bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Simplified method to quantify valve back‐leak uncovers severe mesenteric lymphatic valve dysfunction in mice deficient in connexins 43 and 37
Authors: Castorena‐Gonzalez Jorge A. , Srinivasan R. Sathish , King Philip D. , Simon Alexander M. , Davis Michael J.
Published: April 2020

Key points

Lymphatic valve defects are one of the major causes of lymph transport dysfunction; however, there are no accessible methods for quantitatively assessing valve function.

This report describes a novel technique for quantifying lymphatic valve back‐leak.

Postnatal endothelial‐specific deletion of connexin 43 (Cx43) in connexin 37 null (Cx37−/−) mice results in rapid regression of valve leaflets and severe valve dysfunction.

This method can also be used for assessing the function of venous and lymphatic valves from various species, including humans.

The lymphatic system relies on robust, spontaneous contractions of collecting lymphatic vessels and one‐way secondary lymphatic valves to efficiently move lymph forward. Secondary valves prevent reflux and allow for the generation of propulsive pressure during each contraction cycle. Lymphatic valve defects are one of the major causes of lymph transport dysfunction. Genetic mutations in multiple genes have been associated with the development of primary lymphoedema in humans; and many of the same mutations in mice result in valve defects that subsequently lead to chylous ascites or chylothorax. At present the only experimental technique for the quantitative assessment of lymphatic valve function utilizes the servo‐null micropressure system, which is highly accurate and precise, but relatively inaccessible and difficult to use. We developed a novel, simplified alternative method for quantifying valve function and determining the degree of pressure back‐leak through an intact valve in pressurized, single‐valve segments of isolated lymphatic vessels. With this diameter‐based method, the competence of each lymphatic valve is challenged over a physiological range of pressures (e.g. 0.5–10cmH2O) and pressure back‐leak is extrapolated from calibrated, pressure‐driven changes in diameter upstream from the valve. Using mesenteric lymphatic vessels from C57BL/6J, Ub‐CreERT2;Rasa1fx/fx, Foxc2Cre/+, Lyve1‐Cre;Cx43fx/fx, and Prox1‐CreERT2;Cx43fx/fx;Cx37−/− mice, we tested our method on lymphatic valves displaying a wide range of dysfunction, from fully competent to completely incompetent. Our results were validated by simultaneous direct measurement of pressure back‐leak using a servo‐null micropressure system. Our diameter‐based technique can be used to quantify valve function in isolated lymphatic valves from a variety of species. This method also revealed that haplodeficiency in Foxc2 (Foxc2Cre/+) is not sufficient to cause significant valve dysfunction; however, postnatal endothelial‐specific deletion of Cx43 in Cx37−/− mice results in rapid regression of valve leaflets and severe valve dysfunction.
Toward Tradeoff Between Impact Force Reduction and Maximum Safe Speed: Dynamic Parameter Optimization of Variable Stiffness Robots
Authors: Song Siyang , She Yu , Wang Junmin , Su Hai-Jun
Published: April 2020

Variable stiffness robots may provide an effective way of trading-off between safety and speed during physical human–robot interaction. In such a compromise, the impact force reduction capability and maximum safe speed are two key performance measures. To quantitatively study how dynamic parameters such as mass, inertia, and stiffness affect these two performance measures, performance indices for impact force reduction capability and maximum speed of variable stiffness robots are proposed based on the impact ellipsoid in this paper. The proposed performance indices consider different impact directions and kinematic configurations in the large. Combining the two performance indices, the global performance of variable stiffness robots is defined. A two-step optimization method is designed to achieve this global performance. A two-link variable stiffness link robot example is provided to show the efficacy of the proposed method.
Fabrication of Microscale Polymeric Wavy and Coiling Structures via Side-Electrode-Assisted Near-Field Electrospinning: Modeling and Experiments
Authors: You Xiangyu , Yang Yang , Guo Ping
Published: April 2020

It is challenging for the existing fabrication strategies to generate microscale wavy and coiling structures with low cost and high efficiency. In this work, we develop a novel and simple method that allows the fabrication of microscale wavy and coiling fiber arrays via near-field electrospinning (NFES). In addition to the main vertical electric potential for polymer jet generation, additional electrostatic signals are applied to the side-auxiliary electrodes to dynamically control the fiber deposition. Compared with traditional electrospinning based on the buckling instability or mechanical collector movement, the proposed method shows advantages in terms of the controllability, stability, accuracy, and minimal feature size. A theoretical model to describe the polymer jet behaviors has been proposed to simulate the fabrication process by considering the momentum balance of viscoelastic, charge repulsive, and electric forces. The model has been directly verified through the comparison with experimental results. The effects of different process parameters on the fiber deposition patterns are analyzed and discussed. The processing capability has been further demonstrated by fabricating two-dimensional wavy and coiling patterns as well as three-dimensional wavy structures with the radius of curvature less than 100 µm.
Targeting the scaffolding role of LSD1 (KDM1A) poises acute myeloid leukemia cells for retinoic acid–induced differentiation
Authors: Ravasio Roberto , Ceccacci Elena , Nicosia Luciano , Hosseini Amir , Rossi Pier Luigi , Barozzi Iros , Fornasari Lorenzo , Zuffo Roberto Dal , Valente Sergio , Fioravanti Rossella , Mercurio Ciro , Varasi Mario , Mattevi Andrea , Mai Antonello , Pavesi Giulio , Bonaldi Tiziana , Minucci Saverio
Published: April 2020

The study addresses the mechanism through which inhibition of LSD1 sensitizes AML cells to retinoic acid–induced differentiation.
The cohesin release factor Wapl interacts with Bub3 to govern SAC activity in female meiosis I
Authors: Zhou Changyin , Miao Yilong , Cui Zhaokang , ShiYang Xiayan , Zhang Yu , Xiong Bo
Published: April 2020

Cohesin release factor functions as a spindle assembly checkpoint regulator to prevent aneuploidy in oocyte meiosis I.
Eradication of tumor growth by delivering novel photothermal selenium-coated tellurium nanoheterojunctions
Authors: Chen Shiyou , Xing Chenyang , Huang Dazhou , Zhou Chuanhong , Ding Bo , Guo Ziheng , Peng Zhengchun , Wang Dou , Zhu Xi , Liu Shuzhen , Cai Zhen , Wu Jieyu , Zhao Jiaqi , Wu Zongze , Zhang Yuhua , Wei Chaoying , Yan Qiaoting , Wang Hongzhong , Fan Dianyuan , Liu Liping , Zhang Han , Cao Yihai
Published: April 2020

We made a big breakthrough in nanomaterial-based cancer therapy by developing nanomaterials consisting of tellurium and selenium.
Procedural fairness and nepotism among local traditional and democratic leaders in rural Namibia
Authors: Vollan Björn , Blanco Esther , Steimanis Ivo , Petutschnig Fabian , Prediger Sebastian
Published: April 2020

Democratic leaders perform similarly to traditional leaders in procedural fairness and nepotism.
Exosome-based delivery of super-repressor IκBα relieves sepsis-associated organ damage and mortality
Authors: Choi Hojun , Kim Youngeun , Mirzaaghasi Amin , Heo Jaenyoung , Kim Yu Na , Shin Ju Hye , Kim Seonghun , Kim Nam Hee , Cho Eunae Sandra , In Yook Jong , Yoo Tae-Hyun , Song Eunjoo , Kim Pilhan , Shin Eui-Cheol , Chung Kyungsoo , Choi Kyungsun , Choi Chulhee
Published: April 2020

Next generation exosome-based therapy can protect against systemic inflammation and sepsis-induced death.
Cooperativity of K
v
7.4 channels confers ultrafast electromechanical sensitivity and emergent properties in cochlear outer hair cells
Authors: Perez-Flores Maria C. , Lee Jeong H. , Park Seojin , Zhang Xiao-Dong , Sihn Choong-Ryoul , Ledford Hannah A. , Wang Wenying , Kim Hyo Jeong , Timofeyev Valeriy , Yarov-Yarovoy Vladimir , Chiamvimonvat Nipavan , Rabbitt Richard D. , Yamoah Ebenezer N.
Published: April 2020

Acquired mechanical sensitivity of clustered K
v
7.4 in outer hair cell sculpts fast cycle-by-cycle sound amplification and tuning.
Kidney tissue hypoxia dictates T cell–mediated injury in murine lupus nephritis
Authors: Chen Ping-Min , Wilson Parker C. , Shyer Justin A. , Veselits Margaret , Steach Holly R. , Cui Can , Moeckel Gilbert , Clark Marcus R. , Craft Joe
Published: April 2020

HIF-1 dictates effector function of infiltrating T cells in lupus, causing tissue damage that can be abrogated by its blockade in murine models.
Cognate Stimulatory B-Cell–T-Cell Interactions Are Critical for T-Cell Help Recruited by Glycoconjugate Vaccines
Authors: Guttormsen Hilde-Kari , Sharpe Arlene H. , Chandraker Anil K. , Brigtsen Anne Karin , Sayegh Mohammed H. , Kasper Dennis L.
Published: April 2020

Covalent linkage of a bacterial polysaccharide to an immunogenic protein greatly enhances the carbohydrate's immunogenicity and induces polysaccharide-specific B-cell memory in vivo. These findings have spurred the development of glycoconjugate vaccines for serious bacterial infections. The specific B-cell–T-cell interactions responsible for recruitment of T-cell help by glycoconjugate vaccines are not well defined. We used mice deficient in molecules critical for stimulatory, cognate B-cell–T-cell interactions to study how T cells improve the immunogenicity of a glycoconjugate vaccine against group B streptococcal disease. Isotype switching to immunoglobulin G (IgG) was abrogated in mice deficient in major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigen (Ag)–T-cell receptor (TCR), B7-CD28, or CD40-CD40L interactions. However, expression of either the B7-1 or the B7-2 molecule on antigen-presenting cells was sufficient for optimal T-cell costimulation. T cells activated by the vaccine also played a pivotal role in determining the magnitude of the IgM response to the polysaccharide. Comparable results were obtained with pathway antagonists. These data suggest that MHC class II Ag-TCR, B7-CD28, and CD40-CD40L interactions are critical for immune responses to glycoconjugate vaccines in vivo.
Targeting Improves the Efficacy of a DNA Vaccine againstCorynebacterium pseudotuberculosisin Sheep
Authors: Chaplin Paul J. , De Rose Robert , Boyle Jefferey S. , McWaters Peter , Kelly Julie , Tennent Jan M. , Lew Andrew M. , Scheerlinck Jean-Pierre Y.
Published: April 2020

A large-scale DNA vaccination trial was performed with sheep to investigate whether an antigen targeted by CTLA-4 enhanced and accelerated the humoral immune response. Vaccination with genetically detoxified phospholipase D (ΔPLD) has been shown to be effective, at least partially, againstCorynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, the causal agent of caseous lymphadenitis in sheep. CTLA-4 binds to B7 on antigen-presenting cells and thus was used to direct the fusion antigens to sites of immune induction. Here we demonstrated that targeting ΔPLD as a CTLA-4 fusion protein significantly enhanced the speed, magnitude, and longevity of the antibody response compared to that obtained with DNA encoding ΔPLD. While all groups of sheep vaccinated with DNA encoding ΔPLD were afforded better protection against an experimental challenge withC. pseudotuberculosisthan those immunized with an irrelevant plasmid or those left unimmunized, the best protection was provided by the targeted DNA vaccine. We propose that targeting antigens to antigen-presenting cells offers a generic strategy for enhancing the efficacy of DNA vaccines.
Acquisition of Plasmin Activity by
Fusobacterium nucleatum
subsp.
nucleatum
and Potential Contribution to Tissue Destruction during Periodontitis
Authors: Darenfed H. , Grenier D. , Mayrand D.
Published: April 2020

Fusobacterium nucleatum
subsp.
nucleatum
has been associated with a variety of oral and nonoral infections such as periodontitis, pericarditis, bone infections, and brain abscesses. Several studies have shown the role of plasmin, a plasma serine protease, in increasing the invasive capacity of microorganisms. In this study, we investigated the binding of human plasminogen to
F. nucleatum
subsp.
nucleatum
, and its subsequent activation into plasmin. Plasminogen-binding activity of bacterial cells was demonstrated by a solid-phase dot blot assay using an anti-plasminogen antibody. The binding activity was heat resistant and involved cell-surface lysine residues since it was abolished in the presence of the lysine analog ɛ-aminocaproic acid. Activation of plasminogen-coated bacteria occurred following incubation with either streptokinase, urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA), or a
Porphyromonas gingivalis
culture supernatant. In the case of the
P. gingivalis
culture supernatant, a cysteine protease was likely involved in the activation. The plasmin activity generated on the cell surface of
F. nucleatum
subsp.
nucleatum
could be inhibited by aprotinin. Activation of plasminogen by u-PA was greatly enhanced when plasminogen was bound to bacteria rather than in a free soluble form. u-PA-activated plasminogen-coated
F. nucleatum
subsp.
nucleatum
was found to degrade fibronectin, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 was also degraded by the plasmin activity generated on the bacterial cells. This study suggests a possible role for plasminogen, which is present in affected periodontal sites, in promoting tissue destruction and invasion by nonproteolytic bacteria such as
F. nucleatum
subsp.
nucleatum
.
Shiga Toxins 1 and 2 Translocate Differently across Polarized Intestinal Epithelial Cells
Authors: Hurley Bryan P. , Jacewicz Mary , Thorpe C. M. , Lincicome Lisa L. , King Andrew J. , Keusch Gerald T. , Acheson David W. K.
Published: April 2020

Shiga toxin-producing
Escherichia coli
(STEC) is an important food-borne pathogen that causes hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Following ingestion, STEC cells colonize the intestine and produce Shiga toxins (Stx), which appear to translocate across the intestinal epithelium and subsequently reach sensitive endothelial cell beds. STEC cells produce one or both of two major toxins, Stx1 and Stx2. Stx2-producing STEC is more often associated with disease for reasons as yet undetermined. In this study, we used polarized intestinal epithelial cells grown on permeable filters as a model to compare Stx1 and Stx2 movement across the intestinal epithelium. We have previously shown that biologically active Stx1 is able to translocate across cell monolayers in an energy-dependent, saturable manner. This study demonstrates that biologically active Stx2 is also capable of movement across the epithelium without affecting barrier function, but significantly less Stx2 crossed monolayers than Stx1. Chilling the monolayers to 4°C reduced the amount of Stx1 and Stx2 movement by 200-fold and 20-fold respectively. Stx1 movement was clearly directional, favoring an apical-to-basolateral translocation, whereas Stx2 movement was not. Colchicine reduced Stx1, but not Stx2, translocation. Monensin reduced the translocation of both toxins, but the effect was more pronounced with Stx1. Brefeldin A had no effect on either toxin. Excess unlabeled Stx1 blocks the movement of
125
I-Stx1. Excess Stx2 failed to have any effect on Stx1 movement. Our data suggests that, despite the many common physical and biochemical properties of the two toxins, they appear to be crossing the epithelial cell barrier by different pathways.
Serum Immunoglobulin Response and Protection from Homologous Challenge by
Proteus mirabilis
in a Mouse Model of Ascending Urinary Tract Infection
Authors: Johnson David E. , Bahrani Farah K. , Lockatell C. Virginia , Drachenberg Cinthia B. , Hebel J. Richard , Belas Robert , Warren John W. , Mobley Harry L. T.
Published: April 2020

We tested the hypothesis that experimental
Proteus mirabilis
urinary tract infection in mice would protect against homologous bladder rechallenge. Despite production of serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM (median titers of 1:320 and 1:80, respectively), vaccinated (infected and antibiotic-cured) mice did not show a decrease in mortality upon rechallenge; the survivors experienced only modest protection from infection (mean log
10
number of CFU of
P. mirabilis
Nal
r
HI4320 per milliliter or gram in vaccinated mice versus sham-vaccinated mice: urine, 100-fold less [3.5 versus 5.5;
P
= 0.13]; bladder, 100-fold less [3.1 versus 5.1;
P
= 0.066]; kidneys, 40-fold less [2.7 versus 4.3;
P
= 0.016]). Western blots using protein from the wild-type strain and isogenic mutants demonstrated antibody responses to MR/P and PMF fimbriae and flagella. There was no correlation between serum IgG or IgM levels and protection from mortality or infection. There was a trend toward elevated serum IgA titers and protection from subsequent challenge (
P
≥ 0.09), although only a few mice developed significant serum IgA levels. We conclude that prior infection with
P. mirabilis
does not protect significantly against homologous challenge.
A Lithium Chloride-Extracted, Broad-Spectrum-Adhesive 42-Kilodalton Protein of
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Is Ornithine Carbamoyltransferase
Authors: Hussain Muzaffar , Peters Georg , Chhatwal Gursharan S. , Herrmann Mathias
Published: April 2020

To identify novel putative staphylococcal adhesins, lithium chloride extraction (an established method for selective surface molecule solubilization) was employed. N-terminal sequencing and functional assays identified a 42-kDa fibronectin-binding protein from
Staphylococcus epidermidis
as ornithine carbamoyltransferase (OCTase). However, OCTase was not recognizable extracellularly, and this fact together with the fact that LiCl induced DNA release and a decrease in viability suggests that LiCl extraction may not be the method of choice for selective surface molecule extraction from staphylococci.
Deep Sequencing Reveals Compartmentalized HIV-1 in the Semen of Men with and without Sexually Transmitted Infection-Associated Urethritis
Authors: Council Olivia D. , Zhou Shuntai , McCann Chase D. , Hoffman Irving , Tegha Gerald , Kamwendo Deborah , Matoga Mitch , Kosakovsky Pond Sergei L. , Cohen Myron S. , Swanstrom Ronald
Published: April 2020

HIV-1 infection is a sexually transmitted infection that coexists with other STI. Here, we examined the impact of a concurrent STI resulting in urethritis on the HIV-1 population within the male genital tract. We found that viral populations remain largely stable even with treatment of the STI. These results show that viral populations within the male genital tract are defined by factors beyond transient inflammation associated with a concurrent STI.
Complete Genome Sequence of Moraxella osloensis Strain YV1, Isolated from an Australian Wastewater Treatment Plant
Authors: Batinovic Steven , Rice Daniel T. F. , Seviour Robert J. , Petrovski Steve
Published: April 2020

We report the complete genome sequence of
Moraxella osloensis
strain YV1, which was isolated from a wastewater treatment plant in Australia. The YV1 genome comprises a 2,615,801-bp chromosome and four plasmids.
Moraxella osloensis
strain YV1 displays the distinctive morphology of Eikelboom morphotype 1863.
Histiocyte predominant myocarditis resulting from the addition of interferon gamma to cyclophosphamide-based lymphodepletion for adoptive cellular therapy
Authors: Schroeder Brett A , Black Ralph Graeme , Spadinger Sydney , Zhang Shihong , Kohli Karan , Cao Jianhong , Mantilla Jose G , Conrad Ernest U , Riddell Stanley R , Jones Robin L , Yee Cassian , Pollack Seth M
Published: April 2020

Background

Adoptive cellular therapy (ACT) is a promising treatment for synovial sarcoma (SS) with reported response rates of over 50%. However, more work is needed to obtain deeper and more durable responses. SS has a ‘cold’ tumor immune microenvironment with low levels of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) expression and few T-cell infiltrates, which could represent a barrier toward successful treatment with ACT. We previously demonstrated that both MHC expression and T-cell infiltration can be increased using systemic interferon gamma (IFN-γ), which could improve the efficacy of ACT for SS.

Case presentation

We launched a phase I trial incorporating four weekly doses of IFN-γ in an ACT regimen of high-dose cyclophosphamide (HD Cy), NY-ESO-1-specific T cells, and postinfusion low-dose interleukin (IL)-2. Two patients were treated. While one patient had significant tumor regression and resultant clinical benefit, the other patient suffered a fatal histiocytic myocarditis. Therefore, this cohort was terminated for safety concerns.

Conclusion

We describe a new and serious toxicity of immunotherapy from IFN-γ combined with HD Cy-based lymphodepletion and low-dose IL-2. While IFN-γ should not be used concurrently with HD Cy or with low dose IL-2, IFN-γ may still be important in sensitizing SS for ACT. Future studies should avoid using IFN-γ during the immediate period before/after cell infusion.

Trial registration numbers

NCT04177021,NCT01957709, andNCT03063632.
Efficacy and safety of avelumab treatment in patients with metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma: experience from a global expanded access program
Authors: Walker John W , Lebbé Celeste , Grignani Giovanni , Nathan Paul , Dirix Luc , Fenig Eyal , Ascierto Paolo Antonio , Sandhu Shahneen , Munhoz Rodrigo , Benincasa Elena , Flaskett Sarah , Reed Josh , Engelsberg Arne , Hariharan Subramanian , Kasturi Vijay
Published: April 2020

Background

Avelumab, a human anti–programmed death-ligand 1 immunoglobulin G1 monoclonal antibody, showed favorable efficacy and safety in patients with metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma (mMCC) in the phase II JAVELIN Merkel 200 trial, leading to approval in multiple countries. We describe real-world experience with avelumab in patients with mMCC from an expanded access program.

Methods

Eligible patients had mMCC and progressive disease during or after chemotherapy or were ineligible for chemotherapy or clinical trial participation. Patients received an initial 3-month supply of avelumab (administered as 10 mg/kg intravenously every 2 weeks until progressive disease or unacceptable toxicity); resupply was allowed following complete response, partial response, stable disease, or clinical benefit per physician assessment.

Results

Between December 15, 2015, and March 4, 2019, 558 of 620 requests from 38 countries were medically approved, and 494 patients received avelumab. Among 240 evaluable patients, the objective response rate was 46.7% (complete response in 22.9%, including 3 of 16 potentially immunocompromised patients), and the disease control rate was 71.2%. The median duration of treatment in evaluable patients with response was 7.9 months (range, 1.0–41.7) overall and 5.2 months (range, 3.0–13.9) in immunocompromised patients. No new safety signals were identified. The expanded access program closed for new requests on December 31, 2018, as required after regulatory approval; benefitting patients continued to receive avelumab.

Conclusions

The avelumab expanded access program for patients with mMCC demonstrated efficacy and safety in a real-world setting, consistent with the results from JAVELIN Merkel 200, and provided a treatment for patients with limited options.
Numerical performance assessment of buried corrugated metal culvert subject to service load conditions
Authors: Nakhostin Elham , Kenny Shawn , Sivathayalan Siva
Published: April 2020

Two- and three-dimensional continuum finite element methods were used to assess the mechanical response of buried metal culverts subjected to service load conditions. The analysis explored the influence of the culvert profile, cover depth, section aspect ratio, and service load magnitude on culvert deformation, thrust, and section moment response. The numerical predictions were calibrated using third-party experimental data. For shallow burial conditions, the culvert section profile was found to be an influential parameter on the predicted culvert response where the soil–culvert interaction mechanisms and load transfer processes are governed by nonlinear behaviour. Models that incorporate the corrugated culvert profile provided better estimates of the culvert thrust than the simplified computational models that are typically used in analysis. Results from this study demonstrate that existing simplified methods cannot capture the local variation (i.e., amplitude, waveform) of the membrane strain and section thrust particularly between the crest and trough of corrugation.
The studies on $$Z \rightarrow \Upsilon (1S)+g+g$$ at the next-to-leading-order QCD accuracy
Authors: Sun Zhan
Published: April 2020

In this paper, we carry out the next-to-leading-order (NLO) studies on $$Z \rightarrow \Upsilon (1S)+g+g$$Z→Υ(1S)+g+g via the color-singlet (CS) $$b{\bar{b}}$$bb¯ state. We find the newly calculated NLO QCD corrections to this process can significantly influence its leading-order (LO) results and greatly improve the dependence on the renormalization scale. By including the considerable feeddown contributions, the branching ratio $${\mathcal {B}}_{Z \rightarrow \Upsilon (1S)+g+g}$$BZ→Υ(1S)+g+g is predicted to be (0.56–0.95) $$\times 10^{-6}$$×10-6, which can reach up to 19–31$$\%$$% of the LO predictions given by the CS dominant process $$Z \rightarrow \Upsilon (1S)+b+{\bar{b}}$$Z→Υ(1S)+b+b¯. Moreover, $$Z \rightarrow \Upsilon (1S)+g+g$$Z→Υ(1S)+g+g also seriously affects the CS predictions on the $$\Upsilon (1S)$$Υ(1S) energy distributions, especially when z is relatively small. In summary, for the inclusive $$\Upsilon (1S)$$Υ(1S) productions in Z decay, besides $$Z \rightarrow \Upsilon (1S)+b+{\bar{b}}$$Z→Υ(1S)+b+b¯, the gluon radiation process $$Z \rightarrow \Upsilon (1S)+g+g$$Z→Υ(1S)+g+g can provide indispensable contributions as well.
Fold and thrust belts: structural style, evolution and exploration – an introduction
Authors: Hammerstein James A. , Di Cuia Raffaele , Cottam Michael A. , Zamora Gonzalo , Butler Robert W. H.
Published: April 2020

The outer parts of collision mountain belts are commonly represented by fold and thrust belts. Many of the key concepts in the structural geology of fold and thrust belts have origins in ancient orogens such as the Appalachians and Caledonian chains of Europe, together with the Alps. Impetus in thrust belt research then came from the desire to exploit geological resources that reside in the subsurface, especially arising from hydrocarbon exploration in the foothills of the Canadian Cordillera in the 1960s and 1970s. Notwithstanding decades of exploitation, continental fold and thrust belts are still estimated to hold reserves of 700 billion barrels of oil equivalent. But exploration will focus increasingly on small, hard-to-resolve structures. Basic geological understanding remains as important today as it did for the pioneering explorers in the Canadian foothills. It is a theme that runs throughout this Special Publication.
Review—An Unpredictable Hazard in Lithium-ion Batteries from Transition Metal Ions: Dissolution from Cathodes, Deposition on Anodes and Elimination Strategies
Authors: Li Weishan
Published: April 2020

While various techniques have been developed to address the safety issues in lithium-ion batteries, there remain unknown mechanisms that induce hazards, leaving challenges in developing reliable lithium-ion systems. In this manuscript, an unpredictable hazard originated from the dissolution of transition metal ions from cathodes and their deposition on anodes is presented. The cathodes in currently commercialized lithium-ion batteries contain transition metal ions, which might dissolve in electrolytes, transport through separators and deposit on anodes. When the deposition proceeds in the form of metals, the deposited transition metals might induce a hazard due to the lithium dendrite growth on them. Since the electrolyte decomposition usually accompanies the transition metal deposition with a possibility that the electrolyte decomposition products might cover the deposited metals, the induced hazard becomes unpredictable. The typical mechanisms involved in the dissolution and deposition of transition metal ions and the possible strategies to eliminate the unpredictable hazard resulting from transition metal ions, which have been developed recently in our laboratory, are summarized.
Heterogeneity of neuronal firing type and morphology in retrosplenial cortex of male F344 rats
Authors: Yousuf Hanna , Nye Andrew N. , Moyer James R.
Published: April 2020

This is the first study to demonstrate that granular retrosplenial cortical (gRSC) neurons exhibit five distinctive firing types: regular spiking (RS), regular spiking with an afterdepolarization (RSADP), late spiking (LS), burst spiking (BS), and fast spiking (FS). RSADPneurons were the most frequently observed cell type in adult gRSC neurons. Interestingly, RS neurons without an ADP were most common in gRSC neurons of juvenile rats (PND 14–30). Thus, the ADP property, which was previously shown to enhance neuronal excitability, emerges during development.
Bacterial Endocarditis of Anatomically Normal Native Pulmonic Valve with No Predisposing Risk Factors: Case Report and Review
Authors: Antoun Muhannad , Deel John , Halpin Dermot , Al-Akhrass Fadi
Published: April 2020

Right-sided native valve infective endocarditis (IE) includes tricuspid valve (TV) and pulmonic valve (PV). It represents 10% of all cases. However, it is more common in persons who inject drugs or in presence of cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED). Pulmonic valve endocarditis is a rare infection and represents ∼1% of all cases. Our case represents a patient with large pulmonic valve vegetation with no known common risk factors for right-sided IE.
H∞ Filter Design for Networked Control Systems: A Markovian Jump System Approach
Authors: Wang WanRu , Sun LianKun , Gu HongRu
Published: April 2020

This paper puts forward a method to design the H∞ filter for networked control systems (NCSs) with time delay and data packet loss. Based on the properties of Markovian jump system, the packet loss is treated as a constant probability independent and identically distributed Bernoulli random process. Thus, the stochastic stability condition can be acquired for the filtering error system, which meets an H∞ performance index level γ. It is shown that, by introducing a special structure of the relaxation matrix, a linear representation of the filter meeting an H∞ performance index level for NCSs with time delay and packet loss can be obtained, which uses linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). Finally, numerical simulation examples demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
The Influence of Recycling on the Properties of Interface between Ceramic and Dental Alloys
Authors: Wang Yinghui , Huang Honglan , Lin Honglei , Jiang Lei , Pan Yu , Li Xiurong , Cheng Hui
Published: April 2020

Statement of Problem. Results are discrepant regarding the metal‐ceramic interface of dental alloys affected by recycling. Purpose. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of recycling on the properties of interface between 2 dental alloys and their corresponding porcelains. Materials and Methods. Noble alloy (Pd‐Cu‐Ga) and high‐noble alloy (Au‐Pt) were used in this study. Metal matrices (cylinders Φ4 mm × 4 mm with pedestal Φ5 mm × 1 mm) were prepared by arc melting in argon after recasting 1‐3 times. Corresponding porcelain with overall dimensions of Φ4 mm × 2 mm was veneered on each metal cylinder. There were 22 specimens in each alloy group. Specifically, two specimens of each group were chosen randomly for interfacial morphology and diffusion analyses by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS). The remaining 20 specimens were divided into 2 groups with or without thermal cycling. The bond strength was evaluated by shear test, and the data were analyzed by two‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The failure mode of shear test specimen was observed with a stereoscopic microscopy and subjected to the exact probability test (α = 0.05). Results. According to the results from SEM, no obvious difference was observed in the interfacial morphology of both Pd‐Cu‐Ga and Au‐Pt alloys among different recasting specimens. EDS analysis revealed that no significant difference was found in the width of elemental diffusion among 2 test alloys after recycling 1‐3 times. Notably, in Pd‐Cu‐Ga alloy groups, the peak of Ga in thrice recasting was lower than those in first and second recastings. And there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in the metal‐ceramic shear bond strength of Pd‐Cu‐Ga and Au‐Pt alloys after recycling 1‐3 times, with or without thermal cycling. The results of failure modes observed on specimens were not affected by the recycling and thermal cycling in the 2 tested alloys. Conclusions. Within the limitations of this study, the Pd‐Cu‐Ga and Au‐Pt alloys can be recycled 2 times without significant changes on the properties of metal‐ceramic interface, with or without thermal cycling.
Behavior of Lime‐Stabilized Red Bed Soil after Cyclic Wetting‐Drying in Triaxial Tests and SEM Analysis
Authors: Song Zhengmin , Zhang Dewen , Mao Yuncheng , Mu Yanhu , Zhang Kun , Zhang Qinglong
Published: April 2020

Most red beds demonstrate inferior geotechnical properties in natural conditions and need to be improved when used as construction material. In this study, a serious of triaxial tests, permeability tests, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis were carried out on lime‐stabilized and untreated red bed soil after experiencing different wetting‐drying (W‐D) cycles. The test results showed that, with the increase in the added lime, the shear strength, strength parameters (including the cohesion and the internal friction angle), and the shear modulus of red bed soil increased gradually. For the untreated specimens, the four parameters decreased considerably after experiencing W‐D cycles, while for the lime‐stabilized specimens, they generally increased with an increase in the W‐D cycles. Without experiencing the W‐D cycles, the permeability coefficient increased by two times after it was stabilized with 10% lime. But with an increase in the W‐D cycles, the permeability coefficient of the untreated and lime‐stabilized specimens continuously increased and significantly decreased, respectively. Finally, variations in microstructure of the red bed soil under the effects of the lime stabilization and W‐D cycles were discussed based on the SEM analysis. The results may contribute to improvement of red bed soil when used as roadbed and airfield fillings.
A Phenotypic Characterization of Two Isolates of a Multidrug‐Resistant Outbreak Strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with Opposite Epidemiological Fitness
Authors: Bei Jinlong , Bigi María Mercedes , Lima Analía , Zhang Qi , Blanco Federico Carlos , Lopez Beatriz , Yu Ting , Wang Zhilin , Dai Zhangyan , Chen Zhuang , Cataldi Angel Adrian , Sasiain María del Carmen , Ritacco Viviana , De la Barrera Silvia , Soria Marcelo Abel , Durán Rosario , Bigi Fabiana
Published: April 2020

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, primarily affecting the lungs. The M. tuberculosis strain of the Haarlem family named M was responsible for a large multidrug‐resistant TB (MDR‐TB) outbreak in Buenos Aires. This outbreak started in the early 1990s and in the mid 2000s still accounted for 29% of all MDR‐TB cases in Argentina. By contrast, a clonal variant of strain M, named 410, has caused a single tuberculosis case since the onset of the outbreak. The molecular bases of the high epidemiological fitness of the M strain remain unclear. To assess its unique molecular properties, herein, we performed a comparative protein and lipid analysis of a representative clone of the M strain (Mp) and the nonprosperous M variant 410. We also evaluated their growth in low pH. The variant 410 had higher levels of latency proteins under standard conditions and delayed growth at low pH, suggesting that it is more sensitive to stress stimuli than Mp. Moreover, Mp showed higher levels of mycolic acids covalently attached to the cell wall and lower accumulation of free mycolic acids in the outer layer than the 410 strain. The low expression of latency proteins together with the reduced content of surface mycolic acids may facilitate Mp to evade the host immune responses.
Tanshinone IIA Protects against Acute Pancreatitis in Mice by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress via the Nrf2/ROS Pathway
Authors: Chen Weiwei , Yuan Chenchen , Lu Yingying , Zhu Qingtian , Ma Xiaojie , Xiao Weiming , Gong Weijuan , Huang Wei , Xia Qing , Lu Guotao , Li Weiqin
Published: April 2020

Background. Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge) and its main active component Tanshinone IIA (TSA) are clinically used in China. However, the effects of TSA on acute pancreatitis (AP) and its potential mechanism have not been investigated. In this study, our objective was to investigate the protective effects of TSA against AP via three classic mouse models. Methods. Mouse models of AP were established by caerulein, sodium taurocholate, and L-arginine, separately. Pancreatic and pulmonary histopathological characteristics and serum amylase and lipase levels were evaluated, and changes in oxidative stress injury and the ultrastructure of acinar cells were observed. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) inhibitor N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) knockout mice were applied to clarify the protective mechanism of the drug. Results. In the caerulein-induced AP model, TSA administration reduced serum amylase and lipase levels and ameliorated the histopathological manifestations of AP in pancreatic tissue. Additionally, TSA appreciably decreased ROS release, protected the structures of mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum, and increased the protein expression of Nrf2 and heme oxygenase 1 of pancreatic tissue. In addition, the protective effects of TSA against AP were counteracted by blocking the oxidative stress (NAC administration and Nrf2 knockout in mice). Furthermore, we found that TSA protects pancreatic tissue from damage and pancreatitis-associated lung injury in two additional mouse models induced by sodium taurocholate and by L-arginine. Conclusion. Our data confirmed the protective effects of TSA against AP in mice by inhibiting oxidative stress via the Nrf2/ROS pathway.
Triglyceride/High‐Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Ratio Is Associated with In‐Hospital Mortality in Acute Type B Aortic Dissection
Authors: Zhou Yang , Yang Guifang , He Huaping , Pan Xiaogao , Peng Wen , Chai Xiangping
Published: April 2020

Background. Triglyceride/high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL‐c) ratio varies with vascular and other metabolic diseases. However, its role in acute type B aortic dissection is not well understood. In the current study, we evaluated the relationship between TG/HDL‐c ratio and in‐hospital mortality in type B aortic dissection. Methods. We performed a retrospective analysis of consecutive patients between January 2015 and December 2018, by targeting dependent (TG/HDL‐c ratio) and independent (in‐hospital mortality) variables. TG/HDL‐c ratio was determined as a division of TG levels by HDL‐c levels. Results. Of 523 patients in the study, we found a mean age of 55.00 ± 11.74 years, 15.68% of them being female. A fully‐adjusted model revealed a positive relationship between TG/HDL‐c ratio and in‐hospital mortality in acute type B aortic dissection after adjusting confounders (OR = 2.08, 95% CI 1.32 to 3.27). This relationship was also nonlinear, with a point of 2.05. OR values (and confidence intervals) for the right (>2.05) and left (≤2.05) sides of the inflection point were 1.0 (0.580‐1.26, P = 0.983) and 3.17 (1.54‐6.57, P = 0.001), respectively. Conclusions. The TG/HDL‐c ratio and in‐hospital mortality in type B AAD have a nonlinear relationship among Chinese population. This ratio increased in‐hospital mortality when it is less than 2.05.
Ovarian Steroid Cell Tumor (Not Otherwise Specified): A Case Report of Ovarian Hyperandrogenism
Authors: Faten Hadjkacem , Dorra Ghorbel , Slim Charfi , Wajdi Safi , Nadia Charfi , Kais Chaabene , Tahia Boudawara , Mohamed Abid
Published: April 2020

Steroid cell tumors (SCTs) (not otherwise specified (NOS)) are rare sex cord-stromal tumors of the ovary. These are associated with hormonal disturbances resulting in menstrual bleeding patterns and androgenic effects. We report the case of a 36-year-old female presented with hirsutism, signs of virilization, and elevated androgen levels. Transvaginal ultrasound showed a solid-appearing right ovarian mass. She underwent fertility-sparing surgery with a laparoscopic left oophorectomy. Histological examination showed a benign steroid cell tumor, NOS. These tumors often small can then present a problem of positive diagnosis responsible for a delay in the diagnosis.
Spontaneous Resolution of Hemorrhagic Pseudocyst-Associated Pseudoaneurysm in Groove Pancreatitis
Authors: Kim Gwang Mo , Ko Soon Young , Wang Joon Ho
Published: April 2020

Hemorrhagic pseudocyst (HP) and pseudocyst-associated pseudoaneurysms (PPs) are complications of pseudocyst. Angiography with embolization has been advocated as the first-line intervention for HP. A 47-year-old man with groove pancreatitis combined with HP near the pancreatic head was treated conservatively. He had relapsed pancreatitis with a newly identified pseudoaneurysm; however, the pseudocyst size was reduced. Although pseudoaneurysm was identified, angiography was not performed because there was no evidence of ongoing bleeding, and he was in a stable condition. Sphincterotomy and stent insertion in the pancreatic duct was applied to prevent relapsed pancreatitis with facilitation of the flow of pancreatic juice. He has done well during the 10-month follow-up, without recurrent pancreatitis. Angiography as an initial approach in HP and PPs may need to be more selective depending on the clinical presentation of the patient. A lysed clot within the strictured pancreatic duct during the healing process has been thought to be the cause of relapsed pancreatitis, and pancreatic sphincterotomy and stent insertion should be the preferred treatment methods.
Three-Year Follow-Up with the Bone Conduction Implant
Authors: Persson Ann-Charlotte , Reinfeldt Sabine , Håkansson Bo , Rigato Cristina , Fredén Jansson Karl-Johan , Eeg-Olofsson Måns
Published: April 2020

Background: The bone conduction implant (BCI) is an active transcutaneous bone conduction device where the transducer has direct contact to the bone, and the skin is intact. Sixteen patients have been implanted with the BCI with a planned follow-up of 5 years. This study reports on hearing, quality of life, and objective measures up to 36 months of follow-up in 10 patients. Method: Repeated measures were performed at fitting and after 1, 3, 6, 12, and 36 months including sound field warble tone thresholds, speech recognition thresholds in quiet, speech recognition score in noise, and speech-to-noise thresholds for 50% correct words with adaptive noise. Three quality of life questionnaires were used to capture the benefit from the intervention, appreciation from different listening situations, and the ability to interact with other people when using the BCI. The results were compared to the unaided situation and a Ponto Pro Power on a soft band. The implant functionality was measured by nasal sound pressure, and the retention force from the audio processor against the skin was measured using a specially designed audio processor and a force gauge. Results: Audiometry and quality of life questionnaires using the BCI or the Ponto Pro Power on a soft band were significantly improved compared to the unaided situation and the results were statistically supported. There was generally no significant difference between the two devices. The nasal sound pressure remained stable over the study period and the force on the skin from the audio processor was 0.71 ± 0.22 N (mean ± 1 SD). Conclusion: The BCI improves the hearing ability for tones and speech perception in quiet and in noise for the indicated patients. The results are stable over a 3-year period, and the patients subjectively report a beneficial experience from using the BCI. The transducer performance and contact to the bone is unchanged over time, and the skin area under the audio processor remains without complications during the 3-year follow-up.
Relationship between Microfibrillar-Associated Protein 4 Levels and Subclinical Myocardial Damage in Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Kara Sonat Pınar , Özkan Gülsüm , Gür Demet Özkaramanlı , Emeksiz Gaye Kübra , Yılmaz Ahsen , Bayrakçı Nergiz , Güzel Savaş
Published: April 2020

Introduction: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a widespread health problem, in which mortality is most frequently due to cardiovascular diseases. Microfibrillar-associated protein 4 (MFAP4) is an extracellular matrix protein. MFAP4 is involved in several biological processes, particularly the maintenance of vascular integrity and extracellular matrix remodeling. Our review of the literature revealed no data concerning MFAP4 levels in CKD and its relationship with myocardial functions. Objective:The purpose of this study was therefore to investigate MFAP4 levels in CKD, parameters affecting these, and the relationship with myocardial functions. Materials and Methods: Seventy-nine CKD patients and 30 healthy controls were included in the study. Routine biochemical tests and echocardiography were performed once demographic data had been recorded. Blood specimens were collected for MFAP4 analysis, and the results were subjected to statistical analysis. Results: MFAP4 levels were significantly higher in the patient group than in the control group (p< 0.001). Doppler parameters revealed more frequent LV diastolic impairment in the patient group. Tissue Doppler systolic velocity and global longitudinal strain were significantly impaired, revealing the subclinical LV systolic dysfunction in CKD patients. MFAP4 elevation in the patient group was positively correlated with aortic root (AR), global circumferential strain (GCS), and GCS rate. Conclusion: Our results showed MFAP4 elevation in CKD for the first time in the literature, and that this elevation may be related to GCS and AR dilation. We think that, once supported by further studies, MFAP4 may constitute a marker in the evaluation of myocardial functions in CKD.