bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transcriptional responses to fluctuating thermal regimes underpinning differences in survival in the solitary bee Megachile rotundata
Authors: Torson Alex S. , Yocum George D. , Rinehart Joseph P. , Kemp William P. , Bowsher Julia H.
Published: February 2015

The transcriptional responses of insects to long-term, ecologically relevant temperature stress are poorly understood. Long-term exposure to low temperatures, commonly referred to as chilling, can lead to physiological effects collectively known as chill injury. Periodically increasing temperatures during long-term chilling has been shown to increase survival in many insects. However, the transcripts responsible for this increase in survival have never been characterized. Here, we present the first transcriptome-level analysis of increased longevity under fluctuating temperatures during chilling. Overwintering post-diapause quiescent alfalfa leafcutting bees (Megachile rotundata) were exposed to a constant temperature of 6°C, or 6°C with a daily fluctuation to 20°C. RNA was collected at two different time points, before and after mortality rates began to diverge between temperature treatments. Expression analysis identified differentially regulated transcripts between pairwise comparisons of both treatments and time points. Transcripts functioning in ion homeostasis, metabolic pathways and oxidative stress response were up-regulated in individuals exposed to periodic temperature fluctuations during chilling. The differential expression of these transcripts provides support for the hypotheses that fluctuating temperatures protect against chill injury by reducing oxidative stress and returning ion concentrations and metabolic function to more favorable levels. Additionally, exposure to fluctuating temperatures leads to increased expression of transcripts functioning in the immune response and neurogenesis, providing evidence for additional mechanisms associated with increased survival during chilling in M. rotundata.
Identification and characterization of the NMDA receptor and its role in regulating reproduction in the cockroach Diploptera punctata
Authors: Huang Juan , Hult Ekaterina F. , Marchal Elisabeth , Tobe Stephen S.
Published: February 2015

The NMDA receptor (NMDAR) plays important roles in excitatory neurotransmission and in the regulation of reproduction in mammals. NMDAR in insects comprises two subunits, NR1 and NR2. In this study, we identified two NR1 paralogs and eleven NR2 alternatively spliced variants in the cockroach Diploptera punctata. This is the first report of NR1 paralogs in insects. The tissue distributions and expression profiles of DpNR1A, DpNR1B and DpNR2 in different tissues were also investigated. Previous studies have demonstrated NMDA-stimulated biosynthesis of juvenile hormone (JH) in the corpora allata through the influx of extracellular Ca2+ in Diploptera punctata. However, our data show that the transcript levels of DpNR1A, DpNR1B and DpNR2 were low in the corpora allata. MK-801, a high-affinity antagonist of NMDAR, did not show any effect on JH biosynthesis in vitro. In addition, neither partial knockdown of DpNR2 nor in vivo treatment with a physiologically relevant dose of MK-801 resulted in any significant change in JH biosynthesis or basal oocyte growth. Injection of animals with a high dose of MK-801 (30 µg per animal per injection), which paralyzed the animals for 4–5 h, resulted in a significant decrease in JH biosynthesis on days 4 and 5. However, the reproductive events during the first gonadotrophic cycle in female D. punctata were unaffected. Thus, NMDAR does not appear to play important roles in the regulation of JH biosynthesis or mediate reproduction of female D. punctata.
Surfactant-free NH4TiOF3 Crystals: Self-assembly on Solid Surfaces and Room-temperature Hydrolysis for Hollow TiO2 Structures with High Photocatalytic Activity
Authors: Lee Hack-Keun , Lee Seung-Woo
Published: February 2015

Here, we report a novel synthesis of hollow TiO2 structures via hydrolysis of surfactant-free NH4TiOF3 crystals that were self-assembled at room temperature on a solid substrate from an aqueous solution containing (NH4)2TiF6 and H3BO3. The prepared TiO2 film showed highly active and robust photocatalytic behavior for the degradation of organic compounds after heat-treatment at 45 °C in ambient air.
Case Report: Gollop-Wolfgang Complex in a 5 month old baby
Authors: Qureshi Ihtesham A. , Gudepu Rohit Kumar , Chava Ravikanth , Emmani Sravya , Asghar Syed Husain , Qureshi Mohtashim A. , Arlappa Nimmathota
Published: February 2015

Skeletal dysplasias are disorders associated with a generalized abnormality in the skeleton. The Gollop-Wolfgang complex (GWC) is a limb deficiency disorder and an unusual limb malformation with highly variable manifestations. Here we report an interesting case of a 5-month old male baby from India with Gollop-Wolfgang Complex showing bifurcation of the right femur, ectrodactyly of both feet, ectrodactyly of left hand, syndactyly of right hand and unusual presentation of bilateral fibular agenesis and caudal (Sacrococcygeal) agenesis. The etiology of GWC in this 5 month old male baby could possibly be attributed to spontaneous gene mutation. The clinical, radiographic findings and the unusual presentation are presented in detail
Mental health nursing: After the Second World War
Authors: Nolan Peter
Published: February 2015

Professor Peter Nolan continues to explore the evolution of mental health care
Supporting autistic children Practical classroom tips
Authors: Beaney Joy , Kershaw Penny
Published: February 2015

By Joy Beaney (top) manager of an inclusion support team at Torfield School, Hastings, East Sussex and Penny Kershaw, a specialist teacher for children with speech, language and communication needs at the Have Centre, Eastbourne, East Sussex.
Top approach to getting athletic
Authors: Andrews Crispin
Published: February 2015

Create a buzz in PE lessons. By Crispin Andrews, a qualified sports coach from Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire.
Peer evaluation and accountability
Authors: Sugden Jeremy
Published: February 2015

With the development of self-evaluation, is the headteacher expected to become inspector-in-residence? Jeremy Sugden looks at the changing face of accountability.
Understanding dyspraxia: The need for new approaches
Authors: Davis Leanne
Published: February 2015

The expertise needed to support dyspraxic children varies from school to school. Leanne Davis talked to teacher trainers, parents and education officers about their experiences.
How to Banish Boredom
Authors: Thornton Stephanie
Published: February 2015

Look for the positives in an age-old problem: use boredom to measure engagement in learning, and harness the creativity it can produce. By Dr Stephanie Thornton, a former senior lecturer in psychology at the University of Sussex
School governors in the hot seat
Authors: Moore Gill
Published: February 2015

You may think your school could pass an OFSTED inspection, but how will your governors bear scrutiny? By Gill Moore, a basic skills tutor and a school governor
Sporting times for the Victorians
Authors: Andrews Crispin
Published: February 2015

Attitudes to women in Victorian times meant that girls missed out on sport. Education writer Crispin Andrews links history to PE and illustrates a simple version of cricket everyone can enjoy
Animals in the classroom
Authors: Eades Jenny Fox
Published: February 2015

There are many benefits to keeping animals in school, and “caring for a living thing” is just one of them! Pets can also have a valuable influence on children's behaviour, as Jenny Fox Eades explains
So how does your garden grow?
Authors: Dockery Michael
Published: February 2015

What is the role of nutrients in plant growth? Dr Michael Dockery from Manchester Metropolitan University, Louise Davies and Polly Lee report on an outdoor experiment
The secrets of free verse
Authors: Carter James
Published: February 2015

Children are fed rhyme and repetition in the early years, so how can you explain poetry freed from rules? Find out as children's poet James Carter reveals techniques to make free verse inspiring and rewarding
Behind the Dogon doors of Mali
Authors: Sinclair Marcia
Published: February 2015

Enjoy the stories and traditions of the Dogon people of Mali in Africa. These are brought straight from Mali to Five to Eleven by Marcia Sinclair, ethnic minority achievemnt adviser, Enfield, London.
The Changing Nature of Consent
Authors: Trathen Andrew
Published: February 2015

Consent is a foundational principle of medical and dental ethics. The importance of the concept has changed over time and it is now viewed as more important than it has ever been, both within the profession and by wider society. This article looks at the nature of consent historically, the changes it has undergone, and some of the contemporary challenges in this area. The philosophical basis of consent is considered, looking at two lines of thought relating to autonomy and prevention of harm. The difficulty and appropriateness of providing ‘fully-informed’ consent is then considered along with some of the modern problems relating to consumerist culture, and the social changes that have caused them. By looking at consent from a social and philosophical standpoint, we can broaden our thinking to give context to the day-to-day practicalities of obtaining consent in practice. These practicalities are addressed in subsequent articles within this issue of the Primary Dental Journal.
Locally based research and development units as knowledge brokers and change facilitators in health and social care of older people in Sweden
Authors: Nyström Monica Elisabeth , Hansson Johan , Garvare Rickard , Andersson-Bäck Monica
Published: February 2015

This article investigates the role of locally based research and development units (R&Ds) focusing on health and social services. Nearly 300 local RDs are funded by the Swedish government with the intention to facilitate knowledge transfer and development of high quality and effective health and social care organisations. Based on analyses of archival data on aims, activities and outputs of R&Ds focusing on care for older people the authors argue that local R&Ds have potentials to act as knowledge brokers, change agents and researchers, but these overlapping roles need clarified strategies and enactment of a variety of skills.
Solón y sus intérpretes: poesía, historia y mitología en el debate sobre las contingencias del poder
Authors: Tobia Ana Maria González de
Published: February 2015

Solón no sólo es reconocido como poeta y legislador, integrante de los denominados “siete sabios”, sino que también ha sido personaje dentro de la poesía coral y de la narrativa histórica. Poetas e historiadores crearon un personaje, Solón, que reflexiona acerca del poder y de las contingencias de los poderosos. De este modo, la poesía elegíaca solónica encuentra intérpretes variados, que transmiten sus conceptos sociopolíticos mediante géneros diversos como son la lírica y la historia y con diferentes intenciones.
“GEOHeritage” - GIS Based Application for Movable Heritage
Authors: Moscicka Albina
Published: February 2015

The paper will present the results of a research project „A methodology for mapping movable heritage”.  This project, financed by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education in 2008-2010, was realized by the Institute of Geodesy and Cartography in cooperation with the Research and Academic Computer Network (portal Polska.pl), the Central Archives of Historical Records and Department of Art History of the Wroclaw University. The idea of the project was to simplify access to digital movable cultural heritage by the use of spatial information. The main aspect of the project was to use a Geographic Information System (GIS) - as a technology and as a tool - to integrate different digital collections, present their content in one space and provide online access to them from one common level – from an online map. The essence of the research was to present on the online map movable monument as multi-spatial object. The base of this assumption is that most of monuments, especially movable ones, can have several places in the geographical space that are connected with them (several various space relations). As a rule archival documents were created in one place, describe the other, today can be kept in places far away from the place they were prepared, and what more the parts of the same collection can be kept in different archives. Moreover, one single document can be connected or have relations (typological, thematically, temporal, spatial) with other relations to the same or the other one. The reason for it is that documents concerning various places are housed in the same archive, various documents can present the same place or the place of creating particular document can be the place of housing another. In the project the basic source material was digital collections of original records. Their metadata defined in the international standards of monuments’ description were used for connecting digital monuments with the geographic space. With the use of these standards, the Internet application for presenting cultural heritage on the map was developed. It can be found at www.GEOHeritage.polska.pl (Polish version) and www.GEOHeritage.poland.pl (English version). The application is based on the Geographic Information System (GIS), and its functionality is mainly the elements of selecting the resources, presenting the documents on the map in different ways and finding their images.  The paper will present methodological solutions necessary for building on-line map of movable heritage together with the functionality of the application.
Multi-Scale Modeling of the Basilica of San Pietro in Tuscania (Italy). From 3D Data to 2D Representation
Authors: Chiabrando Filiberto , Piatti Dario , Rinaudo Fulvio
Published: February 2015

The Basilica of San Pietro is a Romanic architecture located in the municipality of Tuscania in the Lazio Region about 100 km far from Rome. In 1971 the apse dome collapsed during the earthquake and the important fresco of a Christ Pantocrator was destroyed. In 1975 the dome was reconstructed using reinforced concrete.In 2010 an integrated survey of the Church has been performed using LiDAR techniques integrated with photogrammetric and topographic methodologies in order to realize a complete 2D documentation of the Basilica of San Pietro. Thanks to the acquired data a complete multi-scale 3D model of the Church and of the surroundings was realized.The aim of this work is to present different strategies in order to realize correct documentations for Cultural Heritage knowledge, using typical 3D survey methodologies (i. e. LiDAR survey and photogrammetry).After data acquisition and processing, several 2D representations were realized in order to carry out traditional supports for the different actors involved in the conservation plans; moreover, starting from the 2D drawing a simplified 3D modeling methodology has been followed in order to define the fundamental geometry of the Basilica and the surroundings: the achieved model could be useful for a small architectural scale description of the structure and for the documentation of the surroundings. For the aforementioned small architectural scale model, the 3D modeling was realized using the information derived from the 2D drawings with an approach based on the Constructive Solid Geometry. Using this approach the real shape of the object is simplified. This methodology is employed in particular when the shape of the structures is simple or to communicate new project ideas of when, as in our case, the aim is to give an idea of the complexity of an architectural Cultural Heritage. In order to follow this objective, a small architectural scale model was realized: the area of the Civita hill was modeled using the information derived from the 1:5000 scale map contours; afterwards the Basilica was modeled in a CAD software using the information derived from the 2D drawings of the Basilica. Finally, a more detailed 3D model was realized to describe the real shape of the transept.  All this products were realized thanks to the data acquired during the performed survey. This research underlines that a complete 3D documentation of a Cultural Heritage during the survey phase allows the final user to derive all the products that could be necessary for a correct knowledge of the artifact.
Occupy in Deutschland
Authors: Geiges Lars
Published: February 2015

Plötzlich war sie mit ihren Zelten da: Die Occupy-Bewegung formierte sich 2011 scheinbar über Nacht, besetzte weltweit öffentliche Plätze und protestierte gegen Bankenmacht. Auch in Deutschland entstanden Occupy-Gruppen, die teils mehrmonatige Camps in den Stadtzentren errichteten. Von hier aus sollte sich ihr Protest entfalten - offen, basisdemokratisch, vielstimmig. Was bewegte die Aktivisten und wie blickten sie auf Politik, Staat und Gesellschaft? Wie organisierten sie sich? Und was könnte von Occupy bleiben? Anhand von Beobachtungen, Interviews und Diskussionsrunden mit Occupyern eröffnet Lars Geiges einen materialreichen Blick auf das junge und kaum erforschte Protestphänomen.
The Text of Goodf and John Donne’s Itinerary in April 1613
Authors: Maurer Margaret , Flynn Dennis
Published: February 2015

Two manuscript copies of John Donne’s poem entitled in the first edition of his poems “Goodfriday, 1613. Riding Westward” came to light in the 1970s, both in the hand of Nathaniel Rich, an acquaintance of Donne and a member of a family with whom Donne had other connections. This essay expands on early analysis of these manuscripts to argue for their importance. The versions of the poem they convey are coherent and substantially different from its received text, and geographical indications in their headings are compatible with a 1613 journey Donne may have made in the company of Rich himself or someone Rich knew. In relation to the canonical version of Donne’s poem, these two manuscripts seem to record a revising mind at work, possibly Rich’s, conceivably that of Donne himself.
Biological variation of plasma osmolality obtained with capillary versus venous blood
Authors: Wittbrodt Matthew T. , Espinoza Sofia , Millard-Stafford Mindy L.
Published: February 2015

Plasma osmolality (POsm) is a gold standard to assess hydration status but requires venipuncture. POsm obtained by lancing a digit, a source of capillary puncture blood (CAP), has not been validated. This study compared POsm from CAP versus venous blood (VEN) and validated its sensitivity to detect dehydration.

Healthy young adults (Study A: n=20 men, 22 women; Study B: n=23 men, 23 women) participated. In Study A, CAP and VEN were compared under controlled euhydration meeting dietary reference intakes for water (3.7 L men, 2.7 L women). In Study B, CAP was assessed for sensitivity to detect dehydration with receiver operating characteristic analysis over two 24 h periods: euhydration for 24 h followed by water restriction over 24 h. POsm was measured using freezing point depression.

For all subjects, CAP POsm (283.0±3.9 mOsm/kg) was not significantly different (p=0.07) from VEN (284.2±3.5) during euhydration and met analytical goals for individuality and heterogeneity. When outliers (n=3) were eliminated, mean difference was –1.6 (±3.2) lower (p<0.01) with CAP. Fluid restriction increased (p<0.001) CAP POsm (284.0±4.4 to 292.8±5.2 mOsm/kg), achieving excellent accuracy (0.92) and sensitivity (89.1%) to predict mild dehydration (2% body mass loss).

POsm via CAP exhibited similar coefficients of variation and analytical goals compared to VEN combined with excellent accuracy and sensitivity to detect dehydration. Although CAP values were approximately 2 mOsm/kg lower than VEN, CAP appears an adequate substitute for tracking changes in non-clinical settings.
Effect of rifampin on the pharmacokinetics of bosutinib, a dual Src/Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor, when administered concomitantly to healthy subjects
Authors: Abbas Richat , Boni Joseph , Sonnichsen Daryl
Published: February 2015

Background: Bosutinib is an orally bioavailable dual Src/Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor and a CYP3A4 enzyme substrate. This study assessed the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of bosutinib when coadministered with the CYP3A4 inducer rifampin in 24 healthy men.

Methods: Subjects received single oral doses of bosutinib 500 mg (Days 1 and 14) and once-daily oral doses of rifampin 600 mg (Days 8–17); serial blood samples were analyzed.

Results: Bosutinib exposures were reduced following concomitant administration of rifampin vs. bosutinib alone, measured by peak plasma concentration (Cmax; 112 vs. 16.0 ng/mL; 86% reduction), total area under the concentration-time curve (AUC; 2740 vs. 207 ng·h/mL; 92% reduction), and AUC to the last measurable concentration at time T (2440 vs. 158 ng·h/mL; 94% reduction). Median time to Cmax and mean half-life were shorter for bosutinib plus rifampin vs. single-agent bosutinib. Oral clearance increased approximately 13-fold; the volume of distribution increased from 9560 to 72,900 L. Treatment-emergent adverse events appeared less frequently with bosutinib plus rifampin (59%) vs. single-agent bosutinib (79%); diarrhea was reported in 11 (46%) vs. 4 (18%) subjects, respectively.

Conclusions: Concomitant use of potent or moderate CYP3A inducers with bosutinib should be avoided because of the effects of drug-drug interaction observed between bosutinib and rifampin.
Upgrade from ICD to CRT-D: clinical and
haemodynamic impact of biventricular pacing in a
patient with acquired long QT syndrome
Authors: Kawecki Damian , Dola Janusz , Jacheć Wojciech , Wojciechowska Celina , Morawski Stanisław , Tomasik Andrzej , Nowalany-Kozielska Ewa
Published: February 2015

Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is characterised by
both the depolarisation and repolarisation disorder of
cardiac muscle cells. Cardiac resynchronising therapy
(CRT) is an important treatment option for patients with
chronic heart failure (CHF) when echocardiographic and
electrocardiographic criteria are met. Although CRT was
introduced in clinical practice 10 years ago, doubts related
to application of this treatment method persist because
of its potential proarrhythmogenic effect. This is a case
describing a 66-year-old Caucasian female with LQTS
coexisting with a left bundle branch branch block (LBBB)
and an implantable single-cavity cardioverter-defibrillator
(ICD VR), who had repeated appropriate high-energy
treatments. The upgrade to resynchronisation therapy
defibrillator (CRT-D) significantly reduced frequency of
ventricular tachycardia and the need for electrical therapies.
The normalisation of the left ventricle size, as seen
on echo examination, and the improvement of heart
failure symptoms were also observed.
Assessment of nutrition and physical activity of
6th-7th grade schoolchildren in the city of Vilnius,
Lithuania
Authors: Skurdenyte Vaida , Surkiene Gene , Stukas Rimantas , Zagminas Kestutis , Giedraitis Vincentas , Kavaliunas Andrius
Published: February 2015

Background: Evaluation of eating habits and
physical activity is very important for health interventions.
Our aim in this study was to assess the characteristics
of eating and physical activity of 6-7th grade schoolchildren
in the city of Vilnius, Lithuania, as well as the
association between dietary habits and physical activity.
Methods: The study was conducted within the project
“Education of healthy diets and physical activity in
schools”. The sample consisted of 1008 schoolchildren
from 22 schools in the city of Vilnius, and was based on
empirical methods, including a questionnaire poll and
comparative analysis. Statistical software Stata v.12.1
(Stata corp LP) was used to analyze the data.

Results: Our study showed that less than half (37.1%) of
study participants had physically active leisure time.
Boys were significantly more physically active than girls.
More than half (61.4%) of children ate breakfast every
day. Girls were more likely to eat vegetables and sweets.
Schoolchildren who ate vegetables and dairy products as
well as those who got enough information about physical
activity and spoke about it with their family members
were more physically active.

Conclusions: The results of the study confirmed that
schoolchildren were not sufficiently physically active. It
was found that low physical activity is related to dietary
and other factors, such as lack of information about physical
activity and its benefits.
Extraction, radiolabeling and in vivo biological evaluation of 131I labeled egonol glycosides extract
Authors: Akgül Yurdanur , Pazar Erdinç , Yılmaz Habibe , Lambrecht Fatma Yurt , Yılmaz Osman , Şanlıer Şenay Hamarat
Published: February 2015

Crude extract of S. officinalis L. was found to have suspending agent, hemolytic, antitumor, antioxidant and antimicrobial
activities. Its major components benzofurans and benzofuran glycosides have antifungal, anticancer, antibacterial and anticomplement
activities and display acetylcholinesterase-cyclooxygenase inhibitory and cytotoxic properties. Recently, it has been reported that
egonolgentiobioside is a valuable target for structural modification and warrants further investigation for its potential as a novel
pharmaceutical tool for the prevention of estrogen deficiency induced diseases.

The aim of the current study is to perform in vivo biological evaluation of a glycosides extract, which was isolated from the
fruits endocarp of Styrax officinalis L, identified as egonolgentiobioside and homoegonolgentiobioside and labeled with
131I. The radiolabeled glycosides extract was labeled with 131I with high yield. The labeled obtained
radiolabeled compound was found to be quite stable and lipophilic. In order to determine its tissue distribution, an in vivo
study was performed using healthy female Albino Wistar rats injected by 131I-glycosides. The biodistribution results showed
that clearance of the radiolabeled compound is through the hepatobiliary pathway. The experimental study indicated that the
radiolabeled glycosides extract accumulated in the large intestine. Therefore, the potential of 131I-glycosides might be
evaluated in colon cancer cell lines and this might be a promising of tumor-imaging agent.
Production of no-carrier-added radiobromine: new nickel selenide target and
optimized separation by dry distillation
Authors: Breunig Katharina , Spahn Ingo , Spellerberg Stefan , Coenen Heinz H.
Published: February 2015

Nickel(II) selenide (NiSe) was investigated as a new high-current target material for cyclotron production of radiobromine, as it
contains a higher amount of selenium and has a lower melting point than the widely used Cu2Se. Using a slanted target system,
NiSe was successfully tested up to beam currents of 16 μA so far. With regard to the isolation of no-carrier-added
(n.c.a.) radiobromide from the target material, an improved dry distillation device with high yields of 76% – 86% was
developed. The implementation of a special custom-made quartz funnel decreased the dead volume of the apparatus and a quartz capillary
for trapping the radiobromine allowed to concentrate the radioactivity in a small volume of less than 100 μL of
0.1 M NaOH, ready for immediate subsequent radiosyntheses. Thus, the new apparatus improves the handling of the isolation
procedure and the radioactive product. The radiochemical purity of the resulting solution of n.c.a. [*Br]bromide was verified by
radio-IC where no other species were detected.
Chemical contents in Lygeum spartum L. using instrumental neutron activation analysis
Authors: Nedjimi Bouzid , Beladel Brahim
Published: February 2015

The present investigation was conducted to determine the chemical contents of Lygeum spartum L. (Poaceae). Samples were
analyzed in order to determine essential (Ca, K, Na, Fe, Co) and some potentially toxic elements (Eu, Sb, Tb) using instrumental
neutron activation analysis (INAA). In general chemical element contents were in substantial amounts to meet adult sheep
requirements. Potential intake of Ca, K, Zn, Co and Fe by ruminant weighing 50 kg BW consuming 2.0 kg per day DM
was sufficient to satisfy their requirements. However, only Na level was still insufficient to meet the requirements for grazing
ruminants. Potential toxic elements in this species were within the safety baseline of all the assayed elements recommended by NRC. Na
supplementation would seem to be necessary in this zone, for optimum productivity of grazing animals.
Political-Knowledge Regimes: Building a New Concept from Selected Policy-Change Events in the Tabaré Vázquez Administration (Uruguay, 2005–2009)
Authors: Garcé Adolfo
Published: February 2015

In recent years authors have paid increasing attention to the study of contextual factors that shape the use of research into a country’s public policies. One of the most significant recent contributions to this body of literature is Campbell and Pedersen’s concept of Knowledge Regimes, which focuses on the central characteristics of the relevant social research in a given country. This article is a critique of this concept based on the study of three key policy-change events during the Tabaré Vázquez administration in Uruguay. In order to explain the dynamics of social research it is not merely enough to understand the main features of the supply side; it is also necessary to study the demand. This critical perspective has led to the construction of a new concept.
9-(3,4-Dimethyl-5-pentyl-furan-2-yl) nonanoic Acid and 9-(3,4-DimethyI-5-propyl-furan-2-yl) nonanoic Acid: New Naturally Occurring Peroxidase Inhibitors
Authors: Fuchs Claus T. , Spiteller Gerhard
Published: February 2015

9-(3,4-Dimethyl-5-pentyl-furan-2-yl) nonanoic acid [diMeF(9,5)] and 9-(3,4-dimethyl-5-propyl-furan-2-yl) nonanoic acid [diMeF(9,3)] and its corresponding methyl esters have been assayed for inhibitory activity on horseradish peroxidase (E C 1.11.1.17) by measuring the peroxidase-catalyse decomposition of indole-3-acetic acid. Both compounds and their meth-ylates are com petitive inhibitors to horseradish peroxidase with inhibitor constants (K1) of 50 ± 0.9 × 10-5 ᴍ respectively 5.2 ± 0.8 × 10-5 ᴍ. Development of inhibitory effect requires not only the presence of the furan heterocycle but also of a polar side chain.
Enhancement by Glucose of Low Density Lipoprotein-Oxidation by Peroxynitrite
Authors: Schneider Dagmar , Elstner Erich F.
Published: February 2015

Oxidation of low density lipoprotein (LDL) by copper ions is not influenced by glucose in a concentration range between 1 and 20 mᴍ . LDL-oxidation by peroxynitrite or the simulta­neous action of nitrogen monoxide and superoxide, produced by morpholino-sydnonimine (SIN-1) is considerably enhanced by typical hydroxyl-radical scavengers such as formate or mannitol and by glucose. Since both free radicals, nitrogen monoxide and superoxide, are produced by activated leukocytes and endothelial cells the presented reaction might repre­sent a simple model for the cooperative function of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and glucose in certain diabetic blood vessel diseases such as atherogenesis and retinopathy.
The Structure of the Pyoverdin from Pseudomonas fluorescens 1.3. Structural and Biological Relationships of Pyoverdins from Different Strains
Authors: Georgias Halka , Taraz Kambiz , Budzikiewicz Herbert , Geoffroy Valerie , Meyer Jean-Marie
Published: February 2015

The structure of the pyoverdin siderophore of Pseudomonas fluorescens 1.3 was elucidated by spectroscopic methods and chemical degradation. It shows structural similarities with the pyoverdins of several other strains. Whether mutual recognition occurs was investigated by growth tests.
The Lipid and Resin Composition of Laretia compacta Phil, from the Andes of Chile
Authors: Simoneit Bernd R. T. , Didyk Borys M.
Published: February 2015

The lipid/resin components of Laretia compacta were characterized by GC-MS and CSIA. The lipid components consist of n-alkanes, n-alkanoic acids and n-alkanols all with low carbon number maxima and high CPI values. The resin components are comprised of major amounts of tetracyclic diterpenoids with a minor content of mono-and sesquiterpenoids. The kaurene skeleton predominates with some phyllocladenes. Phytosterols are trace components. The δ13C data of the individual alkanes in the hydrocarbon fraction place this species in the C4 plant group.
Influence of Molecular Oxygen on the Chlorophyll Fluorescence Decay of Green Algae
Authors: Oellerich Silke , Berg Daniel , Maier Karlheinz , Terjung Frank
Published: February 2015

Chlorella vulgaris, Chlorophyll Fluorescence Quenching, Green Algae, Molecular Oxygen Molecular oxygen can act as a collisional quencher of the singlet excited state of chlorophyll a. This effect is well described for chlorophyll a in various solvents but not for chlorophyll a in the antenna complexes of photosynthetic organisms. We studied the chlorophyll fluorescence decay of Chlorella vulgaris cells under different oxygen concentrations but did not find any evidence for quenching by oxygen.
Effects of Calcium and Cyclopiazonic Acid on the Photoresponse in the Limulus Ventral Photoreceptor
Authors: Dorlöchter Marlies , Yuan Weijia , Stieve Hennig
Published: February 2015

1. Single-photon responses (bumps) and small macroscopic photocurrents were studied in ventral photoreceptors of the horseshoe crab Limulus. Lowering the calcium concentration in the bath from 10 mᴍ to 250 μᴍ led to increased bump size. Adaptation of the cells by a moderately bright conditioning flash was not impaired.

2. Pressure-injection of 1.2 mᴍ EGTA into the dark-adapted cells resulted in reduced bump size. EGTA weakened the effect of the conditioning light flash although it did not completely abolish light adaptation.

3. The microsomal calcium-ATPase inhibitor cyclopiazonic acid strongly desensitized the cells, and bumps were suppressed below detection. When the bathing saline contained 10 mᴍ calcium, macroscopic photoresponses after extracellular application of the agent had amplitudes smaller than under control conditions but normal response kinetics: The response to a light step still consisted of a fast transient photocurrent and a much smaller plateau. However, when applied in calcium-free bathing saline, cyclopiazonic acid additionally influenced the waveform of the photoresponse. The clear distinction between transient and plateau was no longer possible, and the photocurrent appeared “square”.

4. Our results support the idea that a transient elevation of the cytosolic calcium concentration is obligatory for light adaptation in the ventral photoreceptor. It is also obligatory for the generation of the so-called C2 component of the photocurrent which is represented by “standard” bumps and the fast transient phase of a prolonged response. However, a rise in cytosolic calcium appears not necessary for the initiation of a slow electrical photoresponse.
Structural Elements of Sporopollenin from the Pollen of Torreya californica Torr. (Gymnospermae): Using the 1H-NMR Technique
Authors: Ahlers Friedhelm , Lambert Jörg , Wiermann Rolf
Published: February 2015

Sporopollenin was isolated and purified from pollen of the gymnospermae Torreya californica using an enzymatic treatment followed by extraction with organic solvents. 1H -NMR (ID and 2D) was used for analysis of this biopolym er and reveals the presence of three phenolic com pounds. Comparison with the analysis of sporopollenin from the angiospermae Typha angustifolia L. shows high similarity between the aromatic compounds
Purification and Characterization of an S-adenosyI-L-methionine:flavonoid 3'-0-methyltransferase from Leaves of Trillium apetalon Makino
Authors: Nakamura Yuki , Teramoto Susumu , Yoshitama Kunijiro
Published: February 2015

In the leaf extract of Trillium apetalon (Liliaceae) distributed in Japan, an enzyme was demonstrated which catalyzes a m ethyl group transfer from S-adenosyl-ʟ-m ethionine (SAM) to the 3′ position of quercetin and its glycosides. The enzyme ( Trillium F3′OMT ) was purified 433-fold with a yield of 0.2% by (NH4)2SO4 precipitation and chromatographies of DEAE - cellulose, SAH-EAH-Sepharose 4B , Sephacryl S-200 and additional chrom atofocusing. Trillium F3′OMT has a pH optimum of 7.0 and a pi of 5.3. The apparent m olecular weight was estimated by Sephacryl S-200 to be about 78 kD a; SD S-PAGE profile showed that the enzyme was a dim er com posed of MW 38 kDa 2 subunits. The enzyme activity was stimulated by EDTA and dithiothreitol (DTT), but strongly inhibited by p-chlorom ercuribenzoate (PCMB) and iodoacetate. The activity was m oderately inhibited by Mg2+ and Zn2+, and strongly inhibited by Co2+, Mn2+ and Hg2+. The apparent Km values for quercetin and SAM were 10 μm and 3.6 μm , respectively. Lower substrate specificity of the glycosides compared with quercetin indicates that methylation precedes glycosylation in flavonoid biosynthesis of T. apetalon
Oxygenation of Nucleosides by Peroxide Adduct of Binuclear Iron(III) Complex with a μ-Oxo Bridge
Authors: Ito Sayo , Sasaki Yumiko , Takahashi Yasuyuki , Ohb Shigeru , Nishida Yuzo
Published: February 2015

The (μ-oxo)(μ-carbonato)diiron(III) complex with H2(tfda) (H2(tfda) = 2-aminomethyl-tetrahydrofuran-N,N-diacetic acid) exhibited high activity for hydroxylation of 2′-deoxygua-nosine in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, giving 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, but its hy­ droxylation activity towards other nucleosides such as 2′-deoxyadenosine, adenosine or thym­ idine was found negligible. In the case of the Fe(III)-(ed a) complex (H2(eda) = 2-methoxyethylamine-N,N-diacetic acid), hydroxylation occurred mainly at the sugar site, con­verting 2′-deoxyguanosine to guanosine. Based on the spectroscopic and structural properties of these iron(III) compounds, it seems most likely that an intrinsic active species for hydrox­ylation should be an electrophilic peroxide adduct of the (μ-oxo)diiron(III) core with η1 coordination mode, while the contribution of OH· sides is ruled out.
Dielectric Properties of Ribosomal Core Particles Lacking a Select Population of Proteins
Authors: Bonincontro Adalberto , Francesco Alessio De , Risuleo Gianfranco
Published: February 2015

In this communication we present a comparative investigation of the dielectric properties of native E. coli 70S and ribosomal cores obtained by LiCl treatment. Previous data obtained in our laboratory showed that ribosomes exhibit two different dielectric dispersions. We show that elimination of some select proteins modifies only the first one and therefore the overall dielectric properties of the ribosome result altered. Ribosomal RNA and proteins remaining in the core particle are mainly responsible for the second dielectric dispersion. Our experimental approach allows an estimation of the size of RNA traits exposed to solvent both in native ribosomes and in core particles where a higher portion of rRNA interacts with the external environment. Furthermore our results are consistent with the idea that proteins remaining after high salt treatment are necessary and sufficient for the maintenance of the basic structural properties of the ribosome.
The Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone GRP94 Is Induced in the Thyrocytes by Cadmium
Authors: Kwon O-Yu , Kim Yong-Jin , Choi Yongmun
Published: February 2015

We established a relationship between the toxic effects of cadmium on the expression of the endoplasmic reticulum (E R) chaperone GRP94 (glucose regulated protein 94) and cell survival in cultured rat-thyrocytes of FRTL5 cells. There are no data reporting that the en­hanced expression of GRP94 by Cd stimulation is detectable in thyrocytes. Western blot analysis revealed higher levels of GRP94 expression in those cells post-treated with low concentrations of Cd, following a step-down treatment method, than in Cd pre-treated cells or cells not treated with any Cd, due to changes in cellular sensitivity after pre-treatment with Cd and the possible induction of GRP94 expression after removal of a low concentration of Cd. Elevated GRP94 expression in thyrocytes post-treated with Cd confers a survival advantage by rendering them resistant to cytotoxic stress, and the existence in the thyrocytes of a Cd-specific pathway regulates the expression of stress proteins by Cd.
Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns and Beta-Lactamase Production of Animal and Human Isolates of Campylobacter in Lagos, Nigeria
Authors: Smith S. I. , Sansa T. I. , Coker A. O.
Published: February 2015

Forty-three stool samples and rectal swabs were collected from diarrhoeic and 20 non-diarrhoiec patients under 5 years of age at various general hospitals in Lagos. A total of 110 faecal samples from animals (101 from chickens and 9 from pigs) were obtained from Mitchel farm, Agege and Oshodi -Isolo Local Government farms at Ejigbo. Campylobacter species were isolated from 6 (13.9%) of 43 children with gastroenteritis and none from 20 asymptom­atic subjects. Forty-nine (48.5%) isolates from the hundred and one faecal specimen were isolated from chicken, while 3 (33.33%) out of 9 were from pigs. Campylobacter jejuni was the most prevalent accounting for 79% of the total isolates and C. coli accounted for 25% . All the human strains were gentamicin sensitive, while streptomicin and cloxacillin were resistant. Erythromycin had a high activity (83.3%) on human strains and only 59.6% activity on animal strains. About ten percent (9.6%) of the strains produced beta-lactamase.
The Comparative Molecular Study between Bombycidae and Saturniidae Based on mtDNA RFLP and Cytochrome Oxidase I Gene Sequences: Implication for Molecular Evolution
Authors: Hwang Jae-Sam , Lee Jin-Sung , Goo Tae-Won , Kang Hyun-Ah , Sohn Hae-Ryong , Kim Ho-Rak , Kwon O-Yu
Published: February 2015

Bombycidae, Saturniidae, mtDNA RFLP, Cytochrome Oxidase I Gene The phylogenetic relationships between Bombyx mori and Bombyx mandarina species of Bombycidae, and Antheraea yamamai and Antheraea pernyi species of Saturniidae were investigated based on mtDNA RFLP and cytochrome oxidase I gene. The sizes of the mtDNA of all the species were estimated at approximately 16 kbp ± 500 bp by total length of all the restricted fragments and no variation in size was recognized. Of the fourteen different restriction endonucleases used, BamHl, Hindlll, Pstl, EcoRl and Xbal showed RFLP. Among these, only Hindlll showed RFLP between B. mori and B. mandarina. A comparative analysis of sequences was also conducted with the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I genes of each species. The results indicated that B. mori shared a 97% , 85% and 87% sequence identity with B. mandarina, A. yamamai and A. pernyi, respectively. B. mandarina shared a 87% and 88% sequence identity with A. yamamai and A. penyi, respectively. A. yamamai shared 92% sequence identity with A. pernyi. The results of the phylogenetic analysis exhib­ited monophyly and confidence limits of more than 99% in all trees for both Bombycidae and Saturniidae.
Response Of Chloroplast Structure To Photodynamic Herbicides And High Oxygen
Authors: Mostowska Agnieszka
Published: February 2015

Response of chloroplast on the structural level to photodynamic herbicides and high oxygen concentration was compared with symptoms of chloroplast senescence. Based on the present results and those known from the literature a general pattern of response was proposed: the action of most of environmental factors induces the oxidative stress and often gives similar symptoms of structural damage and dysfunctions independent of the primary stressing factor. These alterations consist mostly in swelling of thylakoids, disruption of chloroplast membranes, intensive plastoglobuli accumulation, photodestruction of pigments and inhibition of photosynthesis
Inhibition of Photosystems I and II in Chilling-Sensitive and Chilling-Tolerant Plants under Light and Low-Temperature Stress
Authors: Barth Carina , Krause G. Heinrich
Published: February 2015

The responses of photosystems (PS) I and II to light stress at 4 °C and 20 °C were studied in leaf discs from three chilling-sensitive plant species, Cucumis sativus, Cucurbita maxima and Nicotiana tabacum, and in the chilling-tolerant Spinacia oleracea. The chilling-sensitive plants were grown at 24 °C under 80 -120 μmol photons m-2 s-1 (Cucumis and Cucurbita) or 30 μmol photons m-2 s-1 (Nicotiana). Spinacia was cultivated outdoors during winter and early spring. The P700 absorbance change around 820 nm served as a relative measure of PSI activity. The potential efficiency of PSII was determined in dark-adapted leaf discs by means of the ratio of variable to maximum chlorophyll (Chl) a fluorescence emission (Fv/Fᴍ). In Cucurbita, Nicotiana and Spinacia, PSI was not or only slightly inhibited by 2 h illumination with 200 μmol m-2 s-1 at 4 °C or with 2000 μmol m-2 s-1 at 20 °C. In leaves of Cucurbita and Nicotiana, exposure to 2000 μmol photons m-2 s-1 at 4 °C resulted in a decline in PSI activity and potential PSII efficiency approximately to the same extent (about 50% within 2 h). In contrast, in Cucumis, both moderate and high light at low temperature caused a PSI inhibition that proceeded considerably faster than the decline in PSII efficiency. Such preferential photoinhibition of PSI was not observed in the other three species tested. In Spinacia, a lower susceptibility of PSI and PSII to photoinhibition at 4 °C was associated with a faster de-epoxidation kinetics of violaxanthin, as compared to the three chilling-sensitive species. In addition, leaves of Spinacia were characterized by a significantly larger pool of xanthophyll-cycle pigments and a higher content of β-carotene based on Chi a+b. When leaves of Cucurbita were preincubated with methylviologen, which catalyzes formation of superoxide anion radicals at the acceptor side of PSI, the decline in potential PSII efficiency under 2000 μmol photons m-2 s-1 at 20 °C and 4 °C was strongly enhanced, whereas the P700 signal was less affected. Our data demonstrate that in the species tested, PSI may be inhibited in vivo besides PSII under light stress, but preferential photoinhibition of PSI is not a general phenomenon in chilling-sensitive plants. At low temperatures, a reduced function of the xanthophyll cycle and of the antioxidative scavenging system might account for enhanced PSI and PSII inhibition in vivo
Effect of Combined Stress on the O2 Scavenging Enzyme Activities in Bean and Poplar Leaves
Authors: Jakab Julia , Király István , Páldi Emil , Láng Ferenc
Published: February 2015

Wounding, Drought, Elicitation, Catalase, Peroxidase The activity of O2-scavenging enzymes in bean leaves in different positions and poplar leaves in different leaf storeys was investigated. The effects of wounding, elicitation and drought and the combination of these treatments at various levels were studied.

Distal bean leaves showed higher responsiveness than those opposite the treated leaves. Poplar leaves above the treated ones proved to be more active than those in lower storeys. A comparison of the interaction of different stress treatments revealed both synergistic and antagonistic effects on the oxidant-generating rate and anti-oxidant synthesis of damaged and non-damaged plant tissues
Physiological Responses to Heavy Metals in Higher Plants; Defence against Oxidative Stress
Authors: Clijsters Herman , Cuypers Ann , Vangronsveld Jaco
Published: February 2015

Depending on the physiological process investigated heavy metal phytotoxicity can be either inhibitory or stimulatory. Photosynthesis and its partial light and dark reactions are inhibited; the activity of various enzymes, located in several cell compartiments, is increased. These enzymes are mostly induced since metals affect the transcription activity. They appear to be related to the plant defence against oxidative stress caused by metal phytotoxicity. Careful examination of the time course of this induction reveals differences in response between the metals applied