that justify writing their biographies? And if they do, are their lives punctuated by events and structured by relationships, similar to human lives? Do they have an identity of their own, and does this identity change over time? In addition to introducing the Çemberlitaş Hamamı briefly and providing a literature review of the topic of hamams, the introduction takes up these questions and examines the notions of individuality and biography within the Islamic and Ottoman context. Furthermore, it justifies applying the format of a biographical narrative to the history of the hamam.
Impressions and Identity
Authors: Macaraig Nina
Published: September 2019

This chapter describes the hamam’s different identities and the impressions it left on its users: its religious function of ritual cleansing, based on the Qur’an and the Hadith (the collected sayings and deeds of the Prophet Muhammad); its social function as a place to gather and exchange news, and as a place for important rituals such as the bride’s bath; its place in sexual fantasies as well as sexual encounters; its medical function in the treatment of certain diseases, as laid out in Ottoman medical treatises; and its urban function to convey a sense of architectural splendour and to promote the imperial dynasty by demonstrating its concern for the city inhabitants’ well-being;.
Old Age
Authors: Macaraig Nina
Published: September 2019

This chapter describes how the hamam began to show signs of aging. This included a redefinition of its economic family relations, as it became a burden to the endowment and was rented out according to a practice that approximated the status of renters to that of owners. Furthermore, old age now meant that after a disastrous fire in 1865 novel city planning practices assigned less value to the sixteenth-century structure and allowed the monument to be mutilated for the sake of building a European-style boulevard wide enough for tramway traffic. At the same time, the hamam took on a new identity as an emblem of Ottoman cultural heritage to be displayed at nineteenth-century world fairs and exhibitions which required each nation to represent itself by easily recognizable architectural icons. With the establishment of the Republic of Turkey in 1923, this split identity continued: on the one hand, hamams constituted an old, redundant institution standing for the Ottoman Empire and lifestyle, resulting in neglect and destruction; on the other hand, they were part of the cultural heritage that every nation-state needs to legitimise itself. Nevertheless, the Çemberlitaş Hamamı managed to survive for practical reasons, as it still provided hygiene and entertainment.
Epilogue
Authors: Macaraig Nina
Published: September 2019

The epilogue considers the Çemberlitaş Hamamı in the context of Istanbul’s cultural heritage and tourism policies of the first two decades of the 2000s. It touches upon the impact of the international spa and wellness boom on the concept of the hamam, both in Turkey and abroad. Furthermore, it briefly addresses the recent restoration of other hamams of the Turkish capital, before concluding with a historiographic remark on notions of Ottoman identity.
The Grounds of Climate Justice
Authors: Dietzel Alix
Published: September 2019

Chapter Two defines the grounds of climate justice. Defining the grounds of justice is a key task for any climate justice account because it allows readers to understand what must be normatively prioritised. The grounds of justice in this sense represent the moral underpinnings of the climate justice account, a normative subfloor that must not be crossed. The chapter makes the case for using the human right to health as the non-relational moral minimum that grounds the climate justice position. Chapter Two puts forward that the human right to health provides a strong foundation for a climate justice because it captures the threats climate change poses to humans more comprehensively than other key human rights, including the right to food and water, the right to life, and the right to free movement.
The Adelphi: Katherine Mansfield’s Afterlives
Authors: Mourant Chris
Published: September 2019

Chapter 4 examines the posthumous publication of Mansfield’s writings in John Middleton Murry’s magazine The Adelphi. The chapter interrogates the ways in which Mansfield’s reputation was moulded and mediated in the magazine, with Murry eliding those disruptive and disjunctive aspects of Mansfield’s work examined in the first three chapters of the book: of Mansfield the feminist, who eschewed gender stereotypes of feminine ‘purity’ and ‘saintliness’ in The New Age; of Mansfield the (post)colonial writer, who negotiated a deliberately ambiguous position for her work between England and New Zealand in Rhythm; and of Mansfield the modernist, whose critical writings in The Athenaeum indubitably helped to shape the literary innovations of the early 1920s. In this way, the chapter shows how the so-called ‘Mansfield myth’ owed much to the periodical contexts in which it was first formulated.
Afterword: Getting Inside
Authors: Corner John
Published: September 2019

This Afterword provides an overview of Barbara Kopple’s career and documentary studies as a field. It considers Kopple’s working life as a filmmaker, specifically the tensions between independent and commercial production. It also considers the evolution of nonfiction filmmaking as a field, including Kopple’s role in the proliferation of documentaries in film, television, and digital platforms. Finally, it highlights Kopple’s key strategies as a filmmaker, specifically her uses of interviews.
Orientalism in Transit: Company Men, Colonial Historiography, and Other Handmaidens of Empire
Authors: Jokic Olivera
Published: September 2019

Chapter seven examines the work of a group of men affiliated with the East India Company through the writings they sent to John Bruce, the Company’s “official historiographer” between 1793 and 1817. Bruce solicited the help of these otherwise obscure men in writing a history that would represent favorably in London the transnational work the Company was doing in South Asia. Their accounts are a fascinating combination of ethnography; theoretical disquisitions about the significance of political and cultural histories of places in which the Company invested; and statements about the epistemological relationship between India and Britain. These men show off particular kinds of expertise derived from their displacement from Britain, allowing us to see the history of empire as a history of work done by migrants..
The Dux Femina Ends Westeros’ Golden Age: Cersei Lannister as Agrippina the Younger in HBO’s Game of Thrones (2011–)
Authors: Prince Meredith D.
Published: September 2019

In the second of two chapters connecting the management of sexuality to the fortunes of Augustus, his dynasty, and the empire it governs, Prince explores how the dynamics shaping Rome also inform the characterization and narrative arc of Cersei Lannister in HBO’s Game of Thrones (2011-), another prestige cable series produced during the current golden age of television. She compares Cersei Lannister to Roman historiography’s portrayal of Agrippina the Younger: granddaughter of Augustus, sister of Caligula, wife of Claudius, and mother of Nero, yet born into a patriarchal system in which she could only wield power by controlling men around her. In this strategy, both Agrippina and Cersei are challenged by another aspirant to power and competitor for influence, with deadly results. Such ambition led to Tacitus labeling Agrippina a dux femina (“woman commander”), among other imperial women whose “masculine” hunger for power was blamed for the catastrophic decline of their dynasty and of Rome itself – much as the coming of winter on Game of Thrones is correlated with the moral depravity, and dynastic collapse, in which Cersei is intimately implicated. These pessimistic narratives of decline invoke the myth of the iron age, the inverse of the golden age.
Dreaming of Rome with Ridley Scott’s Gladiator (2000)
Authors: Taylor Matthew
Published: September 2019

The last of three chapters that address Rome’s complicated legacy as an imperial state tackles Gladiator, the film credited with the post-2000 resurgence of films set in classical antiquity. Taylor analyzes how the film’s imperial-era characters engage in a nostalgic figuration of the Roman Republic as a golden age, in the fight to define Rome once the tyrannical Commodus succeeds his father, the “good emperor” Marcus Aurelius. This fraught representation of Roman history accrues an unexpected complexity and ambivalence as the film attempts to “speak America through Rome,” including through the film’s interpretation of its protagonist Maximus as a Cincinnatus-figure in contrast with Commodus as a Nero-figure. Gladiator’s multifaceted engagement with the fetishized Roman past also seeks to seduce the audience through its hyperreal presentation of the imperial city through heavily advertised use of computer-generated imagery (CGI). Taylor regards with ambivalence the hopes, both in Hollywood and among Classicists, that the critical and commercial success of Gladiator would augur a new “golden age” for epics set in classical antiquity. This mise en abyme of nostalgic longing, both within and inspired by Gladiator,exemplifies the golden-age myth, wherein only fantasy can provide fulfilment.
Illicit and Unnatural Practices
Authors: Davidson Roger
Published: September 2019

This book seeks to chart how the Scottish legal system responded to what were deemed ‘illicit and unnatural practices’ after 1900. Using a wide range of prosecution and trial records, along with more recent newspaper coverage of court proceedings, it furnishes a fascinating insight into the relationship between the law, sex, and society in modern Scotland. Case studies of sex-related offences, including abortion, bestiality, brothel-keeping, child sexual assault, and wilful HIV transmission, reveal how far the legal process both reflected and reinforced contemporary moral panics and how far it was shaped by the interplay between law officers and forensic experts, by the prejudices of the local community and civic leaders, and by Scotland’s distinctive legal and moral identity. The law in practice is seen to have sustained important norms of sexual behaviour and masculinity along with an enduring double moral standard with respect to female sexuality. This volume thus affords a remarkable new perspective on the sexual behaviours and ideologies of Scottish society across the twentieth century and into the new millennium.
‘This Pernicious Delusion’: Law, Medicine and Child Sexual Abuse1
Authors: Davidson Roger
Published: September 2019

Chapter 3 examines child sexual abuse in early twentieth-century Scotland and the competing discourses surrounding its prosecution. At the heart of the study is a set of High Court cases of sexual assault upon children involving the aggravated offence of communicating VD, and the role played by the enduring superstition that ‘having connection with a virgin’ was a cure for the affliction. The chapter traces how this ‘pernicious delusion’ figured in medical testimony to legal proceedings and government enquiries throughout the period. It explores the impulses and constraints shaping the response of the law to ‘child outrage’. The impact of these cases on the campaign by feminists, rescue workers, and purity activists to amend the criminal law and the conduct of investigation and trial in respect to sexual offences against women is documented, as is the growing importance of forensic medicine in securing convictions. Continuing resistance is revealed within the medical profession and judiciary, as well as within the family and local community, to recognising child sexual abuse. The chapter illustrates the many layers of denial that operated to deny the child victims justice and the extent to which the legal process stigmatised them as sexual dangers to be institutionalised..
The Second Shift in (Modern) Ruler Visibility: the Reign of Abdülhamid II (1876–1909)
Authors: Stephanov Darin
Published: September 2019

Chapter 4 analyses the second shift in modern ruler visibility, along faith-based lines, during the reign of Abdülmecid’s son, Abdülhamid II (1876–1909). It demonstrates that the sultan strove to present himself as a pious Muslim to Muslims at home and abroad, and as a Western ruler to non-Muslims at home and abroad. Therefore, the sultan tended to deprive the former of his direct visibility (public appearances and public display or dissemination of royal portraits), while at the same time channelling and staging it selectively towards the latter. Split chronologically into early-, middle- and late-reign sections, this chapter places a special emphasis on the overall shift from direct to indirect sultanic visibility over time by way of resorting to material objects and abstract metaphors as ruler proxies. Chapter 4 traces the escalation of celebration in the second half of Abdülhamid II’s reign in an attempt to capture the deliberate personality cult, centred on the sultan. At the same time, it also analyses a range of alleged provocations and attempts at subversion (ceremonial or otherwise) of symbolic central power in order to shed new light on the later channels for group activation and increasingly ethnic group realisation.
Conclusion
Authors: Stephanov Darin
Published: September 2019

The conclusion brings together various threads of the complex feedback loop between ruler visibility and group consciousness at the popular level. It compiles a thirteen-point list of the key constituent elements and open-ended processes of the modern worldview, derived from the case of the Bulgars of Rumelia and open to testing in other (Ottoman or not) contemporary communal cases. The conclusion emphasises the integral connection between imperial policies, their fostering of ‘minority’ and ‘majority’ mindsets, and the eventual modern ethnonational political outcomes. This connection is inalienable from a comprehensive and historically accurate understanding of the transition from imperial to national mind-frames, and, ultimately, of modernity itself.
A Raid on the Inarticulate
Authors: Gaakeer Jeanne
Published: September 2019

Chapter 2 offers an overview of the historical development of the language of law from Euripides to Herder and into the twentieth century, not out of nostalgia to the halcyon days of the unity of law and the humanities, but to show jurists what brought them where they are now. It also provides an overview of the development of the process of differentiation of law, i.e. from the unity brought about by the rediscovery of the Corpus Iuris Civilis in the eleventh century to the diversity occasioned by the rise of national legal systems culminating in the nineteenth century, and from law as an autonomous discipline to the interdisciplinarity of the “Law and…” movements from the late twentieth century onwards.
Understanding Fact and Fiction in Robert Musil’s The Man without Qualities
Authors: Gaakeer Jeanne
Published: September 2019

This chapter further illuminates the topic of the language of law in its interdisciplinary context. It takes up the Wittgensteinian proposition that the limits of one’s language are the limits of one’s world to show that the wars between law and forensic behavioural sciences on the topic of free will and criminal responsibility are a language problem. With an analysis of the German author Robert Musil’s novel The Man Without Qualities and the criminal case of its fictional murderer Moosbrugger it is argued that the problem of madness and the crisis of modernity is closely connected to a view on the language of law as a representation of states of affairs. The lesson to be drawn from Musil’s novel is that law and literature are value-laden constructs and that this also urges us to carefully consider the methodological and epistemological peculiarities of any discipline.
Poetry that Does not Fade: Gerrit Achterberg’s Experience with Law and Forensic Psychiatry
Authors: Gaakeer Jeanne
Published: September 2019

This chapter focuses on the work of the Dutch poet Gerrit Achterberg who was hospitalised in a forensic psychiatric institution on the basis of an entrustment order after he killed his landlady. The diagnosis of the form and degree of Achterberg’s insanity was made on the basis of his poetry that his psychiatrists supposed was indicative of his sexual deviance and criminal state of mind. It is argued that the Achterberg case asks the legal professional to consider, firstly, how the institutional languages of law and forensic psychiatry often impose their conceptual frameworks to such a degree that other languages are excluded, and, secondly, to be aware of the interpretive pitfalls of one’s own linguistic usages because legal interpretation as a claim for meaning is a human activity, i.e. law is not found, it is made.
Practical Knowledge: Facts, Norms and Phronèsis
Authors: Gaakeer Jeanne
Published: September 2019

The chapters of Part II of this book turn to continental-European philosophical hermeneutics, especially as developed by Paul Ricoeur, because his work is rich on the topics of narrative and metaphor, as well as the equitable and the just. They do so to show what the humanities can contribute to the realm of praxis by bringing to the fore the resources that can contribute to the judge’s development of her professional quality of phronèsis, i.e. prudence or practical wisdom, with judicial ethos and habitus included. Chapter 6 deals with the interrelation of facts and (legal) norms in the “application” of law in a specific case, and on the bond of theory and practice. The chapter offers an extended analysis of (Aristotelian) phronèsis (practical wisdom) and épistème (theoretical knowledge) in relation to Ricoeur’s proposal for hermeneutics in law. It argues that iuris prudentia always necessarily combines theoretical knowledge with practical activity.
Narrative Intelligence: Empathy, Mimesis and the Equitable
Authors: Gaakeer Jeanne
Published: September 2019

This chapter discusses what it takes to become a ‘literary jurist’ by returning to the topic of narrative intelligence introduced in Chapter 1. It analyses Ricoeur’s view on mimesis and shows the relevance for legal practice. Mimesis as prefiguration refers to the temporality of the world of human action. In law, the stage of the “brute facts”. Configuration or the world of narrative emplotment of events, this chapter argues, is the translation of the brute facts into the manageable form of legal documents culminating in the trial. Refiguration is the stage when the reader appropriates the text into his or her own world. Success in judicial practice is also closely connected to the ability to empathise and to the equitable in the individual case. The building blocks that this chapter suggests for legal practice at the same time show the importance of the humanities for law.
‘We see / The seasons alter’: Climate Change in A Midsummer Night’s Dream
Authors: Chiari Sophie
Published: September 2019

In A Midsummer Night’s Dream (1595-96), wetness informs the play as a whole. The moon spreads humidity in Athens while the weather turns rainy and cataclysmic, due to the unruly behaviour of Oberon and Titania who are the source of the general confusion turning the world upside-down. Their quarrel over the little Indian boy alters the cycle of the seasons and, as a result, the would-be paradise of the forest is ‘filled up with mud’ (2.1.91). If Titania’s lines on climatic ‘distemperature’ (2.1.109) certainly have some sort of topical relevance, reducing them to a mere commentary on the vagaries of the English weather in the 1590s would hardly do justice to the richness and complexity of Shakespeare’s festive comedy. This chapter shows that the Dream and its ever-shifting environment serve as an experimental ground to challenge medieval beliefs and to test fresh hypotheses, such as the idea that people’s attitudes may in fact be responsible for climatic imbalance.
The I/Eye of the Storm: Prospero’s Tempest
Authors: Chiari Sophie
Published: September 2019

The Tempest (1611) is a play often quoted for its ecological significance: indeed, it is one in which Shakespeare once again addresses the question of climate and the four elements in his revisiting of the early modern travel narratives (in which, incidentally, the motif of the fiery ocean was a topos of the genre). In this rewriting of Virgil’s Aeneid not entirely devoid of Homeric reminiscences, the playwright returns to the initial questions of the Dream: can men and women rule the elements? If we trigger off a climatic disorder, can it be mended? And if we lose control, what may then ensue? The playwright thus reassesses the role of man’s ‘potent art’ (5.1.50) in the ordering of nature. Chapter 7 explores the idea of temperance in connection with that of temperate clime, and it shows that Prospero’s tempest, meant both as a form of revenge against Antonio and as a means of catharsis and rebirth, is deeply problematic as it oscillates between the illusory and the real, magic and science, the sublime and the mundane. Providing us with kaleidoscopic views, the play cogently explores the power of the elements and reaffirms that, for Shakespeare, what appears in the celestial sphere cannot be dissociated from what happens on earth.
Democracy and representation
Authors: Lefort Claude
Published: September 2019

This chapter presents the first English translation of an essay that was originally presented in 1989 by Claude Lefort at the Colloquium on Latin America, sponsored by the École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS), organized by Daniel Pécault. In this essay, Lefort affirms his important thesis regarding the disembodiment of power in representative democracy and begins to elaborate institutional conditions for its modern practice. He emphasizes that representation must be supported by independent political organizing by social movements and dissenting groups within institutions such as labor unions, schools, and hospitals. He also emphasizes the importance of participation, understood distinctively neither as voting nor as taking to the streets but as a feature of political judgment that he terms a “capacity to understand the political game,” a feature that he considers to be lacking where there exist great divides between elite political actors as mass publics.
Representation as proposition: democratic representation after the constructivist turn
Authors: Hayat Samuel
Published: September 2019

This chapter explores some of the normative implications of the constructivist turn in the theory and practice of representative democracy, taking as its point of departure the constructivist framework of representative claims set by Michael Saward. Saward’s account succeeds from a descriptive point of view, but does not provide us with normative criteria to evaluate whether a given representative claim is democratic. This chapter finds in the standard account of representation by Hanna Pitkin a conception of representation as composition, which provides a strong democratic criterion to evaluate representation. It distinguishes between two ideal-typical conceptions of representation compatible with constructivism: representation as imposition, developed most notably by Pierre Bourdieu, in which the represented get their social identities from their representative; and representation as proposition, in which the represented acquire in the process of representation not just their identity but also some agency to judge it – a view of representation that is at the core of pragmatic sociology. The conclusion suggests possible criteria for representation as proposition and propose inclusiveness as a democratic criterion that can form the basis of an alternate ideal of representation, inclusive representation.
Pinning down representation
Authors: Thomassen Lasse
Published: September 2019

This chapter critically examines the most sophisticated and systematic version of the constructivist turn in recent scholarly work on political representation: that of Michael Saward and his theory of the representative claim. I argue that the constructivist turn means treating representation as inherently opaque and unstable; representation is an event and, as such, ultimately impossible to pin down. There are three areas where Saward does not take the full constructivist turn. They are, first, the notion of the referent, which is not constituted through the representative claim; second, while Saward argues that the representative claim is an event that cannot be pinned down, it remains transparent and stable in some respects; and, third, the normative aspects of the theory remain within the horizon of a future in which we may one day be able to pin down the meaning of the representative claim. To help make this case and show how Saward’s theory of the representative claim can be radicalised, the chapter enlists his own texts as well as Jacques Derrida’s deconstructive readings of discourses of representation.
Exploring the Semantics of Constructivist Representation
Authors: Mulieri Alessandro
Published: September 2019

This chapter draws on Hasso Hoffmann’s analysis of the “semantics” of political representation to compare two alternative interpretations of the constructivist turn, a moderate and a radical interpretation. The moderate interpretation, exemplified by Nadia Urbinati’s theory of democratic representation, describes representation as partly a constitutive process, a form of Darstellung, that presupposes a certain idea of political reality, which comes from a form of Stellvertretung. On the contrary, Frank Ankersmit’s notion of political representation defends a more radical version of constructivist representation which maintains that there is no political reality at all prior to the process of political representation. What are the implications of these two views for democratic representation? The chapter assess how the ‘moderate’ view of constructivist representation enriches the narrative of democratic legitimacy but sounds a note of caution on the implications of the ‘radical’ view of constructivist representation in democratic politics.
Frederick Douglass and Scotland, 1846
Authors: Pettinger Alasdair
Published: September 2019

Frederick Douglass (1818–95) was not the only fugitive from American slavery to visit Scotland before the Civil War, but he was the best known and his impact was far-reaching. In 1846 his stunning oratory drew enthusiastic crowds from Ayr to Aberdeen who came to hear him promote his new autobiography and deliver the abolitionist message. Although the main part of the book is framed by accounts of the racist discrimination Douglass faced on both his outward and return sea voyages, it does not offer a chronological narrative of his speaking engagements in Scotland. Rather, each of the three central chapters focus on a different set of encounters with notable Scots in order to demonstrate the vital role they played in the transformation of Douglass from a subordinate envoy of a white-run abolitionist society to an independent antislavery campaigner in his own right. In particular, they prompted far-reaching changes in his styles of speaking and writing, in his choice of heroes and how he identified with them, and in the new fervour with which he attempted to control the way he was represented verbally and pictorially. Situated at the intersection of biography, history and literature, it applies literary techniques of close reading to materials normally treated as historical documents, such as letters and newspaper reports, in order to draw out the subtleties of Douglass's changing attitudes, ideas and affiliations.
Truth and Toleration in Early Modern Thought
Authors: Antognazza Maria Rosa
Published: September 2019

The Reformation presented with heightened urgency the question of how to relate the system of beliefs regarded as fundamental by an established political community to alternative beliefs introduced by new groups and individuals. This chapter revisits different ways of addressing this problem, focusing on the relationship between truth and toleration. After discussing a variety of approaches, it investigates whether grounds for a general and principled theory of toleration can be found in religious truth itself and, following the tradition of natural law, in some universal truth discoverable by natural reason. The upshot is that, from a theoretical point of view, the culprit in intolerance is not in itself belief in some objective truth.
Dignity and Equality in Pufendorf’s Natural Law Theory
Authors: Zurbuchen Simone
Published: September 2019

The chapter explores the ambiguity of the notion of dignity in Pufendorf’s natural law theory. On the one hand, dignity (dignatio) denotes the moral status of human beings in virtue of which they have to treat each other as equals. On the other hand, Pufendorf holds dignity and natural equality to be compatible with social inequality, notably with servitude and slavery. Moreover, when he deals with the comparative value and reputation (existimatio) of human beings, he admits that their moral status is conditioned by their readiness to behave as social beings. Human beings can thus lose their basic moral standing and are then considered as common enemies of all.
Theory and Practice in the Natural Law of Christian Thomasius
Authors: Hunter Ian
Published: September 2019

Christian Thomasius’s natural law works are usually interpreted as providing a philosophical theory for his positive public law treatises on church and constitutional law. This chapter argues to the contrary that Thomasius’s public law writings are founded not in his natural law but in positive imperial public law as this was received in the state of Brandenburg-Prussia. In this context, the central role of his natural law was as a program for the pedagogical formation of law students.
The Legacy of Smith’s Jurisprudence in Late Eighteenth-Century Edinburgh
Authors: Cairns John W.
Published: September 2019

The chapter explores the development of law teaching in the University of Edinburgh in the later eighteenth-century, showing how Adam Smith's thinking promoted the development by law professors, all linked to Henry Dundas, of an empirical and historically oriented attitude to law and government in the teaching of Civil Law, the Law of Nature and Nations, Scots Law, and Universal History. This development had a major impact on Scottish thinking about law and government, not just among the lawyers. It raises the possibility of a route for the continuing impact of Enlightenment thought into the Nineteenth Century.
Declaring Rights: Bentham and the Rights of Man
Authors: Lieberman David
Published: September 2019

Critics who were sceptical of the particular fusion of law and history in natural jurisprudence launched their assaults in the later eighteenth-century from within established religious denominations, or asserted the view that the anticipated reforms would fail, being insufficiently grounded on an accurate portrayal of human nature. The latter approach has been especially associated with Jeremy Bentham, who for many scholars has become the most prominent opponent of rights-based theories. This chapter reconsiders this view, charting Bentham’s view of natural rights from his earliest writings to the summary Constitutional codes developed for post-Napoleonic Europe. The Bentham who emerges, rather than being a consistent enemy of the kinds of declarations of rights that marked the American and French Revolutions, was instead building upon much of the jurisprudence he condemned in his rhetoric. The chapter revises the commonplace view of Bentham and his intellectual origins in consequence.
Rights After the Revolutions
Authors: Whatmore Richard
Published: September 2019

The period of the French Revolution was famous for erecting an entirely new system of government and social mores on the basis of a declaration of the rights of man and the citizen. Everything changed in France, over a remarkably short period of time, leading to an especially intense debate about what a society founded on equal rights for all ought to look like. This chapter examines two of the systems expounded, derived from the political philosophies of Thomas Paine and Emmanuel Sièyes. The chapter examines the shock with which opponents such as Edmund Burke and Edward Gibbon greeted rights-based politics, and what happened when the new worlds of peace and prosperity promised by Paine and Sièyes descended into chaos and poverty. Around the turn of the eighteenth century the chapter charts a turn away from France and towards Britain as a possible model state for rights compatible with order and with civil liberty; in this turn the history of Scotland, and the existence of brilliant Scottish philosophers played a prominent role, being proof that Britain was not an empire run for the benefit of a mercantile class based in London, but was rather a cosmopolitan empire whose peripheries benefitted as much as the metropole. Republican voices still dedicated to the kinds of transformative natural jurisprudence promised in the early years of the French Revolution, shouted from the sidelines that if Britain was now the model state for humanity, then all of the reform projects of the eighteenth century had altogether failed.
BUDI DAYA DAN PENGOLAHAN HASIL PERTANIAN BUAH NAGA DI DESA KATENG KECAMATAN PRAYA BARAT KABUPATEN LOMBOK PROVINSI NTB
Authors: Masyhudi Lalu , Murianto Murianto
Published: September 2019

Petani buah naga di Desa kateng terletak di Kecamatan Praya Barat Kabupaten Lombok Tengah Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat. Kasus di desa ini adalah masyarakat yang tidak bisa maksimal dalam memaksimalkan potensi desa yang dimiliki sehingga sebagian besar masyarakat disana lebih memilih untuk pergi keluar negeri menjadi TKI. Kuntur tanah di desa Kateng sangat cocok ditanami dengan buah naga, hal ini terbukti dari banyaknya warga yang menanam buah naga di kebun ataupun di halaman rumah warga dan berbuah tapi kurang maskismal terutama dari segi pengolahan. Kurangnya kreatifitas dan pembinaan masyarakat oleh pemerintah dan dinas terkait seperti membuat membuat olahan buah naga menjadi makanan kemasan siap saji masih belum mampu dan mandiri sehingga nilai tambah dari buah naga tersebut tidak ada. Solusi yang yang ditawarkan adalah program penguatan pemahaman pada aspek (keterampilan (skill), pengetahuan (knowledge) berbentuk (1) penguatan tata kelola (AD/ART) organisasi, pembukuan sederhana, pakaian seragam pelatihan, (2) menyiapkan modul pelatihan dalam hal penanaman hingga pengolahan hasil menjadi produk makanan siap saji.Hasil dari kegiatan pengabdian ini adalah masyarakat di Desa Kateng mendapatkan pengetahuan (knowledge) berupa tata cara menanam (budi daya) buah naga melalui sosialisasi, mitra petani pade pacu juga mendapatkan keterampilan (skill) dalam pengolahan buah naga hasil panen menjadi makanan siap saja seperti kue dan bolu yang di jual di lingkungan sekitar, ini merubah persepsi masyarakat terkait dengan hasil panen yang biasa nya dijual murah dan dikonsumsi begitu saja tanpa di olah menjadi makanan. Hal ini menambah pendapatan masyarakat. Buah naga yang biasanya dijual di sekitaran desa sekarang sudah mulai di jual dan di bawa ke kota sehingga harga bisa lebih besar dari harga biasanya dengan demikian keuntungan mitra menjadi bertambah. Pengabdian ini terpublikasi di jurnal ilmiah cetak dan elektronik, adanya modul yang digunakan oleh mitra secara berkelanjutan dalam dalam budi daya dan pengolahan menjadi makanan siap saji. Video kegiatan telah terupload di youtube. Hasil dari pengabdian ini terdaftar di hak kekayaan intelektual berupa hak cipta di www.dgip.go.id. Harapan mitra dari kegiatan pengabdian Masyarakat di Desa Kateng adalah dapat mengembangkan wisata kuliner. Konsep yang akan dibangun adalah menjadikan desa ini tempat menanam buah naga. Harapan yang akan diperoleh adalah desa ini bisa dijadikan sebagai desa alternatif desa wisata yang telah ada di pulau Lombok. Masyarakat yang ada di sekitar dapat menjual hasil dari tanaman buah naga dan selanjutnya buah tersebut juga bisa dijadikan sebagai oleh-oleh khas kuliner yang dikemas/ packaging sedemikian rupa untuk para wisatawan.
In Good Condition: The Discourse of Patina as seen in Interactions between Experts and Laymen in the Antiques Trade
Authors: Wagner Karin
Published: September 2019

This article examines how notions of patina are conveyed by experts in the antiques trade. How do antiques experts convey perceptions of patina to their clients and audience? How do they explain, persuade, and put forward their standards of condition? Three examples are analysed, a conversation about a sundial from the Swedish Antiques Roadshow, a conversation about a toy car from the British Antiques Roadshow and a vintage watches collecting guide from Christie’s auction house. Different persuasive strategies and styles used by the experts to convey their norms are identified. A change towards higher appreciation of patina can be discerned. Furthermore, the article analyses patina in regard to the relationship between surface and core of an object and in regard to use and usefulness. It is suggested that objects with patina are popular because we as humans feel an affinity with them. If things have a life trajectory, it will also involve ageing, and by surrounding ourselves with old, imperfect things we can come to terms with our own ageing process.
The Effect of Monetary Incentives on Individual and Organizational Performance in an Italian Public Institution
Authors: Cainarca Gian Carlo , Delfino Francesco , Ponta Linda
Published: September 2019

This paper addresses the role of monetary incentives with regard to the performance of employees and organizations. The distribution of monetary incentives among employees in public administration has been investigated. Specifically, the traditional approach of bureaucracy that pays a premium to each employee, based on the position held, is compared with a merit approach which tends to recognize and reward individual contributions. A task advice centrality indicator and a value index have been defined and used to study the performance of employees. The results show a modification of individual behaviors, in line with the theoretical foundations and predictions formulated.
Interaction of Preventive, Cultural, and Direct Methods for Integrated Weed Management in Winter Wheat
Authors: Menegat Alexander , Nilsson Anders T. S.
Published: September 2019

Crop rotations dominated by winter annual crops and relying on the use of herbicides to control weeds have resulted in weed communities dominated by a few highly specialized species such as Alopecurus myosuroides. Integrated weed management (IWM) represents a sensible strategy to target such difficult weeds, through a combination of preventive, cultural, and direct means. In six field trials over three years, we tested the effect of stale seedbed preparation, winter wheat seed rate, and chemical weed control strategy on Alopecurus myosuroides control efficacy and variability in efficacy. The field experiments were carried out under reduced tillage practice and without pre-sowing use of glyphosate. Stale seedbed preparation alone reduced A. myosuroides infestation level by 25% on average. No clear effect was found of increasing winter wheat seed rate from 300 to 400 seeds m−2. A combination of stale seedbed preparation and herbicide treatment in autumn and spring was found to be synergistic, improving weed control efficacy significantly and moreover reducing the variability in control efficacy and hence the risk for weed control failure.