bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Bicyclic Guanidines via Cascade Hydroamination/Michael Additions of Mono‐N‐acryloylpropargylguanidines.
Authors: Kwon Ki‐Hyeok , Serrano Catherine M. , Koch Michael , Barrows Louis R. , Looper Ryan E.
Published: April 2015

The yield of the regioselective and scalable reaction sequence marginally depends on the substitution pattern of the substrates.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2‐Alkylidene‐3‐acylquinoxalines from N‐Aryl‐2‐nitrosoanilines and 1,3‐Diketones.
Authors: Trawczynski Adam , Wrobel Zbigniew
Published: April 2015

A new way for the formation of 3‐acyl‐substituted 1‐aryl‐2‐alkylidenequinoxaline frameworks is presented which is an alternative to other known methods.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Synthesis of Quinoxalines from 2‐Nitroanilines and Vicinal Diols via a Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Hydrogen Transfer Strategy.
Authors: Xie Feng , Zhang Min , Jiang Huanfeng , Chen Mengmeng , Lv Wan , Zheng Aibin , Jian Xiujuan
Published: April 2015

A great variety of quinoxalines are simply synthesized.
ChemInform Abstract: Tunable Arylative Cyclization of 1,6‐Enynes Triggered by Rhodium(III)‐Catalyzed C—H Activation.
Authors: Fukui Yuki , Liu Ping , Liu Qiang , He Zhi‐Tao , Wu Nuo‐Yi , Tian Ping , Lin Guo‐Qiang
Published: April 2015

A divergent Rh‐catalyzed C‐H activation reaction of cyclohexadienone‐derived 1,6‐enynes with O‐substituted N‐hydroxybenzamides is described.
ChemInform Abstract: First Synthesis of Naphthalene Annulated Oxepins.
Authors: Dobelmann L. , Parham A. H. , Buesing A. , Buchholz H. , Koenig B.
Published: April 2015

based on intramolecular etherification of corresponding diols using TOSOH
ChemInform Abstract: Accessing 2‐(Hetero)arylmethyl‐, ‐allyl‐, and ‐propargyl‐2,1‐borazaronaphthalenes: Palladium‐Catalyzed Cross‐Couplings of 2‐(Chloromethyl)‐2,1‐borazaronaphthalenes.
Authors: Molander Gary A. , Amani Javad , Wisniewski Steven R.
Published: April 2015

The cross‐coupling reactions of 2‐(chloromethyl)‐2,1‐borazaronaphthalene with potassium (hetero)aryl‐ and alkenyltrifluoroborates as well as terminal alkynes provides access to a variety of novel azaborines, allowing a library of pseudobenzylic substituted azaborines to be prepared from a common starting material.
ChemInform Abstract: A Catalytic Borylation/Dehalogenation Route to o‐Fluoro Arylboronates.
Authors: Jayasundara Chathurika R. K. , Unold Jason M. , Oppenheimer Jossian , Smith Milton R. , Maleczka Robert E. Jr.
Published: April 2015

If ammonium formate is used as the hydrogen source instead of PMHS, the dehalogenation is often accompanied by deborylation.
ChemInform Abstract: Cobalt‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Hydroboration of 1,1‐Disubstituted Aryl Alkenes.
Authors: Zhang Lei , Zuo Ziqing , Wan Xiaolong , Huang Zheng
Published: April 2015

Chiral cobalt methyl complexes having novel iminopyridineoxazoline ligands are developed and successfully applied to the asymmetric hydroboration of 1,1‐disubstituted alkenes.
ChemInform Abstract: The Reaction of Dimethylalkynylaluminum Reagents with Trimethylsilyldiazomethane: Original Reactivity Leading to New α‐Silylated Alkynyl Hydrazones.
Authors: Kumar Rahul , Turcaud Serge , Micouin Laurent
Published: April 2015

Various α‐silylated alkynylhydrazones are prepared by the reaction of substituted alkynylaluminium compounds with trimethylsilyl diazomethane (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of Enantiomerically Pure α‐Hydroxyl Phosphinates via Hydrophosphorylation of Aldehydes with H‐Phosphinate.
Authors: Zhao Chang‐Qiu , et al.
Published: April 2015

For most of the reaction products (III), the (Sp, Sc)‐diastereomers can be isolated by recrystallization.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Oxidative Cross‐Coupling of H‐Phosphine Oxides with Alkenes in the Synthesis of Alkenylphosphine Oxides.
Authors: Mao Liu‐Liang , Zhou An‐Xi , Liu Na , Yang Shang‐Dong
Published: April 2015

This novel and efficient method furnishes alkenylphosphine oxides in moderate to good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Sulfated Triterpenes from Lemon Balm
Authors: Tantry Mudasir A. , Bhat Gulzar A. , Idris Ahmed , Dar Javid A. , Al Omar Suliman Yousef , Masoodi Khalid Z. , Ganai Bashir A. , Kamili Azra N. , Shawl Abdul S.
Published: April 2015

isolation, structure elucidation and bioactivity of two new sulfated triterpenes (I) and (II) and six known compounds
ChemInform Abstract: Isomeric ent‐Labdane‐Type Diterpenoids from the Stems of Rhizophora mucronata
Authors: Madhu Ankireddy , Rao Annam Suresh Chandra Venkata Appa , Sushma Sukki , Mangala Gowri Ponnapalli , Venugopal Raju Tuniki
Published: April 2015

[isolation and structure determination of two new constitutional isomers of ent‐labdane‐type diterpenoids, i.e.
ChemInform Abstract: Four New Cucurbitacins from the Fruit of Momordica charantia.
Authors: Chen Jian‐Chao , Yuan Xiao‐Xi , Zhou Lin , Liu Jie‐Qing , Nian Yin , Li Zhong‐Rong , Li Yan , Xie Ming‐Jin , Qiu Ming‐Hua
Published: April 2015

isolation, structure elucidation and cytotoxicity of the four new cucurbitacins, kuguacins T (Ia), U (Ib), V (II), and W (Ic)
ChemInform Abstract: Two Novel Abietane Norditerpenoids with Antiinflammatory Properties from the Roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza var. alba.
Authors: Xie Tingting , Ma Shuli , Lou Hongxiang , Zhu Rongxiu , Sun Longru
Published: April 2015

[isolation and structure determination of two novel abietane norterpenoids with antiinflammatory activity, i.e.
ChemInform Abstract: Phenolic Metabolites from the Stems and Leaves of Sophora flavescens
Authors: Zhang Chi , Wang Yan‐Min , Zhao Feng‐Chun , Chen Liang‐Mian , Zhang Qi‐Wei , Gao Hui‐Min , Wang Zhi‐Min
Published: April 2015

isolation and structure determination of a new pterocarpan flavonoid (I) and a new isoflavone glycoside (II) along with 30 known compounds
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Study of N‐Glucosylated 1,3‐Benzodiazepine‐4,7‐dione.
Authors: Chavan Snehal A. , Ulhe Avinash G. , Berad Baliram N.
Published: April 2015

Derivatives (IIIa) and (IIIf) are found to exhibit moderate activity against E.
ChemInform Abstract: Pyrrole Alkaloids from the Fruits of Morus alba.
Authors: Kim Seon Beom , Chang Bo Yoon , Hwang Bang Yeon , Kim Sung Yeon , Lee Mi Kyeong
Published: April 2015

Five new pyrrole alkaloids, morrole B and C (Ia) and (Ib), resp., morrole E (II), morrole G (III), and morrole H (IV), are isolated along with 12 known pyrrole alkaloids from the fruits of Morus alba.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of C‐10 Tabersonine Analogues by Palladium‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions.
Authors: Chen Fanglei , Lei Min , Hu Lihong
Published: April 2015

A series of 10‐substituted tabersonine analogues is prepared by the transformation of 10‐iodotabersonine via Suzuki‐Miyaura, Heck, and Sonogashira cross‐coupling reactions as well as cyanation and carbonylation reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: Friedel—Crafts Cyclodehydration Approach Toward the Synthesis of Ellipticine and 9‐Methoxyellipticine.
Authors: Ramkumar Nagarajan , Raghavendra Medishetty S. , Nagarajan Rajagopal
Published: April 2015

For the first time phosphoric acid‐catalyzed Friedel—Crafts cyclodehydration is used as a key step in the synthesis of pyrido[4,3‐b]carbazole alkaloids.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Determination of Absolute Configuration of α‐Pyrones Isolated from Penicillium corylophilum.
Authors: Yadav J. S. , Ganganna B. , Dutta Palash , Singarapu Kiran K
Published: April 2015

Total syntheses of the natural products (Ia,b) are described for the first time leading to the structural revision of the previously proposed assignment of compound (Ia).
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Total Synthesis and Structural Elucidation of (‐)‐Indoxamycins A—F.
Authors: He Chi , Zhu Chenlong , Wang Bingnan , Ding Hanfeng
Published: April 2015

None of the compounds show significant cytotoxic activities against HT‐29 and A‐549 tumor cell lines.
ChemInform Abstract: Lanthanide Single Molecule Magnets: Progress and Perspective
Authors: Zhang Peng , Zhang Li , Tang Jinkui
Published: April 2015

Review: 56 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Solid State Mechanochemical Processes for Better Electroceramics
Authors: Senna Mamoru
Published: April 2015

Review: 38 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Inorganic Molybdenum Octahedral Nanosized Cluster Units, Versatile Functional Building Block for Nanoarchitectonics
Authors: Cordier S. , Grasset F. , Molard Y. , Amela‐Cortes M. , Boukherroub R. , Ravaine S. , Mortier M. , Ohashi N. , Saito N. , Haneda H.
Published: April 2015

Review: 125 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Crystallographic and Structural Characterization of Heterometallic Platinum Compounds. Part 4. Heterotetranuclear Clusters
Authors: Melnik Milan , Mikus Peter , Holloway Clive E.
Published: April 2015

Review: 182 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Advances in C—C and C—X Coupling Using Palladium‐N‐Heterocyclic Carbene (Pd‐NHC) Complexes
Authors: Chartoire Anthony , Nolan Steven P.
Published: April 2015

Review: 241 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Helical Screw‐sense Preferences of Peptides Based on Chiral, C(α)‐Tetrasubstituted α‐Amino Acids
Authors: Crisma Marco , Toniolo Claudio
Published: April 2015

Review: 182 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: π‐Expanded Coumarins: Synthesis, Optical Properties and Applications
Authors: Tasior Mariusz , Kim Dokyoung , Singha Subhankar , Krzeszewski Maciej , Ahn Kyo Han , Gryko Daniel T.
Published: April 2015

Review: 179 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: 2‐Aminobiphenyl Palladacycles: The “Most Powerful” Precatalysts in C—C and C‐Heteroatom Cross‐Couplings
Authors: Bruneau Alexandre , Roche Maxime , Alami Mouad , Messaoudi Samir
Published: April 2015

Review: 75 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Formal Carbo [3 + 3] Annulation and Its Application in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Feng Jing , Liu Bo
Published: April 2015

Review: [53 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Reagent and Catalyst Design for Asymmetric Hypervalent Iodine Oxidations
Authors: Berthiol Florian
Published: April 2015

Review: [87 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in the Chemistry and Biology of Benzothiazoles
Authors: Gill Rupinder K. , Rawal Ravindra K. , Bariwal Jitender
Published: April 2015

Review: [14 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Tandem Radical Cyclization of N‐Arylacrylamides: An Emerging Platform for the Construction of 3,3‐Disubstituted Oxindoles
Authors: Chen Jia‐Rong , Yu Xiao‐Ye , Xiao Wen‐Jing
Published: April 2015

Review: [63 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of [c]‐Fused Bicyclic Proline Analogues
Authors: Calaza M. Isabel , Sayago Francisco J. , Laborda Pedro , Cativiela Carlos
Published: April 2015

Review: [procedures that afford the desired compounds in racemic form and asymmetric strategies; 92 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Divergent Pathways of β,γ‐Unsaturated α‐Diazocarbonyl Compounds Catalyzed by Dirhodium and Lewis Acids Catalysts Separately or in Combination
Authors: Xu Xin‐Fang , Doyle Michael P.
Published: April 2015

Review: [34 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Unprotected Carbohydrates as Starting Material in Chemical Synthesis: Not Just a Challenge but an Opportunity
Authors: Saloranta Tiina , Leino Reko
Published: April 2015

Review: [34 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions of Cyclopropanols
Authors: Rosa David , Nikolaev Andrei , Nithiy Nisha , Orellana Arturo
Published: April 2015

Review: [27 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Poly(3,4‐alkylenedioxyselenophene)s: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Cihaner Atilla
Published: April 2015

Review: [82 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Developments in Organocatalyzed Electroorganic Chemistry
Authors: Ogawa Kelli A. , Boydston Andrew J.
Published: April 2015

Review: [29 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: BN Heterosuperbenzenes: Synthesis and Properties
Authors: Wang Xiao‐Ye , Wang Jie‐Yu , Pei Jian
Published: April 2015

Review: [52 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Essential Roles of Proton Transfer in Photocatalytic Redox Reactions
Authors: Chen Chuncheng , Shi Tao , Chang Wei , Zhao Jincai
Published: April 2015

Review: [28 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Aromatic Aldehydes as Energy‐Transfer Photoorganocatalysts
Authors: Ravelli Davide , Fagnoni Maurizio
Published: April 2015

Review: 25 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Aromatic Abietane Diterpenoids: Total Syntheses and Synthetic Studies
Authors: Gonzalez Miguel A.
Published: April 2015

Review: [71 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhenium‐Catalyzed Deoxydehydration of Diols and Polyols
Authors: Dethlefsen Johannes R. , Fristrup Peter
Published: April 2015

Review: recent developments with respect to the substrate scope, alternative reductants, and mechanistic investigations; 62 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Enhancement of Stereoselectivities in Asymmetric Synthesis Using Fluorinated Solvents, Auxiliaries, and Catalysts
Authors: Sugiishi Tsuyuka , Matsugi Masato , Hamamoto Hiromi , Amii Hideki
Published: April 2015

Review: [61 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Late‐Stage Fluorination: Fancy Novelty or Useful Tool?
Authors: Neumann Constanze N. , Ritter Tobias
Published: April 2015

Review: [24 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Paraformaldehyde and Methanol as C1 Feedstocks in Metal‐Catalyzed C—C Couplings of π‐Unsaturated Reactants: Beyond Hydroformylation
Authors: Sam Brannon , Breit Bernhard , Krische Michael J.
Published: April 2015

Review: [26 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Isoindoline‐Derived Ligands and Applications
Authors: Csonka Robert , Speier Gabor , Kaizer Jozsef
Published: April 2015

Review: structure and reactivity of these ligands and their transition metal complexes; 139 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Sulfonic Acid—Functionalized Silica (SiO2—Pr—SO3H) as a Solid and a Heterogeneous Catalyst in Green Organic Synthesis: Recent Advances
Authors: Vekariya Rajesh H. , Patel Hitesh D.
Published: April 2015

Review: 97 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in the Stereoselective Syntheses of Acyclic Disubstituted β2,3‐Amino Acids
Authors: Kiss Lorand , Cherepanova Maria , Fueloep Ferenc
Published: April 2015

Review: [112 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalysis: Key Trends in Green Synthetic Chemistry, Challenges, Scope Towards Heterogenization, and Importance from Research and Industrial Point of View
Authors: Shaikh Isak Rajjak
Published: April 2015

Review: 383 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Thioglycosides in Carbohydrate Research
Authors: Lian Gaoyan , Zhang Xiaheng , Yu Biao
Published: April 2015

Review: 122 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxindole as Starting Material in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Ziarani Ghodsi Mohammadi , Gholamzadeh Parisa , Lashgari Negar , Hajiabbasi Parvin
Published: April 2015

Review: advances in the use of oxindole as starting material in the synthesis of various organic compounds and drugs; 128 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Divergent Pathways of β, γ‐Unsaturated α‐Diazocarbonyl Compounds Catalyzed by Dirhodium and Lewis Acids Catalysts Separately or in Combination
Authors: Xu Xin‐Fang , Doyle Michael P.
Published: April 2015

Review: 73 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Atomic Scale Foundation of Covalent and Acid‐Base Catalysis in Reaction Selectivity and Turnover Rate
Authors: Musselwhite Nathan , Somorjai Gabor A.
Published: April 2015

Review: 80 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Intramolecular Acyl Transfer in Peptide and Protein Ligation and Synthesis
Authors: Tailhades Julien , Patil Nitin A. , Hossain Mohammed Akhter , Wade John D.
Published: April 2015

Review: 102 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Fused 1,5‐Benzothiazepines from O‐Aminothiophenol and Its Derivatives as Versatile Synthons
Authors: Sekhar Batchu Chandra
Published: April 2015

Review: 125 refs.
Synthesis and Properties of a Novel Pyridineoxazoline Containing Optically Active Helical Polymer as a Catalyst Ligand for Asymmetric Diels–Alder Reaction
Authors: Wang Heng , Li Na , Zhang Jie , Wan Xinhua
Published: April 2015

A novel pyridineoxazoline (PyOx) containing helical polymer, poly{(–)‐(S)‐4‐tert‐butyl‐2‐[5‐(4‐tert‐butylphenyl)‐3‐vinylpyridin‐2‐yl]‐oxazoline} (PA), was designed and synthesized to approach the effect of chain conformation on the catalytic property. Its complex with Cu(OTf)2, i.e., Cu(II)-PA, was employed to catalyze the homogeneous Diels–Alder (D–A) reaction of alkenoyl pyridine N‐oxides with cyclopentadiene in tetrahydrofuran. Compared with the previously reported copper complex, Cu(II)-P1 (RSC Advances, 2015, 5, 2882), which was derived from a nonhelical poly[(–)‐(S)‐4‐tert‐butyl‐2‐(3‐vinylpyridin‐2‐yl)‐oxazoline], Cu(II)-PA exhibited a remarkably enhanced enantioselectivity and reaction rate. However, its enantioselectivity was lower than the Cu(II) complex of (–)‐(S)‐4‐tert‐butyl‐2‐[5‐(4‐tert‐butylphenyl)‐3‐vinylpyridin‐2‐yl]‐oxazoline (Cu(II)-A), a low molar mass model compound. Chirality 27:523–531, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Development of Chiral Building Blocks Having a Bicyclo[3.3.0]Octane Framework Using a Diastereomeric Resolution‐Selective Deprotection
Authors: Tamura Masafumi , Oyamada Miki , Shirataki Yoshiaki
Published: April 2015

A protocol is presented for an efficient and practical approach to the synthesis of enantiomerically pure bicyclo[3.3.0]octane derivatives from achiral Cs‐symmetric bicyclo[3.3.0]octane‐2,8‐dione using a diastereomeric resolution‐selective deprotection method. This method affords chiral building blocks having bicyclo[3.3.0]octane framework with the same site of diastereotopic carbonyl functional group. Chirality 27:364–369, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Eucalyptol aus Eukalyptusöl
Authors: Neumann Wilma , Siehl Hans‐Ullrich , Zeller Klaus‐Peter , Berger Stefan , Sicker Dieter
Published: April 2015

Eucalyptol (1,8‐Cineol) ist ein cyclischer Monoterpenether und Hauptinhaltsstoff des ätherischen Eucalyptusöls, das aus Eukalyptusblättern durch Wasserdampfdestillation gewonnen wird. Eukalypten sind eine artenreiche anpassungsfähige Pflanzengattung. Der unbedachte Eukalyptus‐Anbau in warmen Ländern zeigte aber als Schattenseiten den enormen Wasserverbrauch und die verdrängende Wirkung als invasive Art auf einheimische Pflanzen. Das Öl und Eucalyptol selbst finden medizinische Anwendung. Überdosierung ist schädlich. Einige Kräuter und Gewürze, wie Basilikum und Kardamom, enthalten Eucalyptol als prägenden Aromaträger. Eucalyptol ist zwar achiral, aber spektroskopisch durchaus nicht einfach. Rohstoff für die Isolierung ist Eucalyptusöl, das destilliert und chromatografiert wird. Alle analytischen Spektren werden vollständig entweder im Hauptteil oder in der supporting information wiedergegeben und interpretiert.
Effects of Corn Cob Produced Biochars on Urea Recovery from Human Urine and Their Application as Soil Conditioners
Authors: Zhang Yang , Li Zifu , Mahmood Ibrahim Babatunde
Published: April 2015

The sorption of urea to biochars produced by pyrolysis of corn cob (CC) with different pyrolytic temperatures was investigated to understand its related sorption mechanisms. Biochar samples were studied by elemental analysis, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform IR spectroscopy. Batch sorption experiments revealed that the Freundlich isotherm model (R2 = 0.999) fitted better with the sorption process than the Langmuir and Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm models. Furthermore, the sorption mechanisms of biochars derived from CC changed from adsorption‐dominant at low pyrolysis temperatures (300 and 400°C) to partitioning‐dominant at higher pyrolysis temperatures (500 and 600°C). Column study indicated that CC‐300 has the highest urea sorption capacity with 20.9 mg g−1 followed by CC‐400, CC‐500, and CC‐600. A germination test was also conducted and the results showed that the exhausted biochar positively influenced the plant growth and can be potentially used as soil conditioner.
Iridium‐ and Osmium‐decorated Reduced Graphenes as Promising Catalysts for Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Lim Chee Shan , Sofer Zdeněk , Toh Rou Jun , Eng Alex Yong Sheng , Luxa Jan , Pumera Martin
Published: April 2015

Renewable energy sources are highly sought after as a result of numerous worldwide problems concerning the environment and the shortage of energy. Currently, the focus in the field is on the development of catalysts that are able to provide water splitting catalysis and energy storage for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). While platinum is an excellent material for HER catalysis, it is costly and rare. In this work, we investigated the electrocatalytic abilities of various graphene–metal hybrids to replace platinum for the HER. The graphene materials were doped with 4f metals, namely, iridium, osmium, platinum and rhenium, as well as 3d metals, namely, cobalt, iron and manganese. We discovered that a few hybrids, in particular iridium‐ and osmium‐doped graphenes, have the potential to become competent electrocatalysts owing to their low costs and—more importantly—to their promising electrochemical performances towards the HER. One of the more noteworthy observations of this work is the superiority of these two hybrids over MoS2, a well‐known electrocatalyst for the HER.
Development and validation of receptor occupancy pharmacodynamic assays used in the clinical development of the monoclonal antibody vedolizumab
Authors: Wyant Tim , Estevam Jose , Yang Lili , Rosario Maria
Published: April 2015

Background

Vedolizumab is a monoclonal antibody approved for use in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. By specifically binding to α4β7 integrin, vedolizumab prevents trafficking of lymphocytes to the gut, thereby interfering with disease pathology. During the clinical development program, the pharmacodynamic effect of vedolizumab was evaluated by 2 flow cytometry receptor occupancy assays: act‐1 (ACT‐1) and mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule‐1 (MAdCAM‐1). Here we describe the development and validation of these assays.

Methods

The ACT‐1 assay is a receptor occupancy free‐site assay that uses a monoclonal antibody with the same binding epitope as vedolizumab to detect free (unbound) sites on α4β7 integrin. The MAdCAM‐1 assay used a soluble version of the natural ligand for α4β7 integrin to detect free sites. The assays were validated using a fit‐for‐purpose approach throughout the clinical development of vedolizumab.

Results

Both the ACT‐1 assay and the MAdCAM‐1 assay demonstrated acceptable reproducibility and repeatability. The assays were sufficiently stable to allow for clinical use. During clinical testing the assays demonstrated that vedolizumab was able to saturate peripheral cells at all doses tested.

Conclusions

Two pharmacodynamic receptor occupancy assays were developed and validated to assess the effect of vedolizumab on peripheral blood cells. The results of these assays demonstrated the practical use of flow cytometry to examine pharmacodynamic response in clinical trials. © 2015 International Clinical Cytometry Society
The routine leukocyte differential flow cytometryHematoFlow™ method: A new flagging system for automatic validation
Authors: Allou Kaoutar , Vial Jean‐Philippe , Béné Marie C , Lacombe Francis
Published: April 2015

The complete blood cell count and white blood cell differential are the first step in the biological diagnosis of hematological diseases. Both are currently performed by automated instruments which control data and produce alerts. If such flags are activated, the automated differential cannot be validated and the operator must activate a visual blood smear review. Microscopic examination is still today the reference method despite its lack of sensitivity and reproducibility. The HematoFlow™ (Beckman Coulter) system is the first flow cytometry commercialized method designed for the routine differential. Using six markers in five colors and an automated gating strategy, it provides differentials proven to be reliable for 17 leukocyte subpopulations detection.

Relying first on a retrospective analysis of 6,462 blood samples processed by HematoFlow™, thresholds were determined to detect the presence of immature granulocytes and/or blast cells. All possible gating strategy misclassifications of leukocyte subpopulations were then summarized in a systematic nomenclature leading to the development of an original flag system based on the detection of aberrant localization of cell events in specific new bivariate histograms. Ultimately, more than 50% of the results could be automatically validated using the HematoFlow™ system, without any false negative, thereby dramatically contributing to an important decrease of technicians’ workload. Moreover a noticeable help was given for smear review interpretation and new immunological flags led to the confirmation of blood disease after classical immunophenotyping.

These results were confirmed in a second prospective study including 15,335 cases, where more than 50% of the results were automatically validated by this new flag system. MFC stands as being more and more essential for analyzing differentials in routine and this new flag system could greatly improve its implementation. © 2015 International Clinical Cytometry Society
Sc(OTf)3‐Catalysed [3+3] Annulation of Cyclopropane 1,1‐Diesters with Mercaptoacetaldehyde: A Facile Strategy for the Synthesis of Tetrahydrothiopyranols
Authors: Wang Hua‐Peng , Zhang Huan‐Huan , Hu Xiu‐Qin , Xu Peng‐Fei , Luo Yong‐Chun
Published: April 2015

A catalytic [3+3] annulation of cyclopropane 1,1‐diesters with in‐situ‐generated mercaptoacetaldehyde for the synthesis of polyfunctionalized tetrahydrothiopyran derivatives has been developed. A ring‐opening/aldol cascade reaction catalysed by Sc(OTf)3 (10 mol‐%) gave a series of tetrahydrothiopyranols in good yields. Simple derivatization of the products gave some useful compounds.
Impact of Perforation on Hydraulic Fracture Initiation and Extension in Tight Natural Gas Reservoirs
Authors: Lei Xin , Zhang Shicheng , Xu Guoqing , Zou Yushi
Published: April 2015

In the exploitation of tight natural gas reservoirs, increasing the number of fractures to enlarge the stimulated reservoir volume is the key point. Furthermore, high breakdown pressure is the primary factor that causes the difficulty of hydraulic fracturing treatment in a tight gas reservoir. Both of these factors are related closely to the perforation strategy. However, the impact of perforation on hydraulic fracture initiation and extension in a tight gas reservoir has not yet been researched in an experimental way. We designed a piece of equipment that we refer to as a mini‐sized true tri‐axial hydraulic fracturing simulation system (8 cm×8 cm×10 cm) for the experiments. By using this equipment, we could simulate hydraulic fracturing using downhole drilling cores, which were acquired from the Erdos basin tight gas reservoir. We mainly examined the influence of the horizontal stress difference and spacing, density, and depth of perforation on the fracture patterns. Experimental results show that, in specimens without perforation, the number of fractures is less than that of the perforation specimens, and the direction of fractures is uncontrollable. In specimens with perforations, fractures initiate at the perforation points, which is conducive to forming fractures uniformly. The perforation spacing and horizontal stress difference strongly influence the interaction among fractures. The interaction among fractures is mitigated as the perforation spacing or the horizontal stress difference increases. The depth of perforation affects the fracture initiation. Factures are easier to initiate and propagate in deeper perforations. The existence of perforation could effectively reduce the breakdown pressure by approximately 18 %.
Learning from Locally Embedded Knowledge: Facilitating Organizational Learning in Geographically Dispersed Settings
Authors: Erkelens Rose , van den Hooff Bart , Huysman Marleen , Vlaar Paul
Published: April 2015

This article addresses the question of how geographically dispersed organizations can overcome the complications for organizational learning that result from the locally embedded character of knowledge. Based on a case study in an MNC, we identify a process of knowledge pollination, describing how a network of experts facilitates organizational learning by participating in various local practices, un‐embedding and re‐embedding knowledge between these practices. This process is a combination of learning in practice (sharing practices at various locations), network learning (using one's personal network), and organized learning (institutionalized methods of knowledge sharing). Learning in practice is the core process of creating and applying knowledge: network learning facilitates this process across different local and practical contexts and organized learning facilitates the development and extension of network learning.
The World is Spiky: An Internationalization Framework for A Semi‐Globalized World
Authors: Kim Jin Uk , Aguilera Ruth V.
Published: April 2015

Firms operate in a semi‐globalized world wherein opportunities and constraints arise at both the country and regional levels; however, extant theories of firm internationalization focus mostly on country‐level determinants. We aim to overcome this deficiency by developing a theoretical model that explicates the mechanisms driving firm internationalization in a semi‐globalized world. Integrating the organizational learning literature with research on semi‐globalization, we argue that firms internationalize through the interplay among three mechanisms: (1) intraregional exploitation; (2) intraregional reconfiguration; and (3) inter‐regional exploration. We define and integrate these three mechanisms to derive two ideal typical internationalization trajectories that firms follow in a semi‐globalized world: home regionalization and multiregionalization. We then elaborate on how macro‐level contingencies moderate these two ideal types and conclude with implications for future research.
An Opportunity for Mutual Learning between Organizational Learning and Global Strategy Researchers: Transactive Memory Systems
Authors: Argote Linda
Published: April 2015

The concept of transactive memory systems affords an opportunity for organizational learning and global strategy researchers to learn from each other to their mutual benefit. A transactive memory system is a collective system for encoding, storing, and retrieving information. Teams with well‐developed transactive memory systems have been found to perform better on a variety of tasks than teams lacking such memory systems. The preponderance of research on transactive memory systems has been at the team level of analysis. I argue that extending the concept of transactive memory to the organizational level and studying the concept in global firms would advance knowledge about transactive memory systems as well as increase our understanding of global strategy.
Was a Pyrimidine‐Pyrimidine Base Pair the Ancestor of Watson‐Crick Base Pairs? Insights from a Systematic Approach to the Origin of RNA
Authors: Cafferty Brian J. , Hud Nicholas V.
Published: April 2015

Uncovering the origin of RNA is essential for understanding the origins of life. The persistent inability of chemists to identify a plausible prebiotic route to RNA polymers, along with the seemingly optimal structure of RNA for its functions in extant life, argue in favor of the hypothesis that RNA is a product of chemical or biological evolution. To understand the origin of RNA, we must consider which molecules could have originally acted in place of RNA’s substructures (i.e., nucleobases (the recognition units), ribose (a trifunctional connector), and phosphate (an ionized linker)) in the oldest ancestor of RNA (or proto‐RNA). Major challenges to uncovering the chemical structure of proto‐RNA include finding molecules that would have spontaneously undergone molecular selection and covalent assembly into an RNA‐like polymer, within the complex mixture of the “prebiotic soup” and without the aid of enzymes. In this review, we discuss progress towards identifying the recognition units of proto‐RNA and mechanisms by which the ancestral nucleobases might have been originally selected and incorporated into polymers. We consider possible proto‐nucleobases within the chemical space of the heterocycles defined by the purines and pyrimidines that have H, NH2, or O as exocyclic groups (which includes the extant nucleobases). Taking into account the results of numerous experiments that have explored nucleic acids with alternative backbones and noncanonical nucleobases, we are able to remove about half of these 81 molecules from candidacy as ancestral nucleobases. A particularly encouraging result of this approach is the identification of two molecules, 2,4,6‐triaminopyrimidine and barbituric acid, which look very promising as possible nucleobases of proto‐RNA.
Enhanced Thermal Stability of Inverted Polymer Solar Cells with Pentacene
Authors: Yang Feng , Kim Jae‐Hyoung , Ge Ziyi , Kim Yong‐Sang
Published: April 2015

In this study, we focused on the thermal stability of organic solar cells based on poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and (6,6)‐phenyl C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM), fabricated by blends of P3HT : PCBM : pentacene. Enhanced thermal stability of organic solar cells was achieved by introducing pentacene (Pc) into blends of P3HT : PCBM in organic solar cells with the structure indium tin oxide/ZnO/P3HT : PCBM : Pc/poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) : polystyrene sulfonate/Ag (ITO/ZnO/P3HT : PCBM : Pc/PEDOT : PSS/Ag). The donor‐acceptor interfaces of devices with Pc were more stable than those without Pc in the active layer. During the thermal annealing process, the Pc in the P3HT : PCBM blends suppressed the crystallization of P3HT and PCBM, which was confirmed by optical microscopic images and UV‐visible absorption spectra. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the device with Pc was reduced to no less than 70 % of its original efficiency after keeping it at 120 °C for 24 hours, while that of the non‐Pc device was reduced to 13 % of its original efficiency after 24 hours at the same temperature. Based on these results, we propose a new Pc‐blended organic solar cell that has advantages in the thermal annealing process.
A 10‐Year Study of Dermatophytoses in Isfahan, Iran
Authors: Chadeganipour Mostafa , Mohammadi Rasoul , Shadzi Shahla
Published: April 2015

Dermatophyte infections are very common worldwide and their epidemiological characteristics vary according to the geographical region and have altered in the last decades. The aim of the present investigation was to determine the diversity of causative agents of dermatophytoses and describe the epidemiological condition of infection in Isfahan, Iran, between 2003 and 2012. Specimens were collected from hair, nail, and skin and were examined by conventional methods such as direct microscopy, culture on sabouraud dextrose agar with chloramphenicol and cycloheximide (Mycosel agar) and sabouraud glucose agar, Trichophyton agars, growth on rice grains, urease test, and hair perforation test. Of 13,469 clinically suspected cases, 11.5% were affected with dermatophytoses. Tinea capitis was the most frequent form of infection (52.7%), followed by tinea corporis (24%), tinea pedis (8.9%). Trichophyton verrucosum was the most prevalent causative agent (40.6%), followed by T. mentagrophytes var. interdigitale (17.6%), Epidermophyton floccosum (13%), T. violaceum (12%), T. rubrum (4.1%). Age range of patients was between 1 and 80 years. Housewives were the most patients in our study. The study emphasizes importance of epidemiological surveys of dermatophyte species for the better management of infection.
Effectiveness of a CBT Intervention for Persistent Insomnia and Hypnotic Dependency in an Outpatient Psychiatry Clinic
Authors: Taylor Hannah Lund , Rybarczyk Bruce D. , Nay William , Leszczyszyn David
Published: April 2015

Objective

To test cognitive‐behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT‐I) in patients who not only receive psychiatric treatment in a outpatient psychiatry clinic but also continue to experience chronic insomnia despite receiving pharmacological treatment for sleep. CBT‐I included an optional module for discontinuing hypnotic medications.

Method

Patients were randomized to 5 sessions of individual CBT‐I (n = 13) or treatment as usual (n = 10). Sleep parameters were assessed using sleep diaries at pre‐ and posttreatment. Questionnaires measuring depression, anxiety, and health‐related quality of life were also administered.

Results

CBT‐I was associated with significant improvement in sleep, with 46% obtaining normal global sleep ratings after treatment. However, no changes in secondary outcomes (depression, anxiety, quality of life) were obtained and no patients elected to discontinue their hypnotic medications.

Conclusions

Patients with complex, chronic psychiatric conditions can obtain sleep improvements with CBT‐I beyond those obtained with pharmacotherapy alone; however, sleep interventions alone may not have the same effect on mental health outcomes in samples with more severe and chronic psychiatric symptoms and dependency on hypnotic medications.
Steady‐state pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of immediate‐release and extended‐release formulations of lamotrigine in elderly epilepsy patients: Use of stable isotope methodology
Authors: Polepally Akshanth R. , Remmel Rory P. , Brundage Richard C. , Leppik Ilo E. , Rarick John O. , Ramsay R. Eugene , Birnbaum Angela K.
Published: April 2015

A classic 2‐period crossover bioavailability study was conducted to evaluate the relative and absolute bioavailability of immediate‐release (IR) and extended‐release (XR) lamotrigine formulations under steady‐state conditions in elderly patients with epilepsy. On treatment days, each subject's morning dose (IR or XR lamotrigine) was replaced with an intravenous 50‐mg dose of stable‐labeled lamotrigine. Lamotrigine concentrations were measured at 13 points between 0 and 96 hours. XR and IR lamotrigine formulations were similar with respect to steady‐state area under the concentration‐time curve from 0 to 24 hours (AUC0–24 h ss), average concentration (Cavg, ss), and trough concentration (Cτ, ss). A 33% lower fluctuation in concentrations with XR was observed relative to IR lamotrigine. The time to peak concentration (Tmax, ss) was delayed for XR lamotrigine (3.0 vs 1.3 hours) with lower peak concentration (15% lower). The absolute bioavailability for IR and XR formulations was 73% and 92%, respectively. The formulations were bioequivalent with respect to AUC0–24 h ss, Cτ, ss, and Cavg, ss indicating that it may be possible to switch directly from IR to XR lamotrigine without changes in the total daily dose.
The impact of viral dynamics on the clinical severity of infants with respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis
Authors: Zhou Lili , Xiao Qiuyan , Zhao Yao , Huang Ailong , Ren Luo , Liu Enmei
Published: April 2015

The impact of dynamic respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) load on the clinical severity of hospitalized infants with bronchiolitis has not been clarified. Nasopharyngeal aspirates were obtained from 60 infants who were diagnosed with bronchiolitis within 96 hr of wheezing onset upon admission and on days 3, 5, and 7 in the hospital, and 17 respiratory viruses were detected. The RSV load was quantified by real‐time qPCR for RSV subtypes A and B at different time points. Scoring criteria were used to evaluate the degree of severity. A total of 40 infants were determined to be RSV‐positive, nine were identified as RSV subtype A (RSVA), and 31 were RSV subtype B (RSVB). The peak RSV load was observed upon admission, and the RSV load decreased significantly over time; in addition, this decrease began to have significant differences on day 5. There was a positive correlation between the RSV load and the clinical score (r2 = 0.121 and P < 0.001). According to the clinical scores, the infants in the severe group tended to have higher RSV loads than those in the moderate and mild groups. Multivariate logistic regression models revealed that the viral load on day 3 was independently associated with the degree of severity. This study elucidated that a higher mean RSV load was associated with a more severe disease and a longer duration of hospitalization and symptoms. This study also clarified RSV replication in infants and provides a theoretical basis for specifying an anti‐RSV therapy strategy. J. Med. Virol. 87:1276–1284, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Generating Real‐Time, Actionable Outcome Measures at Blythedale Children's Hospital
Authors: Klein Scott M.
Published: April 2015

Hoping to leverage the data they collect into meaningful information that will guide strategy, large health care systems have been among the first to embrace predictive analytics. Smaller facilities, however, generally do not have the information technology (IT) infrastructure needed to invest significantly in the development of predictive analytic tools. Blythedale Children's Hospital, a small, independent, freestanding institution in Valhalla, New York, established an Outcomes Committee composed of health care and IT professionals to find creative ways to use static electronic medical record and administrative data to create mechanisms for real‐time actionable outcomes. The goal was to present data as information to the frontline clinicians when they needed it most, so they could take swift and appropriate action at bedside. A Wound Rounding Tool, which ensured proper identification, assessment, and follow‐up of patients with wounds, provided a framework of best practices for the development of many other initiatives to improve an array of processes. ©2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Business Models for E‐Health: Evidence From Ten Case Studies
Authors: Kimble Chris
Published: April 2015

An increasingly aging population and spiraling health care costs have made the search for financially viable health care models an imperative of this century. The careful and creative application of information technology (IT) can play a significant role in meeting that challenge. Valuable lessons can be learned from an analysis of ten innovative telemedicine and e‐health initiatives. Having proven their effectiveness in addressing a variety of medical needs, they have progressed beyond small‐scale implementations to become an established part of health care delivery systems around the world. ©2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dialogue in the Dark: Shedding Light on the Development of Social Enterprises in China
Authors: Wang Hua , Alon Ilan , Kimble Chris
Published: April 2015

The application of for‐profit business practices to nonprofit organizations, social enterprises are a way for nonprofit organizations to find funding in a time of rising costs, falling donations, and increased competition from for‐profit businesses in the social sector. Although well established in the mature economies of the West, these enterprises are a novelty in the emerging economies of Asia and in the transitional economies of the former communist world. The experiences of Dialogue in the Dark, a social enterprise concerned with the problems associated with blindness, highlight the unique challenges that social enterprises face in China and offer lessons for entrepreneurs who may wish to embark on a similar venture. ©2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Microbiological and chemical safety concerns regarding frozen fillets obtained from Pangasius sutchi and Nile tilapia exported to European countries
Authors: Kulawik Piotr , Migdał Władysław , Gambuś Florian , Cieślik Ewa , Özoğul Fatih , Tkaczewska Joanna , Szczurowska Katarzyna , Wałkowska Izabela
Published: April 2015

BACKGROUND

Microbiological and chemical safety concerns regarding frozen fillets from pangasius catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus) exported to Poland, Germany and Ukraine and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) exported to Poland and Germany were investigated by analyzing heavy metal residues, microbiological hazards, biogenic amines, and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) and total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB‐N) content.

RESULTS

The heavy metal residues from all studied samples were far lower than the limits established by authorities. The most abundant biogenic amine found was histamine, with a maximum content of 9.6 mg 100 g−1, found in pangasius exported to Poland. The total viable counts were from 2.8 log cfu g−1 in pangasius exported to Ukraine to 4.3 log cfu g−1 in pangasius exported to Germany. Vibrio spp. were present in 70–80% of all studied pangasius groups, whereas there no Vibrio spp. were found in the studied tilapia samples. 30% of Pangasius fillets exported to Poland were contaminated with coagulase‐positive staphylococci. No E. coli was found in any of the studied samples. Although the results of TBA analysis differed significantly between studied groups, the malonic aldehyde content in all studied groups was still very low. The TVB‐N content in frozen fillets from pangasius was significantly lower than in frozen tilapia fillets.

CONCLUSIONS

We reported that pangasius catfish frozen fillets were widely contaminated with Vibrio spp., which could prove hazardous for the final consumer if the fish is eaten raw or undercooked. The rest of the analysis showed no other reason for concern associated with Nile tilapia and Pangasius catfish frozen fillet consumption. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Rate Constants and Activation Energies for Gas‐Phase Reactions of Three Cyclic Volatile Methyl Siloxanes with the Hydroxyl Radical
Authors: Safron Andreas , Strandell Michael , Kierkegaard Amelie , Macleod Matthew
Published: April 2015

Reaction with hydroxyl radicals (OH) is the major pathway for removal of cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes (cVMS) from air. We present new measurements of second‐order rate constants for reactions of the cVMS octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4), decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5), and dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane (D6) with OH determined at temperatures between 313 and 353 K. Our measurements were made using the method of relative rates with cyclohexane as a reference substance and were conducted in a 140‐mL gas‐phase reaction chamber with online mass spectrometry analysis. When extrapolated to 298 K, our measured reaction rate constants of D4 and D5 with the OH radical are 1.9 × 10−12 (95% confidence interval (CI): (1.7–2.2) × 10−12) and 2.6 × 10−12 (CI: (2.3–2.9) × 10−12) cm3 molecule−1 s−1, respectively, which are 1.9× and 1.7× faster than previous measurements. Our measured rate constant for D6 is 2.8 × 10−12 (CI: (2.5–3.2) × 10−12) cm3 molecule−1 s−1 and to our knowledge there are no comparable laboratory measurements in the literature. Reaction rates for D5 were 33% higher than for D4 (CI: 30–37%), whereas the rates for D6 were only 8% higher than for D5 (CI: 5–10%). The activation energies of the reactions of D4, D5, and D6 with OH were not statistically different and had a value of 4300 ± 2800 J/mol.