bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Complications of Mastoid Surgery: A Descriptive Study from a Tertiary Care Centre, Assam, India
Authors: Agarwala Mousumi Modhumita , Sarma Debajit , Sharma Manaswi , Sangma Rupanjita , Dey Dhritiman
Published: June 2024

Introduction: Mastoidectomy is a surgical procedure that removes infection, along with cholesteatoma, from the mastoid and middle ear. Cholesteatoma, a progressive disease that erodes bone when left untreated, leads to complications. Aim: To ascertain the most common mastoidectomy-related intraoperative and postoperative complications. Materials and Methods: This study was a retrospective descriptive study of patients who underwent mastoidectomy over one year at a tertiary care hospital in Assam, India between April 2022 to March 2023. All the patients planned for mastoidectomy were evaluated for intraoperative complications like facial nerve injury or postoperative complications immediately after the postoperative period (e.g., wound dehiscence) or between 1-3 months (e.g., Sensorineural Hearing Loss (SNHL), dead ear, etc.). The data collected was tabulated in a Microsoft Excel Worksheet, and the categorical variables were summarised as proportions and percentages. Results: A total of 62 patients underwent mastoidectomy and were reviewed over the one-year period retrospectively. Out of these, 28 (45.16%) developed complications. Two out of 62 patients (3.2%) experienced facial nerve injury intraoperatively. One patient (1.6%) with a high jugular bulb experienced massive bleeding intraoperatively while raising the tympanomeatal flap. Labyrinthine injury, dural plate injury, and sigmoid sinus injury were each found in one patient (1.6%). Eight out of 62 patients (12.9%) developed persistent otorrhea. Additionally, five patients (8%) had wound dehiscence and were treated with antibacterials, antiseptic dressing, and secondary suturing when needed. Two patients (3.2%) experienced SNHL; preoperatively, they had mild conductive hearing loss which postoperatively converted to mild to moderate mixed hearing loss. Postoperative dead ear was observed in one patient (1.6%). There was one patient (1.6%) with an unfavourably displaced pinna, and two patients (3.2%) had recurrent cholesteatoma. Vertigo was seen in two cases of radical mastoidectomy and one case of modified radical mastoidectomy. Conclusion: With proper planning and sound surgical techniques, avoidance of mastoidectomy complications can be achieved.
Implementation of technology for high-performance milling of aluminum alloys using innovative tools and tooling
Authors: Ostrowski Robert , Szpunar Marcin , Myśliwiec Piotr , Zwolak Marek , Bujny Marek
Published: June 2024

The research described in the concerns the development and implementation of new clamping technologies used in machining, particularly for thin-walled structural components of aircraft and helicopters. Among other things, the performance of the Schunk Vero-S Aviation clamping system in machining landing gear beams from 7075 T6 aluminum alloy was analyzed, resulting in significant increases in production efficiency and improvements in the geometric quality of machined parts. During experimental research and implementation testing, special chucks were used on the Schunk Vero-S Aviation system for machining the chassis beam. The results showed an improvement in the quality and accuracy of machined parts compared to traditional clamping methods. Increased production efficiency by minimizing scrap and significantly better surface quality and geometric properties compared to conventional clamping. These studies were conducted as part of a project by Ultratech Sp. z o.o. which was implementing a project co-financed by European Funds "Development and implementation of an innovative clamping method for milling processing of thin-walled structural elements of helicopters and airplanes".
Chitosan: A Versatile Bio Polysaccharide with Potential Applications in the Food Industry
Authors: Soujanya Kanneboina , Sree Meduri Swapna , Prabhakar Butti , Supraja T. , Yasaswini P.
Published: June 2024

Chitin is the first identified, renewable and 2nd most prevalent polysaccharide after the cellulose on the earth. It serves as a primary component of fungi cell walls, exoskeletons of arthropods, insects, molluscs, scales of fish and cephalopod beaks. Chitosan is linear deacetylated polysaccharide form of chitin, composed of glucosamine and N-acetyl glucosamine residues linked by β-1,4 bonds. Network of molecules involved rather than just one polymer, which differ in their size, composition, monomer distribution and these properties influence the physicochemical, technical and biological performance of the polymer. Since 1970, chitosan has attracted various scientific and industrial attention because of its unique macromolecular structure, biodegradability, biocompatibility and its potential intrinsic functional characteristics such as antiviral, active element of the diet for weight loss, anticancer, antifungal activity, antimicrobial properties. Chitosan and its derivatives have a wider spectrum of applications in medicine, pharmacy, agriculture, textiles and food industries. Within the health sector, chitin and its derivatives are employed as functional fibers since they possess prebiotic properties, lower blood LDL cholesterol, improve (ameliorate, enhance) glucose intolerance, boost insulin production, alleviate dyslipidemia, and safeguard gut integrity. These unique and excellent structural properties (qualities, attributes) of chitosan and its derivatives permits chitosan for unlimited food applications.
Utilization of Sorghum, Sweet Potato and Chickpea for Production of High Nutritional Value Gluten Free Cookies
Authors: Hussien Hanan A. , Mohamed Zahrat El-Ola M. , Gawad Ahmed E Abdel
Published: June 2024

Aims: Gluten-free (GF) products are essential for individuals with celiac disease, as the only treatment currently available is adhering to a GF diet. Additionally, many people today are increasingly focused on healthy eating and seeking nutritious food options. The purpose of this study was to prepare gluten-free cookies using sorghum flour, sweet potato powder, and chickpea powder, while also assessing their physicochemical and sensory qualities.
Methodology: Five gluten-free formulations were developed: control-100% sorghum flour as control, S1- 90% sorghum flour and 10% sweet potato, S2-80% sorghum flour + 10% sweet potato and 10% chickpea powder, S3-70% sorghum flour + 10% sweet potato and 20% chickpea powder, S4-60% sorghum flour + 10% sweet potato and 30% chickpea powder.  The physicochemical properties and sensory evaluation of cookies were carried out.
Results: Results showed the inclusion of 10% sweet potato powder led to a significant increase in ash and fiber and carotenoids content in cookies furthermore, the increase of chickpea powder in cookies led to the increased proportion of crude fat, crude protein in cookies. Results also show an increase in mineral content with the increase in substitution with chickpea powder the addition of different levels of chickpea powder had a significant impact on the diameter and thickness of the cookies. As the chickpea powder level increased, there was a consistent decrease in cookie diameter and thickness.
Conclusion: These findings suggest that the replacement of sorghum flour with up to 20% chickpea and 10% sweet potato powder was the most acceptable for the sensory characteristics of the gluten-free cookies.
Service Quality and Customer Relationship Management on Customer Loyalty: The Mediating Role of Customer Satisfaction
Authors: Ramadhan Said , Fikriah Nur Laili
Published: June 2024

Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine how customer satisfaction affected the relationship between service quality, customer loyalty, and customer relationship management among McDonald's generation Z customers in Malang.
Problem Formulation: (1) Does service quality have a significant effect on customer satisfaction for McDonald's products? (2) Does customer relationship management have a significant effect on customer satisfaction for McDonald's products? (3) Does customer satisfaction have a significant effect on customer loyalty for McDonald's products? (4) Does service quality have a significant effect on customer loyalty for McDonald's products? (5) Does customer relationship management have a significant effect on customer loyalty for McDonald's products? (6) Does customer satisfaction significantly mediate the effect of service quality on customer loyalty for McDonald's products? (7) Does customer satisfaction significantly mediate the effect of customer relationship management on customer loyalty for McDonald's products?
Study Design: This study employs a quantitative methodology that combines exploratory and descriptive research techniques.
Place of Study: Respondents in this study are McDonald's consumers in Malang City who fall into the generation Z category.
Methodology: The sampling approach used was nonprobability sampling, especially purposive sampling. Respondents in this study totaled 160 people, which is equal to the number of research items used, 32 multiplied by 5, yielding the result 160. The data was processed with smartPLS 3.0.
Results: Based on the validity test results, each statement item is valid. Furthermore, hypothesis testing shows that service quality affects customer satisfaction, customer relationship management affects customer satisfaction, customer loyalty is not influenced by service quality, customer satisfaction affects customer loyalty, customer satisfaction can mediate the effect between service quality on customer loyalty, and customer satisfaction can mediate the effect of customer relationship management on customer loyalty.
Conclusion: Although customer happiness serves as a mediator, it is not directly influenced by customer loyalty or customer relationship management. Instead, they have an indirect influence on it. This research contributes to our understanding of the elements that can influence McDonald's customer loyalty in Malang City. In summary, increasing customer happiness is the first step to increasing customer loyalty, which can then be achieved through better customer relationship management and service quality.
Self-medication and Patronage of Orthodox Medical Facilities among the Indigenous People of Yakurr Local Government Area, Cross River State, Nigeria
Authors: Etobe Eteng Ikpi , Etobe Utibe E. I. , Iferi Komommo Ubi
Published: June 2024

The study examines the relationship between self-medication and patronage of orthodox medical facilities in Yakurr Local Government Area, Cross River State, Nigeria. Three research objectives were drawn which guided the formulation of three null hypotheses from the independent variable. The study adopted descriptive survey design. 17-item questionnaires entitled “Self-medication. And Patronage of Orthodox Medical Facilities (SMPOMF)” were distributed to four hundred and forty-eight (448) respondents selected through simple random sampling technique from the study area. In addition, key informants (KII) were used as data collection instrument. The reliability test of the instrument was conducted using the Cronbach reliability method. Data were gathered through primary and secondary sources and were analyzed using Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient and One-way ANOVA statistical techniques. The three hypotheses, tested at 0.5 level of significance, revealed that, there is a significant relationship between belief system, level of awareness (p=.337), proximity to medical facility and self-medication in Yakurr Local Government Area, Cross River State, Nigeria (p=.325). This confirms that, there is a significant relationship between self-medication and patronage of orthodox medical facilities in the study area. The study recommends among other things, that, traditional medical practice should be integrated into the primary healthcare system to grant it a formal status in the healthcare delivery system in Nigeria. In addition, the safety and regulation of traditional medicine should be assessed to improve its standard and efficacy. Furthermore, government should build more medical facilities in the study area to encourage people to patronize these facilities when faced with health challenges; rather than reverting to traditional medicine and self-medication, which in most times are ineffective.
An Overview of Cyanobacterial Contributions to Agriculture
Authors: Sathyananth M. , Raj T. Leon Stephan
Published: June 2024

Purpose: This paper reviews the diverse agricultural applications of cyanobacteria for improving soil health, plant growth, and agricultural sustainability.
Research Method: The paper provides a literature review summarizing recent research on cyanobacteria's roles in soil aggregation, biofertilization, abiotic/biotic stress tolerance, yield improvements, carbon sequestration, and bioremediation. Both laboratory studies                             and field trials evaluating cyanobacteria's effects on soil properties and plant growth are               discussed.
Findings: Cyanobacteria can enhance soil structure, provide fixed nitrogen, mitigate salinity stress, increase crop yields, and sequester carbon. Their stress adaptations, antimicrobial metabolites, and synergies with plants and microbes underpin many benefits. However, translating laboratory research into effective field inoculants remains challenging.
Research Limitation: Variability in effectiveness across cyanobacterial strains, plant species, and environments limits current understanding. More field testing is needed along with assessment of potentially negative impacts.
Originality/Value: This review highlights promising areas for cyanobacteria to promote agricultural sustainability while identifying knowledge gaps in genetics, plant-microbe interactions, and soil ecology that require further study. It emphasizes the need for locally-adapted, integrated solutions leveraging cyanobacteria's multifunctional traits.
Understanding Soil Quality Dynamics for Improving Rice Yield in Farmer’s Field
Authors: Singh Charan , Kumar Amit , Gandhi Vishal , Lalita  , Madaan Sukham , Saini Sumit , Mahaveer  , Jain Ashish , Kumar Rakesh , Sumit
Published: June 2024

A roving survey was conducted during Kharif 2023 to assess the constraints in rice crop production of district Kaithal, Haryana. A total of 20 soil samples from the surveyed sites were collected in triplicate for further analysis. The pH(1:2) and EC(1:2) and OC of the surveyed sites ranged from 7.84 to 8.98, 0.19 to 0.66 dS/m and 0.44 to 0.67% respectively. The surveyed soils were non saline in nature. Most of the surveyed sites (around 70%) were found medium in organic carbon status. Soil available nitrogen ranged from 145.36-194.13 kg N/ha, available phosphorus 11.54-19.27 kg P/ha and available potassium 323.2-398 kg K2O/ha in the surveyed sites. The grain yield of rice varieties ranged from 2.85-8.85 t/ha whereas the straw yield of rice varieties ranged from 5.0-12.0 t/ha. The commonly grown rice varieties in scented group were PB 1121, PB 1509, PB 1718, PB 1847 and CSR 30 while the common high yielding non-scented variety and hybrid was PR114 and Vnr 2222, respectively. The constraints include low available nitrogen status of soils, high pH and sodicity at some sites, improper and untimely urea (N fertilizer) application. No farmer was   applying organic fertilizers.
Retracted: Navigating the Implications, Principles and Objectives of Digital Sequencing Information in Agricultural Crops
Authors: Krishnamoorthi A. , Salam Nishant Kumar , Kalaiselvi P. , Anushi  , K B Chethan Kumar , Kumar Sonal , Kumar Vijay , Sapna
Published: June 2024

Navigating the implications, principles, and objectives of digital sequencing information in agricultural crops is paramount in the contemporary agricultural landscape. Abstractly, it encapsulates the fusion of cutting-edge technology with age-old agricultural practices, ushering in a new era of precision farming. Digital sequencing information, derived from techniques like next-generation sequencing (NGS), enables a deeper understanding of crop genomes, empowering farmers and researchers alike with invaluable insights into crop traits, genetic variations, and evolutionary histories. This article realm intersects with real-world applications, driving objectives such as enhancing crop resilience to climate change, optimizing breeding programs for desired traits, and ensuring global food security. Principles of data integrity, accessibility, and ethical use underpin this digital revolution in agriculture, ensuring that the benefits are equitably distributed while safeguarding against potential risks. As we navigate this intricate landscape, the convergence of digital sequencing information and agriculture holds the promise of revolutionizing crop production, sustainability, and resilience in the face of evolving challenges.
This paper has been retracted from the journal.
A Comprehensive Review of Applications of Spline Function
Authors: Khlefha Ahmed R
Published: June 2024

In this paper, spline functions were studied, which provide a way to create regular curves and surfaces using a set of points. They are vital tools in many scientific, engineering, medical, physical, chemical, and other fields. This may lead to its flexibility and high accuracy, which in turn leads to its widespread adoption in areas such as computer graphics and digital analysis, as well as medical imaging and financial software creation. What this research provides is a detailed and accurate review of many diverse and important applications of spline functions, as well as focusing on their importance and multiple uses.
Charge‐Carrier Balance and Color Purity in Polyfluorene Polymer Blends for Blue Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Lu Li‐Ping , Kabra Dinesh , Johnson Kerr , Friend Richard H.
Published: October 2011

A study of an efficient blue light‐emitting diode based on a fluorescent aryl polyfluorene (aryl‐F8) homopolymer in an inverted device architecture is presented, with ZnO and MoO3 as electron‐ and hole‐injecting electrodes, respectively. Charge‐carrier balance and color purity in these structures are achieved by incorporating poly(9,9‐dioctylfluorene‐co‐N‐(4‐butylphenyl)‐diphenylamine (TFB) into aryl‐F8. TFB is known to be a hole‐transporting material but it is found to act as a hole trap on mixing with aryl‐F8. Luminance efficiency of ≈6 cd A−1 and external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 3.1% are obtained by adding a small amount (0.5% by weight) of TFB into aryl‐F8. Study of charge injection and transport in the single‐carrier devices shows that the addition of a small fraction of hole traps is necessary for charge‐carrier balance. Optical studies using UV–vis and fluorescence spectroscopic measurements, photoluminescence quantum yield, and fluorescence decay time measurements indicate that TFB does not affect the optical properties of the aryl‐F8, which is the emitting material in these devices. Luminance efficiency of up to ≈11 cd A−1 and EQE values of 5.7% are achieved in these structures with the aid of improved out‐coupling using index‐matched hemispheres.
Synthesis of new sulfonated copolyimides in organic and ionic liquid media for fuel cell application
Authors: Akbarian‐Feizi Leila , Mehdipour‐Ataei Shahram , Yeganeh Hamid
Published: October 2011

New sulfonated copolyimides containing ether, carbonyl, and bulky naphthyl group in backbone were synthesized in two reaction media: organic solvent and ionic liquid media. For this purpose a new sulfonated diamine (BANBPDS) and an unsulfonated diamine (BANBP) was prepared through reactions of 4,4′‐dichlorobenzophenone‐3,3′‐disulfonic acid, and also 4,4′‐dichlorobenzophenone with 5‐amino‐1‐sodium naphthoxide, respectively. Three series of sulfonated copolyimide with different sulfonation contents (40–80%) were prepared by reaction of the sulfonated diamine (BANBPDS) in companion with three unsulfonated diamines including BANBP, 4,4′‐oxydianiline (ODA), and 1,8‐diamino‐3,6‐dioxaoctane (DADO) with 1,4,5,8‐naphthalene tetracarboxylic dianhydride (NTDA). Two media were selected for preparation of copolyimides. Copolyimides synthesized in ionic liquid had higher inherent viscosity and higher molecular weight in comparison with similar copolyimides that were synthesized via common organic solvent method. Incorporation of flexible groups in polyimide structures increased solubility and processability of the copolyimides. After characterization of polymers with common methods, their water uptake, water stability, ion exchange capacity (IEC), thermal behavior and stability, crystallinity, and morphology were studied. The polymers showed suitable properties including high thermal stability and ion exchange capacity, which were the basic requirements for application as fuel cell membranes. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
A novel polymer chemodosimeter for the detection of mercury ions: Synthesis and fluorescence “turn‐on” responses of fluorene‐based conjugated polymer with reactive pendent N,N‐diethyl‐2‐(4‐phenoxy)‐thioacetamide
Authors: Huang Wenjun , Wu Wenhui
Published: October 2011

A novel conjugating polyfluorene bearing N,N‐diethyl‐2‐(4‐phenoxy)‐thioacetamide as side chain was designed for the detection of Hg(II) ions. It was synthesized through postfunctionalization of acetamide‐based polyfluorene derivative. Upon the addition of Hg(II) ions, the thioacetamide groups of this polymer side chains were specifically reacted with Hg(II) ions, leading to this chemodosimeter with higher selectivity for Hg(II) over other metal ions tested under the same conditions. In addition, on the basis of the effect of fluorescent signal amplifications originated from electron transmission along the backbone, this designed conjugated polyfluorene with pendent reactive thioacetamide reached ultra high sensitivity for the detection of mercury ions. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Synthesis of Chiral 1,3‐Diamines Derived from cis‐2‐Benzamidocyclohexanecarboxylic Acid and Their Application in the Cu‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Henry Reaction
Authors: Kodama Koichi , Sugawara Kazuyuki , Hirose Takuji
Published: October 2011

In this study, 13 different chiral 1,3‐diamines were synthesized from (−)‐cis‐2‐benzamidocyclohexanecarboxylic acid. They were successfully applied as ligands in the Cu‐catalyzed asymmetric Henry reaction between benzaldehyde and nitromethane. It was confirmed that the enantioselectivity of the product could be controlled by the substituents on the two amino groups. A time‐course study revealed a decrease in product enantioselectivity caused by spontaneous retro‐Henry reaction, which was suppressed by conducting the reaction at 0 °C. This versatile reaction afforded various β‐nitroalcohols in excellent yields and enantioselectivities (up to 98 % yield, 91 % enantiomeric excess) under the optimized reaction conditions. The chiral induction mechanism was explained on the basis of a previously proposed transition‐state model.
Coalescence efficiency of bubbles in bubble columns
Authors: Bizmark Navid , Mostoufi Navid , Mehrnia Mohammad‐Reza , Zarringhalam Simin M. , Yazdani Aryan
Published: October 2011

Bubble size distribution was modelled by employing the population balance equation (PBE). All three bubble coalescence mechanisms (turbulence, buoyancy and laminar shear) and the main bubble breakup mechanism (breakup due to turbulent eddies) were considered in the model. Local bubble size distributions at the top and bottom of the column were obtained by solving this PBE. The results were compared with the experimental data for seven independent multiphase systems (water/air, isomax diesel/air, kerosene/air and four other liquid mixture/air) at two diverse gas velocities. The experimental adjustable constant in the coalescence efficiency function was determined by fitting the population balance to the experimental bubble size distributions. An empirical correlation was proposed for the coalescence efficiency by the dimensional analysis, which includes Reynolds and Weber numbers. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
Molecular Modeling of the Three‐Dimensional Structure of Human Sphingomyelin Synthase
Authors: Zhang Ya , Lin Fu , Deng Xiaodong , Wang Renxiao , Ye Deyong
Published: October 2011

Sphingomyelin synthase (SMS) produces sphingomyelin and diacylglycerol from ceramide and phosphatidylcholine. It plays an important role in cell survival and apoptosis, inflammation, and lipid homeostasis, and therefore has been noticed in recent years as a novel potential drug target. In this study, we combined homology modeling, molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation, and normal mode analysis to derive a three‐dimensional structure of human sphingomyelin synthase (hSMS1) in complex with sphingomyelin. Our model provides a reasonable explanation on the catalytic mechanism of hSMS1. It can also explain the high selectivity of hSMS1 towards phosphocholine and sphingomyelin as well as some other known experimental results about hSMS1. Moreover, we also derived a complex model of D609, the only known small‐molecule inhibitor of hSMS1 so far. Our hSMS1 model may serve as a reasonable structural basis for the discovery of more effective small‐molecule inhibitors of hSMS1.
A Better Understanding of the Formation of Silica Nanococoons
Authors: Xu Zhen , Zhao Huanyu , Yan Zhuojun , Wang Sibing , Chen Yuanli , Li Baozong , Li Yi , Yang Yonggang
Published: October 2011

Silica nanococoons with coiled or concentric circular pore channels in the walls attracted much attention, recently. However, the formation of them is not well illustrated. Herein, hollow silica shells with organized pore channels parallel to the shell surface were prepared through a single‐templating method using the self‐assemblies of a chiral low‐molecular‐weight amphiphile,L‐18Phe6PyBr, as templates under a dilute concentration. These nanococoons were characterized using X‐ray diffractometer and N2 sorption. The formation of them was clearly shown in the field‐emission electron microscopy images which were taken at a low voltage. Moreover, transmission electron microscopy images taken after different reaction times indicated a cooperative self‐assemble mechanism. It was also found that the nanocoons were formed from coiled nanoribbons.
MCM‐41‐Supported Bidentate Phosphine Rhodium Complex: An Efficient and Recyclable Heterogeneous Catalyst for the Hydrosilylation of Olefins
Authors: Hu Ronghua , Hao Wenyan , Cai Mingzhong
Published: October 2011

MCM‐41‐supported bidentate phosphine rhodium complex (MCM‐41‐2P‐RhCl3) was conveniently synthesized from commercially available and cheapγ‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane via immobilization on MCM‐41, followed by reacting with diphenylphosphinomethanol and rhodium chloride. It was found that the title complex is a highly efficient catalyst for the hydrosilylation of olefins with triethoxysilane and can be recovered and recycled by a simple filtration of the reaction solution and used for at least 10 consecutive trials without any decreases in activity.
Molecular Iodine Promoted Synthesis of New Pyrido[2,3‐d]pyrimidin‐4‐ols
Authors: Wang Xicun , Liang Junling , Quan Zhengjun , Bai Lin
Published: October 2011

A highly ef?cient synthesis of novel pyrido[2,3‐d]pyrimidin‐4‐ols was developed via an iodine‐catalyzed tandem oxidative cyclization under focused microwave irradiation. Pyrido[2,3‐d]pyrimidin‐4‐ols were obtained from easily available 2‐amino‐4‐aryl‐6‐arylnicotinamides and benzylic amines with good to excellent yields.
Synthesis, Characterization and Photochromic Properties of Novel Naphthopyrans with Hydrazone Unit Residue
Authors: Pang Meili , Cheng Hongbo , Niu Yanxia , Hu Qiaoju , Han Jie , Meng Jiben
Published: October 2011

A series of naphthopyrans with hydrazone unit (8a–8m), were synthesized and characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, IR and HRMS. The photochromic properties were investigated under continuous irradiation, in particular regard to the fatigue resistance and the lifetime of the colored open form in solution and polymers. The results showed that these compounds had both good photochromic properties and high fatigue resistance. Detailed studies showed that representative compound 8d (3,3‐di‐4‐methoxybenzoic acid methylenehydrazino‐[3H]‐naphtho [2,1‐b]pyran) had good photochromic properties in THF solution, in solid state, and in polymers, and exhibited a significant bathochromic shift in the spectra of the open forms compared to known naphthopyrans 9 (3,3‐diphenyl‐[3H]‐naphtho[2,1‐b]pyran). On the other hand, the higher melting points of target compounds are promising for the polymer film preparation through hot‐melt method.
Determination of Amantadine Residue in Honey by Solid‐phase Extraction and High‐performance Liquid Chromatography with Pre‐column Derivatization and Fluorometric Detection
Authors: Zhang Jinzhen , Zhao Jing , Zhou Jinhui , Xue Xiaofeng , Li Yi , Wu Liming , Chen Fang
Published: October 2011

Amantadine (AMA) is an anti‐viral drug used in apiculture to protect honeybee against the sacbrood virus (Morator aetatulae). This study described a reliable high‐performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for analyzing AMA in honey using a solid‐phase extraction (SPE) cartridge (Plexa PCX) for purification, 4‐fluoro‐7‐nitro‐2,1,3‐benzoxadiazole (NBD‐F) as a pre‐column derivatization agent, and fluorometric detection (λex=470 nm, λem=530 nm). The chromatographic separation was performed on an XDB C18 column (150×4.6 mm i.d.) using 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid/acetonitrile (35:65,V/V) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 mL·min−1 with a run time of 20 min. Under these optimal conditions, a linear relationship was observed in the range of 0.025–1.0 µg· mL−1 with a good correlation coefficient (0.998) and low limit of detection (0.0080 µg·g−1), the recoveries were all above 90%, and the intra‐day and inter‐day precision (RSD) ranged from 3.4%–5.1%.
Synthesis and Bioactivities of Andrographolide Derivatives: New (−)‐Limonidilactone Analogues
Authors: Xu Haiwei , Jiang Pingjuan , Li Weiyi , Wang Junfeng , Liu Hongmin
Published: October 2011

In this study, a novel route to (−)‐limonidilactone analogues 10, 11 by way of stereoselective reaction of andrographolide (5) from 8, 9 was reported. The anti‐tumor and α‐glucosidsae inhibition activities of some synthetic compounds were screened.
LABOR MOBILITY OF THE DIRECT CARE WORKFORCE: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PROVISION OF LONG‐TERM CARE
Authors: Baughman Reagan A. , Smith Kristin E.
Published: October 2011

This study provides the first comprehensive analysis of the dynamics of labor supply of direct care workers, the lower‐skill nursing workers who provide the bulk of long‐term care for the elderly in the USA. Our estimates from the 1996 and 2001 panels of the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) show that the mean (median) duration of employment spells for the same direct care employer is only 9.7 (5.0) months. We find that fewer than one‐third of direct care workers leave a job to take another job in the direct care field. There is also little indication of upward mobility in the health sector; direct care workers are approximately equally likely to transition to working as Registered Nurses as they are to working in household service jobs. Additionally, the rate at which spells end in work‐limiting disability (5.4%) is very high compared with rates in similar occupations. We estimate duration models of direct care job spell length and find that, after correcting for the endogenous relationship between wages and tenure, wages appear to have a modest effect in preventing turnover; this effect is concentrated among the shortest spells. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Human bocavirus and other respiratory viral infections in a 2‐year cohort of hospitalized children
Authors: Uršič Tina , Jevšnik Monika , Žigon Nina , Krivec Uroš , Beden Andreja Borinc , Praprotnik Marina , Petrovec Miroslav
Published: October 2011

Human bocavirus (HBoV) infection is reported worldwide and may cause severe respiratory tract infections. The aim of the present study was to assess the prevalence of HBoV, and other respiratory viral pathogens, in a 2‐year retrospective study of children admitted to hospital, and to investigate whether viral loads of HBoV DNA were associated with severity of infection. Between April 2007 and March 2009, 891 respiratory samples from 760 children admitted to hospital with acute respiratory tract infection were tested for the presence of respiratory viruses by real‐time PCR or direct immunofluorescence testing. HBoV DNA was detected by using internally controlled real‐time quantitative PCR assay and 25 samples selected at random were sequenced. The virus detected most frequently was rhinovirus, followed by respiratory syncytial virus, HBoV, and human metapneumovirus. HBoV DNA was detected in 18.4% of children admitted to hospital. HBoV was the only viral pathogen detected in 66/164 (40.2%) of HBoV DNA‐positive children and in 7.4% of all 891 samples. Ninety‐seven percent (64/66) of children with an HBoV single infection were diagnosed as having lower respiratory tract infection. Median HBoV DNA viral load was significantly higher in children when HBoV was detected as a single pathogen. Higher HBoV DNA viral loads were associated with prematurity and age. HBoV seems to be an important and frequent pathogen in respiratory tract infections in children, and it is likely that the severity of illness is comparable to the severity of RSV illness. J. Med. Virol. 84:99–108, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Adefovir‐based combination therapy with entecavir or lamivudine for patients with entecavir‐refractory chronic hepatitis B
Authors: Kim Soon Sun , Cheong Jae Youn , Lee Dami , Lee Myoung Hee , Hong Sun Pyo , Kim Soo‐Ok , Cho Sung Won
Published: October 2011

This study evaluated the efficacy of adefovir (ADV) plus lamivudine (LAM) or ADV add‐on therapy for patients with entecavir (ETV)‐refractory hepatitis B infection. Twenty‐nine ETV‐resistant and 8 patients with suboptimal response to ETV were enrolled. Twenty‐seven patients received ADV + LAM therapy and 10 patients received ADV + ETV therapy for >24 weeks. In 29 patients who were ETV‐resistant, the mean reduction in HBV DNA levels at 24 weeks was not different between the ADV + LAM and ADV + ETV groups (−1.98 log10 IU/ml vs. −2.16 log10 IU/ml; P = 0.792). Primary non‐response was observed in 52.2% (12/23) of ADV + LAM group and 33.3% (2/6) of ADV + ETV group (P = 0.651). Initial virologic response (IVR) was observed in 17.4% (4/23) of ADV + LAM group and 33.3% (2/6) of ETV + ADV group (P = 0.362). In eight patients with suboptimal response to ETV, the ADV + ETV group had a greater reduction in HBV DNA at 24 and 48 weeks than the ADV + LAM group (−2.29 log10 IU/ml vs. −0.09 log10 IU/ml and −2.04 log10 IU/ml vs. −0.72 log10 IU/ml; P = 0.020 and P = 0.012, respectively). Primary non‐response and IVR did not significantly differ between the two groups [100% (4/4) vs. 50% (2/4) and 0% (0/4) vs. 50% (2/4); P = 0.429 and P = 0.429, respectively]. The antiviral efficacies of ADV‐based therapy with ETV or LAM for patients with ETV‐resistant hepatitis B were limited and did not differ between the two groups. However, adding ADV to ETV may be more effective than ADV + LAM therapy in patients with suboptimal virologic response to ETV. J. Med. Virol. 84:18–25, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Public awareness and knowledge of herpes labialis
Authors: Pica Francesca , Volpi Antonio
Published: October 2011

Between 20% and 40% of the population is estimated to suffer from episodes of recurrent herpes labialis, although few reports in the literature have addressed the public awareness of this infection in the general population. The aims of this study were to determine the existing level of awareness and knowledge of this disease and to assess the source of this knowledge, the ability of the public to recognize the characteristics of the disease and the behavior of patients with clinical cases of disease manifestation. To this end, 2,000 individuals (961 male and 1,039 female) of 14 years of age and older were surveyed using the ECOcapi system [Eurisko Consumer Omnibus—CAPI (computer‐assisted personal interviewing) version]. Eighty‐nine percent of those surveyed had some knowledge of herpes labialis; 92% were able to refer to at least one symptom of herpes labialis, 91% were able to identify correctly his infection from pictures, and 45% had experienced personally at least one episode of herpes labialis infection. The majority of the individuals suffering from herpes labialis self‐medicated using a topical therapy. Women were found to be affected more commonly by herpes labialis than men [OR 1.42 (1.18–1.70)], and women were also more likely to recognize the disease [OR 1.65 (1.30–2.08)] and to seek medical advice for the condition [OR 1.38 (1.12–1.70)]. In conclusion, herpes labialis is a common and well‐known condition, and it is often self‐diagnosed correctly, as the prodromal phase and the use of self‐medication are very common. J. Med. Virol. 84:132–137, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The fast spiral‐SelMQC technique for in vivo MR spectroscopic imaging of polyunsaturated fatty acids in human breast tissue
Authors: Zhu He , Rubin Denis , He Qiuhong
Published: October 2011

The selective multiple‐quantum coherence transfer method has been applied to image polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) distributions in human breast tissues in vivo for cancer detection, with complete suppression of the unwanted lipid and water signals in a single scan. The Cartesian k‐space mapping of PUFA in vivo using the selective multiple‐quantum coherence transfer (Sel‐MQC) chemical shift imaging (CSI) technique, however, requires excessive MR scan time. In this article, we report a fast Spiral‐SelMQC sequence using a rapid spiral k‐space sampling scheme. The Spiral‐SelMQC images of PUFA distribution in human breast were acquired using two‐interleaved spirals on a 3 T GE Signa magnetic resonance imaging scanner. Approximately 160‐fold reduction of acquisition time was observed as compared with the corresponding selective multiple‐quantum coherence transfer CSI method with an equivalent number of scans, permitting acquisition of high‐resolution PUFA images in minutes. The reconstructed Spiral‐SelMQC PUFA images of human breast tissues achieved a sub‐millimeter resolution of 0.54 × 0.54 or 0.63 × 0.63 mm2/pixel for field of view = 14 or 16 cm, respectively. The Spiral‐SelMQC parameters for PUFA detection were optimized in 2D selective multiple‐quantum coherence transfer experiments to suppress monounsaturated fatty acids and other lipid signals. The fast in vivo Spiral‐SelMQC imaging method will be applied to study human breast cancer and other human diseases in extracranial organs. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Die Entwicklung selektiver α2‐Rezeptor‐Agonisten
Authors: Schmitz Jens , Holzgrabe Ulrike
Published: October 2011

Seit der Isolierung und chemischen sowie pharmakologischen Charakterisierung des Adrenalins vor mehr als 150 Jahren ist es gelungen, eine Vielzahl an Sympathomimetika zu entwickeln, die zwar selektiv an α1‐, α2‐ oder β‐Rezeptoren binden, jedoch gibt es bis heute keinen zugelassenen α2‐subtypselektiven Arzneistoff. Um eine gezielte Wirkung mit geringen Nebenwirkungen im Körper hervorzurufen, ist dies aber essenziell. In den letzten Jahren konnte für viele physiologische Prozesse, an denen α2‐Rezeptoren beteiligt sind, aufgeklärt werden, welcher Subtyp jeweils eine zentrale Rolle einnimmt und welche zellulären Systeme und Signaltransduktionswege beteiligt sind. Diese Erkenntnisse werden dazu beitragen, neue subtypselektive α2‐Sympathomimetika entwickeln zu können.
Innovative Plasma Generation in Flexible Biopsy Channels for Inner‐Tube Decontamination and Medical Applications
Authors: Polak Martin , Winter Jörn , Schnabel Uta , Ehlbeck Jörg , Weltmann Klaus‐Dieter
Published: October 2011

An innovative device capable of generating a cold atmospheric pressure plasma inside a 5 m long flexible tube with 2 mm inner diameter is presented. In order to analyze the inner‐tube plasma, optical emission spectroscopy in the (vacuum) ultraviolet spectral range and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy were performed. By admixing small concentrations of nitrogen and oxygen to the standard argon gas flow rate of 1.5 slm, a drastically change in the plasma composition was observed. Additionally, it is possible to form a jet‐like plasma at the end of the tube. The microbicidal efficacy of the inner‐tube plasma and the jet‐like plasma was shown for Bacillus atrophaeus spores.

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Disseminated Mycobacterium gordonae infection in a child with cystic fibrosis
Authors: Verma Nitin , Spencer David
Published: October 2011

A 4‐year‐old girl with cystic fibrosis (CF) presented with unrelenting pyrexia commencing shortly after flushing of the central venous catheter (CVC). Mycobacterium gordonae was subsequently isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage, gastric washings, and lung biopsy. While this case most likely represents central line infection by a non‐tuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) species, it is difficult to state this definitively in the absence of positive cultures from the CVC. We suggest that infection with NTM should always be considered in CF patients with indwelling devices and unexplained fever. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2012; 47:517–518. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Monitoring Two Dependent Process Steps Using Special Variable Sample Sizes and Sampling Intervals Cause‐Selecting Control Charts
Authors: Noorossana Rassoul , Maryam Shekary A.
Published: October 2011

Cause‐selecting control charts are effective statistical process control tools for monitoring multistage processes. In this article, an adaptive statistical process control scheme to monitor a process with two dependent steps is proposed. Two different policies based on a combination of two different sample sizes and sampling intervals are utilized. Adjusted average time to signal measure, calculated through Markov chain approach, is applied to evaluate performance of the proposed control scheme. Numerical results indicate that the proposed scheme has improved performance over the fixed sample sizes at fixed sampling intervals scheme. Finally, the optimal parameters of the proposed scheme with two different policies are recommended, and comparisons between the minimum adjusted average time to signal of the proposed charts and variable sample sizes and sampling intervals cause‐selecting control charts with three different sample sizes and sampling intervals are performed. It is shown that performance of the proposed scheme with four variable parameters is similar and even somewhat better than that of the scheme with six variable parameters. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Understanding stocks and flows through analogy
Authors: Gonzalez Cleotilde , Wong Hau‐yu
Published: October 2011

Although it has been suggested that people use the wrong cognitive procedures in solving stock and flow (SF) problems, we know little of what these mental procedures are. We present two experiments aimed at demonstrating the influence of analogical reasoning on SF failure. Results of Experiment 1 show that SF failure decreases when people are asked to compare problems that share behavioral similarity (common relations). However, the benefit of behavioral similarity depends on the surface similarity (common superficial object attributes). Results from Experiment 2 demonstrate that when the behavioral characteristics of the problems are unknown by the participants, the process of comparing two problems with behavioral similarity improves responses to a subsequent SF problem, regardless of the surface similarity between the problems. Surface similarity helps only when the behavioral similarity between the problems is already known. Implications for training and education in system dynamics are discussed. Copyright © 2011 System Dynamics Society.
Expanding horizons through global learning in out‐of‐school time
Authors: Menten Alexis
Published: October 2011

The demands and opportunities of globalization involve not only America's economic competitiveness, but also national security, the need for tolerance in increasingly diverse communities, and a need to solve pressing social issues. To be successful, students need a comprehensive and integrated set of global learning experiences that help them expand their horizons from their neighborhood to the rest of the world. Schools as well as community partners and after‐school and summer programs all have an important role to play in restructuring educational opportunities to help all students become globally competent.
How first‐generation students learn to navigate education systems: A case study of First Graduate
Authors: Kirshner Ben , Saldivar Manuel Gerardo , Tracy Rita
Published: October 2011

Students from underrepresented groups who seek to become the first in their family to attend college confront economically and racially stratified education systems. This article reports findings from an evaluation of First Graduate, an organization that offers college advising, mentoring, tutoring, and case management to first‐generation students starting in seventh grade. We highlight three systems that youth say they encountered on their pathway to college: open enrollment, course taking, and college admissions. We describe how youth navigated these systems and the roles that adults played in support. Our conclusion discusses implications for how after‐school programs can support first‐generation students.
Die Entwicklung intellektueller Fähigkeiten bei Kindern mit ADHS im Langzeitverlauf – Ergebnisse der 8,5-Jahre-Katamnese der Kölner Adaptiven Multimodalen Therapiestudie (KAMT)
Authors: Schürmann Stephanie , Breuer Dieter , Metternich-Kaizman Tanja Wolff , Döpfner Manfred
Published: October 2011

In einer Nachuntersuchung (8,5-Jahres Follow-up) von 16 – 22 jährigen Jugendlichen, die als Kinder aufgrund einer Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörung multimodal behandelt worden waren, wurde die aktuelle Intelligenzleistung und das Intelligenzprofil mittels des K-TIM erhoben und unter Berücksichtigung der Effekte von Alter, Geschlecht und besuchter Schulform überprüft. Die Gesamtleistungsfähigkeit (SW 91) sowie die Skalen fluider und kristalliner Intelligenz liegen im unteren Durchschnittsbereich, wobei die fluide Intelligenz stärker ausgeprägt ist als die kristalline. Zudem wurden die aktuelle Leistungsfähigkeit mit der Leistungsfähigkeit zu Beginn (SW 96) und Ende der Intensivtherapie (SW 102) verglichen, die mittels der K-ABC erhoben wurde. Die längsschnittlichen Analysen zeigen Einzelkorrelationen im mittleren Bereich. Multiple Regressionsanalysen belegen den höchsten Einfluss auf die Skala Gesamtintelligenz (K-TIM) durch die Fertigkeitenskala (K-ABC) zu Behandlungsende mit fast 50 % Varianzaufklärung.
A self-aligned process for phase-change material nanowire confined within metal electrode nanogap
Authors: Ma Huili , Wang Xiaofeng , Zhang Jiayong , Wang Xiaodong , Hu Chuanxian , Yang Xiang , Fu Yingchun , Chen Xiaogang , Song Zhitang , Feng Songlin , Ji An , Yang Fuhua
Published: October 2011

A self-aligned fabrication process is presented by which phase-change material nanowire (NW) perfectly confined within metal electrode nanogap based on electron-beam lithography and inductively coupled plasma etching process. Lateral phase-change random access memory device fabrication is demonstrated by this process with Ge2Sb2Te5 NW confined within 39 nm tungsten electrode nanogap and the electrical characterizations are illustrated. It is found that the threshold current is only 2 μA and the dc power consumption is remarkably low. The process is simple, flexible and achieves localization filling. In addition, the process can be easily transferred to other types of phase-change and nanoelectronics materials.