bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Is There a Difference in Response to Dietary Oxidized Oils in Tissues of Pigs of Different Ages?
Authors: McWhinney Velva J , Doore Lorna , Washington Jamie , McWhinney Dalton
Published: June 2021

Lipid peroxidation is suggested to have a role in the low‐grade inflammation associated with obesity. The study undertook the examination of the intake of oxidized oils on the oxidative status of liver, muscle and adipose tissues in obese piglets. Glutathione and glutathione reductase and peroxidase were measured in obese pigs from birth to 6 months of age. These oxidative parameters were measured using the assay systems standardized by Cayman Chemical Company, Ann Arbor, Mi. The level of glutathione and the glutathione reductase and peroxidase activities as may have been expected changed with age. The level of glutathione increased with age. In this particular study, the intake of dietary oxidized oils did not seemingly alter the enzyme activities. This could suggest that in this obese line of pigs that were genetically selected for increased dorsal subcutaneous back fat, the dietary intake of oxidized oils was either metabolized in the GI or that it lacked the ability to alter certain metabolic processes that would negatively impact the oxidative status of the cell.
EGCG Exerts Antioxidant Protection in Unilateral Testicular Torsion
Authors: Al-Maghrebi May , Renno Waleed , Al-Ajmi Nada
Published: June 2021

Objective

This study aimed at examining the protective role of EGCG on the enhanced oxidative stress status during testicular ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI). The influence of EGCG on the testicular antioxidant system and loss of ipsilateral testicular spermatogenesis was also studied.

Materials and methods

Eighteen SD male rats (250–300g) were randomly assigned into three groups. Group I was the sham rats, Group II rats underwent unilateral torsion‐detorsion (UT‐D) only while group III rats underwent UT‐D with EGCG pretreatment. Rats underwent 1 hour torsion (ischemia) and 4 hours detorsion (reperfusion). Damage to spermatogenesis was assessed by H&E staining and Johnson scoring. Oxidative stress was detected by measuring SOD activity, MDA concentrations and mRNA expression of NADPH subunits p22phox, p47phox and gp91phox.

Results

UT‐D to the left ipsilateral testes resulted in a noticeable seminiferous tubular atrophy, reduction of the number of germ cell layers and arrest of spermatogenesis. Testicular SOD activity was significantly reduced during UT‐D (p< 0.05) with a parallel increase in MDA concentrations (p<0.05) possibly caused by the accumulation of H2O2. A significant increase in the mRNA expression of NADPH oxidase subunits p22phox, p47phox and gp91phox during UT‐D induced‐IRI. All of these changes were returned to sham levels after EGCG treatment prior to reperfusion (group III).

Conclusion

EGCG, as a free radical scavenger, seems to have a protective role against oxidative stress in testicular IRI.
Comparison of host immune responses to homologous and heterologous porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) challenge
Authors: li xiangdong , chen nanhua , Pappan L. , Trible B. , Kerrigan M , Beck A , Li Y. , Hesse D. , Blecha F. , Nietfeld J.C. , Rowland R. , Shi J.
Published: June 2021

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a high‐consequence animal disease worldwide. The objective of this study was to identify immune responses that are predictive of protection against heterologous PRRSV challenge. Using MLV IngelVac PRRSV vaccine, its parental strain VR2332, and K‐LI, we compared immune responses induced by a single vaccination and by experimental infection of two different PRRSV isolates. Four groups of pigs were utilized in this study in which groups 1 & 2 were vaccinated with MLV PRRSV and groups 3 & 4 were not vaccinated. 28 days post vaccination (DPV), pigs in groups 1 & 3 were challenged with VR2332, and groups 2 & 4 were challenged with K‐LI. The results shown that lung pathology score of group 1 pigs was significantly lower than that of groups 2, 3, & 4 pigs 14 DPC, confirming the vaccination‐induced homologous protection. Serum neutralizing antibody against K‐LI was detected only in group 2 pigs 14 DPC. ELISpot assay indicated that VR2332 is a stronger inducer of IFNr‐secreting PBMCs than K‐LI in all pigs, and group 2 pigs possessed more PRRSV‐specific IFNr‐secreting PBMCs. This study indicates that heterologous challenge induces a higher level of cellular immune response against PRRSV in vaccinated pigs, but only serum neutralizing antibody titer is associated with PRRSV vaccination‐induced protection against homologous and heterologous challenge.
Defective signaling in a spontaneous transformation model of rat prostate epithelial cells
Authors: Gajdosik Martina Srajer , Yang DongQin , Chatterjee Devasis , Cross-Knorr Samuel , Brilliant Kate E. , Gorman Megan , Hixson Douglas C. , Mills David R.
Published: June 2021

We describe an in vitro model of spontaneous transformation using normal rat prostate epithelial cells (PEC) that culminates at high passage (p>85) in anchorage independent growth when plated on soft agar. High passage PEC also formed large tumors in immunodeficient mice. We identified a small subpopulation of cells derived from the high passage anchorage independent cells that migrate through soft agar and expand on the underlying plastic substratum. In addition, several antibodies generated against rat liver epithelial cells of ductal origin that react strongly with rat prostate cells were examined. OC.2 was expressed by a low percentage of low and high passage PEC but was expressed by 100% of freshly isolated soft agar invasive (SAI) cells. Conversely, OC.4 and OC.5 were expressed by a high percentage of low and high passage PEC but were absent in SAI cells. Tumorigenicity experiments demonstrated that the SAI subpopulation was considerably more tumorigenic than high passage cells, evidenced by decreased latency period and increased tumor size. Immunoblot analysis identified alterations in signaling proteins belonging to EGFR and JAK/STAT pathways between low pass, high pass and SAI cells. We are investigating the role of these pathways on the phenotype of the 3 PEC models by examining anchorage independent growth, invasion, and tumorigenicity. (Supported by COBRE grant 1P20RR17695)
Dopaminergic receptor antagonists attenuate memory consolidation and long‐term potentiation in guinea pig hippocampus in vivo
Authors: Lee Kiera-Nicole , Chirwa Sanika
Published: June 2021

We examined the effects of dopamine D1 and D2 receptor antagonists on memory consolidation and long‐term potentiation (LTP, a cellular correlate for memory). Thus we conducted behavior tests in male guinea pigs (150–200 g) using customized Phenotyper home cages and Ethovision XT software from Noldus. Treatment with 0.25 mg/kg SCH23390 (D1R antagonist, n=6) or 1 mg/kg sulpiride (D2R antagonist, n=5) did not alter locomotor activity relative to pre‐drug or saline controls (n=4). We also found that injections of SCH23390 (n=6) or sulpiride (n=5) soon after familiarization to two similar objects, in the novel object recognition test, blocked subsequent discrimination for novel objects when tested after 5‐hours. By contrast guinea pigs treated with saline (n=8) showed robust discrimination for novel objects indicating memory consolidation. In addition, if drugs were given within 1 min after tetanic stimulation (100 Hz, 1 sec; 3 trains), this decreased the success rate for expression of LTP, in vivo, in SCH23390 (2 of 6) and sulpiride (2 of 6) treated guinea pigs; success rates were higher in saline controls (5 of 8). When LTP was expressed, its maintenance was attenuated in guinea pigs treated with SCH23390 and sulpiride but not saline. Our data suggest memory consolidation and LTP share common processes which partly require early dopaminergic signaling for stabilization.(Supported by NIH grants DA021471 and NS061201)
Inhibition of the overexpressing SIRT6 sensitizes prostate cancer cells to chemotherapeutics
Authors: Liu Yewei , Xie Qian Reuben , Wang Boshi , Shao Jiaxiang , Zhang Tingting , Huang Gang , Xia Weiliang
Published: June 2021

SIRT6 is a site‐specific histonedeacetylase of H3K9Ac and H3K56Ac, with various roles in DNA repair, telomere maintenance, energy metabolism, and the target gene expression mediated by transcription factors NF‐kappaB, HIF1alpha and PARP1. However, these studies were mostly performed in normal cells, while the roles of SIRT6 in cancers remained undetermined. From deposited large scale gene profiling studies, we identified that SIRT6 was highly expressed in metastatic prostate tumor, compared with normal or paratumor prostate tissue or even primary prostate tumor. We then hypothesized that upregulation of SIRT6 might promote prostate tumor development, and we could control prostate cancer through SIRT6 downregulation. Here we observed the overexpression of SIRT6 both in prostate tumor tissues andprostate cancer cells. We also found that downregulation of SIRT6 in PC‐3 human prostate cancer cells led to sub‐G1 phase arrest of cell cycle, increased apoptosis, reduced migration ability and downregulation of multiple cancer‐related genes, including BCL2, MDR, CDH1, CDH2 and CD44. Moreover, SIRT6‐deficiency reduced cell viability and enhanced chemotherapeutics sensitivity. Our findings uncovered some of the SIRT6 functions in prostate cancer, and might provide a new approach on prostate cancer therapy.
High glucose limits NO production through ATF‐2 and c‐Jun transcriptional regulation of Arginase
Authors: Shatanawi Alia , Alkilany Alaaldin M , Caldwell Ruth B , Caldwell R. William
Published: June 2021

Vascular endothelial dysfunction (VED) is characterized by impaired endothelial cell (EC) production or availability of nitric oxide (NO). NO produced by endothelial NO synthase (NOS) is needed for normal vascular function. During diabetes or hypertension, elevated levels of arginase (ARG) can compete with NOS for available arginine thus reducing vascular NO. Diabetes has been linked to elevated ARG and associated with VED. In this study we explored transcriptional regulation of increased ARG expression/activity in response to high glucose (HG) in EC. Previously we showed involvement of activating transcription factor‐2 (ATF‐2) in upregulating ARG I in response to angiotensin II (Ang II). Treatment of EC with HG (25 mM, 72 hrs) caused an increase in ARG activity, accompanied by decrease in NO production. Depletion of ATF‐2 or c‐Jun by siRNAs prevented both of the effects of HG. Also, HG enhanced ARG I gene transcriptional activity measured as luciferase activity in ECs transfected with ARG I promotor luciferase. Transfection of EC with ATF‐2 or c‐Jun siRNA prevented this increase in luciferase activity indicating that ATF‐2 and c‐Jun are necessary for enhanced expression of ARG I under HG conditions. These and our earlier data indicate that HG and Ang II signal through a common pathway to induce ARG and limit NO. These signaling steps might be therapeutic targets for preventing VED associated with elevated ARG levels.
Simvastatin improves vascular endothelial functions via calmodulin‐dependent activities
Authors: TRAN KIM , GILES JENNIFER
Published: June 2021

Calmodulin is required for the activity of many cellular proteins. We hypothesized that HMG‐CoA reductase inhibitors improve endothelial functions partly via CaM‐dependent activities. At therapeutic doses, simvastatin upregulates CaM expression in primary endothelial cells up to 250%. This effect is produced by both active and inactive simvastatin, and is also observed with atorvastatin, suggesting that it is general for statins, but independent of a cholesterol‐lowering effect. The increased CaM expression is associated with an increase in the interaction between CaM and the plasma membrane Ca2+‐ATPase as well as dynamic PMCA activity. Simvastatin phosphorylates the dominant CaM target eNOS at Ser‐617, Ser‐635 and Ser‐1179. Simvastatin upregulates total CaM expression in HEK 293 cells stably expressing eNOS, but to a negligible extent in non‐transfected cells, suggesting that the increased CaM expression in endothelial cells is mediated by the effect of simvastatin on eNOS. At similar free Ca2+ concentrations, HEK 293 cells expressing an S617D/S635D/S1179DeNOS mutant produce higher free Ca2+‐CaM levels than cells expressing the S617A/S635A/S1179AeNOS mutant. In‐vitro competitive binding assays revealed that the S617D/S635D/S1179DeNOS mutant displays a 3‐fold increase in the Ca2+ sensitivity for complex formation with CaM compared to WTeNOS, lowering the EC50(Ca2+) to a value well within the basal Ca2+ level in cells. Our data strongly indicate that via phosphorylation‐dependent increases Ca2+‐CaM sensitivity of the dominant CaM binding protein eNOS, simvastatin increases CaM expression and CaM‐dependent functions in endothelial cells. We suggest a general mechanism that cellular CaM expression is governed partly by its requirement at basal Ca2+ concentrations.
High‐dose riboflavin treatment reduces the levels of BCRP‐transported cimetidine into the milk
Authors: Dedina Liana , Fujii Hisaki , Wu Alex , Harper Patricia , Ito Shinya
Published: June 2021

Motherˈs milk provides a multitude of benefits to the offspring. However, drugs and toxins that are transferred into breast milk may pose a risk to the nursing infant. The Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (BCRP) is known to actively transport drugs (e.g. cimetidine) and toxins (e.g. PhIP) into breast milk. BCRP also transport nutrients such as riboflavin into breast milk and together with recently identified riboflavin transporters (RFTs), may provide a mechanism for riboflavin secretion into breast milk. It is currently not known if RFTs are expressed in the mammary gland. Our objective was to characterize BCRP and RFTs expression in the mammary gland of FVB/N mice, and to investigate a potential strategy to decrease BCRP‐transported xenobiotics excretion into the milk using a high‐dose riboflavin intervention. RFTs and BCRP expression was upregulated in the mammary gland of lactating mice. An intravenous injection of 5 μg/g body weight of riboflavin that enhanced the levels of riboflavin in milk and plasma by 3.1‐ and 8.9–fold, respectively, significantly reduced the levels of BCRP‐transported 3H‐cimetidine in milk. Also, cimetidine's milk‐to‐plasma ratio was significantly reduced (1.4 fold: p<0.05). This study demonstrates the use of riboflavin to exploit the function of mammary BCRP in order to reduce xenobiotic section into breast milk. Supported by CIHR, NSERC, Restracomp and U of T Fellowship.
Changes in vascular reactivity of mesenteric arteries following hyperbaric oxygen treatment
Authors: Hake Benjamin Matthew , Eovaldi Benjamin , Sylvester Francis
Published: June 2021

The objective of this study was to evaluate the changes in vascular reactivity of mesenteric arteries resulting from hyperbaric oxygen treatment. It was hypothesized that hyperbaric oxygen treatment alters vascular reactivity in mesenteric arteries. Arteries from porcine mesenteries were dissected and then subjected to a 2‐hour hyperbaric treatment in 100% oxygen, 100% nitrogen, or ambient air (1.75 ATA). An additional control included vessels exposed to ambient air at 1 ATA. Immediately following, arteries were mounted in isolated organ baths and passively loaded with 7 grams of tension. Following a 1‐hour equilibration in Krebs‐Henseleit solution arteries were treated with potassium chloride (KCl; 15 – 60 mM) to assess viability. Subsequently, arteries were treated with increasing concentrations of phenylephrine (10−7 – 10−4 M) then sodium nitroprusside (10−7 – 10−4 M) to measure changes in vascular reactivity. KCl‐induced vasoconstriction was significantly increased in response to hyperbaric oxygen treatment compared to ambient air control (1 ATA). Treatment with hyperbaric oxygen augmented vascular responses to phenylephrine and sodium nitroprusside relative to nitrogen but not ambient air. The results from these studies provide insight into the vascular effects of hyperbaric oxygen treatment.
EXOGENOUS NITRIC OXIDE (NO) MODULATES THE G‐PROTEIN COUPLED SIGNALING PROTEINS IN CULTURED LYMPHATIC SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS
Authors: Uddin Mohammad Nasir , Horvat Darijana , Gasheva Olga , Zawieja David
Published: June 2021

Lymphatics use both phasic and tonic contractions of lymphatic muscle. The cellular and molecular mechanisms by which lymphatic muscle performs these dual tasks are still unknown. Recently, we demonstrated that cGMP and PKG (protein kinase G) are involved in the NO modulation of rat thoracic duct contractility. We aim to study the NO dependent signaling mechanisms in cultured lymphatic muscle cells. Rat mesenteric lymphatic muscle cells (RMLMC) were used in this study. Cells were maintained in DMEM media supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and were incubated at 37°C and 5% CO2. Cells were treated with two NO donors SNAP (S‐Nitroso‐N‐Acetyl‐D,L‐Penicillamine) and DETA NONOate (Diethylenetriamine NONOate) at 10, 25, 50, 100 or 200 μM for 4 and 8 hours in different wells (n=6 in each treatment) separately. The sGC (soluble guanylate cyclase) isoforms α and β, PKG 1α, and PKG 1β were measured by Western blotting using anti‐sGC α, anti‐sGC β, anti‐PKG 1α, or anti‐PKG 1β antibodies. The expression of sGC α, sGC β, PKG 1α, and PKG 1β proteins were significantly upregulated in 25–200 μM SNAP and DETA NONOate treated RMLMC. Both dose and time dependent effects of SNAP and DETA NONOate on these proteins were observed. These findings demonstrate the usefulness of using cultured lymphatic muscle cell lines in the study of the involvement of sGC and PKG on NO dependent signaling. Supported by NIH HL70308
Effect of fenugreek seed extract on carbendazim‐inhibited spermatogenesis in albino rats
Authors: LAMFON HAWAZEN AHMAD
Published: June 2021

Carbendazim is a carbamate fungicide used in control of various fungal pathogens. Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum‐graecum Linn.) is a leguminous plant cultivated in several Asian and African countries and its seeds are used as herbal medicine. In the present work the effect of aqueous extract of fenugreek seeds on carbendazim‐induced testicular toxicity in albino rats was studied. Treating rats with carbendazim induced significant decrease in testis weights, diameters and germinal epithelial heights of the seminiferous tubules. Histological results revealed degeneration of seminiferous tubules and reduction of spermatogenic cells. Moreover, carbendazim caused elevation of testicular malondialdehyde (MDA), and reduced the activity of the antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). Animals treated with carbendazim and fenugreek showed improvement in the histomorphological and histopathological changes observed in animals treated with carbendazim. In addition fenugreek treatment leads to a significant decrease in the level of MDA and increase in the activity of SOD and CAT. it is concluded that fenugreek extract can improve the testicular toxicity of carbendazim and this effect may be attributed to its antioxidant properties.
Effects of some anti‐diabetic drags on the utilization of carbohydrates in fish
Authors: Takase Kiyomi
Published: June 2021

Most teleost fish are characterized by a limited efficiency to use carbohydrates. The poor metabolic glucose utilization of fish suggests to be related to not only an insufficient secretion of insulin, but also a high insulin resistance state. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of some anti‐diabetic drags on the utilization of carbohydrates in fish. Goldfish and rainbow trout were used in this experiment. Fish were administrated orally tolbutamide (Tr), chlorpropamide (Ch), aguripuchin (Ag), pioglitazone (Pi) and metformin (Mt). After three weeks, the rate of 2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose (2DG) uptake in skeletal muscle and changes in blood glucose and insulin concentrations in the fish administered glucose intraperitoneally (glucose tolerance test: GTT) were investigated. In goldfish administered Tr or Ch, no significant change in GTT was observed on the rate of 2DG uptake in muscle and on plasma glucose and insulin levels. Ag enhanced insulin secretion during GTT and promoted to the recovery of blood glucose. Pi and Mt increased the rate of 2DG and promoted the recovery of blood glucose. On the other hand, in rainbow trout, each Tr, Ch, Ag, Pi and Mt was improved hyperglycaemia. These results suggest that most fish begins efficiently using the carbohydrates by (1) the enhancement of the rate of insulin synthesis in beta cells and (2) the improvement of the insulin sensitivity of muscle.
The involvement of nitric oxide synthase in the die‐away phenomenon during prolonged local skin heating
Authors: Carter Stephen J , Del Pozzi Andrew T , Collins Ann B , Hodges Gary J
Published: June 2021

Previous studies have described the die‐away phenomenon as a gradual, albeit progressive, reduction in skin blood flow following >60 min of local skin heating. We investigated the involvement of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in this die‐away phenomenon. Participant forearms were instrumented with microdialysis fibers, local skin heaters, and laser‐Doppler probes. Skin sites were treated with either a saline solution (control) or the NOS inhibitor, Nω‐nitro‐L‐arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L‐NAME). Skin sites were heated from 33 to 41 °C at a rate of 0.5 °C · 10 s−1and held stable for 90 min. Baseline, initial peak, plateau, and die‐away phases were compared between sites. Both skin sites exhibited the characteristic biphasic response to local heating while also demonstrating a decrease in skin blood flow following an established plateau. L‐NAME treated sites were different across all measures (P<0.05). Importantly, the magnitude of the die‐away was reduced under conditions of L‐NAME treatment compared to control (P<0.05). These data suggest that NOS is involved in the die‐away phenomenon. Supported by The University of Alabama.
The opiod system of prelimbic cortex modulates cardiovascular responses caused by restraint stress in rats
Authors: Fassini Aline , Scopinho América Augusto , de Aguiar Corrêa Fernando Morgan
Published: June 2021

The objective of this study was to investigate the role of opioid system in PL on the cardiovascular responses of increase mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) caused by restraint stress (RS). Male Wistar rats (240–280g) were used. Guide cannulae were implanted bilaterally in the PL for drug injection of naloxone (non‐selective antagonist of opioid receptors in the doses of 0.3, 3 and 30nmol/100nL) or vehicle (artificial cerebrospinal fluid, aCSF, 100nL) and a polyethylene catheter was implanted in the femoral artery for mean MAP and HR record, using a computerized acquisition system. 10 minutes before microinjection of drugs or vehicle into the PL, rats were subjected to RS. The RS caused increase in MAP (F35,360=5.2;P< 0.001) and HR (F35,360=7.56; P<0.001), n=8. Naloxone at dose of 3nmol/100nL in PL (n=8) reduced the increase of MAP (F1,808=270; P<0.0001) and tachycardia (F1,924= 329.1, P<0.0001) caused by RS. On the other hand, the doses 0.3nmol/100nL (n=6; MAP: F1,015=75.95; P<0.0001 and HR: F0,3624=0.6565; P=0.0117) and 30nmol/100nL (n=7; MAP: F0,5388=18,01; P<0.0001 and HR: F0,6431=0.3186; P= 0.6578) of naloxone did not cause alterations on MAP and HR caused by RS. The current results suggesting a facilitatory role of PL cortex in aversive responses. Financial Support: CAPES and FAEPA.
Protective Effect of Hypercapnia on Ischemia – Reperfusion Injury in Lungs Retrieved from Non‐heart‐beating Donors
Authors: Hodyc Daniel , Suva Petr , Mrazkova Hana , Skoumalova Alice , Hampl Vaclav , Herget Jan
Published: June 2021

Lungs retrieved from non‐heart‐beating donors (NHBD) might alleviate the shortage of suitable organs for transplantation. Since hypercapnia has protective effect on free radical damage, in present study we investigated a possible protective effect of hypercapnic ventilation during reperfusion in lungs retrieved from NHBD.

Experimental rats underwent the protocol of NHBD lung harvesting: 90 minutes of warm ischemia after pentobarbital euthanasia followed by 60 min of cold ischemia (12°C). Then we measured perfusion pressure, lung weight gain and arterio ‐ venous difference in O2 partial pressure in isolated, Salt solution + Ficol perfused lungs. In controls, lungs were harvested immediately after euthanasia.

We used four groups of rats:

Control group – C

Control group, isolated lungs ventilated with hypercapnic gas (10%CO2) ‐ CH

Experimental rats – warm + cold ischemia – W

Experimental rats, hypercapnic ventilation – WH

Warm ischemia deteriorates lung functions (W vs C). We found that hypercapnic ventilation reduced pulmonary edema (WH vs. W) and improved oxygen transport ability (WH vs. W, no difference in WH vs. C). We conclude that hypercapnia prevents ischemia – reperfusion injury in NHBD lungs.

Supported by Czech Science Foundation, GACR P303/10/P343 and GACR 305/08/0108
Effect of avocado oil on fatty acid profile and ROS generation in liver and aortic mitochondria from diabetic rats
Authors: Ortiz‐Avila Omar , Samano‐Garcia Carlos Alberto , Calderon‐Cortes Elizabeth , Saavedra‐Molina Alfredo , Cortes‐Rojo Christian , Ortiz‐Avila Omar
Published: June 2021

Diabetes is characterized by an increase in ROS generation and impaired mitochondrial dysfunction in several tissues. Due to its high content of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and the presence of carotenoid antioxidants, we aimed to test if dietary avocado oil (AO) may attenuate ROS generation in association with a decrease in the peroxidizability index (PI) of membranes from liver and aortic mitochondria. In aortic mitochondria from diabetic rats, 90‐days administration of avocado oil induced both an 8% increment in MUFA content and a 20.6% decrease in PI when compared with the diabetic group. Moreover, a decrease of above 50% in ROS production was detected in mitochondria from the control and diabetic groups treated with AO. Regarding liver mitochondria, ROS production was 81% higher in diabetic mitochondria than in control. However, despite neither MUFA content nor PI was modified by AO treatment, the later decreased ROS generation in diabetic mitochondria at control levels. Together, these results suggest that avocado oil may decrease oxidative stress in different tissues by diverse mechanisms.
Characterization of the role of long chain acyl‐CoA synthetase 6 in skeletal muscle energy metabolism
Authors: Bu So Young
Published: June 2021

Previous studies suggest that numerous isoforms of long chain acyl‐CoA synthetase (ACSL) mediate intracellular fatty acids channeling and regulate energy metabolism. However the role of these genes in muscle need to be identified in order to understand how they contribute to whole body energy metabolism. This study was designed to characterize how ACSL6 is regulated and the function of this gene in skeletal muscle energy metabolism. C2C12 mouse myoblasts were utilized and expression of genes that involving glucose and fatty acids metabolism was measured during cellular differentiation. To characterize the role of ACSL6 in skeletal muscle energy metabolism, siRNA mediated knockdown of ACSL6 was performed. During myogenic differentiation gene expressions involving glucose and lipid metabolism including GLUT4 and ACSL6 were increased while they were not or barely detected in pre‐confluenced myoblasts. Compared to cells transfected with control siRNA, knockdown of ACSL6 significantly decreased GLUT4 expression. These results suggest that lipid channeling system is developed in the course of myogenic differentiation, and intracellular fatty acids trafficking derived from ACSL6 is partially responsible for glucose utilization in skeletal muscle cells. Additional studies how ACSL6 modulate glucose utilization and insulin signaling in skeletal muscle cells remain to be performed.

This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF) funded b y the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (2012R1A1A1019253).
Protective effects of Coenzyme Q10 on dystrophic muscle cells
Authors: Minatel Elaine , Mizobuti Daniela Sayuri , Macedo Aline Barbosa , Moraes Luis Henrique Rapucci
Published: June 2021

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a progressive and lethal X‐linked myopathy characterized by a deficiency of the dystrophin protein. Oxidative stress and abnormal production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays a key role in the pathophysiology of DMD. We investigated the effects of the antioxidant Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) on the primary cultures of dystrophic muscle cells from mdx mice, the experimental model of DMD. Mdx muscle cells were treated with CoQ10 (5 μM) for 24 h. The muscle cells of C57BL/10 mice were used as controls. Drug toxicity was assessed for using an MTT cell viability assay. H2O2 (a marker of cellular ROS production) was measured by using the Amplex red assay kit. The levels of 4‐HNE (a lipid peroxidation marker) were analyzed by western blotting. The MTT results showed that CoQ10 not had cytotoxic effect on mdx and C57BL/10 muscle cells. H2O2 production and 4‐HNE levels were significantly higher in mdx muscle cells compared to C57BL/10 muscle cells (P≤0.05, Student's t‐test). CoQ10 treatment decreased H2O2 production by 51% and 4‐HNE levels by 18% in the dystrophic muscle cells. Based on the results, it can be seen that CoQ10 has protective effects on mdx muscle cells and this in turn would support further investigations for its use as a potential therapy for dystrophinopathies.
Determinants of physical and functional coupling between Thromboxane A2 receptor and Gαq
Authors: Chakraborty Raja , Xu Bing , Bhullar Rajinder Pal , Chelikani Prashen
Published: June 2021

G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) interact with heterotrimeric G proteins and initiate a wide variety of signaling pathways. The molecular nature of GPCR‐G protein interaction in the clinically important thromboxane A2 receptor (TP) is poorly understood. TP activates its cognate G‐protein (Gαq) in response to binding of thromboxane and mediates vasoconstriction and thrombosis. Although quite a large number of biophysical and biochemical studies have shown the possible regions and/or residues important in GPCR‐G protein interactions here we attempt to elucidate the determinants of physical and functional coupling between TP and Gαq. We have constructed TP with minimal number of cysteines by replacing 4 of the endogenous and non‐essential cysteines (4‐Cys). From molecular modeling analysis, the TP amino acids predicted to interact with Gαq were replaced with cysteines one at a time, using the 4‐Cys TP as the base receptor. Disulphide cross linking between TP cysteine mutants and C‐terminal Gαq cysteine mutants are being pursued using Copper phenanthroline in presence of TP specific agonist U46619 under reducing and non ‐ reducing conditions. The crosslinked regions will be analyzed by western blots using TP and Gαq specific antibodies. The results will enable us to understand the dynamics of GPCR‐G protein interactions.

Supported by MHRC, MICH/faculty of dentistry Fellowship to RC, HSF and MHRC to PC
Effect of saturated or monounsaturated fatty acids on bone and calcium absorption in older mice
Authors: Wang Yang , Dellatore Peter , Patel Kiran , Ferraris Ronaldo , Shapses Sue
Published: June 2021

A high fat diet (HFD) and obesity have been shown to reduce bone mineral density (BMD) and Ca absorption (Ca‐abs). However, previous experiments have not examined the effect of HFD in the absence of obesity or addressed the type of fatty acids. In this study, we examined 28 eight‐month old female C57BL/6J mice that were pair‐fed one of three diets. The HFD (45% fat) was either enriched with monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) or with saturated fatty acids (SFA) and was compared to a low fat diet (LFD; 10% fat). Mice were analyzed for BMD (dual energy x‐ray absorptiometry), intestinal Ca‐abs, and the mRNA expression of Ca transporters. In vivo fractional Ca‐abs was measured using 45Ca (5‐d measurement). After 8wk, there was no significant different in body weight between groups, but fat was greater in the MUFA than LFD mice (p<0.05). Total body, femur and humerus BMD of mice fed SFA were lower than LFD or MUFA (P<0.001). There tended to be a rise in 45Ca–abs only in the HFD groups (p<0.06), but the change did not differ between groups. Intestinal Ca transporter, calbindin‐D9k mRNA expression, was higher in MUFA mice and both MUFA and SFA showed lower renal Ca transporter expression, TRPV5, compared to LFD (p<0.05). It is concluded that the detrimental effects of a HFD on BMD occurs due to a deleterious effect of SFA, and this occurs in the absence of excess caloric intake and of a significant contribution from intestinal or renal Ca transport.
Effect of Prenatal and Postpartum Food Security Status on Breastfeeding Initiation and Duration in Massachusetts WIC Participants 2001–2009
Authors: Brown Lisa S , Colchamiro Rachel , Edelstein Sari , Metallinos‐Katsaras Elizabeth
Published: June 2021

This study examined the association between household food insecurity during pregnancy and initiation/duration of breastfeeding in Massachusetts WIC women. Full term, live singleton births of mother's certified into WIC prenatally who had complete food security, breastfeeding and covariate data (maternal race, age, education, smoking status, BMI, HH income and size, birth weight and sex) were included (n=27,112). Multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate the association between food security status and breastfeeding initiation and among initiators, food security status continued breastfeeding for 3, 6 and 12 months. Low prenatal food security was associated with lower likelihood of breastfeeding initiation compared to food secure women (OR=0.87, p<.0001). Prenatal very low prenatal food security was not significantly associated with initiation rates (p >; .05). Low postpartum HH food security status was associated with a greater likelihood of breastfeeding at least three and six months compared to those who were food secure during the postpartum period (OR=1.08 and 1.11, p<0.05). There was no association between prenatal food security and breastfeeding duration. Prenatal and postpartum food security status may influence the decision to initiate breastfeeding and sustain breastfeeding.
Vitamin D deficiency in cord plasma from multiethnic subjects living in the tropics
Authors: Halm Brunhild M , Lai Jennifer F , Pagano Ian , Cooney William , Soon Reni A , Franke Adrian A
Published: June 2021

Vitamin D deficiency is common in high latitude areas and in dark skin people. However, nothing is known about vitamin D in cord blood from multiethnic subjects living in the tropics. We determined the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in cord blood from multiethnic individuals in Hawai'i. 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels were quantified by ELISA in 100 cord plasmas from apparently healthy full term newborns. Overall, 25(OH)D levels ranged from 9.1 to 68.3 ng/mL; 28% were deficient (<20 ng/mL) and 50% were insufficient (20–30 ng/mL). Mean levels (ng/mL) were highest in Caucasians (30.5) followed by Asians (25.1), Hispanics (21.5), Pacific Islanders (20.0), and African Americans (19.6). Differences among groups were significant (p=0.008). Summer versus winter samples were higher overall (p=0.001) and among Asians (p=0.0003). Seasonal changes were correlated with sun irradiance overall (r=0.43, p=0.0001), among Caucasians (r=0.45, p=0.05), and among Asians (r=0.45, p=0.0001). Our results suggest that prenatal supplement recommendations of 400 IU vitamin D/day does not protect against vitamin D deficiency, even in subjects living in the tropics. Our results emphasizes the need for regular 25(OH)D monitoring, particularly during pregnancy and lactation, in dark skin people, and during winter months. Supported by grants from NCI (P30 CA71789), NCRR (S10 RR020890) and RMATRIX award (U54 RR026136).
Can teens accurately report their weight, height, and waist and hip circumferences?
Authors: Siapco Gina Segovia , Alomairah Saud , Sabate Joan
Published: June 2021

Body mass index (BMI) and waist‐to‐hip ratio (W/H) are indices commonly used to assess obesity. The use of self‐reported anthropometric measures is a quick and inexpensive way to compute these indices but may have implications on obesity estimation if invalid. Our aim was to determine if teens can accurately self‐report their weight, height, waist and hip—the anthropometric measures needed to compute BMI and W/H. Teens (n=309; 166 females, 143 males) ages 12–19 years, reported their weight (Wt), height (Ht), waist (WC) and hip (HC) circumferences as part of a web‐based survey. Actual measurements were taken after 2 weeks. Self‐reported and measured values were compared using paired t‐tests, correlations and cross‐classification. Overall and across genders, no significant differences were found between self‐reported and measured Wt (59.3 ± 12.5 vs. 59.4 ± 13.1 kg), Ht (166.1 ± 13.0 vs. 165.1 ± 9.6 cm), BMI (21.6 ± 4.6 vs. 21.7 ± 4.0) and WC (75.2 ± 13.6 vs. 74.1 ± 9.3 cm), but HC was significantly underreported (85.7 ± 12.2 vs. 93.9 ± 9.3 cm, p<0.01). Correlations ranged from weak (HC r=0.42) to strong (Wt r=0.98). Quintile agreement ranged from 72% (HC) to 99% (Wt). Self‐reported weight, height, BMI and waist, except hip circumference, in this teen population are valid estimates of “true” measurements. Consistently low self‐reported hip circumference may indicate that teens have a different perception of the hip location.
Regular soy intake supports normal growth of teens and has no effect on risk of obesity
Authors: Sabaté Joan , Norkunas Tricia , Huey Lynnley , Segovia‐Siapco Gina
Published: June 2021

Soy intake is associated with reduced chronic disease risk. Obesity and overweight during adolescence can affect lifelong health; however, research on the impact of soy intake in growth and development of teens is limited. Our aim is to determine if regular soy intake affects adolescent growth and the odds of becoming overweight or obese. We conducted a cross sectional study among 300 adolescents (158 females, 142 males) ages 12–18 years attending Seventh‐day Adventist schools in Southern California. Soy consumption was assessed with a web‐based food frequency questionnaire. Weight and height were measured at the school. Association between soy intake and gender‐ and age‐specific height and BMI z‐ scores were estimated with linear regression and odds of overweight/obesity with logistic regression. Average total soy intake was 1.2 (SD=1.2) servings per day, mostly coming from meat alternatives (0.5±0.6 svg/d), tofu (0.3±0.5 svg/d), and soy beverages (0.3±0.5 svg/d). Total soy intake was not significantly associated with height (B= −.043 [−.047, .132], p=.348) and BMI (B= −.033 [−.135, .069], p=.520), neither were meat alternatives, tofu, and soy beverages. Total soy consumption does not affect the odds of being overweight/obese (OR: 1.02 [0.87, 1.20], p=.789). We conclude that in this population, soy intake has a neutral effect on growth and the odds of being overweight/obese. Funded by WhiteWave Foods
Fat imaging via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in young children (ages 1–4 years) without sedation
Authors: Shearrer Grace Elisabeth , House Benjamin , Luci Jeffrey , Davis Jaimie
Published: June 2021

In the pediatric population, the need to quantify fat deposition, particularly visceral and hepatic fat stores is critical for understanding the impact of obesity on metabolic disease risk. This pilot study developed techniques to perform Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of specific fat deposition in 10 children (age 18 months to 4 years). The children engaged in a series of practice tests to become acclimated to the scanner noises, reduce claustrophobia, and rehearse holding still for a set time. We used the following techniques during the practice tests and MRI scans: a) role modeling with parent; b) using puppets to explain procedure; c) incentivizing children after each successfully completed test with age appropriate toys; and d) using a specialized mirror to allow the children to watch a video while in the mock and real scanner. The practice tests assessed if the child could remain still for two minutes while watching a video, first while lying on a blanket, second, on the blanket with headphones, and third, in the mock scanner. The children who passed the three practice tests were then scanned with a 3T Siemens magnet. We determined success scan as one in which fat imaging quantification could be preformed. Seven out of ten children were able to successfully complete the MRI scans. Use of an MRI for fat imaging in young children is possible under this protocol without the need for sedation allowing for specific fat quantification in the previously understudied pediatric population.

Grant Funding Source: Departmental Funding
Efficacy of Interactive Whiteboards as Teaching Tools in the Nutrition Education of 1st and 2nd grade students
Authors: Maddox Lori , Crook Tina , Gonzales Dana , Hakkak Reza
Published: June 2021

Research on the use of interactive white boards (IWB) in education indicates that such tools affect learning. Little research has been done on the effectiveness of this technology in nutrition education. The goal of this study was to examine the efficacy of educating first and second grade students about nutrition and healthy eating habits using an IWB. An age‐appropriate nutrition lesson was presented to one first grade and one second grade class at an area elementary school using an IWB. Each lesson was 45 minutes in length and included hands‐on manipulation of the IWB by the students via nutrition games and activities. Students completed pre‐ and post – lesson surveys. The surveys included questions on identifying food groups and healthy snacking. Results showed a significant increase in mean scores on the food group identification questions in the second grade students (7.35 vs. 9.5, p<0.001) while first grade students showed significant improvement in mean scores on the healthy snacking questions (4.86 vs. 5.14, p<0.001). Both grade levels had significantly improved mean total survey scores (9.10 vs. 10.76, p<0.001; 2nd grade = 17.0 vs. 22.18, p<0.001). These results indicate promise for the use of the IWB as an effective tool in school‐age nutrition education. Support by UAMS/CHP –Dean's Society Grant to LM.
Simple Suppers: A family nutrition education and cooking program delivered in the daycare setting designed to improve diet quality in preschool aged children
Authors: Wagner Allan , Rose Angela , Kennel Julie , Gunther Carolyn
Published: June 2021

In order to reverse current trends in childhood obesity, early intervention and engagement of parents are essential. The aim of this study was to test feasibility and potential efficacy of a nutrition education and cooking program aimed at teaching parents and their preschool children positive eating behaviors. Our hypothesis was that children of participating families would develop and maintain food choices that include nutrient‐rich foods while limiting energy‐dense foods and beverages. Our curriculum is based on the 2010 Dietary Guidelines and consists of 10X90 min programs delivered monthly in a daycare located in a low‐income urban neighborhood. Session components include: nutrition education, family meal prep, group meal, take‐home educational materials. The evaluation plan included a pre‐, mid‐, and post‐assessment of child food prep skills (5‐point Likert scale) and dietary intake (Harvard FFQ). Ten families enrolled in the study. Adjusted for baseline child age, BMI, and economic status, 1) ability of child to rinse fruits and vegetables (p=0.04) and mean daily servings of fruit (p=0.04) increased and 2) mean daily servings of sugar sweetened beverages (p=0.04) and added fat (p=0.059) decreased. An innovative nutrition education and cooking class engaged the target audience of parents and preschool‐aged children and improved certain child food choices and eating behaviors.

Grant Funding Source: The Ohio State University Food Innovation Center
The “Green Eating” project: a pilot intervention to promote sustainable and healthy eating in college students
Authors: Nash Jessica , Eastman Kelleigh , Mundorf Norbert , Greene Geoffrey
Published: June 2021

Green Eating (GE) is defined as eating locally grown foods, limited intake of processed foods, consuming organic or fair trade foods and beverages, consuming meatless meals and, if consuming animal products, choosing ones that do not contain hormones or antibiotics. The aim of this study was to conduct a randomized, controlled pilot study comparing an intervention to motivate college students to practice GE behaviors vs. an intervention to promote sustainable transportation behaviors (ST). Participants (n = 191) took the previously validated GE survey to determine Stage of Change (SOC), Decisional Balance (DB), Self Efficacy (SE) and Behaviors (B). Over a 3‐week period, students were provided with four online educational modules related to GE or ST. Participants completed the GE survey pre and post‐intervention. Mean age was 19 years; mean BMI was 23 kg/m2 and mean B score was 2.51 (out of 5) at baseline. A majority of students (66%) were in precontemplation or contemplation SOC for GE. There was no change in SOC, DB, SE or B either within or between groups. However, students appeared interested in GE; 72% accessed the intervention compared to 53% for ST (χ2=6.7, p<.01); 69% indicated they liked the GE program and 65% would recommend it to a friend. Results suggest student interest in GE but due to the large proportion in early SOC, a longer, more intensive intervention may be necessary to motivate students to adopt GE behaviors.
Polyphenol supplementation ameliorates PUFA benefits in metabolic and oxidative status in dogs
Authors: Leray Veronique Marie , Talbot Charlotte , Ouguerram Khadija , Martineau Anne‐Sophie , Nguyen Patrick
Published: June 2021

The effect of PUFA on obesity‐associated oxidant stress could be explained by the stimulation of endogenous antioxidant processes, or by their own ability to be oxidized. The adjunction of antioxidant to PUFA could help to elucidate their mechanism of action.

Our aim was to check the effects of PUFA supplementation w/wo curcumin polyphenols on metabolic status, plasma lipids, and antioxidant status in dogs.

Obese dogs were given for 2 consecutive periods of 6 w hyperenergetic diet supplemented with either n‐3 PUFA (Diet1) then n‐3 PUFA plus curcumin (Diet2). Before (T0) and at the end of each 6‐wk period, body composition, insulin sensitivity (IS), plasma lipid and oxidative status markers (total antioxidant status, TAS and glutathione peroxidise, GPx) were determined.

At the end of both periods, body composition and IS were did not differ from T0 values. At the end of Diet1, plasma NEFA were lower and total cholesterol was higher than at T0; at the end of Diet2, TG levels were lower. The TAS was higher than at T0 at the end of Diet1, and even more at the end of Diet2. Compared to T0 GPx activity was unchanged at the end of each period.

Our results show that polyphenols could have synergistic effects with PUFA. This suggests that PUFA would not act as oxidation substrates. Indeed their protection against oxidation would account for their action. Further experiments could be helpful for a better understanding of the mechanism of action.