bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measuring Water Pressure at Fire Hydrant Outlets
Authors: Walski Thomas M.
Published: June 2018

This article discusses the best method of measuring water pressure at fire hydrant outlets. The conclusion reached is that failure to bleed the air from the hydrant barrel before making a pressure reading usually does not result in a significant error in the reading. The error only becomes significant for deep laterals and low pressures.
Gate Valve Adaptor Eliminates Settling/Shifting
Authors: Gagas Michael
Published: June 2018

This article describes the construction of a gate valve adaptor which can be used when installing a water main gate‐valve‐box setting to eliminate any settling or shifting of the valve box. The adaptor is cost effective since it eliminates future excavation and resetting of the box, and eliminates the possibility of an improper key set due to settling or shifting.
Sizing and Selecting Modern Water Meters
Authors: Seruga Ed
Published: June 2018

This article discusses displacement, turbine (turbo), and compound meters and describes the meter selection process. Tables provide information on AWWA turbine meter standards for customer service (Class I: vertical shaft and low‐velocity horizontal type meters and Class II: in‐line or high‐velocity type meters) and recommended applications for meters by type and size.
PR Program Boosts Public Image
Authors: Sober Debra
Published: June 2018

This article discusses public perceptions of water and wastewater departments and the need for public relations efforts to increase public support for these important services. Examples of successful public relations programs are presented.
Communication Tools Can Control the Interview
Authors: Boyce Dan
Published: June 2018

This article describes basic techniques to help individuals become more interesting and effective communicators in front of any kind of audience. Topics covered include: audience reaction, communication tools (mind, face, body, voice), and practice. The author summarizes the main points of a presentation by Arch Lustberg at the 1985 AWWA annual conference in Washington, D.C.
Procedures for Pressure Testing of Water Mains
Authors: Reich Carl F.
Published: June 2018

This article outlines procedures for conducting pressure testing of water mains and attempts to guide the inspector through problems that might occur during the not‐so‐smooth hydrostatic test.
Controlling Information With a Data‐Base Manager
Authors: Benear Alan K.
Published: June 2018

Computerized database management systems help control the flow of information in treatment and distribution systems. This article defines databases and database management systems, describes components of database systems, discusses advantages of computerized databases, and provides guidelines for implementing database management systems and selecting database management programs.
Backflow Protection for Fire Sprinkler Systems
Authors: Chapman Pete
Published: June 2018

This article discusses the basic components of fire sprinkler systems and the potential for cross connections that exists with these systems. Fire protection systems, which are pressurized piping systems, should be isolated from potable water systems using the proper backflow prevention assembly for the degree of determined hazard. Classification of fire sprinkler systems is described, and backflow protection required for low‐, moderate‐, and high‐hazard systems is addressed.
Locating and Sizing Air Release Valves
Authors: Lescovich J.F.
Published: June 2018

This article discusses the need for air release valves in pipelines. Sources of air entry are addressed, and the following types of air release valves are described: small orifice air release valves, large orifice air release valves, double or combination air release valves, and vacuum valves. Suggestions for maintenance of air release valves are provided.
Simple Tool Makes Valve‐Box Repairs Easy
Authors: Foulkes Charles D. , Row Harold
Published: June 2018

This article details the construction and cost of a valve‐box repair tool. In the case of a damaged valve‐box, this tool facilitates water turnoff at the valve‐box area.
Hook Used to Clean Meter Boxes
Authors: Castillo Danny
Published: June 2018

A meter hook equipped with a scoop can be used to clean out dirty meter boxes.
End Result Makes Data Collection Worthwhile
Authors: Seamans Mark J.
Published: June 2018

This article focuses on the importance of the often tedious job of data collection at the treatment plant. Consistent, accurate data collection results in the ability to spot problems and trends as they occur, and the ability to predict future plant operations.
What Is Your Community Water System Worth?
Authors: Khera A.K.
Published: June 2018

This article discusses the factors taken into account when analyzing the worth of a water system. These factors include: marketable assets; changing rates and service connections; and water rights. Traditional appraisal techniques such as replacement cost, projected rate of return, and book value, do not give accurate value for a utility.
Automated Filtration Relies on Instrumentation
Authors: Mackay Don
Published: June 2018

This article discusses the instrumentation used in an automated filtration plant to measure rate of flow, loss of head, and turbidity. The article focuses on the importance of proper maintenance and calibration of the instruments, such as flow meters, dP cells, controllers, and turbidimeters, as well as the valves associated with the instruments.
Emergency Disinfection: What to Tell Customers
Authors: Lay Trudie
Published: June 2018

Water utility operators must prepare emergency procedures for their customers in anticipation of emergencies such as system contamination or service interruptions. Customers should be informed that water cannot be presumed safe to drink under emergency conditions and that all water should be purified by boiling or by adding chemicals before consumption. The source of some waterborne diseases and their health effects are presented. This is a reprint of a June 1979 Opflow article.
Los Angeles Emergency Planning for Earthquakes
Authors: McReynolds Laurent
Published: June 2018

Water utilities face many potential disasters, including earthquakes, tornados, floods, and oil spills. A good emergency readiness program can be developed by involving as many people in planning or practicing as possible, while still maintaining a chain of command and an organizational plan. Cooperation with local governments or emergency response organizations is crucial to the success of any plan. In February 1971, a severe earthquake struck the Los Angeles area, causing about $48 million in damage to the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power. Damage to the facilities, and steps take to restore service are presented.
Make a Splash for National Drinking Water Week
Authors: Hayes Jim
Published: June 2018

This article presents ideas and recommendations for celebration of National Drinking Water Week. Some suggestions include, holding an open house with displays, giveaways and contests, public activities such as official proclamations, tree plantings, bulletin board displays in city hall, public library, or local schools. Promotional kits and public service announcements are available from AWWA.
Clearing Up Conversion Confusion
Authors: Proctor Donald E.
Published: June 2018

Often, shortcuts are so automatic that the real way of doing things gets lost. If you understand the logic of conversion factors, it is possible to troubleshoot conversions that give you problems. Performing the same math steps on units and numbers allows you to solve most conversion problems with logic rather than memorized formulas (although the conversion numbers must still be memorized). Examples of conversion factors and logic followed are given.
Manometer: A Useful Tool for Measuring Pressure
Authors: Whitworth Robert A.
Published: June 2018

There are a number of different types of manometers and all work on the same principle, the displacement of a fluid in direct proportion to pressure. This article discusses the U tube manometer, well‐type, and inclined manometers. Also discussed is the use of manometers to measure pressure differential.
Squirt Guns, Doughnuts, Trivia, News …
Authors: Hardesty Constance
Published: June 2018

Participating in National Drinking Water Week can be as simple or elaborate as you care to make it. While some utilities go all out with government proclamations, news conferences, plant tours, school programs, poster contests, and marathons, other utilities plan smaller activities to fit their limited staffs and budgets. Examples of past events and activities by various utilities are presented. Drinking water trivia questions are included.
Cleaning Solvent Leads to Hammer in Metering Pumps
Authors: Frith Dwight
Published: June 2018

The article discusses problems the City of Jackson, Mississippi, had with cleaning solution accumulating in the valve body. Preassembly of the valve inlet and outlet pipes or mounting the backpressure valve in a vertical position will prevent accumulation of PVC pipe cleaning solution in the valve body. This will prevent blistering of the valve, which led to water hammer.
Track Demand Charges to Cut Electric Costs
Authors: O'Neill Thomas A.
Published: June 2018

It is possible to save significantly on electrical costs by altering standard operating procedures to lower demand charges. By closely monitoring the power bill, operators can track peak demands, then takes steps to flatten the peaks. An operator can directly affect power costs by controlling how many pumps or blowers are run at once. Steps taken by the City of New Port Richey, Florida resulted in savings of approximately $900 per month.
Meter Hook Brush Cleans Registers Quickly
Authors: Sad Grant
Published: June 2018

Using a meter hook to remove dirt from a water meter register can scratch the register cover so badly that it must be replaced. This article offers instructions for assembling a meter hook brush that can be used to cleaning dirt off of register covers without scratching them.
Liquid Chlorine Leak Disaster Averted by Rolling Cylinder
Authors: Hehn Mike
Published: June 2018

Workers as the City of Huntington Beach, California, have fabricated a device that can be used to roll a 1‐ton cylinder in the event of a leak in the unit. If the cylinder is rotated so that the damaged area or leak is at the highest point, the chlorine gas inside the cylinder will collect at that point, and the damaged area can be repaired as a gas leak. Materials and instructions are listed.
Plan, Prepare Now for Impact of Phase V Regs
Authors: Pontius Fred
Published: June 2018

The complete text of the final Phase V rule was published in the Federal Register on July 17, 1992. This article reviews the following information for the 23 compounds regulated in Phase V (5 inorganic chemicals [IOCs] and 18 synthetic organic chemicals [SOCs], including 9 pesticides and 3 volatile organic chemicals [VOCs]): maximum contaminant level goals (MCLGs); maximum contaminant levels (MCLs); monitoring, analytical methods, reporting, and public information requirements; and best available technology (BAT) for contaminant removal. Much of the information is given in tables.
Key Operates Valves in Awkward Spots, Improves Safety
Authors: Coleman Earl B.
Published: June 2018

This valve key allows valves to be operated when the valve box is in an awkward location, for example, very close to walls, fences, or mounds of earth. It works like a ratchet, and it has a counter that registers each full turn on the valve. This is useful because many valves completely open or close after a specific number of turns. Using the counter, the tool's user doesn't have to count as each turn is made. The article lists materials and construction information.
Poor Math Skills Cause Exam Failures
Authors: Price Joanne Kirkpatrick
Published: June 2018

Many fine water and wastewater treatment plant operators have been stopped cold in their career advancement because of their weakness in math. Statistics presented here show how many operators in grades 1 and 2 failed the California certification exam because of weakness in math. Persistence is the key to overcoming this weakness. For applied math, it is important to understand that although there are hundreds of possible problems, there are relatively few types of problems. In memory studies, it has has long been recognized that as material is studied in information “chunks” rather than as individual data points, a large quantity of information can be retained. For this reason, Opflow is beginning a series called Math in Chunks. This series will teach operators how to do various types of math problems so that they can apply those problems to water and wastewater math.
Small Systems Can Reduce Lead Health Dangers
Authors: Pontius Frederick W.
Published: June 2018

This article outlines some requirements of the Lead and Copper Rule and provides background information on how lead is toxic, how it gets into drinking water, and guidelines set for levels of lead in blood. Drinking water can be a significant source of lead; typical drinking water contribution to total lead exposure for an average 2 year old is estimated by USEPA at 20 percent. As with all drinking water standards, the new Lead and Copper Rule sets minimum standards. Small systems should not be content to just comply with these minimum rules. Many systems can do better. Every small system can do three basic things to ensure their water has the lowest possible lead and copper levels: ensure that water delivered to the customer is not corrosive; eliminate and replace any lead‐containing material present in the distribution system; and inform consumers how to minimize or eliminate exposure to sources of lead under their control.
Iron Bacteria Continue to Challenge Operators' Skills
Authors: McDonald Joe
Published: June 2018

Iron bacteria can cause many problems, most notably aesthetic problems and plugging that restricts flow. Iron bacteria can generally be found anywhere dissolved oxygen and dissolved iron are present. Often a problem arises when anaerobic groundwater containing iron mixes with aerobic water or in some other way comes in contact with oxygen, for example by aeration during pumping. Production and flow problems are created by infestations (biofilm) that plug lines. For effective control with chlorine, shock levels must be used and chlorination levels must remain high to keep the biofilm from reforming. One way to handle the problem is to move the biofouling plug to where it will pose the least problem to the water system in general (for example, from the gravel pack to the aquifer). If a well is already severely plugged, repeated shock chlorination and acidization may work. In cases where the bacteria pose aesthetic problems but not plugging, a simpler solution may work; a case study is given. Looking on the positive side, iron bacteria can reduce the amount of iron and manganese in water.
Liability Enormous for Lead‐Based Paint Removal
Authors: Roetter Steven P.
Published: June 2018

A tank owner's potential liability for public exposure to lead during the coating removal process is enormous. As a result, newer, more expensive methods of coating removal are being specified and developed. When a lead‐paint abatement project is undertaken, a professional approach is essential. A professional engineer with coating and lead abatement experience should be used to tackle a project of this size. The article covers regulatory requirements, initial testing to determine lead levels in the existing paint, preparation of specifications for the repainting project, monitoring the project in progress, and testing and disposal of the waste. This article does not encompass all contingencies for a lead‐paint abatement project. It is not intended to guide a specification writer, but rather to make tank owners aware of the huge liability associated with lead‐paint abatement and to provide an overview of a typical project approach.
Public Education Key to Successful Sampling Program
Authors: Campbell John P.
Published: June 2018

The city of Polson, Montana, just finished sampling for lead and copper. This case study lists the steps taken by the City of Polson in notifying the public while conducting a sampling program.
Fare Not Cheap on High‐Tech Treatment Train
Authors: Karlin Richard J.
Published: June 2018

Current drinking water treatment technologies have been in place with only minor modifications for several decades. However, the current regulatory climate, coupled with the public's changing expectations, is triggering revolutionary, not evolutionary, changes in the drinking water industry. The resulting high‐tech approaches to water treatment will inevitably lead to increased costs for water purveyors and their customers. This article discusses several treatment options, but does not give figures on costs.
Part 8 — Milligrams per Litre to Pounds per Day Calculations
Authors: Price Joanne Kirkpatrick
Published: June 2018

This article demonstrates the calculation to convert milligrams per liter to pounds per day.
Air in Pipe? Time to Review Air Valve Basics
Authors: Landon Phillip O.
Published: June 2018

What happens when air gets in a pipeline? How can air pockets in a pipeline affect your distribution system operations? These questions underscore one of the most misunderstood phenomena in water supply today. Many operational problems, particularly at the time of initial startup of a pipeline, are blamed on inadequate thrust blocking, improper pipeline bedding, and the like. Broken pumps, valves, pipe, and faulty instrumentation readings are a few examples of the kinds of difficulties that may be attributed to poor installation practices. Many of these problems, however, are not caused by improper pipeline installation but by failure to remove air from the line. When air is allowed to accumulate in pressurized pipeline, efficiency is sacrificed and serious damage can occur. Removal of air from a pipeline will not solve all surge and efficiency problems. However, the elimination of air can solve one of the most common causes of these problems.
Take Charge of Your System's Finances
Authors: Lay Trudle
Published: June 2018

Financial responsibility for operating a water system can seem overwhelming‐‐especially if you're a water system manager. But don't worry, you do not shoulder the responsibility alone. Your board or council, fellow workers, community volunteers, and customers share in the responsibility too. This article highlights some tasks involved in the financial management of a small utility.
Clamp Safeguards Expensive Accelerometer
Authors: Binder Gerhard , Lombard Robert
Published: June 2018

When checking for leaks, an operator uses a magnetic holder to hold the accelerometer against the surface being analyzed. The problem with this type of holder is that it can fall off a hydrant or curb stop. Because accelerometers are usually expensive instruments, damage is a serious problem. To solve this problem, an accelerometer clamp was devised to secure it. Construction materials and costs are given in the article.
Hazardous Waste Regs Complex, Get Advice
Authors: McDonald Joe
Published: June 2018

This month's question is, “How do I properly dispose of some hazardous chemicals, including mercury that spilled from a broken manomometer or a cracked thermometer?” The answer details the steps you should take to dispose of hazardous chemicals.
Tailor Corrosion Control to Suit Your Needs
Authors: Washington Allen
Published: June 2018

Located in northeastern Oklahoma, the City of Muskogee water system serves a total customer base of 60,000. Our good‐quality raw water usually has low turbidity, low color, and moderate hardness. However, our heavy summer rains can cause variable water quality with high turbidity, high color, manganese, and natural organic matter. Because of this variable water quality, we were concerned that our water might be corrosive. As lead and copper regulations loomed, we began a study of our water quality data. This article describes the steps we followed to investigate our water quality problem and, ultimately, to choose a solution that best fit our needs.
Part II: Get Ready for a Power Workout
Authors: Price Joanne Kirkpatrick
Published: June 2018

Last month's column explained how to calculate power, ft‐lb/min, horsepower, and kilowatts power. This month's column reviews flow rate conversions and the horsepower calculations.
Steel Grating Hatch Doors—A Pain in the Back
Authors: Palmer Mark R.
Published: June 2018

Because steel grating hatch doors are heavy, workers have a tendency to leave them in an open position (creating a safety hazard) or in a closed position (deterring operator duties). Using a counterweight, a lone plant operator can open or close grate doors without risking a back injury. The article lists materials and construction instructions.
How Do I Determine Alum Delivered in mg/L?
Authors: McDonald Joe
Published: June 2018

This month's question asks how to calculate the amount of alum delivered in milligrams per liter. The answer states that several steps are involved in doing this, and the article walks the reader through the steps. Equations accompany the individual steps in the process.
Mudbuster Breaks Stubborn Clods Quickly
Authors: Johnson Rich
Published: June 2018

Our normal backwash and surface washers would not break up a stubborn mud buildup on the side walls of our sand filters. To solve this problem, we constructed the “mudbuster.” A list of materials and instructions for construction are included.
Tales From the Water Woman of Coweta County
Authors: Quick Lynda
Published: June 2018

After nine years of teaching physical education in middle school, I swore I'd rather dig a ditch than teach again. So here I am wearing blue jeans, driving a county truck, getting dirty and wet–and yes–digging a few ditches, but loving my job in water distribution operations.
1995 First Place Winner: Sheep's Foot Makes Final Grade
Authors: Skinner Mark
Published: June 2018

Trench compaction and yard repairs are usually time‐consuming, requiring several settling rains and landscaping trips to repair excavations to final grade. A handy alternative to a mechanical compactor is our gadget—the portable “sheep's foot.” A list of equipment and construction instructions are included in this article.
Austin's Xeriscape It! Replaces Thirsty Landscapes
Authors: Fuller Fred , Gregg Tony , Curry James
Published: June 2018

In 1993, the City of Austin, Texas, initiated the Xeriscape It! rebate program for residential water customers. The program provides up to $240 in rebates to participants who install drought‐tolerant buffalo and bermuda grass, low‐water‐use‐shrubs, or water‐efficient ground covers in areas receiving more than six hours of sun each day. The program promotes the seven principles of Xeriscape while providing an incentive for using water‐efficient plant material.
Cross‐Connection Control Supervisor's Checklist
Authors: O'Brien Les
Published: June 2018

If your city is small (<1,000 metered customers), it is conceivable that you, as the cross‐connection control supervisor, also serve as the public works director, and you may share the same office with the police chief. But if you work in a large city (>50,000 metered customers), you will need an administrative clerk, an inspector, and a couple of backflow technicians to help with your duties. This article contains a checklist of a cross‐connection supervisor's responsibilities.
Leak Insurance Program Puts Premium on Service
Authors: Stancati John F.
Published: June 2018

The South Bend Water Works, Indiana, insures its customers for service line repairs for a small monthly fee. The insurance, mandated by city ordinance, covers leak repairs from the main to the wall of the building for small lines and from the main to the property line for 2‐in (50‐mm) and larger lines. Leak insurance is advantageous to the customer because it reduces costs and allows leaks to be repaired quickly thus avoiding shutoffs.
Process Safety Management and Water Treatment
Authors: Young Clyde W.
Published: June 2018

The Clean Air Act amendments of 1990 required the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) to develop a chemical safety standard containing minimum requirements to prevent accidental releases of chemicals that could pose a threat to employees. OSHA's Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals regulation became law in 1992 and applies to any water treatment facility that uses chlorine in 1‐ton (900 kg) cylinders unless it is unoccupied and remote. The PSM standard is unlike many other OSHA regulations in that it is performance‐based rather than prescriptive. This makes compliance more challenging as each process safety management system is different and must consider factors such as the workplace culture and the abilities of employees. This paper examines each of the 16 paragraphs within the regulation to assist in the development of a well‐documented safety plan.
Hatch Door Counterweight Is ‘Grate’ Success
Authors: Palmer Mark R.
Published: June 2018

This method of improving the operation of steel grating hatch doors results from 10 years' worth of opening and closing the doors! The basic problem is that, because of the heavy weight of the grate openings, workers have a tendency to leave an opened grate in the open position (creating a safety hazard) or in the closed position (deterring operator duties). This counterweight allows a single plant operator to open or close grate doors without risking back injury.
In Terms of Safety, Where Are You Hurting?
Authors: Brown Randy
Published: June 2018

This paper discusses ways to recognize the areas of employee safety that need attention. Documents such as accident report forms, insurance reports, Worker Compensation forms, and OSHA 200 logs or 101 forms contain information that can be compiled to provide a picture of the types and number of injuries that have occurred at your utility. Once you have a clear idea of where and why injuries are occurring you can identify solutions that will reduce lost time and costs and increase productivity and worker morale.
Ozone System Fundamentals for Drinking Water Treatment
Authors: Rakness Kerwin L. , DeMers Larry D. , Blank Bradley D.
Published: June 2018

Ozone treatment is being considered, designed, and operated at an increasing number of drinking water utilities across North America. Most of these utilities use ozone primarily for enhanced disinfection and disinfection byproducts control, but appreciate the improvements in aesthetic quality, including taste, odor, and color removal. This paper describes how ozone is generated and discusses safety considerations. The costs of using ozone are compared to the costs associated with other chemicals used in water treatment. Finally, ozone system optimization is discussed with respect to water quality performance ratio, ozone‐dose consumption and energy consumption.
Small System Finds Creative Path to Compliance
Authors: McNally Janet R.
Published: June 2018

A small Pennsylvania water system has found that creativity and flexibility are keys to meeting customer needs and complying with the Safe Drinking Water Act. The Aspers, Pennsylvania, water system serves 119 customers and treats an average of 40,000 gpd (200,000 L/d). The system was privately owned until 1993, when ownership was transferred to the Possum Valley Municipal Authority (PVMA). The Aspers water system had a problem with naturally corrosive water but did not have the resources to make needed improvements. The PVMA implemented several improvements including the installation of a water booster station and construction of a water treatment building for chlorination and corrosion control. The control building is unique in that it uses electricity generated on‐site to run three chemical metering pumps.
Question of the Month
Authors: McDonald Joe
Published: June 2018

This month's question concerns arsenic removal from Park City, Utah's source water. The article gives a brief overview of how the Park City system tested and selected the right process for their needs, and provides a brief explanation of how it works. A brief overview of the oxidation process is given, along with a description of the full scale pilot plant testing.
Secondary Containment: Choosing the Right Coating
Authors: Ippoliti Tony
Published: June 2018

This article discusses the placement of treatment tanks within concrete vaults or walled structures in order to provide secondary containment in the event of a leak. Some of the regulatory requirements for concrete containment structures are briefly discussed. Although there are many types of coatings and fillers to provide an impervious surface to a structure, this article limits itself to a discussion of liquid‐applied coating systems and uses an example of an effective phenolic‐novolac epoxy medium film coating system. The article provides a table outlining chemical effects on concrete secondary containment units.
USEPA's Clean Air Act Risk Management Plan
Authors: Brown Randy
Published: June 2018

Under the Clean Air Act promulgated by the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), Accidental Release Prevention Requirements have been finalized. The Risk Management Plan is one of the regulations falling in this category and will take effect on June 21, 1999. This article outlines the programs in USEPA's Risk Management Plan.
Corrosive Water May Cause Lime Leaching
Authors: McDonald Joe
Published: June 2018

This month's question asks whether corrosive water causes lime leaching. The article discusses how to determine if your water is corrosive, leaching of lime from cement‐lined pipe, the effect on pH levels, and the important consequences on water quality. The steps to follow if you suspect you have corrosive water are provided, and are basically the same regardless of pipe material.
Storage Tanks Present Towering Safety Problems
Authors: Brown Randy
Published: June 2018

This article outlines safety requirements for new water storage tanks or those undergoing improvements. By developing a checklist approach to safe requirements, those reviewing tank and tower improvement can be assisted in ensuring compliance and a safe workplace for employees and contractors. Areas detailed in this article include hand and wind rails, entry and egress, ladders, climbing safety and fall prevention, cages, confined spaces, heavy metals, overflows, antenna location, lockout‐tagout, and incoming power lines.
AWWA Embraces Small Systems in Big Way
Authors: McDonald Joe
Published: June 2018

This month's question asks about the benefits of an AWWA membership for small water systems. AWWA recognizes that all utilities have the same basic mission to provide safe, high quality water of sufficient pressure and volume. The article discusses the number of benefits offered by AWWA to small water systems.
One‐Stop Shopping for Water Information
Authors: McDonald Joe
Published: June 2018

This question of the month was sent by the water quality manager at a Florida utility, who said that her utility had received numerous complaints from occupants of a high‐rise building regarding a coppery taste in the building's water. The utility staff speculated that the high‐rise building's copper plumbing needed frequent flushing, but the building manager was unconvinced. The water quality manager wanted to know if anyone on the AWWA staff could offer new suggestions regarding the cause of the taste complaints, or at least provide supporting information that might help convince the building manager of the need for flushing. AWWA staff members responded to the inquiry.
New Methods Improve Water Tank Inspection
Authors: Lund Theodore
Published: June 2018

This article provides a perspective on the evolution of tank inspection practices, and highlights current practices that are available. Among the inspections covered are internal inspections, roof hatch inspections, wet inspections, diving or underwater inspections, and remotely operated vehicle inspections. A companion article on page six of this issue, Current Practices in Water Tank Maintenance, similarly examines current approaches to tank maintenance.
Portable Water Main Disinfection Unit a Winner
Authors: Orient David
Published: June 2018

This article describes a portable water main disinfection unit which gives accurate dosages that are uniform and reproducible plus simple to administer. Materials, costs, construction, and use are discussed.
Chlorine Dioxide Might Lower Your THMs
Authors: McDonald Joe
Published: June 2018

In this question of the month, a caller from Georgia was concerned about his water utility's ability to comply with the upcoming Disinfection Byproduct Rule. Although the utility has not yet had to sample for trihalomethanes (THMs), a larger water system that uses the same water source has had difficulty meeting the current regulations. The larger system is considering the use of chlorine dioxide to comply with the forthcoming Disinfection Byproduct Rule. The pros and cons of using chlorine dioxide are discussed.
Automatic Sampler an Example of Ingenuity
Authors: Thompson Ernest
Published: June 2018

This article describes an automatic sampler. The sampler was invented to save money and personnel in taking monthly, six‐hour composite total dissolved solids (TDS) samples at two locations. The sampling used to require two people and a vehicle to drive 10 miles (20 km) back and forth during the entire six hours. Materials, costs, and construction are discussed.
Online Forum Debuts With Privatization Topic
Authors: McDonald Joe
Published: June 2018

This month highlights the Opflow Forum by placing a question about privatization online for reader comment and feedback. The reader responding with the best answer as determined by a panel of judges will receive an AWWA‐logo baseball cap. The article describes how to find the forum on the AWWA website, but those that don't have internet access can call their answers in.
Your Water System's Story—Consumer Confidence Reports
Authors: McDonald Joe
Published: June 2018

This article discusses questions raised about Consumer Confidence Reports concerning mailing requirements for systems serving fewer than 10,000 persons, whether a system has to cite a violation in the CCR if it has already notified the public under the public notification requirement, requirements for reporting Cryptosporidium data, and requirements for providing CCRs in languages other than English.
A Three‐Tiered Approach to Lightning Control
Authors: Kaiser Bruce A.
Published: June 2018

This article discusses a lightning control program that consists of 3 different steps: bonding and grounding; transient voltage surge suppression; and, structural lightning protection. This protection program also protects against other transient problems such as an electric utility company switching, trees brushing against power lines, and traffic accidents with utility poles.
Maximizing Protection Against Microbials, DBPs
Authors: McDonald Joe
Published: June 2018

This article discusses the four different areas of an effective program for protecting a community from waterborne pathogens: source water protection; treatment; distribution system water quality; and, public information.
Hydrilla: A Midsummer's Nightmare
Authors: Harvey Bill
Published: June 2018

This article discusses the importance of solid planning and effective management strategies to prevent hydrilla infestations and control the plant if it becomes established. Key elements in management of hydrilla are water‐user involvement, prevention, and rapid response to new infestations. Virtually all bodies of water in the southern tier of states are susceptible to some level of infestation, particularly those with boat traffic.
The Not So Pathogen‐Free Flowing Tap
Authors: Burlingame Gary A.
Published: June 2018

This article discusses faucet contamination and lists key tips to share with consumers that include: thoroughly washing materials and hands that come in contact with raw foods; washing and sanitizing sinks after food preparation; watching where used dishrags and sponges are stored and sanitizing often; and, cleaning faucets and aerators regularly.
Proper Sizing Critical to Utility Operations
Authors: Alleman Paul M.
Published: June 2018

This article discusses the importance of properly sizing a pump. Topics covered include: required gallons per minute; total dynamic head; water quality and source; type of electrical power available; size and configuration of the pipe system; friction loss; pump curves; and, types of water system pumps.
Third‐place Tank‐Vac Cuts Cleaning Time
Authors: Briggs Gary , Alcantar Henry , Mischka Donald E.
Published: June 2018

This article describes the Tank‐Vac, which cleans the floors of storage tanks of sediments and other residue and dewaters the tank at the same time. It has been found to cut cleaning time by 90 percent. With this device, water can remain in the filter while the flow is shut off for only a few minutes. This results in great savings in time and backwash water.
Snuffing Out H2S in Water and Air
Authors: McCain William F. , Johnson Richard L. , O'Keefe Bradford H.
Published: June 2018

Dealing effectively with hydrogen sulfide in groundwater presented a major challenge for the coastal Indian River County Utilities Department in Florida. Stripping the odorous substance from the water was only half the solution; keeping the smell from drifting through the air in the neighborhood was the other half. This article describes three different odor control systems that IRCUD field‐tested: the catalytic carbon unit; a conventional two‐stage wet scrubber system; and, a conventional in‐line oxidation with chlorine‐air injection and mixing. Results indicated that the catalytic/adsorptive carbon unit was the most cost effective and resulted in producing finished water quality that will meet future Safe Drinking Water Act trihalomethane information levels for Phase 2 disinfection.
Rejuvenate Your Workforce, Enhance Productivity
Authors: Nestor Peggy L.
Published: June 2018

Utilities across the country are successfully developing and implementing workforce flexibility and skill‐based compensation programs that are key to workplace innovation. Workforce flexibility gives employees the opportunity to learn and practice new skills, while skill‐based compensation provides the motivation and reward for those new skills. This article looks at the benefits of each and how they've been successfully implemented.
Utility Wake‐up Call or Snooze Alarm?
Authors: Nabak William F.
Published: June 2018

This article describes the Green Bay Water Utility's response to ensuring that the Milwaukee Cryptosporidium crisis would not happen in Green Bay, Wisconsin. It was decided to evaluate the efficiency of existing treatment processes and to explore system enhancements that might be appropriate to protect the utility's customers. Ozonation was chosen to enhance the disinfection process. This article discusses the contact basin design developed for use at that utility.
Changing the Way Tampa Bay Water Works
Authors: Rogoff Marc J. , Kennedy Jon , Rodriguez Augusto , Lassiter Ralph
Published: June 2018

Tampa Bay Water began a landmark restructuring effort in 1996, when the Florida Legislature directed the utility and its member governments to evaluate operations and recommend improvements. This article discusses how the restructuring represents a major shift in the way conflicts between member governments are solved, costs for developing new water supplies are shared, and how the region can meet both the public's and environment's long‐term water needs through its master water plan.
Put a Positive Pitch on Public Notification, CCRs
Authors: Yarlott Nelson
Published: June 2018

This month's column discusses whether to report a positive total coliform test result in the small water system's Consumer Confidence Report, even though there were no fecal coliforms present and the required repeat sample tests were all negative. Also discussed are the tiers of the Public Notification Rule, which are listed in the article.
Operators Must Master Multiple Skills
Authors: DeNileon Gay Porter
Published: June 2018

This article discusses different job‐specific areas of knowledge required for water treatment plant operators and gives suggestions for reference materials and areas to study in preparation for taking the operator certification exams.
Making Emergency Repairs to a 96‐in. Steel Main
Authors: Ortega Rafael , Hulbert Roger , Nandagiri Showri
Published: June 2018

This article discusses the problems caused by the loss of a large diameter water transmission main, actions taken to maintain adequate pressures, and lessons learned that can minimize the downtime for repairs in the future.
Being Prepared Alleviates Exam Stress
Authors: Dyches D. Kim
Published: June 2018

This article gives pointers on how to prepare and take the operator certification exams.
Standard Procedures Keep Interim Service Safe
Authors: Ulrich Robert J. , Connor Scott
Published: June 2018

This article describes a yearly cleaning and lining program implemented by the Elizabethtown Water Co. in central New Jersey in response to a contamination incident that occurred Memorial Weekend of 1998. A discussion of the procedures developed included: reducing the possibility of contamination in the first place; maintaining chlorine residuals in the bypass systems; monitoring water quality in bypass systems; and, dealing effectively with potentially contaminating incidents.
Practical Program Avoids Legal Hassles
Authors: Post Dallas J.
Published: June 2018

This article describes how to develop a good cross connection control or backflow prevention program. It discusses program elements along with the costs/benefits of having such a program. Other sources of information are listed.
An Award‐Winning Way to Control CSOs
Authors: Daisy Michael
Published: June 2018

This article describes the award‐winning Hubbell‐Southfield Combined Sewer Overflow (CSO) Basin built by the Detroit Water and Sewerage Department in southeast Michigan to help deal with overflow problems. Topics covered include space limitations, design, and, future planning.
Backflow Incident Sparks Improvements
Authors: Krouse Mark
Published: June 2018

Despite the strongest prevention efforts, all water distribution systems can fall victim to backflow. In 1998, the lack of a simple backflow prevention device on an Air National Guard airport firefighting truck created a potentially hazardous water contamination problem for Charlotte, North Carolina, area residents. This article describes how the incident tested the crisis response skills of the Charlotte‐Mecklenburg Utilities staff, and discusses why backflow preventers should be on all equipment carrying hazardous materials.
Wellhead Protection Program Safeguards Groundwater
Authors: Fahy Michael P. , Sheng Zhuping , Reinert Scott
Published: June 2018

This article describes an aggressive wellhead protection (WHP) program that encompasses a series of 158 active wells, located throughout the city of El Paso, Texas.
How Should We Determine Storage Tank Size?
Authors: Angers Jim
Published: June 2018

This month's question comes from two different inquiries about how to ensure the correct storage tank size. The first thing to do is choose a reputable engineer or contractor for the job and work with him on the tank design. Things to consider about tank design include: tank capacity; effective storage; emergency capacity; and, maintenance considerations. Further sources of information are given.
MF, UF, NF, RO Defining the Four Basic Membrane Processes
Authors: Paul David H.
Published: June 2018

This article discusses the four basic membrane processes: microfiltration; ultrafiltration; nanofiltration; and, hyperfiltration (better known as reverse osmosis). Two common forms of membrane configuration are also discussed, flat sheet and hollow fiber, along with the effectiveness of membranes for removing contaminants.
Systems Stronger with Partnerships
Authors: Hall Susan , Miller Ellen G.
Published: June 2018

This article discusses how increasing numbers of water providers all across the US are seeking regional partnerships. A case study is given of 12 small neighboring water providers in northwest Missouri negotiating contracts with the Kansas City Water Services Department to obtain water supplies. Another case study is discussed where the City of Kearney, Missouri, contracted with the Kansas City district to receive 2.9 mgd of water and to pay about $1.7 million toward the cost of the $6 million main that would permit water to flow across their shared municipal boundary.
What Happens When Ammonia Occurs Naturally in a Chlorinated Well?
Authors: Angers Jim
Published: June 2018

This month's column discusses how, when chlorine is added to raw water with a measurable amount of ammonia, the formation of chloramines and unintentional chloramination takes place. Treatment strategy should include data collected from an adequate number of data points collected in a timely manner to determine whether to continue chloraminating or use breakpoint chlorination.
Ohio Operator Barely Survives Lime Accident
Authors: Carpenter Carol
Published: June 2018

This article recounts an incident at the Defiance (Ohio) Water Treatment Division where an operations supervisor was splashed by near‐boiling hot liquid lime, which caused third degree burns over 75 percent of his body. A post‐accident investigation by the Ohio Bureau of Workmens' Compensation found that a void or space was created in the tank where the powdered lime was stored, causing the lime above the void to come tumbling down through the feeding machine all at once, rather than in measured increments as usual. Corrections to the system include vibrators on the lime bin to break up clumps of lime that form around the voids, an automatic valve system that replaced the manual operation, and a shower stall for quick rinsing of any hot lime that may be splashed on employees.
Are You Ready to Profile?: Understanding the Disinfection Profile
Authors: Moriarty Edward J.
Published: June 2018

This is the second article in a series on the key components of the Long Term 1 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (LT1). This article highlights the important elements and steps a system should take to construct a disinfection profile to be in compliance. Topics covered include: compliance; data collection; how data is used; alternative disinfectants; unfiltered systems requirements; and, training opportunities.
Exploring Options When There Are Nitrates in the Well
Authors: Mitchell Larry W. , Campbell Reid A.
Published: June 2018

This article discusses how Heater Utilities in Wake County, North Carolina, explored several options when nitrate levels exceeded the US Environmental Protection Agency‐mandated maximum contaminant level of 10 mg/L. Public notification was recommended as an important first step, followed by supplying bottled water to those who request it. The article lists four primary approaches to solving elevated long‐term nitrate levels: obtaining source water from a neighboring system; modifying existing wells; drilling new wells; and, treatment. Several treatment alternatives are discussed that include electrodialysis, ion exchange, and reverse osmosis. Two case studies are given.
Solving the Mystery of Green Sand and Water
Authors: Wert Eric
Published: June 2018

This article discusses a case study where the Las Vegas Valley Water District (LVVWD) received a customer complaint about green tap water from a resident of a new high‐rise apartment complex. The first priorities of LVVWD's investigation were to address the customers' concerns and educate them about the problem. The study consisted of water quality analysis and particlate analysis within the high‐rise water circulation system and onsite treatment system. The two goals of the study were to ensure that the high‐rise was receiving at the meter potable drinking water that met all federal drinking water regulations, and to determine if the water quality issues were the result of LVVWD water quality or the result of water chemistry changes within the high‐rise. Particulate elemental analysis and digital photomicrography analysis are discussed.