bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cytokine profile during latent and slowly progressive primary tuberculosis: a possible role for interleukin-15 in mediating clinical disease
Authors: Abebe F , Mustafa T , Nerland A H , Bjune G A
Published: November 2005

Recently, mouse models for latent (LTB) and slowly progressive primary tuberculosis (SPTB) have been established. However, cytokine profiles during the two models are not well established. Using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) we studied the expression levels of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12, IL-15, interferon (IFN)-γ and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α during the course of LTB and SPTB in the lungs and spleens of B6D2F1Bom mice infected with the H37Rv strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). The results show that, except for IL-4, cytokine expression levels were significantly higher during SPTB than LTB in both the lungs and spleens. During LTB, all the cytokines (except IL-2 in the lungs) had higher expression levels during the initial period of infection both in the lungs and spleens. During SPTB, the expression levels of IL-15 increased significantly from phases 1 to 3 in the lungs. The expression levels of IL-10, IL-12 and IFN-γ increased significantly from 2 to 3 in the lungs. IL-10 and IL-15 increased significantly from phases 2 to 3, whereas that of TNF-α decreased significantly and progressively from phases 1 to 3 in the spleens. Over-expression of proinflammatory cytokines during active disease has been well documented, but factor(s) underlying such over-expression is not known. In the present study, there was a progressive and significant increase in the expression levels of IL-15, together with Th1 cytokines (IL-12 and IFN-γ) during SPTB but a significant decrease during LTB. IL-15 is known to up-regulate the production of proinflammatory cytokines, IL-1β, IL-8, IL-12, IL-17, IFN-γ and TNF-α and has an inhibitory effect on activation-induced cell death. IL-15 is known to be involved in many proinflammatory disease states such as rheumatoid arthritis, sarcoidosis, inflammatory bowel diseases, autoimmune diabetes, etc. Our results, together with the above observations, suggest that IL-15 may play an important role in mediating active disease during Mtb infection.
Use of marine sanctuaries by far‐ranging predators: commuting flights to the California Current System by breeding Hawaiian albatrosses
Authors: HYRENBACH K. D. , KEIPER C. , ALLEN S. G. , AINLEY D. G. , ANDERSON D. J.
Published: November 2005

Quantifying the dispersion and habitats of far‐ranging seabirds, turtles, and cetaceans is essential to assess whether zoning strategies can help protect upper‐trophic marine predators. In this paper, we focus on Black‐footed Albatross (Phoebastria nigripes) use of three US national marine sanctuaries off central California: Cordell Bank, Gulf of the Farallones, and Monterey Bay. We assessed the significance of these protected areas to albatrosses by: (i) documenting commuting flights between Hawaiian breeding sites and the California Current System (CCS); (ii) quantifying albatross dispersion patterns on the central California continental shelf and slope, and (iii) characterizing albatross habitats within sanctuary waters using concurrent satellite‐tracking data and vessel‐based sightings. Chick‐rearing albatrosses commuted from their colony on Tern Island, Hawaii (23.878°N, 166.288°W), to the CCS (34–48°N) and two of the eight satellite‐tracked birds entered the marine sanctuaries. Among the telemetry locations within sanctuary waters, two‐thirds (24 of 36) straddled the shelf break and slope (201–2000‐m depth), a pattern underscored by a concurrent vessel‐based survey in which 144 Black‐footed Albatrosses were sighted. This study illustrates the value of coordinated satellite telemetry and vessel‐based surveys to assess the distributions of protected species within existing marine protected areas. More specifically, our results underscore the importance of three central California marine sanctuaries to Hawaiian albatrosses breeding in subtropical waters, approximately 4500 km away.
Turbulent mixing and mesoscale distributions of late‐stage fish larvae on the NW Shelf of Western Australia
Authors: MEEKAN M. G. , CARLETON J. H. , STEINBERG C. R. , MCKINNON A. D. , BRINKMAN R. , DOHERTY P. J. , HALFORD A. , DUGGAN S. , MASON L.
Published: November 2005

Light traps were deployed to describe vertical and cross‐shelf distributions of late‐stage larval fishes during five cruises in each of the 1997/98 and 1998/99 summers in the region of the Gulf of Exmouth on the southern North West Shelf of Western Australia. At each light trap station on a cross‐shelf transect we measured water temperature, salinity and chlorophyll a and used vertical plankton tows to estimate zooplankton biomass and copepod abundance. Current meters were deployed on moorings near the transect and the data used to model flows and mixing on the NW Shelf and in the Gulf. The majority of reef, pelagic and baitfish larvae (81, 83 and 66% respectively) were collected at only two stations that marked the boundary between stratified waters offshore and well‐mixed water within the Gulf. Most baitfishes (primarily Spratelloides spp.) were captured by traps deployed near the seabed, while reef fishes (mostly pomacentrids, lethrinids and siganids) and pelagic species (mostly scombrids and carangids) were captured in traps deployed near surface. Catch composition varied between summers with 64% of baitfishes collected in the first summer, while the majority of reef and pelagic fishes (81 and 80% respectively) were captured in the second summer. Modelling of circulation showed that the velocity of tidal currents was enhanced by constriction of flow between NW Cape and South Muiron Island and by shallowing of the shelf. Flood‐tide intrusions of water allowed the thermocline to move up the continental shelf, upwelling cool nutrient‐rich water that was then mixed throughout the entire water column at stations in the mouth of the Gulf. This upwelling and mixing resulted in higher chlorophyll a concentrations and copepod abundances either as a result of local in situ growth or advection/aggregation processes, and may account for the great abundances of late‐stage fish larvae in the mouth of the Gulf.
Constitutive tyrosine and serine phosphorylation of STAT4 in T‐cells transformed with HTLV‐I
Authors: Higashi Takehiro , Tsukada Junichi , Yoshida Yasuhiro , Mizobe Takamitsu , Mouri Fumihiko , Minami Yasuhiro , Morimoto Hiroaki , Tanaka Yoshiya
Published: November 2005

STAT4 is a critical mediator of IL‐12‐stimulated gene regulation in T‐helper type 1 (Th1) cell. IL‐12 activates the Janus family tyrosine kinases JAK2 and Tyk2, which in turn phosphorylate STAT4 on tyrosine 693. The p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway is also activated in response to IL‐12, followed by phosphorylation of STAT4 on serine 721, which is required for STAT4 full transcriptional activity. In the present study, we demonstrated constitutive activation of STAT4 in HTLV‐I‐transformed T‐cell lines MT‐2, MT‐4 and HUT102 by immunoprecipitation, Western blotting and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). In HTLV‐I‐transformed T‐cell lines, STAT4 was constitutively phosphorylated not only on tyrosine 693 but also on serine 721, and formed a heterodimer with STAT3. Constitutive phosphorylation of its upstream activators, JAK2, Tyk2 and p38 MAPK was also observed in the cells. EMSA and transient transfection studies further showed that the high‐affinity sis‐inducible element (hSIE) preferentially binds the STAT3/STAT4 heterodimer and is constitutively transactivated in MT‐2 cells in the absence of exogenous cytokine stimulation. When STAT4 expression vector was cotransfected along with STAT3 expression vector into MT‐2 cells, STAT4 significantly synergized with STAT3 to transactivate hSIE, showing the functional importance of heterodimer formation between STAT4 and STAT3.
Systematic determination of earthquake rupture directivity and fault planes from analysis of long-periodP-wave spectra
Authors: Warren Linda M. , Shearer Peter M.
Published: November 2005

If an earthquake has a primarily unilateral rupture, the pulse width observed on seismograms will vary depending on the angle between the rupture direction and the takeoff vector to the station. We have developed a method to estimate the amount of pulse broadening from the spectrum and apply it to a long-period database of large, globally distributed earthquakes that occurred between 1988 and 2000. We select vertical-component P-waves at epicentral distances of 20°–98°. We compute the spectrum from a 64-s-long window around each P-wave arrival. Each spectrum is the product of source, receiver and propagation response functions as well as local source- and receiver-side effects. Since there are multiple receivers for each source and multiple sources for each receiver, we can estimate and remove the source- and receiver-side terms by stacking the appropriate P log spectra. For earthquakes deeper than ∼200 km, source effects dominate the residual spectra. We use our pulse-width estimates to determine the best rupture direction and to identify which nodal plane of the Harvard centroid moment tensor (CMT) solution is most consistent with this rupture direction for 66 events. In about 30 per cent of the cases, one of the two nodal planes produces a much better fit to the data and can be identified as the true fault plane. When results from previous studies are available for comparison, our rupture directions are usually consistent with their results, particularly for earthquakes with simple rupture histories.
Dynamics of fine root carbon in Amazonian tropical ecosystems and the contribution of roots to soil respiration
Authors: Trumbore Susan , Da Costa Enir Salazar , Nepstad Daniel C. , Barbosa De Camargo Plínio , Martinelli Luiz A. , Ray David , Restom Teresa , Silver Whendee
Published: November 2005

Radiocarbon (14C) provides a measure of the mean age of carbon (C) in roots, or the time elapsed since the C making up root tissues was fixed from the atmosphere. Radiocarbon signatures of live and dead fine (<2 mm diameter) roots in two mature Amazon tropical forests are consistent with average ages of 4–11 years (ranging from <1 to >40 years). Measurements of 14C in the structural tissues of roots known to have grown during 2002 demonstrate that new roots are constructed from recent (<2‐year‐old) photosynthetic products. High Δ14C values in live roots most likely indicate the mean lifetime of the root rather than the isotopic signature of inherited C or C taken up from the soil.

Estimates of the mean residence time of C in forest fine roots (inventory divided by loss rate) are substantially shorter (1–3 years) than the age of standing fine root C stocks obtained from radiocarbon (4–11 years). By assuming positively skewed distributions for root ages, we can effectively decouple the mean age of C in live fine roots (measured using 14C) from the rate of C flow through the live root pool, and resolve these apparently disparate estimates of root C dynamics. Explaining the 14C values in soil pore space CO2, in addition, requires that a portion of the decomposing roots be cycled through soil organic matter pools with decadal turnover time.
Partitioning sources of soil respiration in boreal black spruce forest using radiocarbon
Authors: Schuur Edward A.G. , Trumbore Susan E.
Published: November 2005

Separating ecosystem and soil respiration into autotrophic and heterotrophic component sources is necessary for understanding how the net ecosystem exchange of carbon (C) will respond to current and future changes in climate and vegetation. Here, we use an isotope mass balance method based on radiocarbon to partition respiration sources in three mature black spruce forest stands in Alaska. Radiocarbon (Δ14C) signatures of respired C reflect the age of substrate C and can be used to differentiate source pools within ecosystems. Recently‐fixed C that fuels plant or microbial metabolism has Δ14C values close to that of current atmospheric CO2, while C respired from litter and soil organic matter decomposition will reflect the longer residence time of C in plant and soil C pools. Contrary to our expectations, the Δ14C of C respired by recently excised black spruce roots averaged 14‰ greater than expected for recently fixed photosynthetic products, indicating that some portion of the C fueling root metabolism was derived from C storage pools with turnover times of at least several years. The Δ14C values of C respired by heterotrophs in laboratory incubations of soil organic matter averaged 60‰ higher than the contemporary atmosphere Δ14CO2, indicating that the major contributors to decomposition are derived from a combination of sources consistent with a mean residence time of up to a decade. Comparing autotrophic and heterotrophic Δ14C end members with measurements of the Δ14C of total soil respiration, we calculated that 47–63% of soil CO2 emissions were derived from heterotrophic respiration across all three sites. Our limited temporal sampling also observed no significant differences in the partitioning of soil respiration in the early season compared with the late season. Future work is needed to address the reasons for high Δ14C values in root respiration and issues of whether this method fully captures the contribution of rhizosphere respiration.
Root distribution and nitrate interception in eleven temperate forage grasses
Authors: Crush J. R. , Waller J. E. , Care D. A.
Published: November 2005

Agrostis capillaris, Arrhenatherum elatius, Bromus willdenowii, Cynosurus cristatus, Dactylis glomerata, Elytrigia repens, Lolium multiflorum, L. perenne, Phalaris aquatica, Phleum pratense, Schedonorus phoenix, and a ryegrass selected for high surface root mass, were grown in 1 m deep × 90 mm diameter tubes of sand. Tubes were irrigated with a low ionic‐strength nutrient solution and 15N‐labelled nitrate was leached down the tubes prior to harvest. Shoot weights, root weights in 10‐cm depth increments, and shoot and root nitrogen concentrations were determined. Plants of L. multiflorum were the heaviest and plants of A. capillaris were the lightest. Root system shape was analysed by comparing the decay constant from an exponential model fitted to the proportion of root mass in 10‐cm depth increments, and, also, by analysis of the proportion of root mass in the top 10 cm. Cynosurus cristatus was strongly surface‐rooted and the perennial ryegrass, selected for high surface root mass, had more root mass between 0 and 10 cm than did the unselected perennial ryegrass cultivar. There were only small differences in root shape between the other grasses. There was a strong and positive correlation between plant dry weight and the proportion of the pulse of labelled nitrate that was intercepted. The variation in root system shape shown in this experiment had no effect on nitrate interception. Nitrate interception per unit root weight was significantly higher in A. capillaris than in the other grasses. Developing winter‐active grasses that have finely divided root systems should contribute to pastures with better nitrate retention characteristics.
The conservation management of upland hay meadows in Britain: a review
Authors: Jefferson R. G.
Published: November 2005

Upland hay meadows conforming to MG3 in the National Vegetation Classification of the UK are a rare habitat in Britain and are largely confined to upland valleys in northern England. Agricultural intensification, particularly ploughing and reseeding and a shift from hay‐making to silage production over the last 50 years, has resulted in large losses of species‐rich upland hay meadows. Remaining species‐rich meadows have been the focus of much nature conservation effort resulting in many of the species‐rich sites being protected by statutory designations or through voluntary agri‐environment scheme agreements. Research and monitoring has tended to confirm that species richness is maximized by management involving spring and autumn grazing, a mid‐July hay cut, no inorganic fertilizer and possibly low levels of farmyard manure. Deviations from this regime result in a loss of species richness. Restoration of semi‐improved grassland to swards resembling species‐rich MG3 also requires a similar regime but is also dependent on the introduction of seed of appropriate species. The role of Rhinanthus minor as a tool for manipulating meadow biodiversity during restoration management is discussed. Suggestions for future research are outlined.
Effect of calcium silicate on growth and dry matter yield of Chloris gayana and Sorghum sudanense under two soil water regimes
Authors: Eneji E. , Inanaga S. , Muranaka S. , Li J. , An P. , Hattori T. , Tsuji W.
Published: November 2005

The effects of five rates [0 (control), 1, 2, 4 and 6 Mg ha−1] of calcium silicate on the growth and water consumption by rhodes grass (Chloris gayana Kunth) and sudan grass (Sorghum sudanense Piper) under wet and dry soil water regimes (60 g and 30 g H2O kg−1 soil respectively) were evaluated in a pot experiment. The effect of the application of silicate on plant biomass was similar to that of the control. However, the shoot and root dry mass varied significantly (P < 0.001) according to the soil water regime and plant species. During the first cut, the shoot dry mass was 5.7 g per pot under the wet soil moisture regime, significantly exceeding that under the dry soil water regime proportionately by 0.68. For sudan grass, the shoot dry mass varied from 3.6 g per pot in the control to 4.3 g per pot in the treatment that received 6 Mg ha−1 of calcium silicate. Plant water demand decreased as the rate of calcium silicate application increased, suggesting that an application of calcium silicate could reduce drought stress and enhance water economy. For the soil under study, the reduction in plant water demand represents a water saving ranging from 0.076 to nearly 0.20.
Comparison of haymaking strategies for cow‐calf systems in the Salado Region of Argentina using a simulation model. 3. Exploratory risk assessment
Authors: Romera A. J. , Morris S. T. , Hodgson J. , Stirling W. D. , Woodward S. J. R.
Published: November 2005

Risk and cost estimates, calculated using a weather‐driven farm simulation model, were used to evaluate the impact of different haymaking strategies in dryland cow‐calf systems such as those in the Salado region of Argentina. Based on a 100‐ha farm, each strategy was simulated using twenty sequences of 50 years of random weather. A risk‐efficiency methodology was used, using calf live weight sold and considering the economic value of the live weight produced per year minus the cost of haymaking, as a simple measure of profit. The analysis highlighted both production and risk advantages in using hay, especially when a flexible hay management approach was implemented, although some haymaking strategies performed worse than not using hay. When calf live weight sold was considered alone, the risk‐efficient set included strategies with large proportions of the areas being harvested (0.42–1.05; paddocks could be cut more that once a year in some of the strategies) and high proportions of hay not being used. The amount of hay for maximizing risk efficiency for profit was notably lower than that for maximizing cattle production. When haymaking costs were included, the proportion of area harvested for risk‐efficient profit ranged from 0.28 to 0.52, depending on the target stocking rate.
Expression of AMPA Receptor Subunits (GluR1–GluR4) in Gonadotrophin‐Releasing Hormone Neurones of Young and Middle‐Aged Persistently Oestrous Rats During the Steroid‐Induced Luteinising Hormone Surge
Authors: Bailey J. D. , Centers A. , Jennes L.
Published: November 2005

Glutamate provides excitatory input to gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) neurones and elicits a response indicative of AMPA receptors. To determine if and which AMPA subunits are expressed by GnRH neurones, we conducted triple‐label immunohistochemistry and confocal analyses on tissue obtained at 08.00, 12.00, 16.00 and 20.00 h from young and middle‐aged, persistently oestrous (MA‐PE) rats that were ovariectomised and primed with oestrogen and progesterone to induce a luteinising hormone (LH) surge. Each AMPA subunit was found in GnRH neurones, but in different patterns across the diurnal cycle, which were influenced by age. GluR1 expression increased earlier in young rats and the percentage of Fos‐positive GnRH neurones expressing GluR1 rose significantly and was sustained from 12.00–16.00 h. GluR1 expression was delayed in MA‐PE rats and the percentage of Fos‐positive GnRH neurones expressing GluR1 peaked at 20.00 h. GluR2 expression in GnRH neurones did not change over time and was not affected by age; however, the percentage of Fos‐positive GnRH neurones expressing GluR2 increased earlier and was sustained from 08.00–16.00 h in young rats whereas, in MA‐PE rats, this percentage peaked at 20.00 h. GluR3 expression also increased earlier in young rats and peaked at 12.00 h but was delayed in MA‐PE rats and peaked at 20.00 h. The number of Fos‐positive GnRH neurones that coexpressed GluR3 peaked at 12.00 h in young rats but showed little change from 12.00–20.00 h in MA‐PE rats. GluR4 expression was maintained at higher levels at 08.00 and 12.00 h in young rats; although the percentage of Fos‐positive GnRH neurones expressing GluR4 peaked at 12.00 h in young rats, it showed little change in MA‐PE rats. In summary, our data show that a higher proportion of Fos‐positive GnRH neurones coexpressed AMPA receptor subunits in young rats and the expression, particularly of GluR1 and GluR2, was increased and sustained throughout the surge, whereas GluR3 and GluR4 expression peaked just before. In MA‐PE rats, the rate of expression of GluR subunits and Fos in GnRH neurones was altered in a manner that may explain the delay and attenuation of the LH surge.
Cell Biology of the Ghrelin Receptor
Authors: Camiña J. P.
Published: November 2005

Ghrelin, a gastric peptide involved in growth hormone release and energy homeostasis, is the endogenous ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1a (GHS‐R1a), a G‐protein coupled receptor mainly expressed in the pituitary and hypothalamus. This receptor mediates the main ghrelin‐stimulated endocrine actions and some of the nonendocrine actions. However, a number of nonendocrine actions associated with ghrelin appear to be mediated by various GHS‐R1a‐related receptor subtypes, which are widely distributed in the central and peripheral tissues. This review summarises data concerning the localisation, regulation and function of GHS‐R1a, as well as related receptors.
Evidence for a Role of the GHS‐R1a Receptors in Ghrelin Inhibition of Gastric Acid Secretion in the Rat
Authors: Sibilia V. , Muccioli G. , Deghenghi R. , Pagani F. , De Luca V. , Rapetti D. , Locatelli V. , Netti C.
Published: November 2005

Ghrelin, the endogenous ligand of the GH secretagogue receptor (GHS‐R) has been previously shown to inhibit gastric acid secretion in pylorus‐ligated rats. Two isoforms of GHS‐R have been identified: GHS‐R1a and GHS‐R1b. The present study aimed: (i) to characterise the type of GHS‐R involved in the central gastric inhibitory activity of ghrelin by using des‐octanoyl ghrelin, and synthetic GHS‐R1a agonist (EP1572) and antagonist (D‐Lys3‐GHRP‐6) and (ii) to investigate the relationship between ghrelin and cortistatin (CST) in the control of gastric acid secretion by using the natural neuropeptide CST‐14 and the synthetic octapeptide CST‐8. The specific interactions of all the compounds with GHS‐R1a were determined by comparing their ability to displace labelled ghrelin or somatostatin from its receptors on rat hypothalamic membranes or on rat cardiomyocyte, respectively. Intracerebroventricular administration of 0.01 and 1 nmol/rat des‐octanoyl ghrelin did not affect gastric acid secretion in pylorus‐ligated rats, whereas EP1572 either i.c.v. (0.01–1 nmol/rat) or i.p. (10 and 20 nmol/kg) inhibited acid gastric secretion. Preteatment with D‐Lys3GHRP‐6 (3 nmol/rat, i.c.v.) was able to remove the inhibitory action of ghrelin (0.01 nmol/rat, i.c.v.) on gastric acid volume and acid output, thus indicating that the type 1a GHS‐R likely mediates the gastric inhibitory action of ghrelin. This is supported by binding data showing that D‐Lys3GHRP‐6, but not des‐octanoyl ghrelin, binds to hypothalamic GHS‐R. CST‐14 (1 nmol/rat, i.c.v.) did not affect either basal or ghrelin inhibition of gastric acid secretion. CST‐8 (1 nmol/rat, i.c.v.) was able to counteract the gastric ghrelin response. The observation that CST‐14 binds both GHR‐S and somatostatin receptors, whereas CST‐8 specifically displaces only ghrelin binding, indicates that CST‐8 behaves as a GHS‐R1a antagonist.
Fanconi's Anemia, transplantation, and cancer
Authors: Alter Blanche P
Published: November 2005

Abstract:  Patients with Fanconi's Anemia (FA) have high rates of congenital physical abnormalities, bone marrow failure, leukemia, and solid tumors. Stem cell transplant (SCT) is often effective in curing bone marrow failure, but high‐risk patients, particularly those whose donor is not a human leukocyte antigen matched sibling, are vulnerable to early mortality from transplant‐related complications. Long‐term survivors of SCT have risks of solid tumors (particularly of the oral cavity), which are even higher than the already high ‘baseline’ risk of neoplasia in untransplanted FA patients. In this group, the major types of cancer are head and neck squamous cell carcinomas, and gynecologic malignancies. Rapid evaluation of new SCT preparative regimens would be useful in improving both short‐term and long‐term results.
Emerging viral infections after hematopoietic cell transplantation
Authors: Boeckh Michael , Erard Veronique , Zerr Danielle , Englund Janet
Published: November 2005

Abstract:  This overview summarizes recent data on emerging viruses after hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT), including adenovirus, BK virus, human metapneumovirus (hMPV), and human herpesvirus (HHV) 6. The increased recognition of these infections is due to improved molecular detection methods, increased surveillance and more profound immunosuppression in the host. Adenovirus can cause serious disease especially in T‐cell depleted transplant recipients. Adenovirus viremia is an important risk factor for disease in this setting. BK virus has been associated with hemorrhagic cystitis in HCT recipients. BK viremia is significantly associated with hemorrhagic cystitis. hMPV shows a seasonal distribution and can cause fatal pneumonia in HCT recipients. hMPV may be the etiology of some cases previously categorized as idiopathic pneumonia syndrome. HHV‐6 commonly leads to viremia in HCT recipients. HHV‐6 has been strongly associated with encephalitis and delayed platelet engraftment. Prospective studies are needed to further examine epidemiology, disease associations, and management strategies for these viruses.
Factors predicting success or failure associated with common types of transplants
Authors: Bolwell Brian J.
Published: November 2005

Abstract:  The ability to predict clinical outcomes is essential to accurate medical decision analysis. Many accepted bone marrow transplant related prognostic variables are derived from data that is over 20‐years old and may or may not be applicable to current medical practice. This report reviews both older data concerning bone marrow transplantation prognostic factors as well as more current reports. In addition to pretransplant variables, this review examines easily measured post‐transplant variables that may affect prognosis, as well as data concerning the cellular component of the infused graft in both allogeneic and autologous transplantation.
Tissue typing for hematopoietic cell transplantation: Newer techniques and newer antigens for which cross‐matching is helpful
Authors: Iannone Robert , Davies Stella M.
Published: November 2005

Abstract:  Refinements in human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing techniques for hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) have permitted a more precise assessment of donor‐recipient histocompatibility, which has impacted transplantation outcomes. More recently, differences in transplant outcomes associated with killer immunoglobulin‐like receptor compatibility have emphasized the potential importance of natural killer (NK) cell typing in HCT. This article reviews the current state of the art for HCT donor selection based on both HLA and NK cell typing.
X‐linked adrenoleukodystrophy: Therapeutic approaches to distinct phenotypes
Authors: Mahmood Asif , Dubey Prachi , Moser Hugo W. , Moser Ann
Published: November 2005

Abstract:  X‐linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X‐ALD) in males can present with eight distinct phenotypes, which vary greatly in respect to phenotypic expression, age of onset and rate of progression and therapy. The plasma very long chain fatty acid assay permits precise diagnosis and is already abnormal at birth. The clinical features, molecular biology, pathogenesis, and therapeutic approaches, including the indications for Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplants (HCT) and dietary therapy are discussed, with emphasis on the asymptomatic, childhood cerebral, and adrenomyeloneuropathy phenotypes. The rationale for neonatal screening and the profound effect that such screening would have on the therapy of X‐ALD, including the role of HCT, are discussed.
Life‐threatening hemophagocytic syndromes: Current outcomes with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Filipovich Alexandra H.
Published: November 2005

Abstract:  Life‐threatening hemophagocytic syndromes represent a subset of genetic disorders of inflammation. Many are rapidly lethal and can only be definitively treated at the present time with allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). In this report, current results with allogeneic transplantation for Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) are described. HLH typically presents symptomatically during infancy and early childhood and can be identified by a constellation of numerous physical findings and laboratory tests indicative of overwhelming inflammation. The majority of patients with familial HLH lack natural killer (NK) cell function; in approximately 50% of cases the specific underlying genetic cause can now be discerned. Effective treatment consists of initial combination therapy with proapoptotic chemotherapy (typically etoposide) and anti‐inflammatory therapies (principally steroids) in addition to aggressive supportive care, followed by allogeneic HSCT from the best available donor. Over the past 25 yr, through collaborative worldwide efforts, survival of children with HLH and related disorders has improved from 5% at 1 yr after diagnosis to greater than 50% 3–5 yr after diagnosis.
Acute lung injury after allogeneic stem cell transplantation: From the clinic, to the bench and back again
Authors: Cooke Kenneth R.
Published: November 2005

Abstract:  Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (SCT) is the only curative therapeutic option for a number of malignant and non‐malignant conditions, but the success of this treatment strategy is limited by several side effects. Diffuse lung injury is a major complication of SCT that responds poorly to standard treatment and significantly contributes to transplant related morbidity and mortality. Lung injury occurs in both acute and chronic forms and can be either infectious or non‐infectious in nature. Acute, non‐infectious lung injury following SCT has been defined as idiopathic pneumonia syndrome (IPS). This review will outline the clinical spectrum, risk factors, and pathogeneses of IPS and discuss how current approaches to therapy are being influenced by insights generated using animal models of disease.
Artificial Insemination of Gilts with 1.5 Billion Sperms Stored in Different Periods Associated with Different Pre‐ovulatory Intervals
Authors: Bennemann PE , Diehl GN , Milbradt E , Vidor RM , Fries HCC , Wentz I , Bernardi ML , Bortolozzo FP
Published: November 2005

Contents

This study evaluated the reproductive performance of gilts inseminated at three intervals before ovulation (0–12, 13–23, 24–30 h) with sperm doses (SD) stored for 0–48 and 96–120 h. A total of 218 PIC Camborough 22® gilts were inseminated once with SD of 1.5 × 109 sperms. Pregnant gilts (n = 166) were slaughtered 30.8 ± 3.7 days after artificial insemination. The number of corpora lutea (CL) and total embryos (TE) was counted. Pregnancy rates (PR) were analysed by chi‐square test. TE and embryonic survival (ES), obtained as the ratio between viable embryos and CL, were analysed by GLM procedure (SAS) and mean values were compared by Tukey's test. Pregnancy rate was similar among artificial insemination–ovulation (AIOV) intervals when semen was stored for 0–48 h. However, the lowest PR was observed in the 24–30 h AIOV interval with storage time (ST) of 96–120 h (p < 0.05). There was a significant effect of the interaction between ST and AIOV (p < 0.05) on TE and ES variables. Total embryos and ES did not differ (p > 0.05) among AIOV intervals in ST of 0–48 h. However, gilts inseminated at 24–30 h AIOV interval with ST of 96–120 h showed a reduction of 6.7 embryos (p < 0.05) compared with gilts in the same interval inseminated with semen stored for 0–48 h. ES for the 24–30 h AIOV interval and ST of 96–120 h was lower than that observed in the other groups (p < 0.05).
Effect of Semen Extender and Density Gradient Centrifugation on the Motility and Fertility of Turkey Spermatozoa
Authors: Morrell JM , Persson B , Tjellström H , Laessker A , Nilsson H , Danilova M , Holmes PV
Published: November 2005

Contents

In the absence of commercially viable methods for cryopreserving turkey spermatozoa, new processing methods are required to extend the functional life of stored turkey spermatozoa for artificial insemination. The present study evaluates the efficacy of a new extender (Turkey Semen Extend) and investigates the use of density gradient centrifugation in processing turkey spermatozoa for artificial insemination. The new extender is compared with two commercially available turkey semen extenders, Beltsville Poultry Semen Extender and Ovodyl. Turkey spermatozoa in Turkey Semen Extend were still motile 20 h after collection, representing a considerable improvement over the other semen extenders (40%, 0% and 8% for Turkey Semen Extend, Beltsville Poultry Semen Extender and Ovodyl, respectively). A field trial on a commercial turkey farm showed improved fertilization rates following insemination of turkey hens with semen extended in Turkey Semen Extend (89.7%) compared with Beltsville Poultry Semen Extender (86.9%). This difference is statistically significant (p < 0.05). Processing on a density gradient, optimized for turkey spermatozoa, also increased sperm survival (50% gradient‐prepared spermatozoa still motile after 18 h compared with <10% non‐processed spermatozoa). Preliminary studies indicate that gradient preparation of spermatozoa may aid survival during cryopreservation.
Effects of Freezing–Thawing on DNA Integrity of Boar Spermatozoa Assessed by the Neutral Comet Assay
Authors: Fraser L , Strzeżek J
Published: November 2005

Contents

A modified version of the neutral comet assay was employed to evaluate the effect of the freezing–thawing process on boar‐sperm DNA integrity. The sperm‐rich fractions were collected from four mature boars and frozen into aluminium tubes and straws after extension in lactose–hen egg yolk–glycerol extender (lactose‐HEY‐G) or an extender containing lactose, lyophilized lipoprotein fractions extracted from ostrich egg yolk and glycerol (lactose‐LPFo‐G). The semen samples were also frozen in a standard boar semen extender (Kortowo‐3), without the addition of cryoprotective substances. Post‐thaw sperm motility and plasma membrane integrity, assessed by SYBR‐14/PI and Hoechst 33258 stains, declined (p ≤ 0.05) with a corresponding increase (p ≤ 0.05) in sperm DNA damage, regardless of the extender type and packaging material. Spermatozoa frozen in lactose‐HEY‐G or lactose‐LPFo‐G extender showed lower (p ≤ 0.05) DNA damage than those frozen in the absence of cryoprotective substances. The addition of HEY or LPFo to the freezing extender helped reduce the rate of cryo‐damage to sperm DNA, which varied among the boars. Inter‐boar variations in post‐thaw DNA damage were more pronounced in sperm samples frozen in lactose‐HEY‐G or lactose‐LPFo‐G extender. The results of this study show that the freezing–thawing process affects the DNA integrity of boar spermatozoa, irrespective of the extender type and packaging material. Furthermore, the use of whole hen egg yolk and ostrich lyophilized lipoprotein fractions in the freezing extender gave similar results regarding sperm DNA integrity. It can be concluded that the neutral comet assay can be used in conjunction with routine sperm parameters for assessment of post‐thaw quality of boar semen.
Ultrasonographic and Gross Pathological Findings in the Mammary Glands of Weaned Sows Having Suffered Recidiving Mastitis Metritis Agalactia
Authors: Baer C , Bilkei G
Published: November 2005

Contents

In a large pig breeding herd with high prevalence of post‐parturient diseases of the sows, weaned sows of different parity groups with (n = 663) or without (n = 1125) recidiving mastitis metritis agalactia (MMA) in their previous history were subjected to ultrasonography. A total of 114 of 663 sows with recidiving MMA in their previous history and with ultrasonographic visible mammary gland changes, and 157 of sows without recidiving MMA in their previous history were culled and subjected to gross pathological and bacteriological examination of their mammary glands. The sows having suffered MMA had more (p < 0.001) hyperechogenic images in their mammary glands compared with the sow having suffered no recidiving MMA. Abdominal glands were more (p < 0.01) prone to pathological changes compared with the pectoral ones. Sows of high parity had more hyperechogenic images and gross pathological changes in their mammary glands compared with the sows of low parity.
Effect of Nutrition on Plasma Progesterone Levels, Metabolic Parameters and Small Follicles Development in Unstimulated Goats Reared Under Constant Photoperiod Regimen
Authors: Rondina D , Freitas VJF , Spinaci M , Galeati G
Published: November 2005

Contents

Sixteen local adult goats were submitted for 9 weeks to 2.09 (high group) and 0.54 (low group) × dietary maintenance respectively. During the experimental period, goats were weighed, oestrus was detected and plasma insulin, urea, non‐esterified fatty acids and progesterone concentrations were assessed. At the end of the experiment, ovarian small follicles population was studied by histological analysis. Final weight loss in low group was 18.37 ± 2.02%, whereas weight gain of high group was 13.84 ± 2.70%. Insulin and urea were lower in low group, while non‐esterified fatty acids were significantly higher. A lower number of fasted goats was in oestrus or ovulated and an extended length of oestrus (p < 0.05) and a higher frequency of short or long cycles (p < 0.05) were also observed. Fed animals showed heavier ovaries (p < 0.01) and a lower number of primordial follicles (p < 0.05). In restricted goats a significant qualitative alteration of follicle classes involved in the initiation process of primordial pool was found. In this phase, granulosa thickness and oocyte size were the most affected (p < 0.01). However in small follicles beyond the primary stage no differences were found between the groups in either number or qualitative characteristics (p > 0.05). Collectively, these results indicate that opposite dietary intakes for a medium period induce a composite reproductive response in goats and can regulate the early onset of follicle growth.
Pegylated interferon‐induced eyelid and eyebrow trichomegaly during chronic hepatitis C
Authors: HOWAIZI MEHRAN
Published: November 2005

Abstract  One of the most common skin and hair growth disorders related to interferon therapy is alopecia. Hypertrichosis has also been reported as a rare side‐effect of interferon therapy, especially in eyelashes. Herein is reported a case of eyelid and eyebrow trichomegaly in a patient treated with pegylated interferon and ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C associated with porphyria cutanea tarda.
Small bowel volvulus among adults
Authors: HUANG JEN‐CHIEH , SHIN JENG‐SHIANN , HUANG YUE‐TING , CHAO CHE‐JEN , HO SHIH‐CHI , WU MING‐JER , HUANG TZ‐JEN , CHANG FON‐JEN , YING KUNG‐SHIH , CHANG LI‐PIN
Published: November 2005

Background:  To elucidate clinical experience associated with rare cases of small bowel volvulus among adults, we conducted a retrospective study.

Methods:  From January 1993 to March 2003 inclusively, we reviewed the presentation and management of 19 patients featuring small bowel volvulus. All study‐included patients underwent surgical treatment to confirm their diagnosis. We also analyzed their signs, symptoms, radiological examination details, clinical course and surgical results.

Results:  The mean age of the study‐included 19 patients (13 males, six females) was 61.3 years (range = 16–83 years). All patients suffering from small bowel volvulus were categorized as displaying either primary (no obvious predisposing factors) or secondary volvulus (specific predisposing anatomical abnormalities present). Among them, nine patients were categorized as having primary volvulus, and the remaining 10 were patients with secondary volvulus; this comprised one pregnancy, two malignant stromal tumors of the jejunum, six jejunal diverticula, and one adhesion band. Nine examples of volvulus occurred in the jejunum, four in the ileum, and six in both jejunum and ileum. There were five examples of a counter clockwise rotation of small bowel volvulus. Two patients exhibited bowel wall gangrene, both of whom died subsequent to surgery. The overall mortality rate was 11%.

Conclusions:  Although small bowel volvulus is rarely seen among adults, when a patient presents with intestinal obstruction, the possibility of small bowel volvulus must be considered. Early surgical intervention should be undertaken in order to prevent vascular compromise.

© 2005 Blackwell Publishing Asia Pty Ltd
Public disclosure of surgeon‐specific report cards: current status of the debate
Authors: Marasco Silvana F. , Ibrahim Joseph E. , Oakley Justin
Published: November 2005

Clinical report cards are at the centre of an escalating debate on ways in which the performance of hospitals and individual doctors can be monitored. Report cards are a method of publishing outcome data that can be focused on a particular hospital, clinical unit, or an individual doctor. Following the public disclosure of results of individual cardiac surgeons in New York State, USA, and the recent Inquiry into paediatric cardiac surgical deaths at the Bristol Royal Infirmary, UK, there is increasing focus on the possibility of the introduction of report cards in Australia. At present, the increasing momentum and implementation of report cards is focused squarely on surgeons, and particularly on cardiac surgeons. This review outlines the events in the USA and UK and looks into the possible impact of the introduction of report cards in Australia.
Colorectal cancer surgical care and survival: do private health insurance, socioeconomic and locational status make a difference?
Authors: Hall Sonja E. , Holman C. D’Arcy J. , Platell Cameron , Sheiner Harry , Threlfall Timothy , Semmens James
Published: November 2005

Background: The purpose of the present paper was to examine patterns of surgical care and the likelihood of death within 5 years after a diagnosis of colorectal cancer, including the effects of demographic, locational and socioeconomic disadvantage and the possession of private health insurance.

Methods: The Western Australian Data Linkage System was used to extract all hospital morbidity, cancer and death records for people with a diagnosis of colorectal cancer from 1982 to 2001. Demographic, hospital and private health insurance information was available for all years and measures of socioeconomic and locational disadvantage from 1991. A logistic regression model estimated the probability of receiving colorectal surgery. A Cox regression model estimated the likelihood of death from any cause within 5 years of diagnosis.

Results: People were more likely to undergo colorectal surgery if they were younger, had less comorbidity and were married/defacto or divorced. People with a first admission to a private hospital (odds ratio (OR) 1.31, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.16−1.48) or with private health insurance (OR 1.27, 95% CI: 1.14−1.42) were more likely to undergo surgery. Living in a rural or remote area made little difference, but a first admission to a rural hospital reduced the likelihood of surgery (OR 0.76, 95% CI: 0.66−0.87). Residency in lower socioeconomic areas also made no difference to the likelihood of having surgical treatment. The likelihood of death from any cause was lower in those who were younger, had less comorbidity, were elective admissions and underwent surgery. Residency in lower socioeconomic status and rural areas, admission to a rural hospital or a private hospital and possession of private health insurance had no effect on the likelihood of death.

Conclusions: The present study demonstrates that socioeconomic and locational status and access to private health care had no significant effects on surgical patterns of care in people with colorectal cancer. However, despite the higher rates of surgery in the private hospitals and among those with private health insurance, their survival was no better.
Salvage with supracricoid partial laryngectomy after radiation failure
Authors: Clark Jonathan , Morgan Gary , Veness Michael , Dalton Chris , Kalnins Inar
Published: November 2005

Background:  Supracricoid partial laryngectomy (SCPL) is an alternative to total laryngectomy (TL) for selected glottic and supraglottic carcinomas but its role in the setting of radiation failure is unclear. The aim of the present study was to present a series of patients with laryngeal cancer undergoing salvage surgery for local recurrence and examine the morbidity associated with this intervention.

Methods:  A retrospective review of 111 patients presenting with laryngeal cancer between 1997 and 2002 was performed. A total of 21 patients with recurrent disease following radiation therapy were identified, of which salvage surgery was performed in 18 patients. Minimum follow up of survivors was 22 months.

Results:  The 5‐year cumulative local control and disease‐specific survival was 76% and 85%, respectively. Surgical salvage consisted of TL in 12 patients and SCPL in six. The mortality and major morbidity rates for TL were 0% and 33%, and for SCPL they were 33% and 50%, respectively. Median length of hospital stay was similar in both groups (21 and 19 days). No patient undergoing SCPL developed recurrent disease at a median follow up of 19 months.

Conclusions:  Supracricoid partial laryngectomy is an oncologically sound alternative to TL as salvage for radiation failure. The operative morbidity and potential for mortality is high in this setting.